CINCINNATI IN 1841: &' ^ EARLY ANNALS FUTURE PROSPECTS BY CHARLES CIST. CINCINNATI: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR. 1841. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, BY CHARLES CIST, In the Clerk's Office for the District Court of Oliio. Stereotyped by J. A. James, Cincinnati. E. Morgan & Co. Powej Press. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Fage. Topography 13 Historical Sketches 14 Boundaries and Divisions 29 Climate 30 Population 32 Census of 1840 32 Comparative Table 35 Increase of Population — 38 Elements of Population 38 Dwelling-houses and Stores 40 Occupations, Trades and Pursuits - 42 Bar, Pulpit, Faculty, Literature, Science and the Fine Arts 42 Commerce and Navigation 42 Manufacturers and Mechanics 43 Miscellaneous - 43 Municipal Government 44 Courts of Judicature 4^1 Justices of the Peace 46 Legislative and Executive Authority 46 City Council 47 City Officers 48 County Officers 48 Township Officers 48 CoMlVLERCi: 49 Chamber of Commerce 49 Banks 50 Insurance 52 Manufactures and Industrial Products 54 Meteorology - 59 Temperature 59 Winds 62 Rain 63 Weather 64 Height of Barometer- 65 Geology ----65 Magnetism 70 Terrestrial Magnetism at Cincinnati 73 Canals, Railroads and Turnpikes 76 Miami Canal 84 Whitewater Canal 86 Publications 93 Churches and Religious Societies 96 Charitable Institutions 99 Orphan Asylums 99 Commercial Hospital, and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio 101 House of Employment for Female Poor 102 Intelligence Office ----102 iii IV TABLB OF CONTENTS. Page. Benevolent Societies 102 Masonic Lodges 102 Odd Fellows 104 Savings Institution 107 Science AND Literature 109 Academy of JMatural Science 109 Apprentices' Library 109 Young Men's Mercantile Library Association 110 Education Ill Common Schools Ill Private Schools 116 Classical Schools 116 Colleges - 116 Theological Schools 118 Law Schools 119 College of Teachers 121 Lane Seminary 122 Medical College 125 Ohio Mechanics' Institute 128 Fine Arts 133 Musical Societies 136 Arts and Artists 137 Portrait and Landscape Painters 139 Miniature Painters 141 Modelers and Sculptors 141 Societies of the Fine Arts 141 FmE Department 143 Fire Association 143 Fire Companies - 144 Public Cisterns 145 Fire Plugs 146 Waterworks 147 Steam-boats 150 United States Offices 152 Surveyor General 152 Post Office 153 Annals of Cincinnati 155 Pioneer Sketches 195 Census Sketches 233 Manufactures 236 Steam Vessels 252 Our Schools 256 Reverses of Fortune 260 Publications 262 Value of Property 263 Improvements in Prospect or in Progress 268 The Catholic Cathedral 269 The Baptist Western Theological Institute 270 Fuel --- 272 Appendix 275 PREFACE, I PRESUME that books may always be read to more advantage, if the reader be enabled to enter on the perusal with some general idea of their origin, design and cha- racter, and propose, therefore, in these prefatory remarks, to furnish this advantage to those who peruse these pages. The reports which I made through the Cincinnati pub- lic prints, of my progress in taking the census of this city for 1840, enlivened and illustrated as they were, with various observations and incidents springing from my offi- cial inquiries, proved of sufficient interest to induce their republication, in whole or in part, elsewhere, in different sections of the United States. When these census labors were finished, suggestions were made to me from various quarters, abroad and at home, that a volume prepared from the materials 1 had gathered in the fulfilment of my trust, which should embrace what was worthy of record res- pecting Cincinnati, would be acceptable, not merely in the city which it professed to describe, but at various points, particularly to the east, where Cincinnati had long been an object of attention and curiosity, and which sec- tion of country had always appeared greatly deficient ini' knowledge of our statistics, — ^local, moral, and political. It was alleged, that although much had been published in the eastern newspaper press respecting this place, it a2 V VI PREFACE. was partial and defective in its character, written by- strangers, whose limited time, and still more limited op- portunities, precluded them from seeing any thing but what lay on the surface, or, if the result of actual investiga- tion, confined to detached objects, and individual depart- ments of business. For these reasons, it was supposed no adequate impression had been made on the public mind in the Atlantic cities, in reference to the resources, bu- siness and prospects of Cincinnati. Under these repre- sentations, and ignorant of the difficulties which lay in my path, I decided on preparing " Cincinnati in 1841" for the press, and stated, that it would be ready for the public by the first of April ensuing. In consulting various persons, who, from their sounder judgment or pursuits in life, I deemed fit advisers as to the general scope and character of the proposed publi- cation, I discovered as many opinions, or shades of opin- ions, as there were individuals. It was thought by some, that the work should be principally historical, furnishing a narrative of the origin and settlement of Cincinnati, and the progress of the city to its present state of prosperity, with such notices of what I had observed in my census inquiries, as would be appropriate and interesting. Oth- ers, who supposed its main value to consist in its being a book of reference, were for confining it to statistical in- formation, with such general inferences and illustrations, as the subject would suggest. Another class proposed that it should form a record of the antiquities of the place, with the biography of the early settlers ; and a portion of my advisers — as numerous, probably, as any others, — suggested, that Cincinnati being known well enough at PREFACE. YU home, the great object should be to prepare a mass of information suitable for strangers, and enable many per- sons who are constantly receiving inquiries respecting the city, either by transmitting the book, or making use of the knowledge it should impart, to answer them to ad- vantage. It may serve to give a lively impression of the diversity of views which appeared to prevail on this sub- ject, that I received as contributions to these pages, an elaborate essay on the militia system ; an article on the condition and character of our colored population ; a sketch of the evils of penitentiary industry ; a chapter on the horse-jockeys in Cincinnati, and a disquisition on the va- rious breeds of hogs. With the desire to conciliate and harmonise, as far as possible, such clashing and discordant opinions, these pages have been compiled for publication. But my embarrassments in the choice of my subjects, hardly equaled the difficulty in the undertaking itself. It was expected, — and by those not familiar with the em- ployment, — naturally enough, that my census labors pre- sented me with the materials of the very kind, and in the very shape, for the proposed enterprise. But the fact was, that the business statistics were under some twelve or fifteen heads, in the returns to the depart- ment of state ; made out under what I conceived a very defective arrangement ; entirely deficient, too, in details ; and, if used in that state, would have been perfectly un- satisfactory to the community. In short, to a great extent, I had again to take my manufacturing statistics, in order to bring them into the shape required for this use. Of the consumption of time in preparing these pages, some idea may be formed when I state, that the table of man- VlU PREFACE. ufactures, &c., occupying but five pages, from 54 to 58, of " Cincinnati in 1841," cost me almost two months, in accumulating the details alone. On the other hand, I knew that a work of this kind, to fulfil, in any just degree, the expectations it raised, must make its appearance within a reasonable period, and before the information it should afford might be present- ed in other channels to the public ; and thus, with but four months' time for preparing this work, which most persons would probably think ample space for the pur- pose, I have found myself hurried in my employment, to a degree which must account for, if it may not excuse, that want of order in arrangement, and those defects in composition, which greater leisure would have corrected. After all, blemishes in style and forms of expression, are of secondary importance in works of this kind ; and I trust it will be found that the weightier matters of fact and figures, which were gathered with deliberate care, and finished before the haste of composition occur- red, will be found as accurate as first attempts usually can be made. These pages will serve beyond the present purpose, at any rate, as a nucleus around which to gath- er the later details and incidents of a subsequent enter- prise, and enable the projector to avail himself of advan- tages, and avoid faults which occur to the eye in the condensed form of print, but escape notice in the wide range of manuscript papers and tables. Most of the defects, however, which exist in this pub- lication, result principally from the attempt to embrace a variety too great to receive justice in a volume of three hundred pages. It was this diflUculty which constrained PREFACE. IX me to reduce my manufacturing notices to a meagre sketch of a few establishments, and to exclude many valuable statistics well calculated to illustrate the objects of the work. If, on these accounts, I shall fail in fulfilling pub- lic expectation, my apology must be, a desire to accom- modate all views and gratify every taste, together with my want of that experience in this line, which would have taught me the consequences. Of the value of what properly may be termed in these pages, mine, it does not become me to speak ; but I may be permitted to say, that the articles by professor Locke, on geology and magnetism, and on meteorology, by professor Ray, of the Ohio Medical, and Woodward colleges, will commend themselves on their face, as contributions of no ordinary value in the statistics of science to Europe and to our Atlantic cities. Nor to the larger class interested in those subjects, will the condensed, but still comprehen- sive views of our canals, rail-roads and turnpikes, and of our schools and colleges, from the pen of E. D. Mans- field, familiar for years with these, among other statistics, prove of less value and interest. As respects other indi- viduals, too numerous to specify or even recollect, who have supplied me with materials, I shall only say, that I have obtained all my information from the fountain head in every department of art, business, or science. A por- tion has been gathered from existing publications, which furnished me with a large share of my historical sketch- es. For these, as I know not the authors, I can not make more direct acknowledgments. I feel it my duty to call the attention of the reader to the article in the Appendix marked A. It presents a X PREFACE. clear, a startling, and I will take the responsibility of adding, an unanswerable argument on an interesting sub- ject,— the future destinies of Cincinnati, — and reconciles ' me to the necessity of shutting out, for want of space, an article I had prepared on the prospects before us. It will be seen by the intelligent reader, to be exactly that saga- cious and far-reaching view of the future, which is justified by the past and the present ; but which those will ridicule, who can not appreciate its force and value. All I ask, is, let any man, who thinks himself able, frame even a plans- ible reply to it. Not a feature in its anticipations is bolder than were considered, here and abroad, the predictions of men still living, who went no farther than to assert that the younger race present, would see steam-boats bring- ing freight up from New Orleans, as loiu as two dol- lars per hundred lbs. ; that the day would come, when it would take as many as twenty steam-boats, of as much as one hundred tons burthen each, to do the ivhole bu- siness of St. Louis, Louisville, Pittsburg and Cincinnati ; that the mails would be brought from the eastern cities to this place, in twelve days ; and that property would be sold on Main street, as high as one hundred dollars per front foot. These were the visionaries of those days, who, but for their saneness in other things, and general standing in society, would have been treated with silent contempt, or thought fitted only for straight-jackets: and yet how tame and feeble was their highest flight, com- pared with the sober realities, not which were left to their children to behold, but which they lived to see extended ten, twenty and thirty-fold beyond what they had the sa- gacity to foresee and the boldness to assert. Such has PREFACE. XI been the progress of the west — Cincinnati transcendantly — that if the anticipations of J. W. Scott, of Maumee ci- ty, the writer of this article, be not fulfilled, it will be the first case of the kind, which has not been accom- plished far beyond the measure, and far within the date, for which calculations have been made. Many of the facts and illustrations of our business, re- sources, improvements, &c., are of such novelty and im- portance, as will probably startle even our own citizens. That a state of things should exist, of which numbers here are unconscious, will not, however, surprise those who reflect, that in this hive of productive industry of ours, as almost every where else, such is the engrossing nature of the avocations of life, that most persons are interested in, and familiar with little else than passes un- der their immediate notice, and lies in the path of their appropriate pursuits. Still they know that while they are busy, their neighbors are not idle ; and, although they may not be familiar with the nature and extent of these employments, they will confide in statements made by one who has been long known to them as not likely to deceive, or to be himself deceived by others. I feel, therefore, that the community here will not dispute the facts and inferences of this volume, and am prepared for, as I anticipate, all that the ignorance or rivalry of other places may suggest, in doubts or denials. Such as it is, " Cincinnati in 1841" is now committed to the winds and waves of public sentiment. April 1st. 1841. CINCINNATI IN 1841 TOPOGRAPHY. Cincinnati, the largest city of the west, is situated in a gradual bend of the Ohio river, on its northern bank, and im- mediately opposite Newport and Covington, Kentucky. Its latitude was determined by colonel Jared Mansfield in his topographical surveys, 39° 6' 30" north, and its longitude 7° 24' 45" west. It is nearly central between Pittsburg at the head of the Ohio, and Cairo at the junction of that river with the Mississipi, being about 465 miles from each point. Its distance by land traveling is — from Columbus 115; Indiana- polis 120 ; Lexington 90 ; Nashville 270, and Pittsburg 298 miles. By steamboat conveyance — from Louisville 138, St. Louis 655, Natchez 1335, and New Orleans 1631 miles. By stage route it is 502 miles from Washington, 518 from Balti- more, 617 from Philadelphia, and, via Lake Erie and the Erie canal, 650 miles from New York. The upper plane of Cincinnati is 540 feet above tide water at Albany, and 25 feet below the level of Lake Erie : low water mark of the Ohio river here being 432 feet above tide water at Albany or 133 feet below Lake Erie. The descent of the upper part of Cincinnati to low water mark is therefore 108 feet. The city is almost in the eastern extremity of a valley of about twelve miles in circumference, perhaps the most delightful and extensive on the borders of the Ohio The platform of the city is composed of two parts, the second B 13 14 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. table rising considerably above the level of the first, affording, under a regular system of city gi-ading, that desirable medium of slope M'hich permits the drainage to pass off freely, while it affords from the city landing an easy ascent. The hills which surround this extensive valley, present to the eye of the beholder one continued ridge, irregularly eleva- ted, and of diversified configurations. They exhibit, under no circumstances, an aspect of gi'andeur; but are always beautiful and picturesque. Their average elevation above the plain, is about three hundred feet ; and, instead of the bold and rocky declivities, which characterize \he freestone regions of the Ohio, they present gentle and varying slopes, which are mostly covered with native forest trees. The aspect of the valley from the surrounding hills is highly beautiful. It is various in its character, as it is seen at different seasons, and from different points.* In approaching Cincinnati by water, whether ascending or descending the river, the view is neither extensive nor commanding. HISTORICAL SKETCHES. The Miami country, on whose Ohio river front this city is nearly a central point, was early known to the whites and an object of admiration for its great fertility. In 1751, Christo- pher Gist, agent for the old English Ohio company, explored the Great Miami river about one hundred miles, and in 1752, * One of the views most worthy, perhaps, of attention, may be had at an early hour on one of the foggy mornings of August, or September. A spec- tator, under such circumstances, placed upon one of these hills, will find himself elevated quite above the dense vapors of the river : he will behold the sun rising free from all obscurity, while the plain below him is lost in one unbroken sheet of fog, presenting the appearance of an unruffled lake. As soon, however, as the rays of the sun fall less obliquely upon this ex- panse of vapor, it dissipates, and assuming the appearance of fleecy clouds, passes away to rarer regions, gradually disclosing the city, the river, the vil- lages, the numerous steamboats, and all the various objects of the valley. f HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 15 the English had built a fort or trading station among the Piank- ashaws, a tribe of the Twigtwees or Miamis, whose hunt- ing grounds were in the adjacent region on what is now called Loramie's creek, 47 miles north of Dayton. This post was attacked and taken by the French in the course of the same year. The Miami valleys were subsequently examined by Daniel Boone while captive to the Shawanees in 1778, and by the war parties which Bowman and Clark led against the Indians on the Little Miami and Mad rivers. But Kentucky at this period Avas barely able to maintain its own various sta- tions or posts, and had neither leisure nor men to spare for effecting a lodgment in the neighborhood of this tribe of In- dians, already well known to be one of the most efficient and inveterate enemies of the Kentucky settlers. Treaties with the various savage tribes having been made or renewed in 1784, 1785 and 1786, by which the country upon the Mus- kingum, Scioto and the Miamis was ceded to the whites; among others whose attention was directed to the settlement of the new country was Benjamin Stites of Redstone — now Brownsville — Pennsylvania. He visited New York to pur- chase from congress for himself and associates, a tract on the Miamis, and there proposed to John Cleves Symmes, a mem- ber of congress from New Jersey, to unite in the enterprize, relying probably on his official influence to effect the pur- chase. Mr. Symmes decided on seeing the countiy before entering into any contract, and on his return completed the arrangement in his own name. The tract thus purchased was supposed to contain one million acres of land upon the Ohio, and lying between the Miamis. On actual survey, however, this extent was reduced to less than six hundred thousand acres. Of this purchase ten thousand acres at the mouth of the Little Miami were shortly after sold by the patentee to Mr. Stites, and in January, 1788, the entire section No. 18 in the fourth township and first fractional range, and the fraction No. 17 lying between it and the river were purchased by Matthias Denman of New Jersey. These, with the fractional section 16 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. No. 12 in the same township and range, compose the present site of Cincinnati. In the summer of 1788, several emigrating parties left New York and New Jersey, for the settlement of the "new pur- chase," as it was called. Among these was Denman and his associates, who reached Maysville^ — then Limestone — Ken- tucky, in August, and an arrangement was entered into there between Denman, colonel Robert Patterson and John Filson of Lexington, by which the three became jointly interested in the project of laying out a town and establishing a ferry opposite the mouth of Licking, being the ground purchased by Den- man. The old Indian war-path from the British garrison at Detroit crossed the Ohio at this point, which was also the usu- al avenue by which the savages on the northern side of the Ohio approached the Kentucky stations. As an inducement to settlers the new proprietors agreed to give an in lot six rods by twelve, being nearly half an acre, and an out lot, being an entire square in the plat and about four acres in extent, to each of the first settlers, on condition of their making certain improvements to promote the growth of the place. The proprietors took possession accordingly in the latter part of September, 1788. On this occasion among others who came to see the country or to settle in it, were Symmes, Israel Lud- %w and others. They here separated, — Symmes, Patterson and Filson, with a part of the company, going farther back from the river to examine the country, while Denman with Ludlow, who was a surveyor, and a few others, followed the meanders of the Ohio between the Miami rivers and up the Great Miami about ten miles. Three days being thus spent, the two companies met on the site of the future Cincinnati, when it was found that Filson was missing. He was never heard of afterwards, and had doubtless been surprised and killed by Indians. The Denman party then returned to Limestone, where a new agreement was made in October, to which Ludlow be- HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 17 came a party in Filson's place, and was besides empowered to act as agent for the others in all things relating to the town. The plat of the proposed town was made at this time, dedi- cating for religious and municipal uses the square between 4th and 5th and Main and Walnut streets, and for public purpo- ses, what now constitutes the city landing, reserving only to the proprietors in this last grant, a ferry-right. Denman re- turned at once to New Jersey, and Patterson soon after to Ken- tucky, leaving the new settlement in the hands of Ludlow. Some few years afterwards, Joel Williams purchased the re- maining interest of Matthias Denman, as did Samuel Free- man that of Patterson; and the proprietors, for the first time, were noAv all residents of Cincinnati. On the 28th December 1788,* Israel Ludlow, with about twenty other persons, landed and commenced a settlement. They erected three or four log cabins, the first of which was built on Front, east of and near Main street ; and in the course of January following was completed the survey and laying oflf of the town, then covered with sycamore and sugar trees in the first or lower table, and beech and oak upon the upper or second table. Through this dense forest the streets were laid out, their corners being marked upon the trees. This survey extended from Eastern-row, now Broadway, to Western-row, and from the river as far as to Northern-row, now Seventh street. The population of the place had become by this time eleven families, besides twenty -four unmarried men dwelling * It is not possible, amidst varying and conflicting testimony, to arrive at certainty as respects this date. Israel Ludlow and colonel Patterson, in their deposition in a chancery case years afterwards, state that they landed opposite the mouth of Licking in the month of January, 1789 ; while Wil- liam McMillen, one of the same party and a very intelligent man, testifies in the same case, " that he was one of those who formed the settlement of Cincinnati, on the 28th of December, 1788." Mr. Denman, in the case " Lessee of the city of Cincinnati vs. First Presbyterian Church," speaks of the settlement as having occurred late in December, 1788. It is agreed by all, that the party left Limestone on the 24th December, and the fact that the river was full of ice at the time, renders all conclusions founded on pro- bability unavailable. b2 18 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. in about twenty cabins, principally adjacent to the present landing. The larger part of the trees in the bottom between Walnut street and Broadway were cut down, but remained on the ground for several years. At this period an abundant supply of game and fish made good the failure of the provisions brought by the settlers. The Indians, although unfriendly, had as yet committed no hostilities or even depredations. About the first of June, 1789, Major Doughty arrived with 140 men from Fort Harmar on the Muskingum and built four block-houses nearly opposite the mouth of Licking. When these were finished, within a lot of fifteen acres reserved by the United States and immediately on the line of Third street between Broadway and Lawrence street, he commenced the construction of Fort Washington. This building, of a square form, was simply a fortification of logs hewed and squared, each side about one hundred and eighty feet in length, formed into barracks two stories high. It was connected at the cor- ners by high pickets with bastions or block-houses, also of hewed logs, and projecting about ten feet in front of each side of the fort, so that the cannon placed within them could be brought to rake the walls. At the centre of the south side, or front of the fort was the principal gateway, a passage through this line of barracks about twelve feet wide and ten feet high secured by strong wooden doors of similar dimensions. As an appendage to the fort, on its north side and enclosed wdth high palisades extending from its north-east and north-west corners to a block-house, was a small triangular space in which were shops for the accommodation of the artificers. Extending along the whole front of the fort was a fine espla- nade about eighty feet wide and enclosed with a handsome paling on the brow of the bank, the descent from which to the lower bottom was sloping about thirty feet. The exterior of the fort was whitewashed and at a short distance presented a handsome and imposing appearance. On the eastern side were the officers' gardens finely cultivated, ornamented with HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 19 handsome summer-houses, and yielding in their season abun- dance of vegetables. The site of this building is that part of Third street opposite the Bazaar, now Mechanic's Institute, and extending an average breadth of about sixty feet beyond the line of the street on both sides. Fort Washington was completed by November. On the 29th of the succeeding month, general Harmar amved with 300 men and took possession of it. In the course of this year, several log houses, and one frame, were built; and some of the out lots, north of Seventh street, cleared. The legal title to the ground on which the town was built, being still in John Cleves Symmes, the pa- tentee, all the deeds for the original in and out lots, were made in his name. In 1790, the lots, on fractional section No. 12, were laid out by Mr. Symmes, as an addition to the town plat. General Arthur St. Clair, at this time, was the gover- nor of the north-western territory, and, in January, 1790, arrived at the village for the purpose of organizing the coun- ty, which, at the suggestion of Mr. Symmes, was called Ham- ilton, in compliment to the then secretary of the treasury. This county covered, it is believed, the whole territory west of the Muskingum ; and Cincinnati was then, as it ever since has been, its seat of justice. The town had an increase of forty families this year, and about as many cabins were erect- ed; two frame buildings were also added, during the same time. Fifteen or twenty of the inhabitants were killed by the Indians, in the course of 1790. The increase at Columbia, near the Little Miami, was rather greater, and a new station called Colrain, 17 miles north-west of Cincinnati, on the Great Miami, was laid out. Four or five other stations around the village, and generally within five or six miles, were also erect- ed. At these places general Harmar stationed a few regulars for their defence. The Indians were constantly prowling around the neighborhood, and those who ventured outside their forts, did it at the peril of their lives. . All his preparations for a northern campaign having now 20 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. become completed, general Harmar commenced his march from Fort Washington on the 30th September, with three hun- dred and twenty regulars, and eight hundred and thirty-three militia from Kentucky and Pennsylvania. In four days the army reached the Indian town Chillicothe, on the Little Mia- mi, sixty miles from Cincinnati. The principal object of general Harmar, was to destroy the Maumee fort and village at the confluence of the St. Mary and St. Joseph's ; and, learning that the enemy had concentrated their forces at this post, despatched colonel Todd to Kentucky for a further sup- ply of troops. In a few days, six hundred volunteers joined the army. Harmar then proceeded to Fort Loramie, about fif- ty miles, and marched within a few miles of the Maumee fort. Here he encamped, sending forward colonel Hardin with a detachment of four hundred and eighty men, with orders to surprise the enemy by night and storm the fort. When the detachment arrived, they found the fort and village abandoned. These they set on fire. The main body arriving, they push- ed on to another Indian post on the St. Mary's, three miles distant. Colonel Hardin moved forward with his corps to re- connoitre, and the Indians, who were lying in covert near the borders of a prairie through Avhich the troops had to pass, suddenly attacked the detachment, with such impetuosity as to break its ranks. Great numbers were killed in the action, and also in their retreat to the main body. General Harmar, next morning, gave orders for the army to return to Fort Washington, and after a march of eight miles, halted for the night. Here colonel Hardin, desirous of retrieving the mis- fortimes of the day, solicited and obtained permission of the commander-in-chief, once more to give the enemy battle. He returned next day to the site of Maumee town, with six hun- dred militia, and sixty regulars. On their approach, the In- dians retreated. A severe battle ensued, in which the enemy was driven across the St. Joseph. Major Fountain, pierced with eighteen balls, and colonel Willis, two brave officers, were amonff the slain. The detachment then returned to HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 21 the main body, and the next morning the army resumed its march. The Indians followed in sight of the army, almost to Fort Washington, without, however, committing any serious depredations. On the 8th of January, 1791, John S. Wallace, John Sloane, Abner Hunt, and a Mr. Cunningham, who were exploring the country west of the Great Miami, fell in with a large body of Indians : Cunningham was killed, and Hunt taken ; the other two escaped to the station at Colrain. This station consisted of fourteen inhabitants, under the protection of colo- nel Kingsbury, with a detachment of eighteen regulars. On the morning of the 10th, the Indians, about three hundred in number, made their appearance before the station, and de- manded a surrender, which was promptly refused. A fire was instantly commenced from the garrison, and returned by the Indians. An express was sent to Cincinnati, for a reinforce- ment. Captain Truman, with thirty regulars and thirty-three volunteers, reached the station next morning about 10 o'clock ; but before he arrived the Indians, who had continued the at- tack until about 9 o'clock of the same day, had departed. Hunt, who had three days before been taken by the Indians, was found a short distance from the station, with his legs and arms extended and fastened to the ground — his head scalped, his body mangled, and a blazing fire-brand placed in his bow- els. During the attack, the bullets in the garrison being ex- pended, the women supplied the deficiency by melting their spoons and plates, and casting them into balls. Various attempts to negociate with the Indians were resort- ed to ; but having all failed, another body of troops, under the command of general St. Clair, was raised for the defence of the frontiers. St. Clair, after repairing to Lexington to obtain the assistance of the Kentucky militia, reached Cincinnati on the 15th May, 1791. His expedition against the Indians was protracted till late in the season, by the slowness with which recruits were raised ; their delay in descending the Ohio, in consequence of low water ; and, as it was alleged, an unpar- 23 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. donable negligence of the quarter-master and commissary de- partments. On the 7th of August, all the troops which had arrived, except the artificers, and a small garrison for the fort, moved to Ludlow's station, six miles north of Cincinnati, in order to obtain forage from the woods, which was entirely- consumed about Fort Washington, and to await the arrival of the troops which were expected. The army, amounting to two thousand and three hundred non-commissioned officers and privates, moved from Ludlow's station on the 17th of Sep- tember to the Great Miami, where they erected Fort Hamil- ton. Having placed a small garrison in the fort, the army then proceeded on its march, and, by the 12th of October, reached the site, where they built Fort Jefferson, about forty miles north of Fort Hamilton. These posts were intended as places of deposit and of security, either for convoys of pro- visions which might follow the army, or for the army itself, should any disaster befall it. On the 14th, the army, consisting of seventeen hundred non-commissioned officers and privates fit for duty, again com- menced its march, with not more than three days' supply of flour. Many of the horses died for want of forage, and on the 31st, sixty of the Kentucky militia deserted in a body. On the 3d of November the army reached a creek, fifty miles from the Miami villages, and encamped on a command- ing piece of ground in two lines, having the creek in front. The right wing, composed of Butler's, Clark's and Patterson's battalions, commanded by general Butler, formed the first line ; the left, consisting of Bedinger's and Guthrie's battalions and the second regiment, commanded by colonel Darke, form- ed the second line. The right flank was supposed to be se- cured by the creek, by a steep bank, and a small corps of troops. Some of their cavalry and their pickets covered the left flank. The militia were placed over the creek about a quarter of a mile in advance, and encamped in the same order. At this place the general determined to throw up a slight work for the security of the baggage, and, when joined by HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 23 major Hamtramck, who had been detached to protect the con- voys of provisions and prevent further desertion, to proceed immediately to the Miami villages. But both these designs were defeated. For next morning, about half an hour before sunrise, an attack Avas made upon the militia, who very soon gave way, and rushing into the camp through major Butler's battalion, threw it into great confusion. The greatest exer- tions of the officers were ineffectual to restore order. The Indians pursued the flying militia, and attacked the right wing with great fury. The fire, however, of the first line for a few minutes checked them, but almost instantly, a much heavier attack began upon that line, and shortly was extended to the second. The great weight of it was directed against the cen- tre of each, where the artillery was placed and from which the men were repeatedly driven with great slaughter. Find- ing no great eff'ect from the fire, and confusion beginning to spread, from the great numbers falling in every quarter, it be- came necessary to try the effect of the bayonet. Accordingly colonel Darke with part of the second line, was ordered to charge the left flank of the enemy, which he executed with great spirit. The Indians instantly gave way, and were driv- en back three or four hundred yards ; but for want of a suffi- cient number of riflemen to pursue this advantage, colonel Darke soon returned, and in turn was obliged to give way. At that moment the enemy entered the camp by the left flank, having pushed back the troops that were posted there. Seve- ral charges were then made with uniform success ; but in all of them great numbers were killed, particularly the officers. Major-general Butler was dangerously wounded, and every officer of the second regiment, except three, fell. The artil- lery being silenced, and all their officers killed except captain Ford, who was b-adly wounded, and half the army fallen, it became necessary to retreat, which was done very precipitate- ly. The camp and artillery were necessarily abandoned. The Indians pursued the remnant of the army about four miles, when fortunately they returned to the field to divide the 24 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. spoils. The troops conliiiued their retreat to Fort Jefferson, where they found major Ham tram ck, with the first regiment As this regiment was far from restoring the strength of the morning, it was determined not to attempt to retrieve the for- tune of the day. Leaving the wounded at Fort Jefferson, the army continued its retreat to Fort Washington. In this un- fortunate battle, which lasted three hours and fourteen min- utes, thirty-eight commissioned officers were killed upon the field, and five hundred and ninety-three non-commissioned of- ficers and privates were killed and missing. The wounded amounted to two hundred and fourteen. General St. Clair, on his arrival at Cincinnati, gave major Ziegler the command of Fort Washington, and repaired to Philadelphia. Soon after, colonel Wilkinson succeeded major Ziegler, and with the regulars under his command, and about one hundred and seventy militia under major Gano, marched to the field of battle and buried the dead. Great numbers of the slain were found upon the road near the battle ground. After interring the dead in the best manner possible, colonel Wilkinson returned to Cincinnati, with nearly one thousand stand of arms, and one piece of artillery, which the enemy had not taken from the field. This year, Cincinnati had little increase in its population. About one half of the inhabitants were attached to the army and many of them killed. The unfortunate event of the cam- paign, not only alarmed the citizens for their safety, but so discouraged several of them from persevering to make their settlements, that they removed to Kentucky. No new man- ufactories were established, except a horse-mill for grinding corn. On the fifth of March, 1792, congress passed another law, making further and more effectual provision for the protection of the frontiers of the United States. This act directed that the battalion of artillery should be completed according to its establishment ; that both the two regiments of infantry in ser- vice should be filled up to the number of nine hundred and HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 35 sixty ; and that three additional regiments should be raised, for a time not exceeding three years. A discretion, however, was given the president, to raise the whole or part of the three regiments, and to discharge them at pleasure. On the seventh of April, general St. Clair resigned the command of the army, and Anthony Wayne was appointed to succeed him. The recruiting service w^as commenced and carried on with much activity. Commissioners were again sent to treat with the Indians, and, if possible, to bring them to an amicable ne- gociation ; but they treated every offer with disdain, and cru- elly massacred all but one of the commissioners. Such a flagrant outrage called upon the nation for redress, by the most exemplary exertion of its power. The enemy frequently attacked convoys of provisions, and killed great numbers. The troops at Fort Jefferson, under the command of captain Shaler, and of major Adair, who suc- ceeded him, had several skirmishes with the enemy, in which many were slain. About fifty persons were added, by emigration, this year, to the population of Cincinnati. Several cabins, three or four frames and a Presbyterian house of worship were erected. This building stood on Main street, near the site of the pre- sent First Presbyterian church, and is still in existence, al- though removed to Vine, below Fifth street. It is now occu- pied as a place of worship, by a society of German Metho- dists. The troops which had been recruited for Wayne's army, assembled at Pittsburg during the summer and autumn of 1792, and encamped for the winter, on the Ohio, about twen- ty miles below that place. They descended the river the next spring, (1793,) under the command of general Wayne, and landed at Cincinnati. Here the general made an encamp- ment where he remained for two or three months, and then marched to the spot where he established Fort Greenville. The army remained at the fort during the winter, and until July following. In the fall of this year, soon after the army C 26 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. left Cincinnati, the small-pox broke out among the soldiers in Fort Washington, and spread through the town with such ma- lignity that nearly one third of the soldiers and citizens fell victims to its ravages. In July, 1794, the army left Fort Greenville, and built Fort Adams, Fort Defiance and Fort Deposit. At the latter place, the heavy baggage of the army was deposited, as a general engagement with the enemy was shortly expected. Accord- ingly, on the morning of the 20th of August, the army ad- vanced to meet the enemy, and after marching about four miles, the Indians, who were secreted behind fallen trees and high grass, made a sudden attack upon the mounted volun- teers under major Price, who were compelled to reti-eat to the main body. The army was immediately formed in order of battle, having the Miami on the right, a thick wood on the left, and the fallen timber, among which the Indians were se- creted, in front. The savages were formed in three lines, within supporting distance of each other, and extending near- ly two miles at right angles with the river. It was soon dis- covered from the weight of the enemy's fire, and the extent of their lines, that they were endeavoring to turn the left flank of the American army. The second line, therefore, was or- dered to advance with trailed arms, and rouse the Indians from their coverts, at the point of the bayonet, and as soon as that was eff"ected, to deliver a close fire upon their backs, followed by a brisk charge, so as not to give them time to load again. Major Campbell was ordered to turn the left flank of the ene- my near the river. The orders of the commander-in-chief were promptly obeyed ; and such was the impetuosity of the charge of the first line, that the enemy, consisting of Indians, Canadian militia and volunteers, were driven from their cov- erts in so short a time, that notwithstanding every exertion was used by the second line, and generals Scott, Todd and Barbee, of the mounted volunteers, to gain their proper posi- tion, only part of each could get up to participate in the ac- tion ; the enemy being driven in the course of an hour, more HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 27 than two miles. From the best accounts, the enemy amount- ed to two thousand, while the American troops actually en- gaged against them, were less than nine hundred. The sava- ges, with their allies, abandoned themselves to flight, and left the Americans in quiet possession of the field of battle. The army remained several days near the battle-ground, during which time they destroyed all the houses and corn- fields, for a considerable distance above and below Fort Miami. In this decisive battle, thirty-three American officers and pri- vates were killed, and one hundred wounded. On the 28th, the army commenced its return to the Auglaize, by easy marches, destroying in its route all the villages and corn-fields within fifty miles of the river ; from thence up the Miami to the junction of the St. Joseph and St. Mary's, where they erected Fort Wayne. They then proceeded to Loramie stores, seventy miles south-east from Fort Wayne, and erected Fort Loramie, and marched from thence to Greenville, which they reached about the 20th of November, and went into winter quarters. In this battle, the Indians received a chastisement so severe, and lost so many of their leading warriors, that they began to fear the American power, and to exhibit a disposition favora- ble to peace. This disposition was promptly reciprocated by our government, and accordingly, on the 3d of August, 1795, a treaty was made by general Anthony Wayne at Fort Green- ville, with all the warlike tribes, which put an end to their un- provoked, protracted and sanguinary hostilities. This event was hailed by the infant settlements, as the era of peace and security. They now looked forward to an ex- emption from ravage, danger and distress, and all the horrors of savage warfare. The return of peace gave them new am- bition and new hopes. They removed from their forts into the adjacent country, selected farms, built cabins, and began to subdue the forest. They were soon joined by other emi- grants, who, upon the news of peace began to flock across the mountains in great numbers. 28 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. In 1799, the legislative power of the governor and judges was superseded by that of a general assembly, composed of a house of representatives, elected by the people, and a legisla- tive council, appointed by congress. By this general assem- bly, a delegate was chosen to represent the territory in the national legislature. A division of the territory was made, and the boundaries of Ohio determined in 1802, when con- gress passed a law enabling the people of the stale to form a constitution ; and in 1803, the state government went into op- eration. In January of the year preceding, the territorial legislature incorporated the town of Cincinnati. The whole Miami country, with the exception of Cincin- nati and its vicinity, at the time of Wayne's treaty, was one interminable forest. In 1795, the town contained 94 cabins, 10 frame houses, and about 500 inhabitants. In 1800, the population was estimated at 750, and in 1805, at 960 only. This period of ten years has exhibited the least proportional increase, of any equal term of years since the settlement of the place. This was owing to the fact, that the recent treaty afforded peace and security to settlers, who preferred spread- ing themselves over a newer country, where land could be obtained more cheaply. From this period, Cincinnati has proceeded with a steady and rapid growth, to its present population and improvement. In 1808, the United States reservation around Fort Wash- ington, was sold by direction of the secretary of the treasury. The war with Great Britain, declared in 1812, by paralyz- ing the enterprise of the Atlantic United States, sent out vast numbers to the west ; and, though that section of the Union suffered in many respects, by the immediate consequences of that rupture, yet it was the means, to a great extent, of filling the country with population, and money disbursements, which developed more rapidly its natural wealth and resources. But the most important event in the history of the west, was the introduction of steam-boats on its waters. At once the vast interior of Ohio became a competitor, in market, with older BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. 29 and less productive regions. Of all these advantages, as the outlet for the Miami country, Cincinnati had its full share ; and an impulse was given to commercial and manufacturing enterprise, which is even yet felt. In 1819, a charter was obtained from the state legislature, by which Cincinnati was incorporated as a city. This char- ter, since repeatedly amended and altered, forms the basis of its present municipal authority. BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. Cincinnati is bounded — ^north by Fulton and Mill-creek townships; the Ohio river forms its southern and eastern boundaries ; and Mill-creek lies on its west. It is divided into seven wards, whose boundary lines are as follows. 1st Ward, includes that part of the city, which is between Main street and the corporation line, on the north and west, and the third ward, on the south and east. The line between the first and third wards is — from Main street, east on Fourth to Pike street, thence to Symmes or High street, to the reser- voir of the city Avater-works, thence north 16 degrees east to the line of Fulton township. lid Ward comprehends all between Main street and West- ern-row, and Sixth street on the north and the fourth ward on the south. The boundary line between the second and fourth wards is — from Main along Fourth to Walnut street, thence on Walnut to Baker street, thence along Burnet street, Wright's alley, McFarland and Ruffner streets to Western-row. Illd. Ward, from Main street to the Fulton township line, and from the division line with the first ward, to the river Ohio. IVth Ward, from Main sti-eet to Western-row, and its divi- sion line with the second ward, to the river Ohio. Vth Ward, extends from Main to Plum street, and from Sixth street to the corporation line. Vlth Ward embraces that part of the city from Sixth street to the river, and from Western-row to Mill-creek. c2 30 CLIMATE. Vllth Ward, includes the space from Sixth street north, and Plum street west, to the corporation lines. CLIMATE. The climate of Cincinnati and vicinity, is such as might be expected in its appropriate latitude. It differs from the same parallel at the Atlantic, only in being rather more variable in the range of the thermometer, and in the greater frequency of rain in the winter months. Indeed, a fall of many degrees in the thermometer, in the course of but a few hours, is not uncommon in this city, at any period of the year. The cold weather in winter is of intensity equal to that at the east, and perhaps the north, but severe frosts are less frequent in their occurrence, and of briefer existence. Snow rarely lies long enough to furnish sleighing, and the constant alternation of free-jing and thawing renders the traveling through unpaved streets, in the winter season, very unpleasant On the whole, as may oe seen by comparing our bills of mortality with those of other cities, there is reason to believe this to be as healthy a place, as can be found in the United States, of any thing like equal density of population and pe- riod of existence. At the same time, a city laid out to afford a ventilation as free, and a drainage as efficient as ours, must keep pace improving in health, in a degree commensurate with its other improvements. Table of Mortality, Deaths in 1828 647 ] I in 37 1831 820 ] I 34 1833 1,170 ] L 27 1835 926 ] L 37 1836 928 ] L 40 1837 968 ] L 39 1838 1,356 ] I 33 1839 1,282 ] L 35 1840 1,323 ] I 35 Average mortality, 1 in 35. CLIMATE. 31 Various circumstances connected with this subject must, however, be taken into account in forming an estimate of the heahh of Cincinnati. Numbers, in the successive stages of puhnonary disease, have been sent out by their friends at the east, to derive benefit from the milder winters of the south- west. Quite a large class, who are received at our marine hospital, are river-characters from various points of the west- ern country; and strangers from all quarters, who are destitute of relatives and friends, are left here to enjoy the benefits of that noble institution ; benefits aftbrded to these two classes freely and without expense. Various reasons also induce per- sons residing outside the city, to bury within its limits ; and the German population to a considerable distance, with the Irish laborers on the neighboring canals, who are principally Roman Catholics, would naturally desire to be buried in con- secrated ground. All this variety of cases serves to swell the list of deaths, or rather burials in this city, with persons who never formed any part of our population. Last year's re- turns— 1840 — will serve, in part, to illustrate this. The bu- rials here were 1,323. Of these 97, as ascertained by the hospital books, were strangers. There can be no doubt that as many more were brought here to the Roman Catholic bu- rying-ground, among the 401 reported as buried there, during the last year; for the German population is nearly as dense immediately outside the city as within its limits. Thus, with- out including other portions of the community in like circum- stances, but of less consequence in numbers, the deaths pro- per to thd city would be reduced to 1,129, or 1 in 39, v/hich would be about a fair statement of the proportions in the case, uot for the year only, but for the last five years. This is a degree of health equal to the average of the Unit- ed States, and decidedly more favorable in its complexion than our large cities exhibit. In Boston, the proportion is 1 in 38 ; New York, 1 in 37 ; Philadelphia, 1 in 36. In Europe, the deaths are — Naples, 1 in 28 ; Paris, 1 in 33; London, 1 in 39 ; and Glasgow, 1 in 44. 32 POPULATION. '^OQONOOGO'^f© CO CO (?^ rH C^f i>r CO r-T t— 4 J>J>00iX>i0CDC0O'^Tj4i0r-(O [—1 cQ-^^c^-^r-t^oscor-H • ifJOCOOSCOOS-rtiiOCDCQCOOO tr COCSCiftCOCOC cQoocouoaoocoiait>-o? b""^'^"^Oi>ffOr— ( 1^ (:di— (OOiiocoooQow ^— ' COC0O^C^'-iTt CO i-H _. OiOi>.GO'-HO^t^C5i-HCOr^O >— i^Di^DOiiOGOiOiOF-iCOr-t . . . ^ ?OC0(NC0(Ml>(Nr-« CO 73 7ja3ajcQa!»5cco5a2a5a!»HV^ vnoiooooooooooo ^r-t-HNCOT^OCOf^QOOST-trt ^OOOCOOOOOOO^H I-^ 0) o CD ^ rt W *- 3 CO o: M -^ iO \o Hi OS CO O fH .« N -C3 K ^ o 5^ -.3 •S.2 a OJ i2 w r^ CO C PI ^ « 0.2 ■4-^ -k^ CT3 Cl.'-S •r* ^ 00 i§^ ^ fl Ph lO c3 "d^" ^1 02 rt.g tn ci • pH ^ ^ 05_ S^l cf t^ '^ t^ CO > OJ -»S •^ a> t^ ^ M -CJ o ^ o ^ -^ Kt;iOOiOOOOOOOOO I—' '-.(X)O5 •:S-rJ &5 POPULATION. 33 5 5^ crq „ |-g S p s 'r' » S 3 S:g^ I " § SI -P- S ^ P cr g cfl CD ^ <^ B- £. ^ ^ S- M2 r* CD § S 2 i^ ^ ^ 13 -« o^ ^ P M! ft3 '— ' Hj :=: o J:^. r* p p p'i^ ^ S &- &^ fD^ _- S- ^ 3 3 ^ Q g^aq p^ 5' § p" f^ 5" « i-t ^ CD 1 3 ^"^ I Q M2 ►^ Q - 1 -I I." CD CD ^-^f-c! S^ O -- 2. J-^ O S, O 5* "^ p 5 !=i ■^ 3 crq o ^ r§ ^ ^ - 13 ?^ ^ ^' ^ M t^ CD CD S- E" "^ H< CI- P -T- 3303^ 5 ^ p ^ P CO _ H jq: OOOOOOOOiOCT 00000000000 00000000 o»o ^<- "^ VI ^ v^ '-^ ^, *-< ^ CDCDCDCDCDCDCBCOCD ppppppppp cflCficnajcflajcflOJCfl P'i O ►^ ^ •-n^ o K- 't5ai?Oif^cccoo5 . . y-^N ..C^ (*TI /^ liik. /^N r*!*! H- CO 05 *" ts ts w Ot5«OCO«Oi— 'CnCO^Ff^OOi . H-'Lt^?DcOCOH-'0»l»'05M ^ oi— rfi^^s'-'otsmo'oooio . I— '4s«.•^05^0l-'^^^^CiO ^ CO r— 1 W N b-^ " I-H cf ^ lO 05 lO J> 1— 1 rH 00 o :d o 05 o in O CO > (M 1—1 ■"^ T— 1 -^ ? J> Mr^Ni-HCOr-Ho ^ in 00 CO ^ ^ rt< 05 00 (N CO CO lO . • fH i> 05 C<) CO o P- --^ CO (M G-* o rfi CO t^ CO S^ CO '-< «D 05 CO O 1— ( CO CO ^ CD ^ Gi ^ (^ a> I • 1> '-J CQ '^ Tl^ O *^ 00 00 CO CO I— t 7^ 73 tn aj «1 rt rt rt a ri (U -. >S K^. k. K^ >% O ^ CO in o O r— ( Oi CO in o O ^ o n n '-' — < 0) -^^ O tH CD ^ CD CO in > m o TjH c^ -^ in in t^ 05 00 "^ (N pH «D r-^ 05 5 CO i> Ttf CO r— I 05 00 O rH 00 ^ I- CO 1> .-H m m m m m •^ u %^ %* %* rt c3 c^ c^ c^ Qj > >^ ;>> o '^ CO in o I— I CQ CO in o J-; O O O ""^ ^ ^ *- ^ o ^ O T*< CD "^ ►r; r-4 0^ 00 in >-J in o o t- C^ PJ « y* 05 CD t- 05 CO 1-H O 05 I— 1 O CO in C5 05 S POPULATION. 35 Hamilton County. — Townships. A.nderson 2,311 Symmes 1,033 Colrain 2,272 Delhi 1,466 Sycamore 3,207 Storrs 740 Columbia 3,022 Greene 2,939 Fulton 1,505 Miami -2,189 Mill-creek 6,249 Springfield 3,092" Crosby 1,875 Whitewater 1,883 33,783 White males 18,058 " females 15,390 Colored persons 335 33,783 Comparative Table. Cincinnati. Louisville. Pittsburg. New Orleans. Census of 1800 750 600 1,565 9,650 1810 2,540 1,350 4,768 17,242 1820 9,602 4,012 7,243 27,176 1830 24,831 10,306 21,412* 46,310 1840 46,382 21,214* 36,478* 102,294 These census returns, so far as respects Cincinnati, embrace residents within its corporate limits only. If we connect Cov- ington, Newport, Fulton and the adjacent parts of Mill-creek township on the north, which may be included as suburb pop- ulation to Cincinnati, with as much propriety as Allegheny city and Pitt township are with Pittsburg in the 36,478 giv- en above, this city has, in that case, at least 60,000 inhabit- ants. The same allowance must be made in comparisons with most other places ; which, it will be found on scrutiny, em- brace within their reputed population the surrounding neigh- borhoods, to considerable extent. Thus, Philadelphia, with- in its corporate bounds, has 98,773 inhabitants, while such an * Including suburbs. 36 POPULATION. extent of adjacent territory is usually included in reference to that city, as to swell its numbers to 258,922. Other cities- Louisville and New Orleans, for example, — since 1810, have also been greatly enlarged in their territorial limits. At the same time it must be borne in mind, that Cincinnati, as is manifest from the above parallel, derives little — population considered — from immediate neighborhoods, compared with other places. We have more than one half the number of inhabitants of Philadelphia, and twice that of Pittsburg, if we exclude suburbs. The only example of growth, which can equal or surpass that of this city, is New Orleans. A reference to the com- parative table which heads this article, shews that this last city, the great in and outlet of the Mississipi valley trade, has increased in thirty years, from 17,242 to 102,294 inhabitants. Now, though it is probable this number was found there on the 1st day of June last — the date of the census of 1840, — yet it is a qualifying circumstance, well known to all who know any thing of New Orleans, that in that city there are at all times — the sickly season perhaps excepted — a propor- tionate population of strangers, and transient residents, un- common elsewhere. And there can be little doubt that thous- ands have been embraced in the late enumeration there, who have been taken in various places at their proper homes, al- though absent at the time. The votes polled in New Orleans, after making due allowance for restrictions in suffrage, fully warrant this view of the case. Without insisting, however, on this point, it will be seen tliat while, in 1820, Cincinnati had only one half the popula- tion of New Orleans in 1810, in 1830 ours had nearly equal- ed theirs of 1820 ; and in 1840 we have exceeded their return of 1830, thereby gaining steadily upon that city, census after census. Whether Cincinnati shall gain in the same, or a greater ratio, for the future, is of course only conjecture. It is but justice to ourselves, to state that, heretofore, there has been no prospective estimate of our population which has POPULATION. 37 not fallen far short of actual numbers, when the period to which reference was made had arrived. In 1820, an old res- ident and an influential and intelligent member of society, gave his opinion, that in 1830, the city population would prove 20,000; in 1840, 35,000; and in 1850, 50,000. He lived long enough to find his estimates, although pronounced at the time they were made, visionary and extravagant, far below the fact, as revealed by the respective official returns of 1830 and 1840. The colored population here, in 1826, amounted to 690, the white inhabitants being then 15,540. Of course they formed, at that time, about one in twenty-four of the commu- nity. The present relative numbers, with sufficient accuracy, may be stated as one to twenty. This gain on 1826, is en- tirely owing to additions to these people from other places. The late Cincinnati returns — and the fact is probably general in its character — abundantly prove, that the ratio of increase, by births, to population, corresponds to the length of settle- ment of a given place. The colored population are greatly deficient in children, that class under ten years of age being to the adults, as one to four ; Avhereas one child to three per- sons over that age, averages the proportions in the families of the whites. The difference would be greater but for the fact, that in this last estimate are included the families of Germans, who, under the operation of this law of statistics, have fewer children than their older fellow residents. The Germans, with their wives and children, a share of which are natives of this country, amount to 14,163 persons. They may be apportioned to the different wards as follows. First Ward, . . . 3,630 Fifth Ward, . . . 4,320 Second <' ... 1,137 Sixth " ... 695 Third " ... 1,912 Seventh "... 1,473 Fourth " ... 996 Total, 14,163 D Year. Votes. 1809 227 1810 327 1814 411 1820 850 1821 732 1822 1,597 1823 1,861 1827 2,349 1833 3,995 1834 4,007 1836 4,385 1838 4,573 1840 6,340 38 POPULATION. Increase of Fopidation, Year. Population. 1795 500 1800 750 1805 960 1810 2,320 1813 4,000 1815 6,000 1820 9,602 1824 12,016 1826 15,540 1829 22,148 1830 24,831 1831 26,071 1832 28,014 1833 27,645 1835 29,000 1839 42,500 1840 46,381 1841 50,000 Elements of Population. The population of Cincinnati is made up of various ingre- dients. Its first settlers were, as would be naturally expected, emigrants from New Jersey, in whose footsteps successively followed Pennsylvanians, Virginians, Marylanders, New York ers, and lastly New Englanders. Among these, the first two predominate in numbers, Pennsylvania supplying the largest element of native American residents. First in order of time of the foreigners, are our English and Scots citizens, and, in point of numbers, the Germans. Of our adult population, these last may form nearly one third, and from their numbers and nationality, constitute the most important ingredient in the community. Ireland and Wales have also contributed a due proportion of immigrants to our city, the first being rather be- low, and the second greatly above their average proportion in the Atlantic cities. The following list may serve to indicate the various component parts of our population. Males only are referred to in the table. POPULATION. 39 Natives of the Pennsylvania, • • 1,210 Ohio,' 1,112 New Jersey, .... 795 New York, 672 Virginia, 519 Maryland, 537 Massachusetts, • • • 414 Kentucky, 349 Connecticut, 230 Vermont, 118 Maine, 96 Delaware, 90 New Hampshire, • • 70 Rhode Island, 62 United States, Indiana, 60 North Carolina, ... 45 District of Columbia, 36 Tennessee, 22 South Carolina, ... 22 Georgia, 18 Louisiana, 17 Mississipi, 12 Michigan, 10 Illinois, 10 Alabama, 4 Missouri, 3 Arkansas, 1 Total, 6,594 Foreigners by Birth. Germanic states, • 3,440 England, 786 Ireland, 742 Scotland, 360 France, 125 Wales, 84 Canada &l Nova Scotia, 38 Switzerland, Italy, . . . . Holland, . Poland, • . . Denmark, . Norway, . . 31 25 14 14 7 6 Spain, 4 Atlantic Ocean, .... 4 Isle of Jersey, .... 4 Russia, 3 Sweden, 2 Belgium, 2 Madeira, 2 Candia, Malta, Portugal, Mexico, Isle of Man, Total, 5,698 Constituent Proportions. America, 54 per cent. Germany, 28 Great Britain, 16 France and Italy, 1 All other states, 1 100 These lists determine two facts ; that of the adults, nearly one half are foreigners ; and that every state of the Union, and almost every part of Europe, are represented in the pop- ulation of this city. 40 DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. The building of ware-houses and dwellings, has been car ried on for many years in Cincinnati, as a regular department of domestic industry, second only in importance to our pork operations. But, although hundreds of tenements have been thus added, year by year, to the accommodation and enlarge- ment of the city, there has been no period within the last twenty years, in which the supply has overtaken and kept up with the wants of the community. In 1826, it was an ordi- nary occurrence for a stranger who had selected Cincinnati as a residence, to be kept waiting at public houses, under great expense, for weeks, before he could procure a habitation for his family. This, it may be said, was a period of uncommon prosperity : yet amidst all the vicissitudes of business since— during the memorable pressure of 1834, and all the paralyses of 1837 to 1840, the case has been the same. Houses still are — as they have been for years^-contracted for by renters, while in progress of building ; and houses already under rent, engaged for new tenants, months before the existing occupants were ready to remove. The first regular enumeration made and on record, of the buildings of Cincinnati, was in July, 1815, when they were found to number 1070: being of stone, 20; of wood, 800; and of brick, 250. Of these, 660 were tenanted by families ; 410 public buildings, shops, warehouses and offices, making up the residue. In March, 1819, the dwelling and ware-houses in the city were again numbered, and found to be. Of brick and stone, two, three and four stories, . • 387 Do. do. one story, 45 Of wood, two or more stories, 61 f Do. one story, 84? Total, 1,89(. DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. 41 Of these were dwelling-houses, 1,003 Shops, ware-houses and public buildings, 887 The next enumeration of houses was made by Messrs. Drake and Mansfield, for their publication " Cincinnati in 1826," towards the close of that year, when there were found 18 stone, 936 brick, and 1,541 frame buildings. Of these, 650 were one story, 1,682, two stories, and 163 three and four stories in height; making an aggregate of 2,495 tene- ments, being all places of abode or business. In all these statements, every description of out-building is excluded, and no additions to houses previously erected, are taken into account. There has been no enumeration since, nor any estimate giv- en to the public ; but assuming the fact that houses and inhab- itants bear the same relation of numbers to each other in 1841, which they did at any of the three periods referred to, there would now be about 6,800 edifices, private and public, a much greater proportion of brick being in this number, than in any previous statement. The following list, taken from official reports, furnishes the ^)uildings of 1827 and 1828. Brick, of one story, 8 *' two stories, 131 " three do 77 " four do. 1 217 Frame, of one story, 29 *' two stories, 250 279 Total, 496 In 1829 and 1830, an addition of 475 buildings was made to the city, and in 1833, of 321. Of these last, 200 were brick and 121 frames. In 1839, there were 394 new build- ings added, of which 280 were brick and 114 frames. There were built in 1840, as follows : — d2 42 OCCUPATIONS, TRADES AND PURSUITS. Wards. 1st. 2a. 3d. 4tli. 5th. Gth. 7th. Total. Brick, 47 17 31 12 76 33 44 260 Frame, Totnl. 13 1 14 3 43 18 54 146 If we estimate the buildings for the intervening periods, which cannot be ascertained otherwise, at the rates of the ad- jacent years, the growth in buildings may be thus arrived at. Priorto 1827 2,495 1831 250 1836 365 In 1827 217 1832 300 1837 305 1828 279 1833 321 1838 334 1829 270 2834 300 1839 394 1830 205 1835 340 1840 406 Total, 6,781 It is manifest from this statement, that the proportion of brick buildings is increasing, while that of frames is in the same measure falling off. The disparity between these is es- pecially great in the central and business parts of the city. It may be remarked also, that the dwelling and ware-houses put up during the last two years, while they are in greater num- bers than for any equal space of time before, greatly surpass those previously erected, in value, elegance and convenience. OCCUPATIONS, TRADES AND PURSUITS. I. Hie Bar, Pulpit, Faculty, Literature, Science and the Fine Arts. Attorneys, authors, architects, civil engineers, clergymen, designers and draughtsmen, editors, engravers, musicians, miniature, landscape and portrait painters, surveyors, teach- ers, 434 persons. II. Commerce and Navigation. Booksellers, brokers, book-keepers, clerks, commission, produce, dry-goods and hardware merchants ; dealers in boat- stores, iron, queensware, glass, wood, coal, variety and fancy OCCUPATIONS, TRADES AND PURSUITS. 43 goods, furs, ice, lumber, paints, shoes, and umbrellas ; drug- gists, fruiterers, pedlars, river traders, steam-boat characters, 2,226 persons. III. Manufactures and Mechanic Arts. Brick-makers, brass-founders, blacksmiths, basket-makers, brick and stone-masons, boiler-makers, butchers, burr mill- stone-makers, book-binders, bakers, brewers, box and ice- chest-makers, beef and pork-packers, britannia-ware-makers, button-turners, brush-makers, carpenters, clock-makers, coop- ers, chair-makers, confectioners, cabinet-makers, caulkers, copper, sheet-iron and tin-plate- workers, comb-makers, coach- painters and makers, carpet- weavers, cart and wagon-makers, dyers, desk-makers, distillers, engine-builders, engineers, edge- tool-makers and grinders, finishers, founders, gilders, glass- cutters, gold and silver-smiths, hatters, jewellers, lock-mak- ers, looking-glass and picture-frame-makers, machinists, mill- wrights, milliners, marble and stone-workers, moulders, mat- ress-makers, millers, musical, optical, philosophical and sur- gical instrument-makers, oil-cloth-makers, plasterers, plane- makers, printers, pattern-makers, planers, paper-stainers and hangers, pump and block-makers, potters, plough-makers, plumbers, rope-makers, steam-boat-builders, shoe-makers, sad- dlers, sausage-makers, stereotypers, sash, door and blind- makers, soap and candle-makers, tailors, tobacconists, turners, trunk-makers, type-founders, tanners and curriers, and wire- workers, 10,866 persons. IV. Miscellaneous. Agents, bar-keepers, barbers, boarding, eating and coffee- house-keepers, carters, cooks, draymen, gardeners, hotel and tavern-keepers, pavers, stage-drivers, .... 1,025 persons. 44 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. Courts of Judicature. Besides the administration of justice by township magis- trates, residing in Cincinnati, and the mayor, who derives his authority under the city charter, there are three courts held here ; the Supreme Court, the Court of Common Pleas, and the Superior Court. 1. The Supreme Court of Ohio holds its session here in the month of April, annually. It has, by law, exclusive juris- diction in all cases of divorce ; original jurisdiction — concur- rent with that of the common pleas — in all civil cases, both at law and equity, in which the cause of action exceeds one thousand dollars ; and appellate jurisdiction from the decisions of the court of common pleas and superior court, in all cas- es in which those courts have original jurisdiction. It can, also, issue all writs necessary to enforce its authority, in the due administration of justice. 2. The Court of Common Pleas for Hamilton county, is held once in three months for the trial of criminals, and once in four months for the settlement of the civil docket. This court has original jurisdiction in all civil cases, both in law and equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds the jurisdic- tion of a justice of the peace; and appellate jurisdiction from decisions of the mayor and justices. It has also cognizance of all crimes, offences and misdemeanors, for which the sta- tutes of Ohio provide punishment.* It has sole jurisdiction of all matters of a probate or testamentary nature. It appoints guardians, and issues all writs, except those of error and man- damus. It has likewise authority to appoint its clerk, com- missioner of insolvents, masters in chancery, and inspectors of flour, salt, pork and beef, oil and whisky. It issues li- * By the laws of the state, no crime is punished capitally but murder in the first degree. In cases of this offence, the accused can elect to be tried by the supreme court. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 45 censes to ministers to solemnize marriage, and auctioneers to hold sales, and for ferries out of the city. 3. The Superior Court was established in 1838, for the purpose of facilitating the despatch of business on the civil docket in the court of common pleas. It has concurrent ju- risdiction with the court of common pleas, of all civil cases at common law and chancery, in which that court has original jurisdiction. Its sessions commence on the first Mondays of January, April, July and October. 4. The mayor, in his judicial capacity, has exclusive au- thority in all causes for the violation of city ordinances, be- sides possessing such criminal jurisdiction and powers as are vested in justices of the peace. 5. Justices of the peace. Of these there are six in the city. They are conservators of the peace, and can examine witnesses, and admit to bail or commit for trial, all persons charged with a breach of the laws. Their jurisdiction in cri- minal cases, extends throughout the county, but in civil cases is limited to the city, and does not exceed in amount one hun- dred dollars, except in voluntary confessions of judgment, in which case it extends to two hundred dollars, and is co-exten- sive with the county. Supreme Court. Peter Hitchcock, Ebenezer Lane, Frederic Grimke and Reuhen Wood, Judges. Isaac G. Burnet, Clerk. Court of Common Pleas. N. C. Read, President Judge; Henry Morse, Richard Ayres and Israel Brown, Associates. J. W. Piatt, Clerk. John C. Avery, Sheriff. J. T. Crapsey, Prosec. Attorney, Superior Court. David K. Este, Judge. Daniel Gano, Clerk. Blaster Commissioners in Chancery. Edward Woodruff, Adam N. Riddle, William B. Caldwell and Benjamin B. Fessenden. 46 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. Justices of the Peace for Cincinnati Township. James Glenn, office south side of Third, between Main and Sycamore streets. Richard Mulford, west side of Plum, between George and Seventh streets. William Doty, north side of Second, between Main and Sycamore streets. John A. Wiseman, south-west corner of Third and Syca- more. R. A. Madison, south side of Court, between Main and Walnut streets. Ebenezer Harrison, south-east corner of Walnut and Third streets. Legislative and Executive Authority, The fiscal and prudential concerns of the city, with the conduct, direction and government of its affairs, devolve on the mayor, and a board of trustees of three members from each ward, usually known by the name of the City Council. The mayor is elected biennially, on the first Monday in April. It is made his duty by the charter, to cause the laws and ordinances of the city to be duly executed and enforced, to inspect the conduct of the subordinate officers of the city, and to bring to punishment all negligence, carelessness and violations of duty. He is the keeper of the public seal of the city, issues all licenses, commissions and permits under the authority of the city council, has power to administer oaths, take and certify depositions, and to certify the proof and ac- knowledgment of deeds and other legal instruments. An appeal lies from his decisions to the court of common pleas for the county of Hamilton. The trustees, composing the city council, are elected an- nually on the first Monday of April. They must be free- holders, and residents of the city three years previous to the election. They determine the rules of their own proceedings, and it is made their duty to keep a journal thereof, open to the inspection of every citizen. They are required to take an MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 47 oath of office, administered by the mayor, and to elect from their own body a president, who is to preside over its meet- ings and, when necessary, act as its representative ; and a re- corder, whose duty it is to keep in his custody the laws and ordinances of the city. They elect from the qualified voters, a city clerk, whose duty it is to keep a journal of their pro- ceedings. They are empowered to appoint all collectors, as- sessors, surveyors, clerks of markets, street-commissioners, health-officers, weighers of hay, measurers of wood, lime and coal, wharf-master, &c. They have the control and manage- ment of all the real and personal estate of the city, but are expressly prohibited from banking, and restricted in borrow- ing for city purposes to an amount of not more than five thousand dollars in any current year. They have power to establish a board of health, to organize a city watch, establish and regulate markets, wharves and fire-companies, and to li- cense and regulate taverns, coffee, ale and porter-houses and public shows. They are authorized to abate nuisances, to appropriate ground for new streets or alleys, to open, straight- en, widen or repair streets, to license and regulate wagons, drays &c., and to levy and collect taxes for city purposes. It is made the duty of the council, annually to publish for the information of the citizens, a particular statement of the re- ceipts and expenditure of the public monies. For their ser- vices the members receive one dollar per day, which is re- stricted to the actual meetings of the board. A city treasurer, and marshal, are elected biennially by the qualified voters of the city, on the first Monday in April. City Council. Edward Woodruff, President. Oliver Lovell, Recorder. Ward I. S. P. Chase, Samuel Lewis, Alexander H. Ewing. II. Moses Brooks, Isaiah Wing, Joseph Graham. III. D. A. Powell, S. Hazen, James McCandless. IV. David Griffin, William Bromwell, J. Broadwell. V. Edw'd Woodruff, Sam'l B. Findlav, James Read. 48 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. VI, Louis H. Shally, David Carroll, Ezra Bailey. VII. Oliver Lovell, William Billings, Joseph Ross. Charles Satterly, Clerk. J. S. Woodruff, Messenger, City Officers. Samuel W. Davies, Mayor. Samuel Scott, Treasurer. James Saffin, 3Iarshal. Joseph Gest, Surveyor. Joseph Pierce, Port-warden. R. C. Phillips, Sealer of weights and measures. Alexander Dalzell, Inspector of staves and heading. Eli Richman, Thomas Smith, "^ R. Vallandigham, Richard Miller, > TVood-measurers, William R. Field, > Eli Richman, Measurer of coal and charcoal. R. Vallandigham, Measurer of lime, John Carr, 1st and 3d wards, ^ G. G. Smith, 2d 4th and 6th, V Street-commissioners, Isaac Poineer, 5th and 7th, 3 Ira A. Butterfield, Captain city watch. James Wise, Lieutenant. County Officers. Commissioners, Jonathan Larrison, Presley Kemper and Thomas Cooper. Auditor, Hugh McDougal. Treasurer, Samuel Martin. Recorder, Grifhn Yeatman. Assessor, H. R. Bywaters. Coroner, Charles Hale. Commissioner of insolvents, John B. Enness. Inspector of flour, Arthur E. Armstrong " pork and beef, Henry Thorp. " salt, Wm. B. Barry. " oil and whisky, H. M. Ernst, Lewis Hunt. Township Officers, Trustees, William Grossman, Josiah Fobes, Thatcher Lew- is. Clerk, David Churchill. Constables, I. C. Copelen, Joseph Morrow, William Moody, John Reily, Jesse O'Niel, Thomas Hurst, J. S. Olmstead. COMMERCE. 41) COMMERCE. The commerce of Cincinnati is co-extensive with the na- vigation of the west, and its interior trade is spread over the whole extent of country between the river Ohio and the lakes, north and south, and the Scioto and Wabash rivers, east and west. The Ohio river line of country in Kentucky, for fifty miles down, and as far up as the boundary line between that state and Virginia, makes its purchases here. Besides its sales of foreign merchandise through the region thus describ- ed, Cincinnati furnishes the lower Ohio river country, and the upper and lower Mississipi states and territories, with a vast amount of manufactured products, not merely made here, but with which this market is extensively supplied from the inte- rior. For these, there are received in return sugar, cotton, rice, molasses, Slc, from the south; lead, shot, furs, honey, &.C., from the Missouri and upper Mississipi regions : and pork, flour, &c., from Indiana. The eastern half of the state of Indiana is the most important customer for foreign goods, to this market, and the lower Mississipi country, for our vari- ous manufactured articles. The products of other countries, brought to this place, are purchased in New York and Phila- delphia, with the exception of certain descriptions of grocer- ies which are supplied by New Orleans. By the census of 1840, it appears that the capital invested at Cincinnati, in commercial houses in foreign trade and in commission business, is 5,200,000 dollars. The capital in re- tail dry-goods, hardware, groceries and other stores, 12,877,- 000 dollars. Lumber business, 23 yards, 73 hands employed, capital 133,000 dollars; sales, 342,500 dollars. Chamber of Commerce^ Instituted October 22d, 1839, meets monthly at the Young Men's Mercantile Library rooms. Lewis Whiteman, Presi- dent. Henry Rockey, Secretary, B. W. Hewson, Treas- urer. 50 BANKS. BANKS. Five incorporated, and two unincorporated banks, furnish the business accommodations, and, in some measure, supply the circulating medium of the place. Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company Bank, Capital S2,000,000. This institution was incorporated in 1834, and is authorised to make insurance on lives, to purchase and grant annuities, receive and execute trusts of every description, and to buy and sell drafts and bills of exchange. Its management is plac- ed in a board of twenty trustees, who must, individually, be stockholders to the amount of five thousand dollars. Bank- ing house, corner of Main and Third. M. T. Williams, President, J. M. Perkins, Cashier, Sam- uel R. Miller, Secretary, V. Worthington, Solicitor, T. J. Matthews, Actuary, Isaac G. Burnet, Notary. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Cincinnati, Jacob Burnet, Micajah T. Williams, Alex- ander Gibson, David T. Disney, George Luckey, Vachel Worthington, James R. Baldridge, Samuel Fosdick, Samuel R. Miller. Warren, Trumbull co. Simon Perkins. Gallio- polis, Gcdlia co. Samuel F. Vinton. Columbus, Franklin co. Alfred Kelley, N. H. Swayne. Cadiz, Harrison co. Daniel Kilgore. Dayton, Montgomery co. Samuel Forrer. New York, Gould Hoyt, Henry Rankin. Boston, Samuel Hub- bard. Philadelphia, Matthew L. Bevan. New Orleans, Charles Stetson. Franklin Bank. Incorporated in 1834. Capital $1,000,000. John H. Groesbeck, President. William Hooper, Cashier, David Loring, Fenton Lawson, E. S. Haines, D. H. Home, James Reynolds, Moses White, F. Bodmann, J. C. Culbertson, J. C. Tunis, Henry Clark, Charles Fisher, Directors. One vacancy. V BANKS. 51 Lafayette Bank. Capital $1,000,000. Josiah Lawrence, President. John D. Jones, George K. Shoenberger, C. Donaldson, E. J. Miller, Moses Brooks, S. C. Parkhurst, S. S. L'Hommedieu, S. P. Chase, S. E. Pleasants, Charles Sonntag, George W. NefF, R. G. Mitchell, Directors. W. G. W. Gano, Cashier. Commercial Bank. Capital $1,000,000. James S. Armstrong, President. Joseph Smith, James Johnston, James McCandless, Nath'l Wright, J. R. Coram, George C. Miller, Jacob Strader, Directors. James Hall, Cashier. Bank of Cincinnati. G. R. Gilmore, President. N. Lougee, M. N. McLean, P. Collins, G. J. Moore, Peter Smith, Joseph G. Young, George Ciillum, J. McLaughlin, M. M. Hale, William A. Reynolds, Robert Hosea, Jr. Directors. George Hatch, Cashier. Miami Exporting Company. Capital $600,000. N. W. Thomas, President. John W. Coleman, W. R. Morris, James Taylor, Samuel J. Browne, J. R. Child, S. B. Hunt, Warren Hartshorne, Horace Wilder, Directors. J. M. Douglass, Cashier. Mechanics^ and Traders^ Bank. E. D. John, President. George Conclin, W. Lewis, David A. James, Isaac Young, L. M. Gwynne, Directors. Stan- hope S. Rowe, Cashier. Exchange Bank. Owned chiefly by John Bates. Capital $200,000. A. Barnes, Cashier. Agency of the United States^ Bank. T. Kirby, ^gent. Office in the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company Banking House. t 53 INSURANCE. INSURANCE. General Board of Underwriters. John P. Foote, President, William Goodman, Treasurer. E. Robins, Secretary. E. Robins, John Young, Thomas Newell, Board of Couu' sellors. Cincinnati Insurance Company. Incorporated, 1829. Office on Front Street. John Young, President. Josiah Lawrence, Lewis White- man, Thos. W. Bakewell, John Kilgour, Joseph Smith, Ja- cob Strader, John D. Jones, Geo. Carlisle, James Reynolds, R. H. Southgate, L. Worthington, J. L. Avery, Jas. J. Cly- mer, N. W. Thomas, Directors. B. B. Whiteman, Secre- tary. Branch Office, corner of Canal and Sycamore. Firemen^s Insurance Company. Incorporated, 1832. Office, corner of Front and Main. Geo. W. Neff, President. Geo. H. Bates, R. B. Bowler, Geo. H. Hartwell, Jas. C. Hall, Arch. Irwin, R. G. Mitchell, E. J. Miller, James PuUan, E. Poor, P. Rogers, P. Tilling- hast, Wm. M. Woolsey, K. Yardley, J. Yorke, Directors. One vacancy. Thomas Newell, Secretary. Branch on Main near the canal. David Urner, Secretary. Washington Insurance Company. Incorporated, 1836. Office, 73 Main street. Wm. Goodman, President. Calvin Fletcher, S. C. Park- hurst, John Bailey, Thomas J. Adams, S. S. Smith, Calvin Carpenter, R. A. Little. Sam'l Davis Jr., Directors. E. Hen- ry Carter, Secretary. Fire Departmenf s Insurance Company. Incorporated, 1836. Office on Front street. David T. Disney, President. Ezra Bailey, Wm. Brom- well, Joseph Cartwright, J. S. Chamberlain, S. H. Crocker, A. CuUiffltt Jr., E. Dodson, C. F. Hanselmann, Wm. Hum- INSURANCE. 53 ble, George H. Hill, S. King, F. Lawson, Wm. Murray, Wm. Orange, R. P. Resor, J. Seymour, Thomas Spooner, Samuel H. Taft, A. Trowbridge, D. C. Wallace, William H. Abrams, William Aarons, Directors. J. P. Foote. Secretary. Canal Insurance Company. Incorporated, 1836. Office on Front street. R. Buchanan, President. J. H. Groesbeck, James Hicks, Jr. Samuel Trevor, J. P. Tweed, J. W. Blachley, S. J. Kel- logg, Edmund Dexter, John Reeves, A. H. Ewing, Thomas Heaton, John Thomas, N. P. Iglehart, Charles Duffield, Jas. Goodin, W. F. Johnson, J. D. Walbridge, M. R. Todd, Sam- uel B. Findlay, R. W. Lee, Directors. J. H. Carter, Secre- tary. This company has a branch on the Canal, between Main and Walnut streets, of which Samuel B. Findlay is Agent. Manufacturers'' Insurance Company. Incorporated, 1838. Office on Front street. James McCandless, President. S. O. Butler, Wm. Man- ser, James S. Glascoe, John F. Dair, John Buchanan, John Frazer, Peter Andrew, A. A. Wilkins, Directors. Elias Dudley, Secretary. Equitable Insurance Company. Office on Third street. Incorporated in 1827, on the prin- ciple of mutual assurance. Geo. C. Miller, President. John B. Clark, Stephen Bur- rows, John Baker, Jabez C. Tunis, Caleb Williams, Elam P. Langdon, Benj. Mason, Wm. Medary, D. K. Cady, Joseph Jones, John E. Williams, Directors. James Foster, Secre- tary. E. Robins, General Agent, for the western states, of the Protection Insurance Company of Hartford, Con. Henry Hayes, Agent for Cincinnati. N. Sawyier, Agent, at Cincinnati, for the ^tna Insurance Company of Hartford, Con., and for the Lexington Fire, Life and Marine Insurance Company of Lexington, Ky. e2 ' 64 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRO- DUCTS. I. In Wood, entirely or jjrincipally. hands value per annum 6 Agricultural implement makers, 30 37,900 2 Basket-makers 5 2,800 8 Bedstead factories 19 25,000 31 Coopers 176 167,000 20 Carpenter jobbing shops 65 71,000 48 Cabinet ware factories 384 588,000 11 Chair-makers 128 131,600 6 Carriage factories 87 127,000 1 Desk-maker 2 2,200 8 Ice-chest and packing-box factories .... 28 39,000 2 Pattern-makers 3 3,510 4 Plane factories 34 95,000 6 Picture-frame and looking-glass makers . . 17 26,900 4 Planing machines 16 60,000 6 Saw-mills 31 73,000 22 Sash and blind factories 90 71,700 5 Steam-boat yards 306 592,500 12 Turners 27 28,275 21 Wagon and cart-makers 96 104,300 6 Yawl, oar, pump and block shops 20 26,172 2,222,857 II. In Ir 071,. entirely or principally. 3 Brand, stamp and venitian blind chisel- makers 7 6,800 52 Blacksmith shops 294 311,400 2 Cistern and fire-engine pump factories . . 13 13,750 6 Cutlers 9 6,500 1 Cotton-gin and spinning machine shop • • 25 45,000 8 Edge-tool makers and grinders 37 41,600 13 Founderies and engine shops 563 668,657 5 Gun-smiths 15 16,842 1 Iron safe and balustrade-maker 12 11,400 4 Machinists and cotton-press factories ... 42 77,000 2 Printing-press factorys 11 9,000 2 Rolling-mills 148 394,000 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 55 5 Sheet-iron workers 33 58,000 1 Spinning-machine maker 35 55,600 4 Wire-workers 12 13,000 1,728,549 III. In other Metals. 8 Bell and brass founders 62 81,000 1 Britannia ware factory 8 20,840 32 Copper, brass, sheet-iron and tin-plate workers 208 311,300 8 Jewelers, gold and silver-smiths 30 56,500 5 Lever-lock factories 49 95,000 4 Plumbers 18 48,000 3 Type and stereotype founders 85 45,400 658,040 IV. In Leather, entirely or principally. 2 Bellows factories 6 12,600 166 Boot and shoe-makers 652 488,000 1 Hose factory • • • • 2 2,100 22 Saddlery, trunk, collar and harness facto- ries 102 231,000 21 Tanneries and currier shops 126 335,000 1,768,700 V. In Hair, Bristles, 4'C. 4 Brush-makers 15 19,000 2 Curled hair and bristle dressers 42 16,600 10 Mattress-makers and upholsterers 58 284,800 5 Stock-makers 75 40,000 3 Wig and curl-makers 8 6,000 366,400 VI. In Cotton, Wool, Linen and Hemp. 3 Awning, sail, &c. makers 8 12,000 1 Bagging factory 87 78,650 7 Carpet weavers 37 46,000 1 Coach-lace, fringe and military equipment factory 7 15,400 2 Cotton yarn factories 60 95,000 10 Dye-houses 36 15,540 2 Fullers and carders 18 30,000 4 Oil-cloth factories 81 73,000 56 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 4 Rope-walks 18 33,600 2 Stocking-weavers 7 12,000 411,190 VII. Of Drugs, Paints, Chemicals, ^c. 3 Colors, prussiate of potash, mineral acids and spirits of wine, &c. factories .... 29 68,000 2 Ivory-black and shoe-blacking makers . . 12 11,000 3 White-lead factories 44 121,750 1 Lard oil press 4 31,000 1 Neat's foot oil factory 4 33,500 2 Camphine oil distilleries 7 89,000 2 Linseed oil mills 4 36,000 4 Patent medicine factories 10 68,000 458,250 VIII. Of the Earth. 35 Brick yards 175 87,500 2 Burr millstone factories 15 10,500 4 Cistern builders 12 21,300 2 Earthen and stone ware potters 11 12,000 1 Marble-cutter 3 10,000 6 Stone-cutters 70 83,000 1 Hydraulic cement and marble dust factory 15 14,000 238,300 IX. Of Paper. 25 Book, newspaper, &c. publishers 362 518,500 15 Blank book-makers and binders 102 107,700 1 Bandbox factory 5 9,000 6 Wall paper-makers and hangers 43 34,400 669,600 X. Of Food. 52 Biscuit and bread-bakers 132 259,000 3 Corn-meal, pearl-barley and hommony mills 16 138,000 7 Flouring mills 27 678,700 3 Bologna sausage-makers 15 21,000 62 Beef and pork butchers 157 1,098,015 48 Pork packers 1,220 3,074,912 5,269,627 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 57 XI. Science and the Fine Arts. 1 Cameo and Daguerrotype artist 1 950 5 Copper-plate engravers and printers ... 16 42,000 3 Wood engravers 3 2,550 3 Xylographic printers 7 4,900 1 Lithographic printer 4 3,500 6 Draughtsmen and designers 9 17,000 4 Miniature painters 4 4,500 8 Landscape and portrait painters 8 7,500 14 Ornamental and banner painters 48 31,000 3 Mathematical, optical and philosophical instrument-makers 11 30,000 7 Musical instrument-makers ........ 18 25,000 2 Surgical instrument-makers 4 4,200 2 Stucco workers 6 6,000 179,100 XIL Of Building. 20 Stone quarriers 212 253,450 140 Carpenters 580 347,600 48 Brick masons 226 103,300 44 Stone masons 218 101,000 60 Plasterers 245 107,650 15 House painters 80 33,000 5 Bell hangers, &c. 7 7,217 953,267 XIII. Miscellaneous. 8 Brewers 60 126,000 2 Button factories 4 7,500 4 Clock-makers 10 12,000 12 Confectioners and sugar bakers 35 54,000 86 Clothing stores* 813 1,223,800 1 Comb factory 24 18,550 3 Distilleries 37 145,000 1 Glass cutter 5 10,000 25 Hat factories 181 312,000 1 Japannery 2 2,000 1 Last and sparable factory 6 15,000 * There are nearly four thousand females employed by these establish- ments, who sew at their own homes. 58 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 1 Machine-card, stock and portable burr- millstone-maker 32 81,000 17 Soap and candle-makers 122 332,940 1 Maltster 2 6,000 2 Starch factories 16 45,000 1 Printing-ink factory 4 2,500 60 Tailors 195 376,000 1 Tallow renderer 4 56,000 26 Tobacconists 158 325,000 5 Vinegar factories 11 30,500 1 Powder-mill 12 28,000 3,208,790 Recapitulation. Manufactures hands value per amram f. In wood, principally or wholly .... 1,557 2,222,857 II. Iron, entirely or principally 1,250 1,728,549 III. Other metals . . . 461 658,040 IV. Leather, entirely or principally • • • 888 1,068,700 V. Hair, bristles, &c 198 366,400 VI. Cotton, wool, linen and hemp .... 359 411,190 VII. Drugs, paints, chemicals, &c. • ... 114 458,250 VIII. The earth 301 238,300 IX. Paper 512 669,600 X. Food 1,567 5,269,627 XI. Science and the fine arts 139 179,100 XII. Buildings 1,568 953,267 XIII. Miscellaneous 1,733 3,208,790 10,647 17,432,670 Ninety-nine per cent, of all these products are made and sold in Cincinnati itself. Some few, which could not be pro- perly separated from the mass, are fabricated in Fulton, New- port and Covington, but a large amount of manufacturing and mechanical industry, in those places, is not included in this statement. The capital invested here in manufactures appears, by the census of 1840, to be 14,541,842 dollars. METEOROLOGY. 59 METEOROLOGY. In the following article, it is proposed to give a summary of the meteorological observations made at the Woodward College, in this city, (Lat. 39° 5' N., Long. 84° 22' W.,) during the six years beginning with 1835 and ending with 1840. It may be divided to advantage into the following heads: temperature, wind, rain, weather, and height OF THE barometer. Temperature. The following observations were made at least three times daily, and the mean temperature deduced from them, at 5 A. M., 2 P. M. and 9 P. M., after the manner employed by the academies in the state of New York ; a rule introduc- ed by Simeon De Witt the surveyor general of that state, and much more accurate than the common method of taking the mean of the greatest and least temperature. The following table shews the mean temperature of each year according to Fahrenheit's thermometer. Years Mean Temperature Years Mean Temperature 1835 51°.3 1838 52°.2 1836 51 .6 1839 54 .5 1837 53 .5 1840 53 .8 The annual mean temperature, as deduced from the preced- ing observations, is 52°. 84. The annual range of the thermometer will be seen in the following table. Years Lowest Highest 1835 17° below 95° 112° 1836 7 do 99 106 1837 5 above 95 90 1838 10 below 100 110 1839 2 above 96 94 1840 1 below 96 97 Mean annual range of the thermometer, 101.5 60 METEOROLOGY. The greatest degree of cold observed was on the morning of February 7th, 1835, when the temperature was 17° below zero : this day was also the coldest, the mean temperature be- ing 5° below zero : besides this the mean temperature of no day has been below zero during the above years. The greatest temperature observed was in August, 1838, just before a violent thunder storm, when the thermometer rose to 100°. The mean temperature of the warmest day, July 29th, 1838, was 86°. 7, so that the mean temperature of the day has a range of 92° ; however, in any one year the range has not exceeded 87°. The warmest days in the year have almost uniformly occurred between the 15th of July, and the 1st of August. The following table shows the mean temperature of each month for six years. Years. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. 1835 34.6 24.5 40.1 50.5 65.3 71.2 1836 30.6 28.8 36.1 55.6 65.8 70.4 1837 30.1 36.6 41.8 48.3 62.5 70.1 1838 36.4 20.9 48.4 50.5 56.7 73.0 1839 38.0 37.0 44.9 60.2 66.0 69.5 1840 25.7 42.0 47.7 57.4 63.2 70.8 Mean. 32.6 31.6 43.2 53.7 63.2 70.8 Years. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1835 71.7 69.1 59.1 55.8 43.3 31.4 1836 75.8 71.6 69.3 46.2 38.7 30.6 1837 75.3 72.4 64.9 55.8 44.1 35.5 1838 79.2 77.7 66.4 50.6 39.0 28.2 1839 76.2 73.5 61.1 60.3 37.3 30.6 1840 75.4 74.7 61.8 54.3 40.9 32.4 Mean. 75.6 73.2 63.8 53.8 40.5 31.6 METEOROLOGY. 61 An inspection of the preceding table will show that the mean heat of February and December are the same ; if, how- ever, the temperature of February 1840, which was unusually high, is left out of the calculation, the mean temperature of Feb- ruary would be about 29 degrees ; this Avould make it on an average the coldest month of the year, a remark, which, it is believed, accords with the experience of observers, the great- est degree of cold during the years above named, having oc- curred in this month. It is believed that a much greater number of observations, than are given above, ought to be combined in order to give an accurate expression for the mean temperature of each month ; for, it is a general rule that the number of observa- tions should be great in proportion that the period of time is short for which the mean heat is required. With a few ex- ceptions, the mean temperature of the months, as given above, corresponds remarkably well with that given by our distin- guished fellow-citizen Dr. Drake, in his picture of Cincinnati published twenty-six years ago. The monthly extremes and ranges for the last six years are averaged and stated in the following table. January from 5° to 62° . • • Range 57° February from — 3.5 to 63 . • .Range 66.5 March from 9 .5 to 75 .5 . • Range 66 April from 26.5 to 87 . . • Range 60.5 May from 38.5 to 91 ... Range 52 5 June from 49 to 94 . . . Range 45 July from 54 to 96 • - . Range 42 August from 52 to 94 . • - Range 42 September from 38 to 89 . • . Range 51 October from 27 to 83 • . • Range 56 November from 12 to 69 . . . Range 57 December from 5 to 58 . • • Rano-e 53 o From the above it will be seen, that the greatest range occurs in February and March, and the least in July and August. METEOROLOGY. The following table for the year 1840, contams several partic- ulars with regard to the temperature, that may be interesting. o GO s 9 1 E s .§ 0) 55 56 1 a o i i 3 11 1 5 is t 1 i li 1 1 c S ii ^6.3 Jan. — 1 25.67 20.45 31.84 15 6.6 29 Feb. 75 75 41.96 33.96 50.89 1 14.3 19 64.3 Mar. 21 75 54 47.71 40.22 57.22 11 31.5 1 64.7 April 27 91 64 57.40 49.40i 66.20 2 43.2 25 77.3 May 42 89 47 63.17 55.40 72.25 9 46.2 18 75.3 June 47 93 46 70.85 62.96 81.50 7 59.0 28 81.0 July 50 96 46; 75.40 67.20 85.20 2 62.7 16 81.8 Aug. 57 93 36 74.70 66.70 84.00 31 65.8 11 79.6 Sept. 41 85 44 61.80 52.43 72.80 21 51.2 25 71.0 Oct. 19 82 63 54.32 46.70 65.20 25 27.8 1 71.3 Nov. 18 71 53 40.93 34.00i 51.10 19 25.2 7,29 54.3 Dec. 7 58 96 51 97 32.40 53.86 28.40 38.06 18,19 14.8 15 i-16 47.2 81.8 Year — 1 46.48 63.02 Jan. 15 6.6 Wind. The following table contains the average course of the wind for each month in the year. Months. N. NE. E. SE. S. SW. W. NW. Jan. 1 4 2 2 1 7 9 5 Feb. 2 2 1 1 1 8 9 4 Mar. 2 2 2 1 2 7 9 6 April May June 1 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 6 10 6 8 7 8 5 4 4 July Aug. 1 2 3 5 2 3 1 1 2 1 12 6 7 8 3 5 Sept Oct. 3 4 5 4 4 2 2 1 2 3 4 7 6 7 4 3 Nov. 1 2 2 3 1 7 9 5 Dec. 1 2 1 2 1 8 12 4 Year. 22 43 * 25 18 18 88 99 52 METEOROLOGY. 63 From the above it will be seen that westerly winds prevail annually on an average 239 days, or about two thirds of the year ; that easterly winds prevail 86 days or nearly one fourth of the year ; that the wind is from the north on an average about 22 days or one sixteenth of the year, and from the south about 18 days or one twentieth of the year. The above table is compiled from the result of 4,400 obser- vations made during six years. The observations were gene- rally made twice a day, and the wind or breeze denoted as being from that one of the eight principal points of the com- pass to which it approached the nearest. Bain. The following table shows the mean quantity of rain and melted snow in each month of the year, as deduced from the observations of six years. Months Mean rain Month3 Mean rain January • • • 2.53 inches July 3.93 inches February . • .3.1 inches August . . . .4.34 inches March .... 2.77 inches September . • 2.77 inches April 3.64 inches October . . . 3.44 inches May 6.54 inches November • • 3.73 inches June 5.03 inches December . • 3.06 inches Annual mean quantity of rain .... 44.92 inches. The wettest month of the year is May, and the driest Jan- uary. The greatest quantity of rain in any one month was 9 inches; this fell in May 1836. The least quantity in any one month was one eighth of an inch ; this fell in October 1839. The greatest quantity of rain noticed, fell during the year 1836, the amount being 57.39 inches; the least quantity fell in 1839, amounting to only 30.62 inches The principal rains were accompanied with a south or south-west wind. Wet drizzly weather of several days' con- tinuance, is often accompanied by a north-east wind, and the deepest snows have uniformly been from this direction. 64 METEOROLOGY. Weather. We have divided the days into three classes. Those that were clear or fair, or of which the greater part was fair, are denominated clear and fair days ; those of which any con- siderable part of the day was either fair or cloudy, are denom- inated variable days ; and those that were nearly or entirely cloudy, are denominated cloudy days. The following table shows the average number of days of each kind in a year. Clear and fair days 146 Variable days ••114 Cloudy days 105 The least number of clear and fair days in any one of the last six years was 127, and the greatest number 164; this last was in 1838, when the waters in the west were so unusually low in autumn. The least number of cloudy days in any one year was 100, and the greatest number 116. The following table contains the average number of the dif- ferent kinds of weather, according to the preceding classifica- tion, for each month in the year. Clear and fair days. Variable days. Cloudy days. January 9 8 14 February 11 8 9 March 14 7 10 April 12 9 9 May 11 11 9 June 11 14 5 July 16 12 3 August 12 14 5 September .... 16 8 6 October 14 8 9 November 9 9 12 December 11 6 14 According to the preceding table, the greatest number of clear and fair days occurs in July and September, and the fewest in January and November. The greatest number of GEOLOGY. 65 cloudy days occurs in December and January, and the fewest in July. Barometer. The following table contains the mean height, the mini- mum and maximum height, and the range of the barometer at the Woodward college, which is situated about 150 feet above low water of the Ohio, and about 17 feet above the level of lake Erie. Year Mean height, inch. Min. height, inch. Max. h't, inches Range 1835 29.3528 28.70 29.89 1.19 1836 29.3451 28.66 29.82 1.16 1837 29.2908 28.54 29.81 1.27 1838 29.3465 28.72 29.91 1.19 1839 29.3565 28.66 30.04 1.38 1840 29.3484 28.53 29.86 1.33 Mean 29.34 28.635 29.89 1.22 From the above table it will be seen, 1st, that the mean height in any year differs very little from the annual mean height : 2d, that the minimum and maximum height and range for each year are nearly the same : 3d, that the extreme range is 1.51 inches. The greatest height of the barometer occurs when the wind is from the west and north-west, and the least height when it is from the south and south-west. GEOLOGY. Our city is situated in that part of the " geological column" of rocks commonly known among the learned under the name of " Mountain Limestone" or in the "Upper Transition for- mation," a place, in general below, but nearly contiguous to, the coal measures, but in particular at Cincinnati, considerably removed from the coal by the interposition of several layers of different sorts of rocks. Our blue limestone at'Cincinnati f2 - " 66 GEOLOGY. is, however, very different in its character from the mountain limestone of England, but it is included in a formation which, both above and below, exhibits those characters in great per- fection. The country in the immediate vicinity of Cincinna- ti seems, in a remote period of geological history, to have been a level terrace about 600 feet above low water of the Ohio, and nearly 1,200 feet above the Atlantic ocean. This terrace, now modified by the valleys or channels excavated by the streams, is composed of alternate layers of blue clay- marl, and a blue or lead colored fossiliferous limestone. The stone is nearly pure carbonate of lime, but sometimes passing more or less into a soft shale or slate. The marl contains lime and is effervescent with acids, but still exhibits the exter- nal characters of a tough clay somewhat indurated. Through these strata the streams 'appear to have worn their present channels to the depth of five to six hundred feet, having left, at various heights above their present beds, their ancient allu- vion of clay, sand and gravel, often enclosing logs of wood and not unfrequently the remains of elephants. The larger streams are now found meandering through alluvial plains called "bottom lands," extending from half of a mile to four miles in width. These alluvions present at the surface a rich black fertile mould from six inches to two or three feet deep, well wrought in the native condition, by the natural cultiva- tors the earth-worm and the mole. Beneath this mould are several feet, eight to twelve perhaps, of amber-colored clay loam, supported often by a substratum of clay, sand or gran- itic gravel. The black mould and amber loam above describ- ed, extend over the high terrace, but often with a diminished thickness, and without the gravelly substratum, resting imme- diately on the limestone in situ. It constitutes a soil of pro- verbial fertility, but from the quantity of clay which it con- tains, it is adhesive when too wet, and stiflf and impenetrable when too dry. This amber-colored loam imparts its tinge to the waters of the Ohio during its floods, and has given origin to the poetical name of the "Amber Stream." The descents GEOLOGY. 67 into the valleys, although steep, are generally rounded and co- vered with fertile soil. As the rocks, although they some- times " crop out," never form high cliffs, the waved and hilly outline seen from below is rather beautiful than picturesque. Cincinnati itself is built on an ancient alluvial plain, lying in two levels called the "upper and lower bottoms." The lower level, fifty to sixty feet above extreme low water of the Ohio, presents a deep loam ; the upper level, seventy or eighty feet higher than the lower one, besides the black mould and amber loam, has a substratum of sharp quartzose sand and coarse gi-anitic gravel, intermingled with limestone pebbles. Imbedded in this gravel have been found several bones and teeth of elephants. AVells and deep pits, either in the upper or lower level, are often filled with "choke damp" or carbonic acid, so as to prove fatal to the incautious laborer who attempts to descend ; this is especially apt to be the case, after such places have remained covered during the night. The layers of blue limestone are from the thinest possible to twenty-two inches or possibly two feet in thickness, com- pact or somewhat granular, semicrystalline, strong and dura- ble and well calculated for many economical purposes, such as affording lime for mortar, "metal" for roads, stones for pavements, and for foundations, and even a handsome dark marble for interior architecture. They are often literally fill- ed with marine fossils, such as corallines, trilobites, enchrinites, orthoceritites and various univalve and bivalve shells. Peo- ple ordinarily mistake these for petrifactions of objects now found in the country, but they are all the products of a primi- tive ocean. The blue limestone of Cincinnati is the lowest rock which occurs within several hundred miles, and occupies a space at least a thousand feet in thickness. Although its layers lie apparently in an exact level, yet they decline both to the east and to the west so as ultimately to disappear under other strata, and finally, with those strata, under tlie two great coal fields which commence between one and two hundred miles on both sides of the city. The strata intervening be- 68 GEOLOGY. tween the blue limestone and the coal formation, begin to be found at the surface between forty and one hundred miles from our city, concealing that limestone from view. Proceeding upward, they are, in thickness, as follows. 1st. Blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati, • 1,000 ft. 2d. The proper mountain limestone, or cliiT-lime- stone, 200 3d. Bituminous shale, 250 4th. Fine-grained sandstone used for building in Cincinnati, 350 5th. A coarse pebbly or conglomerate sandstone, which includes shale, limestone, iron, salt and coal 2,000 As the limits of this article do not permit a separate des- cription of these formations, the reader is referred to my re- port to the legislature of Ohio on the geology of the south- western part of the state, and to Dr. Owen's report, including my own, to the congress of the United States, on the geology of the mineral lands of Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois. It was discovered by Dr. Owen and myself, in the survey of the last named region, that its rocks, including the immense treas- ures of iron, zinc, lead and copper, were identical with the cliff-limestone of Ohio, showing itself at the Yellow Springs, at Dayton, Columbus, and West Union in Ohio, and at Mad- ison in Indiana, at all of which places it is more or less me- taliferous. Wherever I have examined this cliff-limestone, it appears to be minutely identical in geological position, in ex- ternal and chemical characters, and in mineral contents with the mountain limestone of Great Britain as it exhibits itself in Derbyshire. I arrived at this conclusion independent of au- thorities, and I find that Mr. Featherstonehaugh had come to the same conclusion in reference to the rocks of the upper Mississipi. The name, cliff-limestone, has been applied by the inhabitants of some parts of Ohio to this rock, from its peculiar disposition to form massive abrupt cliffs and precipi- ces, often eighty or one hundred feet in height. In England GEOLOGY. 69 it is provincially called " scar-limestone," and Dr. Owen as- certained that the obsolete word scar signified nearly the same thing as cliff. Hence it would seem that its peculiar pictu- resque outline is a natural distinctive character. The blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati, after plung- ing under the great coal field of Illinois in company with the cliff or proper mountain limestone, reappears at Dubuque, where it is diminished to a few feet in thickness, while the su- perincumbent cliff stone, filled with veins of lead ore, is de- veloped into a stratum of six hundred feet in height. The blue limestone extends to Prairie du Chien, to the falls of St. Anthony and some distance up the river St. Peter's, but in a layer of only twenty feet or less. At Prairie du Chien it is raised some hundreds of feet above the water of the Missis- sipi, and exhibits underneath it a renewal of the cliff rock, but with fewer fossils. As our blue limestone is then includ- ed in the mountain limestone and alternates with it, I am in- clined to consider it a peculiar member of that limestone. From this brief sketch every geologist would anticipate our local advantages. Situated in the centre of the inexhaustibly fertile region of the blue limestone with its alternations of enriching marl, midway between the two largest and most easily wrought coal fields in the world, and also between in- exhaustible beds of excellent iron ore, with every facility of natural water communication, so that even the treasures of the Mississipi mines come to our doors almost spontaneously; with a fine climate and with every material for the foundation and the superstructure of a city, it must be from a wanton abuse of the benevolent munificence of our Creator if we fail to continue to be prosperous and happy. The natural waters of the vicinity of Cincinnati, are such as might be anticipated from the geology. The wells and springs aflford clear, cool, "limestone water," viz. water hold- ing carbonate of lime in solution. The waters of the Mia- mis, especially when low, contain lime to such an extent as to be too hard for washing. This might be expected, as they TO MAGNETISM. have their origin and course through limestone rocks. The proper cliff-limestone is often magnesian, and sulphate of mag- nesia is not an uncommon ingredient in waters from particular localities, as at Pace's wells. The waters of the Ohio, flow- ing chiefly over the sandstone and shales of the coal meas- ures, until within seventy or eighty miles of our city, are but slightly impregnated with mineral matter, and are so soft as scarcely to coagulate a solution of soap. Although rather bland in taste, the " hydrant water" of our city, raised from the Ohio, is reputed to be healthy, and less liable to disagree with strangers accustomed only to soft water, than that of springs or wells. MAGNETISM. Popular Elementary Definitions. The elements of terrestrial magnetism consist simply of the force, power, or intensity with which the earth attracts the magnetized needle, and of the direction in which that force acts ; but, from the vast importance of the horizontal or com- pass-needle, both in navigation and surveying, and from the facility of suspending and experimenting with the same, it is customary to estimate certain elements of the needle in that position, although it is seldom the direction — never in our la- titude — in which, if allowed to move freely in all directions, it would place itself. The quantities sought to be measured are usually four : First. The declination, "variation," or direction of the ho- rizontal needle, as it respects the true astronomical north or south points. Second. The force, or intensity with which the horizontal needle is attracted by the earth, and held in its direction : this is called the horizontal intensity. Third. The dip, or true course in which a needle, perfect- ly free to move in all directions, would finally rest and be held by the earth's attraction. MAGNETISM. 71 Fourth. The force or intensity with which the needle, in the direction of the dip, is attracted by the earth : this is call- ed the total intensity.^ Magnetical Declination or Variation. Most persons are aware that the compass-needle does not everywhere point to the true north, but varies in its direction in different places on the earth's surface, in such a manner that it either points east of it, directly towards it, or west of it. The force with which the earth attracts or pulls such a needle, so as to hold it in its direction, and cause it to vibrate if it be moved out of that direction and be suffered freely to return, is called the horizontal intensity, and is measured by the quickness of the vibrations. Thus, when there are a greater number of vibrations of the same needle, in the same time, the horizontal intensity is greater, being as the squares of the numbers of such vibrations. A vibrating needle used for determining the intensity, is a "magnetical pendulum," acted upon by magnetism as a clock pendulum is by gravi- tation. Magnetical Dip, Make a needle of tempered steel, with pivots at the sides, so that it can turn like a cannon, and point up or down ; bal- ance it so nicely that it will stay in any position in which you place it : this must be done while the steel has no magnet- ism. Next, magnetize that needle by " touching" it with magnets, as directed in the books on magnetism. Lastly, place the pivots in proper supports, exactly crosswise of the line in which the compass-needle points : it will no longer re- main balanced, especially in the horizontal position, but, in the latitude of the United States, the north end will turn down, nearer to a perpendicular than to a level. This turning down, or out of the level, is called the dip ; it is measured by the number of degrees which the north end descends from a level * To avoid a circumlocution of language, the earth's attraction is named without expressing particularly the mutual attraction between the earth and needle. 7% MAGNETISM. line. The dip increases as we travel northward, until at a point north of the western part of Hudson's Bay, it points directly downward. At or near the equator there is no dip, or the dipping-needle lies level; and south of that point, the south end of the needle descends, as does the north end in the northern hemisphere. Now, whatever direction the dipping-needle takes, it is held there by a magnetical force of the earth, which, when it is mov- ed out of that direction, draws it back again, and causes it to vibrate like a pendulum, and, finally, to settle at the proper dip. If the force be greater, the vibrations will be quicker : this force is called the total intensity, and is not usually as- certained by the vibrations of the dipping-needle, but is de- duced by calculations from the horizontal intensity, and the dip, at any locality. This force, on the whole, increases as we proceed northwardly ; but the horizontal intensity, in con- sequence of the increase of the dip, diminishes in the same direction. At the magnetic pole, where the dip would be 90 degrees, (viz : the dipping-needle perpendicular,) the horizon- tal intensity would be nothing, and the common compass-nee- dle would point in one direction as soon as in another — the magnetical force of the earth pulling it, at all points, directly downward upon the supporting pivot. Now, to measure these four quantities, in different locali- ties, as accurately as possible, has been a part of my labors in the late brief survey of a part of our territories. Some sorts of iron ores have an influence on the magnetic needle, and change either its direction or its intensity. The effect of such ore increases directly as the quantity or mass, and diminishes as the squares of the distances increase ; and although the mass may be large, yet, from the effect of depth or distance, the indication may be too slight to be observed, unless by the most delicate instruments, skilfully used. By means of these, we may be guided to vast mineralogical treas- ures ; for, however desirous we may be to discover gold and silver mines, iron is the more useful metal. In Iowa, one MAGNETISM. 73 magnetical node has been discovered, which may be produced hy z ^^ subterra7ieous iron mountain." Independently, how- ever, of any economical views, it will be a matter of gratifi- cation to the scientific world to receive a small contribution to their fund of magnetical knowledge ; for an effort is now making to collect and imbody as many accurate magnetical observations as possible, in order the more fully to determine the changes, distributions, and general laws of this wonderful force, and to make it still more subservient to the purposes of general utility. A very interesting report on the subject of magnetical ob- servations has lately been made to the Royal Society, by sir J. F. W. Herschell. Upon the approval of that report by the society, a deputation was requested to communicate certain resolutions to Lord Melbourne, and to urge on the government the adoption of the measures therein proposed. "This," says the editor of the Journal of the Franklin Institute, " has produced its desired effect upon her majesty's ministers, who have appointed three officers of artillery, with adequate at- tendants, to go, respectively, to Montreal, to the Cape of Good Hope, and to St. Helena, to make experiments on the variations and dip of the needle, and the intensity of mag- netism, frequently and simultaneously, each day, for three years," &;c. TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AT CINCINNATI. Magnetical Declination or Variation, In 1825, Mr. Gest, the city surveyor, and myself, found the compass-needle to point 5° 15' east of due north. In 1840, the above quantity had diminished to 4° 46' east of due north. Magnetical Dip, Since March, 1840, I have continued to make monthly observations on the dip and horizontal intensity. The fol- n MAGNETISiM. lowing table exhibits his results as regards the dip, up to Jan- uary, 1841. s 00 00 «5 J> l« l>; Ti^ CQ CD « O f^00-rt (M o O -2 Oh Ob-OCQ«in»iOOOJ>0 ir3oomocDcQi>ooaom C O h. m. h. m. 2 30 to 3 30 P. M. 9 46 to 10 40 A. M. 10 35 to 11 35 A. M. 11 34 to 12 30 M. 5 30 to 6 30 P. M. 11 30 to 12 30 M. 10 00 to 11 00 A. M. 9 00 to 10 45 A. M. 9 30 to 10 30 A. M. 10 15 to 11 15 A. M. 11 00 to 12 00 M. § l-H o o o I— 1 1840 March 6, April 21, May 21, June 22, July 18, July 19, August 18, Sept. 24, October 22, Novem. 20, Decern. 23, 1841 CO t-l g CO •-J N 1 \n 1— t ■J3 ?- (>» o , o, Xi n'. O o ^' ' u it fl % ^ .2 4^ r2 C3 r^ > CIh ■§ -§ 03 6 CQ o «*-i Oi o 1— t *^ :=J ^4-1 Vm CO o o bn 13 '9 .3 MAGNETISM. 75 Magnetical Intensity. By means of observations made at Greenwich and West- bourn Green, (England,) and at Cincinnati, I have determin- ed the total intensity or force of terrestrial magnetism to be greater at Cincinnati than at Greenwich, in the ratio of 1,000 to 1,270. Line of equal Dip of London. This line which, in 1837, was by my observation 69° 23', passes more than a degi-ee south of Cincinnati, and advanc- ing westward, passes through Princeton in Indiana, lat. 38° 23' north, long. 87° 30' west, and crosses the Mississipi river about fifteen miles south of St. Louis, in Missouri. Besides the observations from which the above determina- tions have been made, I have extended my researches over a large portion of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa and Wisconsin. A part of the results of my labors may be found in Dr. Owen's Report on the mineral lands of the United States. Wishing you success in your laborious and useful enter- prise, permit me to subscribe myself, Very respectfully yours, John Locke. The preceding communications on geology and magnetism, from professor Locke of the Medical College of Ohio, embo- dy the results of his researches on those subjects to the latest dates. The scientific reader needs no testimony of mine on their value. 76 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. Public Works of Inter-communication connecting Cincin- nati ivith the adjoining country. Works of inter-communication, with rare exceptions, follow the valleys of a country, because, not only easier and cheaper to make, but also, because these valleys supply the largest por- tion of produce to be transported to market. . Cincinnati is a central point, in the valley of the Ohio, to a great region of country, which is directly dependent upon it, both as a consumer and a shipper of produce. An inspec- tion of the map shows the following valleys immediately con- nected with it. 1. The small, but exceedingly fertile valley of Millcreek, which is about twenty miles in length, from two to three miles in breadth, and terminates precisely at the city. This is the only opening through which a road can reach the city without passing over hills, and descending steep de- clivities. In consequence of this natural formation of the ground, the "Hamilton road," as it is called, was, for many years, almost the only avenue by which business was trans- acted with the back country, and is still the most important road. 2. The next valley is that of the Little Miami Biver, which is a considerable stream, but unfit for navigation, — emptying into the Ohio at Columbia, and about seven miles from and above Main street, Cincinnati. The valley of this river is near eighty miles in length, of various breadth, and great fertility. This stream furnishes a large water power, and has many mills upon it. 3. The third, and indeed principal valley of the tributary streams connected with Cincinnati is the Great Miami River. The valley of this stream is one hundred and twenty miles in length, and in places several miles in diameter. Throughout its whole length it is one of extreme productiveness, and of CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 77 inexhaustible soil. This valley terminates about twenty- miles below Cincinnati. 4. Very near the mouth of the Great Miami, the Whitewa- ter River joins it, and may, therefore, be considered as form- ing a separate valley; the whole of which lies in Indiana, but trades entirely with Cincinnati. 5. The next and last valley connected immediately with Cincinnati is that of Licking River, which empties into the Ohio, exactly opposite Cincinnati. This stream lies in Ken- tucky, but the region adjoining it trades chiefly with this city. This valley is more than two hundred miles in length ; much of the lower part is fertile and productive : the upper part is mountainous, but abundant in mineral resources. We shall describe the works of inter-communication con- nected with Cincinnati, in the natural order of the valleys re- lating to it. 1. The first and most important of these valleys, is the Great Miami river, and accordingly, through that, and in con- nection with the Millcreek valley, was constructed the earliest and most important of the great works connected with Cin- cinnati ; this is the Miami canal. This work was commenced at the same time with the Ohio canal, and finished in 1828. The original work only extended about sixty-seven miles, to the mouth of Mad river, now the very flourishing town of Dayton. Since that it has been extended, under the name of the Miami Canal Extension, to Piqua (about eighty-three miles,) and is now in rapid progress to Defiance, at the junc- tion of the Auglaise river with the Maumee, whence it is con- tinued to Lake Erie, under the name of the Wabash canal. From Cincinnati to the rapids of Maumee is about two hun- dred and ninety miles, and the whole work, it is confidently anticipated, will be finished within two years. At present the only part in use is from Cincinnati to Piqua, eighty-three miles. The Miami canal proper has for the last two 'years paid more than the interest of the debt incurred for its con- struction — the highest evidence of its utility. In connection G 2 78 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. with Cincinnati, however, one of its chief benefits is the vast water poiaer which it has brought to the aid of manufactur- ing industry. The original estimate of the amount of this wa- ter power was three thousand cubic feet per minute, or equiv- alent to the power necessary to turn sixty pair of mill-stones. Most of this power is now in use within the corporate limits of Cincinnati, and is of itself sufficient to build up a consider- able town. 2. The next most important valley is that of the Whitewa- ter — the whole of which, however, lies in Indiana, and by means of which a large portion of the Indiana trade is secured to this city. To facilitate the transportation of goods and pro- duce on this route two works have been planned, and are now nearly completed. The first is the Whitewater canal, which is undertaken and partially completed by the state of Indiana. This canal, by the original plan, was to extend from Cam- bridge city, on the national road — Wayne county — to Law- renceburgh, on the Ohio — Dearborn county. The work be- ing constructed by that state, was of course terminated with- in Indiana. The part of that work finished is from Brook- ville— Franklin county — to Lawrenceburgh, a distance of near- ly forty miles. This part is in complete operation, and from Brookville to Cambridge city is begun, but was suspended by the general suspension of the state works ; it will, doubtless, be finished to Cambridge city at an early day. By the origi- nal plan of improvement in Indiana, this work is to be con- nected with the Wabash canal, at or near Munceytown. The next work, connected with this valley, is the Cinciyinati and Whitewater canal. This is about twenty-five miles in length, and connects the Whitewater canal of Indiana at Harrison (on the state line) with Cincinnati. This work is nearly finished, and it is presumed will be entirely so during the year 1841. The general result produced by these two works will be the immediate connection of Cincinnati, not merely with the Whitewater valley, but with the whole eastern half of Indi- ana, of which this city is really the capital. CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 79 3. The next most important work is the improvement of the Licking river navigation. This was undertaken by the state of Kentucky, by means of locks and dams ; making slack- water pools of sufficient size to permit the navigation of small steamboats of 1 50 tons burthen. This slack-water navigation is by the original law and plan to be finally opened to West Liberty, a distance of two hundred and thirty-one miles, in which, however, the descent is only three hundred and one feet. The legislature has directed eight locks to be put under contract, which will extend the navigation to the Blue Licks, ninety-four miles. Five of these locks are under contract, and some of them nearly completed. These five, when finished, carry the navigation to Falmouth, fifty-one miles. It is pre- sumed they will be finished during 1841 ; and if so, a steam- packet will be immediately put on the river. The advantages of this navigation to Cincinnati extend much beyond those of merely transporting agricultural pro- ducts. One additional object of this improvement is to ren- der great mineral regions accessible to markets. Iron occurs at about one hundred and forty miles from the mouth of the Licking — Bath and Fleming counties — and inexhaustible beds lie higher up. Furnaces and forges have been in operation in this region for a number of years. Coal occurs at more than two hundred miles, and is there found in great abundance and of good quality. Hydraulic limestone is found on the river near its mouth. In addition to these advantages, valua- ble ivater poiuer will be afforded at each of the locks. 4. The next work of importance to the commerce of Cin- cinnati, is the Little Miami railroad. This lies wholly in the valley of the Little Miami river. It commences on the eastern edge of Cincinnati, passes just above the main street of Fulton till it reaches the turn of the Ohio hills, at Colum- bia, and then pursues the valley of the Miami to Xenia, sixty- six miles, and thence to Springfield, eighty-five miles, which is the whole surveyed and chartered length of the road. About thirty-five miles of this road are graded, and more under con- 80 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. tract. The iron rails for fifteen miles are bought, and locomo- tives to run on the road procured. The fifteen miles from Cincinnati, it is supposed, will be in operation by the 1st of September, 1841. Funds are procured to finish the whole road from Cincinnati to Xenia, and it will, no doubt, be com- pleted to Springfield. The object of this road is two-fold. 1st. To form a con- necting link in a railroad communication with Wheeling and the eastern states, through Columbus, the seat of government. 2nd. To transport the products of the valley through which it passes. Few of the railroad communications in tlie United States promise to be more profitable to either the community or the proprietors. A complete railroad communication from Baltimore to Cincinnati must soon be constructed, and indeed is already in course of rapid construction. When completed the Little Miami railroad will be the most important link, i. 5. The next class of improvements are Turnpike or Mc- Adam roads. These, of course, are not confined to the val- leys, but cross the country in every direction, and in a few years past have multiplied with great rapidity, and added much to the value of lands in this vicinity. This class of improve- ments may — in their relation to Cincinnati — be divided into two kinds : first, those which lead directly from Cincinnati ; and second, those which are subsidiary to the former, or branch from them. Of the first kind are: 1. The Cincinnati and Hamilton turnpike. This leads from the northern part of the city through the valley of Millcreek to Hamilton, on the Great Miami, about twenty-five miles. This is nearly completed. 2. The Harrison turnpike ^ which goes to the west and terminates in Harrison, on the dividing line between Ohio and Indiana, and is twenty miles in length. It crosses the Great Miami at Miamitown on a bridge, and strikes the Whitewater canal at Harrison. This road is completed. 3. The Lebanon and Springfield turnpike. This goes directly to the north, and is completed to Waynesville, about CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 81 forty miles ; thence it is expected to be soon finished to Spring- field. There it will join the national road, and make a com- plete turnpike to Columbus. 4. The Cincinnati and Wooster turnpike. This leaves the city on the east, through Fulton, and is completed to Go- shen — Clermont county — about twenty miles. 5. The Covington, Georgetown and Lexington turnpike. This road is on the Kentucky side, and proceeds from Cov- ington directly south to Lexington. From Covington ten miles are finished, and from Lexington twelve miles ; of the residue fifteen miles are graded, and the road will, in a rea- sonable time, be finished. Of the tributary turnpikes, or those which indirectly lead to Cincinnati, the following are the most conspicuous. 1. The Dayton, Lebanon and Centreville turnpike. This is twenty-one miles in length, is finished, and completes an entire turnpike from Cincinnati to Dayton, fifty miles in length. 2. The Dayton and Springfield turnpike — eighteen miles in length ; which, by connecting Dayton and Springfield on the national road, makes a complete turnpike from Cincin- nati to Baltimore. 3. The Great Miami turnpike. This will complete another turnpike through the valley of the Mi- ami to Dayton. 4. The Goshen, Wilmington and Colum- bus turnpike. This carries on the Wooster turnpike from Goshen to Columbus, and is in progress. 5. The Batavia and Miami Bridge turnpike leaves the Wooster turnpike at Columbia and goes to Batavia, twenty-one miles from Cincin- nati. This turnpike is about finished. 6. The Milford and Chillicothe turnpike. This begins at about fifteen miles from Cincinnati, where it intersects the Cincinnati and Wooster turnpike, and thence proceeds through Hillsborough and Bain- bridge to Chillicothe; from Bainbridge to Chillicothe it is in common with the Zanesville and Maysville turnpike. Near- ly forty miles between Cincinnati and Chillicothe are turnpik- ed. 7. The Colerain, Hamilton and Oxford turnpike. This will complete a turnpike from Oxford to Cincinnati, by way of 83 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. Colerain. 8. The Hamilton, Rossville and Eaton turnpike. This makes a turnpike from Cincinnati to Eaton — Preble coun- ty — by way of Hamilton. 9. The Cirdeville and Washington turnpike. This leaves the Cincinnati and Wooster turnpike at Washington — Fayette county — and proceeds to Cirdeville. There are, then, seventeen turnpikes which either directly or indirectly lead to and from Cincinnati. These again are join- ed by others, which cross them, so that the whole country which trades with Cincinnati directly, and is, in some measure, dependent upon it as a market, is now interlaced with roads, canals, and other works, which greatly aid in facilitating com- merce. The region thus connected by this system of public works, embraces within its bounds at least half a million of persons, and must speedily quadruple that number, and may easily sustain eight millions of people without being excessive- ly populous. It is by contemplating this fact, in connection with the vast internal commerce, arising from the wants and industry of such a people, active, free, and prosperous, that we can adequately comprehend the rapid and permanent growth of Cincinnati. The works we have enumerated may all be considered as finished at an early day. They amount in the sum total to the following aggregate : — 1. Miami canal 63 miles • • finished. 2. Miami canal extension, includ- ing the Wabash canal .... 227 miles • • in progress. 3. Whitewater canal 70 miles . • in progress. 4. Little Miami railroad 85 miles • • in progress. 5. Licking river navigation . . • 230 miles • • in progress. 6. Covington and Lexington turn- pike 80 miles • . in progress 7. Turnpike to Dayton, via. Leb- anon 51 miles • • finished. 8. Harrison turnpike 20 miles . • finished. 9. Dayton and Springfield turnpike 18 miles . • finished. 10. Turnpike to Batavia 21 miles • • finished. 11. Cincinnati to Columbus, via. Wilmington 100 miles • . in progress. CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 83 12. Cincinnati to Chillicothe, via. Milford 75 miles • • in progress. 13. Lebanon to Springfield 42 miles • . in progress. 14. Cincinnati to Oxford, via. Cole- rain 35 miles • • in progress. 15. Hamilton to Eaton 30 miles • • in progress. 16. Great Miami turnpike 38 miles • • in progress. Total 1125 miles. There are, it thus appears, eleven hundred and twenty-five miles of canals, railroads, and turnpikes, concentrating on Cin- cinnati, and all tending to multiply, increase, and strengthen the lines of inter-communication between the city of Cincin- nati, and the great interior country. A very large portion of this system is already completed, and the residue is in rapid progress. These works, when completed, will have cost the great sum of twelve millions of dollars, more than one half of which has already been expended. No city in the Union has, it is believed, the benefit of an equal amount of valuable pub- lic works, centring in itself, and certainly none in the world can show the same result for the same time.* This result, no- ble as it is, could never have been attained if Cincinnati had not, from its early settlement, had the council and efforts in its behalf of a large portion of wise, far-reaching, and patriotic citizens, who in many instances sought the public welfare even at the expense of their private interests. *We have not, in the above article, said any thing in respect to the " Cin- cinnati and Charleston railroad." By some persons this may be considered as having failed. It is not so— iV is in rapid progress. The opposition of Kentucky at one time, and the great depression of the monied world, have prevented any action at this end of the line. The state of Georgia, howev- er, has constructed hundreds of miles of railroad, the object of which is to connect Augusta and Savannah with the west. From Augusta to Charles- ton, a railroad is in operation. The whole line will soon be finished to Knoxville, Tennessee. When there, its progress to the Ohio river may be considered certain. 84 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. MIAMI CANAL. Tolls. 1828 8,507 69 1835 4«,561 75 1829 20,947 92 1836 52,048 15 1830 30,125 77 1837 66,154 72 1831 34,016 71 1838 81,431 24 1832 40,974 73 1839 79,770 29 1833 52,014 03 1840 74,320 99 1834 50,963 11 Exports and imports 637,837 10 A statement of most of the different kinds of produce and property arrived and cleared by the Miami canal at Cincinnati, for the years ending November 30, 1839, and November 30, 1840:— Arrived, 1839. Flour 138,120 bbls. Whisky 43,228 bbls. Linseed-oil 100 bbls. Pork 26,921 bbls. do 2,317 hhds. do 4,077,775 lbs. Lard 2,562,192 lbs Corn, oats, and rye 1,357,187 lbs. Grass-seed 38,467 lbs. Barley 33,741 lbs. Butter and eggs 103,207 lbs. Wool 3,910 lbs. Cotton-yarns 36,160 lbs. Dried fruit 2,000 lbs. Machinery 11,414 lbs. Brooms 12,116 lbs. Sundries 1,913,476 lbs. Live hogs 1,365 lbs. Wood 8,253 cords. Hay 34 tons. Passengers 8,159 Traveled 326,436 miles. Cleared, 1839. Pork 65 bbls. Salt 7,033,655 lbs. CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 85 Pork 8,997 lbs. Pig-iron 659,371 lbs. Castings 1,449,788 lbs. Merchandise 8,664,640 lbs. Iron and nails 3,191,085 lbs. Wool 23,886 lbs. Hides and skins, 23,231 lbs.. Machinery 63,692 lbs. Agricultural implements 179,184 lbs. Grind-stones 139,733 lbs. Cut stone 142,400 lbs. Hoop-poles 245,653 lbs. Staves and heading 2,220 lbs. Brooms 4,880 lbs. Mill-stones 5,874 lbs. Sundries 2,097,173 lbs. Corn 29,504 bushels. Mineral coal 52,537 bushels. Rough stone 910 perch. Lumber 2,150,641 feet. Shingles and lath 6,377 M. Cotton 473 bales. Arrived, 1840. Flour 165,762 bbls. Whisky 74,026 bbls. Lmseed-oil 386 bbls. Pork 17,687 bbls. do 787 hhds. do. m bulk 2,192,160 lbs. Beef 865 bbls. do. in bulk 12,138 lbs. Lard 20,638 kegs. Corn, oats, &c. 2,329,456 lbs. Grass-seed 13,375 lbs. Barley and malt 89,016 lbs. Butter and eggs 212,048 lbs. Sundries 1,268,289 lbs. Live hogs 2,121 heads. Wood 7,290 cords. Passengers 6,250 Traveled 245,837 miles. H 86 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. Cleared, 1840. Ohio salt 1,811,659 lbs. Foreign salt 4,766,869 lbs. Pig-iron 308,142 lbs. Castings 496,143 lbs. Merchandise 5,566,282 lbs. Iron and nails 2,007,192 lbs. Cut stone 176,850 lbs. Hoop-poles 368,011 lbs. Sundries 902,667 lbs. Mineral coal 54,282 bushels. Lumber 2,205,189 ft. Shingles 4,990 M. Cotton 691 bales. The Miami canal has been closed by ice on an average, du- ring the thirteen years it has been in operation, thirty-two days for each year, the shortest period being twelve days in 1835, and the longest being eighty-seven days in 1831. Cincinnati and WJiitewater Canal. The canal commissioners' report for the year 1838, shows that the amount paid for the original construction of the Ohio canal, up to the first day of December, 1838, was $4,624,463. The gross receipts of tolls on that canal, during that year, was $382,136, from which the sum of $199,695 is to be deduct- ed for the cost of repairs, collections, &;c. leaving the nelt revenue of the Ohio canal for the year 1838, of $182,441, or nearly four and one-eighth per cent, on the whole cost of the canal. The same report states that the total cost of the Mi- ami canal, from Cincinnati to Dayton, is $1,020,000. The nett amount of tolls received during the year 1838, after de- ducting the cost of repairs and the expense of collection, &;c., was $40,306 15, or nearly four per cent, on the original cost. The report of the board of public works for the year 1839, shows the original cost of the Ohio canal to have been, up to the date of that report, $4,641,357; and that the nett pro- ceeds of the tolls for the year 1839 was $209,773, or a frac- tion over four and a half per cent, on the total cost. In rela- CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 87 tion to the revenue of the Miami canal, for that year, the re- port states that " the exhibit of tolls and water-rents discover a steady and regular increase in its revenues." During the year 1840, just closed, the governor in his mes- sage at the opening of the session, states that " the nett profits arising from tolls on the Miami canal exceeded six per cent. on the total cost of construction." From the late report of the auditor of state, we find that the nett proceeds of tolls on both canals during the past year, after deducting $166,186 for the cost of repairs, &c. was $376,144. By adding the total cost of the two canals togeth- er we make the sum of $5,661,367 as the cost of construc- tion of both canals ; and the proceeds of the tolls for the last year yields nearly six and one tenth per cent, on the above total cost, which is more than sufficient to pay the interest on the money borrowed for the construction of the two canals. The Ohio canal was opened for navigation throughout its entire length, in the fall of 1832, and in the lapse of eight years the nett proceeds of the tolls amount to more than the interest upon the whole cost. Should the tolls continue to in- crease only in the same ratio for the next eight years, the nett proceeds will amount to about nine per cent, upon the cost. But it is easy to show, that not only will the tolls increase in a greater ratio, in the next eight years, but likewise, that the cost of repairs will constantly diminish, and the nett profits will of course increase in a greater ratio than the increase of tolls will indicate, and may reach to twelve per cent, on the cost, at the end of the next eight years. The day is not distant when the nett profits arising from tolls on the public works of Ohio, will not only pay the prin- cipal and interest of the money borrowed for their construc- tion, but will likewise relieve the people from all taxes for the support of the state government. From the late message of the governor of New York to the general assembly, it appears that the canals of that state were navigable only seven months and fourteen days, during 88 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. the past year ; whereas the canals of Ohio are seldom closed more than six to eight weeks in a year. The total nett reve- nue of the canals of New York, after deducting all expenses and deficiencies, was during the last year, $1,020,816. Out of this sum there remains a clear surplus, after paying the in- terest on the liabilities of the state, the sum of S398,096, ap- plicable as a sinking fund to meet the principal of the sums to be borrowed for the enlargement of the Erie canal, or the con- struction of new works. The debt created for the original construction of the Erie and Champlain canals is already paid off, "by the accumulation and appropriation of funds for that purpose." The Cincinnati and Whitewater canal is very favorably sit- uated in regard to the amount of revenue which it will pro- duce. It being the last twenty-five miles of a line of canal eighty miles in length, extending from Cincinnati to the na- tional road at Cambridge, gives it an advantage over any other portion of canal of the same length, as the aggregate tonnage, which will be collected at the several places along the upper portion of the line, will pass through the entire distance of this twenty-five miles : besides, if the rates of tolls should be properly adjusted to the value of the articles to be shipped on the canal, in proportion to the distance which they pass along the line to their place of destination, it follows that the proportion of the tolls on the last twenty-five miles will be greater, than on any other portion of the canal of like extent. This canal will likewise be navigable during a greater portion of the year than that of any other canal in the state ; it being situated in its whole extent at the base of a hill which has a southern exposure, and it will not only receive the direct rays of the sun, but will also have the benefit of its reflected rays from the sides of the hills as well as from the surface of the water in the rivers running along parallel with the canal. This will make a difierence of two or three weeks in the time of opening this canal in the spring. There is also less lock- age than is usual in canals of equal extent, and of course there CANALS, RAILROADS AND TURNPIKES. 89 will be less expense in repairs and less delay in navigation. The products of a district of country in the state of Indiana, equal in fertility to any in the western country, containing an area of 2,744 square miles, will be floated upon the surface of this canal to market. And the merchandise, salt, iron, fish, coal, lumber, &;c., which will be required to supply the same extent of country, will likewise be shipped from Cincinnati upon the waters of this canal. In addition to all this, the dis- trict of country through which the upper portion of the canal passes is abundantly supplied with water power, both by the natural streams, and also by the canal itself, and the raw ma- terials, required for the supply, and the manufactured articles produced by the numerous manufactories which will, in the course of a few years, be erected in the Whitewater valley, will form no inconsiderable item in the amount of tonnage which must become transported upon this canal. Let any one take the trouble to visit the wholesale stores in this city and ascertain the amount of- merchandise, groceries, Sic. which are even now annually sent into the state of Indiana in wa- gons, and he will be astonished at the amount. Let him re- flect a moment, and he will perceive that as soon as this canal is finished, the six-horse team carrying forty hundred pounds, which is eight or ten days in reaching its destination, will be placed upon the towing path and hitched to two canal boats c^xrymg Jjfty tons each, and will reach the same destination in three days. Let him also reflect that those who buy these goods, make their payments with pork, beef, flour, whisky, &c., which they now either drive on foot or bring in wagons to this city, and he will at once see that in proportion as the cost of bringing these articles to market is reduced, in the same proportion will the quantity of such articles be increased. In the report of the engineer of the Whitewater canal to the board of directors of last year, it was shown that when only one fourth of the surface of the district of country above described shall be brought under cultivation, — which, with the facilities already afforded, and the known enterprise of the cit- h2 90 CANALS, RAILROADS AND TURNPIKES. izens, will be effected in a very few years, — and allowing one half of the products of that surface to be consumed at home, and taking the other half as the surplus which will find a mar- ket, it will yield an annual tonnage of 83,320 tons. It was also shown that the return or upward freight, for the supply of this district of country, will make the total annual tonnage, in both directions, 137,200 tons. This amount of tonnage may be reduced ten per cent, for such as will find its way to the Ohio river by the Indiana canal, and it will then leave 123,480 tons, which will pass unbroken through the first twenty-five miles from the city, or through that part constitut- ing the Cincinnati and Whitewater canal. Estimating the re- venue at the average rates that are now charged on the Miami canal, and this canal will yield an annual income of 149,620 dollars. But supposing that not more than one half of this calculation should be realized in the next ten years, we shall still have an income of 74,810 dollars, from the proceeds of tolls alone. If this canal should cost 650,000 dollars, the above gross amount of revenue will be over sixteen per cent, per annum on the entire cost. The usefulness of this canal to the city of Cincinnati, when completed and opened for navigation, is only partially devel- oped. By an additional expenditure of 60,000 dollars to bring in the water from the Miami river — which has always been in contemplation by the company — it will afl'ord water power equal to ninety runs of mill-stones. This water power, if leas- ed at the same rates at which the state now leases water in the city, will yield an additional revenue of 22,500 dollars per annum. Who can estimate the benefits to the business and the prosperity and revenues of the city of Cincinnati, by the completion of this canal, and bringing into use this immense water power within the city ? They are incalculable. The influence of this canal has already added at least twenty-five per cent, to the value of real estate bounded by Western-row, Sixth street and the Ohio river. It has caused the erection, in that part of the city, of a great number of neat and com- CANALS, RAILROADS AND TURNPIKES. 91 fortable dwelling houses during' the past year, which are occu- pied by industrious and enterprising citizens, who are antici- pating employment and business from this canal, when com- pleted. Information has been received from Indiana sufficient to justify the belief, that the Whitewater canal in that state will be resumed again on the opening of spring. That canal could be completed to Conncrsville, during next season, about the same time that ours could if they should be commenced simul- taneously. This would open at once a navigation of sixty- seven miles in length, a part of which has been in operation two years, and the business of the county has partially be- come adapted to this mode of transportation, and of course the business on our canal will commence immediately after its completion, without the delay incident to new canals, which require two or three years to divert the trade of the country into a new channel. Fifteen miles of the Richmond branch canal, running from the Whitewater canal at Brookville, to Richmond, are very nearly completed, and considerable progress has been made in the remaining part of the work. It is expected that it will be completed in the fall of 1841. The length is between thirty and thirty-one miles. It passes up the east branch of the AVhitewater, and at its upper termination strikes the national road. Water Power on the Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal. The water for the supply of the navigation of this canal, will be drawn from the Whitewater river, where the canal joins the Whitewater canal of Indiana, at the state line, half a mile south of Harrison. After the canal has crossed the Miami river near Cleves, the third and last lock reduces the level of the canal to a point fifty-four feet above the surface of low water in the Ohio river, which level is preserved through- out the remaining distance up to the city. From the foot of the lock at the Miami river, a feeder has been located along the east bank of the river to Matson's mill, a distance of three 92 CANALS, RAILROADS AND TURNPIKES. miles and sixty-three chains from the canal. By a dam eight feet high, across the river at this point, the surface of the riv- er v^rill be raised to the level of the canal at Cincinnati ; and any quantity of water may be introduced which the capacity of the canal will admit. This dam will be twenty-one miles from the city. The quantity of water which may be brought to the city is limited by the capacity of the tunnel at North Bend, and the velocity which may be given to the water in the canal, that will not interfere with the upward navigation. A fall or descent of three fourths of an inch per mile is given to the bottom of the canal, between the tunnel and the city. The tunnel being twenty-four feet wide and five feet deep, the area of the cross section of the water will be one hundred and twenty square feet ; and in order that ten thousand cubic feet of water may pass through in a minute, it will move through a distance of eighty-three and a third feet in one minute ; or five thousand feet, or nine tenths of a mile in an hour. This velocity will only occur while passing through the tunnel, and is not greater than may be admitted in canals without injury to the navigation. But as the capacity of the canal every- where else is greater, the velocity will be less in other parts of the canal. In passing from the tunnel to the city, a dis- tance of fifteen miles, there will be a loss of about one thous- and cubic feet of water per minute by leakage and evapora- tion. We shall then have nine thousand cubic feet of water per minute at the city, available for hydraulic purposes, to be used over a fall of fifty-four feet. After deducting from the whole fall twenty-one feet, as of little or no value, by being so often covered by the river, there will still be a fall of thir- ty-three feet, which will be but seldom interrupted; and if this fall should be equally divided into two falls, the upper one will not be interrupted perhaps more than once in ten years. If we allow two hundred cubic feet of water per min- ute, to be sufficient to operate a pair of four and a half feet millstones, on a wheel of fifteen feet diameter — which is more than Smeaton allows — there will be water sufficient to operate PERIODICALS. 93 forty-five runs of stones over the first wheels, which being doubled, will give a power equal to ninety runs of mill-stones, over a fall of thirty-three feet below the surface of the water in the canal, after taking away twenty-one feet of the whole fall as of no value. PERIODICALS. There are published in Cincinnati, the following period- icals. 1. Cincinnati Daily Gazette and Liberty Hall. Issue, 900 daily, 400 tri- weekly, and 2,800 weekly. John C. Wright, editor. Messrs. L'Hommedieu & Co., proprietors and printers. 2. Cincinnati Chronicle, 400 daily, 900 weekly. Edward D. Mansfield, editor. A. Pugh, proprietor and printer. 3. Cincinnati Republican, 700 daily, 300 tri-weekly, 800 weekly. Charles S. Todd, editor. E. Graham and J. B. Russell, publishers. 4. Advertiser and Journal; 400 daily, 150 tri-weekly, 1,650 weekly. Moses Dawson, editor. Dawson and Fisher, pro- prietors. 5. Daily Times; 1,500 copies. Edwin R. Campbell, ed- itor. Calvin W. Starbuck, printer and publisher. 6. Public Ledger; 1,400 daily. C. H. Layton, editor. Lay ton and Shannon, publishers. These are devoted to politics, and the supply of the current news. The Gazette, Chronicle and Republican are whig, and the Advertiser democratic. The last two profess to be neutral in politics, and are published on the cash system, be- ing what are commonly termed penny papers. 7. Volks Blatt; 312 daily, 1,400 weekly. Stephen Mol- itor, editor and proprietor. 8. Unabhaengige Presse; 250 tri-weekly. B. Boffinger, editor and proprietor. 94 PERIODICALS. 9. Deutsche im Westen ; 500 weekly. C. Burkhalter, edi- tor. Burkhalter and Hefley, proprietors. 10. Wahrheits Freund ; 1,050 weekly. Rev. J. M. Hen- ni, editor. Published by the St. Aloysius Society. Catholc. 11. Apologete; 1,000 weekly. Rev. William Nast, editor. Revs. J. F. Wright and Leroy Swormstedt, publishers. 12. Licht Freund; 500 semi-monthly. Edward Miihl, ed- itor. S. Molitor, publisher. These are in the German language. The first three are political ; the Volks Blatt and Unabhaengige Presse, democrat- ic, the Deutsche im Westen, Avhig. Of the other three, the Wahrheits Freund is devoted to the interests of the Roman Catholic church, as is the Apologete to those of the Method- ists. The Licht Freund supports Universalist principles. 13. Western Christian Advocate ; 14,000 weekly. Revs. Charles Elliott and L. L. Hamline, editors. Revs. J. F. Wright and Leroy Swormstedt, publishers. Episcopal meth- odist. 14. Cincinnati Observer ; 1,300 weekly. Rev. J. AValker, editor and publisher. Samuel A. Alley, printer. New school presbyterian. 15. Western Episcopal Observer; 1,500 weekly. Revs. C. Colton, W. Jackson, John T. Brooke, H. V. D. Johns, editors. T. R. Raymond, printer and publisher. 16. Catholic Telegraph; 1,100 weekly. Rev. Edward Purcell, editor. Daniel Conahan, agent. Roman catholic. 17. Star in the West ; 2,300 monthly. Rev. J. A. Gur- ley, editor and proprietor. Universalist. 18. Philanthropist; 3,000 weekly. G. Bailey, Jr., editor. Samuel A. Alley, printer. This is the organ of the anti-sla- very society in Ohio. Abolitionist. 19. Western Temperance Journal; 6,000 copies semi- monthly. Published by the Cincinnati Total Abstinence So- ciety. Weed and Wilson, publishers. Temperance cause. PERIODICALS. 95 20. Young Ladies' Museum; 1,200. J. B. and R. P. Donogh, printers and publishers. Literary. In addition to these, which are all single sheets — the Star in the West, Temperance Journal, and Young Ladies' Muse- um being in quarto — there are in pamphlet or magazine form, all monthly— 21. The Ladies' Repository and Gatherings of the West; 7,000 copies. Revs. Charles Elliott and L. L. Hamline, ed- itors. Revs. J. F. Wright and Leroy Swormstedt, publish- ers. Literary. 22. Western Messenger; issue, 1,000 copies. J. B. Rus- sell, editor and publisher. Sheperd and Stearns, printers. Unitarian. 23. Christian Preacher; 2,500. Elder D. S. Burnet, edi- tor. R. P. Brooks, printer and publisher. Disciples' Church doctrine. 24. Precursor; 400. Rev. M. M. Carll, editor. Kendall and Henry, printers and publishers. New Jerusalem church principles. 25. Missionary Herald ; 3,000. American Board of Com- missioners for Foreign Missions, proprietors. Weed and Wilson, publishers. Missionary. 26. Evangelist; 1,000. Elder Walter Scott, editor. J. Hefley, printer. Disciples' Church doctrine. 27. Family Magazine ; 3,000. Rev. J. H. Perkins, editor. J. A. James &, Co., publishers. 28. Western Farmer and Gardener. E. J. Hooper and Thomas Affleck, editors. E. J. Hooper, publisher. R. P. Brooks, printer. Agricultural. 29. Counterfeit Detector; 750. H. H. Goodman & Co., editors. Charles Goodman, publisher. Besides these, there are almanacs published here, religious, agricultural and political, in large editions. 9m CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. Roman Catholic. St. Peter's Cathedral, west side of Syc- amore, between Sixth and Seventh streets. Very Rev. E. T. Collins, and Rev. Edward Piircell officiate in the services of this church. Church of the Holy Trinity, south side of Fifth, between Smith and Park streets. This is occupied by a German con- gregation. Clergy, Very Rev. J. M. Henni, Rev. Francis L. Huber, Rev. Francis Hammer. Cincinnati is an episcopal see of the Roman Catholic church. Rt. Rev. J. B. Purcell, bishop. Protestant Episcopal. Christ Church, north side of Fourth street, between Sycamore and Broadway. Rev. J. T. Brooke, rector. St. Paul's, south side of Fourth, between Main and Wal- nut streets. Rev. Henry V. D. Johns, rector. Presbyterian. First, west side of Main, between Fourth and Fifth. J. L. Wilson, D. D., pastor. Fourth, north side High street, near the corporation line. Rev. Samuel R. Wilson. Supply. Fifth, north-east corner of Elm and Ninth streets. Rev. John Burtt, pastor. These three churches are old school General Assembly Presbyterian. Second, south side of Fourth, between Vine and Race streets. Lyman Beecher, D. D., pastor. Third, north side of Second, between Walnut and Vine streets. Rev. Thornton A. Mills, pastor. Sixth, south side of Sixth, between Main and Walnut streets. Rev. Jonathan Blanchard, pastor. African Presbyterian, west side of Lawrence, between Symmes and Fourth streets. Rev. Benj. Templeton, pastor. These four are new school Presbyterian churches. CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 97 Reformed Presbyterian, south side of George, between Race and Elm streets. Rev. Samuel Robinson, pastor. Associate Reformed Presbyterian, south side of Sixth, be- tween Race and Elm. Rev. John C. Steele, pastor. Baptist. Ninth Street Church, south side of Ninth, be- tween Vine and Race streets. Elder S. W. Lynd, pastor. First Baptist, south-east corner of Elm and Ninth streets. Elder W. H. Brisbane, pastor. African Baptist, south side of Baker, between Walnut and Vine. Elder David Nickens, pastor. These are regular Baptist churches. Christian Disciples, west side of Sycamore, between Fifth and Sixth streets. Elder James Challen, preacher. Methodist. Eastern charge. Wesley Chapel, north side of Fifth, between Main and Sycamore streets. African Methodist Episcopal Chapel, south side of New street, east of Broadway. Rev. E. W. Sehon, preacher in charge. Revs. M. P. Gaddis and Isaac Ebbert, assistants. Western charge. Ninth Street Chapel, Ninth, between Race and Elm streets. Fourth Street Chapel, north-east corner of Plum and Fourth streets. Rev. Wm. Herr, preacher in charge. Rev. James L. Grover, assistant. M'Kendree Chapel, Fulton. Rev. Edward D. Roe, preach- er in charge. Northern charge. Asbury Chapel, Rev. John W. White, preacher in charge. German Mission Church, west side of Vine, between Fourth and Fifth streets. John M. Hartman, preacher in charge. The above are all Methodist Episcopal churches. Methodist Protestant, south side of Sixth, between Vine and Race streets. Revs. A. C. Barnes and Nicholas Snethen, preachers in charge. fd CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, south side of Sixth, east of Broadway. Henry Atkinson, preacher in charge. Independent Methodist. Friends^ tneeting houses. Of these there are two on the south side of Fifth, between Western-row and John streets,- occupied by separate divisions of that Society. Neiv Jerusalem Church. First Society, temple, north side of Longworth, between Race and Elm. Rev. M. M. Carll, minister. Second Society, Talbott's school-house on College street. Rev. Adam Hurdus, minister. Third Society, corner of Sixth and Race. Rev. N. C. Burnham, minister. First Congregational Society — Unitarian, south-west cor- ner of Race and Fourth streets. Rev. W. H. Channing, min- ister. Universalist Church, west side of Walnut, between Third and Fourth streets. Rev, John A. Gurley, minister. First Restorationist Church, west side of Race, between Fifth and Longworth streets. Rev. Daniel Parker, minister. United German. St. John's Church, north side of Sixth, between Walnut and Vine streets. Rev. F. M. Raschig, min- ister. United German Protestant Church, north-west corner of Vine and Thirteenth streets. Rev. Philip Hauser, minister. German Lutheran, west side of Walnut, between Eighth and Ninth streets. Rev. William Seib, minister. United Brethren in Christ, west side of Fulton, between Catharine and Kemble streets. Rev. Francis Whitcomb, min- ister. Jewish Synagogue, east side of Broadway, between Fifth and Sixth. M. A. Moehring, parnas. • CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 99 Neio Jews'' Synagogue, south side of Third, between Syc- amore and Broadway. Jonas Levy, parnas. Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, Harrison street, east of Broadway. Revs. Edward Jones, pastor, David Rosser, as- sistant. Welsh Congregational Church, corner of Lawrence and Symmes street. Bethel Chapel, south side of Front, between Lawrence and Pike streets. Rev. O. S. Powell, chaplain. Cincinnati Bethel Society. Rooms, Front, near Pike street. Rev. O. S. Powell, chaplain. For the religious instruction of boatmen. Foreign Mission Society of the Valley of the Mississipi. George L. Weed, Treasurer and Secretary. Western Education Society. Rev. L. G. Bingham, Sec'ry. Home Missionary Society. Central board agency for the western states. Rev. Henry Little, Secretary. The offices of these societies are at No. 30, West Front street, which is the publishing office, also, of the Missionary Herald, and a depository of religious tracts. Sabbath school- books and bibles. Young Men's Bible Society of Cincinnati. Flamen Ball, Secretary. Office as above. Cincinnati Catholic Society for the Diffusion of Religious Knowledge. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. Orphan Asylums. There are three of these institutions in Cincinnati. 1. The St. Peter's Orphan Asylum, under the care of the Sisters of Charity, corner of Third and Plum. Fifty-one female children inmates. 2. St. Aloysius's Orphan House, under the care of the so- 100 CHAUITABLE INSTITUTIONS. • ciety of that name, instituted for the benefit of boys ; north side of Sixth, opposite John street. 3. Cincinnati Orphan Asylum, Elm, near Thirteenth street. This has been built up by contributions from the citizens from time to time. It is a well-planned and proportioned building, which has cost about 18,000 dollars, and presents a handsome appearance, its interior arrangements being highly convenient. The dimensions are 64 by 54 feet. Including the basement, it consists of four stories, which contain spacious sleeping apartments, bath-houses, a separate department for infants, where they are provided with proper nurses, and the sustenance suited to their age ; a library, and a well organized school, in which the children are not only taught the common branches of education, but receive that moral and religious training, which prepares them to become useful members of society: at the same time, in the ample grounds surrounding the house, they are enabled to take such exercise as is necessary to promote their health. The laws of the institution appear formed with a careful re- gard to the future well-being of the orphans. No child is permitted to be taken out of the Asylum, until it has remained there at least one year, so that vicious habits may be corrected, before they mingle with society. The strictest scrutiny is made into the character of individuals who apply for children, and they are placed only in those situa- tions, where, it is believed, the same attention will be given to train their minds to virtue as in the Asylum. Stipulations are made as to the amount of education they shall receive, and with regard to their future prospects in life. When a child leaves the institution, a Manager is appointed as its guardian, to whom, in case of grievance, it may apply for redress, and look for protection. An average number of sixty children have annually been supported in the Asylum, so that upwards of three hundred children have been, from time to time, maintained and educa- ted, under its protecting roof. Sixty-seven orphans and des- CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 101 titute children, are now enjoying the benefits which such an institution affords. It is gratifying to the philanthropist, to mark the progress of civilization in its most interesting form — the commencement of institutions, which have for their object, not only the miti- gation of human suffering, but the improvement of the intel- lectual and moral capacity of those, who, as they successively rise to manhood, will, it is hoped, be themselves the philan- thropists of a future day. Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio. Incorporated January 21, 1821. It is located on a four acre lot, in the north-western part of Cincinnati, with a view to retirement, and to derive advan- tages from a pure atmosphere, and free ventilation. It is a brick structure, three stories high, exclusive of the basement, and is large enough to accommodate, at one time, two hun- dred and fifty persons. Eleven hundred were admitted during the past year. A portion of the building is appropriated as a poor house- there are separate departments for the insane — on the second and third stories are the medical and surgical male wards, the female and lying-in wards, and the operating and clinical lec- ture room. The patients of this institution consist of several classes of persons, whose expenses are defrayed from different sources. Those boatmen who have regularly paid their hospital clearance, according to the commercial regulations of the Uni- ted States, are maintained at the expense of government. Others, who have no certificates, testifying as above, are supported out of a portion of the auction duties, collected in Cincinnati. The poor of Cincinnati township receive support from the treasury of said township. Beside these, patients from other portions of Ohio, and from other states, are received, and charged two dollars per week, for board and medical attendance. i2 103 BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. The management of the hospital is entrusted to the trustees of Cincinnati township, except its medical department. Ev- ery thing appertaining to it, is by law under the direction of the faculty of the Ohio Medical College. As a compensation for the services of the latter, they are permitted to introduce the students of the college to witness the treatment of diseas- es, the performance of operations, and to receive clinical in- struction in the hospital. House of Employment for Female Poor. The design of this institution is to provide means of sup- port for poor females, who depend on their labor for support and cannot find employment with families in washing or sew- ing. Rooms, west side of Vine, between Second and Third streets. Charitable Intelligence Office, On Vine, between Third and Baker streets, by keeping a register of those who want situations, and those who need persons in various employments. It also serves as a means of collecting information respecting the poor, and to provide in various modes relief for their wants. BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. Cincinnati Total Abstinence Temperance Society. Cincinnati Colonization Society. Ohio Anti-slavery Society. Caledonian Society. Scots Benevolent Society. St. George's Society. Cincinnati Typographical Association. Hibernian Benevolent Society. MASONIC LODGES. Nova Cesarea Harmony Lodge, No. 2, Of this city, received its charter from the Grand Lodge of New Jersey, under date of the 8th of September, 179L The officers appointed by the Grand Lodge were, Dr. William Bur- BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 103 net, Master, John S. Ludlow, Senior Warden, Dr. Calvin Morrell, Junior Warden. Owing to the absence of Dr. Bur- net, the lodge was not organized until December 27, 1794, when the following officers were elected : Edward Day, Mas- ter, Dr. C. Morrell, Senior Warden, Gen. John S. Gano, Ju- nior Warden. The election of officers takes place on the first Wednesday of December, annually. Present officers, John Evans, Mas- ter; Isaac C. Copelen, Senior AVarden ; Christopher Hansel- mann, Junior Warden; John Myers, Treasurer; E. C. Har- per, Secretary; Elam P. Langdon, Samuel R. Miller, Jede- diah Banks, Charitable Committee. The stated meetings of the lodge are held in the lodge- room, on Third, between Main and Walnut streets, on the first Wednesday of each month. Miami Lodge, No. 46. William See, W. Master; Truman E. Mason, Senior War- den; Casper Sharpe, Junior Warden ; William McCammon, Treasurer ; Alphonso Taft, Secretary ; David V. Bradford, Senior Deacon; Tabor C. Thorpe, Junior Deacon. Seth Folger and George G. Smith, Stewards. James Saffin, En- ion Singer and Ira A. Butterfield, Charitable Committee. James Clark, Tyler. Lafayette Lodge, No. 81. Br. 0. M. Spencer, W. Master ; Br. J. Draper, Senior War- den ; Br. John Justis, Junior Warden ; Br. Jacob Graff, Treas- urer; Br. Samuel Reed, Secretary; Br. Jacob Stevens, Senior Deacon; Br. W. J. R. Leigh, Junior Deacon; Br. William Hunter, Tyler. Brs. Jacob Graff, J. Draper, Samuel Reed, Charitable Committee. Stated meetings, first Thursday of every month. , Cincinnati Encampment of Knight Templars. Robert Punshon, M. E. G. Commander; I. C. Copelen, Generalissimo ; C. F. Hanselmann, C. G. ; Samuel Reed, Pre- late; J. C. Avery, Senior Warden; William R. Kerr, Junior 104 BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. Warden; E. P. Langdon, Treasurer; E. C. Harper, Record- er ; John Evans, Standard Bearer; J. B. Covert, Sword Bear- er; William See, Warder; James Clark, Sentinel. Stated meetings, second Monday in every month. Cincinnati Council, No. 2, of Royal and Select Masters. Comp. William Hunter, T. I. G. Master; C. F. Hansel- man, D. I. G. M.; I. C. Copelen, P. C. of work; John C. Avery, C. G. ; Samuel Reed, Treasurer; William H. Roche, Recorder; J. P. Williams, G. S. and Sentinel; James Clark, Sentinel. Stated meetings, third Monday in March, June, September and December. Cincinnati Royal Arch Chapter, No. 2. Comp. 0. M. Spencer, High Priest; I. C. Copelen, K. ; J. C. Avery, Scribe; Samuel Reed, Cap. Host; Joseph Jonas, Principal Sojourner; William R. Morris, R. A. Captain; William See, G. M. of 3d Veil ; J. P. Williams, G. M. of 2d Veil; George Whan, G. M. of 1st Veil; Robert Punshon, Treasurer; William H. Roche, Secretary; James Clark, Tyler. Stated meetings, first Monday in March, June, September and December. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. This order was first regularly established in the United States by the institution of a Lodge — consisting of five mem- bers — at Baltimore, in the state of Maryland, on the 26th of April, 1819, under a charter from the Grand Lodge of England. The increase of the order was rapid, several Lodges in oth- er places being instituted under similar charters ; and to effect a more general co-operation in the benevolent designs of the institution, it soon became necessary to establish an independ- ent government of its interests in the United States. Prepa- rations were accordingly made about the year 1822, and a charter was subsequently obtained from the Grand Lodge of England, in which an entire relinquishment of all inherent BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 105 right, interest, government, and authority was given, and the " Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of the United States of America" was regularly established in the city of Baltimore. Lodges and Encampments have since been instituted in nearly every state and territory in the Union. The whole number of members in the United States at this time is rising fifteen thousand ; and the aggregate revenue, as reported from the several states, is about eighty thousand dol- lars, a large portion of which has been expended in weekly benefits to the sick, assistance of the destitute, burying the dead, relief of the widow, and education of the orphan. The first Lodge in Ohio was instituted in Cincinnati on the 23d of December, 1830. The increase of the order in num- bers and revenue in the state, has far exceeded the expec- tations of its warmest advocates, and conclusively proves the utility and philanthropic character of the order. The number of members in Ohio is about twelve hundred and twenty. There are in the state ten subordinate and four Degree Lodges, three subordinate Encampments, a Grand Encamp- ment and a Grand Lodge. The subordinate Lodges meet weekly, four of which meet in Cincinnati, two in Dayton, one at Steubenville, one at Lan- caster, one at Piqua and one at Columbus. The Degree Lodges hold their meetings semi-monthly, and are located in Cincinnati, Dayton, Lancaster, and Co- lumbus. The Encampments meet semi-monthly in Cincinnati, Day- ton, and Steubenville. The Grand Encampment of Ohio holds stated sessions in Cincinnati on the first Saturday in September, December, March and June. The Grand Lodge of Ohio holds its stated meetinors in Cin- cinnati on the third Saturday in January, April, July and Oc- tober. For the purpose of conducting with greater efl[iciency 106 BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. the financial affairs of this institution, this body obtained an act of incorporation from the legislature of Ohio on the 4th of Febuary, 1839. The subordinate Lodges elect their officers quarterly; the Degree Lodges and Encampments semi-annually, and the Grand Encampment and Grand Lodge annually. In every branch of the order all religious and political dis- putes are prohibited. Every member is required to be a peaceable citizen, and obedient to the laws of the country in which he resides. No person is permitted to become a member of the order, unless he believes in the existence of a Supreme Being, crea- tor, preserver, and governor of all things. He must be free from disease, of good moral character, and have some known reputable means of support, not under twenty-one nor over forty-five years of age. In case of sickness, each member of a subordinate Lodge, who has complied with the laws of the order, is entided to three dollars per week, and in case of death thirty-five dollars are paid toward defraying funeral expenses. If a member lose his wife he is entided to fifteen dollars toward her funer- al expenses. If a member belong to an Encampment also, and is sick, as above, he receives three dollars per week from that body, and in case of his death twenty dollars are paid for funeral expenses. The entire expense of initiation and for all the degrees, is thirty-seven dollars. The annual dues in the subordinate Lodge are four dollars, and of the Encampment three dollars. No dues are paid in any other body. The officers of the Grand Encampment of Ohio for the present year are :— David Churchill, G. Chief Patriarch; Isaac Hefley, G. High Priest; Samuel Neill, G. Senior Warden; Mark P. Taylor, G. Junior Warden; Jacob Keller, G. Scribe; Jacob Ernst, G. Treasurer; Nathan Steward, G. Sentinel; Benja- min Jelliff, D. G. Sentinel. SAVINGS INSTITUTION. 107 The officers of the Grand Lodge of the state of Ohio for the year 1841, are : — John Frazer, M. Worthy G. Master; Charles Thomas, R. Worthy Deputy G. Master ; George T. Mixer, R. Worthy. G. AVarden ; Thomas Sherlock, R. Worthy G. Secretary : Isaac Hefley, R. Worthy G. Treasurer; Elias Favorite, R. Worthy G. Conductor; H. N. Clark, R. Worthy G. Chap- lain ; Isaac Marchant, R. AVorthy G. Guardian. CINCINNATI SAVINGS INSTITUTION. Open every business day of the week, during business hours. George W. Jones, President. P. Outcalt, Secretary. William Burke, Jacob Burnet, Stephen Burrows, William Grossman, Calvin Fletcher, John P. Foote, Samuel Fosdick, Joseph Gest, John H. Groesbeck, David Gwynne, E. S. Haines, Daniel H. Home, Elam P. Langdon, George C. Mil- ler, James MTntire, Daniel F. Meader, Ephraim Morgan, John Myers, William Neff, John Reeves, Joseph Smith, Wright Smith, AVilliam Stephenson, Cha's Tatem, Directors, The object of this institution is to enable those persons, who receive such small sums of money as cannot be conveni- ently invested or employed in any way to yield a profit, to deposit them in a place of safety, and obtain an interest of six per cent, upon the amount, together with a proportion of all the profits that may accumulate beyond the expenses of the institution, at the end of every three years ; thus, enabling the industrious and frugal, who commence early in life by saving and depositing weekly a portion of their earnings, to make provision for a time of need, or provide an honorable inde- pendence for old age. The smallest sums are received on deposit, and the interest upon them commences, whenever they shall amount to five dollars— and have remained four months — on the first of the 108 SAVINGS INSTITUTION. monih, after the deposit is made, if of the amount of five dol- lars, and if of smaller sums, when the aggregate amounts to five dollars. The money can be withdrawn upon giving two weeks' notice. The funds of the institution are loaned upon good and suf- ficient security, and at such rate of interest as may be agreed upon, which at present is ten per cent. The annexed features of the charter will exhibit more fully the principles and method of conducting the business of the institution ; and it will be perceived that it offers such facili- ties as, in this city where every one may save some portion of his earnings, will enable all who avail themselves of its ad- vantages during youth, to guard against the evils of poverty, after the period for labor is past. All the profits of the institution are for the benefit of the depositors, and no director (the president excepted) is entitled to any pay for his services. The amount that may be received from any one person in any one year, is limited to three hundred dollars, and no part of the funds can be loaned directly or indirectly to any direc- tor, or officer of said corporation. Payment of the money deposited cannot be made to any but the depositor, or his authorised agent. A book is kept for the purpose of allowing every depositor to record the name of the person to whom, in the event of his death, his deposits shall be paid. An examination is made every six months, by a committee, into the state of the aff'airs of the corporation, and the manner in which the business has been transacted. The institution is restricted from issuing bank notes, or making discounts. It commenced business in 1831, and has paid an interest to depositors equivalent to eight per cent, per annum, average, during the last ten years. m # UMm-^J-ElJ FOIL "CINCryNATI IN 1841'' SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. 109 SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. Western Academy of Natural Sciences. Organised, April, 1835. Incorporated in 1838. Its cabinet already presents two hundred specimens of min- erals and fossils, three hundred of shells, and two thousand of plants. Robert Buchanan, President; George Graham, Vice Presi- dent ; J. G. Anthony, Recording Secretary and Librarian ; Dr. William Wood, Corresponding Secretary ; J. A. Warder, Treasurer. There are about fifty members, and many correspondents. Apprentices' Library. This institution was founded, February 8, 1821, and was established by public contributions of books and money. It contains two thousand two hundred volumes of interesting works of history, travels, voyages, arts and sciences, philoso- phy, chemistry, classics, religion and morality, and, in fact, nearly every work which is of an instructive nature to youth. About four hundred volumes are taken out weekly. It is governed by a board of directors, who are appointed annually, by the contributors to the library ; if they neglect to do so at the time specified, the city council then make the appointment. The librarian is appointed by the directors, whose salary is one hundred dollars, which is paid by the city council. Rules. — All minors, who are brought up to laborious em- ployments in the city, are to have the free use of the library, by applying to the librarian, and producing to him an order from a parent, guardian, or friend of such minor, stating that they will be responsible for the return of all books taken out on said order uninjured, and will pay for all damage done to the books, and pay all fines if they are kept out over the time prescribed in the by-laws. K 110 SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. No person will be permitted to take out more than one book at a time. Library open on Saturdays, from two o'clock, P. M., till five o'clock, P. M. The time for detaining a book out of the library, shall be, for a duodecimo or any smaller size, one week ; for an octa- vo, two weeks ; for a quarto, three weeks ; for a folio, four weeks. And if any book be not returned according to the time specified, there shall be paid a fine of six cents for every common duodecimo or pamphlet ; twelve cents for every oc- tavo or large duodecimo ; and twenty-five cents for every quarto or folio volume, for every week said book or books may be detained beyond the time specified. Upon the return of a book, the librarian shall determine whether it be injured ; and if so, to what amount; which sum he shall demand of the person in whose name it was taken out, who shall be debarred the use of the library until the same be paid. Any person considering himself aggrieved by a decision of the librarian, shall have the privilege of appealing to the di- rectors at the next meeting of the board. Any person receiving a book from this library, who shall fail to return it, or shall render the same unfit to be received into the library, shall replace it with another of the kind and quality, or pay the sum required to replace the same. Young Men's Mercantile Library Association. Library and reading-rooms in the Cincinnati College, on Walnut street ; open every day, Sundays excepted, from eight o'clock in the morning until ten in the evening. Officers for the year 1841. Charles Duflield, President ; William AVatts, Vice President; Charles T. Jones, Secreta- ry ; John W. Hartwell, Treasurer ; James Wildy, Librarian. This association was first organized by the election of offi- cers and the adoption of a constitution and by-laws, April 18, 1835. EDUCATION. Ill A charter was granted by the legislature of Ohio, January 5, 1836, at which time the library consisted of seven hundred volumes. At the present time it contains upwards of fourteen hundred volumes of standard and miscellaneous works. The association commenced with forty-nine members. It now numbers about five hundred. Judging of the prospects of the institution from its success thus far, it bids fair to become, in a few years, an ornament of which the commercial community of Cincinnati may well be proud, as well as a never-failing source of rational enjoy- ment to those who feel disposed to avail themselves of the advantages offered by it. Although in its first organization it was intended for the particular benefit of the young men engaged in mercantile pur- suits, to whom its management is exclusively committed, yet its advantages are open to every citizen of respectable stand- ing, of whatever profession he may be. Terms of membership. — Each member, on subscribing to the constitution, shall pay an initiation fee of one dollar, and the further sum of three dollars annually, in advance, so long as he shall continue a member, EDUCATION. Public instruction in the United States is divided into three kinds, that of schools, that of academies, and that of colleges. The object of schools is generally simple elementary know- ledge, such as reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, and ge- ography. The object of academies is the acquisition of more advanced knowledge, such as the commencement of the clas- sics, mathematics, &lc. preparatory for college. The object of the college is to give an accurate knowledge of the classics, instruction in natural, moral, and political science, belles-let- tres, &c., in one word, such an education as is necessary to men of intelligence and refinement. In addition to these general classes of educational semina- 112 EDUCATION. ries there are two others of a more specific nature. The first of these is the university, which adds to the common kinds of education professional instruction ; and the other is the me- chanics' institutes and lyceums. The latter is of modern in- troduction, but is, on principle, the same with the famous schools of antiquity, w^iere all kinds of persons attended and all sorts of general instruction were given. In the United States within a few years, this species of instruction has be- come quite popular, and is likely to become more so, as the general progress of intelligence enables a larger number of per- sons to understand and enjoy the oral lectures of enlightened men. Cincinnati, although but just half a century old, and planted in the midst of a country at the time of its foundation entirely a wilderness, presents the singular spectacle of fifty thousand people enjoying every one of these enumerated means of public instruction, and that in no inferior degree. The primary school, the academy, the college, the schools of the professions, and the institute, all have a place, and are held in high public favor. If they are not in the most perfect condition, they certainly are in a rapid state of improvement. The city wiU in all probability be hereafter a distinguished place of public instruction. From the earliest settlement of the state, provision for edu- cation of some kind has been made in Cincinnati, as well as other parts of Ohio, by the grant of the public lands, by many individual donations, and much private efi'ort. In the state generally, the United States government had granted 07ie thir- ty-sixth part of the public lands for the support of education. The common school system, as it is called, was not, however, adopted till a comparatively late period. Though not exactly in order of time, at Cincinnati, we shall describe the present condition of the common schools in the first place. I. Common schools. The primary or elementary English common school is that which is more essential to the wants and future intelligence of the people than any other ; because embracing only those simple elements of knowledge, which EDUCATION. 113 are necessary to the business of society, and without which there can be no educated intelligence. In them, whether pub- lic or private, must be laid the foundations of future attain- ments. They are the only places of instruction to the largest portion of the community, and hence have been called the " colleges of the people." * About the year 1824 the legisla- ture of this state passed a common school law, authorizing the assessment of half a mill on the taxable value of property, for the purposes of common schools. The common school system of Cincinnati was founded about 1830-'31, and has since been regularly gaining on the confidence and afl'ections of the people. The schools now contain ordinarily about four thousand pupils and sixty teach- ers. The system here adopted may be described under the following heads. 1. Buildings. — There are ten school districts, in each of which it was intended there should be one building, making two for each of the five wards into which the city was then divided. The subdivision has since been increased to seven wards, and only nine of the school houses have been erected. More, however, will be built whenever the wants of the city require it. The buildings are constructed in a simple, neat, and convenient manner ; they are divided into four plain rooms each, in which there are one or two teachers, according to the number of pupils. The houses are built of brick, the end fronting the street, and surmounted with a handsome cupola. They are supplied with black-boards, maps, and the common conveniences of a school-room. These buildings contain, un- der the present organization, according to location, from three to five hundred pupils each. They have cost the city, includ- ing all their appurtenances, nearly $100,000. 2. School organization. — The school system of Cincinnati is very simple in its organization, and yet very easy to man- age and govern. It may be divided into three parts. 1. The board of appointment and fiscal management, called the board * Vide Transactions of the College of Teachers for 1835, page 168. k2 114 EDUCATION. of trustees. 2. The board of examination. 3. The corps of teachers* These are entirely separate bodies and perform separate duties, and, taken together, make up a harmonious and efficient body of school government for the thousands of youth committed to their charge. 1. The board of trustees are elected by the people at the annual municipal elections, two for each ward, and have charge exclusively of what may be termed the business arrangements of the schools. Their duties are to make the necessary appropriations of money ; to furnish, repair, and arrange the buildings ; to appoint teachers and make rules for their government, with all such powers as are incidental to the immediate government of the schools. 2. The board of examiners are appointed by the city council, are seven in number, and their duties are to examine the teachers, in respect to their qualifications, and their pupils, whenever it seems to them proper. Without their certificate no teacher can be appointed. To perform this duty with due regard to the various capacities of the teachers, the board of examiners have divided their certificates into three classes — the first is, that the applicant has sKperior qualifications as principal; the second, that he is qualified to he a -principal; and the third, that he is qualified to be an assistant. These three classes of certificates are a sufficient division for the dif- ferent merits of those who are examined, and are found in practice greatly to stimulate the ambition of the teachers. The board of examiners have heretofore exercised great dis- crimination, in the performance of this part of their duties, and none have received their first class certificate who have not in fact been very superior teachers. 3. The corps of teachers. — This body is about sixty in number, and perform their duties of instruction and government, under and in con- formity to rules prescribed by the trustees ; so also the kinds and order of books taught in the schools are prescribed by the trustees. The number of teachers are about in proportion to the number of pupils, in actual attendance, as one to fifty. This is doubtless too large a number of scholars ; but in this EDUCATION. 115 Stage of the school system it has been found impossible to af- ford a larger proportion of instructors. The pay of teachers is yet too small, but will in time be, doubtless, increased. The male instructors are paid, according to rank, from $300 to $540 ; females from $180 to $300 per annum. The teach- ers have, as a corps, been remarkably attentive and faithful; and their services are constantly in demand for other districts which are about to found good schools. In some measure the schools of Cincinnati are, therefore, a step to promotion. 3. Course of instruction. — The course of instruction in schools embracing four thousand pupils, must, of course, pos- sess considerable variety, although confined to the elements of an English education. The teachers are themselves re- quired to pass an examination in reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and grammar ; these of course constitute the basis of all the instruction given in the schools. Other studies, however, are pursued by those more advanced ; and the com- mon schools now afford an opportunity of acquiring quite an extended course of English instruction, embracing history, political science, algebra, geometry and natural philosophy. The bible, without commentary, is used in all the schools as a reading book. The aggregate disbursements of the last tuition year, were $20,797 21, which sum sufficed for the employment of sixty- four teachers, besides defraying various contingent expenses. Five thousand one hundred and twenty-one pupils were en- rolled during that period, a small proportion of whom have been — from time to time since — withdrawn. The age of the pupils ranges from six to sixteen, but not more than one tenth, perhaps, are over the age of twelve. A division in this department is formed by the private schools of this city, some of which are made up of children who are too young to obtain admittance in the public schools, which exclude as pupils, all children under six years of age, or of those in M'hose case the parents prefer having them taught nearer home, or in smaller numbers, or in more select 116 EDUCATION. classes. Other private schools are of a high order of excel- lence and long standing, which enables them successfully to maintain a competition with our public schools, even under the admitted success and greater cheapness of the last. Many of the church societies of the place, also, especially the Ro- man catholic, the New Jerusalem temple society, and that of the Friends, as a settled principle, educate the children of their communion in their own schools. The whole number of private schools in the city are forty- four, of which four are for the benefit of colored people. II. The second class of schools is academies, or what are called classical schools. There are not, we believe, any in- corporated academies, simply for the purpose of classical instruction, in Cincinnati. It must be remarked, however, that in the western country, as yet very new, the colleges have been compelled to connect with them, as a part of their plan, schools, which in older countries would be called aca- demies, where pupils are directly preparing — chiefly in the classics — for a collegiate education. In addition to these semi-academies, all the private classical schools come under the general order of academies. Of these there are several in Cincinnati, where pupils, with those of the colleges here, probably make up the usual proportion of youth, who without being embraced in college classes, are pursuing classical and mathematical studies. III. Colleges. Of literary institutions under this name, there are three so called, of which two are incorporated and confer degrees. 1. Cincinnati college. This is the oldest incorporated in- stitution of learning in Cincinnati, and in some respects has been the foundation of all the schools of the city. It was chartered at the legislative session of 1818-'19, and granted full university powers, with the exception that it should teach no sectarian doctrines. Its funds were furnished, in a large amount, by private liberality; a building was erected, and the institution went EDUCATION. 117 into operation as a regular college. Many persons, who have since been conspicuous members of society, here graduated ; but, from causes not clearly known, it languished, and became at length a mere Lancasterian school. In 1835-'6, however, the collegiate department was revived under the presidency of the Rev. W. H. McGuffy — now president of Ohio university — and has since received a large number of pupils. The Rev. T. J. Biggs is now president, and the college contains one hundred and sixty pupils, of whom about one-fourth are in the college class. This institution owns a valuable building and ground in the centre of the city ; and is now conducting a course of instruc- tion, as thorough in the great elements of learning, the clas- sics and mathematics, as any of the older colleges of the Union. 2. Woodward college. This also is a chartered institution, regularly empowered to confer degrees. The foundation of it, as well as that of the Cincinnati college, is honorable to the memory of the early settlers of the town. Mr. William Woodward granted, in trust, a very valuable block of ground in the north of the city, to found a free grammar school. It has since been leased out, subject to revaluation, and must ul- timately yield a large revenue to the college. It may here be proper to remark, that Mr. Woodward- was one of the old settlers of the town, and that the ground he conveyed, as well as a large quantity around it, constituted his farm; and that till within fifteen years his tanyard, orchard, farm-house, and appurtenances, remained comparatively un- broken. Now the whole is traversed with streets mostly built up with comfortable and even elegant houses, a college founded and full of pupils, and a great busy population throng- ing around it. The Woodward college is under the care of the Rev. Dr. Aydelott. Its pupils have recently been near two hundred in number, a very small portion of whom are college students ; the residue being in the preparatory department. In two or three years the leases, from which the institution 118 EDUCATION. derives much of its revenue, will be revalued, and it is sup- posed the college will have a very large endowment. The catholics of Cincinnati, under the care of bishop Pur- cell, have founded a college, now called St. Xavier college, for the instruction of youth. This institution is now presided over by the Rev. Mr. Elet, recently of the college at St. Louis. The pupils are now about one hundred in number ; and con- nected with the institution is a large library containing about four or five thousand volumes. St. Xavier college has yet no charter, but it is understood that one will be obtained shortly. IV. University instruction. There is not at Cincinnati any one institution which, in its proper sense, is a university. All the ends of such an one may be obtained by the various colleges and schools, in successful operation. 1. Theology. There are three places of public instruction in theology, now established at Cincinnati. The Lane semi- nary is a presbyterian theological school, separately organized, and located at Walnut Hills, two miles from the heat and dust of the town. It is under the care of Professors Beecher, Stowe, and Allen. It has now about sixty students. Con- nected with it is the largest library in the Miami country ; it consists of about ten thousand volumes of very select works, both of general literature and theology. The St. Francis Xavier Theological Seminary belongs to the Roman catholic society. There are fifteen students in this institution, and three professors. Holy scripture, church history, doctrinal and moral theology, and canon law, are the chief objects of study. The episcopal residence ad- joins the seminary. It is also the residence of the pastors of the congregation, who are generally three in number. The Western Baptist Education society has also establish- ed a theological seminary opposite Cincinnati, in the city of Covington. It is not yet in operation, but is very nearly rea- dy. A large and elegant four story building is nearly finish- ed, for the accommodation of students. The property pes- EDUCATION. 1 19 sessed by the Baptist board in Covington, is supposed suffi- cient, with the flourishing condition of Covington, to give the institution a most ample endowment. 2. Of Law. The Cincinnati law school has now been for several years established; it is connected with the Cincinnati college, and under the immediate instruction of Timothy Wal- ker, Esq. The student has great advantages in the pursuit of legal studies at Cincinnati ; and when qualified, receives a regular degree of bachelor at law, from Cincinnati college. 3. Of Medicine. The medical college of Ohio is located in Cincinnati, and affords the usual advantages for the study of medicine, and confers the regular degree. 4. The Practical Arts. Regular classes are formed for drawing, the study of mathematics, and the hearing of lectures in the Mechanics' institute ; a small library is attached to the institute, and some useful philosophical instruments. We come now to a very important but neglected portion of human education — Female Schools. Of these there are sever- al in Cincinnati, under the care of competent teachers. There is no chartered female school in Cincinnati, but practically, we suppose, all the ordinary branches of female knowledge are well taught in the schools of Cincinnati. A general summary of the state of education in Cincinnati, shows that there is no feature of a complete system wanting, however separated and independent the parts may be, by be- ing produced in different institutions. A university education comprises an elementary teaching of the j^rofessioiis, and of the arts and sciences. We have already seen that there is connected with Cincinnati, three theological schools, a laiv school, a medical school, and several colleges for the cultivation of the arts and sciences. The effect of these is not seeming- ly very great to the eye, because produced by independent in- stitutions, but is really great in the aggregate. At Paris and in ihe cities of Germany, we hear of magnificent universities and magnificent results, because the whole is drawn out and ex- hibited in one creneral system, and concentrated at one point; 130 EDUCATION. but in the United States it is different. The independent ac- tion of individuals and incorporations, peculiar to republican government, disjoints the parts, which, under an arbitrary gov- ernment, would have been combined in one general system. There are in Cincinnati at the present time, near four hun- dred students, engaged in what may be strictly termed univer- sity and college instruction. In that class of schools which are called academies, whether male or female, we suppose there are nearly fifteen hundred individuals ; in the common schools, and private schools of a similar kind, there are probably five thousand pupils ; in the aggregate, therefore, we suppose there are scarcely less than seven thousand scholars embraced in the various departments of education in Cincinnati. When we consider that there are from eight to ten thousand recent emigrants from Europe in the city, whose children have not yet become sufficiently assimilated to their new country, to share in the benefits of popular instruction, we see that nearly all the families who could partake of school education, to more or less extent, receive its benefits. We do not mean to say, that at any one time all the children of the city are in school, for such is the nature of civic occupations, that many children are required at home for the support of the family ; but we do mean to say, that some child of a family, at some time, in the great majority of cases, does share the inestimable bene- fits of school instruction ; and that, in time, the system will probably embrace all the children of the city.* We should view this result, so beneficent and so cheering, in connection with the fact, that it is but about ten or twelve years since the common schools of Cincinnati were establish- ed, and but just half a century since the town was founded, and the surrounding country a wilderness. In that time, all the arts of civilization have been transplanted to this new re- gion, and with them the school house and the school master, * We should here mention, that the trustees have provided evening schools for such as cannot attend in the day time ; and that schools have also been formed, in which both German and English are taught. A m • i # *^ l|». EDUCATION. 121 quite as vigorous in growth, and benign in their results, as in any land, wherever planted. We may add here, that the corps of instructors are as ca- pable in mind, and as well prepared in materials for the du- ties of their profession, as in any other portion of the United States. We may suppose, without extravagance, that popu- lar education in Cincinnati, will grow in extent and quality in a degree scarcely less than the rapid growth of the city, in population and commercial prosperity. Central in locality and population to the great valley of the Ohio, with proper cultivation and a proper tone of public feel- ing, the schools of this city will become literally schools of teachers, for the people — soon to number tens of millions— who fill up this valley, and who are to give tone, sentiment, and principles to that vast population. In connection with this subject we may with propriety men- tion, that about 1831, an association was formed in Cincinnati called the College of Teachers. Its object was to embody the teachers — not only of Cincinnati, but of the Mississipi valley — in an association, in developing the best modes of teaching, and in elevating the profession. Connected with it were literary gentlemen of different professions, Avho felt the necessity of giving new vigor and dignity to the business of instruction. The results of this association have been indirectly most beneficent. They have published five volumes of their pro- ceedings, in which are embodied some of the best thoughts and most eloquent discussions on the subject of popular in- struction, which have yet been put forth in the United States. But in addition to these discussions, numerous individuals have been enlightened and excited by them, who have since gone forth into the fields of instruction, into the conventions of the people, and into the halls of legislation, animated with a spirit which has burst forth in the most ample provision — in Ohio at least — for the support of common schools, and the permanent elevation of the teachers'' profession. 122 LANE SEMINARY. The institution which produced these results was — if not the first — among the first in the United States, and has re-act- ed in a salutary influence on older communities. In conclusion, we may state the fact, that Cincinnati has been resorted to by many enlightened individuals, Avith a view to the education of their families ; and that its mild climate, its beautiful environs, its high tone of moral feeling, and the abundance of its schools, do not discourage the idea that the metropolitan city of the west, furnishes educational, equal to its business, advantages. LANE SEMINARY. This is an institution devoted entirely to theological educa- tion, under the patronage of new school Presbyterians. The buildings are, four dwelling houses for professors — not shown in the plate; a seminary edifice four stories high and one hundred feet in length, containing eighty-four rooms for stu- dents ; a boarding house ; a chapel seventy-five feet by fifty- five, containing a chapel room fifty-five feet by fifty, a library room capable of receiving thirty thousand volumes, and four lecture rooms. These buildings and the library have cost the institution over fifty thousand dollars. HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTION. As early as 1820, Rev. James Kemper and his sons sug- gested the plan of establishing here a manual labor institution for theological students, and made some arrangements for the purpose. In 1826, Mr. Kemper proposed the plan to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian church, who decided, in 1827, that the location was too far west, and fixed their western seminary at Pittsburg. In 1828 — 30, Ebenezer Lane, esq., with his brothers, made a donation to the seminary of four thousand dollars ; whereup- on it was incorporated under the name of the " Lane Theolo- gical Seminary," and trustees were appointed. To these LANE SEMINARY. 123 trustees Rev. Mr. Kemper and sons made over, for the benefit of the institution, sixty acres of land, on which the buildings were subsequently erected. In 1832, Arthur Tappan, esq., of New York, subscribed twenty thousand dollars for the pro- fessorship of theology. The same year, fifteen thousand dol- lars were raised for the professorship of ecclesiastical history, the largest contributor of which was Ambrose White, esq., of Philadelphia ; and the same sum for the professorship of bib- lical literature, one of the largest donations being from gene- ral Stephen Van Rennselaer, of Albany. In 1835, the profes- sorship of sacred rhetoric was established on a fund of twen- ty thousand dollars, a large portion of which was given by John Tappan, esq., of Boston. The institution went into operation in 1833. The whole number of students that have been connected with it since that time, is about three hundred. The number now in the seminary is sixty-two. Terms of Admission. Candidates for admission must produce satisfactory testimo- nials that they are members, in good standing, of some Chris- tian church ; that they possess competent talents ; that they have been regularly graduated at some college or university, or have pursued a course of study equivalent to the common college course. Applicants for admission to an advanced standing must be prepared for examination on the subjects that have been studied by the class which they wish to enter. Course of Study. The course occupies three years ; and every student is ex- pected to enter with the intention of completing the full course. As far as practicable, the different branches are pursued simul- taneously. The department of biblical literature occupies three days in the w^eek during the first year, two during the second, and one during the third ; systematic theology, two days in the ^veek during the whole course of three years; church history, one day in the week through the whole course ; sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology one day in the week the 124 LANE SEMINARY. first year, two the second, and three the third. The object in this arrangement is to afford a pleasant variety of study, and to keep up a proper interest in all the departments through the whole course. Hitherto the plan has been pursued with results highly satisfactory to the faculty. Term Time. The annual term of study commences the third Wednesday in September, and continues forty weeks. The term is closed with a thorough public examination. Anniversary occurs on the second Wednesday in June. Library. The seminary library contains ten thousand volumes ; the greater part of which was selected with great care by one of the professors, who went to Europe for the express purpose of purchasing the books. There are here found not only the standard works in all the departments pertaining to a theolo- gical course, but also a very rich variety of authors in general literature and science. The library of the Society of Inquiry contains three hundred and twenty-six volumes. The reading room and Athenaeum contain twenty-one news- papers, and twenty-four of the most valuable literary and the- ological periodicals. Manual Labor. Every student is expected to labor three hours a day at some agricultural or mechanical business ; and for this the necessary accommodations are provided. While the leading aim of this regulation is to promote health and vigor of both body and mind, compensation is received according to the value of the labor. The avails of manual labor are much affected by the state of business in the city. In times of commercial pros- perity, students have frequently earned one hundred dollars a year, exclusive of their earnings during the twelve weeks of vacation. Expenses. There is no charge for tuition. The rooms are fully fur- nished, and rented at five dollars per annum. Incidental ex- MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 125 penses, including fuel and lights for public rooms, ringing bell and sweeping, five dollars. By the assistance of funds recent- ly contributed, the price of board is reduced to sixty-two and a half cents per week. To those not receiving assistance from the funds, the price is about ninety cents. The cost of fuel and lights for each student will average from eight to twelve dollars per annum. Trustees. — Nathaniel Wright, esq.. President; John H. Groesbeck, esq., Vice President; Jabez C. Tunis, 2d Vice President; Stephen Burrows, 3d Vice President; Rev. Ben- jamin Graves, Corresponding Secretary; Osmond Cogswell, Recording Secretary ; Gabriel Tichenor, esq., Treasurer; Rev, Robert H. Bishop, D. D. ; Augustus Moore, Daniel Corwin, Ezekiel Ross, Henry Van Bergen, Rev. Franklin Y. Vail, James Warren, M. D., William Schillinger, Robert Wallace, John Baker, Daniel Wurtz, Rev. T. J. Biggs, George W. NefF. Faculty. — Rev. Lyman Beecher, D. D., President, and Pro- fessor of Theology. Rev. Calvin E. Stowe, D. D., Profes- sor of Biblical Literature and Lecturer on Church History. Rev. D. Howe Allen, A. M., Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology, and Lecturer on Church Polity. Cal- vin E. Stowe, Librarian. MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. This institution was chartered, and placed under the control of a board of trustees, in December, 1825. The state furnished the means by which a large and com- modious edifice was erected. It contains large lecture rooms and an amphitheatre, together with apartments for the library, as well as private rooms for the professors, and apartments well fitted up for pursuing, privately, the study of anatomy. The library contains upwards of two thousand volumes, of well selected standard works, purchased by the state, and for l2 126 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. ihe use of the students of the college. The cabinet belong- ing to the Anatomical department is supplied with all the materials necessary for acquiring a minute and thorough knowledge of the human frame. These consist of detached bones, of wired and natural skeletons, and of dried prepara- tions to exhibit the muscles, blood-vessels, nerves, lymphat- ics, etc. etc. In addition, are very accurate wooden models of the small bones, and representations in wax, of the soft and more delicate structures. The cabinet of Comparative Anatomy is supposed to be supplied more extensively, and with rarer specimens, than any other in the Union. Besides perfect skeletons of foreign and American animals, birds, &c., there is an immense number of detached crania, from the elephant and hippopotamus to the minute orders. The cabinet belonging to the Surgical department has been formed at great expense, by the labor of more than thirty-five years. It contains a large number of very rare specimens, among which are sections of the thigh bones, that establish as fact, what European surgeons have long denied, viz : the pos- sibility, by proper treatment, of a re-union, after a fracture, of the neck of these bones. There are near five hundred speci- mens of diseased bones alone. Of the department of Chemistry, it seems hardly necessa- ry that we should speak. The known industry and extraor- dinary enthusiasm, in every department of the physical scien- ces, of the gentleman who fills the chemical chair, are the strongest guarantees, that for the most full and efficient per- formance of the peculiar duties allotted to him, nothing that was necessary has been left unprovided. Many of his instru- ments are the result of his own powers of invention ; but the most important were selected by himself in Europe, and pur- chased at great cost. Belonging to the chair of Materia Medica, is a large col- lection of indigenous plants, their extracts and other medicinal preparations, together with all the foreign articles used in prac- MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 127 tice ; and the various topics embraced in the department of Obstetrics and Diseases of TVomeii and Children, are ^eluci- dated in part by numerous and exceedingly interesting wax casts, most of which were obtained in Paris of some of the best French artists. The students have the advantage of access to the Commer- cial Hospital, where they witness the medical and surgical treatment of the patients by members of the faculty. This is an invaluable privilege, and affords the students great facilities for acquiring a correct knowledge of diseases and their treat- ment. There are in the hospital, annually, several hundred patients ; and during the two winters usually devoted to at- tendance upon lectures, as great a variety of diseases is pre- sented to the student, as generally falls under the observation of a physician during a lifetime of practice. But what is of first importance to the western student is the fact, that through the facilities afforded by the connection spoken of, he can ac- quire a perfect knowledge of those diseases which he will be called upon to treat, on his first introduction into practice. A further advantage of this connection also, is that students have the opportunity of witnessing operations, by one, long and successfully acquainted with the practical use of the knife. In the prosecution of Practical Anatomy, also, every facil- ity is afforded them that can be obtained at similar institutions of the country. The Faculty is composed of six professors, viz. : John T. Shotwell, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, and Dean of the Faculty ; John Locke, M. D., Professor of Che- mistry and Pharmacy; R. D. Mussey, M. D., Professor of Surgery; Paniel Oliver, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica, and Lecturer on Pathology ; M. B. Wright, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children; Jared P. Kirtland, M. D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine. The fees of tuition are fifteen dollars to each professor, mak- ing an aggregate of ninety. There are six lectures daily. 128 OHIO mechanics' institute. At no period during its entire history have the prospects of the school been more encouraging. The utmost harmony prevails in the faculty, and the present class is as large as any which has ever attended, with one exception. There are, at present, one hundred and thirty students. OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. The importance of popular education to a people whose in- stitutions are founded on the principle of universal suffrage, has long been duly appreciated by our citizens, generally. Our free-school system, and the pride we all take in directing the attention of those who visit us to our commodious and handsome school-houses, are proofs of the correctness of our principles on this subject. There are, however, those among us, who think that something more is necessary to be done in the cause of general education, than to establish common schools. They consider it necessary to the prosperity of our country and its progress in improvement, that the sciences, which have heretofore been taught only in our higher semina- ries of learning, should be made accessible to all who possess taste and talent to cultivate them to advantage. They arc of opinion that those who are engaged in the mechanic arts and manufactures, would make better progress by being acquainted with the scientific principles on which those arts are founded, by which means a constant advance towards perfection may be made. They consider also, that as the poor and the rich are alike eligible to office in the government of the country, they ought to have like opportunities of fitting themselves for use- fulness, by cultivating any branch of knowledge which their taste and talents might indicate. From such considerations, a number of our citizens were induced, some years since, to attempt the establishment of an institution which should afi'ord the means of instruction in any, and all, the sciences taught in our country, to all the young men of our city who desire improvement, and thirst for know- OHIO mechanics' institute. 129 ledge. They adopted the name of the Mechanics' Institute, because institutions under that name were already established, and had acquired favor with the public, in many parts of our country and of Great Britain. But their hope and intention was to form an establishment, differing in some respects from, and superior to, any of the institutions bearing the same name. The plan was, not only to establish a library and reading room, with regular series of scientific lectures on two or three evenings of each week, but also, to provide for the formation of classes for the cultivation of the different sciences ; to be conducted on the principle of mutual instruction, with such aid as might be necessary from professional teachers, some of whom were among the founders of the institute, and its most zealous friends. It was intended that a foundation should be laid, so broad, that all associations for the cultivation of the arts or sciences might be embraced in it, and all the efforts for the advancement of learning, or improvement in the arts, be there concentrated, and thus the waste of that effort of enter- prise be prevented which had already established various lite- rary and scientific societies in our city, to continue two or three years in existence, and then dwindle and die and be for- gotten. A charter was obtained in 1828, and the operations of the institution commenced on a very humble and limited scale, in the north wing of the Cincinnati College, Dr. John D, Craig, who had long been an eminent teacher of natural philosophy in Philadelphia, Baltimore and our city, being the first presi- dent of the institute. Instructions were given in botany, che- mistry, mechanics, geometry and arithmetic, by Drs. Locke, Cleveland and Craig, and Messrs. Kinmont and Talbott, and popular lectures by Messrs. Noble, Foote, Peters, Drake, and others. Dr. Craig, however, being soon after appointed su- perintendent of the patent office, removed to Washington. His valuable philosophical apparatus was left here, and after some time was purchased by the late J. D. Garrard for the sum of $2000, and presented to the institute. Contributions 130 OHIO mechanics' institute. of books were also made for the library, which was soon opened for the benefit of the members. Several of the most distinguished of our public teachers volunteered their aid, in the instruction of the classes, which were formed for cultiva- ting various sciences ; and in which the pupils displayed great zeal for improvement. The want of a suitable building was felt as soon as the operations began, and an opportunity offer- ing of purchasing the old Baptist church on Walnut street, on favorable terms, four of the directors ventured to make the purchase, and become accountable for the payments, which were extended to periods of several years. As this was a fa- vorable purchase, it was expected that the public would afford such aid to the institution, as would enable it to meet the pay- ments. This expectation, however, was not well founded ; for although the institute was for several years in a prosper- ous condition, as far as it related to the benefits it was confer- ring, yet its funds from contributions of membership were not equal to its ordinary expenses ; and instead of acquiring the means of paying for the building, it was increasing its debts ; and the commercial embarrassments of the city occurring, it was found impracticable to meet the payments, and, that the building must be sold. Previous to this period, Dr. Craig had returned from Washington, and was engaged in delivering regular courses of lectures in natural philosophy, and superin- tending the operations of the institute generally. For the pur- pose of continuing to the public the benefits of the institution, a building was rented, fitted up, and occupied for two or three years ; but not affording suitable accommodations, a gradual declension of interest in the institute, on the part of the pub- lic, was experienced, until the directors began to despair of being able to continue its existence, and appointed a commit- tee to report on the subject. This committee, however, re- ported that it was too valuable an institution to be suffered to fall without making some further efforts for its support ; which report was adopted, and fresh exertions commenced in its be- half. Soon after this period a suggestion was made in one of OHIO mechanics' institute. 131 the newspapers, of giving a public ball for its benefit, which was immediately carried into eflect. On this occasion so much spirit was displayed by the citizens generally, in con- tributing in various ways to increase the receipts, that the sum of three thousand dollars was raised, which was ordered to be kept entire, and appropriated towards the purchase or erection of a building. An opportunity offered, soon after, of purchas- ing the building erected by Mrs. Trollope, and called the ba- zaar, for the sum of ten thousand dollars, which was consid- ered a very advantageous purchase, and was therefore effected. This building affords more commodious accommodations than the institute had ever enjoyed previously, and has been so fit- ted up as to adapt it to its new occupation. In 1838 the institute held its annual fair, for the exhibition of ivestern manufactures and the encouragement of western artists. The exhibition was opened also in 1839 and '40, im- proving each year in its character, in public regard, and in profits to the institution ; affording an opportunity to our arti- sans and manufacturers of displaying their taste and skill in their various vocations ; and by gathering from year to year new visitors to the fair, diffusing more widely a knowledge of the character, and an interest in the operations of the insti- tute. Among the manufactures exhibited at the fairs, particularly worthy of notice as evincing a high degree of perfection in the workmanship, were saddlery, harness and trunks, boots and shoes, scale-beams, philosophical apparatus, mathematical instruments, silver ware, clocks, chairs, cabinet furniture, pi- ano fortes and other musical instruments ; locks, cutlery, edge- tools, castings in brass and iron, machinery, cotton-gins, card- ing and spinning machines, blacksmithing, carriages, sheet- iron stoves, grates, &;c. ; cut-glass, porcelain, carpeting, agri- cultural implements, hats and caps, oil-cloths, &c. The fairs commence on the third Monday in June annually. Soon after the last fair. Dr. Craig resigned his situation as lecturer, and returned to Philadelphia ; and a short time since 132 OHIO mechanics' institute. Dr. John Locke, professor of chemistry in the Medical College of Ohio, Avas appointed his successor. Dr. Locke was one of the founders of the institute, and had devoted much time and labor to aid its progress. He had established its chemical class, and inspiring in the members an uncommon degree of in- terest in the subject, has had the satisfaction of witnessing its rapid progress in the science. He is now delivering a regu- lar course of lectures on natural philosophy, on two evenings of each week ; and on Saturday evenings popular lectures, on various subjects, are delivered by different gentlemen of learn- ing and talents, which have been highly instructive. The library has lately received some valuable additions from the contributions of Messrs. J. H. Perkins, D. B. Lawler, J. W. Blachly, P. S. Symmes and others, and is still increasing. The terms of membership of the institute are the payment of three dollars per annum, or thirty dollars for life, which en- titles the members to the use of the library and all the other privileges. Apprentices and minors, sons of members, are entitled to the same privileges, upon payment of fifty cents per annum. The hall of the institute is situated on Third street, east of Broadway ; it is thirty-seven feet front by one hundred feet in depth. The basement contains apartments for the janitor and curator, with two class-rooms ; the first floor contains the Iceture-room, apparatus-room, library, directors'-room, and a room devoted to the use of the Western Academy of Natural Sciences ; the second floor contains the reading room and a large saloon, which was formerly a ball room. There is a rotunda over the portico in the rear, which was originally in- tended for the exhibition of paintings, but which is now occu- pied by the drawing class. At the annual fairs, the first and second floors are devoted exclusively to the purposes of the exhibition, as well as a vacant lot adjoining. The business of the institute is managed by a board of fifteen directors, which is divided into standing committees on finance, library, lec- tures, classes, building, &c. FINE ARTS, FTC. 133 The present board consist of — J. P. Foote, President. Geo. C. Miller, Vice President. Robert Lawson, Secretary. John L. Talbott, Treasurer. N. T. Horton, George Museroft, R. C. Phillips, James Pearce, Geo. R. Hand, Marston Allen, Jabez Reynolds, J. C.Vaughan, E. T. Collins, D. Griffey, and J. D. Douglas, Directors. Meetings of the board on the first Thursday of every month. Dr. John Locke is lecturer, and John Pickering curator, li- brarian, &c. to the institute. FINE ARTS, &c. 7%e Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge^ Whose unpretending and simple name indicates but imper- fectly its peculiar character, is an association which originated in a desire to secure an extended education for its members by means of mutual instruction, and a wide sphere of usefulness by regular courses of popular lectures. The first meeting was held in March, 1840, when a constitution was adopted, officers elected, and the sections proposed in its plan of opera- tion organized as follows : 1. Practical Teaching. 2. Exact and Mixed Sciences. 3. Natural Science. 4. Practical Arts. 5. Fine Arts. 6. Medi- cine. 7. Law. 8. Political Economy and Political Science, . 9. Moral and Intellectual Philosophy. 10. History. 11. Language. 12. Commerce and Agriculture. 13. Polite Lit- erature. 14. Statistics. This division of subjects embraces so wide a range, that persons of every pursuit and taste can find a place where their powers may be employed beneficially both to themselves and the community; it being expected that each member will attach himself to one or more of the sections. It will be at once seen that the mode of operation is as follows : The parent association is composed of all individu- als desirous of higher culture, and ready to work for the im- M 134 FINE ARTS, ETC. provement of their fellow-citizens who choose to join it, and is organized and conducted in the usual forms. The mem- bers of this general association, then, divide themselves into a number of affiliated societies, called sections, for the purpose of pursuing, each section by itself, in its own way, and under its own officers, some particular branch of study. Every member of the parent association must attach himself to some one of these affiliated societies; and is free to join as many as time and inclination may permit him to attend. Lastly, each section reports to the general association its proceedings, and supplies lectures on its own particular department. The purpose of the society is three-fold— First : it proposes to aid and stimulate its members to the attainment of a high degree of moral, intellectual, and social culture, by arranging classes of those interested in any par- ticular study, who meet regularly for purposes of reading, conversation, and mutual instruction. It is hoped that in this way the labor of students, who would otherwise have worked alone and unencouraged, will be lightened, their aims elevated, and their progress hastened. Those who are known to be most competent to take the lead in instruction, from their acquaint- ance with a branch of science, will be chosen the officers of the section devoted to it. Correspondence will be opened with persons who, in other places, are most distinguished for proficiency in any department of knowledge, art, or action; and the latest information sought and communicated, of new books, discoveries, and inventions. Thus, it is thought, the spirit of inquiry will be roused to activity, the habit of study fixed, and the glow of conscious improvement kept fresh. All know how much enthusiasm is quickened by sympathy, and by the contagious power of example. The first aim, therefore, of the society, is to promote the spirit of observa- tion, study, and thought, by making its members mutual in- structors. This is its most peculiar characteristic. Secondly : this association seeks to open its moral, intellec- tual, and social resources to the whole community, by means FINE ARTS, ETC. 135 of lectures. The defect in popular lectures has usually been, that they are desultory, disconnected, and superficial. Cour- ses of lectures have, on the wliole, proved more useful and more interesting than single addresses. It is hoped, by this association, to combine at once variety and thorough acquain- tance with separate brandies. Each section, by the faithful pursuit of its own appropriate department of science, will be able, each winter, to offer one or more lectures to the public, of real worth; and instruction may thus be carried on, with a considerable degree of system, from year to year. Tickets for the courses of lectures will be offered at the lowest prices necessary for hiring and lighting a room, as the society adopts the two principles : first, that lecturers should give their ser- vices gratuitously ; and, second, that the lectures should be open to all who have leisure or desire to attend. A few words on these two points may not be out of place. Every individual in a community is bound to contribute his best and highest spiritual treasures to his fellow-men. A. miser of mind is more contemptible than a miser of money. The highest charity and the plainest justice is to share with others, especially with all who have few advantages, what gives most light, strength, and joy to our own souls. Again, free institutions are based on the conviction, that every individual, without regard to class and condition, has a right, limited only by his degree of capacity, to all the virtue and intelligence which the community possesses, and is entitled to the best opportunities for growth and usefulness which the community can give. Only by the acknowledgment of this right, in pro- fession and practice, can free institutions be preserved. By acting on these two disinterested principles, this society hopes to realize greater success than by engaging the services of hired lecturers. Thirdly: this association purposes, in proportion as its means and opportunities permit, to promote a general taste for moral, intellectual, and social progress — through the founda- tion of a public library — the collection of interesting objects 136 FINE ARTS, ETC. in science— the opening a gallery of art — and publishing lec- tures or works which promise to exert a good influence. From this brief description, it will be understood that the *' Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge" has formed the worthy, even if bold, project, of seeking to realize for Cin- cinnati some of those benefits which seem peculiarly to belong to cities. Interest is the first IdssIs of communities in the pre- sent state of society; and municipal regulations principally provide for the security of each man's property, health, com- fort, and reputation. But unless the higher feelings are sti- fled, nobler relations meanwhile spring up between fellow- citizens. For they find themselves mutually dependent for the moral, intellectual, and social influences which combine to make the spiritual atmosphere of this community. Thus, finally, are they led to see that the grand end for which men are congregated in masses, is to circulate quickly from heart to heart the spiritual goodness, truth, beauty, and happiness, which are the life-blood of society. The success which has thus far attended the operations of the society, the interest with which the lectures have been re- ceived by the public, and the spirit shown in the proceedings of some of the sections, give evidence of future general use- fulness. The officers are — John P. Foote, President; E. P. Lang- don, Vice President; M. G. Williams, Recording Secretary; E. D. Mansfield, Corresponding Secretary; J.H.Perkins, Treasurer; N. Holley, Librarian. MUSICAL SOCIETIES. The Eclectic Academy of Music. This institution was organized in the spring of 1834, and received its charter from the Ohio legislature in 1835. The object of the academy, as set forth in the constitution, is "to promote knowledge and correct taste in music — espe- cially such as are adapted to moral and religious purposes." FINE ARTS, ETC. 137 The institution has been progressing steadily since its for- mation, and now takes a stand which will bear comparison with societies of a similar character in the eastern cities. The academy consists at the present time of about one hun- dred members ; has a good library of music, vocal and orches- tral ; and has also attached to it an amateur orchestra of twen- ty-four instruments. The officers of the academy are — Hon. Jacob Burnet, President ; Moses Lyon, Vice Presi- dent; Charles D. Dana, Corresponding Secretary ; Charles R. Folger, Recording Secretary ; A. S. Merrell, Treasurer; H. H. Lewis, J. Foster, jr. and Cyrus Powers, Trustees ; V. Williams, Instrumental Prof essor ; W. E. Norris, Librarian. Musical Fund Society, Established on a plan similar to those of Philadelphia and New York ; was organized April 29, 1835. It had, however, been suspended for some years past, but has recently been re- vived, and promises much for the cultivation of musical taste and science in our city. Its objects, as stated in the constitution, are : — "First, the cultivation of the musical taste, by the encouragement and im- provement of professional and amateur talent. " Second, the establishment of a musical academy, by means of which pupils may be instructed in the theory and practice of music. "Third, the relief of distressed musicians, and, in case of death, of their widows ; and providing for their orphan chil- dren education and employment." Mr. J. Tosso is leader of the orchestra; no other officers have as yet been elected since the resuscitation of the society. FINE ARTS AND ARTISTS. A FEW general views must introduce the subject of the fine arts in Cincinnati. 1. The fine arts do not require great individual wealth or BI 2 138 FINE ARTS, ETC. power to support them or to bring them to perfection. That is a common error, not only false in itself, but discouraging to the efforts of native genius. The wealth that exists here is amply sufficient for the most favorable developments of what- evei- grade of genius and industry, which can or ought to be brought into this department ; one generation, however, must pass before that wealth will be thus elegantly spent. 2. The fine arts do require great talent and industry in those who cultivate them, as well as a liberal basis of education, some travel, and personal respectability, to advance their first claims in a free community like this. The perfection of taste is the result of much happy association, much experimental trial, and much liberal study and accurate reflection. The fine arts do not spring at once into being in a new community. 3. The field of art in Cincinnati is perfectly unbounded, both for the arts of design and expression. It is only neces- sary to think of the freedom of man, the marked individuality resulting therefrom, the multifarious nations and characters here congregated, the endless variety of occupations here car- ried on, the romantic history of the aborigines and the pio- neers, the grand and beautiful features of western scenery, the unconscious and almost wild spontaneity with which the in- fant world of the great valley has been and is now in all things developing itself, and the deep moral and physical interest of the great social movements of the times — it is only necessary to reflect upon these things to be struck with the extent and richness of the practical field, upon which the true artist of the west may enter. 4. The men and women who first came out to people the west, must have been men and women of hope and resolution ; despair, indifl*erence, and a stupid spirit of inactive dependence never could have cut the bands of home and braved the haz- ards of western life. Is it surprising, then, that the children of the west should be ardent, yet practical, plain, yet poetical, busy with the present, yet swelling with the future? Surely this is not a race to deny to man its share of poetry and art. FINE ARTS, ETC. 139 Hence we see forming native talent, in some instances, rare and precious, but without cultivation, eagerly seeking for the perfect, but without patience to wait, without schools of art to chasten and direct its energies, yet by the force of genius alone, triumphing over these obstacles and producing works which force the conviction of future greatness. From these premises, brieily as they are stated, Cincinnati must be regarded as one of the points where art in these latter times is one day to rear proud trophies and speak with a new power to the sense of the beautiful, the divine in man. Come when that day will, the statistics of art, few and feeble as they may appear in the following sketches, will then be read with interest as the first literary record of a germ of national character beginning to unfold, its dawning hour chilled by ne- cessity, but destined to flourish hereafter in the light of a bet- ter day. The following is a statement of the artists and their works in Cincinnati, with the date at which they commenced their course, their present residences, with names of persons in whose parlors their pictures, statues, &c. may be found. Portrait and Landscape Painters. Edwin B. Smith, 1815, New Orleans. Portraits and his- torical pieces — D. Churchill, J. H. Cromwell. */jI. TV. Corwine,"^ 1821. Portraits — Capt. Jos. Pierce, P. S. Symmes, N. Guilford, Timothy Walker, &c., and at West- ern Museum. Joseph Mason, 1822, Michigan. Portraits — Geo. Selves, Mrs. Mason, D. Churchill. SamH M. Lee, 1826, Opelousas, Louisiana, Landscapes — P. S. Symmes, Joseph Graham, D. B. Lawler, J. G. AVor- thington, T. II. Yeatman, J. S. Armstrong, &;c. His best works are at Louisville, Ky. Alonzo Douglass, 1828, Cincinnati. Portraits — Andrew Burt, and James Douglass. * Deceased. 140 FINE ARTS, FTC. C. Harding, 1828, Cincinnati. Portraits — S. S. L'Hom- medieii, Philip Young. Miner K. Kellogg, 1828, Florence, Italy. Portraits, fancy- pieces, &c. — William Manser, Charles F. Kellogg, Joseph S. Bates, Sheldon J. Kellogg. Tuttle* 1830, was a pupil of .West. Portraits — J. H. Cromwell, T. H. Yeatman, Jacob Burnet. Daniel Steele, 1830. /. H. Beard, 1830, Cincinnati. Portraits, fancy heads, and groups — Charles Stetson, Thomas Carter, R. R. Springer, S. S. L'Hommedieu, J. S. Armstrong, J. P. Foote, Griffin Taylor, S. E. Foote, G. K. Shoenberger, Wm. R. Morris, also at studio. /. P. Frankenstein, 1831, Philadelphia. Portraits — Capt. Pierce, Aaron Bowen, Mrs. R. T. Lytle. W. P. Resor. G. N. Frankenstein, 1831, Cincinnati. Portraits and land- scapes — Moses Burt, Hallowell's store, Wagener, Griffin Tay- lor, George Selves, and studio. John J. Tucker, 1834, Texas. Portraits — Dr. Shotwell, George Selves. TV. H. Powell, 1836, New York. Portraits — N. Long- worth, Nathaniel C. McLean, Mrs. Powell, Dr. Smith. Thomas B. Reed, 1836, New York. Portraits — W. R. Morton, I. G. Burnet, John J. Wright, Dr. Drake, George Selves. Wm. P. Brannan, 1837, Cincinnati. Portraits— Andrew Donogh and studio. Ji. Bahhvin, 1838, Cincinnati. Portraits and landscapes — Andrew Burt and Hallowell's store. T. W. Whittredge, 1838, Cincinnati. Landscapes — Hal- lowell and studio. Sidney S. Lyon, 1839, Cincinnati. Portraits and land- scapes — M. M. Carll, studio, Hallowell. John Cranch, 1839, Cincinnati. Portraits and fancy- pieces — Judge Miller, S. W. Davies, Mrs. A. Wood, E. * Deceased. FINE ARTS, ETC. 141 Dexter, J. Longworth, John W. Coleman, Dr. Rives, J. C. Vaughan, studio. J. P. Flagg, 1840, Cincinnati. Portraits — James C. Hall, David Gwynne, Dr. Trimble, &lc. studio. Miniature Painters. Thomas Dawson^ 1825, Cincinnati. G. K. Shoenberger and studio. T. V, Peticolas, 1825, Cincinnati. — Studio. /. 0, Gorman, 1838, Cincinnati. — Studio. 3Irs. R. Hosea,jr., 1838, Cincinnati. — Studio. Thomas Campbell, 1840, Cincinnati. — Wm. Yorke, J. H. Beard, J. D. Jones, J. P. Broadwell, and studio. Modelers and Sculptors. Hiram Powers, 1828, Florence, Italy. Busts — N. Long- worth, Mrs. A. Wood, J. P. Foote, Western Museum ; most of his best works are in the Atlantic cities and Italy. H. K. Brown, 1833, New York. Busts — D. Corwin, Dr. Israel Wilson. Shuhael Clevenger, 1837, Florence, Italy. Busts — N. Longworth, Wm. Greene, Judge Burnet, M. T. Williams, Dr. Eberle. Edward C. Brackett, 1839, New York. Busts — Henry Ives ; statue of Nydia the blind girl at the Cincinnati Acade- my of Fine Arts. John King, 1838, New York. Busts, cameos — Mrs. Ne- ville. John S. Whetstone, 1837, Cincinnati. Busts— Western Museum, J. Whetstone. A. Rostaing, 1835, Cincinnati. Cameo likenesses, and fan- cy heads in shell — N. Longworth, James C. Hall and studio. Societies of the Fine Arts. The Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts was formed on the 18th of "October, 1838, by a few young men of Cincinnati, in order that by their union they might obtain greater facilities for improvement in the various branches of the fine arts. God- 142 FINE ARTS, ETC. frey N. Frankenstein is President, and John L. Whetstone, Secretary, both of whom are named in the above table. They hekl an exhibition of one hundred and fifty pieces at the Me- chanics' Institute, in 1839, comprehending both foreign and native works ; but the exhibition was unsuccessful in a pecu- niary way, and did not enable them to accomplish their laud- able design of procuring a collection of casts. This they were, however, in the summer of 1840, enabled to do, through the liberality of several gentlemen ; and it was the first collec- tion of the kind ever brought to the West. In the spring of 1841 they intend giving another exhibition, open to all west- ern artists ; and these exhibitions will probably be continued annually hereafter. They have recently obtained a charter. The great body of the Cincinnati artists are united in the Section of the Fine Arts, which is one of the fourteen gen- eral sections of the Hamilton county Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, founded in 1840. They meet regular- ly for study, reading, and practice ; and a series of lectures upon the fine arts is now in preparation to be delivered before them. They interchange books, drawings and models, and will receive the benefit of the county society's library, when formed. They contemplate no separate exhibitions, but will contribute their resources to the general annual exhibition of fine arts. It is probable, indeed, that both societies will be united in name, as they are now in object. The corps of ar- tists residing in Cincinnati is small, composed of young men of limited resources, and their aid from without will depend much upon their concentration of strength within. They will all probably, therefore, unite in one society, and that will be a working society. The president of the Section of the Fine Arts is John Cranch, who is named in the foregoing table, and the secretary is Wm. Piatt, a student of the arts. It numbers about twenty acting members, most of whom are artists. FIRE DEPARTMENT. 143 FIRE DEPARTMENT. CINCINNATI FIRE ASSOCIATION, Instituted for the purpose of regulating the fire department, providing for sick and disabled members of the fire compa- nies, and settling disputes that may arise between one compa- ny and another. It is composed of seven members from each company, and five of the fire wardens. Officers. Josiah J. Stratton, President. Fenton Lawson, Treasurer. John D. Lovell, Secretary. Delegates from the different Companies. No. 1. Washington. Mark P. Taylor, A. W. Patterson, Joseph McDougal, H. H. Martin, Andrew J. Downs, Charles Chapman, Jacob Starr. No. 2. Relief. J. J. Stratton, J. G. Rust, Thomas G. Shaefier, John Young, William Q. Hodgson, James Pearce, Samuel King. No. 3. Independence. Miles Greenwood, William Disney, jr., Thomas Spooner, Charles R. Folger, Thomas Brooks, George Leonard, J. J. Tranchant. No. 4. Franklin. Samuel H. Taft, John A. Main, John C. Maggini, Thomas Bateman, Robert Waterman, William Humble, Jacob Jacobs. No. 5. Fame. A. Trowbridge, Charles C. Sackett, D. T. Snellbaker, Warren Finch, C. W. Smith, Enoch B. Scott, Benjamin Jenifer. No. 6. Fulton. D. H. Morton, William Clark, William C. Hardy, Thomas Carey, Sam'l M. Tomkins, Samuel Startz- man, Thomas Jone«. Independent Cotnpany. Fenton Lawson, Pollock Wilson, John Geyer, John D. Lovell, Wright Smith, jr., Charles A. Reeder. One vacancy. 144 FIRE DEPARTMENT. Independent Company, No. 2. Edward Shields, John H. Empson, Robert Alexander, Francis G. Miller, Joseph Phil- lips, Joseph Cartwright, Casper Castner. Fire Guards. D. C. Wallace, William Orange, N. C. McLean, M. R. Taylor, Charles Barnes, M. P. Cassilly, Ben- jamin Tappan. Hook and Ladder Company. J. S. Chamberlain, A. B. Shaw, William Murray, Charles B. Frank, AV. G. Cham- berlain. Protection Society, No. 1. Erastus Poor, Piatt Evans, William Medary, Isaac C. Copelen, C. F. Hanselmann, Jas. Saffin. One vacancy. Fire Wardens, No. 1. Not represented. Fire Companies. Jeffry Seymour, City Engineer. Washington Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 1. Pat Lyon — Engine 46 members Ranger — Hose 26 members Ohio — Engine 32 members Cincinnati Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 2. Cincinnati — Engine 30 members Reliance — Hose 32 members Relief— Engine 34 members Independence Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 3. Constitution — Engine • 33 members Veteran— Hose 18 members Liberty— Engine 37 members Franklin Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 4. Neptune— Engine 23 members Nymph — Hose 25 members Atlantic— Engine 26 members Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 5. Fame— Engine 23 members Canal — Hose 24 members Jefferson— Engine 27 members FIRE DEPARTMENT. 145 Independent Fire Engine and Hose Company. Pilot — Engine 41 members Red Rover — Hose 53 members Water Witch — Engine 35 members Independent Fire Company, No. 2. Cataract — Engine 25 members Pioneer — Hose 21 members Deluge — Engine 35 members Hook and Ladder Company, 42 members Protection Society, 47 members Cincinnati Fire Guards, 66 members Fire Wardens, 32 members Public Cisterns, These are thirty-four in number, and are placed at the inter- sections of the following streets : — No. 1, Butler and Congress; 2, Pike and Symmes ; 3, Ludlow and Third ; 4, McAlister and Fifth ; 5, Broadway and Sixth ; 6, Sycamore and Lower Market ; 7, Sycamore and Fourth ; 8, Sycamore and Seventh ; 9, Sycamore and Woodward; 10, Main and Second; 11, Main and Fourth; 12, Main and Sixth; 13, Main and Eighth; 14, Main and Twelfth; 15, Walnut and Third ; 1 6, Walnut and Fifth ; 17, Walnut and Seventh; 18, Walnut and Ninth; 19, Vine and First, or Front; 20, Vine and Fourth; 21, Race and Third; 22, Race and Fifth ; 23 Race and Sixth ; 24, Race and Sev- enth ; 25, Race and Ninth ; 26, Elm and Fourth ; 27, Elm and Sixth; 28, Elm and Eighth; 29, Plum and Third; 30, Plum and Fifth; 31, Western-row and Fourth; 32, Western- row and Sixth ; 33, Western-row and Seventh ; 34, John and Fifth. N 146 FIRE DEPARTMENT. Situations of Fire-Plugs. No. 1. Near Rolling-mill, above Deer creek, 2. Opposite Brewery, above Deer creek. 3. Near Water-works, above Deer creek. 4. E. side of Pike, between Congress and Symmes. 5. S. side of Symmes, between Lawrence and Pike. 6. W. side of Lawrence, between Second and Congress. 7. S. side of Second, between Lawrence and Ludlow. 8. N. side of Second, between Broadway and Ludlow. 9. W. side of Broadway, between Second and L. Market. 10. E. side of Broadway, between Fourth and Fifth. 11. N. side of Third, between Sycamore and Broadway. 12. N. side of Fourth, between Sycamore and Broadway. 13. S. side of Sycamore, between Fifth and Sixth. 14. S. side of Fifth, between Sycamore and Broadway. 15. W. side of Main, between Front and Second. 16. W. side of Main, between Second and Pearl. 17. E. side of Main, between Fourth and Fifth. 18. E. side of Main, between Sixth and Seventh. 19. N. side of Water, between Walnut and Main. 20. N. side of Front, between Walnut and Main. 21. N. side of Pearl, between Walnut and Main. 22. Corner of Fourth and Walnut. 23. N. side of Fifth, between Walnut and Main. 24. E. side of AValnut, between Sixth and Seventh. 25. N. side of Front, between Vine and Walnut. 26. N. side of Fifth, between Vine and Walnut. 27. E. side of Vine, between Front and Second. 28. Corner of Canal and Vine. 29. N. side of Water, between Race and Vine. 30. N. side of Fifth, between Race and Vine. 31. N. side of Front, between Elm and Race. 32. N. side of Fifth, between Elm and Race. 33. W. side of Plum, between Water and Front. 34. N. side of Water, between Elm and Plum. 35. W. side of Race, between Second and Third. WATER WORKS. 147 WATER-WORKS. Samuel H. Davies, Superintendent; James F. Irwin, Secre- tary; Ezra Carpenter, Collector. This important establishment was originally projected by Col. Saml. W. Davies, in the year 1817. In May of that year, he obtained from the city council a charter, granting the exclusive privilege of laying pipes, &c. in the streets of the city, for the term of 99 years. A suitable building for his operations was commenced in 1819, on the bank of the river, a short distance above Deer creek. This edifice, which is appropriated to the machinery for raising water, has its foundation laid deep and strong in the rock which, at this place, forms the bed of the Ohio. Its walls, commencing about ten feet above low water mark, are built of limestone. They are eight feet thick at the foun- dation, diminishing gradually to a height of thirty-five feet, where they are five feet thick. Here the brick-work com- mences. The building on the river side is ninety feet high. A well, which has been excavated in the solid rock beneath the building, communicates by a canal with the deep water, and thus guarantees a constant supply at the lowest possible depression of the river. The water is raised from this well by lifting-pumps to a point above high water mark, and is thence forced up to the reservoirs on the hill, a distance of about seven hundred feet. These reservoirs are elevated one hundred and fifty feet above low water mark, and about thirty feet above the upper plane of the city. The machinery em- ployed for the purpose is a forty horse power steam engine. The largest of these reservoirs is one hundred and three feet by fifty feet, and the smaller ninety-four feet by forty-five feet. The average depth of the whole is twelve feet, and their capacity one million six hundred thousand gallons. The Avater is carried through cast iron pipes under the bed of Deer creek to the intersection of Broadway and Third street, where it is distributed along all the principal streets, through 148 WATER WORKS. pipes of oak logs with iron joints. About twenty-four miles of pipe have been already laid, and they are constantly ex- tended as rapidly as public convenience and patronage require. The price of water varies according to the quantity supplied to a hydrant, the minimum rate being ten dollars. Those who take the water are at the expense of conducting it from the main pipe in the street, and furnishing hydrants, as well as keeping them in order. Until 1826, the works were carried on individually. In that year, under the necessity of increasing its operations, the ownership was transferred to others, who became incorporated under the title of " The Cincinnati Water Company," and who, after repeated efforts to sell out to the city since, accom- plished that arrangement, under the sanction of a public vote of the citizens, in 1839. The report of the superintendent of the works, for 1840, will serve to explain their present condition. Statement of the Condition of the Water Works, on the I5th of December, 1840. There are now in the city, Wooden pipes, from 1| to 2k inches in diameter, lO^ miles. Iron pipes, from 4 to 20 inches in diameter 4^ " Making in all 23| " There has been laid since the purchase of the works by the city, Wooden pipes of 2i inches diameter 3,337 feet. Iron pipes of 4 to 10 inches diameter 3,311 *' Making in all 6,648 " Being all the pipes laid down in that period, except the ordi- nary repairs of logs, the expense of which equals the cost of three inch iron pipes ^ and in view of this fact, I again respect- fully suggest to the committee the importance of abandoning the putting down the logs entirely, and laying nothing but iron pipes. It is at once seen, that although the original cost of logs is much cheaper than iron, yet the repairs of such logs WATER WORKS. 149 cost as much as the iirst cost o^ iron pipes of double the capa- city ; as regards economy, therefore, there can be but one opinion, and that is in favor of good iron pipes. Another dis- advantage from the use of logs, which is severely felt in the upper part of the city, is the impossibility of supplying through them as much water as the wants of the citizens require ; being necessarily of small diameter, and the draft on them constant, the water will not rise in the upper part of the city to within twenty feet of the height of the reservoir. In cities, such as Philadelphia, where the average height of their reservoir is less than in our own city, they have an abundant supply of water, not only for domestic purposes, but in case of fire also, which I deem one of the first objects of a well regulated water works. The reason of this abundant supply is obvious, as in Philadelphia they have iron pipes of capacity sufficient for all their wants. They suffered formerly at Philadelphia in the same manner as ourselves, when at one time they had six lines of ivooden jnpes leading their water to the city, which they finally abandoned and substituted iron pipes of large diameter. There has been discontinued since the city came into pos- session of the water works — of wooden pipes, seven thousand eight hundred and seventy-one feet. Of this amount three thou- sand three hundred and eleven feet have been replaced with iron pipes, and four thousand five hundred and sixty feet have been discontinued on streets where the former company had laid down iron pipes, and still continued the use of the logs. The attachments were therefore changed to the iron pipes and the logs abandoned, by which considerble leakage and many repairs have been avoided. The consumption of water in the city has averaged for the last year, one million and eighty thousand gallons daily, which has been distributed to three thousand tenants, being an ave- rage daily supply to each tenant of three hundred and sixty gallons. This large average supply is attributable, partially, to the constant practice throughout the city of families and other establishments supplying themselves with water from n3 150 STEAMBOATS. the hydrants and pipes without authority, which has become a very serious drawback upon the revenue of the works. But the large average supply (so greatly beyond the wants of the citizens) is principally owing to the innumerable leaks from the wooden pipes, which it is impossible to discover, as the water descends into the gravel and into the numerous sink holeSf so common on the upper plane of the city. As the iron pipes are substituted, this waste will diminish, and I have no doubt, when the wooden pipes are all abandon- ed, and some prompt measure enforced against such as take water without authority, that the present amount of fuel con- sumed by the engines will supply double the number of tenants. The average supply of water to each tenant in the city of Philadelphia is one hundred and seventy-seven gallons daily, being less than half the quantity supplied from the works of this city. The present engines and pumps can supply, by working twelve hours each day, twenty-one million gallons of water, by running both engines at the same time. Respectfully submitted, S. H. DAVIES, Superintendent. STEAMBOATS. List of steam vessels belonging the District of Cincinnati, January, 1841. Adriatic tons 383 Atalanta 180 Athenian » 110 A. M. Phillips 175 Bridge water ...... 160 Ben Franklin 311 Bowling Green .... 148 Columbia 140 Chieftain 322 Crusader 98 Cinderella ....... 125 Columbus 340 Creole 110 Commodore 198 Com. Barney 25 Davy Crockett 99 Dolphin 48 Dove 34 Echo 158 Elk 89 Eagle 56 Fair Play 135 STEAMBOATS. 151 Freedom 38 Fairy Queen 60 Flying Dutchman . • • 169 General Pike 235 General Wayne .... 208 General Harrison ... 149 Gov. Morehead .... 98 Home 75 Hoosier 82 Hope 44 Indian 73 Indiana 137 Independence 275 Joan of Arc 343 Lawrence 79 Lexington 230 Lady Scott 58 Levi Welch 83 Lily 82 Mail 148 Mediator 215 Marmion 204 Maryland 100 Maid of Kentucky . . 192 Miami 115 Mechanic 98 Monroe 89 North Star 148 New Orleans 305 Ohio Belle 295 Ozark 130 Osceola 94 Princeton 125 Patrick Henry 162 Picayune 80 Pike 295 President 249 Paul Pry 34 Queen of the West . . 291 Relief 90 Reporter 135 Renown 148 Rubicon 164 Southerner 205 Swiftsure 116 Swan 93 Sunflower 71 Scioto Valley 195 Splendid 354 Saline 75 Swallow 253 Sylph 65 Tuckahoe . 80 Transit 104 Tarquin 178 Tide 99 Triumph 68 Trader 29 Vesta 35 Victor 90 Vienna 155 Volant 113 Wacousta 98 Wyoming 99 Winchester 162 Zephyr 109 There are 437 steamboats navigating the western waters, of the following tonnage: — from 30 to 100 tons, 78; from 100 to 200, 212; from 200 to 300, 105; from 300 to 400, 24; from 400 to 500, 8 ; from 500 to 600, 5; from 600 to 700., 4; 785 tons, 1. 152 UNITED STATES OFFICES. UNITED STATES OFFICES. Cincinnati is a port of entry and enrolment. J. B. War- ren, Surveyor and Depository of Public Monies for this dis-^ trict. Office of the Surveyor General of Public Lands. This office was created by act of congress, passed May 18, 1796, and embraced what was then called the " North-west- ern Territory." After the purchase of Louisiana, its jurisdic- tion was extended to all the public lands west of the Missis- sipi river, and north of the 33d degree of latitude, compre- hending then within its limits, an extent of territory which now comprises the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri and Arkansas ; and the territories of Wisconsin and Iowa. By subsequent acts of congress, new surveying districts were set off, and similar offices established. This surveying district now embraces the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Mi- chigan. Under the direction of the surveyor general, all the public lands in those states are surveyed. He appoints his own dep- uties, who receive their instructions from him ; and by them the public surveys are executed. The original field-notes of all those surveys are returned to the surveyor general, and fil- ed in his office. From these field-notes the plats, or maps, of the several townships of the public lands are prepared in this office, and copies thereof transmitted to the general land office at Washington city, and to the land offices respectively, at which the lands are to be sold. The following are the names of the several surveyors gen- eral who have held this office : — Rufus Putnam, appointed in 1796; Jared Mansfield, 1803; Josiah Meigs, 1813; Edward Tiffin, 1814; William Lytle, 1829; Micajah T. Williams, 1831 ; Robert T. Lytle, 1835; Ezekiel S. Haines, 1838. UNITED STATES OFFICES. 153 The office, as now constituted, consists of — Ezekiel S. Haines, Surveyor General; Samuel Williams, Chief Clerk; Samuel Morrison, Augustus Hopkins and Charles Woelner, Draughtsmen; James T. Higbee and Arthur St. Clair Vance, Clerks. Office, at the Lytle Mansion, Lawrence, between Symmes and Fourth streets. Post-Office. The first post-office at Cincinnati was established in 1793, Abner Dunn being postmaster. His successors have been, William Maxwell, Daniel Mays, William Ruffin, and William Burke, the present incumbent. In 1815, the mails that arriv- ed each week, were but nine; in 1828, they were twenty- three ; at present there are sixty weekly mails. Revenue. V\^eekly Mails. 51,226.71 . .60 55,017.32 . . 60 49,815.13 . .60 Arrivals and Departures of the Mails, at the Post-office at Cincinnati, Ohio. Eastern Mail, via Columbus, O., and Wheeling, Va., arrives at 82, A. M.; departs at 11, A. M. ; closes at 10, A. M. Southern mail, via Louisville, Ky., by steam-boat, arrives at 7, A. M. ; departs at 10, A. M ; closes at 9, A. M. Southern mail, via Georgetown and Lexington, Ky., arrives at 7, A. M. ; departs at 10, A. M. ; closes at 9, A. M. Northern mail, via Hamilton and Dayton, Ohio, arrives at 12 at night ; departs at 5, A. M. ; closes previous to day of departure at 8, P. M. Western mail, via Indianapolis, la., arrives daily, Mondays excepted, at 8, P. M. ; departs daily, Sundays excepted, at 5, A. M. ; closes previous to departure at 8, P. M. Newport and Covington mail arrives at 8, A. M. ; departs at 9, A. M ; closes at 9, A. M. Year. Revenue. Weekly Mails. Year. 1826. .$8,162.00 . .23 1838 1828 . . 12,150.00 . .23 1839 1829 . . 16,251.00 . .32 1840 1833 . .26,118.00 . .60 154 UNITED STATES OFFICES. Chillicothe, O. mail, via Hillsborough and Bainbridge, Arrives, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, .... at 6, P. M. Departs, Monday, Wednesday and Friday .... at 8, A. M. Closes, previous to day of departure at 8, P. M. West Union mail, via Milford and Batavia, O. Arrives, Sunday, Wednesday and Friday at 5, P. M. Departs, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday .... at 6, A. M. Closes, previous to day of departure at 8, P. M. Maysville, Ky. mail, via New Richmond and Ripley. Arrives, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday • . . • at 7, P. M. Departs, Monday, Wednesday and Friday .... by 6, A. M. Closes, previous to day of departure at 8, P. M. Cynthiana, Ky. mail, via Newport and Alexandria, Ky. Arrives, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday . . • . at 5, P. M. Departs, Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday . . . • by 6, A. M. Closes, previous to day of departure at 8, P. M. Stillwell, O. mail, via Mount Healthy, O. Arrives on Saturday at 4, P. M. Departs on Friday at 9, A. M. Montgomery mail, via Walnut Hills, 0. Arrives, Sunday, Wednesday and Friday at 6, P. M. Departs, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday .... at 6, A. M. Lawrenceburgh, la. mail, via Burlington, Ky. Arrives, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday .... at 9, P. M. Departs, Monday, Wednesday and Friday . • . at 10, A. M. EARLY ANNALS OF CINCINNATI. In preparing " Cincinnati in 1841 " for the press, I pro- posed to furnish an extended narrative of the incidents con- nected with the early settlement and progress, until 1835, of the place, — which I designed should serve as a principal sec- tion of this work. It became, however, apparent, that I must exclude either this whole subject, or every thing else which it was proposed should succeed it, the materials gathered for the purpose proving so valuable and ample as to forbid the idea of reducing the space allotted this department to a few pages. Reserving for future use, therefore, the great body of fact and incident relating to the early history of Cincinnati, and trusting that further researches will render my materials more authentic and complete, I shall substitute in this section of the publication. Early Annals of Cincinnati, compiled from the early newspaper press, then and always the most de- tailed, accurate, and interesting records of contemporary facts ; and transcribing all notices that are matters of interest, with such comments and explanations as may be necessary to shed light on the darkness of the past. My extracts commence with the "WESTERN SPY and HAMILTON GAZETTE," reaching as far back as the ori- gin of that press in 1799; Mr. Joseph Carpenter, the editor and pioprietor, commencing it as a weekly print, and issuing the first number on May 28th of that year. This was not, however, the first newspaper published in Cincinnati, Free- man's Journal and Maxwell's Gazette having successively 155 156 EARLY ANNALS. preceded it. I have not been able to obtain either of those prints thus far, although they are believed, at least in scatter- ed numbers, still to exist; but except as curiosities, they are probably of little value. They were both published very ir- regularly, and neither lasted for any length of time. The Spy itself, although published in what may be termed a more ad- vanced state of society, was occasionally intermitted in its publication, as the mails, then once a week at oftenest, failed in their arrivals, or a supply of printing paper run out, or the proprietors had a job of public printing on hand. How little had newspapers, in that day, approximated their present im- portance and interest, which renders thousands so dependent on them, as to feel the failure of the morning news a privation as great as the loss of their breakfast. May 17, 1799. " Post Office. Notice is hereby given that a post-office is established at CHELICOTHA. All per- sons therefore having business in that part of the country, may now have a speedy and safe conveyance by post for letters, packets, &c." This was of course carried on horse, there being no wheel route, nor any thing more than an Indian trace through the woods, at that time. Our respected fellow-citizen, Griffin Yeatman, figures among the active scenes of the early days of Cincinnati. His adver- tisement, same date, runs thus : " Observe this notice. I have experienced the many expenses attending my pwnp, and any FAMILY wishing to receive the benefits thereof for the future, may get the same by sending me twenty-five cents each Mon- day morning." Ye who growl at paying ten dollars a year for the use of wholesome, palatable river water, delivered into your hydrants at your doors, how would you relish it, like your predeces- sors, to pay thirteen dollars per annum for the nauseous well water, of which specimens may still be found in parts of the city, and constrained at that to carry it yourselves to your own house, frequently at a great distance ? .*t % EARLY ANNALS. 157 The militia figured here, as every where else in new settle- ments. "Battalion Order, May 13, 1799. The lieutenant colonel again calls on the oflicers of every grade to exert themselves in exercising and teaching the men the necessary mancEuvres as laid down in Baron Steuben's instructions, &;c. And it is hoped that the delay of the battalion muster may produce a good effect ; that is, that the industrious farmers may have time to put in their summer crops, and the industri- ous officers, at their company parades, may improve their men in exercising them, so that they may be distinguished when the battalion is formed, which will be on the fourth of July next. BY ORDER, Daniel Symmes, lieutenant and adju- tant." Two excellent reasons, certainly, for postponement. A dot, however, might naturally arise in the minds of some, .y self among the number, whether much progress could be made by the farmers in military science while getting in their crops. Possibly they were taught, like the farmer's son in the "Poor Gentleman,''^ who sowed his three acres of wheat be- fore breakfast to the tune of Belleisle's march, to mark time in cutting their grain, and keep step with their horses in wag- oning it home. In due season, as appears by "a Spectator in the Spy, that the battalion paraded accordingly ; that two or three compa- nies on foot were in uniform, and a troop of horse, about thir- ty in number, mostly so also ; the whole being reviewed by his excellency William Henry Harrison, governor of the ter- ritory," pro tempore. Thomas Goudy, of Millcreek, at the close of a long adver- tisement, in which the capacities and facilities of his mill are fully set forth, adds, " as to the despatch of business, I need say no more, than that Mr. Jessup had 85 bushels corn ground on her in precisely eight minutes. I hope to gain a general custom, but she is absolutely idle for want of work at present." Who at that time could have contemplated the possibility, within forty years, of this same region between the Miamis, O 158 EARLY AXNALS. after supplying a home consumption for citizens and farmers, sending off to New Orleans three hundred thousand barrels flour per annum. June 18.— "Natchez and New Orleans price current. It may be depended on. Markets very much glutted at Orleans and this place (Natchez.) Whiskey 50 to 60 cts. per gall. Iron 11 dollars per 100. Castings 8 to 9 dollars ditto. To- bacco, ready sale from 9 to 10 dollars per hundred. Flour from 5.50 cts. to 6 dollars per bbl. and very dull sale. Bacon 8 to 10 cts. per lb. Cordage very dull sale — E. Craig just arrived with three boat loads v/ith it. Much complaint of the scarcity of cash.'' ^ Again, June 25th, among other prices at Natchez, whiskey is quoted at 5 to 6 bits — 625 to 75 cts. ; castings and iron same as last; untarred cordage 18 to 20 cts. per lb. ; nails 25 to 33| cts. per lb. ; cotton 20 to 21 dollars per hundred. Many of these articles do not vary much from modern prices. Iron and castings have been reduced one-half by our improved facilities of manufacture and transportation. These were articles which went down the river ; we shall presently see the astonishing disparity of prices— past and present — on what was carried up the Ohio. Cotton was then just becoming an item of produce — the most far-reaching mind, unable to have anticipated its future value to the country — and while it was so far short of an ade- quate supply to the wants of the people, was not, perhaps, higher in price than might be expected. Cordage was double its present rates. The price of nails — wrought nails, I pre- sume — serves to point out the value of cut nails, an article of such daily use and indispensable necessity, and which, even at their reduction to one-fourth the price quoted here, constitute a heavy share in building expences. The business of the city appears to have been done princi- pally on Main below Second — then Columbia street, so called from leading to the town of that name, — Front street facing the landing, and Sycamore, a short distance from Front street. EARLY ANNALS. 159 Robert Park — the first hatter in the place — at the corner of Main and Second, the ground now occupied by Bates' drug- store, advertises hats for cash or country produce ; buys furs, and wants an apprentice on good terms, which, like others, he prefers to get from the country. We are all apt to speak of the weather, in comparison of other periods, as the hottest or the coldest we have ever known. What shall we say of the sufferings of the early settlers under what must have been an unprecedented degree of heat here, in June, and uncommon in that month every where. June 25th.—" We have, within these few days, experi- enced a greater degree of heat than was ever known in the country. On Thursday, the 20th, the mercury rose to 103 in the shade, four degrees higher than was ever known before ; Friday, 21st, 100; Saturday, 22d, 96; Sunday, 23rd, 100; Monday, 24th, 101." Notices of marriages ran thus in the newspapers : — Mar- ried, on the January, Mr. Henry to the amia- ble Miss ; or the amiable and accomplished Miss . This was a form common also in Philadelphia, as I well re- collect, about the same period, superceded there as here in the progress of a purer taste. As an illustration of fashions, I notice at this period adver- tisements in the Spy of hair-powder, and fair-top boots. July 4th, 1799, the first recorded celebration in Cincinnati, of our national anniversary : — "The morning being ushered in by a federal salute from Fort Washington, and the 1st bat- talion Hamilton militia paraded at the muster ground, in the vicinity of this place, they went through the customary evolu- tions and firings. — As to their performance, we need only re- fer our readers to the governor's general orders. — After the battalion was dismissed, the governor, the federal officers from Fort Washington, the officers of militia, and a large number of respectable citizens, dined under a bower prepared for that purpose. Capt. Miller having furnished a piece of artillery, 160 EARLY ANNALS. which, with captain Smith's company of militia, accompanied by martial music, made the woods resound to each of the fol- lowing toasts," &c. The toasts are in good spirit and taste, but are too long to insert here. *' In the evening, the gentlemen joined a brilliant assembly of ladies, at Mr. Yeatman's, in town ; it is impossible to de- scribe the ecstatic pleasure that appeared to be enjoyed by all present," &;c. Then follows the general order, referred to, of the governor, in which he highly compliments the battalion on the ease and exactness of their evolutions and firings; which, he adds, w^ould not discredit regular soldiers. Governor St. Clair — these general orders and other publications being testimo- ny — appears to have understood, with Cromwell before his day, and Napoleon since, both of whom he resembled in his exercise of authority, that the greatest degree of familiarity with the rank and file of the people, is not incompatible with the most arbitrary conduct towards those just below his own degree, in political and social influence. July 11. — " Thomas Gregg has opened a new tavern in the town of CHELICOTHA, at the sign of the Green Tree. Travellers and others supplyed with every thing necessary for their accommodation — and supplyed for their joitrney through the wilderness.'''' The wilderness, I suppose, comprehended the whole coun- try north and west of that place — north to the lakes, and west to the Mississipi. July 16.—-" Advertisement for an apprentice. There is a vacancy at present in the SPY office, for an apprentice to learn the printing business. Any person wishing to learn his son a business which has been the most beneficial to mankind since its discovery, would do well to embrace the present op- portunity. A Lad from fourteen to fifteen would meet with generous terms. One from the country would be preferred." July 23. — A runaway apprentice. Robert M'Gennis ad- EARLY ANNALS. 161 vertises his boy, Philip Drum. A reward of sixpence worth of cucumbers would be given in next December, — when they should have groAvn, I suppose. Here is a specimen of the privations and sufferings of the early settlers. *' Captain E. Kibby, who sometime since undertook to cut a road from Port Vincennes to this place, returned on Monday reduced to a perfect skeleton — he had cut the road 70 miles, when by some means he was separated from his men ; after hunting several days for them without success, he steered his course this way. He has undergone great hardships, and was obliged to subsist on roots, &c., which he picked up in the woods. Thus far report." Same date. — Ephraim Morrison, having charged Benjamin Walker with killing or making use of public cattle, and being unable to prove the fact, or satisfied he had no reason to say so, gives what is termed in early times a libel, properly a lie- hill, or certificate of having slandered him, in these terms : " Finding that the Impeachment I have laid in against Benja- min Walker cannot be substantiated with sufhcient proof, I do for the future clear and acquit him therefrom ; and likewise in the case of Slander, I do consider him clear of either murder or felony in any sense or meaning whatever. Nov. 28, 1798. Ephraim Morrison." Dunning advertisements appear in all varieties, and in the usual forms, in new countries. Some are printed upsidedown to attract notice ; some coax, and others threaten. Some ap- peal to a sense of lionor or conscience, others to the terrors of the law. Others again regret that the English language has not terms forcible enough to express the urgencies of their case. July 30. — Obituary of Rev. Peter Wilson — the first cler- gyman who had settled here — in the second year of his min- istry. We have next, — "A Recipe to make beer from the shells of green peas. Pour six gallons of water on ^ bushel of pea- shells, and boil the whole until the shells are insipid to the o2 163 EARLY ANNALS. taste. Pour off the water, which will be very sweet, into a clean tub or keg, and add a pint yeast and two ounces ground ginger. Fermentation will soon take place and the beer be fit for use. " Beer obtained in this manner is very clear, has a fine am- ber color, is pungent to the taste and bears a fine bead when poured into a tumbler: is superior to molasses beer and hot inferior to mead. *' One bushel of the shells will make several dozen bottles of beer. The beer should be put in strong bottles and the corks secured by wire. If the cellar is not cool the bottles will burst with an explosion, as the author of this communi- cation has experienced. " The beer distilled yields a spirit of the taste and color of whiskey." Duns. Aug. 6. — William Austin's jxttience being almost exhausted, calls the attention of those indebted to him' &c. " OBSERVE. The undersigned having a particular call to go to the Atlantic States, requests his customers, to pay off, &c. In so doing they will not only be considered honest men, but particular friends of their very humble servant, Avg. 19, 1799. C. Avery." It seems by a note, that many of these accounts were of Jive years'* standing. Long credits are the besetting sins of an early state of society, which its progress always finds matter both of necessity and interest to correct. On the 22d of the next month, Mr. Avery again makes his compliments to the reader and his debtors, in the following terms: — " Ml) generous friends, — it may seem like an absurdity to give you another call, to assist me to perform my journey to the Atlantic States. One moment's reflection to men of sense, as I know you all are, will be sufficient to shew you that it is out of my power to bring out my family to this place ivithout a considerable sum of money, &c. " Gentlemen, you are to say whether I shall go to the At- EARLY ANNALS. 163 lantic States or not. I flatter myself that there is not one man among you hut what \\\\\ exert every nerve to accomplish my wishes this time. Your distressed friend and very humble servant." Here is a dun from some meeker and more subdued spirit : "The subscriber requests all persons indebted to him, to call and settle immediately, as he intends to start for the Adantic States in two weeks. Thomas Frazer. Sept. 13, 1799." Levi M'Lean, who figures at different periods as jailer, pound-keeper, butcher and constable — four pretty hard-hearted trades — and teacher of vocal music — a softer one — makes his debut at this period, in a call on his debtors whom, by way of contrast to the title given by Mr. Avery, he calls "my un- generous friends." But the most pathetic dun is the following. " Those indebted to Dr. Homes are desired to remit him the sums due — he being confined to jail deprives him of the pleasure of calling personally on his friends — they will there- fore particularly oblige their unfortunate friend, by complying with this request without loss of time. Hamilton county pri- son, Oct. 29, 1799." "Look sharp! last notice. Thomas Thompson. Jan. 15, 1800." Thomas Frazer, whose courteous notice has been already referred to, complains, February 12, "that litde attention has been paid his former notice, and requests all persons indebted to him to come forward before the 10th of March next, as he is going to Pennsylvania." Feb. 19. — "No mail this week." It seems that the good people of Cincinnati, had received but one mail for the last four weeks. As they had but one newspaper, and that of weekly issue, such frequent failures were of much more im- portance than our present mail delinquencies, which leave us sometimes three successive days without a mail beyond Wheeling. The disappointments in those days, appear not to have excited as much growling as in ours. 164 EARLY ANNALS. Feb. 19. — Michael Brokaw calls on his debtors for imme- diate payment or else ! ! ! March 4. — The Rev. James Kemper advertises "his farm of 154 acres at seven dollars per acre." Mr. K. resided on the premises for more than thirty-five years afterwards, and lived to see this ground worth five hundred dollars per acre. March 12. — The president appoints Charles W. Byrd sec- retary of the territory of the United States, north-west of the Ohio. Aug. 27. — We have under this date, a speech delivered by sundry Indian chiefs to major Simeon Kinton — Simon Ken- ton, doubtless — and published by him to allay apprehensions of Indian troubles in this region. William and M. Jones advertise : — "That they still carry on the Baking business, and as Jlower is getting cheap, they have enlarged their loaf to four pounds, which is sold at one eighth of a dollar per loaf, or flour pound for pound, payable every three months." O rare and conscientious dealers ! a pound of bread for a pound of flour, and at three months' cre- dit, too. What would our friends of the hot oven think of this arrangement now-a-days? What say you, friend Jacob Wolf, would it not be equitable to the public and suflSciently profitable to the baker? As flour is now a cash article, the credit on the bread, however, should be dispensed with. I knew a worthy German in Philadelphia, who had made a for- tune by baking for l^ie continental service ; he delivered to the commissary bread for flour, pound for pound, saying that no honest man ought to ask more. Sept. 3.-— Details are given of the atrocities of Micajah Harpe and Wiley Harpe, who about this period were the ter- ror of the wilder regions of Kentucky and Tennessee. AVith the names and career of these land pirates, the public have been rendered familiar by Judge Hall, in his interesting legend of the Harpe's Head. Sep. 10. — ^^ Notice to smiths, A blacksmith is very much wanted at Dayton, there being none within 20 miles of the EARLY ANNALS. 165 place, which subjects the inhabitants to great inconvenience. A smith might settle himself to good advantage here," &c. We have here a specimen of the beginnings of the coffee- house system, as places of refreshment. " Francis Menes- sier begs leave to inform the public that he has opened a cof- fee-house at Cincin^jati, at the foot of the hill on Main street, where he proposes to retail different kinds of liquors, and all kinds of pastry, &c. He will punctually attend the coffee- house, which will be open from 2 o'clock until 9 P. M. His sign is Pegasus the had poet, fallen to the ground. Also teaches the French language. School to begin on Monday the 23d inst., at his house : teaching every evening, Saturdays and Sundays excepted," &c. It is to be hoped his knowledge of the French language was more profound than it appears to have been in mythology, where he is guilty, if not of hypallage, in putting the cart be- fore the horse, at least of mistaking the horse for his rider. The property "at the foot of the hill," is the lot at the south-west corner of Main and Third streets, on which now stands the banking house of the Life Insurance and Trust Company. This piece of ground, squaring one hundred feet on Main, by two hundred on Third street, was bought by Menessier for an old saddle, worth probably fifteen dollars, a short time previous to this advertisement. About the same time, Mr. Hezekiah Flint paid one hundred and fifty dollars for the lot of similar dimensions, on which he now resides on Walnut below Fourth street. If it be wondered why the Main street property, worth ten times as much as that on Walnut street, should command no more than one tenth the price of the last, thus reducing the Menessier property to one hundredth part of its proportionate value, the only reason that can be given is, that the Main street property was overhung by the abrupt front of the hill, which injured present improve- ment in that region of the city, and induced the population to spread over the second table, even at a greater distance from the public landing and business streets of the city. The citi- 166 EARLY ANNALS. zens of that day do not appear ever to have contemplated such growth and improvements of the city as to render such a piece of property of much value. John Kidd commences the baking business in its various branches, in the house, corner of Front and Main streets — now occupied by Holland and Compton as a grocery store. The legislature of the north-western territory, October 3d, 1799, appointed " Wm. Henry Harrison, Esq. to represent the territory in the congress of the United States." October 7th. — We have here some insight into Cincinnati prices of that day : Imperial or Gunpowder Tea, $3 per lb. ; Hyson, $2 25 ; Hyson-skin, $1 50 ; Bohea — a meaner article than the clover tea, which, under the name of Pouchong, &c. is now the fashionable article of modern times — at $1 per lb. ; loaf sugar, 44 cents ; pepper, 75 cts. ; allspice, 50 cts. Dear tea-drinking and sweetening in those days. Thomas Goudy comes out in the dunning line without pe- riphrasis, and much to the point. " All common-place ideas of circumstances is unnecessary — the subscriber wants his money — most of it has been due from one to seven years, and all notes or debts not paid by the 15th instant will be put in suit," &c. Seven years ! No wonder he was out of patience. October 17th. — Wm. M'Farland commences a manufactory of earthenware, probably the first factory of any kind in the place ; certainly the first of that description of goods. Schools appear to have been of early establishment. James White advertises a day and night school. Evening school $2 per quarter, the scholars finding firewood and candles. Writ- ing, arithmetic, i-^ ^^ 7 O O , All kinds of Brittauia Ware repaired at short notice. .CI Mo Bo MUMMAK, DEAIiEB IN DRUGS, MEDICINES, PAINTS, ills, iwif iFii m wijNjiiW-tiLA\if. 3^0. 2, €awtx Maxktt Stxttt, O* Agent for the sale of Darid I^andreth's C;arden and Flo-wer Seeds. -^^^^^.i;s^/\^^^0^^.^rs^^i^^ DEALER II 148 THAIN STREET, CINCINNATI. jCT'The highest market price paid for FURS. ISAAC YOUNG, -w'HOZiHSii.i.i: & hhtaiIm SADDLE, HARNESS AND TRUNK MAliUMCTURER. H^To. 100 ittalu Stnd, Cincinnatt, Keeps constantly on hand and for sale, a superior assortment of „^x, i^ i:2:> i:^a im 02. '^s' o Also — a general assortment of q;j» S u i t a b 1 e for country trade. ,r3) STODDARD & ALEXANDER, €OAI. 8l COKE €ast Jront, bctoccn |Jik£ &; Butler 0tmt0, — — >-#-M«--= N. L. COLE, EAST FIFTH, NEAR MAIN, OPPOSITE DENNiSON HOUSE. UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS, Wbalebone and Sone for Corsets, and Corset Bone. (Xjr' Repairing neatly done at the above store, jp^ FRENCH BURR MILL-STONES ^o BMAIDIF®BID) & (0®o May be found at work on the corner of Walnut and Second Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio, and are prepared to furnish French Burr Mill-Stones, of a superior quality to any establishment in the western country. Also, Screen f^tre atCts Mnuttv oi Jpari% MILL-IRONS, &c. &c. fi^" All work M^arranted, and bargains given for cash. .CI O. & F. CLOUD, Mare constantly on hand LAW, IViEDlCAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, With tlie current literature of the day. DRAPISB. & TAIlsOR, m. 261 JHaiu Street, W. TEASDALE, I®1^ BIB ItW^^d -WJLIiITUT STREET, WEST SIDE; BETWEEI SIXTH AID SEYEITH. DYING, SCOURING, STEAM FINISHING, &C. Carpets, Tabic and Piano Covers, cleaned. KOLP & MYERS, ■l. 1^0" TBU" 3^r^ J9^ «I3 rsc TKIJ- DK«. 1^5:: JOt 9^ 9 SOUTH-EAST CORNER OF BROADWAY AND EIGHTH STREET, Edge Tools furnished Wholesale and Retail, at short notice, and on reasonable terms. \^^\ff^ffsff4f^ht^^*«*m TIN, COPPER & IRON PLATE WORKERS, AN© MAIVUFACTUKEKS OF HOT AIR FURNACES, STOVES, &C, VINE, THREE DOORS BELOW FIFTH ST. 3J. CEoatii aamiis matje anU reiiaCretr, UPHOLSTERY AND CABINET WAREHOUSE. MAIUFACTnKES And keeps constantly on hand, at wholesale and retail, TABLES, BEDSTEADS, BEOS, MATRESSES, &C. Of the best quality, at reduced prices. NO. S3 FIFTH STREET, SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN WALNUT AND MAIN, CINCINNATI. UPHOLSTERY, THIRD STREET, BETWEEN MAIN AND SYCAMORE. CINCINNATI, Wijtxz ctrc ^anufacturetr antr constantlw on ijanti "Well made, of Crood Materials, and the liowest Prices. (DlffilEnEOiri, (DHJBTAlIiri (& (OAMFUfi Made to order at the shortest notice Captains and owners of Steam-boats are requested to call and judge for themselves. W. R. JACKSON, Ag't. CABIIET FURHITURE WARDROOMS, A few doors east of Main Street, Elegant and fashionable Fnrnitnre al^'ays on hand. ROWIiAND ELLIS, WEST THIRD STREET. Solrent Bank notes, Oold and Silver, and Exchange on NeTr ITork, Philadelphia and Baltimore, bought and sold at the most favorable market rates* '<^^>v \^^^^\^^^^V^**«- Mo Ho 0-(n)©ID)MAKr & 0©, EXCHANGE BROKERS, Ko. ill Main Street, -^w^AlMA^^-^^gggl^g^/^^^^^WJW^. W. M. C OR R Y, iji lORTH WEST CORMER OFFICE OF THE WESTERN PUBLISHED BYE. J. HOOPER; EDITED BY E. J. HOOPER & THOMAS AFFLECK, AND A\iiijomTiiM & iiiTruwniM STo. 93 Mam Qtxtd, tljlrt iroor bdom ^taxl, [UNDER THE MUSEUM] c^ n 5^3^ c^ ^ S3^ S3^ ..^^ ^^:p a: o The " Western Farmer and Gardener " is a monthly periodical, of 24 octavo pages, highly illustrated — the six first numbers of the second volume alone containing thirteen highly finished copperplate engravings, by Foster, and as many wood-cuts — published at one dollar per annum, in advance. -*^r^.^<^(^^^^^^7^-^^|•^^•|^^-^^^V^<^<^;^,(^«^^#**. PRINTING OFFICE AND EVERY VARIETY OF BOOK AND JOB PRINTING Done at the shortest notice and in the neatest manner, at the Office of NORTH WEST CORNER OF MAIN AND FIFTH STREETS, PAPER HANGINGS. Manufacturers &; Importers, N0. 193, MXaxn QtxttU WEST SIDE, BETWEEN FOURTH «& FIFTH. Wi^iiiin ©MTi m§ mm '3 JAMES DEERY, SOUTH SIDE FIFTH, 3ttwttn |)lum Street anir lUesternrotu, CINCINNATI, Makes and repairs all kinds of CARRIAGES, WAGONS, CARTS, DRAYS, &c, JSlatfesmfthCnu tn general, also. H. H. B O R G M A N N, THIRD STSEET, Oi;>Tposite. tTie Post Office, NUTZ & T IMPS ON, INSTRUMENT MAKERS, Third Street, 2 doors East of the Post Office, CIXCIJVlVATr, PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS. 194 COLUMBIA ORSlCOlfD STRUT, BETWEEN BROAD AV AY AND LUDLOW STREETS, ■«^^>-; <,/^\/hif'^hC^/hff^ff^^***' GEORGE W. COFFIN & CO. No. 194 COLUMBIA OR SECOJVD STREET, BETWEEN BROADWAY AND LUDLOW STREETS, (S]iir©iisrirAi]i, @ihiii©o CHURCH, ACADEMY, STEAM-BOAT AND TAVERN IS S:^ I^a IlLa ^ Q HOSE. & SALT-WELL JOINTS. Brass Castings of any weight not exceeding 3000 lbs. cast on a day's notice. f^* Old Brass and Copper taken in exchange. Jff BARTON WHITE, MASUf ACTDRIR; Q/\o-. ^42 tT U.OCUVICH©, one Oool atoi>e ^ointft Ot. ****^^^^^^\^NN/^(^^-'^'^^^\^'^'^^^^^^*^- Wm. H. Ross. John Oeyer. WESTERN CHAIR MANUFACTORY. CINCINNATI. s/^Si. iiLUNJii A\NJi iiiii. HOUSE CARPENTER AND JOINER. JOBBING OF All KINDS DONE WITH PROMPTNESS. STortl) Slit of Cljirlr, bttrocm lace &^ €lm 0t0. LUMBER, SHINGLES, &c €orner of S^ace an"a Seconti Streets, CINCINNATI. Kl* Constantly on hand all kinds of building niaterialst ^ o. Mcdonald, ©HlKDIElfirAlH, Iflakes every description of PLANTATION WAGONS, OX CARTS, AND HOISTING WHEELS FOR STORE HOUSES. PROCTER & GAMBLE, SOAP AND CANDL.E AND STARCH FACTORS, CINCI NNATI ARCADE Sjjcamcre Street, betroecn ^ifxv^ aui) Jourtl), OPIPOSITE THE NATIONAIi THEATKE. This well known establishment is open every day, where fVarm, Cold^ Shoiver and Salt Baths, can be had at all times and seasons. To the Ladies' apart- ments the entrance is on the south side of the building, where a respectable female will attend them. Spare Bathing Tubs, for the accommodation of Invalids, sent to any part of the city. ARCH'D. AVOODRUFF. ^€^. C^ .^ 113. ^^ PRINTING INK. Office, Eighth, two doors West from Main. CINCINNATI. The subscriber is prepared to furnish the Newspaper press of the West with PRINTING INK of his own manu- facture. The Daily Gazette affords a specimen of its qual- ity, that paper having been printed with Ink from his factory, for some weeks past. The same article has also been used in various other offices, both in the city and country. This Ink is recommended to all who have experienced the difficulty of procuring a constant supply of Eastern Ink, and feel disposed to encourage Western enterprise. GEORGE GUILFORD. BIEo M®S^AHM i if 9 FroUK Frauace—Many years a resident of Cinciaiiatl, Performs Surgical or illcrljamcal €>paation0, APPERTAfflld TO THE PHOIESSIOI, icr Office on Fourth Street, West of Main, North side. mimn i? ™^^ ei JAMES M^CLEARY, HOUSE CARPENTER AND JOINER, ' Sonth side of Fifth, betweea Race and Tine Streets, PAUL RUST & SON, ANU €oxntx of CongtDortI) anb |)lttm Sixttts, Are prepared to attend Funerals on the shortest notice. HARDWARE AND CUTLERY. John P. Broad well. Thomas Spooner* Wholesale and Retail dealers in iToretgn anh WomtBtit HARDWARE AND CUTLERY: XO. 19T MAIX STREET, WEST SIDE, BETWEEN FOURTH AND FIFTH STREETS, © n ss' 2 ss" ^ A s n 13* An extensire and general assortment of Building materials, of the Tery best manufacture,— Xldge Tools, Saws, Chisels, &e, &€• ALSO Every class of Hardware Goods suited for the Country trade and to the furnishing of Families, Hotels and Steam-boats, always on hand and for sale low, and on accommodating terms. *^**^^^Nr\ff\ff'^(^^>'^^^'^^^\^''4N^'^^^^'^***** JOHN A. ROWAN, mmt umtmm & mmm. And manufacturer of South side of Columbia Street^ MRS. WESTERFIELD, AND DEALER IN MILLINERY AND LACE GOODS, EnyrBRorDERiT, &c, 143 iHain Stmt, hdxvmi ^\x^ $^ ibitrtlj, CIlSrCIlVKATI, Keeps constantly on hand a splendid stock of LiiHjiiNi, mum mm mmkw t 1:^^11 ca^is^(^ LSI c^c^ II3i^3i0.cilc ABTIFICIAIi FliOTVERS, JPARIS RIRBONS, PI^AIN AN]> FIOURED SIIiKS, SATEVS, &c. Suitable for bonnets and dresses, which she is prepared to manufacture in the most fashionable style. GLASS CUTTING ESTABLISHMENT, Corner of JiftI) and |)ikc Streets, C^ £2 SS" (^ 52 S2r SsP >^:^ 'C? ESg Keep constantly on hand a general assortment of m^ M3) iPiLMi mi^u mm, 'Which they ^vHl sell as cheap and on as liberal terms as any other Fstablisluuent. Window Glass obscured, and cut to any pattern desirable. They have in their Printing establishment a careful and ex- perienced Superintendent, and five Power Presses in good order, propelled by water, each of which can throw off daily, five thousand impressions ; and have also superior facilities for drying and pressing sheets as fast as printed. The style of Printing done on their Power Presses can be seen by examining Judge M'Lean's Reports, Howard's Re- ports, Cincinnati in 1841, and the Life of Tecumseh; — the Eclectic Series of School Books, and Music books, published by Truman g 1^0. 5 O^ost iront 0trc£t, PRODUCE, FORWARDING, AND CORNER BROADWAY AND FRONT STREETS. CINCINNATI. tp J. D. CONWELL & CO. CABINET, CHAIR AND SOFA On the East side of Broadway, between Front and Second Streets, - (^ They would invite the public to call and examine their present stock of Cabinet Furniture, which comprises some of the handsomest articles ever got up in this city. & '^2'ttiair^c£l ^liir^cscsac ;lltlM4tl. (;^ Locks for dwelling houses of every description. — Store, bank and prison Locks made to order ; — also, Bells hung and Locks repaired. ^*#^->><^<^^^^v^^^■,^^p^; ^j^jX'-t^^' ^^^^INNNnn^^*^** ]>flA]L.ER IN m. Ill iltdn Stmt, 11:2 Si 11^9 AND ^< 2(ro. 03 JUam, autr 3 J)earl 0tmt0, €ir¥CI]\]VATI MACHIl^E WORK8, AND MACHINE CARD MANUFACTORY. Office ou TTalnut, near Front Street. A. C. BROWN, Agent. WOOIiEIV MACIIKVERir of all descriptions, built on the latest style, and of the most approved construction. MACHEVE CAB1>S of Etert Description, warranted of the best quality. GENTRY'S PATENT PORTABI.E FRENCH BURR STONE JYIIlili, being the latest patent, and most approved construction. BAIiB^WTWS PATENT PORTABUE iriETAI.i:.IC STOCK. Mllili — a very superior constructed Machine, for grinding Com and Cob together, and other grain into meal, for stock-feed. liearitt's liate Improved Patent Anti-Freezing FIRE-ENCrlNE, TVEl-Ii, ANO CISTERN PUITIPS, FIRE ENGINES on wheels, liead Pipes, Riveted Hose, &c. &c. AGRICUIiTURAl. MACHINERY, of the latest and most ap- proved inventions, including Horse Powers, Thrashing Ma- chines, Cotton and Hay Presses, Hemp Breaking Machines, Corn Shellers, Clover Hullers, Stra-«v Cutters, Corn Planters, drilling Machines, Fanning Mills, &;c. &c. m m CINCINNATI Em ^^< Jfortt) to^0t corner of ®l)ir^ anb Sycamore, Second door abore G. G. Bowen's, Has constantly on hand, FANCY AND WINDSOR CHAIRS, ROCKING CHAIRS ANB SETTEES, Of every description. IJortrait, irancg Ij^kinvz anir £anlrsmpe Patn1xr0. JAS. H. BEARD, Footc's RoYT, Thii'd bet^^eeu Tine and Tl^aluut Streets. G. N. FRANKENSTEIN^ Fourth, near Tine Street. W. P. BRANNAN, Comer of Court and Main Streets. A. BALDWIN, Corner of Court and Main Streets. T. W. WHITTRIDGE, Corner of Court and Main Streets. SIDNEY S. LYON, Rogers^ Buildings, Fourth, near Main Street, South side. JOHN CRANCH, Rogers' Buildings, Fourth, near Main Street, South side. J. B. FLAGG, Broadway, Sast side, below Fourth Street. itlmiatur^ Painters. T. DAWSON, Third, near 'H^'alnut Street. T. V. PETICOLAS, Fourth, near Main Street, North side. J. O. GORMAN, Tine, between Third and Fourth Streets. THOS. CAMPBELL, Third, between Tine and \Talnut Streets, North side* If you would have the West prosper, encourage her Manufactures! BRUSH MANUFACTURERS & WIRE AGENTS. BUTCHER & M'LAUGHLIN, Siicce«i80t's to Oibsou and Butcher, Have on hand and are constantly manufacturing Of every description; 3Xro. 104 JHain 0tr££t, artni:innatt. O- N. B. — AGENTS FOB WABB'S TVIBE TVOBKS. .CI Q^ Cash paid for Hog's Bristles. — Machine Brushes made to order. — Shoe and Stock Bristles. — Hair, Cloth, Shoe, Shaving, Scrub, Dust, Sweep* ing, White-v^ash and Paint Brushes. NATHAN SAMPSON, IMPORTIK; WHOLESAIE & RETAIL BIAIIR II JVO. 227 MAIN STREET, BETWEEN FIFTH AND SIXTH STREETS, O" liamps. Castors, Tea-Tray8, KuiTes, Forks, &c. &c. .O JAMES RILEY, ^ttornci) ana iJlounscllor at Catu, 9IAIN, IVFAB NINTH STBEET, CINCINNATI. JAMES JOHRfSTON, lEj) DEALER IN HIDES, OIL, AND LEATHER, No. 49, Main Street, (SEsr(snsrsrii,Hno HUTSON E. HUGHES, HOUSE CARPENTER AND JOINER, LONGWORTH ST., between Pliun and Western Row. Sawing of all kinds of Venitian Blind Slats, AND FLOOR BOARDS PLANED BY STEAM POWER. €n%xamxB a\xb Map pnb[w\)txB. (E>Xftx i\]t |)o0t ©ffice, Tliird Street) JACOB LAPP, PLUMBER AND HYDRANT MAKER, 2i:i)ti:ii Qtxttt, SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN MAIN AND SYCAMORE, Manufactures and keeps constantly for sale, TVater Closets, Baths, Chemical Apparatus, Pumps and I^ead Pipes, of various calibre, which mHI be furnished at the shortest notice. »#<^*^^^^^^V^^^^^^•^^f;^v^^^V^^^^^v<^« H. JLyon. Jos. Bell, Jr. LYON & BEZiIi, jTront an& iHolumbia 0trtet0, BETWEEI LUDLOW AID LAWREICE, «Z3 jar r^aj «ai3 ^ac T«aj rw^r _i3a_ rsc 3sk: 9 Manufacture Steam Engines for Saw Mills and Steam Boats.-* All kinds of 1^'rought and Cast Iron "Work for Steam Boats.— Bells and Brass IVork of every description. i)v^\^N^^^s^#^;N»sr#> . MAIUEACTURER OF BETTVEEN MAIN AND WAIiNUT, C I fSl C I N N A T I . A select assortment of Fancy and Dress Boots and Shoes on hand. UJ* Orders £rom a distance punctually attended to. 4J} J. & J. M. JOHNSTON, tUdnut Qtxnt, bdmmx Jiront anir Sttonir, tDtst sik, MAIUMCTURI AH HEP COUSTASTLY POR SALEj Every description of CARPENTER ANJy JOB WORK ICT' Executed on the shortest notice. .c£:j| Also, for sale, a. general assortment of HiUMBXIR. W. S. CHAPMAN, JR.. AND GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING ESTABLISHMENT, f3°Ijadies' Mnbits and Children's Clothes made in the latest fashion and best manner. JOSEPH JONAS, mm i iffi^^iiE mmi^jf NO. § WEST THIRD STREET, ^3= Solvent Bank notes, Crold and Silver, and Exchange on IVew Vork, Piiiladclphia and SaKimore, bought and sold at the mosC favorable market rates. H E N Rl E HOUSE ■CP 532 22 IS2. SS) 33 "C? IS2. Zm IS '^:^q Bttfficen ilTain anb Sjicatnort, CINCINNATI. FRANKLIN HOUSE, pitman ^§it^^ «*«'!' ^''»*'tf< CINCINNATI. TERMS FOB TnA:!fSIEXT BOARDERS. Single day, $1,50 ; two or more days, $1,35 per day ; week, $8 ; month, $38. MAIUFAGTURER OF CHEMICALS, PAINTS, fifco. JHB^ «:» TBBUr JBR- rM?" jbe3b: 9 BETWEEN SMITH AND PARK STREETS, (DimoimmATio pj" Office Fourth, between main and Walnut Streets. 4Ji CAST STEEL AXES, . W. W I ILi Ed I A M S Successor to JT. TVilliams, MX a n xi f a t t u X t X , XTO. 283, JUL A 1 N , BETWIEI SIXTH AID SEYEITH STREETSj CINCINNATI. Also— Edge Tools, of every description, made and sold Wholesale and Retail, aud "Warrauted. '^W^^^^^(i]^!^'c^^S^\^^^^W<) PATENT LEVER LOCH FACTORY CINCINNATI. Dwelling House Locks of every description ; Store, Bank, and Prison Locks made to order and warranted safe. N. B. Bells hung and Locks repaired. « v» « PORK PACKERS, PRODUCE DEALERS & GENERAL ©asr©isrirAM* ^ 1 FiiKi fkmim Ik Piiwijiijii iiA\iLii, BETWEEN SYCAMORE AND BROADWAY, CINCINNATI. '■^^'-^■l^ EVAN TODHUNTER, FjflLCTORV Oir DEER CREEK, NORTH EAST OF COURT HOUSE, mk$$ im mil mmmm. JLEVI PARKER. ARTHUR MANKS. PARKER AND HANKS, NORTH SIDE OF SECOND, BET'WEEIT IiA'WZlIIM'CX: & IiXTDI.O'W STREETS, mannfactnre and have for sale every description of ^ & & & ^ i^ ^m W^ 9 OP THE BEST MATERIALS AID tORIMAISHIP. (jjr* Brass Castings of every description made to order on the shortest notice. J^ 3. Si. M®siLiii(a[[i, NO. 21 WEST FOURTH STREET, SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN MAIN AND WALNUT STREETS, Manufactures and keeps constantly for sale a variety of splendid CABINET FURNITURE, Warranted superior workmanship and materials. ,^ji FAINT & CHEMICAL No. 22 jTourtl) Street, BETWEEN MAIN & SYCAMORE, .^31^ ntac 308" From New York, formerly of the firm of D. F. Tiema^jx & Co., Color manufacturers, having opened the above establishment, will keep a constant supply, at wholesale and retail, of Prussian Sine, Antwerp Bine, Celestial Blue, Pctvdered Blue, Chrome Crrecn, IVo> 1, Vcrditcr Oreen, Brunswick Orcen, mineral Orcen, £lnicrald Oreen, I?Iarinc Orcen, American Vermillion, Rose Pink, I>utch Pink, Chrome Yellow, Chinese Yellow, Eiakes, Carmines, Chrome Oreen, ^o. 1, in oil, in 1, 3 and 5 lb. canisters. Chrome Oreen, X, in 2 and 5 lb. canisters, Brunswick Oreen, in oil, in 10 lb. kegs, Permanent Oreeu, in oil, in 14 lb. kegs. SLIP COI.OKS, Tia:. Blue, No. 1 and 3, Rose Pink, Dutch Pink, Chrome Yellow, Chinese Yellow, Chrome Oreen, Verditer Oreen, Bruns^vick Oreen, liake. icr Artist's Colors, Oils, Tarnishes, Brushes, Chemicals, French and German Cologne Water, &c, TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDERY. No. 1 iSakcr 0trect, (^ a E2r c^ £2 ssr S2r ^si. 'cp iSq Keeps on hand all articlea used in a Printing OfBce, including PRINTING INKS Of ail colors and qualities, at wholesale and retail ; PiiriBIT iiA\IL P'iiifii, For Notaries and Clerks, the best article for seals in use. STEREOTYPING Of Books, Pamphlets, Cards, Checks, Blanks, Notes, Cuts, Xylographic work, Druggists^ Labels, Patent Medicine Directions, and Jobs of all kinds, in a superior style. ^ iiiijiiifiBi fmi,j urn mm mmm\ jJnsurancc Compauji, At liCxington, Ky. ETNA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, At Hartford, Ct., agency at aao.>i2 SSast jFront .street, XatVv. Sa^N^leY, Agt. COTTON GINS AND PLANTATION ^^ tB^mti« On t\\e, M-iaioil Canal, EAST OF FIFTH STREET, CINCINNATI. tcr Soulhern Planters, visiting the city, are invited to call at the Factory. '^,^,/^\ff\&\ff/h(f^^f^^* %m\f hM% i®rf ii i^o)iijij8«ii'r. J. & H. FEARCE, ON THE MIAMI CANAL, asst of iFiftJt Stfeet, CINCINNATI. 13" Contracts executed for the supply of the Tarious machinery employed in Hemp, Bagging and Cotton Factories. (S ® T I BM Yk i J . & H. P E A R C E , MANUFACTURERS, €>n tl)e JBtami Canal, EAST OF FIFTH STREET, FAMILY GROCERIES. BETWEEN MAIN AND WALNUT STREETS, CINCINNATI, Keeps constantly on hand a supply of fresh and first quality At the lo-west Cash prices* CORN MEAL AND PEED. iHauttfajctttrer of CORN MEAL AND CHOPPED FEED, AT THE MIAMI CAIVAl., EAST OF FIFTH STREET, CIIVCINXATI. RESOR'S FOUNDERY. W. & R. P. R E S R, No. 25 & 27 Main Street, CINCINNATI, OF RESOR'S IMPROVED PREMIUM And every description of STOVES &aaATi:SFOR'WOOD&COJI.I<. iiLLiW WA\BJi, And Castings of every description. >«(1^>*"^^'< ITO. 25 & 27 ItllLIN STBEET, DEALERS IN TINPLATE, COPPER, AND OTHER METALS. Tiii-uian'8 Tools, JUachines, and a complete assortment of Trimmings. A CARD TO THE PUBLIC One and a half miles from Cincinnati on the Harrison turnpike. The proprietor, thankful for the liberal encouragement which has been extended to him, adopts this method respectfully to ask for a continuance of the same, and to inform the public that large additions have been made to his stock of trees, plants, &c. ; he thinks it will be found on personal in- spection to be at least equal in quality and quantity to any establishment in this vicinity, and he very respectfully invites purchasers and all admirers of such things, to visit the same. The proprietor will always be found at home in the after part of the day, when he will with great cheerfulness wait on visitors and introduce them to his companions ; of which he ex- pects to have a fine display in the proper season, in their best and gayest dress, to receive the smiles and approbation of their admirers, amongst which will be found the Hyacinths, Tulips, Crown Imperials, with many other hulbs, several varieties of the Pteonies, Pinks, Carnations and Dahlias, also a fine collection of choice Roses with a great variety of other flowering plants. In his selection of fruit trees will be found a choice collection of Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Quince, &c.; also Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, Grapes, Strawberries, «&:c., and amongst his evergreen trees Red Cedar, White Cedar, Savin, Juniper, White or Weymouth Pine, American Silver Fir or Balm of Gilead, Hemlock Spruce, Norway Spruce, Black Spruce, American Yew, American Arbor Vita;, Chinese Arbor Vitae, Yellow Pine, &c. Amongst his ornamental shade trees will be found the Catalpa, Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven, Mountain Ash, Balsam Poplar, American Aspen, Yellow Poplar or Tulip Tree, Paper Mulberry, Weeping Willow, several varieties of Dogwood, &e., with a great variety of Vines and Creepers, &c., &c. The proprietor feels confident that articles purchased at his Nursery will give entire satisfaction, as he has spared neither expense or care in making his collection of stock. Orders for a distance packed with great care, and charges moderate ; all of which receive his personal attention. Orders left at the office of the Western Farmer and Gardener, No. 93 west side of Main, below the Western Museum (where specimens may be seen,) at the Post Office in the city, or at the Nursery, will receive imme- diate attention by the proprietor. ' A. H. ERNST. HOME- MADE B READ. The subscriber has just commenceil the business of baking Family Bread, known as COLE'S HOME-MADE BREAD AT THE CORNER OF Jtftl) Street ^ iUcstcru Hotu. Warranted to be superior to any manufactured in the city of Cin- cinnati. The Baking business, in all its various branches, is car- ried on : families and hotels can be supplied at the shortest notice. Family Groceries also kept. AND SAS^E STA BLE, STEAVENS & COLE, Columbia (2Ir) Stmt, BETWEEN SYCAMORE & BROADWAY, Keep constantly for Sale and Hire, a handsome collection of HORSES, CARRIAGES, BAROUCHES, BUGGIES, &c. The former well broke to harness, and the latter elegant. (^ Every requisite for Funerals fumished at the shortest notice, jp) JONATHAN MULLEN, CORNER OF FOURTH AND SYCAMORE STS. «□ :mc Tms- «□ ibc i^bm r«hj jmL. r^ aac 9 MANUFACTURES & HAS FOR SALE MffiLii mk^li, SILA\(^lli WALNJiT^ Also— Painted €hairs of the most modern fashions and Tarions colors, at Wholesale and Retail. N. B.—Hotels and Steamboats furnished on reasonable terms, and old Chairs repainted. .*w^^^^^v^<^^-^^gf)g^^-v/;^^^^.^^^.^^- JONES' PATENT REVERSE LAMPS WILLIAM M. JOHNSON has opened a Store for the sale of the above Il0g£r6' Eato, iTourtl) 0toet, WEST OT MAII; CINCINNATI. The economy, hrilUancy, safety and cleanliness of the light, far exceeds anything yet in xise. — The citizens of Cincinnati are invited to call and examine for themselves, as it is well worthy of their notice. IS* The light can be seen at the Henrie House, Franklin House, and many other hotels and stores in the city. AND HOUSES PAINTING. O. LOVELL & SON, SECOND, BETWEEN SYCAMORE AND BROADITAY, still continue to carry on the Sign and House Painting Business, and keep constantly on Iiand and for sale, Mixed Paints, Glass, &c., for family use. W. T. GREENLEAF, mi m^ m^ mmmmiME^j, 105 main Street, «Z3 3C i:«kr «z: aac i^mt r«J -<3iL. rD«?' aac 9 «c» • "Where can be found a general assortment of Russia, Fur and Of the latest fashions, — also, GENTLEMEN & YOUTHS' CLOTH & FUR CAPS. 13= Hats and Caps made to order at the shortest notice. 13= Otter, Muskrat and Mink Skins dressed and colored in the beat manner. ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, Tiisiting, Professional and Mercantile Cards, Bank Checks, Notes and Bills of Exchange, Engraved & Printed. iJlain Strat, b^tujan ©Ijirb anta lonxil) Strata, Is prepared to execute orders for all kinds of EiTGRAViJra and Print- ing, at short notice and on reasonable terms. He particularly recommends to Druggists and others in want of beautiful Showbills and Labels, his XYLOGRAPHIC style, which may be be done in Fancy-Colors, Gold* Silver or Bronze. This paper is pnblished Daily at $8 per annum,— Tri-weekly at $5, and lYcekly at $iJ,50, payable in adrance. It is a continuation of the oldest democratic paper in the city, and will continue to advocate the cause of sound Whig politics, sound morals, and sound literature, — and has an extensive circulation throughout the United States. Particular attention is paid to the Commercial Department of the paper, and in its columns will be found daily an accurate bill of prices of western produce, imports and exports of the city — daily stage of water in the river — arrivals and departures of boats, &c. BOOK AND JOB PRINTING. Connected with the above, we have an extensive Printing Establish- ment, in which we are prepared to execute any kind of Printing at short notice, as Books, Pamphlets, Cards, Handbills, Steam-boat Bills, &c. &c. E. GRAHAM. PIANO FORTE MANUFACTORY. EAST SIDE BROADWAY, BBTVrEEIT SEVENTH «c EIGHTH STS. CINCINNATI. JOHN BRITTINC, nmB mmi mmmm,imm AN© OJLPORTER OF ^ O/fo-itK. (©a6^b Cornel oE ^Uute ^ ^an^ctK ^b6, CINCINNATI. [All orders for tuning and repairing ivill be thankfully receired. JONES & RAMMELSBERG, Mannfatinxtvs of i/m?\.mmm.m of every description, 18 EAST FOURTH STREET, SIDNEY S. JACKSON, Nursergman, jTlorbt antr QttHman, GMEIE TOWISHIP. HAMILTON COUSTI. OHIOi AND SAMUEL SILSBEE, Horticultural Warehouse Agent and Salesman, Would call the attention of Florists, Horticulturists, and the public gen- erally, to the fine collection of rare and beautiful greenhouse Plants, Or- namental Evergreens, Culinary, Medicinal, and hardy Herbaceous Plants, Trees, Vines and Shrubs. Fruit Tkees akd Vixes, including a large list of the most approved and finest varieties of Apple, Pear, Quince, Peach, Cherry, Plum, Currant, Gooseberry, &c.; Catawba, Isabella, Swiss or Cape, Madeira, and Missouri Black Grape; Keen & Hovey's Seedlings, Wyatt's Knevitt's, and Roseberry's Pine, Hudson's, Com. and Methuen's Scarlet monthly Strawberries. English Red Tobolsk, Common, Hybrid, Giant and Mammoth Rhubarb, or Pie-Plant. The most admired of Greenhouse and Hardy Roses, including above two hundred varieties of the Chinese, Ever- blooming, Musk and Tea-scented, Noisette, Climbing, Isle de Bourbon, Hy- brid, Macrophylla, Perpetual, and Garden. New and choice Bulbous and Tuberous Roots, among which are a large assortment of the finest Dahlias, most of them new varieties, and all profuse bloomers. A superior list of the most beautiful of the Tulips, Hyacinth, Narcissus, Crocus, Amaryllis, Tuberose, Gladiolus, Ranunculus, Lily, &c. Ornamental, Hardy, and Greenhouse Climbers. Lophospermum, Murandias, Basellas, Superb Blue and White, Sweet-scented, Purple and Virginian Clematis, Climbing Cobea, Irish Ivy, Bignonias, &c. It is unnecessary to specify further. The Plants have all been selected with reference to their excellence, rarity or beauty, and complete catalogues may be obtained by address or application to S. Siisbee, at the "Horticul- tural Warehouse," by whom also all orders will be carefully and promptly attended to. During spring and summer a complete assortment of Plants ■will be kept at the Warehouse, and also an excellent and yearly increasing Catalogue of Jackson's Flower Seeds, constantly for sale wholesale or retail, Q^Trees, Shrubs, &c., carefully packed in moss, for transportation.^ID SCHOOL BOOK STORE PAPER WAREHOUSE, J. W. ELY. Publishes & has for sale at Wholesale and Re- tail, the most extensive and valuable collec- tion of SCHOOL BOOKS to be found in the western countiy, which he offers to his customers and to the public on his usual liberal terms. ooocioooooooo^lla^Qoooooooooooo BLANK-BOOKS of every description, WRITING, WRAPPING AND PRINTING PAPER, STATIONERY OF ALL KINDS, BINDING MATERIALS, SlO. &.C. Constantly on hand, and for sale as above. K B. RAGS WANTED, for which the highestl price, in Cash, will at all times be given. SHEPARD & STEARNS, 0Urtotgpe fonnhtxB ani |3rmter0, THIRD STREET. Opposite tlie Post-Office, BEING SUPPLIED WITH A COMPLETE ASSORTMENT OF TYPE AND OTHBR MATERIALS, ARE PREPARED TO EXECUTE THE I3ook0, J)ampl)let0, !3llmanac0, X^lograijl)^ tDork, And Jobs of all kinds, In any manner that may be required, and with dispatch. THEY HAVING BEEN APPOINTED AGENTS FOB Wm. Hag-ar & Co.'s Type Foundry, New-Yorl^ Will always be supplied with the latest style of FANCY TYPE, PIiOWERS, CUTS, &>c., and will execute orders for any amount of Book and Newspaper TYPE, or other Apparatus for Printing, from the above well known establishment, on as favorable terms as they can be obtained in the Eastern Cities. Stereotype Blocks, Printers' Furniture, &c., furnished to order. illanufactunr of GENTLEMEN'S BOOTS AND SHOES, No. 219 MAIN STREET, BETWEEN FIFTH AND SIXTH, l^tL^^^cs^a^o MECHANICS' INSTITUTE, June Srth, ISIO. The first Premium for Boots was awarded to Samuel liumsden by Samuel Martin, John Hudson, Jesse O'Niell, Henry Sanders, Henry M'Orew, Matthew Redman, Charles Thomas, Judges. ^*^^<^<^<^^^^i^^^ •4^;;^(^)^>^;; v^s^\^\^^^^vw. MAIfUMCTURER Of tOootr Sam anir StoclUir lail BEDSTEADS, NORTH WEST CORNER OF BROADWAY & EIGHTH STREETS, CINCINNATI, Would respectfully inform all those who wish to purchase a superior article of furniture in Bedsteads, to call at the wareroom of the subscriber, corner of Broadway and Eighth Streets, and examine for themselves. This newly invented Bedstead is warranted to be superior to any other ever offered in the West :— possess- ing the following decided advantages over all others heretofore in use :— they can be put up or taken apart in one fourth the time that is required to do the same with oth- ers, without the possibility of a mistalie ;— are more firm and less apt to become loose and worthless, and without a single harbor for vermin. As soon as their supe- riority over the common kind becomes known and duly appreciated, they must of necefisity take the place of those now in use. J. FIIALKOWSKI, From TVarsaTT, Poland, BRASS FOUNDER FUMHsmmi Broadway, between Fourth and Fifth streets, CINCINNATI. KT TAICY WORI II BRASS 01 EVERY lESCRIPTIOI , «a NO. 151 MAIIV, Between Third and Fourth streets, Looking-glasses of every variety of pattern, at Wholesale and Retail, at the lowest eastern prices. Portrait and Picture Frames made to order. Old Frames re-gilt, Plates set, and Looking-glass Plates of all sizes for sale. '^^9<^^9o-> GEORGE W. PHILLIPS, TANNER AND CURRIER, ^nd Wholesale dealer in HIEBIli, ©EIL AMID) ILHATHIi]!, NO. SO, ITIAIN STRXIET, SIGN PAINTING. toalnut Street, hdmm all}irlr $^ Jourtlj 0tnet0, OPPOSITE BAKER STREET, All kinds of Sign and Ornamental Painting, Military Standards, Badges, '&c» WAREEN EICHARDS, MANUFACTURER OF BETWEEN fOURTH AND FIFTH, AND ELM AND PLUM STREETS, ley's tamps and Brands ent to order..£]| FLORIST AND EXOTIC CULTIVATOR, dorntr of |31utn and Qtvmtl) Qixnts, Keeps on hand for sale on the most reasonable terms, an extensive assortment of Flowers, Plants, Fruit and Shade Trees and Shrubbery. Cut flowers at all seasons. Orders from a distance promptly attended to, and trees, &c., carefully packed. t^^iE W4iii^®iii, The subscriber keeps constantly on hand at his vvarehouse, No. 221, Main street. Letween Fifth and Sixth streets, a general assortment of paper, viz. — Double-medium, Imperial, Super-royal, and Medium, Printiug. Yellow, blue, green and pink, printing. Flat Medium, \vhite and assorted colors, for steam-boat bills. Foolscap, Nos. 1, 2 &; 3, — ruled and plain. Letter, No. 1 and extra fine. Map, Drawing, Lithographic, and Copperplate paper. Hardware and Cotton-yarn Wrapping paper. Common Wrapping, various sizes— Bonnet Boards. — ALSO— Banknote and Tissue paper made to order. Paper of any required quality and size made to order, at short notice. JAMES GRAHAM, Cincinnati, March J, 184L No. 221, Main street. BLACK INK, PATENT MEDICINES, &C. The subscriber is manufacturing and has constantly for sale, at the very lowest pri- ces for cash, or approved credit — Nerve and Bone Liniment, Superior Blue Writing Fluid, Fine Black Ink, Lemon Syrup, Pepper Sauce, Soda and Seidlitz Powders, Bate- man's Drops, Godfrey's Cordial, British Oil, Haarlem Oil, Bear's Oil, Japan Shoe Var- nish, Lee's Pills, Essences, Opodeldocs, &;c. Together with a general assortment of Drugs and Medicines, to which the attention of country merchants is invited. JAMES J. BUTLER, Cincinnati, March 1, 1841. 221, Main street. ;:|j,@^^<^^>.4;^^^,,;^^>.^0^^ UNRIVALED PASTE BLACKING, Which has for ten years given satisfaction to consumers in this market, is manufac- tured at 221, Main street, and sold wholesale at low prices, according to quantity, in this and various western and southern cities. Orders to any extent supplied by JAMES J. BUTLER, Cincinnati, March 1, 1841. No. 221, Main street. IVORY BLACK manufactured and for sale as above, AGENTS FOR BLACKING. Louisville, Ky.-' Wilson, Pettet & Smith. St. Lotiis, Mo. — - H. L. Hoffman. Alton, III. Marsh, Hankinson, & Co. Memphis, Tevn. Dr. William Rives. JVaskville, Tenn. William W. Berry. Vicksb\irg, Miss, O. O. Woodman. JSTatchez, Miss. J. S. Wilson. J\rew Orleans, La. Arthur, Fulton, &. Co. Mobile, Ala. — -Oliver S. Beers. Ko. 300 iltain Street, Dealer iu HIDES, OIL, LEATHER, BARK, &C. Has on hand and for sale — 2§,000 lbs. best quality city tanned Sole Leather. 1,§00 dried Bides of superior quality. 278 Calcutta Hides. li,000 Horns, with a general assortment in his line. liii, mmPs^ mm mmmi mi S\ii\) 0tnet, bettuem iHain atilr S^tamoxt 0tre^t0, (SI[lf(DIEMlf AM, Has on baud, and ivill furnish CHEMICAL APPARATUS, WATER CLOSETS, BATHS & PUMPS. (^ Orders from the country will be executed with neatness and despatch. J^) **#^<^^^>^,^^^^^^-^^||^^,^^^^^<^^y^^^^^?^VW* ^i2=^^ AND GENTLEMEN'S LINEN STORE. IE O it^ O cibV^ N^ d^^ c--^ cLS. l>:=i/ 5 LEVASSOR'S ROW, CORNER LOWER MARKET AND BROADWAY. manufactures and keeps constantly for sale every article in this line. WESTERN PRINTING INK EAST SIDE OF THE CANAL, HEAD OF EIGHTH STREET, Messrs. Witham & Scharit respectfully announce that they have sufficiently completed the above establishment, to enable them to manufacture every description of Black Ink in quanti- ties sufficiently large to supply the market of the western and southern country, and at least thirty per cent, cheaper than an article of eastern manufacture, and of equal quality — thus at once obviating the expense, delay, disappointment and conse- quent loss to printers in not being able to procure a constant supply from the east. The craft are informed that this is no experiment, as one of the partners is a printer and has had a practical knowledge of the manufacturing of ink for the last eight years. PRICES. News Ink, per lb, % Fine Job Ink, per lb. 1,00 Common Book Ink, per lb. ^7 1-2 Superfine Job Ink, per lb. 2,00 Best Book Ink, per lb. 50 Superfine Card Ink, per lb. 2,§0 Colors will shortly be manufactured at proportionable prices. Agencies will be granted to respectable houses throughout the south and Avest, to whom any quantity will be furnished at the shortest notice. JOHN T. WITHAM, AUGUSTUS W. SCHARIT. OliasniFS^AWll, This is to certify fliat we, the undersigners, have used News Ink manufactured by Messrs. Witham & Scharit, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and sold by them at twenty-five cents per pound. VVe pronounce the same to be good and suitable for all the purposes of newspaper work. We consider that the article we have used is a sufficient guaran- tee that Messrs. Witham & Scharit will be able to produce the various qualities of Ink, equal lo other manufactures, and at least thirty per cent, cheaper. WILLIAM OVER END, Morgan's Power Press Office. CAIiVIN W. STARBLTCK, Daily Times Office. JOHN WHETSTONE, Gazette Job Office. DAWSON & FISHER, Advertiser & Journal. WM. L. MENDENHALL, Star in the West. DAVID BOLLES, STONE CUTTER AND SCULPTOR, ALSO iiA\iirA\iiriiEi §fj HYDRAULIC CEMENT, SOUTH SIDE CANAL, BETWEEN MAIN AND WALNUT. CII mmmif Next house East of the Associate Beformed Charch, CINCINNATI. BP^ Persons having business will please call from 7 to 8 in the morning, or from 12 to 1 o'clock, P. M, FURNITURE WAREROOMS, 10 EAST FOURTH STREET, Has constantly on luind a large assortment of CHAIRS & SOFAS O F THE MOST F ASHIONABLE STYLE. Abo, a large and general assortment of Mahogany Veneers, Boards and Plank; Maple, Rose and Satin Wood Veneers ,- Curled Hair, Hair Cloth, Plush, Gimp, Hardware suitable for Cabinet Makers^ Looking Glass Plates of all sizes, ?^£ GROCER iiHiiijiiijiNi Piiii^iiT, Neff's Buildings, No. 39 ITIain Street, ©mrsHirif All, omiOo '.-■■^^f. \/^\ff^iNNf^th»^^^**' T. H. PROCTER, KoYtli end ol WesteTn lElo^v, Sale Store at Procter & Gamble's Soap & Candle Factory, m Main Street. JAMES BISHOP, » THIRD STREET, Nii Wiif m THJE HJiiRilJl CINCINNATI. »***^^^^O^ff\^''/t^(^^^'-^^%\/^^^^^f^t^^*^**** DRAFER & TAILOR, c i«^ ais ran 3b CINCINNATI. ****^^^JNf^ff\^^ "^^ ^>^\^\^\^####M Ik SAFETY-GUARD FOR STEAM-BOILERS. (BWffilElSr<©§ & ©' CINCINNATI. BELL AND BRASS FOUNDERY. EAST FRONT S T K E E T WM. F. HARRISON, CORSIROFTHIRDAIDMAIISTRIETS, CINCINNATI. NATHAN BAKSR^ THREE DOORS BELOW SECOND, CINCINNATI. H. S T A U F E R, wo. 70i MAIIV STREET, CITY CABINET WAREROOMS. CHURCHILL & ATKINS, No. 23 totst 4tl) Street, SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN MAIN & WALNUT STREETS, And keep constantly on hand a variety of splendid w^^^^^^^>^^^^r^^^r(^ B. STOKER. W. K.BOND STOKER & BOND, iiiiiilLlLiffif & A\raiNJl¥i A\f lkW,j SOUTH SIDE THIRD, BETWEEN MAIN AND WALNUT STREETS, CINCINNATI. ■,K.ff\lNNNNNh^^^* J. S. LI GGE T, M. D. 5i) SIS SSr "CP ££ ^ 'SP o North Side of Third, BcttDCcn toalmtt & bine 0t0. MILITARY STORE, & FRINGE MANUFACTORY. CHARLES LIBEAU, Manufactures and has constantly on hand, a full assortment of Also, all kinds of FRINGE, COACH LACE, TASSELS, and a full supply of CCon.ststinfl of JSlintis, SCassels, $i; (S:ortis of all colors. NO. 30 EAST THIRD ST. CIXTCIirirATI. '^^^'^^^^^S^^^i^'S^^s^N^N^^^^^^^^ iPjiUMMu iiriA\ii IMFF muM. JOSEPH & JAMES HOPPLE, SUCCESSORS TO CASPER HOPPLE, XSSTABIiZSHED XIT 1806, liOWER IflARKET ST. CIl^CINNATI, MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN In all their Varieties* WESTERN RAILING MANUFACTORY, NORTH SIDE FIFTH, BETWEEN ELM AND PLUM, WHITESMITHS, and manufacturers of Jktn $C ©rnamenUir HuBBxa ®rate U Iron Hailing, BANK DOORS, XiOCKS Sc VAUJLTS, Iron Window Shutters and Jail Doors, together with all kinds of ^f'ork in the building line. »#**.N^^<^A^,^^^"^^|•§§|^^-^^^^^«'^<^^^ mffm, liEiT ijBJiNj, %imi m\% TIN WARE »M!F|) I e s a le a n ti 2tlctail, ON THE NORTH SIDE OF LOWER MARKET, BETWEEN MAIN AND SYCAMORE STS. CINCINNATI. All articles in the above lines kept always on hand, and warranted to be made of the best materials, and will be disposed of on the most accommodating terms. JACOB HOPPLE. Also— Houses covered with Copper, Sheet Iron, Lead or Zinc, and warranted tight. JJASo M^OAIMBILIISS & MANUFACTURERS, 5TH STREET, EAST OF BROADIVAY, '***^'^^^i^ff\ir^/7\^Mz'^f^^^^\^^^\^ Q'Qcamoxt, iljxtt boors abooe JourtI) Street, Manufactures and keeps constantly for sale, MATTRESSES, OF Al.Ii DESCRIPTIONS, FEATHER BE1>S, CARPETS, CURTAINS, AND THE USUAI. ARTICIiES BEIiONOINO TO THE RIJSINESS. 0:;jr" Orders attended to at the shortest notice. Jpi) THOMAS BROOKS, And manufacturer of Packing-boxes^ Ice-chests^ Trunk and Segar Boxes, 8^c. Jfo. 56 iDalmtt, bettueen Seconlr $^ |)earl Streets, CINCINNATI. ii:s.^^^i:p i^^:i.c^'^::^<::^m.i^^ ^0. 142 iHaiit, bdmmi Iami\) mxb I'M) Stmt?, Makes and keeps constantly for sale First quality and latest fashion, Wholesale & Retail. M. doTd¥wo>rth, NEAR THE CORNER OF liAlVRENCE STREET, Keeps constantly on hand YOUGHIOGANY, BROWNSVILLE AND WHEELING COAL,' Of the best quality. Q^ Steamboats supplied on the shortest notice. J^ PROPRIETOR OF THE NORTHERN ICE HOUSE, Is permanently located, both Office and Icehouse, AT THE N. E. CORNER OF TWELFTH STREET AND THE CANAl, And has always on hand a supply of ICE of the best quality. AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS. ^. (W. hornet of q^afaut ^ (Wctei S^tteet6, CINCINNATI. J. Mahard Jr., one of the firm, is engaged raising at his Farm, a few miles from the city, the best breeds of Durham Cattle and Berkshire Hogs, which he will dis- pose of on accommodating terms. **^^ &: Sjjcamort Strate, Has constantly on hand, a large assortment of 0^ Chairs and Sofas of the most fashionable style. ./^ aEORQE MEII.NE. JAMBS KEITK, Jr. I¥0. 61 WEST THIRD STREET, BettD^^n ®l)xrir ^ jTourtl) Street?, Is prepared to execute, in a style that cannot be surpassed at any establishment in the West, Circulars, Cards, Checks, Bills of Exchange, Notes, Bills of Lading, and every variety of Fancy or Plain Job Printing. Pamphlets and Books of any magnitude done in tlie neatest manner, on sliort notice. BOOH-BIMBER, fMm Bmii & mkwsL iiiii Wo. SOi Main Street, ANDKEW C. HEREON, SECOND STREET, BETWEEN SYCAMORE & BROADWAY, RESOR'SFOUNDERY. W. & R. P. R E S R, No, 25 & 27 Main Street, CINCINNATI, OF RESOR'S IMPROVED PREMIUM lit® it@^ii* And every description of STOVES &GZliLTSS FOR WOOD &COAZ1. HJilLlLiW WA\BJi, And Castings of every description. ^(^ym^^^'^ ITO. 25 & 27 MAIIT STHEST, DEALERS IN TINPLATE, COPPER, Siieet Kton, 2l2^ire, Motlfe Sin, 21Leatr, Zinc, AND OTHER METALS. Tin-man's Tools, mEachines, and a complete assortment of Trimmings. U3 CE) C£:> 5^^ ^ i:m u^ 11^ im u^. © AND . piiiLijiHJEi if iiijiiEiiLA\iimi iiWi, 3Sa. 26 fcarl Strat, CINCINNATI. 13= A general assortment of School, Scientific, Religious and Miscellaneous Books »nd Stationery, always on hand and for sale. U. P. J. publishes, also,— PICKET'S SERIES OF SCHOOL BOOKS, Consisting of the Primer, Nc-w Juvenile Spelling Book, Class Book, No. 1 Ne^v Juvenile Beader, •—- Class Book, No. 2 Beader and Befiner, Class Book, No. 3 Introduction to Expositor, Class Book, No. 4 Principles of English Orauimar, Class Book, No. 5» ^^^£2 Si isiL oa IT Si c^ ^ cs) 5:^ ^ <» GEO. GORDON «& SON, CORNER THIRD & RACE STREETS, ■13 3h: r^sj «a^ DSC nxaj" z^kt .js^ rar> :m: 9 Have opened an extensive S> E "^ A $ TYlicre Monuments and Tomb-stones will be engrared in either English or Crcrman. Mantels of every description, and table slabs, &c. for cabinet-ware, sup- plied. — His stock consists of Italian, Egyptian, Pennsylvania and Vermont marble. Orders from a distance punctually attended to. BELL AND BRASS WaVmvt-St.ljfct^eeTiTTOivt & Second, CINCINNATI. Bells and Brass Fossets of every description on hand ; Brass Bannister and Bar Railing for Sleam-boats and Taverns ; Ornamental Lamps, Bronzed and Gilt Foun- tain Cocks and Generator vi'ork, made and repaired ; Hose and Salt Well Joints ; Oil Globes, Cylinder and Gauge Cocks, Copper Rivets, Spelter Solder and Brass Castings of every kind. Cash paid for old Copper and Brass. CITIZENS' CABINET WAREROOMS. NO, 31 SECOND STREET. BETWEEN MAIN & SYCAMORE, hare constantlf on hand, a large assortment of the most fashionable wirmMii?wmii. Plain Furniture of every description warranted. steam Boats and Hotels, furnished on reasonable terms. SOAP AND CANDLE FACTORY. Sfo. 20 iHain, bettoem Jront $^ Srconb Btnet0, MAIUFAGTURES AID KEEPS COISTAITLY POR SALE. SCallora (Hanbles an& ©cap, ^3" STEBINE CATVOIjES, manufactured from I^ard, rendered by Hydraulic pressure equally hard ^vith Sperm, and at half the price, warranted to stand any climate. f3=> Olli, made from liard, for liamps or Machinery. A cheap and excellent substitute for Sperm Oil. ^^^^<^<^^^^A^(gi^^'^^s^^^^<^<^^^-^ J. "W. Baker. H. Von Phnl. LAMP & OIL STORE, No. 146 ilTain, Mmtzw Jourtl) U JiftI) 5t0. BAKER & VON PHUL, MANUFACTURERS AID DEALERS II Lamps, Chandeliers, Girandoles Sf Candelabras, ANI> Of every description. Best Sperm and Oil Candles, Lamp Shades, Glasses and Wicks, of all axes, constantly on hand, at wholesale and retail. 33- liaiupfl repaired) bronseed, re-bronzed and lacquered. NUTZ & T IMPS ON, INSTRUMENT MAKERS, Third Street, 2 doors East of the Post Office, CIIVCIJVIVATI. PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS. 194 COLUMBIA OR SECOID STREET, BETWEEN BROADWAY AND LUDLOW STREETS, >,^^/f\ff\(^-(Nf^ff^t^*^**- GEORGE W. COFFIN & CO. No. 194 COLUMBIA OR SECOJVD STREET, BETWEEN BROADWAY AND LUDLOW STREETS, i! CHURCH, ACADEMY, STEAM-BOAT AND TAVERN 5:s 5::^ Oa i^ ^ 9 HOSE, & SALT-WELL JOINTS. Brass Castings of any weis^Iit not exceeding 3000 lbs. cast on a day's notice. O* Old Brass and Copper taken in exchange. .O m. Mmm iiaMi^s mmm^ for sale at % DRUG & MEDICINE STORE, Corner of Main ^ Sx^tl) Qtxttis, CINCIN^lVATI. These celebrated instruments, for the speedy and permanent cure of Hernia or Rupture, can now be furnished at a lower charge than heretofore. — These Trusses have been recommended in strong terms by the most distinguished professors and surgeons in the Union, viz. doctors Horner, Jackson, Gibson, Bond, Morton, M'Clel- lan, Pattison, Pennock, Rush, Hartsliorne, "Warren, Ware, Hayward, Shattuck, Par- ker, Childs, Jeffries, Drake, Eberle, M'Dowell, Smith, Gross, Mason, Mussey, Wood- ward, Richards, &c. **^*^^^^i^\ffsffsff^ f^^'^./^sffsff^/Nha^tv^*** WILLIAMSON & STRONG, ]VO. 140 MAIJr STREET, l-IRST BOOR ABOVE JOURTH^EAST SOI, CINCINNATI. •il O'WrUing, Printing and TVrapping Paper. cO H mm ^^ i^ i^p gp^ l^p "^p ^| WEST SIDE OF WALNUT STREET, NEARLY OPPOSITE THE PEARL STREET HOUSE, Manufacture and keep constantly for sale ^^:^. o^ 02. q: ^^>u c^- IS of all descriptions, equal to any in the United States i "vrork, finish and materials. iring in all its branches on the shortest notice. ^^Ordera 'promptly attended to.Jp^ iron ^ Brass FOUNDER & MACHINIST, Manufactures and keeps for sale, PLATFORM & COMMON SCALES, for floors and for counters, PATENT BALANCES, PRESCRIPTION SCALES, &c. CORNER OF ELM AND EIGHTH STS. ©asr©aifif A^i^ 53=" Castings made in Iron or Brass to any pattern. «Ci EAGL:e FOUNDEHY. Manufactures and offers for sale, wmmm 4 mmm mmmm of ebers "description Stoves, hollow ware, wagon boxes, butt and parliament hinges. — Hay, cot- ton, lard, tobacco and book-binders' screws cut and constantly on hand. CASTINGS MADE TO ANY REQUIRED PATTERN. O'Also, Bark mills of superior quality. iiiLirfg Qmnts 0t«ct, btttoccn tDalnnt anit \)m, (DiEirsiiifirATiro Hl^AlI orders thankfullv rcceiTCd and pnnctiiallf attended to* LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Mj£|;[§?;?i*f .^^^ :',; 009 760 712 6 •Ki ktrMvvV.fi^ -, -.Ira