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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Chap^iZi' Copyright No 
 
 ShellXO'.' 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
MAKQUETTE SAILING DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI 
 
 " On the l~th of June (1673), they saw on their right the broad meadows, bounded in 
 the distance by rugged hills, where now stands the town of Prairie du Chien. Before 
 them, a wild and rapid current coursed athwart their way, by the foot of lofty heights 
 wrapped thick in forests. Tliey had found what they sought, and ' witli a joy,' writes 
 Marquette, 'which I cannot express,' they steered forth their canoes on the eddies of 
 tlie Mississippi." — Parkman. 
 
A JUNIOR CLASS HISTORY 
 OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED THE DECLARATION OF 
 INDEPENDENCE, AND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 UNITED STATES, WITH QUESTIONS, EXERCISES, 
 COPIOUS NOTES, ETC. FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH 
 MAPS, PORTRAITS, VIEWS, ETC 
 
 ^ BY 
 
 JOHN J. ANDERSON, Ph.D. 
 
 Author of Anderson's Historical Series 
 
 NEW EDITION, 1899 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MAYNARD, MERRILL, & CO. 
 
 1899 
 
I 
 
 ' SEP 
 
 41247 
 
 Copyright. 1874. 1899. by 
 JOHN J. ANDERSON 
 
 m^\)]m ]\ 
 
 
 •ccoNooopy, 
 
 
 ^n% 
 
 h^^ 
 
PEEFACE 
 
 This work is designed, as its title indicates, for elemen- 
 tary classes. The narrative is brief and simple. Expres- 
 sions not easily intelligible by pupils of a grade sufficiently 
 advanced to commence the study of liistory have been 
 carefully avoided ; but, at the same time, no attempt has 
 been made to lower the style to the grade of a book for the 
 nursery. 
 
 All the important facts in the liistory of our country 
 have been included in the text. Additional statements, 
 referring to certain matters of detail — interesting incidents, 
 anecdotes, biographical sketches, etc. — arc supplied by 
 notes. These, when read in connection with the text, 
 cannot fail to make the study of the history more enter- 
 taining to the young pupil, and will aid in durably im- 
 pressing upon his memory the main facts of the history. 
 
 The arrangement is adapted to the topical method of 
 recitation — the best for history, since this branch of study 
 should, as far as possible, be made the means of training 
 the pupil so that he may acquire the habit of full, j'eadv, 
 and accurate expression. Hence, verbatim repetition should 
 be discouraged, and tlie general topical headings at the 
 commencement of the paragraphs used as much as possible 
 at first, the questions at the foot of the page being employed, 
 
6 PREFACE 
 
 when necessary, to bring out a fuller statement by the 
 pupil. 
 
 The manner in which the dates have been inserted will 
 commend itself to the good sense of the teacher. Only 
 those of importance are given, and not generally so as to 
 form an essential part of the narrative. 
 
 The maps and map questions will prove a very valuable 
 aid in explaining the text where places are referred to ; 
 since no clear knowledge of historical facts can be obtained 
 without a distinct acquaintance with the location of the 
 places with which they are connected. The plan, in this 
 respect, pursued by the Author in his previously-published 
 works, has been carefully adhered to in this. 
 
 The illustrations will, it is believed, not only servo to 
 render this work attractive to young minds, but will aid 
 very greatly in deepening the impression made by the 
 narrative. 
 
 As a supplement to the series of School Histories previ- 
 ously presented by the Author to the public, it is hoped 
 that this book may supply the demand, now so urgent, for 
 a brief and simple, yet complete, manual of United States 
 History. 
 
COXTEXTS 
 
 PEEIOD I 
 
 Discoveries axd Settlemexts 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 I. DiscoTEKY OF America .... 
 II. Other Discoveries by the Spanish 
 
 III. Discoveries by the Frexch axd English 
 
 IV. Virginia 
 
 V. New England ...... 
 
 VI. Xew York an^. Xew Jersey . 
 Vlt. Pennsylvania and Delaware . 
 VIII. Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia 
 IX. French Colonies and Wars . 
 
 X. Civil Progress and SIocial Condition of the Coloxie 
 Chronological Simmary 
 Topics for Review 
 
 PAGE 
 11 
 
 50 
 
 PEKIOD II 
 From the Close of the French axd Ixpiax ^ar to 
 
 THE ArOPTIOX OF THE XaTIOXAL CoXSTITUTIOX^ 
 
 XI. Causes of the American Revolition .... 138 
 
 XII. The War for Independence 135 
 
 XIII. Events to the .\doptiox of the Coxstitctiox .177 
 Topics for Review 1S3 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PERIOD III 
 
 From the Inauguration of Washington to the 
 Present Time 
 
 CUAPTEK 
 
 XIV. Washington's Administration 
 XV. Administrations ov Adams and Jeffkrson 
 XVI. Madison's Administration 
 XVII. Administrations from Madison to Polk 
 XVIII. Administrations from Tyler to Lincoln 
 XIX. Lincoln's Administration. The Great ("ivu 
 
 XX. Later Administrations . 
 XXI. Civil Progress of the Nation 
 XXII. Recent Administrations . 
 Chronological Summary 
 Topics for Review . 
 
 War 
 
 I'AGE 
 
 184 
 190 
 199 
 210 
 223 
 240 
 276 
 294 
 302 
 ,S14 
 317 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Declaration of Independence 
 
 Constitution of the United States . 
 
 Early Claims of PIuropean Nations . 
 
 Battles of French and Indian War . 
 
 Principal Battles of the Rkvolution 
 
 Principal Battles of the War of 1812 
 
 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States 
 
 Skttlement and Admission of the States. 
 
 TERRITORIAL Acquisitions .... 
 
 Principal Battles of the War with iMexko 
 
 Special Review 
 
 Index 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 31 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 39 
 47 
 
now TO TEACH HISTORY 
 
 Lessons should be assigned and recitations heard, not so much in con- 
 formity with rules as in accordance tvith circumstances. 
 
 A SSI G XING THE LESSON 
 
 1. " Give out ■' a short lesson, at the same time designating a map 
 to be drawn by the pupils, on paper or slate, the map to show, among 
 other things, the location of the important places mentioned in the 
 lesson. 1^ Let it be understood that no lesson is learned by a pupil 
 until lie has learned where every place mentioned in it is located. 
 
 2. Let the lesson be read by the class, care being taken to have 
 all the proper names correctly pronounced. P^ndeavor, also, to give 
 interest to the lesson by enlarging upon the facts, throwing in historical 
 incidents, and referring to authors. 
 
 RECITATION 
 
 3. Let the maps be examined and criticised. In this duty the 
 teacher may be aided very muctli Ity a system of examinalions cari'ied 
 out by the pupils themselves, wiio will derive benefit in many respects 
 by the exercise. 
 
 4. Bring out the facts of the lesson -with clearness, particularly 
 the relation of causes to results. If any ({uestiou is not fully answered, 
 put others to elicit what has been omitted. Then ask the first question 
 again, requiring it to be properly answered. Of course the teacher 
 should in all cases aim to have his questions answered with intelligence. 
 Use outline wall-maps, and question freely on the geography. Occa- 
 sionally have the maps drawn on the blackboard. 
 
 |^° Permit no answer to pass if it is not clear that the pupil is 
 acquainted with the location of the places referred to in it. 
 
 REVIEWS 
 
 5. Review by topics. Besides the oral method, the composition 
 plan, by written diagrams, or brief sketches, should occasionally be 
 used. The "Topics for Review," at different places in the book, will 
 furnish an exhaustive supply of subjects for these brief composition 
 exercises, as well as for off-hand oral narratives. 
 
 6. Do not require dates too freely, — the month and the day of the 
 month in no case, unless there is a special reason for it. Take the 
 date of an important event as a turning point ; and, when it is well 
 fixed in the mind, arrange on the one side the train of events as causes, 
 and on the other the train of results, 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 PEEIOD I 
 DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 The Discovery of America 
 
 COLUMBTS EMBARKING AT PALOS, SPAIN, FOR HIS VOYAGE OP DISCOVERT, 1492 
 
 I. The Continents. — Most pupils, before they commence 
 the study of this book, will have seen a maj) of the Eastern 
 and the Western Hemisphere. These, they know, represent 
 the two halves of the surface of the earth, which is round 
 
 Map Questions.— (See map, page 10.) Where are the Bahama Islands ? The V^'est 
 Indies ? Where is Guanahani, called byCoUimbns San Salvador ? The island of His- 
 paniola, St. Pomingo, or Hayti ? 
 
12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 like a ball. They have also learned that each hemisphere 
 contains a large extent of land, one being called the Eastern 
 Continent and tlie other the Western Continent. 
 
 2. The Western Continent. — Now, although we know 
 of events that happened in the Eastern Continent thousands 
 of years ago, scarcely anything was known of the Western 
 Continent, or of its inhabitants, until about four hundred 
 years ago. Previous to that time, people knew only of 
 parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and of the latter chiefly 
 those parts that lie on or near tlie Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 3. The Northmen, or Normans. — In the northern 
 part of Europe, in a country called Norway, there lived 
 about a thousand years ago, a very bold and hardy race of 
 people, who built small ships in which they sallied forth and 
 made voyages to distant countries. They were fierce war- 
 riors as well as seamen. No dangers, either of the land or 
 the ocean, could daunt them. As they lived in the north, 
 they were called Nortltnien, Norsemen, or Normans. 
 
 4. Discovery of Greenland. — Some of these people, 
 between eight and nine centuries ago, venturing a long way 
 out on the ocean, came to the island of Iceland, and after- 
 wards discovered that part of America which is called 
 Greenland, where they made settlements. But these, after 
 flourishing more than a hundred years, perished, and were 
 almost entirely forgotten. It is certain, also, that the 
 Northmen visited Labrador, Newfoundland, and, perhaps, 
 
 Text Questions. — 1. What are the Continents ? 2. When did the Western Conti- 
 nent become known ? What was known of the Eastern Continent ? What of Africa ? 
 3. Who were the Northmen ? What was their character ? Why were they called 
 Northmen, or Normans ? 4. How were Iceland and Greenland discovered ? When 
 were settlements made ? What other places did the Northmen visit ? What country 
 did thev call Vineland ? 
 
DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 13 
 
 New England, and that the last named they called Vine- 
 land, from the abundance of grapes which they found 
 there.* 
 
 5. Progress of Geography, — But there came a time, 
 long after the voyages of these daring Northmen, when 
 people began to desire to know what was on the other side 
 of the great ocean which washed the shores of their conn- 
 tries. Bold navigators arose who studied geography, made 
 maps and charts of the seas over which they had sailed, 
 and tried to find a way by which they might learn more of 
 the surface of the globe on which they lived. In these 
 efforts they were greatly aided by the mariner's compass, 
 which had recently come into use, 
 
 6. The Shape of the Earth, — Most people would not 
 believe that the earth was a globe. They thought it was 
 flat, and that if any one should sail across the ocean, he 
 might come to the end of the earth, and would be in danger 
 of falling off. The men of science, however, were of a dif- 
 ferent opinion : they believed the earth to be round, and 
 they wished to learn more about its surface ; but these men 
 were comparatively very few. 
 
 7. Columbus. — One of the boldest and wisest among 
 
 * " They called the land Vineland (or Vinland), by reason of the grapes and a kind 
 land. The story goes that Lief, the Fortnnate, almost as soon as he landed, missed a 
 little old German servant of his father, Tyrker by name, and was vexed thereat : dnring 
 the night he seeks him, and meets him coming back with smacking lips, and talking 
 highly excited in his old native German tongue ; and when they got him to talk Norse, 
 he said, 'I have news for you. I found vines and grapes for you.' 'Is this true, foster 
 father ? ' 'It is,' says the German, ' for I was brought up where there was never a lack 
 of grapes ! ' " — Charles Kingsley. 
 
 5, How was progress made in Geography ? By what were navigators aided ? 
 6. What was thought of the shape of the earth ? What did the men of science be- 
 lieve? 7. Who was Christopher Columbus ? His studies and voyages ? His project 
 to sail westward ? Its object ? 
 
14 
 
 mSTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES 
 
 them was Cliristojiher Columbus, a native of Genoa {jen'-o- 
 alt), in Italy. He had stiidied the subject for years, and 
 
 had made himself fa- 
 miliar with all that was 
 then known of the 
 science of geography, of 
 which he was very fond. 
 He had also made many 
 voyages. This great 
 man formed the bold 
 project of sailing west- 
 ward across the vast 
 ocean, where no ships 
 had ever before been 
 known to go. The ob- 
 ject of this undertaking 
 was to find a short way to a certain rich country in the 
 southeastern part of Asia and the islands near it, called 
 India, or the Indies. 
 
 8. The Indies — the route to it. — Many persons had 
 already gone to this country and these islands, and had 
 brought back very exciting accounts of the riches to be 
 found there, as well as of the singular character of the 
 people, the animals, the plants, etc.* A considerable com- 
 
 * The first and most extensive traveler among the eastern nations was Marco Polo, a 
 Venetian, who passed seventeen years in the service of the Khan of Tartary, during 
 which he visited the chief countries and cities of Eastern Asia, among them Japan, the 
 existence of which was not previously known. He returned to Venice in 1295 ; and 
 subsequently a very interesting account of his travels was written, which had a wonder- 
 ful effect in encouraging geographical research. It led to the two great discoveries: of 
 America, by Columbus ; and of the Cape of Good Hope, by the Portuguese. 
 
 CHIUSTOPUEK COLUMBUS 
 
 8. What is said of the Indies ? The route thither ? 
 
IfiSCOVERY OF AMERICA 15 
 
 merce was carried on with these countries ; and rich silks, 
 precious stones, spices, and other valuable products were 
 brought thence ; but the journey to and from the Indies 
 was long and dangerous. Vessels sailed through the Medi- 
 terranean Sea to the northeastern part of Africa, where 
 they were unladen, and the goods were carried on the backs 
 of camels across the Isthmus of Suez, and thence again by 
 ships down the Red Sea, and through the Indian Ocean to 
 the Indies. Sometimes the goods were carried overland 
 through Asia, with great labor, difficulty, and expense. 
 
 g. Cities made rich by trade with India. — A^enice, 
 Florence, and Genoa, cities in the northern part of Italy, 
 actively engaged in this trade with the East, and thus be- 
 came the chief marts for all the rich merchandise. They 
 consequently became very rich and prosperous, and excited 
 the envy of other cities and nations, who greatly desired to 
 share in this profitable ti'ade. This they felt they would 
 be able to do, if another way to reach the Indies could be 
 found. 
 
 10. The Portuguese enterprises. — The people of Por- 
 tugal had made great etTorts to accomplish this by sailing 
 southwardly along the west coast of Africa, hoping to be 
 able, if they could sail far enough, to find a way around it, 
 and thus render the passage of the Isthmus of Suez unnec- 
 essary. The foremost in encouraging this undertaking was 
 Prince Henry of Portugal, who sent out many vessels, one 
 after the other, each of which succeeded in going farther 
 
 9. What cities engaged in the trade ? What did other cities desire ? 10. What had 
 tlio Portuguese accomplished ? W'hat is said of Prince Henry ? When was the Cape of 
 Good Hope first passed ? 
 
16 mSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 than the preceding one. It Avas not, however, until after 
 the voyage of Columbus, that any of the Portuguese vessels 
 succeeded in reaching the Cape of Good Hope, and passing 
 around it into the Indian Ocean (1497). 
 
 11. Ideas and plan of Columbus. — Columbus believed 
 that the shortest way was to cross the Atlantic Ocean ; for, 
 while he knew that the earth was round, he did not know 
 its size, and therefore had the idea that the shores of Asia 
 were on the other side of that ocean, being, of course, igno- 
 rant of the fact that a great continent lay between Asia and 
 Europe. He felt sure he Avas right ; and that, if he could 
 obtain the aid he required in order to supply himself Avith 
 ships and other necessary things for a long voyage, he should 
 make great discoveries. 
 
 12. How his plan was received. — Most of those to 
 Avhom he spoke of his plan, laughed at it. The idea that 
 there could be people on the other side of the earth, walking 
 with their heads doAvnward, seemed to them absurd. Some 
 thought that, since the earth is round, a ship, in going a 
 long way across the ocean, would be sailing down hill, and 
 that it could never return. Others spoke of terrific monsters 
 living in the regions beyond the great sea. Few sailors 
 could be persuaded to think of such a voyage. 
 
 13. ^Vhy Columbus was confident. — But Columbus 
 was too wise and brave to have any such notions and fears. 
 He was confident that beyond the great sea there existed 
 lands Avhich Avere inhabited by human beings. Indeed, he 
 
 11. AA^hat did Columbus believe was the best way to reach India ? Why ? 12. 
 How was his plan received ? What was thought of it ? 13. AVhat made Columbus 
 feel sure that he was right ? 
 
18 HISTORY OP THP UNITED STATES 
 
 knew that pieces of carved wood, and even human bodies 
 had been borne by westerly Avinds across the ocean, and 
 thrown by the Avaves upon the shores of the islands called 
 the Azores {a-zors'), the most westerly land then known. 
 
 14. How the King of Portugal treated him. — The 
 King of Portugal was the first monarch from whom he asked 
 the assistance he needed ; but this monarch was mean and 
 dishonest. After hearing the views of Columbus, he secretly 
 sent out a ship to make the discovery, and thus obtain all 
 the honor and profit for himself; but the Portuguese cap- 
 tain, after sailing some time without seeing any glimpse of 
 land, returned, and reported that Columbus was mistaken. 
 
 15. From -whom he obtained aid Columbus had 
 
 previously made proposals to liis native city, Genoa, but 
 without success. From Portugal he went to Sjjain, and 
 petitioned Ferdinand and Isabella, who reigned over that 
 country, to undertake the enterprise. For a long time 
 his efforts to convince them of the truth of his views were 
 unsuccessful ; but finally, when he told the good and pious 
 Queen Isabella of all the lands which he expected to discover, 
 and the heathen people who were to be converted to Chris- 
 tianity, she became deeply interested in the plan, and offered 
 to pawn her jewels to obtain the money needed to procure the 
 ships, men, and provisions, required to carry it into effect. 
 
 16. Sailing of Columbus — At last, aided by Isabella, 
 the preparations for tlie voyage were completed. With three 
 small ships and about ninety sailors, Columbus set out from 
 
 14. To whom did he first apply for aid ? Wliat did the King of Portugal do ? 15. 
 To whom did he nest apply ? W^hat induced Isabella to offer him aid ? 16. How and 
 when did he sail ? From what port ? What appointment had he received ? 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 a port in the southern part of Spain called Palos {pah'-loce) 
 (August 3, 1493), after he had spent about twenty years in 
 arranging his plans and getting the aid needed to carry 
 
 them into effect. He 
 had been appointed 
 by the queen admiral 
 of the fleet, and was 
 to be viceroy of all 
 the countries which 
 he should discover. 
 
 17. Incidents of 
 the voyage. — For 
 sixty days Columbus 
 and his companions 
 continued to sail west- 
 ward, but without dis- 
 covering land. They saw nothing but the vast ocean all 
 around them. Then the sailors became alarmed, and re- 
 solved they would go no further. They even threatened to 
 throw their brave admiral into the sea. But Columbus re- 
 mained firm ; he persuaded, entreated, and threatened by 
 turns, the mutinous men ; and finally told them that if in a 
 few days he did not find land, he would return. 
 
 18. Discovery of land. — Soon, however, the signs that 
 they were approaching land became very numerous. Birds 
 were seen, fresh branches of trees floated near them, and 
 the wind wafted the fragrance of flowers and foliage to the 
 ships. At length, about ten o'clock on the night of October 
 
 THE PINTA 
 
 One of the vessels in which Columbus crossed the 
 Atlantic in 1492. 
 
 17. W'hat were the chief incidents of the voyage ? How did he quiet the mutinous 
 sailors ? 18. What signs of land became visible ? When was land discovered ? 
 
DISCO rUBY OF AMERICA 
 
 21 
 
 11, Colnmbns himself suw a light, and the next morning 
 land was plainly in view (October 13, 1492). The heart of 
 Columbus beat with jo}-. 
 
 ig. The island and its people. — This land was found 
 to be a beautiful island, and very soon the Spaniards saw 
 the inhabitants flocking to the shore to see the strange 
 
 ships — objects un- 
 like anything they 
 had ever seen be- 
 fore. These peo- 
 ple were without clothing, and seemed to be a simple and 
 harmless race. Columbus called them Indians, for he 
 thought he had reached one of tlie islands of tlie Indies. 
 20. Landing of Columbus. — Soon the Spaniards landed, 
 
 19. What was it found to be ? Describe the natives ? What were they called by 
 Columbus? Why? 
 
32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Columbus leading them, clothed in a gorgeous dress of 
 scarlet, and bearing the royal standard in his hand. They 
 all threw themselves on their knees, kissed the ground, and 
 returned thanks to God for their preservation, and for the 
 great discovery they had made. Columbus drew his sword 
 and solemnly took possession of the island in the names of 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, naming it San Salvador, which 
 means Holy Saviour * 
 
 21. Conduct of the sailors and natives. — The sailors 
 who had been so mutinous were then very repentant. They 
 knelt before Columbus and begged his forgiveness, promis- 
 ing thereafter to obey his commands. Indeed, they almost 
 worshiped him as a superior being. As for the simple 
 natives, it may be imagined with what awe and wonder 
 they gazed on this scene. At first they fled to the woods 
 in terror, but seeing tliat no attempt was made to harm 
 them, they returned and approaclied their strange visitors. 
 
 22. Description of the natives. — They were a copper- 
 colored people, having straight, coarse, black hair, but no 
 beards ; and their faces and bodies were painted with vari- 
 ous colors. They were greatly pleased with the glass beads 
 and other trinlvets which the Spaniards gave them, and 
 freely exchanged for these such provisions as they had, and 
 the little ornaments of gold wliich they wore. f The latter 
 
 * This island is one of a large group of islands, called the Ba-hu'-inas. The natives 
 called it Guanahani (givah-nah-huli' -ne). 
 
 + "So loving, so tractable, so peaceable are the people," says Columbus in his jour- 
 nal, " that I declare to your Majesties there is not in the world a better nation, nor 
 
 20. Describe the landing of Columbus. What did he call the island ? 21. What 
 was the conduct of the sailors ? Of the natives ? 22. Character of the natives ? 
 Their gold trinkets ? 
 
DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 23 
 
 chiefly caught the attentiou of the Spaniards, who desired 
 to know where they got that metal. The natives pointed 
 to tlie south as the phice where it abounded. 
 
 23. Other discoveries of Columbus. — After staying a 
 few days at San Salvador, Columbus sailed in a southerly 
 direction, and soon discovered other islands, the largest of 
 which was named Cuba. Another large island he called 
 His-pan-i-o'-la {Little Spain). On all these islands he was 
 treated with kindness by the natives ; and on his departure 
 he left a small colony at Hispaniola.* 
 
 24. Return of Columbus — other voyages. — On his re- 
 turn to Spain, Columbus was received with very great 
 honor ; and the news of his wonderful discovery produced 
 great interest and astonishment, f He afterward made other 
 voyages ; and, in 1498, succeeded in reaching the continent 
 
 a better land. Tlioy love their neighbors as themselves ; ami tlieir discourse is ever 
 sweet and gentle, and accompanied with a smile ; and though it is true that they are 
 naked, yet their manners are decorous and praiseworthy." — Irvinr/'s Life of Columbus. 
 
 * Hispaniola was afterwards called Sau Domingo. The name of Hayti (Jia'-tee) was 
 given to it after the French were expelled in 1803. 
 
 t "To receive him with suitable pomp and distinction, the sovereigns had ordered 
 their throne to be placed in public, under a rich canopy of brocade of gold, in a vast 
 and splendid saloon. Here the king and queen awaited his arrival, seated in state, 
 with the Prince Jiuin beside them, and attended by the dignitaries of their court, . . . 
 all impatient to behold the man who had conferred so incalculable a benefit upon the 
 nation. At length Columbus entered the hall, surrounded by a brilliant crowd of 
 cavaliers, among whom, says Las Casas, he was conspicuous for his stately and com- 
 manding person, which, with his countenance, rendered venerable by his gray hair, 
 gave him the august appearance of a senator of Rome ; a modest smile lighted up his 
 features, showing that he enjoyed the state and glory in which he came. As Columbus 
 approached, the sovereigns arose, as if receiving a person of the highest rank. Bend- 
 ing his knees, he offered to kiss their hands ; but there was some hesitation on their 
 part to permit this act of homage. Raising him in the most gracious manner, they 
 ordered him to seat himself in their presence, a rare honor in this proud and punctilious 
 court." — Irriiufs Life of Cohimbus. 
 
 23. What other discoveries did Columbus make ? Where did he leave a small col- 
 ony ? 24. How was Columbus received on his return ? What other voyage did he 
 make ? When did he (1i??oyer the Continent ? '^Vhat did he suppose it t^ ^c ? 
 
24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 of South America, near the mouth of a hirge river, called 
 the O-rin-o'-co. He was not, however, aware that it was 
 a continent, still supposing the lands he had found to be 
 islands near Asia. 
 
 25. Columbus in chains — his death. — In his third 
 voyage, the Spaniards rebelled against his authority, and 
 sent him back to Spain in chains. In this condition he aj)- 
 peared before Isabella, who was greatly moved at the sight, 
 and ordered the chains to be taken off. The king, however, 
 treated him with base ingratitude, never restoring him to 
 his office as viceroy, which had been promised him. He 
 afterwards made a fourth voyage, in which he explored a 
 part of the coast of Da-ri-en' (1502). 
 
 26. Columbus, poor and neglected, died in Spain in 
 1506, being about seventy years of age. The king, who 
 had treated him so ungratefully while he lived, gave him a 
 pompous funeral.* It is sad to think that this great and 
 good man should not have received the rewards to which he 
 was entitled for pointing out the way to a new world. The 
 Spanish courtiers, too, were jealous of his fame and of the 
 respect with which the good queen treated him.f 
 
 * His body was deposited in a convent at Val-la-do-lid', Spain, but was afterward 
 removed to Seville, Spain. Twenty-three years after, it was talven across the Atlantic 
 to Hispaniola, and, two hundred and sixty years later, was carried witli great ceremony 
 to the cathedral at Havana. In 1898, after our war with Spain, it was carried back to 
 Spain. 
 
 t "A short time after his return from his first voyage, the Grand Cardinal of Spain 
 invited Columbus to a banquet, where he assigned him the most honorable place at 
 table. A shallow courtier present, impatient of the honors paid to Columbus, and 
 meanly jealous of him as a foreigner, abruptly asked hira whether he thought that, in 
 case he had not discovered the Indies, there were not other men in Spain who would 
 have been capable of the enterprise. To this, Columbus made no immediate reply, 
 
 25. What happened in his third voyage ? How was lie treated by the queen ? By the 
 king? His fourth voyage? 26. When and how did he die ? His funeral ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS 25 
 
 27. Origin of the name America. — The success of Co- 
 lumbus iiuUiced many other navigators to make voyages 
 across tlie Athintic Ocean, among tliem Amerigo Vespucci 
 {ah-md-re-go ves-poot'-chee), an Italian (1499), wlio/on liis 
 return, wrote an interesting account of the country dis- 
 covered. This account was published some time after, and 
 thus the continent came to be called after him, America.* 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Other Discoveries by the Spaniards 
 
 I. Discovery of the Pacific Ocean. — For some time 
 the Spaniards continued to explore the regions in the 
 northern part of South America ; and in 1513 one of the 
 boldest, named Bal-bo'-a, with a small coni])any, crossed 
 the Isthmus of Darien, and after many hardships reached 
 
 but, taking an egg, invited the company to make it stand on one end. Every one at- 
 tempted it, but in vain ; whereupon he struck it upon the table so as to break the end, 
 and left it standing on the broken part ; illustrating in this simple manner that when 
 he had once shown the way to the New World, nothing was easier than to follow it." — 
 Ii'ring^s Life of Columbus. 
 
 * "The name America was first applied to the New World in a work written by 
 Martin Waldseemnllcr, under an assumed name, and printed in Lorraine', Germany, 
 in 1507. This has been clearly proved by Humboldt. . . . The Spaniards carefully 
 avoided the use of the name America in their histories and official documents, in not 
 one of which, anterior to the middle of the last century, can the word be found." — 
 Greenhoiv^s Hint, of Oregon and California. 
 
 A copy of Waldseemuller's book is among the " Literary Curiosities," under a glass 
 case in the British Museum. Another copy was procured by the Hon. Cliarles Sumner, 
 during his last visit to Europe. It is not known that there is a third copy in existence. 
 The work is in Latin. 
 
 Map Questions.— Where is Florida ? (Map, p. 10.) Mexico ? (Map, p. 10.) 
 Straits of Magellan ? (Map of S. America.) Philippine Islands ? (Pacitic Ocean.) 
 
 Text Questions.— 27. How did the country receive the name of America? Who 
 was Amerigo Vespucci ? 1. What was done by Balboa ? What did he call the body 
 of water he discovered ? 
 
TUli DISCOVKKV OF THE PACIFIC BY BALBOA 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS 27 
 
 the shore of the great ocean that stretches beyond. Igno- 
 rant of the extent of the vast body of water that he saw 
 spread out before him to the southward of the Istlnnus, he 
 called it the South Sea. 
 
 2. Magellan's voyage. — Six years afterwards, a Por- 
 tuguese navigator, named Ma-gel'-lan, commanding a Span- 
 ish squadron consisting of five ships, sailed from Spain to 
 the southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, and discovered the 
 strait which was named after him. Passing through this 
 strait, he reached the ocean previously discovered by Bal- 
 boa, and sailed across it. This ocean he called the Pacific, 
 that is, pcacpful, for he experienced very mild weather on 
 entering it, and for several days after. 
 
 3. Voyage round the world. — Unfortunately, this bold 
 sailor was shiiu in a battle with the warlike natives of one 
 of the Phil-ip-pine' Islands ; but his shij) kept on the voyage 
 westward, passed the Cape of (rood Hope, and in this way 
 reached Spain, thus completing the first voyage ever made 
 around the world (1519-2^). This voyage, of course, proved 
 America to be a different continent from tlie Eastern Con- 
 tinent, and it was therefore called the Westci'n Continent, 
 or New World. The islands among which Columbus had 
 sailed were named the ^Yest Indies. 
 
 4. Voyage of Pon-ce'de Le-on'. — Among a large group 
 of these islands, called the Bahamas, it had been reported 
 that there Avas one which contained a very wonderful spring 
 which would restore to youthful health and vigor any one 
 
 2. Who was Magellan ? What voyage did he make ? What did he discover ? What 
 ocean did he cross ? Why was it called the Pacific ? 3. When and how was he slain ? 
 How far did one of his ships sail ? What did this prove ? 4. What report existed in 
 regard to the Bahamas ? What did this prompt ? Who was Ponce do Lwn ? 
 
38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 who should drink of it, or bathe in its waters. Hearing of 
 this report, a soldier of distinction, named De Leon [da 
 Id-on'), who had sailed with Columbus in some of his voy- 
 ages, determined to go in quest of it (1512), for he was of 
 advanced age, and eagerly desired to be young once more. 
 
 5. Discovery of Florida He sailed about for some 
 
 time among these islands, but the fountain of perpetual 
 youth was nowhere to be found. While thus engaged, 
 however, he came to a very beautiful country, to which he 
 gave the name of Florida, or the Land of Flowers, for the 
 trees all along its shores were covered with bright and fra- 
 grant blossoms. It was Easter Sunday when this land was 
 reached, and the mariners had abundance of flowers to 
 celebrate that festival. De Leon, a few years afterward, 
 returned to his newly-found land, and was mortally wounded 
 in a battle with tbe natives.* 
 
 6. Discovery of Mexico — the inhabitants. — A siiort 
 time after the discovery of Florida, Mexico was discovered, 
 and the Spaniards were very much surprised to find that 
 the inhabitants of that country, instead of being naked 
 barbarians like the Indians, were a civilized nation, living 
 in cities and towns, and having a regular government. 
 Their temples and palaces were spacious and magnificent ; 
 and the people were dressed in garments of cloth, and wore 
 ornaments of gold and silver. Their king, who was named 
 
 *" Wounded by an arrow, he returned to Cuba to die. . . . The discoverer of Flor- 
 ida had desired immortality on earth, and gained its shadow."— iJanero/T.'s Hist. U. 8. 
 
 5. Whiit land did he reach ? Why was it called Florida ? How did the death of 
 De Leon occur ? 6. What was the character of the Mexicans ? Their king ? To 
 >\'hat race did they belong ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS 29 
 
 Mon-te-zu'-ma, it was said was very rich. These people 
 belonged to a race called the Aztecs. 
 
 7. Expedition of Cortez. — Cor'-tez, a brave but cruel 
 soldier, was sent with about six hundred men to take 
 possession of this country. He landed with his small army 
 on the shores of Mexico in 1519; and, in order to compel 
 his men to think only of conquest, by cutting off all hope 
 of return, he destroyed his ships. lie then marched 
 through the country to the capital, situated about two 
 hundred miles from the place of his landing, although 
 messengers had been dispatched by ^lontezuma to the 
 strangers, bearing rich presents, but forbidding them to 
 advance into the country. 
 
 8. Death of Montezuma. — Nevertheless, the Spaniards 
 were treated with great kindness and civility by Montezuma, 
 on their arrival at the capital of his dominions ; but the 
 designs of the strangers were soon appai'ent to the Mexi- 
 cans, and they soon began to give tokens of hostility. To 
 check this, Cortez artfully made a prisoner of the king, and 
 induced him to counsel his peojile to submit. At this they 
 were so much enraged, that they hurled stones and arrows 
 at their monarch ; and from the effects of the injuries 
 which he thus sustained he soon after died. 
 
 g. Conquest of Mexico. — The Mexicans thereupon rose 
 upon the Spaniards, drove them from their city, and pur- 
 sued them with great fury. On the retreat, Cortez, finding 
 that he must give battle or be destroyed, made a stand against 
 
 7. Who was sent to conquer them ? What did he do on landini; ': 8. How were 
 the Spaniards treated by Montezuma ? What caused the king's death ? 9. What fol- 
 lowed ? How was Mexico conquered ? 
 
30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 his foes, and although his men were so few, he gained a vic- 
 tory ; for the Spaniards wore armor and liad fire-arms, against 
 which tlie Mexicans had no means of contending. Aided 
 by native tribes who had become dissatisfied with tlie rule 
 of their king, Cortez returned to the city and made an entire 
 conquest of the country (1521). 
 
 10. Cruelty of the Spaniards. — It was the desire for 
 gold that prompted these Spanish cliieftains and their fol- 
 lowers to such deeds of hardship and daring. To satisfy 
 this craving, they were guilty of the most shocking cruelties 
 and crimes. Thus, after capturing the Mexican King Gua-ti- 
 mo'-zin, the successor of Montezuma, these ruthless soldiers 
 laid him on a bed of burning coals, to compel him to disclose 
 where he had concealed his riches ; and a short time after- 
 wards, Cortez ordered him to be hanged.* Thousands of 
 the unfortunate Mexicans were slain by this relentless chief 
 and his soldiers, in completing the conqiiest of the country. 
 
 11. Spaniards in Florida. — Having found so much 
 wealth in Mexico, the Spaniards thought they should be 
 equally successful in exploring Florida ; f and this belief was 
 
 * " Gua-ti-mo'-zin bore whatever the refined cruelty of his tormentors could inflict, 
 with the invincible fortitude of an American warrior. His fellow-sufferer, overcome 
 by the violence of his anguish, turned a dejected eye towards his master, which seemed 
 to implore his permission to reveal all he knew. But the high-spirited prince, darting 
 on him a look of authority mingled with scorn, chocked his weakness by asking, 'Am 
 1 now reposing on a bed of flowers ?' Overawed by the reproach, the favorite perse- 
 vered in his dutiful silence, and expired."— ffo/;«rfeo?i's IRstory of America. 
 
 + " It must be recollected that the name of Florida then designated a vast extent of 
 country, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico, northwestwardly, towards unknown 
 regions. The division of the country, as marked upon the maps, were Florida at the 
 sonth, extending to the north of Chesapeake, and meeting New France." — Fairbanks^s 
 Histoi-y of Florida. 
 
 10. What was the motive of the Spaniards in these conquests ? What cruelties did 
 they commit ? Their treatment of Guatimozin ? 11. What ideas were entertained in 
 regard to Florida ? Whose ambition was incited by reports of its wealth ? Who was 
 De Soto ? 
 
mSCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS 
 
 31 
 
 strengthened by the reports of some persons wlio had wan- 
 dered through a part of tiiat country. These statements 
 particularly incited the ambition 
 and avarice of a rich and brave 
 cavalier, named De Soto, who had 
 already gained wealth and distinc- 
 tion in the conquest of Peru. 
 
 12. De Soto's Expedition.— He 
 therefore sought and obtained per- 
 mission from the king of Spain to 
 conquer this country, at his own 
 expense, and was also appointed 
 governor of Cuba. lie soon suc- 
 ceeded in collecting a company of gay cavaliers, all brave, and 
 thirsting for conquest and riches like himself, and caused ten 
 vessels to be equipped for the voyage. With these and his 
 little army of about six hundred men, he set sail for the 
 New World in 1538. After stopping at Cuba and leaving 
 his wife to govern that island, he sailed to Florida, and in 
 the summer of 1539, commenced his march towards the 
 fancied land of gold. 
 
 13. Discovery of the Mississippi. — For nearly three 
 years, he and his companions wandered in the wilderness, 
 suffering dreadful hardships ; for the natives were warlike 
 and hostile, and constantly opposed the invaders' march. In 
 1541, they reached the banks of the Mississi2ipi River, which 
 they crossed, and penetrated into the region beyond.* Worn 
 
 * De Solo crossed the Mississippi not far from ttie 35th parallel of latitude ; and wan- 
 dered over the region probably as far north as the Missouri. 
 
 12. What permission and appointinent did he obtain ? What preparations did he 
 make ? When did he land in Florida ? 
 
33 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 out at last with hardships, care, and disa])pointment, for there 
 were no signs of El Dorado, or the land of Gold, which he 
 expected to find, De Soto returned to tlie Mississippi. 
 There he was stricken with disease, and death, in a few 
 days, relieved him of his miseries. 
 
 14. End of the Expedition. — His followers were greatly 
 troubled by his death, for it was the fear of the great white 
 chief that prevented the Iiidians from making an attack 
 upon the invaders. The Spaniards, therefore, endeavored 
 to conceal De Soto's death from the natives by sinking his 
 remains in the waters of the great river which he had dis- 
 covered.* A slioit time afterward, they succeeded in build- 
 ing some frail boats, in which they sailed down tlie Missis- 
 sippi to the Gulf, and finally reached a Spanish settlement. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 Discoveries by the French and English 
 
 I. First Discoveries by the English — The discoveries 
 and explorations of the S]3aniards were chiefly confined to 
 
 * "Their condition, on the death of their commander, was most forlorn. Few of 
 their horses remained alive; their baggage had been destroyed, and many of the sol- 
 diers were without armor and weapons. In place of the gallant array which, more 
 than three years before, had left the harbor of Espiritu Santo, a company of sickly and 
 starving men were laboring among the swampy forests of the Mississippi, some clad 
 In skins, and some in mats woven from a kind of wild vine." — Parkman. 
 
 Map Questions.— (Map, p. 10.) Where is the Gulf of Mexico ? The St. Lawrence 
 River ? New Brunswick ? Nova Scotia ? Newfoundland ? Quebec ? Cape Cod ? 
 Maine ? Lake Champlain ? St. Augustine ? Elizabeth Islands ? What part of the 
 country was called Carolina ? What, Virginia ? 
 
 Text Questions. — 13. How long did the Spaniards wander in the wilderness? 
 What river did they reach and cross ? Where did De Soto die ? 14. What was done 
 with De Soto's remains? Why? How did his followers escape? 1. To what were 
 the discoveries and explorations of the Spaniards confined ? What were the first ex- 
 plorations made by the English ? 
 
DISCOVERIES BY THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH 33 
 
 the regions bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and the Ca- 
 ribbean Sea, and the ishxnds of the West Indies. A few- 
 years after the iirst voyage of Columbus, the English, under 
 an Italian navigator named John Cab'-ot, reached Labrador ; 
 and his son Sebastian, the following year (1498), sailed 
 along the coast from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 2. Verrazzani's Voyage. — The French, some time after 
 this, sent out ships to make discoveries in the New World. 
 Under an Italian navigator, named Verrazzani (yer-rat- 
 tsah'-ne), they sailed along the eastern shore of IS'orth Amer- 
 ica from Cape Fear, entered the harbors of JSTew York and 
 Newport, and continued their voyage be- 
 yond Nova Scotia. Verrazzani called 
 the country wliich he had seen New 
 France. His voyage was made in 1524. 
 
 3. Discovery of the St. Lawrence. 
 — A few years after this (1534) the 
 French, under another luivigator, 
 named Cartier (car-te-a), discovered 
 
 the great river St. Lawrence, and tried to form a settlement 
 on its banks, but they were not successful. Quebec, the 
 oldest town in Canada, was not founded till 1608. 
 
 4. Settlements of the French Protestants But long 
 
 before this, tlie French Protestants, aided by ColigTiy 
 {ko-leen-ye'), tried to find, in the regions farther south, a 
 home where they might live in peace and worship God in 
 
 2. Give an account of Verrazzani's voyage. What name did lie give to the coun- 
 try ? 3. When and by whom was the St. Lawrence River discovered ? W^hen was 
 Quebec founded ? 4. Where, before tliis, did tlie French Protestants try to settle ? 
 What is said of the settlement in Carolina ? In Florida ? What town was settled by 
 the Spaniards in 1565 ? 
 
 3 
 
34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 freedom. They made a settlement in Carolina (15G2), but 
 this was soon after abandoned ; * and then they attempted 
 another in Florida (loG-i), but the settlers were killed by 
 the Spaniards, nnder Melendez (md-Ieii'-deth), as all that 
 region was claimed by Spain. In 1565, Melendez fonnded 
 St. Augustine, now the oldest town in the United States. 
 Two years after this, the French, nnder a leader named De 
 Gonrgues ([/oorr/), surprised the forts on the St. John, and 
 hung two hundred of the Spanish captives upon the trees. 
 
 5. Acadia and Port Royal. — Many years afterward 
 (1605), Protestants from France settled in a I'egion called 
 by them Acadia, which included the present j^i'ovinces of 
 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Their first town was 
 named Port Royal, for it had a magnificent liarbor. 
 
 6. Champlain. — An expedition, under a leader named 
 Champlain, entered the St. Lawrence in 1608 ;f and the 
 next year, with an Indian war-party, Champlain sailed up 
 the lake which now bears his name, being the first European 
 to gaze ujion its expansive waters and jiicturesque shores 
 (1609). 
 
 * This was on tlie departure of Ribaiit (re-bo'), the chief of the expedition. 
 "Twenty-six men remained to Iteep possession of the continent." There, after wait- 
 ing in vain several months for the return of Ribaut, tliey put to sea in a small vessel 
 which they had constructed. The sufferings which they endured on the voyage, be- 
 cause of their want of food, were frightful, but a remnant of their number at length 
 reached France. "One day they cast lots for the life of one of their number, who 
 was sacrificed, and his flesh divided eq\\&\\y."~ Fairbanks' s History of Florida. 
 
 t " Five years before, he liad explored the St. Lawrence as far as the rapids above 
 Montreal. On its banks, as he thought, was the true site for a settlement, a fortified 
 post, whence, as from a secure basis, the waters of the vast interior might be traced 
 back to their sources, and a western route discovered to China and the East. Fain, 
 too, would he unveil the mystery of that boundless wilderness, and plant the Catholic 
 faith and the power of France amid its ancient barbarism." — Parkman. 
 
 5. When and by whom was Acadia settled ? What did it include ? What was the 
 first settlement ? 6. What is said of Champlain's expedition ? What lake did he dis- 
 cover ? 
 
DISCOVERIES BY THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH 35 
 
 7. Drake's Voyage.— During the reign of the famous 
 Queen Elizabetli^ a very remarkable vo^'age Avas made by 
 Francis Drake, a noted English caiitain. After cruising 
 about for several months, he passed through the strait of 
 Magellan, and entered the Pacific Ocean, for the purpose of 
 plundering the Spanish settlements on the coast of South 
 America. Sailing iiorth as far as the 42d parallel, he 
 stopped at one of the harbors — probably San Francisco 
 Bay — to refit (15T9) ; and thence steered across the Pacific, 
 returning by that route to England (1580). This was the 
 first voyage round the world after that of Magellan.* 
 
 8. Gilbert's Voyage. — During the same reign, the 
 English made several attempts to form settlements in the 
 New World. Sir Humphrey Gilbert tried to plant a colony 
 on the island of Xewfoi;ndland (1583), but failed, and on 
 his return, his vessel foundered, and all on board perished. f 
 
 * The western coast of North America was first explored by the Spaniards. Expedi- 
 tions, sent by Cortez, examined the California peninsula. Alarcon (ah-lar'-s07i), sent 
 by the governor of Mexico in 1540, ascended the Colorado River beyond the Gila 
 (he'-lah) ; and Coronado (ko-ro-nah'-do), also sent at the same time, wandered for three 
 years over the regions now known as Arizona, New ^Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Ne- 
 vada (1540-1543). In 1543, Cabrillo (cab-reel' -yd), commanding two vessels, sent by the 
 Mexican governor, examined the coast as far as the northern limits of San Francisco 
 Bay ; but, dying, his pilot, Fer-re'-lo, next year continued the exploration as far north, 
 probably, as the latitude of 43 degrees. 
 
 t " Gilbert had sailed in the Squirrel, a barli of ten tons onlj', and, therefore, con- 
 venient for entering harbors, and approaching the coast. On the homeward voyage, 
 the brave admiral would not forsake his little company, with whom he had encountered 
 80 many storms and perils. A desperate resolution I The weather was extremely 
 rough ; the oldest mariner had never seen 'more outrageous seas.' The little frigate, 
 not more than twice as large as the long-boat of a merchantman, ' too small a bark to 
 pass through the ocean sea at that season of the year,' was nearly wrecked. The gen- 
 eral, sitting abaft with a book in his hand, cried out to those in the hind, ' We are as 
 near to heaven by sea as by land.' That same night, the lights of the Squirrel suddenly 
 disappeared ; and neither vessel, nor any of its crew, was ever seen again." — 
 Bancroft. 
 
 7. What remarkable voyage was made during Queen Elizabeth's reign ? What route 
 did Drake take ? In what year did he reach England ? 8. What was done during 
 Queen Elizabeth's reign '? Give an account of Gilbert's voyage. 
 
36 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 g. Raleigh's Expedition— Virginia. — The next yeai% 
 the celebrated courtier, Sir Walter Ealeigh {i-mu'-le), sent 
 out two vessels, with a similar purpose. These sailed to 
 
 the coast of Carolina, and the 
 voyagers landed on Roanoke 
 Island. They found the region 
 very delightful ; and, on their 
 return, told the queen of its 
 beauty and fertility, who, there- 
 fore, said it should be called Vir- 
 ginia, for it had been discov- 
 ered durino- the reis:n of the 
 
 SIK WALTEK RAhEIGH 
 
 virgin queen. 
 10. Other Expeditions by the English. — Other expe- 
 ditions were sent out by Raleigh,* but they did not succeed 
 in making a permanent settlement. Bartholomew Gos- 
 nold, a noted captain, who discovered Cape Cod f in 1602, 
 also tried to plant a colony, selecting for its site one of the 
 Elizabeth Islands, which he had discovered and named;;}: 
 
 * The tobacco plant was first carried to England by some of Raleigh's returning 
 colonists, and he introduced the habit of smoliing it. " It is related that when his ser- 
 vant entered his room with a tanlvard of ale, and for the first time saw the sniolve 
 issuing from his master's mouth and nostrils, he cast the liquor in his face. Terribly 
 frightened he alarmed the household with the intelligence that Sir Walter was on 
 fire." 
 
 + Cape Cod was the first spot in New England ever trod by Englishmen. 
 
 t "The westernmost of the islands was named Elizabeth, from the queen— a name 
 which has been transferred to the whole group. There is on the island a pond, and 
 within it lies a rocky islet. This was the position which the adventurers selected for 
 their residence. Here tliey built their storehouse and their fort : and here the founda- 
 tions of the first Kew England colony were to be \-MA."'—Banc)vft. 
 
 9. Give an account of the expedition sent out by Raleigh. Why was the country 
 called Virginia ? 10. What other expeditions were sent out by the English ? Who 
 discovered Cape Cod ? Where did (iosnold attempt a settlement ? With what result ' 
 What exploration was made in 1C03 ? 
 
1602] 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 37 
 
 but the settlei's became alarmed at the Indians, and, dis- 
 couraged by the want of supplies, soon returned to Eng- 
 land. The southern shores of JMaine were also explored by 
 the English about this time (1603). 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 Virginia 
 
 I. Although the English had failed, in the expeditions 
 they had sent out, to make settlements in the newly-discov- 
 ered regions beyond the ocean, 
 they were not discouraged. Ra- 
 leigh could send no more ships to 
 America : he was kept in prison 
 by King James, the successor of 
 the great queen ; for he had been 
 condemned on a charge of trea- 
 son.* But the accounts given of 
 the fertility, delightful climate, 
 and wealth of Virginia, made many desire to go there, to 
 bring back some of its rich products, or to find a home in 
 which they might live in ease and idleness. 
 
 * During his imprisonment he wrote a History of England. Being released, in order 
 that he might point out a gold mine which he said existed in the northern part of South 
 America, and having failed in the expedition, he was, on his return, beheaded, under 
 the sentence which for several years had been forgotten (1618). " He met death with 
 the most heroic indifference. Before he laid his head upon the block he felt the edge 
 of the ax, and said, with a smile upon his face, that it was a sharp medicine, but would 
 cure the worst disease. When he was bent down, ready for death, he said to the exe- 
 cutioner, finding that he hesitated, ' What dost thou fear ? Strike, man ! ' So the ax 
 came down and struck his head off, in the sixty-sixth year of his age." — Dickens^s 
 England. 
 
 Text Questions. ~1. What induced further attempts to settle Virginia ? 
 
 SEAL OF VIUGINIA 
 
38 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Map Questions.— Name five rivers tliat flow into Chesapeake Bay. What two 
 capes are at the entrance of the baj' ? To what larjje body of v\ater is Chesapeake 
 Bay tributary* Aris. — The Atlantic Ocean. How was Jamestown situated? Into 
 what body of water does the Cliowan River flow ? What other river flows into Albe- 
 marle Sound ? How is the Island of Roanoke situated ? 
 
1607' 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 39 
 
 2. London Company. — A number of rich men, uoble- 
 men, merchants, and others, formed a company called the 
 London Company, and obtained from the king a grant 
 of land lying between the thirty-fourth and thirty-eighth 
 parallels, which they were empowered to settle and govern. 
 This company provided three small ships, provisions, tools, 
 etc., and sent ont a colony consisting of one hnndred and 
 five men, who were to make a settlement in Virginia. The 
 command was given to Captain Christopher Newport. 
 
 THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEllS LANDING IN VIRGINIA, 1607 
 
 3. Settlement at Jamestown. — They were directed to 
 settle on Roanoke Island, but were driven by adverse winds 
 northward into Chesapeake Bay, and discovered a river, 
 which they named James River, in lienor of the king. 
 They found the conntry very delightful, and sailing up this 
 stream about fifty miles, they selected a place for a settle- 
 ment, and called it Jamestown (1607). 
 
 4. Character of the Colonists — The men sent out were 
 
 2. What was the London Company ? What grant was made to it ? What expedi- 
 tion was sent out '! 3. Where was a settlement made ? 4. What was the character of 
 the settlers ? 
 
40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1607 
 
 but poorly fitted to settle in a wild country. Of the one 
 hundred and five, only twelve were laborers, and there were 
 but few mechanics ; of the latter only four were carpenters. 
 The greater number were poor gentlemen, bankrupt trades- 
 men, and idle adventurers — men who, having wasted their 
 fortunes in dissipation, were eager to repair them in order 
 to renew their former life of slothful enjoyment. Such 
 men were of little use in cutting down trees and building 
 huts ; and hence the work Avent on slowly. 
 
 5. Dissensions among the Colonists.— Even before 
 they landed, quarrels had broken out among the emigrants, 
 and these became more bitter as they were compelled to 
 endure the labor and hardships of a life in the wilderness. 
 They selected for their president a man named Wing'-field ; 
 but he was mean and selfish ; and as their troubles increased 
 from want and sickness, it was found that he had arranged 
 to desert them, taking away their provisions and their only 
 vessel. They accordingly deposed him, and appointed in his 
 jDlace one Rat'-cliffe. He, however, proved entirely incapable 
 of the task of governing the colony (1607). 
 
 6. John Smith. — But there Avas one man among the 
 emigrants who was equal to the task. This was the famous 
 Captain John Smith.* Jealous of his fame and his great 
 
 * Smith had traveled through a large part of Europe, and had passed a very adventur- 
 ous life. He had fought against the Turks ; had been captured in battle, and made a 
 slave ; had been rescued from slavery through the compassion of his Turkish mistress, 
 and had been sent by her to Russia, where he was treated as a serf. Rising against his 
 task-master, he slew him, and fled from the country. Thence, in search of new adven- 
 tures and dangers, he went to Morocco : and at length returned to Kngland in time to 
 embark in the enterprise of settling the New World. (See page 51, ^ 2.) 
 
 5. What troubles arose ? Who was made president? His character and conduct ? 
 His successor ? 6. What is said of John Smith ? 
 
1608] 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 41 
 
 abilities, the leaders of the expedition liud quarreled with 
 him on board of the ship, and hud placed him in confine- 
 ment, but, on landing, he 
 had been released. Finding 
 that he was not allowed to be 
 of use in the settlement, he 
 had busied himself in explor- 
 ing the country, and had 
 some wild and romantic ad- 
 ventures with the Indians. 
 
 7. Smith and Pocahon- 
 tas. — Once, as he narrated, 
 he was captured by the sav- 
 ages, and conducted to the 
 great chief Pow-ha-tan'. Avho, 
 after considerable deliberation, condemned him to death. 
 Smith was accordingly bound, and his head placed on a 
 block, while the Indian warrior stood ready to despatch 
 him with his club, when Pocahontas, the young daughter 
 of Powhatan, rushed between the captain and his foe, and 
 begged her father to spare him. Tlie stern savage was 
 moved by the appeal, and ordered that the prisoner 
 should be released.* 
 
 8. Conduct of the Indians. — At first, the Indians had 
 been friendly to the settlers ; but the dissolnte and unruly 
 
 JOHN SMITH 
 
 * Smith's own words are : " Pocahontas, the king's dearest daughter, got his head in 
 her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death." This story is not 
 now believed. It is thought that when Smith wrote the account (in 1()22), he did so 
 for the purpose of drawing attention to his adventures. 
 
 7. What story did Smith narrate of Pocahontas ? 8. What w.as the conduct of the 
 Indians ? 
 
43 
 
 HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1608 
 
 characters among the latter often treated the natives with 
 insult, and robbed them of their corn. This produced 
 hostilities which caused great suffering and distress in the 
 colony. Pocahontas, however, was very friendly, and she 
 and her companions often came to the fort to supply the 
 English with corn. 
 
 g. Administration of Smith. — Owing to the inefficiency 
 
 14 .-'sji^ 
 
 THE ATTEMPT AT DESERTION FRUSTRATED 
 
 of Ratcliffe, the colonists felt compelled to rely upon Smith 
 to conduct their affairs. By his prudence and vigor he 
 saved the colony ; for, on his return from his Indian ex- 
 pedition, he found only forty of the settlers remaining, and 
 
 9. What was done by Smith ? 
 
1610] VIRGINIA 43 
 
 the strongest of these were preparing to escape with the pin- 
 nace ; bnt Smith turned the guns of the fort upon them, 
 and compelled them to return. Smith, a few months later, 
 was made president of the council (1608). 
 
 10. The Gold Excitement Before this, one hundred 
 
 and twenty new settlers had arrived, chiefly "vagabond 
 gentlemen and goldsmiths ; " and finding a kind of glitter- 
 ing earth, which they thought was gold, there was for a 
 time ''no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, 
 refine gold, load gold." Captain Newport, indeed, returned 
 to England with his vessel freighted with this worthless 
 stuff. Meanwhile, Smith, disgusted with the folly of the 
 settlers, employed himself in exploring Chesapeake Bay and 
 its tributary rivers, of which he made a map (1608). 
 
 11. New Arrivals. — Seventy other settlers arrived, of 
 whom two were females ; and the Company sent out a de- 
 mand that the colonists should send back a "large lump of 
 gold," or should discover how the South Sea might he 
 reached. They had become disappointed at the failure to 
 realize any wealth from the expeditions, and threatened the 
 settlers that they should be '' left in Virginia as banished 
 men," if they did not pay the costs of the expedition. 
 
 12. Starving Time. — Smith continued to manage the 
 affairs of the colony with vigor and success ; but having been 
 injured by an explosion of gunpowder, he Avas compelled to 
 return to England to obtain surgical aid. There were nearly 
 five hundred men in the colony when he left; but so idle and 
 
 10. What addition was made to the settlement ? Describe tlie gold excitement. 
 How did Smith employ himself? 11. What further addition to the settlement was 
 made '; W'hat did the London Company demand ? 12. Why did Smith leave the 
 colony '! What hardships were suffered ? What is this jjeriod called ? 
 
44 SiSTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES [1610 
 
 helpless were they, that in a few months famine and disease, 
 and the hostilities of the Indians had reduced their number 
 to sixty. Tliis dreadful period, extending over the first half 
 of 1610, was long remembered as the ''starving time." 
 
 13. New Charter. — In the meantime, another charter 
 had been obtained by the London Company, according to 
 which Lord Delaware had been appointed governor of the 
 colony (1609). Captain Newport, with Sir Thomas Gates 
 and Sir George Som'-ers, was sent to Virginia Avith a fleet 
 of nine vessels, and more than five hundred emigrants, in 
 advance of the governor. A severe storm scattered the 
 fleet, and the vessel coutaining the three commissioners 
 was wrecked on the Somers, or ]?er-mu'-da Islands. One 
 of the other vessels foundered, so that only seven reached 
 the James Eiver. (See Map, p. 10.) 
 
 14. Arrival of Gates and his Associates. — Those 
 who had been Avrecked on the Bermudas succeeded at last 
 in constructing two small vessels, in which they reached 
 Jamestown, expecting to find a flourishing colony ; but 
 instead of that there was a dreadful scene of famine and 
 death. The few that remained alive had resolved to leave 
 the settlement, and sail to Newfoundland, where they 
 hoped, by begging food from the fishermen, to be enabled 
 to return to England. They were prevented from burning 
 the fort and town only by the energy of Sir Thomas Gates, 
 who, in the absence of the governor, ruled the colony 
 (1610). 
 
 13. What change occurred ? Who was appointed governor ? Who were gent in 
 advance? What disaster happened? Where are tlie Bermuda Islands ? (See Map, 
 p. 10.) 14. How did Gates and his party reach Jamestown ? How did they find the 
 colony ? Wliat followed ? 
 
1613] VIRGINIA 45 
 
 15. Lord Delaware's Administration. — They were 
 sailing down the river wlien they met the vessels of tlie 
 new governor. Lord Delaware, who had arrived with more 
 emigrants and supplies. This inspired them with fresh 
 hope and courage, and they returned. Under Lord Dela- 
 ware, who was a j)rudent and kind-hearted man, the 
 colony prospered. The idle and reckless settlers had died, 
 and those who remained seemed disposed to work and be 
 industrious.* Unfortunately, Lord Delaware was soon 
 compelled by ill-health to return to England, leaving the 
 colony to be ruled by a deputy (IGIO). 
 
 16. Marriage of Pocahontas — her Death. — In 1613 
 Pocahontas was married to a young Englishman named 
 John Rolfe {rolf). This event had the effect of confirm- 
 ing friendly relations with Powhatan and his tribe, as 
 well as with some of the neighboring tribes of Lidians. 
 Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas was taken to 
 England by her husband, where she was received as a prin- 
 cess, being presented at court, and treated with marked 
 attention by all classes. When about to return to her 
 native country, she suddenly died, leaving a son from 
 whom are descended many well-known families of Virginia. 
 
 17. Cultivation of Tobacco. — At first the settlers cul- 
 
 * " At the beginning of the day, they assembled in the little church, which was kept 
 neatly trimmed with the wild flowers of the country ; next, they returned to their 
 liouses to receive their allowance of food. The settled hours of labor were from six in 
 the morning till ten, and from two in the afternoon till four. The houses were warm 
 and secure, covered above with strong boards, and matted on the inside after the 
 fashion of the Indian wigwams.'" — Baricroft. 
 
 15. Where did they meet the fleet of Lord Delaware ? What followed ? What is 
 said of Delaware ? 16. To whom was Pocahontas married ? The effect of the mar- 
 riage on the Indians ? Her visit to England ? Her death ? Her descendants ? 17. 
 What is said of the cultivation of tobacco ? 
 
46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1619 
 
 tivated the laud in common ; but this did not promote in- 
 dustry, and it was found best to give each man a few acres 
 to till for himself. The cultivation of tobacco commenced 
 in 1615^ and soon became the general j^ursuit. There were 
 no more gold-seekers ; '*' the fields, the gardens, the public 
 squares, and even the streets of Jamestown were planted 
 with tobacco," which became not only the staple product, 
 but served as money for the colonists. 
 
 i8. Legislative Assembly. — The real prosperity of 
 Virginia dates fi'om the arrival of Sir George Yeardley 
 (yard'-Ie), in 1619. He put an end to the cruel martial 
 law, by which the colony had been ruled, and established 
 the principles of free government by permitting the colo- 
 nists to elect their own legislature. In July, 1G19, dele- 
 gates from each of the eleven plantations met at James- 
 town. This was the first legislative assembly in the New 
 AVorld. 
 
 ig. Introduction of Slavery — Slavery was introduced 
 into the Englisli colonies iu 1G19. In that year a Dutch 
 trading vessel from Africa sailed up the James River, and 
 landed twenty negroes, wlio were sold as slaves to the colo- 
 nists.* The cultivation of cotton was commenced two 
 years after (1621). 
 
 * "These negroes the planters purchased on trial, and the bargain was found to be 
 so good that in a short time negroes came to be in great demand in Virginia. Nor 
 were the planters long indebted to the chance visits of the Dutch ships for a supply of 
 negro laborers ; for the English merchants embarked in the traffic, and instructed the 
 captains of their vessels visiting the African coast to barter for negroes as well as for 
 wax and elephants' teeth. . . . Before the middle of the seventeenth century all 
 Europe was implicated in the buying and selling of negroes." — Robert Chambers. 
 
 18. Who arrived in 1619 ? Ilis measures ? First legislative assembly ? 19. What 
 was introduced in 1619 ? In what way ? 
 
1622] VIRGINIA 47 
 
 20. Importation of Wives — As yet there were but 
 few families in the colony, and the men worked only with 
 the intention of amassing enough wealth to enable them 
 to return home. In 1G30, the treasurer of the Company 
 induced one hundred and fifty young women of good 
 reputation to embark for Virginia. The young planters 
 eagerly paid one hundred pounds of tobacco each in order 
 to obtain a wife, that being at first the expense of each 
 woman's passage. Afterwards, the price was raised to one 
 hundred and fifty pounds. Domestic ties soon bound the 
 settlers to their new homes, and the idea of returning to 
 England was abandoned. 
 
 21. Indian Massacre. — About this time Powhatan, 
 the father of Pocahontas, died. This was an unfortunate 
 event for the colonists ; for his successor, jealous of the 
 increasing numbers of the white settlers, commenced a 
 war against them, during which, in one day, the Indians 
 massacred about three hundred aiul fifty men, women, 
 and children (March 22, 1622). The settlers, in return, 
 slaughtered great numbers of tiie savages, and drove the 
 rest into the wilderness. The numbers of the settlers were 
 greatly reduced, biit peace was secured for more than 
 twenty years. 
 
 22. Virginia a Royal Province. — The London Com- 
 pany had spent vast sums of money in the settlement of 
 Virginia, and as yet had received but very slight returns. 
 The king, however, becoming displeased with the manner 
 
 20. What were imported in '[CAQ ? How paid for ? Wliat effect had this upon the 
 prosperity of the colony ? 21. What led to an Indian war ? Its result? 22. When 
 and how did Virginia become a royal province ? 
 
48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1624 
 
 in which they discussed their affairs at the public meetings, 
 took away their charter ; and Virginia thus became a royal 
 province (1624). 
 
 23. Growth of the Colony. — From this time the colony 
 continued to prosper. The people raised large quantities 
 of tobacco, cotton, and corn, which they exchanged for such 
 goods as they needed from England and other countries. 
 The soil was very fruitful, and the climate delightful ; so 
 that Virginia was said to be " the best poor man's country 
 in the world." In 1G48, the population amounted to 20,000, 
 notwithstanding a second massacre by the Indians four 
 years before. 
 
 24. Virginia during the English Civil War. — During 
 the great civil war in England between King Charles I. 
 and the Parliament, the people of Virginia were generally 
 on the side of the king ; but when the Avar was over, and 
 the king was defeated and beheaded, they siibmitted to 
 the forces sent by Cromwell, who was at the head of the 
 English government. On the return of Charles II. to the 
 throne, in 1660, they gladly acknowledged him. On ac- 
 count of their faithfulness to the royal authority, Virginia 
 was often spoken of as the " Old Dominion." 
 
 25. Oppressive Measures of England. — The colonists 
 were obliged to submit to many oppressive measures on the 
 part of the mother country. By a law called the Naviga- 
 tion Act, they were forbidden to export or import any 
 goods except in British vessels, and they were not allowed 
 
 23. Describe the growth of the colony. What is said of the country ? What was 
 its population in 1648 ? 24. What happened during the English civil war ? At its 
 close ? On the restoration of the king ? What was Virginia called ? 25. By what 
 measures was Virginia oppressed ? To what did they lead ? 
 
1676] VIRGINIA 49 
 
 to ship any of their staple products to any country except 
 England. This law caused great discontent in the colony ; 
 and was the means of exciting a rebellion called Bacon's 
 Rebellion, from the name of a popular leader, "NTathaniel 
 Bacon. 
 
 26. Bacon's Rebellion. — Sir William Berkeley had been 
 governor for many years, and had been quite popular ; but 
 the people became dissatisfied with him because he carried 
 out so strictly the oppressive measures of England, and also 
 because he took no sufficient means to suppress the hostile 
 attacks of the Susquehanna Indians. In 1G7G, a large 
 number of the colonists revolted from his authority, and 
 set up a government under Nathaniel Bacon. 
 
 27. Death of Bacon. — During the civil war that fol- 
 lowed, Jamestown was burned,* and many plantations 
 were laid waste. In the midst of it, however. Bacon 
 died ; and the insurrection immediately ended, his fol- 
 lowers laying down their arms, on the promise of a general 
 pardon. Berkeley, however, was very severe in his punish- 
 ment of tiie rebels, many of whom were executed (1677). f 
 
 28. Culpepper's Administration. — In 1673, Charles II. 
 granted the whole of Virginia to Lord Culpepper and the 
 
 * " I find no vestiges of the ancient town (Jamestown), except the ruins of a church- 
 steeple and a disordered group of old tombstones. The ruin of the steeple is about 
 thirty feet high, and mantled to its very summit with ivy." — Wm. Wii't. 
 
 t "More blood was shed than, on the action of our present system, would be shed 
 for political offences in a thousand years. 'The old fool,' said the kind-hearted 
 Charles II., alluding to Berkeley, 'has taken away more lives in that naked country, 
 than I, for the murder of my father.' ... It was on the occasion of this rebellion, that 
 English troops were first introduced into the English colonies in America." — Bancroft. 
 
 26. What were the causes of Bacon's Rebellion ? 27. What occurred during the 
 war ? How did it end ? What followed ? 28. To whom was Virginia granted ? How 
 long did it continue under Culpepper ? What followed ? 
 
 4 
 
50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1606 
 
 Earl of Arlington, two of his favorites, for the term of 
 thirty-one years. After the recall of Berkeley, in 1G77, 
 Culpepper assumed the government, which he administered 
 till 1684, when the king revoked the grant, and Virginia 
 once more became a royal province, and so remained till 
 the Eevolution in 1776. 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 New England 
 
 I. The Plymouth Company. — It has already been 
 stated that King James, in 1606, granted to the London 
 Company the land lying between the thirty-fourth and 
 thirty-eighth parallels, called South Virginia, this being 
 the southern part of the territory which the English 
 claimed on account of the discoveries made by the Cabots. 
 The northern portion, lying between the forty-first and the 
 forty-fifth parallels, he granted to a company called the 
 Plymouth Company.* This Company, in 1607, began to 
 form a settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec River, f 
 
 * " This patent conveyed a grant of the land along the coast for fifty miles, on each 
 side from the place of their first habitation, and extending one hundred miles into the 
 interior. ^^—Edmard Everett. 
 
 t "Captain George Popham was their president. They went to work building a 
 fort, storehouse, dwellings, and even a vessel. . . . She was called the 'Virginia,' and 
 her size was thirty tons. Her first voyage was made the nest year to Virginia, and 
 thence to England. Therefore the Kennebec River, which has since sent out so many 
 vessels, has the honor of producing the first vessel built by English hands in America." 
 — Varneifs Hist, of Maine. 
 
 " The first decked vessel {having a full deck) ituilt within the limits of tlie old United 
 
 Map Questions.— (Map, p. 53.) Where is Cape Cod ? Cape Cod Bay ? Plymouth? 
 Salem ? Boston ': Little Harbor ? Dover ? Merrimac Eiver ? Piscataqua River ? 
 Pro\idence ? 
 
 Text Questions. — 1. What grant was made to the Plymouth Company ? What 
 
 settlement did they attempt ? 
 
1614] NEW ENGLAND 51 
 
 but misfortunes discouraged the settlers, the most of whom 
 returned to Eiighuid, and the others went to Jamestown, 
 Virginia. 
 
 2. Smith's Exploration. — After this, nothing was done 
 till 1614, when Captain John Smith, having recovered from 
 the injuries which he had received in Virginia, went on a 
 voyage of trade and discovery to the region near Cape Cod. 
 He explored the coast from the cape as far as the Penobscot 
 River, and called the wliole region Neiv England * 
 
 3. The Puritans. — There were at that time in England a 
 large number of people who did not believe that it was right 
 to worship God in the manner required by the laws of the 
 country, and as they were very strict in their religious no- 
 tions and mode of living, they were nicknamed Puritans. 
 But King James was determined that all should attend the 
 parish churches as provided by law, and would not allow 
 any of the people to choose their own ministers and places 
 of worship, as many thought they had a right to do. 
 
 4. The result was, these people were obliged to meet 
 secretly, often at night, to worship as they thought right, 
 and when discovered, they were punished, sometimes by 
 imprisonment. At length some of them left their homes 
 
 States, of which we have any accounts, was constructed on the banks of the Hudson, 
 within the present iiniits of New Yorlc, during the summer of 1614." — Cooper's Naval 
 Hist. U. S. 
 
 * Smith published a " Description of New England," which was printed in 1616. 
 This contains a very curious and interesting map of the country whicli he explored. 
 On tliis map was the name of Plymouth. "Ou his return to England, Suiith was 
 permitted to present a copy of his map and of a journal of liis voyage to the liing's 
 second son, afterwards King Charles I., who, at his solicitation, gave names, princi- 
 pally of Englisli. towns, to some thirty points upon the coast." — Patfrei/s IRslory of 
 JVew England. 
 
 2, Who explored the coast of New England ? Give an account of it. 3. Who were 
 the Puritans ? Why persecuted ? 4, What did some of them do ? What induced them 
 to leave Holland ? 
 
53 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1620 
 
 in England witli their pastor, John Robinson, and lived 
 for a time in Holland ; but hearing of the newly-disoovered 
 lands beyond the ocean, and thinking that in such a coun- 
 
 O C EA^r 
 
 P LVWOUTH_^^pftRTM0UTH:.■■ 
 
 
 ^ ^'^X/Xr 
 
 c o 
 
 try they could live, and worship God, in entire freedom, 
 they resolved to go there. 
 
 5. Sailing of the Mayflower. — After much trouble, they 
 obtained a grant from the London Company ; and leaving 
 their pastor, as many as could be provided with quarters in 
 
 5. In what vessel did they sail from Holland ? Whom did they leave in Holland ? 
 What port, in England, did they reach ? With how many and what vessels did they 
 sail from Southampton ? Why did they not continue their voyage to America ? To 
 what port after leaving Southampton did they go ? (See map above.) With how many 
 vessels did they leave Dartmouth ? With how many and what, Plymouth ? 
 
1620] 
 
 NEW ENGLAND 
 
 53 
 
 the sliip left Hollaud in a vessel called the Speedwell/ and 
 sailed to Soutluunpton, in England. There they were 
 joined hy some other Puritans, in a vessel called the May- 
 
 MAP OP VICINITY OP MASSACHUSETTS BAT 
 
 flower ; and the two ships soon set sail, but had not gone 
 far when the Speedwell was fonnd to need repairs, and 
 they were compelled to retnrn. At last, after pntting back 
 a second time, and leaving the S])eedwell at Plymonth, 
 they sailed from that port in their only ship the Mayflower 
 (Sept. 16, 1630). 
 
 6. The number of the Pilgrims * was about one hundred, 
 
 * The Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers, as they are often called, belonged to a sect of 
 the Puritans called Indcpemlents, who believed in an entire separation from the Church 
 of England. Others were opposed only to its ceremonies, mode of government, and 
 form of prayers. 
 
54 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1620 
 
 meiij women, and children.* The most noted among them 
 wei'e John Carver, whom they afterward chose as their first 
 governor; William Brewster, their elder; Miles Stand ish, 
 their military leader; William Bradford, and Edward Wins- 
 low. After a voyage of abont two months, they reached the 
 coast near Cape Cod, having been carried considerably north 
 of the place at which they had intended to land (Nov. 19), f 
 
 ATTACKED BY THE NATIVES 
 
 7. Exploration of the 
 Country. — As it was late in 
 the season, and they were exhausted by their long voyage, 
 they determined to seek a landing place without further 
 
 * One died during the voyage, and one was born. " So there were just one hundred 
 and one who sailed from Plymouth in England, and just as many arrived in Cape Cod 
 harbor." — Princess H',st. of Xew England. 
 
 t " After they had discovered land, they were altogether ignorant where it was."— 
 Hubbanrs Hist, of New England. 
 
 6. How many sailed ? Who were the leaders ? What is said of their voyage ? 
 
1620] IfEW ENGLAND 55 
 
 delay. They therefore sailed into Cape Cod Bay, and sent 
 out a party in a small boat to select a place for their set- 
 tlement. Some of these were sent inland, while the others 
 cruised along the shore. It was a dismal country, being 
 covered with pine forests ; and the explorers only caught a 
 distant glimpse of the natives, who fled from them. Once, 
 however, tliey were attacked, but they soon dispersed the 
 savages.* It was only after a month's search that they 
 found a lit place for their settlement. 
 
 8. Landing of the Pilgrims. — They selected a harbor 
 which, on Smith's map, was called Plymouth ; and they 
 also called the place Plymouth, f They landed on the 21st 
 of December, 1620, J having previously, in the cabin of the 
 Mayflower, drawn up a body of laws which they made a 
 solemn vow to obey. The character of the Pilgrims was 
 well suited to such an undertaking. They were earnest 
 and devoted men, ready to brave all dangers and endure 
 any hardships in the performance of their duty and in 
 defense of their religion. 
 
 * " The following morning, at dayliglit, tlicy had just enileil tlieir prayers, and' were 
 preparing breakfast at their camp on the beach, when they heard a yell, and a flight of 
 arrows fell among them. The assailants turned out to be thirty or forty Indians, who, 
 being fired upon, retired. Neither side had been harmed. A number of the arrows 
 were picked up, 'some whereof were headed with brass, others with hart's horn, and 
 others with eagle's claws.' ""—Palfreifs HMonj of Neir Enqlaiid. 
 
 t "All landed at a jilaco which they called Plymouth, in grateful rememlirance of 
 the last town they left in their native country." — Hannah Adams's N. E. Hist. {Pub- 
 lished in 1799). 
 
 It is by no means certain that the Pilgrims had ever seen Smith's map. 
 
 X By the old style of reckoning it was Dec. 11. When the practice of celebrating the 
 anniversary of Plymouth began, in 1769, eleven., instead of ten days were erroneously 
 added to the recorded date, to accommodate it to the corrected calendar, adopted in 
 England in ]7r)2. This led to the custom of celebrating the anniversary on the 22d day 
 of December. 
 
 7. W' hat exploration was made ? Describe the country. 8. Where did the Pilgrims 
 land '/ When ? What is said of their character ? 
 
56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1620 
 
 9. Their First Winter.- — During the first winter their 
 sufferings were dreadful. AVith no houses but the few rude 
 log-cabins Avliich they had hastily constructed, and which 
 scarcely protected them from the intense cold, with a 
 scanty supply of food, and enduring so much fatigue and 
 hardship, it is no wonder that many should have perished. 
 By spring only about one-half of their number were living. 
 Among those who had died were Governor Carver and his 
 wife. Their second governor was William Bradford. 
 
 10. Treaties with the Indians, — At first they were in 
 fear of the Indians, wlio were sometimes seen lurking in the 
 
 woods, but fled as soon as the English 
 approached them. One day, however, 
 an Indian, to their surprise, boldly en- 
 tered the settlement, and exclaimed, 
 " AV'elcome, Englishmen!" This was a 
 chief named Samoset, who had picked 
 up u little knowledge of English among 
 the fishermen on the coast of Maine. In 
 AN mDiAN WARRIOR ^ fg^y ^.^^.^ Massasoit {mas-sa-soW), the 
 great chief of the Wam-pan-o'-ags, came with a number of 
 his warriors to -^aj the strangers a friendly visit. The 
 Pilgrims made u treaty with the chief, and afterward with 
 Ca-non'-i-cus, tlie chief of the IS'ar-ra-gan'-setts.* 
 
 * At first Canon icus was inclined to be hostile. He sent to Plymouth a bundle of 
 arrows, bound with a rattlesnake's skin, this being the Indian mode of declaring war. 
 Governor Bradford filled the skin with powder and ball, and sent it back. Canonicus 
 took it for a fatal charm ; and the superstitious Indians passed it from village to vil- 
 lage, till it came back to Plymouth. They did not dare to touch it. 
 
 9. Describe their sufferings the first winter. How many survived ? Who were 
 among the deceased ? Who was the second governor ? 10. What was the conduct cf 
 the Indians ? Describe Samoset's visit. What treaties were made ? 
 
1629] NEW ENGLAND 67 
 
 11. Gro\A^th of the Plymouth Colony. — For some time 
 the settlers suffered greatly for the want of provisions ; and 
 it was not until the lands were divided among the settlers 
 that the colony commenced to prosper.* Their numbers 
 did not increase fast, for only good and pious men were de- 
 sired to join them. Ten years after their settlement they 
 obtained a grant of the land Avhich they occupied, from the 
 Council of Plymouth, who had succeeded to the powers and 
 rights of the Plymouth Company. The colony, at that 
 time, numbered about three hundred persons. 
 
 12. As the Puritans were still persecuted in England, 
 very many desired to seek freedom in the wilds of New 
 England. Some of these obtained from the Council of 
 Plymouth a grant of land lying north of the Plymouth 
 Colony, and bordering on Massachusetts Bay ; and in 1628 
 a number of persons came out under John En'-di-cott, and 
 settled at a place which they called Salem. Others soon 
 followed, settling at Salem and Charlestown. This was 
 the commencement of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a 
 cliarter being granted by Charles I. the following year 
 (1629). 
 
 13. Settlement of Boston. — Men of fortune and intel- 
 ligence were induced to emigrate to the colony by obtaining 
 the right to manage the government free from the con- 
 trol of the Company in England. John Winthrop was 
 
 * " In August, 1623, the colony of New Plymouth remained as yet very feeble. The 
 beet dish that could be set before the third supply of colonists, about sixty in number, 
 was a lobster, a piece of fish, and a cup of ' fair spring water.' As to bread, there was 
 none in the colony." — Hildreth. 
 
 11. What is said of the growth of the colony ? What grant did they obtain in 1630 ? 
 "Their numbers then ? 12. What led to the settlement of Salem ? What other settle- 
 ments were made ? 13. Who settled Boston ? Why so called ? Its Indian name ? 
 
58 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1630 
 
 chosen the lirst governor of the Colony of Massachusetts ; 
 and in 1630 he came out with about three hundred fami- 
 lies, intending to settle at 
 Charlestown ; but as the place 
 was found to be wanting in 
 good water, they removed to a 
 little peninsula, called by the 
 Indians Sliawniut.* but which 
 the settlers called Boston, in 
 memory of Boston in England, 
 from which many of them had 
 emigrated.! 
 
 14. This colony, after a 
 shoi't time, was very prosper- 
 ous. J Dorchester, Roxbury,§ 
 Lynn, and other places near J^oston, were settled in lOoO ; 
 and, in a short time, the wbole coast region lying between 
 Plymouth Colonv and the Mei'rimac was dotted with tliriv- 
 ing settlements. For a time the voters of the colony met 
 
 JOHN WINTHllDP 
 
 * This word signified "living fountains," from the excellent water fonnd at the 
 place. The English called it Trimont (now Tremont), from its three principal hills, 
 afterwards named Copp's, Beacon, and Fort, or, as some suppose, from the three 
 peaks of Beacon Hill. The first settler at this place was an eccentric person named 
 William Blackstone. 
 
 t "At this time (1C30), there was a feeble colony in Virginia ; a very small Dutch 
 settlement in Kew York ; a population of about three hundred at Plymouth ; about as 
 many more English inhabitants divided between Salem and Charlestown ; a few 
 settlers scattered up and down the coast, and all the rest a vast wilderness, the covert 
 of wild beasts and savages."— iWwa^'c? EvereU. 
 
 X During 1G30, at least fifteen hundi'ed persons came from England. In ten years 
 not less than twenty thousand had been brought over. In 1674 there were at least 
 fifteen hundred families in the town of Boston, and the population of New England 
 was probabl}' about one hundred and twenty thousand. 
 
 § Dorchester, Roxbury, and Charlestown are now parts of the city of Boston. 
 
 14. What other places were settled ? Describe their mode of government. What 
 restrictive law was made ? 
 
1635] l^UW ENGLAND 59 
 
 at Boston and selected their magistrates; but as the popu- 
 lation increased, they chose their representatives to nieet 
 as a " General Court " for the purpose of making laws, 
 levying taxes, and performing other acts of government. 
 Among the laws made, was one which confined the right 
 to vote and hold office to those who belonged to some Con- 
 gregational Church. 
 
 15. Roger Williams. — But there was a brave and elo- 
 quent young minister who resisted this law as unjust and 
 unwise. He maintained that all should enjoy tlieir civil 
 rights as citizens and freemeii, whatever their religious 
 opinions might be, and that the government had no right 
 to restrict the liberfi/ of conscience. Although the Puritans 
 had suffered so much from religious persecution in England, 
 they could not assent to this doctrine ; and consequently 
 Roger Williams was banished from the colony (1635). A 
 Mrs. Hutchinson, who persisted in holding meetings of her 
 own sex, and asserting similar opinions, was also banished. 
 About twenty years later, the Quakers, who attempted to 
 settle in this colony, were expelled for a similar reason 
 (1656).* 
 
 16. Harvard College. — In 1C3G, the General Court at 
 Boston appropriated about two thousand dollars to found a 
 public school or college ; and, two years afterward, the Rev. 
 
 * "Some who had been banished came a second time; they were imprisoned, 
 whipped, and once more sent awa.v." Four were executed ; but the severity of the 
 laws produced a reaction in public feeling, and the Quakers at last were allowed to 
 enjoy their opinions in peace. 
 
 15. Who was Roper Williams ? His opinions'? What punishment was inflicted 
 upon him ? Who else was banished "? What other persecution occurred ? 16. What 
 led to the foundation of Harvard College 'i Its location ? 
 
60 
 
 MiSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1636 
 
 John Harvard bequeathed upwards of three thousand dollars 
 to the institution, which, in his honor, was named Harvard 
 College. It is located at Cambridge, near Boston. 
 
 SEAL OF RHODE ISLAND 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 17. Settlement of Providence — Roger Williams, after 
 his banishment from Massachusetts, sought refuge Avith 
 
 the Narragansett Indians, among 
 whom he remained for several 
 months. He then fixed his habi- 
 tation at a spot which he had 
 purchased from the Indians, and 
 which he named Providence,* in 
 memory of " God's merciful provi- 
 dence to him in his distress.'' 
 Numbers flocked there to make 
 their home with him, for he proclaimed entire freedom in 
 civil and religious rights. This was the beginning of the 
 little State of Rhode Island (163G). 
 
 18. Rhode Island Plantation.— In 1637, "William Cod- 
 dington and others accepted an invitation from Williams 
 to settle near him ; for they, too, were dissatisfied with the 
 religious intolerance at Boston. Coddington and his com- 
 panions bought from the Indians the beautiful island called 
 
 * William Blacketone, the first settler at Shawmut, who had pointed out to Winthrop 
 and his companions the advantages of that place, had, before the settlement of Provi- 
 dence, migrated to the banks of the river now called after him, being dissatisfied with 
 the " Lord's brethren " in Boston, as he said. There Williams found him engaged in 
 preaching to the Indians, and the two men often held communion with each other. 
 Blackstone planted the first apple orchard in Rhode Island. 
 
 17, Give an account of the settlement of Providence. Why so called ? 18. What 
 Other colony was established ? What purchase was made from the Indians ? 
 
1622] 
 
 NEW ENGLAND 
 
 61 
 
 Rhode Island (1638),* for forty fathoms of white wampum, 
 worth about one hnndred dollars. Here they formed settle- 
 ments afterwards known as the Rhode Island Plantation ; 
 while those of Williams were called the Providence Plan- 
 tation. 
 
 ig. Union of the Settlements — This whole region Avas 
 afterwards claimed by the Plymouth Colony ; but Williams 
 went to England and obtained a free charter, whereby the 
 two settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1(344, under 
 one government. 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 20. First Settlements. — The Council of Plymouth, 
 in 1G32, granted to Ferdinand 
 
 Gorges {gor-'jez) and John Mason, 
 two of its members, all that por- 
 tion of New England that extends 
 from the Merrimac to the Ken- 
 nebec, "and this was called La-co'- 
 nia." The next year emigrants, 
 sent out by them, settled at 
 Little Harbor, near the present 
 town of Portsmouth, and at 
 Dover, These were the first settlements in this region. 
 
 21. Grant of New Hampshire. — In 16-39, Mason ob- 
 
 * "An island of a reddish appearance was observed lying in the bay ; this was 
 known to the Datch as Rhode, or Red Island. Hence the name of the island and 
 State of Rhode \%\a.nA.'"—Brodhend" s History of New York. 
 
 19. When and how were the two settlements united ? 20. What grant was made 
 in 1622 ? W^hat was the region called? What settlements were made? 21. What 
 grant was made to Mason ? What name did he give to it ? Why ? What is said of 
 the other portion of l,aconia ? 
 
 SEAL OF NEW UAMPSHIRE 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1641 
 
 POKTSMOUTH AND VICINITY 
 
 tained a separate grant to liimself 
 of the region lying between the 
 Merriniac and tlie Pis-cat'-a-qua, 
 and extending sixty miles into the 
 interior. To this new province 
 was given the name of New 
 Hampshire, after the. county in 
 England in which Mason had 
 lived. Gorges retained his right 
 
 to the other portion of the original tract, which received 
 
 the name of Maine.* 
 
 22. Subsequent History. — A number of fishing settle- 
 ments were made in these territories, but they were too 
 scattered to form any general government. In 1G41, the 
 people of the different settlements placed themselves under 
 the government and protection of Massachusetts ; but in 
 1680 the two colonies were separated by order of the king, 
 and New Hampshire became a royal province. Twice, 
 after this, it was united to Massachusetts ; but from 1741 
 to the Eevolution it remained an independent colony. 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 23. First Settlements, — The valley of the Connecticut 
 River was soon discovered to be a fertile and pleasant 
 
 * Authors do not agree as to how and when Maine received its name. One writer 
 says : " It was called the Main land, to distinguish it from the islands along the coast, 
 which were valuable for fishing purposes." Varney, in his History of Maine, says : 
 " In 1639, Gorges procured a royal grant of land extending from the Piscataqua to the 
 Kennebec. The name of the territory under the new charter was changed to Maine, 
 in honor of the Queen (Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I.), whose patrimonial estate, 
 as Princess of France, was the French province of Maijne." 
 
 22. What is said of the settlements in these lands ? How were they governed be- 
 tween 1G41 and 1780 ? Were they again under the government of Massachusetts ? 
 When finally separated ? 
 
1633] ^''EW ENGLAND 63 
 
 region ; and the Dutch, who had established trading-posts 
 
 on the Hudson Eiver, eagerly desired to take possession of 
 
 it. In 1633, they built a fort 
 
 where Hartford now stands, in 
 
 order to trade with the Indians 
 
 for their furs. This post they 
 
 called Good Hope. 
 
 24. The same year, a company 
 from Plymouth, under Captain 
 Holmes, sailed up tlie river, and 
 
 passing the Dutch fort, built a seal of Connecticut 
 
 trading-house at Windsor, seven 
 
 miles above. Two years after this (1G35), a company of 
 sixty men, women, and children journeyed from Massachu- 
 setts through the wilderness to the valley of the Connecti- 
 cut, and settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. 
 The next year the Rev. Thomas Hooker conducted a large 
 company of emigrants from Newtown (now Cambridge), 
 near Boston, and settled chiefly at Hartford.* Springfield, 
 in Massachusetts, on the Connecticut, was settled by a few 
 of these emigrants. 
 
 25. At about the same time, a colony was jilanted at the 
 
 ♦ Tlie journey was made in rliine, 1036. Guided only hy tlie compass, a party of 
 one hundred men, women, and cliildren toiled through the wilderness, where there 
 were no roads, nor for hundreds of miles a single house at which they might obtain a 
 right's shelter. In the company were women with infants in their arms, and little 
 children scarcely able to walk. Their chief food was the milk of the herds and flocks 
 which they drove before tliem. Hooker was an English clergyman, very earnest and 
 eloquent, whom Governor Winthrop had persuaded to come to the colonies. An old 
 writer said of him, "He is the one rich pearl with which England more than repaid 
 America for the treasures from her coast." 
 
 23. What is said of the valley of the Connecticut ? What fort was built by the 
 Dutch ? Its name ? 24. Settlement of Windsor ? Describe the nest emigration. 
 Describe Hooker's emigration. What settlements were made ? 
 
64 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1638 
 
 mouth of the Conuecticut Kiver, under a grant obtained 
 from tlie Council of Plymouth by Lord Say-and-Seal and 
 Lord Brooke, and was named in their honor Saybrook. A 
 third colony was established in Connecticut in 1638, called 
 
 L^fe: 
 
 nnnJc 
 
 X^^ 
 
 LON& ISLAND SOUND 
 
 the New Haven Colony. This was founded by a large 
 body of emigrants who came from England under the 
 guidance of Theophilus Eaton, a man of large fortune, and 
 John Davenport, a distinguished Puritan minister. They 
 purchased from the Indians all the land lying between the 
 
 Map Questions. — (Map, p. 64.) Into what body of water does the Connecticut 
 Eiver flow ? Where is Hartford ? Windsor ? W^ethersfield ? New Haven ? Say- 
 brook ? Long Island ? (Map, p. 53.) Swanzey ? Mt. Hope ? 
 
 Text Questions.— 25. Give an account of the settlement of Saybrook. When and 
 by whom was the New Haven Colony established ? What lands did they purchase 
 from the Indians ? Where were settlements planted ? Who was the governor of New 
 Haven ? For what period ? 
 
1037] NEW ENGLAND. 65 
 
 Connecticut Eiver and the line that now separates New 
 York and New England, and planted various settlements 
 not only in this territory, but on the other side of the 
 Sound, on Long Islantl. For twenty successive years 
 Eaton was elected governor of ISTew Haven. 
 
 26. Pequod War. — These settlers had come to a de- 
 lightful region, hut they were surrounded by perils. Tlieir 
 neighbors, tlie Dutch, were unfriendly, for they looked 
 upon tliem as intruders ; but their worst foes were the 
 Hostile tribe of Indians called the Pe'-quods. With tliese, 
 iu 1037, they were compelled to wage a tierce war, during 
 whicli they endured terrible hardships ; Ijut Indian cun- 
 ning and ferocity Avere no match for European courage and 
 skill, and tlie tribe was destroyed.* The very name of 
 Pequods in a short time ceased to be mentioned.! 
 
 27. Union of the Connecticut Colonies. — Tliree col- 
 onies at first occupied the territory now known as Con- 
 necticut : the Connecticut Colon}', embracing Windsor, 
 Hartford, and Wetliersfield. the people of which acknowl- 
 edged the authoi'ity of ^Massachusetts ; the Saybrook 
 Colony ; and the New Haven Colony. In 1644, Saybrook 
 was united to Connecticut. Then there were two colonies, 
 
 * When this war first, broke out, Roger Williams, liearing that the Pequod ambassa- 
 dors were urging tlie Narragansetts to .ioiii them, crossed the bay in a small canoe, 
 :ind hastened to the Indian camp to persuade them to remain friends of the English. 
 The Narragansett chiefs greatly esteemed him, and heeded his wise and eloquent 
 words. 
 
 + Sas'-sa-ciis,. their chief, fled to the Mohawks, and was put to death by them. 
 Those who were taken prisoners were made slaves or dispersed among the Narragan- 
 setts and Mohcgaiis. The fate of the Pequods was a terrible lesson to the other Indian 
 tribes. 
 
 26. What perils encomjjassed the settlers ? With whom did they make war '! What 
 was the result ? 27. What three colonies were there at first in Connecticut 't W^hich 
 xvere united in 1044 ? Which in 1665 ? 
 
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE PEQUOD VILLAGE 
 
1643] NEW ENGLAND 67 
 
 Connecticut and New Haven, which, in 1665, were formed 
 into one, under a royal cliarter granted by Charles II., 
 King of England. 
 
 Other Events in New England 
 
 28. Union of the New England Colonies. — The first 
 union of any of the American colonies took place in 1643. 
 In that year, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and 
 New Haven agreed to unite in order to protect themselves 
 against the hostilities of the Dutch and the French, and 
 the attacks of the Indians. Rhode Island being claimed 
 by Plymouth was not admitted into this union. It lasted 
 for nearly fifty yeai's. 
 
 29. The IS^ew England colonies prized very highly the 
 charters Avhich they had received, and were in constant 
 anxiety lest the English king should take them away. 
 When James II. came to the throne, he took measures to 
 bring all these colonies nnder the royal authority. With 
 this purpose, he appointed Sir Edmund Andros governor 
 of all New England, and afterward of New York and New 
 Jersey. 
 
 30. Andros landed in Boston in 1686, bringing with him 
 two companies of English soldiers, — the first sent to New 
 England. He at once assnmed the government of the colo- 
 nies and annexed Plymouth and Rhode Island to Massa- 
 chusetts. He soon afterward apjDcared, with a company 
 
 28. What was the first union of American colonies ? What was its object ? What 
 colony was not admitted ? Why? How long did the union last ? 29. What caused 
 anxiety to the New England colonies ? W^hat did James II. do ? What appointment 
 did he make ? 30. State the proceedings of Andros. What took place at Hartford ? 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UXITFD STATES 
 
 [168^ 
 
 of troops, before tlie Conueetieut Assembly at Hartford, 
 and demanded that the charter of the colony should be 
 given nj:). 
 
 31. A discussioji arose, which was continued to nightfall, 
 
 w li e n the 
 c h a r t e r w a s 
 brought in and 
 laid on the 
 table. Andros 
 stepped for- 
 ward to take 
 it, when in- 
 stant 1 y t h e 
 ligbts were put 
 out : and when 
 the c a n d 1 e s 
 were relight- 
 ed, the chartci- 
 had disap- 
 peared. It had been carried away and hidden in the 
 liollow of a large oak tree, which was afterward called the 
 Charter Oak (Xovember 10, 1687). 
 
 32. The people suffered Aery much from the tyranny of 
 Andros and his officers, until King William of Orange 
 came to the throne of England, when they seized their 
 hateful governor and some of his associates, and sent them 
 to England to answer for their misdeeds. The colonies 
 then resumed their former modes of government ; and the 
 
 THE CHARTER OAK 
 
 31. How was the charter taken away ? Where was it concealed ? 32. How were 
 tlie people released from the government of Andros ? What took place afterward » 
 
1687] 
 
 NEW ENGLAND 
 
 charter of Connecticut was taken from its hiding-place in 
 the hollow oak. 
 
 33. King Philip's War. — About forty years after the 
 
 SETTLERS ATTACKED BY INDIANS 
 
 Pequod War, another fierce Indian Avar broke out in New 
 England, known as King Philip's War. King Philip, as 
 he was called by the English, was the son and successor of 
 Massasoit, who had been the fast friend of the colonists. 
 But the whites had now greatly increased in number, the 
 
70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1675 
 
 whole population in New England being about sixty thou- 
 sand, while the Indians were only half that number.* 
 
 34. Between Narragansett Bay and Plymouth were the 
 Wam-pa-no'-ags, of which tribe Philip was the chief ; and 
 the farms and villages of the whites were rapidly encroach- 
 ing upon the hunting-grounds of this tribe. Philip had 
 expressed a desire to check this ; and a converted Indian, 
 who had lived for a time among the tribe, told tlie col- 
 onists of his hostile designs. This man was afterward 
 found murdered, and three of Philip's men were seized, 
 and hanged for the crime. 
 
 35. Philip and his men, thirsting for revenge, at once 
 commenced the war (1675), and burned Swanzey, one of 
 the Plymouth towns. The alarm was given, and he was 
 pursued by a force from Plymouth and Boston, as far as 
 his home at Mount Hope, which he was forced to abandon, 
 seeking safety in a swamp. The savages becoming des- 
 perate, then burnt village after village, and carried death 
 and desolation throughout the country, f 
 
 * The Indians were much more to be feared than in the time of the Peqnods ; for 
 many of them had guns and ammunition instead of bows and arrows, and hatchets 
 and knives of steel instead of the rude weapons made of stone or bone which they 
 formerly used. Many of them had become skillful marksmen. 
 
 + The colonists led a fearful life during this war. No house was safe from an 
 attack, and no person could walk out without danger of being murdered. Often, as 
 the farmer opened his door in the morning, he was shot dead by a savage lurking be- 
 hind the fence or the barn, and his family were cither tomahawked and scalped, or 
 carried away captives into the wilderness, where they suffered the most dreadful hard- 
 ships. Many singular stories are told of an almost miraculous escape from massacre 
 by villages and households. One Sabbath morning, while the people of Hadley were 
 at worship in the village church, a tall and venerable man, a stranger to them, ap- 
 peared, and told them that the savages were coming. He then put himself at the head 
 
 33. When did another Indian war break out ? Its cause ? What was the popula- 
 tion of New England at the time ? 34. Where did the Wanipanoags dwell ? What 
 caused ill-feeling among them ? What brought on the war ? 35. What were the first 
 events of the war ? 
 
1692] 
 
 NEW ENGLAND 
 
 n 
 
 36. The Narragausetts, being suspected of giving aid to 
 the hostile tribe, were attacked, and almost destroyed. At 
 last King Philip was tracked to his hiding-place, and shot 
 by an Indian of his own tribe.* This closed the war, 
 after it had continued about fourteen mouths, during 
 which more than six hundred 
 
 men in the prime of life had fallen 
 in battle, and nearly twenty vil- 
 lages had been burned. f 
 
 37. The Salem "Witchcraft. — 
 In 1692, in the little town of 
 Salem, two young girls, in the 
 family of a clergyman, were at- 
 tacked with a strange illness, and 
 the physician, not being able to ex- 
 plain the nature of their disease, said they were bewitched ; 
 that is, that some one, by means of evil spirits, was tor- 
 
 SEAL OF MASSACHITSETTS 
 
 of the men, and led them against the Indians. The savages were routed and fled ; 
 but when the English looked round for their preserver he had fled, and they for some 
 time believed they had been rescued by an angel ; but it was afterward discovered that 
 it was General Goffe, one of the judges who had condemned Charles I., and who had 
 been hidden in Hadley, from the king's officers. 
 
 * One of Philip's warriors proposed to him to submit to the whites. In anger and 
 scorn, he instantly shot him dead. The brother of this man deserted to the English, 
 and guided them to the hiding-place of Philip ; and he it was who, to avenge his 
 brother's death, shot the great chief. 
 
 t " The primitive weapons of the Indian, the bow and arrow, had been exchanged 
 for guns and hatchets, which he learned to use too well. The Dutch on one side, 
 or the French on another, kept him supplied with powder and ball. lie fought for his 
 hunting-grounds, now parcelled out among strangers. He fell to be received into the 
 Elysian fields of the great Manitou. We cannot forbear our tribute of pity and admi- 
 ration for Philip. What though he struck the war-post and chanted the death song to 
 gather his dusky \\arriors for one mighty effort to exterminate our ancestors, his cause 
 was the same that has ever received the world's applause." — Drake's Historic Fields. 
 
 36. How were the Narragansetts involved ? What was the result ? How was King 
 Philip's war ended ? What calamities had it caused ? 37. W^hat led to the witchcraft 
 excitement in Salem ? 
 
72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1692 
 
 menting them. An old Indian woman was accused of 
 being the witch ; and she was so cruelly treated, that she 
 at last, probably to escape her master's whip, said she was 
 a witch. 
 
 38. This led to a strange excitement, not only in Salem 
 but other towns ; and numbers of persons were accused of 
 the crime of witchcraft, and, to escape torture, confessed 
 their guilt. More than fifty were in this way compelled to 
 make such a confession ; and twenty persons were put to 
 death, many others being sent to prison.* 
 
 39. This dreadful delusion lasted more than six months; 
 and it Avas not until some of the magistrates themselves, 
 and even the governor's wife, were accused, tlnxt the people 
 began. to see how much they had been deceived. All the 
 accused were then set at liberty, and some of the most 
 active in bringing them to jiunishment, confessed that 
 they had been imposed upon or had sworn falsely, f 
 
 * " Many devoted sons and daughters clung to their parents, visited them in prison 
 in defiance of a bloodthirsty mob, kept by their side on the way to execution ; ex- 
 pressed their love, sympathy, and reverence to the last ; and by brave and perilous 
 enterprises, got possession of their remains and bore them back under the cover of 
 midnight to their own thresholds, and to graves kept consecrated by their prayers and 
 tears." — ZTphani's Historij of the Salem WUclicraft. 
 
 t The belief in witches was not confined to America ; indeed, it was very general in 
 Europe, and in England many persons were condemned to death for this supposed 
 crime. 
 
 38. What were the results ? 39. How long did the delusion last ? What ended it ? 
 What was done at its close ? 
 
1609] 
 
 NHW YORK AND NEW JERSEY 
 
 73 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 New York and New Jersey 
 
 
 NEW AMSTERDAM 
 
 I. Hudson's Voyage. — For hundreds of years, search 
 was made for a northwest passage to India ; for the way by 
 Cape Horn was long and dangerous. Among tlie navi- 
 gators who had attempted to find this passage was Henry 
 Hudson, an English captain ; and in 1609, the Dutch mer- 
 chants, who at that time were very enterprising in naviga- 
 tion and commerce, engaged him to make another voyage 
 for this purpose, and sent h'nn out in a small vessel called 
 the Half-Moon. 
 
 Map Questions. — (Map, p. 76.) Where is tlie city of New York ? Hudson ? Al- 
 bany ? (Map, ]>. 82.) What river is between New Jersey and Pennsylvania ? Where 
 is Bergen ? Elizabeth (formerly Elizabethlowu) ? (Map, p. 64.) What waters on the 
 north and south of Long Island y (.Map of South America.) Where is Cape Horn ? 
 
 Text Questions.— 1, What passage was long sought for ? Who was Henry Hud- 
 son ? What voyage was he sent upon ? In what ship ? 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1609 
 
 2. Discovery of the Hudson River. — After sailing 
 some distance along the eastern coast of North America, 
 he entered the harbor of Xew York, and discovered the 
 mouth of a great river, which he ascended about sixty 
 
 miles. This river Avas called 
 after him, the Hudson River ; 
 and the town of Hudson 
 stands at the jilace where the 
 Half-Moon came to anchor. 
 Hudson sent out a boat, 
 which sailed njj as far as 
 Albany ; but finding that the 
 farther they went the nar- 
 rower the river became, and 
 that the water was fresh, 
 the explorers returned ; and 
 
 Hudson was convinced that here was no 2:)assage to the 
 
 Pacific* 
 
 3. Their Account of the Country. — It was no wonder 
 that, on their return to Holland, Hudson and his com- 
 panions sliould have praised tlie country, and the river 
 which they had seen. They spoke of the pleasant climate, 
 the rich foliage, the fertile soil, and the magnificent 
 scenery. The woods, they said, were full of game, the 
 great river abounded in fish, and the natives had abun- 
 dance of furs to sell. 
 
 * Hiidsou made his fourtli voyage in IGIO. While in Hudson's Bay, a mutiny occur- 
 ring among his men, he, with eight otliers, who remained faithful to him, were put into 
 an open boat and abandoned. Two ships were afterward sent from England to make 
 search for him, but no tidings of the bold navigator could over be gained. 
 
 2. What harbor and river did he enter ? How far did he ascend the latter '! 3. 
 Wliat account was given of the country '1 
 
 HENRY HUDSON 
 
1G23] 
 
 NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY 
 
 75 
 
 liiiiillllillililiilllllilililliiiiliiililllilllilillB 
 
 TUE llALF-MOON ASCENDINU THE HUDSON 
 
 4. First Settlements — The Dutch, therefore, sent out 
 other parties to occupy the country, and trade with the 
 Indians; and for this purpose they established posts and 
 built forts. One of these, in 1G14, was placed at the 
 southern part of Manhattan Island,* where soon afterward 
 (1623) there was commenced a thriving settlement, called 
 New Amsterdam. They built Fort Orange on the present 
 site of Albany, and also forts on the Delaware and Con- 
 necticut Eivers. Thus they i:)artly took possession of the 
 region lying between these two rivers ; but their claim 
 
 * In 1624, the Dutch purchased from the Indians the island of Manhattan, for 
 twenty-four dollars. It is said that Verrazzani, just one hundred years before, landed 
 on the island, and gave the Indians wine, by which they were intoxicated : so that the 
 island was afterward called by them Mannuhata, or the Island of Drunkenness. 
 
 4. What forts were built ? What town was founded ? What region did the Dutch 
 claim ? Its name ? 
 
n HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1623 
 
 extended as fur as Cape Cod.* This regiou they called 
 New Xetherlaxds. 
 
 5. Growth of the Colony — Troubles. — The growth 
 of the colony was uot rai)id, although every individual who 
 succeeded in forming a settlement of fifty persons had a 
 
 larsre tract of land granted to him. These land-holders 
 were called Patroons ; and in quite recent times the claims 
 of their descendants to rent led to the anti-rent troubles 
 in the State of New York. During the first few years, 
 
 * In 1614, a Dutch captain named Adrian Block, sailing from New York Bay into 
 Long Island Sound, passed around that island. He was the first European navigator 
 that sailed through the dangerous whirlpool of the East River, called Hurlgate or 
 Hellgate. 
 
 5. Growth of the colony ? Who were the patroons ? What did their claims to rent 
 cause in after years ? What troubled the colony ? 
 
1643] NUW YORK AND NEW JERSEY 111 
 
 there were contests with the English on the Connecticut 
 Eiver, unci the Swedes on the Delaware. There were also 
 troubles with the Indians. 
 
 6. Governors. — New Netherlands had, in the course 
 of time, four governors, the first of whom was Peter 
 Min'-u-it, who was succeeded by Van Twil'-ler ; then 
 came Sir William Kieft (kecff), who was guilty of a dread- 
 ful act of treachery toward the Indians. Two of the set- 
 tlers having been killed by an Indian of the Hackensack 
 tribe, the governor demanded that the murderer should be 
 given up. This was refused.* 
 
 7, Indian War, — Soon after this, a war broke out be- 
 tween the Ilackensacks and the Mohawks, and the former 
 collected in large numbers on the west side of the Hudson, 
 opposite New Amsterdam, asking aid against their ene- 
 mies. Here they were stealthily attacked by the soldiers 
 of Kieft during the night ; and nearly a hundred men, 
 women, and children were massacred. This brought on a 
 war with the Indians, which lasted two years (1643-5). f 
 Kieft, soon after its close, deprived of his ofJice, started to 
 
 * It was contrary to the customs of the Indians to deliver up the iiuirdorcr ; but 
 they offered, as reparation to the widow, two hundred fathoms of tlic; best wamijuui. 
 •'You, yourselves," they said to the Dutch ineHsengers, "are the cause of this evil ; 
 you ought not to craze the young Indians with brandy. Your own people, when 
 drunk, fight with knives, and do foolish things ; and you cannot prevent mischief till 
 you cease to sell strong drink to tlie Indian." 
 
 t " Every Algonquin tribe round Manhattan burned witli the frenzy of revenge. The 
 swamps were their hiding-places, from which sudden onsets were made in every direc- 
 tion. Villages were laid waste, the farmer murdered in the field, his children swept 
 into captivity. Prom the shores of New Jersey to the borders of Connecticut, not a 
 bowery was »a,fe.^'—Ba/icrof/. 
 
 6. N\' 111) was the first governor ? The second y Tlie thiril :' 7. Wlial led to a war 
 with the Itidians ? W^hat became of Kieft 'f 
 
78 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1C55 
 
 return to Europe ; but liis ship was dashed to i^ieces in a 
 storm, and the guilty man perished in the waters. 
 
 8. Governor Stuyvesant. — The jirosperity of the 
 
 colony dates from the arrival, 
 in 1647, of Governor Peter 
 Stuyvesant [Kfi'-ve-sauf), who 
 was a very energetic and reso- 
 lute man. He made a treaty 
 with the English, preserved 
 peace with the' Indians, sub- 
 dued the Swedes on the Dela- 
 ware (1655), and tried in every 
 way to encourage trade and ag- 
 riculture, as well as to induce 
 people to join the settlement. 
 Many who had suffered in their 
 own countries on account of their religion, found a peace- 
 ful asylum in Xew Amsterdam. * 
 
 g. Petition of the People — English Claim. — These 
 people brought with them their love of liberty, and eagerly 
 desired to have a share in the government ; but this, 
 Stuyvesant, who was something of a tyrant, would not 
 grant. Meanwhile, the English set up a claim to the ter- 
 ritory, and Charles II. granted it to his brother James, 
 
 * "The island of New York was then chiefly divided among farmers; the large 
 forests which covered what is now the City Hall Park, and the adjacent region, long 
 remained a common pasture, where, for yet a quarter of a century, tanners could ob- 
 tain bark, and boys chestnuts. The soil was so little valued that Stuyvesant thought 
 it no wrong to liis employers to purchase of them at a small price an extensive bowery 
 (farm) just beyond the coppices, among which browsed the goats and liine from the 
 viWage.^''— Bancroft. 
 
 8. What is said of Governor Stuyvesant ? The settlers ? 9. What did they ask ? 
 Was it granted ? Who claimed the territory ? Who was sent to take it ? 
 
 PETER STUYVESANT 
 
1683] NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY 79 
 
 Duke of York. A fleet, sent out by the latter in 1GG4, 
 appeared before JSTew Amsterdam, and demanded that the 
 fort and town should be given up to English authority. 
 
 10. Conquest of New Netherlands. — Thereupon the 
 peo2:)le, hoping to enjoy nnder the English the privileges 
 refused by Stuyvesant, determined to surrender. The 
 governor was very angry and determined, and held out 
 until the place was actually in the enemy's hands. Thus 
 New Amsterdam became an English town, and received 
 the name of New York. This name was afterwards ap- 
 plied to the whole territory retained by the Duke ; for the 
 portion now called New Jersey he sold to two English 
 noblemen, named Sir George Oar-ter-et' and Lord Berke'- 
 ley. Fort Orange was called Albany. 
 
 11. Reconquest by the Dutch, etc. — In 1673, the 
 Dutch, being at war with the English, and having gained 
 several victories over them, sent a fleet to regain possession 
 of their American territories. New York was surrendered 
 to its former masters, and remained in their possession for 
 about fifteen months, when it was again taken by the 
 English. The people did not enjo}" the privileges for 
 which they had asked until 1G83. when permission was 
 granted them l)y the Duke of York to hold a free Assem- 
 bly in which they might make laws for the colon}-. 
 
 12. Captain Kidd — In 1C98, tlie Earl of Bellamont be- 
 came governoi'. As ci>mmerce was greatly disturbed by 
 pirates, he sent out a bold captain named Kidtl to capture 
 
 10. How did the people act? The governor? What name was given to New 
 Amsterdam? To Fort Orange ? What was New Netherlands named ? 11. How did 
 the Dutch regain the colony ? When was it again surrendered to the English ? What 
 privilege was granted to the people ? When ? 12. Account of Captain Kidd ? 
 
80 
 
 HISTORY OF THE tINITED STATES 
 
 [1698 
 
 SEAL OF NEW YOKK 
 
 their vessels ; but Kidd was a bad man, and knowing that 
 
 there were very many Spanish sliips carrying across the 
 ocean gold, silver, and other treas- 
 ures from America, he determined 
 to turn pirate himself. Kidd con- 
 tinued this career for several 
 years, and is said to have obtained 
 immense quantities of gold and 
 rich treasures, some of which he 
 is reported to have buried on Long 
 Island and in other parts of the 
 country. At last, he was seized 
 
 and sent to England, where he suffered death for his crimes. 
 
 His buried treasures have been sought for at various places. 
 
 13. Treaty with the Indians. — In 16S4, an important 
 treaty M'as made with the ''Five ^STations,'' as the five 
 great Indian tribes were called. These included the On- 
 on-da'-gas, Ca-yu'-gas, Mo'-hawks, O-nei'-das, and Sen'- 
 e-cas. To these, some years afterwai'd, were added the 
 Tus-ca-ro'-ras, after which the league was called the " Six 
 Nations."' The treaty nuide in 1684 was long and faith- 
 fully kept, and was of great advantage to the English 
 settlers. 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 14. Origin of the Name — First Settlements. — New 
 Jersey was so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who 
 had been governor of the island of Jersey, near England. 
 
 13. What were the Five Nations ? WHiat tribes constitutetl the Six Nations ? 14. 
 Why was New Jersey so called ? What settlement w^as made by the Dutch ? By the 
 English ? 
 
1664] 
 
 NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY 
 
 81 
 
 SEAL OF NEW JERSET 
 
 The Dutch had established a trading-post at Bergen as 
 early as 1623 ; but no considerable settlement was made. 
 In 1604, emigrants from Long Island j^assed over, and 
 made a settlement called Eliza- 
 bethtown, the present flourishing 
 city of Elizabeth. Philip Carteret 
 was the first governor. 
 
 15. Change in the Proprietors. 
 — Berkeley sold his share of the 
 territory to an English Quakei', 
 who assigned it to William Penn 
 and two other Quakers, o r 
 Friends. The territory was then 
 
 divided between the proprietors, Carteret taking the east- 
 ern, and the Friends the western half. These portions 
 were called respectively East Jersey and West Jersey. In 
 1682, William Penn and eleven of his brethren purchased 
 the eastern part, and thus IS'ew Jersey became the exclu- 
 sive property of the Friends. 
 
 16. Character and Condition of the Settlers. — The 
 settlers consisted of emigrants from different countries and 
 of various religious sentiments. In East Jersey there were 
 many ISfew England Puritans, also Presbyterians from 
 Scotland who had been driven out by the persecutions car- 
 ried on against them in that country. All lived in peace 
 in the new territor3^ The Friends had purchased their 
 lands from the Indians, and thus secured the friendship of 
 those people. 
 
 15. How did Penn and the Quakers obtain the territory ? 16. Of whom did the 
 settlers consist ? How was peace secured with the Indians ? 
 6 
 
82 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES 
 
 [1681 
 
 17. Further Changes.— In 1702, the proprietors gave 
 up their rights to the English Crowu, and Queen Anne 
 [a)i) united New York and New Jersey under one gov- 
 ernor. In 1736, they Avere again sej^arated, and New 
 Jersey continued a royal province until the Eevolution, 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware 
 
 I. Grant to William Penn. — In 1681, William Penn, 
 already spoken of in connection with the history of New 
 Jersey, obtained a grant from Charles II., king of Eug- 
 
 17. What further changes occurred ? 1. What grant did William Penn obtain ? The 
 name of the territory ? Why was the grant made ? Who had settled there previously ? 
 
1681] 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE 
 
 83 
 
 land, of the country lying west of the Delaware Eiver. 
 This grant was made in payment of a debt due his father. 
 Admiral Penn, a distinguished naval commander, and a 
 particular friend of the Duke of York. The territory was 
 called by the king Pennsylvania, which means Penti's 
 Woods.^ In the southeastern part of it, there were 
 already settled about three 
 thousand people, j^rincipally 
 Swedes, Finns, and Dutch. 
 
 2. Character of Penn. 
 — Penn was a good man. 
 Although brought up in 
 wealth and luxury, he had 
 joined the new sect of the 
 Quakers, or Friends, and 
 had suffered much ill-treat- 
 ment on that account. He 
 was opposed to war and 
 
 oppression of every kind, desiring that all should live 
 together in "brotherly love." Hence, when he received 
 his patent, Avhich made him absolute sovereign of the 
 country, he sent a letter to his new subjects, assuring them 
 of his kindly intentions, and promising that they should 
 
 WILLIAM PENN 
 
 * Penn suggested the word Sylvania, to which the king prefixed the word Penn, 
 " in honor," the king said, " of Admiral Penn." 
 
 Map Questions.— (Map, p. 82.) Where is Philadelphia ? Trenton ? Tinicum 
 Island ? (Map of Delaware.) Cape Henlopen ? Wilmington (Delaware) ? Cape 
 May ? Into what water does the Delaware River flow ? The Susquehanna River ? 
 (Map, p. 76.) The Chowan River ? Cape Fear River ? Savannah River ? Where is 
 Wilmington ? Savannah ? The St. Mary's River ? (Map of Florida.) 
 
 Text Questions.— 2, What was the character of Penn ? His conduct toward the 
 settlers ? 
 
84 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1682 
 
 WILLIAM PEUN ^^fces 
 
 ANO THE 
 INDI^N NAT\OH| 
 
 168 2 
 UNBROKEN FA\TH ' 
 
 '"'live a free, and if the}^ would, a sober and industrious 
 
 people." 
 
 3. Penn's Arrival. — Several ships with emigrants, 
 
 chiefly Q,uakers, came 
 over in 1681 aiid 1682. 
 Penn himself landed in 
 1682 ; and soon after- 
 ward selected the site 
 for his proposed city, 
 between the Delaware 
 and Schuylkill [scooV- 
 Jcill) Kivers. This city 
 he said should be 
 called Philadelphia, a 
 name which means 
 brotherly love. It 
 prospered fro m the 
 first. At the end of the second year, as many as six hun- 
 dred houses had been built. 
 
 4. His Treatment of the Settlers and Indians — He 
 treated all the settlers with kindness and liberality ; and 
 took great pains to show the Indians that he was their 
 friend. He sent them a message, informing them that he 
 looked \\])0\\ them as his brethren, — and that he shonld 
 treat them as such. Under a large elm tree, near Phila- 
 delphia, he met the chiefs and warriors in council, and 
 made a treaty of friendship with them, that was never 
 
 TREATY 510NUMENT 
 
 3. When did Penn arrive ? What site did he select ? The name of the new city ? 
 Its meaning ? Prosperity of the new city ? 4. Penn's treatment of the Indians ? 
 His treaty ? Its results ? 
 
1682] 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE 
 
 85 
 
 broken.* The Friends never abused or cheated the na- 
 tives, and consequently there were no Indian wars in the 
 territories which they settled. "Not a drop of Quaker 
 blood was ever shed Ijy an In- 
 dian ; " and even to this day, an 
 Indian always greets a Quaker as 
 a friend. 
 
 5. Subsequent History. — For 
 two years Penn attended carefully 
 to the affairs of the colony, after 
 which he returned to England, 
 leaving the government to a coun- 
 cil. The colony then contained 
 
 about seven thousand persons. After a lapse of fifteen 
 years, he made a second visit to Pennsylvania ; but during 
 liis absence, the "Three Lower Counties on the Delaware" 
 had become dissatisfied and had withdrawn from the union. 
 They were, however, again united with Pennsylvania until 
 1703. 
 
 SEAL or PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 * " We meet," said William Penn, " on the broad pathway of good faith, and good 
 will ; I will not call you children, for parents sometimes chide their children too 
 severely ; nor brothers only, for brothers differ. The friendship between me and you 
 I will not compare to a chain, for that the r^ins might rust, or the falling tree might 
 break. We are the same as if one man's body were to be divided into two parts ; we 
 are all one flesh and blood." To this the Indians replied : "W^e will live in love with 
 William Penn and his children as long as the moon and the sun shall endure." 
 
 The tree under which the treaty was made, stood in what was afterward known as 
 Kensington, but which is now a part of the city of Philadelphia. "When the British 
 were quartered near it during the war of American Independence, their general so 
 respected it, that, when his soldiers were cutting down every tree for firewood, he 
 placed a sentinel under it that not a branch of it might be touched. A few years ago 
 (in 1810), it was blown down, when it was split in:o wood, and many cups, bowls, and 
 other articles were made of it, to be kept as memorials." A monumeut, of which a 
 picture is given on page 84, marks the spot where the tree stood. 
 
 5. When did Penn leave the colony ? Its population ' 
 occurred during his absence ? 
 
 His return ? What had 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1638 
 
 6. In 1701, Penii returiuHl to F]]igl;ind. never again to 
 visit the colony he luul so h;ip[Hly planted. On his death, 
 in 1718, he left his American possessions to his three 
 sons, by whom the governnxent was managed, through 
 deputies, till the Eevolution, when their claims were pur- 
 chased by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware 
 
 7. Settlement by the Dutch — By the Swedes. — - 
 Delaware Bay was visited by the Dutch about 1G30, and 
 in the following year, a small settlement was made by 
 them near the present site of Lewistowii. Previous to 
 this, however, Gus-ta'-vus A-dcd'-phus, the brave king of 
 
 Sweden, proposed to establish a 
 colony in America, where all per- 
 secuted Christians might find a 
 quiet refuge. Ilis death occurred 
 before this project Avas realized ; 
 but his good minister accomplished 
 the design in 1638, in sending a 
 colony of fifty men to the Dela- 
 
 SEAL OF DELAWAKE Wal'C. 
 
 8, Settlement of New Swe- 
 den. — After lantling at Ca2>e TIenlopen, they bought from 
 the Indians all the lands from the Cape to the Falls of the 
 Delaware, at Trenton, and commenced a settlement near 
 
 6. When did Peun finally lesve the colony ? To whom did he leave his American 
 possessions at his death ? How were their claims satisfied afterward ? 7. The first 
 settlement in Delaware ? Project of Gustaviis Adolphus « By whom was it carried 
 out « 8, Settlement of Wilmington ? Name of tlie territory ? 
 
1655] MARYLAND, THE CAROLINAS, AND GEORGIA 87. 
 
 the present site of Wilmington. The territory was called 
 New Sweden ; and the colony was directed by Peter 
 Minuit, former governor of New Netherlands. 
 
 g. Dutch Claim — Conquest by Stuyvesant, — The 
 Dutch considered this an encroachment upon their lands, 
 and sent threatening messages to the Swedes, which were 
 unheeded. On the contrary, the Swedes built a fort on 
 Tinicum Island, a little below Philadelphia, and there 
 established their capital. In 1655, Governor Stuyvesant 
 proceeded against them with a force of six hundred men, 
 and compelled the settlers to submit to the Dutch govern- 
 ment. 
 
 lo. Further Changes. — The Dutch retained posses- 
 sion of Delaware till they were conquered by the English, 
 in 1G64 ; from which time the territory was connected with 
 the province of New York. By the grant made to William 
 Penn in 1682, Delaware was united with Pennsylvania ; 
 but in 1703, a partial separation took place, each colony 
 having its own assembly, but both being under one 
 governor. 
 
 CHAPTER VITT 
 
 Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia 
 
 I. Grant of Maryland.— In 1632, King Charles I. gave 
 to a Roman Catholic nobleman, named Lord Baltimore, a 
 grant of lands on both sides of Chesaj)eake Bay, extending 
 eastward from the Potomac River to the sea. From this 
 
 Text Questions.— 9. By whom wae it claimed ? By whom conquered ? 10. W'hat 
 further changes occurred '! 1. Grant to Lord Baltimore in 1632 '! Design of Lord 
 Baltimore '; Name of the colony y 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1634 
 
 grant Delaware was afterward exchuled. Lord Baltimore 
 wished to provide an asylum for the Catholics, who in 
 
 England were persecuted on 
 account of their religion. 
 Lord Baltimore called the 
 territory Maryland, in honor 
 of the queen, whose name 
 was Henrietta Maria. 
 
 2. First Settlement — 
 Religious Freedom Se- 
 cured. — The first settlement 
 was made in 1634, under the 
 direction of Leonard Cal- 
 vert, brother of Lord Balti- 
 more, at a i^lace wdiicli was 
 called St. Mary's.* The settlers^ who liad suffered so much 
 from religious persecutions, resolved that no one in the 
 colony should be disturbed on account of religion, and 
 passed laws to secure for all the right to worship God with 
 entire freedom. This just and wise conduct greatly in- 
 creased the prosperity of the colony. Numbers of every 
 denomination flocked in to enjoy the blessings offered, and 
 the wealth and pojjulation of Maryland grew very rapidly. 
 3. Clayborne's Claim. — The peace of the colony was for 
 a few years disturbed by the claims of one William Clay- 
 
 LOKll I'.Al.TIMor.E (2d) 
 
 * The settlement was made at an Indian town which the natives were preparing to 
 abandon. "The Indian women taught the wives of the new comers to make bread of 
 maize ; the warriors of the tribe instructed tlie Imntsmen how rich were the forests of 
 America in game, and joined them in the chase." — Bancroft. 
 
 Z. What was the first settlement ? What laws were made ? The result ? 3. What 
 disturbed the peace of the colony ? Course pursued by Clayborne ? By Calvert ? 
 
1691] 3IAEYLAKD, THE CAlWLIXAS, AND GEORGIA 89 
 
 SEAL OF MARYLAND 
 
 borne, who, in 1G31, had obtained from Charles I. a license 
 to trade with the Indians, and had established trading- 
 posts on Kent Island, in the Chesa- 
 peake, and near the mouth of the 
 Susquehanna. From the first he 
 refused to acknowledge the au- 
 thority of Governor Calvert, and 
 defended his claim by force of 
 arms ; but he was defeated, and 
 obliged to flee. Afterward, how- 
 ever, he returned and made him- 
 self master of the province, com- 
 pelling the governor, in his turn, to flee into Virginia for 
 safety. Calvert, the next year, appeared at the head of a 
 military force and regained possession. 
 
 4. Civil War. — While Ci'omwell and his Puritan asso- 
 ciates were a power in England, the Protestant party 
 obtained control of affairs in Maryland, and by an Act of 
 the Assembly, Catholics were declared not to be entitled to 
 the protection of the laws of Maryland. This caused a 
 civil war between the Catholics and the Protestants. After 
 CromwelFs death, the rights of Lord Baltimore were re- 
 stored, and the colony enjoyed a long repose. 
 
 5. Farther History. — In 1G91. King William made 
 Maryland a royal province, thus depriving the heirs of 
 Lord Baltimore of their rights ; in 1715, however, the 
 fourth Lord Baltimore, then a very young child, had his 
 
 4. What caused civil war ? When were the rights of Lord Baltimore restored ? 
 5. When did Maryland become a royal province ? What occurred in 1715 ? The Bub- 
 eequent government of the colony ? 
 
90 
 
 BtSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1650 
 
 claim as proi:)rietor of the colony acknowledged ; and 
 Maryland, from that time till the Revolution, remained 
 under a proprietary government. 
 
 SEAL OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 North and South Carolina 
 
 6. First Settlements — The first attempts to settle in 
 the region now known as North Carolina, were made by 
 
 Sir Walter lialeigh, as already re- 
 lated. It was more than sixty 
 years after these unsuccessful set- 
 tlements on Roanoke Island, be- 
 fore any other was made within 
 the limits of this State. About 
 1650, people who had settled in 
 Virginia, left that colony, and 
 2^ushing southward into the wil- 
 derness, selected a spot at the mouth of the Chowan River 
 for their home. These were Puritans, Quakers, Ba2)tists, 
 etc., who refused to conform to the Church of England, 
 which had been established by law in Virginia. Some 
 time afterward (1665), a settlement was made near the 
 Cape Fear River, by persons from Xew England, and 
 planters from the West Indies. 
 
 7. Albemarle and Clarendon Colonies — -In 1663, 
 Charles II. granted to Lord Clarendon and other English 
 noblemen, all the territory between Virginia and Florida, 
 to wliich was given the name Carolina. These proprietors 
 
 6. First attempts at settlement in North Carolina ? Where was the first permanent 
 settlement ? By whom made ? What other settlement ? 7. Grant by Charles n. in 
 1063 ? What names were given to the settlements previously made ? 
 
1663] MARYLAND, THE CAROLINAS, AND GEORGIA 91 
 
 called the little settlement on the Chowan the Albemarle 
 Colony; the one near Cajoe Fear was called the Clarendon 
 Colony. It was situated near the present site of the City 
 of Wilmington. 
 
 8. The Grand Model. — John Locke, the most eminent 
 
 ^r T H G- 
 
 ^pvT3^lHTl(,toi^ 
 
 ^""""'^Ar^^g:^^. 
 
 ot tie 
 
 CAROLINAS 
 
 10 30 60, 
 
 })hilosopher of his time, was engaged by the proprietors to 
 draw up a charter and scheme of government for the new 
 province. It was to be, they thought, a great and popu- 
 lous empire. A constitution was, accordingly, projoosed, 
 and was named the ''Grand Model ;" but it was so poorly 
 adapted to the views and the wants of the settlers, that it 
 was very soon entirely abandoned. 
 
 8, By whom was a form of government prepared ? What was its success ? 
 
93 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1695 
 
 g. Carteret Colony — Charleston, etc — In 1G70, a 
 colony was founded on the western bank of the Asliley 
 River, and called in honor of one of the proprietors, the 
 Carteret Colony. This was the first settlement in South 
 Carolina. Ten years after, the city of Charleston was 
 founded, on the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, so named in 
 honor of Lord Ashley Cooper, afterward Earl of Shaftes- 
 bury. Protestants driven out of France by the perse- 
 cutions of Louis XIV., king of that country, settled in 
 considerable numbers in Carolina, about the same time. 
 
 10. Indian Hostilities — In the first part of the eight- 
 eenth century, the settlers in Carolina suffered much from 
 the hostilities of the Indian tribes. In the north, the 
 Tuscaroras waged a bitter war for years ; but were finally 
 subdued and driven out of the region. They then jour- 
 neyed northward, and joined the Iroquois (e-ro-quah) in 
 New York, making the sixth tribe in the league known as 
 the "Six Nations." In South Carolina, another tribe, 
 called the Ye-mas-sees', became hostile, and carried on a 
 fierce war against the settlers, till they were driven into 
 Florida. 
 
 11. Rice Culture, etc. — About the year 1695, seed-rice 
 was brought into South Carolina from Madagascar, and 
 soon became an article of general cultivation, and a staple 
 export. Indigo was also raised in large quantities. The 
 cotton culture did not extend much until many years after 
 this. 
 
 9. What colony was' planted in 1670 ? The city of Charleston ? After whom were 
 the Ashley and Cooper Rivers named ? What emigrants came from France ? 10. What 
 tribes of Indians were hostile ? Result of the war ? The Six Nations ? The Yemassees ? 
 11, Wlieu and how did the rice culture commence ? What else was cultivated ? 
 
1732J 3IAEYLAND, THE CAROLINAS, AND GEORGIA 93 
 
 12. Division of the Province — There were many dis- 
 agreements between the people and the proprietors. The 
 latter desired to rule the colonists 
 with a high hand. They refused 
 many of the privileges enjoyed by 
 other colonies, and restrained the 
 Legislature in the exercise of its 
 just rights. Petitions were ac- 
 cordingly sent to the king, asking 
 that he would assume the govern- 
 ment of the colony. The proprie- 
 tors finally, in 1729, agreed to sell 
 
 their rights to the crown ; and the colony was divided into 
 two provinces, called respectively North and South Caro- 
 lina. Since that time they have remained separate. 
 
 SEAL OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Georgia 
 
 13. Oglethorpe's Grant. — In 1733, King George 11. , 
 of England, granted the territory lying between ths Sa- 
 vannah and Altamaha (al-fa-ma-hmc') Rivers to General 
 Oglethorpe (o'-gl-fJiorp), a brave and benevolent English- 
 man, noted for his exploits in some of the European wars. 
 At that time, in England, debtors were imprisoned and 
 treated very harshly ; and Oglethorpe humanely desired to 
 provide an asylum for such persons, as well as others, who 
 were poor, distressed, or persecuted. The trustees of the 
 
 12. Difflciilties between settlers and proprietors ? To what did they lead ? How was 
 the province divided ? What names were given to the divisions y 13. What grant did 
 King George II. make in 1733 ? Who was General Oglethorpe ? What was his object 
 in establishing a colony in America ? The trustees ? Origin of the name Georgia V 
 
94 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1734 
 
 JAMES E. OGLETHORPE 
 
 colony were chosen from the 
 most virtuous and benevolent 
 gentlemen of England. It 
 was called Georgia, in honor 
 of the king, 
 
 14. Settlement of Savan- 
 nah, etc The first company 
 
 sent out to form a settlement 
 consisted of poor debtors and 
 bankrupt tradesmen with 
 their families.* After stop- 
 ping a short time at Charles- 
 ton, they ascended the Savan- 
 nah Eiver, and settled at a place which they named Sa- 
 vannah (1733). More ships, with emigrants and supplies, 
 arrived soon afterward from England ; and, in 1734, a 
 number of German Protestants f came over, and settled a 
 short distance above Savannah. A party of Scotch High- 
 
 * The place to which these poor people went, as exiles, was described in England 
 as a dreadful region. Goldsmith wrote of it as follows :— 
 
 Through torrid tracts with fainting steps they go, 
 
 Where wild Altama murmurs to their woe. 
 
 Far different then from all that charmed before, 
 
 The various terrors of that horrid shore ; 
 
 Those blazing suns that dart a downward ray 
 
 And fiercely shed intolerable day ; 
 
 Those matted woods where birds forget to sing. 
 
 But silent bats in drowsy clusters cling ; 
 
 Those poisonous fields with rank luxuriance crowned, 
 
 Where the dark scorpion gathers death around ; 
 
 Where at each step the stranger fears to wake 
 
 The rattling terrors of the vengeful snake, 
 t These were Moravians — a people who fled from Austria to escape the persecutions 
 to which, as J'rotestants, they were subjected. They were kindly welcomed by Ogle- 
 thorpe, and settled at a place on the Savannah River, which they called Ebenezer. 
 
 14, First company sent out ? Where did they settle ' 
 ment ? What other settlements were made ? 
 
 Name given to the settle- 
 
1752] MARYLAXD, THE CAROLINAS, AND GEORGIA 95 
 
 landers, a few years afterward, made a settlement on the 
 Altamaha.* 
 
 15. Hostilities of the Spaniards — Oglethorpe easily 
 succeeded in making friends of the Indians \ — consisting 
 of the Creeks, the Chickasaws, and 
 
 the Cherokees ; but the Spaniards 
 in Florida looked upon the English 
 settlement as an encroachment upon 
 their territory, and threatened to 
 destroy it. War breaking out be- 
 tween England and Spain, hostili- 
 ties ensued between the rival 
 colonies ; but Oglethorpe, who was 
 a good general and a brave soldier, 
 
 successfully defended the settlers, and Georgia remained 
 unharmed. 
 
 16. Georgia a Royal Province. — In 1752, the trustees, 
 who had had many disputes with the colonists, gave w]) their 
 charter; and Georgia became a royal province. The limits 
 of the colony Avere extended to the St. Mary's Eiver, by 
 treat}^ between England and Spain ; and that river still 
 
 SEAL OF GEORGIA 
 
 * These people settled at Darien. General Oglethorpe paid them a visit, dressed as a 
 Highlander, and bade them welcome to a land in which they coald live in peace and 
 freedom. His kindness won their hearts, and they gladly aided him in all his plans to 
 promote the prosperity of the colony. 
 
 + One of the chiefs, addressing Oglethorpe and his companions, and presenting a 
 buffalo-slcin painted on the inside with the head and feathers of an eagle, said. "We 
 have brought you a little present. Tlie feathers of the eagle are soft, signifying love ; 
 the skin is warm, and is the emblem of protection ; therefore. love and protect our 
 little families." 
 
 15. Oglethorpe's conduct toward the Indians ? What were the tribes ? Conduct 
 of the Spaniards in Florida ? How was the colony defended ? 16. What occurred 
 in 1752 ? What did Georgia become ? How was its territory extended ? Name th^ 
 thirteen English colonies, 
 
96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1634 
 
 continues to be the boundary between Georgia and Florida. 
 Georgia was the last of the tliirteen colonies planted by the 
 English in North America. 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 French Colonies and Wars 
 
 1. The settlement of Quebec on the St. Lawrence, and 
 of Port Royal in Acadia, as well as the exploration by 
 Champlain of the great lake named after him, have already 
 been mentioned. While the English Avere increasing their 
 colonies on the Atlantic, the French were very active in 
 exploring and settling the regions bordering on the St. 
 Lawrence and the Mississippi. 
 
 2. Work of the Catholic Missionaries — C'atholic mis- 
 sionaries pushed their way into the wilderness, to convert 
 the savages as well as to explore the country. In this work 
 they endured the most dreadful hardships, and some of 
 them were pnt to death in the most cruel manner by the 
 barbarous tribes whom they had come to save. lu 1634, 
 these devoted men established a missionary station near 
 Lake Iroquois, or Georgian Bay, as it is now called. 
 Many of the red men listened to their pious words, and 
 were baptized. 
 
 3- In 1660, they had traversed this region as far as Lake 
 
 Map Questions.— (Map, p. 100.) Where is Quebec? Port Royal? Annapolis? 
 The Bay of Fiindy ? Louisbuig ? (Map, p. 252.) Natchez ? New Orleans ? Detroit 
 (Map, p. 200) ? 
 
 Text Questions.— 2. Efforts of the Catholic missionaries ? Their hardships ? 
 What was done in 1634 ? 3. What had been accomplished in 1660 ? The Algonquins 
 and Five Nations ? When and by whom was St. Mary's settled ? What rumor 
 j-eached Marquette ? 
 
9i Xong.tom il GEOon-mlch 
 
 ;ntry 
 IEast of the MississirEi 
 AS OCCUPIED BY THE INDIANS 
 
 Long. from 
 
 10 'Wasliliigton 
 
1668] 
 
 FRENCH COLONIES AND WARS 
 
 97 
 
 Superior, and liad established stations at various points. 
 The Algonquin Indians were friendly to them, but the 
 " Five Nations," being at war with the Algonquins, were 
 bitterly hostile, and inflicted on them the most shocking 
 cruelties, in 16G8, St. Mary's was settled by Marquette 
 {mar-l'ei') and others ; and soon after this, the same mis- 
 sionary, having heard from the natives of a great river to 
 the west of this region, de- 
 termined to explore it. 
 
 4. Discovery and Ex- 
 ploration of the Missis- 
 sippi. — This project was 
 carried out in JG73. Mar- 
 quette, with Joliet, a fur- 
 trader, reached the Great 
 River, and floated down 
 upon its waters in their 
 birch-bark canoes, below 
 the mouth of the Arkan- 
 
 LA SALLE 
 
 sas.* Thus was the Mis- 
 sissippi discovered a second time. In 1682, a French ad- 
 venturer, named La Salle (sal), descended this river from 
 
 * " Turning southward, they paddled down the stream, through a solitude unrelieved 
 by the faintest trace of man. A large fish, apparently one of the huge catfish of the 
 Mississippi, blundered against Marquette's canoe with a force which seems to have 
 startled him ; and once, as they drew in their net, they caught a 'spade-fish,' whose 
 eccentric appearance greatly astonished them. At length, the bufEalo began to appear, 
 grazing in herds on the great prairies which then bordered the river ; and Marquette 
 describes the fierce and stupid looks of the old bulls, as they stared at the intruders 
 through the tangled mane which nearly blinded thom."'—Piirk/na». 
 
 4. When was the project carried out ? How 
 was the territory named ? 
 
 7 
 
 Exploration by La Salle ? How 
 
98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1687 
 
 the mouth of the Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico,* and 
 taking possession of the country in the name of Louis 
 XIV., king of France, named it Louisiana. 
 
 5. La Salle's Expedition — Tlie next year, La Salle re- 
 turned to France, where lie was received with great honors; 
 and his description of the country and the river which he 
 had explored excited much interest. He proposed to erect 
 forts and establish a settlement near the mouth of the 
 river, so as to secure it to the French. Four vessels were 
 given to liim, with soldiers and settlers to undertake the 
 expedition. It sailed in 1684. 
 
 6. Death of La Salle. — Bv an unfortunate mistake, the 
 voyagers passed the mouth of the Mississippi, and having 
 sailed a considerable distance to the westward of it, landed 
 in Texas, and built a fort. Here he was left with liis com- 
 panions, and all endured dreadful hitrdships in this wild 
 country. A vain search was made for the Mississippi ; and 
 at last discontent broke out, and the great discoverer La 
 Salle was biisely assassinated (1G87). 
 
 7. Settlement of Natchez and New Orleans. — In 
 1716, a French commercial post was established at Natchez, 
 the first permanent settlement in the Mississippi Valley, 
 south of Illinois. A short time afterwards a grant of the 
 country was made to the Mississippi Company, and New 
 
 * "As he drifted down the turbid current, between the low and marshy sliores, the 
 bracliish waters changed to brine, and the breeze grew fresh witli the salt breatli of the 
 sea. Then the broad bosom of tlie great Gulf opened on his sight, tossing its restless 
 billows, limitless, voiceless, lonely, as when born of chaos, without a sail, without a 
 sign of life."— ParArmaB. 
 
 5. What expedition was planned by La Salle ? When did it sail ? 6. What mis- 
 take was made ? What occurred after the landing ? How was La Salle slain ? 7. Set- 
 tlement of Natchez ? Of New Orleans ? 
 
1689] FRENCH COLONIES AND WARS 99 
 
 Orleans was founded (1718), as tlie capital of a new empire, 
 which was expected to become one of the richest and most 
 powerful in tlie world. 
 
 Freistch Wars 
 
 8. King William's War — Previous to the settlement 
 of Louisiana, the French and English colonies had been 
 involved in hostilities in consequence of war between the 
 mother countries. The English king, James II., fled to 
 France, and the people of England invited AVilliam of 
 Orange and Mary, his wife, wlio was a daughter of the de- 
 throned king, to ascend the throne. The French monarcli, 
 however, took the part of James, and commenced war 
 against England with the view to regain for him his lost 
 crown. This war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick 
 (riz'-ivick), in 1697. It is called in American liistor}' King 
 Willianvs War. 
 
 g. Indian Atrocities. — ■ During this and succeeding 
 wars, the French colonies were aided by their Indian allies 
 in Canada ; and the English had the assistance of the war- 
 like Iroquois, or "Five Nations." In tlie summer of 1689, 
 the latter took and burned Montreal, putting to death with 
 savage cruelty at least two hnndred pei'sons, and carrying 
 many away captives. In revenge for this, tlie French and 
 Indians, the following winter, invaded New York and took 
 Schenectady, where they committed the most shocking 
 barbarities. Sixty persons, of whom many were women 
 
 8. What was the cause of King William's War ? How long did it last ? How was 
 it terminated ? 9, By whom were the French and EugliijU aided ? When and by 
 whom was Montreal burned ? Schenectady ? 
 
100 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1690 
 
 and children, were massacred, and a large number were 
 dragged away prisoners. A few who escaped made their 
 way through the snow to Albany (1690). 
 
 ' y-WM 
 
 . fi I I. r o 1 , ^ 
 
 
 ^Lirua.xv-^" ^ '^ 
 
 Scale ot Miles. 
 
 5U xou 
 
 (^ NOVA SCOTIA, 
 NEW B RUNSWICK 
 
 TICIXITX 
 
 10. Expedition against Acadia and Canada — The 
 
 colonies of New England also suffered greatly during this 
 Avar; but the people showed a wonderful degree of forti- 
 tude and courage in the defense of their homes and lives.* 
 
 * The story of Mrs. Dustin illustrates this. This brave woman, with her nurse and 
 infant child, was taken prisoner at Haverhill, Mass., by the Indians, her husband 
 arriving from the field too late to defend her. The savages burned the house, and 
 dashed the infant against a tree. The mother was dragged away with other captives, 
 through the wilderness, until, after some days of wearisome journeying, they reached 
 
 10. What other colonies suffered ? What expedition was sent against Acadia ? 
 Against Canada ? Under whose co.nmand ? 
 
 ri 
 
1704] FRENCH COLONIES AND WARS 101 
 
 An expedition w;is sent by Massachusetts against Acadia, 
 and Port Royal was captured. An expedition was also 
 planned against Canada, in which a naval force was sent 
 from Massachusetts, and an army from New York ; but it 
 was not successful. These expeditions were under the 
 command of Sir William Phipps, who was afterwards made 
 governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 11. Queen Anne's War — Five years had scarcely 
 elapsed since peace was declared, when tlie French War 
 was renewed. Queen Anne had ascended the throne on 
 the death of AVilliam of Orange, but the French king de- 
 clared in favor of the son of the exiled James, who had 
 died a short time before (1701). This, with other causes, 
 led to a renewal of hostilities. The horroi's of Indian war- 
 fare were again experienced during this war. 
 
 12. Attack on Deerfield — Fortunately for New York, 
 the Five Nations had made a treaty of peace with the In- 
 dians in Canada. The New England settlements, there- 
 fore, were the chief sufferers. In the winter of 1704, a 
 band of French and Indians came down the valley of the 
 Connecticut on snow shoes, and attacked the town of 
 Deerfield, Massachusetts. The snowdrifts made the pali- 
 sades useless ; and the place was soon captured. Nearly all 
 
 an island in tlie Merriniac. Here, finding that there were only two Indian men left in 
 charge of them, with tliree women and seven children, Mrs. Dustin determined to 
 escape. She confided her intention to two fellow captives, and dnring the night they 
 arose, and each taking a tomahawk, slew all the Indians except two of the children. 
 They then retraced their way back, found a bark canoe, and descended the Merrimac 
 to Haverhill, to the great joy and surprise of their friends. 
 
 11. What caused Queen Anne's War? 12. Why was New York saved from 
 Indian hostilities ? Give an account of the attack on Deerfield. Where is Deerfield ? 
 Ang.—ln Massachusetts. 
 
102 HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES [1710 
 
 THE ATTACK ON DEERFIELD 
 
 the inhabitants were massacred, or were carried caj^tives 
 into the wilderness.* 
 
 13. Subsequent Events. — During tliis war, Port Royal, 
 Nova Scotia, was again captured by the English (1710), 
 and its name changed to Annapolis, which means the City 
 
 * Among these captives were Rev. Mr. Williams and his family. His wife, being 
 too weak to travel, was tomahawked in the presence of her husband and children. 
 Two years afterward, many of the captives, including Mr. Williams and most of his 
 children, were ransomed and returned home. The Indians had adopted his youngest 
 daughter, and refused to give her up. She was married to a chief, and became 
 accustomed to the Indian mode of life. Years afterward, she visited the home of her 
 childhood, and her friends endeavored to induce her to remain there ; but her love for 
 her children and her attachment to the Indian customs were too great to permit her 
 to abandon them ; and she returned to the flres of her wigwam. 
 
 13. W^hen was Port Royal taken ? What was it named ? When did the war end ? 
 What did the French give up ? What did they retain ? What fortress was built ? 
 
1744] FRENCH COLONIES AND WARS 103 
 
 of Anna, tliis name being given to it in lionor of the 
 Englisii qneen. Tliree years afterward (1713), peace was 
 made ; and the French agreed to give np the jieninsula of 
 Acadia to tlie English, but they retained Cape Breton 
 Island, and built there a very strong fortress, called Louis- 
 burg. 
 
 14. King George's War. — For about thirty years the 
 colonies had peace, and they increased rapidly in popu- 
 lation and wealth. JS'ew England was especially thriving. 
 There Avas great activity in manufactures, conimerce, and 
 jiarticularly in tlie cod and mackerel fisheries. But this 
 state of quiet and prosperity was again disturbed by war, 
 in 1744. France and England again went to war about 
 the affairs of Europe, and the colonies were drawn into it. 
 As this war broke out during the reign of George II., it is 
 called King George's War. 
 
 15. Capture of Louisburg — -The chief event of the 
 war in this country was the capture of Louisburg,* by a 
 force consisting chiefly of New England militia, headed by 
 a merchant of Maine, named William Pepperill, and an 
 English fleet under Commodore Warren. The fortress 
 held out for fifty days. This victory was achieved in 
 1745. Three years afterward the war ended (1748). 
 
 16. French and Indian War. — The previous wars 
 
 ♦This fortress was called the "Gibraltar of Araerica," on account of its great 
 strength. It was given back to the French at the close of the war. 
 
 14. How long did peace continue ? What is said of the prosperity of the colonies ? 
 When was the war recommencea ? Its cause ? 15. By whom was Louisburg cap- 
 tured ? When ? When did the war end ? 16. What had caused previous wars be- 
 tween the colonies ? What difficulty sprung up in 1753 ? What had the French done 
 during the preceding half century ? 
 
104 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1753 
 
 Map Questions.— What two rivers, uniting, form the Ohio? Where did Fort 
 DiKincsiic staiiil :- Wliat two forts were on Lalie Chaniplain ? WluTe was Fort Wil- 
 liam Henry ? Kort ()KWt'!?o ? Fort Niagara ? Fort Schuyler ? Fort Edward ? Fort 
 Frontenac ? Where is Montreal ? Schenectady ? Albany ? Lake Ontario ? Lake 
 George ? Cape May ? Cape Henlopen ? Cape Charles ? Cape Henry '! 
 
1753] FRENCH COLONIES AND WARS 105 
 
 between the French and English colonies had arisen from 
 dispntes between France and England in regard to Euro- 
 pean affairs. In 1753. however, a difficulty sprung uji be- 
 tween the colonies themselves, in relation to the boundary 
 of their respective territories, which led to a war called the 
 French and Indian War. The French, during the preced- 
 ing half century, had done much to enlarge their colonial 
 possessions, and in order to secure them had constructed 
 forts at all suitable points. Along the line of the St. Law- 
 rence, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi, they had 
 established more than sixty military posts, some of great 
 strength. * 
 
 17. English and French Claims But the English 
 
 claimed to have a prior right to this territory, since the 
 whole had been discovered by their navigators, the Cabots. 
 The French deemed this an absurd claim ; since those 
 navigators knew nothing of those vast inland regions 
 which French missionaries and explorers had, with incredi- 
 ble difficulty, perseverance, and hardships, discovered and 
 settled. For years these rival claims were urged ; but the 
 crisis did not arrive till 1753. 
 
 18. The Ohio Company. — Four years previous to this 
 
 * " The settlements of the French, stretching from north to south, necessarily in- 
 terfered with those of the English, stretching from east to west. Their plan, if exe- 
 cuted, would have completely environed the English. Canada and Louisiana, united, 
 would, as has been aptly said, have formed a bow, of which the English colonies 
 would have constituted the string. . . . The delightful region between the sum- 
 mit of the Alleghany Mountains and the Mississippi was the object for which these 
 two powerful nations contended ; and it now became apparent that the sword alone 
 could decide the conX.eBX,.^''— Marshall's Life of Washington. 
 
 17. What was the ground of the English claim ? The French claim ? 18. What 
 was the Ohio Company ? Where did the French build forts ? What act of hostility 
 did they commit ? 
 
10(5 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1753 
 
 date, a company of Virginians obtained a grant of land on 
 and near the Oliio River, for the purpose of trading with 
 the Indians. This company was called the Ohio C'ovi- 
 panij. The French, about the same time, built forts on 
 the Ohio and its branches, in order to occupy the terri- 
 tory; and considering the English traders as trespassers, 
 they arrested three of them, and carried them to Presque 
 Isle {presk eel), now Erie, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 19. Washington's Mission — Complaint was accord- 
 ingly made to Robert Dinwiddle, lieutenant-governor of 
 Virginia ; and it was resolved to send a letter of remon- 
 strance to the French commander. The person chosen to 
 carry this letter was George Washington", then about 
 twenty-one years of age,* but already distinguished as a 
 young man of prudence and energy. He was a surveyor 
 by profession ; and, in the militia service, had reached the 
 rank of major. 
 
 20. The Journey — its Result — The task imposed 
 upon him Avas a very difficult one. It was in the midst of 
 winter when he set out ; and he had to travel several hun- 
 dred miles through an almost pathless wilderness, infested 
 by bands of lurking savages, cruel and treacherous. f 
 
 * Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, onthe22d of February, 
 1732. 
 
 t In passing through the forest, he narrowly escaped being shot by a lurking 
 Indian. " On reaching the Alleghany, with one poor hatchet and a whole day's 
 work, a raft was constructed and launched ; but before they were half over the river, 
 tliey were caught in tlie running ice, expecting every moment to be crushed, unable 
 to reach either shore. Putting out a pole to stop the raft, Washington was jerked 
 into the deep water, and saved himself only by grasping the raft-logs." He and his 
 companion, however, succeeded in reaching an island, where they passed the night. 
 In the morning they were enabled to cross safely on the ice. 
 
 19. Who wns sent to the French fort? What is said of Washington ? 20. De- 
 scribe the journey. What was its result ? 
 
17r)4] FRENCB COLONIES AND WARS 107 
 
 Still, the task was accomplished. Tlie letter was duly 
 delivered, and an answer returned. The French officer, 
 however, gave no satisfaction, but referred the governor 
 of Virginia to the Marquis du Quesne {Icane), governor- 
 general of Canada. 
 
 21. Washington's Expedition — Before this, tlie Ohio 
 Company had commenced to construct a fort at the junc- 
 tion of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers ; and Din- 
 widdle, on receiving the French commander's rej^ly, sent a 
 military force to protect the works. The French, how- 
 ever, before this could be done, dispatched a body of 
 troops, took possession of the place, and completed the 
 fort, naming it Fort du Quesne. Washington, on whom 
 the command of the Virginia troops devolved, heard of 
 this event, and halted at a place called the Great Meadows, 
 near which he attacked a small body of French, and de- 
 feated them (May 28, 1754). He was, however, soon 
 obliged to withdraw from his post * at the Great Meadows, 
 and return to Virginia without accomplishing the object 
 of the expedition. 
 
 22. Braddock's Expedition. — In 1755, General Brad- 
 dock, an officer of skill and experience, was sent from 
 Englaml with several regiinents of British regular soldiers, 
 to take command of all the forces in the colonies. Several 
 expeditions were arranged against the French forts in 
 different parts of the country ; one of them, against Fort 
 
 * Fifteen hundred French and Indicans attacked him at this post, called Fort Necee- 
 Bity ; but, after a brave defense of ten hours, he was compelled to capitulate 
 (July 4th). 
 
 21. What expedition was sent out ? What occurred ? 22. Who took tlie chief 
 command ? What expedition did he lead in person ? His march '/ 
 
108 
 
 msTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1755 
 
 du Quesne, led by Braddock himself. Confident of suc- 
 cess, he marched through the wiklerness, heedless of 
 danger from the savages, and 
 treated with contempt the sugges- 
 tion of Washington, who served as 
 his aid, that he should scour tlie 
 woods so as to protect his army 
 from a surprise by the Indians. 
 
 23, Thus he rashly pushed on 
 till about ten miles from the fort, 
 when the soldiers' ears were sud- 
 denly assailed by the savage war- 
 whoo]}, and a deadly fire was poured into their ranks 
 from an unseen foe. Panic and disorder ensued ; the sol- 
 diers were shot down like deer, and the general was mor- 
 tally wounded.* Washington, f at the head of the Virginia 
 riflemen, checked the enemy, and covered the retreat of 
 the army. His escape was wonderful, for he had two 
 horses shot under him, and four balls passed through his 
 coat. Braddock died on reaching the Great Meadows, 
 forty miles from the scene of the disaster. 
 
 GENERAL BRADDOCK 
 
 * Braddock had five horses disabled under him ; at last a bullet entered his right 
 side, and he fell mortally wounded. He was with difficulty brought off the field, and 
 borne in the train of the fugitives. All the first day he was silent, but at night he 
 roused himself to say : " Who would have thought it ? " A short time before his 
 death he remarked, " W'e shall know better how to deal with them another time."— 
 Bancroft. 
 
 t " I expected every moment," said one whose eye was on Washington, " to see him 
 fall. Nothing but the superintending care of Providence could have saved him." An 
 Indian cliief singled him out with his rifle, and bade others of his warriors do the 
 same. " Some potent Manitou guards his life," exclaimed the s&yage.— Bancroft. 
 
 23. How was 
 
 Braddock. 
 
 he defeated ? Who covered the retreat ? State all you can of 
 
110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1755 
 
 24. Other Expeditions — Governor Shirley, about the 
 same time, was to have taken Fort Niagara ; but his move- 
 ments were delayed for months ; and, after the defeat of 
 Braddock, the Indians who were with his army deserting, 
 he was obliged to return to Albany. General Johnson, who 
 possessed great influence with the Six Xations, was to take 
 the French forts on Lake Chiimj)lain ; but he was attacked 
 in his camp at the head of Lake George, by the French 
 and Indians under Baron Dieskau {de-es-ko') ; and, al- 
 though they were rej^ulsed,* he returned without accom- 
 plishing anything, except the construction of a fort at the 
 head of the lake, which was named Fort William Henry. 
 
 25. In the same year the English, under Colonel Monck'- 
 ton, landed at the head of the Bay of Fundy, captured the 
 French forts, and destroyed the settlements. It was a cruel 
 deed ; the country was laid waste, and the j)eople were driven 
 in thousands from their homes, placed on board the British 
 vessels, and scattered among the colonists of Xew England 
 and other i^laces. Thus were the people of Nova Scotia 
 prevented from giving any aid to the French during this 
 war. f 
 
 * After the battle, Dieskau was found by the pursuers, wounded and alone, leaning 
 against the stump of a tree. As the British soldiers approached, he felt for his watch, 
 intending to give it to them in order to insure kind treatment ; but one of them, 
 thinking he was searching for a pistol, shot him, inflicting an incurable wound. He 
 was taken prisoner, and sent to Europe, where he died after ten years' suffering from 
 the injuries received. 
 
 tThis cruel measure was adopted because the people refused to take the oath of 
 allegiance to King George of England. It was carried into effect in the most merciless 
 manner, and with scarcely anj' warning to the unfortunate Acadians. In one of the 
 districts, the male inhabitants were required to assemble in church on a set day, to 
 listen to the king's proclamation. When tliey were collected, the doors were closed ; 
 
 24. Shirley's expedition ? Johnson's expedition ? Wliat is said of Dieskau ? 25. 
 What was done by Colonel Monckton f Ho\y ■vvere the Acadians treated ? 
 
1757] FRENCH COLONIES AND WARS 111 
 
 26, The English accomplislied but little during the next 
 two years ; but the French and their savage allies were very 
 active, and gained some advantages. Fort Oswego, built by 
 Shirley in 1755, was captured in 175G by the Marquis Mont- 
 calm (mont-Jcani'), the commander-in-chief of the French 
 forces, and with it a large amount of money and military 
 stores fell into the hands of the victors. After demolishing 
 the forts, to allay the jealousy of the Indians, Montcalm 
 left Oswego a solitude, and returned to Canada. 
 
 27. Taking of Fort William Henry.— In 1757, Mont- 
 calm, with a large force of French and Indians, laid siege 
 to Fort AVilliam Henry. After a defense of six days, its 
 brave commander. Colonel Monro, was obliged to surren- 
 der. Although tlie French general had agreed that the 
 English garrison should retire in safety, they had pro- 
 ceeded but a short distance from the fort when they were 
 attacked by the Indians, and a large number of them were 
 savagely massacred.* Tlie fort was demolished by order of 
 Montcalm. 
 
 they were prisoners, and were told that it was tlie king's order that they should leave 
 the country. They were forthwith marched to the sea-shore, where they found their 
 weeping wives and children, all of whom were placed aboard the ships which were to 
 take them from their homes forever. In some cases the members of families were 
 separated, some being sent to one colony, and others to a far distant one. 
 
 ♦Montcalm had carefully kept all intoxicating drinks from the Indians, but the 
 English supplied them ; and the savages grew wild with dances and songs of revelry. 
 At daybreak, as the English soldiers filed out of the fort, the Indians gathered round 
 the intrenchments, and began to plunder and tomahawk them. It was in vain that 
 the French offtcers rushed into the tumult, and received wounds themselves in endeav- 
 oring to rescue the captives. Montcalm himself exclaimed : "Kill me, but spare the 
 English, who are under my protection." He afterwards collected more than four 
 hundred fugitives and prisoners, and sent an escort with them to insure their safety. 
 He also sent an officer to ransom those whom the Indians had carried away. 
 
 26. What was done by the English during 1756 and 1757 ? By the French ? 27. 
 Give an account of the taking of Fort William Henry. What was the conduct of the 
 Indians ? 
 
112 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES 
 
 [ITol 
 
 28. Change in the Administration So little had 
 
 been accomplished up to this time against the French, that 
 the English people resolved to have a change in the admin- 
 istration of the government, and the cele- 
 brated William Pitt* was placed at the 
 head of affairs. Preparations were im- 
 mediately made for carrying on the war 
 with vigor, and fifty thousand men were 
 placed in the field. 
 
 29. Points of Attack. — The French, 
 at this time, held forts by Avhich their 
 trade and possessions were strongly pro- 
 tected in every direction. Fort du 
 Quesne guarded the territory west of 
 the Alleghanies ; Crown Point and Ticon- 
 deroga, on Lake Champlain, closed the 
 route to Canada ; Xiagara pirotected the 
 A BRITISH GRENADIER fur tradc of thc Great Lakes and the r&- 
 
 OP THE PERIOD 
 
 giou beyond. Loiiisburg menaced Xew 
 England and guarded the fisheries ; and Quebec, with its 
 strong fortifications, was the key to the possession of 
 Canada. A vigorous effort was now to be made to capture 
 all these strong posts, and thus to destroy the French 
 power in America. 
 
 * William Pitt, first Earl of Ciiatham, was born at Westminster, England, in 1708. 
 At the beginning of the American Revolution he was opposed to the measures of the 
 British ministry in the American colonies ; but, at the close of a speech, made in 1778 
 in Parliament, in which he spoke against a motion to acknowledge the independence 
 of America, he fell in an apoplectic fit, and was borne home, where he died a few 
 weeks afterward. 
 
 28. What change took place in the English administration ? 29. What forts were 
 held bv the French at this time ? What was protected by each ? 
 
1758] 
 
 FRENCH COLONIES AND WABS 
 
 113 
 
 30. Success of the English — General Forbes, in 1758, 
 led the expedition against Fort du Quesne, Washington 
 having the command of tlie Virginia militia. Tlie French 
 set fire to the fort as he approached, and fled. The 
 
 THE ST. LAWRENCE, IN 1759 
 
 English restored the works, and called the place Fori Pitt, 
 in honor of the great minister and statesman. The same 
 year Louisburg was captured by General Amherst ; and 
 Fort Frontenac, the French fort at the outlet of Lake 
 Ontario, was taken by General Bradstreet. 
 
 30. Give an account of the taking of Fort du (^uesne. Who took Louisburg ? 
 Fort Frontenac ? 
 
114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1758 
 
 31. Abercromby's Expedition — The finest expedition 
 of the war was that under General Abercromby, the com- 
 mander-in-chief, the object of wliicli was to take Ticon- 
 deroga and Crown Point. With sixteen thousand men he 
 descended Lake George in boats, and landing at its 
 northern extremity, commenced a march through the 
 dense forests towards Ticonderoga, then commanded by 
 Montcalm. 
 
 32. The advance, under Lord Howe, was suddenly met 
 by the French, and repulsed, the leader being killed. 
 This discouraged the army, and they fell back to the 
 landing-place ; but resuming their march, they advanced 
 against the fort and made an assault. The attempt failed ; 
 and after losing nearly two thousand men, they were 
 obliged to retreat. 
 
 33. Victories of Amherst and Wolfe — The next 
 year (1759), General Amherst succeeded in driving the 
 French from the posts on Lake Chaniplain ; and Fort 
 Niagara was also taken. Tiie great event of this year, 
 however, Avas the defeat of Montcalm and the taking of 
 Quebec by General Wolfe, who had distinguished himself 
 in the capture of Louisburg the preceding year. 
 
 34. With an army of eight thousand men, AYolfe as- 
 cended the St. Lawrence in June, and commenced a series 
 of attacks, Avhicli were unsuccessful. He then resolved 
 upon another plan. During the night of the 13th of 
 September, his troops landed at a place about two miles 
 
 31. What is said of Abercromby's expedition ? Its route ? 33. What places were 
 taken by Araherst in 1759 ? What by Wolfe ? 34. Describe Wolfe's expedition. 
 Battle on the Plains of Abraham. Who fell in the battle ? When did the city sur- 
 render ? 
 
1759] 
 
 FRENCH COLONIES AND WARS 
 
 115 
 
 above the cit}^ and climbing by a narrow path the steep 
 bank of tlie 8t. Lawrence, at daylight stood on the Plains 
 of Abraham in battle array. 
 
 35- At first, Montcalm could scarcely believe it j^ossible 
 that the British army could have reached the plains ; but 
 he soon found that he had to nuirch out of his intrench- 
 
 "THE TEURIBLE charge op the BRITISH REGULAR SOLDIERS" 
 
 ments, and risk a battle. Both sides fought bravely ; but 
 the Canadian militia could not withstand the terrible 
 charge of the British regular soldiers, and Montcalm was 
 defeated. Wolfe fell at the moment of victory;* and 
 
 * " ' See how they run,' one of the officers exclaimed, as the French fled in con- 
 fusion before the leveled bayonets. ' Who run ? ' demanded Wolfe, opening his eyes 
 
 85, Result of this victory ? 
 
116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1763 
 
 Montcalm, being mortally wounded, died soon after.* 
 The city was surrendered five days after the battle (Sept. 
 18, 1759). 
 
 36. This victory really decided the war. Montreal was 
 surrendered to an overwhelming force under Amherst, 
 the next year ; and thus the whole of Canada became 
 the property of the English. In 1763, a treaty of peace 
 was signed at Paris, by the terms of which, France gave 
 up to Great Britain all her American possessions east of 
 the Mississippi and north of the I'-ber-ville River, in 
 Louisiana. At the same time, Spain ceded to Great 
 Britain her possessions of East and West Florida, f 
 
 37. Pontiac's War. — The Indians of the northwest 
 were not subdued. They had been friendly to the French, 
 but they hated the British. Pontiac, their cliief, like 
 King Philip in former times, secretly induced the various 
 tribes to combine against the English; and, suddenly, an 
 attack was made upon the posts in the nortliwest, all of 
 
 like a man aroiifsed from sleep. 'The enemy, sir,' was the reply; ' they give way 
 everywhere.' 'Now God be praised, I die in peace,' he murmured ; and turning on 
 his side, he calmly breathed his last."— Prtri'waw's Congpiranj of Pontiac. 
 
 * Montcalm was born in France, in 171'2. At the close of the battle in which he was 
 mortally wounded, on being told that he could not live long, " So much the better," 
 he said ; " I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec.'' He died on the rooming 
 of the 14th of September. 
 
 tThe war thus terminated was called in Europe the "Seven Years' W^ar ; " but it 
 began in America two years before hostilities were commenced in Europe. It was in 
 this war that Frederick II., of Prussia, performed that startling series of exploits 
 which caused him to be called "the Great ; " it was in this war that young Colonel 
 Washington first heard the whistling of hostile bullets, which he said was music in 
 his ears ; in this war that Pitt doubled the consequence, and trebled the arrogance, of 
 England, by winning Canada and India, after a series of intoxicating victories by sea 
 and land.— Partow's Life of Franklin. 
 
 36. Surrender of Montreal ? When was peace made ? The terms of the treaty ? 
 What were ceded by Spain ? 37. What Indian war broke out ? Its cause ? What 
 places were taken ? 
 
176;J] PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES 117 
 
 which were taken except Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit. 
 Hundreds of families were butchered or driven from their 
 homes. 
 
 38. Detroit was besieged for six months, but was at 
 last relieved. The Indians, finally, were compelled to sue 
 for peace; but Pontiac would not submit. He wandered 
 toward the Mississippi, endeavoring to stir up the Western 
 tribes against the English, but was at last assassinated by 
 an Indian. 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 Civil Progress and Social Condition of the Colonies 
 
 I. Population. — At the close of the French and Indian 
 Wai', sometimes called the "Old French War," there were 
 seventeen colonies belonging to Great Britain, of which 
 thirteen, known as English colonies, had been established 
 by emigrants from Great Britain. These latter occupied 
 a strip of territory on the Atlantic coast. The most 
 northern of them was New Hampshire; the most southern, 
 Georgia. These thirteen colonies contained more than 
 two millions of persons, of whom a considerable number 
 were negro slaves. In Virginia, the latter were the 
 majority of the inhabitants. Canada, just conquered 
 from the French, contained about one hundred thousand 
 people. In Nova Scotia, and in East and West Florida, 
 the population was small. 
 
 Text Questions.— 38. Siege of Detroit ? What followed ? Fate of Pontiac ? 
 1. How iiiany colonies, bt'loiic;lng to Great Britain, were there at the close of the 
 French and Indian War? How many were English? What territory did they 
 occupy ? Their population ? 
 
118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [t'^QS 
 
 2. Tlie most populous of the colonies, at that time, was 
 Pennsylvania, and next in order were Massachusetts, New 
 York, and Virginia. The whole population of New Eng- 
 land was about half a million. The chief cities were 
 Philadelphia, Boston, and New York, each of which con- 
 tained, in 1763, between fifteen and twenty thousand 
 persons. The population of Charleston must have been 
 about ten thousand, and of Quebec about the same. 
 
 3. Government. — There were three forms of govern- 
 ments ; namely, provincial, or royal, charter, and pi"o- 
 prietary. Nova Scotia, Canada, New Hampshire, New 
 York, New Jersey, Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, and 
 the Floridas, were under jjrovincial governments, the 
 principal officers being appointed by the king ; Rhode 
 Islaiid, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, were under 
 charter governments ; and Pennsylvania and Maryland 
 were proprietary. 
 
 4. Indians. — At this period, there existed in the whole 
 territory extending from the lakes of Canada to the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi 
 River, and along its western banks, more than fifty Indian 
 nations. These contained about sixty thousand Indians 
 able to bear arms, and about thirty-five thousand wari'iors. 
 In the most populous of the English colonies, war, disease, 
 and the excessive use of ardent spirits had greatly dimin- 
 ished the numbers of the red men. 
 
 2. Which were the most populous colonies ? Whole population of New England ? 
 The chief cities ? Their population ? 3. What forms of government existed ? Which 
 of the colonies were provincial ? Whicli had charters ? 'W'hich were proprietary ? 
 4. How many Indian nations were there ? How many Indians ? What had reduced 
 tlieir numbers ? 
 
1763] PR0GR:^SS of TSE colonies 119 
 
 5. Industrial Pursuits — -The cultivation of the soil 
 was the chief pursuit througliout the colonies ; but in the 
 north, there were manufactures of various articles, as 
 shoes, hats, farming implements, and furniture. Spin- 
 ning, and the weaving of cloth were also carried on to 
 some extent. Commerce was chiefly confined to the 
 coasting and West India trade ; but occasionally vessels 
 were sent to the Canary Islaiids, and sometimes to Spain 
 and Portugal, carrying to these countries furs, tobacco, 
 lumber, and fish.* 
 
 6. Agricultural Products. — ^The colonists at first 
 I'aised the vegetables and grains used in their own country. 
 The cultivation of maize, now so great a staple, was 
 borrowed from the Indians. The potato was not intro- 
 duced till 1719, and was rare in the colonies as late as 
 1740. In Pennsylvania the vine was cultivated con- 
 siderably, and in Georgia the production of silk was quite 
 active. Indeed, the silk of Georgia was considered to be 
 among the best in the world. The raw silk received in 
 Savannah for shipment, in 1759, amounted to ten thou- 
 sand pounds. 
 
 7. Fisheries. — Several of the coast towns of New Eng- 
 land, for many years, had been actively engaged in the 
 
 * " When one hand was shut by way of supply from England, another was opened 
 by way of traffic, first to the West Indies and Wine Islands, whereby, among other 
 goods, much cotton wool was brought into the country from the Indies, which the 
 inhabitants learned to spin ; and as they devoted themselves to the breeding of sheep 
 and the sowing of hemp and flax, they soon found out a way to supply themselves 
 with cotton, linen, and woolen cloth." — HubbarcVs New England. 
 
 5. The chief industrial pursuit ? What manufactures ? What commerce ? 6. 
 What did the colonists raise ? What is said of maize ? Of the potato ? The vine ? 
 Silk ? For what was New Jersey noted ? 7. What colonies were engaged in the 
 whale fishery ? What island in particular ? What other fisheries ? 
 
120 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES [1763 
 
 whale fishery. Among these, Nantucket took the lead. 
 The cod and other fisheries employed very many persons 
 in New England. There were also fisheries further south, 
 off the coast of New Jersey, and in Delaware Bay. 
 
 8. Mining, etc. — As early as 1728, iron furnaces were 
 built in Pennsylvania, and soon afterward in Connecticut. 
 The coal mines were not yet discovered. Mining had not 
 beceme, as yet, a considerable branch of industry. 
 
 g. Printing, etc. — The first paper-mill in Massachusetts 
 was erected in 1728 ; but previous to this there were print- 
 ing-presses in the colony ; and in 1704 the publication of a 
 newspaper, called the '^ Boston News-Letter," was com- 
 menced. No newspaper was printed in Connecticut till 
 1755, when the "Connecticut Gazette"' was published in 
 New Haven. Printing was introduced into Providence in 
 1762. At this date, four journals were regularly pub- 
 lished in Boston. The next year, the first newspaper 
 jDublished in Georgia was issued at Savannah. News- 
 papers were published at this time in New York and 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 10. Education and Schools.— The school-house, like 
 the church, was found in every New England town. The 
 people knew that no community could prosper without 
 making provision for educating the children. Common 
 schools were, therefore, everywhere established ; for by law 
 " every township was required to maintain a school for 
 reading and writing, and every town of a hundred house- 
 
 8. What is said of mining ? 9. The first paper-mill in Massachusetts ? The 
 " Boston News-Letter " ? The " Connecticut Gazette"? Printing in Providence? 
 Journals in Boson ? In Georgia ? In other cities ? 10. What is said of common 
 schools ? Harvard College ? 
 
1763] 
 
 PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES 
 
 121 
 
 holders a grammar school, to fit youths for the university." 
 Harvard College, established in 1636, was for many years 
 the only college in New England, and it had many friends 
 who contributed to its support. (See note, page 126.) 
 
 11. Yale College. — In 1700, ten Connecticut clergymen 
 came together, and each one laying some books on the 
 table, said, "I give these books for the founding of a 
 college in this colony." It was afterward called Yale 
 College, in honor of 
 Elihu Yale of England, 
 who gave it a large 
 sum of money. Some 
 of the most distin- 
 guished men in Eng- 
 land made it presents 
 of money or books.* 
 
 12. Other Schools 
 and Colleges. — Col- 
 leges had also been es- 
 tablished at this time 
 in some of the other 
 colonies. William and 
 Mary College was 
 founded in Virginia in 
 
 1692 ; but there were no common schools in that colony. 
 The College (University) of New Jersey was founded, by 
 
 * " Yale College was originally founded at Killingworth in the year 1700. It was 
 chartered in 1701, was removed to Saybrook in 1707, and to New Haven in 1716." 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 
 
 11. When and how was Yale College founded ? Why so called ? 12. What col- 
 lege was founded in Virginia ? In New Jersey ? In New York ? In Pennsylvania ? 
 What schools in the colonies ? 
 
122 HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES [1763 
 
 royal charter, at Elizabeth in 1746. but was subsequeutly 
 removed to Xewark, and, in 1T5T, to Princeton.* In New 
 York, there were schools under Dutch schoolmasters at a 
 very early period. King's College (now Columbia Uni- 
 versity), was founded in 1754. In Pennsylvania, the first 
 school was established in 1683. The University of Penn- 
 sylvania was commenced in 1750. Dr. Franklin took an 
 active interest in its establishment. 
 
 13. Manners and Customs. — The morals of the people 
 were carefully regulated by the laws both in Xew England 
 and the middle colonies. No license was granted to keep 
 a tavern to any persons who were not highly reputable citi- 
 zens ; and no liquor could lawfully be sold to those who 
 were known to be drunkards. The names of all such were 
 posted up in the ale-houses. Severe laws were passed 
 against drunkenness, profanity, and sabbath-breaking. In 
 New York, tavern-keepers were not allowed to give sup- 
 l^ers after nine o'clock at night. 
 
 14. The most elegant mansions of the time were fur- 
 nished in a very simple style, f Carpets were scarcely 
 
 * Jonathan Edwanis was president of this College at the time of his death in 1758. 
 He was born in 1703, and educated at Yale College. He was celebrated both in Europe 
 and America for his attainments and writings as a divine. His industry was incredible. 
 He commonly spent thirteen hours each day in his study ; and at his death, at the age 
 of flfty-tive. the number of his miscellaneous writings amounted to upwards of one 
 thousand four hundred. His greatest work is that on the " Freedom of the Will." 
 
 t Penn's manor house, on the Delaware, is thus described : A broad avenue of 
 poplars led up to the house, which was built of stone, and surrounded by gardens and 
 lawns. Its large hall ran the whole length of the house, and afforded space for the 
 entertainment of strangers. Indians were frequently guests at this hospitable mansion. 
 Its furniture consisted of only six chairs, two long benches, and a long table, with 
 pewter plates and dishes, and vessels called cisterns, containing water or beer. The 
 
 13. What were regulated by law ? Who could be licensed tavern-keepers ? Laws 
 as to dmnl>ards, etc. ? 14. What is said of the mansions of the time ? Of the furni- 
 ture ? Of dress * Customs in New York ? 
 
1772] PHOaEFSS OF THE COLONIES 123 
 
 known till 1750, the floors being strewn with clean white 
 sand. Cushioned hair, huge wigs, stitf brocades, and cum- 
 brous lioops were conspicuous in full-dress companies. In 
 New York, many of the customs were such as had been 
 introduced by its Dutch founders. Some of these remain 
 to this day ; such as the ''May-day moving," the visit of 
 Santa Clans at Christmas eve, and the colored eggs of 
 Easter. 
 
 15. In that early period, long before railroads were even 
 thought of, the facilities for traveling were small indeed. 
 The roads were few and very bad, and much time was con- 
 sumed in even short journeys. In 177^, it was thought 
 wonderful that a stage should go through from Philadel- 
 phia to New York in two days. Such a stage was adver- 
 tised as "The Flying Machine." 
 
 16. How the People Dressed. — "I wish you could 
 have seen what splendid dresses the ladies wore in those 
 times ! They had silks, and satins, and damasks, and bro- 
 cades, and high head-dresses, and all sorts of fine things. 
 And they used to wear hooped petticoats of such enormous 
 size, that it was quite a journey to walk round them. The 
 gentlemen dressed with full as much magnificence as the 
 ladies. For their holiday suits they had coats of figured 
 velvet, crimson, green, blue, and all other gay colors, em- 
 broidered with gold or silver lace. 
 
 17. " Their waistcoats, which were five times as large as 
 modern ones, were very splendid. Sometimes the whole 
 
 best parlor was furnished with tables, a couch, cane chairs, and cushions of satin and 
 green |)lush. The upper chambers had good beds, chairs, and taVjles. The tablefurni- 
 ture included blue and white china, silver pl.ate, and damask linen. 
 
124 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1772 
 
 waistcoat, which came down ahnost to tlie knees, was 
 made of gold brocade. And then they wore various sorts 
 of periwigs, such as the tie, the spencer, the brigadier, 
 the major, the albemarle, the ramillies, tlie feather-top, 
 
 COSTUMES or THE PERIOD 
 
 and the full-bottom. Their three-cornered hats were 
 laced with gold or silver. They had shining buckles at 
 the knees of their small-clothes, and buckles likewise in 
 their shoes. They wore swords with beautiful hilts, 
 either of silver, or sometimes of polished steel, inlaid 
 with ffold." — Hawthorne. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 135 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 
 
 WITH THE CONTEMPORANEOUS ENGLISH AND FRENCH SOVEREIGNS 
 English French 
 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations 
 
 1492. The West Indies were discovered by Columbus, 
 1497. North America was discovered by the Cabots. 
 1499. South America was visited by Amerigo Vespucci, 
 lol'i. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon. 
 1513. The Pacific Ocean was discovered by Balboa. 
 
 1520. The coast of Carolina Was visited by De Ayllon. 
 
 1521. Mexico was explored and conquered by Cortez. 
 1524. The coast of North America explored by Ven-azzani. 
 15;:54. The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 
 
 1541. The Mississippi was discovered by De Soto. 
 
 Colonial Events 
 
 1562. The Huguenots attempted to colonize Carolina. 
 
 1564. The second Huguenot colony was begun in Florida. 
 
 1565. Florida, at St. Augustine, was settled by Spaniards. 
 1579. West coast of North America explored by Drake. 
 1584. Carolina coast explored by Raleigh's expedition. 
 1585-7. Raleigh made two attempts to colonize Carolina. 
 1602. The Massachusetts coast was explored by Gosnold. 
 
 1606. The London and Plymouth Cos. received charters. 
 
 1607. The London Co. planted a colony at Jamestown. 
 1609. The Hudson River was discovered by Hudson. 
 1614. The New England coast was explored by Smith. 
 
 New York was settled by the Dutch. 
 1620. Plymouth, Massachusetts, was settled. 
 1623. New Hampshire was settled. 
 1630. Boston settled by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 
 
 1633. Connecticut was settled at Windsor. 
 
 1634. Maryland (at St. Mary's) was settled. 
 
 1635. Saybrook (2d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 
 1(136. Providence (1st colony in Rhode Ishuui) was settled. 
 
 1637. The Pequods of Connecticut were destroyed. 
 
 The second colony of Rhode Island was established. 
 
 1638. The Swedish colony in Delaware w^as established. 
 New Haven (3d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 
 
 1643. Four New England colonies formed a Union. 
 
 1644. The two colonies of Rhode Island were united. 
 
 1650. North Carolina (on the Chowan) was settled. 
 
 1651. Parliament passed the "Navigation Act." 
 
 1655. New Sweden (Delaware) conquered by the Dutch. 
 
 1656. The " Persecution of Quakers " in Massachusetts. 
 
 H-.P 
 
 ^^ 
 
 n 
 
 — 3* 
 
 <3 
 
 X 
 
126 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 English 
 
 1668. 
 1664. 
 
 1665. 
 1670. 
 ri 1673. 
 f. 1675. 
 ^ 1682. 
 
 French 
 
 ho— 
 
 o 
 
 1689. 
 1690. 
 1692. 
 1697. 
 
 1702. 
 1710. 
 1713. 
 1729. 
 1732. 
 1733. 
 1744. 
 1745. 
 1748. 
 1754. 
 
 1755. 
 
 1756. 
 1757. 
 1758. 
 
 1759. 
 
 1760. 
 1763. 
 
 The grant of Carolina, to Clarendon and others. 
 New Vork taken liy tlie English from the Dutch. 
 New Jersey (at Elizabeth) was settled. 
 The Connecticut colonies united under one charter. 
 South Carolina (on the Ashley) was settled. 
 Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
 King Philip's War in New England. 
 Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia) was settled. 
 Delaware granted by the Duke of York to Penn. 
 
 King William's War began in America. 
 
 Port Royal (Nova Scotia)- captured by the English. 
 
 Plymouth was united with Massachusetts. 
 
 The " Treaty of Ryswlck" ended the war. 
 
 Queen Anne's War began in America. 
 
 Port Royal captured (2d time) by the English. 
 
 The " Treaty of Utrecht" entled the war. 
 
 Carolina separated into North and South Carolina. 
 
 Washington was born, in Virginia, Feb. 22. 
 
 Georgia (at Savannah) was settled. 
 
 King George's War began in America. 
 
 Louisburg was taken (1st time) by the English. 
 
 The "Treaty of Aix-'.a-Chaiielle " ended the. war. 
 
 The French and Indian War. 
 
 Washington defeated the French at Great Meadows. 
 
 The French were expelled from Nova Scotia. 
 
 Braddock was defeated at the Monongahela. 
 
 Oswego was captured by the French. 
 
 Fort William Henry surrendered to the French. 
 
 Abercromby was defeated at Ticonderoga. 
 
 Louisburg was taken (2d time) by the English. 
 
 Ft. Frontenac (Kingston) was taken by the English. 
 
 Ft. Niagara was taken by the English. 
 
 Wolfe defeated ]\Iontcalm' before Quebec. 
 
 Quebec was surrendered to the English. 
 
 Montreal was surrendered to the English. 
 
 The "Treaty of Paris " ended the war. 
 
 Harvard College. — " Six years after the arrival of Winlhrop (1636), the 
 General Court voted a sum equal to a year's rate of the whole colony, to- 
 wards the erection of a college. In 1638, John Harvard, who arrived in the 
 Bay only to fall a victim to the most wasting disease of the climate, desir- 
 ing to connect himself imperishably with the happiness of his adopted 
 country, bequeathed to the college one-half of his estate and all his library. 
 The infant institution was a favorite. Connecticut, and Plymouth, and the 
 towns in the east, often contributed little ofCerinffs to promote its success. 
 The gift of the rent of a ferry was a proof of the care of the State ; and once, 
 at least, every family in each of the colonies gave to the college at Cam- 
 bridge twelve pence, or a peck of corn, or its value . . . ; while the magis- 
 trates and wealthier men were profuse in their liberality." — Bincnft. 
 
TOPICS FOR REVIEW 
 
 137 
 
 TOPICS FOR REVIEW 
 
 Numbers refer to pages of the book 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Who were they ? 
 
 With what events connected f 
 
 Any other facts ? 
 
 Columbus 13 
 
 Balboa 25 
 
 Magellan 27 
 
 Ponce de Leon 27 
 
 Cortez 29 
 
 De Soto 31 
 
 The Cabots 33 
 
 Verrazzani 33 
 
 Cartier 33 
 
 Chaniplain 34 
 
 Drake 35 
 
 Gilbert 35 
 
 Raleigh 36 
 
 Gosnold 36 
 
 Captain John Smith 40, 43 
 
 Lord Delaware 45 
 
 Pocahontas 41, 45 
 
 Roger Williams 59, 60 
 
 King Philip 69 
 
 Henry Hudson 73 
 
 Peter Stuyvcsant 78 
 
 William Penn 82 
 
 Lord Baltimore 87 
 
 Lord Clarendon 90 
 
 James Oglethorpe 93 
 
 Marquette • 97 
 
 La Salle 97 
 
 George Washington 106 
 
 General Braddock 107 
 
 Baron Dieskau 110 
 
 Marquis Montcalm Ill, 114 
 
 General Wolfe 114 
 
 Pontiac 116 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 By whom discovered or settled ? 
 
 With what events connected f 
 
 Other facts ? 
 
 San Salvador 22 
 
 Florida 28, 30, 34 
 
 Mexico 88 
 
 Mississippi River 31, 97 
 
 Labrador 33 
 
 St. Lawrence River 33, 105 
 
 Quebec 33-114 
 
 Carolina 34,90 
 
 V'irginia 36 
 
 Plymouth 55 
 
 Boston 57 
 
 Providence 60 
 
 New Hampshire 61 
 
 Connecticut. 62 
 
 Hudson River 74 
 
 Manhattan Island 75 
 
 New York 79 
 
 New Jersey 80 
 
 Pennsylvania 82 
 
 Delaware 86 
 
 Maryland 87 
 
 Georgia 93 
 
 Louisiana 98 
 
 New Orleans 98 
 
 Nova Scotia 34,102 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 When did the event occztr? 
 
 Circumstances leading to it and connect- 
 ed with it? 
 
 Discovery of America 16 
 
 Discovery of the Pacific Ocean 25 
 
 Voyage round the World 27, 35 
 
 Discovery of Florida 28 
 
 Conquest of Mexico 29 
 
 Introduction of Slavery into Virginia. 46 
 
 Bacon's Rebellion 49 
 
 Pequod War 66 
 
 Union of Connecticut Colonies 66 
 
 King Philip's War 69 
 
 Salem Witchcraft 71 
 
 Conquest of New Netherlands 79 
 
 King William's War 99 
 
 Conquest of Acadia 100 
 
 French and Indian War 103 
 
 Conquest of Canada , , 114 
 
PEKIOD II 
 
 From the Close of the French and Indian War to the 
 Adoption of the National Constitution 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 Causes of the American Revolution 
 
 1. Why the Colonies were taxed. — The French and 
 Indian War had cost a vast snm of money. In order to 
 carry it on, Great Britain had been obliged to borrow tliree 
 hundred millions of dollars, thus increasing her national 
 debt by that amount. The English government, there- 
 fore, soon after the close of the war, set up the claim that, 
 as it had been waged on behalf of the colonies, they should 
 bear a part of the burden. Accordingly, a law was passed 
 in 1705 called the Stamp Act. 
 
 2. The Stamp Act.- — This law required that for all 
 business papers, such as deeds, bonds, notes, etc., and all 
 such printed matter as newspapers, pamphlets, etc., paper 
 having a government stamp should be used. By charging 
 a certain sum for such paper, the government would be 
 enabled to obtain a considerable revenue. The colonists, 
 however, would not submit to be taxed in this way ; for 
 they said they had no rejiresentation in the English Par- 
 Text Questions.— 1. Cost of the French and Indian War ? What measure was 
 
 adopted to lielp pay the debt ? 2- What was the Stamp Act ? Why did the colonists 
 oppose it ? 
 
 I 
 
1765] CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 129 
 
 liament, and the government had no right to tax them 
 without their consent. 
 
 3. Effect of its Passage The news that the Stamp 
 
 Act had been passed caused great excitement throughout 
 the colonies. Indignation meetings were held, and resolu- 
 tions were adopted protesting against the law as an inva- 
 sion of the riglits of the colonists as Englishmen and 
 freemen, and expressing a firm determination to prevent 
 it from going into etfect. In the legislature of Virginia, 
 Patrick Heiny spoke witli stiirtling eloquence against 
 the injustice and folly of 
 the measure.* In Massa- 
 chusetts, James Otis also 
 eloquently denounced it, 
 and proposed a congress 
 of delegates from all the 
 colonies, so that a nnited 
 stand might be made. This 
 proposition was adopted. 
 
 4. Colonial Congress. — 
 Accordingly, in October, 
 1765, the congress was held 
 in New York, but there were present delegates from only 
 nine colonies. Timothy Ruggles, of Massachusetts, was 
 
 PATRICK HENRY 
 
 *In the midst of his speech he exclaimed, " Cwsar had his Brutus; Charles the 
 
 First, his Cromwell; and George the Third " "Treasonl Treason!" was shouted 
 
 from every part of the House. The orator, after a pause, thus concluded the sen- 
 tence : " may projit by their example. If (Ms be treason, make the most of it." 
 
 3. How was the news of its passage received ? What is said of Patrick Henry ? 
 James Otis ? 4. Where and when did a colonial congress meet ? Its president ? Its 
 proceedings ? 
 
 9 
 
180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1767 
 
 chosen president, and a declaration of rights was adopted. 
 Petitions were also sent to the king and Parliament. 
 
 5. How the Stamps and Stamp Officers were 
 treated. — When the day (Nov. 1) arrived on which the 
 law was to go into effect, there was intense excitement. 
 In Boston, the bells were muffled and tolled, and the flags 
 were displayed at lialf-mast. The people met under an 
 old elm-tree, called afterwards '' Liberty Tree," and pub- 
 licly declared their indignation, Andrew Oliver, who had 
 been appointed the agent for the sale of the hated stamped 
 paper, was hung in effigy ; his house was torn down, and 
 he was obliged to resign the odious office. 
 
 6. Repeal of the Stamp Act. — In addition to tliis 
 general opposition, the merchants of Xew York, Phila- 
 delphia, Boston, and other cities, agreed to import no more 
 goods while the Stamp Act remained a law. Benjamin 
 Franklin, who was at that time in England, told the 
 English minister that the people of the colonies would 
 never submit to the law. After considerable debate in 
 Parliament, it was repealed, but the right to tax the colo- 
 nies was maintained and declared (1766). 
 
 7. Further Measures of Taxation. — The repeal of 
 the Act caused great rejoicing throughout the colonies, 
 but the joy was short-lived ; for the next year (1767) 
 another law was passed imposing a tax on all glass, 
 painters' colors, and tea, imported into the colonies. This 
 measure caused the same opposition as the Stamp Act. 
 The people resolved that they would not import any of 
 
 5. Events in Boston on Nov. 1 ? 6. What agreement was entered into ? When was 
 the Act repealed ? 7, Ef ect of the repeal ? What other law was passed ? The effect ? 
 
 ^ 
 
1770] CAUSES OF THE A3IERICAN REVOLUTION 131 
 
 these articles, but Avould manufacture them at home. 
 Franklin wisely told them "to light the torches of indus- 
 try and economy." 
 
 8. Boston Massacre. — In Boston the people showed 
 the firmest opposition to the tax, and consequently a large 
 
 THE BOSTON MASSACRE 
 
 body of soldiers were sent to keep them in subjection. 
 The presence of these hirelings caused constant affrays, in 
 one of which the soldiers fired on the people, and killed 
 three men, besides wounding others (1770). This event is 
 known as the "Boston Massacre." * 
 
 * "A gust of smoke overspread the scene. It rose heavily, as if loath to reveal the 
 dreadful spectacle beneath it. Eleven of the sons of New England lay stretched upon 
 
 8. What led to the Boston Magsacre ? How many persons were killed ? 
 
132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1773 
 
 9. Tax on Tea. — Before the news of this event reached 
 England, Parliament withdrew the duty from all articles 
 except tea, which was taxed at the rate of three pence per 
 pound. This did not, however, satisfy the people ; for it 
 was the principle they contended for. that they ought not 
 to be taxed without representation. Accordingly the tea 
 which was brought to Xew York and Philadelphia, was 
 sent back to Loudon. In Charleston it was stored in 
 damp cellars ; and, as no one would bu}' or vise it, it 
 spoiled. 
 
 10. Boston Tea Party — Port Bill. — In Boston, on a 
 cold moonlight night in December, ITTo, a party of men 
 disguised as Indians boarded the ships, broke open the 
 chests of tea, and emptied their contents into the water. 
 The British government, in order to punish the citizens 
 for this act of bold defiance, passed a law closing the port 
 of Boston, and requiring that the General Court should 
 meet at Salem. This was called the '"' Boston Port Bill." 
 It caused great distress, especially among the merchants. 
 
 11. Sympathy with Boston. — The people of the other 
 colonies sympathized with the Bostonians in their suffer- 
 ings for the cause of freedom. The people of Salem and 
 Js"ewburyport offered their ports to the merchants of 
 
 the street. Some, sorely wounded, were struggling to rise again. Others stirred not, 
 nor groaned, for they were past all pain. Blood was streaming upon the snow ; and 
 that purple stain, in the midst of King's Street, though it melted away in the next 
 day's sun, was never forgotten or forgiven by the people." — Hawthorne. 
 
 9. What tax was placed on tea ? Did the colonists consent to pay it ? Why not ? 
 What was done with the tea at various places ? 10. What was done in Boston ? 
 Wliat was the Boston Port Bill ? Its effect ? 11. How was sympathy shown to the 
 Bostonians ? 
 
1774] CAUSi:S OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 133 
 
 Boston, Georgia sent supplies of provisions us well as 
 money, Xew York sent a large quantity of wheat, and 
 all offered kindly sympathy. 
 
 12. First Continental Congress — In September, 1774, 
 
 FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON* 
 
 a general congress met at Philadelphia to take suitable 
 measures to protect the rights and interests of the 
 colonies. This body is known as the '•' First Continental 
 
 * Faneuil Hall, in Boston, was used by the patriots during the Revolution, and for 
 that reason is often called the " Cradle of American Liberty." The original building, 
 comprising a market-place on the ground floor, a town-hall, and other rooms, was 
 erected by Peter Faneuil, permission having been given by the authorities of Boston. 
 In 1761, it was destroyed by fire ; but in 1763 it was rebuilt at the expense of the town ; 
 and when the British occupied Boston in 1775, they used the Hall for a theater. In 
 1805, the building underwent considerable alteration, and was somewhat enlarged. 
 
 12. When and where did the First Continental Congress meet ? How many 
 colonies were represented ? 
 
134 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1774 
 
 Congress." Fifty-one delegates were present, all the 
 colonies being represented except Georgia. 
 
 13. Its Proceedings — This Congress formally com- 
 mended the people of 
 Boston for tlieir bold 
 resistance to British 
 tyranny, adopted a 
 declaration 6f rights, 
 and an agreement to 
 abstain fi'om all com- 
 merce with England. 
 The Congress also 
 voted addresses to the 
 king, the people of 
 Great Britain, and the 
 Canadians. George 
 Washington, Patrick 
 
 Henry, and John Adams were among the distingnished 
 patriots ])resent as members of this Congress. 
 
 14. General Gage's Measures. — Previous to this time. 
 General Gage had been appointed commander-in-chief of 
 tlie king's troops, and also governor of Massachusetts. 
 Seeing the hostility and excitement of the people, he 
 fortified Boston Neck, and seizing the military stores 
 which the Americans had collected at Cambridge and 
 Charlestown, conveyed them to his headquarters. 
 
 15. Preparations for War. — The people, though 
 
 13. W^hat were its proceedings ? Who were among the delegates ? 14. What 
 measures did General Gage adopt ? 15. How did the people behave ? Who were 
 called "Minute Men"? 
 
1775] THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 135 
 
 greatly excited, acted with prudence and caution. They 
 did not desire a conflict with the ''motlier country/' but 
 were prepared for it, should it prove unavoidable. The 
 militia were oi'ganized ; and in Massachusetts meu capable 
 of bearing arms were put under daily training, and 
 pledged to take the field at a minute's notice ; hence they 
 were called "Minute Men." 
 
 CHAPTER Xri 
 
 The War for Independence 
 
 I. Commencement of the Struggle. — The war for 
 Independence, sometimes called the "^ War of the Revolu- 
 tion," commenced at the Battle of Lexington, in 1775. 
 On the 18th of April, General Gage sent a body of troops 
 to destroy some ammunition kept by the patriots at Con- 
 cord, a small town about sixteen miles from Boston. The 
 alarm was given ;* and, at daybreak, some of the minute 
 men were out on the green at Lexington, ready to meet 
 the British troops on their way to Concord. 
 
 * Gage's pLans, it is said, became known tlirough the remark of a British horse- 
 jockey, who remarked to an American stable-boy whom he knew, that he had over- 
 heard a conversation between Gage and other oflicers, and that there would be grand 
 news the next day. This was immediately carried to Paul Revere, who enjoined 
 silence on his informant, adding, "You are the third person who has brought me this 
 information."— iS«e ^^ Paul Revere's Bide," by Longfellow. 
 
 Map Questions.— (Map, p. 53.) In which direction from Boston is Lexington ? Is 
 Concord ? Uow is Boston situated ? (Map, p. 134.) Where is Ticonderoga ? Crown 
 Point ? (Map, p. 104.) Into what river does the Sorel River flow ? Where is St. 
 John's ? Montreal ? (Map, p. 141.) How is Charleston situated ? (Map, p. 91.) 
 
 Text Questions. — 1. When and how did the W^ar for Independence begin ? What 
 was done by Gage ? Where did the minute men confront the British soldiers ? 
 
136 HISTORY OF THE VKITED STATES [1775 
 
 2. Battle of Lexington — Major Pitcaini, who com- 
 manded the British, rode forward and shouted : "Disperse, 
 you rebels; throw down your arms and disperse!" Not 
 being obeyed, he ordered his men to fire. Then was shed 
 the first blood of the war. Eight of the men of Lexington 
 lay lifeless on the green, and nine were wounded. The 
 others dispersed. The British then proceeded to Concord, 
 and destroyed all the stores they could find. 
 
 3. Retreat of the British, — ^By this time the militia 
 hud collected in large numbers, and the British began to 
 retreat. On their march back to Boston, they were at- 
 tacked on all sides by tlie minute men. Every fence,* 
 barn, and shed hid its assailants ; and the exhausted 
 troops would scarcely have reached Boston, had not re- 
 inforcements arrived to aid them. As it was, more than 
 two hundred were slain. 
 
 4. Effect of the Battle,— This battle fully aroused the 
 j^atriots. They flocked in from all sides, Putnam left his 
 oxen yoked in the field, and buckling on his sword, started 
 for the camp near Boston. Stark, Greene, Warren, and 
 others, were there also ; and General Ward was in com- 
 mand. Ethan Allen, at the head of a party of Green 
 Mountain Boys, and accompanied by Benedict Arnold, 
 
 * " We cannot help repeating the remark of Dr. Franklin to the Britons, who com- 
 plained to him of the scurvy treatment the king's troops had met with at Lexington, 
 from the Yankees getting behind stone walls and firing at them. The doctor replied 
 by asking them whether there were not two sirles to the iralln f This anecdote was 
 repeated with a good deal of unction on the battle-ground by Washington when on 
 his tour of Vi%SS.^^— Drake's Historic Fields. 
 
 2. What took place at Lexington ? At Concord ? 3, Describe the retreat of the 
 British. 4. What was the effect of the battle ? Who joined the army ? What forts 
 were captured 't 
 
1775J 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 137 
 
 " IN TUE NAME OF THE GREAT JEHOVAH AND THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS " 
 
 crossed Lake Champlain and surprised aud captured the 
 important post of Ticonderoga.* Crown Point was also 
 captured. 
 
 5. Fortification of Breed's Hill.— On the niglit of the 
 16th of June, the Americans, believing that Gage intended 
 to seize and fortify Bunker Hill, resolved to anticipate 
 him. They, therefore, sent Colonel Prescott, with a de- 
 
 * "I Immediately repaired to tlie barrack occupied by the commander of the fort, 
 and ordered him to come forth instantly, or I would sacrifice the whole garrison. On 
 this, the captain came to the door with his breeches in his hand, when I ordered him 
 to deliver me the fort instantly. He asked me by what autliority I demanded it. I 
 answered him, 'In the name of the Great .Jehovah, and the Ct)ntinentMl Congress.' 
 This surprise was executed in the gray of the morning of the 10th of May, 1775." — 
 Account by Ethan Allen. 
 
 5. What hill was fortified ? Why ? 
 
138 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1775 
 
 tachnient of men, to fortify the hill. On reaching the 
 ground, it was thought best to select Breed's Hill, which 
 
 was nearer the city. T 
 
 ax and spade were pli 
 
 vigor, and at dawn (June 17th) 
 
 the eyes of Gage and his officers were astonished by the 
 
 view of a strong redoubt, thrown up as if by magic. 
 
 6. Battle of Breed's Hill. — An attack was immediately 
 ordered, and the British troops marched up to the works ; 
 but they were met with so fierce a fire, that they turned 
 and fled. Again the attack was made, and with the same 
 result. The third time, with fresh troops, the assault was 
 ordered ; and the Americans, having expended every grain 
 of powder, were obliged to abandon their works. Slowly 
 they retreated down the hill, vanquished men, but leaving 
 
 6. Describe the attack. What was the result ? What distinguished man fell ? 
 
140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1775 
 
 little Ciiuse for triumph to the victors. On both sides 
 many fell ; bnt the Americans lost one whom they could 
 little spare, the noble patriot and brave soldier. General 
 Warren.* 
 
 7. Effect of the Battle. — This battle f encouraged the 
 American puti-iots. It showed them tliat they could con- 
 tend successfully with British hirelings, however skillful 
 and well-tried ; and it proved to them also that the 
 Putnams, Starks, and others, who had been trained in 
 the scliool of the 'MJld French War,"" had been apt 
 scholars, and were the men to make good use of their 
 training and experience. 
 
 8. Appointment of Washington. — On the very day of 
 the capture of Ticonderoga (May 10th), the Second Con- 
 tinental Congress met at Philadelphia. That Ijody decided 
 to raise an army of twenty thousand men ; and, on the 
 15th of June, unanimously elected George Washington 
 commander-in-chief of " the forces raised, or to be raised, 
 in defence of American liberties." J He thereupon re- 
 
 * Joseph Warren was born in Rosbury, Mass., in 1741. He was a graduate of Har- 
 vard College, and subsequently a physician of extensive practice in Boston. He had 
 distinguished himself greatly for his patriotic resistance to the oppressive laws of 
 England, and at the time of his death was a major-general in the army. Mrs. Adams 
 wrote of him after the battle as follows : "Not all the havoc and devastation they 
 have made, has moved me like the death of Warren. We want him in the Senate ; we 
 want him in his profession ; we want him in the field. We mourn for the citizen, the 
 senator, the physician, and the warrior." 
 
 tThis battle is generally called the "Battle of Bunker Hill." 
 
 i Washington accepted the position with great dignity and modesty. After express- 
 ing his thanks for the signal honor conferred upon him, he remarked : "I beg it may 
 be remembered by every gentleman in this room, that I this day declare, with the 
 utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the command I am honored \\ith." 
 
 7. What was the effect of the battle ? What did it show ? 8. When did the Second 
 Congress meet ? What did it vote ? What appointment was made ? When did 
 Washington take command ? 
 
1776] 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 141 
 
 signed his position in Congress and, repairing to Cam- 
 bridge, took command of the army (July).* 
 
 9. Expedition against Canada. — To prevent the 
 Britisli from nsing Canada as a base of operations. Con- 
 gress, in 1775, sent an expedition 
 under Sclniyler to take possession of 
 it. He had reached the So-rel' River, 
 when sickness compelling his return, 
 Montgomery, the next oflficer, then 
 took the command. He soon made 
 himself master of St. John's and Mon- 
 treal, and then marched to Quebec, 
 where, as had been arranged, he was joined by Arnold, 
 who, with another force, had proceeded by the way of the 
 Kennebec and the wilderness lying between its head waters 
 and the St. Lawrence. 
 
 10. Attack on Quebec — Death of Montgomery. — 
 For three weeks they ])esieged the city, and then resolved 
 to take it by assault. On tlie last day of tlie year, and 
 during a fierce snow-storm, they advanced to the attack in 
 four columns. Onward they moved, capturing the en- 
 emy's works, the noble form of Montgomery leading his 
 
 
 He declined all compensation, remarking, "I will keep an account of my expenses. 
 Those, I doubt not, will be discharged ; and that is all I desire." 
 
 * "On General Washington's arrival at Cambridge, his first care was to reconnoitre 
 the British troops with his spy-glass, and to examine the condition of his own army. 
 He found that the American troops amounted to about fourteen thousand men. They 
 were extended all round the peninsula of Boston, a space of twelve miles, from tlie 
 high grounds of Roxbury on the right, to Mystic River on the left. Some were living 
 in tents of sail-cloth, some in shanties rudely constructed of rough boards, some in 
 huts of stone and turf, with curious windows and doors of basket-work."— //rt/cWowie. 
 
 9. Expedition against Canada ? What cities were taken ? Arnold's route ? Where 
 did he join Montgomery ? 10. Siege of Quebec ? Result of the attack upon it ? 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1776 
 
 column, when one of the retreating soldiers ran back and 
 touched off a cannon loaded with grape shot. It made 
 deadly havoc among the assailants' ranks, and Montgomery 
 himself fell mortally wounded. His column, struck with 
 dismay, retreated. 
 
 II. End of the Expedition. — Arnold was also borne 
 from the field severely wounded, so that the command 
 devolved upon Captain Morgan, Avho, after a slight 
 struggle, was obliged to surrender. Those who had been 
 
 able to I'etreat, en- 
 camped under the 
 
 command of Arnold, 
 and passed the winter 
 a short distance from 
 Quebec ; but in the 
 following spring the 
 British recaptured all 
 the places taken by 
 the Americans, and 
 the latter were obliged 
 to return home, leav- 
 ing the whole country 
 in the hands of the 
 
 r^m.s?^. 
 
 enemy. 
 12. Evacuation of Boston. — Meanwhile, Washington 
 had remained with his army around Boston. At the end 
 of winter, he resolved to drive the British from the city. 
 
 11. Who took the command ? How and where was the winter passed ? How did 
 the expedition end ? 12. Where did Washington remain ? How were the British dis- 
 lodged ? When did they leave Boston ? 
 
1776] 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 143 
 
 Accordingly, he ordered fortifications to be erected on 
 Dorchester Heights. As tliese commanded the city, and 
 the Americans could 
 not be dislodged, 
 Howe, the British 
 general, was com- 
 pelled to Avitlidraw 
 his forces. Accord- 
 ingly, on the nth of 
 March, Boston was 
 evacuated ; and Wash- 
 ington entered it 
 amid the rejoicings of 
 the people, wlio, for 
 nearly a year, had 
 endured every kind 
 of insult and indig- 
 nity from the British 
 soldiery. 
 
 13. An Attack on 
 Charleston. — A de- 
 tachment of the Brit- 
 ish had previously left Boston to make an attack on New 
 York ; but AVashington, suspecting their design, sent 
 
 * The old State House, in Philadelphia, where Congrese met, is still standing. It is 
 generally known by the name of Independence Hall, though the room in which the 
 Declaration of Independence was adopted and signed received at first tliat appellation. 
 The building was erected in 1735, but its bell-tower was not put up until 1750. A bell 
 which was imported from England expressly for the tower, was found cracked upon 
 its arrival, and thereupon it was recast in the city of Philadelphia, and raised to its 
 place in 17.53. By a curious coincidence, it bore around its crown the words : Proclaim 
 llberly throwjhovt all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof. It has a world-wide 
 reputation as the " Liberty Bell," 
 
 INDEPB^rDBNCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA * 
 
144 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1776 
 
 General Charles Lee to protect the city. Clinton, the 
 British general, foiled in his design against New York, 
 then proceeded in the fleet against 
 Charleston. The attack, which lasted 
 nine hours, was repulsed, the pal- 
 metto logs of the fort,f defended by 
 the guns of Colonel Moultrie, jarov- 
 ing too much for the British men- 
 of-war, which drew ofi' in a disabled 
 condition (June 28th). 
 
 14. Declaration of Independ- 
 ence. — The war tlius far liad in- 
 spired the American patriots with 
 courage and a determination to throw off entirely the yoke 
 of Great Britain. On the 7th of June. Richard Henry Lee, 
 of Virginia, offered a resolution in Congress, declaring the 
 colonies "free and independent states." A committee, 
 consisting of five distinguished men. J was appointed to 
 draft a Declaration of Lidependence ; and on the 2d of 
 July, Lee's resolution was passed by a large majority. On 
 the 4th of July, the Declaration, drawn up by Thomas 
 Jefferson, the chairman of the Committee, was unani- 
 
 LIBERTT BELL * 
 
 * See note on page 143. 
 
 + "In the hottest fire of the battle, the flag of Fort Sumter was shot away, and 
 fell outside. Sergeant Jasper instantly sprang after it upon the beach, between the 
 ramparts and the enemy, and binding it to a sponge-staff (used in cleaning cannon), 
 restored it to its place, and succeeded in getting back to the fort in safety." — Sinims^s 
 Life of Manon. 
 
 X This committee consisted of Thomas Jefferson, .John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
 Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. 
 
 13. What city was threatened ? How was the attack prevented ? Attack on 
 Charleston ? Its result ? 14. Resolution of Richard H. Lee ? When did it pass ? 
 Who drafted the declaration ? When was it adopted ? 
 
1776] 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 145 
 
 mously adopted.* Thus the colonies became independent 
 
 states ; and the Fourth of July was henceforth to be 
 
 celebrated as the birth-day of 
 
 the nation. 
 
 15. Battle of Long Island, 
 
 Aug. 27. — About this time, 
 
 the liritish, under General 
 
 Howe, collected their forces on 
 
 Staten Island, preparatory to 
 
 an attack on Xew York. 
 
 Washington stationed his army, 
 
 under Putnam, at Brooklyn, in 
 
 order to make a stand in. its defense. Howe crossed to 
 
 Long Island, and marched his army in three divisions to 
 the attack. His ti-oops were 
 greatly superior in numbers to the 
 Americans, and were better armed 
 and trained. Two of the divi- 
 sions attacked the Americans in 
 front, while the third, under 
 Clinton, marched round and fell 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK t 
 
 * The people of Philadelphia waited with anxious expectation for the vote of Con- 
 gress declaring the independence of the colonies ; and it was resolved to announce the 
 event by ringing the old State-House bell, which bore the inscription : " Proclaim 
 liberty to the land, to all the inhabitants thereof ! " The old bellman, accordingly, 
 placed his little son at the door of the hall, so that he might learn when to ring. On 
 receiving the word, the little patriot-scion rushed forth, flinging up his hands, and shout- 
 ing aloud. Ring ! Ring ! RING ! And then the iron tongue proclaimed the glad news, 
 which was re-echoed by hundreds of other bells throughout the city ; and the people 
 gave vent to their joy in bonfires, illuminations, huzzas, and the booming of cannon. 
 
 t John Hancock was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737. In 1775 he was elected 
 President of the Continental Congress, and on the 4th of July, 1776, as President, he 
 signed the Declaration of Independence. He died in Quincy, in 1793. 
 
 15. Account of the battle of Long Island ? Its result ? 
 
 10 
 
146 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1776 
 
 on their rear. The Americans fought bravely, but witliout 
 avail. Some cut their way through the ranks of the enemy 
 surrounding them, but many were killed or taken prison- 
 ers. It was a sad disaster for the patriots (Aug. 27). 
 
 i6. Retreat of the Americans. — It Avould have been 
 worse, had Howe followed up his victory ; but lie delayed, 
 
 and Washington, taking advan- 
 tage of a fog, skillfully drew 
 off his shattered forces to New 
 York (Aug. 29).* Howe, 
 chagrined at the escape of his 
 expected prey, quickly fol- 
 lowed, and entered the city ; 
 but Washington had previ- 
 ously retreated northward, f 
 At White Plains a partial engagement took place ; but 
 the Americans were unable to hold their ground (Oct. 28). 
 Forts Washington and Lee. on opposite sides of the 
 Hudson, fell into the hands of the enemy ; and Wasliing- 
 
 CliNLU ^1 1 L 1 N ^M 
 
 * " This extraordinary retreat of the Americans across the river to New York, which, 
 in its silence and celerity, eqnaled the midnight fortifying of Bunlver (Breed's) Hill, 
 was one of the most signal achievements of the war, and redounded greatly to the 
 reputation of W^ashington, who, we are told, for forty-eight hours preceding the safe 
 extrication of his army from their perilous situation, scarcely closed his eyes, and was 
 the greater part of the time on horseback."— /rti7(g'\< Life of Washington. 
 
 + A short time before this, "Washington sent Captain Nathan Hale to the British 
 camp to obtain, if possible, some knowledge of the condition of the enemy. On his 
 return, he was captured, and taken before Howe, who, without even the form of a 
 trial, ordered him to be hung as a spy. He died a patriot and a hero, saying, with his 
 last breath : " I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." Captain 
 Hale was a native of Connecticut, and, although but twenty-one years of age, had 
 greatly distinguished himself as a soldier. The tree on which he was hung was in an 
 orchard owned by Colonel Rutgers, and situated near the present intersection of 
 Market Street and East Broadway, in New York City. 
 
 16. How was the American army saved ? 
 
177(i] 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 147 
 
 ton continiied his retreat through New Jersey to the Dela- 
 ware, followed by Lord Corn wal lis. 
 
 17. Capture of General Lee. — This was a dreadful 
 series of misfortunes ; and many of the patriots became 
 disheartened, and abandoned the army, leaving Washing- 
 ton with only a small part of the force which he had 
 collected to defend New York. Besides, General Charles 
 Lee, who had been left with a detachment near the 
 Hudson, and was commanded to follow the main army, 
 delayed his march, and was 
 taken j^risoner in New Jersey, 
 while on his way.* 
 
 18. Battle of Trenton. — 
 At this time a deep gloom per- 
 vaded all classes of the Ameri- 
 cans. They saw no other pros- 
 pect than a complete failure of 
 their treasured scheme of lib- 
 erty. But Washington, undismayed, determined to strike 
 a blow which should inspire the minds of his countrymen 
 with fresh hope. A body of Hessians f was at this time 
 stationed at Trenton. On the night of the 25th of Decem- 
 
 * Charles Lee was born in England in 1731. He was with Braddock in the expedi- 
 tion against Du Quesne, and had also served with Abereromby. He was taken 
 prisoner at Baskenridge, where he had fixed his quarters at a distance from his 
 troops. The Americans were greatly dispirited by his loss, for they regarded him as 
 their most skillful general. It is now thought that Lee was, at heart, a traitor ; or, at 
 any rate, that he cared only for his own advancement, and, being jealous of Washing- 
 ton, wished him to fail. 
 
 tThe Hessians were troops hired from the Landgrave of Hesse. Troops were also 
 hired by the British from the Duke of Brunswick and other petty German sovereigns, 
 to fight against the American patriots. 
 
 17. What other disaster befell the Americans ? In what way ? 18. Give an account 
 of the battle of Trenton, What were its results ? Where is Trenton ? 
 
148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1777 
 
 ber, in the midst of a storm of sleet, and while the river 
 was filled with drifting ice. Washiugton, with a division of 
 his army, crossed the Delaware ; and early on the morning 
 of the SGtli, snrprised the enemy in their camp. Rahl, 
 their commander, was mortally wonnded. many of the 
 Hessians were killed ; and the remainder, numbering 
 about a thousand, were taken prisoners.* Washington 
 lost only four men — two being killed in the battle, and 
 two frozen to death. 
 
 ig. Retreat of Washington.— This bold and successful 
 stroke went far to restore confidence: but Washington's 
 whole army at this time scarcely exceeded five thousand 
 men. With this meager force he was confronted at 
 Trenton (Jan. '2, 1777) with a large bodv of troops under 
 Cornwallis. Escape seemed impossible, for the river was 
 filled with floating ice ; and to risk a battle Avith a force so 
 much superior, seemed full of peril. Knowing that a 
 detachment of the British had been left at Princeton, he 
 quickly broke up his camp during the night, leaving the 
 fires burning, so as to deceive the enemy, and rapidly 
 marched toward that ]dace. 
 
 20. Battle of Princeton. — At sunrise (January 3d), 
 the van of his forces met, near Princeton, a division of 
 
 * The nessians had celebrated Christmas with then- customary carousals. Rahl was 
 at a Christinas supper when a messenger bronglit him a note giving warning of the. 
 approach of the American forces. Heedless of danger, and excited by wine, he thrust 
 the missive into his pocket. The next notice he received was the roll of the drums 
 and tlie firing of the muskets that told of the attack upon his camp. After the battle, 
 he was carried to the house of a Quaker family to die. Washington and Greene stood 
 by the death-bed of the soldier, uttering words of sympathy for his sad fate. 
 
 19. The condition of Washington ? What stratagem did he adopt ? 20. Account 
 of the battle of Princeton ? Where is Princeton (Map, p. 147) ? Its results ? Wash- 
 ington's winter quarters ? 
 

 1777] THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 149 
 
 the British on their way to join Cornwullis. At first the 
 American militia gave way ; but Washington^, coming up 
 with a select corps, turned the tide of battle, and routed 
 the enemy. The British loss was severe ; that of the 
 Americans, though not so great, included one of their best 
 officers, the brave General Mercer,* After this victory, 
 Washington successfully retreated to the heights of Mor- 
 ristown, where he took up his quarters for the rest of the 
 winter. 
 
 21. Attack on Philadelphia. — In vain did Howe, on 
 the opening of spring, strive to draw Washington into a 
 general engagement. All his maneuvers were frustrated 
 by the caution, skill, and watchful prudence of the 
 American commander.f Unable, therefore, to reach Phila- 
 delphia by way of New Jersey, Howe withdrew his troops 
 to Staten Island, and embarking on board the fleet, sailed 
 to the Chesapeake, and landed near the head of the Bay. 
 Washington, discovering his plan, marched to the Brandy- 
 wine, determined to make a stand for the defense of the 
 city. 
 
 22. Battle of the Brandywine. — Here, on the 11th of 
 September, a battle was fought, the Americans holding 
 
 * " His career as a general had been brief, but long enough to -Becure him a lasting 
 renown. His name remains one of the consecrated names of the RevoUition." — 
 Irving" s Life of Wwihington. 
 
 tOn this account Washington was called the American Fahius, from the resem- 
 blance of his policy to that of the celebrated Roman general, who, contending with 
 Hannibal, avoided engagements, and harassed him by continual delay. 
 
 21. Design of Howe ? How prevented by Washington ? What course was then 
 taken by Howe ? By Washington ? 22. Account of the battle of the Brandywine ? 
 Where was that battle fought (Map, p. 1.50) ? Capture of Philadelpliia ? Where were 
 the British troops quartered ? 
 
150 
 
 msTonr op the united states 
 
 [1777 
 
 possession of Chad's Ford. A part of the British, how- 
 ever, crossed the stream above, and while the Americans 
 were attacked in front, marched round in the rear, as at 
 
 tlie battle of Long Island. 
 The patriots were routed, not- 
 vvitlistanding the efforts and 
 valor of the officers, among 
 whom were La Fayette* and 
 Pulaski. f The British soon 
 after took Philadelphia, in 
 spite of all tlie efforts of 
 Washington to save it, but 
 the troops were quartered chiefly at Germantown. 
 
 23. Battle of Germantown. — Washington, having 
 learned that detachments had been withdrawn from the 
 British camp at Germantown in order to reduce the 
 American forts which commanded the entrance to the 
 Delaware, made an attack on the remaining forces, but 
 was unsuccessful (Oct. 4). Forts Mifflin and Mercer, on 
 the Delaware, soon after surrendered to the British, 
 leaving the approaches to Philadeljihia free to their fleet. 
 
 * Early in 177(5, Congress sent Silas Dcane to France, to solicit aid. He was after- 
 ward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee. While France could give no assistance 
 openly to the Americans, without incurring the hostility of Great Britain, she secretly 
 sent them supplies of money, arms, provisions, and clothing. The Marquis de 
 La Fayette fitted out a vessel at his own expense, sailed to America, and joined the 
 army, having been appointed by Congress a major-general. He arrived in 1777, and 
 the battle of the Brandy wine was the first engagement in which he took part. 
 La Fayette was born in France in 17.57, and died in 1834. 
 
 t Count Pulaski was a distinguished Polish nobleman, who had previously joined 
 the American army as a volunteer soldier In the cause of liberty. 
 
 23. Account of the battle of Germantown ? Where is Germantown ? Ans.— It is 
 now a part of Philadelphia. What forts surrendered ? How were those forts situated ? 
 
1777J 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 151 
 
 24. Condition of the Army at Valley Forge. — During 
 
 the winter of 1777-8, Washington's troojis were quartered 
 in liuts at Valley Forge. Here the patriot soldiers suf- 
 
 washington's ueadquabters at brandtwine 
 
 fered greatly from the want of food, clothing, and shelter. 
 Many were obliged to lie on the ground, or, being without 
 blankets, to sit up all night at the fires. At one time 
 more than a thousand soldiers had not a shoe to their feet; 
 
 24. Condition of tlie American Army at Valley Forge ? Where was Valley Forge 
 (Map, p. 150) ? 
 
155 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1777 
 
 WASHINGTON VISITING SICK SOLDIERS AT VALLEY FORGE 
 
 ■ and their path could often be traced by the blood which 
 their naked feet left in the snow. 
 
 25. Burgoyne's Invasion. — Meanwhile, stirring events 
 had occurred in the north. General Burgoyne, with an 
 army of ten thousand British and German troops, Cana- 
 dians, and Indians, had invaded Xew York by way of 
 Lake Champlain.* Crown Point and Ticonderoga were 
 soon taken (July 5), and Burgoyne advanced to Fort 
 
 * A force was also sent under St. Leger to capture the forts on the Mohawk ; and in 
 an attempt to succor Colonel Gansevoort at Fort Schuyler, General Herkimer was 
 slain. Arnold, with a small number of men, marched to the relief of the place, and 
 accomplished the object by a stratagem. A half-witted boy, who had been taken 
 prisoner, was instructed to go to the British commander, and give the alarm that the 
 American army was near. Rushing into the camp with his coat pierced by musket 
 balls, he told the British that the Americans were coming. When asked how many 
 they were, he pointed upward to the leaves of the trees. St. Leger was so much 
 alarmed, that he hastily abandoned the siege, leaving his tents and artillery behind 
 him. 
 
 25. Invasion from Canada ? What posts were captured ? How were they situated 
 (Maj), p. 1.54) ? How was Burgoyne's march delayed ? 
 
1777] TSI! WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 153 
 
 Edward. But his march had been delayed, for General 
 Schuyler, who had the command of the American forces, 
 ordered the roads to be obstructed.* 
 
 RUINS OF PORT TICO.NDEROi; A 
 
 26. Battle of Bennington. — When Burgoyne arrived at 
 Fort Edward, he found himself in want of sujiplies. He 
 therefore sent Colonel Bauni (bowii)) to seize the stores 
 which the Americans had collected at Bennington. Baum 
 was met near Bennington by the New Hampshire militia, f 
 
 * Many outrages were committed on this march by the Indians. The murder of 
 Miss McCrea excited wide-spread abhorrence. This young lady had been captured by 
 some Indians attached to Burgoyne's army, or had accepted the escort of the Indians ; 
 and vvliile tliey were conducting her to his camp, she was liilled, they asserted, by a 
 shot intended for her captors ; but her scalp was brought by the savages into Bur- 
 goyne's camp. 
 
 t These troops were called the "Green Mountain Boys," as they chiefly belonged 
 to that part of the State which now forms Vermont. As Stark saw the enemy's lines 
 
 26. Account of the battle of Bennington ? Where is Bennington (Map, p. 154) ? 
 
154 
 
 HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1777 
 
 under General Stark, and defeated ; and, on the same 
 day (Aug. 16), a detachment which had been sent to 
 
 the aid of Bauni was also de- 
 feated. 
 
 27. First Battle of Still- 
 water. — The loss of so many 
 places had created considerable 
 alarm and dissatisfaction with 
 Schuyler, and General Gates 
 was appointed to the command. 
 On the 19th of September, the 
 Americans made an attack on 
 Burgoyne's army at Bem'-is 
 Heights, near Stillwater. The 
 battle was long and severe ; and 
 Burgoyne, although he main- 
 tained his ground, found his 
 progress effectually checked. 
 
 28. Battle of Saratoga. — 
 For two weeks the armies con- 
 fronted each other ; when Bur- 
 goyne, finding that he must 
 either fight or surrender, moved 
 forward to attack the Ameri- 
 cans. This brought on the second battle of Stillwater, 
 sometimes called the battle of Saratoga (October 7th), in 
 
 Scllenecicuiy 
 
 AT.BATMY^/-t 
 
 forming for battle, he shouted to his soldiers : " There are the red-coats ; we must beat 
 them to-day, or Molly Stark will be a widow." 
 
 27. Who succeeded Schuyler ? Account of the First Battle of Stillwater ? 28. 
 Battle of Saratoga ? Its result ? What was the conduct of Arnold ? Where is Sara- 
 toga ? 
 
1778] 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 155 
 
 wliicli Burgoyne, after the most determined efforts, was 
 compelled to full back. In these two battles, Benedict 
 Arnold, though without any particular command, fought 
 with great bravery, and Avas severely 
 wounded. Ten days after the 
 battle, Burgoyne surrendered his 
 whole army prisoners of war (Oc- 
 tober ITth, 1777).* 
 
 2g. Effects of Burgoyne's Sur- 
 render. — By this surrender, the 
 Americans not only gained posses- 
 sion of an entire army, with all its 
 arms and ammunition ; but such a 
 decided victory inspired all with 
 
 hoj)e and confidence, and, moreover, convinced the friends 
 of American independence in Europe, that the cause of 
 the patriots would triumph. 
 
 30. Treaty with France.— When the news of the cap- 
 ture of Burgoyne reached France, the government of that 
 country decided openly to take the part of the struggling 
 colonies ; and, on the 6th of February, 1778, she made a 
 treaty of alliance with them, acknowledging their inde- 
 pendence, and agreeing to furnish them with assistance in 
 the war with Great Britain. This important event had 
 been brought about mainly through the efforts and address 
 
 GENEKAL Bl'lUiOYNE 
 
 * The whole number of prisoners exceeded five thousand. By this surrender, the 
 Americans acquired a fine train of artillery, five thousand muskets, and a large quantity 
 of clothing, tents, and military stores. 
 
 29. Effect of Burgoyne's surrender ? 30. Treaty with France ? How brought 
 about ? 
 
166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1778 
 
 of Benjamin Franklin, wlio, as has been already stated, 
 was sent to France for this })urpose in 177G.* 
 
 31. Evacuation of Philadelphia The French gov- 
 ernment at once lifted out a ileet. which, abont the middle 
 of A})ril, sailed for America, nnder the conunand of Connt 
 D'Kstaing {dcs-ta)i(j'). In the meantime. General Howe 
 resigned his command, and (ieneral Clinton was appointed 
 his successor. Fearing for the safety of the army at 
 Philadelphia, the I^ritish government ordered Clinton to 
 proceed with his :ii-my to New \'oi-k. Ai'cordingly, Phila- 
 d(dphia was evacuated (.lunc IStli). 
 
 32. Battle of Monmouth. — \\liil(> on liis nnu'ch to 
 New York. Clinton was overtaken l)y Washington at Mon- 
 mouth, and a severe battle ensued. (Jeneral Ijce led the 
 advance and was ordered to nnike an attack upon the 
 enemy's line. Instead of doing so, he commenced a 
 retreat ; when Washington coming np, severely repri- 
 manded him on the spot, and again ordered him to rally 
 his men and advance. f This was done, and the battle 
 continued nntil nightfall ; but witliout a decisive result. 
 
 * The British govennnent was much alarmed on learning that the Americane had 
 obtained Hit; aid of France, and sent commissioners to offer terms of peace with the 
 colonies, on condition tliat they would return to their allegiance. Congress, liowever, 
 refused to listen to any other terms than a full recognition of the independence of the 
 States. One of the commissioners attempted to bribe (ieneral Joseph Reed to i)ei-suade 
 Congress to listen favorably to their terms, offering him ten thousand pounds for the 
 service; but the patriot, with honest indisrnation, replied : "I am not worth purchas- 
 ing ; but, such as I am, the king of England is not rich enough to buy me ! " 
 
 + Lee's pride having Vkvu wounded by the rebuke which he had received on the field 
 of battle, he sent two disrespectful letters to Washington. He was therefore tried by 
 court-martial, ami suspended from his comniaiul for a year. He never rejoined the 
 army ; but, just before the close of the war, died at Philadelphia. 
 
 31. What caused the evacuation of Philadelphia y 32. 'riie battle of Monmouth f 
 Account of the battle ? Its result ? Where is Monmouth (Map, p. 82) ? 
 
158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1778 
 
 During the night Clinton continued his retreat to New 
 York.* 
 
 33. The hopes of tlie Americans in regard to the French 
 fleet were disappointed. D'Estaing did not arrive in the 
 Delaware until after Lord Howe had sailed ; and although 
 a plan had been formed to attack Newport, he accom- 
 plished nothing. General Sullivan, who was to act with 
 him, gained a position on Rhode Island, and drove back 
 the British under Pigot, who attacked him at a place 
 called Quaker Hill (Aug. 29); D'Estaing's fleet having 
 sailed to Boston, aiul being threatened by a greatly 
 superior force, Sullivan was obliged to Avithdraw to the 
 main land. 
 
 34. Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley. — 
 Among the saddest events of the year 1778, were the 
 massacres at Wy-o'-ming and Cherry Valley. In July, a 
 band of tories and Indians, under Colonel John Butler, 
 entered the beautiful valley of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, 
 which was almost defenseless, as most of tiie able-bodied 
 men had joined the patriot army. The women and chil- 
 dren took refuge in a fort; but the place was soon 
 captured, and the savage Indians burned, plundered, and 
 murdered, until the whole valley was a dreadful scene of 
 
 * The battle of Monmouth was fought on Sunday. The weather was intensely hot, 
 and many died from the heat and from imprudently drinking cold water. At the close 
 of the battle, the American army lay on their arms ready to renew it the next day. 
 Washington, with Lafayette by his side, slept at the foot of a tree. On leaving Phila- 
 delphia, Clinton's army was about twelve thousand strong ; his baggage- wagons 
 formed a train twelve miles in length. He lost about five hundred men in the battle, 
 and very many others, chiefly Hessians, by desertion. 
 
 33. Proceedings of the French fleet ? Attack on Rhode Island ? 34. Account of 
 the massacre at Wyoming ? At Cherry Valley ? Where is Wyoming (Map, p. 104) ? 
 Cherry Valley (Map, p. 104) ? 
 
1778] 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 159 
 
 ruiu and desolation.* In ISTovember, a party of the same 
 mixed character fell \\])o\\ the settlement of Cherry 
 Valley, New York, and killed or carried into captivity 
 a large number of the settlers. 
 
 35. Capture of Savannah. — Toward the close of the 
 year, Clinton sent a force under Colonel Campbell to 
 
 JT-^-^Aa? 
 
 
 
 lASTERJTPJtKT 
 
 ol tUe 
 
 CAROLINAS 
 
 103060 
 
 invade Georgia. Savannah was attacked, and being de- 
 fended by only a small force under General Robert Howe, 
 it could make but slight resistance, and was captured 
 (December 29). It remained in the possession of the 
 British till 1783. 
 
 = Read Campbell's Gertrude of Wyoming. 
 
 35. The capture of Savannah ? How long was it held by the British ? 
 
160 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1779 
 
 36. Events in the South — Other disasters followed 
 the loss of Savannah. Suubury, the onl}^ American post 
 remaining, being captured, the State of Georgia was at 
 the mercy of the British, and was restored as a royal 
 province. Tories at the South abounded, and committed 
 every species of cruelty and depredation upon the patriots. 
 At Kettle Creek, they were defeated (Feb. 14, 1779); 
 but at Brier Creek a division of the American forces, com- 
 manded by General Lincoln, was 
 surprised, and utterly routed 
 (March 3). 
 
 37. The British commander. 
 General Prevost, soon after this 
 attempted to take Charleston ; but 
 his movements were checked by 
 Lincoln. The latter was, how- 
 ever, defeated at Stono Ferry in 
 an attempt to drive the enemy 
 from their position near the city. 
 In October, after a siege of about 
 three weeks, a combined attack 
 was made upon Savannah l)y Lin- 
 coln and the French fleet under D'Estaing ; but they were 
 repulsed with heavy loss (Oct. 9). Among those who fell 
 was the gallant Count Pulaski. This ended the campaign 
 of 1779 in the South. 
 
 38. Events in the North. — In the north, the British 
 
 IN E W ~ 
 J ER S E 
 
 36. What other disasters followed ? Who was defeated at Brier Creek ? Where is 
 Brier Creek (Map, p. I:"i9) ? 37. What was done by General Prevost ? What occurred 
 at Stono Ferry ? Where is Stono Ferry (Map, p. 159) ? Account of the attack on 
 Savannah ? 
 
1779] 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 161 
 
 did scarcely anything beside plundering defenseless towns. 
 Portsmouth and Norfolk, in Virginia, were burned ; and 
 General Tryon ravaged and burned Norwalk, Fairfield, 
 New Haven, and other towns in Connecticut. At one of 
 these places. General Putnam narrowly escaped being made 
 j^risoner.* The most brilliant victory won by the Ameri- 
 cans this year was the capture of Stony Point, a strong 
 post on the Hudson. It 
 was planned by Washing- 
 ton, whose headquarters 
 were at West Point, but 
 executed by General Wayne 
 (July 15). Shortly after 
 this. Major Henry Lee sur- 
 prised the garrison at 
 Paulus Hook (now Jersey 
 City), and took a large 
 number of prisoners. 
 
 39. Battle of Chemung. 
 — General Sullivan, being sent to repress the atrocities of 
 the Indians in western New York, and to punish them for 
 their barbarities at Wyoming and Cherry Valley, entered 
 the region near the head-waters of the Susqiiehanna and 
 
 GENiiUAL WAYN'E 
 
 * This was at Horse-ueck. Surprised by an overwhelming force of the British, his 
 troops were routed, and he was compelled to flee, closely pursued by the enemy. 
 When nearly overtaken, he suddenly wheeled his horse, and galloping down the zigzag 
 path of a precipice, where his pursuers did not dare to follow him, made good his 
 escape. 
 
 38. VThat was done by the British in the north ? What happened to Putnam ? 
 Account of the taking of Stony Point ? Where is Stony Point (Map, p. ICO) ? What 
 is stated of Paulus Hook ? 39. Account of Sullivan's operations against the Indians ? 
 What battle was fought ? 
 11 
 
162 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [178 
 
 Genesee rivers. At Chemnng, he routed the Indians and 
 tories after a fierce battle (Aug. 29), and then laid the 
 
 whole region waste. 
 Forty Indian villages 
 were destroyed, together 
 with a vast quantity of 
 corn. 
 
 40. Naval Victory 
 by Paul Jones. — In 
 September of this year, 
 one of the most brilliant 
 naval victories ever won 
 was gained by Paul 
 Jones,* commanding a 
 small squadron of French and American vessels. The 
 battle was fought off the east coast of England, with two 
 British frigates that were convoying a merchant fleet. 
 The contest lasted from seven in the evening till ten at 
 night ; and ended with the capture of the frigates. 
 
 41. Taking of Charleston In 1780, operations in the 
 
 South commenced with the siege of Charleston by the 
 British, under Clinton, aided by Admiral Ar'-buth-not. 
 After holding out for forty days, it suffered a terrific 
 bombardment, during which, the shells falling upon the 
 houses set the city on fire in several places. Its brave 
 
 PAUL JONES 
 
 * John Paul Jones was born in Scotland in 1747. At the age of twelve he was 
 apprenticed to a shipmaster, who was engaged in the American trade. His name was 
 John Paul, to which, for some reason, he added that of Jones. After the Revolution, 
 he entered the Russian naval service, and died in Paris, in poverty and neglect, in 1792. 
 
 40. Account of the victory of Paul Jones ? 41. Of the taking of Charleston ? 
 
1780] THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 163 
 
 NATAL ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN THE BON HOMME RICHARD AND THE SERAPIS 
 
 defender, General Lincoln, was at last obliged to sur- 
 render the place ; and he and his army became prisoners 
 of war (May 12). 
 
 42. Battle of Camden. — Congress now sent General 
 Gates, the victor at Saratoga, hoping that he would be 
 able to check the British in their conquest of the South. 
 He advanced as far as Sanders Creek, near Camden, where 
 he was met by Cornwallis, and sustained a terrible defeat. 
 The brave Baron De Kalb, who commanded a division of 
 Gates's army.* was mortally wounded in this disastrous 
 action (Aug. IG). Cornwallis pushed on triumphantly, 
 
 * Baron de Kalb was a native of Alsace, in Germany. He came to America with 
 Lafavette In 1777. He died three davs after the battle. 
 
 42. Account of the battle of Camden ? Who wae mortally wounded ? How is 
 Camden situated (Map, p. 159) ? What checked Cornwallis ': 
 
164 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1780 
 
 but hearing that Major Ferguson, one of his officers, had 
 been defeated at King's Mountain (Oct. T), by a band of 
 patriot militia, he retraced his steps, and took up a posi- 
 tion in Soutli Carolina. 
 
 43. Partisan Warfare in the South Tliese victories 
 
 of the British, together with the merciless deeds of the 
 tories, would have crushed the South, had not the brave 
 partisan leaders. Pickens, Sumter, Marion, and others, 
 
 gathered around them the scat- 
 tered patriots, and by their daring 
 exploits kept alive the spirit of 
 freedom. Securely concealed from 
 attack, these fearless bands were 
 ever on the alert to sally forth 
 and cut off the detachments of the 
 British. Among these, Marion * 
 and his men were particularly 
 
 famous. Indeed, this enterprising leader was called by 
 
 the British the "Swamp Fox." 
 
 44. Treason of Arnold. — Benedict Arnold, who had 
 gained so many laurels at Quebec, Fort Schuyler, and 
 Saratoga — so highly 2)rized for his genius and gallantry as 
 
 GENERAL MARION 
 
 * Francis Marion was born in South Carolina in 1733. His efforts and sufferings for 
 the patriot cause have greatly endeared his memory. On one occasion, it is said, a 
 British officer was conducted to his camp on official business, and Marion politely 
 invited him to dinner. The whole fare proved to be only roasted sweet potatoes, 
 served on pieces of bark. " And is this your usual mode of living ? " exclaimed the 
 officer. "It is," said Marion ; "and we are content with it, and ask no pay besides." 
 The officer returned feeling that it was of little use to fight against such men. 
 
 43. How was the spirit of liberty kept alive in the South ? The most noted of the 
 partisan leaders ? 44. Who became a traitor ? His conduct at Philadelphia ? Its 
 result ;' 
 
1780] 
 
 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 105 
 
 a soldier, this yeiir (1780) deserted the patriot cause, and 
 became a traitor. After the Britisli had left Philadelphia, 
 he was assigned to a command at that city, lie plunged 
 into extravagance and luxury, and was found guilty, by a 
 
 fejK J J_ i _jr\ i 111 I ii C* ^ f* 
 
 AUNOI U » llh vm^i \1 I 1 
 
 Ol I O-II L ^\ I -I IDINT 
 
 court-martial, of obtaining money by fraudulent means, 
 and sentenced to be reprimanded by Washington. 
 
 45. Tlie sentence was executed with considerable gentle- 
 ness; but Arnold felt himself disgraced, and he sank into 
 a far lower dej^th of infamy. Having obtained the com- 
 mand of West Point, he secretly offered the British to 
 place it in their hands for a sufficient reward. Major 
 Andre was appointed by Clinton to arrange the plan and 
 settle the terms of the surrender. 
 
 46. He met the traitor at a place about six miles below 
 
 45. What plot did he enter into ? Who was appointed to arrange the plan ? 
 
166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1780 
 
 West Point. Being unable to return to New York by 
 water, as had been arranged, he was obliged to cross the 
 Hudson and proceed by land. Wlien near Tarrytown, he 
 was stopped by three militia-men,* Paulding, Williams and 
 Van Wart, Avho, having searched him and found the trea- 
 sonable papers in his boots, took him to North Castle, the 
 nearest military station. 
 
 47. The commander at North Castle, having no sus- 
 picion of Arnold, at once notified him of the arrest. The 
 traitor fled, and escaped to New York by means of a 
 British sloop-of-war which had carried Andre up the river 
 below West Point. Andre was conveyed to Tappan, tried 
 by court-martial, and sentenced to be executed as a spy. 
 Sir Henry Clinton made every possible effort to save his 
 life ; but the only terms that Washington could accept, 
 were that Arnold should be given up in exchange for the 
 prisoner ; but this Clinton could not honorably do. Andre 
 met his fate with firmness, and received tlie sympathy of 
 all, while xVrnold was universally despised. The price of 
 his treason was about six thousand pounds in money, and 
 the appointment of brigadier-general in the British army.f 
 
 * It was near Tarrytowa that he was arrested. When stopped by the militia-men, 
 he aslced if they belonged to his party. "Which party ?" they asked. "The lower 
 one," he replied, thus revealing to them that he was a British officer. Terror-stricken 
 and agitated when he discovered his mistake, he showed them Arnold's pass, and 
 when that was not accepted, offered his watch and other bribes to induce his captors 
 to release him. But they were too patriotic to l)e swerved from their duty ; and pro- 
 ceeding to search him, they at last found plans of the fort and the mode of its expected 
 surrender between his stocking and his foot. 
 
 + Benedict Arnold was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1740. After the Revolution, 
 he for a time engaged in business at St. John, New Brunswick. lie afterwards went 
 to England, where he lived in obscurity, shunned and despised by every one. On one 
 occasion, a member of Parliament, on rising to address the House, noticed Arnold in 
 
 46. What led to Andre's arrest ? 47. How did Arnold escape ? The fate of Andre ? 
 Reward of Arnold ? Where is West Point (Map, p. 160) ? 
 
1781] THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 167 
 
 48. Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Troops. — The year 
 1781 opened with mutiuy in the American army. The 
 soldiers' had endured terrible hardships. They had, for a 
 long time, received no pay ; they were poorly fed, and 
 were exposed to tlie snows and piercing cold of winter, 
 with nothing but their tattered garments to cover them. 
 The Pennsylvania regiments, on New-Year's eve, unable 
 longer to bear such sufferings, left their camp at Morris- 
 town, determined to march to Philadelphia and demand 
 relief from Congress. 
 
 49. At Princeton, messengers from Clinton met them, 
 offering them positions in the British army ; but the sol- 
 diers seized these persons, and delivered them to General 
 AYayne to be treated as spies. A committee of Congress 
 waited upon them at this place, and satisfied their de- 
 mands. This led to other mutinies ; but Washington 
 adopted severe measures, and effectually quelled them. 
 Afterward, througli the exertions of Robert Morris,* Con- 
 gress was enabled to raise funds in order to carry on the war. 
 
 50. Battle of Cowpens — Pursuit of Cornwallis. — 
 General Greene, wlio had succeeded Gates in the command 
 
 the gallery, on which he exclaimed, pointing to the traitor : " Mr. Speaker, I will not 
 speak while that man is in the House." Arnold died in London, in 1801. 
 
 ♦Robert Morris was born in England in 1734. He came to America when thirteen 
 years old, and was educated at Philadelphia. He was one of the signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence. After the Revolution, he lost by land speculations an 
 immense fortune, which he liad gained in the China trade, and he died in Phila- 
 delphia, in 1806, in comparative poverty. 
 
 48. What mutiny occurred ? Its cause ? Which of the troops left the camp ? 
 Where, did they proceed ? Where is Morristown (Map, p. 82) ? 49. What occurred 
 at Princeton ? How were the mutineers satisfled ? What followed ? Who aided 
 Congress in raising funds ? Where is Princeton (Map, p. 82) ? 50. What led to 
 the battle of Cowpens? Its result? Where is Cowpens (Map, p. 159)? Pursuit of 
 Cornwallis ? Into what river does the Catawba flow ? 
 
168 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1781 
 
 of the southern army, in January sent a detachment, 
 under General Morgan, to repress the ravages of the 
 Britisli in South Carolina. At Cowpens the force gained 
 
 a splendid victory over a de- 
 tachment of Cornwallis's army, 
 V'^'^^ik, commanded by Colonel Tarle- 
 
 ^^^ ton (January 17). Hearing of 
 -^ "'"'-'' s^ this, Cornwallis started in pur- 
 suit of Morgan, who had re- 
 treated to the Catawba; but 
 lie did not reach the river 
 until two hours after the 
 Americans had crossed. He 
 halted, intending to cross in 
 the morning; but during the 
 night the river became so swollen by heavy rains as to- be 
 impassable. 
 
 51. Retreat of Greene — Battle of Guilford Court 
 House. — Before Cornwallis could continue the pursuit, 
 Morgan had joined his force to Greene's, and the latter, 
 by skillful maneuvering, reached the fords of the Dan, 
 and crossed tlie river, just as the British appeared on tlie 
 opposite bank. Cornwallis then gave up the pursuit; but 
 Greene recrossed the Dan, and advanced to Guilford 
 Court House. There he was attacked by Cornwallis 
 (March 15), and forced to retreat ; but the British suf- 
 fered so severely in the battle, that the result was almost 
 as good as a victory to the Americans. 
 
 GENEHAl. GKEENE 
 
 51. Retreat of Greene ? What two rivers did Greene and Morgan cross (Map, p. 159)? 
 What battle was fought ? Its result ? Where is Guilford Court House (Map, p. 159) ? 
 
1781] THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 169 
 
 52. Second Battle of Camden. — Greeue now boldly 
 advanced into South Carolina, while Coniwallis. with a 
 portion of his forces, moved northward into \irgiiiia. 
 At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, Greene was attacked 
 by Lord Rawdon, and defeated; but the battle was so 
 stoutly contested by Greene, that the enemy were too 
 much cut up to make any use of their victory (Ajn'il 
 25). Being obliged to abandon Camden, the British set 
 it on fire. 
 
 53. Partisan Warfare — Battle of Eutaw Springs. — 
 Few posts now remained in the possession of the British; 
 for the South Carolina partisan leaders had kept up a 
 harassing warfare against them. To make this more 
 effective, Greene had detached Colonel Henry Lee with a 
 small body of troops, which was called '"Lee's Legion." 
 The last battle in the South was fought at Eutaw SjH'ings 
 (September 8). It was a desperate conflict ; but the result 
 was so doubtful that both parties claimed the victory. 
 Throughout this campaign, Greene had shown splendid 
 ability as a general, although he had met with no positive 
 success. Congress voted him the highest honors for his 
 services. 
 
 54. Surrender of Cornwallis. — The closing event of 
 the war was now at hand. Washington, having the aid 
 of a French army under Rochambeau {ro-sham-ho'), had 
 
 52. Whither did Greene march ? Cornwallis ? Where did another battle occur ? 
 Its result? Where is Camden (Map, p. W.\)'! 53. What had been accomplished by- 
 partisan leaders ? Lee's Legion ? What was the last battle in the South '; Its result ? 
 Where is Eutaw Springs fMap. p. 159) ? Greene as a general ? Honors voted to him ? 
 54. Why did Washington proceed to Yorktown ': What army had joined him ? 
 What fleet arrived ? What did it accomplish ? Result of the attack on Yorktown ? 
 Where is Yorktown (Map, p. 347) ? 
 
1781] THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 171 
 
 threatened Xew York ; but hearing that a French fleet, 
 under De Grasse {grass), had arrived in the Chesapeake, 
 he suddenly changed his plan, and proceeded rapidly to 
 Yorktown, where Cornwallis had taken position. It was 
 too late for Clinton to intercept the march of the Ameri- 
 cans; and the British fleet had been foiled by De Grasse. 
 Cornwallis, attacked by sea and land, was therefore com- 
 pelled to surrender his whole army prisoners of war (Octo- 
 ber 19).* 
 
 55. Arnold in Connecticut. — To draw off Washington 
 from Virginia, Clinton had sent Arnold to Connecticut, 
 
 where he committed the most dreadful „ 
 
 ravages. He plundered and burned Xew 
 London ; and Colonel Eyre {ire), his 
 associate oflBcer, having taken Fort Gris- 
 wold, barbarously massacred half of the 
 garrison after they had surrendered. 
 Colonel Led3"ard, the American commandant, was deliver- 
 ing up his sword, when a tory oflficer, seizing it, plunged it 
 into his breast, killing him on the spot (Sept. fi). 
 
 56. Result of Cornwallis's Surrender. — The surren- 
 
 * The ceremony of sarrender was an imposing one. The allied armies, with Wash- 
 in^on and Rochambeau at the head of their respecti%-e troops, were drawn up in two 
 columns ; and the vanquished army, with its colors folded, marched out and laid down 
 their arms. Some indignantly dashed them down with such force as to break them. 
 Cornwallis surrendered his sword to Lincoln, who had the direction of the ceremony. 
 The tidings of this event reached Congress at midnight, four days afterward ; and 
 every heart bounded with exultant delight, as the watchman, pacing the streets of 
 Philadelphia, cried aloud, " Past two o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken." 
 
 55. Why was Arnold sent to Connecticut ? His conduct there ': WTiat occurred at 
 Fort Griswold ? Where is Xew London (Map. p. 53i ': 56. Effect of the surrender 
 of Cornwallis ? How did Lord North receive the news of the surrender ': How was 
 peace made ? When ? 
 
172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1782 
 
 tier of Connvallis was a death-blow to the hopes that 
 England would ever regain her colonies. When the minis- 
 ter, Lord North, heard of it, he walked the room as one 
 distracted, repeatedly exclaiming: "It is all over!" 
 Public opinion in England demanded peace ; and the gov- 
 ernment appointed commissioners to arrange a treaty. On 
 the 30th of November, 1782, peace was agreed upon ; and 
 on the 19th of April following, a cessation of the war was 
 proclaimed in the American army. Thus it ended on the 
 eighth anniversary of its commencement. A final treaty 
 was signed at Paris, September 3d, 1783. 
 
 57. Terms of the Treaty. — By the terms of the treaty, 
 Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the 
 United States ; and the boundaries were fixed at the Great 
 Lakes on the north, and the Mississippi River on the 
 west. The right to fish on the Banks of Newfoundland 
 was also conceded to the States. Florida was given back 
 to Spain. 
 
 58. American Patriotism during the Revolution. — 
 Never did any people show a more patriotic spirit than 
 that displayed by the Americans during their long struggle 
 for independence. The women at home, and the men in 
 the camp, were alike devoted to the cause of freedom. 
 While the men fought, the women worked. The latter 
 endeavored not only to supply the necessaries of life to 
 their families, now dependent largely upon them, but to 
 contribute, as far as they might, to the providing of 
 needed articles of clothing for the soldiers. 
 
 57. The terms of the treaty ? 58. What is said of American patriotism ? How 
 displayed during the war ? 
 
1782] TnE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 173 
 
 EIGHTT-SIX AND SIX KNITTING STOCKINGS FOR THE SOLDIERS 
 
 59- The suiferings of the latter were intense;* yet they 
 persevered, and were not to be swerved from the cause in 
 whicli they were engaged, by any promise of reward, or 
 the fear of any privations or hardshijss which they might 
 have to undergo. When, driven to desperation, some of 
 the veterans of the army deserted their ranks, and 
 marclied forth to seek redress for the wrongs wliich they 
 attributed to the neglect of Congress, they still spurned 
 with abhorrence the bribes offered them by the minions of 
 British power. 
 
 6o. Tlie patriots who had the misfortune to become 
 
 * In a letter which Washington addressed to the President of Congress, on the 23d 
 of December, 1777, he says, " We have no less than two thousand eight hundred and 
 ninety-eight men now in camp unfit for duty, because they are barefoot and otherwise 
 naked." 
 
 59. Of the sufferings of the soldiers ? Their devotion to duty ? 60. Treatment of 
 the prisoners by the British ? The prison-ship Jersey f 
 
174 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 prisoners of war, were treated with every possible insult 
 and outrage. Many of them were confined in loathsome 
 dungeons or prison-ships, where they received such in- 
 human treatment that thousands died. Of these floating 
 hulks the most noted was the Jersey, which was anchored 
 
 THE JERSEY PRISON-SHIP 
 
 in a small bay off the Long Island shore, opposite N"ew 
 York, and used as a prison-ship until the close of the Avar, 
 6i. Forces Engaged. — In no engagement of the war 
 were the forces on either side very large. At the battle 
 of Long Island there were about thirty-five thousand 
 British and Hessians'; while Washington's whole effective 
 force was only about seventeen thousand. Schuyler had 
 but a few men (about four thousand) to cope with Bur- 
 goyne's ten thousand. At Monmouth, Washington's army 
 probably contained about eighteen thousand to Clinton's 
 
 61. The forces engaged during the war ? At the battle of Long Island ? Schuyler's 
 force ? Washington's, at Monmouth ? The British ? Greene's force ? Forces engaged 
 at Yorktown ? 
 
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 175 
 
 twelve thousand. In all the other battles the opposing 
 armies were very small. Greene performed his splendid 
 exploits with less than five thousand men. At Yorktown 
 the combined American and French army did not exceed 
 sixteen thousand men. 
 
 62. Foreign Aid. — The cause of the American colonies 
 fighting for their independence was the cause of mankind. 
 There was no generous soul throughout the civilized world 
 who did not give it his entire sympathy. All who prized 
 liberty looked with intense interest upon the struggle of 
 the weak against the mighty. Many gave themselves up 
 with earnest devotion to the cause. Steuben came from 
 Prussia, and helped to discipline the armies ; Lafayette, 
 De Kalb, and the brave Poles, Pulaski and Kosciusko,* 
 either gave their lives, or imperiled them, that freedom, 
 crushed in the Old World, might be triumphant in the 
 Xew. 
 
 63. Articles of Confederation. — Xothing but the 
 strong necessity of making a united effort kept the States 
 together during the Eevolutionary War. There was. 
 
 ♦ThaddeQs Eoscingko was bom in Poland about 1755. His character is among the 
 most splendid in history for patriotism, nobleness of soul, courage, and skill in war. 
 Unable to achieve the freedom of his own country, he came to America, and offered 
 his aid to the patriots. He was present with Gates in the two battles of Stillwater, and 
 afterward distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washington. Subsequently he 
 returned to Poland, and fought against the Russians, the oppressors of his country. 
 He was defeated, severely wounded, and made a prisoner in 1794 ; kept a captive for 
 some time at St. Petersburg, but was afterward released. He died in Switzerland in 
 1817. 
 
 62. What induced foreigners to sympathize with the Americans in their struggle 
 for independence ? What distinguished foreigners joined the army ? 63. What kept 
 the States together during the war ? What was done to establish a permanent union ? 
 When and how were the Articles of Confederation proposed ? When and how were 
 they adopted » The national flag ? 
 
176 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1781 
 
 however, a general desire for a permanent union ; and as 
 
 early as 1776, a Committee of Congress submitted to that 
 
 body an instrument consisting 
 of twenty articles, but these 
 were not adopted by Con- 
 gress till 1777, when they 
 were proposed to the States. 
 As the consent of every 
 State was required, this plan 
 of a general government was 
 not accepted until 1781, when 
 it went into operation. The 
 
 ''star-spangled banner " was adopted by Congress as the 
 
 national flag in 1777. 
 
 FLAG OF TUK UNITED STATES 
 ADOPTED IN JUNE, 1777 * 
 
 
 * At the beginning of tlie Revolution, and for some months afterward, no distinctive 
 flag was adopted by the Americans. In 1776, the British Union flag was used, the only 
 change being that the field was composed of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, to 
 denote the union of the thirteen colonies. The American flag, '■ Stars and Stripes," 
 was adopted by Congress on the 14th of June, 1777. " The thirteen stars were arranged 
 in a circle in order better to express the union of the states. In 1794, there having 
 been two new states added to the Union, it was voted that the alternate stripes, as well 
 as the circling stars, be fifteen in number, and the flag, as thus altered and enlarged, 
 was the one which was borne through all the contests of the war of 1812. But it was 
 thought that the flag would at length become too large if a new stripe should be 
 added with every new state. It was therefore enacted, in 1818, that a permanent re- 
 turn should be made to the original number of thirteen stripes, and that the number 
 of stars should henceforth correspond to the growing number of states." — Rev. A. P. 
 Piitninii. 
 
 Map Questions. — Where is Annapolis (Map, p. 347) f Mount Vernon f 
 
1783] ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION 177 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 Events to the Adoption of the Constitution 
 
 1. Condition of the Country. — At the close of the war 
 the people, although they had gained their independence, 
 had a host of troubles to contend with. There was no 
 money, for all had been spent in the war. There was very 
 little wealth in the country, for its commerce had been 
 ruined, its agriculture and manufactures in \yc\x\. neglected, 
 and a great deal of its property destroyed. Its currency 
 had become so reduced in value as to be almost worthless. 
 
 2. Difficulties with the Army — Conduct of Wash- 
 ington. — Congress was greatly embai-rassed by the want of 
 the means to pay the army ; and the latter, not fully real- 
 izing the difficulties, became greatly dissatisfied, consider- 
 ing themselves treated with ingratitude and injustice. 
 Some of the officers were so indignant that they entered 
 into a secret combination to make Washington king, 
 thinking that thus they could acquire a recompense for 
 their toils and sufferings. When, however, they made the 
 proposal to him, he rejected it with indignation, and re- 
 buked them for their selfishness and want of j>atriotism. 
 Soon afterwards, arrangements were made by which Con- 
 gress satisfied the claims of both officers and soldiers. 
 
 3. Disbanding the Army — Evacuation of New 
 York. — On the 3d of iS^ovember, 1783, the patriot army 
 was disbanded, and nearly all were allowed to return to 
 
 Text Questions.— 1. Troubles at the close of the Revolution ? 2. How was Con- 
 gress embarrassed ': Conduct of the army ? Of Washington ? Arrangements made 
 by Congress '■ 3. When was the army disbanded ? Evacuation of >rew York ? 
 
 13 
 
OSOBGE WASBIKOTOIT 
 
1783] ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION 179 
 
 their homes. On the 25th of that month, the British 
 evacuated New York ; and a detachment of American 
 troops under General Knox marched into the city and 
 took jjossession. It must have been a glorious day for the 
 people, who so long had been, as it were, subjects of the 
 '' Britisii red-coats.'' "Evacuation-Day" is still cele- 
 brated in the metropolis of the Union. 
 
 4. Retirement of Washington. — On the same day, 
 Washington called his officers together, and " with a heart 
 full of love and gratitude," bade them farewell. Few 
 could restrain their tears as they took the hand of their 
 revered commander at this final parting. He then re- 
 paired to Annapolis, where Congress was in session, and 
 formally resigned his commission as commander-in-chief.^ 
 The next day (December 24), he reached his home at 
 Mount Yernon, wiiich he had been able to visit but once 
 since he took command of the army. 
 
 5. Defects of the Articles of Confederation. — It was 
 soon found that the Articles of Confederation gave too 
 little power to the general government to enable it to pay 
 the debts incurred during the war. Congress could not 
 levy taxes; it could only call upon the States to raise 
 money. This the States were backward in doing, either 
 
 * After expressing his congratulations on the close of the war, he thus concluded : 
 "Having now finished the work assig^ied me, I retire from the great theater of action, 
 and bidding an affectionate farewell to this august body, under whose orders I have so 
 long acted, I here offer my commission, and take my leave of all the employments of 
 public life." To this impressive address, General Mifflin, the president of Congress, 
 made an appropriate and touching response. 
 
 4. Parting of Washington with his officers ? Resigning his commission ? WTien 
 did he reach his home ? 5. What defect was found to exist in the Articles of Con- 
 federation ? What was the result of this ? 
 
180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1787 
 
 because the people were too poor to pay the taxes imposed, 
 or from jealousy of Congress. Thus the American people 
 were in clanger of losing the fruits of their great triumph 
 over the Britisl) government. 
 
 6. Shays's Insurrection. — In some of the States there 
 was great opposition to the measures of taxation adopted. 
 In Massachusetts, an insurrection broke out under a leader 
 named Daniel Shays, which caused considerable alarm ; 
 but it was put down by a strong force under General 
 Lincoln, with but little bloodshed (1787). This attempt 
 to overturn tlie government, generally known as "Shays's 
 Eebellion," showed still more clearly the need of strength- 
 ening the lumds of Congress. 
 
 7. Adoption of the Constitution — Accordingly, a con- 
 vention met on the 23d of May, 1787, at Phihideiphia, for 
 the purpose of amending the Articles of Confederation, so 
 as to establish a more complete union of the States. 
 AVashington was elected president of this Convention. 
 After about four months" deliberation, a new Constitution 
 was adopted, and sent forth to receive the assent of the 
 individual States. Within a year, eleven of the States 
 ratified it ; and as, by the terms of the insti'ument, the 
 consent of nine States was to be sufficient for its adojition, 
 it went into effect on the 4tli of March. 1789. 
 
 8. Election of Washington as President. — The first 
 election of president resulted in tlie uiuminious choice of 
 
 6. What insurrection broke out ? Its cause ? How put down ? What did it prove ? 
 7. What convention met ? Where? For what purpose y Its president ? What did it 
 accomplish ? When was the Constitution ratified ? By how many Slates ? Wlien did 
 it go into effect ? 8. Result of the first election ? Feelings of Wasliington at being 
 called from his retirement ? 
 
1789] 
 
 ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 181 
 
 Washington for that high office. Jolm Adams was, at the 
 same time, chosen vice-president. It was witli great regret 
 that Washington again left his quiet home, to engage in 
 public affairs. He knew that the task imposed upon him 
 
 INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON 
 
 Avould be one of great difficulty and trial ; but his country 
 called him, being in need of his services, and lie obeyed. 
 
 g. W^ashington's Journey to the Capital. — On his 
 journey to New York, the people everywhere greeted him 
 with expressions of the deepest respect and gratitude. All 
 recognized in him the "Father of his Country." At 
 
 9. How did the people greet him on his journey to the capital ? What occuired at 
 Trenton ? 
 
m mSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1789 
 
 Treuton, the sceue of his victory in the darkest hour of 
 the revolutionary struggle, a triumphal arch of laurels and 
 flowers was thrown across the stream,* bearing the inscrip- 
 tion, " The Defender of the Mothers will be the Protector 
 of the Daughters.'' 
 
 10. Inauguration of Washington. — The ceremony of 
 inauguration occurred on the 30tli of April, 1789. f 
 Washington took the oath of office on the balcony of the 
 Senate Chamber, in the new Federal Hall, in Wall Street, 
 where the United States Treasury now stands, in the city 
 of New York. J 
 
 * This arch was erected on the bridge across the Assunpink, which flows through the 
 town into the Delaware River. 
 
 t Congress ought to have met on the 4th of March, but owing to a delay in the arrival 
 of members, for traveling was very slow and difficult in those days, a quorum was not 
 secured till the 30th. The inauguration was further delayed by a question which arose 
 as to the title by which the President sliould be addressed. To the great relief and 
 satisfaction of Washington, it was finally decided that the title should be simply "The 
 President of the United States." This has continued to be the form to the present 
 time. 
 
 } At the close of the ceremony, Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor of New York, 
 exclaimed aloud, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States ! " 
 To which the assembled multitude responded in shouts of joyful applause. New York 
 city was then the capital of the LTnited States. 
 
 10. When did the inauguration occur? Where ? Describe the proceedings. 
 
TOPICS FOR REVIEW 
 
 183 
 
 TOPICS FOR REVIEW 
 
 Numbers refer to pages of the book 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Who icere they ? 
 
 With u'hat events connected? 
 
 Airy other facts '? 
 
 Benjamin Fraukliu 137, 139, 144, 156 
 
 John Adams 134, 180 
 
 Ethan Allen 137 
 
 Benedict Arnold.. 137, 141, 155,104,166,171 
 
 General Putnam 137, 145, 161 
 
 General Warren 137, 140 
 
 General Montgomery 141 , 142 
 
 General Charles Lee 144, 147, 156 
 
 Richard Henry Lee 144 
 
 John Hancock 145 
 
 General Mercer 149 
 
 La Fayette 150, 175 
 
 Pulaski 150 
 
 General Schuyler 153, 154 
 
 General Stark 154 
 
 General Gates 154, 103 
 
 General Lincoln .160, 163, 179 
 
 Paul Jones 162 
 
 General Wayne 161 
 
 Baron de Kalb 163, 175 
 
 General Marion 164 
 
 Major Andre 165, 166 
 
 Robert Morris 107 
 
 Kosciusko 175 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Where are they ? 
 
 With what events connected ? 
 
 New York 129, 145, 179, 181 
 
 Boston 130, 131, 133, 138, 142 
 
 Philadelphia 13:3, 140, 149, 156, 180 
 
 Concord 136 
 
 Ticonderoga 137, 152 
 
 Quebec 141 
 
 Charleston 144, 102 
 
 Brooklyn 145 
 
 White Plains 146 
 
 Morristown 149 
 
 Chad's Ford 149 
 
 Valley Forge 151 
 
 Bennington 153 
 
 Saratoga 154 
 
 Savannah 159, 160 
 
 Brier Creek 160 
 
 Stono Ferry 160 
 
 Camden 163, 169 
 
 Cowpens 168 
 
 Guilford Court House 168 
 
 Eutaw Springs 169 
 
 Yorktown 171 
 
 New London 171 
 
 Annapolis 179 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 When did the event occur f 
 Circumstances leading to it and connect- 
 ed with it ? 
 
 Passage of the Stamp Act 128 
 
 Meeting of the Colonial Congress 129 
 
 Boston Massacre 131 
 
 Boston Tea Party 132 
 
 Meeting of the First Continental Con- 
 gress 133 
 
 Battle of Lexington 136, 137 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill 1:38, 140 
 
 Evacuation of Boston by the British . . 143 
 
 Declaration of Independence 144 
 
 Battle of Long Island 145, 146 
 
 Battle of Trenton 147 
 
 Taking of Philadelphia by the British. 149 
 
 Battle of Germantowu 150 
 
 Surrender of Burgoyne 153, 154, 155 
 
 Treaty with France 155 
 
 Battle of Monmouth 156 
 
 Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry 
 
 Valley 158, 159 
 
 Battle of Chemung 161, 162 
 
 Capture of Charleston by the British.. 162 
 
 Battle of Camden 163 
 
 Treason of Arnold 164, 165, 166 
 
 Surrender of Cornwallis 169, 171 
 
 Treaty of Peace with Great Britain 172 
 
 Adoption of Articles of Confedera- 
 tion 176 
 
 Adoption of American Flag 176 
 
 Shays's Insurrection 180 
 
 Adoption of the Constitution 180 
 
PEEIOD III 
 
 From the Inauguration of Washington to the Present 
 
 Time 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 Washington's Administration 
 
 I. The Union and the Government. — With the in- 
 auguration of Washiugtou commences the history of this 
 
 country as the United States. 
 Previous to that time, tlie 
 Union had heen only a simple 
 confederation, or league of 
 States; hut the adoption of 
 
 the Constitution by the 
 People of the States, made 
 it national. The govern- 
 ment, by the Constitution, 
 is vested in Congress, which 
 is the law-making power ; 
 the President, who is the ex- 
 ecutive power, or that which enforces the law ; and the 
 Supreme Court, which is the jiulicial power, or that 
 
 SEAL or THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Text Questions. — 1. What change had occurred in the character of the Union ? 
 Describe the general form of the government established ? 
 
WASHING TON 'S ADMINISTRA TION 
 
 185 
 
186 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1791 
 
 which explains tlie laws wlieuever their meaning is called 
 in question. 
 
 2. Washington's Cabinet. — Washington, on taking 
 the presidential chair, called to his aid, as his cabinet, or 
 body of advisers, the ablest men in the country that he 
 could select. Thomas Jefferson was chosen Secl'etary of 
 State; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; 
 General Knox, Secretary of War; and Edmund Kandolph, 
 Attorney-O en era] . 
 
 3. Financial Measures. — The first great difficulty was 
 to provide for the payment of the debts incurred in carr}^- 
 
 ing on the late war. The plan 
 proposed by Hamilton was 
 adopted ; and thus the credit of 
 the country Avas established. In 
 1790, the capital was removed to 
 Philadelj^hia, where, the next 
 year, a United States Bank was 
 established. 
 
 4. Admission of States. — Pre- 
 vious to this (in 1789 and 1790), 
 
 the states of North Carolina and Ehode Island, which had 
 
 at first refused to ratify the Constitution, adopted it. 
 
 This made the number of states in the Union thirteen. 
 
 To these, in 1791, Avas added Vermont, the first new state.* 
 
 SEAL OF VERMONT 
 
 * Vermont was formed from territory which had been claimed by New York and 
 New Hampshire, the former founding its claim on the grants made by Charles U., to 
 the Diike of York, the latter on the colonial charter which it received when it was first 
 settled. New Hampshire was the most active in the settlement of the territory ; her 
 
 2. Who were appointed members of the cabinet ? 3. What was the first difficulty ? 
 How was it removed ? What was established in 1V91 ? In 1792 ? 4. What other 
 states ratified the Constitution ? What new states were admitted ? 
 
1794] 
 
 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 187 
 
 In 1793, Kentucky was admitted, and in 1796, Ten- 
 nessee.* 
 
 5. Whisky Insurrection. — In 1791, Congress imposed 
 a duty on domestic liquors. Tliis caused great discontent 
 in several quarters, but partic- 
 ularly in western Pennsylvania, 
 where, in 1794, the people rose 
 in rebellion, and tlireatened tlie 
 revenue officers with violence if 
 they attempted to collect the tax. 
 Washington's proclamation not 
 being heeded, he called out the 
 militia, to the number of fifteen 
 
 thousand, and in this way quelled the insurrection without 
 bloodshed. 
 
 6. Indian War. — The Indians on the northwestern 
 frontier were very hostile, and committed dreadful atro- 
 cities on the settlers. Washington sent a force under 
 General Harmar to subdue them, but he was defeated 
 (1790). A force under St. Clair, was surprised and de- 
 feated with heavy loss in 1791; and it was not until 1794, 
 
 SEAL OP KENTUCKY 
 
 governor, duriug a period of eight years (from 1760 to 1768), having made more than 
 a hundred township grants within its limits. These, with other grants afterward 
 made, were known as the "New Hampshire Grants." Before the Revolution, New 
 York succeeded In obtaining jurisdiction over the territory, through a decision of the 
 king. The people, however, resisted the government thus established till 1791, when 
 New York relinquished her claim for thirty-one thousand dollars, and Vermont was 
 admitted into the Union. 
 
 ♦Kentucky was previously a part of Virginia, and Tennessee, of North Carolina. 
 These states, when admitted, were, however, formed from the territory south of the 
 Ohio, known as the Southwest Territory. 
 
 5. What was the cause of the Whisky Insurrection ? How was it put down ? 6. 
 What Indian war broke out ? Who were defeated ? W'ho defeated the Indians ? 
 When and where ? Result of this victory ? Describe the Maumee R. (Map, p. 200) ? 
 
188 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1795 
 
 that these warlike savages were subdued. In that year 
 they were defeated by General Wayne, in a desperate 
 
 battle fought on tlie banks 
 of the Mauniee Eiver. 
 After this victory, Wayne 
 pursued them for a con- 
 siderable distance, laid 
 waste their towns in all 
 directions, and thus com- 
 pelled them to make a 
 treaty by which they gave 
 u}) their claim to this part 
 of the country. 
 
 7. Foreign Affairs. — 
 The French being at war 
 with England, expected to receive aid from this country ; 
 and many of the American people, grateful to their old allies, 
 were desirous of giving it. Washington, however, feeling 
 that the country was too much embarrassed to render any 
 effectual assistance, and that to attempt it, would imperil 
 its liberties, recommended a neutral policy. The French 
 minister tried to involve the United States in the war, by 
 
 DANIEL BOONE * 
 
 * Daniel Boone, the pioneer in tlie settlement of Kentucky, was born in Penn- 
 sylvania in 1735, and died ii\ ISIissoiiri in isao. At the age of eighteen, he went with 
 his father's family to North Carolina, where, a few years later, he was married. 
 After making several hunting excursions, he set out, in 1760, with live companions, to 
 exi)lore the Kentucky country. During the next twenty-five years, his life, as an 
 explorer, pioneer, hunter, guide, and settler, was the most prominent one in the 
 history of that region. He had many encounters with the Indians, and was three 
 times captured, but in each case effected his escape. In 1775, he built a fort on the 
 Kentucky River, around which grew up the settlement and village of Boonsboro'. 
 After Kentucky was admitted into the Union, Boone removed to Missouri. 
 
 7. What difficulties occurred with France ? 
 
1795] 
 
 WASHING TON'S ADMINISTRA TION 
 
 189 
 
 fitting out privateers in 
 
 American ])orts ; but at 
 
 Washington's request he 
 
 was recalled. 
 
 8. Difficulties had also 
 
 arisen with England, but 
 
 these were disposeil of l)y a 
 
 treaty negotiated by John 
 
 Jay, Chief Justice,* who 
 
 had been sent as a special 
 
 envoy for the jiurpose. 
 
 Many of the people were much oppo.-ed to this treaty, as 
 
 it seemed to favor the British government ; and it was 
 ratified by the Senate and Wasli- 
 ington only after the most deter- 
 mined opposition (1705). 
 
 g. A short time before this, a 
 treaty was made with Algiers, by 
 whicli the American citizens wlio 
 were held as captives and slaves 
 by that barbarous power, were 
 released, and the commerce of 
 
 the Mediterranean opened to American ships. 
 
 lo. Retirement of V^ashington. — Washington had 
 
 now served nearly eight yeai's, having been unanimously 
 
 * John Jay was born in New York City in 1745. He was a member of the " First 
 Continental Congress," rendered important aid in favor of the adoption of the Consti- 
 tution, and was the first Chief Justice of the United States, which office he resigned on 
 his return from England, in 179,5. 
 
 SEAL OF TENNESSEE 
 
 8. With England ? Jay's Treaty ? 9. What treaty was made with Algiers ? 10. 
 How long had Washington served ': Why did he retire ? What did be issue pre- 
 vjously ? Where is Mount Veraon (Map, p. 206) ? 
 
190 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1797 
 
 re-elected in 1792 ; and in 1796 he was again urged to be 
 a candidate, but he positively declined, for the country, 
 being at peace with the world and in a prosi^erous condi- 
 tion, could, he felt, dispense with his services. In that 
 year he gave to his countrymen his ''Farewell Address ;" 
 and on the 4th of March succeeding, again went into 
 retirement at Mount Vernon. 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 
 Administrations of Adams and Jefferson 
 
 I. Inauguration of John Adams. — John Adams, 
 having received a majority of all the electoral votes, was 
 
 chosen as the second presi- 
 dent, and Thomas Jefferson 
 was at the same time elected 
 Vice-President. The inaug- 
 uration of Adams took place 
 at Philadelphia on the 4th 
 of March, 1797. 
 
 2. Hostilities of France. 
 — The French government 
 showed a marked hostility to 
 the United States ; for the 
 refusal of the latter to be 
 involved in a war with Eng- 
 land, on account of France, and the ratification of Jay's 
 
 Text Questions 1. Who were chosen president and vice-president ? When did 
 
 the inauguration talie place ? 2. What made France hostile ? What outrages were 
 committed ? 
 
 .lollN ADAM:^ 
 
1797] 
 
 ADAMS AND JEFFERSON 
 
 191 
 
 treaty by the Senate, liad deeply offended tlie French. On 
 this account their vessels on the ocean insulted the United 
 States flag, and captured our merchant ships ; while at the 
 
 MOUNT VERNON * 
 
 capital of France the envoys sent by this country were 
 refused a hearing, f 
 
 3. War with France — Peace made. — ^Congress 
 
 * Mount Vernon, the home of Washinfiiion and the place of his burial, is situated on 
 the western bank of the Potomac, fifteen miles from W^ashington city. The place, 
 comprising the mansion, the tomb, and two hundred acres of the original estate, was 
 sold, in 1858, by John A. Washington, a nephew of George Washington, to the 
 "Ladies' Mount Vernon Association" for two hundred thousand dollars. "It is the 
 design of the association to hold it in perpetuity as a place of public resort and 
 pilgrimage." 
 
 + These envoys were met by tlie demand of a large sum of money, under the name 
 of a loan to the French government ; and some of its officers also demanded bribes. 
 Charles C. Pinckney, one of the envoys, indignantly replied to this demand : " Millions 
 for defense, but not one cent for tribute ; " and this became the universal cry of the 
 American nation. 
 
 3. Measures adopted by Congress ? Who was called to command the army ? With 
 whom was peace made ? W^hat hostilities on the ocean had occurred ? 
 
192 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1799 
 
 adopted measures to protect the country and its commerce 
 against attack. An act was passed to equip a navy and 
 raise an army ; and Washington was once more called upon 
 to take the command of the land forces. Again sacrificing 
 the comforts of retirement, he accepted ; but the army was 
 never raised, for the French government was soon after- 
 ward overturned, and peace was made with Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, the head of the new government (1800). Pre- 
 viously, however, there had been hostilities at sea, during 
 which one of the French frigates had been captured by the 
 American frigate Constellation (1799). 
 
 4. Death of Washington.— Washington did not live to 
 see 2)eace restored. He died at Mount Vernon on the 14th 
 
 of December, 1799. The 
 whole nation mourned his 
 loss, as the saddest of be- 
 reavements ; and the high- 
 est honors were paid to 
 him, whom all acknowl- 
 edged to have been the 
 " first in peace, first in 
 war, and first in the hearts 
 of his countrymen." 
 
 5. Removal of the 
 Capital. — In the summer 
 of 1800, in accordance 
 with a law passed in 1790, the capital of the United States 
 was removed from Philadelphia to a place on the banks of 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON 
 
 4. When did the death of Washington occur ? Honors paid to him ? 5, Removal 
 of the Capital ? 
 
1801J ADAMS AND JEFFERSON 193 
 
 THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON 
 
 the Potomac, which liad been selected by Washington, 
 and named in his honor the City of Washingtox. 
 
 6. Election of Jefferson and Burr — Adams's adminis- 
 tration histed only four years. Towards the close of it a 
 fierce struggle took place between the two great political 
 parties of the day, the Federalists and the Eepublicans, 
 which resulted finally in the choice of Thomas Jefferson 
 for President, and Aaron Burr for Vice-President.* The 
 inauguration took j^lace at the new capital on the 4th of 
 March, 1801. 
 
 7. Admission of Ohio. — A new state (Ohio) 'was ad- 
 mitted to the Union in 1803. This state was formed from 
 the Ohio Territory, which had previously been a part of 
 
 * There was no choice by the electors, and consequently the election went to the 
 House of Representatives, where, after a week's contest, Jefferson finally succeeded in 
 obtaining a majority of. the States in his favor, which elected him. Jefferson andBurr 
 were Republican candidates. 
 
 6. Successors of Adams and Jefferson ? Date of inauguration ? 7. When was 
 Ohio admitted ? From what territory formed ? 
 13 
 
194 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1803 
 
 bEAL (JF ODIO 
 
 the Xorthwest Territory, the region lying north of the 
 Ohio River. 
 
 8. Purchase of Louisiana In 1803 the United States 
 
 purchased from France, for $15,- 
 000,000, an immense tract of hind 
 lying chiefly west of the Mississippi 
 River, called Lonisiaua. This se- 
 cured the free navigation of that 
 river to tlio United States. 
 
 g. Expedition to the Medi- 
 terranean — 111 the same year, an 
 expedition was sent to the Medi- 
 terranean, to repress the piracies of the Barbary States, 
 which constantly sent out armed vessels to capture the 
 merchant ships of other nations, and make slaves of their 
 crews. It was a common custom for nations to pay tribute 
 to these states, to obtain freedom from their attacks. This, 
 however, did not restrain their hostility and insolence ; and 
 a fleet under Commodore Preble was sent against them. 
 
 10. Loss of the Philadelphia. — Preble first entered the 
 port of Morocco, and after exacting terms of the emperor, 
 sailed eastward, with the view to make an attack on 
 Tripoli, the Bashaw of which had declared war upon the 
 United States. Captain Bainbridge's ship, the Phila- 
 delphia, while sailing in the harbor of Tripoli, grounded, 
 and was, in consequence, captured by the Tripolitans, and 
 her crew made slaves. 
 
 8. Wliatterritory was pill-chased in 1803 ? For what sura ? What was thus secured ? 
 9. What expedition was sent out ? For what purpose ? 10. Where did Preble first 
 proceed ? What disaster occurred at Tripoli ? 
 
1804] 
 
 ADA3IS AND JEFFERSON 
 
 195 
 
 II. Brave Exploit of Lieutenant Decatur. — As it 
 
 was deemed to be very important tliat the vessel should be 
 
 recaptured or <h'vtio\ed, Lieu- 
 teiKint (.iftet w.iid C'ommodoie) 
 Decatur undertook the task. 
 With a few brave comrades, he entered the harbor on the 
 night of the 15th of February, 1804, boarded the Phila- 
 delphia, killed or drove into the sea tlie Tripolitans in 
 charge of her, and after setting the vessel on fire, escaped 
 without losing a man. A short time afterward, a treaty of 
 peace was made with the Bashaw. 
 
 12. Duel between Hamilton and Burr. — In 1804, 
 occurred the unfortunate duel between the Vice-President,- 
 
 11. How recaptured and destroyed ? What occurred soon after this ? 12. What 
 fluel occurred in J804 ? What \y/is its cause ? Who fell ? The result of the duel ? 
 
196 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1806 
 
 
 ALEXANUEi: IIA.MII.TON 
 
 Burr,* and Alexander Hamilton,! which was brought 
 about by a political quarrel. It was fought at Wee- 
 
 hawken, on the west bank 
 of the Hudson, opposite 
 Xew York, and Hauiilton 
 fell at the first fire. The 
 death of a man so distin- 
 guished and so highly es- 
 teemed, and in so sad a 
 manner, occasioned very 
 great excitement. Burr 
 lost all his political influ- 
 ence by the event, and 
 fell into almost universal 
 disrespect. 
 13. Trial of Burr for Treason. — Two years afterward, 
 he became engaged in organizing a secret expedition at 
 the West, which was suspected of being of a treasonable 
 character. Tliough acquitted, on the trial, of the charge 
 of treason, it was generally believed that he was guilty of 
 
 * Aaron Burr was born in New Jersey, in 1756, and graduated at Princeton College. 
 He accompanied Arnold in tiie expedition against Canada, and distinguished himself 
 in the battles of Quebec and Monmouth. He died at Staten Island, N. Y., in 183G. 
 Burr was a man of extraordinary genius and ability, but was deficient in moral 
 principle. 
 
 + Hamilton was born in one of the West India Islands, in 17.57. At the age of 
 thirteen lie \\as sent to New York to be educated. At the beginning of the Revolu- 
 tion he was one of the first to take up arms in behalf of the patriots, performing a 
 creditable jiart as captain of an artillery company in the battle of Long Island. By 
 his intelligence and activity he attracted the attention of Washington ; and after the 
 battles of Trenton and Princeton, in both of which he took part, he accepted an 
 invitation from Washington to take a place on his staff as aid-de-camp. He was 
 engaged in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. 
 
 13. For what was Burr tried ? Result of the trial ? His probable design ? 
 
1807] ADAMS AND JEFFERSON 197 
 
 an intention to dismember the Union bj separating the 
 Western from the Atlantic states, and founding an inde- 
 pendent empire beyond the Allegliany Mountains, over 
 which he miglit bear rule. 
 
 14. Difficulties with Great Britain — Great Britain 
 and France were at war at this time, and the United 
 States endeavored to carry out its policy of being neutral. 
 The powerful British navy having swept from the ocean 
 nearly all the vessels of France, American ships found full 
 employment in currying merchandise into French ports. 
 To check this, the British government declared the ports 
 of France and her allies to be in a state of blockade. 
 Napoleon, who was at the head of the French government, 
 declared a blockade of the British islands. In consequence 
 of these measures, very many American vessels were seized, 
 and our commerce with Evirojie was nearly ruined. 
 
 15. The Right of Search. — ^A still greater grievance 
 of the Americans was the so-called '' right of search,'*' by 
 which Great Britain claimed to have the right to search 
 American vessels on the ocean, and to take from them all 
 sailors of English birth, for the purpose of impressing 
 them, that is, compelling them to serve in the British navy. 
 
 16. Affair of the Leopard and Chesapeake In the 
 
 summer of 1807, an event occurred which greatly increased 
 the popular excitement against England. The British 
 frigate Leopard, cruising in American waters, demanded 
 permission to search the American frigate Chesapeake, 
 
 14. What caused difficulties with Great Britain? 15. What other grievance had 
 tlie United States ? 16. Give an account of the affair between the Chesapealie and 
 the Leopard. 
 
198 niSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES; [1809 
 
 then oiT the coast of Virginia, alleging that there were 
 British deserters on board. As this was refused, she fired 
 into the Chesa])eake, and the latter, being unprepared for 
 action, struck her colors, after l)aving twenty-one of her 
 crew killed or wounded. Four persons, asserted to be 
 deserters, were then carried on board the Leopard, but 
 three of them, as was afterwards proved, were native 
 Americans. 
 
 17. President's Proclamation. — This outrage jn-ovoked 
 the President to issue a proclutnation forbidding British 
 armed vessels to enter the ports or waters of the United 
 States. The British goverument })rofessed not to approve 
 the conduct (;f the commander of the Leopard ; but 
 nothing was done to atone for the injury until four years 
 afterward. 
 
 18. The Embargo. — In retaliation for the injuries in- 
 flicted by Eughiiul upon American commerce. Congress, in 
 1807, laid an embargo upon American vessels, forbidding 
 them to leave port. This measure, being ruinous to the 
 shipping interests of this country, was very much con- 
 demned bv the people, and made the aduiinistration un- 
 popular. The Act was soon afterward repealed, and a law 
 passed ]»rohibiting all intercourse with Eugland or France. 
 
 19. Retirement of Jefferson. — lu 1809. Jetferson's 
 second term having ex})ired. he retired from tlie office of 
 president, and was succeeded by James Madison, of Vir- 
 ginia, the fourth president of the United States. 
 
 17. Proclamation of the President ? Conduct of Great Brit^iin ? 18. What measure 
 was adopted by Congress ? Its effect ? What law was subsequently passed ? 19. 
 When did Jefferson's second ter.n expire ? Who succeeded him ? 
 
1811] 
 
 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 19d 
 
 CITAPTKR XVI 
 
 Madison's Administration 
 
 1. Indian Confederation— Battle of Tippecanoe.— 
 Before Madison became presi- 
 dent, the Indians on the 
 western frontier, influenced by 
 British emissaries, and led on 
 by their great cliief Tecumseh, 
 began to form a confederacy 
 against the Uuiteil States. To 
 check their lio.sti lilies, (jeneral 
 Harrison was sent to tlie West, 
 and in the important battle of 
 Tippecanoe (in the western 
 part of Indiana), defeated 
 them with great loss (1811). 
 
 2. War Declared — Invasion of Canada. — As the 
 British still continued their unjust chiiuis and measures,* 
 
 * " Upwards of six thousand cases of alleged iniijressnients were recorded (at Wash- 
 ington). ... It was admitted by tlie British government that there might have 
 been, at the commencement of the year 1811, sixteen hundred bona fide American 
 citizens serving by compulsion in tlie British fleet. . . . Upon the brealiiiig out of 
 hostilities, twenty-five hundred impressed sailors, still claiming to be American 
 citizens, and refusing to fight against their country, were committed to Dartmoor and 
 other prisons (in England), where most of them were detained till the end of the war." 
 —nUdreth''s Hist/jry of the United States. 
 
 .JAMES MADlhOX 
 
 Map Questions.— (Map, p. 200.) What river runs from Lake St. Clair to Lake 
 Erie 'i Auk. The Detroit. Name four places, found on the map, that are, or were, on 
 the Detroit Uivcr. What river flows into Lake St. Clair from the east '' What battle 
 was fought on that river ? Where was Ft. Minis (Map, p. 203i ': Tohoixjka ': Platt»- 
 burg (Map, p. l.'yl) ? Chippewa (Map, p. 204) ? Lundy's Lane '! 
 
 Text Questions. — 1. What confederation was formed ? Through whose influence ? 
 What victory was gained by General Harrison '; 2. When was war declared ? Who 
 invaded Canada '; Where was Hull besicge<] ? 
 
300 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1812 
 
 Congress declared war 
 against Great Britain 
 in June, 1812 ; and 
 the next month, Gen- 
 eral Hull, the governor 
 of Michigan Territory, 
 crossed the Detroit 
 Eiver, and invaded 
 Canada. After some 
 operations of little im- 
 portance, he recrossed 
 the river, and took 
 post at Detroit, where 
 he was besieged by 
 
 General Brock,* with a force of British and Indians, 
 3. Surrender of Detroit by 
 
 Hull. — The Americans felt confi- 
 dent of victory in the expected 
 
 battle ; but, to their surprise and 
 
 indignation, Hull ordered a white 
 
 flag to be hoisted, and gave up 
 
 the place without a blow (August 
 
 16). By this act, the whole of 
 
 Michigan Territory passed into 
 
 the hands of the British. Hull, two years after, was tried 
 
 by court-martial, pronounced guilty of cowardice and sen- 
 
 SEAL OF LOUISIANA 
 
 * General Brock was killed the same year at Queenstown, which the Americans 
 invaded Canada to attack. The latter were, however, repulsed with considerable loss 
 (Oct. 13). 
 
 3. What surrender was made ? Its result ? Punishment of Hull ? 
 
1813] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION 201 
 
 tenced to be shot ; but, on account of his Eevolutionary 
 services, lie was paz'doned by the President.* 
 
 4. Victories on the Ocean. — In 1812, the Americans 
 met witli nothing but disaster in their operations on land ; 
 but on tlie ocean, several brilliant victories gained by Cap- 
 tain Hull, Commodore Decatur, and others, retrieved the 
 honor of the country. Of these the most noted were the 
 capture of the British frigate Guerriere {gdre-e-ere) by the 
 Constitution, under Captain Hull ; that of the Macedonian 
 by the United States, under Commodore Decatur ; and 
 that of tiie Java by the Constitution, under Captain Bain- 
 bridge, — the second victory gained by this vessel (after- 
 wards called "' Old Ironsides"). American privateers, too, 
 scoured the ocean, and inflicted severe injuries upon 
 British commerce. During the year, more than three 
 hundred vessels, with not less than three thousand prisoners, 
 besides vahiable cargoes, were captured by the Americans. 
 
 5. Victories of Perry and Harrison. — On the 4th of 
 March, 1813, ^Vladison commenced his second term ; and it 
 was resolved to jjrosecute the war with vigor. The only 
 victories, however, of any importance, in 1813, were that 
 of Commodore Perry, over a British fleet on Lake Erie 
 (September 10), f and that of General Harrison, over the 
 
 * A series of letters, published in 1824, and a book published at a later day, present 
 nulTi* act of surrendering Detroit in a light more favorable to him than it appeared at 
 his trial. 
 
 t The two fleets met near the western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fought 
 battle of four hours took place. Every vessel of the enemy surrendered. Perry im- 
 
 4. Operations on land and on the ocean ? What naval victories were gained ? What 
 was done by American privateers ? 5. When did Madison's second term begin ? 
 Wliat victory was gained by Commodore Periy ? What by General Harrison ? Result 
 of the latter ? W^hat Indian chief full at the Thames ? 
 
203 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1813 
 
 British and Indians, at the Thames River, in Canada 
 (October 5). In the latter engagement, the Indian Chief 
 
 PERRY AT THE BATTLE OP LAKE ERIE 
 
 Tecumseh was shot. By these two victories the Ameri- 
 cans regained Michigan Territory. 
 
 6. War with the Creeks.— In the spring of 1813, the 
 Indians of the South (the Creeks) were visited by Te- 
 cumseh and persuaded to take up arms against the whites. 
 In pursuance of the plan agreed upon, fifteen hundred 
 Creek warriors surjirised Fort ^lims, in Alabama, and 
 massacred nearly three hundred persons — men, women, 
 and children. 
 
 7. This savage attack aroused the whole South. Several 
 battles followed, in which the Indians were defeated. At 
 length, a thousaiid warriors made a stand at To-ho-pe'-ka, 
 
 mediately wrote to Harrison, informing him of the victory in the brief but memorable 
 dispatch : "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." This victory established 
 the naval supremacy of the Americans on Lake Erie. 
 
 6. War with the Creeks, its cause ? 7. Final battle ? 
 
1813] 
 
 JIADISOX'S AD^ilNlSftiA TtOK 
 
 203 
 
 where they were routed by General Juckson, on the 27th 
 of March, 1814, with great slaughter. Their subjugation 
 was complete. 
 
 8. Other Operations during 1813. — Operations were 
 undertaken against Canada, at first, under General Dear- 
 born,* and afterwards 
 under General Wilkin- 
 son, but nothing was 
 accomplished. The 
 navy achieved several 
 brilliant victories dur- 
 ing the year ; but one 
 of the most noted 
 events was the battle 
 between the Chesa- 
 jDcake, under Captain 
 Lawrence, and the 
 British frigate Shan- 
 non, commanded by 
 Captain Broke. The two vessels met off Boston Harbor, 
 and, after a terrific contest of fifteen minutes, the Chesa- 
 ])eake Avas boarded by the eneni}', and her flag hauled 
 down. Lawrence was mortally wounded in the early part 
 of the action. f 
 
 * Toward the latter part of April, 1813, Dearborn crossed Lake Ontario, and pi o- 
 ceeded to attack Tork. The troops landed, led by General Pike, and were carrying 
 e%-crything before them, when the enemy's magazine exploded, mortally wounding 
 Pike, and making sad havoc among his men. After a moment's panic they moved on, 
 and were soon in possession of the town. 
 
 + Lawrence had just returned to the United States after a cruise in the sloop-of-war 
 Hornet, during which, off the const of Guiana, he had encountered the British brig 
 
 8. What other operations were undertakea ? Wliat naval operations ? Affair of the 
 Cbesai^eakc and the Shannon ? 
 
204 
 
 BISTORT OF THE UNITED ST^±TES 
 
 [1813 
 
 9. Invasion of Canada. — In March, 1814, .an Ameri- 
 can force under General Wilkinson invaded Canada from 
 Plattsburg; but it was repulsed. Another force, under 
 General Brown, invaded Canada near the Xiagara frontier, 
 and, on the 5th of July, defeated the British at Chippewa. 
 About tliree weeks afterward, the Americans were at- 
 tacked at Lundv's Lane, where occurred the most obsti- 
 nate battle of the war (July ;^5). 
 
 10. Battle of Lundy's Lane — Lieutenant (afterward 
 
 General) Scott, who 
 led the advance, 
 bravely contended 
 against superior num- 
 bers, until the arrival 
 of General Brown. It 
 soon became evident 
 that a batter}^ which 
 the enemy held on a 
 height, an d w h i c h 
 swept all jjarts of the 
 field, must be cap- 
 tured, or the Ameri- 
 cans be defeated. 
 
 Colonel Miller was asked if he could take it. He promptly 
 answered, " I'll try, sir.^' The perilous task was un- 
 
 Peacock, and in fifteen minutes compelled her to strike her colors. On his return he 
 had been promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, which was lying in 
 Boston Harbor. With very imperfect equipments and an ill-assorted crew he sailed 
 out of the harbor, and, the same day, encountered the Shannon. As Lawrence was 
 borne below in a dying condition, he exclaimed, " Don't give up the ship ! "' 
 
 9. What invasions of Canada took place ? What battle was fought near Niagara 
 Falls ? 10. Give an account of the battle of Lundy's Lane. 
 
18UJ MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION 305 
 
 dertaken and accomplished ; and the British, after vain 
 attempts to retake it, and after a contest of six honrs, 
 were compelled to retreat. Brown and Scott were se- 
 verely wounded in this hattle. 
 
 11. Attack on Plattsburg.— In September, Sir George 
 Prevost, the commander-in-chief of the British army in 
 Canada, with a large force, made a movement against 
 Plattsburg, then defended by only a few luindred men, 
 under General Macomb {md-konih'). At tlie same time, 
 the British fleet on Lake Champlain. commanded by Com- 
 modore Downie, sailed to attack tlie American fleet nnder 
 Commodore Macdonongh. 
 
 12. Battle of Lake Champlain. — AVhile the British, 
 from their batteries, commenced the land attack, their 
 fleet engaged Macdonough's vessels, Avhich were at anchor 
 in the bay of Plattsburg. In a little more than two hours, 
 Macdonongh gained a complete victory. The fii'e from the 
 land batteries then slackened ; and at nightfall Prevost made 
 a hasty retreat, having suffered a heavy loss in the attack. 
 
 13. British Naval Operations.— During the greater 
 part of 1814, the whole Atlantic seaboard was locked np 
 by British cruisers, from which descents were made upon 
 small towns. In August, Stonington was bombarded ; but 
 its capture was not effected. A little later in the month, 
 a British squadron entered the Pa-tux'-ent, and landed 
 five thousand men, commanded by General Ross, whose 
 object was the capture of Washington. 
 
 11. What movement was made by the British army and fleet? Where is Lake 
 Champlain (Map, p. 154) ? Plattsburg ? 12. Describe the battle of Lake Champlain. 
 13. The operations of the British fleet on the Atlantic seaboard ? Where is Ston- 
 ington (Map of Connecticut) ? 
 
206 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1814 
 
 14. Taking of Washing- 
 ton — Meeting with very 
 little opposition, lie I'eached 
 the American capital on the 
 24th of August, and destroyed 
 a large amount of j^roperty. 
 After bui'niug tlie ca2:)itol. 
 with its liljrary, tlie Presi- 
 dent's mansion, and other 
 buildings, the enemy made a 
 hasty retreat. In the mean 
 time, a part of the British 
 lleet had ascended the Poto- 
 mac to Alexandria, and com- 
 [)elled the inliabitants to sur- 
 render their merchandise and 
 shipping. 
 
 15. Attack on Baltimore. — Ross next proceeded 
 against Baltimore; but on his march thither, was slain in 
 a skirmish. His forces, checked for a short time by the 
 militia, succeeded in reaching the defenses of the city, 
 prepared to act with the fleet. The bombardment of Fort 
 McHenry was commenced on the morning of September 
 13th, and continued until near the following morning. 
 No serious impression, however, was made on the fort ; 
 and the British, hopeless of success, withdrew.* 
 
 * It was during this bombardment that tlie incident occurred which inspired the 
 composition of the "'Star-spangled Banner." This national ode was written by 
 
 14. The taking of Washington ? What other place was taken ? With what result ? 
 Where is the Patuxent (Map, p. 20(5) ? Washington? Alexandria? Baltimore? 15. 
 What otKcer was killed ? What other place was attacked ? With what result ;■ 
 
1814] 
 
 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 207 
 
 KEY AND THE STAR-!^PANGLED BANNER 
 
 i6. Movements of General Jackson. — There were 
 other operations in the South during the year. The 
 British were repulsed from Mobile ; and Jackson, finding 
 that the Spanish port, Pensacola, w^as used by the enemy 
 as a base of operatioiis, marched to the place, and boldly 
 seizing it, compelled the British to leave. Learning that 
 
 Francis S. Key, an American detained on board one of the bombarding vessels. He 
 had watched with painful anxiety during the day the national flag as it floated above 
 the ramparts of the fort ; and during the night, the glare of the " bombs bursting in 
 air," showed the stars and stripes still waving in triumph. The song expresses his 
 exultation at beholding, "by the dawn's early light," that the flag still floated over 
 the fort. 
 
 16. What occurred in the South ? Where is Pensacola (Map, p. 203) ? Mobile ? 
 New Orleans ? 
 
208 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES 
 
 [1815 
 
 an invasion of Louisiana was threatened, he hastened, to 
 New Orleans, in order to put it in a state of defense. 
 
 17. Battle of New Orleans. — On the 8th of January, 
 1815, the British, twelve thousand strong, commanded by 
 Sir Edward Pakenham {pak'n-am), made a general ad- 
 vance against the American intrenchments before New 
 Orleans. Volley after volley was poured upon them with 
 sucii terrible effect, that they were compelled to flee. 
 Pakenham was slain, and two thousand of his men were 
 
 killed, wounded, or taken pris- 
 oners. The Americans lost only 
 seven killed and six wounded.* 
 
 18. Porter's Cruise Dur- 
 ing 1814, the naval operations 
 of the Americans were gener- 
 ally successful. Tlie frigate 
 Esses, under Captain Porter, 
 made a successful cruise of 
 more than a year, but was finally 
 attacked in the harbor of Val- 
 paraiso {vald-jiah-ri'-so), March 
 28th, by two British vessels, and after one of the most 
 desperate conflicts of the war, was forced to surrender. 
 
 COMMODORE POKTEK 
 
 * The American Commissioners had signed the treaty of peace with Great Britain 
 more than a fortnight before this bloody battle was fought. " O Morse, O Field, why 
 were >ou not ready with your Oceanic Telegraph then, to tell those men of both 
 armies, when they woke (on the morning of the 8th of January), that they were not 
 enemies, but friends and brothers, and send them joyful it.to each other's arms, not in 
 madness against each other's arms ? ^'—Pa7'fon's Life of Jackson. 
 
 17. Describe the battle of New Orleans ? 18. What is said of the naval opera- 
 tions during 1814 ? Of Captain Porter's cruise ? Where is Valparaiso (Map of South 
 America) ? 
 
1815] 
 
 3IADIS0N\S AD3IiyiSTliA TION 
 
 209 
 
 ig. Treaty of Peace — In February, 1815, the joyful 
 tidiugs reached the United States, that a treaty of peace 
 had been signed at Ghent, on tlie 24tli of December, of the 
 preceding year. This treaty settled none of tlie important 
 issues which had caused the war — the encroachments upon 
 American commerce, the right of search, and the impress- 
 ment of British seamen who had become American natur- 
 alized citizens. Tlie close of the war between England 
 and France, however, rendered it unnecessary, at the time, 
 to settle these questions. 
 
 20. Decatur's Expedition. — During the war, the Alge- 
 rines, resuming their old j^ractice of piracy, had seized 
 several American vessels, and insulted and plundered the 
 consul of the United States. A naval force, under 
 Decatur, in 1815 compelled the 
 
 Barbary States — Algiers, Tunis, 
 and Tripoli, to submit to terms 
 imjDOsed by the United States gov- 
 ernment — to liberate the American 
 prisoners which they held, and to 
 give up all future claim to the 
 tribute paid since 1795, making 
 indemnity, likewise, for all losses 
 sustained by American citizens at their hands. 
 
 21, During Madison's administration, two states were 
 added to the Union : Louisiana, in 1812, and Indiana in 
 1816. Madison, having served two terms, declined a re- 
 
 19. When and where was«peace made ? Were llie qneetions which cansed the war 
 settled 't Why was it not necessary to insist upon tlieir settlement ? 20. Give an 
 account of Decatur's expedition. What was its result ? 21. What slates were admit- 
 ted in 1812 and 1816 ? How long did Madison serve ? Bv whom was he succeeded ? 
 
 14 
 
 SEAL OF INDIANA 
 
210 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1817 
 
 election, following the example of Washington and Jeffer- 
 son. He was succeeded by James Monroe, of Virginia, on 
 the 4th of March, 1817. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 
 Administrations from Madison to Polk 
 
 I. Monroe's Administration. — When Monroe * took 
 the presidential chair, the country was at peace with all 
 
 the world, and the people 
 were fast recovering from 
 the effects of the late war. 
 The strife between the 
 great political parties, the 
 Democrats and the Feder- 
 alists, had also died out. f 
 The wealth and population 
 of the country, therefore, 
 rapidly increased. 
 
 2. Trouble with the 
 Seminoles. — Towards the 
 
 JAMES MONUOE 
 
 * James Monroe was born in Virginia in 1758. lie entered the army in 1776, and was 
 present at the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Brandywine, Gerniantown, and Mon- 
 mouth. He was a member of Congress when Washington resigned his commission ; 
 was subsequently governor of Virginia, and successively minister to France, England, 
 and Holland. He died in New York, in 1831. 
 
 t " Shortly after his inauguration, Monroe, imitating the example of Washington, 
 Bet out on a tour through the Eastern States. His declaration of principles in his in- 
 augural address had been highly satisfactory to the Federalists ; and at Boston he was 
 received with the most elaborate pomp. Imbittered and hot^tem])ered leaders of par- 
 ties, who for the last seven years had hardly deigned to speak to each other, or even to 
 walk on the same side of the street, met now with smiling faces, vying in extravagance 
 
 Text Questions.— 1. What was Ihe stale of the country when Monroe became 
 president ? S- What hostilities arose with the Seminoles ? Jackson's course ? 
 
1819] 
 
 3I0NR OE 'S AD 31 INI S TRA TION 
 
 211 
 
 close of 1817, the difficulties commenced with the Semi- 
 noles, a warlike tribe of Indians, living in Florida, who 
 committed serious depredations on tlie frontier settlements 
 of Georgia. General Jackson, who liad been sent to 
 repress these outrages, finding that the Indians were en- 
 couraged by certain persons in Florida, invaded that terri- 
 
 SEAL OF M1^^ISS11■P£ 
 
 SEAL OF ILLINOIS 
 
 tory, although it belonged to Spain, with which country 
 our government was at peace. 
 
 3. Cession of Florida — He burned one of the Indian 
 
 towns, took tlie Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola, 
 and put to death two British traders who, he believed, had 
 supplied tlie Indians with arms and incited them to hostili- 
 ties. Tliis Ijold measure on the part of Jackson, for a time, 
 thi-eatened tlie country with a war with Spain ; but the 
 difficulties were finally settled by Spain agreeing to sell 
 Florida to the United States for five millions of dollars. 
 
 of republican loyalty. The 'era of good feeling' having thus begun, the way was 
 rapidly paved for that complete amalgamation of parties which took place a few j-ears 
 after."— //?7f/?-«M> imtory of (he U. S. 
 
 3. What forts did he take '! What persons put to death ? What resulted from 
 this ? W^hen and how did Florida become a territory of the United States ? What 
 new states were admitted from 1817 to 1820 ? 
 
212 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1821 
 
 A treaty to this effect was made in 1819, and two years 
 later Florida became one of tiie territories of the United 
 States. 
 
 4. New States. — The Mississippi Territory,* embracing 
 the present states of Alabama and Mississippi, was divided 
 in 1817, and tlie western portion admitted into the Union 
 
 SEAL OP ALABAMA 
 
 SEAL OF MAINE 
 
 as the State of Mississippi. ini)wiswa,s admitted in 1818. 
 Up to 1800 it had been a part of the iSTorthwest Territory, 
 and then, till 1809, formed witli Indiana the Indiana Terri- 
 tory. After the admission of tiie latter, it constituted the 
 Illinois Territory. Alabama was admitted in 1819; and, 
 in 1820, Maine, till tlien a part of Massachnsetts, was also 
 admitted into tlie Union. 
 
 5. Missouri Compromise — When Missouri applied for 
 admission, a violent and j^rolonged discussion arose in Con- 
 gress, because its constitution permitted the existence of 
 
 * This territory, except the coast-strip between Florida and Louisiana, was originally 
 a part of Georgia ; but, in 1798, was organized as the Mississippi Territory. The word 
 Mississippi is of Indian origin, signifying, according to some writers, the Great Biver, 
 according to others, the Great Father of Waters. 
 
 5. What is meant by the Missouri Compromise ? What led to its adoption ? When 
 was Missouri admitted ? 
 
1824] 
 
 MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 !13 
 
 SEAL OF MISSOURI 
 
 slavery in the new state, and the people of the Xorth were 
 determined to resist any increase of the number and power 
 of the slave states. The repre- 
 sentatives of the Northern states 
 therefore opposed the admission 
 of Missouri as a slave state. In 
 1820, during the agitation of this 
 question, the measure known as 
 the "Missouri Compromise" was 
 adopted. By this it was provided 
 that slavery should be prohibited 
 \\\ all the territorv, except Mis- 
 souri, lying north of the parallel 3w° 30', and west of the 
 
 Mississippi. After the 
 adoption of this compro- 
 mise, Missouri was ad- 
 mitted (18-21). 
 
 6. Visit of La Fayette. 
 — One of the most inter- 
 esting events of this ad- 
 ministration was the visit, 
 in 1824, of Lafayette to 
 the United States. He 
 passed through the coun- 
 try, everywhere received 
 with respect and grateful 
 acclamations from the crowds who gathered to greet him, 
 all offerinof him a most cordial welcome, and treatinof him 
 
 LAFAYETTE 
 
 6. Describe the visit of Lafavette. What grant did Congress make to him ? 
 
214 
 
 HtSTORT OF THE VKITED STATES 
 
 [1824 
 
 as the honored guest of the nation. He remained in the 
 country about a year, and was presented by Congress with 
 
 the sum of two hun- 
 dred thousand dollars, 
 and a township of 
 land, as a partial 
 payment of the debt 
 due him by the United 
 States. 
 
 7. In the fall of 
 1824,- the election for 
 president took place ; 
 but, as no one of the 
 four candidates re- 
 ceived a majority of 
 the electoral votes, 
 the choice devolved 
 upon the House of 
 Representatives, by 
 whom Jolin Quincy 
 Adams, of Massachu- 
 setts, was elected. 
 John C. Calhoun, of 
 South Carolina, was elected vice-president. The in- 
 
 * Bunker Hill monument, an obelisk two liuiidred and twenty-one feet high, erected 
 in commemoration of the battle, now stands on the spot where the redoubt was built 
 on Breed's Hill. Its cornerstone was laid by General Lafayette, on the 17th of June, 
 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. An immense concourse of persons was 
 present on the occasion, including nearly two hundred revolutionary soldiers with 
 forty surviving patriots of the battle, and President John Quincy Adams, with his en- 
 tire cabinet. Daniel Webster delivered the oration. 
 
 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT * 
 
 7. Who succeeded Monroe ? How was John Quincy Adams elected ? 
 
1828] 
 
 JOHN Q. ADAIIS'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 215 
 
 auguration of Adams took 2)lace on the 4th of March, 
 1825. 
 
 8, Administration of John Quincy Adams.* — The 
 
 single term of this administration was a period of peace, 
 during wliich the nation 
 made rapid increase in pop- 
 ulation and wealth. By a 
 very singular coincidence, 
 the two venerable ex-presi- 
 dents, John Adams and 
 Thomas Jefferson, died on 
 the 4th of July, 1826, f the 
 fiftieth anniversary of 
 American Independence. 
 
 g. The American Sys- 
 tem. — 'I'he subject of do- 
 mestic manufactures en- 
 gaged a large share of the president's attention ; and in 
 1828 a tariff law was passed, imposing heavy duties upon 
 
 JOHN QUINOT ADAMS 
 
 * John Qnincy Adams, son of John Adams, was born near Boston, in 1767. He was 
 alike remarkable for his accomplishments and integrity. After his retirement as presi- 
 dent, he served sixteen years in Congress ; and such was his ability as a speaker and 
 debater, that by general consent he received the title of "The Old Man Eloquent." 
 In 1848, he was seized with paralysis while in his seat in the House of Representatives, 
 and died two days after. 
 
 t They expired within a few hours of each other ; Jefferson at Monticello, Virginia, 
 in the eighty-fourth year of his age ; and Adams at Quincy, Massachusetts, in the 
 ninety-first year of his age. The news of the decease of these venerable patriots, oc- 
 curring by so wonderful a coincidence, together, and on the birth-day of the nation 
 which they had so greatly contributed to establish, made a deep impression on the 
 minds of the whole people. Everywhere funeral ceremonies, processions, public eulo- 
 gies, etc., testified the respect of the people for the illustrious dead. 
 
 8. What is said of the period of J. Q. Adams's administration ? W' hat deaths oc- 
 curred ? Why remarkable ? 9. What was the American System ? By whom was it 
 favored ? By whom opposed ? 
 
216 
 
 SISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES 
 
 [1829 
 
 certain imported articles, with the view to encourage and 
 protect their manufacture in this country. This policy of 
 a protective tariff, under the name of the American Sys- 
 tem, was earnestly supported by the representatives of the 
 Eastern and Middle States ; but was vigorously opposed by 
 those of the South.* 
 
 10. Jackson's Administration — Andrew Jackson, 
 elected to succeed John Quincy Adams, was inaugurated 
 
 on the 4th of March, 1829, 
 and he at once commenced 
 a series of vigorous meas- 
 ures, which he firmly carried 
 out during the eight years 
 he continued in office. The 
 practice, called '" rotation in 
 otffce," of removing govern- 
 ment officials, and appoint- 
 ing the political friends of 
 the President, was begun 
 by Jackson, f 
 
 11. Nullification. — In 1832, a convention, elected by 
 the people of South Carolina, declared the tariff law null 
 
 ANDREW JACKCON 
 
 * The Tariff was called a " Bill of Abominations" by its enemies. The South op- 
 posed it as unconstitutional, and partial in its operation, benefiting the states largely 
 engaged in manufactures, but injurious to the agricultural states of the South, the 
 people of which, it was claimed, ought to have the privilege of obtaining such manu- 
 factured articles as they needed from the cheapest markets. 
 
 t To such an extent did he carry this practice, that during 1829 there were nearly 
 seven hundred removals from office ; while for the forty years preceding, the whole 
 number of removals had been only sixty-four. 
 
 10. Who succeeded J. Q. Adams ? What measures did he adopt ? What practice 
 did he begin ? H. W'hat convention met in South Carolina ? What resolution was 
 adopted ? What measures did Jackson adopt ? 
 
1833] 
 
 JA CKSON 'S ADMINISTRA TION 
 
 217 
 
 and void, and resolved that, should the United States gov- 
 ernment attempt to enforce the law by collecting the 
 duties, the State of South Carolina would secede from the 
 Union. President Jackson promptly issued his proclama- 
 tion, announcing his determination to enforce the law, and 
 containing the oft-quoted words : *' The Union must and 
 shall be preserved." He also sent troops under General 
 Scott to Charleston. 
 
 12. These prompt and decisive measures had the desired 
 effect. The nullifiers, as they were called, Avere restrained ; 
 and, soon afterwards (in 1833), 
 
 a "compromise bill," provid- 
 ing for the gradual reduction 
 of the duties, was offered by 
 Henry Clay, and passed by 
 Congress. It was accepted by 
 Calhoun,* Hayne, and the 
 other South Carolina leaders ; 
 and thus quiet was restored. 
 
 13. Bank of the United 
 States.- — Jackson, in his first 
 annual message to Congress, 
 
 had taken ground against the renewal of the charter of the 
 United States Bank ; and when, notwithstanding his ob- 
 
 HENKV CLAY 
 
 * John C. Calhoun, one of the most eminent of American statesmen, was born in 
 South Carolina, in 1782. He was Secretary of War in Monroe's cabinet, and Vice- 
 president during the administration of J. Q. Adams, and the first term of Jackson. 
 He was noted for the firmness and ability with which he advocated the views of the 
 people of the Southern States. He died in 1850. 
 
 12. Result of Jackson's prompt measure ? What compromise was effected ? 
 13. What course did the President pursue in regard to the United States Bank ? What 
 did it occasion ? 
 
M 
 
 HIS TOBY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1833 
 
 jections, a bill was passed to renew it, he vetoed the meas- 
 ure (1832). In 1833, he withdrew the government deposits 
 
 from the bank, and caused 
 them to be jilaced in several 
 of the State banks. This act 
 created great excitement ; and 
 a resolution of the Senate de- 
 clared the act unconstitution- 
 al, and censured the President; 
 but Jackson triumphed over 
 all o2i})osition. 
 
 14. The State banks which 
 had received the government 
 jciiiN (. ( Ai.iinuN funds, increased their loans 
 
 to the merchants, and money 
 became so abundant, that tlie ])riee of everything was ad- 
 vanced. This led to speculation, all hoping to become 
 suddenly rich. Farms were laid out for cities, and cut up 
 into building lots, which sold at fabulous prices ; although 
 those who bought them were unable to build upon them, 
 or even to pay for them. The ruinous consequences of 
 this state of things were experienced a short time after- 
 ward. 
 
 15. Black Hawk War — During Jackson's administra- 
 tion, an Indian war, known as the Black Hatoh War* 
 broke out in the Northwest (1832). The Indians were, 
 
 * Abraham Lincoln served in this war as the captain of a company of Illinois 
 volunteers ; and Jefferson Davis, as lieutenant in the regular United States army. 
 
 14, What was the effect of Jackson's course ? 15. What Indian war broke out? 
 How did it end '? What was done with Black Hawk ? 
 
18351 
 
 JA CKSON 'S ADMINISTRA TIO^ 
 
 2iy 
 
 however, soon subdued ; and their great chief. Black Hawk, 
 with others of the Winnebagoes, Sacs, and Foxes, were 
 conducted as prisoners through some of the principal cities 
 of the Union, in order to convince them of the folly of 
 contending against the whites. They were then sent back 
 to their tribes, and a lasting peace was the consequence. 
 
 i6. The Seminole War. — Towards the close of 1835, 
 the Seminoles renewed their hostilities, because an attempt 
 was made to remove them to lands west of the Mississippi, 
 according to a treaty which had been previously made with 
 some of their chiefs. Their principal warrior, Osceola, 
 (os-e-o'-lah), and others, did not consider this treaty bind- 
 ing, and refused to obey it. This chief having used threat- 
 ening language, General 
 
 Z' It. Mi I 
 
 ojiy fpE.OvcilKJO 
 
 J PAYNCS LANDS /=' 
 
 ■^Ft-J^enniiigs j5 
 
 ^Ft. Clinch ^^ H"y ( ^ 
 
 Thompson, the government 
 agent, put him in irons ; but 
 on his professing penitence, 
 and promising submission, 
 he was released. 
 
 17. But he was resolved 
 on revenge ; and in Decem- 
 ber he approached a house in 
 which Thompson and others 
 were dining, and making a sudden attack, killed the gen- 
 eral and four others of the party. On the same day. 
 Major Dade, while marching with more than a hundred 
 men to join General Clinch, was attacked, and Dade, with 
 his whole force, except four men, was massacred. 
 
 PART OF FLORIDA 
 
 16. What caused a war with the Seminoles ? What was done to their cliief ? 17. 
 How did he revenge himself ? What massacre was committed ? 
 
220 
 
 HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES 
 
 [1837 
 
 SEAL OF ARKANSAS 
 
 i8. A number of battles were fought during the next 
 year with these warlike Indians, led on by Osceola, but 
 "without any decided result. In 1837, Osceola entered the 
 
 American camp with a flag of 
 truce, Avhen he was seized and 
 sent as a prisoner to Fort Moultrie, 
 where he died. Two months later. 
 Colonel Taylor (afterward Presi- 
 dent Taylor) defeated the Semi- 
 noles in a desperate battle near 
 Lake O-kee-cho'-bee ; and, though 
 they continued hostile till 1843, 
 they were never able to rally again in large force. 
 
 ig. New States Two states were admitted into the 
 
 Union during the eight years of _ 
 
 Jackson's Administration : Arkan- 
 sas, in 183G ; and Michigan in 
 1837. This made the number of 
 the States, twenty-six. 
 
 20. Van Buren's Administra- 
 tion. — At the close of Jackson's 
 second term, Martin Van Buren,* 
 of New York, became president, 
 and continued in office one term — from 1837 to 1841. 
 The former vear is noted for the bursting forth of a 
 
 SEAL OF ailCUlGAN 
 
 * Martin Van Buren was born at Kinderhook, in New York, in 1782, where he died 
 in 1862. He was successively U. S. Senator, Governor of the State of New York, Sec- 
 retary of State in Jackson's Cabinet, Vice-President of the U. S. during Jackson's sec- 
 ond term, and President. 
 
 18. How was Osceola captured ? What decisive battle was fought ? 19. What 
 new States were admitted ? 20. Who was Jackson's successor ? What event occurred 
 in 1837 ? Its result ? 
 
1841] 
 
 HARRISON AND TYLER 
 
 221 
 
 MAETIN VAN BUREN 
 
 great financial storm, the re- 
 sult of tlie wild speculations 
 of Jackson's time, which 
 caused general distress. 
 In the same year, a rebellion 
 broke out in Canada ; and 
 many citizens of the United 
 States sympathized with it. 
 Interference was, however, 
 prevented by a timely pro- 
 clamation of the president. 
 
 21. The suspension of so 
 many banks caused great embarrassment to the govern- 
 ment. This led to a measure, recommended by the Presi- 
 dent, by which the keepingof 
 the government money was 
 intrusted to Assistant Treas- 
 urers, in certain designated 
 places, called Sub-Treas- 
 uries. This is now the estab- 
 lished policy of the country. 
 22. Administrations of 
 Harrison and Tyler. — Van 
 Buren's successor in office 
 was William Henry Harri- 
 wiLLiAM HENRY HARRISON son,* of Ohlo, thc " hcro of 
 
 * Winiam Henry Harrison was born in Virginia in 1773. He served under St. Clair 
 and Wayne during the Northwestern campaign against the Indians. He had also 
 served as governor of Indiana Territory. 
 
 21, What embarrassed the government? What measure was adopted ? 22. Van 
 Buren's successor ? How long was Harrison president ? Who succeeded him ? 
 
223 
 
 SISTOBY OF THE UXITED STATES 
 
 [1841 
 
 Tippecanoe and the Thames ; " but just one month after 
 his inauguration he died, and the Vice-President, John 
 
 Tyler,* by the provisions of 
 the Constitution, became 
 president. 
 
 23, Great excitement 
 grew out of the proposi- 
 tion to annex Texas to the 
 United States, as a new 
 state. That country had 
 been a province of Mexico, 
 but the inhabitants had 
 revolted, achieved their in- 
 dependence, and set up a 
 republican government of 
 their own.f Hence, Texas was called, at the time, the 
 " Lone Star State." The annexation of Texas was fa- 
 vored by the South, because it was a slave state, but op- 
 posed by a large party in the Xortli on that account, 
 
 * John Tyler was born in Virginia in 1790. He died in the same State in 1862. 
 
 t "The leader in this revolution was Samuel Houston, a Virginian of massive frame 
 — energetic, audacious, unscrupulous— in no mean degree fitted to airect the storm he 
 had helped to raise. Texas had to defend her newly-claimed liberties by the sword. 
 General Houston headed the patriot forces, not quite four hundred in number, and 
 imperfectly armed. S.anta Anna came against them with an army of tive thousand. 
 The Texans retreated, and having nothing to carry, easily distanced their pursuers. 
 At the San Jacinto. Houston was strengthened by the arrival of two field-pieces. He 
 turned like a lion upon the unespectant Mexicans, whom he caught in the very act of 
 crossing the river. He fired grapeshot into their quaking ranks. His unconquerable 
 Texans clubbed their nnitkets— they had no bayonets— and rushed upon the foe. The 
 Mexicans fled in helpless rout, and Texas was free. The grateful Texans elected Gen- 
 eral Houston president of the republic which he had thus saved."— ^o6er^ Mackenzie. 
 
 JOHN TYLER 
 
 23. What caused great excitement ? Previous history of Texas ? Who favored 
 the annexation ? Why ? Who opposed it ? When was the bill for annexing it signed ? 
 What new state was admitted ? 
 
1845] 
 
 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 223 
 
 because they were greatly averse 
 to any increase of the slave power 
 in the United States. Many, too, 
 foresaw that it would produce a 
 war with Mexico. Three days be- 
 fore he went out of office, Tyler 
 signed a bill for its annexation. 
 Florida had been admitted a short 
 time previously (1845). 
 
 SEAL OF TLORIUA 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 Administrations from Tyler to Lincoln 
 
 I. Polk's Administration. 
 
 JAMES K. I'OLK 
 
 —James K. Polk* was in- 
 augurated as President on 
 the 4th of March, 1845. 
 On the Fourth of July suc- 
 ceeding, Texas became one 
 of the United States, her 
 legislature having approved 
 the "annexation bill" 
 passed by Congress. This 
 led to a war with Mexico, 
 as she had not acknowl- 
 edged the independence of 
 her revolted province. 
 
 * James K. Polk was bom in North Carolina in 1795. He was a representative in 
 Congress from Tennessee for fourteen years, and was Speaker of the House three 
 terms. He died in Tennessee in 1849. 
 
 Text Questions.— 1. Who succeeded Tyler? Date of inauguration? When and 
 how did Texas become a state ? What did this lead to ? Why ? 
 
224 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1846 
 
 2. War with Mexico — Hostilities commenced in 1846, 
 near the Eio Grande {re'-o grahn'-da), to which General 
 Taylor liad been sent to protect 
 the new state from a threatened 
 invasion by the Mexicans. The 
 latter made an attack upon a party 
 of American dragoons sent to recon- 
 noiter, and crossed the Eio Grande 
 apparently to move against Taylor's 
 base of supplies at Point Isabel.* 
 3. Taylor's Campaign. — This 
 
 SEAL OF TEXAS 
 
 led to two engagements, 
 at Palo Alto {jjali'-lo 
 alil'-to) and Eesaca de la 
 Palma [ra-fiah'-kali da 
 lah paid' -mail) , in both 
 of which the Mexicans 
 were defeated with se- 
 vere loss (May 8 and 9). 
 In a few days, Taylor 
 took the Mexican town 
 of Matainoras, and then 
 marching to the fortified city of Monterey, f compelled it 
 
 * The United States, by the annexation of Texas, claimed the Rio Grande as their 
 boundary, while Mexico alleged that the western limits of the province never extended 
 beyond the Nueces River. The crossing of the latter river into the disputed territory 
 by Taylor, was, therefore, considered by the Mexicans as the commencement of active 
 war, and they consequently made the attack. 
 
 + This was a 'city of ten thousand inhabitants, situated about one hundred and fifty 
 miles west of the Rio Grande. It was surrounded with mountains, and was strongly 
 
 TAYLOR'S 
 
 CAMPAIGN 
 
 Scale 
 
 20 40 60 80 Too 
 
 2. When and where did hostilities commence ? How ? 3. What battles were 
 fought in May ? With what result ? What places were subsequently captured ? 
 With what force ? 
 
1847] 
 
 POLK'S AD3IINISTRATI0N 
 
 325 
 
 to capitulate (Sept. 'i-^). These victories "were gained with 
 a far inferior force to that of the Mexicans. 
 
 4. Battle of Buena Vista. — Taylor's last engagement 
 in Mexico was the battle of Baena Vista {biva'-nah vees'- 
 tah) (23cl of February, 1847). At this place, his small 
 force of less than five tliousund men, was attacked by 
 Santa Anna with an army of 
 nearly four times that number of 
 men ; but after a determined con- 
 test, which lasted from morning 
 till night, the Mexicans were 
 driven in disorder from the field.* 
 
 5. Conquest of New Mexico 
 and California. — In the mean 
 time. General Kearny {lar'-jie) 
 had marched with a force into 
 New Mexico, and taken possession 
 of that province ; while Captain Fremont had entered 
 California, and defeated the Mexicans in several skir- 
 
 JOHN C. FREMONT 
 
 fortified, besides being garrisoued hy an army of ten thousand men. In spite of the 
 heavy fire of the cannon and muslietry from the Mexicans, the Americans carried all 
 the outworks successively, and at last got into the town, where, as the fire of the 
 Mexicans swept the open streets, they cut their way through the wallsof the houses. 
 When they were within a short distance of the Grand Plaza, the city was surrendered. 
 The Mexicans lost a thousand men ; while the loss of the Americans in killed and 
 wounded was less than one-half that number. 
 
 * Santa Anna had been made Dictator, and was the commander-in-chief of the Mex- 
 ican army. He had been so sure of victory, that he sent his cavalry to intercept the 
 retreat of the Americans. The American general, summoned to surrender, replied, 
 " General Taylor never surrenders." In the midst of this dreadful battle he remained 
 perfectly cool, calling out to his artillery officer atone time, " A little more grape, 
 Captain Bragg ! " The battle of Buena Vista entirely broke up Santa Anna's splendid 
 army of twenty thousand men. 
 
 4, Account of the battle of Buena Vista ? 5. What province was conquered by 
 Kearny ? What was invaded by Fremont ? How was the conquest of California 
 completed ? 
 
236 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Map Questions. — Where is Vera Cniz ? Matatnonis ? Jalapa '! I'liehla ? Sal- 
 tillo y Li^avenwortli ? Sail Francisco? Into what, l)0(iy <>t' "'afcT docs tlie Kio (Jrande 
 flow y In wiiat direction is Santa I'c from Leavenwortli ? Saltillo from Matainoras ? 
 City of Mexico from Jalapa 'I 
 
1847] 
 
 POLK'S ADMINISTRA TION 
 
 227 
 
 mishes. The conquest of California was completed in 
 1847 by means of the American fleet under Commodores 
 Slote and Stockton, assisted by Fremont and General 
 Kearny. 
 
 6. Scott's Expedition, — In order to conquer a peace, 
 the autlioriries in Washington had decided to send an 
 expedition to take possession of the Mexican capital : and 
 General Scott was chosen to command it. To strengthen 
 the force given him for this purpose, a large ni;mber of 
 Taylor's best troops were witlidrawn. This it was that 
 weakened that officer's 
 army so greatly before 
 the battle of Buena 
 Vista. 
 
 7. Taking of Vera 
 Cruz. — Scott landed 
 his army near the city 
 of Vera Ci-uz. which 
 was defended by a pow- 
 erful fortress. On the 
 2->d of March, IS-iT, 
 he opened a tremen- 
 dous fire upon both city 
 and fortress ; and on 
 the 27th both were compelled to surrender. On the 8th 
 of April following, he commenced his march into the 
 interior. 
 
 8. Battle of Cerro Gordo — At the mountain pass of 
 
 6. What expedition was planned at Washington 1 Who was placed in command ? 
 7, Arcoimt of the taking of Vera Qnv/. ? 8. Of the battle of Cerro Gordo ? 
 
228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1847 
 
 CeiTo Gordo {sdr'-ro gor'-do), the Mexicuns, about twelve 
 thousand strong, under Santa Anna, waited behind strong 
 fortifications to resist the advance of tlie invading army. 
 The Americans cut a way round the mountains ; and 
 while a part made an attack on the front, otliers assailed 
 the fortifications in the rear. The result was a complete 
 victory. The Mexicans fled in confusion, and Santa Anna 
 narrowly escaped capture.* 
 
 9. Other successes followed, and on the loth of May, the 
 invading army entered and occupied the ancient and popu- 
 lous city of Puebla {poo-d'-bhdi). Here Scott, having sent 
 home a large number of his troops, because their terms 
 had expired, waited for three months for reinforcements. 
 On their arrival, he resumed his march toward the City of 
 Mexico. 
 
 10. Occupation of Mexico. — Finding that the direct 
 route to the Mexican capital was strongly fortified, Scott 
 turned southward, and encamped about ten miles from 
 the city. The ap])roaches to it were strongly guarded by 
 powerful batteries ; but tliese were all successively taken 
 after severe conflicts, in which the American troops showed 
 the greatest determination and daring. 
 
 11. The last of these places was carried by assault on the 
 13th of Septeinber ; and Santa Anna and his army, being 
 unable to make any further resistance, fled from the city 
 during the succeeding night. The next morning, General 
 
 * So hurried was the flight of the Mexicans, that Santa Anna was obliged, it was 
 said, to leave behind him his wooden leg. 
 
 9. What city was occupied ? How long did Scott remain there ? Why ? How did 
 Scott reach Mexico ? 11. When did he enter the city ? 
 
1847] 
 
 POLK 'S ADJIIXISTRA TION 
 
 229 
 
 Scott, at the head of the American army, made a tri- 
 umphal entry into the city. At first they were attacked 
 
 
 fiom the housetops by the 
 Mexican populace, but 
 this oppobitioii "\\as soon 
 quiettd 
 12, This event practically ended the war. On the 2d of 
 February, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed, by which all 
 the territory north of the T?io Grande, and the provinces of 
 New Mexico and California were relinquished to the United 
 States. On the part of the latter, it was agreed that the 
 sum of fifteen millions of dollars should be jiaid for the 
 territory acquired, and that debts due from Mexico to 
 American citizens, to the amount of three millions of dol- 
 
 12. What was the effect of this ? On what terms was peace made ? 
 
230 
 
 HISTORY OF THE VNITED STATES 
 
 [1848 
 
 SEAL OF IOWA 
 
 lars, sliould be assumed. Peace 
 was proclaimed by President Polk 
 on the 4tli of July, 1848.* 
 
 13. New States. — Iowa, the 
 twenty-ninth state, was admitted 
 into the Union in 1S4(J. It origin- 
 ally formed a part of the Louisiana 
 purchase,! and had been succes- 
 sively a part of Missouri, Michigan, 
 and Wisconsin territories, until it was organized as a sep- 
 arate territory, in ]S38. Iowa Territory at that time 
 comprehended nearly all of Min- 
 nesota ; but was reduced to its 
 present limits when admitted as a 
 state. Wisconsin was admitted in 
 1848. This had been previously a 
 part of Illinois Territory and of 
 Michigan Territory. 
 
 14. Discovery of Gold in Cali- 
 fornia. — The most important event 
 
 during the latter part of Polk's administration was the 
 discovery of gold in California. When the news reached 
 
 * The treaty was made by commissioners who met at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a small 
 town about four miles from the City of Mexico ; but the boundary between the two 
 countries soon became a subject of dispute, which was not settled till 1853, when the 
 United States purchased the MeMlla Valley, or, as it was called, the Gadsden Pur- 
 chase, for ten millions of dollars, Geieral Gadsden having been the agent employed by 
 the United States in transacting the affair. 
 
 t A trading-post was established in ISIO by a Frenchman named Dubuque, on the 
 site of the town afterwards named after him. The first permanent settlement of Iowa 
 was made at Burlington in 1S33. 
 
 SEAL OF WISCONSIN 
 
 13. What state was admitted in ISW ? Wluit iu 1848 ? What is said of the previous 
 history of Iowa ? Of Wisconsin ? 14. Of the discovery of gold in California ?■ 
 Where is San Francisco (Map, p. 226) ? 
 
1849] 
 
 POLK'S ADMIXISTRATION 
 
 231 
 
 SEAL OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 the Atlantic states, the excitement became intense and 
 wide-spread. Thousands, regardless of peril or hardshi]?, 
 flocked to the gold regions, some 
 daring the deadly climate of the 
 isthmus, which they had to cross 
 by the shorter route, or taking the 
 more tedious voyage around Cape 
 Horn. San Francisco,* which 
 had been a small quiet port, fre- 
 quented by whalers or small fish- 
 ing vessels, became in a few 
 months an emporium, in the harbor of which might be 
 seen ships from every quarter of the globe. 
 
 15. Growth of California — Election of Taylor. — 
 From nearly every part of the world, emigrants rushed 
 with eagerness to the "gold diggings,^' and the population 
 of the territory increased with wonderful rapidity. AVithin 
 two years, that of the city of San Francisco numbered 
 twenty thousand, consisting of jijcople of all nations. It 
 was during the excitement of the '"gold fever" that Presi- 
 dent Polk's term of office expired. His successor was 
 
 * Before 1779, eight establishments, missionary and military, were formed by the 
 Spaniards on the Paciflc coast of North America, the most southern being gan Diego, 
 the most northern, S:m Fiancisco ; and during the five years preceding that date, 
 three exploring voyages were made bj' order of the Spanish government, in which the 
 coast was examined as far north as the sixtieth parallel. {See page 35, note.) By the 
 year 1800, as many as sixteen Spanish missions had been established in various parts 
 of Upper California. Here the Indians were gathered, and the Catholic missionaries 
 taught them the arts of civilized life, and imparted to them the truths of Christianity. 
 After Mexico had become independent, the mission lands, comprising several million 
 acres, were occupied by the Mexican government, and the missions were gradually 
 abandoned. 
 
 15. Describe the rush to the "gold diggings." What is said of the growth of San 
 Francisco ? Who succeeded James K. Polk as President ? 
 
232 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1849 
 
 Zachary Taylor,* the most popular hero of tlie Mexican 
 
 War, who was inaugurated on the 5th of March, 1849, the 
 
 4th being Sunday. 
 
 i6. Taylor's Administration In September, 1849, 
 
 there was a sufficient num- 
 ber of settlers in California 
 to form a state ; and a con- 
 stitution having been agreed 
 upon, ap2)lication was made 
 to Congress to admit it. 
 This led to another violent 
 agitation of llie '"'slavery 
 question," for the constitu- 
 tion of the new state pro- 
 hibited slavery. Before the 
 decision of the question, 
 President Taylor died (July 
 
 9th, 1850), and was succeeded by the Vice-president, 
 
 Millard Fillmore, f of New York. 
 
 17. Fillmore's Administration — Other questions be- 
 
 ZACHAUY TAYLOR 
 
 * Zachary Taylor was a Virginian, boru in 1784. He entered tlie army as lieutenant 
 when about twenty-four years of age, and rapidly obtained promotion, serving in the 
 War of 1812 and the Bhick Hawk War. His victory over the Seminoles, in 1837, gave 
 him considerable distinction ; but it was in the Mexican War that he won his greatest 
 laurels as a soldier ; and, by his simplicity, directness, and indomitable daring, ac- 
 quired the popular favor. His soldiers used to call him " Old Rough and Ready." 
 His laconic expressions at Buena Vista, " General Taylor never surrenders ! " and, "A 
 little more grape. Captain Bragg," were often quoted during the presidential campaign 
 which resulted in his election. 
 
 t Millard Fillmore was born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., in 1800. He was a member of 
 the State legislature for several years, and in 18.32 was elected a representative in Con- 
 gress. He died in 1873. 
 
 16. What led to another agitation of the slavery question ? Why ? When did 
 President Taylor die ? Who succeeded him ? 17. What led to a bitter partisan 
 opposition ? How was a compromise effected ? 
 
1850] 
 
 FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 233 
 
 sides the jidmission of California had been introdnced into 
 Congress, and were under discussion at this time. Tliis 
 caused a bitter and vio- 
 lent controversy between 
 the opposing parties, 
 which appeared to menace 
 the safety of tlie Union. 
 The great orator and 
 statesman, Henry Clay,* 
 by bis fervid eloquence, did 
 much to allay this strife ; 
 and finally a compromise 
 was effected, by which 
 California was admitted 
 as a free state (1850). 
 
 i8. The Compromise of 1850 — At the same time New 
 Mexico and Utah were organized as territories ; the slave- 
 trade was abolished in the District of Columbia, and the 
 "Fugitive Slave Law" was passed, providing for the 
 return to their owners of slaves escaping to a free State. 
 Daniel Webster, f a member of the United States Senate, 
 
 * Henry Clay was born in Virginia in 1777. He served in Congress first as a repre- 
 sentative of Kentucliy, afterwards as Spealcer for several years, and tlien as senator. 
 He was one of the commissioners tiiat signed the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. lie died in 
 Washington in 1852. 
 
 t Daniel Webster was born in New Hampshire in 1782. The principal part of his life 
 was passed at Washington, where he served as a member of Congress or of the Cabinet. 
 He was Secretary of State under Tyler, and negotiated a treaty with Lord Ashburton, 
 settling the dispute between the United States and Great Britain in relation to the 
 boundary of Maine. He was greatly distinguished for his eloquence, statesmanship, 
 and knowledge of constitutional law. The latter entitles him to the name which he 
 received of " Expounder of the Constitution." He died in 1853. 
 
 MILLAliD FILLMOliE 
 
 18. What was the compromise ? What was the " Fugitive Slave Law " '/ How was 
 it viewed at the North ? Who aided in effecting a compromise ? 
 
234 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1853 
 
 contributed his aid in effecting this compromise, which, 
 although it tillajed the excitement between the two sections 
 
 of tlie country, gave 
 great offense to a harge 
 party in the Xorth, who 
 were opjjosed to all 
 concessions to the slave 
 power. 
 
 19. Pierce's Admin- 
 istration. — Franklin 
 ^ Pierce,* of Xew Hamp- 
 shire, succeeded to the 
 pi'esidency on the 4th 
 of March, 1853. The 
 next year, the agitation 
 of the "slavery ques- 
 tion" was again revived 
 by the passage of a law by Congress organizing the terri- 
 tories of Kansas and Nebraska. This law repealed the 
 Missouri compromise, and substituted for it what was 
 called by some "' Srpiatter Sovereignty ; "' the right of the 
 people in each territory to decide whether they would have 
 slaves or not. This measure again })roduced an intense 
 excitement in the Xoi'th.f 
 
 * Franklin Pierce was born in New Hampshire in ]804. He was a brigadier-general 
 in Scott's array in tlie Mexican war, and tool< part in the battles preceding tlie taking 
 of the City of Mexico. He died in 1869. 
 
 t This year, 1854, is noted for Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan, which 
 resulted in partly opening that country, closed so long against the world, to American 
 commerce. 
 
 19. Who succeeded Fillmore ? What caused a further agitation of the slavery 
 question ? What was meant by " Squatter Sovereignty " ? 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER 
 
1856] 
 
 PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 S35 
 
 i^'KANKLlN riEKft; 
 
 20. Civil War in Kansas — ^But it did not turn out as 
 the friends of slavery had expected. The slave states 
 exerted themselves to the 
 
 utmost to send settlers to 
 the new territory of Kan- 
 sas ; but those from the 
 free states were the most 
 numerous. Civil war en- 
 sued ; for the horder ruf- 
 fians of Missouri, and others 
 in favor of slavery, would 
 not submit to be outvoted, 
 and the jieaceful citizens 
 were resolved to defend their 
 rights. This state of things 
 
 for a considerable time rendered Kansas a scene of law- 
 lessness and bloodshed. 
 
 21. Organization of the Republican Party. — A new 
 political party, styled the Republican Party, arose, organ- 
 ized in the support of the ''free soil" principle, that is, of 
 not permitting any extension of slavery into free territory. 
 This party, in 1856, nominated for the presidency John C. 
 Fremont, noted for his connection with the invasion and 
 conquest of Califoniiaduring the Mexican War. 
 
 22. Election of Buchanan — The Democratic Party, 
 including nearly all the people of the South, as well as a 
 large j^ortion of those of the Xorth, who were anxious to 
 appease the discontent of the former by every possible 
 
 20. What caused civil war in Kansas ? 21. What new political party arose ? On 
 what principle was it organized ? Whom did it nominate for the presidency ? 22. 
 Who was elected ? By what party ? 
 
236 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1859 
 
 constitutional measure, suc- 
 ceeded in electing their can- 
 didate, James Buchanan, of 
 Pennsylvania, who was ac- 
 cordingly inaugurated on 
 the 4th of March, 1857. 
 
 23. Buchanan's Admin- 
 istration — Brown's Raid. 
 — The agitation of the 
 slavery question was con- 
 tinued ; and "John lirown's 
 Eaid," in 1859, still further 
 
 increased the bitterness of feeling between the two sec- 
 tions. Brown,* who was enthusiastic in his hatred of 
 
 slavery, desired to set free as 
 
 many slaves as he could ; and with 
 
 this object he and twenty-one 
 
 associates seized the arsenal at 
 
 Hai*pers Ferry, for the purpose of 
 
 making it a rendezvous. The 
 
 movement, however, entirely failed. 
 
 Those engaged in it were overpow- seal of minnksota 
 
 JAMES BUCHANAN 
 
 * John Brown was the descendant of a Puritan family, and at an early age imbibed 
 a bitter hostility to the institution of slavery. After the passage of the Kansas- 
 Nebraska Bill, he went with his six sons to Kansas, to aid in the settlement of the ter- 
 ritory. With such boldness and determination did he oppose the violence of the pro- 
 slavery party there, that his name became a terror to them. He was styled " Osawato- 
 mie Brown," because at that place he encountered, with a mere handful of men, a 
 force of nearly five hundred Missourians, and after killino; thirty-live of their number, 
 made good his retreat. Just previous to this, one of his sons had been shot dead by a 
 border ruffian. 
 
 23. Describe " Brown's Raid 
 (Map, p. 206) ? 
 
 How did it result ? Where is Harper's Ferry 
 
1860] BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION 237 
 
 ered by Virginia troops, assisted by the national forces ; 
 thirteen of tiiem were killed, two escaped, and the rest, 
 including Brown, were tried, and, under the laws of Vir- 
 ginia, executed.* 
 
 24. Election of Abraham Lincoln. — As Buchanan's 
 term of office drew toward its close, no less than four can- 
 didates f were nominated to succeed him. Of these, 
 Abraham Lincoln, J the candidate of the Republicans, was 
 successful ; altiiough the Southern leaders had threatened 
 that, if he should be elected, the States of the South would 
 secede, or withdraw from the Union, as they claimed the 
 right to do. 
 
 25. Secession of South Carolina — Accordingly, public 
 meetings were held in South Carolina, to bring about a 
 secession of that State ; and on the .'20th of December, 
 1860, an ordinance was passed by a state convention held 
 
 * The famous " Dred Scott Decision,'" increased the hostile feeling in the North 
 against the slave power. Dred Scott and his wife were slaves, who had been carried 
 by their master into Illinois, but were afterwards taken into Missouri. They claimed 
 that having been carried into free territory by their master, they had been made free ; 
 but Chief Justice Taney decided that slave masters could, under the Constitution of 
 the United States, tal^e their slaves into any State without any forfeiture of their prop- 
 erty in them, just as they could take their horses or cattle. This decision, it was as- 
 serted by the Republicans, changed slavery from a local to a iKitiottal institution ; and 
 they resisted it accordingly. 
 
 t The extreme pro-slavery party nominated John C. Breckenridge, who had been 
 Vice-President under Buchanan; the "Squatter Sovereignty" party, Stephen A. 
 Douglas. These two divided the Democratic party. The American party nominated 
 John Bell, of Tennessee, with the simple party platform, " The Union, the Constitu- 
 tion, and tlie Enforcement of the Laws." 
 
 i Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809. He served as captain in the 
 Black Hawk War, afterwards as a member of the Illinois legislature ; and in 1846 he 
 was chosen representative in Congress. His plainness and simplicity of address, 
 homely wit, and incorruptible integrity, had made him very popular, and caused him 
 to be very generally called " Honest Old Abe." 
 
 24. How many candidates were nominated to succeed Buchanan ? Who was 
 elected ? What threat had been used by the Southern leaders ? 25. What took place 
 in South Carolina ? 
 
238 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1861 
 
 SEAL OF OREGON 
 
 of ijreater security, 
 
 in Charleston, which formally declared that the '' Union 
 now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, 
 under the name of the United 
 States of America, is hereby dis- 
 solved." 
 
 26. Occupation of Fort Sum- 
 ter — Six days afterward, Major 
 Anderson, commanding at Fort 
 Moultrie, withdrew the garrison 
 of eighty men from that fort, and 
 removed to Fort Sumter, a place 
 This was considered a hostile act by 
 the South Carolinians, and they at once seized the 
 custom-house at Charleston, and other property of the 
 general government, and commenced 
 operations in order to compel Ander- 
 son to surrender the fort. 
 
 27. Organization of the Confed- 
 erate States — Six other Southern 
 States, following the lead of South 
 Carolina, at the commencement of 
 1861 passed secession ordinances : Mis- 
 sissippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
 Louisiana, and Texas. On the 4th 
 
 of February, a congress of delegates from these States 
 (except Texas) met at Montgomery, and organized a new 
 union among themselves, adopting a constitution, and 
 
 MAJOR ANDERSON 
 
 26. What was done by Major Anderson ? How was this act viewed by the Seces- 
 sionists ? Where is Fort Sumter (Map, p. 143) ? 27. What other states passed seces- 
 sion ordinances ? What Congress met ? What was done by it ? 
 
1861] 
 
 B UCEA NAN 'S A DMINISTRA TION 
 
 239 
 
 •AUtS^'N^ r r r c: r r f r r ■- r f it c r i r I 
 
 FOllT SLJITER 
 
 assuming" the title of the "Confederate States of America." 
 Jefferson Davis was elected by the Congress provisional 
 President of the 
 Confederacy for 
 one year. 
 
 28. Proceed- 
 ings of the Se- 
 cessionists — 
 The steamer 
 " Star of the 
 West/' sent from 
 
 New York with supplies and reinforcements for Fort 
 Sumter, ai-rived off Charleston, January 10th ; but being 
 fired u2:)on by the batteries erected 
 by the Secessionists at Charles- 
 ton, was compelled to j^ut back. 
 Forts, arsenals, navy-yards, cus- 
 tom-houses, and other property of 
 the nation, were seized by state 
 authority for the Confederacy. 
 Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, Fort 
 Sumter, and the forts at the 
 southern extremity of Florida, 
 were all that remained to the general government within 
 the limits of the seceded states. Buchanan, in the mean 
 time, did nothing to vindicate the government.* 
 
 * This inaction on the part of the president caused great dissatisfaction and alarm. 
 It was ascertained that some of the members of the Cabinet were either leaders in the 
 secession movement, or abettors of it. Thus, it was found, that, seemingly in prepara- 
 
 28. What attempt was made to reinforce Fort Sumter ? With what result ? W^hat 
 other proceedings by the Secessionists ? What forts remained to the United Stales ? 
 
240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1861 
 
 29. New States. — Kansas was 
 filially admitted as a free state 
 without excitement in January, 
 1861. Previous to this, under 
 Buchanan, two other states were 
 admitted : Minnesota, in 1858, and 
 Oregon,* in 1859. At the conclu- 
 sion of his term of office, Buchanan 
 
 SEAL OF KANSAS 
 
 retired to his residence at Wheat- 
 land, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 Lincoln's Administration.— The Great Civil War 
 
 I. The aifairs of the country, when Abraham Lincoln 
 entered upon the office of president, March 4th, 1801, were 
 in a sadly distracted condition. His inauguration took 
 place in the presence of a large military force, under the 
 command of General" Scott ; for a disturbance had been 
 anticipated. The president's inaugural address was mild 
 
 tiou for it, the national troops had been ordered to distant parts, the navy widely 
 scattered, and everything possible done to weaken the general government, and further 
 the plans of the Secessionists. Buchanan declared that the Constitution gave him no 
 authority to use coercive measures ; and the cry, "No Coercion," became general with 
 all who sympathized with the South. 
 
 * In 1792, Captain Gray, in the ship Columbia, entered the Oregon River, and gave 
 it the name of his ship. In 1804 an expedition under Lewis and Clark explored the 
 headwaters of the Mis.«ouri River, and descended the Columbia to its mouth. Astoria, 
 a trading-post at its mouth, was established by John J. Astor in 1811. In 1848, this 
 region was organized as a territory, extending, under the name of Oregon Territory, 
 from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, and from British America to California. It 
 is now wholly covered by the three states, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 
 
 Text Questions. -29. What states were admitted? 1. Condition of affairs when 
 Lincoln became president ? What is said of the inauguration ? Of the inaugural 
 address ? 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 
1861] LINCOLN -S ADMINISTRATION 243 
 
 and conciliator}', declaring, with special emphasis, that 
 there was no intention on the part of the administration to 
 interfere with slavery where it existed ; and, further, that 
 the general government '*' had no right to do so." * 
 
 2. Course of the Southern Leaders. — This assurance, 
 however, had no effect upon the Southern leaders. Avow- 
 ing their duty to their states as more binding ujion them 
 than their obligations to the general government, they 
 organized an army, and ordered General Beauregard 
 {ho -re-gar d) to reduce Fort Sumter. 
 
 3. Taking of Fort Sumter.^ — After a bombardment of 
 tliirty-four hours, the defense being necessarily feeble, as 
 the garrison was small f and their ammunition scanty, 
 Anderson was compelled to yield. According to the con- 
 ditions, the garrison were allowed to march out of the fort 
 with their colors and music, to salute the national flag, and 
 return home with their private }n"operty. 
 
 4. Effect of the Surrender — The President's Call 
 
 * The closing paragraph of this address had a peculiar and quite affecting pathos : 
 "I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. 
 Though passions may have strained, they must not break our b'onds of affection. 
 The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and patriot grave, to 
 every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will jet swell the chorus of 
 the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our 
 nature." 
 
 + There were only seventy men to defend the fort against an attacking force of 
 seven thousand. Anderson's account to the Secretary of War was as follows : — '"Hav- 
 ing defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely 
 burned, the main gates destroyed, the gorge-wall seriously injured, the magazine sur- 
 rounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and 
 three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions but pork remain- 
 ing. I accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, and marched out 
 of the fort on Sunday afternoon, the 14th instant, with colors flying and drums beat- 
 ing, bringing away company and private property, and saluting my flag with fifty guns." 
 
 2, What was the course of the Southern leaders ': 3. How was Fort Sumter 
 taken ? Conditions of the surrender ? 4. What was the effect of the surrender ? 
 President's proclamation ? How received in the Xorth ? 
 
244 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [18G1 
 
 for Troops. — The indignation at the North, when the news 
 was flashed over the country that the national flag liad been 
 fired upon and tlie fort surrendered, was universal and in- 
 tense. The President issued a proclamation calling for 
 seventy-five thousand men, which was at once complied 
 with by all the free states. Political differences were for- 
 gotten in the patriotic impulse to defend the national gov- 
 ernment, and protect the Union against those who had 
 combined to destroy it. 
 
 5. Attack by the Mob at Baltimore. — It was, how- 
 ever, difficult to reach A\'ashington, as the troops had to 
 pass through Maryland, where the secession feeling was 
 strong. A Massachusetts regiment, on its way to the cap- 
 ital, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of Baltimore, 
 by a mob of Southern sympathizers ; and two of the sol- 
 diers were killed. Thus the anniversary of the battle of 
 Lexington was signalized by the commencement of blood- 
 shed in the Great Civil "War. 
 
 6. Proclamations by Davis and the President. — 
 Two da3'S after President Lincoln's call for troops, Jefferson 
 Davis issued a proclamation inviting and- authorizing 
 privateers to prey upon the commerce of the United States. 
 On the 19th of April, President Lincoln declared the ports 
 of the Confederate States to be in a state of blockade. 
 
 7. Secession of Other States. — Delaware alone, of the 
 slave states, promptly arrayed itself on the side of the 
 Union. Before June, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and 
 
 5. Why was it difficult to reach Washington ? What attaclc was matle at Balti- 
 more ? The date of this event ? 6. What proclamation was issued by Davis ? What 
 by Lincoln ? 7. Whicli of the slave states obeyed the President's call for troops ? 
 W^hat other states passed ordinances of secession ? What places were seized ? 
 
18G1] THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 245 
 
 North Carolina passed secession ordinances. Virginians 
 seized the armory at Harj^er's Fcri'y and the navy-yard at 
 Norfolk, after a large part of the property they contained 
 had been destroyed by the Union officers in charge. 
 
 8. Movements of the Union Troops — Scarcely any 
 offensive movements were made by the national troops pre- 
 vious to the 24th of May, when General Scott, the com- 
 mander of the Union army, sent a force into Virginia, 
 which occuj^ied Arlington Heights and Alexandria. , Gen- 
 eral Butler also ordered a movement from Fortress Monroe 
 against the Confederate works at Big Bethel ; but the at- 
 tack was repulsed with severe loss, Major Winthrop being 
 among the killed. In West Virginia the Union forces, 
 under General McClellan, gained several victories.* 
 
 g. Position of the Confederate and Union Armies. 
 — After the secession of Virginia, Itichmond became the 
 capital of the Confederacy ; and its army, numbering 
 about one hundred thousand men, occupied a line through 
 Virginia from Harper's Ferry to Norfolk. In the mean- 
 while, regiment after i-egiment from the Union States had 
 poured into Washington, till an immense army had been 
 collected.! Tlie troops were all eager to defend the i.nteg- 
 
 * The people of the western part of Virginia refused to sanction the oi-dinance of 
 secession adopted by the state. It was accordingly occupied by Confederate troops ; 
 but these were defeated by McClellan at PhUippi, Rich Mountain, and Carrick's 
 Ford. Subsequently, another Confederate force was defeated by General Rosecrans 
 at Carnifex Ferry. West Virginia was thus preserved to the Union, and afterwards 
 became a separate State. 
 
 t " By the end of May not less than fifty thousand men — raw and undisciplined, in- 1 
 deed, but mainly of the best material for soldiers — held the line of the Potomac, or 
 
 8. Movement by General Scott ? By General Butler ? Result of the attack on Big 
 Bethel ? Who was killed ? What was done in West Virginia ? 9. What was the 
 capital of the Confederacy ? Position of the Confederate army ? Troops in Wash- 
 ington ? Their character ? 
 
248 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1861 
 
 rity of the nation ; but, being raw and inex2ierienced. 
 General Scott, who had the chief command nnder the 
 President, hesitated to order a general advance against 
 the enemy. 
 
 10. Order to Advance against Richmond. — The pub- 
 lic mind, however, was greatly excited, and mucli impa- 
 tience was expressed tliat no movement was made to attack 
 the Confederate forces, in order to disperse them and 
 march '^on to Eichmond," thus ending the war. Finally, 
 therefore, about the middle of July, orders were given to 
 General McDowell, with a large part of the Union forces, 
 to attack the Confederates, under the command of Beaure- 
 gard, at Manassas Junction. 
 
 11. Battle of Bull Run. — On the 21st was fought the 
 battle of Bull Eun, a desperate conflict, in which more 
 than forty thousand men were engaged. The advantage, 
 at first, was upon the side of the Union army ; but the 
 Confederates, being largely reinforced, at last prevailed ; 
 and the national troops, exhausted and panic-stricken, fled 
 in disorder toward Wasliington. 
 
 12. McClellan placed in Command This great de- 
 feat at first disheartened the Northern people ; but their 
 determination and courage soon revived. Congress voted 
 to raise more money and men. The aged Scott retired 
 from the command of the army, which was conferred on 
 General McClellan, who had distinguished himself so 
 
 guarded the approaclies to the capital. And etill, from every side, the people of the 
 loyal States were urging more regiments upon the Government, and begging permission 
 to swell the ranks of the Union armies." — Greeley's Amencan Conflict. 
 
 10. Demand of the Northern people ? What movement was ordered ? 11. What 
 battle was fought on the 21st of July ? Its result ? 12. What events followed it ? 
 
1861] THE ORE AT CIVIL WAR 249 
 
 highly in West Virginia. The fortifications around Wash- 
 ington were strengthened so as to protect the capital from 
 sudden capture. 
 
 13. The War in Missouri. — The efforts of the Seces- 
 sionists to take Missouri out of tlie Union were frustrated, 
 mainly through the prompt action of General Lyon, aided 
 by Colonel Sigel {se'-gel). The former was slain in an un- 
 successful attack upon the Confederates at Wilson's Creek, 
 near Springfield (August 10). General Fremont, com- 
 manding the Western Dejiartment, drove the Confederate 
 army, under Price, southward as far as Springfield ; but 
 he was superseded by the authorities at Washington, and 
 the command given, at first, to General Hunter, and after- 
 ward to General Halleck. 
 
 14. Operations of the Union Navy. — Meantime, the 
 Union navy had been increased from less than fifty vessels 
 to more than two hundred, a large number of which were 
 required to blockade the Southern ports. Two important 
 expeditions were sent to the South in the summer and 
 fall of 18G1. Tlie former, under Comuiodore Stringham 
 {string'-am), aided by a military force under General But- 
 ler, captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet, Xorth Carolina ; 
 the latter, under Commodore Dupont' and General Sher- 
 man, took the forts at Port Royal entrance, South Caroliua. * 
 
 * Blockade-running was extensively carried on by British vessels, which made Nassau 
 and the Bermuda Islands places of refuge and shelter. The profits of this business were 
 immense, notwithstanding the frequent capture of the vessels ; for the war had made 
 the products of the South — cotton, tobacco, etc. — very dear in Europe, and there was a 
 great demand for European products in that section. 
 
 13. How were the Secessionists foiled in Missouri ? Where was Lyon slain ? What 
 was done by Fremont ? Who afterward took the command y 14. Describe the opera- 
 tions of the Union uavy ? 
 
250 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES [18G2 
 
 15. Seizure of Mason and Slidell.— About the same 
 time, Captain Willies, commanding tlie United States 
 frigate San Jacinto {jd-siii'-to), took from the English 
 steamer Ti'ent tlie Confederate Commissioners Mason and 
 Slidell, who were on their way to Europe to obtain a recog- 
 nition of tbe Confederacy by foreign powers. This seizure 
 being contrary to the rights of neuti'al vessels, the Com- 
 missioners on the demand of the British government were 
 
 * 
 
 given up 
 
 16. Confederate Privateers. — 'JMie Confederates fitted 
 out a number of privateers, of which one of the most suc- 
 cessful was tbe steamer Sumter, under Captain Semmes 
 (semz). This vessel succeeded in running the blockade at 
 New Orleans in June. After capturing a number of ves- 
 sels, she crossed the Atlantic, and entered the Bay of 
 Gibraltar, Avhere she was overtaken by a United States 
 gunboat. Not being able to escape, she was sold. Semmes 
 and her crew then went to England and obtained a faster 
 vessel, which, under the name of the Alabama, afterward 
 became famous for its capture and destruction of American 
 ships, t 
 
 17. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. — In 
 February, 1862, Commodore (afterward Admiral) Foote, 
 
 * A feeling of indignation existed in the Nortli against Great Britain for having, in 
 May, 1861, recognized tlie Confederacy as a belligerent power, setting an example 
 which France and other European powers soon followed. The prompt surrender, 
 however, of these Commissioners, was an act of prudence ; for, had war ensued with 
 Great Britain, it would have greatly aided the secession cause. 
 
 t This vessel was finally, in June, 1864, met by the United States frigate Kearsarge 
 (ke' -ar-mrge). Captain Winslow, and. after a short contest, was sunlj. 
 
 15. What was done by Captain Wilkes ? Why were the Commissioners given up ? 
 
 16. \Vhat is said of the privateer Sumter ? What other vessel did Semmes obtain? 
 
 17. How were Forts Henry and Donelson taken ? What was the result ?■ 
 
1862] THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 251 
 
 commandiug a fleet of gunboats, sailed up the Tennessee, 
 and took Fort HeuiT. A few days later, Genei'ul Grant,* 
 with the aid of Foote's gunboats, captured Fort Donelson, 
 on the Cumberhind Eiver, taking about ten thousand pris- 
 oners. The taking of these forts caused the evacuation of 
 Columbus, on the Mississippi, and of Xashville, the capital 
 of Tennessee.! 
 
 i8. Capture of Confederate Posts on the Missis- 
 sippi. — Foote, with liis gunboats, descended the Missis- 
 sippi, and with the aid of General Pope, captured Island 
 Xo. 10, one of the strongest of the Confederate posts. 
 Memphis was taken a short time after, the Confederate 
 fleet of gunboats having been defeated and partly 
 destroyed. The successes of the Union fleet were stopped 
 at Vicksburg, which was veiy strongly fortified. 
 
 ig. Battle of Pittsburg Landing. — General Grant, after 
 the victory at Fort Donelson, proceeded up the Tennessee 
 as far as Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, whei-e, on the 6th 
 of April, he was attacked by a large force under General A. 
 S. Johnston. The Union troops were driven to the river, 
 and saved from destruction only by the gunboats ; but 
 Johnston was killed. The next day, reinforcements having 
 
 * General Ulysses S. Grant, a graduate of West Point, had served in the Mexican 
 War ; but at the commeneement of the Civil War was concerned in a tannery in Galena, 
 Illinois. He wag placed in command of the Union forces at Cairo ; and on Xovember 
 10th, 1861, attacked and destroyed the Confederate camp at Belmont. 
 
 + Generals Floyd and Pillow, when they found that Fort Donelson could no longer 
 be held, fled up the river in a steamboat. When General Buckner, the nest morning, 
 asked Grant for an armistice to arrange a capitulation, the latter replied : " Xo terms 
 but unconditional surrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon 
 vour works." This led to the title U(nconditional) S(urrender) Grant. 
 
 18. What successes on the Mississippi ? 19. Give an account of the battle of Pitts- 
 burg Landing. Who took the command '; 
 
252 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 
 
 Map Questions.— Where is Port Huflson ? Baton Rouge ? Natchez ? Vicksburp ? 
 Memphis ? Fort Pillow ? Ishiml Xo. 10 ? Padiicah ? Bowling Green ? Fort Doncl- 
 son ? Fort Henry ? Arkansas Post ? Shreveport ? Pea Ridge ? Springfield ? Cor- 
 inth ? New Orleans ? Port Gibson ? Huntsville ? 
 
1862] 
 
 THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 353 
 
 arrived, the Confederates, commanded by Beanregard, were 
 driven from their position, and retreated southward. Gen- 
 eral lialleck arrived soon after, and took command of 
 Grant's victorions army. 
 
 20. Taking of New Orleans. — In Lonisiana the Union 
 cause met with a success of great importance. This was the 
 captnre of New Orleans, 
 on the 25th of Ajiril. The 
 Union fleet, commanded 
 by Farragut and Porter, 
 ascended the Mississippi 
 in defiance of the forts, 
 which theybombarded and 
 passed.* After reaching 
 the city. General Butler 
 took formal possession of 
 it, and placed it under 
 martial law, 
 
 21. Naval Operations 
 on the Atlantic Coast. 
 
 — Important successes, meanwhile, attended the efforts 
 of the Unionists on the Atlantic coast. A land and naval 
 
 ADMIRAL FARRAGUT 
 
 * Two strong forts, Jackson and St. Philip, built by the United States, were held by 
 the Confederates. These were situated on opposite sides of the river, about seventy- 
 five miles below the city. An immense chain had also been stretched across the river 
 under the guns of the forts, which was guarded also by a strong fleet, including a large 
 iron-clad steamer, and a formidable steam ram, called the Manassas. All these obsta- 
 cles were overcome with the greatest skill and gallantry. Vessels were sent under 
 cover of a dark night to cut the chain ; the Union vessels engaged and destroyed the 
 Confederate fleet, and pushed on to New Orleans. The Confederate troops, after de- 
 stroying vast quantities of supplies, cotton, etc., abandoned the city. 
 
 20. Give an account of the taking of New Orleans ? VThat general took possession 
 of it ? 21. What naval operations on the Atlantic coast ? 
 
254 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1863 
 
 expedition, under General Burnside and Commodore Golds- 
 borongli, took Roanoke Island, Febrnai'v 8th. This success 
 ■was followed by the destruction of a Confederate flotilla at 
 Elizabeth City, and the capture of that place. Burnside 
 also gained a victory at Newbern ; and an expedition, fitted 
 out at Port Royal, took Fort Pulaski. 
 
 FIGHT BETWEEN THE MERRIMAC AND THE MONITOK 
 
 22. Attack of the Merrimac. — The Merrimac,* one of 
 the vessels which had been sunk at Norfolk by the Union 
 commander there, when the place was taken by the Con- 
 federates, was subsequently raised, cut down almost to the 
 
 * This was one of the finest vessels of the American navy. She was nearly three 
 hundred feet long, and more than fifty feet wide. As altered by the Confederates, she 
 became a vast fioating iron-clad battery, impenetrable by any guns then in use. 
 
 22. Give an account of the attack of the Merrimac ? 
 
18G2] THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 255 
 
 water's edge, and covei-ed with a tliick plating of iron. A 
 new name was then given to lier — the Mrginia. This ves- 
 sel, on the Stli of Mai-ch, steamed ont from Norfolk and 
 destroyed the Federal ships of war Cumberland and Con- 
 gress, which, unprepared for an encounter with such a ves- 
 sel, could make no effectual resistance. 
 ' 23. Fight between the Merrimac and the Monitor. 
 — Only the coming on of niglit had prevented the destruc- 
 tion of the other natiomi,l vessels, and it was anticipated 
 that on the next da}^ the iron-clad monster would complete 
 her work. During the night, however, a newlj-invented 
 floating battery, called the Monitor,* arrived from New 
 York. This vessel was commanded by Lieutenant Worden. 
 AVheii, tliei'efore, the Merrimac steamed out the next day, 
 she met with a very different I'eceptioii. Ii'on-cljid against 
 iron-chul, the battle raged long ami tiei-cely ; but at last tlie 
 Merrimac, being too much disabled to continue the light, 
 retreated to Norfolk. The Monitor was only slightly dam- 
 aged, ami no one on board was seriously injured except her 
 brave commander, f 
 
 * This vessel was designed and built at New York by Captain Ericsson. She was 
 about one hundred and seventy feet long, and as, owing to the great weight of iron on 
 her surface, she projected but slightly above the water, she looked like a raft bearing 
 a round turret about twenty feet in diameter and nine feet high. "A cheese-box on a 
 raft ! " was the exclamation of some who first saw her. She was covered wiih nine- 
 inch plates of iron, and her turret bore two heavy eleven-inch guns. She was worked 
 by a steam-engine entirely protected from the enemy's shot. When the plan of the 
 Monitor was proposed, it met with derision from the officials ; but this remarkable 
 and timely victory made this kind of vessel very popular. Several others were sub- 
 sequently built and did most important service. 
 
 + As he was looking out of the pilot-house through an eye-hole, a shell exploded 
 against the house in front of the hole, driving the powder into his face and eyes with 
 so much force as to render him blind and helpless. It was many months before he 
 was able to resume active service. 
 
 23. Of the fight between the Merrimac and the Monitor. 
 
256 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1862 
 
 24. Movement of McClellan against Richmond. — 
 
 111 the mean, time, a vast army had been collected near 
 Washington under McClellan, the object of which was to 
 take the Confederate capital, Eichmond. Early in March, 
 1862, an advance was ordered ; and McClellan embarked 
 his troops for Fortress Monroe, whence, April 4th, he com- 
 menced his march up the peninsula between the York and 
 James Rivers. 
 
 25. Battle of Williamsburg — Taking of Norfolk. — 
 Compelling the Southern troops to retreat from Yorktown, 
 after a month's siege, McClellan gained a victory at Wil- 
 liamsburg, May otli ; and then pushed on to within seven 
 miles of Richmond. Meanwhile, General Wool, proceed- 
 ing from Fortress Monroe, took possession of Norfolk, in 
 consequence of which the Confederates destroyed their 
 famous iron-clad, the Merrimac, or Virginia. 
 
 26. Battle of Fair Oaks.— At Fair Oaks, McClellan's 
 army was attacked on the 31st of May, and a bloody but 
 indecisive battle ensued, lasting nearly two days. General 
 Joseph E. Johnston, the Confederate general-in chief, hav- 
 ing been severely wounded, was relieved from duty, and 
 General Robert E. Lee ai)poiuted to the command. Gen- 
 eral T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson,* having defeated or eluded 
 the Union armies in the Shenandoah Valley, joined Lee, 
 
 * " The appelhition Stonewall owed its origin to a remark of General Bee, just before 
 he fell at the battle of Manassas, on the 21st of July, 18G1. While rallying his men, 
 he said, 'There is Jackson, standing like a stone wall.' " 
 
 24. What movement was made by McClellan ? 25. What battle was fought on the 
 Peninsula ? WHiat city was taken ? 26. What battle was fought on the 31st of May ? 
 What followed ? 
 
1862] THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 257 
 
 aud b}' a rapid movement threatened the communications 
 of McClellan's army. 
 
 27. The Seven Days' Battles. — Believing that the 
 forces at his disposal were not sufficient to protect his lines, 
 McClellan transferred his base of operations to the James 
 Kiver. While effecting this movement, he was attacked by 
 the Confederates, and a series of destructive battles ensued, 
 which continued during seven days (June 25-July 1). In 
 the last of these engagements at Malvern Hill, Lee was 
 repulsed, and McClellan was thus enabled to retire to Har- 
 rison's Landing, on the James Eiver. The Peninsular 
 campaign tlius proved a failure. 
 
 28. The Army of Virginia — An army was then organ- 
 ized by the President, called the army of Virginia, and 
 General Pope was called from the West to take command 
 of it. The remnant of McClellan's army was recalled to 
 join this army under its new commander, who proposed to 
 march on Richmond by a new route. 
 
 29. Second Battle of Bull Run — Relieved from the 
 task of defending their capital against McClellan's troops, 
 the Confederates now moved towaid Washington. Jack- 
 son, commanding the advance, attacked the force under 
 General Banks at Cedar Mountain, and compelled its 
 retreat. The main army, under Pope, met with a dis- 
 astrous defeat at Bull Run ; aud Lee, taking advantage of 
 his victory, crossed the Potomac into Maryland. 
 
 30. Battles of South Mountain and Antietam. — Mean- 
 
 27. What battles were fought in June and July ? The result ? 28. What army was 
 organized ? Who was appointed to the command ? 29. Give an account of the 
 second battle of Bull Run. Its result ': 30. What battles were fought in Maryland ? 
 Their result ? Who wag appointed to succeed McClellan ? 
 
 17 
 
258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1863 
 
 while, McClellan had been recalled from the James, and 
 had again been entrusted with the command of the army. 
 He checked Lee's invading army at Sonth Mountain (Sep- 
 tember 14th), and a few days afterward defeated Lee in the 
 great battle of Antietam {an-te'-tnm), after which the Con- 
 federates retreated across the Potomac into Virginia. But 
 McClellan, with his customary delay, remained in Maryland 
 till October ; and the President, dissatisfied at his inaction, 
 appointed General Burnside in his stead. 
 
 31. Battle of Fredericksburg. — Under its new com- 
 mander, the army advanced to Fredericksburg, which was 
 taken ; but in an attempt to storm the Confederate works, 
 on the other side of the river, the Union forces were re- 
 pulsed with terrible slaughter (December 13). Tiiis put a 
 stop, for a time, to all attempts to take Richmond. 
 
 32. Battle of Murfreesboro'. — While Lee was invading 
 Maryland, a large Confederate force, under General Bi'agg, 
 advanced into Kentucky, with the design of making it a 
 Confederate State, as many of its inhabitants desired. On 
 the 31st of December, General Rosecrans,* with a large 
 army, met the Confederates at Stone River, near Murfrees- 
 boro'. The battle lasted during the day without any 
 decided result ; and on the 2d of January it was resumed 
 by Bragg, but he was signally defeated, and compelled to 
 retreat. 
 
 * General Rosecrans had jtist won a victory at Corinth in Mississippi, where, with a 
 considerably inferior force he repulsed an attack by Generals Van Dorn and Price with 
 an army of nearly forty thousand men. Corinth, after the battle of Shiloh, became a 
 Union post, and large stores had been collected there. 
 
 31. Give an account of the battle of Fredericksburg. 32. Of the battle of Mur- 
 freesboro', 
 
1863] 
 
 THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 259 
 
 33. Battle of Chancellorsville.— Burnside having, at 
 his own request, been relieved of the command of the 
 Army of the Potomac, General Hooker* was appointed in 
 his place. The army, being thoroughly reinforced and 
 put in excellent con- 
 dition, advanced in 
 April, and crossed 
 the Eappahannock. 
 At Chancellorsville, 
 it encountered the 
 Confederate army, 
 under Lee, and after 
 a terrific battle, was 
 defeated with heavy 
 loss (May 2d and 
 3d).t Hooker, find- 
 in g his advance 
 effectually checked, 
 recrossed the river. 
 
 34. Invasion of the North by Lee. — Lee, encouraged 
 by his success, now began a movement northward, and in- 
 vaded Maryland and Pennsylvania. Tlie minds of the 
 Northern people, were greatly alarmed, for a large and 
 splendid army had just been driven back, seeming to be 
 
 * General Joseph Hooker had gained a splendid reputation for courage and skill in 
 the previous campaign of the Army of the Potomac. Hence the name sometimes ap- 
 plied to him of " Fighting .Joe." 
 
 t The Confederates, at this time, lost one of their ablest generals— Stonewall Jackson 
 —who was wounded during a night attack, it is said by the fire of his own men, mis- 
 taking his party for a corps of the enemy. He was wounded on the 2d of May, and 
 died on the 10th. ^___ 
 
 33. Of the battle of Chancellorsville. 34. What movement did Lee undertake ? 
 Its effect at the North ? What was done ? 
 
 KOBERT E. LEE 
 
260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1863 
 
 powerless to repel the invaders. Hooker was removed, 
 and General Meade appointed to the command. Militia 
 forces were hurried to the seat of war. for the Confederate 
 general, it was said, had scornfully boasted that he would 
 water his horses at the Delaware and the Hudson, and 
 dictate terms of peace at Philadelphia or Kew York. 
 
 35. Battle of Gettysburg. — The Union forces finally 
 made a stand at Gettysburg, a place well selected for 
 defense ; and on the 1st, :^d, and 3d of July, one 'of the 
 most terrific battles of the war was fought. Day after 
 day, Lee advanced his veterans against the lines of the 
 Unionists ; but all in vain, and at last, after losing a 
 third of his grand army, he was compelled to retreat. 
 This was probably the most important and decisive en- 
 gagement of the war.* 
 
 36. Opening of the Mississippi. — It was the chief 
 object of General Grant, who commanded the national 
 forces in the Southwest, to open the Mississippi, which was 
 effectually closed by the fortifications of Vicksburg, and, 
 further south, by those of Port Hudson. By a series of 
 skillful movements. Grant seized a position suitable for 
 operations, and defeated in the open field the Confederate 
 generals Pemberton and Johnston, finally shutting up 
 Pemberton and his armv within the intrenchments of 
 
 * "The Federal loss was about twenty thousand ; that of the Confederates was, In 
 killed, wounded, and missing, not less than thirty thousand, a loss which they were ill 
 able to repair." — .4. //. Stephens. Meade reported his loss in killed, wounded, and 
 missing, at twenty-three thousand, one hundred and eighty-six. 
 
 35. Describe the battle of Gettysburg. What was its result ? 36. Where was the 
 Mississippi closed ? Ho\y wa? Yicksburg taken ? When ? Port Hudson ? The 
 
 ?fect? 
 
1863] TEE GREAT CIVIL WAR 261 
 
 Vicksburg, wliicli, after a long siege, surrendered on the 
 4tli of July, 1863.* The Confederates, on learning the 
 fate of Vicksburg, also surrendered Port Hudson f (July 
 9th), and thus the Mississipj^i was opened, and the Confed- 
 eracy cut in twain. 
 
 37. Battle of Chickamauga. — After the battle of Mur- 
 freesboro', the forces of Eosecrans and Bragg remained 
 inactive till June. Then Eosecrans advanced, compelled 
 Bragg to retreat, and, by threatening his communications, 
 forced him (Sej)teniber 8) to evacuate Chattanooga. Mean- 
 while, Lee, having reached a secure position on the Eapidan, 
 in Virginia, hurried reinforcements to Bragg, and thus 
 enabled him to turn on his pursuers. The two armies met 
 near Chickamauga Creek, and a battle of two days ensued 
 (Sejjtember 19 and 20), the result of which was, that the 
 Federal army was partially routed, being only saved 
 from destruction by the determined heroism of General 
 Thomas. \ 
 
 38. Battle of Chattanooga. — Driven behind the in- 
 
 * The Confederates lost, by this surrender, two hundred guns and an army of thirty 
 thousand men, who were released on parole. Lee"s invasion of Maryland and Penn- 
 sylvania was partly intended to relieve this place by drawing off some of the besieging 
 force ; but Grant held on with his characteristic tenacity, till he had accomplished his 
 object. Scarcely ever have the inhabitants of a besieged city suffered more dreadful 
 hardships than did the wretched people of Vicksbttrg during the relentless bombard- 
 ment to whicli it was subjected, coiii])elled to burrow in cellars and caves, to escape 
 the fury of the iron storm, which, day after day, poured upon them. The garrison, 
 too, suffered terribly from the Union sharp-shooters. A hat held above the works was 
 pierced almost instantly with fifteen rifle-balls. 
 
 t It had been besieged for several months by Banks, and the surrender was made to 
 that general. 
 
 % It was here that this heroic general won the title which was afterwards conferred 
 upon him — the ''Rock of Chickamauga." 
 
 37. What led to the battle of Chickamauga ? Its result ? 38. The battle of Chat- 
 tanooga ? 
 
262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1863 
 
 trenchments of Chattanooga, with the Confederates holding 
 the surrounding hills, and cut off from escape, the position 
 of the Union forces was critical indeed. Reinforcements 
 under Hooker were rushed by rail to their aid, and Grant 
 assumed tlie command. The battle of Chattanooga soon 
 followed, and after three days' desperate fighting, Bragg 
 was driven into Georgia (November 25).* 
 
 39 — About the same time the Confederate forces under 
 Longstreet were repulsed by Burnside, at Knoxville. A 
 bold raid was made into Indiana and Ohio by the j^artisan 
 ranger Morgan ; but he was pursued day and night for a 
 distance of nearly seven hundred miles, and his baud were 
 killed, captured, or scattered. Morgan himself was taken 
 prisoner. 
 
 40. Draft Riot in New York. — In order to obtain the 
 necessary recruits for the army, the President having 
 called for three hundred thousand more men, it was found 
 requisite to resort to a draft. This excited great opposi- 
 tion ; and, in New York, a riot broke out on the 13th of 
 July, which lasted four days, and was only put down by 
 the most determined efforts of the police and the military. 
 Many buildings were sacked and burned, and a large 
 number of persons killed. The colored population of the 
 
 * The attack on the Confederate army on Missionary Ridge and Looliout Mountain 
 was one of the bravest exploits of the war. Tlic Union soldiers inarched up the 
 ascent, storming ridge after ridge, and entrenching themselves at every point gained, 
 till they had reached the heights above Chattanooga. Bragg's army was completely 
 routed ; and he was soon after relieved of his command, being succeeded by General 
 Joseph E. Johnston. 
 
 39. Other operations 't Give an account of Morgan's raid. 40. Describe the draft 
 riot in New York. 
 
1863] 
 
 TEE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 363 
 
 SEAL OF WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 city, being an object of particular hatred to tlie rioters, 
 suffered severely. 
 
 41. Admission of West Virginia. — The people in the 
 western counties of Virginia were, 
 from the beginning of the war, en- 
 tirely opposed to secession. They 
 refused, therefore, to obey the ordi- 
 nance passed by the State legisla- 
 ture, and took early measures to 
 effect a separation from the old 
 State, and obtain admission as a 
 State into the Union. This was 
 accomplished in 18G3, the State being admitted under the 
 name of West Virginia. 
 
 42. Rearrangement of the Army. — All eyes were now 
 turned on Grant, as the best and most successful of the 
 Union generals ; and the President conferred on him the 
 command of all the forces of the United States, under the 
 title of Lieutenant-General.* Sherman assumed the com- 
 mand of the army at Chattanooga, while Meade, under 
 Grant, commanded the Army of the Potomac. Both these 
 armies were to act in concert, moving at the same time, 
 the one against Atlanta, f and the other against Eichmond. 
 
 * An act of Congress was passed in February, 1864, providing for tlie appointment of 
 a Lieutenant-General to command all the armies of the Union, an honor which had 
 never previously been conferred on any other than Washington and Scott. President 
 Lincoln immediately nominated General Grant for the office, and the nomination was 
 confirmed on the 3d of March. 
 
 t Atlanta was a great railroad center, and had immense magazines, workshops, and 
 stores, all of the greatest importance to the Confederate government. Hence this city 
 became one of the chief olijective points of the war at this time. 
 
 41. What State was admitted in 1803 ? 42. What change in the army commanders ' 
 What were the objective points ? 
 
264 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1864 
 
 43. Red River Expedition. — About the same time, an 
 expedition against Shreveport, Louisiana, under the com- 
 mand of General Banks, aided by Porter's fleet, met with a 
 series of disasters, which caused its entire failure. The 
 
 tsCAPE OP TUE LMON FLEET 
 
 vessels, in consequence of a 
 fall in the Red River, were 
 saved ' from cajiture and de- 
 struction only by the construction of a dam across the 
 river, by means of which the boats were enabled to go over 
 the falls.* The loss of men and material, occasioned by 
 this failure, was very great (March and April). 
 
 * In less than nine days a dam of timber and stone was constructed across the river, 
 a little below the falls. The width of the river at that point was 758 feet, its depth 4 to 
 6 feet, and the rapidity of the current 10 miles an hour. By the dam, the depth was 
 increased over 5 feet, making the stream passable for the largest vessels. It was a 
 perilous descent, however. The first gunboat that tried it "took the chute without a 
 balk, and then rushed like an arrow through the narrow aperture in the lower dam ; 
 
1864] THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 265 
 
 44. Massacre at Fort Pillow — The absence of troops 
 to aid Banks in the Eed Eiver expedition, induced the 
 Confederates, under General Forrest, to make a raid into 
 the western j^art of Tennessee and Kentncky. Union City 
 was captured. An attack upon Fort Pillow (April 12th) 
 was bravely resisted ; but, at last, the place was carried by 
 assault, and three hundred of its defenders, mostly colored 
 troops, were massacred. 
 
 45. Capture of Atlanta — Sherman moved against 
 Johnston in May, and by outflanking him with his larger 
 force, drove him from one position after anotlier, till, iu 
 July, he had nearly reached Atlanta. The Confederate 
 government becoming dissatisfied with Johnston's con- 
 tinual retreats, then put General Hood in command. 
 This general, however, met with still greater disaster. His 
 determined assaults upon the Union army were repulsed 
 with heavy loss ; and, at last, when Sherman began to sur- 
 round Atlanta, and had again defeated a large division of 
 his army, he abandoned the city (Sept. 2). 
 
 46. Battle of Nashville. — Sherman, finding that Hood 
 had gone northward, with the design of destroying the com- 
 munications of the Union army, instead of pursuing him, 
 sent Thomas to defend Tennessee, while he, himself, re- 
 solved to march through Georgia to the coast. At Nash- 
 
 pitched down the roaring torrent ; hung for a moment on the rocks below ; and was 
 then swept on into deep water." All passed with but little damage, and the loss of but 
 one man, who was swept overboard. This device was suggested by Colonel Bailey, 
 formerly a Wisconsin lumberman. 
 
 44. W^hat raid was made ? What massacre occurred ? 45. How did Sherman 
 reach Atlanta ? Who was appointed in Johnston's place ? What was the result of 
 his attacks ? When and why was the city abandoned by Hood ? 46. What course 
 did Sherman take ? W^ho was sent to Tennessee ? When and w here was Hood defeated ? 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1864 
 
 ville, Hood's army was defeated and nearly destroyed by 
 Thomas in a terrific battle of two days (Dec, 15, 16). 
 
 47. Sherman's 
 March to the 
 Coast. — Breaking 
 away entirely from 
 his northern com- 
 munications, Sher- 
 man, on the loth 
 of November, com- 
 menced his ever 
 memorable march 
 to the sea -coast. 
 Passing through 
 Georgia and living 
 upon the country 
 as he advanced, he 
 successively occupied the State capital and other large 
 towns, until he reached Fort McAllister,* which he carried 
 by assault, and on the morning of the 21st of December, he 
 entered Savannah, where he captured immense stores and 
 one hundred and fifty guns, besides twenty-five thousand 
 bales of cotton, f 
 
 * In five weeks, the army, protected by the cavalry under Kilpatrick, marched more 
 than three hundred miles. During this time, Sherman and his troops were unheard of 
 at the North, and great anxiety was felt on their account. The first news of the suc- 
 cess and safety of Slierman's army was brought by scouts who left it as it was ap- 
 proaching Savannah. Hiding in the rice swamps by day, and paddling down the river 
 at night, they succeeded in passing Fort McAllister, and were picked up by the Union 
 gunboats. 
 
 + Sherman presented these products of his victory to President Lincoln, as a 
 " Christmas present to the nation." 
 
 47. Describe Slierman's march to the coast. What fort was taken ? When was 
 Savannah entered ? What was captured ? 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN 
 
1864] THE ORE AT CIVIL WAR 267 
 
 48. Campaign in Virginia. — The campaign in Virginia 
 was planned by Grant, and condncted by him in person, 
 Meade having the subordinate command of the army. On 
 the 4tli of May, the army crossed the Kapidan ; and on the 
 following day Grant encountered Lee in a terrific contest, 
 known as the battle of the Wilderness, Avhich raged for two 
 days. Grant, with his large army, Avas enabled to outflank 
 the Confederates, who retreated and took up successively 
 positions at Spottsylvania Court House, North Anna, and 
 Cold Harbor, at each of which a terrible battle was fought, 
 without any decisive result.* In this series of battles. 
 Grant lost, probably, sixty thousand men. 
 
 49. Siege of Petersburg. — Butler, co-operating with 
 Meade, sailed from Fortress Monroe, and secured a position 
 on the south side of the James ; and on the 14tli of June 
 Grant transferred his army to that side of the river, where 
 the troops were confronted by the strong fortifications of 
 Petersburg, which, in spite of every effort of the Union 
 general, were held by the Confederates till the following 
 spring. 
 
 50. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley — Third 
 Invasion of the North. — In the mean time, the Shenan- 
 
 * After the battle at Spottsylvania Court House, Grant sent a dispatch to the War 
 Department, in which he said, "We have now (May 11) ended the sixth day of very 
 heavy fighting. The result, to this time, is much in our favor. Our losses have been 
 heavy, as well as those of the enemy. I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes 
 all summer.^' 
 
 48. Who planned the Virginia campaign ? When did Grant set out ? What bat- 
 tles were fought ? The result ? What was Grant's loss ? 49. Where was the army 
 transferred ? Where did the Confederates make a stand ? How long was Petersburg 
 held ? 50. Where had there been constant warfare ? Who was sent to invade Mary- 
 land ? What was done by Early ? How far did the invaders go ? W^hat obliged them 
 to retreat ? 
 
268 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1864 
 
 doah Valley had been the scene of almost constant warfare. 
 Lee, after reaching his strong position at Petersburg, de- 
 tached a considerable force under General Early to invade 
 Maryland. Passing down the Valley, he defeated the 
 Union forces, crossed the Potomac, and threatened Wash- 
 ington and Baltimore. A body of Confederates advanced 
 into Pennsylvania and set fire to Chambersburg, but was 
 afterward pursued and compelled to retreat. 
 
 51. Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley. — Grant de- 
 spatched a strong force under General Sheridan to the 
 Valley ; and, on the 19th of September, that officer attacked 
 and routed Early near Winchester, and three days after, at 
 Fisher's Hill, gained a second victory. The next month, 
 during the absence of Sheridan, his army was snddenly 
 attacked at Cedar Creek, and driven in disorder from its 
 position. Sheridan, on his return, hearing the firing, 
 came up at full speed as the army was in retreat. He 
 at once rallied the men, formed them in line, charged' 
 the Confederates, who were phindering the camp, and 
 utterly routed them. This ended the campaign in the 
 Shenandoah. 
 
 52. Farragut at Mobile. — In July, a powerful fleet, 
 under Admiral Farragut, aided by a land force, was sent 
 against Mobile, the harbor of which was strongly defended 
 by Forts Morgan and Gaines, as well as a Confederate fleet. 
 Farragut successfully passed the forts, and gained a com- 
 plete victory over the fleet. The two forts were then cap- 
 
 51. Who was despatched to the Valley by Grant? What victories did Sheridan 
 gain ? What occurred at Cedar Creek ? How was the army saved ? 52. What was 
 done by Farragut in Mobile Bay ? 
 
270 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1865 
 
 tured. This was one of the most brilliant achievements of 
 the war.* 
 
 53. Sherman's Campaign of 1865. — Sherman, having 
 
 halted at Savannah only 
 long enongh to refit his 
 arm}', was again in mo- 
 tion by the first of Feb- 
 rnary. On the 17th he 
 captured Columbia, 
 and thus compelled the 
 Confederates to evacu- 
 ate Charleston, which 
 was immediately occu- 
 pied by General Gilmore (February 18), who had besieged 
 it for nearly two years, f Fort Sumter was abandoned at 
 the same time, and once more the Union flag was raised 
 over the fort, now a pile of ruins. 
 
 54. Sherman continued his march nortliward, passing 
 into North Carolina, where he met and defeated a Confed- 
 
 PAKROTT GUN 
 
 * The cool heroism displayed by Farragut in this terrific naval battle, was very re- 
 markable. He caused himself to be lashed to the main-top of his flag-ship, the Hart- 
 ford, in order that he might be able clearly to observe and direct the movements of the 
 fleet. 
 
 t Gilmore had obtained a position near enough to bombard Charleston with his 
 heavy guns. One of these, a monster in size, called the "Swamp Angel," had done 
 considerable execution. When Charleston was entered by the Union forces, its con- 
 dition was thus described : " Not a building for blocks here is exempt from the marks 
 of shot and shell'. All have suffered more or less. Here is a fine brown-stone bank 
 building, vacant and deserted, with great gaping holes in the sides and roof, through 
 which the sun shines and the rain pours ; windows and sashes blown out by exploding 
 shell within ; plastering knocked down ; counters torn up, floors crushed in, and frag- 
 ments of Mosaic pavement, broken and crushed, lying around on the floor." 
 
 53. Describe Sherman's march through South Carolina. When was Columbia 
 entered ? Charleston ? Fort Sumter ? 54. What other events in Sherman's cam. 
 paign ? Where did he join Terry ? What city was taken in January preceding this ? 
 
1865] THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 271 
 
 erate army under General Hardee (March 16), and four 
 days later gained a victory over General Johnston, who 
 withdrew his army to Raleigh, leaving Sherman to form a 
 junction with Schofield and Terry, the latter of whom, in 
 January, had taken Wilmington. 
 
 55. Close of Grant's Campaign — Capture of Rich- 
 mond. — On the 29th of March, the final movement of 
 Grant's forces was commenced. A force under Sheridan 
 and Warren was sent to attack the right flank of Lee's 
 army. Tliis led to the battle of Five Forks, in which tlie 
 Confederates were defeated (April 1). A general attack on 
 their line followed, which was pierced at several points. 
 Lee at once abandoned Petersburg and Richmond,* which 
 were occupied b}' tlie Union forces on the 3d of April. 
 
 56. Surrender of Lee and Johnston — Close of the 
 War.^ — Lee retreated to tlie southwest, hoping to be able to 
 join Johnston in North Carolina : but the retreating troops 
 were hotly pursued b}'' Sheridan ; and on the 9th, Lee, over- 
 taken and surrounded, surrendered to General Grant near 
 Appomattox Court House, f The surrender of Johnston 
 soon followed, and the Gkeat Civil War Avas at an end. 
 
 * When Lee found that his position at Petersburg could no longer be held, he sent a 
 telegram to Davis in Richmond, containing very nearly the following words: " >Iy 
 lines are broken in three places, Richmond must be evacuated this evening."' This 
 occurred on Sunday, April 2d, and the dispatch reached Mr. Davis while he sat in 
 church, where it was handed to him amid the fearful silence of the congregation. He 
 hurried out of the church, and the rumor at once spread that the city was to be 
 abandoned. 
 
 t " On this occasion Grant exhibited the greatest magnanimity. He declined to re- 
 ceive the sword of Lee, and in his capitulation paroled him and the less than eight 
 thousand Confederates who then and there grounded tlieir arms." — Alex. H. Stephens. 
 
 55. When was Grant's final movement made ? What led to the battle of Five 
 Forks ? Its result ? What followed ? When were Petersburg and Richmond occu- 
 pied by the Union forces ? 56. What caused Lee's surrender ? Johnston's ? 
 
272 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1865 
 
 57. Assassination of President Lincoln. — The joy of 
 
 the Northern j^eople at this triumph of the Union cause, 
 was soon and sniklenly turned into mourning. President 
 Lincoln, re-elected in the Fall of 1864, had entered on his 
 second term on the 4th of March following. In less than a 
 week after Lee's surrender * he was assassinated f in a thea- 
 tre at "Washington by a person named Booth, who, sympa- 
 thizing with tlie Confederate cause, had become frenzied 
 by its failure, and fancied that in killing the President he 
 was avenging the wrongs of his section. | Lincoln died on 
 the morning after he was shot (April 15). 
 
 58. General Remarks on the War. — Probably no other 
 war, in the history of the world, called forth such mighty 
 efforts as were made by both ]iarties in the great "Amer- 
 ican Conflict •," nor was any similar struggle ever waged on 
 so grand a scale, or with so vast a destruction of men and 
 material, especially in proportion to the time of its duration 
 
 * Jefferson Davis fled southward on the abandonment of Richmond ; but soon a 
 party of cavalry started on his track. They followed him through the Carolinas into 
 Georgia, where they suddenly came upon his hiding place ; and, notwithstanding an 
 attempt to escape, he was discovered and seized. lie was conveyed a prisoner to 
 Fortress Monroe, where he was kept in confinement until 18G7, when he was released. 
 
 + As the President sat in his box in Ford's theater, with his wife and friends, the 
 assassin stealthily approached, entered the box, and shot his victim in the back of the 
 head. Then leaping to the stage, he waved his pistol, and shouted, "Sic semper ty- 
 rannis ! " (the motto of Virginia — So he it to tyrants), and rushed away. In jumping, 
 however, his spur had caught in the American flag which draped the box, and he fell 
 and broke his leg. He nevertheless succeeded in his escape, and fled into Maryland, 
 where he was tracked to his hiding-place, and refusing to surrender, was shot by one 
 of the soldiers. 
 
 X Another assassin, with similar feelings of revenge, on the same evening broke 
 into Secretary Seward's chamber, where he was lying sick, and made an almost fatal 
 attack upon his life. 
 
 57. Give an account of the assassination of Lincoln. When did his death occur ? 
 58. What is said of the magnitude of the war ? Its destructiveness ? The efforts 
 put forth on each side ? 
 
1865] 
 
 THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 273 
 
 — about four years. The perseverance and determiuation 
 manifested by each section were very remarkable ; and, 
 considering that the contending parties belonged, in gen- 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE BATTLE 
 
 eral, to the same race and country, it is not surprising that 
 sjDlendid generalship should hare been exhibited by the 
 officers of both armies. 
 
 59. Enlistments and Losses On the side of the Na- 
 tional government nearly two million, seven hundred thou- 
 
 59, Number of men enlisted by the Union government ? By the Confederate 
 Losses by death ? In the aggregate ? 
 
 18 
 
274 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1865 
 
 sand men were enlisted during the war, of whom at least 
 one million and a half were actually and effectively engaged 
 in the service. Tlie Confederates, it is said, could only 
 enlist about six hundred thousand men. The losses by 
 death, on both sides, probably amounted to about six 
 hundred thousand ; and, with the wounded and disabled, 
 did not fall far short of a million. 
 
 60. Sanitary and Christian Commissions. — The efforts 
 put forth by tlie Nortli to sustain the Uuion cause Avere not 
 confined to the government and the army. The peoi^le 
 actively showed their interest in the cause, and their sym- 
 pathy with those who had engaged in it. Associations 
 were formed to relieve the necessities of the soldiers. 
 Food, clothing, and medicine were forwarded in large 
 quantities; and women from all ranks of society volun- 
 teered to act as nurses of the sick and wounded. Of all 
 the relief organizations, the Christian and Sanitary Com- 
 missions, especially the latter, did the most extensive 
 work ; and many a wounded soldier owed liis life to the 
 far-reaching hand of mercy stretched thousands of miles by 
 these noble associations.* 
 
 61. Cost of the War. — The national debt, at the close 
 
 * " The Sanitary Commission was a genuine expression of tlie spirit of tlie people. 
 It was to America in this century what the orders of chivalry were to Europe in their 
 day." — Carlyle. " From Maine to Oregon it had its army of workers ; and for every 
 soldier that the government could put into the field, there was at least one worker for 
 his support among the million laborers enlisted in aid of the Commission. To the end 
 of time the Sanitary Commission will stand in history as a worthy monument of the 
 patriotism, the humanity, and the religion of a Christian democracy." — North Ameri- 
 can Bevieiv. 
 
 60. How did the people aid the government ? What relief sent to the array ? What 
 commissions were formed ? 61. National debt at the close of the war ? How the 
 money was raised ? The Confederate debt ? Aggregate cost of the war ? 
 
1865] 
 
 THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 275 
 
 of the Avar, amounted to about twenty-seven hundred mil- 
 lions of dollars. To raise the enormous sums required to 
 carry on the war. the Federal government had asked for 
 loans which were freely granted ; the duties on imported 
 goods were increased ; taxes were imposed on incomes and 
 manufactures ; and revenue stamps Avere required for vari- 
 ous written instruments, such as bonds, deeds, recei2)ts, 
 etc. The Confederate debt, Avhich must have amounted to 
 a vast sum, was never paid. The aggregate cost of the 
 war, including the loss and sacrifice of propert}^ has been 
 estimated at eight thou sat id inillions of dotlars. 
 
 62. Emancipation of the Slaves — One of the most 
 important events of the war Avas the emancipation procla- 
 mation. After the invasion of Maryland, in 1862, the 
 Pi'esident saw clearly that the Avar could not be successfully 
 waged Avithout declaring freedom 
 
 to the slaves in the South; and 
 on the 1st of January, 1863, he 
 issued his memorable proclama- 
 tion, by which the slaves in all 
 States and districts at war Avith 
 the National government Avere 
 declared to be forever free. 
 
 63. NeAv States. — In addition 
 to West Virginia, Avhich became 
 a State in 1863, Nevada, the 
 
 thirty-sixth State, AA^as admitted in 1864. This AA-as origi- 
 nally a part of the territory of California, acquired from 
 
 SEAL OP NEVADA 
 
 62. Emancipation Proclamation, when issued ? 63. What new States were ad- 
 mitted ? 
 
276 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1865 
 
 Mexico. Its mineral wealth led to its rapid settlement 
 and increase in population. It was named from the 
 mountain I'ange on the west, called the Sierra Nevada, 
 or Snow-covered Mountains. 
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 
 Later Administrations 
 
 I. Funeral of Abraham Lincoln — On the death of the 
 lamented Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, the ^"ice-president, at 
 once assumed the duties of President. The funeral obse- 
 quies of the late President occupied for a short time the 
 attention of the whole people. The remains were borne 
 to Springfield, in Illinois, the former home of the deceased; 
 and as the procession moved on its long journey of nearly 
 
 Text Questions.— 1. Who succeeded Lincoln as President ? What is said of the 
 funeral obsequies of the late President ? 
 
1865] 
 
 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 277 
 
 two thousand miles, the people everywhere sought to give 
 expression to their reverential sorrow. At the great cities 
 the body lay in state, and all business was suspended. 
 
 2. Proclamations of 
 Amnesty, etc. — On the 
 29th of April, Johnson is- 
 sued a proclamation remov- 
 ing restrictions on com- 
 merce in the South ; and 
 a month later, he issued 
 another proclamation, de- 
 claring amnesty, or par- 
 don, to all who had been 
 concerned in the late war> 
 except certain specified 
 classes of persons. 
 
 3. Abolition of Slavery. — Congress had previously j^ro- 
 posed an amendment (the Thirteenth) to the Constitution, 
 abolishing slavery in every part of the United States. This 
 proposition having been approved by three-fourths of the 
 States, slavery w-as declared to be constitutionally abolished 
 on the 18th of December, 1865. 
 
 4. Reconstruction Acts. — The manner in which the 
 States of the South should be restored to their former po- 
 litical standing, and the conditions that should be imposed 
 to insure the protection of the emancipated slaves, occu- 
 pied the attention of the President and Congress for a 
 
 2. What proclamations were issued by Johnson ? 3. What amendment to the 
 Constitution was adopted ? When was slavery declared to be abolished ? 4. What oc- 
 cupied the attention of the President and Congress ? Did they agree ? What Acts 
 were passed ? 
 
 AM)I:EW .IIJHN; 
 
278 
 
 HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1867 
 
 considerable time, as they were not able to agree upon the 
 proper policy to be pursued. In ^larch, 186T, Congress 
 passed over the President's veto '• reconstruction acts/' 
 defining the terms upon which the Southern States should 
 be allowed representation. {See Fourteenth Amendment to 
 the Constitution.) 
 
 5. Nebraska and Alaska. — During the year 1867, Ne- 
 braska * was admitted into the Union; and the territorial 
 possessions of the United States 
 were very greatly enlarged by the 
 addition of A-las'-ka, formerly 
 known as Eussian America. This 
 v;ist tract of land was purchased of 
 Russia for about seven millions of 
 dollars in gold. 
 
 6. Impeachment of the Presi- 
 dent. — On the 24th of February, 
 1868, the bitter quarrel wliicli had existed for some time 
 between Johnson and Congress was brought to an issue by 
 the passage of a resolution in the House of Eepresenta- 
 tives, impeaching the President of high crimes and misde- 
 meanors. The impeachment articles, eleven in number, 
 were duly submitted to the Senate, and the President was 
 tried on three of them ; but he was acquitted by a close 
 vote, and the Senate as a court adjourned (May 26). 
 
 SEAL OF NEBRASKA 
 
 * The word Nebraska is of Indian origin, signifying Xe, water, and braska, wide or 
 siiallow. It was first applied to tlie Platte River, and transferred to the territory- 
 crossed by that stream. 
 
 5. What State was admitted ? What territory was purchased ? For what sum ? 
 6. Give an account of the impeachment of the President. Was he convicted ? 
 
1869] 
 
 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 379 
 
 7. Election of Grant and Colfax — In the j^residential 
 campaign of 1868, the Eepublicans nominated for Presi- 
 dent General Grant ; the Democrats, Horatio Seymour. 
 The former was elected by a very large majority ; and, at 
 the same time, Schuyler Colfax was elected Vice-presi- 
 dent. 
 
 8. Grant's Administration. — This administration com- 
 menced on the 4th of March, 18G9. During that year the 
 
 three States, Virginia, Mis- 
 
 sissippi, and Texas, were re- 
 stored to representation in 
 Congress, and thus the " Ke- 
 construction of the Union " 
 was fully accomplished. 
 The Fourteenth Amend- 
 ment to the Constitution 
 had, however, already been 
 adopted (July 28, 1868). 
 
 9. Fifteenth Amend- 
 ment.— T he Fifteenth 
 
 . ^ . ULYSSES S. GKANT 
 
 Amendment to tlie Consti- 
 tution, guaranteeing the right of suffrage to all citizens of 
 the United States, without regard to " race, color, or pre- 
 vious condition of servitude," having been proposed by 
 Congress, and approved by three-fourths of the States, was 
 declared adopted. March 30, 1870. 
 
 ID. Destructive Conflagrations.— In October, 1871, 
 
 7. Who were elected President and Vice-president in 1868 ? 8. By what event was 
 "reconstruction " completed ? 9. What other amendment to the Constitution was 
 adopted ? 10. What extensive conflagrations occurred 1 
 
280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1878 
 
 the most destructive fire in the liistorj of this country 
 occurred at Chicago. About eighteen thousand buildings 
 were consumed^ and the total loss amounted to over one 
 hundred millions of dollars. During the same month, 
 forest fires raged in parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and 
 Minnesota, and were scarcely less destructive than the 
 Chicago conflagration.* 
 
 11. Re-election of Grant. — In 1872, the presidential 
 campaign resulted, in the re-election of General Grant as 
 President ; and his inauguration for a second term took 
 place on the 4th of March, 1873. Henry "Wilson, of Mas- 
 sachusetts, was chosen Vice-president at the same time. 
 
 12. Alabama Claims. — Great Britain at first refused to 
 make any compensation for the damages done to American 
 commerce by the Alabama and other English-built priva- 
 teers of the Confederates. This caused much ill-feeling on 
 the part of the people of the United States toward the 
 British government, and even threatened war. Commission- 
 ers were, however, appointed by the two governments, who 
 met at AYashington, and agreed upon the basis of a treaty, 
 which was adopted by the two countries. By this treaty 
 ^' all causes of ditference" were settled. 
 
 13. Geneva Award. — In pursuance of this treaty, five 
 arbitrators f were appointed to examine into and decide all 
 
 * In a little more than a j'ear after, a fire occurred in Boston (November, 1872), which 
 destroyed seven hundred and seventy-six buildings, causing a total loss, in houses and 
 merchandise, of about seventy-five millions of dollars. 
 
 + These arbitrators consisted of one from each of the following countries : the United 
 States, Great Britain, Italy, Switzerland, and Brazil. 
 
 11. Who were elected President and Vice-president in 1872? 12. AVhat difficulties 
 arose out of the Alabama Claims ? How were they settled ? 13. Where did the 
 arbitrators meet ? W^hat sum was awarded ? 
 
1876] 
 
 GH ANT'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 281 
 
 the claims. They met in Geneva, in Switzerland, and 
 finally awarded the sum of fifteen million five hundred, 
 thousand dollars to be paid in gold, by Great Britain to the 
 United States, in satisfaction of all the claims (September 
 14, 1872). That amount was accordingly j^aid a vear later. 
 
 14. Centennial Anniversary of American Independ- 
 ence. — -The one hundredth anniversary of the Declaration 
 of Independence (July 4th, 1876), was celebrated with great 
 rejoicing in all jjarts of the country. As this year ended 
 the first centennial period of the nation's existence, it Avas 
 viewed with special interest, and was marked by various 
 events. 
 
 15. International Exhibition of 1876. — Among these 
 events, the most interesting was the great International 
 Exhibition which was held in Pliiladelphia from ^lay until 
 November. For this '' World's 
 
 Fair," nearly two hundred build- 
 ings were erected in Fairmount 
 Park, the six jirincipal ones cover- 
 ing more than sixty acres. The 
 main building was 1,880 feet in 
 length and 464 feet in width, and 
 covered an area of twenty acres. 
 
 16. In these buildings were ex- 
 hibited specimens of the farming 
 
 products and the manufactured goods of nearly every State 
 in the Union, and of the most inijiortant foreign coun- 
 
 SEAL OF COLORADO 
 
 14. What was celebrated with great rL-joicing in 1870 ? How was that year viewed ? 
 VVIiy ? 15, 16. What was held in Philadelphia? For what period? What further 
 can you state of the Exhibition ? 
 
282 
 
 HISTORY OF THE tINlTED STATES 
 
 [1877 
 
 tries. Beautiful works of art, and other articles designed 
 to show the progress made by different States and countries 
 in science and education were also exhibited. Thousands 
 of visitors from all parts of the United States and from 
 
 abroad were constantly in 
 attendance during the six 
 months the ''"Fair" was open. 
 
 17. Other Events of 1876. 
 — The other important events 
 of the year were the admis- 
 sion into the Union of Colo- 
 rado, hence called the " Cen- 
 tennial State ; " and the twen- 
 ty-third presidential election. 
 
 18. Hayes Declared Pres- 
 ident. — The result of the 
 election was for several months 
 
 in doubt, the votes being nearly equally divided. The 
 dispute, in consequence, was very exciting ; but the votes 
 were finally counted, and Eutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, 
 was declared to be the President elect. His inauguration 
 took place on the 5th of March, 1877, the 4th being Sunday. 
 
 ig. Fishery Question The question as to the right 
 
 of the people of the United States to fish off the coast of 
 Newfoundland, and in other British-Amerid^ffl waters, had 
 long been in dispute. This privilege, which the British 
 had conceded at the close of the Revolution (see p. 172, 
 
 17. What other important events occurred in 1876 ? 18. What can you state of 
 the election ? Who became President ? Who Vice-president ? (See Table of Presi- 
 dents and Vice-presidents.) When was Hayes inaugurated ? 19. Give an account 
 of the fishery dispute. 
 
 KUTHERFORD B. HAYES 
 
1880] GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION 383 
 
 ^ 57), they claimed had been annulled by the war of 1813. 
 The dispute Avas now (1877) brought to a termination 
 by a grant of the right claimed, for a period of twelve 
 years, for which the United States paid the sum of 
 15,500,000. 
 
 20. Chinese Immigration. — In California and other 
 parts of the West, a strong feeling of alarm had for some 
 time been manifested at the rapidly increasing number of 
 Chinese immigrants, and the effect of this vast influx 
 of foreign laborers upon the interests of a large and indus- 
 trious class of the native people ; since the practical ten- 
 dency was seen to be to reduce the wages of labor, and 
 thus to deprive American workmen of employment except 
 at starvation rates. Commissioners sent to China suc- 
 ceeded in arranging a treaty by wliich emigration from 
 that country to the United States may now be regulated 
 and restricted. 
 
 21. Election of Garfield. — During the summer of 
 1880 preparations were begun for the twenty-fourth 
 presidential election. The Republicans nominated James 
 A. Garfield, of Ohio : the Democrats presented as their 
 candidate the distinguished soldier General Hancock.* 
 The canvass was exceedingly spirited, being marked by 
 immense meetings of the people and by great torchlight 
 processions. The result was in favor of the Republicans. 
 
 * Winfleld Scott Hancock was born in Pennsylvania in 1834. His military education 
 was acquired at West Point, and lie won distinction and promotion for merit in the 
 war with Mexico. He held important commands during the Great Civil War, and for 
 his good conduct at Gettysburg, in which conflict he was severely wounded, he was 
 awarded the thanks of Congress. 
 
 20. What is said of Chinese immigration y How was the evil brought to an end i 
 21. What is said of the twenty-fourth presidential election ? 
 
284 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1881 
 
 22. The successful candidate — Garfield — had risen from 
 a very humble position in life. In his boyhood, with ax 
 
 and hoe, and by driving 
 the oxen before the plow, 
 he helped on his father's 
 farm. He was never idle. 
 Later, when he was not 
 earning money among his 
 neighbors in the hayfield, 
 he was earning it in a car- 
 penter shoj"), or in chop- 
 ping wood, or in driving 
 horses on the canal. He 
 had a strong passion for 
 books, and a great ambi- 
 tion to get an education. At the age of eighteen he was 
 a school-teacher, at twenty-four a professor of Greek and 
 Latin, at twenty-seven a college j^i'csident, at twenty-eight 
 a State Senator, at thirty a colonel in the army, at thirty- 
 one a general, at thirty-three a member of Congress. His 
 inauguration as President of the United States took place 
 on the 4th of March, 1881. 
 
 23. His administration promised to be a very useful and 
 brilliant one, but soon became clouded by political dissen- 
 sions, caused by his nominating for an important office in 
 New York a person who was obnoxious to the Senators of 
 that State. A sad tragedy terminated the career of the 
 
 JAMES A. GAUFIELU 
 
 22. Give a sketch of Garfield's career. When did his inauguration talce place ? 
 23. What is said of his administration ? How did it end ? Who became President ? 
 When was he inaugurated ? 
 
1884] 
 
 A R THUR 'S AD3IINISTRA TION 
 
 285 
 
 President; for, within fonr months from his inauguration, 
 lie was sl)ot by an assassin at a railroad de})ot in Washing- 
 ton (July 2). ■ lie lingered until the 19th of .September, 
 when he died, at Long Branch, whither he had been 
 removed. This mournful event caused a feeling of uni- 
 versal regret in this country, and called forth expressions 
 of sympathy from every 
 civilized nation. The Vice- 
 president, Chester A. 
 Arthur, on taking the 
 oath, then became Presi- 
 dent (Sept. 20). 
 
 24. The administration 
 of President Arthur was 
 marked by prudence, in- 
 telligence, and moderation. 
 The official changes were 
 not numerous, and political 
 dissensions w^ere in a good 
 degi'ee appeased, and party factions reconciled. A pen- 
 sion of $5,000 a year was granted by Congress to the 
 widow of President Garfield. His assassin, after a long and 
 exciting trial, was executed in June, 1882. In pursuance 
 of treaty stipulations, Chinese immigration was restricted 
 for a period of ten years. An international exhibition was 
 held in New Orleans in 1884-5. 
 
 25. In 1884 the Republican and Democratic conventions 
 
 CHESTEIl A. AKTUUR 
 
 24. What was the character of ArthurV administration ? W'liat were the principal 
 events ': 25. Who were nominated for the office of President in 1884 ? Who was 
 elected ? Who was elected Vice-president ? When were they inaugurated ? 
 
386 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1885 
 
 GROVER CLEVELAND 
 
 nominated respectively for President, James G. Blaine, 
 of Maine, and Grover Cleveland, Governor of the state 
 
 of New York. The contest 
 between the two great par- 
 ties was unusually close and 
 exciting, and resulted in the 
 election of the Democratic 
 candidates. Cleveland was 
 inaugurated March 4, 1885, 
 as President, and Thomas 
 A. Hendricks, of Indiana, 
 as Vice-president. 
 
 26. Death of General 
 Grant. — The protracted 
 sickness of General Grant had for some time engaged 
 the sympathy of the people. His death occurred in 1885 
 (July 23), at Mount MacGregor, near Saratoga Springs 
 (Map, p. 154), whence his remains were conveyed to the 
 city of New York, and in solemn procession borne to the 
 tomb prepared for them in Eiverside Park, overlooking 
 the Hudson Kiver. The most affectionate tributes were 
 paid to his memory by the people in all sections of the 
 country, as to an illustrious soldier and a true patriot, to 
 whose eminent services had been due in great part the 
 salvation of the Union. 
 
 27. Statue of Liberty Unveiled. — One of the most in- 
 teresting events of the second year of the Clevelaiid 
 
 26. What is said of the character, death, and funeral of Gieneral Grant ? 27. Who 
 was Bartholdi ? What can you state of his worli ? Where now is the great statue ? 
 Where was it made ? Ans. In Paris. State the particulars as to the ceremony of its 
 presentation to our country. 
 
1885] 
 
 CLE VE LAND'S ADMINISTRA TION 
 
 287 
 
 administration was the unveiling (Oct. 28) of the colossal 
 statue of " Liberty Enlightening the World " — the work of 
 a French artist named 
 Bartholdi, and the gift 
 of France to the peo- 
 ple of the United 
 States. It was erected 
 on an island in the 
 harbor of New York, 
 upon a beautiful and 
 lofty pedestal con- 
 structed for it. Count 
 de Lesseps, the plan- 
 ner of the Suez Canal, 
 made the presentation 
 address, and President 
 Cleveland, in behalf 
 of the United States, 
 accepted the gift. M. 
 Bartholdi. the artist, 
 took part in the cere- 
 mony of unveiling ; 
 and some of the most 
 eminent orators and 
 statesmen in the coun- 
 try participated in 
 this dedication of the statue, as an emblem of the "' friend- 
 ship of nations and the peace of the world." 
 
 28. Chinese Immigration — In 1888 Congress passed a 
 
 28. What laws against the coming of the Chinese to our shores have been enacted ? 
 
 m 
 
 n n^ 
 
 STATtTE OF LIBERTY 
 
288 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1888 
 
 more striugeut law against Chinese immigration, declaring 
 that "it shall be unlawful for any Chinese person to enter 
 the United States " (page 283). Chinese officials, teachers, 
 students, merchants, and travelers for pleasure or curiosity 
 are, however, excepted ; but such persons are required to 
 obtain permission of the Chinese Government, or of what- 
 ever government they are subject to. Moreover, all Chinese 
 laborers who, after residing in this country, have left it, 
 are not permitted to return. 
 
 29. Twenty-sixth Presidential Election. — The Demo- 
 cratic Convention of 1888 nom- 
 inated President Cleveland for a 
 second term, and with him Allen 
 G. Thurnian, of Ohio, for Vice- 
 President. The Republican can- 
 didate for President was Benja- 
 min Harrison,'of Indiana, grand- 
 son of General Harrison, the ninth 
 President (page 221). Levi P. 
 Morton, of Xew York, was nom- 
 inated by the Republicans for 
 Vice-President. There were other 
 
 parties by whom candidates were placed in nomination, 
 but the real contest was between the Democrats and the 
 Republicans. 
 
 30. The canvass was an unusually exciting one. The 
 
 Copyright, 1899, by Pach 
 
 BENJAMIK HARRISON 
 
 29. Who were the candidates for President and Vice-President in 1888 ? What 
 can you state of Harrison's ancestors ? (See pages 198, 200, 231, App. page 4.) 
 30. What is stated in relation to the tariff ? What account can you give of previous 
 tariffs ? (Pages 214, 215, 217.) What was the result of the election of 1888 ? When 
 and where did the inauguration take place ? 
 
1889] HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION 289 
 
 chief question at issue between the two great parties related 
 to the tariff. The Democrats favored a reduction of duties ; 
 but the Eepublicaus were opposed to this change, and de- 
 sired that a j^rotective tariff, or the American System (see 
 page 214, ^ 9), should be maintained. The election (Nov. 
 6) resulted in the choice of a majority of Republican elec- 
 tors, and on the 13tli of February, 1889, the electoral votes 
 were counted in the jiresence of the two Houses of Congress, 
 and the election of Harrison and ^lorton was duly declared. 
 The inauguration ceremonies took place on the 4th of 
 March following. 
 
 31. Centennial Celebration. — In his address that day, 
 the new President alluded to the near approach of the cen- 
 tennial of the first inauguration of the first President (p. 
 181). Congress having already declared that this centen- 
 nial day (April 30) should be a general holiday, the memor- 
 able event was celebrated in all the large cities of the Union. 
 In New York, where the first inauguration took place, the 
 celebration was the most imposing. Standing where Wash- 
 ington stood just a hundred years before, Harrison ad- 
 dressed a great crowd of men and women who stood in the 
 streets before and about him. A hundred thousand men 
 and five thousand school-boys marched in procession. 
 
 32. New States. — This administration was noted for 
 the large number of additions to the Union. Four States — 
 North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington — 
 
 31. What centennial was alluded to by Harrison ? What had Congress previously 
 decided ? Give an account of the celebration. Where, in Xew York, did Harrison 
 stand when making the address ? What now marks that spot ? Ans. A statue of 
 Washington. 32. For what was Harrison's administration noted ? Xame the six 
 States, stating when each was admitted. 
 19 
 
290 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1890 
 
 were admitted before the close of 1889, and two others — 
 Idaho and Wyoming — were admitted in 1890. 
 
 33. The region covered by the two Dakotas, Montana, 
 and a portion of Wyoming was once a part of the Louisiana 
 Purchase (p. 193). The entire domain that in 1848 was 
 organized as the Oregon Territory (p. 240) is now ap23or- 
 tioned to the three States, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 
 The word Dakota, meaning a league, was commonly applied 
 to the Sioux tribes of Indians. Montana is the Spanish 
 word for mountain. The word Wyoming, meaning a large 
 plain, was derived from an Indian term. 
 
 34. As to the word Idaho, the account given by a mem- 
 ber of Congress in an address before the House of Repre- 
 sentatives meets with popular favor. Said he : '■ Two offi- 
 cials were traveling one bright morning over a lonely moun- 
 tain of the Sierra Xevada I'unge. An Indian woman came 
 out of a wigwam, and in a far-reaching voice called several 
 times the word Idaho, or, as it sounded, Ed-dah-hoo-00-oo. 
 The call was answered by the appearance of a comely Indian 
 girl. The travelers inferred that this word was the name of 
 the girl, but, on inquiry, could find no definition for it in 
 the language of her kindred. Being impressed with the 
 comely appearance of the little maiden in that lonely abode, 
 they concluded that Gem of the Mountains would be a 
 fitting translation of the word." 
 
 35. Oklahoma. — As far back as 1834 a large domain 
 was set apart for the abode of Indian tribes, and called 
 
 33. state what you can of their previous history, and of their names. 34. Repeat 
 what is related respecting the name Idaho. 35. What is said of the name Oklahoma ? 
 Give the history of the Indian Territory. Of the Olilahoma Territory. 
 
1892] HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION 291 
 
 the Indian Territory. In 1889, by cession from the 
 Indians, a part of tliis domain was created into a tem- 
 porary government by tlie name of the Territory of Ok-la- 
 ho'ma, meaning, in the Indian hmguage, beautiful land. 
 In April it was opened for settlement, and within a few 
 hours was occupied by a large population. Enlarged, it 
 was next year organized like the other territories. 
 
 36. Anniversary of the Discovery of America. — In 
 October, 1892, occurred the 400th anniversary of the dis- 
 covery of America by Columbus. It had been decided 
 to celebrate the event with a World's Fair and various 
 demonstrations of rejoicing. With the countenance and 
 aid of Congress, jDreparations were begun in Chicago for 
 the fair, to be held there the following year ; and by order 
 of Congress the 21st day of the month (1892) was named 
 as a general holiday (note f , page 55). On that and other 
 days immense processions of men and school-children 
 2)assed through the streets of the principal cities. In the 
 harbor of ]^ew York there was a naval parade in which 
 were about three hundred steam vessels, including war 
 ships of the United States and many foreign countries. 
 
 37. Twenty-seventh Presidential Election. — Harri- 
 son was again the candidate of the Republicans for Presi- 
 dent, and Cleveland of the Democrats. James B. Weaver, 
 of Iowa, was the candidate of a new party styled the 
 People's Party, the members of which were called Popu- 
 lists. As between the Republicans and Democrats, the 
 tariff law of 1890 was the principal issue in the canvass. 
 It had been enacted by a Republican Congress, and was 
 
 86. What anniversary occurred in 1893 ? How was it celebrated ? 
 
393 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1892 
 
 commonly known as the ''McKinley Bill/' from the name 
 of the chairman of the committee in Congress that framed 
 it. By it more than half of all the imports in value were 
 admitted free of duty, but on other imports a protective 
 duty was imposed (see p. 214). A feature of the law gave 
 to the President authority to make Reciprocal Treaties 
 with other nations, the object being to increase the exj^ort 
 trade of the United States by concessions in return for 
 concessions. Sevei'al such treaties were accordingly made. 
 
 38. The Republicans commended the tariff law, the 
 Democrats denounced it. The Populists, making no 
 direct reference to the law. favored an income tax, also 
 government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and tele- 
 phones. The election resulted in favor of Cleveland by 
 a large majority, and with him, for Vice-President, Adlai 
 E. Stevenson, of Illinois. 
 
 39. Behring Sea Dispute. — Alaska, as we have seen 
 (p. 278). became a possession of the United States in 1867. 
 Some of its islands in Behring Sea had long been a resort 
 for the seals whose furs were of great value. So long 
 as Alaska was a Russian possession the sealing vessels of 
 no other power than Russia ventured into Behring Sea ; 
 but, soon after the transfer to the United States, British 
 vessels appeared there, and in the efforts of their crews to 
 capture seals, guns being used, thousands of the disabled 
 animals sunk before they could be reached. 
 
 40. Ill consequence, a dispute arose as to Russia's for- 
 mer riffhts in the sea and as to the extent to which such 
 rights had been transferred by Russia to the United 
 States, our government being anxious to prevent the 
 
1893] 
 
 HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 293 
 
 extermination of the seals. The dispute was settled by 
 arbitrators who met in Paris. They decided that British 
 vessels are entitled to as much freedom in Behrius: Sea 
 
 SEAL INDUSTRV IN ALASKA 
 
 Driving the seals up from the sea 
 
 as any other vessels ; but, to protect seal life from utter 
 destruction, they decided against the future use of guns 
 in sealing, against the killing of seals anywhere in the sea 
 during certain months, and against the killing of seals 
 at any time within sixty miles around the seal islands 
 {Aug. 15, 1893). 
 
 41. Business and the Tariff. — Merchants, farmers, and 
 mechanics were complaining. Business was depressed. 
 Many thought that the law requiring the government to 
 purchase 4,500,000 ounces of silver every month was in 
 large part the cause. The President called an extra ses- 
 sion of Congress, and the law was repealed (1893). The 
 
394 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1896 
 
 depression continuing, this time it Avas laid to uncertainty 
 as to the future of the tariff, the Democrats having gained 
 control in Congress. This uncertainty ended when next 
 year a tariff laAV was enacted less protective than the one 
 it displaced. 
 
 42. Utah. — ISTearly fifty years before, a religious sect 
 called ]\[ormons, or Latter Day Saints, left Illinois for that 
 part of Mexico which was soon after acquired by the United 
 States (p. 229). There the Mormons founded Salt Lake 
 City, and rapidly grew in population, wealth, and power. 
 As early as 18-1-9 they asked Congress to admit their terri- 
 tory into the Union as the State of Deseret, but this and 
 other applications of the kind were denied. Congress not 
 being willing to sanction polygamy, which the Mormons 
 avowed and practiced. Meanwhile other settlers found 
 homes in the territory, to which Congress gave the name 
 Utah. The last application for admission was accom- 
 panied by a Constitution which forbade polygamy. Con- 
 gress could no longer object, and on the 4th of January, 
 1896, Utah became a State. The Utahs were a tribe of 
 Indians. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI 
 
 Civil Progress of the Nation 
 
 I. Events previously Related. — It will be seen from 
 what has been related that the Revolution, or overturning 
 of the Colonial government, was only effected by means of 
 a long war, and that the Great Civil War was caused by the 
 
 Text Questions.— 1. Subject of preceding chapters ? 
 
CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION 295 
 
 attempt of the Southern States to separate themselves from 
 the Union and establish an independent nation. 
 
 2. Political and Civil History — A nation is organized 
 by means of its government ; its organization, indeed, is 
 its government ; and hence an account of the wars 
 which it has waged with other nations constitutes also 
 a part of its ])olit\ccd liistory. Civil history relates to its 
 progress in civilization, its growth in population, and the 
 improvements which it has made in the useful and fine 
 arts, in manufactures, commerce, education, literature, etc. 
 
 3. Population. — Tlie first census was taken in 1790, and 
 showed a total population in the thirteen States, and in all 
 the national territory, of about four millions. Philadelphia 
 was then the largest city in the Union, and contained a 
 population of less than forty-five thousand : while New 
 York had only about thirty-three thousand. Kew Orleans, 
 then a French settlement, was a very small town. 
 
 4- The census of 1880 showed a population in the United 
 States of over fifty millions ; and that of New York had 
 grown to 1,206,090. All the great cities of the West have 
 attained their astonishing growth within the present 
 century. Cincinnati, in 1805, contained only about five 
 hundred inhabitants; and Chicago, in 1831, was a small 
 village. St. Louis was but a small trading town, when, 
 with Louisiana, it came under the L^nited States govern- 
 ment. 
 
 5. Agriculture. — The vast fertile domain of our country, 
 
 2. How is a nation organized ? To what does civil history relate ? 3. What did 
 the census of 1790 show ? Wliat is said of Philadelphia ? Of New York ? New 
 Orleans ? 4. What did the census of 1880 show ? Cities of the West ? St. Louis ? 
 5. Leading pursuit '! Why ? Chief products of the North ;' Of the South ? 
 
296 BISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 constantly presenting new fields for farming industry, has 
 made agriculture the leading pursuit, except in some small 
 sections. The immense production of the cereal grains, such 
 as wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, and barley, in the Northern 
 States; and of cotton, rice, sugar, etc., in the Southern, 
 has offered a splendid reward to the farmer and the planter. 
 
 6. Cotton Culture. — The cultivation of cotton has been 
 a prominent feature in the agricultural history of this 
 country, and its results have revolutionized the commerce 
 of the world. In 1790, it had hardly commenced ; but, in 
 1860, before the breaking out of the Civil War, it reached 
 the enormous aggregate of two thousand million pounds, 
 or four millions of bales, and was the chief article of export 
 of the country. 
 
 7. Railroads. — The rapid construction of railroads has 
 aided very much the growth of the country. More than 
 fifty thousand miles of railroads have been built during the 
 last forty years. Of these, the Pacific Railroad is the most 
 interesting. It extends from Omaha, in Nebraska, to 
 San Francisco, being nearly two thousand miles long, 
 and brings the great Eastern cities within a week's journey 
 from San Francisco. 
 
 8. Telegraphs. — The magnetic telegraph has been 
 another mighty agent in advancing the interests of the 
 nation. It was invented by Professor S. F. B. Morse, who, 
 in 1844, erected between Baltimore and Washington the 
 first magnetic telegraph ever used in the world. The next 
 
 6. What is said of the cotton culture ? 7. Railroads ? How many miles built ? 
 Pacific Railroad ? 8. Magnetic telegraph ? By whom invented ? First telegraph ? 
 How many miles in 1860 ? At present ? 
 
CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION' 
 
 29'? 
 
 year it was extended to Philadelphia, ISTew York, and 
 Boston. In 1860. there were over fifty thousand miles of 
 telegraph wires in operation ; and. at the present time, 
 there cannot be less than twenty times that amount. 
 
 9. Atlantic Cable. — One of the most valuable and in- 
 teresting achievements of science was the laying of the 
 Atlantic Cable — a telegra|)li 
 stretching from Ireland to 
 Newfoundland, upon the 
 bed of the Atlantic Ocean. 
 After failing in the attem})t 
 in 1857, 1858, and 1865,, 
 it was at last accomi^lished, 
 in 1866, by means of the 
 Great Eastern, the largest 
 steam vessel ever con- 
 structed. The Atlantic Ca- 
 ble is about two thousand 
 six hundred miles long, and 
 its strength is sufficient to bear a strain of nearly twenty- 
 eight tons. The success of this enterprise was largely due 
 to the intelligence and untiring energy of Cyrus W. Field. 
 
 10. Steam Vessels. — In 1807, the little steamboat Cler- 
 mont, constructed under the direction of Robert Fulton, 
 ascended the Hudson Eiver,* and thus proved that it was 
 
 ROBERT FULTON 
 
 * In the autumn of 1807, the "Albany Gazette " contained the following advertise- 
 ment : "The North River Steamboat will leave Panlus Hook on Friday, the fourth of 
 September, at 9 o'clock, a.m., and will arrive in Albany ou Saturday at o'clock, p.m. 
 Pare, seven dollars." The announcement was realized, the Clermont completing the 
 
 9, Atlantic Cable ? When laid ? How ? Through whose efforts : 
 mont ? Result of Fulton's voyage ? 
 
 10. TheCler- 
 
298 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 possible to navigate the water by steam. Although others 
 had previously made successful experiments of a similar 
 character, Fulton's voyage to Albany gave an impetus to 
 
 rui.TON s riiisT steamboat 
 
 steamboat enterprise which soon created a revolution in 
 navigation.* Since then, floating palaces have taken the 
 place of the little Clermont — not so large as the smallest 
 ferry-boat of our day — and steamships of immense size and 
 magnificence ply regularly, and frequently across, all the 
 great oceans of the world. 
 
 trip, as advertised, in thirty-six hours. Daring a part of the way she was gazed at by 
 crowds of wondering spectators on the banlis of the Hudson. 
 
 * Fulton thus described to a friend the disheartening circumstances under wliich the 
 construction of tlie first steamboat — nicl^named by the Americans " Fulton's Folly " — 
 was patiently persevered in by himself. He records as follows: " When I was building 
 my first steamboat at New York, the project was viewed by the public with indiffer- 
 ence or with contempt, as a visionary scheme. My friends, indeed, were civil, but 
 they were shy. They listened with patience to my explanations, but with a settled 
 cast of incredulity on their countenances. Never did a single encouraging remark, a 
 bright hope, a warm wish, cross my path. Silence itself was but politeness veiling its 
 doubts or hiding its reproaches." 
 
CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION 
 
 299 
 
 ELI WHITNEY 
 
 II. Useful Inventions — Perhaps no country in the 
 world has been more distinguished for useful inventions 
 than tlie United States. It 
 was the discoveries of Dr. 
 Franklin in electricity that 
 led to its practical applica- 
 tions ; and Morse, a citizen 
 of the United States, made 
 the most useful of these in 
 the invention of the electro- 
 magnetic telegrapl). The 
 cotton-gin, invented by Eli 
 Whitney* in 1793, in- 
 creased a liundredfold the 
 
 value of the cotton culture ; and the invention of the 
 sewing-machine by Elias Howe, an American machinist, 
 was one of the most valuable gifts to civilization ever 
 made. American ingenuity has also given us that 
 wonder-working contrivance, the cylinder press, by means 
 of which twenty-five thousand copies of a newspaper may 
 be struck off in a single hour. To these may be added 
 a host of other vahiable inventions, including farming 
 implements of the greatest utility and importance. 
 
 * Three or four years before Watt patented his engine and Arkwright his spinning- 
 frame, there was born in a New England farmhouse a boy whose work was needed to 
 complete theirs. His name was Eli W^hitney. Eli was a born mechanic. It was a 
 necessity of his nature to invent and construct. As a mere boy he made nails, pins, 
 and walking-canes by novel processes, and thus earned money to support himself at 
 college. In 1792, he went to Georgia to visit Mrs. Greene, the widow of General 
 Greene ; and during that visit the cotton-gin was invented. 
 
 11. Useful inventions in the United States? The cotton gin, by whom invented ? 
 When ? Its result ? Sewing-machine, by whom invented ? Its result ? Cylinder 
 printing-press t 
 
300 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 12. Printing, Newspapers, and Books. — The improve- 
 ments made in this country in the means of spreading in- 
 formation, have kept pace witli every other kind of civil 
 progress. Tlie press, tliat mighty engine of civilization, 
 has been ever busy — ever increasing its power to meet the 
 
 demands of the people for 
 knowledge. In 1S98 twenty 
 thousand periodicals were 
 issued in the United States, 
 from every day to quarterly ; 
 and the number of. books 
 pul)lislied in the same time 
 wus nearly five thousand. 
 
 13. Literature. — Ameri- 
 can literature is rich in 
 works of genius. The 
 writings of Washington 
 Irving* are everywhere admired for their easy, natural, 
 and beautiful style, their kindly influence, and playful 
 
 ELIAS HOWE, MX. 
 
 * Washington Irving was born in New York city, in 17S3. He at first devoted him- 
 self to legal studies, which he soon abandoned for the pursuits of literature. His first 
 writings consisted of contributions to the '■ Morning Chronicle," a journal edited by his 
 brother, Peter Irving. " Salmagundi '' appeared in 1807, a series of amusing articles' 
 partly written by himself, James K. Paulding, and his brothers, Peter and William. 
 The production which first gave him a decided reputation was the famous "History of 
 Kew York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker," published in 1809. This is a work of inimi- 
 table humor, and was read with the greatest delight on both sides of the Atlantic. Sir 
 Walter Scott was charmed with it. The " Sketch Book " was published in London, 
 and greatly increased the author's reputation. It contains some of the most beautiful 
 and touching pieces of composition in tlie language. He also published " Life and 
 Voyages of Columbus," " The Alhambra," " Bracebridge Hall," "Life of W^ashing- 
 ton," and many other popular works. Irving died at Tarrytown in 1859. 
 
 12. The press ? What is said of it ? Periodicals ? Books ? 13. American litera- 
 ture ? Irving ? Cooper ? Bancroft, etc. ? 
 
CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION 
 
 301 
 
 humor. Cooper, the American novelist, has never been 
 surpassed in the power of description, particuhirly of the 
 peculiar features of Indian life, and life on the ocean. 
 Bancroft,* Hil- 
 dreth, Prescott, 
 and Motley, 
 stand among the 
 best writers of 
 history the world 
 has ever pro- 
 d u c e d . The 
 History of the 
 United States, 
 by George Ban- 
 croft, is a work 
 of wide-spread 
 fame. It occu- 
 pied many years 
 of its gifted au- 
 thor's life, and is 
 read in everypart 
 of the world. 
 
 14. American poets may justly claim a place with the 
 most celebrated of all countries. William Cullen Bryant f 
 has written poems which must be as lasting as the language 
 
 WILLIAM CULLEN BEYANT 
 
 * George Bancroft was born at Worcester, Mass.. in the year 1800. He early mani- 
 fested remarkable talent, graduating at Harvard College with the highest honors, at 
 the age of seventeen. The publication of his great work, " The History of the United 
 States," was commenced in 1834. He filled several important political offices, dying 
 in 1891. 
 
 t William Cullen Bryant was born in Massachusetts in 1794, and died in 1878. He 
 was distinguished not only ii;< :i jjoet but as a journalist. 
 
303 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1896 
 
 itself. There are few school children who have not learned 
 to admire '• Thanatopsis/' the ''Planting of the Apple 
 Tree,'' and a host of others, which have been used as the 
 means of cultivating the taste of our youth, and impress- 
 ing upon their minds sentiments of truth, beauty, and 
 tenderness. Longfellow * and Whittier f must also be 
 added as among the great poets, not only of our own 
 country, but of the world. This brief list would be 
 greatly extended if we should include all who have 
 achii'ved for themselves fame, and added hister to the 
 literature of their countrv. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII 
 
 Recent Administrations 
 
 1. Twenty-eighth Presidential Election. — The Re- 
 publicans were the first to move. Their platform of " facts 
 and principles" favored a protective tariif, and opposed the 
 "' free coinage of silver except by international agreement 
 Avith the leading commercial nations of the Avorld." For 
 President they nominated William McKinley, of Ohio. 
 Their candidate for Vice-President was Garret A. Hobart, 
 of New Jersey. 
 
 2. The Democrats '"demanded the free and unlimited 
 coinage of gold and silver at the present legal rate of 16 to 
 1," meaning that 16 ounces of coined silver should be 
 
 * Hennj W. Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, in 1807. He held the position 
 of professor in Bowdoin and Harvard Colleges. His chief poems are " Evangeline " and 
 " Hiawatha ": but many of his minor pieces are very widely popular. He died in 1882. 
 
 t John G. Whittier was born near Haverhill, in Massachusetts, in 1807. His death 
 occurred in 1892, 
 
1896] RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 303 
 
 equal, as money,, to 1 ounce of gold. They put in nomina- 
 tion for President, William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, and 
 Arthur Sewall, of Maine, for Vice-President. This demand 
 as to the free coinage of silver displeased many •' Sound 
 Money Democrats," in consequence of which a Democratic 
 National Convention was held, when other candidates were 
 put in nomination, not, however, with any expectation of 
 winning, but to lielji the Republicans. 
 
 3, The Populists followed the lead of the Democrats in 
 respect to the coinage of silver and gold, and also nomi- 
 nated William J. Bryan, for President. Other parties 
 made nominations ; but the contest was mainly between 
 the Eepublicans and the Democrats. After the most ex- 
 citing canvass since the great Civil War, the Republicans 
 were successful (November 3, 1896). 
 
 4. Venezuela and the Monroe Doctrine. — A month 
 later President Cleveland's last annual message was sent to 
 Congress. In it he announced that the long-standing dis- 
 pute between Great Britain and Venezuela in regard to the 
 boundary between the latter republic and British Guiana 
 was about to be settled by arbitration, as had been j^roposed 
 by our government. In a previous message he had declared 
 "that this government is firmly opposed to a forcible in- 
 crease by any European power of teri'itorial possessions on 
 this continent." This Avas said under a conviction that the 
 
 Text Questions. — 1, 2, 3, How was the Presidential canvass in 1896 opened ? 
 What stand did the Republicans make as to the coinage of money ? The Democrats ? 
 The Populists? How were the Democrats divided ? What candidates were put in 
 nomination ? What was the result of the election ? 4. What announcement was 
 made as to Venezuela ? What previous declaration had been made ? What induced 
 Cleveland to make that declaration ? What do you understand by the Monroe Doc- 
 trine ? How does Cleveland's declaration differ from Monroe's (note) ? What is said 
 of a commission ? 
 
304 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1897 
 
 English meant to seize the lands in dispute, and was a new 
 form of the declaration made by President Monroe seventy- 
 three years before, hence known as the Monroe Doctrine.* 
 Congress consenting, the President appointed a commission 
 of four persons to determine '"'the true division line be- 
 tween Venezuela and British Guiana," but before the com- 
 mission was ready to 
 ; report, the President 
 
 made the aniiouncement 
 as already stated. 
 
 5. McKinley's Ad- 
 ministration. — The 
 new President, AVilliam 
 McKinley, had been a 
 college student, a Union 
 soldier in the great Civil 
 AVar, a lawyer, a repre- 
 sentative in Congress (p. 
 240), and Governor of 
 Ohio. Xow, on the 4th 
 of March, 1897. at the age of fifty-four years, he is the 
 President of the United States. 
 
 6. Insurrection in Cuba. — We were at peace with all 
 nations, but our relations with Spain, growing out of the in- 
 
 WILLIAM McKINLET 
 
 * Monroe declared that " as a principle, the American continents are henceforth not 
 to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power" (1823). 
 
 5. Who succeeded Cleveland as President ? When was McKink-y inaugurated ? 
 How old was he then ? State what you can of his previous life. 6. How is Cuba 
 situated? State what you can of its history to 1898 (p. 2.3). How were the people there 
 treated by Spain ? Wliat offer was made by President Grant ? 
 
1898] RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 305 
 
 surrection then in Cuba, were not satisfactory. Cuba, the 
 largest of the West India Islands, belonged to Spain, and 
 was governed by officials sent from Spain. It was Spain's 
 policy to draw from Cuba as much revenue as possible. 
 In consequence its people were treated as serfs, and bur- 
 dened with the heaviest taxes. Again and again they 
 rebelled, one of their struggles lasting ten years (1868- 
 1878). Our government. Grant being President, offered 
 its aid to bring peace to the island, but Spain declined 
 the offer. 
 
 7. Destruction of the Maine. — Havana is the largest 
 city of Cuba. In its harbor, February 15, 1898, was 
 anchored the United States battleship Maine. Between 
 the hours of 9 and 10 in the evening an explosion destroyed 
 the ship. Two of her officers and 264 of her men j^erished. 
 As the news was flashed to every part of the United States, 
 it produced intense excitement, for it was believed that the 
 destruction had been effected by Si^anish officials. By 
 direction of the President a Court of Inquiry was formed, 
 which after 23 days of continuous labor, reported that the 
 Maine was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine. 
 No evidence had been obtained showing by whom the mine 
 had been placed there. Officials on the jiart of Spain, after 
 going through the form of holding an investigation, re- 
 ported that the explosion was from the inside of the ship. 
 
 8. Distress in Cuba. — The war in Cuba continued. It 
 had now dragged on more than three years. In the early 
 
 7. Give an account of the destruction of the battleship Maine. What can you state 
 of interest in the early history of Havana (p. ^4) ? What effect did the war in Cub^ 
 have upon li\es and property there 'i What offer and what aid were sent ? 
 
 80 
 
306 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1898 
 
 part of it, our government, Cleveland being President, 
 offered, as during a former war, its aid to bring about peace. 
 Again Spain declined our aid. Fire and sword had made 
 a sad change in the island. Fields were in waste, mills in 
 ruins, homes in ashes, and more than a hundred thousand 
 of its inhabitants had died from hunger and exposure. 
 Nearly 1300,000 in money, food, and medicine, had been 
 sent to the sufferers from the people of the United States, 
 and Congress had given 150,000 more. 
 
 g. ^A^ar with Spain. — Believing it to be the duty of our 
 government to intervene, McKinley sent a special message 
 to Congress (April 11, 1898) ; and Congress, acting upon 
 the facts so received, adopted four resolutions (April 19). 
 The 1st declared that the j^eople of Cuba were free and in- 
 dependent ; the 2d demanded that the government of Spain 
 relinquish all authority in Cuba; the 3d directed the Presi- 
 dent to use the army and navy to carry out these resolu- 
 tions ; the 4th disclaimed any intention on the part of the 
 United States to exercise control over Cuba further than 
 to bring peace to the island, its government being left in 
 the hands of its people. 
 
 10. McKinley having signed the resolutions, notified the 
 Spanish minister in Washington that he had done so (iVpril 
 20). That official at once asked for his passport and left 
 the country. His government acted Avith equal haste. It 
 refused to have any further business with our minister in 
 Spain, and he returned to America. This act on the part 
 
 9. What action was taken by President and Congress ? 10. What two declarations 
 were made ? What war preparations and acts were made on the part of the United 
 States ;■• State as clearly as you can what the causes of the war wer^, 
 
1898] RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 307 
 
 of Spain being, according to the usage of nations, a declara- 
 tion of war. Congress in turn declared '"that war has 
 existed since the 21st day of April, 1898, including that 
 day, between the United States and the kingdom of Spain." 
 United States warships were sent to blockade the princi- 
 pal ports of Cuba ; Spanish ships were captured in the 
 waters about Cuba ; and an army of many thousand volun- 
 teers was formed. The war •• in the name of humanity" 
 was begun. 
 
 11. Its first battle was between two fleets of iron ships 
 in the harbor of Manila, the largest city of the Philippines, 
 a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean belonging chiefly to 
 Spain. In the early morning of the first day of May the 
 American fleet, commanded by Commodore Dewey, ad- 
 vanced to the attack. Though the Spanish ships were 
 aided by shore batteries, within three hours they were 
 completely destroyed. Xot an American ship was dis- 
 abled ; not an American was killed. The victory was the 
 greatest in the annals of modern naval war. 
 
 12. Spain's rule in these islands, as in Cuba and other 
 Spanish colonies, was marked by greed and cruelty. The 
 natives rebelled in 1896, and continued their warfare till a 
 promise of reforms in the government came to them. After 
 they had given up their arms and their leaders had left the 
 islands, the Spanish officials refused to carry out the prom- 
 ised reforms. About this time Dewey entered the harbor 
 of Manila, as we have stated, and won his great victory. 
 
 11. Where are the Philipphie Ishmds ? What incident cau you name in their early 
 history (p. 37) ? Give an account of the great battle there. 12. Why did the natives 
 of the Philippine Islands rebel ? State what you can of the rebellion. 
 
308 
 
 HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1898 
 
 Inspired by this victory, the deceived people again made 
 war upon their oppressors. 
 
 13. Dewey, now raised to the grade of rear-admiral, made 
 no attempt to take Manila, not having sufficient force to 
 
 hold it. He waited for troops 
 from America. These, on 
 their way to him, made a 
 brief stop at the Lad rones, 
 or Marianas, islands belong- 
 ing to Spain, and took pos- 
 session of them. Aided by 
 Dewey's ships, the troops at- 
 tacked the outer defences of 
 Manila, drove the enemy 
 from them, and compelled 
 the city to surrender (Au- 
 gust 13). 
 
 14. Meanwhile a fleet commanded by Admiral Sampson 
 was blockading the fortified harbor of Santiago de Cuba, 
 where a Spanish fleet of six ships, commanded by Admiral 
 Cervera, was at anchor. To prevent the escape of the 
 Spanish fleet a daring project was intrusted to Lieutenant 
 Hobson. With only seven men, volunteers from the block- 
 ading vessels, he put ofl' in the coaling steamer Merrimac, 
 reached the mouth of the harbor, and under a storm of shot 
 and shell succeeded in sinking the Merrimac in the narrow 
 channel leading to the harbor, not quite closing it as aimed, 
 
 13. Why did not Dewey attack Manila at once ? Give an account of the means to 
 capture the city and the result. How is Manila situated ? 14. How was Admiral 
 Sampson employed meanwhile ? Where is Santiago de Cuba (see map) ? Direction 
 from Tampa ? Who was Cervera ? Give an account of Hobson's exploit. 
 
 ■ ADMIRAL DEWET 
 
1898] 
 
 RECENT ADMimSTRATlOKS 
 
 309 
 
 but nearly doing so. It happened that as the steamer was 
 sinking a shot carried away her rudder and the tide swung 
 her around. The eight men then jumped overboard, and 
 while clinging to their little catamaran, with their heads just 
 above the water, were picked up by Cervera's launch, Cer- 
 vera himself being on board (June 3). Admiring the brav- 
 
 SCALC OF MILES 
 
 ery of the m6n, Cervera sent word to Sampson that they were 
 safe. After being held several weeks they were liberated. 
 
 15. It being believed that the channel was closed, the 
 escape of the Spanish fleet seemed impossible. Its capture 
 or destruction was of the first importance. Troojjs were 
 landed a few miles from Santiago. These, under the com- 
 mand of General Shafter, advanced in the face of desperate 
 opposition to the hills behind the city, and on the 1st of 
 
 15. 'What movement, was made by troops to capture Cervera's fleet ? Why was not 
 that movement successful '! Why did Cervera leave Santiago ? What was the fate of 
 Cervera's fleet ? What further can you say of Cervera ? Aiis. He and about a thou- 
 sand of his men were taken prisoners ; at the end of the war they returned to Spain. 
 What followed Cervera's defeat as respects Santiago ? 
 
310 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 [1898 
 
 July drove its defenders from their outworks. It being 
 evident that the city would soon fall into the hands of the 
 Americans, Cervera, in obedience to orders from Spain, and 
 with the determination that his ships should not share the 
 fate of the city, steamed out of the harbor to fight his way 
 to freedom. The outcomiag vessels were discovered, pur- 
 
 BATTLK OP SANTIAGO 
 
 sued, attacked, and sunk or driven ashore in a sinking 
 condition. As at Manila, not an American ship was dis- 
 abled. Only one American was killed (July 3). Two 
 weeks later Santiago surrendered. 
 
 i6. As the war progressed our government came to think 
 that Spanish rule should be driven not only from Cuba but 
 
 16. What became the policy of our government as respects other conquests ? How 
 did that policy affect Porto Rico ? Where is Porto Rico (see map) ? What is the 
 capital of Porto Rico ? Why did not our troops cn-itnre that city ? WHiat terms did 
 we offer to Spain ? What did Spain and President McKinley then do ? 
 
1898] RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 311 
 
 as well from every other island of Spain in the West Indies. 
 Accordingly, a fleet and army were sent against Porto Eico. 
 The troops, oj)posed by Spanish soldiers, welcomed by the 
 people, were advancing across the island to attack its capi- 
 tal, San Juan, when they were stopped by news of peace. 
 Spain, defeated and without hope of future success, had 
 sued for peace. In response, the terms offered required 
 Spain to give up all her rights over Cuba, and to cede Porto 
 Eico and other islands in the West Indies, also one of the 
 Ladrone Islands, to the United States. It was further pro- 
 posed that Spanish and American commissioners, meeting 
 in Paris, should decide as to the future control of the Phil- 
 ippines and as to other matters, and frame a treaty of 
 peace. These terms having been accepted, the President 
 declared the war at an end (August 13) ; but the news of 
 this declaration did not reach Manila in time to 2)revent 
 the next day's fighting there. 
 
 17. The war had lasted less than four months. Before 
 it was declaimed a tariff law, known as the Dingley bill, 
 Avent into effect, its aim being to increase the revenue and 
 give better protection to American industries. The war 
 coming on and more money being needed, a law was made 
 which imposed taxes on many domestic productions, and 
 required stamps to be put upon legal and business papers 
 of various kinds. 
 
 18. Hawaii — While war was increasing the domain of 
 
 17. How long had the war lasted ? What is said of the Dingley bill ? Of the do- 
 mestic tax bill •? 18. Where are the Hawaiian Islands "/ What can you say of their 
 early history as respects discovery ? Of missionaries, churches, and schools '! Of 
 Hawaii as a republic ? Of the wish of the people as regards annexation to tlje United 
 States ? Of the steps taken by which that object was effected ? Of the population ? 
 Of the men and women of the native race ? Of their children ? 
 
312 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [1898 
 
 the United States, peace was busy in like manner. In the 
 Pacific Ocean, about 2,000 miles from America, is a group 
 of islands which the people there called the Hawaiian {Jia- 
 wi'-ya7i) Islands, but which elsewhere are often called the 
 Sandwich Islands. The first Europeans to see them were 
 Spaniards. In 1778 they were again discovered by Captain 
 Cook, an English navigator. As early as 1820 American 
 missionaries began to go to them. Churches and schools 
 followed. On the 4th of July, 1894, a republican form of 
 government was established. The people in control wanted 
 to be a part of our people ; and after years of asking and 
 waiting their wish was gratified. A resolution of a,nuexa- 
 tion was passed by Congress, and on the 7th of July, 1898, 
 was approved by the President. On the 12tli of August 
 the American flag was hoisted over the Capitol of this 
 island republic, Hawaii {ha-wi'-e), and it became a terri- 
 tory of the United States. At this time the population 
 was about 109,000, of whom about 31,000 were of the 
 native race. The men and women of this race are peace- 
 ful and generous, and, with few exceptions, read and write 
 the English language in addition to their own. Their chil- 
 dren attend the public schools, and in no way are infe- 
 rior to their classmates. 
 
 ig. Treaty of Peace with Spain. — The war with Spain 
 being ended, commissioners, five from the United States 
 and five from Spain, met in Paris and framed a treaty of 
 peace, which was ratified by both governments in the early 
 part of the following year (1899). In addition to the pre- 
 vious concessions, Spain ceded the Pliilippiue Islands to 
 the United States, the latter paying 120,000,000 to Spain, 
 
1899] RECE^^T ADMimSTBATIO^'^S 313 
 
 A jDart of the people of the islands who had made war 
 upon the Spanish authority there, were not satisfied that 
 the United States should have control, and after the treaty 
 was made began war against the United States. At the 
 present writing (May 6, 1899) they are causing much 
 trouble. 
 
314 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 
 
 1765. Parliament passed the Stamp Act. 
 
 The Colonial Congress met in New York. 
 1770. Affi-ay. known as the Boston Massacre, occnrred. 
 
 1773. The tea was thrown overboard in Boston Harbor. 
 
 1774. The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. 
 
 1775. Battle of Lexington. Revolutionary War began. 
 
 1776. Independence declared by Congress, July 4th. 
 
 1777. Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates. 
 
 1778. France acknowledged the independence of the United States. 
 
 1779. Paul Jones gained a victory off the English coast. 
 
 1780. Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the British. 
 
 1781. The Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. 
 Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. 
 
 1782. A preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris. 
 
 1783. A definitive treaty of peace was made with Great Britain. 
 New York was evacuated by the British. 
 
 1787. Convention at Philadelphia adopted Constitution of the U. S. 
 1789. Washington -was inaugurated President. 
 1791. Vermont was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1793. Kentucky was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee. 
 
 1796. Tennessee was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1797. John Adams was inaugurated President. 
 
 1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, Virginia. 
 
 1800. Washington became the capital of the United States. 
 
 1801. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated President. 
 
 1803. Ohio was admitted into tiie Union. 
 Louisiana was purchased from France. 
 
 1804. Decatur recaptured the frigate Philadelphia. 
 Hamilton was killed in a duel witii Burr. 
 
 1807. The Leopard attacked the United States frigate Ciiesapeake. 
 1809. Congress prohibited commerce with Great Britain and France. 
 James Madison was inaugurated President. 
 
 1811. Harrison gained a victory at Ti[)pecanoe. 
 
 1812. Louisiana was admitted into the Union. 
 
 United States declared War against Great Britain. 
 
 1813. Perry gained a victory on Lake Erie. 
 Harrison defeated Proctor at tiic Thames. 
 
 1814. Washington was captured by the British. 
 A treaty of peace was signed at Ghent. 
 
 1815. Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans. 
 Decatur was sent to Algiers. 
 
 1816. Indiana was admitted into the L^nion. 
 
 1817. James Monroe was inaugurated President. 
 
 1818. Jackson was sent against the Seminoles. 
 Illinois was aduiitred into tiie Union. 
 
 1819. Alabama was admitted into the Union, 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL SU3IMARY 315 
 
 1820. Maine was admitted into the Union. 
 The Missouri Compromise was adopted. 
 
 1821. Spain ceded Florida to the United States. 
 Missouri was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1824. Lafayette visited tlie United States. 
 
 1825. John Quincy Adams was inau^'urated President. 
 
 1826. John Adams and Thomas JeiTerson died (July 4). 
 1820. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated President. 
 1832. The Black Hawk War broke out. 
 
 South Carolina attempted nullification. 
 
 1835. War with the Seminoles began. 
 
 1836. Arkansas was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1837. Michigan was admitted into the Union. 
 Martin Van Buren was iiuiugurated President. 
 
 1841. William Henry Harrison was inaugurated President. 
 Tlie death of President Harrison occurred (April 4). 
 John Tyler was inaugurated President. 
 
 1845. Florida was admitted into the Union. 
 James K. Polk was inaugurated President. 
 Texas was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1846. Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto. 
 Iowa was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1847. Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Buena Vista. 
 Scott entered the City of Mexico. 
 
 1848. A treaty of peace was made with Mexico. 
 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1849. Zacliarv Tavlor was inaugurated President. 
 
 1850. Death of President Taylor. 
 
 Millard Fillmore was inaugurated President. 
 California was admitted into tiie Union. 
 
 1853. Franklin Pierce was inaugurated President. 
 
 1854. Tlie Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed. > 
 
 1857. James Buchanan was inaugurated President. 
 
 1858. Minnesota was admitted into the Union. 
 1851). Oregon was admitted into the Union. 
 
 John Brown made a raid into Virginia. 
 18G0. South Carolina passed a secession ordinance. 
 1801. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Vir- 
 ginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, passed 
 secession ordinances. 
 
 Kansas was admitted into the Union. 
 
 The "Southern Confederacy" was formed. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President. 
 
 The Union army was routed at Bull Run (July 21). 
 1862. '■ The Seven Days' contest before Richmond " (.June 25-July 1). 
 
 Lee's army was defeated at Antietam. 
 
 The Union army was repulsed at Fredericksburg (Dec. 13). 
 18G3. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued. 
 
 West Virginia was admitted into tl:e Union. 
 
 Lee made his second invasion into ^laryland. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated at (jcttysburg. 
 
 Vicksburg was surrendered to General Grant, 
 
316 HISTORY OP THE VNlTED STATES 
 
 1863. The great riot in New York occurred. 
 
 1864. General Sherman captured Atlanta. 
 Nevada was admitted into the Union. 
 Savannah was occupied by Sherman's army. 
 
 1865. Charleston was occupied by Union troops. 
 
 Petersburi;- and Kichmond were captured by the Unionists. 
 Lee surrendered to Grant. 
 President Lincoln was assassinated. 
 Andrew Jolinson was inaugurated President. 
 Slavery was constitutionally abolished. 
 
 1867. Nebraska was admitted into the Union. 
 Alaska was purchased from Russia. 
 
 1868. The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted. 
 
 1869. Ulysses S. Grant was inaugurated President. 
 
 1870. The Fifteenth Amendment was adopted. 
 
 1871. The Alabama Treaty was concluded. 
 The great fire at Chicago occurred. 
 
 1876. The Centennial Anniversary of American Independence was 
 
 celebrated. 
 The International Exhibition, or World's Fair, was held in 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 Colorado was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1877. Rutherford B. Hayes was inaugurated President. 
 1881. Inauguration of James A. Garfield. 
 
 Deatli of President Garfield. 
 Chester A. Arthur President. 
 1885. Grover Cleveland inaugurated President. 
 Death of General Grant. 
 
 1889. Benjamin Harrison inaugurated President. 
 
 North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington were 
 admitted into the Union. 
 
 1890. Idaho and Wyoming were admitted into the Union. 
 
 1892. Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the discovery of America 
 
 by Columbus. 
 
 1893. Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland. 
 
 1896. Utah was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1897. William McKinlev was inaugurated President. 
 
 1898. Destruction of the Warship Maine (Feb. 15). 
 War with Spain declared. 
 
 Dewey's victory over the Spanish fleet at Manila (May 1). 
 Spanish fleet destroyed off Santiago de Cuba (July 3). 
 War with Spain ended (Aug. 12). 
 
 1899. Treaty of jaeace with Spain ratified. 
 
TOPICS FOR REVIEW 
 
 317 
 
 TOPICS FOR REVIEW 
 
 Numbers refer to pages of the book 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 George Washington 184, 189, 19-2 
 
 Thomas Jelfersuii 181). 193, 198, 215 
 
 Alexander Hamilton 186, 195 
 
 Daniel Boone 188 
 
 John Adams 190,215 
 
 Aaron Burr 193, 196 
 
 Decatur 195,209 
 
 General Harrison 199, 201, 221 
 
 General Hull 200 
 
 Commodore Bainbridge 191, 201 
 
 Commodore Perry 201 
 
 General Jackson. '. 202, 207, 211, 216 
 
 General Scott 204, 227, 228, 240, 248 
 
 James Monroe 210 
 
 John Q. Adams, 215 
 
 John C. Calhoun 218 
 
 Abraham Lincoln 218, 240, 272, 276 
 
 General Taylor 220, 224, 225, 232 
 
 Martin Tan" Buren 220 
 
 John Tyler 221 
 
 Samuel Houston 222 
 
 James K. Polk 223 
 
 John C. Fremont 22.5, 249 
 
 Millard Fillmore 232 
 
 Daniel Webster 2.33 
 
 Henry Clay 2:i3 
 
 Franklin Pierce ^ 234 
 
 James Buchanan 235, 240 
 
 Jefferson Davis 239, 244, 271 
 
 General Beauregard 243 
 
 General Lyon 249 
 
 Admiral Farrasut 253, 268 
 
 General McClellan 245, 248, 256, 257 
 
 General Grant 
 
 251, 260, 263, 267. 271, 279, 280 
 
 General Lee 256, 258, 259, 271 
 
 General Johnston 256, 271 
 
 General Rosecrans 258, 261 
 
 General Sherman 263, 265, 266, 270 
 
 General Early 268 
 
 General Sheridan 268 
 
 Andrew Johnson 276, 278 
 
 Professor Morse 296 
 
 Robert Fulton 297 
 
 Washington Irving 300 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Maumee River 188 
 
 Washington 193. 206 
 
 Louisiana 194, 209 
 
 Tippecanoe 199 
 
 Detroit 200 
 
 Thames River 202 
 
 Plattsburg 204, 205 
 
 Baltimore 206 
 
 Mobile 207, 268 
 
 Pensacola 207, 211 
 
 Xe«- Orleans 208, 253 
 
 Fort Moultrie 220, 238 
 
 Palo Alto 224 
 
 Buena Vista 225 
 
 Vera Cruz 227 
 
 Cerro Gordo 227 
 
 City of Mexico 228 
 
 San Francisco 231 
 
 Kansas 235,240 
 
 Harper's Ferrv 236, 245 
 
 Charleston . . . ." 2:38, 270 
 
 Fort Sumter 238, 239, 243 
 
 Big Bethel 245 
 
 Richmond 245, 271 
 
 Bull Run 248, 257 
 
 Fredericksburg 258 
 
 Murfreesboro" ... 258 
 
 Chancellorsville 2.59 
 
 Gettysburg 260 
 
 Vicksburg 260 
 
 Chattanooga 261 
 
 Atlanta 263, 265 
 
 Nashville 265 
 
 Petersburg 267 
 
 Shenandoah Valley. 268 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 Whisky Insurrection 187 
 
 Battle of the Maumee 188 
 
 War of 1812 199 
 
 Battle of Lundv's Lane 204 
 
 Taking of Washington 206 
 
 Battle of New Orleans 208 
 
 Cession of Florida to the U. S 211 
 
 Missouri Compromise 212 
 
 Lafayette's Visit to the United States. 213 
 
 Nullification 216, 217 
 
 Black Hawk War 218 
 
 Seminole War 219 
 
 War with Mexico 234 
 
 Conquest of New Mexico 225 
 
 Discovery of Gold in California '230 
 
 Compromise of 1850 233 
 
 Civil War in Kansas , 235 
 
 John Brown's Raid . 236 
 
 Organization of Southern Confed .. . 238 
 Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. 250 
 
 Battle of Pittsburg Landing 251 
 
 Fight between the Monitor and the 
 
 ]Merrimac 255 
 
 Battle of Fair Oaks 256 
 
 Seven Days' Battles 257 
 
 Battle of Antietam 257 
 
 Battle of Chickamau2a 261 
 
 Draft Riot in Ne«- York 262 
 
 Red River Expedition 264 
 
 Ma.ssacre at Fort Pillow 265 
 
 Sherman's March to the Coast 266 
 
 Abolition of Slavery in the U. S..'275, 277 
 
 Purchase of Alaska 278 
 
 Laying of the Atlantic Cable 297 
 
 Voyage of the Clermont 298 
 
 Invention of the Cotton Gin 299 
 
 Invention of the Magnetic Telegraph. 
 
 296, 299 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPESDENCE 
 
 A Declaration hij ilie Representatives of the United States of America 
 in Congress assemhled, July 4, 1776 
 
 Whex, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
 people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
 another, and to assume, among tlie powers of the earth, the separate 
 and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God 
 entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
 they should declare the causes wjiieh impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
 equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien- 
 able rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
 happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted 
 among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- 
 erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive 
 of these entls, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and 
 to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such princi- 
 ples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem 
 most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
 will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed 
 for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath 
 shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are 
 sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which 
 they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
 tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce 
 them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to 
 throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future 
 security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and 
 such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former 
 systems of government. The history of the present king of Great 
 
2 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, 
 in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these 
 states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
 for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and press- 
 ing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent 
 should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected 
 to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
 districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of 
 representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and 
 formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 
 fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for 
 the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, 
 with manly fii-mness. his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
 others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
 annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; 
 the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of in- 
 vasion from without, and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for 
 that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, 
 refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and rais- 
 ing the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his as- 
 sent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of 
 their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
 officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies, without 
 the consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
 to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
 to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his as- 
 sent to their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 3 
 
 For protecting them by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
 murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states: 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury: 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences: 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
 province, establishing thei'ein an arbitrary government, and enlarging 
 its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument 
 for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
 and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments: 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- 
 vested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
 tection, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
 destroyed the lives of our peojjle. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
 to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already be- 
 gun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in 
 the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized 
 nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
 seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners 
 of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeav- 
 ored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian 
 .savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc- 
 tion of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, 
 in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered 
 only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked 
 by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
 free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our Britisli brethren. We 
 have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legis- 
 lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have re- 
 minded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
 here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
 and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to 
 21 
 
4 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our con- 
 nections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice 
 of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the 
 necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold 
 the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, 
 in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
 world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the 
 authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and 
 declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free 
 and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to 
 the British crown, and that all political connection between them and 
 the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and 
 that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, 
 conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all 
 other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And, 
 for the support of this declai'ation, with a firm reliance on the protec- 
 tion of Divine Providence, we mutually jjledge to each other, our lives, 
 our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 New Hainpslilre. — Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew 
 Thornton. inassachusetts Bay. — Samuel Adams, John Adams, 
 Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Rhode Island. — Stephen Hop- 
 kins, William Ellery. Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Hunt- 
 ington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. New York. — William 
 Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. 
 — Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Ilopkinson, John 
 Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin 
 Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James 
 Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Delaware. — 
 Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. — Samuel 
 Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 
 Virginia. — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jeflferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton. North Carolina. — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, 
 John Penn. South Carolina. — Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hey- 
 ward, jun., Thomas Lynch, jun., Arthur Middleton. Georgia. — But- 
 ton Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 
 
 This declaration was signed on the day of its adoption, by John Hancock, the presi- 
 dent of Congress, and thus it went forth to the world. By order of Congress it was 
 engrossed and also signed by the above named members. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UMTED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
 1. Origin of the Constitutiox. — When the Eevolutionary struggle 
 commenced, there were three forms of colonial government in force 
 among the colonies, namely : the provincial or royal, the proprietary, 
 and the charter. The provincial or royal government was under the 
 control of a governor, who, appointed by the king, administered affairs 
 according to instructions from his royal master. The colonies of this 
 class were New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North 
 Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 2. The proprietary government was under the control of one or more 
 proprietors, who derived their authority by grant and privileges con- 
 ferred by the king. Pennsylvania, Delaware, and ^laryland were sub- 
 ject to the proprietary rule. The charter government secured certain 
 political rights to the people by royal charter. Of this class were 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 
 
 3. On the 11th of June, 1776, Congress resolved that a committee 
 should be appointed to prepare a form of confederation, to be entered 
 into by the colonies. On the 12th of July following, this committee, 
 consisting of one from each state, reported a draft of Articles of Con- 
 federation. The Report was considered and debated from time to time 
 until the 15th of November, 1777, when, with some amendments, it 
 was adopted. 
 
 4. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 bv all the 
 
 Questions. — 1. What forms of government existed among the colonies previous to 
 the Revolution ? What was the provincial or royal government ? Which of the col- 
 onies were provincial or royal ? 2. What was the proprietary arovernment ? Give the 
 names of the colonies that were subjected to the proprietarv rule. What was the 
 charter government '? Which of the colonies had charters ? 3. What resolution was 
 first adopted in Congress in relation to a form of confederation ? Give the subsequent 
 history of the measure. 4. When did the states ratify the Articles of Confederation ? 
 When did the Articles of Confederation go into effect"? 
 
6 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 states except Delaware and Maryland, and by Delaware in 1779 ; but, 
 in consequence of the delay on the part of Maryland, they did not go 
 into effect until the 1st of March, 1781, the day on which they were 
 signed by the delegates from that state. 
 
 5. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation were not 
 adequate to the wants of the government. They were deficient as re- 
 gards the regulation of commerce, the settling of controversies between 
 the states, the making of treaties with foreign nations, and especially 
 so in not conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liquidate 
 the debts incurred during the war. 
 
 6. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the states, except 
 Khode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, for the purpose of 
 revising the Articles of Confederation ; but it was thought best by a 
 majority of the delegates to adopt an entirely new form of government, 
 instead of making any attempts to amend the defective one then in 
 existence. Accordingly, on the 17th of September, 1787, after four 
 months' deliberation, the present Constitution, — except some changes 
 which have since been made,— was adopted by the Convention. 
 
 7. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, who, in the 
 newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, discussed it with earnest- 
 ness and thoroughness ; the ratification of nine states being requisite 
 before it could go into effect. It met with considerable opposition ; 
 but after it had been adoptetl by all the states, except North Carolina 
 and Rhode Island, it went into operation March 4th, 1789. 
 
 Note. — Congress ought to have met on the 4th of March, 1789, bat in consequence 
 of dehiy in the arrival of members, the most of whom had to make their way to New 
 Yoriv on horseback or by sea, there being no railroads in those days, a quorum was 
 not secured before the 30th. "Washington received sixty-nine votes, that being the 
 whole number of electors voting. John Adams received thirty-four votes in all, not a 
 majority ; but sufficient, as the Constitution then stood, being the second highest num- 
 ber, to make him vice-president." The sixty-nine votes received by Washington were 
 from ten states only. New York did not vote because of a disagreement between the 
 two houses of her legislature ; and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not adopted 
 the Constitution. "The inauguration was delayed for several days by a question 
 which had arisen as to the form or title by which the President elect was to be ad- 
 dressed. ... It was finally resolved that the address should be simply ' the Presi- 
 dent of the United States,' without any addition of title ; a judicious form which has 
 remained to the present day." — Irvitif/'s Life of Washmgton. 
 
 5. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confederation ? In 
 what respects were they deficient y 6. What convention was held in May, 1787 ? 
 What was done by the convention ? 
 
COKSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 The Constitution was Adopted as follows by : 
 
 Delaware ....Dec. 7, 1787 I Maryland April 38, 1788 
 
 Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787 South Carolina May 2:3, 1788 
 
 New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787 New Hampshire June 21, 1788 
 
 Georgia Jan. 2, 1788 I Virginia June 26, 1788 
 
 Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788 New York July 26, 1788 
 
 Massachusetts Feb. 6, 1788 | North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789 
 
 Rhode Island May 29, 1790 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 Preamble 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in oriler to form a more perfect 
 union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
 common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the bless- 
 ings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish 
 this Constitution for the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. The Legislative Department 
 Section I. Congress in General 
 
 All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress 
 of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 Section IL House of Representatives 
 
 \st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
 members chosen every second year by the people of the several states. 
 
 Preamble.— What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? What is 
 the object of the preamble ? Ans. To state the purposes of the Constitution. How 
 many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? By whom ^^■as the Constitution 
 ordained and established ? Recite the preamble. How many and what departments 
 of government are established under the Constitution ? Ans. Three : the legislative, 
 the judicial, and the executive. What is the legislative department ? Ans. The 
 power that enacts the laws. What is the executive department ? Ans. The power 
 that enforces the laws. What is the judicial department ? Ans. The power that in- 
 terprets the laws. 
 
 Article l.—Sec. 1. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat ? In whom 
 is the legislative power vested ? Of how many and what branches does Congress con- 
 sist ? 
 
 Sec. II. — \st Clause. By whom are the representatives chosen ? How often are they 
 chosen ? What qualifications are requisite for electors of representatives ? What is 
 an elector ? Ans. One who has the right to vote in choosing an officer. 
 
8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 and tlie electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for 
 electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. 
 
 2d Clause. Xo person shall be a representative who shall not have 
 attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen 
 of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant 
 of that state in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 3c? Clause. Eepresentatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
 among the several states which may be included within this Union, 
 according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by 
 adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to 
 service for a term of years, and, excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
 fifths of all other persons. (See Article XIV. of the Amendments.) 
 The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the 
 first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every 
 subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law 
 direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 
 thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative ; 
 and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hamp- 
 shire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode 
 Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York 
 six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland 
 six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and 
 Georgia three. 
 
 Ath Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation from any 
 state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to 
 fill such vacancies. 
 
 5th Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose their 
 speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of im- 
 peachment. 
 
 2d Clmise. How old must a person be before he can be a representative ? How long 
 must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is the requisite in regard to 
 his habitation ? Now name the three qualifications requisite for a representative. 
 
 3rf Clause. How were representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the 
 states ? How were the respective numbers of the representative population of the 
 .several states to be determined ? What provision was made in regard to Indians ? 
 What was meant by " all other persons " ? Ans. Slaves. When was the first census 
 or enumeration to be made ? How often is the census to be made ? How many in- 
 habitants at least are required for one representative ? If a state should not have that 
 number, what is the law ? Was the first representation in Congress based upon the 
 actual population of the several states ? Which state at first sent the greatest number 
 of representatives ? Which two states sent the smallest number ? Of how many 
 members did the first House of Eepresentatives consist ? Of how many does the 
 present House consist ? A ns. 356. 
 
 4</i Clause. How are vacancies in the representation of a state to be filled ? 
 
 Hh Clause. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representatives chosen ? By 
 whom are the other ottices of the House chosen ? What sole power has the House ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Section III. The Senate 
 
 \st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
 two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for 
 six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 
 
 2rf Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- 
 quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may 
 be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class 
 shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second 
 class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at 
 the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen 
 every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or 
 otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the 
 executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
 meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 Zd Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
 attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of 
 the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabit- 
 ant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Mh Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be 
 president of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless tliey be 
 equally divided. 
 
 bth Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also 
 a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when 
 he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. 
 
 What is meant by impeachment ? Ans. An accusation against a public officer, 
 charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his official duties. 
 
 Sec. ill.— l«i( Clause. Of whom is the Senate composed ? By whom are the sena- 
 tors chosen ? For how long a period are they chosen ? How does the mode of elect- 
 int; a senator differ from that of a representative ? Ans. A senator of the United 
 States is chosen by the legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen by the 
 people. How do their terms of office differ ? Ans. A senator is chosen for six years ; 
 a representative for only two. How many votes is each senator entitled to ? Have 
 the large states any more senators than the small ones ? 
 
 2(1 Clause. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided ? In what 
 order were their seats of office vacated '? What proportion of the Senate is elected 
 every second year ? How often is one-third elected ? W^hen may the executive of a 
 state fill a vacancy in the Senate ? For how long a time does a senator so appointed 
 hold his office ? How is the vacancy then filled ? Kow state how vacancies in the 
 Senate are filled. 
 
 3'i Clause. How old must a person be before he can be a senator ? How long must 
 he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is required of him in regard to 
 residence ? Now name the three requisites for a senator. How do they differ from 
 those of a representative ? (See Art. I., Sec. II., 2d Clause.) 
 
 Wi Clause. Who is president of the Senate ? When only is he entitled to vote ? 
 
 hth Clause. What officers are chosen by the Senate ? What is meant by a " presi- 
 dent pro tempore"? Ads. One chosen only for the time being. Wheii does the 
 Senate choose a " president pro tempore " ? 
 
10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Wi Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all im- 
 peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on 
 oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is 
 tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person shall be con- 
 victed without the concurrence of two-tliirds of the members 
 present. 
 
 '^th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 
 further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold 
 and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United 
 States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and sub- 
 ject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to 
 law. 
 
 Section IY. Both Houses 
 
 1st Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding elections 
 for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state 
 by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by 
 law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing 
 senators. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, 
 and such meeting shall be on the first IMonday in December, unless 
 they shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 Section V. The Houses Separately 
 
 1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, re- 
 turns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of 
 each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller num- 
 ber may adjourn from day to day. and may be authorized to com- 
 pel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under 
 such penalties as each house may provide. 
 
 6ih Clause. What sole power has the Senate ? What sole power has the IIousc ? 
 (See Art. I., Sec. II., .5th Clause.) Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the 
 trial of impeachment ? When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate ? Who 
 presides when the president of the United States is tried ? What proportion of the 
 Senate is necessary to a conviction ? 
 
 Ith Clause. How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment ? To what is 
 the convicted party further liable ? 
 
 Sec. IV. — \gt Clause. What is prescribed by each state legislature in regard to 
 elections for senators and representatives ? What power has Congress over such 
 regulations ? 
 
 'id Clause. How often does Congress assemble ? On what day is it prescribed that 
 the meeting shall take place ? May a different day he aiipoiurcd"? How ? 
 
 Sec. V. — \st (:iause. Of what is each house constituted the judge? \\'hat propor- 
 tion constitutes a quorum ? What is meant by a quorum '; Ans. A sufficient number 
 to^ do business. What power do a smaller number possess as regards adjourning ? 
 What else may they do as regards absentees ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF TEE UNITED STATES 11 
 
 2d Clause. Each house may determine the riUes of its proceed- 
 ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the con- 
 currence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 3(Z Clause. Each house shall kt>ep a journal of its proceedings, and 
 from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in 
 their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the mem- 
 bers of either house on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth 
 of those present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 4/7t Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, 
 without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
 nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be 
 sitting. 
 
 Sectiox VI. Privileges and Disabilities of Memhers 
 
 \st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive a com- 
 jjensation foi- their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out 
 of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, ex- 
 cept treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from 
 arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, 
 and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech 
 or debate in either house' they shall not be questioned in any other 
 place. 
 
 2d Clause. Xo senator or representative shall, during the time 
 for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under 
 the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, 
 or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such 
 time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, 
 shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. 
 
 2<? Clause. What power has each house over the rules of its proceedings ? What 
 power does each house possess for enforcing its rules ? 
 
 3rf Clause. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal ? How 
 is publicity given to the proceediuss of Congress ? What part of its journal may 
 either house withhold from publication ? 
 
 When shall the yeas and nays be entered on the journal ? 
 
 ith Clause. For what length of time may either house adjourn without the consent 
 of the other :' How is each house restricted as regards the place to which it may ad- 
 journ ? 
 
 Sec. VI. — \f:t Clause. Are members of Congress compensated for their services ? 
 How is the compensation determined ? Are members of Congress paid by their 
 states respectively, or by the general government ? Ans. They are compensated by 
 the general government, out of the treasury of tlie United States. What personal 
 privileges are members of Congress entitled to ? What are the three exceptions to 
 the general privilege that the Constitution allows to Congressmen ? In what does 
 treason consist ? (See Art. II[., Sec. III.. 1st Clause.) What is felony ? Ans. A crime 
 punishable with death. What is meant by a breach of the peace ? Aiis. A violation 
 of the public order. For what are members of Congress not to be questioned ? 
 
 ^d Clause. To what ofhces cannot members of Congress be elected ? Suppose that 
 a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? 
 
13 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Section VII. Mode of Passing Laws 
 
 1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
 House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur 
 with amendments as on other bills. 
 
 2d Clause. Every bill which shall liave passed the House of Ilejj- 
 resentatives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be pre- 
 sented to the president of the United States ; if he approve, he shall 
 sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that 
 house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objec- 
 tions at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If 
 after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to 
 pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
 other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and, if ap- 
 proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in 
 all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas 
 and nays, and the names of tlie persons voting for and against the 
 bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 
 any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sun- 
 days excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same 
 shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Con- 
 gress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall 
 not be a law. 
 
 3cZ Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence 
 of the Senate and House of Repi'esentatives may be necessary (except 
 on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the president of 
 
 Sec. VII. — \st ClauBe. In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising rev- 
 enue originate ? What power has the Senate over such bills ? 
 
 M Clause. After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, wliat must be done 
 with it ? What must the president do with the bill ? What is the president's act of 
 objecting to a bill called ? Ans. A veto. Why was the veto power given to the 
 president? Ans. To enable him to protect the executive department of the govern- 
 men*^ against the encroachments of the legislature ; also with a view to greater secu- 
 rity against the enactment of improper laws. When the president vetoes a bill, what 
 is the duty of the house to which it is sent ? When is the bill sent to the other 
 house ? What accompanies the bill to the other liouse ? Then what does that other 
 house do with the bill ? If two-thirds ai>prove of the bill, what then ? Now state 
 how a bill may become a law, notwitlist^inding the veto of the president ? When the 
 two houses reconsider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes ? What record 
 of names is imperative ? State how a bill may become a law, even though the presi- 
 dent has neither signed nor vetoed it. In what case does a bill fail to become a law, 
 though it has passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? 
 
 36? Clause. What is necessary to be done w'ith orders, resolutions, and votes, re- 
 quiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take effect ? What is the 
 object of the provision ? Ans. If it were not for the provision. Congress might pass 
 laws, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the president's veto. When 
 the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take ? In 
 what case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the president no veto 
 power f 
 
CONSTITUTIOX OF THE VXITED STATES Vd 
 
 tlie United States ; and, before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
 proved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two- 
 thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the 
 rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 Section VIII. Powers granted to Congress 
 
 The Congress shall have power — 
 
 \st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to 
 pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare 
 of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uni- 
 form throughout the United States ; 
 
 2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 
 
 ^d Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, antl among 
 the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 
 
 4/7i Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni- 
 form laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United 
 States : 
 
 5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of for- 
 eign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 
 
 6/^ Clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
 securities and current coin of the United States ; 
 
 7^A Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 
 
 Wi Clause. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by 
 securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right 
 to their respective writings and discoveries ; 
 
 Sec. VIII. — \st Clause. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, im- 
 posts, ai\d excises ? What are taxes ? Ans. Contributions of money exacted by gov- 
 ernment from individuals, for public purposes. How many kinds of taxes are there ? 
 Ans. Two; direct and indirect. What are direct taxes ? Ans. Taxes laid directly on 
 the person or property of individuals. What are indirect taxes ? Ans. Taxes laid on 
 the importation, exportation, and consumption of goods. What are duties ? Am. 
 Taxes on the importation or exportation 'of goods. What are imposts ? Ans. Taxes 
 on goods imported. What are excises ? Ans. Taxes on goods produced or manu- 
 factured in the country. 
 
 2d Clause. What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money ? 
 
 .3f/ Clause. What in regard to regulating commerce ? 
 
 \th Clause. What in regard to a rule of naturalization ? What is meant by natural- 
 ization ? Ans. The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 
 How long must a person reside in the United States before he can be naturalized? 
 Ans. Five years. What power has Congress in regard to bankruptcies ': What is 
 meant by bankruptcies ? Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is unable to pay his 
 just debts. 
 
 5th Clause. What power has Congress in regard to coining money ? What, in regard 
 to the value of money ? What, in regard to foreign coins ? tVhat, in regard to 
 weights and measures ? 
 
 6^/i Clause. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting ? 
 
 7lh Clause. What power has Congress in regard to post-offices and post-roads ? 
 
 9ith Clause. In what way may Congress promote the progress of science and arts ? 
 For how long a time is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive right of publish- 
 ing it ? Ans. Twenty-eight years. What is the right called ? Ans. A copyright. 
 
14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 9th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the siipreme court ; 
 
 10th Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed 
 on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; 
 
 llth Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
 and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 
 
 12ih Clause. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of 
 money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 
 
 ISth Clause. To provide and maintain a navy ; 
 
 14/7i Clause. To make rules for the government and regulation of 
 the land and naval forces ; 
 
 15^/i- Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the 
 laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 
 
 16^/i. Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining 
 the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed 
 in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively 
 the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the 
 militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 
 
 17th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatso- 
 ever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by 
 cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become 
 the seat of the government of the United States ; and to exercise like 
 authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of 
 the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga- 
 zines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; — and 
 
 May a copyright be renewed ? Aiis. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years it 
 may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. For how long a time is the 
 inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of manufacturing it ? Ans. 
 Fourteen years. What is the right called ? ^w.«. A patent right. Can a patent right 
 be extended ? Atis. The commissioner of patents is authorized, at the end of the 
 fourteen years, to extend the right for the further period of seven years. 
 
 9//i Clause. What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals ? 
 
 lOCA Clavse. What in regard to piracies, felonies, etc.? What is piracy? A)is. 
 Robbery on the high seas. What is meant by the term " high seas " ? Ans. All the 
 waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-water mark. 
 
 ll//t Clame. What power has Congress in regard to declaring war ? What in regard 
 to "letters of marque and reprisal"? What are letters of marque and reprisal? 
 Anf. Commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing them to 
 prey upon the commerce of another nation. What power has Congress in regard to 
 rules concerning captures ? 
 
 I'ith Clause. What power has Congress in regard to armies ? In what way is such 
 power restricted ? 
 
 VAth Clause. What power has Congi-ess in regard to a navy ? 
 
 \iih Clause. What power in regard to the government of the land and naval forces ? 
 
 \Wi Clause. What power in regard to calling forth the militia, etc.? 
 
 16th Clavse. What power in regard to organizing armies, and disciplining the 
 militia ? What, in regard to governing the militia ? What reservations are secured 
 to the respective states ? 
 
 Vdh Clause. What power has Congress in regard to the seat of government, and to 
 places purchased for certain purposes set forth ? What is the district occupied as the 
 seat of government called ? A)U. The District of Columbia. How large was the Dis- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF TUB UNITED STATES 15 
 
 18//(, Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper 
 for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers 
 vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or 
 in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 Section IX. Powers denied to the United States 
 
 1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
 the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
 hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 
 and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not 
 exceeding ten dollars for each person. 
 
 2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be 
 suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public 
 safety may require it. 
 
 3d Clause. Xo bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 
 
 Ath Clause. Xo capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in 
 proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be 
 taken. 
 
 5th Clause. Xo tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from 
 any state. 
 
 trict of Columbia originally ? A)i.^. Ten miles square. From what states had it been 
 derived ? A /is. By cession from the states of Maryland and Virginia. Is tlie District 
 of Columbia at present ten miles square? .•!/(,«. The portion derived from Virginia 
 having been ceded back to that state, in 1846, the District is now confined to the Mary- 
 land side of the Potomac. What consent is requisite before the United States can 
 acquire property in a state for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. ? 
 
 ISl/i Clause. What general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to making 
 laws ? 
 
 Sec. IX. — ist Clause. What restriction was imposed upon Congress in regard to the 
 migration or importation of certain persons ? Who were meant by "such persons" ? 
 Ans. Slaves. What was the great object of the clause ? Ans. To enable Congress to 
 put an end to the importation of slaves into the United States, after the year 1808. In 
 what way was Congress left to restrain the importation without actually forbidding it ? 
 When was the importation actually prohibited ': Ans. On the 1st of January, 1808. 
 
 'id Clause. What is said of the writ of habeas corpus ? What is a writ of habeas 
 corpus ? Ans. A written command from a judge or other magistrate, directing that 
 the body of a certain person shall be brought before him. What is the object of the 
 writ? Ans. To provide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 
 Repeat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. In what cases may the 
 privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended y 
 
 M Clause. What is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws ? What is a bill 
 of attainder ? ^4?*.?. An act of the legislature inflicting the punishment of death, with- 
 out trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. What is an ex post facto 
 law ? ,4;/*'. A law which renders an act punishable which was not punishable at the 
 time of its commission. 
 
 ith Cluiisi'. In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct tax ? What 
 is meant by a capitation tax ? Ans. .\ direct tax upon individuals. How is the 
 census to be taken ? (See Art. I., Sec. FT., 3d Clause.) 
 
 bth Clause. What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles ex- 
 ported from any state ? 
 
16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 QtJi, Clause. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com- 
 merce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor 
 shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or 
 pay duties in another. 
 
 7th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in con- 
 sequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and 
 account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be 
 published from time to time. 
 
 Sth Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
 States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, 
 shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolu- 
 ment, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or 
 foreign state. 
 
 Section X. Powers denied to the States 
 
 Isi Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
 federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit 
 bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in 
 payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law 
 impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay 
 any imposts or duties on imjiorts or exports, except what may be abso- 
 lutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net prod- 
 uce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports 
 shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such 
 laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 6th Clause. What preference is forbidden in relation to a regulation of commerce or 
 revenue ? What freedom have vessels that are bound from one state to another ? 
 
 7t/i Clause. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from the national 
 treasury ? What publication must be made in regard to receipts and expenditures of 
 all public money ? 
 
 8/h Cldusf. What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? What is said 
 of officrlioldors accepting presents, etc. ? Under what circumstances may an offlce- 
 hdlder accept a present ? Kepeat the clause relating to titles and presents. 
 
 Sec. X. — \st Clause. What prohibition is placed upon the several states as regards 
 treaties, alliances, or confederations ? What, as regards letters of marque and reprisal ? 
 What, as regards the coining of money ? What, as regards bills of credit ? What is 
 meant by bills of credit ? A)is. Bills of credit, within "the meaning of the Constitution, 
 are bills intended to circulate as money among the people. What is constituted a 
 legal tender in payment of debt ? What "prohibition is placed upon individual states, in 
 regard to a bill of attainder ? What, in regard to an ex post facto law ? What, in re- 
 gard to a law impairing the obligation of contracts ? What, in regard to a title of 
 nobility ? Recite the clause just considered. 
 
 2i5? Clause. What prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts or 
 duties ? In what case only may a state lay any imposts or duties ? ^'hat afe inspec- 
 tion laws ? Alls. Laws requiring certain articles of commerce to be examined by 
 officers called inspectors. What "disposition must be made of the net produce of all 
 duties and imposts laid by any state ? What are the inspection laws of individual 
 states as regards imports or exports subject to ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 17 
 
 Zd Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any 
 duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter 
 into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign 
 power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 
 danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE II. The Executive Department 
 Section I. President and Vice-President 
 
 \st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the 
 United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of 
 four years, and, together with the vice-president chosen for the same 
 term, be elected as follows : 
 
 2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in sucli manner as the legisla- 
 ture thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole num- 
 ber of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled 
 in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding 
 an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
 an elector. 
 
 THE twelfth amendment TO THE CONSTITUTION* 
 
 \st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and 
 vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, 
 
 Zd Clause. What prohibitions are individual states under as to the laving of a duty 
 of tonnage ? What is a duty of tonnage ? Ans. A tax laid on vessels at a certain rate 
 per ton. What prohibition 'are individual states under as to the keeping of troops ? 
 What, as to the keeping of ships of war ? What, as to an agreement or compact with 
 another state, or with a'foreign power ? What, as to engaging in war ? Under what 
 circumstances then may a state engage in war ? 
 
 Article II.— Sec. I.—lxt Cknise'. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat ? 
 In whom is the executive power 6f the United States vested ? What is the president's 
 term of office ■? How often may a president be re-elected? Ans. The Constitution 
 does not limit the number of terms for which a president may be re-elected . Who 
 was the president of the United States ? (See Table of the Presidents.) For how 
 many terms did Washington serve ? Why was not Washington elected for a third 
 terni? Ans. At the close of his second term of office he declined to be a candidate 
 for a third term. What has been the effect of his declination ? Ans. Washington's 
 example in declining to be elected for a third term has become a precedent by which 
 subsequent presidents have been guided. How many and what presidents have served 
 two terras each ? (See Table of Presidents.) Which has the longest term of office — 
 the president, a senator, or a representative ? What term has each ? What is the 
 vice-presidenfs term of office ? Who was the first vice-president of the United 
 States ? (See Table of the Presidents.) By whom are the president and vice-president 
 chosen ? Ans. The president and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, 
 but by electors. 
 
 2(1 Clause. In what manner does each state appoint electors ? What number of 
 electors is each state entitled to ? Who are prohibited from being electors ? 
 
 * The Fokmer Method of Electing a President. — The original clause of the 
 Constitution, prescribing the mode in which the president and vice-president were to 
 be elected, was repealed in 1S04, and the twelfth amendment (as given above) was 
 adopted in its place. By the original clause, the electors voted for two persons with- 
 
18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they 
 shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in 
 distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president, and they shall 
 make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all 
 persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for 
 each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to 
 the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the presi- 
 dent of the Senate ; — the president of the Senate shall, in presence of 
 the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and 
 the votes shall then be counted ; — the person having the greatest num- 
 ber of votes for president shall be the president, if such number be a 
 majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person 
 have such majority, then from the persons having the highest num- 
 bers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as president, 
 the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the 
 president. But in choosing the president the votes shall be taken by 
 states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum 
 for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds 
 of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a 
 choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a presi- 
 dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
 fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act 
 as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional dis- 
 ability of the president. 
 
 The Twelfth Amendment to the Coni<tUution.— Where do the electors for president 
 and vice-president meet ? In what way do they vote ? What is prescribed respecting 
 one of the persons for whom tliey shall not vote ? May the electors of a state vote for 
 president and vice-president when both of the persons voted for reside in the same 
 state, and that not of the electors ? How is it requireil tlmt their ballots shall be made 
 oat ? After voting, what lists are they required to j)repare ? What provision must \fe 
 comi)lied with before the lists can pass out of their hands ? After the lists are signed, 
 certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed ? To what place are they transmitted ? 
 What does the president of the Senate do with the certificates 'i How is it determined 
 who is elected president ? Now describe the manner in wliich the electors choose a 
 president. In the event of no choice being made by the electors, by wliom is the presi- 
 dent chosen ? From how many and what candidates must the House of Representa- 
 tives choose the president? In what way must the choice be made ? How are the votes 
 taken in ctioosing the president ? How many votes is each state entitled to ? How 
 many is cacli entitled to, when voting by electors ? In choosing the president by the 
 House of Kepresciitatives, how many constitute a quorum ? In such case, how many 
 states are necessary to a choice ? Wlienever tlie right of choosing a president devolves 
 upon the House of Representatives, till what time may the right be exercised ? Now 
 describe the manner in which tlie House of Iteiircscntatives chooses a president. In 
 the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failing to choose a presi- 
 dent, \\hat takes place '/ 
 
 out naming their choice for the higher position, " the person having the greatest num- 
 ber of votes " being declared president, and the next, vice-president. Washington, 
 John Adams, and JeflEerson (for first term) were so elected. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 19 
 
 2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice- 
 president shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of 
 the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a 
 majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate 
 shall choose the vice-president ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist 
 of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the 
 whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 3(Z Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office 
 of president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United 
 States. ■ 
 
 Mh Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
 electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day 
 shall be the same throughout the United States. 
 
 5^^ Clause. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen 
 of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Consti- 
 tution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither shall any 
 person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the 
 age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the 
 United States. 
 
 6^^ Clause. In case of the remoA^al of the president from office, or 
 of his death, resignatioiv, or inability to discharge the powers and 
 duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president ; 
 and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, 
 
 2d Clause. Who shall be the vice-president ? In the event of no person having a 
 majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen ? When choosing 
 a vice-president, how many senators are requisite to a quorum ? How many are neces- 
 sary to a choice ? 
 
 3(/ Clause. Who are ineligible to the office of vice-president ? 
 
 ith Clause. What power has Congress over the time of choosing the electors ? 
 What as to the day on which the electors shall vote ? In the event of Congress 
 determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what sameness is 
 prescribed ? When" are the electors chosen ? Ans. On the Tuesday next after the 
 first Monday in the last November of each presidential term. Where do the electors 
 meet to give their votes? Ans. In their respective states, at a place appointed by 
 the legislature thereof, usually in the capital. When do the electors meet to give 
 their votes ? Ans. On the first Wednesday in the last December of each presiden- 
 tial term. 
 
 btk Clau,^e. What person, as regards his place of birth, cannot be eligible to the 
 office of president ? How old inust a person be to be eligible to that office ? How 
 many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have resided within the United 
 States ? Now state the legal qualifications of a president. Recite the clause relating 
 to the qualifications. 
 
 6t/i Clause. In what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the vice- 
 president ? What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or 
 death, etc., of the president y What provision is made by the Constitution for the 
 case of removal or death, etc.. of both president and vice-president y In the case of 
 removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what officer shall, by law of 
 Congress, act as president ? Ans. The succession passes to the Cabinet and from 
 one of its members to another in the following order : Sec. of State, Sec. of the 
 Treasury, Sec. of War, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, Sec. of the Na^•y, and 
 Sec. of the Interior. How longshall such officer continue to act ? 
 
20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 resignation, or inability, both of the i^resiclent and vice-president, 
 declaiming what ofRcer shall then act as president, and such officer 
 shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president 
 shall be elected. 
 
 Ith Clause. The president sliall, at stated times, receive for his 
 services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor dimin- 
 ished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he 
 shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the 
 United States, or any of them. 
 
 Wi Clmise. Before he enter on the execution of his ofRce he shall 
 take the following oath or affirmation : — 
 
 "I do .solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
 the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of 
 my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the 
 United States." 
 
 Section II. Poivers of the President 
 
 1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army 
 and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several 
 states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; 
 he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in 
 each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the 
 duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant 
 reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except 
 in cases of impeachment. 
 
 7/h Clause. What does the Constitution provide as regards the compensation to 
 be allowed to the president ? What restriction is imposed in regard to any other 
 emolument ? Recite the clause relating to the i)resident's compensation. What is 
 the salary of the president ? An.s. $.50,000 a year, together with the use of the presi- 
 dential mansion and its furniture. What is the salary of the vice-president ? Attg. 
 $10,000 a year. 
 
 SthClame. What does the president do ,iust before entering on the execution of his 
 office ? Repeat the oath or aftirmation taken Ity the president. 
 
 Sec. 11.— Ut Clause. In what relaliou dues the jircsidcnt stand toward the army and 
 navy ? When only can he command tlie militia ': \Vhosc opinions may he require in 
 writing ? Upon W'hat sub.iects may he require the opinions ? Is he bound to be guided 
 hy such opinions ? Ans.' He is not. What executive departments have been estab- 
 lished by Congress ? Ans. Seven, namely : Of State, of the Navy, of War, of the 
 Treasury, Post-office Department, of the Interior, and of Agriculture. For what pur- 
 pose were they established ? Ans. To aid the president in the executive and adminis- 
 trative business of the government. How are the hrads of the departments appointed ': 
 Ans. Bv the president," with the advice and consent of the Senate. How is the attorney- 
 generafappointed ? Ans. In like manner as the heads of the departments. Of whom 
 does the president's cabinet consist ? Ans. Of the heads of the departments, and the 
 attornev-general. What power has the president in relation to reprieves and pardons ? 
 What is a reprieve ? Ans. A limited suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence 
 in a criminal case. With what exception is the president vested with the power to 
 grant reprieves and pardons ? 
 
COXSTITUTIOJV OF THE UXITED STATES 21 
 
 2(1 Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators 
 present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public 
 ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other of- 
 ficers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein other- 
 wise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Con- 
 gress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they 
 think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the 
 heads of departments. 
 
 Zd Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that 
 may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
 which shall expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 Section III. Duties of the President 
 
 He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the 
 state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures 
 as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary 
 occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of dis- 
 agreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he 
 may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall re- 
 ceive ambassadors and otlier public ministers : he shall take care that 
 the laws be faithfully executed ; and shall commission all the officers 
 of the United States. 
 
 Section IV. Impeachment of the President 
 
 Tlie president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United 
 States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convic- 
 tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 2?/ Clause. What power has the president relative to treaties ? lu whom is the ap- 
 pointing power vested ? What is the first step in making an appointment ': What of- 
 ficers are enumerated, for which the president and Senate malce appointments ': What 
 may Congress do in relation to the appointment of inferior officers ': 
 
 Sd Clause. What vacancies can the president fill ? When does such appointment 
 expire ? 
 
 Sec. III. — What information is the president required to give to Congress ? What 
 recommendations is he required to make :• In what way are the recommendations 
 made? Ans. By means of^ written messages. Was the reading of written messages 
 always the practice ? Ans. The first two presidents. Washington and Adams, used to 
 meet Congress, and make their recommendations by addresses, which they read. Is 
 Congress obliged to adopt the president's recommendations ? Ans. It is not. When 
 may the presi(^ent convene both houses ? May he convene only one house '; When :- 
 When may the president adjourn Congress ? What is the duty of the president respect- 
 ing ambassadors, etc. ? What is his duty respecting the execution of the laws ': What 
 is his duty respecting the granting of commissions ': 
 
 Sec. IV. For what crimes may government officers be removed from office '/ How 
 may the removal be effected ? 
 
23 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 ARTICLE III. The Judicial Department 
 
 Section I. The United States Courts 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
 supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from 
 time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme 
 and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior ; and 
 shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which 
 shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 
 
 Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts 
 
 1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
 equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, 
 and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to 
 all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls ; to 
 all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to 
 which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two 
 or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between 
 citizens of different states ; between citizens of the same state claiming 
 lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the 
 citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 2d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
 and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme 
 court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
 mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both 
 as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations 
 as the Congress shall make. 
 
 Article III.— Sec. I. Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat ? In what 
 is the judicial power of the United States vested ? How long do the judges hold their 
 offices ? What is established as to the compensation of the judges ? How can the 
 judges be removed from office ? (See Art. I., Sec. III.) How is the supreme court of the 
 United States organized ? A7is. It is composed of one chief-justice, and eight associate 
 justices, any five of whom constitute a quorum. What is the salary of the chief-justice ? 
 Ans. $10,500 a year. What is the salary of each associate justice ? A ns. $10,000 a year. 
 
 Sec II. — \st Clause. Name the first of the nine subjects in which the United States 
 courts have jurisdiction. Name the second, concerning ambassadors, etc. Name the 
 third, concerning certain jurisdiction. The fourth, concerning controversies with the 
 United States. The fifth, concerning controversies between states. The sixth, con- 
 cerning controversies between a state and citizens. The seventh, concerning contro- 
 versies between citizens. The eighth, concerning controversies between citizens claim- 
 ing lands. What is the last of the nine subjects ? 
 
 2d Clause. In what cases has the supreme court original jurisdiction ? What is 
 meant by original jurisdiction 't Aius. That in which a suit originates or commences. 
 What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Ans. That in which the decision of an in- 
 ferior court is taken on appeal. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 23 
 
 Zd Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases oi" impeachment, 
 shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the 
 said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed 
 within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Con- 
 gress may by law have directed. 
 
 Section III. Treason 
 
 Isf Clause. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
 levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
 aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on 
 the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession 
 in open court. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the punish- 
 ment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of 
 blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. Miscellaneous Provisions 
 Section I. State Records 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, 
 records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Con- 
 gress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, 
 records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 Section II. Privileges of Citizens 
 
 1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privi- 
 leges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 
 
 2d Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or 
 other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another 
 
 Sd Clause. Before whom must the "trial of all crimes" be held ? What cases are 
 exceptions to the law ? By whom are impeachments tried ? (See Art. I., Sec. III., 
 6th Clause.) Where must the trial of a crime committed within a state be held ? 
 Where, when not committed within a state ? Repeat the entire clause just considered ? 
 
 Sec. III. — 1st Clause. In how many things does treason against the United States 
 consist ? What are the two things ? What is necessary to a conviction of treason ? 
 
 2d Clause. What power has Congress relative to the punishment of treason '; How 
 does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder ? What is meant by at- 
 tainder ? An^. Attainder means a staining, corruption, or rendering impure. What 
 is meant by corruption of blood? A71S. By '' corruption of blood " a person is dis- 
 abled to inherit lands from an ancestor ; nor can he either retain those in his posses- 
 sion, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. 
 
 Article IV.— Sec. I. Of what does Article IV. treat ? How are the public acts, 
 etc., of the several states to be treated in each state ? How are they to be proved ? 
 
 Skc. II. — \st Clause. What privileges and immunities are the citizens of each state 
 entitled to ? 
 
 2rf Clause. What is said of persons, charged with crime, fleeing into another state ? 
 
24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 state, sliall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from 
 which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having juris- 
 diction of the crime. 
 
 ^d Clause. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the 
 laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law 
 or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but 
 shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or 
 labor may be due. (See Article XIII. of the Amendments.) 
 
 Section III. Neiv States and Territories 
 
 1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this 
 Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the juris- 
 diction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of 
 two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legis- 
 latures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make 
 all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other prop- 
 erty belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution 
 shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, 
 or of any particular state. 
 
 Section IV. Guarantees to the States 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a 
 republican form of government, and shall protect each of them 
 against invasion ; and, on application of the legislature, or of the 
 executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic 
 violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. Powers of Amendment 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
 necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
 
 3d Clause. What is said of persons escaping from service or labor ? What persons 
 were referred to in the third clause ? Ans. Fugitive slaves and persons bound by in- 
 dentures of apprenticeship. How has the Constitution been altered in relation to 
 fugitive slaves ? 
 
 Sec. III. — \st Clause. By whom may new states be admitted into the Union ? What 
 is said of the formation of new states ? How many states belonged to the Union at 
 the adoption of the Constitution ? (See Art. I., Sec. II., 3d Clause.) How many be- 
 long to the Union now ? (See Table of the States.) 
 
 25 Clause. What power has Congress respecting the territory or other property be- 
 longing to the United States ? What construction as to claims is not to be put iipon 
 any part of the Constitution ? 
 
 Sec. IV. What guarantee does the Constitution make to the several states in respect 
 to their form of government '; In what two events are the United States bound to pro- 
 tect individual states t 
 
CONSTlTUTiOI^ OF THE UNITED STATES 25 
 
 application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall 
 call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, 
 shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitu- 
 tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
 states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
 other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress : pro- 
 vided that uo amendment, which may be made prior to the year one 
 thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first 
 and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that 
 no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in 
 the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of the Constitution, 
 Oath of Office, Religious Test 
 
 \st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
 before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against 
 the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confedera- 
 tion. 
 
 2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States 
 which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or 
 which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall 
 be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall 
 be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state 
 to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 Zd Clause. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and 
 the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and 
 judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, 
 shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; 
 but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any 
 office or public trust under the United States. 
 
 Article V. Of what does Article V. treat ? In what two ways may amendments 
 to the Constitution be proposed ? What two ways are provided "for ratifying amend- 
 ments ? What tliree restrictions upon the power of maliing amendments were origi- 
 nally imposed by the Constitution ? Why have two of the restrictions lost their force ? 
 What do '• the first and fourth clauses " referred to declare ? What permanent restric- 
 tion upon the power of making amendments still exists in full force ? 
 
 Article VI. — \st Clause. What debts and engagements does the Constitution rec' 
 ognize ? 
 
 'id Clause. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land ? By what are the 
 judges in every state bound ? 
 
 :id Clause. Who, besides the judges, arc bound to support the Constitution ? In 
 what w-ay shall they be bound ? What prohibition is made in regard to religioua 
 tests? 
 
26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 ARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution 
 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient 
 for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so rati- 
 fying the same. 
 
 AMENDMENTS 
 
 PROPOSED BT CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL 
 STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION 
 
 Article I. Freedom of Religion 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of 
 speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assem- 
 ble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 Article II. Right to bear Arms 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, 
 the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 Article III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house with- 
 out the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be 
 prescribed by law. 
 
 Article IV. Search Warrants 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
 and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
 
 Article VII. How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in order 
 to its establishment ? 
 
 Amendments. — Why were the first ten articles of amendments made ? A7}f:. Be- 
 cause it was generally felt that the Constitution did not sufficiently protect the rights 
 of the people. How may they, then, be regarded ? Ans. As a declaration securing 
 to the people and states certain rights beyond the possibility of being encroached 
 upon by Congress. When were they proposed ? Ans. In 1789, during the first 
 session of the first Congress under the Constitution. When were they adopted ? 
 Anx. Having been ratified bv three-fourths of the states, they were declared adopted 
 in 1791. 
 
 Article I. What declaration does the first amendment make, respecting religion ? 
 What, respecting the freedom of speech ? What, respecting the freedom of the press ? 
 What, respecting the right of petition ? 
 
 Article IL What is the declaration respecting the right of the people to keep and 
 bear arms ? 
 
 Article IH. What is said of quartering soldiers ? 
 
CONSTITUTIOX OF THE UNITED STATES 21 
 
 violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, sup- 
 poi'ted by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to 
 be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 Article V. Trial for Grime 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
 crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except 
 in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in 
 actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person 
 be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or 
 limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
 against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without 
 due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use 
 without just compensation. 
 
 Article VI. Rights of Accused Persons 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
 speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the state and district 
 wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
 been previously ascertained by law ; and to be informed of the nature 
 and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against 
 him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, 
 and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 
 
 Article VII. Suits at Common Law 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
 fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the 
 United States than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 Article IV. What is said of searches and seizares ? What is said of the Issuing of 
 warrants ? 
 
 Article V. What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes ? What is said of 
 a second trial for the same offence ? What is the meaning of the clause that no person 
 shall "be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? Ans. No person shall be a second time tried 
 for an offence of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. When shall a 
 {jerson not be compelled to witness against himself ? What guarantee of protection to 
 life, liberty, and property is given ? When only can private property be taken for 
 public use ? 
 
 Article VI. What right shall a person accused of crime have ? What right, as to 
 the witnesses against him ? What right, as to the witnesses in his favor ? What right, 
 as to the assistance of counsel ? 
 
 Article VII. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved ? In what 
 way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made ? 
 
28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Article VIII. Excessive Bail 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
 cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 Article IX. Rights Retained by the People 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be 
 construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 Article X. Reserved Rights of the States 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
 nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, 
 or to the people. 
 
 Article XI 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
 extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
 one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or 
 subjects of any foreign state. 
 
 Article XIII. * Slavery 
 
 Section I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
 punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con- 
 victed, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to 
 their jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
 priate legislation. 
 
 Article XIV 
 
 Section I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and 
 subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States 
 
 Article VIII. What is said of bail, fines, and punislinients ? 
 
 Article IX. What is said of rights retained by the people ? 
 
 Article X. What is said of the powers reserved to the states ? 
 
 Article XI. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power ? What is the 
 history of the eleventh amendment ? Ans. It was proposed by Congress in 1794, and 
 declared adopted in 1798. 
 
 Article Xlll. —Sectio?} 1. What is said of slavery and involuntary servitude ? 
 
 Sec. 2. What power has Congress with reference to this subject ? What is the his- 
 tory of the thirteenth amendment ? Atig. It was proposed in 1865, and declared 
 adopted in December of the same year. (See Const. ^ Art. IV., Sec. II.) 
 
 Article XIV. When was the 14th Article adopted ? Ans. Having been ratified by 
 three-fourths of the states, it was declared adopted on the 28th of July, 1868. 
 
 * For the twelfth amendment, sec page 17. 
 
COXSTlTVriOX OF THU UXlTED STATES 29 
 
 and of tiie state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce 
 any law which shall abridge the privileges or immnnities of citizens of 
 the United States ; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, 
 liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person 
 within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 Sec. it. Representatives shall be ajiportioned among the several states 
 according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of 
 persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the 
 right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for president and 
 vice-president of the United States, representatives in Congress, the 
 executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legis- 
 lature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, 
 being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in 
 any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, 
 the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion 
 which the number of siich male citizens shall bear to the whole num- 
 ber of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. 
 
 Sec. III. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, 
 or elector of president and vice-president, or hold any office, civil or 
 military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having 
 previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of 
 the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an 
 executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of 
 the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion 
 against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
 Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such 
 disability. 
 
 Sec. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
 authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions 
 and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall 
 
 Section 1. Who are declared to be citizens of tlie United States ? Wliat restriction 
 is imposed upon the States with regard to the privileges or immunities of citizens ? 
 What, with regard to the lives, liberty, or property of persons ? What, with regard to 
 the protection of the law given to persons ? 
 
 Sec. 2. How are refjresentatives and direct taxes apportioned among the states ? 
 How does this provision of the Constitution differ from the one formerly in force ? 
 (See Const., Art. I., Sec. II., 3d Clause.) W^hen shall a reduction be made in the basis 
 of representation to which a state may be entitled ? 
 
 Sec. 3. What class of persons, in consequence of their rebellious acts, are deprived 
 of certain exalted privileges ? Name the privileges which are withheld from them. 
 Is it possible for anv person belonging to that class to have the privileges accorded to 
 him ? How ? (See'Const., Art. I., Sec. III., 3d Clause.) 
 
 Sec. 4. What shall not be questioned as regards the debts of the United States ? 
 What debts, obligations, and claims, are declared illegal and void ? What restriction 
 is imposed upon the General Government and individual states, with respect to such 
 debts, obligations, and claims ? 
 
80 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall 
 assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or 
 rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or eman- 
 cipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall 
 be held illegal and void. 
 
 Sec. V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
 legislation, the provisions of this article. 
 
 Article XV 
 
 Section I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
 not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, on 
 account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 Sec. II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
 appropriate legislation. 
 
 Sec. 5. What legislation may Congress enact, in regard to the provisions of Article 
 XIV.? 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 31 
 
 EARLY CLAIMS MADE BY EUROPEAN XATIOXS TO TER- 
 RITORY IN NORTH AMERICA 
 
 Spain. — By reason of the discoveries of Columbus, De Leon, and De 
 Soto, and the explorations of Cortez. Coronado. and others, Spain 
 claimed the southern part of North America, from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific. The northern limits were indefinite. 
 
 England. — By reason of the discoveries of the Cabots, and the explora- 
 tions of Gosnold, Smith,, and Drake, with those made by the expe- 
 ditions sent by Raleigh, England claimed all the heart of North 
 America — from the latitude of Labrador to that of Florida — from 
 ocean to ocean. 
 
 France. — By reason of the discoveries of Cartier, Champlain, and 
 others, in connection with the explorations of Marquette and La 
 Salle, and the planting of military, missionary, and trading stations 
 at different points, France claimed the valleys of the St. Lawrence, 
 Ohio, and Mississippi, and the country, including the islands, in 
 the region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Holland. — By reason of the discoveries and explorations of Hudson, 
 the Dutch claimed the valley of the Hudson, with all the country 
 from the Connecticut river, and even further east, to Delaware bay 
 on the south. 
 
 BATTLES OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 
 
32 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION 
 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party. + Doubtful. 
 
 DATES 
 
 1775 
 
 April 19, 
 
 Jane 17, 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 17T6 
 
 June 28, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Oct. 28, 
 Nov. 16, 
 Dec. 26, 
 
 1777 
 Jan. 3, 
 July 7, 
 Aug. 6, 
 Aug. 16, 
 Sept. 11, 
 Sept. 19, 
 Sept. 20, 
 Oct. 4, 
 Oct. 7, 
 Oct. 22, 
 
 177S 
 June 28, 
 July 3. 
 Aug. 29, 
 Dec. 29. 
 
 1779 
 Feb. 14, 
 March 3, 
 June 20, 
 Julv 15, 
 Aug. 13, 
 July 19, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Oct. 9. 
 
 1780 
 April 14, 
 May 12, 
 May 29, 
 Aug. 16, 
 Aug. 18, 
 Oct. 7. 
 
 1781 
 Jan. 17, 
 March 15, 
 April 25, 
 Sept. 6, 
 Sept. 8, 
 
 Oct. 19, 
 
 BATTLES 
 
 Lexington . . 
 
 Bunker Hill. 
 Quebec 
 
 Fort Moultrie 
 
 Long Island 
 
 White Plains 
 
 Fort Washington. 
 Trenton 
 
 Princeton 
 
 Hubbardton 
 
 Oriskany t 
 
 Bennington 
 
 Brandywine 
 
 BemisHeights. . . 
 
 Paoli 
 
 Gerniantown 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 Foit Mercer 
 
 Monmouth 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Rhode Island.. . 
 Savannah 
 
 Kettle Creek 
 
 Brier Creek 
 
 Stony Ferry 
 
 Stonj' Point 
 
 Penobscot 
 
 Paulus Hook 
 
 Chemung 
 
 Flamboro' Head . . 
 Savannah 
 
 Monk's Corner.. 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Waxhaw 
 
 Sanders Creek Gate 
 
 Fishing Creek 
 
 COMMANDERS 
 
 American 
 
 Prescott 
 
 Montgomery . . . 
 
 Moultrie* . . . 
 
 Putnam 
 
 McDougall .. 
 Magaw 
 
 Washington* 
 
 Washington*.. 
 
 Warner" 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 Stark* 
 
 \\ aphington. . . 
 
 tiates* 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wasliington . . . 
 
 Gates* 
 
 Col. Greene*... 
 
 Washington*. . . 
 Col. Z. Butler... 
 
 Sullivan* 
 
 Robert Howe. . . 
 
 Pickens* 
 
 Ashe 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Wavnc* 
 
 LovVll 
 
 >Li.ior Lee*. . 
 
 Sullivan* 
 
 Paul Jones*. 
 Lincoln 
 
 Huger. . 
 Lincoln 
 Buford. 
 
 Sumter 
 
 King's Mountain . Camjjbell* 
 
 an"* 
 
 Cowpens Mnr 
 
 Guilford C. H Greene 
 
 Hobkirk-sHill.. 
 Fort Griswold.. 
 Eutaw Springs t 
 
 y orktown 
 
 Greene 
 
 Led.vard 
 
 Greene 
 
 Washington I 
 & DeGrasse*. ( 
 
 British 
 
 Smith and | 
 
 Pitcairn* (" 
 
 Gen. Howe*.. . 
 Carleton* 
 
 Parker 
 
 Gen. Howe*. 
 
 Leslie* 
 
 Gen. Howe*. 
 Rahl 
 
 Mawhood 
 
 Fraser* 
 
 St. Leger 
 
 Baum 
 
 Gen. Howe* 
 
 Burgoyne 
 
 Grey* 
 
 Gen. Howe* 
 
 Burgoyne 
 
 Donop 
 
 Clinton 
 
 John Butler*. 
 
 Pigot 
 
 Campbell* . . . 
 
 Boyd 
 
 Prevost*... 
 Maitlaud*. 
 Johnson . . 
 McLean* . 
 Sutherland 
 
 Brant , 
 
 Pearson squadron 
 
 Prevost* 4,500 
 
 MEN ENGAGED 
 
 American British 
 
 unknown 
 
 1,500 
 900 
 
 400 
 5,000 
 1,600 
 3,000 
 2,400 
 
 3,000 
 
 700 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 11,000 
 2,500 
 1,500 
 
 11,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 450 
 
 12,000 
 
 400 
 
 5,000 
 
 900 
 
 Tarleton* 
 
 Clinton* 
 
 Tarleton* 
 
 Cornwallis*. . . 
 
 Tarleton* 
 
 Ferguson 
 
 300 
 1,200 
 
 800 
 1,200 
 
 900 
 
 3.50 
 4.000 
 
 Tarleton . . , 
 Cornwallis* 
 Rawdon*.. , 
 
 Eyre* 
 
 Stuart , 
 
 Cornwallis . 
 
 300 
 3.700 
 
 400 
 3.000 
 
 700 
 
 900 
 
 900 
 4,400 
 1.200 
 
 150 
 2.000 
 
 10.000 
 
 1,700 
 
 3,000 
 1,200 
 
 4,000 
 20,000 
 2,000 
 5,000 
 1.000 
 
 1,800 
 1,200 
 1,500 
 1,200 
 
 18,000 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 
 15,000 
 4,500 
 2.000 
 
 11,000 
 1,100 
 5,000 
 2,000 
 
 700 
 1,800 
 1,200 
 
 600 
 3,000 
 
 2.50 
 
 1,500 
 
 2 vessels 
 
 2,900 
 
 600 
 9.000 
 
 700 
 2,200 
 
 350 
 1,100 
 
 1,100 
 
 2,400 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 2,800 
 
 7.500 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 33 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 
 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party. 
 
 Dates 
 
 Aug. 5, 
 Aug. 9, 
 Oct. 13, 
 
 1S13 
 
 Jan. 2°^, 
 April 27, 
 May 5, 
 May 29 
 Aug. 2, 
 Oct. 5, 
 1814 
 Julys, 
 July 25, 
 Aug. 15, 
 Aug. 24, 
 Sept. 11, 
 Sept. 12, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Sept. 15. 
 Sept. 17, 
 1815 
 Jan. 8, 
 
 1813 
 
 Aug. 13, 
 
 Aug. 19, 
 Oct. IS, 
 Oct. 25, 
 Dec. 29. 
 1813 
 Feb. 24. 
 
 June 1. 
 Aug. 14. 
 Sept. 5, 
 Sept. 10. 
 1814 
 March 28. 
 
 April 29, 
 June 28, 
 Sept. 11, 
 Dec. 14, 
 1815 
 Feb. 20, 
 
 Land Battles 
 
 Browustown 
 
 2d of Browustown. 
 Queenstown 
 
 Frenchtown... 
 
 York 
 
 Fort Meigs 
 
 Sacketfs Harlx 
 Fort Stephenson... 
 
 Commanders 
 
 Van Horn 
 
 Miller* 
 
 Van Rensselaer. 
 
 Chippewa 
 
 Lundv's Lane 
 
 Fort Erie (assault)... 
 
 Bladensbiirg 
 
 Plattsburg 
 
 North Point 
 
 Fort McHenry. 
 
 Fort Bowyer.." , 
 
 Fort Erie (sortie) 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Winchester. 
 
 Pike* 
 
 Clay* 
 
 Brown* 
 
 Croghan*.. . 
 
 Thames Harrison 
 
 Brown* Klall 
 
 Brown* Drununond. 
 
 Gaines* Drunimond . 
 
 Winder Ross* 
 
 Macomb* Prevost 
 
 Strieker Brooke* 
 
 Armistead* Cochrane. .. 
 
 Lawrence* jNicholls 
 
 Brown* Drummond. 
 
 Tecuniseh* 
 Tccumseh . 
 Brock* 
 
 Proctor* 
 Sheaffe.. 
 Proctor . 
 Prevost . 
 Proctor.. 
 Proctor., 
 
 Jackson* IPakenhani . 
 
 Naval Battles 
 
 Off Newfoundland . . 
 Off Massachusetts. . . 
 Off North Carolina . 
 Near Canary Islands. 
 Off San Salvador 
 
 Off Denierara 
 
 Massachusetts i5ay.. 
 
 British Channel 
 
 Off coast of Maine... 
 Lake Krie 
 
 I Harbor of Valparaiso. . . 
 
 lOff coast of Florida 
 
 Near British Channel 
 
 Lake Champlain 
 
 Lake Borgne 
 
 Off Island of Madeira. 
 OffBrazil 
 
 ( Am. Frig. Essex , 
 
 t Br. Sloop Alert 
 
 * Am. Frig. Constitution.., 
 ' Br. Frig. Guerriere 
 
 * Am Sloop Wasp , 
 
 ( Br. Brig Frolic 
 
 \ Am. Frig. United States., 
 
 I Br. Frig. Macedonian 
 
 < Am. Frig. Constitution.., 
 I Br. Frig. Java 
 
 \ Am. Sloop Hornet 
 
 (Br. Brig Peacock 
 
 t Am. Frig. Chesapeake., 
 
 ' Br. Frig. Shannon 
 
 \ Am. Brig Argus 
 
 (Br. Sloop Pelican 
 
 ( Am. Brig Enterprise... 
 
 '/ Br. Brig Boxer 
 
 \ Am. 9 vessels, 54 guns. . 
 ) Br. 6 vessels, 63 guns. . . 
 
 Men Engaged 
 
 Amer. British 
 
 200 
 
 600 
 
 l,2t)0 
 
 800 
 1,700 
 1,200 
 1,(X)0 
 
 100 
 2..TO0 
 
 1,900 
 3,500 
 2,500 
 3,500 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 120 
 2.500 
 
 6,000 
 
 600 
 
 900 
 
 2,500 
 
 1,500 
 1.500 
 2,000 
 
 i,oai 
 
 1,300 
 2.000 
 
 2,100 
 5.000 
 
 5,a)0 
 
 5.000 
 14,000 
 
 5,000 
 16 ships 
 Mixed 
 
 3,500 
 
 12.000 
 
 ( Am. Frig. Essex 
 
 Br. BrigPhrebe 
 
 'Br. Sloop Cherub 
 
 4 Xnx. Sluop Peacock 
 
 (Br. Bri^' Ki>'-rvier 
 
 < Am. Sl(iu|i Wasp 
 
 VBr. Sluop Reindeer 
 
 \ Am. 14 vessels, 86 guns. 
 ( Br. 17 vessels, 95 guns. . 
 
 ( Am. 5 gunboats 
 
 \ Br. 40 barges 
 
 COMMANDBKS 
 
 Porter * 
 Laugharne 
 Hull * 
 Dacres 
 Jones * 
 AVhinyates 
 Decatur * 
 Carden 
 Bainbridge ' 
 Lambert 
 
 (Am. Frig. Constitution Stewart 
 
 •; Br. Ship Cvane Falcon 
 
 ( Br. Ship Levant Dougla.ss 
 
 ( Am. Sloop Hornet iBiddle * 
 
 ( Br. r.rig Penguin iDlckenson 
 
34 APPENDIX 
 
 PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 No. 
 
 Presidents 
 
 Residence 
 
 Inaugurated 
 
 Vice-Presidents 
 
 1 
 
 George Washington.. 
 
 
 April 30, 1789... 
 
 
 9 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 March 4, 1797. . . 
 March 4, 1801 j 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 
 3 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 
 Aaron Burr 
 
 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 4 
 
 James Madison 
 
 Virginia 
 
 March 4, 1809 -! 
 
 George Clinton * 
 
 
 
 
 Elbridge Gerry * 
 
 S 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 Virginia 
 
 March 4, 1817. . . 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins 
 
 6 
 
 John Q. Adams .■ 
 
 Massachusetts . . . 
 
 March 4, 1825. . . 
 
 John C. Calhoun 
 
 7 
 
 Andrew Jaclison 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 March 4, 1829 \ 
 
 John C. Calhoun t 
 Martin Van Buren 
 
 8 
 
 Martin Van Buren 
 
 New York 
 
 March 4, 1837... 
 
 Richard M. Johnson 
 
 9 
 
 William II. Harrison* 
 
 Ohio 
 
 March 4, 1841... 
 April 6, 1841... 
 
 John Tyler 
 
 10 
 
 Virginia 
 
 
 11 
 
 James K. Polk 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 March 4, 1845... 
 
 George M. Dallas 
 
 12 
 
 Zachary Taylor* 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 March 5, 1849. . . 
 
 Millard Fillmore 
 
 13 
 
 Millard Fillmore 
 
 New York 
 
 July 10, 1850... 
 
 
 14 
 
 Franklin Pierce 
 
 New Hampshire . . 
 
 March 4, 1853... 
 
 William R. King * 
 
 15 
 
 James Buchanan 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 March 4, 1857. . . 
 
 John C. Breckenridge 
 
 16 
 
 Abraham Lincoln* — 
 
 Illinois 
 
 March 4, 1861.-: 
 
 Hannibal Hamlin 
 Andrew Johnson 
 
 17 
 
 Andrew Johnson 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 April 15, 1865. . 
 
 
 18 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant 
 
 
 March 4, 1869 -! 
 
 Schuyler Colfax 
 
 
 
 Henry Wilson * 
 
 Ti 
 
 Rntherford B. Hayes. 
 James A. Garfield*. . . 
 Chester A. Arthur 
 
 Ohio 
 
 March 5, 1877. . . 
 March 4, 1881... 
 Sept. 20, 1881... 
 
 William A. Wheeler 
 
 20 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Chester A. Arthur 
 
 21 
 
 New Y^ork 
 
 
 22 
 
 Grover Cleveland 
 
 New Y'ork 
 
 March 4, 1885. . . 
 
 Thomas A.Hendricks* 
 
 "3 
 
 Benjamin Harrison... 
 Grover Cleveland 
 
 
 March 4, 1889. . . 
 March 4, 1893. . . 
 
 Levi P. Morton 
 
 24 
 
 New Y^ork 
 
 Adlai E. Stevensi)n 
 
 25 
 
 William McKinley.... 
 
 Ohio 
 
 March 4, 1897. . . 
 
 Garret A. Hobart 
 
 
 
 
 Died in office. 
 
 t Resigned, 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 35 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES 
 
 The States 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New York 
 
 Massachusetts.. . 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Delaware 
 
 North Carolina. . 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 South Carolina. . 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Maine 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Florida 
 
 Texas 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Oregon . . 
 
 Kansas 
 
 West Virginia. . . 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Colorado 
 
 North Dakota .. . 
 South Dakota... 
 
 Montana 
 
 Washington 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Utah . . 
 
 Settled 
 
 When 
 
 1G07 
 1G14 
 1G20 
 1G2.3 
 1C33 
 1634 
 1636 
 16.38 
 1G50 
 1664 
 1G70 
 1682 
 1733 
 1724 
 1775 
 1757 
 1788 
 1G99 
 1730 
 1716 
 1682 
 1711 
 1625 
 1764 
 1685 
 1670 
 1565 
 1692 
 1833 
 1669 
 1769 
 1846 
 1811 
 1850 
 1774 
 1850 
 1810 
 1858 
 
 Where 
 
 Jamestown 
 
 New York 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 Little Harbor.. . 
 
 Windsor 
 
 St. Mary's 
 
 Providence 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 Chowan River. . 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 Ashley River. . . 
 Philadelphia . . . 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Fort Dummer. . 
 
 Boonesboro' 
 
 Fort Loudon 
 
 Marietta 
 
 Iberville 
 
 Viucennes 
 
 Natchez 
 
 Kaskaskia 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Bristol 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Arkansas Post. . 
 
 Detroit 
 
 St. Augustine... 
 San Antonio.... 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Green Bay 
 
 San Diego 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Astoria 
 
 Leavenworth . . . 
 
 Wheeling 
 
 Genoa 
 
 Bellevue 
 
 Denver 
 
 By whom 
 
 » (D 
 
 1791 \ 
 
 1792 V 
 1796) 
 1803 
 1812 1 
 1816 '" 
 18171 
 
 1818 I 
 
 1819 I- 
 
 1820 I 
 1821 J 
 1836) 
 1837* 
 1845 
 
 1845 1 
 
 1846 5- 
 1848) 
 1850 
 1856 
 1859 
 1861 
 1863 
 1864 
 1867 
 1876 
 1889 
 1889 
 1889 
 
 1889 I 
 
 1890 I 
 1890 J 
 
 Washington 
 
 Jefferson 
 Madison 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Jackson 
 Tyler 
 
 Polk 
 
 Fillmore 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Johnson 
 Grant 
 
 Ben. Harrison 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Ohio.— In the case of every State except ( ihio, ((ingress has passed a distinct and detinite 
 act of admission, or has provided for an .■L(l)Tilssi<)ii on tiie issue of a proclamation by tlie 
 president. Tlie people of Oliio elected dtlitrati s tr. a cojiveiition, by whom a Constitution 
 was formed (1802), which, in January, 1X03, was sulnnitted to Congress "for ratitlcation ; and on 
 the 19th of the following month the president approved the first act which recognized the 
 new f^tate. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS 
 
 Territory 
 
 When 
 
 Acquired 
 How 
 
 From 
 Whom 
 
 Area in 
 Square 
 Miles 
 
 In Whose Ad- 
 ministration 
 
 1. Original 
 
 1783 
 
 1803 
 
 1819 
 
 1845 
 
 1789- 
 
 1846 
 
 1846- 
 
 1848 
 
 1853 
 
 1867 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1899 
 
 Conquest 
 
 Purchase 
 
 Purchase 
 
 Annexation 
 
 Exploration ( 
 & Occupancy. ) 
 Conquest and ( 
 
 Purchase f 
 
 Purchase 
 
 Purchase 
 
 England. . 
 France . . . 
 
 Spain 
 
 Texas.... 
 
 833,744 
 
 925,269 
 
 59,268 
 
 274,.350 
 
 251, .562 j- 
 
 636,760 
 
 45,535 
 577.390 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Tyler and Polk 
 
 Washington to 
 
 Polk 
 
 Polk 
 
 Pierce 
 
 Johnson 
 
 McKinley 
 
 McKinley 
 
 McKinley 
 
 2. Louisiana 
 
 3. Florida 
 
 4. Texas 
 
 5. Oregon j 
 
 6. California, etc. ■ 
 
 7. Gadsden Tract.. 
 
 Mexico . . . 
 
 Mexico. .. 
 Russia . . . 
 
 
 10. Porto Rico 
 
 11. Philippines 
 
 Conquest 
 
 Purchase 
 
 Spain .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HOW THE ACQUISITIONS ARE NOW OCCUPIED 
 
 1. The Original Territory. — This includes the District of Columbia, 
 
 and all the States whose domains lie entirely east of the Missis- 
 sippi River, except Florida. The eastern part of Minnesota is 
 also included. 
 
 2. The Louisiana Purchase. — All of Louisiana. Missouri, Arkansas, 
 
 Iowa, Nebraska, Nortli Dakota, South Dakota, and ^Montana, and 
 the tract known as the Indian Country; also part of Minnesota. 
 Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming. (See p. 194.) 
 
 3. Florida. — The State of Florida only. Its western boundary was in 
 
 dispute up to the time of the purchase. (See p. 211.) 
 
 4. Texas. — The State of Texas. Texas claimed a large tract west of 
 
 her present limits. The claim was surrendered to the General 
 Government in 18.50, on jiayment of ten millions of dollars. 
 
 5. The Oregon Region.— (>rci;oii, Washington, and Idaho. (See 
 
 note, p. 240.) 
 
 6. California, etc. — All of California, Nevada, and Utah, with part 
 
 of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and the Territories of New Mexico 
 and Arizona. (See p. 220.) 
 
 7. The Gadsden Tract. — Part of the Territories of New Mexico ;ni(I 
 
 Arizona. (See note, p. 230.) 
 
 8. Alaska. — The immense tract still known as Alaska. Ni 
 
 government has been .provided for it. (.See p. 278.) 
 
 territorial 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 37 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO 
 
 (The Americans were gnccessful in every battle.) 
 
 
 
 Commanders 
 
 Forces Engaged 
 
 Dates 
 
 Battles- 
 
 American i Mexican 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Mex. 
 
 1846 
 
 May 8, 
 
 1. Palo Alto 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Doniphan . . 
 
 
 2,300 i 6,000 
 2,200 1 5.000 
 
 May 9. 
 
 2. Resaca de la Palraa. 
 
 3. Monterey 
 
 
 Sept. 24, 
 
 Ampudia 
 
 Ponce de Leon.. 
 
 (5,600 10.000 
 ,500 1 1 200 
 
 Dec. 25, 
 
 4. Bracito 
 
 1847 
 
 
 
 Feb. 23, 
 Feb. 28. 
 
 5. Biiena Vista 
 
 6. Sacramento 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Doniphan 
 Scott 
 
 Santa Anna 
 
 Trias 
 
 4.700 17,000 
 900 1 4,000 
 
 March 27. 
 
 
 
 12.000 ' fi.OOO 
 
 April 18, 
 
 Aug. 20, -* 
 
 Sept. 8, 
 Sept. 13, 
 
 
 Scott Santa Anna 
 
 Scott Valencia 
 
 S..500 i 12.000 
 
 9. Contreras 
 
 4,000 7.000 
 
 10. Chenibiisco 
 
 11. Molino del Rey 
 
 Scott 
 
 Scott 
 
 Santa Anna 
 
 8.000 i 25,000 
 3.500 i 14.000 
 
 18. Chapultepec . . . . jscott .. 
 
 Bravo 
 
 7.200 [ 25.000 
 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 13. Huamantla 
 
 Lane 
 
 Santa Anna 
 
 .500 
 
 1,000 
 
 1, 2. 3, 5.— For account of Taylor's battles, see pp. 224. 225. 
 
 4, 6. — General Kearny, marching from Missouri! took possession of Xew Mexico; 
 and a division of his army under Colonel Doniphan, continuing the march, defeated 
 the enemy at Bracito and Sacramento. 
 
 7 12. — For Scotfs battles, see pp. 227. 228. 9-12 were positions fortified by the 
 ^[exicans for the protection of the city of Mexico. General Worth distinguished 
 himself while in command of the attack upon the Molino del Rey. 
 
 13. — General Lane, on his march with recruit* for Scott, was attacketl at Hua- 
 mantla by Santa Anna, after the latter's flight from the city of Mexico. 
 
ju:n'ior class history 
 
 SPECIAL EEVIEW 
 
 [T7ie numbers refer to the pages of this hook'] 
 
 EXPLORATIONS.— General idea of the extent of the world 
 known at time of Columbus; what excited desire to make explorations; 
 some account of Columbus, his ideas, efforts, voyages, and discoveries 
 
 (11-25)- 
 
 Spanish explorations. — Columbus (11-25), Amerigo Vespucci (25), 
 Ponce de Leon (27), Cortez (29, 30), De Soto (31, 32), Melendez (34) ; 
 objects, results, settlement of St. Augustine (34) ; territory explored 
 (32) and claimed. 
 
 Spain claimed all the southern part of North America — from ocean 
 to ocean — tvith indefinite northern limits. 
 
 French explorations. — Verrazzani (33), Cartier (33), Coligny (33), 
 Ribaut, note (34) ; and Laudonniere. 
 
 • Laudonniere, in 1564, commenced a colony on the St. Johiis River, 
 Florida, of which Ribaut took command the next year ; but Melendez 
 broke it up the same year (1565) and killed most of the settlers, includ- 
 ing Ribaut. Laudonniere succeeded in making his escape. 
 
 De Gourges (34), Champlain (34) ; objects (96), results, settlement 
 of Quebec (33-35) ; territory explored and claimed. 
 
 France claimed the valleys of the St. Lawrence, Ohio, and Missis- 
 sippi, with the region near the Gulf of St. Lawrence (96-99, 105). 
 
 English explorations. — Cabots (32), Gilbert (35), Raleigh (36), 
 
40 JUNIOR CLASS HISTORY 
 
 % 
 
 Gosnold (36) ; objects, results, settlement of Jamestown (37-50) ; ter- 
 rltoiy explored (32-51) and claimed. 
 
 England claimed all the heart of North America — from ocean to 
 ocean — from the latitude of Labrador to that of Florida (105). 
 
 Dutch explorations. — Hudson (73-75) ; objects, results, settlement 
 of New Amsterdam (74, 75) ; territory explored and claimed. 
 
 The Dutch also explored tlte coast as far north as Cape Cod and as 
 far south as Delaivare Bay (86), and claimed all the region so ex- 
 plored. 
 
 Review claims of different nations to parts of North America (11- 
 105) ; basis of claims and first settlement by each nation (105) ; gen- 
 eral idea of geography of territory explored and attempted settle- 
 ments ; names of noted persons (127) ; dates (125, 126). 
 
 Other portions as reading lessons. 
 
 Review of preceding grade. 
 
 SETTLEMENTS. — 1. The thirteen original colonies; when, 
 where, and by wlioni each was settled (37-96). 
 
 2. Which colonies were settled on account of religious persecution ; 
 which by religious denominations ; which as asylums for persecuted 
 Christians. 
 
 Plymouth, as the heginning of the Mussachusetts colony, and Rhode 
 Island were settled because of religious persecution ; New Hampshire 
 and Conxecticut n<ere settled by the Puritans; Pennsylvania by the 
 QuaJcers ; Maryland — in large part — by the Catholics ; and Delaware 
 by Protestants. Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaivare, and Georgia 
 irere asylums for persecuted Christ ia>is. 
 
 Whicli colonies made treaties with the Indians (56, 80, 84, 95) in 
 which were Indian wars and troubles (37-96). 
 
 Which colonies were settled by other nations than tlie English (74- 
 86) ; when and how each came into possession of the English (37-96). 
 
 3. Other important events, with general cause, nature, date, and re- 
 sult, as follows : first legislative assembly (46), introduction of slavery 
 (46), first printing press (120), union of New England colonies (67), 
 Navigation Act (48), Clayborne's rebellions (88), Bacon's rebellion (49), 
 Pequod war (65), King Philip's war (69) ; colonial history of Pennsyl- 
 vania (82-85). 
 
SPECIAL REVIEW 41 
 
 4. Names of noted persons, general nature of their connection witli 
 the colonies ; John Smith (41-51), Loi-d Baltimore (87), Roger Wil- 
 liams (59-61), Peter Stuyvesant (78, 79), Edmund Andros (67, 68), 
 William Penu (82-86), James Oglethorpe (93-95). 
 
 5. Geography of places and colonies learned ; general idea of occu- 
 pations, habits, religious freedom, education, government, and civil 
 liberty (37-96). 
 
 COLONIAL WARS.— 1. King William's War (99-101), Queen 
 Anne's (101-103), King George's (103); general cause of each, between 
 whom fought, one or two important events, terminating treaty, with 
 dates (99-105). 
 
 3. French and Indian War (103-116) ; explorations and settlements 
 by the French north, West, and south (33, 34, 96-99) ; connection of 
 their possessions (105) ; English territory (50, 79, 105) ; conflict of 
 English and French claims (105), Washington's journey (106) ; causes 
 of the war (105-107). 
 
 Principal events, with dates and results (105-117) ; Washington's 
 first campaign (106-108), Braddock's (107, 108), Montcalm's (iii), 
 Amherst's against Louisburg (113), Wolfe's against Quebec (114-116) ; 
 treaty of peace, with terms (116). 
 
 3. Xanies of noted persons ; their connection with the events of 
 the wars ; Governor Dinwiddie (106), Washington (106-1 13). Braddock 
 (107, 108), Shirley (no), Montcalm (111-116), Amherst (113, 114), 
 William Pitt (112), Wolfe (114, 115). 
 
 4. Geography of places and campaigns learned (103-116) ; extent of 
 English territory at close of war (116) ; population (117) ; character 
 of colonial soldiers ; sufferings of colonists ; expense of the wars (127) ; 
 thoughts of union. 
 
 In the early jiart of the tvar the British ministrij recommended the 
 colonies to unite in some plan for their common defence. A congress 
 of delegates from several of the colonies was held at Albany, and aplayi 
 of union, proposed by Dr. Franklin, was adopted. This, however, was 
 never permitted to go into effect, llie colonies rejected it because it 
 gave too much power to the crown, while the crown rejected it because it 
 gave too much power to the people. 
 
 Other portions as reading lessons. 
 
42 JUNIOR CLASS HISTORY 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. — Review of preceding grades. 
 
 1. Causes. — Nature, date, results (128-176) ; Navigation Act (48), 
 taxation to pay expenses of French and Indian War (128), Stamp Act 
 (128), Colonial Congress (129), Tea Act (130), Gage in Boston (134), 
 Boston Massacre (131), Tea party (132), Port Bill (132), Continental 
 Congress (133), declaration of rights (134.) 
 
 2. Campaigns.— Boston campaign, 1775-'76 (135-143) ; — Lexington 
 (135), siege of Boston (135-143), Bunker Hill (137-140), Washington 
 commander-in-chief (140), evacuation March 17, 1776 (142). 
 
 Invasion of Canada, 1775-'76 (141) ; — St. John's (141), Montreal 
 (141), Quebec (141, 142), defeat (142), evacuation June 18, 1770 (142). 
 
 New York campaign, 1776 ; — Evacuation of Boston (142), American 
 army at New York (144), British on Staten Island (145), Long Island 
 (145), capture of city September 15, 1776 (146), operations near city 
 (146), retreat of Americans (146, 147), Trenton (147) and Princeton 
 (dates) (148). 
 
 Philadelphia campaign, 1777 ; — British fleet from New York (149, 
 150), Brandywine (149), Paoli. 
 
 General Wayne, who had been detached from Wafiliiugfun's army, 
 with fifteen hundred men, to get in the rear of Howe's army and cut 
 off his baggage train, when near Paoli {pd-o-le), Sep. 20, was surprised 
 by a midnight attack, and defeated ivith great loss. 
 
 Capture of city September 26, 1777 (150), Germantown (150), opera- 
 tions near city (150). forts ou the Delaware (150), evacuation June 18, 
 1778 (156), Monmouth (date) (June 28, 1778). 
 
 Burgoyne's campaign, 1777 ; — Invasion from Canada (152), Ticon- 
 deroga (152) Forts Edwards (152) and Schuyler (153, note), Benning- 
 ton (153), Stillwater (154). Saratoga (154), surrender October 17, 1777 
 (155)- 
 
 Charleston campaign, 1778-'80 ; — Transfer of war from the north. 
 Savannah (159), Sunbury (160), Kettle Ci'eek (160), Monk's Corner. 
 
 While the siege of Charleston was being made by the British, an 
 American force, stationed at Monk's Corner to keep oj)en a communi- 
 cation betu'een the city and the ijiterior, was surprised by Colonel Tarle- 
 ton and put to flight, Api'il 14, 1780. 
 
 Capture of city May 12, 1780 (162). 
 
 Cornwallis's and Greene's campaigns, 1780-"81 ; — Sanders's Creek, 
 (163), King's Mountain (164), Cowpens (167, 168), Guilford Court 
 
SPECIAL REVIEW 43 
 
 House (i68), Eutaw Springs (169), Yorktown (169-171), surrender, 
 October 19, 1781 (171). 
 
 Outline maps of campaigns ; geography of important places men- 
 tioned (183). 
 
 3. Other Important Events. — -Cause, nature, date, results : — Con- 
 tinental Congress (133, 140, 144), Fort Moultrie (144). 
 
 Fort Jloultrie was so called after the hatilein honor of its brave com- 
 mander, Colonel Moultrie. 
 
 Declaration of Independence (144), commissioners to France (150 
 note), aid from France (150 note, 155), American and French expedi- 
 tions (156, 158, 160, 169). Wyoming (158). Paul Jones's naval fight 
 (162), Arnold's treason (164), Arnold's plundering expeditions, 
 
 (171), Arnold had previously been sent against Virginia. With about 
 twelve hundred men he sailed up the James River to Richmond, and 
 there and at other places plundered and destroyed private as well as 
 public property— 11^1. 
 
 Geography of important places (183). 
 
 4. Treaty of peace (172), terms fixing general boundaries (172), 
 condition of army (172-177), Washington's resignation (179). Govern- 
 ment during Revolution (176-180), Articles of Confederation (176- 
 180), powers of Congress (179), Shays's rebellion (180), convention to 
 revise Articles (180), new Constitution framed and adopted (180), first 
 election (180), Washington President (180). 
 
 Other portions as reading lessons. 
 
 THE NATION TO THE CIVIL WAR.— Review of preceding 
 grades ; general cause, nature, date, and consequence of important 
 events : — 
 
 1. Assembling of Congress at Xew York (182) ; inauguration of 
 Washington, April 30, 1789 (182), departments and government organ- 
 ized (184-186). 
 
 2. Capitals of United States :— Xew York (181), Philadelphia (186), 
 Washington (192). 
 
 3. Indian Wars :— Northwest of Ohio, 1790 (187) ; 1791 (187); 1794- 
 '95 (187, 188) ; 1811 (199) ; 1832 (218) : Creek, 1813 (202) : Seminole, 
 1817 (210) ; 1835-42 (219-220). 
 
44 JUNIOR CLASS HISTORY 
 
 4. Rebellions : — Whiskey Insurrection (187), Canadian (221), Dorr's. 
 While Tyler ivas president, a serious difficulty occurred in Rhode 
 
 Island, which grew out of an attempt to have a constitution ado])ted in 
 ■place of the charter which had been granted to Rhode Island by Charles 
 II. in 1663, and u'hicJi ever since had been the basis of all the laws 
 there. In favor of this constitution, ivhich greatly extended the privi- 
 lege of voting, was a party hnoivn as the '''suffrage party, " the leader of 
 ivhich was Thomas Dorr. Its members attempted to effect the change 
 ivithout regard to existing laivs, even resorting to arms, but tliey were 
 defeated ; cmd another constitution was afterivard adopted. 
 John Brown's Raid (236). 
 
 5. Troubles and treaties with foreign countries : — France, 1792-'93 
 (188), 1797-1800 (191, 192) ; Spain, 1795. 
 
 The treaty of 1795 with Spain established more firmly the friendly 
 relations ivith that country, and defined the southern, and wester?!, limits 
 of the United States. 
 
 Spain, 1819(211). 
 
 Great Britain, 1793-'94 (188) ; 1806-15 (209) ; Barbary States, 1795, 
 1801-5, 1815 (194, 195, 209) ; Canada, 1837 (221). 
 
 No treaty was ever made with Canada. Whatever treaties have been 
 made respecting Canada -were made 'with Orecvt Britain. 
 
 Mexico, 1845-'48 (229). 
 
 6. Treaties for boundaries and acquisition of territory : — Great 
 Britain, 1794 (189), 1842. 
 
 By the treaty of 1842 the northern boundary of the United States 
 from Maine to the Rocky Mountains was fixed. Daniel Webster nego- 
 tiated the treaty on the part of the United States, and Lord Ashburton 
 on the jMrt of Great Britain. See note, p. 233. 
 
 1846. 
 
 21ie treaty of XSiQ fixed the boundary line west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains at the 49fli, parallel, and thus settled a long and bitter dispute 
 between Great Britain and the United States. 
 
 France, 1803 (194); Spain, 1819 (211); 1899 (313); 3Iexico, 1848 
 (229) ; 1853 (230, note) ; terms, extent of territory, value (188, 229, 230). 
 
 7. Extra sessions of Congress : John Adams. 
 
 One of the first acts of President Adams was to convene Congress in 
 extra session to consider the outrages which French vessels were commit- 
 ting against our commerce. Seep. 191. 
 
SPECIAL REVIEW 45 
 
 Van Buren. 
 
 Van Buren called an extra session of Congress to consider tJie com- 
 mercial troubles. See pp. 330, 331. 
 
 Harrison. 
 
 Harrison called an extra session of Congress to remedy the financial 
 distresses of the country. 
 
 8. Compromise measures : — Missouri (212), Tariif Act, 1838-'33 
 (215-217), Clay's (217), Kansas-Nebraska (234, 235). 
 
 9. Financial measures :— United States Bank, 1791 (186), 1833 
 (217), 1842 (221) ; removal of government funds, 1833 (218) ; Distri- 
 bution Act, 1837 (221). 
 
 10. Other important events and measures : Trial of Burr (196) ; 
 Hartford Convention. 
 
 A large number of persons ivere opposed to tJie war of 1813, and they 
 sent delegates to a convention at Hartford, Conn., to cofisider their 
 grievances and devise means of redress. The conventio7i did nothing of 
 importance except to recommend several amendments to the Constitu- 
 tion, 1814. 
 
 Monroe Doctrine. 
 
 In his annual message of 1823, Monroe declared tliat "the Ameri- 
 can continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future 
 colo7iization by any Euroj^ean power. " lli is is knoicn as the Monroe 
 Doctrine. 
 
 Xnllificatiou Act (216), Civil W;ir in Kansas (235). 
 
 11. War with Great Britain. — Riglit of scarcli (197), blockade of 
 French coast (197) ; Embargo Act (198) ; Xon-intercourse Act (198.), 
 declaration of war June 18, 1812 (199, 200). Campaign of 1812, under 
 H\dl (200) ; IMalden, Detroit (200), surrender of jMichigan, August 16, 
 1812 (200). Campaigns of 1813, under (1) Harrison, — Frenchtown. 
 
 At Frenclitoivn Winchester was attacked by a body of British and 
 Indians, and defeated, he being made prisoner while the battle teas in. 
 progress. The Americans s^irrendered , on condition that they should 
 he protected ; but the condition was not observed, and many of them 
 were massacred . 
 
 Mauraee. 
 
 At the Maumee, the Americans, commayided hy Ilarrisoii, were at- 
 tacMd loithout success. After a siege of several days the British re- 
 treated. 
 
46 JUNIOR CLASS HISTORY 
 
 Perry's victory (201) ; Thames (202) ; (2) Dearborn, — York (wo/e, p. 
 203) ; (3) Hampton — attempt against Montreal. (It ended in failure.) 
 
 Campaigns of 1814 ; (1) on northern frontier, — Chippewa (204), 
 Lundy's Lane (204), Fort Erie. 
 
 Fort Erie, in Canada, was captured by the Americans, and, tvhile in 
 their possession, ivas attac/ced and besieged, but the British were not suc- 
 cessful. Finally, at the close of the campaign, the Americans aban- 
 doned it and crossed to Neiv York. 
 
 Plattsburg (205) ; (2) Washington and Baltimore, — Benedict, Bla- 
 densburg. 
 
 Ross landed at Benedict and met with some opposition at Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 Washington (Aug. 24) (206), Fort McIIenry (206) : (3) New Orleans, 
 — Pensacola (207), New Orleans (Dec. 23 and Jan. 8, 1815), (208). 
 
 Important naval engagements : — Guerriere and Constitution (201), 
 United States and Macedonian, 1812 (201) ; Perry's victory (201), 
 Shannon and Chesapeake (203), Squadron in Chesapeake Bay, 1813 
 (205) ; McDonough's victory, 1814 (205) : Essex, 1815 (208). 
 
 Outline maps of campaigns ; general result of each ; geography of 
 important places mentioned (295) ; Treaty, Dec. 24, 1814 (209). 
 
 12. Mexican War. — Annexation of Texas (222), Taylor in Texas 
 (224), declaration of war May 11, 1846 (224). 
 
 Taylor's Campaign, 1846-'47 : — Corpus Christi, Point Isabel, Palo 
 Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Matamoras, Monterey, Buena Vista, Feb. 
 23, 1847 (224-227). 
 
 Scott's Campaign, 1847-'48 : — Vera Cruz, Cerra Gordo, Contreras, 
 Cherubusco, El Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, Mexico, Sept. 14, 1847 
 (227-230). 
 
 Other important events : — California conquered by Fremont (225), 
 New Mexico by Kearney (225), Treaty, Feb. 2, 1848, terms (230). 
 
 Outline maps of campaigns ; general I'esults of each ; geography of 
 important places mentioned. 
 
 Other portions as reading lessons. 
 
INDEX 
 
 [For Topical Study and Recitation] 
 
 Ab'er-crom-by (-knim-), expedition of, 
 
 114. 
 A'bra-ham, plains of, 115. 
 A-ca'di-a, settlement of, 34 ; expedition 
 
 against, 100 ; cession of, 103. 
 Adams, John, 144 (n) ; president, 190 ; 
 
 death of, 215. 
 Adams, John Quincy, elected president, 
 
 214 ; in Congress, 215 (n) ; his death, 
 
 215 (n). 
 Agriculture, 119, 295. 
 Al-a-ba'nia, admission of, 212. 
 Alabama Claims, 280. 
 
 Alabama, the Confederate privateer, 250, 
 
 280. 
 A-las'ka, purchase of, 278. 
 Al'ba-ny, 75. 
 Al'be-marle Colony, 90. 
 Al-ex-an'drl-a, Va., 245. 
 Al-giers', war against, 209. 
 Allen, Ethan, 13(5. 
 
 America, discovery of, 20 ; name, 25. 
 American Independence, declaration of, 
 
 144 ; centennial celebration of, 281, 
 American Revolution, causes of, 128 ; war 
 
 of, 135. 
 American System. 215. 
 Amerigo Vespucci {ah-ma-re' rjo vex-pool'- 
 
 chee)^ 25. 
 Amendments to the Constitution, 277, 
 
 278, 279. 
 Am'herst, General, 113, 114, 116. 
 Amnesty Proclamation, 277. 
 Anderson, Major, 238, 243. 
 Andre (an'dia). Major, 165, 166. 
 An'dros, Sir Edmund, 67. 
 An-nap'o-lis, 102. 
 
 Antietam (an-te'tam), battle of, 258. 
 
 Anti-Rent Troubles, 76. 
 
 Ap-po-mat'tox Court House, 271. 
 
 Ar'buth-not, Admiral, 102. 
 
 Ar-i-zo'na, exploration of, 35 (n). 
 
 Ar'-kan-sas, admission of, 220. 
 
 Ar'ling-ton, earl of, 50. 
 
 Arlington Heights, 245. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, 136, 141, 142 ; at Sara- 
 toga, 155 ; treason of, 165 ; in Conn., 
 171 ; life, 166 (n). 
 
 Arthur, Chester A., president, 285. 
 
 Ash' bur-ton. Lord, 233 (n). 
 
 As-to'ri-a, 240 (n). 
 
 At-Ian'ta, 263, 265. 
 
 Atlantic Cable, 297. 
 
 B 
 
 Bacon's Rebellion, 49. 
 
 Bailey, Colonel, 265 (n). 
 
 Bainbridge, Captain, 194, 201. 
 
 Bal-bo'a, 25. 
 
 Bal'ti-more City, 206, 244. 
 
 Baltimore, Lord, 87, 88. 
 
 Bancroft, George, 301. 
 
 Bank of the United States, 186, 217. 
 
 Banks, General, 257, 261 (n), 264. 
 
 Barbary States, 194, 209. 
 
 Baum (bowm). Colonel, 1.53. 
 
 Beauregard {bo're-gard). General, 243, 248, 
 
 253. 
 Bell, John, 237 (n). 
 Bel'la-mont, earl of, 79. 
 Bem'is Heights, 154. 
 Ben'ning-ton, battle of. 153. 
 Bergen. 81. 
 
 Ber-mu'da Islands, 44. 
 Berk'eley, Lord, 79, 81. 
 
48 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Berkeley, Sir William, 49. 
 
 Big Bethel, 245. 
 
 Black Hawk War, 218. 
 
 Blackstone, William, 58 (n), 60 (n). 
 
 Blaine, James G., 286. 
 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 192. 
 
 Books, 300. 
 
 Boone, Daniel, 188 (n). 
 
 Boston, settlement of, 57 ; evacuation of, 
 
 142 ; conflagration at, 280 (n i. 
 Boston Massacre, 131. 
 Boston Port Bill, 1.32. 
 Boston Tea Party, 1.32. 
 Braddock, General, expedition of, 107. 
 Bradford, William, 54, 50. 
 Bradstreet, General, 113. 
 Bragg, Captain, 225 (n) ; General, 258, 
 
 261. 
 Brandywine, battle of, 149. 
 Breckinridge, John C, 237 (n). 
 Breed's Hill, battle of, 138. 
 Brewster, William, 54. 
 Brier Creek, battle of, 160. 
 Brock, General, 200. 
 Broke, Captain, 208. 
 Brooke, Lord. fJ4. 
 Brown, (ieneral, 204. 
 Brown, John, 236. 
 Bryan, W J., 203. 
 Bryant, William C. 301. 
 Bu-chan'an, James, elected president, 
 
 235. 
 Buena Vista (bira'ita/i vees'liih), battle of, 
 
 225. 
 Bull Run, battle of. 248 : second battle of, 
 
 257. 
 Bunker Hill, 1.37. 
 
 Burgoyne, General, invasion by, 152 ; de- 
 feat of, 154 ; surrender of, 155. 
 Burlington, settlement of, 230 (n). 
 Burnside, General, 254, 258, 259, 262. 
 Burr, Aaron, vice-president. 193 ; duel 
 
 with Ramilton, 195 ; trial of, "96. 
 Butler, B. F.. General, 245. 249, 253. 267. 
 Butler, John, Colonel. 1.58. 
 
 C 
 
 Cab'ot, John and Sebastian. .'W. 
 Cabrillo (cab-reel' yo), 35 (n). 
 Cal-honn', John C, 214, 217. 
 
 Cai-i-for'ni-a, exploration of, .35 (n) ; con- 
 quest of, 225 ; discovery of gold in, 230 ; 
 admission of, 232. 
 Cal'vert, Leonard, 88. 
 Camden, battle of, 163 ; second battle of. 
 
 169. 
 Campbell, Colonel, 159. 
 Canada, first settlement of, 38 : conquered 
 by the English, 116; expedition against, 
 141 ; invasion of, 199 ; rebellion in, 221. 
 Ca-non'i-cus, 56. 
 Cape Cod, discovery of, 36. 
 Cape of Good Hope, 16. 
 Capitals of the U. S., 181, 186, 192. 
 Carnifex Ferry, 245 (n). 
 Carolina, 34, 36, 90 ; division of, 93. 
 Carrick's Ford, 245 (n). 
 Car'te-ret Colony, 92. 
 Carteret, Sir George, 80. 
 Carteret, Philip, 81. 
 Cartier {car-te-d'), 33. 
 Carver, John, 54, 56. 
 Catholic Missionaries, 96. 
 Cedar Creek, battle of, 2f:8. 
 Cedar Mountain, battle of. 3.57. 
 Census. First, 295. 
 Centennial Anniversary, 281. 
 Centennial State, 282. 
 Cerro Gordo {mr'ro gor'do). battle of. 
 
 227. 
 Cervera, Admiral. 308, 309, 310. 
 Chad's Ford, 150. 
 Chambersburg, burning of, 268- 
 Champlain (sham-plane'), 34. 
 Champlain, Lake, battle of, 205. 
 Chancellorsville, battle of, 2.59. 
 Charles I., grant by, 87. 
 Charles II., 67, 78, 90. 
 Charleston, settlement of, 92 : attack on. 
 143 ; capture of, 162 ; evacuation of, 270. 
 Charlestown, 58. 
 Charter Oak, 68. 
 Chat-ta-noo'ga, battle of, 261. 
 Chemung (xhe-mung'), battle of, 161. 
 Cherry Valley, massacre at, 158. 
 Chesapeake Bay, exploration of. 43. 
 Chesapeake, frigate. 197. 203. 
 Chicago, gre.at lire at, 279 : growth of, 
 
 295. 
 Chick- a-mau'ga, battle of. 261. 
 China, treaty with, 283. 
 
INDEX 
 
 45 
 
 Chinese Immigration, 283, 285. 
 
 Chip'pe-wa, battle of, 204. ^ 
 
 Christian Commission, 37-1. 
 
 Cincinnati, growtli of, 295. 
 
 Civil War, great, 240 ; remarks on, 2V2 ; 
 enlistments and losses in, 273 ; cost of, 
 274. 
 
 Clarendon Colony, 90. 
 
 Clay, Henry, 217, 234. 
 
 Clayborne, William, rebellion of, 88. 
 
 Clermont, the steamboat, 297. 
 
 Cleveland, Grover, President, 28(i, 291, 
 306. 
 
 Clinch, General, 219. 
 
 Clinton, General, at Charleston, 144, 102 ; 
 at Long Island, 145 ; at Philadelphia 
 and Monmouth, 156 ; other movements 
 of, 165, 160, 171. 
 
 Coddington, William, 60. 
 
 Cold Harbor, battle of, 267. 
 
 Colfax, Schuyler, 279. 
 
 Coligny {ko-leen'ye), 33. 
 
 Colleges, in the Colonies, 59, 121. 
 
 Colonial Commerce, 119. 
 
 Colonial Congress, 129. 
 
 Colonial Governments, 118. 
 
 Colonial Population, 117. 
 
 Colonies, taxation of, 128, 139, 130, 132. 
 
 Colorado, 35 (n) ; admission of, 282. 
 
 Colorado River, 35 (,n). 
 ■ Columbia, S. C, capture of, 270. 
 
 Columbia College, 123. 
 
 Columbia River, 240 (n). 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, early history, 13 
 maritime project, 14 ; peculiar views, 10 
 efforts to obtain aid, 18 ; voyage of, 18 
 landing, 31 ; other voyages, 33 : death, 
 34. 
 
 Columbus, Ky.. evacuation of, 351. 
 
 Compromise, Missouri, 212 ; of 18.50, 
 2.33. 
 
 Confederate Privateers, 3.50. 
 
 Confederate States, organization of. 238. 
 
 Confederation, articles of. 175. 
 
 Congress, colonial, 129 ; tirst continental, 
 133 ; second continental. 140. 
 
 Connecticut, settlement of, 63. 
 
 Connecticut colonies, union of. 05. 
 
 Constellation, frigate, 192. 
 
 Constitution of the United J^tates. adop- 
 tion of, 180. 
 
 Constitution, frigate, 201. 
 
 Continents, The, 11, 
 
 Cooper, novelist, 300. 
 
 Corinth, 258 (n). 
 
 Cornwallis, Lord, 147, 163, 167, 169. 
 
 Coronado (ko-ro-nah'do), 35 (n). 
 
 Cor'tez, expedition of, 37 ; exploration 
 
 by,35(n). 
 Cotton, cultivation of, 46, 296. 
 Cotton-Gin, 299. 
 Cowpens, battle of, 107. 
 Creeks, war with the, 203. 
 Crown Point, attack on, 114 ; capture of, 
 
 137 ; taken by Burgoyne, 1.52. 
 Cuba, 23; insurrection in, 304. 305, 306, 
 
 307; cession of, 311. 
 Culpepper, Lord, 49. 
 Cylinder Press, 300. 
 
 D 
 
 Dade, Major, 219. 
 
 Darien, Isthmus of, 25. 
 
 Davenport, John, C4. 
 
 Davis, Jefferson, 218 (n), 339, 271 (n), 372 
 
 (n). 
 Dearborn, General. 203. 
 De-ca'tur, Lieutenant, 195 ; Conmiodore, 
 
 301, 309. 
 Declaration of Indepentteme. 144. 
 Deerfield, attack on, 101. 
 D'Estaing {des-tang'). Count, 156, 1,58. 
 De Gourgues (goon/), 34. 
 De Grasse (grass), Admiral, 171. 
 De Kalb, Baron, 163. 
 Delaware, Lord, 45. 
 Delaware, settlement of, 86 ; conquest of, 
 
 87 ; further changes, 87. 
 De Le-on', Pon-ce. See Po)n(. 
 Democrats, 210. 
 De Soto, expedition of. 31. 
 Detroit, siege of, 117 : surrender of. 200. 
 Dewey, Commodore, at Manila, 307: Kear- 
 
 Admiral, 308. 
 Dieskau (rh'-es-kv'), Baron. 110. 
 Din-wid'die, Robert. 106, 107. 
 Dorchester, settlement of, .58. 
 Dorchester Heights, 143. 
 Douglas, Stephen A,. 237 m). 
 Dover, N. H.. 61. 
 Downie, Commodore, 305. 
 
50 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Draft Riot in New York, 262. 
 
 Dralce, Sir Francis, 35. 
 
 Dred Scott Decision, 237 (n). 
 
 Dress, in colonial times, 123. 
 
 Dubuque {du-hook'), 230 (n). 
 
 Duel between Burr and Hamilton, 195. 
 
 Du Quesne (kane). Fort, 107. 
 
 Du Quesne, Marquis, 107. 
 
 Du-pont', Commodore, 249. 
 
 Dutch Explorations, 73. 
 
 Dutch Settlements, 75, 78, 86. 
 
 Early, General, 268. 
 
 Earth, shape of, 13. 
 
 Eastern Continent, 12. 
 
 East Jersey, 81. 
 
 Eaton, Theophilus, 64. 
 
 Educatiou in the Colonies, 120. 
 
 Electro-Magnetic Telegraph, 299. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen, £5, 36. 
 
 Elizabeth City, 2.)4. 
 
 Elizabeth Islands, 36. 
 
 Elizabethtown, 81. 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation, 275. 
 
 Embargo, The, 198. 
 
 Endicott, John, 57. 
 
 English, discoveries by, 32 ; expeditions 
 
 35, 36. 
 Erie, Pa., 106. 
 Essex, frigate, 208. 
 Eutaw Springs, battle of, 169. 
 Eyre (ire), Colonel, 171. 
 
 Fairfield, burning of, 161. 
 
 Fair Oaks, battle of, 256. 
 
 Far'ra-gut, Admiral, at New Orleans, 253; 
 
 at Mobile, 268. 
 Federalists, 210. 
 Ferguson, Major, 164. 
 Field, Cyrus W., 297. 
 Fillmore, Millard, President. 232. 
 Fisheries, colonial, 119. 
 Fisher's Hill, battle of, 268. 
 Fishery Question, 282. 
 Five Forks, battle of, 271. 
 Five Nations. 80. 97. 99. 
 Flag of U. S., adoption of, 176. 
 
 Florence, commerce of, 15. 
 Florida, discovery of, 28 ; extent of, 30 
 (n) ; exploration of, 30 ; settlements in, 
 34 ; ceded to Great Britain, 116 ; given 
 back to Spain, 172 ; ceded to the U. S., 
 211 ; admitted as a state, 223. 
 Floyd, General, 251 (n). 
 Foote, Admiral, 250. 
 Forbes, General, 113. 
 Foreign Aid in the Revolution, 175. 
 Forest Fires, 280. 
 Forrest, General, 265. 
 Fort Donelson, 250. 
 
 Du Quesne {kane), 107, 108, 113. 
 
 Edward, 153. 
 
 Frontenac, 113. 
 
 Gaines, 268. 
 
 Gansevoort, 162 (n). 
 
 Griswold, 171. 
 
 Henry. 250. 
 
 Lee, 146. 
 
 McAllister, 266. 
 
 McHenry, 206. 
 
 Mercer, 150. 
 
 Mifflin, 150. 
 
 Mims, 202. 
 
 Morgan, 268. 
 
 Moultiie, 238. 
 
 Niagara, 110. 
 
 Orange, 75, 79. 
 
 Oswego, 111. 
 
 Pickens, 239. 
 
 Pillow, 265. 
 
 Pitt, 113. 
 
 Pulaski, 254. 
 
 Schuyler, 152 (n). 
 
 Sumter, 144 (n), 238, 213, 270. 
 
 Ticonderoga. 114. 
 
 Washington, 116. 
 
 William Henry, 110. 111. 
 Fortress Monroe, 245, 2.56. 
 France, treaty with, 155 ; hostilities of, 
 
 190 ; war with, 191. 
 Franklin, Benjamin, 122, 130, 144 (n), l.")6, 
 
 299. 
 Fredericksburg, battle of, 2.58. 
 Free Soil Principles, 235. 
 Fremont, John C, 225, 235. 
 French, discoveries by the, 33, 34. 
 French and Indian War, 103. 
 French Protestants, settlement by, 33. 
 
INDEX 
 
 51 
 
 French Wars, 99. 
 Fugitive Slave Law, 233, 
 Fulton, Robert, 297. 
 
 G 
 
 Gadsden Purchase, 230 (n). 
 
 Gage, General, 135. 
 
 Garfield, James A., President, 283 ; early 
 life and character of, 284 ; assassination 
 of, 285. 
 
 (jiates, General, 151, 163. 
 
 Gates, Sir Thomas, 44. 
 
 Geneva Award, 280. 
 
 Gen'o-a, commerce of, 15. 
 
 Geography, progress of, 13. 
 
 George II., King, grant by, 93 ; war of, 
 103. 
 
 Georgia, grant of, 93 ; settlement of, 94 ; 
 royal province, 95, J 61. 
 
 Germantown, battle of, 150. 
 
 Gettysburg, battle of, 260. 
 
 Ghent, Treaty of, 209. 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 35. 
 
 Gilmore, General, 270. 
 
 Gold, excitement of in Virginia. 43; dis- 
 covery of in California, 230. 
 
 Goldsborough, Commodore, 354. 
 
 Good Hope, Cape, l(i. 
 
 Good Hope, Fort, 63. 
 
 (ror'ges, Ferdinand, 61. 
 
 (ios'nold, Bartholomew. 36. 
 
 (irand Model, 91. 
 
 Grant, L'lysses S., at Forts Henry and 
 Donelsou, 251 : at Pittsburg Landing. 
 2.51 : Vieksburg, 2(50 ; at Chattanooga, 
 262 ; Lieutenant-General, 263 ; in Vir- 
 ginia campaign, 267 ; close of campaign, 
 271 ; magnanimity of, 271 o') ; elected 
 president, 279 ; re-elected, 280. 
 
 Gray, Captain, 240 (.n '■ 
 
 Great Britain, war with. 199. 
 
 Great Meadows, battle of, 107. 
 
 (■Jreene, General, 136, 167, 168. 
 
 Greenland, discovery of. 12. 
 
 Green Mt. Boys, 136. 
 
 Gua-da-lu'pe Hi-dal'go, 230 (n). 
 
 Guanahani {(/wah-»(ili-/iak'»e), 20 i,n). 
 
 Gua-ti-mo'zin, King, 30. 
 
 Gnevrierc.(ffare-e-(fri:'), capture of, 201. 
 
 Guilford Court House, battle of, 168. 
 
 Hale, Nathan, Captain, 146 (n). 
 
 Half-Moon, ship, 73. 
 
 Halleck, General, 249, 253. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, 186, 195. 
 
 Hancock, John, 145. 
 
 Hancock, W. S., General, 282. 
 
 Harmar, General, 187. 
 
 Harper's Ferry, 226, 245. 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin, President, 288. 
 
 Harrison, William H., General, at Tippe- 
 canoe, 199 ; at the Thames, 201 ; elected 
 president, 221 ; death of, 222. 
 
 Harrison's Landing, 257. 
 
 Hartford, 63. 
 
 Harvard, John, 59, 126 in). 
 
 Harvard College, 59. 121. 126 (ii). 
 
 Havana, 305. 
 
 Hawaii, 312. 
 
 Hayes, Rutherford B., President, 282. 
 
 Hendricks, Thomas A., 286. 
 
 Henrietta Maria, 88. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, 129. 
 
 Henry, Prince, of Portugal, 15. 
 
 Her'ki-mer, General, 152 (n). 
 
 Hessians, 147. 
 
 Hildreth, historian. 3(il. 
 
 His-pan-i-o'hi. 23. 
 
 Hobart, G. A.. 302. 
 
 Hobkirk's Hill, battle of. 169. 
 
 Hobson, Lieutenant. 3iis. 
 
 Holmes, Captain, 63. 
 
 Hood, General, 265. 
 
 Hooker, Joseph, (ieneral. 2.')9. 
 
 Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 63. 
 
 Houston (hu'gfun), Samuel. 222 (n.l. 
 
 Howe, Elias, 299. 
 
 Howe, General, 143, 145. 146, 149. 156. 
 
 Howe, Lord, 114. 
 
 Howe, Lord, Admiral, 158. 
 
 Howe, Robert, General, 1.59. 
 
 Hudson, Henry. 73. 
 
 Hull, Captain, 201. 
 
 Hull, General, 200. 
 
 Hunter, General, 249. 
 
 Hutchinson, Mrs., 59. 
 
 I'ber-ville River, 116. 
 Iceland, discovery of, 12. 
 
53 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Idaho, admission of, 290. 
 
 Illinois, admission of, 212. 
 
 Impressment, 199 (n), 209. 
 
 India, route to, 14. 
 
 Indiana Territory, 212 ; admission as a 
 State, 212. 
 
 Indian Massacre, in Virginia, 47. 
 
 Indian Nations, 118. 
 
 Indians, origin of name, 21 ; number of, 
 118. 
 
 Indian War, in Virginia, 47 ; with the Pe- 
 quods, 65 ; with King Philip, 69 ; in 
 New Netherlands, 77 ; during the French 
 war, 99 ; with Pontiac, 116 ; during the 
 Revolution, 158, 161 ; in the Northwest, 
 187, 218 ; on the Western Frontier, 162 ; 
 in the South, 199, 202 ; in Florida, 210, 
 219. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits, in the Colonies, 
 119. 
 
 International Exhibition, at Philadelphia, 
 281. 
 
 Inventions, Useful, 299. 
 
 Iowa, admission of, 2.30. 
 
 Iroquois {e'ro-qnah), 92, 99. 
 
 Irving, Washington, 36. 
 
 Isabella, Queen, 18. 
 
 Island No. 10, 250. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, General, in the Creek 
 war, 203 ; at Pensacola, 207 ; at New 
 Orleans, 208 ; in the Seminole war, 211 ; 
 elected president, 216. 
 
 Jackson, T. J. (Stonewall), General, 2.56. 
 257, 259 (n). 
 
 James I., King of England, 37 ; (iiani by, 
 39. 
 
 James, Duke of York, 79 ; .lames II., 99. 
 
 James River, 39. 
 
 Jamestown, settleuieat of, 39 ; legis^lativf 
 assembly at, 46 ; burning of. 49. 
 
 Japan, expedition to, 234 (n). 
 
 Jay, John, 189. 
 
 Jay"s Treaty, 189, 190. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 144. 186, 193, 215. 
 
 John Brown's Raid, 236. 
 
 Johnson, Andrew, Presidfiil. 276 ; im- 
 peachment of, 278. 
 
 Johnston, A. S., General, 251. 
 
 Johnston, Joseph E., General, 256, 260, 
 
 262 (n), 265, 271. 
 Joliet isho-le-d'). 97. 
 Jones, John Paul, 162. 
 
 K 
 
 Kansas, a territory, 234 ; Civil war in, 235 ; 
 admission of, 240. 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 234. 
 
 Kearny {kar'ne). General, 225. 
 
 Kennebec River, 50. 
 
 Kent Island, 89. 
 
 Kentucky, settlement of, 188 (n) ; admis- 
 sion of, 187. 
 
 Kettle Creek, battle of, 160. 
 
 Key, Francis S., 206 (n). 
 
 Kidd, Captain, 79. 
 
 Kieft (keeft), Governor, 77. 
 
 King George's War, 77. 
 
 King Philip's War, 69. 
 
 King William's M'ar, 99. 
 
 King's College, 122. 
 
 King's Mountain, 164. 
 
 Knox, General, 179, 186. 
 
 Knoxville, battle of, 262. 
 
 Kosciusko (kos-se-us'ko), Thaddeus, 175. 
 
 Labrador (lab-ra-dore'), 12, 33. 
 
 La-co'ni-a, 61. 
 
 Ladrone Islands, 308, 311. 
 
 La Fayette {lah f(i-yet'), 1.50, 213. 
 
 La Salle (sal), 97, 98. 
 
 Lawrence, Captain. 203. 
 
 Ledyard, Colonel, 171. 
 
 Lee, Charles, General. 144. 147. 1.5t;. 
 
 Lee, Henry, 161, 169. 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry. 144. 
 
 Lee, Robert E., (General, 2.5(i, 2.57. 2."),S, 2.59. 
 268, 271. 
 
 Legislative Assembly, lirst. 46. 
 
 Leopard and Chesapeake, 197. 
 
 Lexington, battle of, 136. 
 
 Lewis and Clark, exploration by, 24<J (ii). 
 
 Liberty Bell, 143 (n) ; 144. 
 
 Liberty Tree, 130. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, in Black Hawk War, 
 218 (n) ; elected president. 237.; assassi- 
 nation of, 272 ; funeral of, 276. 
 
INDEX 
 
 53 
 
 Lincoln, General, 160, 163, 180. 
 
 Literature, 300. 
 
 Little Harbor, 61. 
 
 Livingston, Robert R., 144 (n) ; 182 (n). 
 
 Locke, John, 91. 
 
 London Company, 39. 
 
 Lone Star State, 223. 
 
 Longfellow, Henry W., 302. 
 
 Long Island, battle of, 145. 
 
 Longstreet, General. 262. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, 262 (u). 
 
 Louisburg, 10.3, 113. 
 
 Louisiana, name of, 98 ; partly ceded to 
 the English, 116 ; purchase of, 194 ; ad- 
 mission of, 209. 
 
 Lundy's Lane, battle of, 204. 
 
 Lynn, .58. 
 
 Lyon, General, 249. 
 
 M 
 
 McClellan, General, in W. Va., 245 ; com- 
 mander of the army, 248 ; movement 
 against Richmond, 256 ; at South Mt. 
 and Autietam, 258 ; superseded, 258. 
 
 McCrea (kra). Miss, 153 (n). 
 
 Macdonough, Commodore, 205. 
 
 McDowell, General, 248. 
 
 McKinley, William, President, 292, 302, 304. 
 
 Macedonian, frigate, 201. 
 
 Macomb (ma-koom'). General, 205. 
 
 Madison, James, President, 199. 
 
 Magellan (ma-jel'/an), 27. 
 
 Maine, explored by the English. .37 ; nauie 
 of, 62 ; admission of, 212. 
 
 Maine, destruction of battleship. 305. 
 
 Malvern Hill, battle of, 257. 
 
 Ma-nas'sas Junction, 248. 
 
 Man-haf'tan Island, purchase of, 75 (id. 
 
 Manila, battle of, 307 ; surrender of. 308. 
 
 Alauner.s and Customs, Colonial. ]2i. 
 
 >lariana Islands. .308. 
 
 Mariner's Compass, 13. 
 
 Marquette (nun-ktt'), 97. 
 
 Maryland, grant of, 87 ; first settk-iiu-nt in, 
 88 ; civil war in, 89 ; royal province, 89 ; 
 under proprietary government. 90. 
 
 Masim and Slidell, seizure of. 2.50. 
 
 ^lassachusetts, 57, 67, 1 18. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay Colony, .57. 
 
 Mas-sa soit, .56, 69. 
 
 Mat-a-mo'ras, taking of, 224. 
 
 Mau-mee', battle of the, 188. 
 
 Mayflower, sailing of the, 52. 
 
 Meade, General, 260, 263, 267. 
 
 Melendez {ma-leii'deth), 34. 
 
 Memphis, taking of, 251. 
 
 Mercer, General, 149. 
 
 Merrimac, The, 254. 
 
 Mesilla {ma-seel'yah) Valley, 230 (n). 
 
 Mexicans, description of, 28. 
 
 Mexico, discovery of, 28 ; conquest of, 29, 
 
 30 ; war with, 224 ; treaty with, 229. 
 Mexico (city), occupation of, 228. 
 Michigan, territory, 200, 202 ; admission 
 
 of, 220. 
 Miller, Colonel, 204. 
 Mining, in the Colonies, 120. 
 Minnesota, admission of, 240. 
 Min'u-it, Governor, 77. 
 Minute Men, 135. 
 
 Missionary Ridge, battle of, 262 (n). 
 Mississippi, territory, 212 ; admission of, 
 
 212. 
 Missouri, admission of, 212. 
 Missouri Compromise, 212, 234. 
 Monckton {munk'/un), Colonel, 110. 
 Monitor, The, 2.55. 
 Monmouth, battle of, 156. 
 Monro, Colonel, 111. 
 Monroe Doctrine, 303. 
 Monroe, James, President, 210, 304. 
 Montana, admission of, 289. 
 Montcalm (t/wnt-karn'), 110, 111, 114, 115, 
 
 116. 
 Monterey Uiton-Ui-ru'). 224. 
 Mon-ie-zu'ma, 29. 
 Montgomery (city). 238. 
 Montgomery, General, 141. 
 Montreal, burning of, 99 : taking of. 110, 
 
 141. 
 Morgan, D.inicI, caplaiii, 142; gentnal, 
 
 168. 
 Morgan, jjartisan ranger, 262. 
 Morris, Robert, 167. 
 Morristown, heights of, 149. 
 Morse, Professor, 296. 
 Motley, historian. 301. 
 Moultrie, Colonel. 144. 
 Moultrie, Fort, 2:W. 
 Mount Vernon. 1?9. 191. 
 Murfreesboro, battle of, 258. 
 
54 
 
 INDEX 
 
 N 
 
 Narragansett Indians, 56. 
 
 Nashville, evacuation of, 251 ; battle of, 
 
 265. 
 Natchez, settlement of, 98. 
 National Debt, 274. 
 Navigation Act, 48. 
 Nebraska, teriitoiy, 234 ; admission of, 
 
 278. 
 Nevada, exploration of. 35 (ii) : admission 
 
 of, 27o. 
 New Amsterdam, settlement of, 75 ; sur- 
 render of, 79. 
 Nevvbern, taking of. 254. 
 New Brunswick, 34. 
 New England, 13. 51. 
 New England Colonies, 67. 
 Newfoundhuid (iHi'fmul-land), 12,44. 
 New Fraricc, 33. 
 New Hamijsliirc, settlement of, 61 ; grant 
 
 of, 61 ; union with Massachusetts, 62 ; 
 
 a royal province, 62 ; an independent 
 
 colony, 62. 
 New Haven, burning of, 161. 
 New Haven Colony, 64, 67. 
 New Jersey, first settlement in, 80 ; union 
 
 with New York, 82; a royal province, 82. 
 New Jersey, college of, 121. 
 New London, burning of, 171. 
 New Mexico, exploration of, 35 (n) ; con- 
 quest of, 225 : a territory, 233. 
 New Netherlands, settlement of, 75 ; 
 
 growth of, 76 ; conquest of, 79 ; recon- 
 
 quest of, 79 ; taken by the English, 79. 
 New Orleans, settlement of, 98 ; battle of, 
 
 208 ; taken by the I'nion forces, 253 ; 
 
 exhibition at, 285 : population, 295. 
 Newport, attack on, 158. 
 Newport, Christopher, Captain, 39, 43, 44. 
 Newspapers, 120, -300. 
 New Sweden, 86. 
 New Yor!:, 79 ; taken by the English, 146 ; 
 
 evacuation of, 177 ; population of, 295. 
 Niagara, Port, 114. 
 Norfolk, burning of, 161 ; navy yard at, 
 
 245 ; taking of, 2.56. 
 Normans, or Norsemen, 12. 
 North Anna, 267. 
 North Carolina, first settlement in, 90 ; 
 
 admission of, 186. 
 
 North Castle, 166. 
 
 North Dakota, admission of, 289. 
 
 North, Lord, 172. 
 
 Northmen, 12. 
 
 Northwest Territory, 194. 
 
 Norwalk, burning of, 161. 
 
 Nova Scotia, 34, 102. 
 
 Nueces (iiwa'ses) River, 224 (n). 
 
 O 
 
 Oglethorpe (o'gl-thor])), James, 93. 
 
 Ohio, territory, 193 ; admission of, 19^. 
 
 Ohio Company, 105. 
 
 O-kee-cho'bee, battle of, 220. 
 
 Old Dominion, 48. 
 
 Oliver, Andrew, 130. 
 
 Oregon, admission of. 240. 
 
 Oregon River, exploration of, 240 (u). 
 
 0-rin-o'co River, 24. 
 
 Os-ce-o'la, 219. 
 
 Pacific Ocean, discovery of. 25. 
 
 Pacific Railroad, 296. 
 
 Pakenham (pak'n-am). Sir Edward, 208. 
 
 Palo Alto (pafi'/o ahl'to), battle of, 234. 
 
 Palos {pa7i'loce),20. 
 
 Paris, treaties of, 116, 311, 313. 
 
 Pa-troons', 76. 
 
 Paulding, 166. 
 
 Paulding, James K., 300 (n). 
 
 Paulus Hook, 161. 
 
 Pemberton, General, 260. 
 
 Penn, Admiral. 83. 
 
 Penn, William, 81 ; grant to. (-'2 ; charac- 
 ter of, 83 ; settlements by, 84. 
 
 Penn's Woods. 83. 
 
 Pennsylvania, settlement of, 84. 
 
 Pennsylvania, University of, 122. 
 
 Pennsylvania Troops, mutiny of, 167. 
 
 Pen-sa-co'la, 211. 
 
 People's Party, 291. 
 
 Pepperill, William, 103. 
 
 Pequod War, 65. 
 
 Perry, M. C, Commodore, expedition of, 
 to Japan, 234 (n). 
 
 Perry, Oliver H., Commodore, £01. 
 
 Petersburg, 267, 271. 
 
INDEX 
 
 55 
 
 Philadelphia, settlement of, 84 ; taken by 
 
 the British, 150 ; evacuation of, 156 ; 
 
 population of, C95. 
 Philadelphia, frigate, 194. 
 Philip, war with, 09 ; death of, 71. 
 Phil-ip'pi, battle of, 245 (n). 
 Philippines, 27, 307, 311 ; cession of, 313 ; 
 
 war in, 313. 
 Phipps, William, 101. 
 Pickens, Fort, 239. 
 Pickens, General, 164. 
 Pierce, Franklin, President, 234. 
 Pigot, General, 158. 
 Pike, General, 203 (,n). 
 Pilgrims, The, 53 : landing of, 55. 
 Pinckney, Charles C, 191 (n). 
 Pitcairn, Major, 136. 
 Pitt, William, 112. 
 Pittsburg Landing, battle of, 251. 
 Plattsburg, battle of, 205. 
 Plymouth, settlement of, 55 ; council of, 
 
 57. 
 Plymouth Company, 50. 
 Po-ca-hon'tas, 41; marriage of, 45 ; death 
 
 of, 45. 
 Point Isabel, 224. 
 
 Polk, James K., elected president. 223. 
 Polo, Marco, 14 (n\ 
 Ponce de Leon {po7i'tha da la-o>i'). voyage 
 
 of, 27. 
 Pontiac's War, 116. 
 Pope, General. 251, 257. 
 Population of the Colonies (17(i3i, 117 : of 
 
 the States, 295. 
 Populists, 291, 303. 
 Porter, Captain, cruise of, 208. 
 Porter, D. D., Admiral, 253-. 3;;4. 
 Port Hudson, 261. 
 Porto Rico, 311. 
 
 Port Royal, 34 ; taking of, 101, 102. 
 Port Royal Entrance, 249. 
 Portuguese, maritime enterprises of, 15. 
 Potomac, army of the, 263. 
 Pow-ha-tan', 41, 47. 
 Preb'le, Commodore, 194. 
 Prescott, Colonel, 137. 
 Prescott, historian, 301. 
 Presque Isle (pregk-eel), 106. 
 Prevost, General, 160. 
 Pre%'ost, Sir George. 205. 
 Price, General, 249, 258 (n). 
 
 Princeton, battle of, 148. 
 
 Printing in the colonies, 120 ; in the States, 
 
 300. 
 Prison ships, 174. 
 Protestants, settlements by, 33, 34. 
 Providence Plantation, 60. 
 Puebla (poo-a'hlah), occupation of, 228. 
 Pulaski ipii-las'kee), at the Brandywine, 
 
 150 ; death of, 160. 
 Puritans, The, 51. 
 Putnam, General, 136, 161. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quaker Hill, 158. 
 Quakers, The, 59. 
 Quebec, foundation of, 33 ; taking of, 116; 
 
 attack on, 141. 
 Queen Anne's War, 101. 
 
 R 
 
 Rahl, General, 148. 
 
 Railroads, 296. 
 
 Raleigh (raio'le). Sir Walter, 36. 
 
 Randolph, Edmund, 186. 
 
 Ratcliffe, 40. 
 
 Rawdon, Lord, 169. 
 
 Reconstruction Acts, 277. 
 
 Reconstruction of the Union, 279. 
 
 Red River Expedition. 264. 
 
 Reed, Joseph, General. 1.56 (n). 
 
 Republican Party, organization of. 235. 
 
 Resaca de la Palma (ni-xah'-kah <hi liih 
 
 pahl'mah), battle of, 224. 
 Revolution, American, causes of, 128. 
 Rhode Island, settlement of, 60 ; purchase 
 
 of, 60 ; admission of, 186. 
 Rhode Island Plantation, 60. 
 Ribeau {re-bo'), 34 (n). 
 Rice Culture, 92. 
 Richmond, occupation of, 271. 
 Rich Mountain, 245 (n). 
 Rio Grande (re'c-orahn'rla), 224. 
 Roanoke Island, 36, 2.54. 
 Robinson, John, 52. 
 Rochanibeau (ro-sham-bo'), 169. 
 Rolfe, John, 45. 
 
 Rose'crans, General, 245 (n), 258, 261. 
 Ross, General, 205, 206. 
 Roxbury, 58. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Ruggles, Timothy, 129. 
 Ryswick {riz'wik). Treaty of, 99. 
 
 S 
 
 St. Clair, General, 187. 
 
 St. John's, 141. 
 
 St. Lawrence River, discovery of, 33 ; ex- 
 ploration of, 34 ; settlement on, 34. 
 
 St. Leger {lej'er\ 152 (n). 
 
 St. Louis, growth of, 295. 
 
 St. Marks, 211. 
 
 St. Mary's, 88, 97. 
 
 Salem, settlement of, 57. 
 
 Salem Witchcraft, 71. 
 
 Sam'o-set, 56. 
 
 Sampson, Admiral, 308, 309. 
 
 Sanders Creek, battle of, 163. 
 
 San Domingo, 23 (n). 
 
 San Francisco, 231. 
 
 San Francisco Bay, 35 (n) ; entered by 
 Drake, .35. 
 
 Sanitary Commission, 274. 
 
 Santiago de Cuba, 308, 309, 310 ; battle of, 
 311 ; surrender of, 311. 
 
 San Jacinto, battle of, 222 (n). 
 
 San Juan, 311. 
 
 San Salvador, 22. 
 
 Santa Anna, 222 (n), 22.5, 228. 
 
 Saratoga, battle of, 1.54. 
 
 Savannah, settlement of, 04 ; capture of, 
 159 ; attack on. 100. 
 
 Say-and-Seal, Lord, M. 
 
 Saybrook, 04, 65. 
 
 Sche-nec'ta-dy, Massacre at. 99. 
 
 Schofleld, General, 271. 
 
 Schools, in the Colonies, 120, 121. 
 
 Schuyler {ski'ler). Fort, 152 (n). 
 
 Schuyler, General, 141, 153. 
 
 Scott, General, at Lundy's Lane, 204 ; 
 sent to Charleston, 217 ; campaign of, 
 in Mexico, 227 ; in the Civil War, 245 ; 
 retirement of, 248. 
 
 Search, Right of, 197, 209. 
 
 Secessionists, proceedings of, 239. 
 
 Sem'i-noles, war with, 210, 219, 220. 
 
 Semmes (sernz), Captain, 250. 
 
 Seven Days' Battles, 257. 
 
 Sevvall, Arthur, 303. 
 
 Sew'ard, Secretary, 272 (n). 
 
 Sewing Machine, 299. 
 
 Shafter, General, 309. 
 
 Shannon, frigate, 203. 
 
 Shavv'mut, 58. 
 
 Shays, Daniel, rebellion of, 180. 
 
 Shen-an-do'ah Valley, 267, 268. 
 
 Sheridan, General, 268, 271. 
 
 Sherman, Roger, 144 (n). 
 
 Sherman, W. T., General, at Port Royal, 
 249 ; in command of Southern army, 
 263 ; at Atlanta, 265 ; march to the 
 coast, 266 ; in South Carolina, 270 ; 
 march northward, 270. 
 
 Shiloh, battle of, 251. 
 
 Shirley, Governor, 110, 111. 
 
 Sigel {se'geP), Colonel, 249. 
 
 Six Nations, 80, 92. 
 
 Slavery, introduction of, 46 ; aUolitioii of. 
 277. 
 
 Slavery 'Question, 213, 232, 234. 
 
 Slaves, emancipation of, 275. 
 
 Slave Trade, 233. 
 
 Slote, Commodore, 227. 
 
 Smith, John, 40, 41, 42, 4.3, 51. 
 
 Som'ers, Sir George, 44. 
 
 South America, discovery of, 24. 
 
 South Carolina, settlement of, 92 ; seces- 
 sion of, 237. 
 
 South Dakota, admission of, 289. 
 
 South Mountain, battle of, 2.57. 
 
 South Sea, 2: . 
 
 Southwest Territory, 187 (n). 
 
 South Virginia, .50. 
 
 Spain, 18, 25, 32, 35 (ii) : war with. 3(16 ; 
 peace with, 311, 313. 
 
 Spaniards, discoveries by, 18, 25, 32 ; ex- 
 plorations by, 35 (n). 
 
 Spottsylvania Court House, 267. 
 
 Springfield (Mass.), 63. 
 
 Squatter Sovereignty, 234. 
 
 Stamp Act, 128, 130. 
 
 Standish, Miles, .54. 
 
 Stark, General, 136, 154. 
 
 Star Spangled Banner, song, 206 (n) 
 
 Starving Time, 43. 
 
 Steuben, Baron, 175. 
 
 Stillwater, battles of, 154. 
 
 Stockton, Commodore, 227. 
 
 Stonington, bombardment of, 205. 
 
 Stono Ferry, 160. 
 
 Stony Point, capture of, 161. 
 
 Stringham {Htrhig'am), Commodore, 249. 
 
INDEX 
 
 57 
 
 Stuyvesant (sii've-sant), Peter, 78, 79, 87. 
 
 Sub-Treasuries, 221. 
 
 Sullivan, General, 158, 161. 
 
 Sum'ter, Fort, 114 (n), 238, 243, 270. 
 
 Sumter, General, 164. 
 
 Sunbury, 160. 
 
 Sweden, New, 87. 
 
 Swedes, settlement by, 78, 87. 
 
 T 
 
 Taney {taiv'ne)^ Chief Justice, decision of, 
 
 237 (n). 
 Tariff Law, 215, 292, 312. 
 Tarleton, Colonel, 168. 
 Taylor, Zachary, colonel, defeat of the 
 
 Indians by, 220 ; in Mexican War, 224 ; 
 
 president, 232 ; death of, 232. 
 Tea, tax on, 1.32. 
 Te-cum'seh, 199, 202. 
 Telegraphs, 296. 
 Tennessee, admission of, 187. 
 Terry, General, 271. 
 Texas, annexation of, 222, 223. 
 Thames {lemz), battle of, 202. 
 Thomas, General, 261, 265. 
 Thompson, General, 219. 
 Ti-con-der-o'ga, Fort, 114 ; capture of, 
 
 137 ; taken by Burgoyne, 1.52. 
 Tip-pe-can-oe', battle of, 199. 
 Tobacco, 36 (n), 45. 
 To-ho-pe'ka, battle of, 202. 
 Tories, 160. 
 
 Traveling, in the Colonies, 123. 
 Tremont, 58 (n). 
 Trenton, battle of, 147. 
 Trip'o-li, war against, 194, 209. 
 Tryon, General, 161. 
 Tunis, war against, 209. 
 Tyler, John, President, 222. 
 
 U 
 
 Union City, capture of, 265. 
 Union Navy, operations of, 249. 
 United States, 184. 
 United States Bank, 186, 217. 
 Useful inventions, 299. 
 Utah, exploration of, 35 (n) ; territory, 
 233 ; State, 294. 
 
 Valley Forge, 151. 
 
 Valparaiso (—ri'so), 208. 
 
 Van Bu'ren, Martin, elected president, 
 
 220. 
 Van Dorn, General, 258 (n). 
 Van Twiller, Governor, 77. 
 Van Wart, 166. 
 Venezuela arbitration, 303. 
 Venice, commerce of, 15. 
 Vera Cruz (krooz), taking of, 227. 
 Vermont, admission of, 186. 
 Verrazzani {ver-rat-tsah'ne), voyage of, .33. 
 Vicksburg, 260. 
 Vineland, 13. 
 Virginia, name of, 36 ; first settlement in, 
 
 37 ; charter of, 39, 44 ; royal province, 
 
 47, 50 ; grant of, 39, 49. 
 
 W 
 
 Wam-pan-o'ags, 56, 70. 
 
 Ward, General, 1.36. 
 
 Warren, Commodore, 103. 
 
 Warren, General, 136, 140. 
 
 Washington, George, first public employ- 
 ment, 106; Commander-in-Chief, 140; 
 at Boston, 142 ; at Long Island, 145 ; at 
 Trenton, 147 ; at Princeton. 148, 149 ; at 
 Monmouth, 156 ; at Yorktown, 169, 171 ; 
 after the war, 177, 179 ; in Constitu- 
 tional Convention, 180 ; president, 180 ; 
 first cabinet of, 186 ; retirement of, 189 ; 
 death of, 192. 
 
 Washington (City), 193 ; burning of, 206. 
 
 Washington Territory, 240 (n) ; State, 289. 
 
 Wayne, General, 161, 188. 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 2.33. 
 
 Wee-haw'ken, duel at, 196. 
 
 Western Continent, 12, 27. 
 
 West Indies, 27, 305. 
 
 West Jersey, 81. 
 
 West Point, 165. 
 
 West Virginia, victories in, 245 (n) ; ad- 
 mission of, 263. 
 
 Wethersfield, settlement of, 63. 
 
 Whisky Insurrection, 187. 
 
 White Plains, battle of, 146. 
 
 Whitney, Eli, 299. 
 
 Whittier, John G., 302. 
 
58 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Wilderness, battle of the, Ser. 
 Wilkes, Captain, 250. 
 Wilkinson, General, 203. 
 William and Mary College, 121. 
 Williams, 166. 
 Williams, Roger, 59. 
 Williamsburg, battle of, 256. 
 Wilmington, taking of, 271. 
 Wilson, Henry, 280. 
 Wilson's Creek, battle of, 249. 
 Winchester, battle of, 268. 
 Windsor, 63. 
 Wingfield, 40. 
 Winslow, Captain, 250 (n). 
 Winslow, Edward, 54. 
 Winthrop, John, .57. 
 Winthrop, Major, 245. 
 
 Wisconsin, admission of, 230. 
 Witchcraft, Salem, 71. 
 Wolfe, General, 114, 115. ' 
 Wool, General, 256. 
 Wordeii, Lieutenant, 256. 
 World's Fairs, 281, 291. 
 Wy-o'ming, massacre at, 158. 
 Wyoming, admission of, 290. 
 
 Yale College, 121. 
 
 Yale, Elihu, 121. 
 
 Yeardly (yard'le), Sir George, 46. 
 
 York, Duke of, 79. 
 
 Yorktown, 171. 
 
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