o ^ "K/^^\N. ,/v, ° ■1°* / ^ -^ ^v^^^^y, /•^^>A ,/^>^^^, .^'^•^i>- / ^oV^ ^^-;^. ''^•'%o'' _, 1 o V '^0' ^^ ^^ _A^ ^:aVa^. v./ /^^\ v,^^ /^ ^>x PICTORIAL SCHOOL HISTORY UI^ITED STATES; TO WHICH ARE ADDED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. /by JOHN J. ANDERSON. rniNClPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL NO. 31, NEW YORK CITY. NEW YORK: CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, No. 5 BARCLAY STREET. c^yyJ^ STORIES OF THE UNTIED STATES, JOHN J. ANDERSON, LA.TE PEINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL No. 81, ,^> NEW YOKE CITY. 1. Andersoit's Introductory History of the United Slates, arrang:ed on the Catechetical piftii ; fully illui;trated with maps; to which are added the Declara- tion of Independence, and the Constitution of tlie United States with questions and exphinations. IGmo. 160 pages. The above work is intended/or P)'imaiy Classes, and those teachers that wiah the whole History iii a condensed shape. 3, Anderson's School Ili-tory of the United Stntes. on the Catechetical plan; with over 20 illustrating maps; to which are added the Declafation of Inde- pendence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations. IGnio. 320pageii. 3. Anderson's School History, Part I., being the history of the United States to the close of the Revolution. 16mo. IS8 pages. This hook is particularlt/ intended for Junior Classes in large graded Schoain. 4. Anderson's I'ictorinl History of the United States; to which are added the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the Uniled States wiih questions and explanations. Beautifully illustrated with 40 maps, and over If') portraits, vignettes, *c. 12u;o. 852 pages. The above work is prepared on the object-lessons plan for Grammar and high SchooU PubHslied by CLARK & MAYNARD, No. 5 Barclay Street, New York. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1SG3, By JOHN J. ANDERSON, In the Clerk's Ofiice of the District Court of the United States for the Southern Di3- trict of New York. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S66, By JOHN J. ANDERSON, In the Clerk's Oflice of the District Court of the United States for the Southern Dis- trict of New York. 21 8r1p b PREFACE. The work here offered embraces several features which, it is thought, will not fail to recommend it to such teachers as desire that theii- pupils should acquire a more comprehensive knowledge of the history of our country than can be obtained from either of the author's previous and more elementary works. It has been the leading aim, in the present one, to state every important fact in the history in clear and concise lan- guage, so that the pupil may be able readily to comprehend it, and, at the same time, to see its connection with the events preceding it. No important event, it is believed, has been omitted, nor any of the particulars necessary to make it fully understood. The questions at the bottom of the pages are more numer- ous than in any other school history. This has been done as much for the benefit of the teacher as of the pupil; for, though the former may not actually need them, they will facilitate his labor, and secure better recitations from his pupils, by requir- ing greater precision, on their part, in the selection of their answers. In this way, the important habit of giving exact and explicit answers will be greatly encouraged. Discursive- ness in recitation may, indeed, sometimes be allowed, but always with great caution, so as to avoid that rambling and immethodical mode of thought which is so tiresome and' injurious. By the plan of this work, every fact is learned with a due regard to its relative importance, and all are linked together so as to constitute, in the mind of the pupil, a complete and uninterrupted chain. It may be objected, that the plan of re- quiring only brief answers is not calculated to encourage this PREFACE. logical connection of events on the part of the young student. This objection has been obviated by the insertion, at the end of every few pages, of a list of review questions of an entirely different character, and much more comprehensive than those at the foot of each page. These review questions are, in the author's estimation, one of the chief recommendations of the book. They directly call into active exercise the pupil's power of continuous thought, the answer to a single question very often requiring the substance of several paragraphs of the text. The pupil is thus made to perceive more clearly the connection between the events, and habits of thoughtful study are necessarily induced. It Avill be also observed that the work is copiously illustra- ted Avith maps ; that dates are inserted with great frequency ; and that the chronological tables of battles, the settlement and admission of the States, the inauguration of the Presi- dents, and the general events in the history of the country from its discovery, are given with fullness and precision. These maps and tables do not serve merely to enhance the attractive appearance of the work, but will contribute, it is be- lieved, greatly to its usefulness and value. Not only are they constantly referred to in the text, but a series of questions running through the book, and connecting the geography with the chronology, brings them forcibly before the pupil's atten- tion, and thus serves to give additional accuracy as well as permanency to his knowledge of the subject. The pronunciation of proper names has also been given more copiously than in either of the author's previous works, the authorities used being the gazetteer of Baldwin and the dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. While returning thanks to his fellow-teachers for the favor with which his fonner works have been received, the author submits this new one, with the hope that it may not prove less acceptable. CO T^ TENTS SECTION I.— Discoveries and Explorations Page 11 Columbus (11); Amerigo Vespucci (13); John and Sebastian Cabot (13); Ponce de Leon (14); Balboa (15); De Ayllon (15); Cordova (16); Gri- .ialva (16); Cortez (16); Narvaez(17), De Soto (17); Verrazani (IS); Car- tier (18); Coligny (19); Melendez (20); De Gourges (20); Gilbert (20); Kaleigh(21); Amidas and Barlow (21); Grenville (22); Gosnold (22): Prins (23); Newport (25). " SECTION II.— Colonial History 27 Virginia (27); Massachusetts (37. 52); New Hampshire (48); Connecticut (45); Khode Island (49); New York (60); New Jersey (66); Maryland (70); Pennsylvania (73); Delaware (76); North and South Carolina (78); Geor- gia (81). SECTION III.— The French and Indian War 86 Events of 1753 (86); Events of 1754 (88); Events of 1755 (91); Events of 1756 (95); Events of 1757 (96); Events of 1758 (100): Events of 1759 (103); Events of 1760 (106); Table of Principal Battles of the French and Indian War (108). SECTION IV.— The American Revolution 110 Causes of the war (110); Events of 1775 (116); Events of 1776 (127); Events of 1777 (136); Events of 1778 (154); Events of 1779 (159); Events of 1780 (163); Events of 1781 (174); Close of the Revolution, and events to the begin- ning of Washington's Administration (186) ; Table of the Names of the Ameri- can Revolutionary Officers (190); Table of Principal Battles of the Revolution (191). SECTION v.— From the beginning of Washington's Administration to the close of Jefferson's 1 94 Washington's Administration (194); John Adams's Administration (200); Jetferson's Administration (203). SECTION VI.— Madison's Administration 210 Causes of the Second War with England (21(»); Events of 1812 (212); Events of 1813 (218); Events of 1814 and Close of the War (231); Table of the Prin- cipal Land Battles of the Second War with England (243); Table of the Prin- cipal Naval Battles (244); War with Algiers (244). SECTION VII. — From the beginning op Monroe's Administration to THE close of Tyler's 243 Monroe's Administration (248) ; eTohn Quincy Adams's Administration (253); Jackson's Administration (254); Van Buren's Administration (261); Harrison''8 Administration (263) ; Tyler's Administration (264). SECTION VIII. — From THE BEGINNING of Polk's Administration to the CLOSE OF Buchanan's : Page 269 Causes of the War with Mexico (270); Events of 1S46 (271); Events of 1847 (278); Table of the Principal Battles of the War (284); Taylor's Administra- tion (;286); Fillmore's Administration (288); Pierce's Administration (289;; Buchanan's Administration (291). 8 CONTENTS. SECTION" IX. — From the beginning of Lincoln's Administration to the CLOSE OF Johnson's Page 297 Th« Great Rebellion (298); Events of 1862 (806) ; Events of 1863 (318) ; Events of 1864 (326); Events of 1S65 (337); Johnson's Administration (340). Chronological Table of the principal events relating to the History of the United States, from 1492 845 A Table of the Presidents and Vice-Prcsiden ts 359 A Table of the Settlement and Admission of the States 360 The Declaration of Independence The Co.NSTiTiTTioN or the United States, with Questions and Explanations. m:j?l.p»s. PAGE 1. First Voyage of Columbns to America , 2 2. Discoveries and Explorations 10 3. Discoveries of Cartier, in 1535 19 4. GosnokVs Expedition 23 5. Vicinity of Chesapeake Bay 24 6. Environs of Jamestown. 29 7. Vicinity of Massachusetts Bay 37 8. German Ocean 39 9. Portsmouth and Vicinity 44 10. Vicinity of Long Island Sound 47 11. The State of New York 62 12. The Upper part of New Jersey, with Vicinity of Philadelphia 68 13. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 79 14. Map showing the location of Events in the French and Indian War . . : 85 15. Oswego 96 16. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Vicinity 103 17. Boston and Vicinitv 120 18. Part of the Sorel River 124 19. Vicinity of Charleston 129 20. New York Bay 131 21. Central Part of New Jersev 136 22. Philadelphia and Vicinitv. " 142 23. Vicinity of Fort Schuyler 148 24. Saratoga and Vicinity.'. 149 25. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 164 26. Stony Point and Vicinity 169 27. New London and Vicinitv 183 28. Part of the Western States 192 29. Detroit and A'icinity 214 30. Niagara Frontier 215 81. State of Alabama 223 32. Part of Virginia and Maryland 237 33. Baltimore and Vicinity 238 34. Mobile and Vicinitv 239 35. Part of Florida. . . .' 257 86. Mexico, California, Texas, tfec 268 37. Taylor's Campaign in Texas and Mexico 271 38. Scott's Campaign in Mexico 279 39. Pensacola and Vicinity 295 40. Part of the Southern and Western States 300 41. Norfolk and Vicinity 312 42. Vicinity of Richmond 313 43. Part of the Southern States 320 44. Region Southwest of Washington 330 TO ILLUSTRATE 1!T SECTION, DISCOVERIES HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION I. Discoveries and Explorations. JXTENDINa FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607. I. Christopher Columbus,* the discoverer of America, was born in the city of Genoa (jen'-o-a), Italy. At an early age he manifested a predilec- tion for the sea, and the most of his life, previous to its great event, was passed on the waters of the Mediterranean, and the west coast of Africa ; and he COLUMBUS. QYQM made a voyage towards Greenland, passing beyond the island of Iceland. II. In those days, when navigation was yet in its infancy, the usual route to India — the country in the southeast part of Asia with the adjacent islands being so called — was by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. Columbus, believing the earth to be round, concluded that by sailing westward he would sooner * Columbus was born about the year 1435. He died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1506. I. Questions. — 1. By whom was America discovered? 2. "Where was Columbus born ? 3. How is Genoa situated ? (See map of Europe.) 4. How did Columbus spend the most of his time previous to his discovery of America ? II. 5. By what route did European travelers reach India at that time ? G. What part of the earth was then known as India? T. What theory did Columbus have as regards a more direct route to India ? 8. By m hat religious conviction was he also Influenced ? 12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. reach India than by taking this route. He was also influ- enced by the conviction that he was commissioned by Heaveu to cany the Gospel to the heathen of unknown lands. III. His first application for aid was to the fvovernment of Genoa : it was i-efiised. After applying, without success, to the monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by Isabella {iz-a-hel'-lah), Queen of Spain, and he set sail from Palos {pah'-los), at the mouth of the river Tinto, in that country, with three vessels, namely : the Pinta [peen- tah), Santa Maria {snn'-tah ma-re'- ah), and Wmsi{ne'-)iah). The first land which he saw was one of the Bahama Islands, called by the natives Guanahani [gwah-nah- hah'-ne)^ by him San Salvador, now known as Cat Island ; and thus, in 1492,* was America discovered. IV. Columbus made three other voyages to the New World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just de- scribed, his discoveries were confined to the islands between North and South America; but in his third voyage, in 1498, he discovered the mainland, at the mouth of the river Ori- * According to a theory, advanced by a German author, there have been three diflferent discoveries of America; namely: — the first, during the period from one thousand to six hundred years before Christ, by navigators who sailed from Asia, through the Mediterranean ; the second, in the tenth century after Christ, by tlie Norwegians ; and the third, in 149i, by Columbus. III. QuEST[ONS. — 9. To whom did he first appeal to assist him in testing his the- ory ? 10 With what success? 11. To whom did he afterwards appeal ? 12. What was the result? 13. Who finally did help him? 14. Of how many vessels did his fleet consist? 15. Give their names. 16. From what place did he set sail ? 17. In what part of Spain is Palos situated? (See map, p. 2.) IS. The Island which he first discovered belonged to what group? 19. How are the Bahama Islands situated? (See map, p. 10) 20. What did the Indians call the island discovered? 21. What name did Columbus give to it? 22. What is the meaning of the name San Salvador? ^n-s. — IIolij /Saviour. 23. By what name is the island now known? 24. In what di- rection is it from Cuba? (See map, p. 10.) 25. From St. Augustine? (See same map.) IV, 26. How many voyages in all did Columbus make to America? 27. What can you say of the first two? 28. When did he make his third voyage? 29, What discovery did he then make? 30. What did he accomplish in his fourth voyage ? 81. In what conviction, touching the discovery of America, did Columbus die? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 noco, in South America ; and in the fourth and last, he examined the coast of Daricn. He still, however, believed that the lands which he had discovered were a portion of Eastern Asia [a' -shc-a), instead of a new continent, and in this conviction he died, being, as intimated, entirely ignorant of the real grandeur of his discovery. V. In 1499, the year after Columbus discovered the conti- nent, Amerigo Vespucci* (a-ma-re'-go ves-poot'-sht), an Italian navigator, visited the eastern coast of South America, and, in 1501, made a second voyage to the same regions. He pre- pared accounts of these two voyages, which were published in Europe, in which he claimed to be the first European that had landed on the western continent. In consequence of the claim set up by him, as well as from the fact that his were the first published accounts of the newly discovered country, it was called America. VI. In 1497, one year before Columbus discovered the conti- nent, and two years previous to Amerigo's visit, John Cabot and his son Sebastian, while sailing under a commission from Henry VII., of England, discovered the coast of Labrador, and thus were the first to discover the continent of America. In a second voyage, made by Sebas- tian Cabot in 1498, the coast SEBASTIAN CABOT. ♦ Amerigo Vespucci was born in Florence, Italy, in 1451. He died in Seville, Spain, in 1512. V. Questions. — 32. When did Vespucci visit America ? 33. "What part of Amer- ica did he visit? 34. How did the country come to be called America ? VI: 35. What discovery was made in 1497 ? 36. What large island southeast of Labrador? (Sec map, p. 10.) 3T. Did the Cabots or Vespucci first discover the con- tinent? 38, Was the honor of naming this country rightly bestowed ? 39. Did that honor belong either to the Cabots or Vespucci, rather than to Columbus? 40. Whi-n did Sebastian Cabot make a second voyage. 41. Give an accountof it. 42. Of what special importance did the successes of the Cabots prove? 14 ' DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay — some say to Florida — was explored; landings were made in several places, and natives were seen, clad in the skins of beasts and making use of copper. These achievements of the Cabots, the discovery and explorations, proved of momentous importance, especially to England, as, by reason of them, that country based her claim to all the region from Labrador to Florida. VIL Twenty years a'fter Columbus's first and great discov- ery, Ponce de Leon* [p6n'-tha da la-on'), an aged Spaniard, sailed from Porto Rico (re'-co), in search of a wonderful foun- tain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to all who might drink of its waters. After visiting several islands of the Bahamas, and tasting the waters of every river, lake, and fountain found, he turned to the northwest, and, in 1512, discovered an un- known land. This was thought to be an island ; and, from the abundance of flowers with which the forests were adorned, and because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards cdXX Pascua Florida {^pah'-scno-ah jlo-re'-dali)^ it received the name of Florida. He continued his search alonir the coast of Florida, and among the Tortugas Islands, but, of course, without finding any such fountain. VIII. Several years after, he made another voyage to Florida for the purpose of making a settlement, he having been appointed governor of the country upon the condition that he would colonize it. He effected a landing, but was met by the natives with determined hostility; and, in an attack made by them, the Spaniards were killed or driven back to their * Juan Ponce de Leon wa3 born in Leon, Spain. He died in 152L VII. Questions. — i3. In what year did De Leon make a voyage in search of a wonderful fountain? 44. From what place did he sail? 45. "Was he an old or a young man at the time? 46. What tradition then existed, in relation to the fountain? 47. What efforts did De Leon make to find the fountain ? 48. When did he discover FIo« rida? 49. Why did he call it Florida? 50. Among what islands did he search be- sides the Bahamas? 51. In what direction from Florida are the Tortugas Islands? (See map, p. 10.) VIII. 52. Why did De Leon go to Florida a second time? 53. What appoint- ment hud he received? 54. What further account can you give of him ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 ships, and De Leon himself received a mortal wound of which he died in Cuba. IX. In 1513, Balboa,* the Governor of the Spanish colony at the Isthmus of Darien, the first colony established on the American Continent, while crossing the isthmus gained the summit of a mountain from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. After falling upon his knees and thanking God for the privilege of being the discoverer of this great ocean, he descended to the sea-shore and took possession of the whole coast in the name of the Spanish crown. X. About the time of De Leon's defeat in Florida, De Ayllon [ddail'-^on), a Spanish adventurer, was engaged in an enterprise having for its object the procuring of a large number of Indians to work the plantations and mines of St. Domingo {. is sometimes written, Coligiii, was born in France, in 1517. He was niur- XIX. Questions. — lOG. Which is the oldest French settlement in America 107. In what year was Port Royal settled? 108. How is Port Royal situated ? (See map, p. 10.) 109. By what name is Port Royal now known? 110. What territory was then called Acadia ? 20 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. coast in 1562. The colonists 4anded at Port Royal entrance, selected their place of refuge, and built a fort, to which they gave the name of Carolina, in honor of King Charles (Caro- his) of France. It was thus that this country received its name, a century before it was occupied by the English. Ri- bault, leaving twenty-six men to keep possession, returned to France for reinforcements ; but the promised aid not ariiving, the colonists in despair embarked for their native land. The second expedition was sent out in 1564, when a settlement was made on the banks of the St. John's Riv^er, Florida. XXI. Hardly had the news reached Spain of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's River than Melendez, who had been appointed governor of Florida upon condition that he would conquer the country within three years, departed on his expe- dition of conquest. After forming a settlement at St. Augus- tine {aiv-gus-ttne') in 1565, which is the oldest in the United States, he proceeded against the Huguenots, whom he sur- prised; and massacring men, women, and children, broke up the colony. This did not long go unavenged ; for, in little more than two years after, De Gourges (du-goorr/), a brave soldier of France, having fitted out three ships at his own expense, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John's River, and hung two hundred captives upon the trees. XXII. The first enterprise on the part of the English for the purpose of planting a colony in America was undertaken in 1579, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who sailed from England under a patent which had been granted by Queen Elizabeth ; but severe storms and Spanish war vessels compelled him to put back, and the scheme, for a time, was abandoned. In XX. Questions. — 111. Where had the Huguenots previously undertaken to es- tablish a colony ? 112. What object had they in view ? 113. Who aided and direct- ed them? 114. Who commanded their first expedition? 115. Give an account of it. 116. In what direction from St. Augustine is Port Royal entrance? (See map, p. 10.) 117. When was the second expedition sent? 118. Where was a settlement made? 119. Describe the St. John's River. (See map, p. 10.) XXI. 120. \Vhat was the fate of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's? 121. When and where did Melendez make a settlement? 122. What can you say of that settlement? 128. How was the massacre of the Huguenots avenged? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 21 1583 he sailed a second time for America, and landed at Newfoundland ; but accomplished little more than the erec- tion of a pillar bearing- the arms of his government. While returning to England, in the same year, his vessel foundered, and he, with all on board, perished. XXII I. Sir Walter Raleigh* (raw'-lt), not disheartened by the sad fate of his step-brother Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth an ample patent, and sent two vessels, under the command of Amidas, and Barlow. The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands in Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, took possession of the country in the name of Ehza- RALEiGH. beth, and, after trafficking with the natives, returned to England. So glowing an account did they give of the country, that Queen Elizabeth declared the event to be the most glorious in her reign ; and, in memorial of her unmarried state, named the region Virginia. Upon Raleigh she conferred the honor of knighthood. XXIV. Two attempts were afterwards made by Raleigh to establish a colony in America ; one in 1585, and the other in 1587. In the first, more than a hundred persons were sent. * Raleigh was born at Haves, in Devonshire, a county of England, in 155-2. The death of Queen Eliz- abeth, in 1603, proved fatal to his fortunes. He was tried on a false charge of high treason, convicted, and, after a period of fifteen years, thirteen of which he passed in confinement, he was beheaded in Lon- don, on the 29th of October, 1618. XXIL Questions. — 124. What account can you give of the first English enter- prise to establish a colony in America? 125. When did Gilbert sail a second time? 12R. At Avhat place did he land? 127. What body of water is on the west of tliat island ? (See map, p. 10.) 128. What became of Gilbert ? XXIIL 129. IIow were Gilbertar.d Raleigh related ? 130. What patent did Raleigh obtain? 131. How many vessels did he send to America? 132. Who commanded them? 133. When did Amidas and Barlow reach America? (See map, p. 10.) 134. What exploration did they make? 135. What else did they do? 136. In what direc- tion is Roanoke Island from Jamestown ? (See map, p. 27.) 137. What can you say of the account which Amidas and B.u-low gave of the country they visited ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. These, with Ralph Lane as governor, were conveyed by a fleet of seven vessels, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville. They proceeded to Roanoke, an island on the coast of North Carolina, where a settlement was commenced. After a year of distress, they all embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who had stopped at Roanoke on his way from the West Indies. XXV. The second colony was composed of agriculturists and artisans with their families. Having reached Roanoke, and there, on the site of the former settlement, commenced building "the city of Raleigh," John White, the governor, went to England for supplies. When he returned, after an absence of nearly three years, Roanoke was deserted, and no trace of the colonists could be found. XXVI. The next attempt, after Raleigh's, to plant an Eng- lish colony in America, was made by Bartholomew Gosnold, in 1602. After discovering the promontory which he called Cape Cod, also Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the group known as the Elizabeth Islands, he landed on one of the last named, where he selected a position for a settlement and built a storehouse and fort. The persons chosen to re- main becoming alarmed at the menaces of the Indians and at the want of supplies, the design was abandoned, and the whole party returned to England. XXVII. Gosnold made such favorable reports of the coun- try, that the merchants of Bristol were induced to fit out two XXIV. QiTESTiONS. — 138. How many attempts did Raleigh make to establish a colony in America? 139. When were they made ? 140. Give an account of the first. XXV. 141. Of whom did the second colony consist? 142. Who was their gov- ornor? 143. Where did they commence to build a city ? 144. What name did they give to the city? 145. Why did the governor of the colony leave? 146. How long was he gone? 147. What did he find upon his return to Roanoke? XXVI. 14S. When Mas the next attempt made to plant an English colony in America? 149. Who c;)mmanded the undertaking? 150. What discoveries did Gos. n(dd make? 151. In what direction from Martha's Vineyard is Nantucket? (See map, p. 21.) 152. At what place did Gosnold make preparation to make a settle- ment? 153. What are the Elizabeth Islands now called ? (See map, p. 23.) 151, Why did not the settlement on Elizabeth Islands prove permanent ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 23 vessels, under tlie command of Martin Pring, for exploration and trade. During the first voyage, made in 1603, the shores and several larcrc rivers of Maine, as well as the coast as far south ^^; GV3 ,^^[-^ \<^ _,...-- ^r^ %$: " Nantucv^-^"^ as Martha's Vineyard, were examined, and a profitable traflic was carried on with the natives. Three years later, Pring re- peated his previous voyage, and made a more accurate survey of Maine. XXVIII. The territory which the English claimed, basing XXVII. QtiF.STioNS.— 155. What reports did Gosnold make of tho country which he had discovered and visited? 156. Give an account of Pring's first voyage. 157. Of his second. 24 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. their claim, as lias been previously stated, principally upon the discoveries of the Cabots, extended from the 34th to the 45th degrees of north latitude. In 1606, James I. granted the northern portion, from the 41st to the 45th, to an associa- tion of "knights, gentlemen, and merchants of the west of England," known as the Plymouth [pllm'-uth) Company, call- ing the region North Virginia. The southern portion, from the 34th to the 38th, called South Virginia, he granted to an association of " noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants, in and about London," known as the London Company. XXIX. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth Company sent a number of planters, who began a settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec River, in Maine ; but the in- tense cold of the winter, the destruction of their storehouse XXYIII. Questions. — 158. "What extent of territory did the English claim in America? 159. Upon what did they base their claim? 160. What two extensive grants were made of this territory ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 25 by fire, and the death of their president, George Popham, discouraged them, and tlic}^ returned to England. XXX. The London Company were more successful. They sent a fleet of three vessels, commanded l>y Christopher New- port, and carrying more than a hundred colonists. During the long voyage of four months, dissensions arose among the leading men, and John Smith, whose genius had excited their jealousy, was placed in confinement. The design of the colo- nists was to form a settlement on Roanoke, but a storm car- ried the vessels farther north, into Chesapeake Bay. They sailed about fifty miles up a large stream which they named James River, and, selecting a place for a settlement, called it Jamestown. XXIX. Questions. — 161. When did the Pl^^mouth Company attempt to make a settlement? 162. At what place ? 163. Describe the Kennebec River. (See map, p. 10.) 164. What else can you say of the settlement on the Kennebec? XXX. 1C5. Wore the London Company more or less successful? 166. Of how many vessels did the fleet, sent by them, consist? 167. Who commanded the fleet? 16S. IIow many colonists were there onboard of the three vessels? 169. How long a voyage did they have? 170. How was John Smith treated during the voyage? 171. At what place did the colonists intend to make their settlement? 172. Why did they not do so ? EEYIEW QUESTIOXS. PAGE 1. Give an account of Columbus previous to the year 1492 11 2. How was India reached by European travelers at that time?. . . 11 3. What theory did Columbus have respecting a diflerent route ? 11, 12 4. How many and what applications did he make for aid? 12 5. For what was he indebted to Isabella, Queen of Spain ?. 12 G. "What fleet did he command, and whence did he sail? 12 7. What success did he meet with ? 12 8. Give an account of his three subsequent voyages 12, 13 9. When and at what place did Amerigo first visit America?.. 13 10. When and at what place did he make his second visit ? 13 1 1. What accounts did Amerigo prepare ? 13 12. What was afterwards done with the accounts?, 13 13. What was the consequence, and of Amerigo's claim? 13 14. When was the continent of America discovered? 13 15. Was that before or after Amerigo's first visit to America? 13 2 26 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE IG. Give an account of the voyage made by the two Cabots 13 17. What explorations wore made in 1498 ? 13, 14 18. What claim was based upon the achievements of the Cabots ? 14 19. What account can you give of Juan Ponce De Leon ? 14 20. What of his expedition in search of a fountain? J 4 21. What discovery was made in tlie year 1512? ] t 22. Give an account of De Leon's second expedition 14, 15 23. What discovery took place in 1513 ? 15 24. Which was the first colony established on the continent ? 17 25. Give an account of the discovery of the Pacific 15 26. When did De Ayllon make his first expedition to Carolina ?. ... 15 27. What was the object of the expedition ? 15 28. Give an account of it, stating what you can of Balboa himself. . 15 29. Give an account, in full, of the second expedition 15, 16 30. Who was Cordova, and what discovery did he make?. 16 31. What induced Velasquez to send the expedition under Grijalva ? 16 32. What induced him to send the one under Cortez ? 16 33. Of how many vessels and men did Cortez's expedition consist?. 16 34. Give the further account of the expedition 16, 17 35. When and whence did Narvaez make an expedition to Florida? 17 3G. Give an account of it, including that of the four men , 17 37. Who was De Soto, and what great preparations did he make ?. . 17 38. Give an account of his expedition and sad fate 17, IS 39. Who was Verrazani, and wliat explorations did he make ? 18 40. How many voyages did Cartier make to America ? IS 41. In his third voyage, what did he and another person undertake? 1 8 42. When and where did De Monts make a settlement in America? 19 43. Give an account of the Huguenot attempt to settle S. Carolina. 19, 20 44. Of the destruction of the Huguenot settlement in Florida 20 45. Of De Gourges's expedition of retaliation 20 46. Of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's expedition and sad fate 20, 21 47. Of the expedition made by Amidas and Barlow 21 48. Of Raleigh's first attempt to colonize America 21 49. Of his second attempt, with some account of Raleigh himself. 21, 22 T'O. Of the attempt at colonization made in 1602 22 51. Give an account of Pring's first voyage to America 23 52. Give an account of his second voyage to America . . 23 53. What region was afterward known as North Virginia? 24 54. What region was, at the same time, known as South Virginia ? . 24 55. Give an account of the Plymouth Co.'s attempt at settlement. 24, 25 56. Of the London Company's expedition, with its success 25 27 SECTION II. Colonial History. EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN ]754. ' VIEGINIA. I. The first settlement in Virginia was made in 1607, at Jamestown.* The colony was gov- erned nnder a charter gi-an1ed by James L, the supreme government be- ing vested in a council resident in England, and the local government in a colonial council, the members of both deriv- ing tlieir appointment from the king. II. The first council consisted of seven per- sons, among whom were Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith, f and John Eatcliffe, with Edward Wmglield, an avaricious and unprincipled man, for governor. thrarcfenttown"^""" "'^ ""^ """'"^ °^ *'''° '"' *'"'^'' ''""'^'' *"'' "'" '' "'^'■'^"'^ ''"'^ '"'■'' ""thing remains of evenfM°one" andTnn'liH" •" ^Y'"<'"'^hby, county of Lincolnshire, England, in 1579. His life was a most Uve o ■ the^wt if; took in w! *^' -^'^'l', ^t''=H ''« ^'''^^' '"« '"''^ '"'I'^^d " remarkable man. The narra- romance than a reality. Virginia.- Questions.—!. When was Virginia first settled? 2. At what place? 3. How was Jamestown situated? (See map, p. 27.) 4. In what direction from the Bermuda Islands was Jamestown? (See map, p. 10.) 5. How was the colony at first governed ? 28 COLONIAL HISTORY. Smith, at first, was not permitted to take a seat in the council, because of a false cliarge of sedition made against him by his colleagues ; but they were soon compelled to restore him to his station. III. For a time the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of provisions, the hostility of the natives, the Avant of indus- trial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to the grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly fatal to its existence. Bartholomew Gosnold, the projector of the settlement, and a man whose influence had greatly con- tributed to promote harmony in the council, was among those who died. IV. Wingfield, the president, having embezzled the public stores, and become concerned in a plot to abandon the settle- ment, in a vessel belonging to the colony, was expelled from the council. He was succeeded in the presidency by Rat- chfFe ; but, in consequence of the inefficiency of the latter, the management of afiairs fell into the hands of Captain John Smith. Several months later, upon the actual deposition of Ratcliffe, Smith was formally elected in his place. V. To the efforts of the new president, almost unaided as they were, the salvation of the infant colony was owing. He made frequent excursions into the neighboring country, and returned with supplies of corn. He also explored Chesapeake Bay, ascended the James and other rivers as far as he could in boats, and made his knowledge, thus acquired, of great use in the government of the colony. II. QuESTioxs.— 6. Of how many persons did the council consist? 7. Name four of the most prominent men belonging to the first council. 8. Who was the first governor? 9. What was his character? 10. How was Smith at first treated by the council ? III. 11. Did the colony, at the beginning, prosper or not? 12. What were the causes? 13. What is said of Gosnold? IV. 14. Of what two crimes was Wingfield gnilty ? 15. By whom was he super- seded? 16. "What is said of Eatclifl'e's management? 17. What was the conse- quence? V. IS. What is said of the eftorts of Smith? 19. What of his excursions for corn? 20. Of his explorations? VIRGINIA. CQue9hons to de anw eredfrom the ahoi e map ) Name five m ers that ^io^v into Ch< .apoake Bay. What tM'o capes are at the en- trance of the bay? To what large body of water is Cliesapcake Bay tributary? Ans.~ The Atlantic Ocean. How was Jamestown situated? Into what body of water does the Chowan River flow ? What other river flows into Albemarle Sound ' IIow IS the Island of Eoanoke situated ? In what direction is it from Jamestown ? 30 COLONIAL HISTORY. JOHN SMITH. chief, dwelling near the fork of the York Rivei VI. On one of his expedi- tions np the Chickahoininy, in search of corn, he was sur- rounded b}^ about three hun- dred Indians, and, after a des- perate struggle, captured; In triumph they conducted him through the country, showing him to the various tribes on the Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers, and then took him to a After being detained for three days he was sent to Powhatan, the prin- cipal chief, or " emperor of the country," whose subjects numbered about eight thousand. Ilis residence Avas on the York River. The Indian warriors met in council, and, after a long and solemn consultation, determined that Smith should be put to death. VII. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon a large stone ; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs to dash out his brains, Poca- hontas, the beloved dauo-hter of Powhatan, a child only twelve years old, rushed for- ward, clasped the captive's head in her arms, and begged that his life might be spared. Her generous and heroic conduct touched lier father's lieart, and the sentence was revoked. Smith was not only set at liberty, but an escort of twelve men was provided to conduct him to Jamestown. POCAHONTAS. VI. Questions. — 21. How was he captured ? 22. To whom did the Indians con- duct him? 23. Where did Powhatan live? 21. Describe the York Iliver. (See map, p. 27.) 25. What sentence was pronounced against Smith ? VIT. 26. How did the Indians undertake to carry out the sentence? 27. State VIRGINIA. 31 VIII. On arriving there, after an absence ot seven weeks, lie found every tiling in disorder. The colony was reduced to forty men, the strongest of whom were preparing to quit the country. The attempt at desertion was prevented by deci- sive action ; order was restored ; and a large accession to TlIK ATTK-MPT AT UESEllTION BUPl'KtSSED. their number by the arrival of Newpoi-t, who had been to England, revived the drooping spirits of the colonists. Smith, by his captivity and frequent expeditions, gained considerable knowledge of the language and manners of the Indians, and of the country and its resources, which enabled him to estab- lish a peaceful intercourse between the settlers and the tribes of Powhatnn. how Smith was saved. 28. Besides revoking the sentence, what else did Pow- hatan do for Smith ? VIII. Questions.— 29. What condition of things did Smith find at Jamestown upon his arrival there? 30. Of what value did Smith's captivity prove to James- town? 32 COLONIAL HISTORY. IX. The administration of the affairs of Jamestown, how- ever, gave no satisfaction to the company in England. Be- lieving that under a new charter, conferring greater privileges, their dreams of pr, sent emigi-ants who made settlements at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth, and at Dover. These, then, were the first settle- n)ents in New Hampshire. II. In 1629, the Rev. John Wheelwright and others, who evidently did not consider the gi-ant to Gorges and Mason as of much value, purchased of the Indians all the territory bc- New Hampshire.— I. Questions. — 1. How did the Council of Plymouth dispose of a portion of their lands in 1622? 2. Describe the Merrimac Ptiver. (See map p. 37.) 3. Describe the Kennebec. (See map, p. 10.) 4. What name did Gorges and Mason give to their country? 5. What rivers liounded Laconia? G. How is Portsmouth situated? (See map, p. 44.) 7. In what direction from Portsmouth is Dover? (See map, p. 44.) II. 8. What purchase of territory was made in 1629? 9. How did this purchase conflict with the claims of Gorges and Mason? 10. Into what body of water does the Piscataqua flow? (See map, p. 44.) 11. What grant did Mason obtain in 1629? 12. What name did he give to the country? 44 COLONIAL HISTORY tween the Mcrrimac and Piscataqua. In the same year Mason obtained from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, of tlie country which Wheelwright had purchased, and to this he gave the name of New Hampshire. III. The different settlements of New Hampshire in time came to be governed by different proprietors ; but the people, believing their interests would be promoted by a change, in 1641 formed a nnion, and placed themselves under the pro- tection of Massachusetts. This privilege was enjoyed for a [)eriod of nearl}' forty years, when, in 1680, the tw^o colo- ■ nies were separated by order of the king, and New Hampshire became a royal province. IV. In the following year a vex- atious controversy began, as to the proprietorship of the lands, which continued for a number of years. This dispute grew out of the claims which the heirs of Mason had laid to all the territory between the Mcrri- mac and Piscataqua, and it was not terminated nntil they relinquished all the unoccupied portions of the province. During the wars known as King Philip's and King William's, the settlers of New Hampshire suffered severely from the incursions of the Indians. In one case, the attack upon Dover in the latter war, twenty-one persons were killed, and others were captured and taken to Canada. V. The district of New^ Hampshire was several times con- nected with Massachusetts, — the first from 1641 to 1680, as previously stated ; but, in 1741, it became a separate prov- ince, and so continued till the Revolution. P0ET8M0UTH AND VICINITT. III. Questions. — 13. What change in the gOTcrnment of the New Hampshire settlements took place in 1G41? 14. Give a fm-ther account of the political con- nection between New Hampshire and Massachusetts. (See. also, paragraph Y.) IV. 15. "What controversy respecting lands began in lOSl? IG. Give some ac- count of it. 17. How did the wars of King Philip and King "William affect the set- tlements of New IlaniDshire? CONNECTICUT. 45 co]sr:^rECTiciTT. I. In 1630 the Coun- cil of Plymontli ceded to the Earl of AVarwick the soil of Connecticut ; and this grant, in the following year, was trans- ferred to Lord Say-and- Seal, Lord Brooke, and associates. IL As the Dutch, at the time, laid claim to all the territory thus ceded, they resolved to prevent any settlements being made within the limits of the new grant. According- ly, they proceeded from New York, sailed up the Connecticut lliver to where Hartford now stands, and there erected a fort. The structure was hardly completed when Captain William Holmes and a company from Plymouth sailed up the river, and, though forbidden by the Dutch, who threatened to fire upon them if they attempted to pass the fort, the English kept on unhurt, and commenced the settlement of Connecticut, at Windsor [win'-zer), by erecting in that year, 1633, a trading-house there. III. In the autumn of 1635, a company of sixty men, CoNNKCTicuT.— I. QuKSTiONS. — 1. What grant of land was made in 1G30? 2. What, in 1631? II. 3. What resolution did the Dutch determine upon? 4. What action did they accordingly take ? 5. When and where was Connecticut first settled ? 6. Describe "Jie Connecticut Elver. (See map of New England.) 46 COLONIAL HISTORY. women, and cliildren journeyed from Massachusetts through the wilderness, and settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Weth- ersfield. At about the same time a colony was commenced at the mouth of the Connecticut, which, in honor of Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke, was called Saybrook. But the migration conducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 1636, was one of the most important to Connecticut. AVith about a hundred persons he departed from the vicinity of Boston, and, after a toilsome journey thi-ough swamps and forests, arrived in the valley of the Connecticut. His people settled mostly at Hartford. IV. It was at this time that difficulties with the Indians began to arise. The Pequods, a warlike tribe inhabiting the southeast part of Connecticut, committed many acts of hos- tility, and sought an alliance with the Narragansetts in an effort to exterminate the colonists ; but, through the exer- tions of Roger Williams, the league was prevented. The Indians, however, continuing their murderous depredations, a court, summoned at Hartford, in 1637, formally declared war against them. V. Soon a force of eighty colonists, with about the same num- ber of Mohegan Indians, started against the foe. The expedi- tion, commanded by Captain John Mason, sailed down the Connecticut and along Long Island Sound, and landed at a point in the southwestern part of Rhode Island. Here it was join- ed by other Indian allies, until the whole force amounted to not less than five hundred men. Mason proceeded by quick marches, and surprised the chief fort of the Pequods, situatc. anticipated. y. It w^as evident to the Indians that the spreading settle- ments were fast reducing their domains and breaking up their hunting-grounds ; and they saw plainly, in the growing power of the whites, their own inevitable extinction. Nothing short of a combination of all the New England tribes for the ex- termination of the colonists, it was thought, could arrest the tide against them ; and Philip, so it was alleged, was the lead- ing spirit in plotting the combination. A converted Indian, who had been sent as a missionary among his people, was the principal informer against the chief. This man was after- ward found murdered. The execution by the whites of III. QxjESTiONS. — 10. What effect did the law "have ? 11. Howwere the Quakers then punished ? 12. What farther can you say of the troubles ? IV. 13. Who was Alexander ? 14. Philip ? 15. To what position did Philip at. tain? V. 16. What became evident to the Indians ? 17. How did the Indians suppose they could be saved from extinction ? IS. Who was supposed to be the leading spirit in plotting an Indian combination ? 19. Who informed against Philip ? 54 COLONIAL HISTORY. three Indians, who had been arrested, tried, and convicted of the murder, may be considered as the immediate cause of the war. ' -^'7-. t . ~«if ' ' INDIAN WAEFAEE. — THE SUEPKISE. YI. The first attack was made by Philip, in 1G75, upon the people of Swanzey, a village thirty -five miles southwest from Plymouth. The alarm was given, and he was pursued, by a force consisting of Plymouth troops and volunteers QiiKSTiONS. — 20. What bccanie of the informer ? 21. What was the immediate canse of King Philip's war ? VI. 22. Give an account of the attack upon Swanzey. 23. To what place was Philij) pursued ? 24. Where is Mount Hope situated? (See map, p. 37.) 25. What can you snv of the war that followed ? MASSACEIUSETTS. 55 from Boston, as far as his home at Mount Hope, which he was forced to abandon. He soiif^ht safety in a swamp. Here he was besieged for a number of days, but at length made his escape, with the most of his warriors. The war that followed was of the most desolating character. The savages, grown desperate, burned village after village, and carried death and destruction throughout the country for miles around. VIT. Although a treaty of peace had been made with the Narragan setts, they proved unfaithful to their obligations, and became the allies of Philip. This becoming known, a stronre evident that the inroads of the sav- ages must be checked, or, in a short time, not a single white man, friendly to the English, would remain in that region. VI. A party of less than three hundred men, commanded by Colonel Armstrong, undertook to destroy Kittaning, the chief town of the perfidious tribes. The march through the forest was long and perilous, but the stronghold was reached, thirty or forty warriors were killed, and Kittaning was left a smoking ruin. EVENTS OF 1757. I. Loudon's plan of operations for 1757 was limited to an expedition against Louisbiirg [loo'-e-burj). He sailed from IV. Qu.ESTioNS. — 6. Give an account of Moutcahn's success against Oswego. 7. What did he do there after the victory? 8. How is Oswego situated? (See maj', p. 90.) V. 9. What induced the tribes of the Ohio to become hostile to the English set- tlers? 10. What deeds of wrong were they guilty of? 11. What became evident? VI. 12. Give an account of the e.\peditiou against Kittaning? 13. IIow is Kittan- ing situated ? (See map, p. 85.) Events of 1757. — I. 1. Give an account of Loudon's operations during 1757, 2. IIow is Halifax situated? (See map, p. 103.) 3. How Is Louisburg situated? (Sec same map.) FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 97 1*757. New York with about six thousand men, and, at Halifax, was joined by a powerful naval armament and land force from England ; but, learning that the French were prepared for defense, he abandoned the enterprise and returned to New York. II. This, like the previous year, through the energy and ability of Montcalm, showed a marked superiority to the French arms. In the besrinnino; of Aun;ast that commander, with nine thousand men, two thousand of whom were Indians, laid siege to Fort AVilliam Henry. For six days, its com- mander. Colonel Monroe, kept up a vigorous defense, trusting to receive aid from General Webb, who, at the time, was in command of a large force at Fort Edward. III. At length, learning that no assistance would be sent, and being entirely without ammunition, he was compelled to surrender on the 9th, capitulating that his men should have a safe escort to Webb's quarters. Notwithstanding this stipu- lation, the English had hardly left the fort before the Indian allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope of plunder, attacked them and massacred a large number. Fort William Henry was demolished by order of Montcalm ; and thus the year 1757 passed, like its pre- decessor, without a single advantaofe to the Engflish. lY. In consequence of the WILLIAM I'll II. Questions. — 1. How did the operations of 1757 compare with those of the previous year? 5. When and by whom was Fort William Henry besieged? G. Who commanded the fort? 7. What is said of his defense ? III. 8. What unwelcome infoimation reached Colonel Monroe? 9. How was he not in a condition to make a further defense ? 10. Give an account of tlie mas- sacre. 11. What became of the fort? 12. Where did it stand? (See map, p. 85.) IV. 18. What change took place in the British Government? 14. What ar re- gards the command of the royal forces in America? 5 98 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. disgraces of the American campaigns a new adminis- tration of the Britisli government was formed, with William Pitt,* afterward Lord Chatham, as prime minister.. Loudon, who by his inactivity had disappointed the anticipa- tions of the people, was recalled, and preparations were made to carry on the war with greater vigor. * WiHiam Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, was born at Westminster, England, in 1708. At the beginning of the American Revolution he was opposed to the measures of the British ministry in the American colonies; but, at the close of a speech, made in 1778 in Parliament, in which bespoke against a motion to acknowledge the independence of America, he fell in an apoplectic fit, and was borne home, where he died in a few weeks afterward. REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. What treaty was made in the year 1748 ? 86 2. What war did that treaty close ? 59 3. How long had France and England disputed about lands in Am. ? 86 4. What did the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle omit to settle ? 86 5. What claims to territory were made by Frnnce and England?. . 86 6. By what right or title did they make the claim ? 86 1. What did these conflicting claims lead to ? 86 8. Give an account of the first hostile act of the war 86, 87 9. What was the Ohio Company, and what were its purposes ? . . . 87 10. Why did the French seize the traders and erect certain forts?.. 87 11. What course was then pursued by the Ohio Company ? 87 12. Why did Dinwiddle respond with so much promptness ? 87 13. On what mission was Washington sent? 87, 88 14. Give an account of his journey 88 15. What was St. Pierre's reply to Dinwiddie ? 88 16. What report did Washington make in addition? 88, 89 17. What effect did the letter and report have ? 88, 89 18. What measures for protection did the Ohio Company adopt ?. . . 89 19. On what expedition was Washington sent? 89 20. In what way did the French interfere with the Enghsh? 89 21. How many men surrendered to the French ? 89 22. What did the French do with the fort captured by them? 89 23. Did Washington reach the fort, or not? 89 24. What did he learn while on his march thither ? 89 25. AYhat then did he deem it prudent to do ? 89 26. What did he learn after reaching the Great Meadows? 89 2 7. How did he forestall the intention of the French ? 89 28. What battle was fought on the 2Sth of May, 1754?- . . , 90 29. In how many battles had Washington previously participated? 90 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 99 PAGE 30. Was tliat battle the first, second, or third, of the war? 90 31. To whom did Washington send his prisoners ? 90 32. Wliat was then done by him in anticipation of an attack? 90 33. Who commanded tlie force that attaclied him ? 90 34. How large a force did De Yilliers have at the time ? 90 35. For how long a time did Washington defend himself? 90 36. When did he capitulate ? 90 37. At w^iose instigation Avas a congress held at Albany? 90 38. Why had the ministry made the recommendation ? 90 39. What man, afterward distinguished, w^as at the congress ? 90 40. What measure, prepared by FrankHn, was adopted ? 90 41. Why was the plan rejected by both the colonies and the king? 90, 91 42. What then did the British government determine upon ? 91 43. How many and what expeditions were planned for 1755? 91 44. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the royal forces ? . . . 91 45. Give an account of the expedition against Nova Scotia 91, 92 46. What two forts did Moncktou capture? (See map, page 103.) 47. Who commanded the expedition against Fort Duquesne? 91 48. What person, afterward eminent, was his aide-de-camp? 92 49. What suggestions did Washington make to Braddock ? 92 50. In what disaster did the expedition terminate? 92 51. When did the battle of the Monongahela take place? 92 52. To what position did Governor Shirley succeed? 92 53. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara 91, 92, 98 54. What preparations did Lyman make against Crown Point ? . . . . 93 55. What movement was made by Johnson from Fort Edward? ... 93 56. What movement was made by Dieskau towards Fort Edward?. 93 57. Give an account of the battle between Dieskau and Williams . . 93, 94 58. Give an account of the battle fought at Lake George 94 59. What further account of Dieskau can you give ? 94 60. Who succeeded Shirley as commander-in-chief? 95 61. When was war declared between France and England? 95 62. Give an account of Montcalm's expedition against Oswego. ... 96 03. Why did the Enghsh attack and destroy Kittaning? 96 64. What was done by Loudon during the year 1757 ? 96, 97 65. When did Montcalm lay siege to Fort William Henry? 97 66. What command did Monroe hold at the time ? 97 67. How long did Monroe hold out against Montcalm? 97 68. When and why did he at last surrender ? 97 69. Give an account of what took place after the surrender 97 70. What can you state of the further history of Fort Wm. Henry ? 97 100 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. EVENTS OF 1758. I. The carnpaign of 1758 opened, on the part of the Eng- lish, with fifty thousand men in the field. These forces were divided into three distinct bodies : one, under General Am- herst, for the subjugation of Louisburg, and the Island of Cape Breton {brit'-on) ; another, under Abercrombic, who had suc- ceeded London as commander-in-chief, was to proceed against Ticondcroga and Crown Point; and the third, under General Forbes, was to undertake the reduction of Fort Duquesne. II. Amherst made Halifax, in Nova Scotia, his rendezvous, from which place he embarked in the fleet of Admiral Bos- cawcn. A landing was efi'ected near Louisburg, then defend- ed by the strongest fortress in America, and a siege, mem- orable for its length and desperate resistance, commenced. At length, on the 26th of July, the French surrendered by capitulation, and, with the town, the whole Island of Cape Breton, as well as that of St. John's, fell into the hands of the British. III. During the siege two per- sons particularly distinguished themselves by their courageous conduct. These were James Wolfe and Richard Montgomery {mont- (/nm' -er-e) ; the first, the real hero of the enterprise, was slain at Quebec in the following year, while fighting for his king ; and the other, Montgomery, was also slain at Events of 1T58. — I. Questions.— 1. What was the plan of the campaign for 175S ? II. 2. Where did Amherst rendezvous ? 3. On whose fleet did he embark his troops? 4. Where did he land his troops? 5. How is Louisburg situated? (See map, p. 103.) 6. How was Louisburg defended ? T. What was the result of the ex- pedition ? 8. In what direction from Cape Breton Island is the Island of St. John's? (See map, p. 103.) III. 9. Give the names of the persons who distinguished themselves during the siege of Louisburg. 10. What is said of the further history of Wolfe and Mont- gomery ? JAMES WOLFE. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101 Quebec, but several years later, wbile contending for the cause of liberty. IV. While success was crowning the arms of the British at the east, Abercrombie Avas slowly making his way north- ward. At the head of about sixteen thousand men, he de- scended Lake George, and, debarking at its northern extremity, commenced a march through the dense forests towards Ticon- deroga,* then commanded by Montcalm. V. An advance force suddenly coming upon a detachment of the French, on the 6th of July, a severe coniiict ensued, in which, though the enemy were routed, Lord Howe, an officer greatly beloved by the army and the American people, was killed. YI. The death of Howe, who was the leading spirit in the expedition, was keenly felt. For awhile it put a complete check upon operations, and the most of the army fell back to the landing-place at the foot of the lake ; but, on the 8th of July, an advance was made in full force, and the fort was assaulted. The British fought gallantly, though fruitlessly. After losing nearly tw^o thousand of their number in killed and wounded, they withdrew once more to the landing-place; whence, fearing an attack from the enemy, on the following morning, they re-embarked for the head of the lake. Vn. The failure of this expedition was somewhat relieved * Fort Ticonderoga was built by the French in 1T55. It was then called Carillon (chime of bells), in allusion to the music of the waterfalls in the outlet of Lake George, near it. IV. 11. What was Abercrombie doing while Loudon was operating in Nova Sco- tia? 12. In what direction from Albany is Lake George? (See map, p. 85.) 13. On what lake is Ticonderoga situated ? (See map, p. 85.) V. 14. Describe the action of the Gth of July. VI. 15. What effect did the death of Howe have ".pon the expedition ? 16. De- scribe the action of the Sth of July. 17. What movement did the British make after their defeat ? YII. 18. How was the failure of the expedition against Ticonderoga relieved? 19. What was Bradstreet's object in his enterprise ? 20. In what direction from Lake George was Fort Frontenac? (See map, p. 85.) 21. What city is situated where Fort Frontenac then stood? (See map, p. .) 22. What route did Bradstreet take? 23. Why was the blow a severe one to the French? 24. How did Bradstreet dispose of his captures? 102 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. ^ by the success of an enterprise conducted by Colonel Bradstreet, an officer under Abercrombie. While the main army was wasting away the season at the head of Lake George, Bradstreet obtained permission to go against Fort Frontenac, situated where Kingston now stands, on the north side of the entrance of Lake Ontario. Proceeding by way of the Mohawk and Oswego, he crossed the lake, and, on the 27th of August, captured the fort, the garrison having either fled or surrendered at discretion. This was a severe blow to the French, as the place, besides being in a commanding position, contained a vast amount of military stores intended for Fort Duquesne, and in the harbor were several armed vessels. Bradstreet, after sending two of the vessels, laden with the spoils, to Oswego, destroying the others, and dismantling the fort, returned to Lake George. VIIL Li the third expedition planned for the year, that against Fort Duquesne, Washington held an important com- mand under Forbes. Listead of advancing by the old road which Braddock had taken in 1755, it was decided, against the judgment of Washington, that a new one farther east should be opened for the expedition. As was to have been expected, the progress made was exceedingly tedious. Winter was fast approaching, and yet Forbes was many miles from Duquesne. A feeling of discouragement pervaded the troops, which was augmented by a defeat, and loss of three hundred men, sus- tained by Major Grant while leading an advance detachment. IX. In this strait Forbes called a council of war, the result of which was a determination to abandon the expedition. Before, however, the order to return was given, intelligence of an encouraging character was received. The march was VIII. Questions. — 25. In whicli expedition did Washington hold a command? 26. By what road was the advance against Duquesne made? 2T. What was the result ? 23. What check was experienced by Grant ? IX. 29. What was determined upon in a council of war? .SO. Why was not the determination carried out? 31. What success finally rewarded the efforts of the ex- pedition ? 82. Why had the French abandoned the fort ? 83. What did the English do M'ith the fort? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 10.' therefore resumed, and when, towards the latter part -.1-^0 of November, Duquesne was reached, it was found in ruins. The French had set fire to it and retreated down the Ohio. The destruction of Frontenac had cut off all hope of reinforcements and supplies ; their savage allies, when des- titution and danger threatened, had deserted — hence the ruin and abandonment of tlie fort. The English at once repaired and garrisoned the place, and, in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. EVENTS OF 1159. I. The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the re- duction of Canada ; and General Amherst, who had gained great favor by his success at Louisburg, was appointed corn- E VENTS OF 1759.— Questions. -I. 1. What was the object of the campaign of 1T59? 2. What change took place in the commanders? 3. What was the plan of operations ? 104 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. mander-in-chief, to succeed Abercrombie. By the plan of operations, General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst ^vas to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe ; Avhile a third divi- sion, under General Prideaux [pre-d(/), after capturing Niag- ara, was to proceed against Montreal. II. Early in July, Prideaux reached Niagara, and at once commenced a siege, during which he was unfortunately killed by the bursting of a shell. Sir William Johnson, l)aving suc- ceeded to the command, defeated a force of twelve hundi-ed French and Indians who were advancing to the relief of the place, and compelled the besieged to capitulate. Instead, however, of proceeding against Montreal, according to the plan of operations, he garrisoned the fort which he had taken, and then made his way to Albany. III. In the mean time Amherst had reached the vicinity of Ticonderoga. As he advanced, the Fi-ench fled fiom both Ticonderoga and Crown Point without striking a blow, and retired to an island in the Sorel Ptiver. Neglecting to follow up his successes as he should have done, he allowed the sum- mer to pass before he made any attempt at pursuit. Then a succession of storms damaged his fleet ; and the cold w^eather approaching, he went into winter quarters at Crown Point, and thus failed to co-operate against Quebec. IV. Of the three expeditions, that under Wolfe can be said to have been the only one completely successful. With an II. QiTESTiO'S. — i. What is said of Prideanx's operations and fate? 5. Who suc- ceeded him? G. What success did Johnson meet with? 7. In what respect did he deviate from the original plan of oi)erations? 8. How is Niagara situated ? (See map, p. 85.) III. 9. How far had Amherst proceeded, in the mean time ? 10. ITow are Ticon- deroga and Crown Point situated? (See map, p. 85.) 11. Of what lake is the Sorel Eiver the outlet? (See same map.) 12. By what other name is the Sorel some- times known? (See mai), p. 124.) IV. 13. With how many men did Wolfe advance against Quebec ? 14. What route did he take ? 15. On what small island did he land his men? 16. In what direction from Quebec is that island ? (See map, p. 103.) 17. Where is Point Levi ? IS. What did Wolfe do at Point Levi? 19. With what success? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 105 army of eiglit thousand men, lie ascended the St. Lawrence River as far as the Isle of Orleans, where, in the latter part of June, he landed his whole force in safety. Taking possession of Point Levi, opposite Quebec, he estab- lished a battery there, which, though it destroyed the build- ings near the river's edge, did but little damage to tliat part of the city situated on the promontory. TUB ST, LAWRENCE, IN 1759. y. Becoming convinced that the battery was not near enough to accomplish the reduction of the place, he deter- mined upon a bold attack. Accordingly, on the 31st of July, an attempt was made upon the enemy's iiitrenchments, but it resulted in defeat and the loss of nearly five hundred men. This contest is known as the battle of the Moutmorenci. Y. Question. — 20. Give an account of the battle of the Montmoreuci. 106 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. yi. Not discouraged by the disaster, AVolfe resolved upon another plan. During the night of the 12th of September his troops effected a landing, at a place about two miles above the city, and, climbing by a nai-row path the steep bank of the St. Lawrence, at daylight, on the following morning, they stood on the Plains of Abraham in battle array. YII. Montcalm, who was in command of the French, re- fused at first to believe that the force on the Plains was any thing more than a small foraging or marauding party, such confidence did he feel in the unapproachableness of the place in that direction. But, becoming convinced of his error, he abandoned his intrenchments, and led his troops against the enemy. A fierce and bloody battle followed, which resulted in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory, and Montcalm,* mortally wounded in the action, ex- pired soon after. The French, fearing a famine, and dreading the horrors of an assault, surrendered the city five days after the battle. EVENTS OP 1760, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. I. Although the British had captured Quebec, the reduc- tion of Canada, which was the object of the campaign of 1759, was not yet accomplished. This failure undoubtedly was owing to the want of activity on the part of Amherst. His long stay, too, at Crown Point, gave De Levi, Montcalm's successor, an opportunity to make preparation for the recov- ery of Quebec. * Montcalm was born in France, in 1712. At the close of the battle in which he was mortally wound- ed, on being toid that he could not live long, " So much the better," he said ; " 1 shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." He died on the morning of the 14th of September. YI. Questions. — 21. What plan did Wolfe then' determine upon ? YII. 22. How was Montcalm surprised? 23. Give an account of the battle that followed. 24. Bywhatnameis that battle known ? A7is. — The battle of the Plains of Abraham. 25. On what day did it occur? 26. When did Quebec surrender ? Events of 1760. — I. 1. Why had not the British completed the reduction of Canada before the close of 1759? 2. What, beside, was the result of Amhersfs inac^ tivitv? 3. Who succeeded Montcalm in the command of the French ? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 107 II. As soon as the St. Lawrence was free of ice, De Levi proceeded to besiege the city. The British, instead of await- ing the approach of the enemy, and defending themselves from the strong position which they occupied, marched about three miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 1760, was fought one of the most desperate battles of the war. After losing a thousand men or more, the British were compelled to fell back to the defenses which they had unwisely abandoned. The opportune arrival of a British fleet, some days after, changed the scene completely ; and the French lost no time in raising the siege and retreating to Montreal. III. It was not till September that Amherst, taking the indirect route by way of Oswego, made his way into Canada and invested Montreal. The French governor, unable to re- sist, signed a capitulation, by which not only Montreal, but the whole of Canada, was surrendered into the hands of the English. IV. On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace be- tween Great Britain and France was signed at Paris. France, by the terms of the treaty, ceded to Great Britain all her American possessions east of the Mississippi, north of the Iber- ville River, in Louisiana {J.oii-e' -zc-ah' -na^ . At the same time a treaty was made by which Spain ceded her possessions of East and West Florida to Great Britain. Thus, it will be seen, the French and Indian War lasted more than eight years. The first gun was fired in Washington's engagement with Jumonville, in 1754, and the contest was brought to a close by the treaty of Paris, in 1763. V. Among the dependencies which were surrendered to II. Questions. — 4. Give an account of De Levi's operations. 5. How was Que- bec saved to the English ? III. 6. By what route did Amherst proceed against Montreal ? T. How is Quebec situated? (See map, p. 103.) 8. How, Montreal ? (See map, p. 85.) IV. 9. By what treaty was the war brought to a close ? 10. What territory did Great Britain acquire? 11. What other treaty was made at the same time? V. 12. What stations or posts were included in the surrender of territory to the English? 13. What is said of this transfer? 14. Of what did the Indians soon make themselves masters? 108 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Great Britain by the treaty, were several stations or posts between the lakes and the Ohio, and in the vallev of that river. The transfer of these places from the French, with whom the Indians had been on friendly terras, to the English, whom they disliked, greatly exasperated the savages in that region, and they, in a short time, made themselves masters of all the posts, except those of Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit ; and hnndreds of families were butchered or driven from their homes. VI. Detroit was besieged for six months, but was finally re- lieved. The Indians at last were compelled to sue for peace, though Pontiac (pon'-te-ak), their principal chief, from whom the war takes its name, refused to submit. He wandered towards the Mississippi, endeavoring to stir up the western tribes against the English, till his career was terminated by the hand of one of his own people. PRINCIPAL BATTLES OP THE FREXCH AND INDIAN WAR. DATKS. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. VICTORS. Enojlish. 1 French. 1754. May 28, July 4, 1755. June 16, June 17, July 9, Sept. 8 • 1756. Aug. 14, 1757, Aug. 9, 1758. July 6, July 8, Julv 26, Sept. 21, 1759. July 25, July 31, Sept. 13, 1760. Apr. 28, Great Meadows Fort Necessity Washington Washington Jumonville . De Villiers. English. French Fort Beausejour Fort Gasperau Monongahela Near Lake George. . . Head of Lake George.. Monckton. . Monckton. . Braddock . . Williams . . Johnson. . . De Yergor. De Villerai. Beaujeu. . . . Dieskau Dieskau. . . . English. English. French. French. English. French. Oswego . . . Mercer .... Montcalm . . Fort William Henry. . Monroe. . . . Montcalm. . French. Near Ticonderoga. . . . Ticonderoga Howe Ab'rcromlne Amherst. . . Grant De Trepesee Montcalm . . Drucourt. . . Aubry English. French. Enghsh. French. Louisburg Near Fort Duquesne.. Fort Niagara Montrnorenci Plains of Abraham. . Jolmson . . . Wolfe Wolfe Aubry .... Montcalm . . Montcalm . . Enghsh. French. English. 3 piiles above Quebec. Murray. . . . De Levi. . . . French. YI. 15. What is said of the siege of Detroit? 16. By what name is the war known? 17. What is said of the closing career of Pontiac? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 109 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. How many troops did tho English have ia the field iu l7r)S ?. . 100 2. What was the object of the division under Amherst ?......... 100 3. Give an account of Amherst's operations and success 100 4. What was the object of the division under Abercrornbie ? 100 5. Give an account of Abercrombie's operations 101 6. What was the object of the division under Forbes ?. . . , 100 t. Give an account of Forbes's operations 102, 103 8. Give an account of the expedition against Frontenac. 102 9. Why did the French abandon Fort Duquesne, in 1758 ? 103 10. What further can you give of the history of that fort?. . . . 103, 108 11. In what year did the English determine to take Canada? 103 12. Who succeeded Abercrornbie as commander-in-chief? 103, 104 13. What part against Canada was assigned to Wolfe ? 104 14. Give an account of Wolfe's operations until July ... 104, 105 15. What part against Canada was assigned to Pndeaux? 104 16. Give an account of his operations and fate 104 17. What was done and also omitted by his successor ? 104 18. What part against Canada was assigned to Amherst? 104 19. Give an account of his march and tardy operations 104 20. What was done against Quebec by Wolfe, in July, 1759? .... 105 21. What was done by Wolfe on the night of the 12th Sept., 1759? 106 22. When did the battle of the Plains of Abraham occur? 106 23. What were the memorable words of the dying Montcalm?. . . . 106 24. When did the French surrender Quebec to the English ? . . . 106 25. Why did they not hold out longer before surrendering ? 106 26. What was the great object of tlie English campaign of 1759?. 103 27. Did the English accomplish the object during that year? 106 28. By whom was Montcalm succeeded in command of the French? 106 29. What was the consequence of Amherst's inactivity? 106 30. When did De Levi commence operations against Quebec?. ... 107 31. What mistake did the British make ? 107 32. Give an account of the battle fought near Quebec 107 33. What prevented the French from recovering the city ? 107 34. How did the English get Montreal and the rest of Canada?. . 107 35. What took place on the 10th of February, 1763 ? 107 30. What territory did the French surrender to the Englisli?. . . . 107 37. What stations or posts were included in the surrender ?. . . .107, 108 38. What was the consequence of surrendering them? 108 89. Who was then the principal Indian chief in that section? 108 40. How was the " Pontiac War" brought to a close ? 108 110 SECTION IV, THE AMEEICA:R EEYOLUTIOISr.— causes OF THE WAR. I. The expenses which Great Britain had incurred in the French and Indian War had increased her national debt more than three hundred milUons of dollars. The English minis- try, asserting that this had been done in defending the colonies, declared that the Americans ought of right to share in the burden ; and, accordingly, it was proposed by the min- istry, George Grenville being at its head, that a direct revenue should be drawn from the colonies by a system of taxation. It was also affirmed that, regardless of the manner in which the national debt had been contracted or augmented, or even in the absence of any debt whatever. Parliament possessed the inherent rig-ht to tax America. II. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colonies had been founded at their own expense ; and that they had already contributed more than their fair proportion in defend- ing themselves, while the advantages accruing from their preservation were shared by England in common with them- selves. The colonists also maintained that they could only be justly taxed by a legislature in which they were repre- sented. Inasmuch, therefore, as they were not allowed to send representatives to the British Parliament, that body had no right to impose upon them any taxes whatever. III. Beside, the policy of Great Britain towards her Ameri- can colonies, from the very beginning of their existence, as Catjsks of the Revolution. — I. Questions. — 1 How much did the French and Indian War add to Great Britain's debt? 2. What assertion did the British ministry make? 3. What declaration did they deduce therefrom? 4 What proposition was accordingly made ? 5. What strong affirmation was made? II. 6. What was maintained by the Americans, as regards the founding of their colonies? 7. What, as regards their contribution for defense In connection with the advantages? 8. What, as regards the principle of taxation ? III. 9. What is^said of the policy of Great Britain? 10. What were the "■ Writs of Assistance?" AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Ill shown in the "Navigation Act," with the oppressive measures that preceded and those that succeeded, even down to the au- thorization of the "Writs of Assistance," in 1761, had been unjust and iUiberal, and calculated to incite a rebellious spirit. These "Writs of Assistance" were general search-warrants, which empowered custom-house officers to break open ships, stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise which, it was suspected, had paid no duty; and the writs also empow- ered the officers to compel sheriffs and others to assist in the odious task. lY. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed by Parliament in 1765, reached America, intense indignation was produced throughout the country. By the provisions of the act, all instruments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and notes, as well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, almanacs, etc., were to be executed on stamp- ed paper, to be purchased from the agents of the British gov- ernment. V. The first burst of opposi- tion appeared in the legislature of Virginia, where Patrick Hen- ry* distinguished himself by his bold and manly eloquence. In Massachusetts too the opposition was fearless, and, upon the re- commendation of her Assembly, a Colonial Congress, composed • Patrick Henry waa born in Virginia, in 1736. He died i PATRICK HENRY. 1799, the year of Washington's death. IV. Questions.- 11. When was the Stamp Act passed ? 12. How was the news of its passage received in America ? 13. Fhat was exacted by the provisions of tiie Act ? v. 14. What is said of Patrick Henry ? 15. Of the opposition in Massachusetts ? IG. What recommendation did the Massachusetts Assembly make? 17. How many colonies were represented in the Congress? 18. Who was the presiding officer of the Congress ? 19. Where was the Congress held ? 20. What was the result of their deliberations? 112 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. of delegates from nine colonies, with Timothy Ruggles,* of Mas- sachusetts, for president, was held in New York, to consult with reference to the genei-al safety. The result of their de- liberations was the adoption of a Declaration of Rights, a Petition to the King, and a Memorial to both Houses of Par- liament. VI. So intense was the popular indignation against the Stamp Act, as also against the officers appointed to distribute the stamps, that when the day came on which the obnoxious law was to go into effect, there were no officials courageous enough to carry it into execution. All the stamped paper was either destroyed or concealed ; and, for a time, all transactions requiring stamps were entirely suspended. VII. At length business resumed its previous course, being conducted without stamps. In addition to this general oppo- sition, the merchants of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and other places, agreed to import no more British goods while the Stamp Act remained a law. A change in the British ministry occurring, William Pitt and others exerted themselves in opposition to the obnoxious measure, and it was repealed in 1766, the year after its enactment. VIII. The news of the repeal caused great rejoicing through- out America, but, as the sequel proved, without adequate cause ; for, notwithstanding the repeal of the Stamp Act, Par- liament, still claiming the right to tax the colonies, passed, at the same time, another law, called the Declaratory Act, which affirmed the right claimed, in all its length and breadth. It » Notwithstanding the patriotic stand taken by Ruggles before the hostilities of the Revolution actu- ally commenced, he soon headed a body of loyalists and fought against the Americans. At the close of the war he went to Nova Scotia, and there resided till his death. VI. Questions.— 21. What was the effect of the feeling against the Stamp Act? 22. What was done with the stamped paper? 23. W^ hat was the consequence, for a time, as regards transactions? VII. 24. How did business afterward shape itself ? 25. In what way did the mer- chants show their opposition to the Stamp Act? 26. Give the closing history of the act. VIII. 27. How was the news of the repeal received in Anaerioa ? 28. How did it appear that the cause for rejoicing was illusory? 29. How was the asserted right to tax the colonies shown in 1767? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 113 was attempted to exercise the right so claimed by the passao-e of a bill, in the following year, 1767, for levying duties on glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea, imported into the colo- nies. Two other obnoxious acts were also passed during the same year. IX. The intelligence of these enactments produced a revival of the feelings which had been caused by the passage of the FANEUIL HALL, IN 1776.* Stamp Act. Non-importation associations were formed, the members of which were pledged not to import or use any ar- ticles of British production, subject to duty. The Massachu- setts Assembly issued a circular to the other Colonial Assem- blies, asking their co-operation in efforts to obtain redress : in response, the most of them adopted resolutions protesting ao-ainst the odious enactments. * Faneuil Hall, in Boston, was used by the patriots durin"; the Revolution, and, for that reason, is often called the "Cradle of American Liberty." The origjinaf buildin;;, comprising a market-place on the ground floor, a town-hall, and other rooms, was erected by Peter Faneuil, permission having been previ- ously granted by the authorities of Boston. In 1761 it was'destroyed by fire, but in 1768 it was rebuilt at the expense of the town, and when the British occupied Boston, in 1775, they vised the hall for a theatre. In 1SU5 the building underwent considerable alteration, when it was also enlarged. IX. Questions. — 30. How did the irnvs of these enactments affect the colonists? 81. What organizations were formed? 32. What was done by the Massacliusetts Assembly ? 33.S. How did the other colonies respond ? 114 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. X. The people of Boston were particularly decided in their opposition to one of the enactments known as the " New Rev- enue Law ;" and, in consequence, repeated collisions took place between them and the custom-house officers. For the purpose of overawing the Bostonians, the Governor of Massa- chusetts requested General Gage, the commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, to station troops in the city. In compliance therewith, two regiments arrived from Halifax, in September, 1*768; but their presence still more exasperated the people, and affrays ensued, in one of which, called the " Boston Massacre," the soldiers fired upon the populace, kill- ing three men and wounding others. XI. Before the news of the " massacre" reached England, an act was passed by Parliament, revoking all the duties laid in 1767, excepting that of threepence per pound on tea. As, however, the people of America were contending, not against the amount of taxes imposed, but against the principle of tax- ation without representation, the concession was by no means satisfactory. The Non-importation associations continued, but, of course, only as against the importation and use of the article upon which a duty was still laid. The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent back to London, without being landed ; in Charleston it was stored in cellars, where it perished. XIL At Boston, on a cold moonlight night in December, 1773, a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships, broke open the chests of tea, emptied their contents into the water, and then quietly retired. In retaliation for X. Questions. — 34. "Wherein did the poople of Boston evince particular opposi. tion ? 35. What was the consequence ? 86. What request did the governor of Mas- sachusetts make? 37. Why did he make the request? 38. How was the request complied with? 39. Give an account of the Boston massacre. XI. 40. What concessions were made by Parliament in ITTO? 41. Why was not this concession satisfactory to the colonists? 42. To what extent did the agreement of the Non-importation associations continue? 43. IIow was the tea which arrived disposed of? XII. 44. Give an account of the doings of the "Boston Tea Party."' 45. IIow was the act retaliated ? 46. How did the Salem people behave upon the occasion ? 47. How, the people of Marblehead ? 48. What other obnoxious act Mas also passed ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 115 this defiant destruction, the British government determined to punish Boston ; and the Boston Port Bill, intended to close that port to all commerce, and transfer the seat of the colonial government to Salem, was accordingly passed. But the peo- ple of Salem refused to thrive at the expense of their neigh- bors, and Marblehead, fifteen miles distant from the despoiled town, offered her port, free of charge, to the Boston merchants. Other acts, which were considered gross violations of the char- ters and rightful privileges of the colonies, were also passed. Among these was one for quartering the king's troops on the colonies, at the people's expense. XIII. Meanwhile, delegates were chosen to represent the colonies at Philadelphia. Here, in September, 1774, a general congress, known as " The First Continental Congress," or the " Old Continental Congress," convened, to deliberate on such measures as the united interests of the colonies might require. Fifty-one delegates, representing all the colonies except Geor- gia, were present, and Peyton Randolph,* of Virginia, was chosen President. XIV. Their first act was the passage of a resolution com- mending the conduct of the people of Boston in their oppo- sition to the obnoxious laws of Parliament. They also agreed upon a declaration of rights, recommended the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain, and voted an address to the king, another to the people of Great Britain, and a memorial to the Canadians. XV. General Gage, who, in addition to his position as commander-in-chief of the king's forces, had been recently ap- * Peyton Randolph was born in Virginia, in 1723. As stated above, he was the President of " The First Continental Congress." He was also elected President of the second Congress, held at Philadelphia in tln> following year, but political duties calling him to Virginia before the close of its session, he was succeeded in the position by John Hancock, of ^lassachusetts. His death was sudden, occurring at Philadelphia, to- wards the close of October, 1775. XIII. Questions. — 19. What convention took i)lace in 1774? 50. IIow many- delegates were present? 51. Name the twelve colonies that were represented. 52. Who was chosen president of the Congress ? XIV. 53. What measures did they pass? XV. 54. What appointment had Gage received? 55. What did he deteraiiue upon? 56. What did he do in conformitv with the determination ? 116 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. pointed governor 6T Massachusetts, determined, in this crisis, upon more active measures. He fortified Boston Neck, and seizing the military stores which the Americans had cohected at Cambridge and Charlestown, conveyed them to his head- quarters. XVI. Tlie people everywhere were excited, but their feel- ings were controlled by a prudence befitting the solemnity of the occasion. A conflict with the " mother country" seemed to be inevitable. The Massachusetts Assembly, though dissolved by the governor, had again convened as a Provincial Congress, and adopted a plan for organizing the militia. The men in Massachusetts capable of bearing arras were daily trained in military exercises, and pledged to take the field at a minute's notice ; hence their name of " minute men." Military meas- ures were also adopted in other colonies, and a general deter- mination was manifested to resist, even with arms, the new oppressions attempted to be imposed by Great Britain. EYENTS OF 1*7 15. I. The British government was not idle. Gage's forces at Boston had been so augmented by arrivals from England that in the beginning of April, 1775, he found himself in com- mand of three thousand troops. II. For the purpose of destroying the stores which the Americans had collected at Concord, a town about sixteen miles from Boston, he dispatched, at night, a detachment of eight hundred men, under Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn ; XVI. Questions. — 57. What is said of the excitement of the people? 5S. In what respect did the Massachusetts Assembly undergo a change? 59. What is said of the "minute men?" Events of 1775.— I. 1. What activity had Gage shown? II. 2. What expedition was sent out under Smith and Pitcairn? 3. In what manner was it intended the expedition should be conducted? 4. IIow was the in- tention foiled? 5. In what direction from Boston is Concord? (See map, p. 37.) 6. In what direction from Boston is Lexington ? (See same map.) 7. When did the British reach Lexington ? 8. What did they find there ? AMERICAN REVOLUTIOX. 117 but notwithstanding the intended secrecy of the expedition, the alarm was given, and the " minute men" were aroused in every direction by messages and signals from Boston. When the British reached Lexington, half the distance to Concord, before sunrise, on the morning of the 19th of April, between sixty and seventy of the citizens were drawn up under arms. CONCORD, MASS., IN 17T4. III. Pitcairn rode forward and shouted, " Disperse, you reb- els; throw down your arms and disperse;" but, not being obeyed, he ordered his men to fire. Then was shed the first blood of the Revolution. Eight of the men of Lexington were killed, nine were wounded — a quarter of that heroic band had thus fallen — and the others dispersed. The British proceeded to Concord, and destroyed all the stores they could find. Li the mean time the "minute men" from all directions had be- gun to assemble, and a skirmish ensued, in which several per- III. Questions. — 9. Describe what took place at Lexington. 10. At Concord. 118 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. sons were killed on both sides. Towards noon the 1775. invaders began their retrograde march for Boston. IV. The Americans pursued the retreating troops, keep- ing up a constant fire upon them from behind trees and stone fences. Colonel Smith was severely wounded, and his men, fainting and exhausted, were in danger of being en- tirely cut off, when they were joined at Lexington* by are-en- forcement of nine hundred men, under Lord Percy. A short interval for rest and refreshment was allowed, and then the united detachments of the British continued the retreat, taking the road to Charlestown. The minute men followed as be- fore, keeping up the pursuit until after sunset. The loss of the British during the memorable affair of this day was about two hundred and eight, in killed, wounded, and missing ; that of the x\mericans was about ninety. V. The tidings of the day's contest spread with wonderful rapidity, and the militia from New Hampshire, Connecticut, and other parts of New England, hastened to join their breth- ren of Massachusetts in forming a camp in the neighborhood of Boston. Here General Artemas Ward, of Massachusetts, was exercising a limited command, by virtue of an appointment from the Provincial Congress of that colony ; but the men from the different colonies appeared mostly as independent corps, under leaders of their own choosing. This was not all. The effect of the day's strife took a direction which nobody could have anticipated, — people began to talk of a separation from England, and of an independent government of their own. VL It being deemed important to secure Ticonderoga and Crown Point, in May, 1775, a number of volunteers from Ver- * Lexington, the scene of the first encounter between the British and Americans in the Revolutionary fontest, is situated about ten miles northwest from Boston, and seven miles east from Concord. At the time of the encounter the town contained about seven hundred inhabitants. IV. Questions. — 11. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit as/ar as Lexing- ton. 12. How were the British aided at Lexington? 13. Give an account of what afterwards took place. v. 14. What effect did the battle of Lexington have? 15. U/ider what organi- zation were the American forces which were collected near Boston ? 16. What other effect did the day's strife have ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 119 1775 mont and Connecticut, under Ethan Allen and Bene- dict Arnold, captured both places without loss ; and, by this fortunate achievement, a large supply of military and naval stores fell into the hands of the Americans. VII. So closely were the British troops at Boston hemmed in by the provincials, that the place began to experience the privations of a besieged city. The timely arrival of re-enforce- nients from England, under Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Sir Henry Clinton, enabled Gage to act with more decision; and that commander issued a proclamation, in Avhich he declared all Americans in arms to be rebels and traitors, but otiered pardon to those who should return to their allegiance. To this offer two exceptions were made — John Hancock* and Samuel Adams f — their offences being pronounced too great to admit of pardon. VIII. The Americans, antici- pating that the British had de- signs against the country be- yond Charlestown, determined to seize and fortify the heights commanding the neck of the peninsula. Accordingly, on the evening of the 16th of June, Colonel Prescott was sent Avith a detachment of one thou- sand men to execute this perilous enterprise. JOHN HANCOCK. * John Hancock was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737. In 1775 he was elected President of the Continental Congress, and in 1776 he signed the Declaration of Independence. He died in Quincy, in 1793. t Samuel Adams was born in Boston, in 17i"i. He and John Adams were related, having the same great-grandfather, malcing them second cousins. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. His death occurred in Boston, in 1803. VI. Questions.— IT. Give an account of the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. IS. How are these two places situated ? (See map, p. 85.) VII. 19. What is said of the condition of the British troops in Boston? 20. By wliont was Gage joined from England? 21. W^hat is said of a proclamation ? 22. Who were excluded from the offer in the proclamation ? 23. Why were they ex- cluded? VTII. 24. On what business was Prescott sent? 25. Why did the Americans wish to occupy the heights ? 120 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ^HHf- IX. On attaining the ascent of Bunker Hill* he con- cluded, after consulting his officers, to deviate from the letter of his orders and fortify Breed's Hill, because the latter was nearer to Boston, and had a better command of the town and shipping. The consultation and change delayed matters until midnight. Then the work commenced.* Every man of the thousand seized, in his turn, the pick-axe and spade ; and by the dawn of day a strong redoubt was completed. X. The British, on BOSTON discovering the works on Breed's Hill, began a cannonade from ves- sels in the harbor, and also from a battery on Copp's Hill, in Boston ; but with little or no effect. They then made preparations for an as- sault. About three thousand troops, under Generals Howe and Pigot, crossed over to Charlestown, while, mainly through the ex- ertions of General Putnam, about five hundred men were added to Prescott's force in the course of the day. XI. Meanwhile the British had set fire to the village of Charlestown, by means of shells thrown from Copp's Hill ; and, * Blinker Hill monument, an obelisk two hundred and twenty-one feet hifrh, erected in commemoration of the battle, now stands on the spot where the redoubt was built on Breed's Hill. Its corner-stone was laid by General Lafayette, on the nth of June, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. An immense con- course of persons was present on the occasion, includinf; nearly two hundred revolutionary soldiers and forty surviving patriots of the battle, and President John Qui ncy Adams, with his entire cabinet. Daniel Webster delivered the oration. IX. Questions. — 26. What conclusion did Trcscott afterward come tu? 27. Why did he so conclude? 28. How was the work tlien carried on ? X. 29. What did the British do on discovering the works ? 30. How next did they proceed ? XI. 31. When was the battle of Bunker Hill fought? 32. Give an account of it. AMEKICAX REVOLUTION. 121 amid the ^^lare of its flame, Howe and Pigot advanced ^^ to the attack. Twice did they get to within a few rods of the redoubt, when the Americans, each time, opened upon thein so deadly a fire that they were repulsed with heavy loss. General Clinton arriving, the third charge was more successful ; and the Americans, their ammunition being en- tirely exhausted, were forced to retreat. XII. The loss to the British, in killed and wounded, accord- ing to their ov;n account, was more than a thousand men : the Americans lost less than half that number, though among their slain was Joseph Warren,* one of the ablest and most popular of the patriot leaders, and an estimable man. His loss was deplored as a severe calamity to the cause of freedom. XIII. Though the British had jobeph waeren. gained the hill — the ground contended for — the victory to them was more disastrous and humiliating than an ordinary defeat; while, to the Americans, the defeat had the cftect of a triumph : it gave them confidence in themselves, and conse- quence in the eyes of their enenacs. The day's doings, too, convinced the people that the military training and experience which the Putnams, the Starks, and the Washingtons had acquired, in the " school" of the French and Indian War, had been gained to some purpose. * Joseph VVarren was born in Roxbury, Mass., in 1741. After having been sradiiated at Harvard Col- legTP, he studied medicine, and became a physician of extensive practice in the city of Boston. He was one of the leading men in resisting the unjust and oppressive measures sought to be fastened upon the colonies by Great Britain, holding'as he did, at the time of his death, two of the most responsible civil positions under the cominonwealth of Massachusetts, and a commission as major-general. XII. Qc-ESTioNS.— 33. What loss did the British sustain in the battle? 84. What, the Americans? 35. What is said of Warren? XIII. 36. How did the victory affect the British? 37. How, the Americans? 33, Of what did the people bjcome convinced? 6 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. XIV. On the very day of the capture of Ticondero- ^* q-a, May 10, the second Continental Congress convened at Philadelphia. That body voted to raise an army of twenty thousand men, and, on the 15th of June, by a unanimous vote, elected George Washington commander-in-chief. Washing- ton, who, at the time, was a delegate in the Congress from Virginia, rose in his place, and, with dignity and modesty, accepted the appointment, but declined all compensation for his services : he only asked for the payment of his expenses. He thereupon resigned his position in the Congress, and re- paired to Cambridge, three miles from Boston, where, on the 3d of July, he took command of the array, then numbering about fourteen thousand men. XV. While the revolution was gaining strength at the east, in the south it was also making progress. Lord Dunmorc, the governor of Virginia, having seized some powder and re- moved it to a vessel in the York River, Patrick Henry, at the head of a corps of volunteers, demanded and received com- pensation therefor. Some months later, in December, a force, consisting of British regulars, tory volunteers, and negroes, which had been collected by Dunmore, attacked a body of Virginia patriots near Norfolk; but the assailants were re- pulsed with great loss. In revenge, Danmore, at a later period, reduced the town of Norfolk to ashes. XVI. It having been ascertained that the British intended to invade the colonies from Canada, Congress determined to anticipate the movement, by carrying the war into that pro- XIV. QiTEBTiONS. — 39- When did Allen and Arnold capture Ticonderoga? 40. What also occurred on that day? 41. What two acts of Congress are mentioned? 42. How did Washington receive the appointment ? 43. What did Washington there- upon do ? XV. 44. Describe the York Elver. (See map, p. S5.) 45. What event is men tioned in connection with the York River? 46. What was done hy Patrick Henry? 47. Give an account of the battle near Norfolk. 4S. How did Dunmore gratify his revenge? 49. How is Norfolk situated? (See map, p. 24.) XVI. 50. WTiat scheme of invasion did the British intend? 51. How was it determined to anticipate the movement? 52. What advantage did the possession ot Canada promise? 53. What forces were sent? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 123 vince. Beside, if Canada were gained, its use to the British as a place of rendezvous and supply would be prevented. Two forces were accordingly sent ; one by the way of Lake Cham- plain, under General Schuyler* [skl'-ler), and the other by the Kennebec River, commanded by Arnold. XVII. Schuyler proceeded down Lake Champlain, and encamped on an island at the head of the Sorel (so-rcW) River, but sickness compelling his return to Albany, the com- mand devolved upon Montgomery. Ethan Allen, f who, at the setting out of the expedition, had been engaged in reconnoiter- ing the country between the Sorel and the St. Lawrence, was again dispatched in the same direction, this time for recruits. Instead, however, of prosecuting the business on which he was sent, he crossed the St. Lawrence to make an attack upon Montreal. The result of this reckless enterprise was defeat ; and he was sent a prisoner to England, in irons. This mis- hap did not m the least interfere with the operations of the main force ; and before the middle of November, Montgom- ery, by a series of well-directed movements, had acquired GKNEKAL BCniTYLER. * Philip Schuyler was born at Albany, New York, in 1733. He was en^aped in the French and Indian war, and accompanied Sir Williaiii Johnaon in 1755. His death occurred at Albany, in 1804. t Ethan Allen was born in Connecticut, in 1742, or thereabouts. His parents, soon after his birth, took him to Vermont, and there, when he grew to manhood, he was one of the most determined of the settlers in resisting the claims of New York to the Vermont territory. As colonel of an armed force he protected those who had received srrants of land from the Governor of New Hampshire, and dr)ve out of the dis- trict the New York settlers. The troubles continued about ten years, when the more important events of the Revolution put an end to the hostile acts, though the controversy was afterward renewed. Allen as stated above, was sent to England in irons. After suffering a captivity of more than two years in Eng- land, Halifax, and one of the prison-ships of New York, he was exchanged. He never afterward actively engaged in military service ; but died at Burlington, Vt., in 1789. XVIT. QiTESTiONS. — 54. Near what boundary -line is the head of the Sorel River? (See map, p. 124.) 55, In what direction from the head of the Sorel is Montreal ? (See same map.) 56. How long did Schuyler's connection with the expedition con- tinue? 57. Give an account of Allen's doings. 58. Give an account of Montgomery's successes. 124 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1775. PAUT OF TIIK SOIIEL KIVElt. possession of Fort Chambly [sham' -hie) , St. Jolin's, and Montreal, and was thereby master of a large part of Canada. lie then proceeded against Quebec. XVIII. In the mean time Arnold, hav- ing performed a tedious march through ihe wilderness, enduring almost incredi- ble toils and hardships, appeared before Quebec ; but not being sufficiently strong to attack the city alone, he retired twen- ty miles up the St. Lawrence, and there awaited the arrival of Montgomery. A junction of the two forces was effect- ed in the beginning of December, and, wdth Montgomery in the chief command, tlie entire army, numbering but nine hundred effective men, proceeded to take a position before Quebec. XIX. After a siege of three weeks without gaining any ad- vantage, it was resolved to attempt the capture of the place by an assault. Accordingly, at dawn on the last day of the year, and while a violent snow-storm was prevailing, the Ameri- can army, in four columns, advanced to the attack. Mont- gomery,* who led one of the columns, had gained some ad- vantage, when a discharge of grape-shot, from a single cannon of the enemy, made deadly havoc, killing him and one of his aides instantly, and mortally wounding others. His column at once retreated. Arnold, who led another of the columns, was severely wounded and borne from the field, and Captain Morgan assumed the command. Morgan took refuge in a stone house, from which he defended himself awhile, but. * Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland, in 1736. In I'To he in the Continental Congress. representative from New York XVIII. Questions. — 59. What had Arnold been doing: in the mean time? 60. "When did Montgomery's and Arnold's forces unite? 61. What movement did they then make ? XIX. 62. Give an account of the battle of Quebec. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ]2o seeing no prospect of relief, he and his few followers were com- pelled to surrender. XX. Arnold, though wounded and disabled, took command of the troops that had effected a re- treat, and, in an encampment a short distance from Quebec, pass- ed a rigorous winter. In the spring, General Wooster arrived from Montreal and took the com- mand ; and he, in turn, was suc- ceeded by General Thomas. The British, having received large re-enforcements from England, assumed the offensive, and before June, 1776, the Americans had abandoned one place after another, and entirely evacuated Canada. GENERAL MONTGOMEKT. XX. Questions. — C3. What did Arnold do after the battle? 64. By whom was he succeeded in the command? 65. What further is stated of military operations in Canada ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE How did the expenses of the French and Indian War affect the national debt of Great Britian ? 110 What assertion, having reference to the increased debt, didtlie British ministry make ? 110 What principle, in relation to taxing the colonies, was also main- tained by the ministry ?. 110 What two assertions were made by the colonists, in reply, respecting the expenses which had been incurred in found- ing the colonies, and in aiding the " mother country" to prosecute the war ?. , 110 What principle of taxation did the colonists maintain ? 110 Inasmuch as the principle was not respected by tlie British government, what deduction was drawn therefrom ? 110 126 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 7. What had baon the policy of Great Britain toward her Ameri- can colonies from their first establishment ? 1 10, 11 8. In what year were the "writs of assistance" anthorized?. ... 11 9. "What obnoxious act was passed by Parliament, in 1765? .... 11 10. "What effect did the news of its passage have in America?. ... 11 11. What were the obnoxious provisions of the act ? 11 12. Who, in Yirginia, was the first to oppose the act in public?. ... 11 1 3. How did Massachusetts show her opposition to the act ? . . 111,11 14. Give an account of the Colonial Congress 1-1 1, 11 1 5. Give the further history of the Stamp Act 112 16. What law was passed at the time of the repeal of the Stamp Act ? 112 17. By what act was the " right to tax America" again asserted ?. 113 18. State the circumstances which led to the Boston Massacre. ... 114 19. What concession had been made by Parliament before the news of the " massacre'' reached England ? 114 20. Why was not the concession satisfactory to the colonists ?. . . . 114- 21. What became of the tea sent to America? 114 22. When and where did " The First Continental Congress" meet? 115 23. What acts, recommendations, &c., were passed by the Congress? 115 24. What active measures did General Gage adopt? 115, 116 25. What preparations were then made by Massachusetts ? 116 26. Who commanded the expedition sent by Gage in April, 1775 ? 116 21 What was the object of that expedition ? . . 116 28. State what took place at Lexington and Concord 117, 118 29. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit 118 30. At what place, and how, did the Americans form a camp?. . . 118 31. AVhat was achieved by Allen and Arnold in May, 1775? 119 32. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Bunker HiU 119, 120 33. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill 120, 121 34. What was done by Congress and Washington m June and July? 122 35. What took place in Yirginia in the year 1 775 ? 122 36. Where, atthe North, did the Americans resolve to carry the war? 122 37. Why did they determine to go against Canada ? 122, 123 38. How were operations against Canada commenced? 123 39. How far did Schuyler proceed, and why did he return ? 123 40. Give an account of Arnold's doings and misfortune 123 41. What progress did Montgomery make before December?. . 123, 124 42. What can you state of Arnold's operations meanwhile? 124 43. What was done by Montgomery and Arnold, acting together ? . 124 44. What was afterward done in Canada by Arnold alone? 125 45. How did the operations against Canada end? .,,.,..,,. 125 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 EVENTS OF IIIQ. I. Owing to various causes, Wasliing-ton's army in the vicinity of Boston liad dwindled to less than ten thousand men, but by great exertions it was augmented to fourteen thousand before the close of February, 1776. Congress, be- lieving that this force would be required in other directions, urged Washington to attack the British, and, if possible, drive them from the city. This accorded with his own desire, which had been previously made known ; yet, in a council of his officers, the recommendation was rejected as involvino- too much risk. A plan of action was, however, adopted, by which a line of fortifications was in one night erected on Dorchester Heights, which completely commanded the city and harbor of Boston. II. Howe, who had succeeded Gage* in the command, see- ing that he must either dislodge the Americans at once or evacuate the city, resolved on an attack ; but a violent storm preventing it till the Americans were strongly fortified, his only alternative was evacuation. An understanding was thereupon informally entered into, by which the British should be allowed to embark without molestation from the batteries, upon con- dition that they would not set fire to the city. In accordance therewith, on the l7th of March, 1776, they evacuated Bos- ton, accompanied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, and sailed for Halifax. * Thomas Gage was the last roval governor of Massachusetts. He was an active officer during the French and Indian war, and, during Braddock's campaign, he and Washington met. Events of 1776.— Questions.— I. 1. What fluctuations took place in the numl)cr of Washington's army? 2. What was Washington urged to do? 3. To whom did he submit the recommendation? 4. What was its fate? 5. What work* were erect- ed instead? II. 6. By whom was Gage succeeded in command of the royal forces? 7. What two alternatives were presenled to Howe? 8. Upon what did he resolve? 9. "Why did he not carry it out? 10. What is said of a certain understanding? 11. When did the British leave Boston? 12. By whom were they accompanied? 13. In Avhat direction from Boston is Halifax? 128 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. III. A little more than two months before their ae- partiire, a secret expedition, conducted by Clinton, had been dispatched by water in a southerly direction. Surmising its destination to be Xew York, Washington gave General Charles Lee authority to raise volunteers in Connecticut and march to the protection of that city. It happened that on the very day of Lee's arrival in New York, CUnton appeared off Sandy Hook, just outside the harbor. IV. Foiled in his design a!2;ainst the city, Clinton sailed southward ; and Lee, who had been appointed to the command of the southern forces, pushed rapidly on, watching, as best he could, his movements. At Cape Fear Clinton w^as joined by Sir Peter Parker and Lord Cornwallis (corn-wol'-lis)^ with a fleet atid troops from England, and the whole force pro- ceeded against Charleston, in South Carolina. V. The people of Carolina had received intelligence of the intended attack, and were making great exertions in the erec- tion of defenses at various places in the harbor. A fort of palmetto wood, on Sullivan's Island, gari'isoned by about five hundred men under Colonel Moultrie {inole'-tre)^ commanded the channel leading to the town, and was considered, in con- nection with Fort Johnson, on James Island, the key to the harbor. A combined attack by land and water upon Sulli- van's Island was commenced on the morning of the 28th of June, 1776. After a conflict of nine hours, during which Clinton was foiled in his attempt to reach the island, and the fleet was much shattered, the vessels drew off, and the British abandoned the enterprise. III. QuESTTOxs. — 14. What expedition was sent under Clinton? 15. In what way did Washington undertake to anticipate Clinton's designs? 16. What coinci- dence occurred? IV. 17. In what direction did Clinton then sail? IS. What took place at Cape Fear? 19. Where is Cape Fear? (See map, p. 79.) 20. Against Avhat place did the British then proceed? V. 21. IIow were the people of Charleston prepared ? 22. What fort is between Forts Moultrie and Johnson? (See map, p. 129.) 23. Give an account of the battle of Fort Moultrie. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 129 VI. While success was thus attending; the American arms at the South, Con- gress was preparing to declare a separa- tion of the political relati(ms existing be- tween Great Britain and the colonies. On the Vth of June, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, offered the following resolu- tion : ^^Resolved, That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- ish crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis- solved." VII. Thereupon a discussion took place which continued for three days, when the further consideration of the subject was postponed to the 1st of July. In the mean time, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,* Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, were appointed a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence. Lee's resolution was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July ; and the De- claration OF Independence, which had been prepared by * Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, in 1706. He died in Philadelphia, in 1790. VI. Questions. — 24. What was Congress doing in the mean time ? 25. Eecite the resolution which was offered by Lee. 26. When did he offer it? VII. 27. What is said of the discussion that followed? 28. What committee was appointed? 29. What became of Lee's resolution? 30. Give the further history of the Declaration. 0* 130 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. DE. FRANKLIN. Thomas Jefferson, the chairman of the committee, was unanimously adopted on the 4th of July, iTVe.* Everywhere the action of Con- gress was heartily approved by the people, and the Declaration was received iu assemblies, cities, and among the troops, with de- monstrations of joy. VIII. In the beginning of July, General Howe arrived from Hali- fax, and took possession of Staten (stat'-in) Island, at the entrance of New York Bay. This he made the rendezvous for a powerful army intended to act against New York. He was soon joined by his brother, Admiral Lord Howe, from England, and by Clinton from the South : these, with other arrivals, including a body of Ger- mans, or Hessians (JiesJi-ans), as they were generally called, gave him an army of thirty-five thousand men. IX. The design of the British was to seize the city of New York and the country along the Hudson River, establish a communication with Canada, separate the New England from the other States, and overrun the populous portions of the re- volted districts. Washington's army, in the vicinity of New York city, amounted to twenty-seven thousand men ; but, as many of these were sick, and many others were with- * The old State House, in Philadelphia, where Conpress met. is still standing. It is generally known by the name of Independence Hall, though the room in which the Declaration of Independence was adopted and signed, received at first that appellation. The building was erected in 1785, but its bell- tower was not put up until 175U. A bell which was imported from England, expressly for the tower, was found cracked upon its arrival, and thereupon it was recast in the city of Philaiielphia, and raised to its place in 1753. Upon fillets around its crown are the words: Proclaim Hberti^ throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof. It has a world-wide reputation as the " Liberty Bell." YIII. Questions. — 3L Of what island did Howe take possession ? 32. In what Jirection from New York city is Staten Island? (See map, p. 18L) 33. By what additions did he acquire an army ? IX. 34. What was the design of the British ? 35. What is said of Washington's army? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 131 out arms, his effective force did not exceed seventeen thousand men. X. Lord Howe and his brother, having been commissioned to grant pardons to all vv^ho would lay down their arms and return to their allegiance, undertook to make known their pow- ers by a proclamation addressed to the people, and by letters to Washington. The letters were not received, because they were addressed to George Washington, Esquii'C, instead of being addressed to him as commander-in-chief of the Ameri- can army. This rejection of the letters was owing, not to any official pride on the part of Washington, but to a con- viction that to receive them would compromise American rights and dignities. XL Baffled in the attempt, Howe determined to strike an effective blow without further delay. His troops were accord- ingly landed on the western end of Long Lsland, and, in three divisions, by three different roads, they advanced towards the American camp at Brooklyn, which was then in command of General Putnam.* Xn. While two of the divisions were engaging the Americans, the third, under Clinton, having taken a circuitous route, fell upon their rear. Some of the patriots, by a desperate effort, cut their way through the host of foes, but a great many were either killed or taken prisoners. The loss of the NEW YORK BAY. ♦ Israel Putnam was bnrn in Danvers, Missachnsetts, in HIS. Hi took an active part in the French and In dian war. Hia death occurred in 1790, at Brooklyn, Connecticut. X. Questions.— 36. What special commission had Lord IIowc and his brother received? 37. IIow did they undertake to make known their powers? 38. How were the letters addressed ? 39. What was their fate ? 40. Why were they rejected ? XI. 41. What did Howe then determine upon? 42. Where were his troops land- ed? 43. What passage of water did he cross in going from Staten Island to Long Island? (See map, p. 131.) 44. What plan of advance did the British adopt ? XII. 45. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. 182 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was ■^ ^ nearly two thousand ; that of the British was less than four hundred. This conflict, generally known as the battle of Lona; Island, was fought on the 27th of August, 1776. XIII. On the night of the 29th, while a heavy fog was hano'ino- over Brooklyn, and concealing the movements of the Americans, the troops were embarked, under Washington's supervision, and in safety they all crossed to New York city. This retreat was undoubtedly one of the most signal achieve- ments of the war, and redounded greatly to the military repu- tation of Washington. XIV. As the evident design of the British was to encom- pass the American army on the Island of New York, Wash- ington called a council of his officers, and, influenced by their opinion, abandoned the city and retreated to the northern part of the island. A part of the British army, thereupon, crossed the East River and took possession of the city. XV. Desiring to gain a knowledge of the condition and plans of the enemy remaining on Long Island, Washing- ton applied for a discreet officer to enter their lines and pro- cure this intelligence. Captain Nathan Hale,* of Connecticut, volunteered for the service. Ilale reached the British camp, and obtained the information desired, but on his return was arrested. He was taken before Howe, by whom, without even the form of a regular trial, he was ordered for execution the next morning. He died a patriot and a hero, saying with his last breath : " I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." * Nathan Hale was born in Connecticut, in 1755. After being praduated at Yale College, he became a teacher. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, he entered the army as lieutenant, and before the close of the year was promoted to be a captain. His death occurred on the morning of the iid of Sept., 1T?6. The tree on which he was hung, was one cf an orchard owned by Colonel Rutgers, and stood "jiear the present intersection of East Broadway and Market street," New York city. XIII. QrrESTioNS.— 46. Give an account of Washington's masterly retreat to New York. XIV. 47. Why did Washinsrton abandon the city of New York ? 48. To what place did he retreat ? XV. 49. Eelate the circumstances connected with the death of Nathan Hale. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 13:3 XVI. About the middle of Sep- tember, a large detachment of the British crossed the East Riv- er, at a point toward the upper part of New York Island, and formed a line almost across the island. On the morning of the 16th, they advanced, in strong force, towards the American lines, two miles off, when a spirited skirmish took place, resulting in the defeat and pur- suit of the British. Though the Americans lost Colonel Knowlton and Major Leitch {leech), their principal officers en- gaged, the affair was of advantage, inasmuch as it was the first gleam of success in the campaign, and consequently tended to revive the spirits of the army. XVII. It was evident, from Howe's movements, that he in- tended to get above Washington's army and destroy his com- munications with the Eastern States. While three English frigates were sent up the Hudson to cut off the communication with New Jersey, Howe passed through the strait at the east of New York Island, and landed the greater part of his army in Westchester county, beyond the Harlem River. To render these movements fruitless, Washington withdrew his troops further north, to White Plains, and here, the British following, a partial though severe engagement took place, on the 28th of October, in which the Americans suft'ered defeat, losing be- tween three and four hundred men, a loss about equal to that of the enemy. XVIII. During the following night the Americans had so improved and strengthened their position, that Howe con- XVI. Questions.— 50. Give an account of the battle that took place on the 16th of September. XVII. 51. What did IIowe\s movements indicate? 52. Describe the movements. 53. Give an account of the battle of White Plains. 54. In what direction from Tar- ry town is White Plains? (See map. p. 47.) 134 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ^ eluded liot to renew the contest until the arrival of i-e- enforcements ; but before these came Washington with- drew his troops still further north, to the hills of North Castle. Instead of following, the British general turned his attention to the American posts on the Hudson, with the apparent de- sign of invading New Jersey, and marching against Philadel- phia. XIX. Leaving one detacliment, under Lee, at North Castle, and another, under Colonel Magaw, at Fort Washington, the American commander crossed the Hudson with the main body of his army, and entered New Jei'sey. On the 16th of November, 1776, the British made an attack upon Fort Wash- ington, situated on New York Island, about eleven miles above the city, and, although they were successful, the victory cost them a thousand men. XX. They then, in large force, commanded by Cornwallis, crossed the Hudson and took possession of Fort Lee, nearly opposite Fort Washington, which had been abandoned on their approach. Closely pursued by Cornwallis, Washington retreated through New Jersey, and, early in December, crossed the Delaware with his diminished and disheartened army. Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon after adjourn- ed to Baltimore. XXI. Lee,''^ who had been urged by his commander-in- chief to hurry to the support of the main army, instead of obeying, at first delayed, and then advanced leisurely. Hav- * Charles Lee was born in England, in 1731. He was with Braddock in the battle of the Monon^ahela, and with Abercrombie in the assault on Ticouderoga. He afterward served in the Russian army. His death occurred at Philadelphia, in nSi. XVIII. Questions. — 55. Why did not Howe afterward renew the contest? 56. By what movement was Howe foiled ? 57. In what direction from Verplanck's Point is North Castle ? (See map, p. 47.) 58. What was Howe's next movement? XIX. 59. On what stream of water was Fort Washington situated ? (See map, p. 47.) 60. Give an account of the battle there. XX. 61. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit. 62. What movement did Congress make ? 63. On what river is Philadelphia situated? (See map, p. 142.) 64. Baltimore ? (See map, p. 200.) XXI. Go. How did Lee obey Washington's order to hurry to his support? 66. What misfortune befell him ? 67. What was then done with Lee's detachment ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 135 GENERAL LEE. ing incautiously taken quarters at a distance from his detach- ment, he was snrprised and taken prisoner by a scouting party of the enemy, Sullivan, who had been made a prisoner at the battle of Long Island, and recently exchanged, then took comiuand of the detach- ment, and promptly conducted it to Washington's camp across the Delaware. XXII. Owing to the reverses which the army had sus- tained, a feeling of gloom and despondency prevailed among the patriots. This was soon dispelled by a bold enterprise accomplished by Washington. On the night of the 25th of December, 1776, a division of the army crossed the Delaware under his command — two other divisions, in consequence of the ice, not having succeeded in getting over — and at eight o'clock on the morning of the 26th, attacked a body of Hes- sians stationed at Trenton. Rahl,"^ their commander, was mortally wounded, between thirty and forty of his men were slain, and nearly a thousand taken prisoners. Washington's loss was only four men, two of whom fell in the battle, and two were frozen to death. XXIII. Conscious that he could not hold Trenton against the superior force which the British could concentrate there in a few hours, he recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners and spoils. The victory restored confidence to the Americans, * The name of this ofBcer was also spelled Rail, and in other ways. After the battle he was conveyed to the house of a Quaker family, where Washington and Greene visited the dying man. XXII. Questions.— 68. In what direction from Philadelphia is Trenton ? (See map, p. 68.) 69. When did a battle take place there ? TO. Give an account of the battle. XXIII. 71. Why did Washington abandon Trenton ? 72. What effect did the result of the battle have? 73. What induced Washington to again proceed to Tren- ton? 136 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1776. while it startled and mortified the British. Encour- aged by his success, and finding his army strengthened very much by recent recruits, Washington resolved to act on the offensive. With that view he again crossed the Delaware and took post at Trenton, though the enemy were assembled in great force at Princeton, only ten miles distant. EVENTS OE 1777. I. After being joined by troops under Generals Miflflin and Cadwallader, Washing- ton's whole force at Tren- ton, on the 1st of January, 1777, did not exceed five thousand men. Fortunately, Congress had invested him with almost dictatorial powers in all things relative to the operations of war, and, thus empowered, he was making eff"orts to augment his army by the addition ' of artillery bat- talions, II. Towards the evening of the 2d of January, Cornwallis, at the head of a large body of troops, reached Trenton, and after making several attempts to cross the stream which runs through the town, and being as often repulsed with loss, he concluded to give his wearied troops a night's repose, and de- fer hostilities until morning, feeling sure of then capturing Washington and his entire army. III. Washington's situation was indeed critical. To retreat CENTRAL PART OF NEW JERSEY. Events of 1777. — I. Questions. — 1. Howlar^re was Washington's army at Trenton in the beginning of 1777 ? 2. With what extraordinary power had Congress invested Washington ? II. 3. Give an account of what took place on the 2d of January. III. 4. Describe the situation in which Washington was placed. 5. What bold expedient suggested itself to his mind in this critical position V 6. In what direction from Trenton is Princeton ? (See map, p. 136.) 7. When did the battle of Princeton take place? 8. Describe it. 9. What otlicer did the Americans >-8c'? AxMERICAN REVOLUTION. 137 across the Delaware, which was then very much obstructed by floating ice, or to remain and risk a battle with a superior force, appeared full of danger. In this hour of darkness, a bold expedient suggested itself, and he adopted it. Leaving his carap-lires burning, he inarched by a circuitous route to- ward Princeton, intending to surprise and attack the British troops left there. At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his f(^rces encountered, near Princeton, a part of the British troops, already on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the American militia gave way, but Washington coming up with a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed the enemy. The loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the Americans did not exceed thirty, but among them was General Mercer, who was mortally wounded. IV. Washington's army was encamped at Morristown during the first months of 1777. The place had not been se- lected for winter quarters, but, being well protected by forests and rugged hills, no change was made until the latter part of May, when the encampment was removed to Middlebrook. y. Early in 1776, Congress sent Silas Deane to France, to solicit aid for the United States. He was af- terward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee. France hesitated to extend any open assistance, but secretly aided the Americans by loans and gifts of money, and by supplies of arms, provisions, and clothing. And what aid France did not extend as a nation, was, to FLAW OF THR UMTED STATES, ADOPTED IS JCLY, ITTT. IV. Questions. — 10. Where did Washington's army spend the first months of 1777? 11. Why did the army remain there so lonir? 12. When and to wljat place did the army remove? 13. In what direction from Morristown is Middlebrook? (See map, p. CS. ) V. 14. What persons were sent to France for aid ? 15. In what way did France respond? 16. What is said of Lafayette ? 138 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ^^ some extent, at least, accorded by her citizens. The Marquis de Lafayette was a notable example. At Lis own expense he fitted out a vessel, and, in the spring of 1777, arrived in America. He at once joined the army of Washington as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after appointed by Congress a major-general. VI. Tow^ard the close of April, 1777, General Tryon, late royal governor of New York, made an expedition eastward. With a force of two thousand men he marched against Dan- bury, Connecticut, and, after destroying the stores which had been collected there by the Americans, burned the town. Fearing: an attack from the miUtia, who were assembling in great force, he retreated to his shipping in Long Island Sound, being repeatedly harassed on his retrograde march by de- tachments of the Americans, commanded by Generals Wooster, Arnold, and Silliman. Tryon's loss, during the expedition, amounted to nearly three hundred men : that of the Americans was not so large, but Wooster was among the slain. VII. The destructive expedition against Danbury was fully retaliated in less than a month after. Colonel Meigs [inegz), with a party of Connecticut militia, crossed Long Island Sound, destroyed the British stores and shipping at Sagg Harbor, and, carrying off ninety prisoners, returned to Con- necticut without the loss of a man. VIII. This gallant exploit was followed, in July, by another of equal, if not greater daring. Colonel Barton, with a small party of resolute men, at night crossed Narragansett Bay to the Island of Rhode Island, surprised and captured General Prescott, the British commander there, and returned VI. QrrESTiONS. — 17. When and by whom was the town of Danbury burned? IS In what direction from New Haven is Danbury ? 19. Give an account of Tryon's expedition. 20. What officer did the Americans lose ? VII. 21. How is Sagg Harbor situated? (See map, p. 47.) 22. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Colonel Meigs. VIII. 23. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Colonel Barton. 24. What was afterward done with Prescott ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 139 safe to the mainland with his prisoner. This achievement put it into the power of the Americans to recover Lee, an officer of equal rank with Prescott, and the exchange was ac- cordingly effected in May, 1778. TUE JERSKY PRISON-SHIP.* IX. As spring approached, it became evident that Howe's scheme in New Jersey was to draw the Americans from their camp at Middlebrook, and bring on a general engagement. In furtherance of the plan, he concentrated the main body of his army at New Brunswick, within ten miles of the camp ; and, in one attempt, a skirmish took place between a corps under Cornwallis and Stirling's brigade, in which the British had the advantage. The scheme, however, failed : Washing- ton continued to pursue his " Fabian policy," and, at length, the whole force of the enemy in New Jersey was withdrawn to Staten Island, leaving the American commander in complete possession of the State. * Durin-r the Revnlutinn, the British nsed the hull;s of their decaying ships for the imprisonment of Americans captured by them. One of these, the Jersfij Prisim-Ship, is proverbial in our revolutionary history on account of the frreat numbers who were confined there, and of the cruel and inhuman treat- ment they received. She was anchored in the Wallabout, a small bay on the Lon^ Island shore, opposite New York, and used as a prison -ship until the close of the war. IX. Qttestions. — 25. What became evident as spring approached ? 26. Did the British succeed? 2T. To what place cli<' the British withdraw? 140 ^ AMERICAN REVOLUTION. -^ X. The troops thus withdrawn, amounting to eigh- teen thousand men, were embarked on board the fleet commanded by Admiral Lord Howe, and the vessels put to sea, leaving a large force under Clinton still at New York, to retain possession there, and make the city a base of other operations then in progress. The destination of the fleet being unknown to Washington, he remained for many days in painful uncer- tainty about it. XL At last the mystery was explained. The object of the British was to get possession of Philadelphia, but, on reach- ino- Delaware Bay, they were deterred from entering by re- ports that measures had been taken to obstruct the navigation of the Delaware River. The Admiral, it afterward appeared,, then determined to make for* Chesapeake Bay, and, in that way, approach as near as possible to the city. Accordingly a landinof was eff'ected at a point on the Elk River, a stream flowing into the bay from the north. XII. Washington hastened to dispute the march of the British, and, with the main part of his army, took a position at Chad's Ford, on Brandy wine Creek. On the 11th of September, the enemy advanced in two divisions, and while one, under Knyphausen [nip-how' -zen), made a direct attack upon the left wing of the Americans, the other, under Howe and Cornwallis, crossed the stream above, and unexpectedly fell upon their right. The patriots defended themselves with great valor, but were at length forced to give way. The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was full twelve hundred men; that of the British was about five X. Questions. — 2S. Wliat disposition did Howe make of his troops ? 29. On what subject did W^ashington feel a painful uncertainty? XI. 30. How was the mystery of Howe's movements explained? 31. By what route did the British finally proceed ? 32. What town is situated at the mouth of the Klk Eiver? (See map, p. 142.) XII. 33. Where did Washington take a position to dispute the march of the British ? 34. Is Chad's Ford nearer the mouth of Brandywine Creek than Wilming- ton ? (See map. p. 142.) 35. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. 36. What distinguished officer, on the American side, was wounded ? 37. What ott / distinguished officer was in the tattle ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 141 liundred. Lafayette, who was wounded, and Pulaski [pu-las- ke), a Polish nobleman, were both in the battle, doing brave service for the cause of liberty. Washington's head-qfartf.rs at trandywine. XIII. During the following night, the Americans retreated to Chester, where they rendezvoused, and next day marched toward Philadelphia. Washington, desiring to save the city XIII. Questions. — 38. To what place did the American army retreat during the night? 39. State how Washington's determination to meet the enemy again was frustrated. 40. Give an account of the battle of Paoli. 41. Into what body of water does the Schuylkill flow? (See map, p. 142.) 42. In what direction from Philadelphia is Paoli? (See same ina[).) 142 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. if possible, recrossed the Schuylkill {skooV-kil), with 1777. the determination of seeking the enemy and giving battle. The two armies met, and were on the point of engag- ing, when a violent rain-storm prevented. To add to the dis- aster of Brandywine, General Wayne, who had been detached with about fifteen hundred men to get in the rear of Howe's advancing army, and cut off his baggage train, when near Paoli (pd-o'-le)^ on the 20th of September, was surprised by a midnight attack, and defeated with great loss. XIV. A movement on the part of the British, which threat- ened the magazine and military stores at Reading [recV-dinff), induced Washington to make a counter-movement and take a position at Pottsgrove. Philadelphia, thus abandoned, was entered by the British on the 26th of September, 1777. Howe prepared to make the city his winter-quarters, while the main body of his army was encamped at Germantown, four miles distant. XV. Some days after, Washington, on learning that a strong detachment of the British had left for the reduction of Forts Miflflin and Mercer, determined to attack the force re-^ mainino- at Germantown. Ac- cordingly, early on the morn- ing of the 4th of October, the Americans advanced upon the encampment of the enemy, and, for a time, had the ad- vantage ; but a fog wliich pre- vailed, and a stone house into- which several companies of British troops had thrown themselves, favored the party attacked, and, after one of the PIIILADKLPIIIA AND VICINITY. XIV. Questions.— 43. How is Keading situated ? (See map, p. 142.) 44. How is Pottsgrove situated? (See same map.) 45. Why did Washington occuj.y Potts- grove ? 46. What was the consequence ? 47. Where did the main body of the British encamp for the winter? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 143 bloodiest and most obstinate conflicts of the war, the patriots were repulsed. The loss, on the part of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was about a thousand men ; on the part of the British, about half that number. XVI. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the Ameri- cans had erected two forts on opposite sides of the Delaware River. One of these, called Fort Mitflin, was at Mud Island, near the Pennsylvania shore, and the other, Fort Mercer, was at Red Bank, on the New Jersey side. It was evident that while these two forts were in the hands of the Americans, and the obstructions remained which had been placed in the river, the British shipping could not ascend to Philadelphia, and consequently the army there would not readily obtain supplies. XVII. Howe was aware of this, and, in concert with his brother, a plan of operations was agreed upon for the reduc- tion of the forts and the removal of the obstructions. Ac- cordingly, on the 22d of October, both forts were attacked : Mercer, by a land force of two thousand Hessians, under Count Donop ; and Mifflin, by a powerful naval force of frigates and other vessels. But, in both cases, the British were most signally repulsed, with heavy loss. Donop was mortally wounded ; about five hundred of the Hessians and marines were either killed or wounded, and two of the largest ships were destroyed. Colonel Green, who commanded at Fort Mercer, Colonel Smith, who commanded at Fort Mif- flin, and Commodore Hazel wood, who did good service in command of a small fleet of galleys, were thanked by Con- gress for their courageous conduct, and to each was afterwards voted a sword. XV. Questions. — 4S. In what direction from Pottsjrrove is Oermantown ? (See map, p. 142.) 49. While at Pottsgrove, what information did Washington receive? 50. When did the battle of Oermantown occur ? 51. Give an account of it. XVI. 52. IJow are Forts Mifflin and Mercer situated? 53. What was evident in connection with the two forts? XVI [. 54. What plan of operations was agreed upon ? 55. When were the two forts attacked ? 56. Give an account of the two battles? 57. How was the gallant conduct of the American commanders afterwards noticed? 144 AMEKICAN REVOLUTION. , KHH XVIIT. On the tenth of November a second attempt to reduce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic defense of five days, during wliich tlie British kept up a de- structive fire from a battery which they liad erected, and also from their ships-of-war, the gar- rison set fire to and evacuated the fort, and crossed over to Red Bank at night by the Hght of the flames. Washington endeavored to keep possession of Fort Mer- cer, but before he could send a sufficient force, Lord Cornwallis, with two thousand men, appear- ed before it. As a defense against such odds was hopeless, the place was abandoned. XIX. During the winter of l777-"7S, Washington's troops were quartered in huts at Valley Forge, on the west side of the Schuylkill River, about twenty miles from Howe's head- quarters at Philadelphia. Here they suffered greatly for want of food, clothing, and comfortable quarters, and many of the officers resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. In a letter which Washington addressed to the President of Congress, on the 23d of December, he says: "We have no less than two thousand eight hundi-ed and ninety-eight men now in camp unfit for duty, because they are barefoot and otherwise naked." COLONEL MOL'LTUIE. XVIII. Questions. — 58. When did the British a second time undertake to reduce Fort Mifflin? 59. Give an account of what followed. 60. What is said of Fort Mercer? XIX. 61. Where did Washington's army make their head-quarters during the winters of ]7TS-"T9? C2. In what direction from Fort Mifflin is Valley Forge? (See map. p. 142.) 63. What is said of the sufferings of the Americans at Valley Forge ? G4. Wliat statement did Washington make in a letter? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 145 BURGOYNE'S INVASION. I. The failure of the campaign of 1776 against Canada, left the British at liberty to make hostile demonstrations from that quarter, and they were not slow in availing themselves of It. An army of ten thousand men, consisting'' of British and German troops, and a large body of Canadians and Indians, was concentrated at St. John's, on the Sorel River. II. The immediate design of General Burgoyne, who com^ manded this large army, was to invade the United States by the way of Lake Champlain, and force his way to Albany. He further designed to effect a junction of his own army with that of one from New York city, and thus cut off Washing, ton's communications with the Eastern States. Before making any advance, however, he sent a detachment, under St. Leger, to proceed by way of Oswego, cap- ture Fort Schuyler {ski'-ler), situ- ated on the Mohawk River, and then rejoin him at Albany. III. Burgoyne, at the head \ "^^ffl.^ (^^ / of his invading host, moved slow- ^^H»^(?\ T^^V \y up the lake, and, after taking possession of Crown Point, pro- ceeded to invest Ticonderoga, which was then garrisoned by a force of three thousand men, under General St. Clair.* This commander had determined GENERAL ST. CLAIR, ^*>^^^^'^'l^r';^^t:i:rj^^^ He was with Wolfe in the battle of the burg, Pennsylvania, in 1S18. "^"'"er^"" '" ^^^ battles of Trenton and Princeton. He died near Greens- f.ih,T7r'^ ^""r'''"-".^- Q^^«^^«^^«-^- ^^-^ -as the consequence of the failure of he Canada campaign in 1776? 2. Where did the British army of invasion concentrate? 3. How is St. John's situated? 4. Is St. John's Rouse's Point? (See map, p. 124.) II. 5. Who comman.led the army at St. John's? 6. What was Bur^ovne's im- mediate design ? 7. What further design did he have? 8. - . » «ni send out? 's north or south of What detachment did he ]46 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ^^^ to hold out to the last extremity, but, to his dismay 1777. . .' ' ., discoyering that the enemy had erected batteries on Mount Defiance, a rocky height commanding the fort, he determined upon a speedy retreat. IV. On the night of the 5th of July, while dispatching his ammunition and stores for Skenesborough [sJcecnz' -hur-ro)^ now Whitehall, the army crossed over to Mount Independence, and took a road through the woods, on the east side of the lake, towards Fort Edward, the head-quarters of General Schuyler, who then commanded the American forces at the north. Early on the morning of the 7th, the rear division of the retreating army was overtaken at Ilubbardtown, Vermont, and, after a severe battle, routed with considerable loss. The ammunition and stores were also overtaken at Skenes- borough, and destroyed. V. Schuyler, deeming his force, which then numbered only about four thousand men, inadequate to make a successful stand against that of the invaders, gradually fell back to the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. Burgoyne reached Skenesborough, and thence his march was slow and difficult, owing to the impediments which Schuyler had placed in his w^ay, by destroying the bridges and felling immense trees across the roads. III. Questions.— 9. In what part of the State of New York is Lake Champlain situated? (See map, p. 62.) 10. What State is on the east of the lake? (See map, p. 62.) 11. How is Crown Point situated? (See map, p. 149.) 12. Ticonderoga? (Ditto.) 13. Mount Defiance ? (Ditto.) 14. Up what lake did Burgoyne sail ? 15. What place did he take possession of? 16. What place did he then proceed to in- vest? 17. By whom was Ticonderoga defended? IS. What had St. Clair deter- mined upon ? 19. Why did he not carry out his determination ? IV. 20. What did St Clair do with his ammunition and supplies? 21, In what direction from Fort Edward is Whitehall? (See map, p. 149.) 22. To what place did the American army cross? 2-3. Where Is Mount Independence? (See map, p. 149.) 24, What road did the array then take? 25. When was the battle of Hub- bardtown fought ? 26. How is Hubbardtown situated? (See p. 149.) 27. Give an account of the battle fought there. 2S. What became of the ammunition and stores ? V. 29. To what place did Schuyler retire? 30. Into what river does the Mohawk flow? (See map, p. 149.) 31. W^hy did Schuyler retire to the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk? 32, What is said of Burgoyne's march after leaving Skenes- borough ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 147 VI. While approaching Fort Edward, an act of barbarity was perpetrated which excited wide-spread abhorrence. This Avas the murder of Miss McCrea. The lady, it appears, was on a visit to a friend residinjr near the fort. Several Indians, part of one of Burgoyne's marauding parties, burst into the house where Miss McCrea was, and carried her off. On the way, a quarrel arose among the savages as to whose prize the captive was. The dispute becoming furious, one of the In- dians, in a paroxysm of rage, killed her, and bore off her scalp as a trophy. VII. St. Leger, who, it will _ be recollected, had been sent against Fort Schuyler, on reach- ing the place, and finding it reso- lutely defended by Colonel Gan- sevoort, determined upon a siege. The besiegers were a motley force, composed mostly of Brit- ish and Indians, the latter led by the famous Brant, with some Royalists, Hessians, and Cana- dians. On the 6th of August, two days after the commencement of St. Leger's operations, General Herkimer, with a body of militia, while advancing to the relief of Gansevoort, fell into an ambuscade at Oriskany, (o-ris^-kan-e), within a few miles of the fort, and was mortally wounded. KOSCIUSKO.* * Thaddeus Kosciusko, a Polish patriot, was born about 1755. He was with Gates in the two battles of Still water, and subsequently distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washington. His death, which oc- curred in Switzerland, in 1817, was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. VI. Questions. — 33. Give an account of tlie iiiurdor of Miss McCrea. 34. How is Fort Edward situated? (See map, p. 149.) Vir. 35. Against what place had St. Leger been sent? 36. "Where was Fort Schuyler? (See map, p. 148.) 37. By whom was Fort Schuyler defended? 38. Upon what did St. Leger determine? 39. W^hy did he not make an attack at once? 40. Of whom did the besiegers consist? 41. Give an account of the battle of Oris- Kanv. 148 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. TinXITY OF KOKT SCIIUYLEE. VIII. At the same time, and for the purpose of making a diversion in favor of Herkimer, of whose ap- proach Gansevoort had been in- formed, a spirited sortie from the fort was made upon the camp of the besiegers, who w^ere driven away or fled, and a large quantity of baggage and stores was seized. The Americans retreated in good order to the fort just as St. Leger came up with re-enforcements. IX. Schuyler, upon hearing that Gansevoort was so closely pressed, sent a detachment of eight hundred men to his relief. Arnold, who commanded it, by contriving to send a report ahead, exaggerating the number of his force, so worked upon the fears of St. Lcger's Indian allies that they fled, and the siege was abandoned. X. While these events were taking place on the Mohawk, others, of no less importance, were being enacted nearer to Burgoyne. That commander, in consequence of the delays to which he had been subjected, found himself in want of supplies for his army. Learning that large quantities were stored at Bennington, he sent a detachment of five hundred men, mostly Hessians, commanded by Colonel Baum, to seize them. The detachment Avas met a short distance from the town, on the 16th of August, 1111, by a body of New Hamp- shire militia, under General Stark, and entirely defeated, Baum being killed. The victors then dispersed in various directions about the field. Tin. QuKSTioNS.— 42. Give an account of the sortie from the fort. IX. 43. Give an account of Arnold's stratagem. X 44 What (lid Bur^ovne find himself in need of? 45. How came it that his supplies were -one? 46.^ By what method did he undertake to procure supplies? 47. Ilowis Benninston situated? (See map, p. 149.) 4^. When did the battle of Bennington take place? 49. Give au account of it. cans comuiit after the battle? 50. What error did the Ameri- AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 149 XI. At this juncture, five liiindred Hessians, Avhom Bur- jroyne had sent to the aid of Baum, came up. These were joined by many of their coun- trymen who had fled. Stark was endeavoring to gather to- gether his scattered men, when, fortunately. Colonel Warner,''^ with a fresh body of militia, arrived from Bennington, and the enemy were again defeated. XII. The reverses experi- enced by the British at Fort Schuyler and Bennington, sc- I'iously embarrassed the move- ments of Burgoyne, and weak- ened and dispirited his whole army. Just then, when the Americans were in good force to confront the British, a change was made in the com- mand of the patriot army of the north — General Gates, by act of Congress, was appointed to succeed Schuyler. XIII. Gates advanced to Bemis Heights, a little above * Seth Warner was born in Connecticut, about 1744. He took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, in 1775 ; was at the battles of Bunker flill, Benningt.m, and Bemis Heiglits, and waa with Montgomery in Canada. He died iu Connecticut, in 17S5. Schnet ALBANY® MASS. SARATOGA AND VICINITY. XI. Questions.— 51. What occurred at this juncture? 52. How did fortune favor the Americans ? XII. 58. How did the defeat of the British at Bennington affect thent ? 54. Who was appointed to succeed Schuyler? 55. What injustice was done to Schuyler by the change? XIII. 56. To what place did Gates advance ? 5T. In what direction is that from Bennington'? (See map, p. 149.) 58. What movement did Burgoyne make? 59. When was the first battle of Stillwater fought? 60. Give an account of it. 61. By what other name is that battle also known ? 150 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Stillwater, and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, arriving within two miles of the American camp. On the following day, September the 19th, was fought the first battle of Stillwater, sometimes called the battle of Berais Heights, in which Arnold was the leading spirit, and the bravest among the brave. Both parties claimed the victory ; but, though the British remained on the field of battle, their progress toward Albany was effectually checked. XIV. The two armies remained in sight of each other for more than two weeks, Burgoyne, in the mean time, strengthening his position, to await the co-operation of Clin- ton from New York. Despairing of aid from that quarter, the British commander determined, if possible, to cut his way through the American lines. Then, October the Yth, occurred the second battle of Stillwater, or, as it is often called, the battle of Saratoga. XY. After a fierce conflict of sev- eral hours, in which the British lost General Fraser and other valuable officers, beside over four hundred men, they were compelled to give way. Though having no command assigned him, Arnold was the most active in the battle, and was severely wounded just as victory was decid- ing for the Americans. GESEU.VL BURGOYNE. XYI. Burgoyne* retired to Sara- toga shortly after, where, finding • John Burgoyne was born in Enp:Iand, about 1730. After his surrender to Gates he returned to Eng- land, being tlien a prisoner on parole, where he was coldly received in Parliament, of which body he was fi member.' lie died ia London, in 1792. XIV. Questions. — G2. How long did the two armies remain in sight of each other? 63. What did Burgoyne do in the moan time ? U. What did he at last de- termine to do? 65. When did the second buttle of Stillwater occur? 66. By what other name is that battle also known ? XV. 67. Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. XVL 68. To what place did Burgoyne then retire ? 69. What was Bis condition at Saratoga? 70. When did he surrender? 71. What did the Americans acquire by the surrender? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 151 himself so surrounded tliat all chance of retreat was cut off, and being without provisions, on the l7th of October he surrendered his whole army, numbering more than five thousand men, prisoners of war. By the surrender, the Ameri- cans acquired a fine train of artillery, five thousand muskets, and a large quantity of clothing, tents, and military stores. XVII. In the mean time Sir Henry Clinton had ascended the Hudson as far as Forts Clinton and Montgomery, and captured the two forts ; but, in- stead of hastening to the co-oper- ation of Burgoyne, he sent an ex- pedition to devastate the country, intending thereby to make a diver- sion in favor of the northern Brit- ish army. The troops garrisoning Ticonderoga and other forts on the northern frontier, upon hear- ing of Burgoyne's surrender, aban- doned their posts and fled to Can- gi.nf.ral gates. ada, and Clinton's expedition returned to New York. XVIIT. The all-important successes of Gates* at Bemis Heights and Saratoga formed an unsatisfactory contrast with Brandywine and Germantown, and served the purpose of a faction, subsequently known as " Conway's Cabal," who were laboring in secret to undermine the popularity of Washington. The leading conspirator, the one from whom the cabal de- rived its name, was Thomas Conway, who had come from Europe with a military reputation, and been appointed a major-general in the American army. • Horatio Gates was b.^-n in Englan.l in 1T?S. He was an officer in Urnddock-s expedition in 1755 and was severe! v wounded in the b.att e ot the Mononp.hela. After the Revolutionary V\^ar, he r^aideVo?,' „„ ..f„,. „.,..... 1,. .^.,... ,„ v,rg,u>a, until 17i,U. He then removed to New York, where he died i XVII. QiTESTioNS.— 72. What h.ad Sir Henry Clinton done in tbo mean time? 73. How were tlie two forts, Clinton and Montgomery, situated ? (See map, p. .) 74. What expedition did he send? 75. What effect did Biirgoyne's surrender have upon the expedition, and the British troops on Lake Champlain ? XVIII. 76. What invidious contrast was made ? 77. What is said of the cabal and the leading conspirators ? 152 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1777. XIX. A knowledge of this intrigue coining to Washington, his despondency, occasioned by the dis- tresses at Valley Forge, was very ranch augmented, but during the trying season he comported himself with dignity ; and time fully vindicated the wisdom of Congress in electing him to be the commander-in-chief of the army. XX. In November, 1777, Articles of Confederation for the government of the United States were adopted by Congress. These, however, in consequence of not being rati- fied by a sufficient number of States till 1781, did not go into effect before that year. EUIN8 OF FOET TICOXDEKOGA. XIX. Questions.— 78. Did Washington hear of the intrigue against hitn? T9. How did the knowledge affect him '? SO. What was his conduct undftr the circum- gfances? 81. "What is said of the wisdom of Congress in connection with the sub- ject ? XX. 82. When did Congress adopt the Articles of Confederation ? 83. When did the Articles go into effect ? 84. Why did they not go into effect sooner ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 153 Rp]VIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. What measures were taken to drive the British from Boston ?. 127 2. When and under what circumstances did they leave the city? 127 3. What authority did Washington give to General Charles Lee? 128 4. When, where, and by whom was Clinton's force increased?. . . 128 5. How was Charleston prepared for defense ? 128 6. Give an account of the battle of the 28th of June, 1776 128 7. What was done in Congress on the 7th of June, 1776? 129 8. What on the 2d of July and the 4th of July ? 129, 1 30 9. What extensive preparations were made by the British? 130 10. What was their design in making the preparations ? 130 1 1. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 131, 132 12. Of Washington's retreat to New York and evacuation of the city 132 13. Of Howe's subsequent movements to intercept Washington. 133, 134 14. How did the British got Fort Washington and Fort Lee? 134 15. How did Gen. Lee behave when ordered to join the main army ? 134 16. How did the British succeed in making him a prisoner ? 135 17. Give an account of the battle of Trenton 135 18. Give an account of the battle of Princeton 13 G, 137 19. Why were Dr. Franklin and others sent to France? 137 20. What can you state of the generous conduct of Lafayette ?. . . 138 21. What expeditions were made in April, May, and July ?...... 138 22. In what way did Howe proceed from New Jersey to the Elk R. ? 140 23. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine 140, 141 24. Give an account of Wayne's disaster at Paoli 142 25. When did the British army enter Philadelphia? 142 26. Give an account of the battle of Germantown 142, 143 27. Give an accoimt of the two battles fought October 22d 143 28. How were Forts Mifflin and Mercer afterwards lost? 144 29. What can you state of Washington's army at Valley Forge ? . . 144 30. What army did the British concentrate at St. John's, Canada?. 145 31. Give an account of St. Leger's operations 145, 147, 148 32. Of Burgoyne's movements against Ticonderoga 145, 146 33. Of the battle of liubbardtown 146 34. Of the two battles fouglit near Bennington 148, 149 35. By whom was Schuyler superseded in the Northern command ? 149 36. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights 149, 150 37. Give an account of the battle of Saratoga 150 38. What was Burgoyne finally compelled to do? 150, 151 39. What account can you give of Conway's Cabal? 151, 152 40. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation? 152 154 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. EVENTS OF 1718. I. The success of the Ameiicans at Saratoga decided the negotiations which had been set on foot in 1776. France acknowledged the independence of the United States, and a treaty of alliance and commerce was concluded between the two countries. The commissioners by whom the treaty was made met at Paris, — those on the part of the United States being Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, — and on the 6th of February, 1778, signed the important docu- ment. II. In England the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender pro- duced alarm, which was aggravated by apprehensions that France was about to espouse the cause of the Americans ; and instead of the determination formerly manifested by the British ministry, to conquer the rebellious colonies at any cost, a more conciliatory spirit began to prevail, and two bills, in keeping with this feeling, were passed by Parliament. III. Commissioners were sent to America, with all dispatch, to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress refused to treat with them until Great Britain should withdraw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the independence of the United States. IV. One of the commissioners, in his eagerness to forward the end of his mission, attempted to bribe General Joseph Reed and Robert Morris, members of Congress. Said Reed, in reply, " I am not worth purchasing ; but, such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to do it." Events of 1778. — I. Questions. — 1. How did the American success at Saratoga affect matters in France? 2. Who were the American commissioners by whom the treaty was negotiated ? 8. When was it signed ? II 4. How did the success at Saratoga aflfect the cause in England? 5. What was done by Parliament ? III. 6. Who were sent to America? 7. How did Congress act toward them? IV. 8. "What is said of the attempt at bribery ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 155 V. France, immediately upon the conclusion of the treaty with the United States, fitted out a squadron, commanded by D'Es- taing* {des-taimf)^ the first object of which was to blockade the British fleet, then in the Dela- ware. VI. In the mean time. Gen- eral Howe had resigned his com- mand, and General Clinton been d'estaing. appointed his successor. The British government, fearing for the safety of their fleet in the Delaware, and apprehending a result to their main army similar to that of Burgoyne's, ordered the ships to leave the river, and the troops to abandon Philadelphia, and both forces to proceed to New York. Consequently, D'Estaing, in his first intention, was foiled, for, before his arrival, Admiral Howe had sailed. VII. On the 18th of June, Clinton completed the evacua- tion of Philadelphia, crossed the Delaware, and commenced his march through New Jersey toward New York. Wash- ington gave pursuit, and at Monmouth, on the 28th of June, a severely contested battle was fought. In the early part of it, Lee's division fell back, and was in full retreat just as Washington came up. Lee was sharply rebuked by the com- mander-in-chief, and directed to assist in further operations ; * Charles Hector Count d'Estaing was a native of France, born in 1729. He was a member of the Assemblv of Notables in the French Revolution, but, falling under the suspicion of the Terrorists, was guillotined in 1794. v. Questions. — 9. How did France commence to assist the Americans? VI. 10. What change took place in the British command? 11. In what intention was D'Estaing foiled? 12. What was the cause ? 13. Why did Clinton leave Phila- delphia? VII. 14. "When did he leave ? 15. In what direction did he go? 16. "What move- ment did Washington make? 17. When did the battle of Monmouth take place? 18. In what direction is Monmouth from Philadelphia? (See map, p. 68.) 19. What is Monmouth now called ? Ans. — Freehold. 20. Give an account of the battle. 156 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. he complied, and during the remainder of the battle displayed both faithfulness and courage. VIII. Though, at the close of the day, the result of the engagement was indecisive, the advantage was clearly with the Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to re- new the contest on the following morning ; but Clinton silently departed before dawn, and proceeded on his march. The loss of the British in the battle reached five hundred, and this was increased by more than a thousand desertions, prin- cipally among the Hessians, before the march was ended. The Americans lost more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the excessive heat and fatigue of the day. IX. Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke he hal received on the battle-field, he addressed two disrespectful let- ters to Washington on the subject, and, at his own request, was tried by a court-martial. Three charges were made out against him, namely : disobedience of orders, misbehavior before the enemy, and disrespect to the commander-in-chief. A tedious investigation of more than a month was had, when he was found guilty and sentenced to be suspended from all command for a year. X. Lee never rejoined the army, but, just before the close of the war, died in Philadelphia. It is certain that his con- duct, on more than one occasion during the war, gave rise to painful suspicions ; and the evidence is now strong that, once at least, he was ready to act a treacherous part. XI. During the summer of 1778, an enterprise was decided upon by Washington and D'Estaing, having for its object the VJII. Questions. — 21. What is said of the result? 22. What prevented a re- newal of the contest? 28. What losses were sustained by each part}' ? IX. 24. To whom did Lee address two disrespectful letters ? 25. \\^hy did he do so? 26. "What action was taken at his request? 27. What charges were brought against him? 28. What was the result of the trial ? X. 29. When and where did Lee die ? 30. What is said of his conduct during the war? XL 31. What enterpiise did Washington and D'Estaing decide upon? 32. What force did the enemy have there at the time ? 33. How did the French and Ameri- cans commence operations? 84. In what direction from Providence is Newport? (See map, p. 37.) AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 157 expulsion of the British from the Island of Rhode Island, which place had been made a military depot and stronghold by them. The enemy's force there, at the time, consisted of about six thousand men, commanded by General Vigot, whose head- quarters were at Newport. In accordance with the plan of attack, the French fleet entered the harbor of Newport and anchored near the town, while Sullivan,'^' commanding the American troops, crossed from Tivei-ton and landed on the northern part of the island. XII. Just as arrangements were matured for a com- bined attack, Lord Howe, who had heard of Pigot's danger, and hastened to his relief, made his appearance with his large fleet. The new-comer entirely diverted the French commander from his object, who, tempted by the hope of a naval victory, sailed out to meet Howe, engage when a furious storm came on, disabled them. XIII. D'Estaing returned to Newport, but, instead of co- operating with the Americans, as agreed, he announced his intention of sailing for Boston, to refit his ships. Against this contemplated desertion, not only Sullivan, but Lafayette and Greene, who were then with the army at Rhode Island, re- monstrated, but without effect. In the mean time, Sullivan had advanced almost to Newport, but, finding himself deserted GENERAL SULLIVAN. The two fleets were about to hich parted and * John Sullivan was born in Berwick, Maine, in 1740. In consequence of ill health, he resigned his position in the army before the close of the war. His death occurred at Durham, New Hampshire, in 1785. XII. Questions. — 35. Describe what took place in connection with D'Estaing's fleet XIII. 36. Upon D'Estaing's return to Newport, what announcement did he make? 37. How was the announcement received by the Americans? 38. What had Sullivan done in the mean time? 158 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. by the French, he withdrew to the northern part of the isLand, followed up by the British. Xiy. Here, on the 29th of August, occurred an engage- ment known as the battle of Quaker Hill, or, taking its name from another eminence, on which the Americans had thrown up a redoubt, the battle of Batt's Hill. After a loss, in killed, of over two hundred on each side, the British retired. Learning that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sulli- van gained the mainland, by a night movement, just in time to avoid being intercepted by Sir Henry Clinton. XV. A little later in the season, a marauding expedition, commanded by General Grey, committed great devastation, burning vessels in Buzzard's Bay, sacking New Bedford and Fair Haven, and, at Martha's Vineyard, levying an immense contribution in sheep and cattle. But no acts of the enemy during the entire war were considered of greater atrocity than those committed by the Tories and Indians at Wyoming, in Pennsylvania, and at Cherry Valley, in New York. XVI. Early in July, 1778, a large force of Tories and In- dians, under Colonel John Butler, entered the Valley of Wy- oming, spread desolation in every direction, and defeated, with great slaughter, a body of the inhabitants, who had march- ed out to check their ravages. In November, of the same year, a force of the same mixed character fell upon the settle- ment of Cherry Valley, and killed, or carried into captivity, many of the settlers. XVII. Towards the close of the year. Sir Henry Clinton sent an expedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. XI v. Questions.— 39. When did the battle of Quaker Hill take place ? 40. Give an account of it. 41. What is said of Sullivan's escape? XV. 42. Give an account of Grey's expedition. 43. Where is Buzzard's Bay? (See map, p. 37.) 44. In what direction from Newport is New Bedford? (See same map.) 45. "Where is Fair Haven? Ans.— On the Acushnet liiver, opposite New Bedford, Avith which it is connected by a bridge. 46. Where is Martha's Vineyard? (See map, p. 37.) 47. What acts of the enemy were looked upon as of peculiar atrocity ? 4S, Where is Cherry Valley ? (See map, p. 62.) 49. Where, Wyoming ? (See map, p. 62.) XVI. 60. Give au account of the " Massacre at Wyoming." 51. Of the " Massacre at Cherry Valley." AxMERICAN REVOLUTION. 159 Colonel Campbell {kam'-el), wlio coniinanded it, proceeded against Savannah, then defended by a force of only six hun- dred regulars and two or three hundred militia, under General Rt^bert Howe, and, on the 29th of December, made an attack. The Americans were defeated with much loss, and, in conse- quence, Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and was retained by them until July, 1783. EVENTS OF 1779. I. Savannah having fallen into the hands of the British, no other post in Georgia remained to the Americans except Sun- bury {sun' -her-e). On the 9th of January, 1779, General Pre- vost, who had arrived from Florida with a body of troops, captured this post, a::d, assuming the command of the British fc^rces in the South, ordered Campbell to occupy Augusta, for the purpose of giving encouragement and support to the loy- alists in that region. II. The Tories along the western frontiers of Carolina, having organized themselves into a body, and placed Colonel Boyd in command, marched to join the royal army under Prevost. Throughout their entire route, they committed depredations and cruelties upon the property and persons of the patriots ; but at Kettle Creek, Georgia, they were attacked, on the 14th of February, by a force of Carolina militia, under Colonel Pickens, and utterly defeated, Boyd being among the killed. III. Encouraged by this success, General Lincoln {link'-on)^ who had arrived to take command of the American troops at XVII. Questions. — 52. What expedition was sent acjainst Gcorgiu? 53. How is Savannah situated? (See map, p. 164.) 54. When did a battle occur ? 55. Give an account of it. 56. What was the consequence ? Events of 1779. — I. 1. What post in Georgia remained to the Americans after the fall of Savannah? 2. State how and when this, too, was lost. 8. What command did Prevost assume? 4. AVhat order did he give? 5. In what direction from Sa- vannah is Sunbury? (See map, p. 164.) II. 6. What organization of Tories was effected? 7. What is said of their acts ? depredations, etc. ? 8. When did the battle of Kettle Creek take place? 9, Where did it take place? Ans. — At Kettle Creek, Georgia, near its junction with the Sa- vannah Eiver. 10. Give an account of the battle. 160 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. the South, sent General Ashe to drive the British from Augusta, and confine them to the country near the sea. Campbell fled at his approach ; but at Brier Creek, Georgia, Ashe was surprised by Prevost, on the 3d of March, and de- feated, losing nearly his whole army by death, captivity, and dispersion. Elated with victory, Prevost advanced against Charleston, but the timely arrival of Lincoln forced him to retire. IV. Learning that a body of British troops was stationed at Stono Ferry, ten miles southwest from Charleston, Lincoln determined, if possible, to drive the enemy from a position so menacing to the city. Accordingly, on the 20th of June, the attempt was made, but, after a severe engagement, the Ameri- cans were repulsed. y. While these operations were being carried on at the South, General Tryon made two more expeditions against Con- necticut, and Clinton captured Stony and Yerplanck's Points, on the Hudson. In Tryon's second expedition, he destroyed some salt-works at Horseneck, and dispersed a body of troops under Putnam ; in his third, he plundered New Haven, and laid East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, in ashes. VI. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, plan- ned a midnight attack under General Wayne.* On the 15th of July, Wayne set out, and, dividing his force into two col- * Anthony Wayne was born at Waynesborough, Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1745. He died at Presque Isle, now Erie, in 1796, while on his way from the West, where he had been on on public business. III. Questions. — 11. Who succeeded General Robert Howe in the command of the American troops at the South? 12. On what expedition did Lincoln send Ashe? l:i How is Augusta situated ? (See map, p. lU.) 14. When did the battle of Brier Creek take place ? 15. Into what body of water does Brier Creek flow? (See map, p. 164.) 16. Give an account of the battle. IV. 17. When did the battle of Stono Ferry taha place? 13. Where was the battle fought ? 19. Give an account of it. V. 20. In the mean time, what had the British done at the East and North ? 21. How is Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 109.) 23. Which is the near- er to Peckskill, Stony Point or Yerplanck's Point? (See map, p. 169.) 23. How are New Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk situated? (See map, p. 47.) 24. Where is East Haven? A?is. — Four miles east from New Haven. 25. "What did Tryon ac- complish in his second expedition? 26. In his third? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. IGl GKNERAL WAYNE. nmns, for simultaneous attacks on opposite sides of the fort reached the outworks before the alarm was given : the two columns then forced their way with the bayonet, in the face of a tremendous fire of grape- shot and musketry, and, meet- ing in the centre of the works, the garrison surren- dered at discretion. The entire loss of the Americans was fifteen killed, and eighty-three wounded : the British lost upward of six hundred, in killed and prisoners. This achievement, considered one of the most brilliant of the war, was elfected without the firing of a single gun on the part of the victors. VII. Only four days after, July 19, another gallant exploit crowned the eff'orts of the Americans. The British post at Paulus [paw'-las) Hook,* in New Jersey, opposite the city of New York, was surprised at night by Major Henry Lee, and one hundred and fifty men of the garrison were made prison- ers. yni. These two successes were counterbalanced by a com- plete reverse, experienced about a month later, in Maine. A squadron of armed vessels, fitted out by Massachusetts, pro- ceeded against a military post which the British had estab- lished on the Penobscot River. Just as the Americans were about to make an assault, after an ill-judged siege of fifteen days, a British fleet arrived and defeated them with great loss. * Paulns Hook was so called for a number of years. Its name was afterwards changed to " the city of Jersey ," and in 1S38, by act of incorporation, it was called Jersey City. VI. Questions. — 27. What place did Washington desire to recapture ? 28. How is Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 169.) 29. When was the battle of Stony Point fought? 30. Give an account of it 31. How is Wayne's achievement considered? YII. 32. Give an account of the exploit at Paulus Hook. VIIT. 33. Describe the Penobscot Eiver. (See map, p. 103.) 34. Give an account of the reverse on the Penobscot. 162 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. IX. As many of the Indian tribes, especially those in the western part of New York, were constantly war- ring upon the border settlements, General Sullivan was sent to check their depredations, as also to avenge the " Massacre of Wyoming." On his march, he was joined by General James Clinton, from the vicinity of Albau}^, when the united forces amounted to about five thousand men. After defeating a body of Indians and Tories at Newtown, now Elmira, in a conflict know^n as the " Battle of Chemung" {she-mung')^ he penetrated as far as the Genesee (^jen-e-see') River, destroying forty Indian villages and a vast amount of corn. This chastise- ment greatly intimidated the Indians, and their murderous excursions became less frequent. X. The winter of l779-'80 set in early, and was very se- vere. Washington made his winter quarters at Morristown ; and, though he made great exertions for the comfort of his troops, they still were at times on half allowance, and suffered greatly for want of sufHcient clothing and shelter. XI. D'Estaing, it will be remembered, sailed from Rhode Island for Boston, to refit his ships, after they had been dis- abled in a storm. From Boston he went to the West Indies. In September, 1779, he returned, and prepared to co-operate with Lincoln in an attempt to recover Savannah. On the 9th of October, after a siege of about three weeks, the two com- manders made a combined assault, but were repulsed with the loss of nearly a thousand men, in killed and wounded. Amonjr those who fell was the o-allant Count Pulaski, a Po- lish patriot, who had distinguished himself at the battle of Brandy wine, and had otherwise rendered good service to the American cause. IX. Questions — 35. Upon what expedition was Sullivan sent? 86. By whom was he joined? 37. Where is Elmira? (See map, p. 62.) 38. What took place there? 39. What did Sullivan accomplish? 40. Describe the Genesee River. (See map, p. 62.) X. 41. What is said of the condition of Washington's army during the winter of 1779-'80? XI. 42. What is said of D'Estaing's movements? 43. Give an account of the attempt to recover Savannah. 41 What officer of note did the Americinis lose? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 163 PAUL JONES. XII. In September of this year, one of the most obsti- nate naval engagements ever fought took place oiT Flam- borough Head, England. It was between a small squad- ron of French and American vessels, commanded by Paul Jones,* and two British frig- ates that were convoying a mer- chant fleet. At about seven, on the evening of the 23 d, the battle commenced. The Bon- Homme Richard, Jones's flag- ship, coming in contact with the Serapis, one of the frigates, commanded by Captain Pear- son, Jones lashed the two vessels together. The contest con- tinued with great fury till ten at night, when the Serapis struck. The other frigate in the mean time had surrendered to the Pallas, one of the vessels of the squadron. Jones, find- ing that his own ship was sinking, was compelled to transfer his crew to the Serapis. XIII. Great Britain found an additional antagonist this year, in Spain ; that power with a view to regaining Gibraltar Jamaica, and Florida, joined France and declared war against her. EVENTS OP 1Y80. I. The principal military operations of 1780 were carried on in South Carolina. Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet com- manded by Arbuthnot, having sailed from New York to pro- • John Paul Jones was born in Scotland, in 1747. At the age of twelve, he was apprenticed to a ship- master who was engaged in the American trade. When the American Revolution broke out, he was in Virginia. Misname was John Paul, to which, for some unknown reason, he added Jones. After the Revolution, he entered the Russian naval service, and died at Paris, in poverty and neglect, in 1792. XII. Questions. — 45. Where didanaval battle take place on the 23d of September, 1779? 46. What was the character of the battle ? 47. Give an account of it. XIII. 48. What additional antagonist appeared against Great Britain ? Events of 1780. — I. 1. Where were the principal military operations of 1780 carried on? 2. When did Sir Henry Clinton appear before Charleston? 3. How is Charleston situated? (See map, p. 164) 4. What took place at Monk's Cor- ner? 5. Where is Monk's Comer? (See map, p. 164.) 6. Give an account of tho surrender of Charleston. i64 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Vfto ^^^^ against Charleston, appeared before that city in February, and, on the 1st of April, commenced a regu- lar siege. While it was in progress, an American force, sta- Sa-ramiali. ottlLe CAROLINAS 20 30 60,,., tioned at Monk's Corner, to keep open a communication between the city and the interior, was surprised by Colonel Tarleton, and put to flight. On the 12th of May, Lincoln, the American commander, unable to hold out any longer, surrendered, and every man in Charleston became a prisoner of war. II. To complete the subjugation of South Carolina, as Clin- ton contemplated, three expeditions were sent into the inte- rior. The first was to scour the country along the Savannah ; the second, to go against the post of Ninety-Six; while thj third was to pursue a body of troops which had been sent II. Questions.— 7. Why did Clinton send three expeditions? S. What special objects had each ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 165 to the relief of Charleston, but, on le:\rning of the surrender of that city to the British, had turned back, and were march- ing towards North Carolina. III. The first and second expeditions met with no opposi- tion. As Buford, the commander of the retrograding Ameri- cans, was moving very rapidly, and liad a long start of the third expedition, Cornwallis, its commander, detached Tarleton with a force of dragoons and mounted infantry, to lead the pursuers. At Waxhaw Creek, on the 29th of May, Tarleton overtook the retreating Americans, and, impetuously fallino- upon them, gave no quarters, but massacred or maimed nearly every man. IV. Sir Henry Clinton, believing South Carolina to be completely subdued, sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war into North Carolina and Virginia. In this opinion, however, Clinton was mistaken : for Generals Sumter and Marion, by their partisan warfare, kept alive the spirit of freedom. Although the former was repulsed at Rocky Mount, yet at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he attacked a large body of British and Tories and gained a decided victory. V. Previous to the surrender of Charleston, Washington had sent the Baron De Kalb with re-enforcements, for the pur- pose of aiding Lincoln ; but, owing to various difficulties, De Kalb advanced no further than Deep River, in North Carolina, where, hearing of the fate of Charleston, he deter- mined to await further orders. While thus waiting. Gates, who had been appointed by Congress to succeed Lincoln in III. Questions. — 9. How did the first and second expeditions succeed? 10. When did the battle of Waxhaw Creek take place? 11. Give an account of it. 12. Into what river does Wa.xhaw Creek flow? (See map, p, 164.) IV. 13. Why did Clinton return to New York ? 14. Whom did he leave in com- mand? 15. What is said of Sumter and Marion ? 16. What is said of the battles at Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock ? IT. AVhere are these two places situated ? (See map, p. 164.) V. 1". How did Washington endeavor to prevent the loss of Charleston ? 19. Give an account of De Kalb's movements. 20. Into what body of water does the Deep River flow? (See map, p. 164..) 21. Who was Lincoln's successor in command at the South? 22. To what place did Gates march his army ? 166 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ^ the command at the South, arrived and took charge. The army then marched to Clermont, in South Carolina. VI. At this time there were two large forces of the British in South Carolina : one at Charleston, under Cornwallis, and the othor on the Santee River, under Lord Rawdon. On hear- ing of the approach of Gates, Rawdon concentrated his troops at Camden, twelve miles from Clermont, at which place Corn- wallis soon arrived with a small number of troops and took the command. On the 15th of August, Gates sent re-enforce- ments to aid Sumter in capturing a train of supplies intended for the enemy ; and, on the night of the 15th, he advanced towards Camden, for the purpose of attacking the British should they march out in force to repel Sumter. VII. On the same night, by a singular coincidence, Corn- wallis sallied from Camden to attack the camp at Clermont. Just after nndnight the two vanguards met at Sanders Creek, and a slight skirmish took place, and early in the morning a general battle commenced. After a desperate contest, the American reg- ulars, being deserted by the militia, and overwhelmed by superior num- bers, were forced to retreat, with a loss in killed, wounded, and prison- ers, of about a thousand men. De Kalb* was among the mortally wounded, and died three days after. The loss of the British was between three and four hundred. This con- test, fought on the 16th of August, GENERAL DE KALB. * T)ie Baron De Kalb was a native of Alsace, a German province in possession of France. He came to America with Lafavette, in 1777. VI. QtJESTioNS. — 23. Whore, at the time, were the British in force in South Caro- lina? 24. Describe the Santee River. (See map, p. 164. ) 25. IIow is Cumden sitU' ated? (See same map.) 26. What movements did liawdon and Cornwallis make before the 16th of August? 27. What did Gates do on the 15th and 16th ? VII. 28. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek. 29. When did it tako place ? 30. By what other names is it also known ? 81. What oflicer of note did the Americans lose ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 167 1780, is known as the battle of Sanders Creek. It is also known as the first battle of Camden, or, it is quite as often simply designated as the battle of Camden. VIII. Sumter was successful in capturing the train of sup- plies ; but the defeat of Gates not only left him without any co-operation from that quarter, but let loose the enemy against him. He was pursued by Tarleton, and at Fishing Creek, a tributary of the Wateree, was surprised and routed Avith great slaughter. IX. Believing South Carolina to be at last subdued, Corn- wallis proceeded to overrun North Carolina. His first measure was to detach Major Ferguson to overawe the in- habitants favoring the patriot cause, and embody the loyalists under the royal banner. A large number of Tories and dis- reputable persons flocked to Ferguson's standard, and, as a consequence, his progress was attended by many disgraceful excesses. X. These acts of violence so exasperated the inhabitants, that, on the 7th of October, a hastily-formed force, consisting of bodies of mountaineers and backwoodsmen, under the general command of Colonel William Campbell, of Virginia, attacked the enemy at King's Mountain,* in South Carolina. Fer- guson and one hundred and fifty of his men were killed, and the remainder, to the number of more than eight hundred, * King's Mountain is the narae of a village in North Carolina. Near it, but in South Carolina, is the eminence of the same name, which was the scene of the battle. The conflict took place about a mile and a half south of the boundary-line between the two States. VIII. QiTESTioNS.— 32. What is said of Sumter's success and subsequent defeat ? 33. By what name is the Wateree River known in North Carolina? Atis.—The Catawba. 34. At what place was Sumter surprised and routed by Tarleton ? 35. Into what stream does Fishing Creek flow ? 36. Into what stream does the Wateree flow? (See map, p. 164.) IX. 37. Under what delusion did Cornwallis proceed to overrun North Carolina ? SS. What was his first measure? 39. What is said of the persons who flocked to Ferguson's standard ? 40. What was the consequence? X. 41. When was the battle of King's Mountain fought ? 42. Was the battle fought in North or South Carolina? 4S. In what direction is King's Mountain from the Cowpens? (See map, p. 164.) 44. Of whom did the American force at King's Mountain consist? 45. Give an account of the battle. 46. What oflicer did the Americans lose ? 47. How did the result of the battle affect Cornwallis ? 1G8 MERICAN REVOLUTION. -.H^f. snrrendered. Though the Americans had only twenty men killed, the loss of Colonel Williams, a brave and efficient officer, who was among the slain, was very miicli felt. The blow w^as a severe one to Cornwallis, and compelled jiiin to make a retrograde march into South Carolina. XL Marion* {md'-re-un), by his stratagems and expedients, con- tinued to frustrate the purposes of British detachments, and Sumter, appearing again in the field after his rout at Fishing Creek, was victorious in two engagements — • one at Fishdam Ford, with Major Wemyss (wemz), and the other at Blackstocks, with Tarleton. XII. At the north, in the mean time, events of great importance were taking place. Sir Henry Clinton, having heard that a mutinous spirit was breaking out in Washington's army, deemed the occasion propitious for an expedition. Accord- ingly, a force of five thousand men, under Knyphausen, advanced into New Jersey, took possession of Elizabeth, and burned " Connecticut Farms," a village now called Union. In a second advance, also led by Knyphausen, the British were met at Springfield, on the 23d of June, and repulsed. GENERAL MARION. * Francis Marion was born in South Carolina, in 1732. The amount of service which lie rendered the patriot cause during the Revolution can hardly be estimated. He was sometimes at the head of an inde- pendent force, surprising relief and supply parties of the British, and often rescnins captive Americans ; and then he and Sumter would be engaged in some darinj; enterprise, or he would aid Greene. All attempts of the enemy to overreach or baffle him were entirely futile. He was an honest man and a pure patriot. His death occurred in 179.5. XI. Questions. — IS. What is said of Marion's successes? 49. Of Sumter's ? SO. Where is Fishdam Ford? (See map, p. 164.) 51. Where is Blackstocks? (See map, p. 164.) XII. 52. What prompted Clinton to send an expedition into New .Jersey ? 53. What expedition did he send ? 54. What did Knyphausen accomplish in his first advance? 55. IIow is the village of Union situated? (See map, p. 68.) 56. How is the city of EKzabeth situated? (See map, p. 136.) 57. What was the city of Elizabeth formerly called ? Ans. — Elizabeth town. 58. When did a battle tiike place at Springfield? 51 Wh.t was the result? 60. How is Springfield situated? (See map, p. 136.) AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 169 TREASON OF ARNOLD. Xin. The year 1780 is particn- Jarly memorable for the treason of Arnold. In 1778, directly after the British had evacuated Phila- dclpliia, Washington appointed Arnold to the command of that city, as the state of his wound, re- ceived at Stillwater, would not per- mit him to resume active duty. At Philadelphia he lived at an ex- pense far beyond liis income, and, to meet the demands of liis credi- tors, appropriated public funds to his own use. Cliaro-es were pre- ferred against him, and, though acquitted by a court-martial of actual criminal intent, lie was adjudged to be reprimanded by Washington. XIV. The decision of the court was received by Arnold with an ill grace, and with evident emotions of resentment ; and though Washington administered the sentence with o:reat delicacy and consideration, Arnold felt the disgrace, and de- termined to eflect a plan by which he might wreak his ven- geance, and, at the same tinae, repair his fortune. XV. He had already made secret advances to the enemy. XIII. Questions.— 61. For -what is the j'car 1780 particularly memorable? 62. When was Arnold appointed to a command at Philadelphia? 63. "Why was he not given a command requiring greater activity? 64. What is said of Arnold's style of living at Philadelphia? 65. What misappropriation of funds did he make? 66. What folloM-ed ? XIV. 67. How did Arnold^eceive thfc decision of the court? 68. How did Wash- ington perform his unpleasant task? 69. Upon what did Arnold determine? XV. 70. Of what had Arnold already been guilty? 71. What command did he solicit? 72. What correspondence was he at that time engaged in? 73. What is said of the importance of West Point ? 74, Where is it situated ? (See map, p. 169.) 75. IIow did Arnold's request strike Washington ? 76. Why then did he grant the request ? 170 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. under a feigned name; and while actually engaged in a treasonable correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, he solicited the command of West Point, then the strongest and most important fortress in the United States. Washing- ton expressed surprise that an officer so remarkable for energ^y and activity should seek a post where there was compara- tively so little to be done ; but, having confidence in Arnold's patriotism, he granted the request. AUNOLD 8 UEAD-QXTAETEE3, OPPOSITE WEST POINT. XVI. The treasonable correspondence had now been car- ried on eighteen months. The plot was ripe. Arnold was in the command of an important fortress which he proposed to betray into the hands of the British ; and Major Andre, aide- de-camp to Clinton, was sent to complete the plan of treason and adjust the traitor's recompense. Andre left New York, XVI. Questions. — 77. How long had Arnold carried on liis correspondence with Clinton before the treasonable plot was ripe? 73. On what mission was Andie sent? 79. Who was Andre ? SO. IIow did Andre roach Arnold? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 171 proceeded up the Hudson, and, at a place about six miles below West Point, met Arnold and completed the bargain. XVII. Instead of returning- by water, as had been previ- ously arranged, circumstances compelled Andre to cross to the east side of the Hudson, and proceed towards New York by land. When near Tarrytown, he was stopped by three militiamen — John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart — and searched. In his boots were found a number of papers in Arnold's own hand-writing ; and he was therefore pronounced a spy. In vain he remonstrated, and attempted to bribe his captors ; they conducted him to Nortli Castle, the nearest military station of the Americans. XVIII. Colonel Jameson, the commander at North Castle, in stead of initiating measures for the capture of Arnold, stupidly dis- patched a letter to that officer, in- forming him of the circumstances of the arrest. The traitor, startled and alarmed upon reading the let- ter, immediately escaped on board the British sloop-of-war Vulture, the vessel which had been intend- ed for Andre's return, and took refuge in New York. XIX. Andre was conveyed to Tappan, a village on the west side of the Hudson, opposite Tarrytown, and there tried by a court-martial, found guilty, and, agreeably to the law BENEDICT ARNOLD. XVII. Questions.— 81. What change was made in Andr6's traveling arrange- ments? 82. What was the consequence? 83. Where is Tarrytown? (See map, p. 169.) S4. Give the names of the three persons who arrested him. 85. What was the result of the search? 86. Did Andr6 endeavor to effect his release, or not? 87. By what means? 88. What did his captors do with him ? 89. Where is North Cas- tle ? (See map, p. 47.) XVIII. 90. Who commanded the Americans at North Castle? 91. What folly did he perpetrate? 92. What was the consequence? XIX. 98. Whither was Andre taken ? 94 IIow is Tappan situated? 95. Where was he executed ? (See map, p. 169.) 96. How was Arnold rewarded for his treachery ? 172 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. and 11 sabres of nations, executed as a spy Arnold* 1 80 was made a brigadier-general in the British service, and received six thousand three hundred pounds sterling as an additional reward for his treachery. * Benedict Arnold was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1740. After the Revolution he was engafred in business for a time at St. John's, New Brunswick. He went to England, and at London, where he died in 1801, he lived in obscurity, everybody avoiding him with disgust. EEVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. What foreign negotiations wore commenced in 1716? 154 2. What acknowledgment did France make in 1778 ? 154 3. What treaty was also made at the same time ? 154 4. Who, on the part of the United States, signed the treaty ?, ... 154 5. What effect did Bargoyne's surrender have in England? 154 6. Upon w^hat mission were commissioners sent to America ? . . . . 1 54 7. How did Congress act with reference to the commissioners?. . 154 8. What error did one of the commissioners fall into? 154 9. How did General Reed reply to him ? 1 54 10. What foreign squadron was fitted out to aid the Americans?. 155 11. By whom was Howe succeeded in the command of the British? 155 12. Why did not D'Estaing capture the British fleet? 155 13. When did Clinton evacuate the city of Philadelphia ? 155 14. By whom was he pursued towards New York ? 1 55 15. When did the battle of Monmouth occur ? 155 16. Give an account of the battle 155, 156 17. What was the loss of the British during the battle and retreat? 156 18. How did Lee take the rebuke from Washington ? 156 19. Upon how many and wdiat charges was he tried? 156 20. What is said of the investigation and its result ? 156 21 Give the subsequent account of Lee , 156 22. Where was Pigot in command during the summer of 1778?.. . 157 23. What rendered the place important at the time ? 157 24. What enterprise was decided upon against it? 156, 157 25. Into what harbor did D'Estaing's fleet enter ? 157 26 What was done by Sullivan at the same time ? 157 27 How was D'Estaing diverted from the attack upon Newport?. 157 28. Upon his return to Newport, what announcement did he make? 157 29. How was the announcement received by the Americans? 157 30. Give an account of the battle that took place on the island. .158,159 REVIEW QUESTIONS. J 73 31 PAGE What fortunate retreat did Sullivan afterward make ? 153 32. Give an account of Grey's marauding- expedition .'."'"" 153 33. When did the " Massacre of Wyoming" take place? " " 153 34. When did the - Massacre of Cherry Valley" take place ? 158 3o. Upon what southern expedition was Campbell sent? 158 159 36. Give an account of the battle between him and Gen. R. Howe 159 37. What did the Americans hold in Georgia at the opening of 1779? 159 38. When and by whom was Sunbury captured? I59 39. How did the force under Colonel Boyd originate. . .' ... . . ." . . ." .' 159 40. Give an account of the battle between him and Pickens. .* .' .' ' 159 41. Who, in 1779, commanded the American troops at the South i* 159 42. On what expedition did Lincoln send General Ashe? 160 43. Give an account of the battle between Ashe and Prevost''. .' " " 160 44. Give an account of the battle of Stono Ferry " " 160 45. What was done by Tryon mhis second and third expeditions?.' 160 46. By whom was the recapture of Stony Point planned? 160 47. Give an account of Wayne's brilliant achievement ico, 161 48. What brilliant success crowned the efforts of Major Lee ?. . 161 49. Where, in Maine, had the British established amihtary post?.' 161 50. Give an account of tlie expedition against it 161 51. On what westward expedition was Sullivan sent ? '".'."' ig2 52. What did he accomplish during the expedition ? 162 53. What preparations were made, in 1779, to recover Savannah?.' 162 54. Give an account of the battle of Savannah 162 55. What account can yon give of Pulaski? \ui 1^3 56. Where did Paul Jones have his famous naval battle?.'.'.'.".'.'. . ' 163 57. Give an account of it IQ^ 58. Give an account of the operations against Charleston'." * .' ."I'es, 164 59. What expeditions did Clinton send into the interior? 164,' 165 60. What success did they meet with ? ' \q^ 61. After Lincoln's capture, who succeeded to his command? .... 165 62. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek * I66 63. Give an account of the battle of King's Mountain 167, 168 64. Of the events which led to Arnold's treason 1 69 170 65. What place did Arnold propose to surrender to the British?.. . 170 66. Whom did Clinton send to negotiate with Arnold ? 170 67. At what place did Andre and Arnold meet ? 171 68. State the circumstances of Andre's arrest 171 69. What further account can you give of Andre? 171 172 70. How did Arnold succeed in making his escape ? 171 7 1. How did the British afterward reward him ? 172 174 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. EVENTS OP I'ISl. I. The Pennsylvania line of troops, to the number of thir- teen hundred, having experienced much suffering through want of pay, clothing, and provisions, left their camp at Morris- town, with the intention of marching to Philadelphia and de- manding redress from Congress. At Princeton they were over- taken by two emissaries whom Clinton had sent, for the pur- pose of inducing them by bribes to enter the service of the king. II. Though smarting under the neglect to which they had been subjected, the troops were not to be bribed. Regarding Clinton's attempt as a reflection upon their fidelity to the cause of freedom, they seized the emissaries and conducted them to General Wayne, to be treated as spies. While at Princeton a committee of Congress met the disaffected sol- diers, and, after making concessions and granting rehef, settled the difficulty. The two emissaries were tried by court martial, found guilty, and executed as spies. III. The plan of concession by which the troubles with the Pennsylvania troops were settled, had a pernicious effect ; for the example of the Pennsylvanians was soon followed by a part of the Jersey troops, who claimed like treatment ; but Washington, by vigorous measures, not only quelled this second mutiny, but repressed all similar manifestations among other portions of the army. IV. However much these two demonstrations were regretted at the time, they produced a quickening and salutary eftect upon Congress. Direct taxes were resorted to, an agent was sent to Europe for aid, the Bank of North America was char- tered, and other efficient measures were adopted for the support Events of 17S1.— I. Questions.— 1. What is said of the mutiny of the Pennsyl- vania troops ? 2. Where and by whom were they overtaken ? II. 3. What did the troops do with the emissaries ? 4. What was finally done with them ? 5. How was the difficulty witii the troops settled ? III. 6. What is said of the method by which the difficulty with the Pennsylvania troops was settled? T. How was that soon shown? 8. How were the Jersey troons dealt with ? 9. What was the effect ? AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 175 ROBEET MORRIS. of the army and the maintenance of the government. Through the exertions of Robert Morris,* as sii- perintendent of the national treas- ury, and as president of the bank, was Congress mainly enabled to prosecute the war. V. Early in 1781, two months after he had joined the British, Arnold was appointed to the command of an expedition against Virginia. With about twelve hundred men, he sailed up the James River to Richmond, plundered and destroyed public and private property there, and all his movements, in every direction, were marked by ravages and distress. VI. Descending the river, he took post at Portsmouth. An opportunity for his defeat and capture seeming full of promise, Washington arranged a plan by which troops under Lafay- ette,! co-operating with a French fleet from Rhode Island, were to make the attempt. But the effort failed in conse- quence of the British fleet, under Arbuthnot, overtaking that of the French ofl" the capes of Virginia, and, after an e^igage- ment of about an hour, compelhng it to return. VII. Gates's defeat at Sanders Creek caused his removal from the command of the Southern troops, and the appoint- ment of Greene in his place. Establishing a camp on the oil ^^^^^^^:>:r^''^i^J:^^''''^^^'':^ % IL:';, "" '^^Tt/" ^-f"-.-''- t>-'een years After the Revolution, he lost bv laud «DeeulaTk,ns Tn ?ln»nf ^- f *u- PT'\'''"°" "^ '"dependence, fade and he ATHS. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. MEN ENGAGED. American. British. A.m'ricn British. 1775. April 19, Lexington Parker Smith* unknwi) 1,700 June 1 7, Bunker Hill Prescott Gen. Howe*.. 1,500 8,000 Dec. 31, 177G. June 28, Montgomery . Carleton* .... 900 1,200 Fort Moultrie Moultrie* .... Parker 400 4.000 Aug. 27, Long Island Putnam Gen. Howe*.. 10,000 20,000 Oct. 28, White Plains McDougall . . . Leslie* 1,600 2,000 Nov. 16, Fort Washington . . Magaw Gen. Howe* . 3,000 5,000 Dec. 26, Trenton Washington*. . Eahl 2,400 1,000 1777. J:iii. 3, Princeton Washington*. . Mawhood 3,000 1,800 July 7, Ilubbanltown Warner Fraser* 700 1,200 Aug. 6, -j Oriskan}! Herkimer Willett* St. Leger. .. ( J.Johnson., j 1,000 1,500 F. Schuvk-r, sortie . Aug.16, -j Bennington (Ist). .. (Second battle) .... Stark* Warner* Baum . . . ( lireyman ) ' " 2,000 1,200 Sept. 11, Brandy wine Washington. . . Gen. Howe* . . 11,000 18,000 Sep. 19. Bemis Heights Gates* Burgoyne . . . . 2,500 8,000 Sept. 20, Oct. 4, Paoli Wayne Washiuirton . . Grey* Gen. Howe*.. 1.500 3,000 German town 11,000 15,000 Oct. 6, i Fort Clinton Fort Montgomery. . Jas. Clinton j Gov. Clinton f Sir H.Clinton* 600 8,000 Oct. T, Saratoga, Gates* Burgoyne. . . . 8,000 4,500 Oct. 22, -j Fort Mercer CoL Greene*.. Donop ... 450 2,000 Fort Mililin Col. Smith*... Gen. Howe . . . 400 Mixed. Nov. 16, 1778. June 28, Fort Mifflin Major Thayer. Gen. Howe*.. 400 Mixed. Monmouth Washinirton* . Clinton 12,000 11,000 July 3, Aug. 29, Col. Z. Butler. Sullivan* John Butler* Pigot 400 5,000 1,100 5,000 Pthode Island Dec. 29, 1779. Jan. 9, EobertHowe. Campbell*.... 900 2,000 Sunbury Lane Prevost* 200 2,000 Feb. 14, March 3, Kettle Creek Brier Creek Pickens* Ashe ]]()yd . 800 1,200 700 1,800 Prevost* June 2U, Stono Ferry Lincoln Maitland* .... 800 1,200 July 15, Stony Point Wavne* Johnson 1,200 600 Aug. 13, July 19, Penobscot Lovell Major Lee*... McLean* Sutherland . . . 900 850 3,000 250 Paulus Hook Aug. 29, Chemuntr Sullivan* Brant 4,000 1,500 Sept. 23, Flamboro' Head . . . Paul Jones* . . Pearson squad'n 2 vessels Oct. 9, 1780. April 14, Lincoln Prevost* 4,500 2,900 Monk's Corner Huffcr Tarleton* .... 300 600 May 12, Charleston Lincoln Clinton* 3,700 9,000 May 29, Waxhaw Buford Tarleton* .... 400 700 June 23, S])ringfleld Greene* Knyphausen.. 3,000 5,000 July 30, Pocky Mount Sumter TurnbuU* ... 600 500 Aug. 6, Hanging Eock Sumter* Brown 600 500 Aug. 16, Sanders Creek Gates Cornwallis* .. 3,000 2,200 Aug. IS, Fishing Creek .... Sumter Tarleton* .... 700 350 Oct 7, King's Mountain. . . Campbell*.... Ferguson 900 1,100 Nov. 12, Fishdam i'ord Sumter* Wemyss 500 450 Nov. 20, 1781. Jan. 17, March 15, Blackstocks Sumter* Tarleton 500 400 Morgan* Greene Tarleton Cornwallis* .. 900 4,400 1,100 2,400 Guilford C. H April 25, Ilobkirk'sllil! Greene Eawdon* 1,200 900 June 18, Ninety- Six Fort Griswold Greene Gruffer* 1,000 550 Sept. 6, Ledyard Eyre* 150 800 Sept. 8, EutawSpringst.... Greene Stuart 2.000 2,800 Oct. 19, Yorktown Washington* . Cornwallis 16,000 7,500 192 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 'OjAf^^S!^^^^ Tautlalia ( "^j ^ ^ CoainjtW^V orvro j?Vxf ^^^^^ ^•^ Jackson U/Mor.jidjjo V , r^ " ,V^;iMeTn\plils sdYiducah. '^'*^- Glasgow ra-mdcn* 3 (Questions to be answered from the above majj.) Where did the battle of Tippecanoe occur? Harmar's defeat? St. Clair's defeat? Wayne's victory ? How is Fort Mackinaw situated ? In what direction is it from Detroit? From Fort Wayne? From Greenville? How is Sandusky situated? In what direction is it from Cairo ? From Nashville ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 193 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. Give an account of the two mutinies among the troops in ITSI . . ] 74 2. Grive an account of Arnold's expedition against Virginia 175 3. What plan was arranged for his capture ? 175 4. Why did it not succeed? 175 5. Who succeeded Gates in the Southern command ? 175 6. Relate the events which led to the battle of the Cowpens. .175, 176 7. Give an account of the battle, with its results 176, 177 8. Of Cornwallis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene 177, 178 9. Of the battle of Guilford Court House, with its result 178 10. What course did Greene pursue after the battle? 178, 179 11. What events led to the battle of Hobkirk's HiU? 179 12. Give an account of the battle, with its result 179, 180 13. What advantages rapidlj attended the American arms ? 180 14. What were Greene's operations against the post of Nmety-six? 180 15. Relate the case of Colonel Isaac Hayne . .180, 181 16. What battle took place on the 8th of September, 1781? 181 17. Give an account of it, with its results 181, 182 18. Where, in Virginia, did Cornwallis take post?. . . . . ..... 182 19. What deception was practiced upon Clinton ? 182 20. What method did he adopt to recall Washington? 182, 183 21. What plan of action against New Loudon did Arnold adopt?. . 183 22. How did Arnold carry out his part of the plan ? 183, 1 84 23. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Griswold. . .... .183 184 24. How and by whom were the British at Yorktown mvested ?. 1 84, 185 25. What naval action took place off the capes of Virginia ? . . . . 185 26. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown, with its results. . . 185 27. What was the consequence of Cornwallis's surrender ? . 186 28. When and where was a definitive treaty of peace signed?. „ 186 29. What was secured to the United States by the treaty ? 186 30. In what condition was the national treasury at that time? 186 31. What sources for supplying the treasury were cut off?. . . 186, 187 32. What discontents followed, and how were they checked? 2 87 33. When and where did Washington resign his commission? . . . 187 34. What can you say of the ceremony on the occasion ? 187, 188 35. What led to the insurrection known as Shays's Rebellion? 188, 189 36. Give an account of that insurrection 189 37. What opinion existed about the Articles of Confederation?. ..18^ 38. What convention was accordingly held, and with what result ?. 18» 39. What further history of the Constitution can you give ?. . .189, 190 9 SECXIOIN^V, FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, IN 1789, TO THE CLOSE OF jefferson's, IN 1809. WASHraGTON'S ADMIOTSTEATION. I. The first election for President of the United States resulted in the choice of George Washington, he receiv- ing the whole number of electoral votes. At the same time John Adams of Massachusetts was elected A'ice-president. New York was then the capital of the Uni- ted States, and in that city Washington ap- peared before the first constitutional Con- gress, and was inaugu- rated on the 30th of April, 1789. IT. Congress having created three executive departments, — of state, treasury, and war Mm the heads of which Washingtox's administration. — I. Questions. — 1. "Who was the first President of the United States? 2. Who was the first Vice-president? 3. When was Wash- ington inausrurated ? 4. Where did liis inauguration take place? 5. What po- litical relation did New York hold to the Union at that time ? WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 195 were to constitute the Presid ent's cabinet, Washington ap- pointed Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury, and Henry Knox,* of Massa- chusetts, Secretary of War. The condition of the treasury was the first thing to be considered, and Hamilton, the secretary of that department, was directed to report a system of revenue. The task imposed upon him was difRcult, but it was per- formed with ability ; and, upon his recommendation, the pub- lic debts incurred during the war were assumed by the general government. HI. In 1790, a law was passed, establishing the seat of gov- ernment at Philadelphia for ten years, and afterward locating it somewhere on the Potomac ; and, in the following year, the Bank of the United States was incorporated. For many years, both New York and New Hampshiref had laid claim to the territory of Vermont, called, originally, the New Hampshire Grants. New York having finally yielded her GENERAL KNOX. * Henry Knox was born in Boston, in 1750. Durina: the Revolution he commanded the artillery, and was in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Yorlttown. lla was a member of the court-martial for the trial of Andre. His death occurred at Thomaston, Maine, in 1806. t New Hampshire had laid claim to the territory, and between the years 1760 and 1768, her governor made grants of more than a hundred townships in it, whence it acquired the name of New Hami)shire Grants. The claim of New York was based upon the grants made to the Duke of York by Charles 11. II. Questions. — 6. What departments did Congress create ? 7. Whom did Wash- ington appoint at the head of the respective departments? 8. What was the first thing for the consideration of Congress? 9. What was Hamilton directed to do ? 10. How was the task performed ? 11. What was done upon his recommen- dation? III. 12. What was done by Congress in relation to the seat of government? 13. What in relation to a national bank? 14. When was Vermont admitted into the Union? 15. Why had not the admission taken place at an earlier day? 16. By what name was Vermont originally called? 17. When was Kentucky admitted? IS. What is said of the previous history of Kentucky ? 19. When was Tennessee admitted? 20. What is said of the previous history of Tennessee? 196 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. claim for $30,000, Ver- mont became the four- teenth State of the Uni- on, in 1791. Kentucky, which had been previ- ously claimed by Virgin- ia, was admitted in the following year ; and Ten- nessee, originally a part of North Carolina, was admitted in 1796. IV. For a number of years after the Revolu- tion, the British continu- ed to hold certain forts on the northwestern frontier, contrary to the requirements of the trea- ty of 1783, by which they were called upon to relinquish them to the Americans. This fact, as well as the imprudent language used by the officers of the forts, and by British traders in that region, led the Indians to believe that the people of America would be deprived of their national existence, and be again subjected to Great Britain. V. This 'belief made them overbearing and hostile; and, in 1790, they commenced war upon the settlements. Washing- ton at first used pacific means ; but, these failing, an expedition, under General Ilarmar, was sent against the hostile tribes. Harmar destroyed several of their villages, and large crops of corn ; and then dividing his army into two bodies, the better, as he thought, for pursuit, reckoned upon a speedy conquest. In this he was doomed to sad disappointment. He encountered IV. Questions.— 21, What treaty violations were the British guilty of? 22. What belief did the Indians contract regarding the American Government ? 23. IIow was this belief caused ? 24. When had a treaty been made by the English? WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 197 the savages at two dif- ferent times, once, on the iVth of October, and again, on the 2 2d, in the northeastern part of Indiana, and was both times defeated, with severe loss. yi. A second expedi- tion was then sent, com- manded by General St. Chiir; but he was not more successful than Ilarmar. While en- camped in the western part of Ohio, in 1791, he was completely sur- prised, and defeated with the loss of about six hundred men. VII. A third expedi- tion was then planned, and the command given to Gen- eral Wayne, the " Mad Anthony" of the Revolution. Wayne marched against the Indians, defeated them at the battle of the Maumee, in 1'794, and laid waste their coun- V. Questions.— 25. What did the belief of the Indians lead to? 26. How did Washington at first act towards the Indians? 27. What expedition did he then send? 28. What did Ilarmar accomplish? 29. Give the further account of the ex- pedition. 30. What town is situated near where Ilarmar's two battles were fought? ^/rs.— Fort Wayne. 31. How is Fort Wayne situated? .4;i*\— At the confluence of the St. Josepli'3 and St. Mary's Rivers. 32. What river do the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's form? (See map, p. 193.) VI. 33. Give an account of the second expedition sent against the Indians. 34. Where did St. Clair's defeat take place? 35. What town is situated near the place? (See map, p. 193.) VII. 36. What was then planned against the Indians ? 37. Give an account of tho expedition. 38. Into what body of water does the Maumee flow? (See map, p. 193.) 89. What was the consequence of Wayne's victory and vigorous measures? 40. What elections took place at the expiration of the first presidential term? 198 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. try. His success, and subsequent vigorous measures, so humbled the savages that, in 1Y95, they consented to a treaty, by which a Large tract of country was ceded to the United States. This treaty was made at Fort Greenville, in the western part of Ohio, where the town of Greenville now stands. Washington, whose first term of office expired on the 4th of March, 1793, was unanimously re- elected : Adams was also rechosen to the vice-presidency. VIII, The great revolution in France, which broke out daring Washington's administration, was powerfully felt, in its principles and effects, in this country. When France declared war against England (the revolution there still being in pro- gress), and looked to us for aid, a large part of the people here, remembering the assistance which she had given us in our struggle for independence, would gladly have seen the United States engaged in the trans-atlantic struggle, siding ^ith their former ally. IX. M. Genet [zhe-ua), minister to the United States from vlie French republic, presuming upon the favor with which his country was regarded here, began to fit out privateers in our ports, to cruise against the vessels of nations at war VIII. QUESTIONS.— 41. What is said of the effect of the French Revolution in this country ? 42. How did a lar^e part of the people hero feel towards France ? WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 199 with France. Persisting in this course, in opposition to the remonstrance of the President, he war recalled by request of Washington. M. Fouchet (foo-shd'), his successor, was instructed to assure the President that France disapproved the conduct of his predecessor. X. The first measure adopted by the United States govern- ment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was the law of 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. This law, from the first, was very unpopular in certain sections of the country, especially in the western part of Pennsylvania, where the op- position to it grew to an open rebellion in 1794, known as the Whiskt/ Insurrection. The approach of a large body of mili- tia, sent by Washington to enforce obedience, had the desired effect, and the rebellion was suppressed without bloodshed. XL Although the treaty of 1783 established peaceful rela- tions between the American and British governments, yet it was not long before each party accus- ed the other of having violated its stipulations ; and so bitter did the spirit of the complaints and recriminations become, that a war seemed inevitable. XII. To avoid this calamity, the President sent John Jay* as a special envoy to England, where, john jay. * John Jny was born in the city of New York, in 174n. In 1789, when Washington became President of the United States, so exalted was his opinion of Jay's honesty and fitness, that he tendered him a choice of the offices in his gift. Jay preferred the bench, and, consequently, was the first Chief-Justice of the United States. His death occurred in 1829, at Bedford, Westchester Co., New York. IX. QiTESTioxs. — 43. What did Genet, the French minister, undertake to do? 44. Why did he presume upon such an undertaking? 45. What was the consequence to Genet? 46. Who was his successor? 47. What instructions did Fouchet receive from his government? X. 4S. What was the first government measure for raising a revenue by internal taxation? 49. How was the law regarded by the people? 50. Give an account of the Whisky Insurrection. XL 51. What accusations were m.ade by the governments of the United States and Great Britain, each a:;ainst the other? 200 ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. in 1794, a treaty was concluded. This was published in the United States, and its provisions at once caused a prodigious storm of excitement and opposition, because they were regard- ed as being too favorable to the English. In the following year, however, the treaty was ratified, and the threatened con- flict happily avoided. At the close of the second term, Washington, having declined a re-election, retired to the qui- etude of his home at Mount Vernon. JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATIOK I. The second President of the United States was John Adams. His inauguration took place at Philadelphia, on the 4th of March, 1797.* II. The neutral position taken by the United States in the war between France and England, gave ofience to the former government ; and " Jay's Treaty," which had been ratified in 1795, by the American Senate, considerably augmented the unfriendly feeling. This was boldly made manifest by the act of the French government, in authorizing depredations to be committed upon the commerce of the United States, and in ordering our minister, Mr. Pinckney, to leave France. III. One of the first acts of President Adams was to con- vene Congress in extra session, to consider these outrages. » Tlie cabinet selected by Adams consisted of Timothy Piclceringr, Secretary of State ; Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury ; James McHenry, Secretary of War ; ami Charles Lee, Attorney General. The navy department was not created until 1798, when Benjamin Stoddard was appointed its head. XII. Questions. — ^52. What did Washington do to avoid a war ? 53. What was the result of Jay's mission ? 54. By what name is the treaty known ? A?is. — "Jay's Treaty." 55. How was the treaty received in the United States? 56. Why was it BO received ? 57. What course did Washington pursue at the end of his second presidential term? 58. How is Mount Vernon situated? (See map, p. 24.) John Adams's Administration. — I. 1. Who was the second President of the Uni- ted States ? 2. When and where was he inaugurated? II. 3. What offended the French government? 4. IIow was the offense aug- mented? 5. How was the feeling of the French government manifested ? III. 6. What was one of the first acts of President Adams? 7. How did the Amer- ican government undertake to adjust the difficulties? 8. With what result? ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 201 Three envoys were sent to France, with authority to adjust all difficulties, but the French government refused to receive them, and even order- ^"i^^^ ^rr^^^iS^^ ed two of them, whom they looked upon as less friendly than the third, to quit the country. IV. The insult to the envoys excited great indignation in the United States ; and Congress at once a- dopted measures for putting the country in a state of defense, authorized a standing army and naval arma- ment, and appointed Washington command- er-in-chief of the entire land forces. V. Hostilities at sea soon commenced. In one case, an American schooner was taken, and, in another, a French frigate was captured by the United States frigate Con- stellation. The decided stand taken by the Americans had its effect upon the French government ; and overtures of peace were made, which resulted in a treaty, concluded in 1800, with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become First Consul of France. VI. But Washino-ton did not live to see the troubles ternii- IV. Questions. — 9. What was the consequence of the insult to the envoys ? V. 10. What hostile acts actually took place? 11. What was the eflfect ? VI. 12, What mournful event took place before the troubles with France were terminated? 13. When and where did Washington die? 14. Uow was his death regarded ? 9* 202 ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. nated: lie died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 1799. His death was regarded as a national bereavement. Congress paid honors to his memory, and the whole people mourned the loss which each person felt that he had individu- ally sustained. VII. In conformity with the provisions of the law passed in 1790, in relation to the future seat of government, the capital of the United States was removed from Philadelphia to AVashington, during the summer of 1800. THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. VIII. Adams was President for only one term, or four years. Towards the close of it a fierce strife took place between the two great political parties of the day, the Federalists and the Republicans, in relation to the presidential succession. Thomas Jefterson was the successful candidate, defeating Adams, his opponent ; and, at the same time, Aaron Burr, of New York, was elected Vice-President. VII. Questions. — 15. When was the capital of the United States removed to Washington? 16. How is Washington situated? (See map, p. 24.) VIII. 17. For how long was Adams president? IS. What took place towards the close of it? 19. Who wera4;he successful candidates ? Jefferson's administration. 203 JEFFEESOJS^'S ADMIOTSTEATIOK I. The third Pres- ideiit of the United States was Thomas Jefferson. His inau- guration took place in the new capitoi, at Washington, on the 4th of March, ISOL* Daring liis adminis- tration, the Ohio Ter- ritory,! wliich had previously formed the eastern part of the Northwest Territory, adopted a State gov- ernment, and, in 1802, was admitted into the Union as the State of Ohio. II. In 1803, a most important addition was made to the ter- ritory of tlie United States, by the purchase of an immense tract of land, for which fifteen millions of dollars were paid to France. The territory thus acquired included not only the * Jefferson's cabinet consisted of James Madison, Secretary of State ; Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War ; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury ; Robert Smith, Secretary of "the Na\-y ; and Levi Lin- coln, Attorney-General. + After the Revolutionary War, a dispute arose between several of the States respectina; the ownership of the Ohio Territory, which was put an end to by the whole being ceded to the United States. Jefferson's Administration.— I. Questions. — 1. "Who was the third President of the United States? 2. When and where did his inauguration talce place? 3. When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? 4. What is said of Ohio's previous his- tory? 204 JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. (sv\a- present State of Louisi- ana, but a vast region extending to the Pacific Ocean. One of the first advantages secured by this purchase was the free navigation of the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. III. In the same year, 1803, Commodore Preble i^preh'-cl) was sent to humble the pi- rates of the Barbary States, who, notwith- standing the tribute which the United States had paid, in imitation of European nations, to secure their commerce in the Mediterranean from molestation, were becoming more insolent and exacting. IV. Preble first appeared against Morocco, and, after exact- ing terms of the emperor, proceeded eastward. Before he had time to reach Tripoli, the frigate Philadelphia, one of the vessels of his fleet, which had preceded him, while reconnoit- ering in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a rock, and was cap- tured by the Tripolitans, who consigned her crew to slavery. V. As the captured frigate added to the defenses of the place, and would undoubtedly be sent out to cruise, it was deemed important to recapture or destroy her. The latter II. Questions.— 5. How was the State of Louisiana acquired by the United States ? 6. "What advantage accrued from the purchase ? III. 7. What expedition was sent across the Atlantic in that year? 8. What had \\Le Barbary pirates done ? IV. 9. What was the first thing accomplished by Preble? 10. Give an account of the loss of the Philadelj)hia. JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 20^ COMMODORE DECATUR. being considered the more prac- ticable, Lieutenant I)ecatar,* with a few brave companions, entered the hai-bor on the nio-ht of the 15th of February, 1804, boarded the Philadelphia, killed or drove into the sea every one of the Tri- politan crew, and, after setting the vessel on fire, escaped without losing a man. VI. About a year later, Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled though rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli, against the reigning sovereign. He left Egypt, accompanied by Hamet, with a force of about five hundred men, four-fifths of whom were Arabs : the other fifth was composed of adventurers, prin- cipally Greeks, and only nine Americans. VII. He accomplished a remarkable march of several hun- dred miles across a desert country, and captured Derne, a Tri- politan city, after a fierce struggle. He held the place for several weeks? despite the exertions of an opposing army, and finally routed the enemy in a general engagement, in which more than three thousand men took part. In the midst of his successes, a treaty of peace was concluded between the reigning bashaw and Mr. Lear, the American Consul-General at Algiers. ♦ Stephen Decatur, Jr., was born in Maryland, in 1779. The affair between the Chesapeake and Shan- non, in 1807, in the opinion of Decatur was disgraceful to the Americans, and he did not hesitate to animad- vert freely upon the conduct of Commodore Barron, who commanded the Chesapeake on that occasion. The consequence was a duel with Barron, at Bladensburfc, Md.,as late as 1820, in which Decatur was killed, and Barron was so severely wounded that he was not expected to live, and he only recovered after months of great suffering. V. Questions. — 11. What was deemed important with regard to the captured frigate ? 12. Why ? 13. What, consequent!}', was determined upon ? 14. Give an account of the exploit. VI. 15. What expedition was concerted against the reigning sovereign of Tripoli ? 16. From what place did the expedition start? 17. Of whom was it composed? VII. IS. What is said of the march? 19. What city did Eaton capture? 20- Give an account of his subsequent successes. 20G JEFFERSON 8 ADMINISTRATION. ALEXANDER UAMILTON, VIII. In July, 1804, the un- fortunate duel between Alexander Hamilton* and Aaron Burrf oc- curred : the latter, at the time, was Vice-President of the United States. This sad affair, which re- sulted in the death of Hamilton, grew out of a political quarrel between the two men. By it Burr's political influence was com- pletely destroyed ; and when Jef- ferson was re-elected President for a second term, Geoi-ge Clinton, of New York, was chosen Burr's successor as Vice-President. IX. After his retirement from the vice-presidency. Burr made a journey to the Southwest, and there his conduct sub- jected him to strange suspicion. He made considerable pro- gress in the organization of an expedition which, it was alleged, was designed for the invasion of Mexico. His ultimate pur- pose, it was further alleged, was to establish an empire which should embrace one or more of the Southwesttirn States of the Union. X. By order of the President of the United States he was arrested, taken to Richmond, Virginia, and there tried on a * Hamilton was born in the Island of Nevis West Indies, in 1757. At the a^e of thirteen he was sent to New Yorlc to be educated. He was one of the first to talie up arms at the beginning of the Revolution, and as captain of an artillery company, performed a creditable part in the battle of Long Island. By his activity and intelligence he attracted the attention of Washington, and. after the battles of Trenton and Princeton in which he took part, he accepted an invitation from the commander-in-chief to take a place in his staff as aide-de-camp. He afterwards participated in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. t Burr was born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1756. In 1775 he was engaged in the expedition against Canada, and accompanied Arnold upon his toilsome march through the wilderness. He was in the battles of Quebec and Monmouth. His death occurred at Staten Island, N. Y., in 1836. VIII. Questions. — 21. "What sad aflfair, in which two public men were the princi- ]iar actors, took place diirinrr Jefferson's administration? 22. "When did it take place? 23. At what place ? J«s. — At Hoboken, New Jersey, opposite the city of New York. 24. What position was Burr holding at the time? 25. What was the cause of the duel? 26. What was the result of it? 27. What was the consequence to Burr? IX. 28. In what project was Burr subsequently engaged? X. 29. "What order did President Jefferson issue with regard to Burr* CO. What is said of the trial and its result? JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 201 A Alio N BURR. cliarge of treason. The trial was a protracted one; but, under a ruling of the court, which did not involve the merits of the charge, he was acquitted. XL The wars in Europe, grow- ing out of the French revolution, continued during Jefferson's ad- ministration. That between Eng- land and France, though it at first proved profitable to the Ameri- can shipping interests engaged in the carrying trade between the ports of the two hostile nations, re- sulted in the adoption of measures injurious to our commerce. XTI. To annoy and cripple her adversary, England declared the whole northern coast of France in a state of blockade. Napoleon retaliated by the " Berlin Decree," in which he pro- nounced the British islands in a state of blockade. But the crowning grievance was the " right of search," asserted by Great Britain, under which claim American vessels were boarded, and all sailors of English birth found on board, were impressed as subjects of the king. XIII. An event occurred in June, 1807, which brought things towards an issue. The American frigate Chesapeake, when off the capes of Virginia, was attacked by the British frigate Leopard. The Chesapeake, being unprepared for ac- tion, struck her colors, after having three men killed and eighteen wounded. Four of her crew, who were claimed by the commander of the Leopard as British deserters, were then XI. Questions. — 31. How did the war between England and France aflfect Amer- ican interests? XII. 32. "What did England do to annoy and cripple her adversary? 33. How did Napoleon retaliate? 34. What was the crowning grievance of which Americans complained ? XIII. 85. What event brought the relations of growing hostility between Eng- land and America towards an issue? 36. When did it occur? 37. What did the outrage x>rovoke President Jefferson to do? 208 Jefferson's administration. transferred to the Leopard. This outrage provoked the Pres- ident to issue a proclamation interdicting the entrance of British armed vessels into the ports or waters of the United States. XIV. Although the act of the Leopard was disavowed by the English government, no reparation was made ; and towards the close of the year the British " Orders in Council," forbid- ding all trade with France and her allies, Avere issued. Bona- parte again retaliated by issuing the " Milan Decree,'' inter- dicting all trade with England and her colonies. XY. In consequence of this policy of the two European nations, so destructive to our commerce. Congress laid an embargo upon all American vessels, forbidding them to leave the ports of the United States. x\s the act of Congress not only failed to obtain an acknowledgment of American rights, but, on account of its ruinous effects upon the shipping in- terests, was very unpopular among the commercial classes, it was repealed, and the non-intercourse law, prohibiting all com- merce with France and Great Britain, was substituted. XVI. At this point in the history of the country, Jefferson, following the example of Washington, declined a second re- election to the presidency, and terminated his political career. He was succeeded by James Madison, of Virginia. XIV. Questions. — 88. How was the outrage committed by the Leopard treated by the British government ? 39. What is said of reparation ? 40. When were the Bi-itish " Orders in Council" issued ? 41. What were the " Orders in Council ?" 42. How did Bonaparte again retaliate ? XV. 43. What action did Congress take in consequence of the trade-interdicting policy of France and England? 44. Why was the embargo act afterward repealed? 45. What law was substituted for it? XV I. 46. Why was not Jefferson continued in the presidency for more than eight years? 47. By whom was he succeeded ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. PACK 1. What event took place ou the 30th of April, 1789 194 2. How was Washington's cabinet constituted? 195 3. How were the State debts of the war disposed of ? 195 4. What controversy had existed between N. Y. and N. H. ?. . . 195 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 209 PAGK 5. How was the controversy finallj settled ? 195, 19G 6. When were Kentucky and Tennessee admitted to the Union ? . 196 7. In what respect did the British violate the treaty of 1783?.. . 19G 8. To what war did this treaty violation conduce ? 196 9. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Harmar. .196, 197 10. Give an account of the expedition conducted by St. Clair 197 11. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Wayne. . .197, 198 12. How did the French Revolution influence the people of the U, S. ? 198 13. Give an account of the Whisky Insurrection 199 14. Why was John Jay sent as a special envoy to England? 199 15. What was the result of Jay's mission? 199, 200 16. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1797 ? 200 17. How did the difficulty with France originate ? 198, 199, 200 18. What were the events of the difficulty? 200, 201 19. What sad event took place towards the close of 1799? 201, 202 20. When did Philadelphia cease to be the capital of the U. S. ?. . . 202 21. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1801 ? 203 22. Which State was added to the Union in 1802 ? 203 23. How was Louisiana acquired by the United States? 203, 204 24. On what expedition was Com. Preble sent in 1803 ? 204 25. What can you state of the loss of the frigate Philadelphia?. . . 204 26. Give an account of her recapture and destruction 204, 205 27 Give an account of Hamet's expedition and successes 205 28. When did the duel between Hamilton and Burr take place ?. . . 206 29. What was the result of it? 206 30. How did the result afl'ect Burr's political influence ? 206 31. In what expedition was Burr afterward engaged ? 206 32. How was the expedition brought to an end? 206, 207 33. How did the European wars affect American commerce? .... 207 34. What decrees were issued by England and France ? 207 35. Of what grievance did the United States especially complain ? 207 36. Relate the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard 207, 208 37. Did the Enghsh government approve the Leopard's attack ?. . 208 38. Was any reparation made for the injury done by the Leopard ? 208 39. What "orders" and "decrees" were afterwards issued? 208 40. What can you say of the embargo laid upon U. S. vessels ?. . . 208 41. Why was the act repealed, and what substitute was passed ?. 208 42. What did Jefferson decide upon towards the close of his sec- ond presidential term ? ^ • 208 43. Whose example did ho follow in this respect ? 208 44. Did he afterward participate in political matters ? 208 14 SECTION A^I. Madison's administration; from march 4th, 1809, to MARCH 4th, 1817. the second war with ENGLAND. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. I. The fourth Pres- ident of the United States was James Madison. His inau- guration took place at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1809, at a crisis in the affairs of the na- tion which required of his administration the utmost caution, prudence, and reso- lution.* The United States were on the verge of war with Great Britain. Na- poleon revoked his hostile "Decrees" in 1810, but the British "Orders in Council" continued in active force. * Madison's cabinet consisted of Robert Smith, Secretary of State; William Eustis, Secretary of War ; Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury ; and Ca;sar A. Rod- ney, Attorney-General. Madison's Administratiox. — I. Questions. — 1. Who was the fourth President of the United States? 2. When did his inauguration take place? 3. What was peculiarly required of Madison's administration? 4. Why? 5. What concession did Napoleon make? 6. What is said of the British "Orders in Council?" 311 II. In May, 1811, an affair occurred which tended to widen the breach which already existed between Great Britain and the United States, tliough, in this case, the British were the greater sufferers. The British sloop-of-war Little Belt, Cap- tain Bingham, when off the coast of Virginia, fired into the American frigate President, Commodore Rodgers, but found her fire returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few minutes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded III. About the year 1804, the Indians on the western fron- tiers, incited by British emissaries and influenced by the ap- peals of Tecumseh,* one of their boldest and most active warriors, began to form a confederacy against the people of the United States. A brother of Tecumseh, known as the " Prophet," who by his predictions and promises had ac- quired great influence over the tribes along the Wabash, was a leading agent in the business of bringing about an alliance. IV. General Harrison, then governor of the Indian terri- tory, marched towards the western frontier and approached Tippecanoe, the town of the Prophet, situated at the junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Ptivers, in the present State of Indiana. The Prophet, in the absence of Tecumseh, at once proposed a conference, to take place the next day, and requested the Americans to encamp for the night at a place which he designated. Harrison, suspecting treachery, or- dered his troops to sleep on their arms. This proved a fortu- nate precaution, for, early on the following morning, Novem- ber Yth, 1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon the American camp ; but, after a desperate and bloody contest of * Tecumseh, or, as the name is sometimes written, Tecumtha, was a chief of the Shawnee Indians. He 'as born on the banks ol the Scioto River, in Ohio, about 1770. " The Prophet's" name was Elkswatawa. II. QuKSTiONS.— 7. Give an account of the naval affiiir which took place in May, ISU. 8. What did the affair tend to? III. 9. What took place among the Indians about the year 1804? 10. Who was Tecumseh's principal co-operator in bringing about the alliance ? IV. 11. Where was the battle of Tippecanoe fought ? 1 2. W^hat town is situated not far from the battle-ground? (See map, p. 192.) 10. When was the battle fought? 14. Give an account of it. 212 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. two hours, they were repulsed. This battle ruined the plans which Tecumseh had formed, and his next attempt against the Americans was in the alliance which he formed with the English, in 1812. EVENTS OF 1812. Y. The United States government had endeav- ored to induce the British government to abrogate its " Orders in Council," and negotiate terms for sus- pending the impressment of American seamen, but in vain. That government absolutely refused, and nothing remained but war. yi. Accordingly, in June, 1812, the President of the United States, in conformity with an act of Congress, issued a procla- mation declaring war against Great Britain ; and preparations were at once made for raising a large army. General Dearborn, of Massa- chusetts, an officer who had served with credit in the Revoln- LOUTSIANA. "In ICS?, La Salle* descended the Mississippi to the sea, and, for- mally taking possession for France of the whole new country watered by the Mississippi from "its mouth i to its source, he named it Louisiana, 1 ■^' in honor of Louis XIV., King of France." The Seal of the State is piven above. The motto of Louis- iana is, Union and Co7if!deni * La Salle, a celebrated French navigator, was born in Rouen, about 1635. His death occurred in 1687. He made four visits to America. In his first, while endeavoring to find a passage by water to China, he explored Lake Ontario. In his third, he descended the Mississippi. The fourth was made for the pur- pose of settling Louisiana. A fleet, containing more than two hundred colonists, sailed from France, but instead of landing near the mouth of the Mississippi, by mistake they proceeded to Texas. After La Salle had passed two years in Texas, some portion of the time in the vain attempt to reach the Mississip- pi, his nepnew was murdered by one of his few remaining followers, and he was shot by another. V. Questions.— 15. How had the United States endeavored to avert the war? YI. IG. When was war declared ? 17. AVho was placed at the head of the army ? 18. Before the commencoment of hostilities, what revocation on Ihc part of England took place? 19. But what was still insisted upon? Madison's administration. 213 tion, being appointed commander-in-chief. Before hostilities actually commenced, the British government had revoked its I' Orders in Council," but the " right of impressment" was still insisted upon. YII. At the time of the declaration of war. General Hull, the governor of Michigan {mish'-e-gun) Territory, was march- ing with two thousand men from Ohio to Detroit, his pur- pose being to accomplish the reduction of the hostile Indians of the Northwest. In anticipation of the war with England, he had been invested with discretionary power to invade Canada. VIII. Learning, while on the march, that war had been declared, he crossed the Detroit River, with the avowed in- tention of going against Fort Maiden {mauV -deM) -, but, instead of at once marching upon the place, he encamped at Sand- wich, eighteen miles distant, and thus gave the enemy an opportunity to prepare for defense. IX. In the mean time Fort Mackinaw, an American post situated on an island at the outlet of Lake Michigan, was sur- prised by a force of British and Indians, and captured before the garrison had even heard of the declaration of war. This loss was a severe one, as the fort was the key to that section of the country, and the grand depot of the fur companies there. X. Hull, while at Sandwich, sent a detachment to convoy a party who were approaching his camp with supplies. Van Horn, the commander, neglecting to exercise sufficient caution, was led into an ambush near Brownstovvn, August 5, by six YII. QirE8TiONS.-20. On what expedition was General Hull engaged? 21. Witli what discretionary power was he invested? YIII. 22. What information did Hnll receive while on this march ? 2-3 What river did he cross? 24. What was his avowed intention ? 25. Where is Fort Mai- den ? (See map, p. 2U.) 26. Is Sandwich north or south of Fort Maiden' (See same map.) 27. What advantage did Ilull^s halt at Sandwich -ive to the British v IX. 28. Give an account of the loss of Fort Mackinaw. 29. Where is Fort Mack- inaw situated ? sa In what direction from Detroit is Fort Mackinaw? (See map, p. 192.) X. 31. Give an account of the defeat of Van Ilcrn, 214 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. hundred British and Indians, and utterly defeated. XL After waiting nearly a month at Sandwich, Hull re- crossed the river and took post at Detroit, to the great vexation and disappointment of his troops. Three days after the defeat of Van Horn, a second detach- ment, under Colonel Miller, was sent to convoy the supply party. As Miller approached Brownstown, on the evening of the 9th, he came upon the British and Indians, who were protected by a breastwork of logs and branches of trees, and, after a sharp contest, completely routed them. XII. The withdrawal of Hull across the Detroit embold- ened General Brock, the British commander, who began to erect a battery opposite the American post. Not being mo- lested, he became still bolder, and, on the 16th of August, crossed the river with seven hundred regulars and six hundred Indians, and demanded an immediate surrender of Detroit. XIII. The Americans were strongly posted, and confident of victory in the conflict which seemed to be before them ; and yet, to the great indignation of his troops, Hull ordered them to withdraw to the fort, and a white flag, in token of sub- mission, to be lifted above the works. By this act of sur- XI. Questions.— 32. What rctroizrade movement did Hull make ? 33. Give an account of the victory gained by Miller. XII. 34. Give an account of Brock's operations against Detroit. XIII. 35. What is said of the ability and disposition of the Americans to defend themselves at Detroit ? 36. What made them indignant ? 3T. What did the Brit- ish acquire by the surrender ? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 215 render, not only Detroit, but the whole Territory of Michigan, passed into the hands of the enemy. , XIV. Hull's conduct, two years after, underwent ex- amination by a court-martial, and though he was acquitted of treason, the court pronounced him guilty of cowardice, and he was sentenced to be shot ; but, in consideration of his age and revolutionary services, the sentence was remitted by President Madison. Hull's* conduct was severely criticised at the time, as well as in after years ; but a series of letters which he published in 1824, and a volume which appeared at a still later period, together form a complete vindication of his surrender, as regards either the charge of treason or cow- ardice. XV. During the year 1812 a second invasion of Canada was made in another quarter. On the morning of the 1 3th of October, Colonel Sol- omon Van Rensselaer [van-ren' -se-ler), with a detachment of only two hundred and twenty- five men, crossed the Niagara River to storm the heights of Queens- town. The command- er having been severely wounded at the landing, Sc.tQb * William Hull was born in Connecticut, in 1753. He was in the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Trinceton, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, Monmouth, and Stony Point ; and in all of them fought with coura^je. His death occurred in Massachusetts, in 1825. XIV. Questions. — 38. To what was HuH's conduct afterward subjected? 39. "What sentence was pronounced upon him ? 40. "Why was not the sentence exe- cuted? 41. How Avas Hull's conduct subsequently regarded ? XV. 42. At what place did the second invasion of Canada occur? 43. Describe the events that took place on the morning of the 13th of October. 44. What town, in New York, is opposite Quecnstown ? (See map, p. 215.) 216 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. his troops, led by Captains Oa:ilvie and Wool, gal- lantly moved forward, carried a British battery, and gained the heights. XVI. The enemy, re-enforced by several hundred men under Brock, attempted to regain the battery, but were repulsed, and Brock was killed. While this struggle was going on at the west side of the Niagara, a large body of militia was col- lected at Lewiston, on tbe east side. General Stephen Van Kensselaer, a cousin of Solomon, and the superior in com- mand of the troops in that quarter, endeavored to send re- enforcements across the river, but only about a thousand men could be induced to go : the rest professed to consider it wrong to invade the enemy's country. XVII. On the afternoon of the same day, 13th, the Amer- icans on the heights were attacked by fresh troops, under General SheafFe (skefe), from Fort George, and nearly all were killed or taken prisoners. General Van Rensselaer, disgusted with the conduct of the militia, soon retired from the service, when the command on the Niagara frontier devolved on Gen- eral Smyth. Smyth accomplished nothing : after projecting two invasions of Canada, neither of which was carried out, he also resigned. XVIII. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean, du- ring 1812, were as decided as their reverses on the land. The first of importance was the capture of the sloop Alert by the frigate Essex, Captain Porter. The second, of greater im- portance, was achieved by Captain Isaac Hull,* nephew of General Hull, on the 19th of August, off the coast of Massa- * Captain Isaac Hull, afterward Commodore, was born in Derby, Conn., in 1775. During the war with the Barbary States, from 1803 to ISO.S, he served with distinction in the squadrons of Comrnodores Preble and Barron", and co-operated with Eaton in the capture of Derne, He died in Philadelphia, in 1S43. XVI. Questions. — 15. Give an account of the repulse and loss sustained by the British. 46i "Where was the main body of the American militia at the time sta- tioned ? 47. Why did they not cross over to Queenstown ? XVII. 48. Give a further account of the battle of Queenstown. 49. Who suc- ceeded General Van Rensselaer in the command of the forces on the Niagara fron- tier ? 50. Why had Van Kensselaer resigned ? 51. What can you state of Smyth nnd his operations ? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 217 cluisetts. Hull commanded the American frigate Constitu- tion, and Dacres the British frigate Guerriere [gare-e-are'). The action between tlie two frigates lasted about forty min- utes, and resulted in the captui-e of the Guerriere. The cap- tured vessel had been so much injured it was found impossible to bring her into port, and she was consequently burned by the victors. XIX. In October, tlie American sloop-of war Wasp, Captain Jones, while cruising off the coast of North Carolina, fell in with the British brig Frolic, Captain Whinyates, and after a conflict of three-quarters of an hour, boarded her. A melancholy scene of destruction was presented. The decks were covered with the dead and the wounded. Not twenty of the Frolic's crew escaped unhurt. Scarcely had the enemy's vessel been taken possession of, when an English ship of seventy-four guns hove in sight, and captured both vessels. XX. A second naval victory by the Americans occurred in this same month, October. The frigate United States, Com- modore Decatur, encountered the British frigate Macedonia {mas-se-do'-nc-a) west of the Ca- nary {Jca-na'-re) Islands, and, after an action of nearly two hours, compelled her to surrender. She was taken to New York. XXI. A little more than a month later, the Constitution, then commanded by Commodore Bainbridge, gained her second victory, in the capture of the frigate Java (jah'-va). The ac- COMMODORE RAINBRIDGE. XVIII. Questions.— 52. What comparison is made between tlie land reverses and the ocean triumphs ? 53. Which was the first important naval victory ? 54. The second? 55. When did the action between the Constitution and the Guerriere take place ? 56. Give an account of it. XIX. 57. Give an account of the action between the Wasp and the Frolic. 5S, What event deprived Captain Jones of the fruits of his victory ? XX. 59. Give an account of the action between the United States and Maecdoniaa 10 218 Madison's administration. tion took place off the coast of Brazil, on the 29th of Decciriber, and lasted nearly two hours. Bain- bridge,* finding the captured frigate so much riddled that it was impossible to get her into an American port, destroyed her by fire, and the Constitution then put into San Salvador, where the prisoners were landed on parole. XXII. In the belief that the navy of the United States would be entirely destroyed or captured by that of England, it had been decided, at the beginning of the war, to lay up our ships to save them. But, happily, that policy was soon departed from. American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, and British commerce suffered in every direction. During the year 1812, more than three hundred vessels, with not less than three thousand prisoners, beside valuable cargoes, w'fere taken by the Americans. EVENTS OF 1813. I. For the campaign of 1813 three armies were raised. That of the West, near the head of Lake Erie, was commanded by General Harrison ; that of the Centre, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, by General Dearborn ; and that of the North, near Lake Champlain, by General Hampton. II. The leading object of the army of the West was to re- cover Michigan and avenge the disgrace of Hull. A division of the army, composed mostly of Kentuckians, commanded by » William Bainbridge was bnm in Princeton, N. J., in 1774. In 1S03 he was in command of the frigate Philadelphia when that vessel struck on a rock and was captured in the harbor of Tripoli. He and his crew, of more than three hundred persons, were taken prisoners by the Tripolitans and held in captivity nineteen months. He died in Philadelphia, in 1833. XXI. Questions. — 60. Give an account of the action between the Constitution and the Java. 61. What did Bainbrids^e do with his prize and prisoners ? XXII. 62. What policy had been decided upon at the beginning of the war, with reference to American ships? 63. Why was that decision made? &4. What is stated of the successes of the Americans on the ocean, during the year 1812? Events of 1813.— I. 1. What armies were raised for the campaign of 1813 ? II. 2. What was the object of the army of the West? 3. What command did Winchester have? 4. What place did he reach in January? 5. How did his men at first employ themselves there ? 6. What did he learn while there ? 7. Whr4 request did he receive ? Madison's administration. 219 General Winchester, reached the rapids of the Maumee on the 1 0th of January. Here, while constructing huts for the re- ception of supplies, Winchester learned that Frenchtown, then a small settlement, nearly forty miles distant, was threatened with an attack from a body of British and Indians. He, at the same time, received an urgent request from the inhabi- tants to come to their assistance. TIL Accordingly, he sent a detachment of five hundred men, under Colonel Lewis, in advance, while he prepared to follow. Lewis, ascertaining that the British and Indians were already in possession of the town, hurried forward, and, on the 18th of January, made a charge upon the enemy, driving them into the woods. On the following day, Winchester arrived. The Americans were, on the 2 2d, attacked by a force of fifteen hundred British and Indians, commanded by General Proctor. They made a brave defense, but Winchester, who had been made prisoner during the engagement, agreed upon a capitu- lation, and the Americans surrendered on condition that they should be protected. But Proctor failed to observe the condition : his Indian allies murdered the wounded prisoners who were unable to travel, and then set fire to the houses. IV. Upon hearing of AVinchester's defeat, Harrison took a position on the Maumee River, where he constructed a forti- fied camp, which, in honor of the governor of Ohio, he called Fort Meigs [megz). On the 1st of May, Proctor advanced against this fort, and, with a force of not less than a thousand British and Indians, commenced a siege. Four days after, III. Questions.— S. How did he act in response to the request ? 9. What did Lewis accomplish '? 10. What battle took place on the following day ? Ans. — The battle of Frenchtown. 11. Give an account of it. 12. Give an account of the massa- cre that followed. 13. How is Frenchtown situated? (See map, p. 214.) lY. 14. Where did Harrison make a stand, upon hearing of Winchester's misfor- tune? 15. Describe the Maumee. (See map, p. 192.) 16. Is Fort Meigs above or below Toledo? (See map, p. 214.) 17. How was Fort Meigs threatened? IS. Give an account of the event that took place on the 5th of May. 19. When and why did Proctor abandon the siege ? 220 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. General Clay* arrived, with twelve hundred Kentuck- 1 81 3 ians, and successfully attacked the besiegers, compel- ling them to disperse ; but, unfortunately, a large body of his troops, while pursuing the enemy, was surrounded and cap- tured. On the ninth day of the month, Proctor, deserted by his allies, and despairing of success, withdrew, and returned to Fort Maiden. Y. In a little more than two months after, Proctor and Tecumseh again threatened Fort Meigs ; but, finding it well garrisoned, terminated a brief siege by a sullen withdrawal Proctor's next movement was against Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, now Fremont, situated on the Sandusky River. The place was garrisoned by only one hundred and fifty men, under the command of Major Croghan,f a young man not yet twenty-two years old, and they had but one gun, a six-pounder. Proctor's force consisted of more than twelve hundred men, half regulars and half Indians. VI. A cannonade was directed against the fort until a breach was effected, when the enemy, on the 2d of August, attempted to carry the place by assault ; but they were met by a volley of musketry and a discharge from the six-pounder with such terrible effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in confu- sion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number killed or wounded. VII. The naval supremacy on Lake Erie (e-re) and Lake Ontario (on-ta'-re-o)^ became an object of much importance to the belligerent governments, and, as early as the beginning of October, 1812, preparations were in progress, on both sides, to * Green Clay was born in Virginia, in 1757. After his success in driving the British and Indians from the siege of Fort Meigs, he was left in command there, and defended the fort when it was a second time threatened. He died in 1826. t George Croghan was born in Kentucky, in 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort Meigs (Aliiy 5), and served with Taylor in Mexico. His death occurred at New Orleans, in 1849. V. Questions.— 20. What can jou state of the second demonstration against Fort Meigs ? 21. To what object did Proctor next direct his attention ? 22. la what direction from Fort Meigs was Fort Stephenson? (See map, p. 214.) 23. How was Fort Stephenson prepared to resist Proctor ? YI. 24. Give an account of Proctor's ettbrts against the fort. [ADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 221 secure it. To Cominodoie Channcey* was given the general command of the American naval forces on the two lakes, while to Commodore Perrvf was assigned the immediate command on Lake Erie. On the part of the enemy, Sir James Yeo held the general command, and Commodore Barclay the spe- cial one on Lake Erie. VIIL By the first of August, 1813, two squadrons had been fitted out on Lake Erie. One of these, the American, consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty-four guns ; and the other, the Britisli, consisted of six vessels, carrying sixty- three guns. They met, on the 10th of September, near the western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fought battle of four hours' duration took place, resulting in a complete and brilliant victory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy having; surrendered. In dis- patching information of his victory to General Harrison, Perry wrote: "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." IX. The consequences of the victory were highly impor- tant. The Americans complete- ly established their naval su- premacy on the lake, Detroit was evacuated by the British, the Indians of Michiiran were COMMODORE PKRUY. * Isaac Chauncey was born in Connecticut, in ITTi. When a young man, he was engaged in the mer- chant service, and during; a voyage, a mortal sicliness prevailed, leaving him on board as the only survivor, lie navigated the vessel into port, for which he was rewarded by being appointed to the command of her. He served in the war against Tripoli, and during the war of ISl'i, he rendered important service on Lake Ontario, by his active co-operation with the land forces. His death occurred at Washington, in 1840. t Oliver Hazard Perry was born at Newport, R. I., in 1785. He died at Port Spain, Island of Trinidad, of yellow fever, contracted while he was engaged on government service, up the Orinoco River, in Soutti America. VII. Questions. — 25. What is said of the naval supremacy on Lakes Erie and On- tario? 26. What command was given to Chauncey? 27. To Perry? 2S. To Too? •20. To Barclay ? VIII. 30. How larcre a fleet did Perry command? SI. Barclay? 82. When did the battle of Lake Erie take place? 33. What produced enthusiasm among the Americans? Aiis. — A flag floating from the mainmast of Perry's ship, ni)on which were the dying words of Lawrence: "Don't give up the ship." 34. Give an account of the battle. 85. IIow did Perry inform Il.arrison of his victory ? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. intimidated, and the way to success for the army at Fort Meigs was clearly opened. Harrison saw his opportu- nity, and was not slow to profit by it. X. Having been re-enforced by a large body of Kentuckians, under Governor Shelby, Harrison resolved to seek Proctor and give him battle. While, in conformity with his orders, a regi- ment of horse, one thousand strong, proceeded by land, cross- ing the river at Detroit, the rest of the army crossed Lake Erie in Perry's fleet, and landed near Fort Maiden. But Proctor, on hearing of Barclay's defeat and Harrison's ap- proach, was seized with alarm ; and when the fort was reached, it was found deserted, and Proctor and Tecumseh were in full retreat towards the Thames [temz) River. The Americans followed in eager pursuit, and, on the 5th of October, overtook them near the Moravian village on the Thames, about eighty miles from Detroit. XI. The enemy, seeing that a battle could not be avoided, took a favorable position on a narrow strip of land between the river and an extensive swamp. The Americans charged, breaking the line of the British, and soon compelling them to surrender; but the contest with the Indians was more obsti- nate. At length, Tecumseh fell, mortally wounded, and the savage warriors dispersed in all directions. Proctor was gone: he had fled at the first onset, leaving his carriage, private pa- pers, and even his sword, behind him. XII. Besides six hundred prisoners taken by Harrison, sev- eral cannon and a large quantity of stores and ammunition fell into his hands. By the victory thus achieved, the terri- tory which Hull had surrendered was entirely recovered, the IX. Questions. — 86. What were the important consequences of the battle? X. 37. What accession arrived for Harrison's army ? 38. What did Harrison ro- Bolve upon ? 39. How did the two parts of his army proceed ? 40. Why did not Proctor remain at Fort Maiden ? 41. Howls Fort Maiden situated? (See map, p. 214.) 42. What is said of the flight of Proctor and the pursuit ? 43. When was the battle of the Thames fought ? XI. 44. Give an account of it. 45. Where was the battle fought? (See map, p. 214.) MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 223 destruction of Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy was completed, and the war on the western frontier was terminated. XIII. In the spring of 1813, several months before the suc- cesses of Perry and Harrison had been achieved, the Southern Indians were visited by Tecumseh and nrged to take up arms against the whites. The Creeks yielded, and began to com- mit depredations upon the settlements of the Americans. In the latter part of August, fifteen hundred of their warriors surprised Fort Mims,* on the Alabama lliver, and massacred nearly three hundred men, women, and children. Xiy. This sanguinary and unprovoked attack aroused the whole South, and a large force, under Generals Jackson and Cotfee, marched into the country of the Creeks to avenge the deed of horror. Sev- eral battles were fought in quick succession, at Talladega, Autossee, Emucfa, and other places, in every one of which the Indians were defeated. XV At length a thousand warrio rs, with their women and children, made a final stand at Tohopeka, or, STATE OF ALABAMA * The name of this place was also written Fart Mimmn. The fort was situated on the east side of the Alabama, about ten miles above its junction with the Tombigbee. XII. Questions. — 46. "What were the fruits of Harrison''s victory? XIII. 4T. AVhat had Tecumseh beea about in the spring of 1S13? 43. What fol- lowed? 49. What is said of the massacre at Fort Mims? 50. In what direction from Mobile was Fort Mims? (See map, p. 223.) XIV. 51. What effect did the massacre have upon the people of the South? 52. What can you say of the battles that were fought? 53. Give the location of the three places named. (See map, p. 223.) 54. What two rivers uniting form the Ala- bama River? Ans.—ThQ Coosa and the Tallapoosa. 224 MADISONS ADMINISTRATION. 1813. as the whites called it, the Horse- Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa River, where they had established a camp, skillfully fortified. Here, on the 27th of March, 1814, they were attacked by a force of three thousand men, under Jack- son. The doomed Creeks, being hemmed in on all sides by their assailants, fought with the energy of despair, and not till almost six hundred of their number were slain did the battle cease : their defeat was complete. XVI. While these events were transpiring at the South, others of equal moment were taking place at the North. To- wards the latter part of April, 1813, General Dearborn, with seventeen hundred men, embarked. on board Chauncey's fleet, at Sackett's Harbor, with the design of going against York, the capital of Upper Canada. XVn. On the 27th, the fleet anchored off that town, and on the same day the troops effected a landing in the face of a severe fire from British and Indians, commanded by General Sheaffe. Still they pressed forward, led by General Pike/'^ and were carrying every thing GENERAL PIKE. before tliem, when the enemy's magazine exploded, mortally wounding Pike, and making sad havoc among his men. After a moment's pause, the Ameri- cans continued to advance, and were soon in possession of the town. XVIII. The capture of York havinir been attained, Dearborn ■» Zebulon Montgomery Pilte was born in New Jersey, in 1779. He made two important expeditions , one in 1805 and 6, to explore the sources of tlie Mississippi, and the other about a year after, to examine ilie region west of the Red River. XV. Questions. — 55. Where did the battle of Tohopeka take place ? (See map, p. 228.) 56. Give an account of the battle. XVI. 5T. What movement was made on Lake Ontario towards the latter part of April •? XVII. 58. When did the battle of York take place? 59. Give an account of it Co. By what name is York now known? A/ik — Toronto. 61. How is Toronto sit- uated ? (See map, p. 215.) MADISON S ADMINISTRATION, 225 returned to Sackett's Harbor, whence, after being largely re- enforced, lie sailed to attack Fort George, situated on the Ni- agara Eiver, near its mouth. The British made but a short defense, and then retreated to Burlington Heights, at the western extreniity of Lake Ontario, pursued by a large force, under Generals Chandler and Winder. On the night of the 6th of June, nine days after the capture of the fort, the Brit- ish suddenly fell upon the camp of the pursuing Americans, and, though they were repulsed, in the darkness and confusion both Chandler and Winder were made prisoners. XIX. The British in Canada, on being informed that Chaun- cey's fleet, carrying a large body of troops, had sailed from Sackett's Harbor, sent a thousand men across the lake in Yeo's fleet, to attack the place. Sir George Prevost, the British commander, effected a landing on the 24th of May. The militia fired a couple of volleys upon the invaders, and then, panic-struck, broke and fled. A small body of regulars acted with more firmness. Wliile the advance of the Bi-itish was held in check by a galling fire from the regulars. General Brown,* the American commander, rallied the militia, and led them by a cir- cuitous route, as if he designed to seize the enemy's boats and cut off their retreat. The strata- geni succeeded completely, and the British made a rush for their boats, leaving their dead and wounded behind. XX. Dearborn remained at Ft. George more than a fortnight GENEEAI, BUOWN. 1T75. He died in Washington, in * Jacob Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvai XVIII. QtTESTioN8.-62. Against what place di.l Dearborn next proceed? 63 Was Fort George above or below Queonstown ? (See map. p. 215.) 64. What sue cess did Dearborn meet with against Fort George? 65. What took place afterward? XIX. 66. How is Sackett's Harbor situated? (See map, p. 62.) 67 What in duced the British to attack the place? 68. When did they .ittack it? 69. Give hl account of the tattle. 10* 226 Madison's administration. after the misfortune to Chandler and Winder, without doing any thing. Not so the British. They busied themselves in taking possession of the mountain passes there, thus narrowing the hmits of Dearborn's position, and cutting off his communications with the country. At length, a detach- ment of six hundred men was sent to break up a post wliicli the British had established seventeen miles from the fort. After pro- ceeding fifteen miles, the Americans were suddenly surround- ed by a body of British and Indians, and compelled to surrender themselves prisoners of war. Dearborn,* not long after, resign- ed his command, and was succeeded by General Wilkinson. XXI. General Armstrong, upon whom President Madison had recently conferred the appointment of Secretary of War, devised a plan for the invasion of Canada, by wliich the two armies — that of the Centre, under Wilkinson, and that of the North, under Hampton — were to form a junction on the St. Lawrence, and proceed against Montreal. XXII. In passing down the St. Lawrence, the fleet of boats employed in conveying Wilkinson's army, was harassed by the British whenever an opportunity occurred. Near Williams- burg, a strong detachment was landed to make an advance, disperse a body of the enemy, and cover the descent of the fleet. At Chrysler's {kris'-lers) Field, a severe battle ensued on the 11th of November, in which the Americans, though losing about one-fifth of their entire force engaged, maintained their position. Henrv Dearliorn was born in New Hampshire, in 1751. He was in the battle of Bunker Hill, "iuebec, ! expedition against cessful operations before Yorktown. He died in Massachusetts, in 1829. " nenry i^eariiorn was Dorn in iNew Hampsnire, in n&l. He was m tne Dattie ot uunKer HUl, i ■with Arnold in die expedition through the wilderness of Maine, and participated in the battle of Quel where he was taken prisoner. Being exchanged, he served under Gates in the Northern campaign, ! did good service at the battle of Monmouth, in Sullivan's expedition against the Indiana, and in the s XX. Questions. — 70. What is said of Dearborn's inactivity at Fort Erie? 71. What, of the activity of the British? 72. Give an account of the mishap to the American detachment. 73. Who succeeded Dearborn in the command ? XXI. 74. What ofllce did Armstrong hold? 75. What plan of action did he devise? XXII. 76. What annoyance did Wilkinson experience while sailing down the Bt. Lawrence? 77. What did he do when near Williamsburg ? 7S. How is Williams- burg situated ? (See map, p. 62.) 79. When did a battle take place near Williams- burg ? 80. By what name is that battle known t 81. Give an account of it. Madison's administration. 227 XXIII. Hampton,* in the mean time, had entered Canada, encounted the Britisli near St. John's, and been defeated. In consequence of a hostile feeling which existed between him and Wilkinson, he declined to co-operate with that com- mander, but made Ids way back to Lake Champlain, and left his army in winter quarters at Plattsburg-, under the com- mand of General Izard. Wilkinson went into winter quarters at French Mills, about nine miles east of St. Regis. XXIV. During 1813, there were many severe battles on the ocean ; and though the American seamen w^ere not so uni. formly successful as in the preceding year, tlicir gallantry continued to be the theme of admiration. On the 24th of February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, when oft' the mouth of the Dcmerara River, fell in with a British brig, which, after an action o-f only fifteen minutes, struck her colors and raised a signal of distress. She proved to be the brig Peacock, Captain Peake, and was so riddled that she sunk in a few minutes after the surrender, carrying down with her nine of her own crew and three of the Hornet's. XXY. On his return to the United States, Lawrence was promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 1st, the British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared off" the harbor for the express purpose of meeting the Chesapeake. Though the American frigate had imperfect equipments and an ill-assorted crew, while the British ship had a select crew and * Wade Hampton was born in South Carolina, in 1755. He took an active part in the Revolutionary War, serving under Marion and Sumter. After he retired from the army, in 1814, he engaged in agricul- tural pursuits, and was considered the wealthiest farmer in the United Slates, owning extensive planta- tions, and about three thousand slaves. He died in South Carolina, in 1835. XXIII. Questions.— 82. "What misfortune had befallen Hampton in the mean time? 83. How is St. John's situated? (See map, p. 231.) 84. What did he neglect to do? 85. Why? 86. Where and in whose charge did he leave his command ? 8T. How is Plattsburg situated ? (See map, p. 149.) SB. Where did Wilkinson go into winter quarters? 89. Where is St. Regis? Ans.— On the south side of the St. Lawrence. XXIV. 90. What is said of the naval successes of the Americans during the year 1813? 91. Give an account of the action between the Hornet and Pelican. XXV. 92. How was Lawrence rewarded for his victory over the Peacock? 93. What movement was made by the Shannon ? 94. In what condition were the two ships for action? 228 Madison's administration. LAWKEXCK. was in the best possible condition, Lawrence still felt impelled to go ont and engage her. XXVI. At about six o'clock in the afternoon the two vessels met, and a terrific contest of fifteen niinntes ensued. Lawrence* was mortally wounded in the early part of the action, and his last injunc- tion as he was borne below was, " Don't give up the ship." The Chesapeake, after having all her superior officers either killed or wounded, was boarded by the en- emy and her flag hauled down. XXVIL The second disaster to the American navy that oc- curred during the year was the loss of the brig Argus, Lieuten- ant Allen, f on the 14th of August. After Allen had conveyed the American minister, Mr. Crawford, to France, he proceeded to cruise in the waters about England, and was successful in taking a large number of prizes and capturing property to tlie amount of two millions of dollars. While in the English Channel he fell in with the sloop-of-war Pelican, and in the action which ensued, and which resulted in the capture of the Argus, he was mortally wounded. He was taken to Plymouth, England, where he died on the day after the action. XXVIIL Fortune next favored the Americans. On the oth of September, Lieutenant Burrows, while in command of » James Lawrence was born in Burlington, N. J., in 1781. He was one of Decatur's party that board- ed and destroyed the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, in 1804. t_ William Henry Allen was born in Rhode Island, in 1784. He was the first lieutenant of the frigate I'nited States when that vessel captured the Macedonian. XX Vr. Questions.— 05. Give an account of the action. XXVII. 90. What vessel did Lieutenant Allen command in the summer of 1813 ? 9". What duty did he perform before making a cruise? 98. What were his suc- cesses? 99. When did the Argus and Pelican meet? 100. Give an account of the action between them. XXVIII, 101. Where did a naval action take place on the 5th of September? 102. Give an account of it. 103. What honors were paid to the dead commanders? 104. Where is Portland ? (See map of Maine.,' MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 229 the brig Enterprise, fell in Avith the British brig- Boxer, Capr tain Blyth, off the coast of Maine. An action of forty min- utes ensned, resulting in the capture of the Boxer. Both commanders were killed in the engagement, and their bodies were buried side by side at Portland, with the honors of war. XXIX. In 1812, Captain Por- ter,* commanding the American "^ ^ frigate Essex, in a short cruise captured a number of British merchantmen, and, after an action of only eight minutes, took the sloop-of-war Alert. In 1812 and '13, Porter, in command of the same vessel, made a long and I'e- markable cruise of more than a year, in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Besides capturing a great many ships, and making prisoners of more than four hundred men, he did immense service to the American shipping by the pro- tection which he afforded. XXX. At length, on the 28th of March, 1814, he was at- tacked in the harbor of Valparaiso {yal-pa-r~t'-s6)^ by two British war vessels that had been expressly dispatched in quest of him, and, after one of the most desperate conflicts of the war, Avas forced to surrender. COMMODOKK POTiTEE * Daviii Porter was born in Boston, Mass., in 1780. When the frigate Philadelphia was captured by the Tripolitans, in 1803, Porter was made captive and held nineteen months. In 1824 he commanded an expedition against the pirates of the West Indies. He subsequently entered the service of Mexico, as com- mander-in-chief of her naval forces ; but, in 1839, returned to the United States. At the time of his death, which occurred at Constantinople, in 1843, he was resident minister of the United States there. XXIX. Questions.— 105. AVhat wore Porter's successes in 1812 ? lOG. What, in 1818? XXX. 107. Where was he attacked hj- two British war vessels? lOS. Where is Valparaiso? (See map of South America.) 109. Give an account of the action. 230 REVIEW QUESTIONS. EEYIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1809 ? 210 2. Give an account of the naval action which occurred in 1811 ?. 211 3. What hostile movement among the Indians was begun in 1804 ? 211 4. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe 211, 212 5. What were the causes of the War of 1812 ? 212 6. When did President Madison issue his war proclamation ? . . , . 212 1. On what expedition was Gen. Hull engaged at the time ? 213 8. What movement agamst the British did he first make ? 213 9. What can you say of the loss of a fort further north ? 213 10. Give an account of the first battle of Brownstown 213, 214 11. Give an account of the second battle of Brownstown 214 12. Give an account of Brock's operations and Hull's surrender. . . 214 13. What further account can you give of Hull himself? 215 14. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown 215, 216 15. Of the action between the Constitution and Guerriere. . . .216, 217 16. Of the action between the Wasp and the Frohc. . 217 17. Of the action between the United States and Macedonia 217 18. Of the action between the Constitution and the Java 217, 218 19. State the events preliminary to the battle of Frenchtown. 218, 219 20. Give an account of that battle, with the massacre 219 21. Under what circumstances was Fort Meigs constructed ? 219 22. What can you say of Clay's operations and success? 219, 220 23. Give an account of the battle of Fort Stephenson 220 24. Whathostile preparations were made on the northern lakes ? 220, 221 25. Give an account of the battle of Lake Erie 221 26. What effects did the result of the battle have ? 221, 222 27. State the events preliminary to the battle of the Thames 222 28. Give an account of it, with the effects of the victory 222, 223 29. State the events preliminary to the battle of Tohopeka 223 30. Give an account of the battle of Tohopeka 223, 224 31. Of the expedition from Sackett's Harbor against York 224 32. Of the expedition from the same place against Fort George. . . . 225 33. Of the British expedition against Sackett's Harbor 225 34. Of the operations of Wilkinson and Hampton 226, 227 35. Of the action between the Hornet and Peacock 227 36. Of the action between the Chesapeake and Shannon 227, 228 37. Of Lieutenant Allen's operations and sad fate 228 38. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 228, 229 39. Of Porter's operations and final defeat 229 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 231 EVENTS OF 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. I. In the early part of 1813, a proposition from the Rus- sian Emperor was received, in which he oifered to mediate be- tween the belligerent powers, England and the United States. It was accepted on the part of the American government, and President Madison appointed three commissioners to proceed to St. Petersburg to negotiate a treaty. It was not, however, accepted on the part of the other belligerents ; but towards the close of the year the American government was informed that Great Britain was ready to make a treaty of peace. Accord- ingly, two persons were added to the commission previously appointed, and, in January, 1814, they sailed for Europe, where they joined their three associates. The belligerent governments however continued to prosecute war measures, and even with more vigor than before. II. Towards the close of P'ebruary, 1814, Wilkinson broke up his winter quarters at French Mills and removed to Plattsburg, and Brown marched to Sackett's Harbor, taking two thousand men, mainly for the protection of the fleet there. III. Late in the following month, Wilkinson* advanced as far as Rouse's Point, where he determined to erect a battery, but the British penetrating his * James Wilkinson was born in Maryland, in 1757. He served in Canada under Arnold, in 1776 and on thestnttot Gates in 1777. During Washington's administration he was engaged on th^e Northwestern troutieragamst the Indians, and commanded one of the divisi.ms of Wayne's army in the battle of the Maumee. He subsequently was governor of the Louisiana territory, and'an active agent in exposing the plans ot Burr, in 1806. He died in Mexico, in 1825. f o Events of 1814, and Close of the War.— Questions.— I. 1. When did a pro- position come from the Emperor of Russia ? 2. What was it? 3. What action was taken in relation thereto by the American government? 4. What by the British government? 5. Of what was th% American government afterward informed? 6. In accordance therewith, what action was taken by the American government ? IT. 7. What movement did Wilkinson make toward the close of the winter? 8. To M'hat place did General Brown march ? : f.^V^.lt ONTR E AL-JE3^ LnPrtiii-je/ |l ? St JoTMni C A-N AMD A T ill ^ n't Coiufll iJM. PAUT OF THE SOREL RIVER. '-82 Madison's administration. design, concentrated a force of two thousand men at La Colle Mill, three miles below the point. An at- tack which he made upon the British, on the last day of the month, was unsuccessful, and he returned to Plattsburg. In consequence of this defeat, he was tried by a court-martial, and, tliough acquitted, was superseded in the command by General Izard. IV. Brown did not remain long at Sackett's Harbor; but, having been appointed to the command of the army destined to act on the Niagara frontier against Canada, lie made haste to carry out the views of the Secretary of War for another invasion of the enemy's territory. Preparations being com- pleted, on the 3d of July a large force, the advance of Brown's command, crossed the Niagara River, and took Fort Erie without a struggle. Pushing forward next day along the bank of the river, the American army reached a plain on the south side of the Chippewa River, in view of the enemy's camp on the other side of that stream. V. General Brown determined to attack the British in their position ; and, apparently, the British commander in- tended a similar operation against the Americans, ibr the morning of the 5th beheld both armies deploying into the plain. The battle that ensued was severe, resulting in the defeat of the British, who made good their retreat across the Chippewa. This brilliant victory was owing to the admirable discipline of the American army, no less than to the skill and bravery of General Scott. VI. The British commander, General Riall, made no at- III. Questions. — 9. What movement did Wilkinson make from Plattshurg ? 10. How did the British anticipate him? 11. IIow are House's Point and La Colle situ- ated? (See map, p. 124.) 12. AVlien did the battle of La Colle Mill take place? 13. Give an account of it. 14. What was the consequence to Wilkinson ? IV. 15, To what command had Brown been assigned while at Sacketfs Harbor? IG. Give an account of the taking of Fort Erie. IT. How was Fort Erie situated? (See map, p. 233.) 18. What movement was mad* on the 4th of July ? Y. 19. What is said of the intention of the two commanders ? 20. Give an ac- count of the battle of Chippewa. 21. How is Chippewa situated ? (See map, p.- 233.) 22. To what was the success of the xVmericans at Chippewa owing ? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 233 near the head of Lake On- tempt to dispute the passage of the Chippewa, but, hurriedly burnino" the bridge after he had effected a crossing, continued his retreat to Burhngton Heights tario. Tlie American army rested but two days after the battle, then advanced across the Chippewa and took post at Queenstown, in- tending to make a fur- ther advance towards Fort George, which the British then held. Not liaving the necessary cannon with which to attack the fort, they fell back, after a few days, to the Chippewa. YII. Here, on the 25th of July, Brown was informed tliat General Drummond, who had reached Fort George with re-enforcements, had crossed the Niagara to attack Fort Schlosscr (shlos'-scr), where supplies for the American army were deposited. Be- lievinor that a demonstration aixainst the forts at the mouth of the river would induce the British to return. Brown ordered Scott to advance with twelve hundred men. VIII. A march of but two miles had been accomplished when, about sunset, Scott unexpectedly came upon a British force of two thousand men advantageously posted at Lundy'sLane, in the immediate vicinity of Niagara Falls. The most obstinate bat- YI. Questions.— 23. What was Eiall's moveuumt after the battle? 24. What Brown's ? VII. 25. Where was Brown on the 25th of July? 26. What information did he get there? 27. Where is Fort Schlosser situated ? 2S. What order did Brown give to Scott? 29. What was his object? VIII. 30. Where is Lnndy's Lane? (See map, p. 233.) 31. Give an account of the battle fought there while Scott was in command. 234 Madison's administration. tie of the war ensued. Scott took the offensive; and thoiig-h the enemy outnumbered him, he sustained the unequal contest for an hour, when General Brown, with the main body of the army, arrived upon the field. In the mean time, the British force had been largely augmented by re-enforcements under Drummond, who took the command. IX. It became evident to Brown that a battery, which the British had placed on a commanding hight, and which swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the Americans be defeated. Upon asking Colonel Miller* if he could take it, the fearless soldier replied, " Fll try, sir." At the head of his regiment. Miller steadily advanced up the hight, while, at every step, his ranks were thinned by the enemy's fire ; but his troops pressed forward, and, in one determined charge, gained possession of the battery, and drove the enemy in con- fusion down the hill. X. Three times did the British rally and attempt to regain their lost battery, but without success : they were repulsed with fearful loss at every assault. Finally, at midnight, they withdrew, leaving the Americans in quiet possession of the field, each party losing about eight hundred men in killed and wounded. Brown and Scott having both been severely wounded, the command devolved upon General Ripley, who retired with his forces to Fort Erie, where General Gaines arrived soon afterward, and, being a senior officer, assumed the command. XL In a few days, General Drummond advanced against Fort Erie, and with a force of five thousand men, commenced a siege. On the loth of August, eleven days after, the enemy w * James Miller was born in N"e\v Hampshire, in 1776. He took part in the capture of Fort Erie an J in the battle of Chippewa. He died in New Hampshire, iu 1851. IX. Questions. — 32. What, during the battle, became evident to Brown ? 33. "What question was asked and reply given? 34. Give an account of Miller's heroic achievement. X. 35. Give a further account of the battle. 3G. "What officers were wounded in the battle? 37. Who, after the battle, took the command? 38. Whither did Eipley retire? 39. By whom was he succeeded? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 235 undertook to carry the fort by assault, bat Avere repulsed with the loss of more than a thousand men. Though the wounds which Brown had received at Lundy's Lane were yet un- healed, he repaired to the fort and took the command. XII. Having ascertained that formidable preparations were being made for pressing the siege, he resolved not to await their completion. Accordingly, at noon, on the l^th of Sep- tember, a sortie was made with nearly the whole of his dis- posable force. In the space of an hour, the advanced works of the besiegers, which had cost nearly fifty days' labor to erect, were destroyed, and about seven hundred of their num- ber either fell or were taken prisoners. Drummond, upon being informed soon afterward that Izard was approaching with re-enforcements, retired to Fort George. The Ameri- cans, in November, abandoned and destroyed Fort Erie, and, crossing the Niagara, went into winter quarters. XIII. Izard, when he started from Plattsburg on his march for the relief of Brown, left General Macomb* {ma-koom') in command of only fifteen hundred men ; but, as the enemy began to threaten Plattsburg, this force was augmented by volunteers from Vermont. Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen thousand men, a large number of whom were vet- erans who had served under WelUngton, in Europe, marched against Macomb ; and the British fleet on Lake Cham plain, commanded by Commodore Downie (doum^-e), sailed to attack the American fleet, under Commodore MacDonough (mac-don'-o). * Alexander Macomb was born in Michigan, in 1782. lie died at Washington, in 1841. XI. Questions. — 40. How was Fort Erie threatened by Drummond ? 41. What took place on the 15th of August? 42. Who afterward took command at Fort Erie? XII. 43. When did Brown make a sortie from the fort? 44. What induced liini to make it? 45. What was his success? 4G. Why did Drummond afterward retire to Fort George? 4T. What did the Americans do in November? XIII. 48. In what state for defense did Izard leave Plattsburg? 49. How was Macomb's force augmented? 50. What southward movement did Prevost make? 51. What movement was made by Downie ? 23G MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 1814. Xiy. Macomb withdrew his forces to the soutli side of the Saranac River, and prepared to dispute any attempt whicli the enemy might make to cross, while Prevost took a position on the north side, where he erected batteries. For four days the two armies were on the opposite banks of the Saranac, and all attempts of the British to force a passage were successfully resisted. Xy. On. the 1 1th of Septem- ber, the battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Champlain took place. The British commenced the one on the land by opening a heavy cannonade upon the American works, while at the same time their fleet bore down and enffao-ed MacDonoufyh's* vessels, which were at anchor in the bay of Plattsburg. Af- ter an action of two hours and a quarter between the two fleets, flag after flag of the British struck, and the victory of MacDonough was complete. XVI. The contest on the land continued throughout the day. The British undertook to cross the Saranac, making the attempt in three columns, but without success. After the de- feat of Downie, the fire from their batteries slackened, and at nightfall ceased entirely. They then commenced a hasty retreat, leaving behind their sick and wounded, and a large quantity of military stores. Of the army of fourteen thousand men which Prevost led against Macomb, two hundred and fifty were COMMODORE MACDONOUGII. * Thomas MacDonough was 1 jiarty which boarded and destro -irn in New Castle Co., Delaware, in 1783. He was one of Decatur's ed the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, in 18U4. He died at XIY. Questions. — 52. IIoav did Macomb prepare to meet Prevost ? 53. Where did Prevost take a position f 54. What is said of his attempts to cross the Saranac ? 55. Into -what body of water does the Saranac flow? (See map, p. 140.) XV. 56. Give an account of the battle of Lake Champlain. XVI. 5T. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg. 58. What l.jsses were sus- tained by each party ? Madison's administration. 2S1 Liiled or Avounded, and more than two thousand deserted. The loss of the Americans was one lumdred and twenty. XVIL During the greater part of 1814 the whole Atlantic seaboai-d was locked up by British cruisers, from which de- scents were often made upon small towns. About the middle of August, a squadron of the enemy arrived in Chesapeake Bay, bringing a large body of troops, commanded by General Ross. This force, it was evident, was intended to strike a heavy blow at some of the important cities. XYIII. Ross, with five thousand men, landed at Benedict, situated on the Patuxent River, twenty-five miles from its mouth. Plis first object was the destruc- tion of an American flotilla, commanded by Commodore Barney, which had harassed and injured the lighter vessels of the enemy's fleet, but which was then lying in the Patux- ent. As the British apj)roach- ed, Barney, rather than have his boats fall into their hands, burnt them. XIX. Ross's next object was the capture of Washing- ton; but, instead of making a direct march, he proceeded by the way of Bladensburg, where he met with some op- position from the mihtia under General Winder, but the only XVIL Questions.— 59. What is said of the operations of British cruisers during the most of 1814? 60. What arrival tooli place in August? 61. What was the evi"- dent intention of the force? XVIII. ,62. Where did Ross land? 63. On which side of the Patuxent is Bene- dict? (See map, p. 237.) 64. What was Koss's first object ? 65. Did he succeed ? PART OF VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. 238 MADISON S ADMINISTRATIOrf. 1814. check that he received was from a body of seamen and marines, commanded by Barney.* He reached Washington on the 24th of August, burned the capitol, presi- dent's house, and other buildings, and, after effecting this wanton destruction, made a hasty retreat to the shipping, a division of which was still in the Patuxent. XX. In the mean time, a division of the fleet had ascend- ed the Potomac as far as Alexandria, the people of which, to save their city from bombardment, sur- rendered their mer- chandise and ship- ping to the enemy. The two divisions of the fleet then uni- ting, it was determin- ed to make an attack on Baltimore. XXI. On the 12th of September, Ross landed his troops at North Point, fourteen BALTIMORE -vxciifl-iTir * Joshua Barney was born in Baltimore, in 1759. Though he was but a youth at the beginning of the Revolution, he was appointed master's mate in a sloop-of-war, in which vessel he aided in capturing the town of New Providence, on one of the Bahama Islands. He was engaged in several naval enterprises, and was three times made prisoner. Ills death occurred at Pittsburg, Pa., in 1818. XIX. Questions. — G6. "What was his second object ? G7. "What route did he tako to "Washington ? 68. On which side of the Potomac is Washington? (See n)ap, p. 237.) 69. In which direction from Bladensburg is Washington ? (See same map.) 70. What opposition and check did Ross meet with on his march ? 71. When did he reach Washington ? 72. What did he eflFect there f 73. What did he then do ? XX. 74. What had another division of the fleet been doing in the mean time? 75. What did the British then determine upon. XXI. 76. When did Eoss land at North Point; 77. What is the name of the other point at the mouth of the Patapsco? (See map, p. 238.) 78. How far is North Point from Baltimore? 79, What was done by the enemy's vessels on the 12th? 80. How far is Fort McHenry from Baltimore ? 81. What befell Iloss himself? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 239 miles from Baltimore, while sixteen of the enemy's ships moved np the Patapsco River, to bombard Fort McHeiiry, com- manding the channel, at the distance of about two miles below the city. On his march Ross was met by an advance corps of Americans, and, in a slight skirmish, killed. XXII. General Brooke, Ross's successor, gave the order to continue the advance, but the progress of the British at one point was disputed, for more than an hour, by a body of militia, commanded by General Strieker. The Americans then fell back in good order, and took a position near the defenses of the city. Brooke resumed the march, but the resolute front which the Americans presented, deterred him from making an attack until he could hear from the fleet. XXIII. In the mean time, Fort McHenry had been sub- jected to a heavy bombardment. The firing commenced on the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the follow- ing morning, but without making any serious impression. Brooke, therefore, seeing no prospect of success against the city, embarked his troops, and the whole force of the enemy withdrew. XXIV. During the summer, the authorities of Pensacola, then a Span- ish port, allowed the British to take possession of their forts, and fit out an expedition against Fort Bowyer {Jm'- yer), now Fort Morgan, situated at the , , , ., , J 7/\ -r, MOBILE AND VICINITY. entrance to Mobile (ino-beeL ) Bay. On the 15th of September, the fort was assailed by a British XXII. Questions.— 82. Who succeeded Iloss? 83. Give an account of the battle that took place. 84. Why did not Striclcer attack the Anioricans at their position near the defenses of Baltimore? XXIII. S5. Give an account of the attack upon Fort MclTenry. SO. What did Brooke then do ? XXIV. 87. How is Pensacola situated? (See map, p. 223.) 88. Did Pensacola belong to Spain or the United States in 1814? 89. Which of the belligerent powers did the authorities of Pensacola favor during the war? 90. How did that appear? 91. In what direction from Mobile is Fort Morgan? (Sec map, p. 223.) 92. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Morgan. 240 Madison's administration. lleet, aided by a combined force of Indians and ma- rines ; but the enemy were repnlsed, losing one of their ships and many men. The other ships effected their escape, returning to Pensacola. XXV. Fk^rida was then a Spanish province, but it was nscd by the English, who made Pensacola the rendezvous of their forces, and from that port fitted out expeditions against the United States. The Spaniards made not the least attempt to prevent this abuse of neutral territory ; indeed, it is certain they had no disposition to interfere with the operations of the English. Jackson, who, iu 1814, was in command at Mobile, placed himself at the head of three thousand men, and marched upon Pensacola. Negotiations failing, he seized the town by force, and compelled the British to leave. XXVI. Returning to Mobile, he made preparations to meet an anticipated attack upon that place ; but learning that the Brit- ish were about to invade Louisiana for the special purpose of se- curing possession of New Orleans, he sent the mass of his troops to that city, and reached it himself at the beginning of Decem- ber. He found the city in no condition for defense, and at once adopted the most energetic measures to oppose the enem}^ XXVII. Towards the middle of December, a British squad- ron entered Lake Borgne (born), the shortest avenue of ap- proach from the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans, carrying a land force of over twelve thousand men, many of whom were veterans who had served under Wellington. This army was commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham, one of their most dis- tinguished military leaders. On the 14th, Lieutenant Jones, commanding a flotilla of American gunboats, was attacked by XXV. Questions. — 93. "What is said of the use made by the English of Pensa- cola, and of the disposition of the authorities there towards the United States? 94. State what was done by Jackson. XXVI. 95. "Where did Jackson go after leaving Pensacola? 96. What did he do there ? 97. What information did he receive while there ? 93. "What course did he then pursue? XXVII. 99. With what force did the British advance against New Orleans? 100- What avenue of approach did they take to that city? lOl. Give an account of the action of the 14th of December. MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 241 a portion of the British squadron, and, after a sanguinary en- gagement, was compelled to surrender, thus giving the enemy the control of the route to New Orleans. XXVIII. The vanguard of the British army landed on the 16th, and marched to a place on the Mississippi, about nine miles from New Orleans, where an encampment was formed on the morningof the 23d. Here the British were attacked by Jack- son on the following night. The contest was spirited, and the result advantageous to the Americans, as the enemy's advance was thereby checked, giving Jackson more time to prepare his line of defenses, four miles from the city. On the 28th of De- cember, and again on the first day of the new year, the British attacked the American works, but without success. XXIX. Pakenham at length determined to make a general assault. Accordingly, on the 8th of January, 1815, the battle of New Orleans, which w^as the final contest of the war, was fought. The British advanced in the face of a destructive fire from the American batteries : when they were within reach of the muskets and rifies from behind the intrenchments, vol- ley after volley w^as poured upon them with such terrible eff'ect, that they were thrown into confusion. Pakenham was slain, and his troops fled in dismay, leaving two thousand of their number killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Americans lost only thirteen, seven killed and six wounded. XXX. A large number of citizens of the United States, be- longing to the Federal party,* had been opposed to the war from its very commencement, and they continued to oppose its prosecution till the close. These persons were mostly resi- * The people of the United States were, at that time, divided into two great political parties, callinjj themselves Democrats and Federalists. The former were in favor of prosecuting the war, while the latter were opposed. XXVIII. Questions.— 102. Of the landing of the British, their march and en- caMipnient. 103. Of the battle on the 23d of December, 104. Of the two following attacks. XXIX. 105. When did the battle of New Orleans take place? 106. Give sn ac- count of it 107. What losses were sustained by both parties ? 108. In what direc- tion from Mobile is New Orleans ? (Sec map, p. 223.) 11 242 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1814. dents of New England. They regarded the war as un- necessary and impolitic ; the losses, too, which they were sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not with- out influence upon them. XXXI. For the purpose of considering their grievances, and devising means of redress, a convention was held at Hart- ford, Connecticut, in December, 1814. The friends of Presi- dent Madison and of the war looked upon this assemblage of delegates, commonly known as the " Hartford Convention," as a treasonable body ; but their doings were, to say the least, harmless, their principal act being the adoption of a document which presented a statement of grievances, and recommended several amendments to the Constitution. After three weeks of secret session, the convention adjourned. , — -. XXXII. The joyful tidings of peace at length reached the United States. In February, 1815, an English sloop-of-war arrived from Europe, bearing a treaty of peace which liad been agreed upon by British and American commissioners who had assembled at Ghent, a city of Belgium. The document was signed on the 24th of December, fifteen days before the battle of New Orleans. The commissioners on the part of the United States, who had negotiated it, Avere HENRY CLAY. * Henry Clay was born in Hanover Co., Virginia, in 1777. He died at Washington, in 1852, and it ' said of hfm, in a eulogy pronounced by John C. Breckinridge, a political adversary, that . " As a leade H deliberative body, Mr. Clay had no equal in America." XXX. Questions. — 109. "What is said of the course pursued by certain persons ivho were opposed to the war? 110. State what is said of their residence, opinions, &c. XXXI. 111. Give an account of the "Hartford Convention," and its doings. XXXII. 112. What news reached the United States in February, 1815? 113. At what place did the commissioners meet who negotiated the treaty? 114. "Who were the American commissioners? 115. When was the treaty signed at Ghent? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 243 Henry Clay, John Qiiincy Adams, Jonathan Russell, James A. Bayard, and Albert Gallatin.* XXXITI. The two great points of dispute — the encroach- ments upon American commerce, and the impressment of American seamen — which were the main causes of the war, were left untouched by the treaty. The omission, however, was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of the European war, all encroachments upon American commerce ceased, and, by the great success of the American navy and privateers, the impressment question was effectually disposed of. * Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1761. In 1780, he arrived in the United States, and at once aided the Americans, with his hands and money, in their military operations in Maine. He was, at one time, a teacher of French in Harvard Collee;e, was several times elected to the House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, and he was Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson and Madison. His death occurred at Astoria, Long Island, N. Y., in 1849. XXXIII. Questions. — 116. In what respects was the treaty incomplete and un- satisfactory ? 117. By what events were these omissions rendered UDimportant? PHINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. * The asterisk indicates the successful party. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. MEN ENGAGED. American. British. Amer. 1 British. 1812. Aug. 5, Aug. 9, ] Oct. 13, 1813. Jan. 22, April 27, May 5, May 29, Aug. 2, Oct' 5, Nov. 11, 1814. March 30, July 5, July 25, Aug. 15, Aug. 24, Sept. 11, Sept. 12, Sept. 13, Sep. 15. Sept. 17, Dec. 23, 1815. Jan. 8, 1 Brownstown Van Horn Maguaga, or 2d of^ Invrillpr* Brownstown ... P''^®'^ Queenstown Van Eensselaer Tecumseh* . . . Tecumseh Brock* 200 600 1,200 600 900 2,500 Frenchtown York Fort Meigs Sackett's Harbor... Fort Stephenson... Thames Winchester. .. Pike* Clay* Brown* . ... Croghan* Harrison* Boyd Proctor* .... Sheaffe Proctor Prevost Proctor Proctor Morrison 800 1,700 1,200 1,000 100 2,500 1,200 1,500 1,500 2,000 1,000 1,800 2,000 2,000 Chrysler's Field . . . La Colle Mill Chippewa Lundy's Lane Fort Erie (assault). . Bladensburg Plattsburg Wilkinson ... Brown* Brown* Gaines* Winder Macomb* Strieker Armistead*. .. LaAvrencc* . . . Brown* Jackson Hancock* Eiall Drummond .. Drummond. .. Ross* Prevost Brooke* Cochrane Nicholls Drummond. .. Keane 4,000 1,900 3,500 2,500 3,500 3,000 2,000 1,000 120 2.500 2.000 2.000 2,100 5,000 5,000 5,000 14,000 5,000 16 ships. Mixed 8.500 2,500 North Point FortMcHenry Fort Bowyer Fort Erie (sortie) . . 9 miles from N. 0.. New Orleans Jackson* Pakenham 6,000 12,000 244 Madison's administration. PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. * The asterisk indicates the successful party. WHERE FOUGHT. COMMANDERS. 1812. Aug. 18, Aug. 19, Oct. 18, Oct. 25, Dec. 29, 1S13. Feb. 24, June 1, Aug. 14, Sept. 5, Sept. 10, 1814. March 28. April 29, June 28, Sept. 1, Sept. 11, Dec. 14, 1815. Jan. 15, Feb. 20, March 23, OS Newfoundland . . Off Massachusetts . . . Off North Carolina. Near Canary Islands Off San Salvador . . . Off Demarara Massachusetts Bay British Channel . . Off coast of Maine Lake Erie Harbor of Valparaiso Off coast of Florida . ..-j Near British Channel \ Near Africa J Lake Champlain < Lake Borgne < Off New Jersey i Off Island of Madeira Off Brazil 3 Am. Frig. Essex Br. Sloop Alert Am. Frig. Constitution. Br. Frig. Guerriere .... Ajn. Sloop Wasp Br. Brig Frolic Am. Frig. United States Br. Frig. Macedonian . . Am. Frig. Constitution. Br. Frig. Java Am. Sloop Hornet Br. Brig Peacock Am. Frig. Chesapeake . . Br. Frig." Shannon Am. Brig Arjjus Br. Sloop Pelican Am. Brig Enterprise . . . Br. Brig Boxer Am. 9 ves. 54 guns Br. 6 ves. 63 guns Am. Frig. Essex Br. BrigPhcebe Br. Sloop Cherub Am. Sloop Peacock. . . . Br. Brig Epervier Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Sloop Reindeer Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Sloop Avon Am. 14 vessels, 86 tfuns. Br. II vessels. 95 guns . Am. 5 gunboats Br. 40 barges Am. Frig. President Br. (Squadron) Am. Frijr. Constitution. Br. Ship Cyane Br. Ship Levant Am. Sloop Hornet Br. Bris Penguin , Porter.* Lausharne. Hull.* Dacrcs. Jones.* Whinyates. Decatur.* Garden. Bainbridge.= Lambert. Lawrence.* Peake. Lawrence. Broke.* Allen. Maples.* Burrows.* Blyth. Pt'rry.* Barclay. Porter. Hillvar.* Tucker. Warrington.* Wales. Blakely.* Manners. Blakely.* Arbuthnot. McDonough.* Downie. Jones. Lockyer.* Decatur. Hayes.* Stewart.* Falcon. Douglass. Biddle.* Dickenson. WAR WITH ALGIERS. XXXIV. During " The War of 1812," the Algerines, be- lieving that the United States were unable to protect their interests in the Mediterranean, resumed their old practice of XXXIV. Questions.— 118. What is said of the Algerines during " The War of 1812 V 119. Who was sent against them? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 245 piracy, seized several American vessels, and insulted and plundered the consul of the United States. In May, 1815, a naval force, commanded by Decatur, was sent to the Medi- terranean. XXXV. On the iTth of June, Decatur encountered the lai'gest vessel in the Algerine navy, and captured her, after a running fight of twenty-five minutes. Two days after this success he captured another frigate, with more tlian five hun- dred men. He then ap- peared before Algiers, and compelled the Dey to liberate the American prisoners in his hands, and relinquish all future claims to the annual tribute which the United States had paid to Al- giers since 1795, for the purpose of securing the American commerce from molestation in the Medi- terranean. XXXVI. Decatur next proceeded to Tunis (too'-nis) and Tripoli, and from both powers exacted payment for American vessels which the English had been allowed to capture in their harbors during the war. They were likewise compelled to make indemnity for other losses which American citizens had sustained at their XXXV. Questions.— 120. Give the account of Decatur's two successes against the Algerine vessels. 121. What did he further accomplish against Algiers? XXXVI. 122. To what two places did Decatur next proceed? 123. What did he compel the two powers to do ? 246 hands, and to agree to abstain from further depredations upon the commerce of the United States. XXXVII. During Madison's administration, two States were added to the Union : Louisiana, in 1812, and Indiana, previously a portion of the Northwest Territory, in 1816. Madison, having served two presidential terms, like Jefferson, followed the example of Washington, and declined a second re-election. He was succeeded by James Monroe, also of Virginia. XXXVII. Questions.— 124 When were Louisiana and Indiana admitted into the Union? 125. "Why was not Madison elected President for a third term? 126. By whom was he succeeded ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. What peace proposition was made in 1813 ? 231 2. What further can you say of the proposition? 231 3. How came five U. S. commissioners to be chosen? 231 4. What movement did Wilkinson make in Feb., 1814 ? 231 5. What movement, at the same time, was made by Brown? 231 6. Give an account of the battle of La Colle Mill 231, 232 7. What was the consequence to Wilkinson of his defeat ? 232 8. What was Brown's object after leaving Sackett's Harbor?. . . , 232 9. When and how did the vVmericans capture Fort Erie ? 232 10. What battle was fought July 5, 1814? Ans. Battle of Chippewa. 11. What were the preliminary movements of the battle? 232 12. Give an account of the battle, with its results 232 13. What was Riall's first movement after the battle ? 232, 233 14. What movements were made by the American army? 233 15. What information did Brown receive on the 25th of July ?. . . . 233 16. State the preliminaries of the battle of Lundy's Lane 233 17. Which battle was the most obstinate of the war? 233, 234 18. When did the battle of Lundy's Lane take place ? 234 19. Who commanded the Americans there before Brown arrived?. 234 20. Who beside Scott distinguislied himself in the battle ? 234 21. State how Miller distinguislied himself. 234 22. What efforts were made by the British to regain the battery?. 234 23. At what time and how did the battle end? 234 24. Give an account of Drummond's assault upon Fort Erie. . .234, 235 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 247 PAGE 25. Who commanded the Americans on that occasion? 234 26. Who took the command again after the battle ? 235 27. When did Brown make a sortie from Fort Erie? 235 "28. Why did he make it then instead of at a later day? 235 29. Give an account of it, with its result 235 30. What movements were afterwards made by both armies? 235 31. Who commanded at Plattsburg after Izard left? 235 32. Who commanded the army that advanced against Plattsburg?. 235 33. Of how many men did Prevost's army consist? 235 34. Who commanded the American fleet on Lake Champlain? .... 235 35. Who commanded the fleet tliat sailed against MacDonough?. . 235 36. What positions did the twO armies occupy before the battle ? . . 236 31. Give an account of the action between MacDonough and Downie 236 38. Give an account of the battle between Macomb andPrevost. . 236 39. With how many men did Prevost effect his retreat? 236, 231 40. What loss did the Americans sustain in the battle ? 237 41. What did the British cruisers effect during 1814? 237 42. What naval accessions did the British have in Aug. of that year? 237 43. How did General Ross commence operations ? 237 44. Why did Commodore Barney destroy his flotilla ? 237 45. What was Ross's object after the flotilla was destroyed? 237 46. Give an account of what took place at Bladensburg 237, 238 47. Give an account of Ross's operations at Washington 238 48. How was Alexandria threatened and finally saved ? 238 49. What city did the British next determine to attack ? 238 50. What operations, under Ross, took place on the 12 of Sept. ? 238, 239 51. Whom did General Brooke succeed in command? 239 52. What operations took place under the command of Brooke?. . . 239 53. How many of the British ships proceeded against Baltimore?. 239 54. Give an account of the efforts made to reduce tlxe fort 239 55. What aid did the people of Pensacola extend to the British?. . 239 56. Give an account of tlie expedition against Mobile 239, 240 57. Give an account of Jackson's expedition against Pensacola . . . 240 58. Why did Jackson afterwards leave Mobile for New Orleans ?. . 240 59. How did the British commence operations against New Orleans ? 240 60. Give an account of the naval battle in Lake Borgne 240, 241 61 . Give an account of the battle nine miles from New Orleans. . 241 62. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans 241 63. Give an account of the Federalists and their convention. . .241, 242 64. When, where, and by whom was the treaty of peace nego- tiated ? 242, 243 65. Give an account of Decatur's success agrainst Aluiers, &c., 244, 245, 246 FROM THE BEGINNING OF MONROe's ADMINISTRATION, IN 181 7, TO THE CLOSE OF TYLEr's, IN 1845. MONEOE'S ADMI1SI8TEATI0K T. James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, was in- augurated at Washing- ton, on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and his adminis- tration commenced un- der very favorable cir- cumstances.* We were at peace with all foreign powers, our commerce rode every sea unmo- s\ lested, and the strife at K^-"" home, between the two great political parties, Democrats and Federal- ists, had entirely ceased. 11. Towards the close of 181 7, the Seminole Indians, joined by some Creeks, commenced de- predations on the frontier settlements of Georgia and Ala- * President Monroe's cabinet consisted of John Quincv Adams. Secretarv of State : WilKiam H. Craw- ford, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Calhoun, Secretarv of War; Benjamin W. Crowninshield. Secre- tary of the Navy ; and William Wirt, Attorney-General. Monkoe'8 Admixistratiox. I. Questions. — 1. When and where was Monroe inaugurated ? 2. How did his administration commence ? 3. State the three cir- cumstances. Monroe's administration. 249 bama. General Gaines was sent against them, but his force bein. II. Questions.— 3. What took place soon after his Inauguration ? 4. How were commerce, manufactures, and the banks affected ? 5. What did the President do in the crisis? III. C. What insurrection at the North, beyond the limits of the United States, broke out in 1S3T'? 7. What was its object? S. What proclamation did the Pres- ident issue ? 9. Why did he find it necessary to issue it ? Harrison's administration. 263 by the British authorities, had the effect intended, and the attempt at insurrection was suppressed. HAKEISON'S ADMINISTRATION'. I. Van Buren's suc- cessor in office was William Henry Harri- son, of Ohio, the hero of Tippecanoe and the Thames. The inaugu- ration took place on the 4th ofMarch, 1841. His cabinet was judiciously composed,* and the people anticipated for liim a successful admin- istration ; but within a month, and after a brief 4 illness of only eight days, he died : the sad event occurring on the 4th of April. II. By virtue of a provision of the Con- stitution, John Tyler, of Virginia, then Vice-f resident, became President ; his in- auguration taking place on the 6th of April, 1841. Thus, for the first time in the history of the United States, the admin- istration devolved on the Vice-President. IlARBTsoN's Admikistration.-I. QtTE8TiONS.-l. Who succcfidcd Tan Buren in tlie presidency ? 2. When was Harrison inau^rurated? 3. What is said of his cab- inet ? 4. Of the anticipations of the people ? 5. What was the length of his admin- istration ? 6. How was it brought to a close ? II. 7. Who was his successor? 8. By what right did Tyler become President? 9. What is noted as peculiar in the accession of Tyler to the presidency? rC-4 TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. TYLER'S ADMIlSriSTRATION.* I. In 1842 serious difficulties occurred in Rhode Island, growing out of a movement which was stigmatized by its opponents as the Dorr Rebellion. The government of Rhode Island, at that time, was based upon a charter granted by Charles IL, in 1663, and conse- quently no change had taken place in her fun- damental law during a period of almost one hundred and eighty years. The movement in 1842 had its origin in a determination among the citizens to substitute a liberal constitution in place of the old charter. II. Th^ people soon became divided into two parties, those who favored the movement being called the suffrage party, and those who were opposed, the charter party ; and so vio- * President Tyler retained the cabinet oflRcers of his predecessor until September, 1841, when all but VV^ebster resigned. His cabinet was then constituted as follows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Walter Forward, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Spencer, Secretary of War; Abel P. Upshur, Sec- retary of the Navy; Charles A. Wickliffe, Postmaster-General ; and Hugh S. Legare, Attorney -General. In May, 1843, Webster resigned, and Legare was appointed acting secretary in his place. In the following month Legare died, and thereupon Upshur was transferred to the State Department, and Thomas W. Gil- mer was .aripointed Secretary of the Navy. On the 28th of February, 1844, both Upshur and Gilmer were killed by the bursting of a gun on board the United States war steamer Princeton, while on an excursion on the Potomac. A large party, including the President and many ladies, were on board at the time, John C. Calhoun was then made Secretary of State, and John Y. Mason, Secretary of the Navy TvLF.t'.'s AnMiNiSTRATioN. — I. Qhestions. — 1. Whon did the "Dorr ReheUiov'' occur? 2. What was the object on the part of those engaged in it? TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 265 SV>'a. lent did the controversy grow that both parties at length ap- pealed to arms. The Governor of the State, at the head of a large niilitary force, marched against a body of the suffrage party, who had appeared in arms at Providence. Upon his approach they dispersed. They again assembled at another place, but, upon being approached, again dispersed without resistance ; and this ended the affair. A constitution, the one now in force, was soon afterward adopted. III. Thomas W. Dorr, the leader of the suffrage party in the insurrection, was afterward arrested, tried, convicted of high treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. lie was, however, par- doned in 1847 ; and, at a later period, his civil rights were restored to him, and the record of liis sentence was ex- punged. ANNEXATION OP TEXAS. IV. A proposition for the admission of Texas into the Union caus- ed excited discussion throughout the whole country during the closing months of Tyler's administration. Texas had been a province of Mexico, but in consequence of the arbitrary policy pur- II. Questions.— 3. "What division of parties soon took place? 4. What is stated as evidence of the violence of the controversy ? 5. Give an account of the "Kobel- lion." III. G. What account can you give of Thomas W. Dorr? 12 266 TYLERS ADMINISTRATION. sued by that government towards her inhabitants, the most of whom were from the United States, they declared their in- dependence, and by force of arms sustained the declaration. V. A bill for the ad- mission of Texas, under certain conditions, was passed by Congress three days before the expira- tion of Tyler's term of office, and at once was signed by him. Tyler's last important official act was the signing of the bill admitting Florida and Iowa into the Union. He was succeeded in the presidency by James K. Polk, of Tennessee. IV. Questions.— 7. Whatimportant proposition was made in relation to Texas ? 8. What did the proposition cause? 9. "What can you state of the previous history of Texas? V. 10. What progress did the proposition for the admission of Texas make during Tyler's administration? 11. When were Florida and Iowa admitted into the Union? 12. Who succeeded Tyler in the presidency ? EEVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE In what condition were the United States, in 1817 ? 248 What Indian troubles commenced in 1817 ? 248 What did Jackson accomphsh against the Indians? 249 When was Missouri admitted into the Union?. 251 What controversy preceded the admission of Missouri?. . .250, 251 When and by whom was the "Monroe Doctrine " enunciated?.. 251 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 267 PAGE 7. What interesting events occurred m 1817 and 1824? 252 8. How was John Quincy Adams elected to the Presidency? 253 9. When did the ex-Presidents, Adams and Jefferson, die? 253 10. Give aa account of Jackson's Bank controversy 254, 255 11. Give an account of the Indian war which broke out in 1832.. . 255 12. How did the "nullification troubles" in S. C. commence ? 255, 256 13. What action was taken by a convention in that State? 256 14. What can you state of J. C. Calhoun and Robert Y. Hayne ? 256, 257 15. What anti-nullification measures did Jackson adopt? 257 16. What can you state of " Clay's Compromise Bill?" 257 17. What Indian troubles commenced in the year 1835 ? 257 18. What was the cause of the Seminole War? 257, 258 19. What was done to Osceola because of his offensive conduct?. . 258 20. By what means did lie obtain his liberty? 258 21. State the circumstances of Thompson's massacre... 258 22. Give an account of the other event happening the same day. . . 258 23. Give an account of the battle which happened Dec. 30 259 24. What events took place in February and March, 1836 ? 259 25. State what was done by the Indians in May of tlie same year, , 259 26. State what you can of Scott's and Jessup's part in the war. . . 259 27. Who afterward took command against the Indians? 259 28. What can you say of a battle fought by a body of his men ? 259, 260 29. Under what circumstances was Jessup at last captured? 260 30. What can you state of his subsequent history ? 260 31. What was the last great battle of the war? 261 32. When and wliere did it occur ? 261 33. What can you say of the battle and its result? 261 34. What further account can you give of the war? 261 35. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1837 ? 261 36. What can you say of the revolution in monetary affairs ? 262 37. Give an account of the Canadian insurrection 262, 263 38. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1841 ? 263 39. Give an account of Harrison subsequent to his inauguration. . . 263 40. Who succeeded Harrison in the Presidency ? 263 41. What troubles occurred in Rhode Island in 1842 ? 264 42. How did the troubles originate ? 264 43. Give an account of the trouble 264, 265 44. What proceedings were afterward taken against Dorr ? 265 45. What was afterward done in relation to the proceedings? 265 46. What can you state of the early history of Texas ? 265, 266 47. What can you say of the bill for the admission of Texas? 266 268 folk's administration. CALIFORNIA, {Questions to he answered from the above map.) . How is San Antonio de Bexar situated? Vera Cruz? Alvarado? Matamoras? Jalapa' Puebla? Saltillo ? Leavenworth ? San Francisco? Into what body ol water does the Rio Grande flow ? In what direction is Santa Fe from Leavenworth ? Saltillo from Matamoras ? Victoria from Saltillo ? City of Mexico from Jalapa ? folk's administration. 269 SECTION VIII. THE BEGINNING OF POLk's ADMINISTRATION, IN 1845, TO THE CLOSE OF BUCIIANAn's, IN 18G1. POLK'S ADMINISTKATIO]^. T. Polk's inangura- tion took place on the 4th of March, 1845.* His administration con- tinued during only one term, or four years, ending on the 4th of March, 1849; but it was an eventful one. At the beginning of it, he found the country involved in dis- putes with Mexico, in consequence of the pas- sasce of the bill for the admission of Texas. On the 4th of July, 1845, the legislature of Texas approved this bill, and, by the act of approval, Texas was ad- * President Polk's cabinet was constituted as follows: Jaaies Buchanan, Secretary of State: Robert .1. Walker, Secretary of the Treasury, William L. Marcy Secretary of War; George Bancroft, Secretary ot the Navy; Cave Johnson, Postmaster-General , and John Y. Mason, Attorney-General. Polk's Administkation.— I. Qpestions. 1. When -was Polk inaugurated? 2. When did his term of office begin and end ? 3. In what disnutes were the United States a party at the beginning of his administration ? 4. When and by what act was the annexation of Texas consummated? 270 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. mittcd into the Union, making the whole num- ber of States twenty- eiofht. WAR WITH MEXICO. II. The annexation of Texas led to a war with Mexico ; for, notwith- standing the independ- ence of Texas had been acknowledged by the United States, England, France, and other gov- ernments, Mexico still claimed it as a part of her own territory, and considered the act of annexation as sufficient cause of war. III. The Mexican minister at Washington having protested against the measure of annexation, and returned home, and his government having assumed a belligerent attitude, General Tay- lor, who was then in command of a camp in the western part of Louisiana, was directed to hold his army in readiness to protect the Texan territory. By the advice of the Texan authorities, he was induced to concentrate his troops at Corpus Christi* * Corpus Christi is a L:Uin term, signifying the body of Christ. t Texas h:is no motto. ir. Questions.— 5. WHiat did the annexation of Texas lead to? 6. Rj what ^'ovcrnments had the independence of Texas been acknowledged? 7. What claim Jid Mexico still maintain ? 8. What then was the cause of the war between Mexico ind the United States? III. 9. What conrse did the Mexican minister pursue ? 10. What, his govern- ment? 11. Where was Taylor at the time? 12. What direction did he receive? 13, Where did he afterwards concentrate his troops? 14. Into what body of water does the Nue es How? (See map, p. 271.) 15. Why did Taylor go to Corpus Christi ? folk's administration. 271 (kor'-pus kris'-te), situated on the western bank of the Nueces {noo-a' -thes) River, near its mouth, where, in November, his forces amounted to about four thousand men, EVENTS OF 1846. IV. The United States, by the annexation of Texas, claim- ed the Rio Grande {re'-o grahn'-da) as their boundary, while the Mexicans maintained that the western hmits of Texas never extended beyond the Nueces. In conse- quence of these con- flicting claims, the country between the two rivers, in time, ac- quired the appellation of the " disputed terri- tory ;" and when, early in 1846, President Polk ordered Taylor to proceed with his forces to the Rio Grande, across this territory, the advance was treated by the Mexicans as the actual commencement of hostilities. V. On his route from Corpus Christi to the Rio Grande, Taylor established a depot at Point Isabel (iz-a-beV), about twenty-one miles northeast of Matamoras {mat-a-mo'-ras). On reaching the Rio Grande he took a position opposite Matamo- ras, and'' erected a fortress, which was afterward named Fort IV QuE^TiONS.-lG. What two boundary claims were maintained? 17. What re-ion was known as the " disputed territory ?" IS. What movement did Polk order Taylor to make? 19. How did the Mexicans regard the movement? V 20. Where is Point Isabel? (See map, p. 271.) 21. What use did Taylor make of the place ? 22. Where was Fort Brown erected ? 23. By whom was it erected ? 24. Why was it called Fort Brown? 25. Give au account of the disaster to Thorn- ton. 272 Brown, in honor of its brave defender. Learninir 1846. , ,' ^ . ,,. . ^ that the Mexicans were asseuibhng troops at a point liigher np the river, Taylor sent Captain Thornton, with a party of sixty-three dragoons, to reconnoiter. On the 26th of April, this little band was attacked, and, after a loss of six- teen men, was compelled to surrender. YI. Thus was shed the first blood in the war. The news of this affair produced the wildest excitement throughout the United States ; and a war-spirit, unknown before to exist, was at once aroused. The President sent a message to Congress, announcing that Mexico had " invaded our territory, and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil ;" and Con- gress,, adopting the spirit of the message, declared that " war existed by the act of Mexico." YII. The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the Rio Grande for the purpose, as Taylor thought, of moving against Point Isabel, he marched to the relief of that place, leaving a small garrison for the defense of Fort Brown. Having placed the depot in a better condition to resist an attack, he set out on Ms return to tlie fort. VIII. On the 8tli of May, the Mexican army, numbering full six thousand men, commanded by General Arista {ah- rees'-tali), was discovered upon a beautiful prairie, called Palo Alto* [pah'-lo ahV-to), drawn up in battle array, prepared to dispute his progress. Although the Americans numbered not more than two thousand three hundred men, they pressed for- ward to the attack ; and from noon till twilight, a hot contest was maintained. The enemy then were driven from their position, and tho victorious Americans encamped upon the * Palo Alto, a Spanish tenn, sijcnif\-iii5 " tall timber." VI. Questions.— 26. What effect did the news of it have in the United States ? 27. What is said of the President's message ? 2S. Of the action of Congress ? VII. 29. Why did Taylor march to the relief of Point Isabel? 30. Did he remain at the Point or not? 31. In what direction did he then march? VIII. 32. When did the battle of Palo Alto take ^iiace ? 33. Give an account of it. 31. AVhat loss was sustained by each party ? folk's administration. 2*73 battle-field. The loss of the Mexicans was about six hundred ; that of the victors, was only nine killed and forty-four wounded, but among the mortally wounded was the brave Major Ringgold, who died four days after. IX, On the following day, May the 9th, Taylor resumed his march, and, towards evening, encountered the enemy under Arista, within three miles of Fort Brown, posted in and near a ravine called Resaca de la Palma* (rd-sah' -kah da lah pahV- mah). The action was commenced on both sides by the artil- lery, but the Mexican guns, well aimed and rapidly discharged, were holding the Americans in check, when Captain May was ordered to silence them. At the head of his dragoons, May rushed forward with great fury, killed or dispersed the gun- ners, and captured General La Yega {lah vd'-gah). The charge being supported by the infantry, a general engagement en- sued ; and, after a most obstinate resistance, the Mexicans gave way, their retreat becoming a perfect rout. Their loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was at least one thousand, while the killed and wounded of the victors did not much exceed a hundred. X. During the greater part of Taylor's absence from Fort Brown, a period of nearly eight days, it had been subjected to a bombardment from the Mexican batteries in Matamoras. The gar- rison made a successful defense, though their heroic commander. Major Brown, was mortally wounded by the bursting of a shell. On the 18th of May, Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took possession of Matamoras without opposition ; but, owing to the difficulties experienced in getting re-enforce- ments and supplies, it was not till the end of more than three * Uesaca de la Palma, a Spanish term, signifying " a ravine of palm-trees." IX. Questions. — 35. When did Taylor next meet the enemy? 36. What battle ensued? 31. Give an account of it. 3S. AVhat loss was sustained by each party ? X. 39. IIow long had Taylor been absent from Fort Brown ? 40. What had occurred there during his absence? 41. What is said of the defense made? 42. What is said of the taking of Matamoras? 43. How is Matamoras situated ? (See map, p. 271.) 44. How long did Taylor remain at Matamoras? 45. Why did he not advance sooner? 274 POLKS ADMINISTRATION. months that he found himself stroni? enough to make a 1846. . ,, , OS further advance. XL He then directed his march against Monterey (mon-td- ra'), an inland city of Mexico, strong in its natural defenses, and, besides, well garrisoned by about ten thousand regular troops, under General Ampudia (am-poo' -de-ah). After gar- risonino- several towns on his route, he reached Monterey on the 9th of September, with a force of less than seven thou- sand men. On the 19th he commenced operations ; and, after a series of assaults, continued through three days, in which Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, Am- pudia capitulated on the 24th. An armistice of eight weeks was agreed upon, or the truce was to continue till the ex- piration of that period, unless instructions to renew hostilities should be received in the mean time from either of the respec- tive governments. XII. Before the eight weeks had expired, Taylor received orders from Washington, directing him to renew offensive operations. Accordingly, one division of his army, under General Worth, occupied Saltillo [sahl-teeV-yo), while, at a lit- tle later period, another division, under General Patterson, took possession of Victoria, with the intention of going ao-ainst Tampico (tam-pe'-co), but ascertained, before proceed- in(T, that the place had already surrendered to Commodore Conner, commanding the "Home Squadron" in the Gulf of Mexico. XIII. In the mean time. General Wool, Avith an army of about three thousand men, had set out from San Antonio de XI. Questions. — 46. Against what place did he next proceed? 47. In what di- rection from Mataiuoras is Monterey ? (See map, p. 271.) 48. "What is said of its defenses and the g.arrison then there? 49. When did he capture Monterey? 50. Give an account of the efforts which resulted in the capture. 51. What is said of the armistice? XII. 52. Why did Taylor renew offensive operations? 53. What w.as done by Gesneral "Worth ? 54. What, by General Patterson ? 55. What, by Commodore Con- ner? 5C. In what direction is Saltillo from Monterey ? (See map, p. 271.) 57. Vic- toria from Monterey ? (See map, p. 268.) 68. Tampico from Monterey ? (See same map.) POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 275 Bexar {san an-to'-nc-o da ba-har'), a town in Texas, with the design of penetrating the province of Chiluialma [che-wah'- ivah). After crossing the Kio Grande, and learning that Mon- terey was in the possession of the Americans, influenced by the advice of Taylor, he abandoned the design against Chihua- hua, and joined General Worth at Saltillo. XIV. In June, 1846, an expedition under General Kearny set out from Leavenworth {Icv'-en-wurth), on the Missouri River, to conquer New Mexico and California. Kearny ac- complished the march of nine hundred miles to Santa Fe (san'-tah/a), the capital of New Mexico, and took possession of the country without opposition. After organizing a new government for the place, he proceeded westward, but soon met a messenger who informed him that California was already in possession of the Americans. All the troops with him, except a hundred, then returned to Santa Fe ; and, with the small force remaining, he completed his journey across the continent. XV. With less than a thousand men, being the main body of Kearny's invading army, Colonel Doniphan, starting from Santa Fe, marched more than a thousand miles throuo;h Mex- ico, and arrived at Saltillo. During this brilliant achievement he fought and was victorious in two battles, one, that of Bra- cito* {brah-the'-to), on the 25th of December, 1846, and the other, of Sacramento {sah-crah-mane'-to), on the 28th of Feb- XIII. Questions.— 59. How is San Antonio de Bexar situated? (See map, p. 268) 60. By what name is the place often called? ^ns.— San Antonio. 61. Where is Chihuahua? (See same map.) 62. What march did General Wool make? 63. Why did he not continue to Chihuahua ? 64. What did ho do instead ? XIV. 65. What expedition set out in June? 66. In what direction is New Mex- ico from Leavenworth ? (See map, p. 268.) 6T. What was Leavenworth then called ? ^«s.— Fort Leavenworth. 68. What did Kearny accomplish? 60. How is Santa Fe situated? (See map, p. 268.) TO. Give an account of Kearny's subsequent movements. XV. 71. What march did Doniphan make? 72. What two successes did ho achieve? 73. How are Bracito and Sacramento situated ? (See map, p. 2G8.) POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 1846. ruary, 1847. While these events — the successes of Taylor, Doniphan, and others — were transpiring in Texas and the eastern part of Mexico, the Pacific coast had also become the scene of important occurrences. XVI. Before the breaking out of the war, John C. Fre- mont,* Avho had been brevettcd captain for valuable services rendered the Government in western explorations, was sent to make a survey of the then unknown regions lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, as well as to dis- cover, if possible, a new and diorter route than the one al- ready known from the western base of the mountains to the mouth of the Columbia River. After a series of perilous ad- ventures among the mountains, and encounters with hostile Indians, lie made his way into California, then a department of Mexico, to recruit his men, secure supplies, and obtain from the Mexican authorities permission to winter in the country. XVII. The permission was grant- ed, but in a few days it w^as revoked, the order of revocation requiring him to leave the country at once, accom- panied by a threat of destruction in case of non-compliance. His men being in an exhausted condition and not yet furnished with supplies, and consequently in no condition to re- pass the mountains at that time, he refused to go. Learning that Gen- eral Castro, the governor of the province, was mustering a force to come against him, he took * Fremont was born in Savannah. Georgia, in 1813. He conducted five exploring e.xpeditions, the first to the Rotky Mountains, and the otners as far as California. JOUN C. FKEMONT. XVI. Qtestions.— T4. On what expedition had Fremont been sent? 75. What trials did he meet with ? TO. Why did he enter California? XVII. 77. Was the permission granted or not? 78. AVhat fickleness did the au- thorities of California betray? 79. Why did Fremont refuse to go? SO. Of what movement did he soon hear? 81. What defensive course did he then adopt? S2. W^hat did Castro do instead of attacking Fremont? folk's administration. 277 a position on a mountain peak, thirty miles east of ^Monterey, where, in March, 1846, he built a rude fort, hoisted the Uni- ted States flag, and determined to defend himself. Castro gathered a force of not less than five hundred men in the vicinity of the Americans, but spent several days in doing little more than making idle threats. XA^III. At length Fremont, tired of inaction, and convinced that he could not obtain the needed supplies, withdrew \vith his party, and, taking a northern route, passed through the valley of the Sacramento, and slowly pursued his journey into Oregon. Here, on the 9th of May, he was overtaken by a messenger with dispatches from Washington, directing him to protect the interests of the United States in California. Retracing his steps, he found Castro already marching against the Amer- ican settlements on the Sacramento. The settlers flocked to Fremont's standard with such alacrity and in such large num- bers that he soon found himself able to confront the Mexican general. Several skirmishes took place, in which the enemy were defeated, and finally compelled to retreat towards the southern part of the province. XIX. On the 5th of July, 1846, California was declared to be independent, and free from all Mexican rule. A few days later, Commodore Sloate, who commanded the United States squadron on the Pacific coast, having previously received in- formation that hostilities had commenced on the Rio Grande, took possession of Monterey. Towards the latter part of the month, Commodore Stockton arrived at Monterey, took com- mand of the squadron, and, with Fremont's co-operation, soon gained possession of the whole of California. XVIII. Questions. — 83. What did Fremont do in consequence of the inaction of Castro? 84. "Why did he retrace his steps from Oregon ? 85. What did he find as regards a movement of Castro? 86. How did the settlers act? 87. What successes did Fremont have ? XIX. 88. What took place on the 5th of July? SO. What was done by Commo- dore Sloate? 90. Is the Monterey on the Pacific north or south of San Francisco? (See map, p. 268.) 91. What did Commodore Stockton accomplish ? 278 folk's administration. EVENTS OF 1847. I. In the mean time, it had been decided by the authorities at Washington that, in order to " conquer a peace," the central part of the Mexican RepubUc would have to be penetrated, and the capital itself menaced. Accordingly, a plan of inva- sion was arranged by which Vera Cruz, the most important Mexican city on the Gulf of Mexico, was to be captured ; and then an army, under General Scott, was to march through Mex- ico against the capital. This plan not only deprived Taylor of a large portion of his best troops, but it gave to Scott the chief command of the American forces in Mexico, he being the senior officer. II. Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle of Bue- na Vista {Inva'-nah vees'-tah), fought on the 23d of February, 1847, nearly five months after his preceding one, that of Mon- terey. Learning, towards the latter part of February, that Santa Anna {san-tah an'-nah), the ablest of the Mexican gen- erals, with an army of not less than twenty thousand men, was moving to attack his little force of less than five thousand, he took a position at Buena Vista, a mountain pass nine miles in advance of Saltillo, and awaited the approach of the ene- mv. On the morning of the 23d, the Mexicans appeared, and beo:an the attack. The battle continued until sunset ; and, although the Mexicans fought with resolution, and more than once seemed on the eve of victory, their immense superiority in numbers and heroic fighting were of no avail ; they were signally defeated, losing, in killed and wounded, about two thousand. The loss of the Americans was between seven and eio-ht hundred. Santa Anna made good his retreat with his Events of 1847. — I. Questions. — 1. What, in the mean time, had been decided at "Washington ? 2. What plan of invasion was accordingly arranged? 3. How did this o[)erate as regards Taylor's troops and command? II. 4. Which was Taylor's last battle in Mexico? 5. When did it occur ? 6. Give an account of it. 7. What loss did the Mexicans sustain ? S. What, the Americans? 9. What was the effect of the victory along the Eio Grande frontier? folk's administration. 279 disheartened followers, and, during the rest of the war, the Americans were left in quiet possession of the frontier of the Rio Grande and the valley of that river. SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN IN" MEXICO. OSanJoab. (LeX Hio ME % *ChsPputte 'YChurutt SCOTT'S CAM PAI GN III. Scott's campaign was commenced by an attack on Vera Cruz, which was defended by the strong fortress of San Juan de Ulloa (san luhahn da ool-yo'-ah), standing upon tlie island of the same name, about half a mile from the shore. On the 9th of March, 1847, he effect- ed the landing of his entire army, consisting of twelve thousand troops, without the least casualty ; and the city was at once invested from shore to shore. After a delay of several days, for the purpose of completing preparations, and also to induce, if possible, the Mexican commander to surrender, the Americans opened a tremendous fire from their land batteries, as well as from their fleet, under Commodore Conner. The bombardment was continued for five days ; and so destructive to life and prop- erty was it, that, on the 27th, the city and fortress were com- pelled to surrender. IV. The march towards the interior was commenced on the 8th of April, the army taking the national road by the way of Jalapa {hal-lah' -pah). At Cerro Gordo {thar'-ro g or'-do), III. Questions— 10. How did Scott begin his campaign ? 11. How is Vera Cruz situated? (See tnap, p. 279.) 12. How was it defended? 13. When did Scott otfect alanding? 14 Give an account of the operations that followed 280 folk's administration. a mountain pass, about fifty miles from A^era Cruz, Santa Anna was strongly fortified, prepared to resist the advance of the Americans. Scott had with him only about eio:ht thousand men — those who were not sick and wounded having been left to gariison Vera Cruz and its fort — while Santa Anna had an army of nearly double the numerical strength of Scott's, V. On the morning of the 18th, a daring assault was made upon the works of the enemy ; and, before noon, the whole were in the possession of the Americans. Besides losing the most of their artillery and munitions of war, the Mexicans had one thousand of their number killed or wounded, and three thousand made prisoners. On the following day, April 19th, the Americans entered Jalapa : farther on in their march they took without opposition the strong castle of Pe- rote ['pa-ro'-td), and, on the 15th of May, they entered the ancient and populous city of Puebla [poo-d'-blah), VI. The American army had been so reduced by sickness, death, and other causes, that Scott deemed it advisable to rest at Puebla for re- enforcements. After a halt of nearly three months, during which Santa iVnna had time to create a new army and to fortify the capital, he resumed his march, passing through a beautiful region without the least resist- ance, and reaching the town of Ayotla {fxh-yot'-laK), fifteen miles from the city of Mexico. VII. Finding that the direct route by the national road was strongly fortified, and being anxious to spare the lives of IV. Questions.— 15. When did Scott march from Vera Cruz? 16. What road did he take? IT. How is Jalapa situated? (See map, p. 279.) 18. "Where were the Mexicans posted to dispute Scott's advance ? 19. "What is said of the strength of the respective armies? Y. 20. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo. 21. Give an account of the further advance of the Americans, and their three captures. 22. In what direction from Vera Cruz isPerote? (See map, p. 279.) 23. In what direction from Vera Cruz is Puebla ? (See same map.) VI. 24. At what place did Scott make along rest? 25. Why did he remain there so long? 26. What advantage did this give to the Mexicans? 27. What is said of his further march ? folk's administration. 281 his men, Scott* turned southward, and, passing around Lake Chalco, encamped at San Augustin [san aw-gus-teen')^ about ten miles from the capital. Thence the approaches to the city were guarded by batteries at Contreras (con-tra' -ras) and San Antonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco {clioo- roo-hoos' -co) and Chapultepec {chah-jjool-td-jyh'). YIII. In a night march, the Americans advanced upon Con- treras. At sunrise, on the 20th of August, they commenced the attack, and, in less than twenty minutes, the Mexican batteries were carried and the victory was complete. The garrison of San Antonio, being somewhat unsup- ported by the loss of Contreras, made but a slight resistance, and then retreated before the pursuing Americans, commanded by General Worth. On the same day, the 20th, a grand move- ment upon Churubusco was next directed, to which the vic- tory already achieved opened the way. After an obstinate and bloody conflict, the Mexicans, who were commanded by Santa Anna, though numbering at least twenty-five thousand, were driven from the fort and from every part of the battle- field. Some retreated to Chapultepec, the fortress nearest the capital, and others fled to the city itself. IX. On the day after these two battles, and while Scott was at an advanced position within three miles of the city, Santa Anna asked for an armistice, for the purpose, it was stated, of negotiating a peace. The request was granted, and GENERAL SCOTT. * Winfield Scott w;i3 born in Petersbiirpr, Virginia, in ITsS. VII. Questions. — 28. Why did Scott turn southward from Ayotla? 29. "Where did he encamp? 30. In what direction is San Augustin from the city of Mexico? (See map, p. 279.) 81. IIow were the approaches from San Augustin to the city of Mexico guarded ? YIII. 32. Give an account of the battle of Contreras. 33. Of Churubusco, 282 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 1847. for several days efforts were made to bring the war to a close, but without success. The Mexican com- mander not only refused to agree to the terms proposed by the Americans ; but, while offering others, more becoming a conqueror, he actually violated the armistice by strengthening his defenses. X. Scott, losing all confidence in the integrity of his foe, declared the truce at an end, and ordered General Worth to storm the Moli- no del Rey {rno-le'-no dale ra), an outer defense of Chapultepec. Ac- cordingly, on the 8th of September, the attack was made ; and, after a hard-fought battle, in which Worth* lost nearly a fourth of his men, the Mexicans were driven from their position. Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situated on a lofty hill, was vet to be taken before the capital could be reached. XI. Several batteries were erected to bear upon the place, and, on the 12th of September, a heavy fire was commenced, which made sevei-al breaches through the stone wall defenses. On the next day, the 13th, the battle of Chapultepec was fought. The Americans, in two columns, the one headed by SANTA ANNA. * William Jenkins Worth was born in Hudson, Columbia Co., N. Y., in n94. In the war of 1812 he performed an honorable part , beinsr twice promoted, once for gallant conduct in the battle of Chippewa, and again for iuiportant service in the battle of Lundy's Lane. His distinguished services, in l!i4'2, against the Florida Indians, were also rewarded by promotion. He was with Taylor in Mexico, and for his achievements in the battle of Monterey he waa brevetted a major-general. Afterward he joined Scott's army. His death occurred in Texas, in 1849. IX. Questions.— 34. What request did Santa Anna make? 85. Where was Scott at the time? 8G. How did Scott treat the request? 87. What followed for several days? 38. What perfidy was Santa Anna guilty of? X. 39. What order did Scott give to Worth ? 40. When was the battle of Molino del Eey fought? 41. Give an account of it. 42. What yet remained to be done? XI. 43. How was Chapultepec menaced on the 12th of September ? 44. Give an account of the next day's battle. POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 283 General Pillow, and the other by General Quitman, advanced to the assault, and in the most gallant style carried the out- works and then the castle, though at the expense of many lives. XII. Quitman pur- sued the flying Mexi- cans ; and at night his division rested within the gates of the city, while Worth's division, which had advanced by a circuitous route, halt- ed in the suburbs. Du- ring the night, Santa Anna, with most of his army and the princi- pal officers of govern- ment, fled from the city. On the following morn- ing, September 14th, the American army passed into the city, and run- ning up the United States flag on the na- tional palace, took for- mal possession of the Mexican capital amid the greatest enthu- siasm. XIII. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weakness of the garrison which Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege to the place; and, after Santa Anna's* flight from the capital, he * Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was born in Jalapn, Mexico, in 1798. XII. Questions. — 45. What is said of Quitman's and Wortli's advance? 4G. State ivhat took place on tlie following morning. XIII. 47. To what place in the mean time had the Mexicans laid siege ? 4S. "What circumstance had induced them to commence the siege ? 49. By whom were they joined during the siege ? 50. Why did Santa Anna afterward leave the besiegers? 51. Give an account of the battle that followed. 284 POLK S ADMINISTRATION, joined tlie besiegers with some thousands of his fugitive troops. Learning that General Lane, with a body of re- cruits, was on his march from Vera Cruz to re-enforce Scott, Santa Anna left Puebla to intercept him. At Huamantla {whah-mant' -kill) the encounter took place, and though tbe Mexicans were vastly superior in numbers to the Americans, the result was, as usual, a total defeat to them. XIY. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo (fjwah-dah-loo' -pa e-daJd'-tjv)^ a small town about four miles from the capital, and Mexico was soon after evacuated by the American armies. By the treaty, all the territory north of the Rio Grande, togeth(^r with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquish- ed to the United States. On the part of the United States, it was agreed that $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory, and that debts due from Mexico to Ameiican citizens, to the amount of 18,000,000, should be assumed. After the treaty had been ratified by both governments, peace was proclaimed by President Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848. XIY. Questions.— 52. When was a treaty of peace signed? 53. At what place? 54. What territory did the United States acquire by the treaty? 55. What amount of money was paid by the Uoitcd States ? 5(5. When did Tresident Polk issue a pro- clamation of neace ? clamation of peace ? PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAE WITH MEXICO. (The Americans were successful in every battle ) PATES. UATTLES. COMMANDERS. FORCES ENGAGED. AMEKIOAN. MEXICAN. AMER. MEX. 1S46. May 8, May 9, Sept. 24, Dec. 25, 1S47. Feb. 23, Feb. 28, March 27, April IS Aug.20,-j Sept. 8, Sept. 13, Oct. 9, Palo Alto Taylor. . . . Taylor. . . . Taylor.... Doniphan. 2.300 2.200 6,G00 500 6,000 5.000 10,000 1,200 Eesaca de la P.ilma. Monterey Arista Ampudia P(jnce de Leon . Bracito Buena Vista Sacramento Vera Cruz .... Cerro Gordo Contreras Churubusco Molinodel Key.... Cliapult(pec Taylor Doniphan. Scott Scott Scott Scott. ... Worth. . . . Scott Laue Santa Anna Trias . 4.700 900 12.000 8,500 4.000 8.000 3,500 7.200 500 17,000 4,000 C,000 ] 2.000 7,000 25.000 14,000 25,000 1,000 Morales Santa Anna Valencia Santa Anna Alvarez Bravo Santa Anna REVIEW QUESTIONS. 285 REVIEW QUESTION'S. PAGE 1. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1845 ? 269 2. By what process did Texas become a State of the Union ? 260, 209 3. What was the consequence of the annexation of Texas ? .... 270 4. Wliy did Mexico consider the annexation a cause of war ?. . . . 270 5. What powers had acknowledged the independence of Texas?. 270 6. Why did Taylor take his army from Louisiana to Texas ? 270, 271 7. What conflicting boundary claims grew out of the annexation ? 271 8. Why did Taylor advance to the Rio Grande ? 271 9. How was the advance of Taylor treated by the Mexicans ? 271 10. Where did Taylor establish a depot? 271 11. Where did he take a position and erect a fortress? 271 12. What misfortune oocurred on the 26th of April, 1846 ? 272 13. How did the news of the affair affect the people of the U. S. ?.. 272 14. What effect did it have upon the President and Congress ? 27 2 15. What movements led to the battle of Palo Alto ? 272 16. Give an account of the battle, with its results . . . .272, 273 IT, Give the preliminaries of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 273 18. Give an account of the battle, with its results , 273 19. What took place at Fort Brown during Taylor's absence ?.. . . 273 20j When did Taylor enter and leave Matamoi'as ? 273, 274 21. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Monterey 274 22. Give an account of the battle, with its result 274 23. By whom were Saltillo, Victoria, and Tampico taken? 274 24. What can j^ou state of Gen. Wool's march ? 274, 275 25. Give an account of Gen. Kearny's expedition 275 26. Of Doniphan's expedition and two battles 275, 276 27. Of Fremont and his expedition to California 276 28. What was done by Fremont in March, 1846 ? 276, 277 29. Give an account of Fremont's further operations 277 30. What was done in July, 1846, and by Com. Stockton ? 277 31. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista, with its results.. 278 32. Give an account of the taking of Vera Cruz 279 33. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo 279. 280 34. Of Scott's progress from Cerro Gordo to San Augustin.. . .280, 281 35. Of the battles of Contreras and Churubusco 281 36. What efforts were made to negotiate a peace ? 281, 282 37. Give an account of the battle of the Molino del Rey 282 38. Of Santa Anna's flight and the taking of the city of Mexico 283 39. Of the siege of Puebla and battle of Huamantla 283, 284 40. Of the treaty of peace, with its principal provisions 284 286 TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. I. Polk's successor in the presidency was General Zacliary Tay- lor, the hero who had achieved such bril- Uant victories in the war with Mexico. His inauguration took place at Washington, on the 5th of March, 1849,* the 4th being Sunday. One of the earhest and most diffi- cult of the questions which commanded the attention of his administration, grew out of tlie acquisition of CaUfornia and New Mexico. II. In February, 1848, gold began to be found in California in large quantities. When the news of the discovery reached the Atlantic States, and spread through- out the other States, a wonderful excitement was at once cre- ated, and in a very short time thousands of emigrants were * President Taylor's cabinet consisted of John M. Clayton, Secretary of State ; William M. Meredith, Secretary of the Treasury ; George W. Crawford, Secretary of War; William B. Preston, Secretary of the Navy ; Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Interior ; Jacob Collamer, Postmaster-Oeneral ; and Reverdy Johnson, Attorney-General. The department of the Interior had been created by Congress on the 3d of JIarch, two days before Taylor's inauguration. Taylou's Administration. — I. Qitestions. — 1. "Who succeeded Polk in the Presi- dency ? 2. When was Taylor inaugurated ? IL 3. When was an important discovery made in California? 4. What was it? 5. What was the consequence ? TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. 287 on their way to the land of gold. The rush thither was truly marvelous ; not only did people go from the United States, but they likewise flocked from Europe, iVsia, South America, and even the isles of the sea. III. So rapidly did the territory become populated, that in September, 1849, there was ** sufficient number of settlers there to constitute a State; and a constitution was then adopted, preparatory to petition- ing Congress for ad- mission into the Union. An article of the Con- stitution, by which sla- very was excluded from California, became a cause for a violent dis- pute, not only in Con- gress, but in the legis- latures of the several States, and among the people throughout the Union. While Con- gress was in session, engaged in angry de- bate, President Taylor, after an administration of only one year, four months, and four days, died on the 9th of July, ] 850, at the presidential mansion III. Qttestioxs. — 6. Wh.-it did the people of California do in September, 1849? 7. What became a cause for a violent dispute in Consrress and elsewhere? S, What calamity befell the nation while Congress was in session? 288 FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION. FILLMORE'S ADMIOTSTEATIOI^. I. By the death of Taylor, the Vice-President of the Uni- ted States, Millard Fillmore, became President, taking the oath of office on the 10th of Jfflly, 1850.* 11. The question in relation to the admis- sion of California had been greatly compli- cated in Congress, by the application of New- Mexico for admission into the Union, and by a claim on the part of Texas to a large por- tion of New Mexico. For the purpose of making " an amicable arrangement of all questions in contro- versy between the Free and the Slav'e States growing out of the subject of slavery," Henry Clay made a .:— I. On the 11th of February, 1861, Lincoln left his home at Spring-- lield, Illinois, for Wash- ington. On his way he made brief stops at various cities, and was everywhere received with great enthusiasm. It had been arranged that his route from Ilarrisburgh should be through Baltimore, but, in consequence of the excited state of feeling existing be- tween the political clubs of the last-named city, and desiring to prevent an anticipated outrage, he made a night journey, arriving in Washington at an early hour on the morning of the 22d of February. His inauguration took place on the 4th of March, " amid a greater display of military force than had ever before been witnessed on such an occasion.""* * President Lincoln's cabinet was constituted as follows: "William H. Seward, Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury ; Simon Cameron, Secretary of War ; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the luterior; Edward Bates, Attorney-General; and Mont- gomery Blair, Postmaater-General. 13* 298 » Lincoln's administration. II. In his inaugural address, Lincoln annonnced that he had "no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists ;" farther stating that, in his opinion, he liad no right to do so. This assurance, however, did not satisfy the politicians of the South ; the scepter of power had departed from them, and only by setting up a government of their own, with slavery as its corner-stone, could they again expect to rule. Their duty to the General Government they regarded as secondary to their duty to their respective States. THE GREAT REBELLION.— EVENTS OF 1861. I. The Confederates soon organized an army, and General Beauregard iho'-rc-gard), who had been a major in the service of the United States, was placed in command of the forces intended to drive Anderson from Fort Sumter. On the morn- ing of the 12th of April, 1861, the first shot was fired upon the fort. After a bombardment of thirty-four hours, the de- fense being but feeble, in consequence of the smallness of the garrison and a poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was com- pelled to capitulate. On the 14th lie departed with his com- mand, and sailed for New York. II. The news of this event, as it was flashed along the wires, produced an almost uncontrollable excitement through- out the country ; and the President's proclamation, issued on the following day, April 15th, calling for seventy-five thousand Lincoln's Administration.— L Qitkstions.— 1. Where did Lincoln live at the time of his election to the Presidency ? 2. What can jm.u state of his journey to Washington ? 3. When was he inaugurated ? 4. "^hat can you state of the occasion ? IL 5. What did Lincoln proclaim in reference to the Slavery question? 6. On what occasion did he proclaim it? 7, How did the politicians of the South receive the assurance ? 8. How did they expect to retain power ? 9. How did they regard their duty to the Nation ? Events of 1S6L— L 1. What command was given to Beauregard ? 2. When did hostilities actually commence? 3. By whom were they commenced ? 4. Why did not Anderson make a better defense ? 5. WHiat was the result of the attack ? IL 6. What effect did the news have? 7. News of what? 8. What action did President Lincoln take? 9. What can you state of the response? 10. What took place in Baltimore ? 11. Where were the troops going? 12. W^hat meetings of the people were held ? LINCOLIs's ADMINISTRATION. 299 troops, was responded to at once by all the Free States. The national capital being nienciced, troops were hurried off for its defense. A Massachusetts regiment, while thus on its way to Washington, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers, and two of the soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. This and other acts of the Secessionists aroused the people of the North : a great mass meeting was held in New York city, and similar gatherings took place in other cities, in favor of the Union. III. Nor were the Confederates inactive. They seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry. They also made preparations to get possession of the navy -yard near Norfolk : the Union offi- cers there, despairing of a defense, set fire to the government buildings, and scuttled and sunk most of the vessels in the harbor. Immense quantities of ordnance, shot, and shell thus fell into the hands of the insurgents, and they likewise acquired by seizure, arsenals and strongholds in other direc- tions, as well as ships, steamboats, and government property, •wherever they could find it. In consequence of these act^i, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, April 19th, declar- ing certain Southern ports closed; and, eight days after, he issued an additional proclamation, extending the blockade to all ports in the Slave States south of Maryland. IV. It can hardly be said that the National Government made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. Then troops were sent into Virginia by order of General Scott, who commanded the army of the United States. Alexandria and III. Questions.— 18. What activity did the Confederates manifest? 14. How is Harper's Ferry situated ? (See map, p. 237.) 15. Norfollc? (Same map.) 16. Wliy did not tlie Union officers defend Norfolk ? 17. What did they do? IS. What then fell into the hands of the Confederates? 19. What else did they acquire ? 20. What proclamation did Lincoln issue? 21. Why did he do so? 22. When did he do it? 23. What additional proclamation did he issue? IV. 24. When did the Government begin in earnest to move against the insur- gents? 25. Who, at the time, was in command of the Federal armies? 26. What places did the Government troops occujjy? 27. Where are those places? (See map, p. 320.) 23. What took place at Philippi? 29. At Big Bethel? 30. Where is Phi- lippi? (See map, p. 320.) 31. Big Bethel ? (Map, p. 312.) 32. Give dates of the battles. 300 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION ^-Western i^ « yr .'-'' r M {QueMions to he answered from the above map.) Where is Port Hudson? Baton Eonge? Natchez / Vicksburg? Memphis? Fort Pillow? Island No. 10? Paducah? Bowling Green ? Fort Donelson ? Fort Henry? Arkansas Post? Shreveport? Pea Eidge? Lawrence? Springfield? Corinth? New Orleans? Ship Island ? Port Gibson ? Ilnntsville? Little Eock? Lincoln's administration. 301 Arlington Heights were occupied, and a camp at Pliilippi was surprised, June 3d, tlie Confederates being completely routed ; but seven days after, a Union force, sent from Fortress Monroe, was severely repulsed at Big Bethel. V. In the mean time efforts had been made by the Seces- sionists to take Missouri out of the Union : in this, however, they failed, mainly through the prompt action of General Lyon,* who captured a Confederate camp, defeated the enemy at Booneville, on the 17th of June, and frustrated the desiirns of the disloyal governor. On the 5th of July, a division of his troops, under Colonel Siegel (see-gel) defeated a body of the enemy at Carthage ; and, on the 2d of August, at Dug Sprins;, the loyal forces were again victorious; but on the 10th, having been confronted by a vastly superior force, and fearing a retro- grade movement would be fatal to the cause, Lyon made an unsuc- cessful attack upon the enemy at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, and was killed. VI. The Confederate army, to the number of about one hun- dred thousand men, occupied a line throuo;h Virginia from Har- per's Ferry to Norfolk, their "^ ^^'*^«^^-^^^5^•*^^^■^^'. 36. Where is Booneville ? (Sec map, p. 300.) 37. What account can you give of the battle of Carthage ? 38. Dug Spring ? 39. Wilson's Creek ? 40. Where is Carthage ? (See map, p. 800.) 41. Dug Spring ? 42. Wilson's Creek ? VI. 43. Where is Manassas Junction? (See map, p. 380.) 44. How large fin army did the Confederates have in July, 1861 ? 45. How was the army stationed ? 46. What place was then the capital of the Southern Confederacy? 47. What place had been the previous capital? 48. How is Richmond situated? (See map. p. 320.) 49. Montgomery ? (See map, p. 223.) 302 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. Manassas Junction. Ricbmond was then the capital of the Southern Confederacy, the transfer from Montgom- ery, their first capital, having been effected in July, and Jef- ferson Davis had been chosen the President of the so-called " Confederate States of America." VII. About the middle of July a large army, commanded by General McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates at Manassas Junction. On the 18th, a division of this army, under General Tyler, encountered the enemy, under General Beau- regard, near Bull Run, and after a contest of three hours, fell back to Centreville. On the 21st occurred the battle of Bull Run. In this conflict, which was exceedingly desperate, and lasted ten hours, more than forty thousand men were engaged. At length the insurgents, being largely re-enforced, prevailed, and the Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward Washington. The Union loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners numbered nearly three thousand men : the loss of the enemy in killed and wounded did not much exceed half that number. VIII. On the following day, July 2 2d, General McClellan succeeded McDowell in the command of the Potomac Army. McClellan had just closed with credit a brief campaign in West Virginia, where a division of his army, under General Rosecrans [roz'-krants), had defeated the enemy at Rich Mountain. This, with other victories, liad given him the entire GENERAL M"'CLELLAN. , i /» j i / • /^ control of that region, Conjrress, VII. Questions.— 50. Who commanded the army opposed to this large one of the Confederates ? 5L Give an account of General Tyler's operations. 52. Of the battle of Bull Eun. 58. W^here is Bull Run ? (Map, p. 230.) 54. Centreville ? (Same.) yill. 55. Was McDowell continued in the command of the army ? 56. By whom was he superseded ? 57. When did the change take place ? 58. Where had McClellan previously done good service ? 59. What did Rosecrans accomplish? 60. Where is Rich Mountain? (See map, p. 320.) 61. What action did Congress take? 62. The President ? Lincoln's administration. - 303 which had met in extra sossioii on the 4th of July, promptly voted to raise 500,000 men, to serve three years or dm-ing the war; and in August, the President issued a proclamation forbidding all intercourse with the States in rebellion. IX. A naval expedition, commanded by Commodore String- ham, was successful in taking, August 2Qth, Ilatteras and Clark, two forts at Hatteras Inlet. A more important expedi- tion, consisting of about fifty vessels, and carrying fifteen thousand men, sailed from Hampton Roads, and on the 7th of November, after a fight of three hours, captured Forts Walker and Beauregard, at the entrance of Port Royal harbor. Commodore Dupont commanded the naval forces on the occasion, and General Sherman* those of the land. This vic- tory secured a fine rendezvous for the blockading squadron, and also a base for subsequent operations during the w^ar. In the mean time, Scott having resigned the command of the Union armies, McClellan was appointed in his place. X. Affairs in Missouri meanwhile kept growing worse in- stead of better. Colonel Mulligan, commanding two thousand five hundred men at Lexington, was attacked by a Confederate force of about ten thousand, under General Price, and, after four days' struggle, was compelled to surrender, September 20. General Fremont, who two months before had been placed in command of the Western Department, thereupon marched from St. Louis against Price, who, instead of moving farther northward, retreated in an opposite direction, followed by Fremont. The pursuit was brought to a close at Spring- * Brig. -Gen. T. W. Sherman. IX. Questions.— 63. What success did Commodore Stringham meet with ? Gi. How large a fleet sailed from Hampton Roads ? 65. Who commanded it ? 66. W iio commanded the land forces on board ? 67. What success did they have ? 6S. What made the victory particularly important? 69. Where is Hatteras Inlet? (See map, p. 320.) 70. Port Eoyal harbor? (Same map.) 71. To what position did McClellan succeed ? X. 72. Give an account of the battle of Lexington, Missouri. 73. Of Fremont's operations. 74, By whom was Fremont succeeded in the command ? 75. By whom was Hunter succeeded ? 76. Where is Lexington ? (See map, p. 300.) 77. St. Louis ? (Same maj).) 78. Springfield? (Same map.) 304 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. field, where Fi-emont, on the 2d of November, received an order removing liim from the command. He was succeeded by General Hunter, who retained the position until the appointment of General Halleck. XI. In the early part of October, the Confederate army which had threatened Washington began to fall back and the Union army to push forward. A division of General Stone's command, having crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry or Ball's Bluff, to make a reconnoissance, was disastrously de- feated, October 21, and its commander, Colonel Baker,* killed. In the mean time a number of battles and skirmishes had taken place in Kentucky and in other States. In one at Bel- mont, Missouri, on the 7th of November, General Grant, who commanded the Union troops, gained credit, though his men finally retired to their boats, the enemy having been largely re-enforced. XII. On the sea an event had occurred in the mean time which produced great excitement both in the United States and Great Britain, and a war between the two countries seemed for a time imminent. Captain Wilkes, in command of the frigate San Jacinto, intercepted the English steamer Trent in the Bahama Channel, and took from her Messrs. Mason and Slidell, Confederate commissioners to Europe. The two pris- oners were then brought to the United States, and placed in Fort Warren, near Boston. As the act committed by Wilkes was contrary to the doctrine of the sanctity of a neutral ves- sel, a doctrine which had long been avowed by the American Government, and as the British authorities resented the act *Edward D. Baker was born in England. He was a member of Conarded Forts Jackson and St. Philip, on opposite sides of the river, about seventy-five miles below the cit)^ Having broken the chain which had been stretched across the stream, Farragut ran past the forts, April 24th, and destroyed a squadron of the enemy's rams and gunboats. As he approached New Orleans, the Confede- rates set fire to the vast stores of cotton and sugar there. The two forts, Jackson and St. Philip, surrendered to Porter, and then General Butler moved up the river from Ship Island, and, taking formal possession of the city, placed it under martial law. XL At Alexandria, McClellan embarked his army, to the X. Questions. — 66. When was New Orleans oapturctl by the Uliion forces? 67. When was the capture made? 6S. By whom were tlie victors commanded? 69. Gi%-e an account of the achievement. TO. Who then took military possession of the city ? 71. Where is New Orleans? (See map, p. 300.) XI. 72. How larfre an army did General Mct'lellan have at Alexandria? 78. What movement did he make from x^lexandria ? 74. Give an account of oi)erations at Yorktown. 75. At Williamsburg. 76. At West Point. 77. Where is Alexandria? (See map. p. 237.) 78. Fortress Monroe ? (Map, p. 320.) 79. Yorktown ? (SanuV) SO. Kichmond ? (Same.) 81. Williamsburg ? (Same.) 82. West Point ? (Same.) 312 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 18Qi number of eighty-five thousand men, for Fortress Mon- roe, wlience he advanced upon Yorktown. A siege com- menced on the 5th of April, and continued, with much fighting, until the 4th of May, when the place was found to be evacuated. The Confederates retreated toward Itichmond, pursued by the Union troops ; and at Williamsburg, where they were over- taken the following day, a severe action took place. The pursuers at first met with a serious check; but the timely arrival of General Kearny restored the battle, and the enemy fled. A division of the pursuing army proceeded up the York River, and, having landed near AVcst Point, were unsuc- cessfully attacked on the '7th. XII. President Lincoln at this time visited Fortress Monroe, and having urged a movement upon Norfolk, an ex- pedition was accordingly dispatched under General Wool. Upon approaching the city, the Union commander was met by the civil authorities and informed that the place had been abandoned by the Confederate army. Besides this aban- donment, the insurgents had burned the navy-yard near Nor- folk ; evacuated Craney Island, where they had erected formi- dable defenses ; and had also destroyed their iron-clad vessel, the Merrimac. They needed all their men to oppose the march of McClellan's army against Richmond. XIII. This army, in the mean time, was steadily advancing. MAP OF NORFOLK AND VICINITY. By the 20tli of May, most of the troops had reached the XII. Questions.— S3. "What visit did the President make? 84. What did he urge ? 85. What success did General Wool have ? 86. What previous acts had the insurgents committed? 87. Why did they do so? 88. Where is Norfolk ? (See map, p. 312.) 89. Craney Island? (Same map.) XIII. 90. What advance did McClellan's army make by the 22d of May ? 91. When wsjs the battle of Hanover Court House fought? 92. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks. 98 What can you state of General McDowell's movements? 94. Into what river docs the Chickahominy H<>w V (See map, p. 29.) 95. Where is Fair Oaks? (See map, p. 313.) 9G. Bowling Green? (Sec map, p. 237.) LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 313 Chickalioiiiiiiy, a small river running through a swampy country, and, on tlie 22 d, the stream was crossed. Five days later, a detachment under General Porter defeated the enemy at Hanover Court House. At Fair Oaks, a position within about five miles of Itichraond, a bloody battle took place on the last day of May and the first of June, the Xorth losing five thousand men and the South eight thousand, without advantage to either side. McDowell, who had been ordered to co-operate in the movement against Ptichmond, reached Bowling Green, when he was directed by the President to inarch for the Shenandoah. XIV. Banks's division, at the time, was at Strasburu:, and this force the enemy formed the plan of capturing ; but the Confederates meeting with resistance at Front Royal, Banks became aware of their purpose, and made a masterly retreat to the Potomac. Jackson, the pursuing general, advanced to Harper's Ferry, but, meeting with a repulse, made a retrograde movement. At Strasburg, he was overtaken, June 1st, by Fremont, who had made a forced march across the mountains, and was driven from the place. Fremont continued the pursuit, fighting an undecisive battle at Cross Keys and another at Port Republic. Although Jackson had failed to capture Banks's army, he had succeeded in preventing re-enforcements being sent to McClellan. XV. ]\IcClellan, believing that the force at his disposal was XIV. Questions. — 97. Give an account of Banks's retreat from Strasbnr^r. 9^. "Where, on the Potomac, did Jackson meet with defeat ? 99. Wliat took place at Strasburg? 100. At Cross Keys? 101. At Port Eepublic? 102. What was theresult of Jackson's expedition ? 10.3. Where is Strasburg? (Sec map, p. 320.) 104. Cross Keys? (Same map.) 105. Port Eejiublic? (Same.) XV. 106. W hat change of base did McClellan effect ? 107. Why did he make thi- change? lOS. What took place while the change was in progress? 109. IIow was the army protected at Harrison's Landing? 110. Where is the White House? (See map. p. 313.) 111. Hamson's Landing ? (Same map.) 112. What army changes were made ? U 314 Lincoln's administration. not sufficient to protect liis lines, which extended from ~" the AVhite House, on the Painunkey, where the army had its supplies, transferred his base of operations to Harrison's Landing", on the James. While this movement was in pi-ogress, the Confederates fell upon the Union troops, June 25th, and a series of destructive battles, lasting through seven days, took place. At this new position the Federal army remained until the ]4th of August, protected by a fleet of gunboats. Prior to this, the corps of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell had been consolidated with the army of the Potomac, and the command given to General Pope, and, on the 1st of July, the President issued a call for three hundred thousand more volunteers. On the 11th, Halleck was appointed commander- in-chief. Grant succeeding him in the command of the army of the Mississippi. XVI. Other operations of importance had in the mean time taken place, both in the east and west. General Hunter had made an unsuccessful attempt upon James Island, and great damage had been done to the property of Union people in Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee, by guerrilla bands. A severe fight took place on the Yazoo lliver, July 15th, between the Confederate ram Arkansas and three Federal vessels, after which the ram ran through the fleets of Farragut and Davis to Vicksburg, Some days later she sailed down the Missis- sippi, to aid in an attack on Baton Rouge. In this movement, which proved unsuccessful, the ram was not able to take part, but on the following day, August 6th, after a brief action with the United States gunboat Essex, she took fire and was blown up. At luka (I-u'-kah), on the 19th of the folio whig month, Rosecrans fought and dispersed the Confederate force under Price, and on the 4th of October he gained another victory at Corinth. XVI. Questions.— 113. In what did General Hunter fail? 114. Where did guerrilla bands destroy property? 115. Give an account of the doings of the ram Arkansas. 116. What took place at luka? 117. At Corinth ? 118. Where is luka? (See map, p. 300.) 119. Corinth ? (Same map.) 315 ■ XVII. Freed from the necessity of defending their own capital, the enemy undertook to menace that of the Union. !McClellan was ordered to withdraw from the James and co-operate with Pope against this movement ; but before he commenced the transfer of his troops a hotly contested battle was fought, August 9th, at Cedar Mountain, eight miles from Culpepper Court House, between a division of Pope's army, commanded by Banks, and a force under Jackson. The Confederates, though superior in numbers, were unsuccess- ful. The main army of the enemy, commanded by General Lee, advanced, and, until the close of the month, the struggle between the two great armies was desperate. In a conflict, attended with great slaughter, occurring on the 29th and 30th, and known as the "second battle of Bull Run," Pope was defeated, and at night retreated to Centreville. At Chantilly, two days after, a body of Confederate troops was met and at last driven back, but not till they had killed two valuable Union officers. Generals Stevens^ and Kearny.f XVIII. Pope's army fell back to the intrenchments before Washington, but Lee's, instead of following, turned northward and crossed the Potomac into Maryland. McClellan was then in command of all the troops concentrated near Washington for its defense. lie pursued Lee, and, on the 14tli of Sep- * Isaac Ingalls Stevens was born in Massachusetts, in 1817. He graduated at West Point, was an officer in the Mexican war, Governor of Washington Territory, and a delegate in Congress. t Philip Kearny was born in the city of New York, June Sd, 1815. He went to Europe by direction of the United States Government, to report upon the French cavalry tactics, and was promoted for gal- lant conduct in the Mexican war, losing his left arm. His merits as a disciplinarian were very superior. XVII. Questions. — 120. What permitted the Confederates to menace the city of Washington? 121. What order was given to McClellan ? 122. What took place be- fore McClellan's troops began to move ? 123. Give an account of the battle of Cedar Wouiitain. 124. Of the other events of the month. 125. Of the battle of Chanlill}-. 126. Where is Culpepper Court House? (See map, p. 320.) 127. Cedar Mountain? 12S. Centreville ? (See map, p. 830.) 129. Chantilly ? ("Same map.) XVIII. 130. To what position did Pope's army fall back ? 131. What did Lee'a army do ? 132. What duty did McClellan have assigned to him just then ? 133. Give an account of the battle of South Mountain. 134:. Of the surrender of Harper's Ferry. 135. Where is South Motintuin? Ans. In Maryland, near Harper's Ferry. 136. Harper's Ferry ? (See map, p. 320.) 316 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. GENEUAL LEE. tember, overtook and successfuUv attacked liim at South 186^ Mountain. At the same time a strong body of the Con- federate army was drawing around Harper's Ferry. These opened fire, and on the loth the place was surrendered, with eleven thousand men and vast munitions of war. XIX. The captors of Harper's Ferry entered Maryland, and, join- ing Lee at Antietam (an-te'-fam), were in time to aid him in the great battle fought there on the l7th. In this contest, which lasted from day- light to nightfall, and which resulted in favor of the Union cause, not less than eleven thousand Federal troops were killed or wounded, while the loss of the enemy was even greater. On the night of the 18th, Lee withdrew his forces across the Potomac, having lost during his campaign in Maryland, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, more than twenty-five thousand men. XX. In Tennessee and Kentucky, the Confederates were very active during the summer. General Smith moved north- ward, and defeated a body of Union troops at Richmond, Kentucky, on the 30th of August. His march thence to Frankfort, during which he was joined by a guerrilla force under Morgan, caused great excitement in Cincinnati, and effectual measures were adopted by General Wallace to repel his advance across the Ohio. With the main army, of which XIX. Questions.— 137. Give an account of the battle of Antietam. 18S. What (lid Loc afterward do ? 139. How many men did Lee lose during his campaign? 140. Where is Antietam ? (See map, p. 320.) XX. 141. Give an account of the battle of Richmond. 142. What was done by General Wallace ? 143. Through what place did General Biugg march ? 144. What place did he intend to attack? 145. Why did he not do so? 146. What took place at Munfordville? 147. At Perry ville? 148. What plunder did Bragg escape with ? 149. Who succeeded Buell in the command? 150. How is Eichmond, Kentucky, situated? Ans. Near Lexington. 151. Frankfort? (Sec map, p. 320.) 152. Louis- ville ? (See map, p. 192.) 153. Perry ville ? (Same.) Lincoln's administration. 31 7 Smith's was an advanced division, General Bragg marched througli Chattanooga, his point of attack being Louisville. Munfordville, after a day's contest, was surrendered to the Confederates ; but Buell, who had followed up Bragg from the South, finally outstripped him, and, arriving at Louisville, put an end to further invasion by the enemy. On his retreat Bragg was successfully attacked at Perryville, October 8th, but he made good his escape, with nearly four thousand wagon loads of plunder. Buell was soon after superseded in the command by Rosecrans. XXL Although in the capture of New Orleans, and in other successes, the Federal Government had made progress toward regaining possession of the Mississippi, yet the enemy still held Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and consequently their communication with States on opposite sides of the river con- tinued. An attempt made by Sherman to capture Vicksburg failed. Grant, who had advanced to co-operate, having been compelled to fall back, his line of communication having been cut by the enemy. Sherman's repulse took place on the 29th of December. XXIL The Army of the Potomac, having made an advance, were in the vicinity of Front Royal on the 'Zth of November. On that day McClellan was superseded in the command by Burnside, and, later in the month, the troops, led by their new commander, reached the Rappahannock, the design being to march against Richmond by the route from Fredericksburg. Owing to delay in the arrival of pontoons necessary for cross- XXI. Questions. — 154. To what end did the capture of New Orleans tend ? 155. What advantage did the holding of Vicksburg and Port Ihulson give to the Confed- erates ? 156. When and whj' did Sherman fail to take Vicksburg? 157. Where is Vicksburg ? (See map, p. 800.) 158. What was done by the Confederate cav;ihy? Ans. Stuart made a raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania, completely passing arour.d the Union lines. XXII. 159. Who succeeded McClellan in the command of the army, November 7th ? 100. Where was the army then ? 161. Where is Front Koyal situated? (See map, p. 320.) 162. What plan did Burnside undertake to carry out? 163. Why did he not cross the Rappahannock without delay ? 104. Give an account of the further operations of Burnside? 165. Where is Fredericksburg? (See map, p. 320.) 318 Lincoln's administration. ino; the rivc", the enemy had tiinlfe to throw up stronor 186'"''. . intrenchmcnts on the hills in the rear of the city. The river was finally crossed on the 12th of December, and Fred- ericksburg taken possession of; but all attempts to carry the enemy's position failed, and on the 15th the army recrossed the river, having sustained a loss, in killed, wounded, and missing, of over twelve thousand men. EVENTS OF 1863. I. On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued his memorable emancipation proclamation, declaring forever free all the slaves in the States then in rebellion, excepting in such portions as were occupied by the national troops. This step was taken in accordance with a notice given by the Presi- dent a hundred days before. By it more than three millions of slaves were declared free. On the same day the city of Galveston was taken by the Confederates, and the naval force before the place captured, destroyed, or dispersed. II. In the latter part of 1832, Rosecrans moved from the vicinity of Cincinnati, intending to penetrate Alabama, and at Murfreesboro' he encountered the enemy under Bragg. After a severe struggle, which lasted several days, victory, on the 2d of January, 1863, decided in favor of the national forces. Rosecrans remained at Murfreesboro' several months. In June his army was again put in motion, and by a flank movement he compelled Bragg to retreat into Georgia. Events of 1S63. — I. Questions. — 1. What Proclamation did President Lincoln issue? 2, When did he issue it? 3. Had he given notice of liis intentit^n to issue such a document ? 4. When ? 5. What vas the nature of the proclamation ? Ans. " It warned all the insurgents to lay down their arms and return to their allegiance, under the penalty that, in all the districts where the insurrection should be still maintained, with the support of the people, he would, on the first of January then next, proclaim, as a military measure, the freedom of the slaves." G. What took place at Galveston ? 7. Where is Galveston ? (See map, p. 26S.) IL 8. What movement did Eosecrans make? 9. Give an account of the battle ut Murfreesboro'. 10. Where is Murfreesboro' ? (See map, p. 192.) Lincoln's administration. 319 JACKSON (stonewall). III. Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved of the com- mand of the Army of the Potomac, was succeeded by Hooker. Toward the hitter part of April the army acrain crossed the Rappahannock, but being met by the enemy under Lee at Chancellorsville, a severe bat- tle was fought on the 2d and 3d of May, to the disadvantage of the national troops. Hooker recrossed . ^ . • i the river, and occupied his former camp opposite Fredericks- buro- In this attempt the army sustained a loss of abou eleven thousand men; that of the Confederates was less, but among their mortally wounded was "Stonewall Jackson, one of their ablest generals. IV On the 9th of June, Lee's army, numbermg nearly a hundred thousand men, began a northward movement. Hooker followino-. On the 15th President Lincoln issued a call tor one hundred thousand men, to repel the invaders, who cross- ino. the Potomac, on the 27th were near Hagerstown. On the following day the command of the pursuing army was trans- ferred to General Meade. At Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania Lee concentrated his forces; and here, on the 1st 2d, and 3d of July, one of the most important conflicts of the war took of his state. It was remarked ^ V"^ La I' ^'^ , rl knuvvn as " Stonewall Jackson." like a stoue wall ;" hence he was alterward populai I, Know TIT QUESTIONS -11. Who, after Burnside, commanded the Army of the Puto- ill. <4UEbTiojN&. Ai. II ii", „ 1 a 1Q Whnt movement tlul mac ' 12. Why was Burnside relieved of the command ? 13. ^\ hat mov burg ? (See mar, P- 320.) 22. Hagerstown ? (Same map.) 320 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. M £ X / C a ky {Questions to he av^ceredfrom the cibove map.) Where is Washington? Eichinond? Olustee? Norfolk? Lyncliburg? Peters- burg? Fredericksburg? Gettysburg? Eesaca? Winchester? Harper's Ferry? Chambersburg ? Monocacy? Strasburg? Front Royal? New Market? Martins- burg? Ilagerstown? Cross Keys ? Chantilly ? Philippi ? Williamsburg? Lincoln's administration. 321 place. The invaders were finally defeated, and, with their army reduced one-third, they made a rapid retreat into Vir- ginia. V. In the beginning of the year a plan of attack against Arkansas Post was concerted by Sherman and Admiral Por- ter. General McClernand arriving and taking the command of the Army of the Mississippi, the place, with its garrison of five thousand men, was captured on the 11th of January. At this time General Banks was in command of the Department of the Gulf, he having superseded Butler. After making vic- torious incursions over a large part of Louisiana, he proceeded to invest Port Hudson. VI. It was the chief object of Grant, then in command of the Army of the Mississippi, to open the great river. His first point of attack was Vicksburg, the strongest post held by the enemy on the Mississippi. Failing to get in the rear of the city, he moved his army down the west side of the river, while Porter's fleet ran by the batteries of Vicksburg. The army then recrossed the Mississippi below Vicksburg, and, near Port Gibson, May 1st, gained a decided victory. General Pemberton, who was the chief in command at Vicks- burg, had a force under him of at least thirty thousand men. He sallied forth to attack the rear of the investing army, when a series of battles took place, from the 12th to the l7th of the month, in which he met with defeat. The investment was then made more complete, and the city's defenses were twice assaulted. Pemberton, however, still held out, hoping for relief from General Johnston ; but in vain, and, with an Y. Questions.— 23. Give an account of the capture of Arkansas Post. 24. Who, after Butler, commanded the Department of the Gulf? 25. What did Banks accom- plish in Louisiana ? VI. 26. What great object did Grant have in view? 21. How did his army get from the east side of the Mississippi to the vicinity of Port Gibson ? 28. What took place near the fort? 29. How did Porter's fleet get below Vicksburg? 30. What battles took place? 31. Give an account of the surrender of Vicksburg. 82. Where is Vicksburg ? (See map, p. 300.) 33. Port Gibson ? (Same map*.) 34. Port Hudson ? (Same.) 14- LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. army on tlie verge of starvation, lie surrendered the 1863. city on the 4th of July. VII. Banks's operations against Port Hudson continued until its commander was informed of the fall of Yicksburo-, wlien he too surrendered. Thus was the Mississippi opened. In the assaults which had been made upon the enemy's works before Port Hudson, the colored troops, of which there were several regiments hi Banks's army, behaved with so much bravery as to call forth official commendation. While the Union forces were operating against Vicksburg and Port Hudson, as just related. Colonel Grierson made a cavalry raid of great boldness. Entering the State of Mississippi from the north, he broke the communications of the Confederates, destroyed stores, and effected captures, finally reaching Baton Kouge (bat'-o?i-roozh) without serious loss. The news of the victories at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Port Hudson, caused great rejoicings among the loyal people of the country. YIH. Almost simultaneously with Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, a bold raid was made into Indiana and Ohio by the partisan ranger, General Morgan. At first he met with considerable success, plunder- ing and destroying as he moved eastward ; but after having been pursued day and night for a dis- tance of nearly seven hundred miles, and baffled by the gunboats in an attempt to recross the Ohio, SEAL OF WEST VTRaiNIA.* * West Virginia was admitted into tlie Union in 1863. It includes most of that portion of the old State lying west of the Alleghany Mountains—hence its name. The motto of the State, Montani Semper Liberi, signifies, Mountaineers are always free. VII. QiTESTiONS.— 85. What success did General Banks have ? 86. What was the consequence ? 37. "What is said of the conduct of the colored troops ? 38. Give an account of Grierson's raid. 39. What effect did the news of victory have ? YIII. 40. Into what States did Morgan make a raid ? 41. What success did he have ? 42. What p.ursuit was made ? 43. Where was he overtaken ? Ans. Near Kyger'a Creek, Ohio. 44. What was the result? 45. What afterward took place? LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 323 he was overtaken by General Ilobson, July 21st, and a laro-e part of his force captured. He and about five hundred men succeeding in escaping, and were not taken until five days after. IX. During the year, the principal operations in the Caro- linas took place in the vicinity of Charleston. The Confede- rates undertook to recover their lost possessions in North Carolina, but without success^ a demonstration which thev made on Ncwbern failing, as did also their designs against Washington, on the Tar River. On the 7th of April, Admiral Dupont, commanding a fleet of iron-clads, made an attack upon the fortifications of Charleston harbor, but his vessels were driven off". A vigorous attempt to capture Charleston was made on the 10th of July, by the Union land and naval forces, under General Gillmore and Admiral Dahlgren {dal'- gren). Though this also failed, Morris Island, with the exception of its northern portion, containing Fort Wagner, was gained. Twice afterward, on the 11th and ISth, was the fort unsuccessfully assailed. At last the Confederates were forced to abandon the island altogether. During seven days in August, Fort »Sumter was subjected to a bombardment so destructive as to reduce it to a mass of ruins, and shells were thrown into the city of Charleston itself. X. Bragg, who had been compelled by Rosecrans to retreat into Georgia, having been re-enforced by troops from Lee's IX. Questions. — 46. What can you state of operations in Nortli Carolina? 47. Give an account of the operations of April 7th. 48. July 10th. 49. Of the assault:^. 50. What noted officer Avas killed ? Ans. Colonel Shaw, " commanding the first regiment of colored soldiers from a free State ever mustered into the United States service." 51. What took place afterward, during a period of seven days ? 52. Whei(! is Charleston? (See maps, pp. 79 and 129.) 53. Morris Island? (See map, p. 129.) 54. Where was Fort Wagner ? 55. What position on the island, beside Fort Wagner, did the Confederates hold? Ans. Battery Gregg, situated on the north point of the island. 56. Describe the Tar River. (See map, p. 164.) X. 57. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek. 5S. How was Eose- crans's army saved from defeat ? 59. What losses were sustained in the battle? 60. What movement did Rosecrans make ? 61. Where is Chickamauga Creek ? (See map, p. 320.) 62. Chattanooga? (Same map.) 324 Lincoln's administration. army under General Longstreet, turned upon his pur- ^^^^- suers near Chickamauga Creek. The battle that fol- lowed, September 19th and 20th, was furious; and at the close of the second day General Thomas held a position from which the Confederates vainly by the most desperate efforts endeav- ored to force him ; this alone saved the Union army from utter defeat. On the following day, the entire army of Rosecrans fell back to Chattanooga. In this conflict the loss to the national army exceeded sixteen thousand men : the enemy's was certainly as large. XI. The army of Rosecrans at Chattanooga was for a time in danger of starvation. Its lines of communication had been cut by the enemy, who also occupied a threatening position on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. General Hooker, however, opportunely arrived with re-enforcements, as also did General Grant, the latter superseding Rosecrans in the command. Hooker's troops stormed and carried Lookout Mountain, November 24th, and on the following day Missionary Ridge was also captured, and Bragg's army routed and driven back into Georgia, the losses on both sides being very severe. XII. In the mean time Burnside had been sent from Ken- tucky to drive the enemy from East Tennessee. Bragg, on being informed of this, detached Longstreet against him ; consequently Burnside was besieged in Knoxville for a period of fifteen days. During the siege the enemy made a fierce assault upon Burnside's defenses, November 29th, but were repulsed. The victory at Chattanooga having enabled Grant to send Sherman to the relief of Burnside, Longstreet was compelled/ to flee. He made good his retreat, succeeding at last in rejoining Lee's army in Virginia. XL QcESTioNs. — 63. What can you state of the coni.ition of the army at Chatta- nooga? 64. What relief came ? 65. What oyjerations took place in November ? 66. Where are the two mountains spoken of? Ans. Northern part of Georgia. XIL 67. On what expedition was Burnside sent? 6S. What can you state of the siege and assault ? 69. What compelled Longstreet to retreat ? 70. Where did he go? 7L Where is Knoxville ? (See map, p. 192.) LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 325 XIII. A great deal of activity was kept up for months by Generals Price, Marmaduke, and others, commanding portions of the Confederate army west of the Mississippi. They, liow- ever, met with but little success. Marmaduke was repulsed at Springfield, January 8th, also at Cape Girardeau (jir'-ar-do), April 26th, and Price and he at Helena, Arkansas, July 4th. General Steele was afterward sent into Arkansas. He pushed the Confederates with vigor, and by the close of October re- stored most of the State to the national authority. Bands of guerrillas, however, continued to plunder and destroy ; the sacking of Lawrence in Kansas being one of the many out- rages thus committed. XIY. The navy of the United States during the year was very active. It was divided into six squadrons, and employed along the Atlantic seaboard and in the western rivers in blockading duties, and in movements co-operating with the armies of Banks, Gi-ant, and others. A number of vessels Avere also employed from time to time in cruising after Con- federate privateers. The blockade became so effective as to be fully respected by the nations of Europe, Wilmington alone, of all the Confederate ports, on account of its wide and numerous inlets, being at all successful in maintaining an in- tercourse with Nassau (nas-saiv'), and other British ports. XV. Congress, by its several enactments, fully empowered XIII. Questions. — 72. What can you state of the activity of the Confederates west of the Mississippi? 73. What took place at Springfield? 74. At Cape Girar- deau? 75. At Helena? 76. At Lawrence? 77. Where is Springfield? (See map, p. 300.) 7S. Cape Girardeau? (Same map.) 79. Helena? (Same.) SO. Lawrence? (Same.) XIV. 81. Into how many sqtmdrons was the United States Navy divided ? 82. How was the navy employed? S3. How were other vessels employed? 84. What is said of the effectiveness of the blockade? S5. Where is Wilmington ? (See map, p. 820.) 86. What is Nassau? Ans. Nassau is the capital of the Bahama Inlands. 87. Where are the Bahama Islands? (See map, p. 10.) XV. SS. What power did Congress confer upon the President? 89. How large was the navy at the close of the year? 90. How many men were in the army ? 91. What power did the conscription act confiT? 92. How was the great ri<;t in New York brought about ? 93. Give an account of the riot. 94. When was West Virginia admitted into the Union? (See note, p, 322.) 326 tlie President to cany on the war, placing at liis disposal * all the money and men needed. The navy nnmhered at the close of the year nearly six hundred vessels, carrying twenty- five thousand seamen, and the army consisted of not less than half a million of effective men, of whom above sixty thousand were colored troops. Among the congressional enactments was a conscription act, empowering the President to recruit the army by drafting. By virtue of this authority, he ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men. An opposition to this measure was at once excited, which culminated in a riot in the city of New York, commencing July 13th, while the draft was in progress, and continuing four days. Buildings were sacked and burned, the Colored Orphan Asylum among the number, and the most fiendish acts were committed, particu- larly against the colored people. At length the police, aided by a military force, quelled the riot, but not before at least a hundred of those engaged in it had beeii killed. EVENTS OP 1864. I. In February, 1864, Sherman, at the head of twenty-five thousand men, marched eastward from Vicksburg, nearly across the State of Mississippi. An expedition from Mem- phis, designed to co-operate with him, met with so much op- position from the enemy as to be compelled to put back. Sherman effected the destruction of many miles of railroad, and on his march back to Vicksburg was accompanied by about six thousand of the slaves whom he had liberated. In the same month an expedition from Port Royal, under Gen- eral Seymour, was made into Florida, wdiich resulted in severe disaster, the Union force being defeated at Olustee, on the 20th inst., with terrible slaughter. Events of 1SG4. — I. Questions. — 1. W^hat inarch did Sherman make early in IS&t? 2. What destruction did he elfect? 3. What is stated of the slaves ? 4. Give an account of the battle of Olustee. 5. Where is Vicksburg? (See map, p. 300.) 6. Memphis? (Same map.) 7. To what place did Sherman's expedition extend? Ans. Meridian. (See map, p. 300.) S. Where is Olustee ? (See map, p. 320.) Lincoln's administration. 327 II. A concentration of forces took place at Nev/ Orleans early in 1864 : tliese, according to the plan of General Banks, were to co-operate with Porter's fleet in an expedition np the Red River as far as Shreveport. General Smith, commanding about ten thousand troops from Vicksbnrg, preceded Banks, took Fort De Rnssy, March 14th, and, two days after, entered Alexandria. A column from the main army here joined the expedition. At Cane River the enemy undertook to check the further advance of the Unionists, but they were repulsed. Near Mansfield, on the 8th of April, they were entirely suc- cessful, and the Union army during the night reti'cated to Pleasant Hill : the enemy, following, renewed the attack on the following day, not, however, with a like result. Though the Unionists were successful in this last battle, their losses during the campaign were severe, and Banks ordered the army to fall back to the river. III. Meanwhile the fleet had made progress up the river, but the retrograde movement of the army decided Porter to return. On his way back he was almost constantly annoyed by the enemy's batteries and sharpshooters on the banks of the stream. The water too had fallen so much that, when his vessels approached the rapids near Alexandria, they could not pass. In this emergency, a plan proposed by Lieutenant-Col- onel Bailey was adopted, and under his direction a dam was constructed across the river, by which the boats were enabled to go over the falls. The army returned to New Orleans and the fleet to the Mississippi. General Banks during this expc- II. Questions. — 9. Of what forces was the Eed River expedition composed? 10. How far up the river did General Banks design to go ? 11. What did General Smith accomplish alone? 12. What took place at Cane Kiver? 13. At Mansfield? 14. At Pleasant Hill ? 15. Describe the Red River. (See map, p. 300.) 16. Where is Shreve- port ? (Same map.) 17. Fort De Russy ? (Same.) IS. Alexandria ? (Same.) 19. Mansfield? (Same.) 20. Pleasant Hill? (Same.) 21. Camden? (Same.) 22. Little Eock? (Same.) III. 23. What effect did Banks's retreat have upon Commodore Porter? 24. "What annoyance did Porter experience ? 25. What ditticulty did he meet near Alexamlria ? 26. How was the difticulty overcome ? 27. W^hat movements did the army and fleet then make? 28. What account can you give of General Steele's movements? 328 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. dition liad expected the co-operation of General Steele, * from Arkansas. That officer made a successful advance as far as Camden, but the failure experienced by Banks left liim no alternative other than a return to Little Rock. On his way he was harassed by the Confederates, and though lie defeated them in a battle fought on the 30th of May, his losses were severe. IV. The withdrawal of forces from Vicksburo- to eno-ajre in the Red River expedition emboldened the Confederates under General Forrest to make a raid into the western part of Ten- nessee and Kentucky. The garrison at Union City surren- dered after a slight resistance. On the following day, March 25th, two unsuccessful attacks were made upon Fort Ander- son, near Paducah. Early on the morning of the 12th of April an attack was made on Fort Pillow. The garrison, con- sisting of between five and six hundred men, more than half of whom were colored troops, made a brave resistance, but the place at last was carried by assault, and three hundred of its defenders massacred. In North Carolina the Confederate soldiers were also successful, capturing Plymouth with the aid of the iron-clad ram Albemarle. In October, a little more than six months afterward, the Albemarle was sunk by Lieu- tenant Gushing, by means of a torpedo. The main defense of Plymouth beiug thus removed, the town was retaken on the 31st of the same month. Y. The services which General Grant had rendered the country, added to his peculiar fitness as a commander of large armies, induced Congress to revive the grade of Lieutenant- General, with special reference to him. This grade had been IV. Questions. — 29. Why did Forrest decide upon making a raid? 30. What took place at Union City ? 31. At Fort Anderson ? 32. At Fort Pillow? 33. Give an account of the loss and recapture of Plymouth. 34. Where is Union City? (See map, p. 300.) 35. Paducah ? (Same map.) 36. Fort Pillow ? (Same.) 37. Plymouth ? (See map, p. 320.) V. 38. Why did Congress revive the grade of Lieutenant-General ? 39. Give the previous history of the grade. 40. What was done in reference to General Grant? 41. What preparations were begun ? LIEUT. -GEN. GRANT. LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 329 previously conferred on only one person, General Scott, and on the retirement of that officer had become extinct. Accord- ingly the President nominated Gen- eral Grant for this position, the highest in the military service of the country, and the nomination was confirmed by the Senate on the 3d of March. Vast prepara- tions were at once commenced for two campaigns, one against Rich- mond by the Army of the Potomac; and the other against Atlanta by an army of a hundred thousand men under General Sherman. Early in May both armies began to move forward. VI. To oppose Sherman was an array sixty thousand strong, commanded by General Johnston. The Union troops advanced from Cliattanooga, and, by a flank movement, com- pelled Johnston to fall back to Resaca. From this position, after a severe contest of two days. May 14th and 15th, he was also obliged to retreat. Other battles were fought, the Union troops carrying line after line of rifle-pits, intrenchmcnts, and fortifications — most of the time through a mountain region — outflanking the enemy and pursuing him to the strong fortifi- cations of Atlanta. Johnston's "retreating policy" was loudly condemned by the Confederates, and he was conse- quently superseded in the command by General Hood. VII. From the 20th to the 28tli of July, Hood made three VI. Questions. — 42. What army did Sherman have ai^'ainsthim? 43. From what place did Sherman commence his movement? 44. "What took place at Eesaca? 45. What account can you give of the operations before the fortifications of Atlanta were reached ? 4G. Who succeeded Johnston in tlie command of the Confederate army ? 4T. Why was Johnston removed ? 48. Where is Chattanooga? (See map, p. 820.) 49. Resaca? (Same map.) 50. Atlanta ? (Same.) VII. 51. What can you state of the assaults made by Hood ? 52. Of Stoneman's expedition? 53. How did Sherman manage to divide the Confederate army ? 54. What took place at Jonesboro' ? 55. Why was Hood compelled to evacuate Atlanta? 56. What were the losses of both sides ? 57. Where is Jonesboro' ? 330 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 1864. furious assaults iipou the Union troops before Atlanta, but eacli time lie was defeated witli heavy loss. Wliile besieging Atlanta, Sherman sent out cavalry expeditions to de- stroy the railroads by which it received re-enforcements of troops and supplies. General Stoneman, commanding one of these, not only failed to perform the task assigned him, but was de- feated, and thus the most important road remained in possession of the Confederates. This road Sherman, however, determined to cut. Moving with nearly the whole of liis army for the purpose, he succeeded in getting between Atlanta and a large portion of Hood's army at Jonesboro, which force he defeat- ed ; and llood, his army being severed, was compelled, Sep- tember 2d, to evacuate Atlanta. Sherman thus gained the object of his campaign, but at a loss in killed, wounded, and missing, of thirty thousand men : the enemy's loss during the same period exceeded forty thousand. ,\,'[ VIII. As has been previously stated, the Army of the Potomac began to move toward Richmond early in May, crossing the Rapidan on the 4th of that month. Though General Meade commanded the army, General Grant was in the field and planned its movements, as well as the movements of the otlier armies. Lee, wdio held a position south of tlie Rapidan, rather than retreat, pre- pared to resist the progress of the advancing army. The conse- quence was a fierce contest, known as the battle of the Wilder- ness, which, commencing on the morning of the 5th of May, did not end till the close of the Yth, when Lee fell back toward oaiANTILL Y ^.ffe-.^ IRFAX C.H! o QCBirREVILie VIII. Questions. — 5S. When did the army of the Potomao cross tlio Eapidan? 59. By what other name is the Eapidan also known ? Ans. The Eapid Anna or the llapid Ann. 60. Into what river does the Eapidan flow ? (See map, p. 330.) CL Who commanded the Army of the Totomac? 62. "What was done by General Grant ? 63. Give an account of the battle of the Wilderness. 64. What Union ofhc'^r of note fell in that battle? Ans. General Wadsworth. 65. How manj' men were engaged in the conflict ? 66. What recommendation did the President make ? 67. Where is the Wilderness ? (See map, p. 330.) LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 331 Richmond. Probably not less than two hundred and fifty thou- sand men on both sides were engaged in it, and the slaughter was terrible. The favorable result of the three days' conflict called forth a proclamation from the J*resident, recommending the following Sunday, May ] 0th, as an occasion of " thanks- giving and prayer to Almighty God." This recommendation was generally complied with. IX. Near Spottsylvania Court House, Lee made a stand, and liere, during six days, some of the severest fighting of the war took place. The result was again to the advantage of the national arms, and once more the enemy fell back. By a series of successful attacks and flank movements, Lee was driven from one position after another, until, early in June, he was within a short distance of Richmond. In the mean time, important movements in co-operation with Meade were made by the forces in the Shenandoah valley and West Virginia. It had been designed to act against Lynchburg, but reverses prevented the execution of the plan. General Sigel, wdio was to have cut the western communica- tion of Lee, having met with defeat, on the 15th, near New Market. X. Another movement, in co-operation with Meade, was made by General Butler, from Fortress Mojiroe up the James River. Landing at a point on the south side of tlie river, just above the Appomattox, he made his position secure by strong intrenchments, and thus threatened both Petersburg and Richmond. Expeditions sent by liim to cut the enemy's IX. Questions. — 68. Where did Loe make his next stand? G9. Where is Spott- sylvania Court House? (See map, p. 330.) 70. What account can j'ou £:ive of the struggle there? 71. What Union officer of note was killed during the contest? Ans. General Se^igwick, on the 9th of May. 72. What movement, in co-operation with Meade, was planned? 73. Where is Lynchburg? (Se*; map, p. 820.) X. 74 What movement did Gen. Butler make ? 75. Wh'vt is the name of the j)lace which Butler occupied ? Ans. Bermuda Hundred. 7G. Give an account of Butler's operations while he was in command there. 77. What change in position was effected by the Army of the Potomac? 78. Where is Fortress Monroe? (See map, p. 320.) 79. Describe the Appomattox. (Same map.) 80. The James. (Same.) 81. Where was Fort Darling? (See map, p. 313.) 332 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. coramuiiications were not entirely successful, nor was an attempt made against Fort Darling. He also fViiled in demonstrations against Petersburg, ]>eauregard, on his way from the Carolinas to join Lee, having arrived there with a strong force to oppose him. His success, however, in gaining the position he did, was important to a movement made by Grant, by wdiich the Army of the Potomac was transferred across the James to the south side of that river. XI. The career of three English-built privateers sailing under the Confederate flag was terminated this year. They had for months roamed the seas, and by avoiding armed antaofonists had succeeded in pillao-ino; and destroyino- a larofc number of American merchantmen. More than sixty vessels, estimated with their cargoes as worth not less than $10,000,000, had been destroyed by the Alabama alone. This privateer was at last discovered by the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow, in the French port of Cherbourg [sher'-hoorg). Off that har- bor an action took place between the two vessels on the 15th of June, resulting in the sinking of the Alabama. Her com- mander. Captain Semmes, with forty of his crew, was picked up by a British vessel, and, without authority from Winslow, they were all carried to England. The Florida and Georgia were captured, the first by the Wachusett and the second by the Niagara. XII. A new expedition against Lynchburg was organized, General Hunter taking the place of Sigcl. Moving up the Shenandoah valley. Hunter gained a victory over the enemy at Piedmont, June 5th, whence he marched on Lynchburg. XI. Questions. — 82. What is said of the career of three privateers ? 83. What had they done ? 84. What destruction had the Alabama alone oflFected ? 85. Give an account of the action between the Kearsarge and the Alabama. 8G. What were the names of the other privateers? 87. By what vessels were they captured ? XII. 8S. What took place at Piedmont? 89. What can you say of Hunter's fur- ther movements ? 90. What invasion followed ? 91. W^hat took place at Monocacy ? 92. What danger was apprehended? 93. Where is the Shenandoah valley? (See map, p. 320.) 94. Piedmont? (Same map.) 95. Martinsburg? (Same.) 96. llagers- town? (Same.) 97. Monocacy? (Same.) LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION, 333 Findmg that rc-cnforcements from Lee were arriving there, he withdrew, closely followed by a Confederate force, into West Virginia. The valley being thns open, Lee detached twenty thousand men, under General Early, to invade Maryland. Passing througli Martinsburg, the invaders crossed tlie Poto- mac to Ilagerstown, scouring the country in all directions for horses, forage, provisions, and money. With overwhelming numbers. Early defeated General Wallace at Monocacy [?no- noc'-ah-se), July 9th, producing great excitement in Washing- ton and throughout the Northern States, it being feared that the National Capital itself was in danger. XIIL Grant hurried otf troops for the defense of Wash- ington, and these were rapidly joined by others from the loyal States. After threatening both Baltimore and Wash- ington, the Confederates, loaded with plunder, recrossed the Potomac. They were pursued by General Averill, and de- feated at Winchester, July 20th, but were in turn victorious on the 24th, their cavalry pursuing the Union troops to j\Iar- tinsburg. Again did they invade Maryland, penetrating even to Chambersburg, in Pennsylvania. This town they oifered to spare upon the payment of $500,000, but, not receiving the money, they burned more than half of the place. On their way back into Virginia they met with opposition from bodies of Union troops, and were badly defeated by Averill, losing their artillery and many prisoners. XIV. For the defense of the Shenandoah valley, a strong force was at length organized, and put under the conmiand of General XIII. Questions.— 9S. What action did Grant take ? 99. What large cities did the Confederates threaten ? 100. What then did they do ? 101. What tool^ place at Winchester? 102. What, four days after ? 103. In which direction did the Confed- erates then go ? 104. How was Clianibersburg made to suffer ? 105. Were the Con- federates pursued? 106. With what result? 107. Where is Winchester? (See map, p. 320.) lOS. Chambersburg ? (Same map.) XIV. 109. What was at length done for the defense of the Shenandoah valley ? 110. Give an account of Sheridan's first battle there. 111. Of his second. 112. His third, 113. Where is Fisher's Hill? (See map, p. 320.) 114. Staunton ? (Same map.) 115. Cedar Creek ? (Same.) 334 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. MAJOK-GENilUAL SHERIDAN. Sheridan. On the morning * of the 19th of September, Sheridan marched to attack Early, who, with an army largely re-en- forced, was near Winchester. After a stnbborn engagement, occm-ring on the same day, the Union troops gained a complete victory. On the 22d, at Fisher's Hill, they achieved another signal vic- tory, following up their success by a pursuit of the enemy as f-dv as Staunton. After destroying barns and flour-mills, two thousand in all, so as to make the country untenable by a Confederate army, Sheridan returned northward. Before daylight, October 19th, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were suddenly attacked, he at the time being absent at Winches- ter, and were driven back four miles. Sheridan, arriving at this critical time, arranged his lines, repulsed an attack of the enemy, and, becoming the assailants in return, completely routed the enemy. The Confederates made no further at- tempt to invade the North by way of the Shenandoah val- ley. XY. Immediately after crossing the Army of the Potomac to the south side of the James, as previously stated. Grant laid siege to Petersburg. On the 30th of July a mine was exploded under one of the enemy's forts, so that a storming party might rush through the gap thus made, and, with the co-operation of other movements, the city be captured. The assault was, however, a disastrous failure. On the 18th of August an important advantage was gained by the seizure of the Weldon Railroad. To regain possession of it, the Con- XV. Questions. — 116. After crossing the James, to what place did Grant lay siege? 117. Give an account of the attempt made in connection with the mine ex- plosion. 118. The Weldon Railroad. 119. What can you state of other conflicts? 120. How is Petersburg situated? (See map, p. 320.) lintcoln's administration. 335 REAR-ADMIRAL FARRAGUT. federates made repeated and desperate assaults, but ^Yere as often repulsed. A number of conflicts took place by the two great armies of Grant and Lee, on both sides of the James, in September and October, yet Petersburg and Rich- mond, at the close of the year, were still held by the Con- federates, though it was evident their grasp upon it was daily becoming less firm. XVL Of all the achievements of the army or navy of the United States during the war, none w^ere perhaps more brilliant than that of Admiral Farragut in Mobile Bay. On the morning of the 5th of August, his fleet of monitors and wooden vessels, two abreast and lashed together, moved up the bay, the admiral being on board his flag- ship, the Hartford, lashed to the main-top, the better to observe the operations, and give the necessary orders. The vessels succeeded in passing Forts Morgan and Gaines, with no serious disaster beyond the loss of the monitor Tecumseh, which was sunk by a torpedo. An engagement then took place with the enemy's fleet, consisting of the iron-clad ram Tennessee and three gunboats. After a brief encounter, the Tennessee surrendered. Admiral Buchanan, the Confederate commander, being severely wounded ; one of the gunboats was captured, but the other two escaped. Mean- while a co-operative body of troops was landed, and Fort Gaines was taken on the 8th. Fort Morgan held out till the 23d, when it too surrendered. XVI. Questions. — 121. How is Farragufs achievenifiit in Mobile Bay spoken of in comparison with otiicr achievements? 122. W^hat was the name of Farragnfs flag-ship? 123. Where did Farragut take a position during the battle? 124. What disaster befell one of the fleet? 125. State what aftei-M-ard took place. 126. WMiat at Fort Gaines. 127. At Fort Morgan. 128. Did the two vessels that escaped reach Mobile? Ans. One was so badly injured that she had to be destroyed. 129. Where is Mobile ? (See map, p. 300.) 1:30. Fort Morgan ? (Same.) 131. Fort Gaines? (Same.) 336 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 1864. XYIT. After tlic fall of Atlanta, Hood, with increased forces, assumed the offensive by attempting to destroy Sherman's communication ; but being followed by the latter he withdrew into noi'thern Alabama. Leaving General Thomas to watch Hood, Sherman returned to Atlanta, which city he destroyed, and on the loth of November commenced his memorable march to the sea-coast. His army advanced through Georgia, living upon the country. The State capital and other large towns were occupied by him, and on the lOtli of December the vicinity of Savannah was reached. Three days after, Fort McAllister was carried by assault, and by this achievement a communication was opened with the Heet. General Hardee, in command at Savannah, perceiving the prepara- tions which Sherman was making for a grand assault, effected his escape on the night of the 20th, and on the following morn- ing the Union army entered the city. XVHI. In the mean time Hood advanced into Tennessee, while Thomas fell back toward Nashville. At Franklin, November 30th, a fierce battle was fouo-ht, at the close of which the Nevada. — This State derived its name from the S erra Nevada, the mountain range bounding it on the west. The two words, sierra and nevada, are Spanish, the former sismifying mountain range, and the latter snow-clad or snow-covered. The State was admitted into the Union in 1864. XVII. Questions.— 132. "What did General Hood do after the fiill of Atlanta? 183. Why did he withdraw Into northern Alabama? 134. What great movement did Sherman then commence ? 135. Give an account of his march. 136. Who, com- manding the cavalr3', rendered important service ? Ans. General Kili)atrick. 187. W^hen did Sherman's army reach the vicinity of Savannah ? 13S. What success was had soon after? 139. What success followed a few days later? 140. Where is Sa- vannah? (Sec map, p. 320.) 141. Fort McAllister? XVIII. 142. What advance did Hood make ? 143. What took place at Franklin ? 144. Give an account of Ihe further movements. 145. Of the battle near Nashville. 146. What movement did Hood then make? 147. Where is Nashville? (See map, p. 192.) 148. Franklin ? (Same.) 149. Describe the Cumberland lliver. (Same.) Lincoln's administration. 337 Union army fell back to the outer Jine of the Nashville in- trenchraents, three miles from the city. With a view to com- pel Thomas to abandon the defense of Nashville, Hood made preparations to blockade the Cumberland, and cut the railroads leading' to the city ; but, before he could put his plan into execution, Thomas attacked him, December 15th, renewing the battle on the following day, and finally routing him with very great loss. Hood, with the remnant of his army, retired to Alabama. EVENTS OF 1865. I. The active operations of 1865 began with the reduction of Fort Fisher, situated at the mouth of Cape Fear River. This was the main defense of Wilmington. In December, 1864, General Butler, with about six thousand troops, had eifected a landing near the fort, for the purpose of operating in conjunction with Admiral Porter's fleet ; but, deeming the works too strong to be carried by his force, returned to Fort- ress Monroe. In January, 1865, the enterprise was renewed by General Terry, with eight thousand men, including Butler's force. Under cov^er of a fire from the fleet, the troops were landed on the morning of the 13th, and on the 15th the works were carried, after desperate hand-to-hand fighting. The fall of Foi-t Fisher carried with it the other defenses on the river, the Confederates were driven from Wilmington, and the city was occupied by the Federal troops on the 22d of February. II. General Sherman, having halted at Savannah only long Events of 1S65.— I. Questions.—!. How is Fort Fisher situated? 2. Describe the Cape Fear Eiver. (See map, p. 164.) 3. "What can you state of Butler's prepara- tions to attack Fort Fisher? 4. "Why did he not make the attack? 5. "What force afterward made a successful attack ? 6. Give an account of the capture. 7. "What were the consequences of the capture ? II. S. "When did Sherman move from Savannah ? 9. When did he take Cohimbia ? 10. How was the capture of Charleston effected ? 11. "What is said of Fort Sumter? 12. Give a further account of Sherman's march northward. 13. At what place did the battle on the 16th of March occur ? Ans. Averysboro'. 14. The battle on the 19th and 20th ? Ans. Bentonville. 15. What place did Sherman reach on the 13th of April? 16. What retreat did Johnson make? 17. "Where is lialeigh? (See map, p. 320.) IS. Goldsborough ? (Same map.) 19. Ilillsboro' ? 15 338 Lincoln's administration. enoiio;h to refit his armv, 1885. , ^ , entered upon a campaign through the Carolinas, and by the 1st of February his whole force was again in motion. On the l7th lie captured Cohimbia, thus rendering it necessary for the Confederates to evacuate Charleston. General Gillmore, com- manding the land forces operating MAJOK-GENEEAL 8HEKMAN. ^gaiust Charlcstou, from the coast, took possession of the city on the 18th, and the national flag floated once more from Fort Sum- ter. Sherman continued his march northward, entering North Carolina, while General Schofield from Newbcrn, and General Terry from Wilmington, co-operated wntli him. On the 16th of March, and on the 19th and 20th, he encountered the enemy, repulsing them in both engagements. On the 21st he occupied Goldsborough, and on the 13th of April reached Raleigh, Johnson retreating beyond Hillsboro'. Ill, Sheridan, in the mean time, was making a raid up the Shenandoah valley. At Waynesborough, March 2d, he attacked and routed Early. Marching onward, through Charlottesville, he destroyed the railroads and the canal by which Richmond and Lee's army received supplies, and finally formed a junction with the Army of the Potomac south of Petersburg. As the issue of the great struggle became more dubious to the Confederates, their Congress, after considei'able opposition, passed a bill to increase their military forces by arming the slaves. Lee, seeing that he was hemmed in, deter- mined, if possible, to divide Grant's army, and, by getting into IIL Questions.— 20. What was Sheridan doing in the moan time ? 21. Give an account of his victory there in March. 22. "What destruction did he effect? 23. What junction did he form? 24. What extraordinary measure did the Confederate Congress pass? 25. What determination did Lee form? 26. Give an account of the attempt made by him to carry out his i)lan. 2T. Whore was Fort Steadman ? Ans. East of and near Petersburg. LINCOLN S ADMINLSTRATION. 339 its rear, force it to abandon its lines. Witli this intention he made a sudden dash at Fort Steadman, and captured it ; but there his success ended, for on the same day, March 25th, the fort was retaken, and, stiU later in the day, a forward move- ment, ordered by General Grant, was completely successful. IV. On the 29th of March the final movement of the national forces around Richmond began, and, after ten days' marching and fighting, the campaign Avas finished. On the 3d of April both Petersburg and Richmond were occupied by Grant's victorious troops, Lee and his army having fled the day before toward Lynchburg, and Jefi'erson Davis toward the sea-coast. The retreating troops were hotly pursued by Sheridan, and, on the 9th of April, Lee surrendered what remained of his army to General Grant. From this period the history of the war is but a record of national successes, in the surrender of the several remaining Confederate com- mand ere;. V. The hearts of the loyal people were throbbing with ecstasy at a triumph so long struggled for, and the dawn of peace appeared ; but this feeling of joy was suddenly turned into mourning. In less than one week after Lee's surrender, April ] 4th, President Lincoln was assassinated by a desperado acting in sympathy with the Confederate cause, and an attempt was also made upon the life of Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State. VI. The intelligence of this sad event filled every loyal IV. Questions. — 28. When did the great final military movement commence ? 29. How long did it continue? 80. In what direction did General Lee retreat? 81. When were Petersburg and Richmond captured ? 32. What direction did Jefferson Davis take? 33. What further account can you give of Davis? Ans. He was cap- tured at a place in Georgia, and then, at Fortress Monroe, put in close confinement. 84. After Lee's surrender, what did the other Confederate commanders do ? V. 35. What sad event took i)lace ? 36. When was President Lincoln assassin- ated? 3T. When did he die? Ans. He lingered a few hours in an insensible con- dition, expiring on the morning of the loth. 38. WHiat attempt at assassination was made, but without success ? VI. 39. How did the news of the Presidenfs death afi'ect the people? 40. How did the people manifest their grief? 41. What may be truly said of Mr. Lincoln ? 340 Johnson's administration. heart throughout the land with overwhelming sorrow ; ^^^^' and even those against whom the murdered President had so long contended, expressed the strongest feeling of regret that so wicked and, to them, useless, if not baneful, an act should have been committed. The demonstrations of grief throuo-hout the North were unprecedented, and for several weeks all the great cities were draped in badges and emblems of mourning. The funeral cortege of the deceased President was followed by hundreds of thousands of the citizens of the republic, as it wended its way from the capital to his former home at Springfield, where the remains were deposited ; and it may be truly said that upon no President' since Washing- ton, and no personage in the history of the country, Avere the affections of the people more warmly bestowed, and that none was ever more generally or more sincerely lamented. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. I. Upon the death of Mr. Lincoln, which occurred on the morning of the loth of April, the Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, was sworn into office, and thereupon assumed the duties of President of the United States.* The assassin of the lamented President eluded pursuit until the 26th, when, on boing tracked to his hiding-place and refusing to surrender, he was shot. It appearing that the assassination was part of a conspiracy to disorganize the Government, by the simultaneous destruction of its principal executive officers, a trial was had ; and, of the seven persons tried and found guilty, four were hanged and the others imprisoned. * President Johnson retained the Cabinet of his predecessor, which then consisted of William H. Seward, Secretary of State ; Hugh McCuUoch, Secretary of the Treasury ; Kdwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; James Harlan, Secretary of the Interior; James Speed, Attorney-General ; and William Dennison, Postmaster-General. Johnson's Administration.— I. Questions.— 1. When did Mr. Lincoln's death occur? 2. Who then became President? 3. What was the fiite of the person who shot Mr. Lincoln? 4. What can you state of the conspiracy? JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 341 II. Hostilities having ceased, tlie work of " Reconstructing llie Union " began. On the 29th of April, the President issued a pro- clamation removing re- strictions on commerce in the South ; and, a month after, a procla- mation of amnesty was addressed to a large class of those who had been concerned in the <;f rebellion. Three- % fourths of the States having ratified the reso- lution of Congress pro- posing an amendment to the Constitution, by which slavery should be abolished, the formal announcement that slavery was constitutionally abolished was made on the 18th of December. III. Upon the assembling of Congress, in December, 1865, it appeared that the entire debt of the Government amounted to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars, the great bulk of which had been contracted in the prosecution of the war. To raise the enormous sums required during the contest, loans were ofiered, and were freely taken by the ANDREW .ToIIX'iOIT Was b,>ni in K ileuli, iN. C, Dec. ISOS. bM\c(i nine > tars at the busi- ness of a tiilii. ^\ as fi\e times a[ Representatne iii Congress, and twice Governor of Tennesbte. II. Questions. — 5. As soon as hostilities were ended, what began ? 6 What proclamation was issued April 29th ? 7. May 29th? 8. What can you state in rela- tion to the abolition of slavtM-y? III. 9. The debt of the Government? 10. Of loans? 11. Duty on importations ? 12. Taxes on incomes? 13. Eevenue-stamps ? 14. Gold, as an article of merchan- dise? 342 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. loyal people. Still further to increase the ability of the trea- sury to meet the heavy drain upon it, the duty on importa- tions had been increased, taxes had been imposed on incomes and manufactures, and revenue-stamps required to be placed on bonds, mortgages, and other documents. A general sus- pension of specie payments by the banks of the North having taken place at the close of 1861, specie circulation soon gave way to that of paper, and gold became an article of merchan- dise, commanding a high premium. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 345 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELATING TO THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1492. America discovered by Christopher Cohimbus, Oct. 4. 1497. Labrador discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot, . . . July 3. 1498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot. Continent of South America discovered by Columbus, Aug. 10. 1499. South America visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 1512. Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon, April 6. 1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Sept. 29. 1520. Carolina visited by Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon. 1521, Mexico conquered by Fernando Cortez. 1524. Coast of North America explored by John Yerrazani. 1528. The conquest of Florida undertaken by Pamphilo de Narvaez. 1534. The St. Lawrence River discovered by James Cartier,. June. 1539. Ferdinand de Soto undertook to conquer Florida. 1541. The Mississippi River discovered by De Soto. 1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance, 1564. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 1565. St. Augustine, Florida, founded by the Spaniards, Sept. 18. Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed by the Spaniards, Oct. 1. 1583. Newfoundland taken possession of by Sir H. Gilbert.. 1584. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of North Caro- lina. 1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 1587. Second attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 1602. Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold, May 24, 1605. Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, settled by the French. 1606. London and Plymouth Companies received charters, . . April 20. 1607. Jamestown settled by the London Company, May 23. The Plymouth Company began a settlement on the Kennebec River, Aug. 21. 1608. Quebec settled by the French, under Champlain* July 3. 1609. Virginia received its second charter, June 2. The Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson, . . . Sept. 21. 1610. "The Starving Time" in Virginia. 1612. Virginia received its third charter, March 22. 1613. Pocahontas married to Rolfe, April. 346 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1613. French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia destroyed by Samuel Argall. 1614. The coast of New England explored by John Smith. New York settled by the Dutch. 1616. The culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 1620. Commencement ofNegroslaveryin the English colonies, Aug. Charter granted to "The Council of Plymouth," Nov. 3. Massachusetts settled at Plymouth, Dec. 21. 1621. Treaty with Massasoit made, April 1. 1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia, April 1. 1623. New Hampshire settled at Little Harbor and Dover. .. 1633. Connecticut settled at Windsor, Oct. 1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's, April 6.. 1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence- Harvard College founded. 163Y. The Pequod War. 1638. Delaware settled near Wilmington, April. J 641. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts . 1643. Union of New England colonies formed, May 29. 1644. Second Indian massacre in Virginia, April. 1645. Clayborne's Rebellion in Maryland. 1650. North Carolina settled on the Chowan River. 1651. The " Navigation Act" passed by Parliament. 1652. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts. 1655. Civil War in Maryland. New Sweden conquered by the Dutch, Oct. 1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 1664. New York became an English Province, Sept. 8. New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 1670. South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 16*13, Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington. 1675. King Philip's war commenced, by an attack upon Swan- zey, July 4. 1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 1680. Charleston founded. New Hampshire made a Royal Province, Sept. 28. 1682. Pennsyl\^nia settled. Delaware granted by the Duke of York to William Penn, Aug. 3 1 . 1686. Andros arrived at Boston as governor of New England, Dec. 30 1689. King William's War commenced. Attack upon Dover, July 7. 1690. Schenectady, burned by the French and Indians, Feb. 8. Port Royal taken by the English under Phipps, May. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 347 1692. " Salem Witchcraft" delusion prevailed. 1621. King William's War terminated by the "Treaty of Ryswick," Sept. 20. 1102. Queen Anne's War commenced. niO. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, captured by the EngHsh, . . . Oct. 13. 1713. Queen Anne's War terminated by the "Treaty of Utrecht," April 11. 1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces, July. 1732. Washington born in Westmoreland county, Yirgina, . Feb, 22. 1733. Georgia settled at Savannah, Feb, 12. 1741, "The Negro Plot" in New York. 1744. King G-eorge's War commenced in America. 1745. Louisburg captured by the English, June 28. 1748. King George's War terminated by the "Treaty of Aix la Chapelle," Oct. 18. 1753. Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddie, Oct. 31. 1754. Washington delivered St. Pierre's reply to Dinwiddie,. Dec. 11. The battle of the G-reat Meadows, May 28. Congress of Commissioners met at Albany June. The battle of Fort Necessity, July 4. 1755. French expelled from Nova Scotia by Monckton, .... June. Braddock's defeat at the battle of Monongahela, July 9, The British defeat by Dieskau near Lake George, Sept. 8. Dieskau defeated by the British at Lake George, Sept, 8. 1756. Great Britain declared war against France, May 17. France declared war against Great Britain, June 9. The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego, Aug. 14. Indians defeated at Kittaning, Sept. 8. 1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, Aug. 9. 'the massacre at Fort William Henry, ^ug. 1 0. 1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ticonderoga, .... July 6. Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, . ., July 8. Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 20. Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English, Aug. 27. Grant defeated by Aubury near FortDuquesne Sept. 21. 1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French. Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson,... July 25. Battle of Montmorenci, July 31. Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. Quebec surrendered to the English, , . . . , Sept. 18, 1760. The French, under De Levi, attempted the recovery of Quebec (battle three miles above the city), April 28. 348 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1760. Montreal and the rest of Canada surrendered to the English, Sept. 8. 1763. The peace of Paris between Great Britain and France, Feb. 10. Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain, Feb 10. 1765. The Stamp Act passed by Parliament, March 8. A colonial Congress met at New Yoik, Oct. 7. 1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, March 18. 1767. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, etc., passed,.. .. June 20. 1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston, Sept. 27. 1770. " The Boston Massacre," March 5. All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parliament, April 12. 1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard, Dec. 16. 1774. " Boston Port BiU" passed by Parliament, March. "The First Continental Congress" met at Philadelphia,. Sept. 5. 1775. The battle of Lexington, April 19. Ticonderoga, New York, captured by AUen and Arnold, May 10. Crown Point, New York, captured by the Americans,.. May 12. "Washington elected commander-in-chief, June 15, The battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. Washington took command of the army, July 12. Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, Nov. 13. Battle of Quebec, Dec. 31. 1776. Norfolk, Virginia, destroyed by Lord Dunmore, Jan. 1. Boston evacuated by the British troops, March 1. The battle of Fort Moultrie, South Carolma, June 28. The Declaration of Independence, July 4. The battle of Long Island, New York, Aug. 27. The city of New York abandoned by the Americans,... Sept. 15.' The battle of White Plains, New York, Oct. 28. The battle of Fort Washington, New Y'ork, Nov. 16. Fort Lee, New Jersey, taken by the British, Nov. 18. Gen. Lee surprised and taken prisoner, Dec. 13. The battle of Trenton, New Jersey, Dec. 26. 1777. The battle of Princeton, New Jersey, Jan. 3. Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut, April. Meigs's expedition against the British at Sagg Harbor,. May 23. Invasion of New York by Burgoyne, June. Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans, July 5. The battle of Hubbardton, Vermont, July 7. Gen. Prescott captured by Colonel Barton, July 10. Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward, July 27. Fort Schuyler, New York, besieged by St. Leger, .... Aug. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 349 1177. The battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler, Aug 6. The battle of Fort Schuyler, Aug. 6. The battle of Bennington, Yermout, : . . . Aug. 1 G. The battle of Brandy wine, Pennsylvania, Sept. 1 1 . The battle of Bemis Heights, or first of Stillwater, . . . Sept. 1 9. The battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania, Sept. 20. Philadelphia entered by the British, Sept. 26. The battle of Germantown, Pennsylvania, Oct. 4. Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British,.. Oct. 6. The battle of Saratoga, second of Stillwater, Oct. 7. The surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17. The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, New Jersey,.. . . Oct. 22. The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania,... . Oct. 22. Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, Nov. 15. Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans, Nov. 1 G. Washington encamped at Yalley Forge, Pennsylvania, Dec. 11. 1778. American Independence acknowledged by France,. . .. Feb. 6. Treaty of Alliance with France, Feb. G. British commissioners sent to America. Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June 18. The battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, June 28. The battle of "Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and massacre, July 3. The French fleet under D'Estaing arrived, July 11. The battle of Rhode Island, Aug. 29, Grey's ravaging expedition to the eastward, Sept. Ferguson's expedition against Egg Harbor, Oct. The massacre at Cherry YaUey, New York, Nov. 11, 12 The battle of Savannah, Georgia, Dec. 29. 1779. Sunbur}^, Georgia, captured by the British, Jan. 9. The battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia, Feb. 14. The battle of Brier Creek, Georgia, March 3. Tyron's second expedition against Connecticut, March. Stony Point, New York, captured by the British, May 3 1 . Yerplanck's Point, New York, captured by the British, June 1. War declared against Great Britain by Spain, June 2G. The battle of Stono Ferry, South Carolina Juno 20. Tryon's third expedition against Connecticut July. The battle of Stony Point, New York, July 15. British Garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee,. . July 19. The battle of the Penobscot, Maine, Aug. 13. Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. " The battle of the Chemung," New York, Aug. 29. 350 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1779. Savannah besieged by the French and Americans, .... Sept. Oct. Jones's naval battle off' the coast of England, Sept. 23, D'Estaiyg and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, Oct. 9. 1780. Charleston besieged by the British, Ap. May. The battle of Monk's Corner, South Carolina, April 14. Charleston surrendered to the British, May 12. The battle of \Yaxhaw, South CaroUna, May 29. The battle of Springfield, New Jersey, June 23. French fleet arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, July 10. The battle of Rocl^y Mount, South Carolina, July 30. The battle of Hanging Rock, South Carolina, Aug. 6. The battle of Sanders Creek, South Carolina, Aug. 16. The battle of Fishing Creek, South Carolina, Aug. 18. Arnold's treason. Andre executed as a spy at Tappau, New York, Oct. 2. The battle of King's Mountain, South Carolina, Oct. 7. The battle of Fishdam Ford, South Carohna, Nov. 12. The battle of Blackstocks, South Carolina, Nov. 20. 1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1. The battle of the Cowpens, South Carolina, Jan. 17. The revolt of New Jersey troops, Jan. 18. Arnold's depredation in Yirginia, Jan. CornwaUis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene, Jan. Feb. Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. The battle of Gruilford Court-House, North Carolina,. . March 15. The battle of Ilobkirk's Hill, South Carolina, April 25. Siege of Ninety-Six by General Greene May, Jun. The battle of Ninety-Six, South Carolina, June 18. Colonel Hayne executed by the British at Charleston, July 31. Arnold's expedition against Connecticut, Sept. The battle of Fort Griswold, Connecticut, Sept. 6. The battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, Sept. 8. The siege of Yorktown, Virginia, Oct. The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 10. 1782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, Nov. 30, Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American army, . April 19. Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by the British, July 11. Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. American army disbanded by orders of Congress,. . . . Nov. 3. New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 25. Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the British, Dec. 14. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 351 ITS?). Washington resigns his commission, Dec. 23. 11S1. Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts. Constitution of the United States agreed on by the convention of delegates at Philadelpliia, Sept. 17. 1789. The first Congress under the Constitution met at New York, March 4. "Washington inaugurated President of the United States, April 30. 1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians in Indiana, Oct.17,22 1791. United States Bank established at Philadelphia. Vermont admitted into the Union, Feb. 1 8. St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, Nov. 4. 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union. 1793. The difficulties with France. 1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee, Aug- 20. " Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. 1795. " Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain ratified, June 24. Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain, and Algiers, 1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union, June. 1797. John Adams inaugurated President of the United States, March 4. 1799. The death of Washington, Dec. 14. J 800. The seat of government removed to Washington. Treaty of peace conducted with France, Sept. 30. 1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President, March 4. War declared against the United States by Tripoli June 10. 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union. 1 803. Louisiana purchased of France, April 30. Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli. 1804. The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur, Feb. 15. The duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 11. 1805. Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton, April 27, Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3. 1806. British blockade from the Elbe to Brest declared, May 16. Bonaparte issued his " Berlin Decree," Nov. 21. American frigate Chesapeake attacked by the Leopard. . June 22. 1807. British "Orders in Council" prohibited coast trade with France, Jan. 7. British armed vessels ordered to leave the United States, July. British " Orders in Council" prohibited all trade with France and her allies, Nov. 11. Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted, Sept. Bonaparte issued his " Milan Decree," Dec. 17. 352 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1807. Embargo on American ships laid by Congress, Dec. 22. 1809. Commerce with Great Britain and France interdicted by Congress, Marcli ] . James Madison inaugurated President, Marcli 4. 1811. Action between the President and Little Belt, May 16. Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, Nov. 7. 1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union. War against G-reat Britain proclaimed by the United States, June 19. Invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull, July 12. Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, Michigan, July 17. The first battle of Brownstown, Michigan, Aug. 5. The second battle of Brownstown, Aug. 9. Surrender of Detroit, Michigan, by Gen. Hull, Aug. 16. British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, Aug. 13. British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution,. . Aug. 19. The battle of Queenstown, Canada, Oct. 13. British brig Frohc taken by the Wasp, Oct. 18. British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States, Oct. 25. British frigate Java taken by the Constitution, Dec. 29. 1813. The battle of Frenchtown, Michigan, Jan. 22. British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, Feb. 24. Madison commenced a second presidential term, March 4. The battle of York, Canada, April 27. Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor, . . . May 1. The battle of Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 5. Fort George, Canada, taken by the Americans, May 27. The battle of Sackett's Harbor, New York, May 29. American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon, . . June 1 . The battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, Aug. 2. American brig Argus taken by the Pelican, Aug. 14. Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mims, Aug. 30. British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise, Sept. 5. Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10. The battle of the Thames, Canada, Oct. 5. The battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, Nov. 11. 1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War,..-. March 27. American frigate Essex taken by the British war ves- sels Phoebe and Cherub, March 28. The battle of La Colle MiU, Canada, March 30. British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock, April 29. British sloop Reindeer taken by the Am. sloop Wasp . June 28. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 353 1814. Fort Erie captured by the Americans, July 3. The battle of Chippewa, Canada, July 5. The battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridge water, Canada, July 25. The first battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Aug. 15. The battle of Bladensburg, Maryland, Aug. 24. The city of Washington taken by the British, Aug. 24. British sloop Avon taken by the Am. sloop Wasp,.. . Sept. 1. McDonough's victory on Lake Charaplain, Sept. 11. The battle of Plattsburg, New York, Sept. 11. The battle of North Point, Maryland, Sept. 12. The battle of Fort McHenry, Maryland, Sept. 13. The battle of Fort Bowyer, Alabama, Sept. 15. The second battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Sept. 1 T. The British driven from Pensacola by Gen. Jackson, . Nov. V. The battle on Lake Borgne, Louisiana, .... Dec. 14. Hartford Convention, Dec. The battle nine miles from New Orleans, Dec. 23. Treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, Dec. 24. 1815. The battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. " The U. S. frigate President captured by a British squadron, Jan. 15. • The Cyane and Levant taken by the Constitution,.. . . Feb. 20, The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet, March 23. War with Algiers declared by Congress, March. Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers, May. 1816. Bank of United States rechartered for twenty years, . . . April 10. Indiana admitted into the Union,. Dec. 1817. James Monroe inaugurated President, March 4. Mississippi admitted into the Union, Dec. The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. 1818. General Jackson went against the hostile Indians, . March. Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed, April 30. Pensacola seized by General Jackson, , May 24. Illinois admitted into the Union, Aug. 1819. Alabama admitted into the Union Dec. 1820. Maine admitted into the Union,. March. Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, Oct. 1821. Missouri admitted into the Union, Aug. 1824. Lafayette visited tlie United States, , Aug. 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President, March 4. 1826. Death of the two ex-presidenta, Adams and Jefferson, July 4. 354 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 4. 1831. Death of Ex-president Monroe, July 4. 1832. " The Black Hawk War." " NuUifieaiion" in South Carolina. 1833. Eemoval of the Government funds from the U. S. Bank, Oct. 1835. War with the Seminoles commenced. Gen. Thompson and friends massacred by the Seminoles, Dec. 28. Major Dade and party massacred by the Seminoles, . . . Dec. 28. 1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union, Sept. 183T. Michigan admitted into the Union, . . Jan. Martin Van Buren inaugurated President, March 4. The battle of Okechobee, Florida, Dec. 25. 1838. "The Canadian RebeUion." 1841. William Henry Harrison inaugurated President, March 4. Death of William Henry Harrison, April 4. John Tyler inaugurated President, April 6. 1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. The " Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island, 1845. Joint resolutions for the annexation of Texas signed by President Tyler, March 1. James K. Polk inaugurated President, March 4. Florida admitted into the Union, March 3. Texas admitted into the Union, July. 1846. Thornton's party captured by the Mexicans, Texas,.. . Anril 26. Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans, May. The battle of Palo Alto, Texas, May 8. The battle of Resaca de la Palma, Texas, May 9. Congress declared " war existed by the act of Mexico," May 11. Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras, . . May 18. Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Gen. Taylor, Sept. 24. The battle of Bracito, Mexico, Dec. 25. Iowa admitted into the Union, Dec. 28. ■• 847. The battle of Buena Yista, Mexico, Feb 23. The battle of Sacramento, Mexico, Feb. 28. The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott, March 2T The battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico, April 18. The battle of Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico, .... Aug. 20. The battle of Molino del Rey, Mexico, Sept. 8. The battle of Chapultepec, Mexico,.. Sept. 13. City of Mexico entered by the Americans under Scott, Sept. 14. The battle of Huamantla, Mexico, Oct. 9. 1848. Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupei, Hidalgo, Feb. 2. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 85i 1848. Wisconsia admitted into the Union, May 29. 1849. Zaehary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5. 1850. The death of President Tiiylor, July 9. Millard Fillmore inaugurated President, July 10. California admitted into the Union, Sept. 9. 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President, March 4. 1854. " Kansas-Nebraska Bill " passed, June. 1857. James Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4. 1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union, May 11. 1859. Oregon admitted into the Union, Feb. 14. John Brown's raid into Virginia, Oct. Ifi. 186 \ Secession Ordinance passed by South Carolina, Dec. 20, 1861. Secession of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, and North Carolina declared. Steamer Star of the West, off Charleston, fired. in to,. Jan. 9. Kansas admitted into the Union, Jan. 29. " Southern Confederacy " formed at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4. Jeff". Davis inaugurated President of the " Confed- eracy," Feb. 18. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the United States, March 4. Fort Sumter attacked by the Confederates, A p. 1 2, 13. President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 1 9. The President issues a second call for troops, May 4. Union victory at Philippi, Virginia, June 3. Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia, Tune 10. Union victory at Romne}', Virginia, June 11. Union victory at Booneville, Mis ouri, June 1 Y. Meeting of Congress in Extra Session, July 4. Battle of Carthage, Missouri, July 5. Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia.. July 11. Battle near Centreville, Virginia, July 18. Confederate Congress meets at Richmond, July 20. Battle of Bull Run, Virginia, July 21. Battle of Dug Spring, Missouri, -^I'g- 2. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri, Aug. 10. Forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C, cai)ture(l Aug. 29. Confederates take Lexington, Missouri, Sept. 20. 356 CHRONOLOGICAL, TABLE. 1861. Battle of Edward's Ferry, or BaU's Bluff, Virginia,. . Oct. 21. Capture of Port Royal entrance by Union fleet, Nov. 7. Battle of Belmont, Missouri, Nov. 8. Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer, Nov. 8. 1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky, Jan. 19. Fort Henry captured by Union fleet, Feb. 6. Roanoke Island captured by Union forces, .Feb. 8. Fort Donelson captured by Union forces, Feb. 16. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., Mar. 6, 8. Frigates Congress and Cumberland sunk by the Merrimac, March 8. Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac,. . . March 9. Newborn, N C, captured by Union troops, March 14. Battle at Winchester, Virginia, March 23. Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tenn., Ap. 6, 7. Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, April 7. Fort Pulaski, GTa., captured by Union fleet, April 11. New Orleans captured by Union forces, April 25. Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5. Norfolk, Va,, surrendered to the Unionists, May 10. Confederates retreat from Corinth, Miss., May 28, 29. Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, May 31, June 1. Memphis, Tenn., surrendered to the Unionists, June 6. Seven days' contest on the Virginia peninsula, June 25 to July 2. The President calls for 300,000 more troops, July 1. Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Aug. 9. Pope's battles between Manassas and Washington, . .Aug. 23, 30. Battle near Richmond, Kentucky, Aug. 30. Invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, Sept. 5. Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, Sept. 14. Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates,.. . Sept. 15. Battle of Antietam, Maryland, Sept 17. Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky, Sept. 17. Battle of luka, Mississippi, Sept, 1 9. Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, Oct. 4. Battle of Perry ville, Kentucky, Oct. 8. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Dec. 1 3. Union Repulse at Vicksburg, Mississippi, Dec. 29. Battle of Stone River, or Murfroesboro', Tennessee,. Dec. 31. 1863. The President's Emaiicipation Proclamation issued,. Jan. 1. Battle of Murfreesboro' resumed and ended, Jan. 2. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 357 1863. Arkansas Post captured by Union forces, Jan. 11. Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, April 1. Union cavalry raid, under Grierson, in Mississippi,. . April. Battle at Port Gibson, Mississippi, , . May 1. Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2, .3. Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, May 1 2. Union victory near Jackson, Mississippi, May 14. Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi, May 1 6. Battle at Big Black River, Mississippi, May 11. Second invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, June. "West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 20. Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1-3. Vicksburg surrendered by the Confederates, July 4. Port Hudson surrendered by the Confederates, July 8. Great riot in 'New York city, Jidy 1 3-16. Morgan defeated near Kyger's Creek, Ohio, July 21. Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26. Fort Wagner, S. C, captured by Union troops, Sept. 6. Battle of Chickamanga, Georgia, Sept. 19, 20. Knoxville, Tenn., invested by the Confederates,. . . . Nov. 18. Union victory at Lookout Mountain, Georgia, Nov. 24. Union victory at Missionary Ridge, Georgia, Nov. 25. Union victory at Knoxville, Kentucky, Nov. 29, 1864. President orders a draft for more men, Feb. 1. Battle of Olustee, Florida, Feb. 20. Grant created Lieutenant-General, March 3. Fort De Russy, La., captured by Union troops, March 14. Battle of Cane River, Louisiana, '. March 26. Battle of Mansfield, or Sabine Cross Roads, La., .... April 8. Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9. Fort Pillow, Tenn., captured by the Confederat;es, , . . April 12. Plymouth, N. C, surrendered to the Confederates, . . April 20. Army of the Potomac commenced a forward move- ment, May 3. Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, May 5-7. March from Chattanooga against Atlanta commenced. May I. Battles near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia, . . May 1, 12. Battle of Resaca, Georgia, May 15. Battle of New Market, Virginia, May 15. Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the James, June 14. 358 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1864. Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama, June 15. Invasion of Maryland by Early's army, July 5. Battle of Monocacy, Maryland, July 9. President calls for 500,000 volunteers, July 18. Battles before Atlanta, Georgia, July 20, 22, 28. Chambersburg, Pa., sacked and burned, July 30. Explosion of mine and Union repulse at Petersburg, July 30. Confederates defeated in Mobile Bay, Ala., Aug. 5. TVeldon railroad seized by Union troops, -Aug. 18. Atlanta, Ga., captured by Union army, Sept. 2. Battle of Winchester, Yirginia, Sept. 19. Battle of Fisher's Hill, Virginia, Sept. 22. Battle of Cedar Creek, Yirginia, Oct. 1 9. Confederate ram Albemarle destroyed by torpedo, . Oct. 28. Plymouth, N. C, recaptured by Union troops, Oct. 31. Nevada admitted into the Union, Oct. 31. Battle of Frankhn, Tennessee, Nov. 30. Battle near Nashville, Tennessee, Dec. 16. Savannah, Ga., captured by Union army, Dec. 21. 1865. Fort Fisher, N. C, captured by Union troops, Jan. 15. Constitutional Amendment abolishing slavery passed by Congress, Jan. 31. Columbia, S. C, captured by Union troops, Feb. 17. Charleston, S. C, captured by Union troops, Feb. 18. "VVilmiugton, N. C, captured by Union troops, Feb. 22. Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, Mar. 19, 20. Battle near Goldsboro', North Carolina, March 21. Battle of Fort Steadman, Yirginia, March 25. Petersburg and Eichmond captured, April 3. Surrender of Lee's army, April 9. Mobile, Ala., captured by Union forces, April 13. President Lincoln assassinated April 14. Andrew Johnson inaugurated President, April 15. Surrender of Johnston's army, April 26. Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia, . , May 10. Close of the Great Ptebellion. Slavery declared abolished, Dec. 18. SUCCESSION OF PRESIDENTS. 359 PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF WHAT NO. PRESIDENTS. STATE. INAITGTTRATED. VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1. 2. George Washington. John Adams Virginia Massachusetts April 80, 1789 March 4, 1797 . . John Adams. Thomas Jefferson. 3. Thomas Jefferson . . . Virginia March 4, 1801 | Aaron Burr. George Clinton. 4. James Madison Virginia March 4, 1809 \ Georse Clinton Elbridge Gerry. 5. 6. 7. James Monroe John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Virginia Massachusetts Tennessee . . . March 4,1817... March 4, 1825 . . March 4, 1829 -j Daniel D. Tompkins. John C. Calhoun. John C. Calho'-n. Martin Van Buren. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Martin Van Buren... William H. Harrison. John Tyler New York Ohio March 4,1837... March 4, 1841... April 6, 1841 .... March 4, 1845... March 5, 1849... July 10, 1850.. . March 4, 1853... March 4, 1S57.. Richard M. Johnson. John Tyler. George M. Dallas. Millard Fillmore. William R. King. Jno. C. Breckinridge. Virginia James K.Polk Zachary Taylor Millar(i Fillmore.... Franklin Pierce. ... James Buchanan Tennessee Louisiana New York . . . N. Hampshire Pennsylyania. IG. IT. Abraham Lincoln... xVndrew Johnson.. . Illinois Tennessee March 4, 1861 -j April 15,1865.. Hannibal Hamlin. Andrew Johnson. {Questions to he answered from the above Talile, and in connection with the preceding one.) 1. When was Y/ashington inaugurated President of the United States? 2. How many years did he serye? 3. Who, during the same period, was Vice-President? 4. What States were admitted into the Union while Washington was President? 5. W^ho succeeded Washington in the presidency? 6. When was John Adams inaugu- rated? 7. How many years did he serye? 8. Who, during the same period, was Vice-President ? 9. Were any States admitted into the Union while John Adams was President? 10. Who succeeded John Adams in the presidency? 11. When was Jefferson inaugurated? 12. How many years did Jefferson serye? 13. Who was the Vice-President during his first term of office? 14. Who, during the second ? 15. What State was admitted into the Union while he was President? 16. By whom was he succeeded? 17. When was James Madison inaugurated? 18. For how many years was he President? 19. Who were the Vice-Presidents during that period? 20. Name the two States that were admitted into the Union during his presidency? 21. Who was his successor in office ? 22. When was Monroe inaugurated ? 23. How many years Avas Monroe President? 24. Who, during the same period, was Vice- President? 25. Name the flye States that were admitted into the Union during Monroe's presidency? 26. Who succeeded Monroe in the presidency? 27. When was John Quincy Adams inaugurated? 2S. Did he serve four or eight years? 29. Who was Vice-President during that time? 30. Were any States admitted into the Union while John Quincy Adams was President? 31. Who succeeded him in the presidency ? 32. When was Jackson inaugurated ? 33. Was he President four or eight years? 34. What two States were admitted during Jackson's administration? 35. What two during Tyler's? 36. What two during Polk's? 37. Which one dur- ing Fillmore's? 88. W^ere any admitted during Pierce's? 39. What three were admitted during Buchanan's ? 40. What was the length of Jackson's administra- tion? 41. Of Van Buren's? 42. Harrison's? 43. Tyler's? 44. Polk's? 45. Tay- lor's? 46. Fillmore's? 47. Pierce's? 48. Buchanan's? 49. Who were Vice-Presi- dents during Jackson's administration? 50. Who was during Harrison's? 51. Tyler's? 52. Polk's? 53. Taylor's? 54. Fillmore's? 55. Pierce's? 360 SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES. SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. SETTLED. STATES. ADVITTED When. Where. By Whom. Virginia 1607 Jamestown English . . . W* New York IGU New York Dutch 2* Massachusetts . . . 1620 Plymouth English . . . New Hampshire . 162.3 Little Harbor . . . English . . . Connecticut 1633 Windsor Enghsh . . . C* Maryland 1634 St. Mary's English . . . .^* Rhode Island . . . . 1636 Providence English . . . O* Delaware 1G38 Wilmington . . . . Swedes . . . ?* North Carolina. . . 16:0 Chowan River . . English . . . 1* New Jersey 1G64 Elizabeth Dutch •S* South Carolina . . . 1G70 Ashley River. . . English . . . H* Pennsylvania- . . . . 1G82 Philadelphia English . . . s* Georgia 1733 Savannah English . . . English . . . 1791 Vermont 1724 Fort Dummer. . . Kentucky 1775 Boonesboro English . . . 1792 Tennessee 1757 Fort Loudon. . . . Enghsh . . . 1796 Ohio 1788 1699 Marietta Iberville Enghsh . . . French .... 1802 Louisiana 1812 Indiana 1730 1716 Vincennes Natchez French .... French 1816 Mississippi ..... 1817 Illinois 1720 1711 1625 1764 Kaskaskia MobQe French .... French .... French .... French .... 1818 Alabama Maine . . . 1819 Bristol 1820 Missouri St. Louis 1821 Arkansas 1685 Arkansas Post . . French .... 1836 Michigan 1670 Detroit French .... 1837 Florida 1565 St. Augustine . . . S. A. De Bexar. . Spaniards . Spaniards . 1845 Texas 1692 1845 Iowa ... 1833 Burlington Green Bay Enghsh . . . French .... 1846 Wisconsin 1669 1848 California 1769 San Diego Spaniards . 1850 Minnesota 1846 1811 St. Paul Americans . Americans. Americans . 1858 Astoria 1859 Kansas 1861 West Virginia 1862 Nevada Carson City Americans. 1864 • (Questions to be answered from the above TaMe.) When and where was Virgina settled? New York? Massachusetts? New Hampshire ? Connecticut ? Maryland ? Rhode Island ? Delaware ? North Caro- lina? New Jersey? South Carolina ? Pennsylvania? Georgia? When was Ver- mont admitted into the Union? Kentucky? Tennessee? Ohio? Louisiana? Indiana? Which five States were admitted during the five succeeding years? When were Arkansas and Michigan admitted ? Florida and Texas ? Iowa? Wis- consin? California? Minnesota? Oreson? Kansas? West Virginia? GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 361 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. (One of these questions, in most cases, is sufficient for a lesson; and then the pupil had better answer it in writing, in the form of a composition.) PAGB 1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1524 298 2. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 11, 12, 13 3. Of the Cabots and their American discoveries i:], 14 4. Of Amerigo Vespucci and his two voyages to South America. . 13 5. Of Ponce de Leon and his two voyages to Florida 14, 15 6. Of Balboa and his discovery of the Pacific 15 7. Of De Ay Hon and his two expeditions to Carolina 15, 16 8. Of Cortez and his conquest of Mexico 16, 17 9. Of Narvaez and his expedition to Florida 17 10. Of De Soto and his expedition for conquest and wealth 17, 18 11. Of Verrazani and his North American explorations 18 12. Name in order the principal events from 1524 to 1583 208 13. Give an account of Cartier and his two voyages to America. . . 18 14. Of the Huguenots and their settlements in America 19, 20 15. Of the two attempts 'made by Gilbert to settle in America. . 20, 21 16. Name in order tlie principal events from 1583 to 1608 298 17. Give an account of Raleigh and his attempts at settlement. . 21, 22 18. Of Gosnold, his voyage in 1602, and efforts in Virginia.. .22, 27, 23 19. Of the origin of the London and Plymouth Companies 23, 24 20. Name in order the principal events from 1603 to 1616 298, 299 21. Give tlie history of Jamestown to tlie end of Ratcliffe's rule 25, 27, 28 22. Give the further history to the close of Smith's rule. 28, 30, 31, 32 23. Till the commencement of the Revolution.. . 32, 33, 34, 35, 3G, 37 24. Name in order tlie principal events from 1616 to 163 7 299 25. Giveanaccountof Captain John Smith. 27, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 37, 33 26. Of the Pilgrims and their settlement in New England. 38, 39, 40, 41 27. Of New Hampshire till the beginning of the Revolution. ... 43, 44 28. Of Connecticut till the beginning of the Revolution. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 29. Of Roger Williams, and Rhode Island till the Revolution. 49, 42, 50 30. Name in order the principal events from 1637 to 1663 299 31. Give an account of the "Union of the New England Colonies." 52 32. Of the persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts 52, 53 33. Of King Phihp's War 53, 54, 55—34. King WiUiam's War 56, 57, 58 35. Of Queen Anne's War, 58, 59—36. Of King George's War, 59, 65 37. Of Henry Hudson, his voyage and discoveries 60 38. Give the history of New York under the Dutch governors 61, 62, 63 39. Its subsequent history till the Revolution 63, 64, 65 40. Name in order the principal events from 1663 to 1682 299 362 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 41. Give the colonial history of New Jersey 66, 67, 68 42. Name the events in the colonial history of Maryland. .70, 71, 72, 73 43. In the colonial history of Pennsylvania 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 44. Name in order the principal events from 1682 to 1710 299, 300 45. In the colonial history of North and South Carolina. .78, 79, 80, 81 46. In the colonial history of Georgia 81, 82, 83 47. Name in order the principal events from 1710 to 1753 300 48. Of 1754, p. 300.— 49. Of 1755, p. 300.— 50. Of 175G 300 51. Of 1757, 300.— 52. Of 1758.-53. Of 1759 300 54. Give an account of Gen. Wolfe 100, 104, 105, 106 55. Give an account of Gen. Montcalm 106, 95, 96, 97, 101, 106 56. Give the causes of the Eevolution.il 0, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, IIG 57. Name in order the principal events from 1760 to 1775 301 58. Name in order the principal events of 1775 301 59. Of 1776, 301.— 60. Of 1777, 301, 302.— 61. Of 1778 302 62. Of 1779, 302, 303.-63. Of 1780, 303—64. Of 1781 303 65. Of 1782, 303.-66. Of 1783 304 67. Give an account of Gen, Joseph Warren 121 68. Of Gen. Schuyler 123, 146, 148, 149 69. Of Gen. Montgomery 124, 100, 123 70. Of Gen. Putnam 131, 120, 132, 133 71. Of Gen. Charles Lee 134, 128, 135, 138, 139, 155, 156 72. Of Gen. Gates 151, 149, 150, 165, 166, 167, 175 73. Of Gen. Sullivan, 135, 157, 158, 162.— 74. Gen. Lincoln, 159, 160, 164 75. Sir Henry Clinton, 119, 121, 128, 130, 131, 140, 150, 151, 155, 156, 158, 163, 164, 165, 168, 170, 174, 182, 187. 76. Gen. Howe 119, 120, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139, 140, 142,155 77. Cornwallis, 128, 134, 136, 137, 140, 165, 166, 167, 176, 177, 1^78, 179, 182, 185. 78. Arnold, 172, 119, 123, 124, 125, 148, 150, 169, 170, 171, 183, 175, 184 79. Gen. Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 157, 175, 252 80. Gen. Greene. 178, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181 81. Gen. Morgan 177, 124, 125, 176, 177 82. Gen. Marion,168, 165, 180.— S3. Gen. Sumter. . .180, 165, 168, ISO 84. Name the battles of 1775.— 85. Of 1776.— 86. Of 1777 191 87. Of 1778.— 88. Of 1779.— 89. Of 1780.-90. Of 1781 191 91. Name the events of Wasliington's administration, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200. 92. Of John Adams's administration 200, 201, 202 93. Of Jefferson's administration 203, 204, 205, 20G, 207, 208 94. Name m order the principal events from 1782 to 1787 303, 304 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 363 PAGE 95. From Il8l to 1*192, 304.— 96. From 1^92 to 1799 304 97. From 1799 to 1805, 304.— 98. From 1805 to 1809 -.304, 305 99. From 1809 to 1812 305 100. Name in order the principal events of 1812 305 101. Of 1813, 305.— 102. Of 1814, 305, 306.-103. Of 1815 306 104. Name in order the principal events from 1815 to 1818 306 105. From 1818 to 1826, 306.-106. From 1826 to 1836 307 107. Give an account of Gen. Wayne 160, 142, 161, 197, 198 108. Of Gen. St. Clair 145, 146, 197 109. Of Dr. Benjamin Franklin 129, 90, 137, 186 110. Name the battles of 1812.— 111. Of 1813.— 112. Of 1814... 243 113. Give an account of the war with Algiers 244, 245, 246 114. Give an account of Henry Clay 242, 243, 257, 288, 289 115. Of John C. Calhoun 256, 257, 298 116. Name the events of Monroe's administration 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 117. Give an account of Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 252 118. Name the events of John Quincy Adams's administration 253, 254 119. Of Jackson's administration 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,259, 260, 261 120. Account of Jackson 255, 223, 224, 240, 241, 249, 254, 256, 257 121. Of Yan Buren and his administration 262, 254, 261 122. Of Harrison and his administration 263, 211, 218, 219, 220 123. Of Tyler and his administration 264, 265, 266 124. Name in order the principal events from 1836 to 1845 307 125. Name in order the principal events of 1845 307 126. Of 1846, 307.-127. Of 1847 307 128. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1846 284 129. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1847 285 130. Give an account of Gen. Taylor 286, 260, 270, 271, 287 131. Of Fillmore and his administration 288, 289 132. Of Pierce and his administration 289, 290, 291 133. Of Buchanan and his administration 292, 269, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296 1 34. Of President Lincoln 297 135. Name in order the principal events from 1847 to 1860 308 136. Name the presidents in the order of their succession 309 137. Name, in order of settlement, the thirteen original States. . . . 310 138. State when and where each was settled 310 139. Name the events connected with the early history of Boston 42, 55, 114, 115, 119, 120, 127. 140. New York.— 141.— Baltimore.— 142. Philadelphia. 143. Charleston. — 144. Savannah. — 145. Albany. 146. Give an account of Gen. Wasliington 194, 88, 89, 90, &c. 14 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JULY 4TH, 1776. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con- nected them with another, and to assume, amoni^ the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident : — that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer- tain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern- ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new gov- ernment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its povvers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dic- tate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingh^, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, 4 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former sys- tems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let focts be submit- ted to a candid world : — He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestima- ble to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of ftitiguing them into compliance with his measures. He lias dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for oppo- sing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, in- capable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, ex- posed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convul- sions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of for- eigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their sub- stance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined with- others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an ex- ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our govern- ments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what- soever. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroj^ed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and per- fidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall them- selves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and lias endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answef'ed only by repeated injur\^ A prince whose char- acter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nbr have we been wanting in attention to our British breth- ren. "We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must therefore acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war — in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Su- THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- ish crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com- merce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And, f n* the support of this declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provi- dence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- grossed, and signed by the following members : JOHN HANCOCK. Neio Hampshire. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Bay. Samuel Adams, John Adams, •Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge G-erry. Rhoda Island. Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut. Roger Slierman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott, New York. William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Delaware. Cyesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone. Charles Carroll, of Car- roUton. Virginia. George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Tliomas Jefterson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyw^ard, jun., Thomas Lynch, jun., Arthur Middletou. Georgia. Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES. The device of tine Seal of the United States was adopted June 20, 1789, as follows: "Arms— Pale- wajj of thirteen jneccs, ar-jeiit and gules; a chief azure; the escutcheon on the breast of the American eagle displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive-branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thir- teen arrows, all proper, and in his beak a scroll, inscribed with this motto, " E flaribus Unum." For the Crest — over the head of the eagle a glory, on breaking through a cloud, proper, ana surround- ing thirteen stars, foruiing a constellation, argent, on an azure tiel J."' ORIGIN OP THE COXSTITIJTIOK OF THE UOTTED STATES. I. When tlie Revolutionary struggle commenced, there were three forms of Colonial government in force among the colonies, namely : the Provincial or Royal, the Proprietary, and the Charter. II. The Provincial or Royal government was that which was under the control of a governor, who, appointed by the king, administered affairs according to instructions from his royal master. The colonies of this class were New Hamp- shire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Origin of the Constitution. — I. Questions. — 1. "What forms of government existed among the colonies previous to the Eevolution ? II. 2. What -was the Provincial or Koyal government? 3. Which of the colonies were Provincial or Roval ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. III. The Proprietary government was that wliich was under the control of one or nioi-e proprietors, who derived their authority by grant and privileges conferred by the king. Pennsjdvania, Delaware, and Maryland, were subject to the proprietary rule. TV. The Charter government was that wherein certain political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. Massachusetts, Khode Island, and Connecticut, were chailcr governiuents. V. In Jnly, 11 75 — a year before the Declaration of Inde- pendence — Dr. Franklin submitted to Congress a sketch of Articles of Confederation between the colonies. By this plan it was proposed to establish a Confederation, and continue it until a reconciliation with Great Britain should take place ; or, in the failure of that event, to make it perpetual. It ap- pears, however, that Franklin's plan was never discussed. VI. On the 11th of June, 1776, — the very day on wdiicli the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence was chosen — Congress resolved that a committee should be appointed to prepare and digest a fonu of Confederation, to be entered into by the colonies. YII. On the 12th of July following, this committee, con- sisting of one from each State, reported a draft of Articles of Confederation, which was considered and debated from time to time, until the 15th of November, 1777, when, with some amendments, it was adopted. VIII. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 by all the States except Delaware and Maryland, and by III. Questions. — i. What was the Proprietary goTernmciit? 5. Which of tiie colonies were subject to the Proprietary rule ? IV. 6. What was the Charter Government? T. Which of the colonies were pro- vided with charters ? V. 8. When was a sketch of Articles of Confederation first submitted to Coiiirress ? 9. By whom Avas it submitted? 10. What was proposed by Dr. Franklin's plan? yi. 11. When was the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence nppointed? 12. What resolution was passed by Congress on that da}'? VII. 18. Of how many persons did the committee consist ? 14. When did they submit their report ? 15. What was done with the report ? *1 10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Delaware, in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on the part of Maryland, they did not go into effect until the 1st of March, 1781, the day on which they were signed by the delegates from that State. IX. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation were not adequate to the wants of the Government. They were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the settling of controversies between the States, and the making of treaties with foreign nations; and especially deficient in not conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liquidate the debts incurred during the war. X. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the States, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ; but it was thought best by a majority of the delegates to adopt an entirely new form of government, instead of making any at- tempts to amend the defective one then in existence. Accord- ingly, after four months' deliberation, the present Constitution, — except some changes which were made in after years, — was adopted by the Convention on the l7th of September, 1787. XI. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, who, in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, discussed it with earnestness and thoroughness. It met with considerable opposition, but, by the 4th of March, 1789, when it went into operation, it had been adopted by all the States, with the exception of North Carolina and Rhode Island.* * Delaware adopted it on the 7th of December, 1787 ; Pennsylvania, on the ]2th of December ; New Jersey, on the 18th of December; Georgia, on the 2d of January, 1788; Connecticut, on the 9th of Janu- ary ; Massachusetts, on the 6th of February ; Maryland, on the 28th of April ; South Carolina, on the 23d of May ; New Hampshire, on the 21st of June ; Virginia, on the 26th of June ; New York, on the 26th of July ; North Carolina, on the 21st of November, 1789 ; and Rhode Island, on the 29th of May, 1790. YIII. Questions. — 16. "When did the States ratify the Articles of Confederation? 17. When did the Articles of Confederation go into effect? IX. 18. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera- tion? 19. In what respects were they deficient? X. 20. What convention was held in May, 17S7? 21. "What was done by the convention ? XI. 22. To whom was the Constitution submitted? 23. Where was it discussed ? 24. When did it go into operation? 25. Which of the States had adopted it at that time? THIi: COlSrSTITTJTIOlSr THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general wel- fare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE L THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Preamble. — 26. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called? 27, "What is the object of the preamble ? J.?i.s\ — To state the purposes of the Constitution. 28. How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? 29. By whom was the Constitution ordained and established? 80. Eecite the preamble. 31. How many and what departments of government are established under the Constitution ? Ans.— Three: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 32. What is the legis- lative department? Aiis. — The power that enacts the laws. 33. What is the execu- tive department? Ans. — The power that enforces the laws. 34. What is the judi- cial department ? Ans. — The pov/er that interprets the laws. AETICLE I. THE LE(JISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Sec. I. — 35. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat ? 86. In whom is the legislative power vested ? 37. Of how many and what branches does Congress consist ? 12 CONSTITUTTOlSr OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION II. 1st. Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- posed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall ha^'e the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature, 2d Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five yeai's, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 2d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor- tioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex- cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be maiie within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not Sec. II.— 1«^ Clmine. — 3S. By whom are the representatives chosen ? 39. How often are they chosen ? 40. What qualifications are requisite for electors or repre- sentatives ? 41. What is an elector ? Ans. — One who has the risht to vote in choos- ing an officer. 2d Clause. — 42. How old must a person be before he can be a repre- sentative? 43. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? 44. What is the requisite in regard to his habitation ? 45. Novv name the three qualifications requisite for a representative. Zd Clause. — 46. How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the States ? 47. How are the respective numbers of the rep- resentative population of the several States to be determined? 48. What provision is made in regard to Indians? 49. W'hat is meant by "all other persons?"" Ans. — Slaves. 50. When was the first census or enumeration to be made ? 51. How often thereafter is the census to be made ? 52. How many inhabitants at least are required for one rep- resentative? 53. If a State should not have that number, what is the law? 54. Was the first representation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several States? 55. Which State at first sent the greatest number of representatives ? 56. Which two States sent the smallest number? 57. Of how many members did the first House of Representatives consist? 53. Of how many does the present House consist? Ans. — CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall Iiave at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Provi- dence Plantations one, Connecticut live, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4:th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5lh Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other oflicers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION III. 1st Clause. The Senate of the Unit.ed States shall be com- posed of two senators from each State, chosen by the leo-is- lature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as Ath Clause. — 59. How are vacancies in the representation of a State to be filled ? 5th Clause.— GO. By whom is tlie speaker of the House of Eepresentatives chosen? 61. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen? 62. What sole power has the House? 63. What is meant by impeachment? Ans.—An impeachment is an accusation against a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of liis ofBcial duties. Seo. III. — 1st Cknise. — 64. Of whom is the Senate composed? 65. By M-hom are the senators chosen? Gi]. For how long a period are they chosen? 67. How does the mode of electing a senator differ from that of a representative ? Ans. — A senator of the United States is chosen by the legislature of his State ; a representative is chosen by the people. 68. How do their terms of office differ? Ans. — A senator is chosen for six years ; a representative for only two. 69. How many votes is each senator entitled to ? TO. Have the large States any more senators than the small ones? 2d Clause. — 71. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? 72. In what order were their seats of office vacated ? 73. What proportion of the Senate is elected every second year? 74. How often is one-third elected? 75. When may the executive of a State fill a vacancy in Ihe Senate? 76. For how long a time does a senator so appointe the exclusive right of manufacturing it? Jot.s.— Fourteen years. 173. What is the right called? Aus.—X patent right. 174 Can a patent right be extended? Ans. — The commissioner of patents is authorized, at the end of the fourteen years, to extend the i)atent right fur the further period of seven years. 20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 10th Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; Wth Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and wa- ter ; l^th Clause. To raise and support armies ; but no appropri- ation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; \?>th Clause. To provide and maintain a navy; \ith Clause. To make rules for the government and regu- lation of the land and naval forces; \bth Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 16^/i Clause. To f)rovide for organizing, arming, and dis- ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserv- ing to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the dis- cipline prescribed by Congress ; \lth Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cas€S 9^/i Clause. — 175. What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals? lOth Clause. — 176. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc. ? 177. What is piracy? Ans. — Robbery on the high seas. 178. What is meant by the term "high seas?" An. — The "high seas" are all the waters oft he ocean beyond the boundaries of low- water-mark. IWi Clause. — 179. What power has Congress in regard to declaring war? ISO. What, in regard to "letters of marque and reprisal?" ISl. What are " letters of marque and reprisal ?" Ans. — Commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or subjects of a nation that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has committed. 182. What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning captures? V2th Clause. — 183. What power has Congress in regard to armies? 184. In what way is such power restricted ? loth Clause. — 185. What power has Congress in regard to a navy ? lUh Clause. — 186. What power, in regard to the government of the land and naval forces? 15^/i Clause. — 1S7. What power, in regard to calling forth the militia, etc. ? l&th Clause. — ISS. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and disciplining the militia? ISO. What, in regard to governing the militia? 100. AVhat reservations are secured to the respective States ? 17^.'i Clause. — 191. What power has Congress in regard to the seatof government, and to places purchased for certain pur- poses set forth ? 192. What is the district occupied by the seat of government called ? Ans. — The District of CohimMa. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; — and I8th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Govern- ment of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION IX. 1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva- sion, the public safety may require it. 193. How large was the District of Columbia orig-inally ? Aris. — A tract ten miles square. 194. From what States had it been derived ? Ans. — Maryland and Virginia. 195. Is the District of Columbia at present tan miles square? Ans. — The portion which had been derived from Virginia having been ceded back to that State in 1846, the District of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Potomac. 196. What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire property in a State, for the erection of forts, magazines, etc.? 18^/i Clause. — 197. What general poAvers are conferred upon Congress in regard to making laws? Sec. IX. — 1st Clause. — 103. Whatrestriction was imposed upon Congress, in regard to the migration or importation of certain persons ? 199. Who were meant by " sucli persons?" Ans. — Slaves. 200. What was the great object of the clause? Ans. — To enable Congress to put an end to the importation of slaves into the United States, after the year 1808. 201. In what way was Congress left to restrain the importation, without actually forbidding it? 202. When was the importation actually prohibited ? Ans. — On the first of January, 1808. 2d Clause.— 203. What is said of the writ of habeas corpus ? 22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4:lh Clause. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion, to the census or enumeration herein be- fore directed to be taken. 5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. Gih Clause. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. ^th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 204. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? Aiis. — A written command from a judge or other magistrate, directing that the body of a certain person shall be brought before him. 205. What is the object of the writ ? Ans. — The object of a writ of habeas corpus is to provide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 206. Eepeat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 207. In what cases may the privi- lege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended ? Sd Clause. — 208. What is said of bills of attainder or ex2)ost fiicto laws ? 209. What is a bill of attainder? Ans.—\a act of the legislature, inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. 210. What is an ex post facto law? A}is. — A law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it Avas not punishable at the time of its commission. 4t7i Cldnse. — 211. In what way may Congress lay a capi- tation or other direct tax ? 212. What is meant by a capitation ? Ans. — A direct tax upon individuals. 218. How is the census to betaken? (See page 12.) bth Cluu'ie. — 214. What jjrohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles exported fi'om any State ? dth Clause. — 215. What preference is forbidden in relation to a reg- ulation of commerce or revenue? 216. What freedom have vessels that are bound from one State to another? 1th Clause. — 217. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from the national treasury ? 21S. What publication must be made in regard to receipts and expenditures of all public money? %th Clause. — 219. What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? 220. What is said of office-holders accepting presents, etc. ? 221. Under what circumstances may an office-holder ac- cept a present? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 SECTION X. 1st Clause. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money ; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and sil- ver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attain- der, ex jjost facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of the Con- gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu- ally invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 222. Repeat the clause relating to titles and presents. Sec. X. — Ut Clause.— 22S. What prohibition is placed upon the several States as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? 224. What, as regards letters of marque and reprisal ? 225. What, as regards the coining of money ? 226,. What, as regards bills of credit? 227. What is meant by bills of credit? ^/is.^— Bills of credit, within the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the people. 22S. What is constituted a. legal tender in payment of debt ? 229^ What prohibition is placed upon individual States, in regard to a bill of attainder? 230. What, in regard to an expost/acto law ? 231. What, in regard to a law impairing an obligation? 232. What, in regard to a title of nobility? 233. Eecite the clause just considered. 2d Clause. — 234. What prohibition are individual States under, as re- gards imposts or duties? 235. In what case only, may a State lay any imposts or duties? 236. What are inspection laws ? Ans.— Laws requiring certain articles o{ commerce to be examined by officers called insi)ectors. 237. W^hat is the •object of inspection laws ? Aiis. — To protect the public against fraud or imposi-tion on the part of the producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of articles produced. 238. What disposition must be made of the net produc.e.of all duties and imposts laid by individuals ? 239. What are the inspection laws of individual States, as regards imports or exports, subject to? Sd Clause. — 240. What prohibition are individual States under, as to the laying of a duty of tonnage ? 24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE IL THE EXECUTTV^E DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. 1st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a presi- dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as fol- lows : 2c? Clause. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may dimctj a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 241. Wbat is a^ duty of tonnage ? Ans. — A duty of tonnage^ or a tonnage duty, is a tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 242. What prohibition are individual States tinder as to. the keeping of troops? 24?. What, as to the keeping of ships of war ? 244 What, as to. an agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power? 245. What, as to engaging in war? 246. Under what circumstances, then, may a State engage in. war? ARTICLE IL TIIE EXECUTI\E BEPAETMETfT. Sec. 1.-16/ Clame.—2il. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat ? 248. In whom is the executive power of the United States vested 2 249. W^hat is the president's term; of office? 253. How often may a president be re-elected? Ans. — ^Tbe Constitution does not limit the numbt^r of terms for which a president may be re- elected. 251. Who was the- first president of the United States? An»^ — Washington. 252. For how many terms did W^ashingtott serve? Ans. — Two^ 25;3. WHiy was not Washington elected for a thin! term ? Ans. — At the close of his second term of office, Washington declined to bo a candidate for a third term.. 251. — What has been the effect of his declination ? Ans. — ^Washington's example, in declining to be elected for a third term, has become a precedent by which subseq;uent presidents have been guide<]. 255. IIow many and what presidents, have served two terms each ? (See History, p. 809.) 256. Which has the longest term: of office; the president, a senator,, or a repre- sentative ? 25T. Wh.it term has- each ? 25S. What is the vice-[>resident's term of office? 259. Who was the first vice-pTOsident of the United States? An». — John Adams. 260. By whom sire the preskTent and vice-i^resident chosen? Anif. — The president and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors, 'id Clause.— 261. In what mamier does each. State appoint electors? 262. What num- ber of electors is. each State entitled to? 268. Wha are prohibited from being electors? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 [The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per- sons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall si;j:n and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The presi- dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person hav- ing the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Eepre- sentatives shall immedifitely choose by ballot one of them for president ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like manner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a membeY or members from two-thirds of the Stales, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president] THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the president of the Senate shall, in the pres- ence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the cei'tificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole num- TIIK TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 2C4. "What has been done with the original clause of the Constitution prescribing the proceedings to betaken to electa president and vice-president? Ans. — It has been repealed, and its place sujjplied by the twelfth amendment to the Constitution. 265. Where do the electors for president and vice-president meet? 266. In what way do they vote ? 267. What is [>rescribed respecting one of the persons for whom they shall not vote ? 26S. How is it required ihat their ballots shall be made out? 26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ber of electors appointed : and if no person have such major- ity, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote : a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a president, when- ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other con- stitutional disability of the president. '2d Clause. Tlie person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president : a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 269. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare ? 270. What provision must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their hands? 271. After the lists are signed, certified, and scaled, to whom are they directed '? 272. To what place are they then transmitted? 273. "What does the president of the Senate do with the certiticates ? 274. How is it determined who is elected president? 275. Now de- scribe the manner in which the electors choose a president. 276. In the event of no choice being made by the electors, by "vvhom is the president chosen? 277. From how many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose the presi- dent ? 278. In what way must the choice be made ? 279. How are the votes taken in choosing the president ? 280. How many votes is each State entitled to ? 281. How many is each entitled to, when voting by electors? 2S2. In choosing the presi- dent by the House of Eepresentatives, how many cons'.itute a quorum ? 283. In such case, how many States are necessary to a choice? 284. Whenever the right of choos- ing a president devolves upon the House of Representatives, till what time may the right be exercised? 285. Now describe the manner in which the House of Repre- sentatives choose a president. 286. In the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failing to choose a president, what takes place ? 2S7. How is it deter- mined whom the electors have chosen for vice-president? 288. In the event of no person having a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen ? 289. When choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite to a quorum ? 290. How many are necessary to a choice ? 291. What is said of the eligibility to the office of president, as compared with that of vice-president? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 3d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States. Sd Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choos- ing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 4:th Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. bth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of tlie Zd Clause.— 1^-2. What power has Congress over the time of choosing the electors? 293. What, as to the day on which the electors shall vote ? 294. In the event of Con- gress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what sameness is prescribed ? 295. When are the electors chosen ? Ans. — On the Tuesday next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential term. 296. Where do the electors meet to give their votes? ^?i.s.— In their respective States, at a place ap- pointed by the legislature thereof. 297. What place is usually appointed for their meeting ? Ans.— The capital of their State. 298. When do the electors meet to give their votes ? Am. — On the first Wednesday in the last December of each presidential term. Ath Clause.— 2^^. What person, as regards his place of birth, cannot be eligible to the office of president? 300. How old must a person be to be eligible to that office? 301. How many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have resided within the United States? 302. Now state the legal qualifications of a president. 303. Recite the clause relating to the qualifications. 5^/i CTrntse.— 304. In what contingencies does the oftiee of president devolve on the vice-president? 805. What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or death, etc., of the president ? 28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingl}^ until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. Qth Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. ^th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitu- tion of the United States." SECTION II. 1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for of- fences against the United States, except in cases of impeach- ment. 806. What, for the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president ? 307. In the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, Avhat oflicer shall, by law of Congress, act as president? Ans. — The president of the Senate, jjro tem- pore, shall act as president. 303. What is to be done, in case there is no president of the Senate? Ans.— Then the speaker of the House of Eepresentatives shall act as president. 309. How long shall such oflicers, acting as president, continue to act ? 6th Clame. — 310. What does the Constitution provide as regards the compensation to be allowed to the president? 311. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other emolument? 312. Eecite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 318. What is the salary of the president? .4 ??.s.— $25,000 a year, together with the use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. 314. What is the salary of the vice-president? Aits. — $8,000 a year. 1th Clan ingress? ^;i.s.— Six, namely: (1) Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Department of W^ar, (4)*De- partment of the Treasurj^ (5) Post-office Department, and (6) Department of the Interior. 323. For what purpose were they established? Ans. — For the purpose of aiding the pi-esident in the executive and administrative business of the govern- ment 824. How are the heads of the departments appointed? Ans. — By the presi- dent, with the advice and consent of the Senate, 825. How is the attorney -general appointed? Ana. — In like manner with the heads of the departments. 326. Of whom does the president's cabinet consist? Ans. — Of the heads of the Departments and the attorney-general of the United States. 327. "What power has the president in relation to reprieves and pardons? 328. What is a reprieve? Ann. — .V limited suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 829. With what exception is the president vested wrth the power to grant reprieves an 1 pardons? 2(Z Claufie. — 330. What power has the president relative to treaties? 831. In whom is the appf>inting power vested ? 832. What is the first step in making an appointment? 383. What offices are enumerated, for which the presi- dent and Senate make ajjpointments? 334 What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of infern)r officers? Zd Clause. — 385. What vacancies can the presi^ dent fill? 83<5. When does such appointment expire? 30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION IV. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in Skc. III. — 337. What information is the president required to give to Congress? 338. What recommendations is he required tamake? 839. In what way are the re- commendations made ? Atis. — iiy nieans of written messages. 340. Was the read- ing of written messiiges always the i>ractice '? Ans. — The first two presidents, Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses of Congress, and make their recommendations by verbal addresses. 341. Is Congress obliged to adopt the presi- dent's recommendations ? Ans — Congress is under no obligation to adojit the recom- mendations of the president. 342. When may the president convene both houses? 843. May he convene only one house? 344. When? 345. When may the president adjourn Congress? 346. What is the duty of the president respecting ambassadors, etc. ? 347. What is his duty respecting the execution of the laws ? 34S. What is his duty respecting the granting of commissions? Sec. IV. — 349, For what crimes may government officers be removed from office ? 850. How may the removal be etteeted ? ARTICLE III. THE JUDICIAL DEPAKTMKNT. SEn. I.— 351. Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat? 352. In what is the judicial power of the United States vested? 353. How long do the judges hold their offices ? 354. What is established as to the compensation of the judges ? 855. How can the judges be removed from office? (See page 14.) 356. How is the su- preme court of the United States organized? Atis. — The supreme court of the Uni- ted States is composed of one chief-justice and eight associate justices, any five of whom constitute a quorum. 857. What is the salary of the chief-justice? Atift. — $6,500 a year. 35S. What is the salary of each associate justice ? Ans. — $6,000 a year. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress mav from time to time ordain and establish. The iudo-es, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall liokl their offices during good behavior , and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compcLsation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority ; to all cases aifecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; be- tween a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claim- ing lands under grants of different States ; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 2d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have Sec. II. — Ist Clause. — 359. Nairie the first of the nine subjects in which the United States courts have jurisdiction. 360. Name the second, concerning ambassadors, etc. 361. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 3G2. The fourth, concerning controversies with the United States. 363. The fil'th, concerning controversies be- tween States. 364. The sixth, concerning controversies between a State and citi- zens. 365. The seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. 366. The eighth, concerning controversies between citizens claiming lands. 367. What is the last of the nine subjects? 2d Clause. — 363. In what cases has the supreme court original jurisdiction? 369. "What is meant by original jurisdiction ? Ans. — The original jurisdiction of a court is that in which a suit originates or commences. STO. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction? Ans. — The appellate jurisdiction of a court is that in which the decision of an inferior court is taken on appeal, Sd ■C/diise.—oll. Before whom must the '-trial of all crimes" be held? 372. What cases are exceptions to the law? 373. By whom are impeachments tried? (Seo page 14.) 374. Where must the trial of a crime committed within a State be held? 375. Where, when not committed within a State ? 376. Eepeat the entire clause just considered. 32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such excep- tions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make. Sd Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION III. Ist Clause. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their ene- mies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con- victed of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE lY. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the pub- lic acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner Sec. III. — Ist Clause. — 3T7. Of how many things does treason against the United States consist ? 3T8. What are the two tilings ? 879. What is necessary to a con- viction of treason? 2d Clause. — 3S0. What power has Congres« relative to the punishment of treason ? 3S1. What punishment has Congress accordingly de<-lared? Ans. — Congress has declaj-ed that the punishment of treason shall be death by hang- ing. 3S2. How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder? 3S3. What is meant by attainder? A)ts. — Attainder means a staining, corruption, or rendering impure. 884. What is meant by corruption of blood ? Ans. — By "cor- ruption of blood''' a person is disabled to inherit lands from an ancestor; nor can he either retain those in his possession, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. ARTICLE IT. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Sec. I. — 385. Of what does Article IV. treat? 886. How are the public acts, etc., of the several States, to be treated in each State ? 887. How are they to be proved 9 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the eifect thereof. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The citizens of each State sliall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2d Clause. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3d Clause. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse- quence of any lavi^ or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. SECTION III. \st Clause. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter- ritory or other property belonging to the United States ; and Sec, 11.— Ut Clause.— ^SS. What privileges nnd immunities are the citizens of each State entitled to? 2d «a«w.— 3S9. What is said of persons charged with crime, fleeing into another State? Sd Claui^e.SOO. What is said of i)ers()ns es-^aping- from service or labor ? 391. What persons are referred to in the third clause ? Auk—. Fugitive slaves, and persons bound by indentures of apprenticeship. Skc. III.— 1.s-^ Clause. — 392. By whom may new States he admitted into the Union? 393. What is said of the formation of new States? 894. Ilow many States, belonged to the Union at the adoption of the Constitution ? (See page 10.) 89^, Ilow many belong to the Union now? 2d Clan.^e.—'iQ(J. What power ha.s Congress respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States? 89T. What construction as to claims is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution? 3* ?J4 constitution of the united states. nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to preju- dice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. section IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and, (>n application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitu- tion ; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amend- ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conven- tions in three-f )urths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may bo proposed by the Congress ; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Sec. IV. — 393. What guarantee does the Constitution make to the several States in respect to their form of government ? 399. In what two events are the United States bound to protect individual States? AETICLE V. MODE OF AMENDING TUE CONSTITUTION. ^00, Of \yhat does Article Y. treat? 401. In what two ways may amendments to |;he G()nstjtutjon be proposed? 402. What two ways are provided for ratifying jjmeijdmepts? 4Q3. Wh;ft three restrictions upon the power of making amendments wen originally in^posed by the Constitution ? 404. Why have two of the restric- tions lost their force ? 405. What do " the first and fourth clauses" refeiTcd to, de- clare ? 406. What permanent restriction upon the power of making amendments still exists in full force? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 ARTICLE VI. Is^ Clause. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitu- tion or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 3cf Clause. The senators and representatives before men- tioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirma- tion to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE YIL The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. ARTICLE VI. ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 1st Clause. — 407. What debts and engagements does the Constitution, recognize? 2d Clause. — 408. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land ? 409. By what are the judges in every State bound? Zd Clause. — 410. Who, besides the judges, are bound to sujjport the Constitution? 411. In what way shall they be bound? 412. What prohibition is made in regard to religious tests ? ARTICLE VIL 413. How many States were necessary to ratify the Constitution, in order to its establishment? 414. Where did the Convention meet which framed the Constitu- tion? — Ans. Philadelphia. 415. In what year was it framed? (See p. 10.) 416. Who was the president of the convention? Ans. — George Washington. 417. IIow many delegates signed the Constitution? 418. Which of the thirteen States was not represented in the convention ? Ans. — Rhode Island. 419. IIow many States ratified the Constitution before it went into etfect? Ans. — Eleven. 420. Which of the thirteen States did not ratify the Constitution until afterward ? Ans. — North Carolina and Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until after it had been /atified by the other eleven States and had gone into operation. 36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. AMENDMENTS, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIKD BY THE LEGISLATCRKS OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridg- ing the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the govern- ment for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of tlie owner ; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and par- ticularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. AMENDMENTS. 421. How may the ameudments to the Constitution be regarded? Ans.—A\l the amendments to the Constitution, with the exception of the 12th, may be regarded as a declaration, securing to the people and States certain rights, beyond the possibility of being encroached upon by Congress. 1st Article. — 122. What declaration does the first amendment make, respecting religion? 423. What, respecting the freedom of speech? 424. What, respecting the freedom of the press? 425. What, respecting the riffht of petition? 2d Article. — 426. What is the declaration respecting the right of the people to keep and bear arms? Sd Article. — 427. What is said of quartering soldiers? 4th, Article. — 423. What is said of searches and seizures? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 ARTICLE y. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be com- pelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, "without just compensation. ARTICLE VL In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the ri^ht to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and distiict wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have com- pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. ARTICLE VIL In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined, in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 429. What is said of the issuing of warrants ? Uh Article.— Jti^. What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes? 4;31. What is said of a second trial for the same offense? 432. What is the meaning of the clause, that no person shall "be twice put in jeopardy." etc. ? ^l«.s\— It means that no i)ers()n shall be a second time tried for the same offense, of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. 433. When shall not a person be compelled to witness against himself? 434. What guar- antee of protection to life, liberty, and property is given? 435. When only can private property be taken for public use ? Uh Article.— 4S6. What right shall a per- son accused of crime enjoy ? 437. What right, as to the witnesses against him ? 438. What right, as to the witnesses in his favor ? 439. What right, as to the assistince of counsel? 1th Article.— 440. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be pre- served ? 38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. ARTICLE XIII.* Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. II. — Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. For the twelfth amendment, see ftage 25. 411. In what vvay only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made? 8!:/i Article.— U'2. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments? 9fh Article.— 4AS. What is said of rishts retained by the people ? 10i!/i Article. — 144. What is said of the powers reserved to the States ? Wth Article. — 145. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? ISth Article. — Section I. — 446 What is said of slavery and involuntary servitude? Sec. II. — What power has Congress with reference to 1hls subject? ifc-X 17 8 A iPv^ -^'^o^ ^^-^^^ .f' C^^ ° " " -» <^>. ^°^ <. .V °o