^. ••5?%/ \ --W-" ^''\ "'%^-" /%. -M-" ^•^'"^ \ /..■;^%>o >*\v^/\ c°*.i^.'\ /\.-:^ fc* ^P- ♦> '■ft'Si.^x* '^^ A** * v ^.^'^ CO CO ■>z cc o u. UJ X H O -J UJ CO en -J < a: Ui a, D y/' J History of Jerusalem. Containing and Treating of / Iraces, of Pre-Historic People ; Aboriginal Occupation ; Geological Outlines ; Indian Villages and Trails; Early Settlements and Settlers ; Organization of the Town- ship; Topographical Features; Pioneer Sketches ; Land Tracts ; Early Industries: Red Jacket ; Coates Kinney ; Abandoned Villages ; Gu-ya-no-ga Valley ; Springs ; Streams ; Saw-Wills ; Schools ; Recession of Lake Keuka ; The Big Gully ; Various Notes; Electric Railway; Post Offices; Pioneer Incidents and Events; Asa Brown; and many Other Matters bridging the chasm of time from primal evidences of Man, unknown to the Indian, till the Race with ax and plow subdued the wil- derness, erected the Log Cabin, and speedily founded the first known Civili- zation upon the soil of Jerusalem. BY MILES A. DAVIS. 1912 Fill .JSSDZ Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1912, by MILES A. DAVIS, In the oflBce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. ©CI.A330l4;7. IN THE FOREGROUND. More than ten years ago an effort was made to ascertain the extent of encouragement which the publication of a History of Jerusalem would receive. Responses were sufficiently favoring so that plans were entered into for issuing the work. While they were in progress, correspondence and trade papers revealed the fact that prices on paper, binding, and all that entered into the cost of production had advanced 40 to 60 per centum above rates existing when the pre- liminary canvass was made. It was therefore deemed inexpedient to bring out the work till some later time. During these intervening years much new and valuable material has been developed which has been prepared and added to the original work, more than doubling the size of the volume. It is hoped and beiieved by the writer that this form of preserva- tion of many important facts will be more fully appreciated as time goes on. The place of one's nativity naturally appeals to the loyalty and pride of the average citizen. The first home realization of life leaves a lasting impress rarely effaced in subsequent years. While it ia confessedly impossible to obtain all that may be anticipated or con- siderately set forth in this work, it is well to bear in mind that there must be a limit to the volume; also, that however conscientious its preparation, some facts would elude all memory and research. There is an ever present tendency in human affairs toward vanishment into the Lethean stream of forgetfulness. Jerusalem is remarkably rich in historic material, a considerable proportion of which is of more than local moment. Full treatment could not be compassed in a single volume. It is with regret that much of such matter has to be omitted. It is with profound pleasure that the writer acknowledges his obligations to Mr. H. C. Earles, editor of the Penn Yan Democrat, for placing the matter of this work in type and printing it. Grateful thanks are due Dr. James C. Wightman for his most kindly and efficient aid and encouragement and in enlisting the inter- est of many good people in Jerusalem and elsewhere in this produc- tion. It was originally contemplated embodying in this work all family lines, wholly or partly within the township of Jerusalem; but it was found inexpedient to take up so large a portion of the volume to the exclusion or subordination of other essentially relevant fea- tures. Besides, as now, after the lapse of about three generations beyond the ancestral pioneer period, it would probably afford no 4 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM special satisfaction to the widely scattered descendants, many of whom would never see the printed record. Genealogy seems properly a division or subject by itself. Furthermore, the groundwork of fam- ily history, in this township, was so fully set forth in Stafford C. Cleveland's "History of Yates County," that it seems in nowise essen- tial to traverse the same ground over again. Reverting to primal ownership of the soil of Jerusalem, it cannot logically be claimed that present ownership holds title, except the shadowy one, vaguely obtained, through the supplanting of Aboriginal possession. The Indian title is precedent, farther back than history. Neither pride, popularity, nor prestige can extingmsh the light of the council-fire that burned through centuries of time and still glows upon the unwritten scroll of reason and unrecorded narrations in the equity of duration. Treaties may obliterate titles, but they can-not erase the lines of the ages. Mankind perpetually rotates, but the stars and the mountains abide. In some points of view the present is a continual evolution. The links, of which we are, individually, but the momentary one in view, in the endless chain of time are unfolded one by one, neither end of which mortal eyes behold. The past is a succession of events which we can at best but inadequately imagine or dimly perceive in the records once made by hands that are now dust, or handed down through the silent ear-drums of vanished generations. The present is a perpetual outpushing or unfolding of the parchment of the past that rolls up with every sunset in a continually closed circle as rapid- ly behind as it is spread out before us. In the cycles of the ages there is no pause. The individual is the product of his or her predecessors, how- ever differentiated by conditions or environments or to whatever tendencies subjected. Primogeniture never wholly yields the line in the perpetuation of the human species. All observation is concur- rent that only in the total obliteration of a type of life is there a failure in the reproduction of some distinguishing physical traits of similarity which are still unlike any one of the interminable factors in perpetuation. Largely, in life, every generation is indissolubly identified with a previous one. Though man lives not in the past, he cannot, if he would, escape or forego its potential influence or the fiat of inheritance. MILES A. DAVIS. EVIDENCES OF PREHISTORIC PEOPLE. It is by no means conjectural or a figment of imagination that a race or races of people inhabited what is now Jerusalem previous to the Aboriginal Men. To what classification in anthropology they should be assigned, canmot be stated, as the only evidences of their existence lies in various works of art concealed in the great book of the earth, of which here and there a torn fragment of leaf is found. HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 5 Who built the "Old Fort" in Sherman's Hollow, and for what purpose? What people constructed the curious earthwork on Bluff Point, and what could it have been made for? No one living, reasoning from facts brought to light, can answer these questions conclusively or with any degree of certainty which leaves no shadow of doubt. That the "Old Fort" of Sherman's Hollow, whose history "no man knoweth," was constructed by a highly civilized people inhabit- ing this country long before the Red Man, is a logical inference from certain facts which will be given in this chapter. The Indians had no knowledge of who built it, or for what purpose, as they have stated to the writer, who has interrogated some of the old Senecas in other localities. Bartleson Sherman asked some of the Indians who were living in this locality in an early time, who built it, and for what purpose. They knew nothing about it. Some nations of Indians were known to erect fortifications as a place of rendezvous and van- tage ground against pressing enemies, but they were generally made by falling trees in such a manner as to form a barricade through which a pursuing enemy could not pass without attracting the atten- tion of those in the enclosure, who were thereby afforded an op- portunity to dispose of the assailants. The situation of this ancient fortification seems to indicate that it was constructed for some other purpose than defense in war. There may have been a two-fold object the builders had in view. The ele- vated lands to the east would evidently have afforded besiegers a chance to hurl destructive missiles into the "fort" with more or less deadly effect, while, if it had been constructed solely as a stronghold of defense, the site would naturally have been chosen overlooking the surroundings in every direction. Yet why the fortification should have been erected for other purposes than are involved in war, does not seem clear. The earliest settlers relate that there was a deep trench all the way around the outside of the work, a'nd that large timbers were placed on the embankment, fitted firmly together, and where the timbers were joined the whole enclosure was strongly palisaded with heavy posts. As in the case of all fortified enclosures intended for permanency, an excellent and never-failing spring of water was made accessible to those within, and in this instance it was at the foot of a steep bank, naturally protected, on the west side. The spring is still there. The late Joseph N. Davis, who passed away in 1890, remembered when very large trees were growing in the bot- tom of the trench, then some four or five feet below the level of the ground. The trench was filled up and leveled down long ago, and there is no distinct trace of it now. Many curious works of art have been found on the site of this ancient fortification (if such it was) wjhich plainly belong to a period of peace and actual civilization. Many years ago — during the pioneer 6 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM period — an iron box was unearthed upon the site by a man by the name of Weston who had been digging there during a number of nights. It was in the earliest days of spring, and on the night of the find there was a fall of six inches or more of snow. 'He was on the ground with a yoke of oxen and an ox sled, and the next day the tracks of the sled were observed by some who visited the loca- tion, and they stated that the sled runners cut down through the snow into the softened surface of the earth as though he must have gone out witih a heavy load. Some declared they saw the spot where the iron box was taken out. That it contained a considerable amount of coined money is a reasonable inference from the well attested fact that he went right on out of the country hereabouts, and, though a poor man, unable to buy any land, while here, he went away into another state, where he immediately purchased a large tract which he paid for in coined money at the time of purchase. Civilized people only are producers or users of coined money. This event was fully related to the writer by an early pioneer of Jerusalem, in 1873, whose word was unquestioned; and it was also related to the writer by a reliable resident of the locality. Specimens of ancient pottery have been found at various times en the site, which seems to indicate that the builders or occupants of this fortification, or whatever it was, were a civilized race with a curious knowledge of arts quite different from any known of the Indians. Once in walking over the ground the late Joseph N. Davis found a perfectly shaped stone pipe, which was evidently the work of the artisans of the stone age. In 1880, Dr. Samuel H. Wright, A. M., a gentleman of eminent scientific attainments in| nearly all branches of knowledge, made a careful survey of the plot and site of this ancient work, and the fol- lowing is his published report thereon: ABORIGINAL WORKS. A-a Aboriginal earthwork in Jerusalem known as the "Old Fort," we find by well recognized works and pointed out by the oldest in- habitants of ihe locality, is an ellipse having 545 feet transverse dia- meter from north to south and 485 conjugate diiameter from east to west. The outside was a raised earthwork, having twelve gateways nearly equally distributed around, the narrower being eight feet wide and alternating with t|he wider ones about fourteen feet wide. A deep, wide trench ran around the work. The enclosure contained four and three-fourtih acres, and there are two dwelling houses and a school house on this ground. (Latei< a church has been erected upon the site.) A large opening in the enclosure about fifty feet east of the springy was seventy feet wide, and in front or west of which is a steep bank of coarse gravel, into wihich a bay has been dug out by a large spring which is about eight to ten feet below the edge of the bank. The land east and north of the spring is a series of extensive HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 7 sand banks, the Aboriginal enclosure itself being a low bank and ris- ing everywhere gradually to the center. We found fragments of Indian pottery in a large quantity of old ashes near by, in which was also found recently, by the owner of the land, a broken bowl of a pipe made of baked clay. A French gun lock was also found. In the recollection of many persons these grounds were covered with a dense forest of pinep, and an old stump of an oak nearly four feet in diameter now stands on the edge of the embankment. Many years ago a Seneca chief told Bartleson Sherman that his Nation knew nothing of the origin of the work, and that it was there when his people first knew of this land. We surveyed and mapped this work for the Smithsonian Institu- tion on the 28th of July, 1880. SAMUEL HART WRIGHT. A copper ax was found by James A. Belknap a number of years ago while pulling stumps on the Ellsworth estate in the Guyanoga Valley near Branchport. A very large pine stump had been pulled which was about four feet in diameter. He counted the grains of the stump at the top, and found that they numbered 250, which shows that the tree must have been that number of years old when cut. It took four yoke of oxen to turn it over after it was pulled. Under this stump, after it was hauled out, was found the copper ax, which was about four inches in length of blade and tapered wider to the edge. There was no place for a ihandle. He thought it might have been broken off at the eye, or that it was attached with withes to a handle. The ax wasi long and narrow and somewhat curved. What people made or used such an implement 250 years or more before the life of the tree began? On the Ellsworth place was also fouTid a grave of primitive origin, as related by Daniel Lynn to the writer. It was also found under a pine stump. The stump was about a foot and a half in diameter. The burial place was laid up with round burnt sandstone, laid regu- larly on top of each other in most instances. Human bones, a skull, and one arm bone were found in it, demonstrating that it was a burial place. This was found in 1869. (From the full account of it as re- lated, it was evidently a mausoleum of some people long before the Red Men occupied this region. The late Dwight Ddckinson found a curious stone near his house a few years ago, and placed it in the wall under his barn for safe keeping. The stone had several parallel grooves cut in the smooth surface, about one inch in depth and extending diagonally across it. The stone was afterward taken out of the wall and conveyed away by some relic hunter. What use was made of thisi curiously carved stone by the people of the Stone Age, is a question the text-books have not disclosed in the researches of the writer. It seems reason- able to suppose, from the regularity of the grooves, that they were made thus in evenly shaping or edging some of their stone imple- ments. Up the Guyanoga Valley on the east side, near the Potter line, on 8 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM the premises of Henry Hyatt, a rare stone relic was found a few years ago. It was evidently a stone cover to a crock or kettle, the cover of stone plainly having been shaped out of a piece of native rock. It was beveled from the center to an edge at the outer rim all around, and had an iron handle in the center of the cover projecting about an inch and a half above the surface and bent so as to clinch on the opposite side. This stone cover is smoothly polished, and by careful measurement the writer found that from the little more than half of it which was obtained by the finder, the cover must have been about ten inches in width across it, and it was about an inch thick at the center. Whatever people made It had some knowledge and use of iron as well as stone. The writer has satisfactory ground work for the conclusion he jhas reached that the Indians made none of the stone arrow heads, axes or other implements attributed to their work- manship. These numerous implements found here and there in the earth, belonged to the people of the Stone Age, and were made by them. Afterward they were found and used by the Red Men all over the country. Has any white man ever seen an Indian making one of those stone arrowheads? They shaped their arrows and used these smooth, sharp and pointed flint arrow heads in them. But what proof is there that they ever made them? It is not the province of this work to attempt to offer decisive evidence concerning debatable sub- jects, or to formulate technical or ingenious theorems as to the prob- able race of people designated as belonging to the Stone Age, wheth- er of the New or Old, or to review the uses to which their discovered works of art were applied in that indefinitely long period covering the American continent before there was any record written or oral, of human intelligence or art. It may be well to add, however, that some years after the writer came to the conclusion stated in refer- ence to the making of flint arrow heads and other stone implements, he found his views fully corroborated by an emjinent Chippewa In- dian, Dr. Jones, of Canada, with whom the writer conversed several hours at his residence in Hagersville. Later, Dr. Eastman, of South Dakota, a full-blooded Sioux Indian in the employ of the government among the Indians of the West and Northwest, who is a college grad- uate and well versed dn all Indian lore, made a public statement over his signature that the Indians never made the arrowhead's, &c., at- tributed to them. Of object lessons, locally, in the fascinating study of stone relics of a former age, Frank Botsford, of Guyanoga Valley, and William Dinehart, of Sherman's Hollow, have each an interesting collection. Stone implements of various kinds have been found here and there in the soil of Jerusalem, and the most prolific field has been that of Dr. James C. Wightman, at Branchport, which was tlhe site of an Indian village. Arrowheads, pestles, mortars, pipes, skinning knives, smoothing stones, sinkers, crockery and various other ar- HISTORY OF JERUSALEM g tides have been found there. The late Lynham J. Beddoe stated to the doctor that in his boyhood days and through his life parties came every year from places far and near, with baskets to carry home their easy finds of stone relics of almost every kind, and since Dr. Wighb' man has been in possession of the place, tlje Reliquarian societies have sent people to these grounds from Buffalo, New York, Utic&| Syracuse, Seneca Falls, Geneva, Prattsburg, Pulteney, Penn Yan, Hammondsport and other places, who have been successful in secur- ing relics. It was generally supposed for a number of years that there was an ancient fort on Bluff Point, and some of the early settlers alluded to it as such. Pertaining to that singular earthwork. Dr. Samuel H. Wright, A. M., in a communicatjion to the writer of this volume, under date of March 28, 1898, says: "It is the strangest work known in anthropology. Nothing Icke it." The learned doctor made a thorough and careful inspection of the work, and his report thereon, with a diagram was published in the 35th annual report on the New York State Museum cf Natural History, and is as follows: ABORIGINAL WORK ON BLUFF POINT. The accompanying diagram represents an ancient work in the town of Jerusalem, on Bluff Point, in lots numbers 5 and 6, on the farm of Harris Cole (formerly Howland Hemphill). Bluff Point is a high and sterile region, lying between the two arms of Lake Keuka, its ridge being about 800 feet above the lake. This Aboriginal work occupies about seven acres of la'nd, extend- ing from the highway on the top of the ridge westward or toward the west arm' of the lake, having a slight descent westward. The sedimentary shales and flags of the Portage group are only one or two feet below the surface. The curious structure consists of (what I may call for the want of a better term) graded ways, of from three to eight feet wide and now about one foot high, with a vast number of large, flat stones set in the ground edgewise on each side of the ways, the stones leaning toward the middle of the ways. The indications are that these grad- ed ways have never been over two feet high. All the areas between these ways are depressions in which water remains till evaporated, the nearness of the rock below often being only twelve or fourteen inches, preventing its absorption. These areas, or many of them, contain bogs of carex and some grass, but in the summer are dry and afford a fair pasturage. The dirt used to make the ways was taken from these areas, causing the depressions, and the rock beneath was ho doubt at that time completely laid bare and furnished the flat stones that are set in on each side of the graded ways. All that portion of the work in lot number six ha,s never been plowed, and the ways are easily traced w:hen the grass has been re- moved. Those lying in lot number five have been destroyed, but are traced from the quantity of small fragments of stones still on the surface. I have not been able to find any relics in this work, which is one of the strangest structures in the state. I find nothing similar to it, figured in any work on archaeology. 10 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM No trees are in the structure except a few young ones. There is no living spring of water nearer than a mile at the southwest. The purpose for which this structure was made, and the race who built it, are matters of conjecture. Had -interments been made in the ways, the fact would have been disclosed by the destruction of all that portion in lot number five. But none of the oldest inhabitants of the region have ever seen any relics of bones there. The soil has not depth enough anywhere in the seven acres (being seldom more than eighteen inches deep) to allow of human interments. Its rectilineal divisions, some of which are over five hundred feet long, are made with almost mathematical accuracy, and indicate a skill we can hardly attribute to the Red Men. This work may be- long to the age of the Mound Builders and be one of the many cur- ious structures of that people. A skeleton was exhumed twenty feet below the earth's surface recently, i-a Wayne County, by workrmen on the barge canal, near the village of Clyde, which a learned archaeologist, after careful and thorough examination, announced as that of a human being of great antiquity, long before there was any history of man, and from faunal- life indications in the soil, the conclusion was deducted that the re- mains belonged to the Mesozoic period of geological sequence. INDIAN OCCUPATION. Less than half a century previous to the discovery of the Ameri- can continent, the territory now comprising the greater portion of the State of New York was in the throes of an Aboriginal Revolution. The Algonquin Nation held sway over a large proportion of the country east of the Allegany Mountains to the borders of New Eng- land. The possession of much of their territory was contested by the then unorganized but warlike Iroquois who were driven from their river holdings by the Algonquins, and wa turn were pressing in upon the latter's domain from several points of compass. Before the colo- nial settlements effected any clearings in the forests the indomita- ble Iroquois through conquests acquired a large proportion of the lands of the Empire State. The famous League of confederation entered itato by the Six Nations, ushered into existence the first pure Republic ever known among a pagan people. It is a wonder to Btudents of Indian history howi so firm yet elastic a compact could be made by unlettered people, and comprising at least six different dialects, neither one of the S(ix Nations of the Iroquois undepstandi'ng the language spoken by either of the others. In the founding of the Iroquois Republic the Mohawks pitched their wigwams on the east and were the keepers of the eastern door of the Long House. In Iroquoian, the Mohawks were Ga-ne-a'-go-o-no, whilq in their own dialect they were Poe-way-ats. West of the Mohawks were the Oneidas, On-a-yote-ka, or "stone people." The ♦next Nation west was the Onondagas, Seuh-no-keh-te, "bearing the names." They occupied the center of the Republic, and on their lands the Long House was loc9,ted, and there all the Nations convened HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 11 to vote dn every matter of common interest, whether of war or peace. Between Owasco and Seneca Lakes was the country of the Cayugas, Gue-a-gweh-^o-no, "those at the mucky land." The keepers of the western gate were the Senecas, Nun-da-wa-o-no, or Ga-nun-da-wah, "the great hill people," who, accordi^ng to a tradition had their origin on the east side of Canandaigua Lake in the town of Middlesex. About the year 1712 the Tuscaroras, Dus-gu-o-weh, united with the Five Nations, and thenceforth the Iroquois were known as the Six Nations. They came from the western part of North Carolina. It should not be supposed that the Six Nations of a common race, yet speaking differetot dialects, dwelt together in brotherly love from the first. They were warriors by nature, and centuries of time had not burned out the fire of conquest within. The Senecas and Cayugas had many conflicts and were continually hostile to each other. Oneidas and Mohawks were frequently at war. Desultory bands fought each other wherever they met. Surrounding Indian Nations began to dig up the tomahawk. The Miincees and Mohicans of the Hudson River regio^n, the wandering Algonquins along the St. Lawrence River amd about Lake Ontario, and west of them the Hurons about Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay, the Erie or Cat Nar tion, between tjhe Genesee and Niagara Rivers, who fought the Sene- cas long and effectually, and lastly the Minquas, Susquehafnuocks, or Andastez,, on the south, were threatening a coil of warfare about the Iroquois which plainly meant extermination. They were all enemies of the Five Natiotos, and their attacks began to weaken the unorgan- ized and single Nations fighting separately. Perceiving their com mon da.nger, the Five Nations held a council and made a compact or united confederation whereby they became at peace with each other and joined m common cause against all their foes. It was a master- ly stroke of statemanship for an unlettered people, comparable to that of the founders of our Great Republic upward of two hundred years later. Some of the descendants of the Iroquois to this day cherish a shadowy tradition of a deity suggesting the momentous occasion, coming to them in his white canoe at the council-fire and portraying the never-ending League and then ascending in the white canoe out of their astonished sight while delightful music from invisible choirs played about them. They relate that he then took up his place in. Ha-wen-ne-yu, or the Iroquois paradase. This sagaciously devised and faithfully maintained article of unwritten confederiation was a masterly consummation and was fraught with the greatest consequences to tiheir immediate and future welfare. They speedily rose to eminence and power. All questions concerning the confederation or the Five Nations, the negotiation of treaties, the determination of war, and all other considerations of common interest were decided by the League Council convened at 12 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM Onondaga. The League was composed of the sachems from each of the Five Nations. The Mohawks a^d Oneidas were each represented by nine, the Cayugas ten, the Senecas eiglht, and the Onondagas fourteen. Fifty sachems, sag-ms, therefore represented the great League of the Iroquois. On all occasions of the cou'ncil of the League were present many warriors, squaws, and younger ones — as many as chose to make the journey — and any one of the Nations was at liberty to attend. The sachems gathered about the council fire in a dignified manner becoming a people who had mo king or ruling potentate, and each sachem had equal rights, while ome vote was sovereign to each Nation in decidi*ag questions of state. In studying the system of government thus instituted by the Iroquois, it is interesting and important to •note how firmly grounded was the whole structure in the method of rotation in sachemships, and especially in the tribal relationship established throughout. Each Nation was divided into eigjht tribes, or cla»ns, and in two divisions. Each tribe was given a totem or name corresponding to some animal well known to all. The first division consisted of the Wolf, Bear, .Beaver, and Turtle tribes, and the seccrad was the Snipe, Heron, Deer, and Hawk. As if to cement the League in bonds of blood, each tribe was considered as akin to the corresponding one in any •one of the other Nations. The Iroquois League oriainated with the Onondagas, and was effected on the east bank of Onondaga Creek. The chiefs and sachems soon perceived that the compact was in all ways decidedly advamtageous. A fraternal spirit was created and maintained among themselves, and thereby they became a power upon the war- path. Realizing their combined strength tlheir first move was against their old enemies, the Adirondacks, whom they virtually exterminated. Surrounding Nations began to feel the force of the Iroquois. Their tomahawk was bramdished upon the shores of Lake Superior, their warlike measures were carried into New England and their arrows whizzed along the valley of the Father of Waters. They conquered the Hurons, Eries, Andastez, Chananons, Illinois, Miamies, Algonquins, Delawares, Shawanees, Susquehaniaocks, Nanti- cokes, Unamis, and even the Carnise Indians i»n their sea-girt home on Long Isla*ad found no protection against their attacks. Their military operations were carried on as far north as Hudson's Bay, while tihe Mississippi River did not bound the western limits of their aggression. The Senecas were the greatest warriors, and the most aggressive, aTid many of the most noted and eminent Indians of which there is £ny account were of Seneca origin. Their lands extended to the east as far as Sodus Bay and Seneca, Lake, south to the Chemung River, north to Lake Ontario, generally, amd west as far as the caprices of warfare would permit, the general boundary being the Genesee River. HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 13 Eventually, when they overcame the Eries, the Niagara River was virtually their western frontier. Their country, broadly speakiiig, had an area of more than two millions and a half acres of wondrous ly variegated and generally fertile land, aboundi'ng with fine streams and beautiful lakes. It was a veritable earthly paradise for the hunter, with magnificent forests, hills and valleys delightful to be- hold. In all this enchanting realm there were in those days of palmy solitudes about ten thousand I-ndians. Now, this region of the Senecas is peopled by half a million or more. The Indians believe that they were Ongwe Honwe, the first real men, and they are dumb when persuaded to reveal any knowledge of any people preceding them. One hundred and fifty years ago the Semeca Indians were the sole occupants of this region. They were foremost in war and first at the council. About Seneca, Canandaigua, and Lake Keuka were their most famous hunting grounds. The circling smoke arose from many an Indian village, and the wilderness was dotted with their wigwams. The hunter bounded ihrough the forest in pursuit of deer and moose; beavers and martins were in abu-ndance; salmon smoked at every camp-fire; the waters of Lake Keuka were parted by the birch canoe, and the dripping oar of the Seneca glistened in the sun- light. This was the Indian Eden. The unfortunate allegiance of the Six Nations generally, and of t;he Senecas in particular, to the British crown during the Colonial struggle, brought their dream to a close. The savage Sa-sa-kwan of the warrior subsided at the close of the Revolutionary War, and scarcely a decade passed ere the smoke of the wigwam vanished. The smouldering camp-fire of the Seneca had scarcely turned to ashes before clearings were made, log cabins erected, and fields of corn planted. A-n Indian family lived several years after the first settlements of white people, at the north end of the North Branch of Lake Keu- ka, near t|he head of the lake. Their names were Goodbody. The family was known to consist of only an old Indiana and his squaw, the younger members, if there were any, having doubtless moved away years before. The last Indian famiily who left Jerusalem, of which any account has been given, was in 1838, as stated to the writer by the late Lawson Rogers. The name of the Indian in our language was Hiram Cabiff, and he with his family lived on Bluff Point on the Henry Kenyoun place, near the lake. The Indian, had a wife (squaw) and two sons, Tim and Grove. They lived in a log house built by themselves. The Indian children of this family attended school in the log school house on the west side of the road near the James Stever place, which was the first one erected on Bluff Point. After the family moved away the sons came back, a few years later 14 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM to visit among the white people oo Bluff Point, wiith all of whom they were on very friendly termsy as were also their father and mother at all times. Lawson Rogers, who was the oldest person born and living on Bluff Point when he made these statements to the writer, knew those Indians well, and stated that they were all as friendly and peaceable as a'ny white people he ever knew. They frequently came to visit hiis mother, whose maiden name was Jemi- ma Berry, and who was born on the Holland Purchase. The Indian family referred to, jhuinted and fished a great deal, in accordance with the natural tendencies of their race. The sons had some education obtained at the common school referred to. Thus a great Nation who were the primal possessors of all this country, vanished. Land titles imhenited through countless genera- tions by the Sons of the Forest were virtually extinguished in the conquest through Colonial plantation. Nearly all of t|his towiaship was heavily timbered in its original state. When Daniel Guernsey made his way through the thick woods everywhere abounding, in 1790, to make the first survey, no one could then have conjectured the evolution a century of time would bring about. Wild beasts and a wild people were the denize»ns of the wilderness. Slowly the smoke from the chimneys of the log habdtations of the supplanting race began to curl upward through the treertops. Clearings revealed the advance agents of a continental revolution, in a double sense, planting the seeds of a new heaven and a new earth. Wigwam and tepee, tomahawk and bow and arrow, faded In the glare of the fire-place and were overshadowed by the shingle roof of the p£(.le-face. The early settlers followed t)he trails a>ad widened them into roadways. The Red Man pitched his tent farther on in the forest toward the setting sun. PRECEDING THE SETTLEMENTS. For about 160 years before the Revolutionary War, the French claimed priority and pre-emption of the lands of Western New York. They wisely allied some of the most powerful of the Western tribes of Indians with themselves. For a long time they held the reins of territorial acquisitio-a to an extent that indicated eventually a nationa' sway over a large portion of country. But the final hostility of the Iroquois and the military prowess of Great Britain dispelled the French, scattered their forces, and dissdpated their dreams of empire im the Paradise of the Genesee and Lake Country. In so far as the writer has been able to examine the Jesuit Relations, there appears no direct allusion to the Frencti Mission- aries ever having established a mission within the boundaries of Jerusalem. Yet it is possible that they had a temporary staticm, somewhere within this township. There is a vague sort of tradition HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 15 that at one time they had a mission in Sherman's Hollow; but it lacks positiveness, either in their statements or verification other- wise. The Jesuits were undoubtedly the first white people who petie- trated the wilderness of the Red Man, of which there seems to be any authentic record. The toils^ hardships, and dangers undergone by them to plant the germs of their religious faith among a Pagan people, thousands of miles across the sea from civilization, are among the most remarkable instances of zealous and heroic devotion to conception of duty ever self-imposed upon man. The Jesuits, established a number of missions at considerable distance apart in the domain of the Iroquois. There are few external evidences of the existence of their missions upon or about the lo- calities where they were established, except their Relations. It is a question! with some whether or not the few apple trees here and there that were found in full fruit when in 1779 General Sullivan laid waste the gardens a^id products, generally, of the Iroquois coun- try, were set by the Indians or the Jesuits. It is apparent from the location of the soKjalled Indian orchards, that the Jesuits followed the leading trails of the Red Man as they penetrated the wilderness to establish tiheir posts in the latter part of the 17th century. The Jesuits were mainly intent in founding their missicns to carry on the work they set about and in recording existing conditions, observations, and experiences among an unlettered people who through centuries of primal solitudes had unwavering faith in their own spdrit-land of immortality. The Jesuit missionaries, Franciscan priests, and Recollect fathers were the first Caucasians to lift up their voices upon the soil of the long unknown^ continent in the faith of the Father-land. They left their homes in sunny France, surrounded by wealth of ecclesiastical position, and sought abode among wild beasts and men of whom they had no knowledge. In many instances they did good work, inculcatang tem- perance, moral obligations, peaceful and humane principles and the good precepts inculcated in their own lives. The most widely grati- fying results of their pilgrimage into the New World was the proclamation abroad of th^ manifold possibilities for the spread of civilization over a country destined in the march of events to become tjhe Great Republic among the nations of the earth. EARLY SETTLERS. No clear and positive date of the first white settler in Jerusalem seems to be established. The original man to purchase land, make a clearing, and erect a habitation, is not susceptible of proof beyond a doubt. But there are evidences within the memory of the writer as to 16 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM the first known white man who came i*nto Jerusalem and lived among the Indians years before there was any settler within the real meaning of the word. Asa Brown came itito Jerusalem when it was an unbroken wilderness and dwelt among the Indians a cc'nsiderable time. He was quite a young boy when he came, but as he was a powerful lad and loved hunting and fishing, he soon became a favor- ite among the Indians. He related in the hearing of the writer that they treated him with the utmost kindness. He slept in their wig- wams, ate at their board, and went with them on ma^ny hunting and fishing expeditions. On one occasion, he related in the hearing of the writer, being alc^ne in the forest when he shot a large deer, and finding it too heavy to carry to the wigwam, he quartered it and hung up half of it to a tree, carrying the other half to the Indian lodge. The next day* two Indians went back with him and helped carry the remaining half to the abiding place. As he grew up to manhood he made a clearing and put up a log house in Pulteney, not far from the shore of Lake Keuka. The Indians often came to his house for dried venison. He always gave it to them, and in his absence his wife never refused them. The greater portion of his life was passed in the region of Lake Keuka, much the larger portion of the time being a reside'nt of Jerusalem. In his early life he lived several years with the Indians at the Indian village at Branchport, and was an inmate with the family of the father and mother of Red Jacket, aod knew the latter from infancy. Asa Brown enlisted in the War of 1812 and was sent into Canada against the British. He died in Jerusalem on the 9th of January, 1877, aged 96 years and 9 days. He was born January 1, 1781. In his prime, Asa Brown was a man of great strength. A num- ber of years ago there was a stone at the top of the hill, just above the Chase place, which two men saw him lift onto ara ox-cart. Some years afterward the late Morrison L. Chase, wjho had heard these men relate the feat, drew the stone to the east side of his residence. Some who have tried to lift it have! declared that it would be as much as two strong men could do to raise it from the earth. In June. 1908, Lorimer Ogden and his son^ of Penn Yan, having pre- viously obtained consent to take the stone, removed it to the resi- dence of Mr. Ogden, where it may now be seen i^ his yard. Soon after its removal the writer received the following letter: "Penn Yan, N. Y., June 25, 1908. "Mr. Miles A. Davis: "Dear Sir — My son and I went over after the Asa Brow»a stone last week, and now it is by the fish pond in our yard. "It weighed by the Conklin scales 580 pounds. As near as I can fi^d out it is composed of iron and silica, but how it could be so finely polished I cannot tell. There are three small lines of red on HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 17 one side, and altogether is is a rare stone for this part of the country. Those who saw it on our way home said no man could lift it, it was so smooth. Yours respectfully, "LORIMER OGDEN." The writer of this work is of the opinion that the stone is of meteoric origin. Asa Brown was a man of integrity whose word no one wou'd question who knew him. The narrations he made on winter evem- ings by the fire-place in the log house, in the hearing of the writer, to his beloved father, the late Joseph N. Davis, would make a vivid chapter of interest, but the writer camiot call up from dhildhocd those recollections in sufficiently definite form to relate them. They were of his life and experiences to a considerable extent among the Indians of this region. The palm of original settlement is proffered, generally, to mem- bers of the Friend's Society. Undoubtedly they were among the first to swing the clearing ax iQ by his bravery in the battle of Stillwater. He was present at Eurgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, and took charge of some of the prisoners. It has been stated to the writer that he came to Jerusalem about 1790 and bought a large tract of land. Of the amount of his purchase or where located, the writer has bee^ unable to learn. It is further related that a log shanty was erected in the woods and in the following winter his son John journeyed there with some of the household goods. Shortly after, Lawrence Tovm- send with all his family made the journey in a wild country thronged with Indians and beset with) wild beasts. He moved into the log shanty previously erected. Lawrence Townsend's son John married Hannah Fox, and owned and occupied the place where Chapman Sherwood now resides as well as other lands north and east of there. He built the first saw mill on The Big Gully, near the highway leading to the Green Tract. Their children were: Phebe, (wiho became the wife of Christopher Columbus Chase), Stephen, Elizabeth, Pamelia, Obediah, Nancy, (who became the wife of John Brown), Hannah, John, Cyre- nus, Mary A. and Emma, (who became the wife of John Johnson, of Penn Yan). Of this family and their descendants none are now living in Jerusalem, tihough several of them with their families lived a number of years within its boundaries. Castle, Ephraim, Jonathan, Jesse, and Abigail Dains came from Connecticut at the time of the advent of the Friend to this region. All except Ephraim were of the Friend's Society. Jonathan, Castle, and Ephraim settled in Jerusalem at about the same time as the Friend's colony. Jonathan was a faithful adherent of the Friend to the last, dying at the age of 92. Castle Dains w.as a Revolutionary soldier. He was famous for his skill in curing bites of rattlenakes among the early settlers, which he did by means of a plant that grew in the woods, known only to himself. His daughter Elizabeth married Benjamin Durham, a well-known millwright and an early settler of Jerusalem. Castle Dains lived a number of years on what was later known as the HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 21 Linus Dickinson place, in an old frame house thatl was standing in the early years of the writer's recollection, on the south bank of the gully by the road a few rods east of the lands of William C. Davis, He came to Jerusalem with the Friends about 1794 and passed away among them at the age of 94. Many interesting incidents were related about him by those who knew him. He was in some re- spects a remarkable character. Ephraim Dains was also a Revolutionary soldier and one of the ealiest settlers in Jerusalem. He was a' great hunter, and many a thrilling story is related of him and his exploits among the wild beasts of the forest. He had a stentorian voice and a faculty of sending it ringing throug(h the woods a long distance. Some who had heard him claimed that at times he would frighten into terror some of the wild anmials of the forest when he sounded his trumpet- toned voice. However, he was a brave man wherever courage count- ed in the cause of his country, and was "never known to fear the face of clay. There was something of the grotesque, too, in his nature. It is related that on one of the occasions when he had been out hunting and shot a wild cat and brought it home, after partak- ing freely of the fluid which inebriates, of which he was occasionally too fond, he made a stew of a portion of the wild-cat's body and declared he was going to have a feast. He ate some of the soup and a little of the meat, but soon abandoned the festival as too strong a diet, and some of the settlers said the cat, true to its nature, be- gan to climp up and out of its confines. Ephraim had quite enough of his uncan-ny feast of the wild. The place where Ephraim Dains was the first settler is now owned and occupied by Edgar E. Davis, a'nd some of the fruit trees planted by this Revolutionary hero wlho was a participant through- out the long seven years of t|he Colonial struggle, are still standing. Eleazer Ingraham was one of the early settlers of Jerusalem. He was all his life a zealous member of the Friend's Society. His descendants are yet represented among the living in Jerusalem and elsewhere. His children were Daniel, Philo, Eleazer, John, Abigail, Lydia, Rachel, Patience, and Menty. The last one named became the wife of Samuel Davis, one of the early pioneers of Jerusalem. Patience became the first wife of Asa Brown. Eleazer settled in Pulteney, and one of his daughters, Polly, became the wife of Row- land Champlin, a well-known early settler in Jerusalem. John Ingraham had one son, Eleazer, who married Esther Boyd, daughter of Wm. Boyd, a soldier. This son died several years before John Ingraham passed away in 1849, at the age of 72. John Ingraham came into possession of the estate of his father, Eleazer, consisting of 116 acres, adjacent to and east of the stone school house. Out of sympathy with and regard for his sister, Rachel Ingraham, who was 22 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM a life-long adherent to tihe Friend's Society, he deeded to her 26 acres oil the east side, upon which she resided till her death in 1873. She was one cf the two last survivors of the Friend's colony. John In- 'graliam vvas a noble, generous, kiodi-hearted, honest man, and justly enjoyed the esteem of all who knew him. Nathaniel Ingraham lived upon the Friend's location several years and then bought a farm just west of the stone school house, upon which he erected a log house and barn. Some years afterward he built a frame house on the place, which was the second one put up anywhere along the road from Guyanoga Valley to the Italy line. He was faithful to the precepts of the Friend to the last. The Luther family were prominent among the early settlers of Jerusalem. Elizabeth Luther a widow, came from Rhode Island with her eight children. She was a faithful member of the Friend's so- ciety and was a woman of superior qualities. Her son, Elisha Luther, married Elizabeth Holmes, and they had a son and daughter. His second wife was Sidna Barrett, a widow. They had five children, of whom Deborah belcame the wife of Jeremiah S. Burtch, and their daughter, Mary J., became the wife of Dr. Samuel H. Wright, A. M.i a man of eminent scientific attainments, who died a few years ago. Joel, a son of Jeremiah S. Burtch, was the father of the Burtch Brothers, the well-known tradesmen of Branchport. William Robinson was one of the society of tIhe Friend's who ■came to Jerusalem from Pennsylva'nia soon after the first settle- ments were made. He constructed the first fanning mill in the coun- try. Samuel Davis was one of the first pioneers of Jerusalem. He •came while still a youth, prospecting for land. Bears, wolves and panthers were in the forests. To find his way back from his land- viewing journey, he blazed an occasional tree wiith his ax, and his course after settlements were well under way, afterward became the first highway in this region. GEOLOGICAL OUTLINES. It seems a logical conclusion from obvious facts that the earth was originally a liquid fire ball thrown into space. Whether it was cast off as a particle from the sun's huge body in its rapid rotation, along witjh the other planets that form our solar system, and they in turn cast off their attendant satellites, or moons, or was condensed out of the floating nebulous matter of space, is a question about which astronomers do not all concur. But they generally agree as to the planet having been in its first state an immense sphere of liquid fire, and that it was millions of ages before the surface cooled sufficie'iit HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 23 for the slowly confined gases of the interior to begin their convulsive outbreaks through the crust. Gradually the gases assumed an ac- quecus form, and when the surface cooled down deep enough amd the vaporous exhalations condensed into descending rains, the strata cE rocks began to be laid at the bottom of the ocea-ns covering the greater portion of the planet. Earthquakes and enormous upheavals continued, and the softly forming rocks were s'haken, uplifted and tilted in cou-ntless ways. The gases given off were carbonic, and when the conflicting elements softened areas of the crust sufficient to maintain the lowest forms of plant life, these rudimentary growths were fed by the carbon to such an intense degree that the simplest vegetation became gigantic forests. Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hy- drogen, and probably ozone, were struggling for the mastery m the evolutionary atmosphere which could hardly be said to exist in defi- nite condition through successive ages till the first and lowest form of animal life was developed in the protozoa, which correspcnds at the present time with infusoria. This is indicated in the lowest sys- tem of rocks in which traces of organic structure have been found. Successive stages of life, from the crustaceans of the Siluria'n period, on through the Devonian age in which appeared tne first form of vertebrates — fishes — till, finally, in the fulness of time, the mastodon, megatherium, giganterium, and other enormous mammalia of later ages, and at last Man, as the flower and fruit of Titanic times. According to Haeckel, the simplest possible order of a livi^ng particle was a moneron, A\rlhich he defined as a body cf protoplasm in which no definite structural form could be discerned. Protoplasm is a substance somewhat resembling the white of an egg, and its com- pcaent elements are carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen, and con- stitutes the physical basis of life in both plants and animals. At what period in the cycles of time Man first appeared upon our planet. Earth, is still a debatable question on the part of many emine«nt scientists. It seems to be generally admitted that other forms of life existed ages before Man. In fact, Man appears to have been the acme or final product of physical life — the last of the vast suc- cession of animate existence — though Man's place in the actual se- quence of planetary life development cannot be regarded as deter- mined beyond a doubtj. It is evidtTit that Man existed during the Pleistocene period when the greater portion of the earth was sub- jected to the gigantic polar icecap, or glacial movement. Recently, two priests in the southwestern part of France found a skull amd other bones which were soon afterward placed an the Paris Museum of Natural History, and Prof. M. Perrier, the director of the museum, after long and careful investi- gation, classified the bones, from the age of the deposits where found, and other evidences, as belonging to the Pleistocene period, which was distinguished as the glacial epoch. The skull is wondei^ 24 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM fully like the one discovered about the middle of the last century at Neanderthal, Germany, a cast of which the writer of this volume has carefully exami'ned in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington. The Pleistocene period was characterized with implements of flint, bone, ivory, &c., as found in the river drifts in Belgium, Northern France and England, in the old glacial region. At a later period than the river drifts are found the remnants of the old cave men, and it was claimed by eminent scientists that the Neanderthal skull be- longed to an earlier race tha'n the cave dwellers. The writer ob- served as he examined the cast at the Smithsonian Institution, that it had no jaw, and, to all appearance, never had-. Only the cra'aium seemed to have been the sole framework of the head. A German savant who recently examined some human remains discovered '"n a Swiss cave, declared that Man lived there before the last glacial period, at least upward of 100,000 years ago. Inasmuch as tihere has been considerable discussion and specula- tion, at one time and another, about the footprints found in rocks i'a the Connecticut Valley, much of which the writer has perused, as it has a bearing upon the subject under consideration, a glance at the principal facts seem consistent with a fair presentation. It appears that Prof. Edward Hitchcock, then President of Amherst College, found many thousamds of tracks of supposed animals imprinted in the sandstones of the Ccanecticut Valley. These sandstones were in ac- cumulation and process of formation milliotis of years ago, during the Triassic period, geologiically speaking. The finding of these unmis- takable evidences of forms of life existing so far back in the great shadows of time, naturally aroused rntense interest. These fossil footprints in the rocks were an undisputable record of life of positive value in unfolding its history. Prof. Hitchcock collected about 20,000 of these tracks in the rocks and placed them in the museum collectica of Amherst College. These tracks in the sandstones were found ex- tending north and south a distance of about thirty miles, of which Amherst was about in the center. After much patient research, ob- servation and study. Prof. Hitchcock came to the conclusion that the tracks were made by reptiles with feet. Later. Prof. Marsh and others discovered and studied the dinosaurs, an extinct group of wonderful carnivorous reptiles, corresponding to the peculiarities of the tracks and tracings of movement in the Connecticut sandstone. One speci- men of tlhe dinosaur was found, and was placed in the Amherst Museum. In the sandstone were distinct traces of raindrops. The footprints remained in the soft forming sandstone rock, materially aided by the water, which was full of fine particles of mica. This, settling in the track, as the dinosaurs passed, prevented the mud as it filled the cavity of the tracks from cementing to the forming rock. This is but an instance, though a notable one, of the evidences of organic life long before Man appeared. MIDDLE FALLS. BIG GULLY. HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 25 A latter day scientist, with incomprehensible indifference to facts, goes so far as to declare that there are no evidences of the existence of Man on this continent previous to the Aborigine or Indian. In other words, that there was no pre-historic Man in America. It :s surprising that anyone of mental attainments, who has, presumably, made any study of archaeology, should make such a statement in face of tlhe volumes of facts set forth by original, conscientious and careful investigators, covering many years of diligent research, all conclusive- ly establishing the claim of Man's existence all over the American continent many centuries before the Aborigine built his wigwam in the New World. Before the first clearings i"a the forest along the sea shore of New England, by the Pilgnims, and long ere the English made any settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, what white man so much as dreamed of the ancient Aztecs of Arizona and New Mexico? Previous to tjhe peopling of this continent by Europeans, what historian, gifted with the prophetic acumen of Jules Verne, though he may have been, cculd have conjured the rocky abodes of the Cliff Dwellers of the southwestern regions of the United States? Who knew anything about, or has any record of, the Cave Men of America? Who knows anytjhing of the life and times of the Mound Builders, who left their earthworks right here in the State of New York as well as along the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys and other regions? No Indian can give any account of them. Surely they preceded the Red Man through unknown centuries. What historian, today, can tell us who wrought the wonderful architecture seen in the ruined remnants of cities that existed in the southern part of this continent unknown centuries be- fore Cortez invaded Mexico? Instances could be multiplied, enough to fill a large volume, of the positive indications of prehistoric people all over this continent and that unknown races of mankind existed upon the soil of the United States of America thousands of years before any considerable number of the people of the Old World believed or had any tangible proof that the eartih was round. Emerson, with his keen scientific and analytical mind, which could not be swayed by any theories, before any of Darwin's works were published, said in one of his essays on Nature: "Now we learn (from geology) what patient periods must round themselves before the rock is formed; then before the rock is broken and the first lichen race has disintegrated the thinnest external plate into soil, and opened tjhe door for the remote Flora, Fauna, Ceres and Pomona to come in. How far off yet is the trilobite! how far the quadruped! how inconceivably remote is man! It is a long way from granite to the oyster; farther yet to Plato and the immortality of the soul. Yet all must come as sure as the first atom has two sides." The oldest formation of rock on the American continent is known as the Laurentian group, and the first land uplifted from the uni- 26 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM versal deluge is conceded by the most eminent geologists to have been a portion of North America. The writer of this work has ob- served an extended rim of this first land as it plainly appears in pass- ing over the Great Western division of tjhe Grand Trunk Railway in Ganada, not long after leaving Suspension Bridge, on the way toward Winsdor. It appears for many miles like an elevated table-laBd above the railway line which extends a considerable distance along a part of the original bed of Lake Ontario, the first uplift of land forming a portica of its ancient shore line. The Laurentian group of rocks was the base of worn-out moun- tain ranges, the oldest land in the world, stretching across an exten- sive region of Ca-nada and terminating in the low granite highlands about the headwaters of the Mississippi River, Prof. Louis Agassiz, vibo was certainly most eminent authority, after a thorough inspec- tion of the whole rocky structure stated that the land, of which these rocks are the foundation, was the oldest in the world*. The Lauren- tian mouintains came up out of the universal ocean, forming an ex- tensive island of original granite rock about which beat the waves of the great sea from every direction. This may properly be termed the back bone of the Nortih American continent. The Allegany Mountains were next in order of the uplift, and then the Rocky rang- es, till in the elevatimg process the continent appeared in its present exte'at. The immediately underlying rocks of this region are generally of the Portage group, except in a comparatively small section of the northwestern portion of Jerusalem where the Chemung group is the first substantial strata below the soil. This layer of rocks extends over into Italy and a small section stretches into Potter. It crops out well up on the Green Tract, about the primal source of the Big Gully, and is not traced in any other portion of the township. The lowest rock formation in the Lake Keuka region is the Mos- cow shale, of which there are but few outcroppings of the upper por- tion of this layer along the Minmesetah River, wihich is the outlet of Lake Keuka. The Tully limestone appears at the top of the falls in Bruce's Gully, near Dresden, and there is a vertical section in the gorge of Kashong Creek at the crest of the falls at Bello-na. The Moscow shale usually contains some fossils. The Genesee shale is v.- ell exposed in the cliffs along the Lake Keuka outlet, and the south branah of Kashong Creek. There is a small outcrop of Ganundewa limestc»ae on the east side of the Potter swamp, 9,nd this rock also contains some fossils. There are few exposures of what is called the Middlesex black shale near the mouth of the Big Gully. This generally overlies the West River shale but the latter does not appear in this section. The PariS|h limestone is found six inches thick in a gully at Shermam's Hollow, and is ten inches thick as it appears in the Big Gully. This HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 27 limestone also crops out in the Wagener Gully, near the village ot Pulteney, a foot and half in thickness. Fossils are rare in the black shales, but beds of former land plants are sometimes found forming thin layers of Iig*nitic coal. The Rliinestreet shale is also exposed in some portions of the Big Gully. Sandstones appear to some extent alcng this ravine. At one point is a sandstone six inches in thick- ness. Toward the east and south the sandstone gradually decreases. Flags and shales, intermixed, are found in the upper portions of the ravine. The approximate thickness of geologic formations a^nd por- tions of formations in this region i& about 2,000 feet. That all this region was once subject to earthquake convulsions is easily demonstrated by an inspection of the rock layers to be seen from the bed of the stream of the Big Gully. It will be noticed that seams stretch cleai* through the strata as far as tlhe eye can follow. When the rocks were still in a semi-plastic state, before the internal heat of the earth cooled down below far enough for the gravitating pressure to drive the perpetually generating gases i'n other directions, the molten mass of the interior found vent in uplifting the newly formed rock, and as the convulsion subsided the rock dropped back writh its broken seams in, line with the direction of the force that up- lifted it like a ball rolling under a carpet The final period of planetary evolution, known as the Tertiary, in which the sedimentary rocks, or third of the great series of strata, begin to reveal the more positive forms of life. It seems consistent with k-nown facts to conclude that vertebrate forms of existence, if not of Man, had attained considerable magni- tude when the gigantic glacier or polar ice-cap slid down over the earth, grinding the rocks into soil as it slowly advanced, inch by incli, during the centuries of time, scooping out ocean beds, lakes, and river courses and leaving the drift deposits as monuments of its mighty pathway. That the glacial epoch descended from south to north, is evident from the fact that tropical animals and plants once existed in what is now the north polar regions. It is not long ago that a perfect mastodon was found embedded in solid ice in norther.i Siberia. All intelligent Arctic travelers and explorers concur in the finding of remains or positive tracings of tropical animals and plants in the course of their explorations. It is likewise manifest that in the pafh of the ice avalanche many southward flowing streams were di- verted, dammed up at their sources, and new channels carved out, through which they subsequently flowed northward. Other streams were choked with the drift deposits under the slowly moving ice-cap, a mile or more in thickness, and forced to seek outlets in other di- rections. The cause of the glacial period, no one absolutely knows. The polarity of the earth may have been changed by the swing of some planet so near the earth that its position relative to the plane of its 28 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM orbit was radically shifted. The ice-cap at what was then the pole — now the equatorial region — must have been accumulating during many ages, and its weight and density would have been an enormous factor in shifting the scene, if, indeed, it was not the sole cause. It is unmistakable that the grinding avalancjhe of ice left certain impressions of its work in Jerusalem. The abrasions are not so ap- parent upo»a the rock strata; but the boulders that were broken from other rock, the like of which do not exist in the township, were strewn along under the ice-plow that ground off their jagged edges and sharp corners and left behind as the giant glacier receded, are frequently to be seen. There are ple'nty of indications that the stream through the Guyanoga Valley once flowed northward a'nd thence eastward into Seneca Lake, of which Kashong Creek, rising in Benton, v.-as the lateral part of the stream. But the drift deposits, under the receding ice, elevated the lanads in and about the present sources of the two streams, in Benton, and the Guyanoga Valley stream was de- flected southward into Lake Keuka, forcing a new outlet for the lake through the Genesee slate from Penn Ya^n and the Tully limestone through Torrey to Seneca Lake. Previous to this the lake occupied all of the valley between Bluff Point and East Hill, and Bluff Point v,as then an island. The movement of the ice-cap toward the north ground off a considerable quantity of the promontory of Bluff Point and deposited it in what was then the lake bed north of it, thus filli'ag the valley above the water line when the lake finally receded through its final and lower outlet, and as it proceeded farther north, stopped the outlet of the lake in that directio'n. In its path the bed of the lake itself was scooped out and formed as a receptacle for the flow of water beneath the slowly moving continent of ice. There are unmistak^able indications that Lake Keuka extended far up the valley to the north. I»n fact well up on t3ie hillsides, as the writer can point out, a plain shore line, or terrace, more than a mile west of the valley, still exists on the hillside. Dr. Samuel H. Wright stated to the writer some years ago, that there were two distinct terraces, or shore lines, on the west side of Bluff Point above the lake some distance. At the mouth of the David Smith Gully, cm the west side of Guy- anoga Valley, is an immense deposit of sand and gravel, on the north side, showing plainly the result of the swiirling action of water through centuries of time. As there is a high embankment of this sand and gravel, beyond any imaginary reach of t^e gully stream, it was apparently the mouth of some former stream entering the lake at or near the summit of the bank which filled up with its deposits inx the long lapse of time and sought another course. All this region was under water during many ages of time, and after the continent wais uplifted from the universal deluge, the ice age cha'anelled out the vast basin of t|lie Great Lakes, and there are HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 29 demarkatlons that point to Lake Ontario as the basin into which the wa.ters from this region flowed in the pathway of the glacier that ground a continent into alluvial soil. The parallel drift hills of Wes- tern New York justify the conclusion of this northward recession. Reverting to the original nortliward flow through the Guyanoga Valley, of the outlet of the then glacial lake, an examination of the map of the State Engineers' Survey, in 1900, shows that the altitude dividing the headwaters of the Guyawoga Valley Creek and Kashong Creek, in Benton, is only 140 feet at the uppermost sources, while, at a point where the streams pass each other, going in opposite direc- tions, a little less than half a mile apart, there is an elevation of caly forty feet rising between them. It is thus easy to see how the orig- inal outlet of Lake Keuka flowed on through Kashong Creek, till, at this point the glacial outlet became dammed up beneath the world of ice, thereby compelling the stream to flow back and force another out- let, as it did, into Seneca Lake. INDIAN VILLAGES AND TRAILS. The largest and most important of the Indian villages in Jeru- salem was on the land of Dr. James C. Wightman, on the north side of Basswood Gully, at Bra«nchport. Here the Seneca Indians largely assembled during the summer season and many of them remained throughout the year. Some Indian villages were mainly composed of Ga-no-sote, or bark houses, especially where the relics of the Red Race give evidences of a degree of permanency i«n the Stone Age implements left in the soil. It was here that the squaws made bas- kets, moccasins, strung beads, manufactured blankets and planted the maize and vegetables — especially bea*ns and squashes — and performed the usual other feminine labors in the tepees and in the open air. It was here that they handed down to their papooses, of suitable recep- tive age, the oral records of the People of the Forest, till they in turn could repeat them with mathematical exactness. The squaws are the peepers of the traditions, legends, and all mamner of folk-lore, as well as important events of the nation or race. They are likewise the arbiters of fate in war and peace of all that concerns the tribe or nation or the individual m affairs of moment. The Seneca braves hunted up and down the valley and over the hills for the plentiful game which they were never known to slaughter except for food; never through wantonness or cruelty, which the white man calls "sport." The lake and streams afforded them plenty of fish, and their bark camoes often glided like a dream over the Ke- uh-kuh waters. (The Indian pronunciation accents the last syllable.) It was from this Indian village that some of the greatest of the Seneca warriors went forth. O-go-ya-go was a vast vantage ground of an inter-tribal ally of the Ga-nun-da-wahs, many moons before the paleface beheld the sequestered shores of San Salvador. The Met- 30 HISTORY OF JERUSALEM a-wis-sas, enisled with their mighty arm of the lake, smoked the pipe of peace with their brothers of the western border. The swift canoe shot like a thing of life from every cove, leaving in its wake the wrinkling ripples upon the placid bosom of the lake. "Old woods, like the sunbow arrayed. By the breath of October were stirred, And music to soothe me was made. By wind, singing ripple, and bird. How sweet was the murmuring roll Of wavelets that break on the strand. And methought I was wafted in soul From earth to some magical land. Oircling over thy bosom of blue The light graceful gull was afloat; And bravely Bluff Point loomed to view From the deck of our beautiful boat The Red Ma«n may well with a sigh Look there on a paradise lost. While the bones of his forefathers lie Exposed to the gale and the frost. His pines, so majestic of old. Stand dreamy like battle-thinned ranks, The stone of his altar is cold. His trail blotted out cm the banks." — ^Hosmer. From the Great Trail between Kanadesaga and Kashong along the west shore of Seneca Lak|B, another led westward to the foot of Lalae Keuka and northwesterly over East Hill into the Guyanoga Valley. Alcmg the west side of this valley was a trail from the Indian village at Branchport to another Indian village on the land of New- ton Genung at the present junctic«n of the roads, well up the valley toward the Potter line. It was a large village of the Men of the For- est, and their wigwams were there for some *ime after the white settlers began to locate in the neighborhood. The Iiidians were peaceable and gave no disturbance to the white people. Occasionally an Indan would call at tjie log houses of the settlers and ask for oc- un-taw or nun-an-daw, (potatoes or other products) and in return would bring the white settlers fish and venison from the forest and stream. Upon a knoll a short distance southeast of this Indian vil- lage, near the present highway along the east side of the valley, an HISTORY OF JERUSALEM 31 Indian of evident distinction lived among his people of the past, and he continued to live there several years, alone, after the prioneer settlements were made. The ridges along the sloping lands adjacent to the dwelling place of this venerated Indian, which are a part of the lands that belonged to Elijah Malin, are of very peculiar formation, and though manifest- ly wrought out through the glacial recession, they are suggestive of artifice on the part of some of thq ancient earthrworkers. Over the valley portion of these la