AN AtJTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY, STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. / J. I. MOMBERT, D. D. MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. LANCASTER, PA.: J. E. BARK & CO 1869. // Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year lSi,9. By EI.IAS BAltl!, In tlie Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Uniieil .Sliilc for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. IT PEEFACE. The historical part of this work really terminates with the Revolution, the events subsequent to that period being embodied in the later Divisions. The most diligent search has failed to bring to light the Military Record of the County during the wars with Great Britain in 1812-1814, and with Mexico. In this connection it is also proper to state that in the absence of complete and (mthentic lists of the sons of Lancaster County in the Regular Service of the United States^ it has been thovtght ex- pedient to leave that part of the Military Record unnoticed. For want of authentic information several of the lists of public officers begin at a comparatively late date. Tli*^ hope h indulged that after the lapse of several years, when a new edition of this work shall l)ie called for, these and other deficencies may be supplied. Much valuable material, now scattered and inaccessible, might be procured and rendered permanently available by the formation of local historical societies in every section of the County affiliated to a General Historical Society at Lancaster. By far the larger portion of the material is new ; it might easily have been doubled, but restricted to prescribed limits, I have been guided by the princiiile to select docu- ments of the greatest interest to the largest number of people. As the volume has been greatly enriched and my labors much lightened by valuable contributions from numerous quarters, for which due credit has been attempted to be given in every instance, I beg here thankfully to acknowledge all the favors and facilities extended to me by individual friends named at the proper places, also by the officers of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Hon. Isaac B. Gara, late Assistant Secre- tary of the Commonwealth, and Professor S. S. Haldeman, who has read the proofs of those sections relating to the Natural History of the County, enibraced within pages 528 to 544, and pages 580 to G04. The labors of Mr. I. D. Rupp have been of great use to me, and I have tried, wherever extracts from his work have been made, to give due credit. I shall deem it a favor to receive from any quarter well authenticated statements relating to the numerous topics of interest ti;cated in this work which, with becoming- diffidence, is now submitted to the public in the hope that it may be kindly received as a humble contribution to the local iiistory of this Great Commonwealth. .1, I. MOMBERT. Lancaster, Pa., May 27, 1809. TABLE OF CONTEKTS. Page. PREFACE iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii DIVISION I. Historical 1 Chapter 1. The Aborigines 1 " 2. From the Earliest Settlement of Pennsylvania to the arrival of William Peim 38 " 3. From the arrival of William Pennto the erection of Lancaster County 48 " 4. From the organization of Lancaster County to the termination ut'the Colonial Goverimnjut Ill) " 5. The State Govenmient 3G0 Military Record of Lancaster County 312 During the Revolution 312 During the Rebellion 321 Patriot Daughters 345 DIVISION II. TopoGRAPnicAL 346 Indian Localities 38G DIVISION IIL Biographical, etc 387 Early Settlers 413 DIVISION IV. Political 427 The Coiut House 427 List of Judges 429 " Attorneys 429 Members of Assembly 434 State Legislature,., 435 Gubernatorial Elections 438 Presidential " 4j8 List of Commissioners 439 " Sheriffs 440 " Coroners 440 " of Mayors and Recorders of Lancaster City 441 City Water Works '. 442 Poor House and Hospital 443 f'ounty Prison 444 I'opulation of Lancaster County 4/'* Vote at General Election, 1868 ^iC Vote at Presidential Election, 1868 -448 List of Post Offices •■••449 Fire Department 449 DIVISION V. Religious 450 Statistics 450 vi - TABLE OF CONTENTS. rage. Baptists 450 " Mennonites Old 45O " • " Reformed 450 " ■ " Ornish 451 " Seventh Day 45I " Tunkers 45I " Winebrennariaiis 451 Episcopalians 45I Evangelical Association 453 Friends 453 German Reformed , 453 Jews 455 Lutherans 455 Methodists 45G Moravians 457 Presbyterians 458 Roman Catholics 450 New Jerusalem Church 400 United Brethren 4G1 DIVISION VI. Educational AND Literary 4G2 Tabular Statement ....466 Litiz Schools 468 Franklin ;iud MinsluiU College 469 State Normal School •. 473 Private Schools 474 Libraries 474 Linnsean Society 47r, Horticultural Society = 477 Newspapers in Lancaster County 477 DIVISION VII. Agricultural and Industrial 485 Statistics of Agriculture .485 Valuation of Real Estate 486 Statistics of Manufacture 486 Internal Revenue 487 Manufacture of Iron 401 Iron Ores 403 Paper Mills 40;l Cotton Mills 404 Banks and Insurance. Appendix 160 DIVISION VIII. Philanthropic 405 Orphan Asylum 405 Bishop Bowman Clmrch Home 405 Home for Friendless Children 405 Masons, Free and Accepted ,406 Odd-Fellows, Independent Order of ..497 Red Men, Improved Order of ......498 United American Mechanics, Order of 408 \ " " " Junior 408 \Good Templars, Independent Order of 498 \oman Catholic Beneficiary Societies 400 GWi Fellows, Ancient Order of 400 Druiils, Independent Order of... 490 Seven Wisie Men, Independent Order of. 409 TABLE OF CONTENTS. vU Page. Knights of Pythias 499 Sons of Malta, Independent Order of 499 Female Societies 499 DIVISION IX. Physical 500 Mammalia 500 Ornithology 5O3 Conchology 5I7 Arachnida 5I9 Crustacea 520 Entomology 521 Coleoptera 523 Orthoptera 54(; Hemiptera 548 Ncuroptera 553 Hymenoptcra 555 Lepidoptcra 5gl Diptera 568 Aphaniptera 573 Myriapoda 573 Ilerpetology 574 Ichthyology 576 Botany 539 Geology 605 Mineralogy.. 606 Archaeology 610 List of abbreviations in Physical Division 615 DIVISION X. DocuMENTAKY. Appendix 1 I. Charter of Charles II 1 3. Conditions or Concessions 13 3. First Frame of Government 16 4. Second " " 30 5. Third " " 38 . 6. Charter of Privileges 46 7. Indian Treaty at Lancaster 51 8. Constitution of 177G 90 0. '' " 1700 109 10. Present Constitution 123 II. Charter of Borough of Lancaster 141 13. Charter of City of Lancastc]- 147 13. Supplement to the same 166 14. Insurance 169 15. Banking 17q LIST OF ILLUSTEATIOlsrS. Map of the County to face the Title Page. Old Map of the Country round Lancaster, m 1730 to face page 119 Origmal Plan designed for the town of Lancaster " " 3G9 The Court House " " 437 Poor House and Hospital " " 443 County Prison " " 444 Geological Map of Lancaster County " '' 605 Hieroglyphics on Rocks at Safe Harbor " " 61? AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF LANCASTER COUNTY. CHAPTER I. THE ABORIGINES. 1. The question "HowAvas America peopled?" has engaged the atten- tion of many distinguished writers and engendered a veritable wilderness of theories. Before stating these, a few observations on the discovery of the New World may not be out of place, as different nations claim the honor of having visited this continent prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus. From a })assage in Biodorus Siculus, [B. C. 100] stating that some " Phoenicians were cast upon a most fertile island opposite to Africa — after having passed the islands which lie beyond the straits of Hercules, we will speak of those which lie much farther into the ocean. Towards Africa, and to the West of it, is an immense island in the broad sea, many days' sail from Lybia. Its soil is very fertile, and its surface varie- gated with mountains and valleys. Its coasts are indented with many navigable rivers, and its fields are well cultivated; delicious gardens and various kinds of plants and trees." This is supposed to refer to America. But this is by no means the oldest tradition; for Ilanno, flourishing about B. C. 800, at the height of Carthaginian greatness, is said to have explored the coast of Africa and starting from the straits of Hercules to have sailed Westward oO days. Hence it has been inferred that Hanno visited America. The account of Plato [B. C. 400] is generall}^ regarded entitled to respect. Speaking of the first discovery of the Atlantic, he says: "In those first times, the Atlantic was a most broad island, and there were extant most powerful kings in it, who, with joint forces, appointed to occupy Asia and Europe: and so a most grievous war was carried on, in which the Athenians, with the common consent of the Greeks, opposed themselves, and they became the conquerors. But that Atlantic island, by a flood and earthquake, was indeed suddenly destroyed, and so that warlike people Avere swallowed up." And elsewhere: "An island in the 2 AUTHENTIC HISTORY mouth of the sea, in the passage to those straits, called the pillars ot Hercules, did exist; and that island was greater and larger than Lybia and Asia ; from which there was an easy passage over to other islands, and from those islands to that continent, which is situated out of that region." "Neptune settled in this island, from whose son, Atlas, its name was derived, and divided it among his ten sons. To the youngest fell the extremity of the island, called Gadir^ which, in the language of the country, signifies fertile or abounding in sheep. The descendants of Neptune reigned here, from father to son, for a great number of genera- tions in the order of primogeniture, during the space of 9,000 years. They also possessed several other islands ; and passing into Europe and Africa, subdued all Lybia as far as Egypt, and all Europe to Asia Minor. At length the island sunk under water ; and for a long time afterwards the sea thereabouts was full of rocks and shelves." In a work ascribed to Aristotle, [B. C. 38-i] the Carthaginians are said to have discovered a great island beyond the Pillars of Hercules, very fertile, but uninhabited, full of forests, navigable rivers and abounding in fruit. Seneca is sup- posed [about A. D. 1] to have uttered a prophecy concerning America : " Vanient aiiuis Haecula seris, quibus oceanus Vincula reruni lavet, et ingcns Pateat tcllus, TypMsque vomn Detegat orbes; nee sit terris Ultima Thule.''^ Medea, III, 875. In English — "The time will come when the sea will loosen the chains of nature and a mighty continent shall stand forth; Typhis shall discover new worlds; nor shall Thule be any longer the extremity of the known world." Leaving these ancient and legendary notices, we pass to more recent claims. "The Scandinavians, after having colonized Iceland in A. D. 875 and Greenland in 983, had by the year 1000 discovered America as tar down as 41° 30' N. L., a point near New Bedford in Massachusetts, and if the account of a missing sailor, Avho, after some absence, returned in a state of vinous excitement and flourishing bunches of grape, can be believed, they must have come much further South. The chronicler says that owing to this circumstance the captain of the ship called that country Vinland. The next claimants to the discovery of America are the "Welsh. In Cardoc's history of Cambria it is stated that Madoc, son of Owen Gwynnedd, Prince of Wales, set sail westward in A. D. 1170. with a small fleet, and after a voyage of several weeks, landed in a region totally dififerent, both in its inhabitants and productions, from Europe. He is supposed to have reached the coast of Virginia. Neither this. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 6 however, nor tlie earlier Scandinavian expeditions, can be said even to liave formed a connecting link between the America of the red man and the America of his white brother." ^ The Chinese are actually reported to have visited America in A. D. 1270, when China being overrun by the Tartars, a body of one hundred thousand men, refusing obedience to the invaders, are supposed to have set sail in a thousand ships to find a new country or perish in the enter- prise, and to have ultimately settled in Mexico.^ The Normans and the Germans also have claimed the discovery of America long before the voyages of Columbus, but it is needless to dis- cuss claims which cannot be verified, and it is sufficient for our purpose to state that no authentic account of actual discovery has been estab- lished prior to the landing of Columbus at Guanahani, or Cat Island, in the Bahamas on the 11th of October, 1-192. 2. Eesuming the question, "How was America peopled?" Ave enter a field in which speculation and theory have run riot. A brief survey of it, without discussion, is all we propose to furnish. Thomas Morton, author of "New Canaan," a book published in 1657, argues for the Latin origin of the Indians, and the value of his reasoning- may be inferred from the circumstance that because he fancied he heard the Indians make use of the word Pasco-pan he concluded that their ancestors were acquainted with the god Pan. Williamson^ says: "It can hardly be questioned that the Indians of North America are descended from a class of the Hindoos, in the south- ern parts of Asia." He holds that they could not have come from the North because the South American Indians are unlike those of the North. The correctness of this conclusion may be determined by the ibllowing testimony of Humboldt who states that "the Indians of New Spain bear a general resemblance to those who inhabit Canada, Florida, Peru and Brazil. Over a million and a half of square leagues, from Caj^e Horn to the river St. Lawrence and Behring's Strait, we are struck at the first glance with the general resemblance in the features. We think we perceive them all descended from the same stock, notwithstanding the prodigious diversity of their languages. In the portrait drawn by Volney of the Canadian Indians we recognize the tribes scattered over the savannahs of the Apure and the Carony. The same style of fea- tures exists in both Americas." Thorowgood [1652], Adair [1775] and Boudinot [1816], claim for the Indians Hebrew descent and identify them with the lost tribes. Cotton Mather gravely accounts for the origin of the Indians by the craft and subtlety of the devil, " who decoyed those miserable savages 1 Chambers' Cycl. S. V. America. 2 Hist, of China and Univ. Hist., Vol. XX. 3 Hist, of N. Carolina, I, 216. 4 AUTHEN'TIC HISTORY hither, in hopes that the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ would never come here to destroy or disturb his absolute empire over them." Swinton,! in a dissertation upon the peopling of America, after stating the different opinions of various authors who have advocated in favor of the "dispersed people," the Phoenicians and other Eastern nations, observes, "that, therefore, the Americans in general were descended from some people who inhabited a country not so far distant from them as Egypt and Phoenicia, our readers will, as we apprehend, readily admit. Now, no country can be pitched upon so proper and convenient for this purpose, as the north-eastern part of Asia, particularly Great Tartary, tSiberia, and more especially the peninsula of Kamtschatka. That probably was the tract through which many Tartar colonies passed into America, and peopled the most considerable part of the new world."^ liobertson"^ sums up an excellent sketch of this difficult question in these words: "Though it be possible that America may have re- ceived its first inhabitants from our continent, either by the north-west of Europe or the north-east of Asia, there seem to be good reasons for supposing that the progenitors of all the American nations, from Cape Horn to the southern confines of Labrador, migrated from the latter rather than the former. The Esquimaux are the onl}^ people in Ameri- ca who, in their aspect or character, bear any resemblance to the north- ern Europeans. They are manifestly a race of men, distinct from all the nations of the American continent, in language, in disposition, and in habits of life. Their original, then, may warrantably be traced up to that source which I have pointed out. But, among all the other inhab- itants of America, there is such a striking similitude in the form of their bodies and the qualities of their minds, notwithstanding the diversities occasioned by the influence of climate, or unequal progress in improve- ment, we must pronounce them to be descended from one source. There may be a variety in the shades, but we can everywhere trace the same original color. Each tribe has something peculiar which distinguishes it, but in all of them we discern certain features common to the whole race. It is remarkable that in every peculiarity, whether in their persons or dispositions, which characterize the Americans, they have some re- semblance to the rude tribes scattered over the north-east of Asia, but almost none to the nations settled in the northern extremities of Europe. We may, therefore, refer them to the former origin, and conclude that their Asiatic progenitors, having settled in those parts of America where the Russians have discovered the proximity of the two continents, spread gradually over its various regions. This account of the progress of population in America, coincides with the traditions of the Mexicans iDied 1774. 2 Univ. Hist.. XX. Drake. 3 Hist, of America, I, 261. Published in 1788. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 5 concerning their own origin, which, imperfect as they are, were preserved with more accuracy, and merit greater credit than those of any peo- ple in the new world. According to them, their ancestors came from a remote country, situated to the north-west of Mexico. The Mexicans point out their various stations, as they advanced from this, into the in- terior provinces, and it is precisely the same route which they must have held, if they had been emigrants from Asia. The Mexicans, in describ- ing the appearance of their progenitors, their manners and habits of life, at that period, exactly delineate those of the rude Tartars, from whom I suppose them to have sprung." Barton^ bestowed much labor on the comparison of all known Indian dialects Avith those of different Asiatic and North European nations on the plan of selecting English words, such as God, Father, Mother, Son, Daughter, etc., and then giving the equivalents in the various Indian, European and Asiatic dialects. Without expressing an opinion on the soundness of his reasoning, I give his conclusion, which is "that the Americans and many Asiatic and European nations are the same people." In this connection mention may be made of Jefierson's view" that the nations of America are of greater antiquity than those of Asia, and that Asia was peopled from America, not America from Asia. Schoolcraft,- whose whole life has been devoted to Indian affairs and whose volumes, published by authority of Congress, contain by far the most authentic data of information on this interesting subject, reaches the conclusion that the summary of traits of Indian manners, customs and character appears to connect their origin with the oriental world. Bancroft^ concludes a masterly sketch on the Aborigines with the following reflections: "'The American and the Mongolian races of men, on the two sides of the Pacific, have a near resemblance. Both are alike strongly and definitely marked by the more capacious palatine fossa, of which the dimensions are so much larger, that a careful observer could, out of a heap of skulls, readily separate the Mongolian and American from the Caucasian, but could not distinguish them from each other. Both have the orbit of the eye quadrangular, rather than oval ; both, especially the American, have comparatively a narrowness of the fore- head ; the facial angle in both, but especially in the American, is com- paratively small ; in both, the bones of the nose are flatter and broader than in the Caucasian, and in so equal a degree, and with apertures so similar, that, on indiscriminate selections of specimens of the two, an observer could not, from this feature, discriminate which of them be- 1 New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America, by Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D., Philadelphia, 1797. 2 Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. V, Philad., 1805. 3 History of the United States, Vol. Ill, p. 317. 6 AUTHENTIC HISTORY longed to the old contiueut; both, but especially the Americans, are characterized by a prominence of the jaws; the elongated occiput is common to the American and the Asiatic ; and there is to each the same obliquity of the face. Between the Mongolian of Southern Asia and Northern Asia there is a greater difference than between the Mongolian Tatar and the North American. The Iroquois is more unlike the Peruvian than he is unlike the wanderer on the steppes of Siberia. Physiology has not succeeded in defining the qualities which belong to every well-formed Mongolian, and which never belong to an indigenous American ; still less can geographical science draw a boundary line be- tween the races. The Athapascas cannot be distinguished from Algon- quin Knisteneaux, on the one side, or from Mongolian Esquimaux, on the other. The dwellers on the Aleutian Isles melt into resemblances with the inhabitants of each continent, and at points of remotest distance, the difference is still so inconsiderable, that the daring Ledyard, whose ardent curiosity filled him wdth the passion to circumnavigate the globe and cross its continents, as he stood in Siberia with men of the Mongolian race before him, and compared them with the Indians who had been his old play-fellows and school-mates at Dartmouth, writes deliberately, that 'universally and circumstantially, they resemble the Aborigines of America.' On the Connecticut and the Oby, he saw but one race. ''He that describes the Tungusians of Asia seems also to describe the North American. That the Tschukchi of Northeastern Asia and the Esquimaux of America are of the same origin, is proved by the affinity of their languages — thus establishing a connection between the continents previous to the discovery of America by Europeans. The indigenous population of America offers no new obstacle to faith in the unity of the human race." Having thus far attended exclusively to theories and opinions origi- nating with scholars and writers of Caucasian extraction, a brief sum- mary of Aborirjinal tradition on the subject under notice may prove interesting and instructive, although the reader will soon perceive that not much light need be expected from that quarter. Schoolcraft ^ states that what may be regarded in the traditions of the Indians, respecting the world, their origin and their opinions of man, as entitled to attention, is that they believe in a Great Merciful Spirit, by whom the earth, the animals and man were created, and in a great evil spirit, able to disturb the benevolent purposes of the Great Good Spirit. They state, generally, that there was a deluge at an ancient epoch, which covered the earth and drowned mankind, except a limited nuinbe]'. They speak most emphatically of a future state, and appear to have some con- fused idea of rewards and punishments, w^hich are allegorically repre- iVol. I. 17—59. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 7 sented. They regard the earth as their cosmogonic mother, and declare their origin to have been in caves, or in some other manner within its depths. They consider themselves, generally, as aborigines. By one authority they climbed up the roots of a large vine from the interior to the surface of the earth ; b)- another, they casually saw light, while imder ground, from the top of a cavern in the earth. Most of the tribes plant themselves on traditions of local origin. Seeing many quadrupeds, Avhich burrow in the earth, they acknowledge a similar and mysterious relatioij. Tecumseh affirmed, in accordance Avith this notion, that the earth A\'as his mother; and Michabon held that the birds and beasts were his brothers. A few of the tribes, North and South, have something of a traditional value to add to these notions, expressive of an opinion of foreign origin. Sir Alexander Mackenzie in his voj-^ages among the Arctic tribes relates of the Chepeweyans, that "thej^ have a tradition that they originally came from another country, inhabited by very wicked people, and had traversed a great lake, which was narrow and shallow, and full of islands, where the}'' had suffered great miser}-, it being always winter, with ice and deep snow."' " Their progress (the great Athapasca family) is easterly, and according to their own tradition, they came from Siberia ; agreeing in dress and manners with the people now found upon the coasts of Asia.'' John Johnston, for many years agent of the Shawanoes, an Algonquin tribe, says: "The people of this nation have a tradition that their ances- tors crossed the sea. They are the only tribe Avitli which I am acquainted, who admit a foreign origin. Until lately they kept 3'early sacrifices for their safe arrival in this country. From where they came, or at what period they arrived in America, they do not know. It is a prevailing opinion among them that Florida had been inhabited by white people, who had the use of iron tools. Blackhoof (a celebrated chief) affirms tljat he has often heard it spoken of by old people, that stumps of trees, covered with earth, were frequently found, which had been cut down by edged tools." "It is somewhat doubtful," says Johnston at a subsequent ])ag"e, " whether the deliverance which they celebrate has any other refe- ence, than to the crossing of some great river, or an arm of the sea." Montezuma^ told Cortez of a foreign connection between the Aztec race and the nations of the Old World. His speech is as follows : "I would have you to understand before you begin your discourse, that we are not ignorant, or stand in need of 3^our persuasions, to believe that the great prince you obey, is descended from our ancient Quetzalcoatl, Lord of the Seven Caves of the Navatlaques, and lawful king of those seven nations which gave beginning to our Mexican empire. By one of his prophecies, which we receive as an infallible truth, and by a tradition of 1 History of the Conquest of Mexico. Book ITT. — p. 01. 8 AUTHENTIC HISTORY many ages, preserved in our annals, we know that he departed from these countries, to conquer new regions in the East, leaving a promise, that in the process of time, his descendants should return, to model our laws, and mend our government." On this subject Mr. Schoolcraft^ writes thus: "The tradition of the origin of the empire in bands of adventurers from the Seven Caves, rests upon the best authority we have of the Toltec race, supported by the oral opinion of the Aztecs in 1579. An examination of it by the lights of modern geography, in connection with the nautical theory of oceanic currents and the fixed courses of the winds in the Pacific, gives strong testimony in favor of an early expressed opinion in support of a migra- tion in high latitudes. It is now considered probable that those caves were seated in the Aleutian Chain. This chain of islands connects the continents of Asia and America at the most practicable points; and it begins precisely opposite to the Asiatic coast north-east of the Chinese empire, and quite above the Japanese group, where we should expect the Mongolic and Tata hordes to have been precipitated upon those shores. On the American side of the trajet, extending south of the peninsula of Ona- laska, there is evidence, in the existing dialects of the tribes, of their being of the same generic group with the Toltec stock." "Thus we have traditionary gleams of a foreign origin of the race of the North American Indians, from several stocks of nations, extending at intervals from the Arctic circle to the valley of Mexico. Dim as these traditions are, they shed some light on the thick historical darkness which shrouds that period. They point decidedly to a foreign — to an Oriental, if not a Shemitic, origin. Such an origin had from the first been inferred. At whatever point the investigation has been made, the Eastern hemis- phere has been found to contain the physical and mental prototypes of the race. Language, mythology, religious dogmas — the very style of architecture, and their calendar, as far as it is developed, point to that fruitful and central source of human dispersion and nationality."^ 3. Passing from this general consideration of the origin of the North American Indians to the Indians of Pennsylvania, who will be repeat- edly referred to in the course of this history, it seems proper that a sketch of them should be inserted at this place, in order that the reader may be placed in a position to form an independent judgment on questions relating to that ill-fated race. The subjoined account is taken from Gordon's History of Pennsylvania, who has drawn his information from the writings of Heckewelder and other Moravian missionaries. "Although divided into many tribes, the Indians inhabiting the vast expanse between Canada and Virginia, traced their origin to two sources, the Lenni Lenape and Mengive. The former, known among their deriva- 1 Vol. I.— p. 22. 2 Vol. 3— p. 26. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. d tive nations also by the name of the Wajmnachki, corrupted by the Europeans into Openahi^ 02ienagi^ Abenaquis^ and Apenakis, and among the whites, by the name of Delawares, held their principal seats upon the Delaware river, and were acknowledged by nearly forty tribes as their 'grandfathers,' or parent stock. They relate, that many centuries past, their ancestors dwelt far in the western wilds of the American con- tinent, but emigrating east^ardly, arrived after many years on the iVa- rasesi Sipu (the Mississippi), or river of fish, where they fell in with the Mengwe, who had also emigrated from a distant country, and approached this river somewhat nearer its source. The spies of the Lenape reported the country on the east of the Mississippi to be inhabited by a powerful nation, dwelling in large towns, erected upon their principal rivers. " This people, tall and stout, some of whom, as tradition reports, were of gigantic mould, bore the name of AlUgewi^ and from them were de- rived the names of the Allegheny river and mountains. Their towns were defended by regular fortifications or intrenchments of earth, vestiges of which are yet shown in greater or less preservation. The Lenape re- (|uested permission to establish themselves in their vicinity. This was refused, but leave was given them to pass the river, and seek a country farther to the eastward. But, Avhilst the Lenape were crossing the river, the Alligewi, becoming alarmed at their number, assailed and destroyed many of those who had reached the eastern shore, and threatened a like fate to the others should they attempt the stream. Fired at the loss they had sustained, the Lenape eagerly accepted a proposition from the Meng- we, who had hitherto been spectators only of their enterprise, to conquer and divide the country. A war of many years duration was waged by the united nations, marked by great havoc on both sides, which eventu- ated in the conquest and expulsion of the Alligewi, who fled by the way of the Mississippi, never to return. Their devastated country was ap- portioned among the conquerors; the Mengwe choosing their residence in the neighboi'hood of the great lakes, and the Lenape possessing them- selves of the lands to the south. " After many ages, during which the conquerors lived together in great harmony, the enterprising hunters of the Lenape crossed the Alleghany mountains, and discovered the great rivers Susquehannah and Delaware, and their respective bays. Exploring the Sheyichhi country, (New Jer- sey,) they arrived on the Hudson, to which they subsequently gave the name of the Mohicannittuck river. Keturning to their nation, after a long absence, they reported their discoveries; describing the country they had visited as abounding in game and fruits, fish and fowl, and des- titute of inhabitants. Concluding this to be the country destined for them by the Great Spirit, the Lenape proceeded to establish themselvCvS upon the four great rivers, the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehannah and Po- 10 AUTHENTIC HISTORY tomac, making the Delaware, to wliich they gave the name of Lenaiv- ■loihitiucJc, (the river or stream of the Lenape,)^the centre of their posses- sions.^ " Thev say, however, that all of their nation who crossed the Mississippi did not reach this country; a part remaining behind to assist that portion of their people who, frightened by the reception which the Alligewi had o-iven to their countrymen, fled far to the west of the Namaesi Sipv. They were finally divided into three great bodies ; the larger, one-half of the whole, settled on the Atlantic ; the other half was separated into two parts, the stronger continued l)eyond the Mississippi, the other remained on its eastern bank. "Those on the Atlantic were subdivided into three tribes; the Turtle or Unamls^ the Turkey or Uualachtgo, and the Wolf or Mmsi. The two lormer hdiabited the coast from the Hudson to the Potomac, settling in small bodies in towns and villages upon the larger streams, under chiefs subordinate to the great council of the nation. The Minsi, called by the English, Moncej's, the most warlike of the three tribes, dwelt in the in- terior, forming a barrier between their nation and the Mengwe. They extended themselves from the Minisink, on the Delaware, where they held their council seat, to the Hudson on the east, to the Susquehannah on the southwest, to the head waters of the Delaware and Susquehannah rivers on the north, and to that range of hills now known in New Jersey by the name of the Muskenecun, and by those of Lehigh and Coghne- wago in Pennsylvania. " Man}- subordinate tribes proceeded from these, who received names from their places of residence, or from some accidental circumstance, at the time of its occurrence remarkable, but now forgotten. Such were the Shawanese, the Nanticokes, the Susquehannas, the Shackamaxons, the Neshamines, the Mantas, and other tribes, resident in or near the pro- vince of Pennsylvania at the time of its settlement. "The Mengwe hovered for some time on the borders of the lakes, with their canoes in readiness to fl\^ should the Alligewi return. Having grown bolder, and their numbers increasing, they stretched themselves along the St. Lawrence, and became, on the north, near neighbors to the I-»enape tribes. "The Mengwe and the Lenape, in the progress of time, became enemies. The latter represent the former as treacherous and cruel, pursuing per- tinaciously an insidious and destructive policy towards their more gen- erous neighbors. Dreading the power of the Lenape, the Mengwe resolved, by involving them in war with their distant tribes, to reduce their strength. They committed murders upon the members of one tribe, and induced the injured party to believe they were perpetrated by 1 Hecke welder's account of the Indians. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 11 another. They stole into the country of the Delawares, surprised them i]i their hunting parties, slaughtered the hunters, and escaped with the plundei". "Each nation or tribe had a })articular mark upon its war clubs, which, left beside a murdered person, denoted the aggressor. The Mengwe perpetrated a murder in the Cherokee country, and left with the dead body a war club bearing the insignia of the Lenape. The Cherokees, in revenge, fell suddenly upon the latter, and commenced a long and bloody war. The treachery of the Mengwe was at length discovered, and the Delawares turned upon them with the determination utterly to extirpate them. They were the more strongly induced to take this resolution, as the cannibal propensities of the Mengwe had reduced them, in the esti- mation of the Delawares, below the rank of human beings.^ "Hitherto each tribe of the Mengwe had acted under the direction of its particular chiefs; and, although the nation could not control the conduct of its members, it was made responsible for their outrages. Pressed by the Lenape, they resolved to form a confederation which might enable them better to concentrate their force in war, and to regu- late their affairs in peace. Thannawage, an aged Mohawk, was the projector of this alliance. Under his auspices, five nations, the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senecas, formed a species of republic, governed by the united counsels of their aged and experienced chiefs. To these a sixth nation, the Tuscaroras, was added in 1712. This last originall}^ dwelt in the western parts of North Carolina, but having formed a deep and general conspiracy to exterminate the whites, were driven from their countr}^, and adopted by the Iroquois confederacy.^ The beneficial effects of this system early displayed themselves. The Lenape were checked, and the Mengwe, Avhose warlike disposition soon familiarized them with fire arms procured from the Dutch, were enabled, at the same time, to contend with them and to resist the French, who now attempted the settlement of Canada, and to extend their conquests over a large portion of the country between the Atlantic and the Mississippi. "But, being pressed hard by their new, they became desirous of recon- ciliation with their old enemies ; and, for this purpose, if the tradition of the Delawares be credited, they effected one of the most extraordinary strokes of policy which history has recorded. " The mediators between the Indian nations at war are the women. The men, liowever weary of the contest, hold it cowardly and disgraceful to seek reconciliation. They deem it inconsistent in a warrior to speak of peace with bloody weai)ons in his hands. He must maintain a deter- 1 The Iroquois or Mengwe sometimes ate the bodies of their prisoners. Ileckowelder, 2 N. Y. Hist. Col. 55. -Smith's New York. Doiial. Summ. 12 AUTHENTIC HISTORY mined courage, and appear at all times as ready and willing to fight as at the commencement of hostilities. With such dispositions, Indian wars would be interminable, if the women did not interfere and persuade the combatants to bury' the hatchet and make peace with each other. On these occasions, the women pleaded their cause with much eloquence. 'Not a warrior,' they would say, 'but laments the loss of a son, a brother, or a friend. And mothers, who have l)orne with cheerfulness the pangs of child-birth, and the anxieties that Avait upon the infancy and adolescence of their sons, behold their promised blessings crushed in the field of battle, or perishing at the stake in unutterable torments. In the depth of their grief, they curse their wretched existence, and shudder at the idea of bearing children.' They conjured the warriors, therefore, by their sujQfering wives, their helpless children, their homes, and their friends, to interchange forgiveness, to cast away their arms, and, smoking together the pipe of amity and peace, to eml^race as friends those Avhom they had learned to esteem as enemies. " Prayers thus urged seldom failed of their desired effect. 'I'Ikj function of the peace-maker was honorable and dignified, and its assumption by a courageous and powerful nation could not be inglorious, l^his station the Mengwe urged upon the Lenape. 'They had reflected,' they said, 'upon the state of the Indian race, and were convinced that no means remained to preserve it unless some magnanimous nation -would assume the character of the tvoman. It could not be given to a weak and con- temptible tribe; such would not be listened to: but the Lenape and their allies would at once possess influence and command respect.' "The facts upon which these arguments were founded, were known to the Delawares, and, in a moment of blind confidence in the sincerity of the Iroquois, they acceded to the proposition, and assumed the petticoat. The ceremony of the metamorphosis was performed with great rejoicings at Albany, in 1617, in the })resence of the Dutch, whom the Lenape charge with having conspired with the Mengwe for their destruction. "Having thus disarmed the Delawares, the Iroquois assumed over them the rights of protection and command. But still dreading their strength, they artfully involved them again in Avar Avith the Cherokees, promised to fight their battles, led them into an ambush of their foes, and deserted ■ them. The DelaAvares, at length, comprehended the treachery of their arch enem}'-, and resolved to resume their arms, and, l^eing still superior in numbers, to crush them. But it was too late. The Europeans were now making their Avay into the country in every direction, and gave ample employment to the astonished Lenape. " The MengAve deny these machinations. They aver that they conqiiei'ed the DelaAvares by force of arms, and made them a subject people. And, though it be said they are unable to detail the circumstances of this OF LANCASTER COUXTV, 13 conquest, it is more rational to suppose it true, tlian that a brave, nume- rous, and warlike nation should have voluntarily suffered themselves to be disarmed and enslaved by a shallow artifice; or that, discovering the fraud practised upon them, they should unresistingly have submitted to its consequences. This conquest was not an empty acquisition to the Mengwe. They claimed dominion over all the lands occupied by the Delawares, and, in many instances, their claims were distinctly acknowl- edged. Parties of the Five Nations occasionally occupied the Lenape country, and wandered over it at all times at their pleasure. " Whatever credit may be due to the traditions of the Lenape, relative to their migration from the west, there is strong evidence in support of their pretensions to be considered as the source whence a great portion of the Indians of North America was derived. They are acknowledged as the 'grandfathers,' or the parent stock, of the tribes that inhabited the extensive regions of Canada, from the coast of Labrador to the mouth of the Albau}^ river, which empties into the southernmost part of Hudson's bay, and from thence to the Lake of the Woods, the northernmost boundary of the L^nited States; and also by those who dwelt in that immense country, stretching from Nova Scotia to the Eoanoke, on the sea-coast, and bounded by the Mississippi on the west. All these nations spoke dialects of the Lenape language, affording the strongest presump- tion of their derivation from that stock. The tribes of the Mengwe interspersed throughout this vast region are, of course, excepted. Thev were, however, comparatively few in number. " Their language is said to be rich, sonorous, plastic, and comprehensive in the highest degree. It varies from the European idioms chiefly in the conjugation of the verbs, with which not only the agent and patient mav be compounded, in every possible case, but the adverbs are also blended ; and one word is made to express the agent, the action, with its accidents of time, place, and quantity, and the object effected by them. And. though greatly pliant, it is subjected to rules, from which there are few ex- ceptions. It has the power of expressing every idea, even the most abstract. The Old and New Testaments have been translated into it, and the Christian missionaries have no difficulty, as they assert, of making themselves under- stood on all subjects by the Indians.^ 1 As a sjXHimeii. I siibjuiii a translation of the Loi-d'.s Prayer, in the language of the Sis. Nation Indians: Soungwaunclia, caurounkyauga, tehseetaroan, saulwuneyousta, es a. sfiwaneyou. okcttauhsela, ehneauwoung. na, caurounkyauga, nugh, wonshauga, neattewt-hnesalauga. taug^^'rmnautoronoantoughsick, toantangweleewheyoiistaung, cheueeyeut, chaquatafi- •vSIcj'^vheyoustriunna. toughsau, taugwausvsareneh, tawantottenaugalofightoungga, na- Ka-wTic, sacheautaug-\vass. «»ntehsalhaun7Aikuw.t\sa. sawufineyuu, esa, sashautztii, esa, soangwasufuig. (liennOauhaunga. auweu. 14 AUTHENTIC HISTORY "A cultivated language usually denotes great civilization. But our aborigines seem to have confined their eftbrts to the improvement of their !ortunity to converse with any other kind of Christians, Ix^&ides these, who go most among them: from the lives and conduct of these they judge of GJiristianity. and European manners, &c. This is mentioned in a treatise, printed in London, in 17o9, as one cause, among others, of the first war, that commenced with them in Pennsylvania, about the year 1754; wherein is likewise expressed — "It would l>e too shocking to describe the conduct and behaviour of the traders, when among the Ifvdians, and endless to enumerate the abuses the Indians had received and borne from them, for a serie.s of years. Suffice it to say, that several of the tribes were, at last, wearv of bearing. And as these traders were the persons, who were, in some part, tht^ representatives of the English among the Indians; and by Avhom they were to judge of our manners and religion, they conceived such invincible prejudices against both, par- ticularly against our holy religion, that when Mr. Serjeant, a gentleman in Neic England, took a journey, in 1741, to the Shawanese, and some other tribes living on Susquehanna. and offered to instruct them in the Christian religion, they rejected his offer with disdain. They reproached Christianity. They told him the traders would lie, cheat, and debauch their women, and even their wives, if their husbands were not at home. They said further, that the Senecas had given them their country, but charged them witlial, never to receive Christianity from the English,^' &c. 2The following has been printed in Pennsylvania, as a genuine speech of an Indian Chief in that province ; but whether it be really .so. or not, it certainly contains argu- ments, which have l>een used by some of these people, and, in this place, may serve, in part, to give some idea of their sentiments on the subject : it is thus first introduced. viz : "In, or alK)ut the year of our Lord 1710, a Sicedish Missionary preached a sennou HI an Indian treaty, held at Conestogoe in Pennsylvania ; in which sennon he set forth original sin, the necessity of a Mediator; and endeavored, by certain arguments, to induce the Indians to embrace the Christian religion. After he had ended his discom-se, one of the Indian chiefs made a speech in reply to the sermon; and the discourses, on both side.s were made known by interpreters. The Missionary, upon his return to Sir-fiUu, pul'-lisheii hi'; st-mion, and the Indian's answer. Having writteii tlu-m in Latin, OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 17 ''For, liowever ignorant and averse to European refinement and ways of iliinking, on religious subjects, the Indians^ in general, might appear to have been, yet, as in all other nations of mankind, it is most certain there were some among them of a more exalted way of thinking, and enlightened understandings, who, notwithstanding the great absurdities among the generality, were not without some degree of a just sense and acknowledgment of the providential care and regard of the Almighty he dedicated them to the university of Upsala, and requested them to furnish liim with arguments, to confute such strong reasoning of the Indiaiis. The Indian speech, trans- lated from the Latin, is as follows," viz : "A speech delivered by an Indian chief, in reply to a sermon, preached by a Swedish Missionary, in order to convert tlie Indians to the Christian religion: " Since the subject of his (the Missionary's) errand is to persuade us to embrace a new doctrine, perhaps it may not be amiss, before we offer him the reasons why we cannot comply with his request, to acquaint him with the grounds and principles of that i-eligion, which he would have us abandon. "Our forefathers were under a strong persuasion, a.s we are, that those who act well, in this life, shall be rewarded in the next, according to the degree of their virtue : and on the other hand, that those who behave wickedly here, will undergo such punish- ments hereafter as are proportionate to the crimes they were gxiilty of. This hath been constantly and invariably received and acknowledged for a truth, through every successive generation of oiu- ancestors. It could not have taken its rise from fable ; for liuman fiction however artfully and plausibly contrived, can never gain credit Ion"-, among any people, where free enquiry is allowed ; which was never denied by our ancestors; who, on the contrary, thought it the sacred, inviolable, natural right of e\'ery man to examine and judge for himself. Therefore we think it evident that our notion, concerning future rewards and punishments, was either revealed immediately from heaven to some of our forefathers, and from them descended to us, or, that it was implanted in each of us, at our creation, by the Creator of all things. Whatever the methods might have been, whereby God hath been pleased to make known to us his will, and give us a knowledge of our duty, it is still, in our sense, a divine revelation. "Now we desire to propose to him some few questions: Does he believe that our forefathers, men eminent for their piety, constant and warm in the pursuit of virtue, hoping tliereby to merit everlasting happiness, were all damned^ Does he think that we, who are their zealous imitators, in good works, and influenced by the same motives as they were, earnestly endeavoring, with the greatest circumspection, to ti'ead the path.s of integrity, are in a state of damnation? If these be his sentiments, they are surely as impious as they are bold and daring. "In the next place, we beg that he would explain himself more particularly con- cerning the rerelation he talks of. If he admits no other than what is contained in his 'im-itteii book, the contrary is evident from what has been shewn before: but, if he says Ooum; by the Dutcli^ Seivant. It is worked out of shells, into the form of beads, and perforated to string on leather. Six beads were formerly valued at a Stiver ; twenty Stivers made what they 1 ProiKl. 2 Gordon. ^Uoarkill, the settlement so called, from a small river, or creek, near Cape-Inlopen, or Renhpen, at the mouth of Delaicare bay, was a place of considerable imjjortance to the Swedes about that time, though since chiefly become a residence for pilots only, and called Leicis-toion; before which, at the entrance of the bay, is the road for ships. This place (from an old MS.) is said to have been named Hoarkill by the Dutcli,, from the Indians prostituting their young women to the Netherlander s : otherwise it is by David Piertersz de Uries, who, about the year 1630, first endeavoured to settle there, called Sioanendale. Other accounts afBrm that the original of the name arose from the winding and turning of the creek, much in the shape of a horn, whence the Dutch word, Iloernkill : this is the tradition of the inhabitants there, &c. But soon after it came into the hands of the English, it took the above name of Lewis-toicn, and the creek appears to be much diminished, &c. — Proud. 40 AUTHENTIC HISTORY called a Guilder^ whicli was about sixpence currency, or fourpence ster- ling. The white Wampum was worked out of the inside of the great Conques. The black, or purple, was formed out of the inside of the Mussle, or Clam-shell. These, being strung on leather, are sometimes formed into belts, about four inches broad, and thirty in length ; which are commonly given and received at treaties, as seals of friendship. Wampum has been long made by certain poor Indian families at Albany ^ who support themselves by coining this cash for the traders." A squadron of Dutch ships under command of Evertse and Benke arrived on July 30, [1673] and recaptured New York without opposition. The commander of the fort at the Narrows, John Manning, treacherously made peace Avitli the enemy and delivered up the fort without giving or receiving a shot, and the major part of the magistrates and constables swore allegiance to the States General and the Prince of Orange. Thus New York and New Jersey came again under Dutch rule. Deputies were also sent by the people inhabiting the country as far west as Dela- ware who, in the name of their principals, made a declaration of their submission, and Delaware again reverted to the Dutch [1673.] Anthony Colve was appointed governor, and held that office until the country was restored to England by the treaty of Westminister, concluded Feb. 19, 1674.1 The duke of York on June 29, 1674, obtained a new royal patent con- firming the land granted him in 1664 and two days after appointed Major, afterwards sir Edmund Andross, governor of his territories in America, which were surrendered to him by the Dutch on October 31, following.^ Andross authorized Captain Edmund Cantwell and William Tomm to take possession of the forts and stores at Newcastle for the king's use, and directed them to take measures for the establishment of order and tranquility on the Delaware. "On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York granted to John, lord Berkley, and Sir George Carteret the province of New Jersey,^ bounded on the east by the Atlantic ocean, on the west by Delaware bay and river, on the north by a line drawn from the Delaware river at forty one degrees forty minutes, to the Hudson river in forty-one degrees northern latitude." "Lord Berkley, in 1675, sold his half of the Province of jSfeio Jersey to a person named John Fenwicke, in trust for Edward Byllinge, and his as- signs, in consequence of which the former, tliis year, arrived with a number of passengers, in a ship, called the Griffith from London^ on a visit to his new purchase. He landed at a place, in West Jersey^ situated upon a creek, or small river, which runs into the river Delaware; to which place he gave the name of Salem; a name which both the place and creek still retain." '•^ 1 Gordon. Hazard. sproud. 3 Gordon. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 41 Byllinge being pecuniarily involved, conveyed his interest in the province to "William Penn, Gawen Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas, in trust, for his creditors. The trustees sold })roprietary rights to several other persons and having made with sir George Carteret, a division of the province, proceeded to frame a constitution for their moiety under the title "concessions and agreements of the proprietors and free-holders of West Jersc}-, in America." ^ "In June, 1677, Thomas Olive, Daniel Wills, John Kinsey, John Pen- ford, Joseph Ilelmsley, Eobert Stacey, Benjamin Scott, Thomas Foulke, and Eichard Guy, commissioners, appointed by the proprietaries to su- perintend their interests in the province, arrived at New Castle, with two hundred and thirty settlers, principally Quakers,. Having explored the country for many miles along the shores of the Delaware, they made allotments of land among the adventurers at several miles distance from each other.^ But fear of the natives finally induced the emigrants to settle together, in and about a town plot, laid out by the commissioners, first called Beverly, then Budlington, and afterwards Burlington. - In the same year two ships arrived, bearing many families of great respec- tability. The quiet of the colonists was undisturbed, except by the duty again levied upon their commerce at the Hoarkills, by the New York government. This was vexatious as a tax, and insulting to the sover- eignty of the proprietaries, who remonstrated for some time in vain Avith the agents of the Duke of York ; but finally, after an investigation, by commissioners appointed for the purpose, the duty was repealed. "Dispensing with their executive of commissioners, the proprietaries appointed Edward Byllinge governor, who, soon after his arrival in the province, commissioned Samuel Jennings as his deputy. In November, 1681, Jennings called the first assembly, and, in conjunction with them, adopted certain articles, defining and circumscribing the power of the governor, and enacted such laws as the wants of the colony required." Sir George Carteret, the proprietor of East Jersey, died in 1679, having in his last will ordered the sale of that country to pay his debts. His heirs sold it, by indenture of lease and release, bearing date February 1 and 2, 1681-82, to William Penn and eleven other persons. These twelve proprietors added twelve more to their number, and to these the Duke of York made a fresh grant of East Jersey under date March 11, 1682. William Penn, as one of the trustees of Byllinge, became thus inti- mately connected with the colonization of West Jersey, and subsequently as a purchaser with that of East Jersey. Under these circumstances he became familiar Avith the afltairs of the new world and conceived the design of founding a commonwealth on principles of perfect equality, and of universal toleration of religious faith on the west side of the Dela- 1 Gordon. -By tlie Indians, Chygocs island, from a chief w])0 d^velt upon it. 42 AUTHENTIC HISTORY ware.^ His father, Sir William Penn, renowned in English history by the conquest of Jamaica and by his conduct, discretion and courage in the signal battle against the Dutch in 1665, had left to him a claim against the government for sixteen thousand pounds, consisting to a great extent of money advanced by him in the sea service, and of arrearages in his pay. In 1680 William Penn petitioned Charles II. to grant him in lieu of said sum " letters-patent for a tract of land in America, lying north of Maryland, on the east bounded with Delaware Eiver,^ on the west limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable." This petition was referred to the "Committee of tlie Privy Council for the Affairs of Trade and Plantations," who ordered copies to be sent to Sir John Werden, the Duke of York's agent, and to the agents of Lord Bal- timore, "to the end that they may report how far the pretensions of Mr. Penn may consist with the boundaries of Maryland, or the Duke's pro- priety of New York, and his possessions in those parts." The duke of York desired to retain the three lower counties,^ that is the State of Dela- ware, as an appendage to New York, but his objection was finally with- drawn, being the result of an interview between him and Mr. Penn. Lord Baltimore's agent wanted the grant, if made to Penn, to be expressed as "land that shall be north of Susquehanna Fort, also north of all lands in a direct line westward from said fort, for said fort is the boundary of Maryland northward." After sundry conferences and dis- cussions concerning the boundary lines and other matters of minor importance, the Committee finally sent in a favorable report and pre- sented the draft of a charter constituting William Penn, Esq. absolute proprietary of a tract of land in America therein mentioned to the King for his approbation and leaving to him also the naming of the province. The king affixed his signature on March 4, 1681, naming the province Pennsylvania for reasons explained in the subjoined extract from a letter of William Penn to his friend Robert Turner, dated 5th of 1st mo. 1681 : " This day my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of Eng- land, with large powers and privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania; a name the hing tvould give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being, as this, a pretty hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for a liead, as Penmaumoire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in Buckinghamshire, the highest land in England, called this Pennsylvania, which is, the high or head woodlands, for I proposed, when the Secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania, and they added Peyiyi to it, and though I much opposed it, and went to the king to have it struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it upon him ; nor could twenty guineas move the under Secretary to vary the name, for I fear lest it should be looked on as vanity in me, and not 1 Gordon. 2 Hazard. 3 Ibid. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 43 as a respect in the king, as it truly was, to my father, whom he often mentions with praise."^ The Charter, under date March 4, 1681, exists in the office of the Sec- retary of tlie Commonwealtli, and "is written on strong parchments, in the old English handwriting, with each line underscored with lines of red ink, that give it a curious appearance. The borders are gorgeously fur- belowed with heraldic devices, and the top of the first page exhibits a finely executed likeness of his majesty, in good preservation."^ It is now hung up in a frame. As this document is of permanent interest to every Pemisylvanian, the reader will find it reproduced in full in Division X, No. 1. Nearly a month after the signing of the Charter, the King on the second day of April, issued a declaration informing the inhabitants and planters of the province that William Penn, their absolute pro- prietary, was clothed Avith all the powers and preeminences necessary for the government. A few days later, on April 8, the proprietary ad- dressed the following proclamation to the inhabitants of Pennsylvauia: " My Friends : I wish joii all happiness here and hereafter. These are to let you know that it hath pleased God, in his providence, to cast you within my lot and care. It is a business that, though I never undertook before, yet God hath given me an understanding of my duty, and an ho- nest mind to do it uprightly. I hope you will not be troubled at your change, and the king's choice, for you are now fixed, at the mercy of no governor that comes to make his fortune great. You shall be governed by laws of your own making, and live a free, and, if you will, a sober and industrious people. I shall not usurp the right of a.iij, or oppress his person. God has furnished me with a better resolution, and has given me his grace to keep it. In short, whatever sober and free men can reasonably desire for the security aud improvement of their happiness, I shall heartily comply with, and in five months' resolve, if it please God, to see you. In the meantime, pray submit to the commands of my dep- uty, so fiir as thc}^ are consistent with the law, and pay him those dues that formerly you paid to the order of the Governor of New York, for my use and benefit ; and so I beseech God to direct you in the way of righteousness, and therein prosper you and your children after you. I am your true friend, William Penn. London, 8th of the month called April, 1681. Captain William Markham, a cousin of William Penn, Avas the deputy referred to in the preceding proclamation, Avhose commission, bearing- date April 10, 1681, contained the following directions: 1. To call a council, consisting of nine, he to preside. 1 Reg. Peims.— I. 297. i Dniilap in Mem. of Penn. Hist. Soc. I. 164. 44 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 2. To read his letter and the king's declaration to the inhabitants, and to take their acknowledgment of his authority and propriety. o. To settle boundaries between Penn and his neighbors, to survey, set out, rent or sell lands according to instructions given. 4. To erect courts, appoint sherifts, justices of the peace, etc. 5. To call to his aid any of the inhabitants, for the legal suppression of tumult, etc.^ Markham carried also letters from Penn and the king to Lord Balti- more, authorizing him to adjust boundaries. He arrived at New York on June 21, 1(381, 0. S, and "Lord Baltimore, being in the province, had an interview with Markham at Upland (now called Chester) which re- sulted in discovering, from actual observation, that Upland itself was at least 12 miles south of 40 degrees, and that boundaries (claimed by Lord Baltimore) would extend to the Schuylkill. This discovery ended the conference, and gave fresh incentives to Penn to obtain from the Duke of York a grant of the Delaware settlements, as without such grant he had now reason to fear the loss of the Avhole peninsula."''^ Penn soon after published an account of his province with the royal charter and other documents connected with it, offering easy terms of sale for lands, viz. : forty shillings sterling for one hundred acres, subject to a quit rent of one shilling per annum forever. "Many persons from Loudon, Liverpool, and Bristol, embarked in his enterprise; and an association, called the 'Free Traders' Society of Penn- sylvania,' purchased large tracts of land. Articles of agreement between the proprietary and the adventurers were formed, under the title of ' Cer- tain conditions or concessions, agreed upon by William Penn, proprie- tary and governor of the province of Pennsylvania, and those who are the adventurers and purchasers in the same province, the eleventh of July, 1681.'"^ This document is reproduced in Division X, No. 2. In the autumn of the same year [1681] Penn appointed three Com- missioners, viz., Wm. Crispin, John Bezar and Nathaniel Allen, to pro- ceed to the colony, arrange for a settlement, lay out a town and treat with the Indians. His mind towards the latter may be seen from the subjoined letter to them, which he sent to them by his deputy and com- missioners:* "LoNDOX, the 18th of the Eighth month, 1681. " 'My Friends: There is a great God and power, that hath made the world, and all things therein; to whom you and I, and all people owe their being, and well-being; and to whom you and I must one day give an account for all that we do in the world. 1 Hazard's Annals, p. 504. 2 Hazard quoting from Clialniers. 3 Gordon. 4 Proud. Clarkson. Hazard. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 45 *' This great God liatli written his law in our hearts, by which avc are taught and commanded to love and help, and do good to one another. Now this great God hath been pleased to make me concerned in your part of the world ; and the King of the country where I live, hath given me a great province therein ; but I desire to enjoy it icitli your love and consent ; that we may always live together, as neighbors and friends; else what would the great God do to us, who hath made us, not to devour and destroy one another, but to live soberly and kindly together, in the world? now I would have you well observe, that I am very sensible of the unkindness and injustice that have been too much exercised towards you, by the people of these parts of the world; who have sought them- selves, and to make great advantages by you, rather than to be examples of goodness and patience unto you; which I hear hath been a matter of trouble to you, and caused great grudging and animosities, sometimes to the shedding of blood ; Avhich hath made the great God angry. But I am not such a man ; as is well known in my own country. I have great love and regard towards you ; and desire to win and gain your love and friendship, by a kind, just and peaceable life ; and the people I send are of the same mind, and shall, in all things, behave themselves accord- ingly; and, if in anything any shall offend you, or your people, you shall have a full and speedy satisfaction for the same, by an equal num- ber of just men, on both sides; that by no means you inay have just occasion of being offended against them. "I shall shortly come to you myself; at which time we may more largely and freely confer and discourse of these matters ; in the mean- time I have sent ni}'- commissioners to treat with you about land, and a firm league of peace '; let me desire you to be kind to them, and the people, and receive these 'jj^'^sents and tokens Avhich I have sent you, as a testimony of my good will to you, and my resolution to live justly, peaceably and friendly with you. "I am your loving friend, William Penn. - •' In the beginning of the year 1(382 William. Penn published his frame of government, and certain laws, agreed on in England by himself and the purchasers under him, entitled ' The frame of the government of the Province of Pennsylvania^ in America; together zuith certain laws, agreed upon in England by the Governor, and divers freemen of the aforesaid j^ro- vince. To he further explained and confirmed there, by the first Provincial Council that sliall beheld, if they see Tneet^ Y^hioh. frame, &c. may be seen in Division X, No. 3. "South of the province lay the territories or counties on Delaware, stretching one hundred and fifty miles along the bay, to the Atlantic ocean. The possessor of this country, commanding the entrance and 46 AUTHENTIC HISTORY course of the river, would liave power to harass the commerce, and in other respects to afi'ect the Avelfare of the neighboring colony .^ Penn was desirous to possess these territories, as well on account of the security they afforded, as of the advantages to be derived from a hardy and labo- rious population. The Duke of York held them as an appendage to his o-overnment, and, though reluctant to cede them, he could not resist the solicitations of the proprietary. He executed three deeds to Penn in August, 1682. The first, dated the twenty-first, releasing his right to the province; the others, dated the twenty -fourth, granting the town of New- castle and the land lying within a circle of twelve miles about it; and the tract of land beginning at twelve miles south of Newcastle, and en- tending southward to Cape Henlopen. For the last tract, Penn cove- nanted to pay the Duke and his heirs one-half of all the rents and profits received from it. These grants conveyed to the proprietary a fee simple estate in the soil, but no political right whatever. Holding in soccage as of the Duke's castle at New York, he owed fealty to, and was a subject of that government. Whether he ever obtained from the crown political powers over this country is questionable. It is certain that, when the right he assumed became the subject of controversy, among the inhabi- tants of the province and territories, no grant of this nature was exhibi- ted. These deeds were duly recorded in New York, and, by proclamation of the commander there, twenty-first November, 1782, to the magistrates on the west side of the Delaware, the rights of Penn under them were publicly recognized." Penn having completed all arrangements for his voyage to America, after writing a beautiful letter to his wife and children, and another " to all faithful friends in England," accompanied by about one hundred pas- sengers, mostly friends from Sussex, after a passage of about two months on board the ship Welcome, of three hundred tons burthen, came in sight of the American coast about Egg-Harbour in New Jersey on the 24th of October, and reached New Castle on the 27th. On the following day he produced his deeds from the Duke of York and received posses- sion by the solemn " delivery of turf and twig and water and soyle of the River Delaware^ ^ He was received with demonstrations of gladness by the inhabitants, and at the Court House "made a speech to the old magistrates, in which he explained to them the design of his coming, the nature and end of government, and of that more particularly which he came to establish.^ " To form some idea of the proportion of the different sorts of people, on the west side of Delaware, about this time, or prior to William Penn's arrival, on the lands granted him, it may be noted, that the Butch then had a meeting place, for religious worship, at Newcastle; the Swedes, three — 1 Gordon. 2 Hazard. ' SClarkson. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 47 one at Christeen^ one at Tenecum^ and one at Wicocoa, (now in the su- burbs of Philadeljihia.) The Quakers, as before observed, in the intro- duction, had three, viz.: one at Upland, or Chester; one at Shackamaxon, or about where Kensington now stands, in the vicinity of Pliiladelplda, and one near the lower falls of Delaware.'''''^ 1 Proud. 48 AUTHENTIC HISTORY CHAPTER III. FROM THE ARRIVAL OF WILLIAM PENN TO THE ERECTION OF LANCASTER COUNTY. Pemi went to Upland (Chester) on the 29th of October, [1682.] On his arrival there he changed its name. "This was a memorable event and to be distinguished by some marked circumstance. He determined, therefore, to change the name of the place. Turning round to his friend Pearson, one of his own society, who had accompanied him in the ship Welcome, he said, ' Providence has brought us here safe. Thou hast been the companion of my perils. What wilt thou that I should call this place?' Pearson said, 'Chester,' in remembrance of the city from whence he came. A¥illiam Penn replied, that it should be called Chester, and that when he divided the land into counties, one of them should be called by the same name."^ From Chester Penn is said to have proceeded with some of his friends in an open barge, in the earliest days of November, to a place about four miles above the mouth of the Schuylkill, called Coaquannock, "where there was a high, bold shore, covered with lofty pines. Here the site of the infant city of Philadelphia had been established, and we may be as- sured his approach was hailed with joy by the whole population: the old inhabitants, Swedes and Dutch, eager to catch a glimpse of their future governor; and the Friends, who had gone before him, anxiously await- ing his arrival." 2 The following tradition connected with his arrival is given by Watson : "The Indians, as well as the whites, had severally prepared the best entertainment the place and circumstances could admit. William Penn made himself endeared to the Indians by his marked condescension and acquiescence in their Avishes [1682]. He walked with them, sat with them on the ground, and ate with them of their roasted acorns and hominy. At this they expressed their great delight, and soon began to show how they could hop and jump; at which exhibition William Penn, to cap the climax, sprang up and beat them all ! We are not prepared to credit such light gaiety in a sage Governor and religious chief; but we have the positive assertion of a woman of truth, who says she saw it. There may have been a very wise policy in the measure as an act of concilia- tion, worth more than a regiment of sharpshooters. He was then suffici- ently young for any agility, and we remember that one of the old 1 Clarkson. 2 Janney. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 49 journalists among tlie Friends incidentally speaks of him as having naturally an excess of levity of spirit for a grave minister." ^ Penn immediately after his arrival despatched two persons to Lord Baltimore,'^ to ask of his health, offer kind neighborhood, and agree upon a time of meeting the better to establish it. While they were gone on this errand he went to New York to pay his duty to the Duke, in the visit of his government and colony. He returned from New York towards the end of November. To this period belongs the " Great Treaty ^^'' which took place at Shack- amaxon, (now called Kensington), or more correctly Sachamexing, derived from Sahitna or Sachem^ the Delaware for a king or chief, and ing^ the Indian termination indicating locality or the place where; the a: before ing is inserted for euphony's sake. Thus Sakimaxing or Sacha- mexing signifies the meeting place of chiefs. It seems to have been a place of resort for the Indians of different nations to consult together and settle their mutual differences and on this account it was probablv selected by Markham and Penn^ after him as the place for holding their successive treaties. There were at least three Indian tribes present : The Lenni Lenape, living near the Delaware; the Mingoes from Conestogo, and the Shawnees from the Susquehanna. William Penn was accompa- nied by a few friends. "It is near the close of November, [1682], the lofty forest trees on the banks of the Delaware have shed their summer attire,* the ground is strewed with leaves, and the Council fire burns brightly, fanned by the autumnal breeze. Under the wide branching elm^ the Indian tribes are assembled, but all unarmed, for no warlike weapon is allowed to disturb 1 The deponent referred to is the grandmother of Samuel Preston, Esq.. formerly of Bucks county. She died in 1774, at the age of 100 years, in full mind and memory. William Penn and sundry Indians were present at her marriage. She described Penn as of rather short stature, but the handsomest, best looking, most lively gentleman, she had ever seen. There was nothing like pride about him, but affable and friendly with the humblest in life. — Watson's Annals, I. 55. 2 W. Penn's letter to the Lords of Plantations, &c. 3 Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa. III. pt. 2. p. 183. 4 Comi)iled by Janney. 5 This tree was long revered by the colonists and Indians. During the revolutionary war the British general Sincoe, who was quartered at Kensington, so regarded it, that whilst his soldiers were felling the trees of the vicinity for fuel, he placed a sentinel under this, that not a branch of it might be touched. In 1810 it was blown down, and cups, and workstands, and other articles of furniture, were made from it, to be pre- served as memorials. It was then ascertained to be two hundred and eighty-three years old, having been one hundred and fifty-five years old at the time of the confer- ence. — Notice by Sir B. West, reported by B. Vaux, esq,, member of the Historical Society of Pennsylmnia, 1825 — p. 97 — Clarkson. The Penn Society of Philadelphia, at the suggestion of R. Vaux, esq., have erected a marble monument on the spot where the ^^ Treaty Elm'''' stood, on the bank of the 5 oO AUTHENTIC HISTORY the scene. In front are the chiefs, Avith their counsellors and aged men, on either hand. Behind them, in the form of a half-moon, sit the young- men and some of the aged matrons ; while beyond, and disposed in still widening circles, are seen the youth of both sexes. Among the assem- bled chiefs there is one who holds a conspicuous rank : the Great Sachem Taminend, one of nature's noblemen, revered for his wisdom and beloved for his goodness. But see! a barge is approaching, bearing at its mast- head the broad pennant of the Governor; the oars are plied with meas- ured strokes, and near the helm sits William Penn attended by his Council — among them are Markham, his Secretary, Holme, Survej^or- General, Simcox, Haigue, Taylor and Pearson. On the river bank, waiting with others to join them, is Lac}^ Cock, the hospitable Swede, whose dwelling is near the treaty-ground. They are plainl}^ dressed, and the proprietary is only distinguished from the rest by a sky-blue sasli of silk network that encircles his waist. They land and advance toward the Council lire: the Governor, having his cousin Markham on the right, and his friend Pearson on the left, is preceded by some of his attendants, bearing presents, which they spread upon the ground. " They pause when they approach the Council lire — Taminend puts oji his chaplet, surmounted by a small horn, the emblem of kingly power, and then through an interpreter, he announces to William Penn that the nations are ready to hear him." Penn, holding in his hand a roll of parchment, containing the confir- mation of the treaty of purchase and amity, addressed them thus :^ " The Great Spirit who ruled the heavens and the earth, the Father of all men. bore witness to the sincerity of his wishes to dwell with them in peace and friendship, and to serve them with all his power. Himself and fol- lowers had met them unarmed, because their religion forbade the use of hostile weapons against their fellow creatures ; they came not to injure others; that was offensive to the Great Spirit; but to do good, in whick Ueliiware, near the intersection of Hanover and Beach streets, Kensington. The mon- timent hears the following inscriptions : On the North. On the Wed. Treaty Ground Placed by the Penn of Society, William Penn A. D. 1827, and the To mark the site Indian natives, of the 1683. Great Elm Tree. On the South. On the East. William Penn Pennsylvania, Bom 1614. Founded Died 1718. 1681. By deeds of Peace." — Gordon, 1 Clark son. OF LANCASTER COUNTS'. 51 he deiiglited: having met in the broad pathway of trutli and hcnevo- lence, they ought to disdain deception, and to regulate their conduct by candor, fraternity, and love." Unrolling the parchment, he explained the articles of the treaty and terms of purchase. "By these,'' he con- tinued, " they were protected in their lawful pursuits, even in the lands they had alienated.^ Their right to improve their plantations and to procure subsistence Avould be, in all respects, similar to that of the English. Should disputes unfortunately arise between the two people, they should be adjusted by a jury, composed of equal numbers of Indians and Englishmen.'' From the merchandise before him, he then paid for the land, and made them many presents. Laying the foil of parchment upon the earth, he bade them observe it as a sign that the land should be thenceforth common to both people. •"lie would not," he added, •'like the people of Maryland, call them his children or his brethren; for some parents chastised their children too severely, and brethren would disagree; nor would he compare their friendship to a chain which the rain might rust, or the tail of a tree destroy; but that he would consider them as of one flesh and blood with the Christians, and the same as if one man's body were divided in two parts." liesuming the parchment, he presented it to the chief sachem, and desired that it iniglit "be care- fully preserved for three generations, that their children might knoAv what had passed, as if he had remained to repeat it."- "This treaty forms a brilliant ray of the halo which graces the head of Penn. It lias been honorably noticed by eminent authors. 'This,' says Voltaire, 'was the only treaty between these people and the Chris- tians that was not ratified by an oath, and which was never broken.' ^ •William Penn thought it just,' writes the Abbe Eajmal, 'to obtain an additional right, by a fair and open purchase from the aborigines; and thus he signalized his arrival by an act of equity, which made his person and his principles equally beloved. Here the mind rests with pleasure upon modern history, and feels some indemnification for that disgust, melancholy, and horror, which the whole of it, particularly that of the European settlements in America, inspires.' It has been erroneously supposed that this was the first instance of the purchase of lands from the aboriginal Americans. But, in this particular, Penn followed the 1 Gordon quoting' Claikson. 2 In ratitication of this treaty, the Indians, according to their national custom, deliv- ered by their chief Sachem to William Penn'a broad belt of Wampum. It consists of eighteen strings of white Wampum and has in its centre delineated in purple colored l)eads two tigures, that of an Indian grasping with the hand of friendship the hand of a man in the European costume wearing a hat. The belt had been carefully preserved in the Penn family, and was presented to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, by Granville John Penn on April 13, 1857. The proceedings are published in Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa. VI. p. 305— s(i. 3 Gordon. 52 AUTHENTIC HISTORY example of Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, and New Jersey ; and tlie Dutcli, Swedes, and Fins of tlie Delaware. His merit consists in the justice and kindness which characterized all his intercourse with the na- tives. These have made an indelible impression. His memory is still gratefully cherished by their descendants, amid the distant wilds to which they have been driven by the tide of population. The great and good Onas, as they rendered the word Penn in their language, was an exem- plar, which they frequently held up for imitation to his lieutenants and successors: and by this name they continued to distinguish the future Governors of Pennsylvania." ^ Penn on the fourth of December [1682] convened a General Assembly at Chester, of which Nicholas Moore, president of the Society of Free Traders, was chosen speaker. During a session of four days this assembly enacted three laws : 1. An act for the union of the province and territories ; 2. An act of naturalization; o. The great law, or code of laws, consist- ing of sixty-nine sections, and embracing most of the laws agreed upon in England and several others afterward suggested. "1. The inhabitants of the territories, anxious to participate in the benefits of the provincial constitution, solicited to be incorporated with the province on the third day of the session, and a bill, prepared by the proprietary, was immediately offered and adopted.^ This act should rather be considered as confirmatory than as the origin of the union. For the freemen of the territories formed a part of the assembly, and acted with those of the province on all measures, from the commencement to the close of the session. As this measure strengthened the authority of Penn, so, in some degree, it legitimated his conduct. Tracing political power to its only true source, the will of the people, he was ready to forget that no power to rule the territories was given to him by the deeds of feoffment from the Duke of York; nor did he nicely scan the rights of the royal prerogative, infringed by himself and the people, over whom his power was thus established. "2. The 'Act of Union,' alone, was not deemed sufficient to effect an entire amalgamation of the inhabitants of the province and territories. For, although, by the capitulation of the Dutch Avith Colonel Nichols, in l(36-i, and by the treat}^ between England and the States General, the inhabitants of the west border of the Delaware became English subjects, they were considered bv Penn so far a distinct peojjle, as to require an act of naturalization to make them citizens of his commonwealth. By such an act, the Dutch, Swedes, and Fins of the territories entered into full possession of provincial rights. And, with jealousy and fear, in- 1 William Penn was called by the Iroquois Onas, by the Delawares Miquon, both ■words signifying a quill or pen. Mem. Hist. Soc. Pa., iii. pt. 3. p. 349. " Gordon. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 53 Spired by their weakness, the house resolved that the future naturaliza- tion of foreigners should be made by special laws." 3. The "Great Law," as already characterized, was the work of Penn and long formed the basis of jurisprudence in Pennsylvania. Its first section, justly celebrated for its provision for "liberty of conscience," ran as follows : "Almighty God being only Lord of conscience, Father of lights and spirits, and the Author as well as Object of all divine knowledge, faith and worship, who only can enlighten the mind, and persuade and con- vince the understanding of people in due reverence to His sovereignty over the souls of mankind. It is enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no person now or at any time hereafter living in this province, who shall confess and acknowledge one Almighty God to be the Creator, Upholder and Euler of the world, and that professeth him or herself obliged in conscience to live peaceably and justly under the civil government, shall in anywise be molested or prejudiced for his or her conscientious per- suasion or practice, nor shall he or she at any time be compelled to frequent or maintain any religious worship, place, or ministry whatever, contrary to his or her mind, but shall freely and fully enjoy his or her Christian liberty in that respect, without any interruption or reflection; and if any person shall abuse or deride any other for his or her different j^ersuasion and practice in matter of religion, such shall be looked upon as a disturber of the peace, and be punished accordingly. But to the end that looseness, irreligion and atheism may not creep in under pre- tence of conscience, in this province, be it further enacted by the au- thority aforesaid, that according to the good example of the primitive Christians, and for the ease of the creation, every first day of the week, called the Lord's Day, people shall abstain from their common toil and labor, that whether masters, parents, children or servants, they may the better dispose themselves to read the Scriptures of truth at home, or to frequent such meetings of religious worship abroad as may best suit their respective persuasions." ^ On the 19th of December [1682] Penn by appointment met Lord Balti- more at AVestriver, but their interview led to no solution of the vexa- tious question of boundary, as is evident from the subjoined extract from Penn's letter to "the Lords of the Committee of Plantations" in London. " The first thing I did was to present the King's letter, which consisted of two parts; one that the Lord Baltimore has but two degrees; and the other, that beginning at Watkins' Point, he should admeasure his said degrees at sixty miles to a degree. This being read to him, first pri- vately, then publicly, he told me the King was greatly mistaken and that he would not leave his patent to follow the King's letter, nor could a 1 Hazard's Aimals, p. 620. 54 AUTHENTIC HISTORY letter void bis patent ; and by tliat lie would stand. This was tlie sub- stance of what he said from first to last during the whole conference." ^ " This question of boundary was vexatious and of long continuance, and was not treated by Lord Baltimore with that delicacy and forbear- ance which characterized William Penn. For Baltimore would not dela}'' the exercise of the rights which he claimed, until inquiry should be made into their legality ; but, by proclamation, otYered lands in the territories lor sale, at half the price demanded for those unquestionably within his own patent ; - and in the folloAviug year, he used force to dis- possess several persons^ who refused to acknowledge his title, and threat- ened others who would not pay him quit-rent.'' The claims of Baltimore were not without color. Maryland Avas granted to Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, by patent, dated June 20th, 1632, and was now held by his son Charles. The charter, in the description of the northern boundaries, had the folloAving clause: 'unto that part of Delaware bay on the north, Avhich lie binder (he fortieth degree of northern latitude;' but it had also a clause restricting the grantee to the occupation of such lands as had not been previously settled by European nations. Penn's charter included the country from the ' beginning of the fortieth degree of north latitude,' and, of course, from the end of the thirty-ninth degree. The words 'under the fortieth degree,' gave to Baltimore, as he supposed, a right to the lands up to the beginning of the forty-first degree. To this con- struction Penn opposed the restricting clause in the Maryland charter, and averred that the territories had been settled by Europeans in 1627, five years before the date of that grant. lie also endeavored to restrain the degree in Baltimore's grant to sixty miles, alleging that to, be the mode of computation at the time it was givcn.'^ "The proprietary had a deep interest in this contest. Sliould Balti- more prevail, he would be deprived of one degree by five, equal to tAventy-four thousand one hundred and sixteen square miles. But thLs possible curtailment of his province did not affect him so deeply as the prospective loss of j^orts and commercial adA'antages upon the Chesapeake, Avhich he supposed to be included in his charter.'^ During his life, how- ever, no effectual means Avere adopted for terminating the dispute. In 1732, his heirs and Lord Baltimore entered into an agreement, by Avhich nearly one-half of the DelaAvare peninsula, north and Avest of Cape Hen- lopen, Avas assigned to the former, and the southern boundary of the province Avas fixed on that parallel of latitude Avhicli is fifteen miles south of the most southern parts of the city of Philadelphia. But the perfor- mance of this agreement Avas procrastinated by Baltimore, under various 1 Gordon. -Bait. Prod. I.lth May lOM-L IVnifs f.etter to Com. of Plinitation. I4tli June 1683. 3 Proud. OF LANCASTER COUXTV. 05 pretexts, and the proprietaries were driyen, in 1735, to the English court of chancery for relief. In 1750, Lord Chancellor Ilardwicke decreed specific performance, and determined several questions which had arisen out of the agreement during the controversy.^ But the Maryland pro- prietary contrived also to dela}^ the execution of this decree. A supple- mentary bill was filed, pending which Frederick, Lord Baltimore, in 1760, made a new agreement, explanatory of the last. The line, pursuant to these agreements, was run, in 1761, the distance of two hundred and thirty miles." Penn about this time divided the province and territories, each into three counties ; those of the former were called Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester; those of the latter, Nevj Castle, Kent and Sussex. Sheriffs and other officers having been duly appointed for the several counties, writs ^ for the election of Members of Council and Assembly were issued con- formable with the Constitution,^ and on the 10th day of the First month, 1683 (O. S.)* Penn met the Council at Philadelphia, and the Assembly two days later. The number of members for both the Council and As- sembly was twelve for each county, viz.: three for the Council and nine for the Assembl}^, making in all, seventy-two. Their names, with brief notices of the more prominent, are here subjoined : Names of the Council — William Markham, Christopher Taylor, Thomas Holme, Lacy Cock, William Haige, John Moll, Ealph Withers, John Sim- cock, Edward Cantwell, AVilliam Clayton, William Biles, James Harri- 1 Gordon. -The following form of these writs is taken from the original, viz: [L. S.] "William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of the province of Ponn-sylvania, "and the territories thereunto belonging : •'I do hereby, in the King's name, empower and require thee to simimou all the ft-ee- holders in thy bailiwick, to meet on the 20th. day of the next month, at the falls upon Delaware river; and that they then and there elect and chuse out of themselves, twelve pei-sons of most note for wisdom and integrity, to serve as their delegates in the pro- vincial council, to be held at PMladelphio, the 10th. day of the first month next; and that thou there declare to the said freemen, that they may all personally appear at an Assembly, at the place aforesaid, according to the contents of my charter of liberties; *)f which thou art to make me a tnie and faithful return. " friB«H «< Philadelphia, the day of the month, 1G82. AVILLIAM PENN. "To Itiehard JVoble, High Sheriff of the county of Bvck»; (ind the other fite Sheriffs likewise for their several cot/ntie^." 3 Proud. * The following extract from the acts of the first General Assembly of Pennsylvania, passed Dec. 7, 1682 shows that the first settlers began [the year on the first of March. * ' And bee it enacted by the authority afores'l that ye days of ye week & ye month.s of ye year, Shall be called as in Scripture, & not by Heathen names, (as are vulgarly used), as ye first second and third daies of ye week, and first, second & third months of ye year, beginning with ye day called Sunday, and ye month called March. 56 AUTHENTIC HISTORY son, William Clark, Francis Whitewell, John Eichardson, Jolin Hillyard. The Members of Assembly for each county were — For Bucks — William Yardly, Samuel Darke, Eobert Lucas, Nicholas Walne, John Wood, John Clowes, Thomas Fitzwater, Robert Hall, James Boy den. For Philadelphia — John Songhurst, John Hart, Walter King, Andros Binkson, John Moon, Thomas Wynne, speaker, Griffith Jones, William Warner, Swan Swanson. For Chester— John Hoskins, Robert Wade,* George Wood, John Blun- ston, Dennis Eochford, Thomas Bracy, John Bezer, John Harding, Joseph Phipps. For Neivcastle — John Cann, John Darby, Valentine Hollingsworth, Gasparus Herman, John Dehoaef, James Williams, William Guest, Peter Alrick, Henrick Williams. For Kent — John Biggs, Simon Irons, Thomas Haffijld, John Curtis, Robert Bedwell, A¥illiam Windsmore, John Brinkloe, Daniel Brown, Benony Bishop. For Sussex — Luke Watson, Alexander Draper, William Futcher, Henry Bowman, Alexander Moleston, John Hill, Eobert Bracy, John Kipshaven, Cornelius Verhoof. Captain William Markham, from London, was a relation of the pro- prietor. He was afterwards sometimes his secretary, and sometimes his deputy-governor. He appears to have been a useful person, of good education, character and ability. He had the proprietor's confidence and esteem till his death. Christopher Taylor is said to have been a person of excellent character and ability; he was born in Yorkshire, had a good education, wrote well in the Latin language. He was an eminent preacher among the Quakers, and wrote several pieces in defence of their religious principles, in Eng- land, as well as his brother, Thomas Taylor. He was one of the first and principal settlers in the province, under William Penn; and is said to have been of great service in it, in different respects. He died in 1696. Captain Thomas Holmes came from Waterford, in Ireland. He was one of the people called Quakers, and surveyor-general of the province, appointed by commission from the proprietor, bearing date the 18th of the second month, 1682. Lacy (Lasse) Cock appears to have been one of the Swede settlers, prior to William Penn's arrival. John Simcock came from Eidley, in Cheshire, in England, where he had suffered much for his religion, being a Quaker and a preacher in that society. He had a good education, was one of the proprietor's first commissioners of propertj-, and one of his most trusty friends in the OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 57 government. Sometimes lie was speaker of tlie assembly; and is said to have been a very worthy and serviceable person in the province, both in a religious and civil capacity. He lived in Chester county, and died on the 27th of January, 1702. William Biles was a preacher among the Quakers, among the first set- tlers there; where he appears to have taken up land under Governor Andros, of New York, prior to William Penn's grant of the province. He is said to have been a very useful person both in the civil and re- ligious line ; being often in the Council and Assembly, &c. James Harrison came from Boulton, in Lancashire, one of the proprie- tor's first commissioners of property ; was divers years in great esteem with him and his agent, at Peunsbury — being a man of good educa- tion, and a preacher among the Quakers. William Haige had been a merchant in London. Ralph Withers, from Bishop's Canning, in Wiltshire. Grilhth Jones, from Surry. Francis Whitewell was counsellor for Kent county. He is said to have been a very serviceable person in the government, among the first and early settlers ; a preacher among the Quakers ; and every way a very useful and worthy member of society. He died in the year 1681; and William Darval was chosen counsellor in his stead. Thomas Wynne was Speaker of the Assembly during the two first years, and was at other times a member of it. He was one of the people called Quakers, a preacher among them, and came from North Wales; a person of note and good character. He died in the latter part of the year 1692. He was author of some pieces written in defence of the Quakers, in his native country. John Moon was originally of Lancashire, in England : afterwards of Bris- tol. He wrote some pieces in defence of the Quakers, in his native cov^ntr3^ John Songhurst came from Sussex, in England; was a writer and preacher among the Quakers. He died in West Jersey, and was buried in Philadelphia, in 1688.— 1 Proud^ 235-6. The most important business enacted at this session was the adoption a new charter, framed by a joint committee [1683.] It is reprinted in Division X. No. 4. This charter, with another enacted in 1696 were only preparatory to the last Charter of Privileges^ granted in 1701. "The Governor and Council, among other regulations, established a Seal, for each county, viz: for Philadelphia., an Anchor; for Bucks, a Tree and Vine; for Chester, a Ploiv; for Neio Castle, a Cassia; for Kent, three Ears of Indian Corn; and for Sussex, a Wheat Sheaf. "The first sheriffs appointed for each county, were: for Philadelphia, John Test; Chester, TJiomas Usher; Bucks, Richard Nolle; Xeir Castle, Edmund Cantiaell; Kent, Peter Boircomh ; Sussex, John Vines. 58 AUTHENTIC HISTORY "The lirst Grand Jv/fij^ in Pennsglvania, was summoned on the second of tlie third month, this year, [1683] upon some persons accused of issuinsf counterfeit silver money .^ The Governor and Council sat as a Court of Justice on the occasion. The names of those impannelled and attested to serve on the Graad Jury were, Thomas Lloyd, Foreman, Enock Flower^ Richard, Wood^ Joh,n Harding, John Hill, Edward Louff, James Boydea, Nicholas Walae, John James, John Vanhorson, Robert Hall, \'^a]£ntme Holliti(isivijrl^ John Louff, John Wale, tSaniuel Harh', John Parsons, John Blunston, Thomas Fitzivater, William Guest, John Curtis, Robert Lucas, Henry Jones and CqJeh Pusey. "A bill (tr bills, being found by the Grand Jury, a Petty Jury was therefore impannelled and attested; whose names were: John Claypoole, Foreman, Robert Tur)U'r, Robert Ewer, Andrew Binkson, JoJtn, Barnes, Jose.j)h Fisher, Deaai>< Roch/ord, William Howell, Walter King, Benjamin Whitehead, TJujraas Rouse and David Breintnalir At this time Penn was probabl}^ renewing his negotiations with the Indians, as would appeal* from two deeds on record for land purchased. The lirst dated June 2;:5d, 1683, between William Penn and Kings Tam- anen and Metamequan, conveys their land near Neshemanah (Nesh- aminy) creek, and thence to Pennapecka (Pennypack.) ^ The second our out his plagues upon theui and they shall hnoiv tcho it is that judgeth the children of men And, thou, Philadel- phia, the virgin settlement of this province, named before thou wert born, what love, what care, what service, and what travail has there been to bring thee forth, and preserve thee from such as would abuse and defile thee ! "Oh, that thou mayst be kept from the evil that Avould overwhelm thee ; that, faithful to the God of thy mercies, in the life of righteousness, thou mayst be preserved to the end. :My soul prays to God for thee, that thou mayst stand in the day of tryal, that thy children may be blessed of the Lord, and thy people saved by his power; my love to 1 Proud. 2 Proud. Gordon. OF LAXCASTER COUNTY. io thee has been great, and the remembranco of tliee aftects mine heart and mine eye! the God of eternal strength keep and preserve thee, to his glory and thy peace." After a passage of seven weeks Penn reached England. Charles II died Dec. (3, 1684 (O. S.) and was succeeded by James, duke of York, Avhose accession was greatly dreaded hj the Protestants, Avho apprehended a revival of the persecutions during the reign of Mary. Penn might have taken advantage of these apprehensions to induce more emigrants to settle in Pennsylvania, but he was disinterested and used his influence with the King to grant liberty of conscience to all religionists and more especially to the Quakers. Penn had stood high in the King's favor long before he ascended the throne, for the friendship which James entertained for the father, who had bravely fought under his flag, was enjoyed in a still higher degree by the son, who by that means succeeded in obtaining from the King's Council a favorable decree in his dispute Avith Lord Baltimore.^ On the first day of the second month, 1685, the lines of separation between the county of Philadelphia and those of Bucks and Chester, were confirmed by the Council :- ** The county of Chester was to begin at the mouth, or entrance of Bough Creek, upon Delaware river, being the upper end of Tenecu)n island; and so up that creek, dividing the said island from the land of Andrein Boone and company; from thence along the several courses thereof, to a large creek called Mill-creeh; from thence, along the several courses of the said creek, to a west-south-west line ; which line divides the liberty lands of Philadelphia from several tracts of land, belonging to the Welsh and other inhabitants; and from thence east-north-east, by a line of marked trees one hundred and twenty perches, more or less; from thence north-north-west by Haverford township, one thousand perches, more or less ; from thence east-north-east by the land belonging to John Humphrey, one hundred and ten perches, more or less; from thence north-north-west by the land of John Ecklej^, eight hundred and eighty perches, more or less ; from thence continuing said course to the bounds of Scidkil river; which said Sculkill river afterward to tlie natural bounds." The period of Penn's absence from the C(jlony is marked cliiefl}^ hj unhappy dift'erences between the legislature and the executive, and between the members from the territories and those of the province. ^ The more important events and incidents are now presented in chrono- logical order. [1685.] Penn had appointed Kicholas Moore from London, a laAvyer and President of the Company of Free Traders and a member of the Assem- ] Ebeliiig-. 2 Col. Rec. I.— 136. 3 Day. / 7-i AUTHENTIC HISTORY bly, to the office of Chief Justice, The Assembly, jealous of its preroga- tives, disregarded the fundamental laws of the colony in enacting statutes v/ithout previously publishing them as required by the Constitution. Moore, by opposing some of the measures of the Assembly and more particularly their attempt to alter the organization of the courts of justice, had incurred the enmity of the House, which proceeded to impeach him. " He was charged with violence, partiality and negligence, in a cause in which the Society of Free Traders was interested.^ Ten articles were preferred against him, which he refused to answer, though frequently summoned by the Council, and he was saved from conviction by some technical obstacle in the form of proceeding. But this did not protect him from punishment. He was expelled from the Assembly, and was interdicted all places of trust by the Council, until he should be tried upon the articles of impeachment, or should give satisfaction to the board. His offence was not of an heinous character, since he retained the confi- dence of the proprietary: and, in noticing his punishment, we should remark, that he had incurred the displeasure of the House by having entered thrice in one day his single protest upon its minutes against the passage of bills, Avhich had been introduced without the publication directed by the charter. The anger of the Assembly was extended to Patrick Robinson, clerk of the provincial court, who had refused to pro- duce before them the minutes of that court. They voted him to be a l)ablic enemy and a violator of their privileges, and ordered him into the custody of the sheriff. When brought before the House he complained of arbitrary and illegal treatment, refused to answer the questions put to him, and, in a fit of sullenness, cast himself at full length upon the floor. An address was presented to the Council requesting that the prisoner might be disqualified to hold any public office within the province or territories ; but this punishment was not inflicted, as Robinson subse- quently held the clerkship of the Council and other offices. Neither Moore nor Robinson ^vere Quakers ; they were charged with enmity to that sect, or, in the language of Penn, ' were esteemed the most unquiet and cross to Friends.' There were other disturbances at this time in the province. A certain John Curtis, a justice of the peace, was charged with uttering treasonable and dangerous words against the King. He was ordered to be tried by commissioners from the Council, and, though no bill was found against him, he was dismissed from his office and com- pelled to give surety of the peace, in the sum of three hundred pounds. Charges were made against several officers of government for extortion; and gross immoralities were practised among the lower class of people inhabiting the caves on the banks of the Delaware. These things were reported with great exaggeration in England, by the enemies ol" Penn 1 Gordon. Proud. Ebelin;;'. Votes. OF LANCASTER COUN'TV. 75 and the Quakers ; they prevented emigration, and greatly aftected the reputation of the society of Friends and the proprietary." Penn changed the form of executive government to a board of iivo commissioners, any three of whom were empowered to act [IGSd] Tlie board consisted of Thomas Lloyd, Nichohis Moore, James (^lavpoole, Eobert Turner and John Eckley. The next session of the legishitiire [108b] was marked by the usual want of unanimity and the objectionable acts of the Assembly laying on its members a solemn injunction of secrecy. This measure was not without an exhibition of imdignified violence, resisted by the Council, and the lack of harmony greatly obstructed legislation. Ijloyd, in conse- quence, rec[uested to be released from the public affairs of government. His request was reluctantly granted, and on his recommendation, the proprietary changed the plural executive into a single deputy, making- choice of Captain John Blackwell, formerl}' an officer of Cromwell, under whom he had earned a distinguished reputation in England and Ireland. He was in New England when he received his commission dated July 25, 1688.1 ^^ Blackwell met the Assembly in the third month, 1689; but, by rea- son of some misunderstanding or dissension between him and some of the Council, the public affairs were not managed with the desired har- mony and satisfaction ; and but little done during his administration, which continued only till the twelfth-month this year, when he returned to England and the government of the province, according to charter, devolved again on the Council, Thomas Lloyd, President. *' The appointment of BlacJauell, who was no Qualcer, to be Deputy Gov- ernor, appears, by the proprietary's letters to his friends, in the ])rovince, to have been because no suitable person, who was of that society, would undertake the ofl&ce." - "By the rbvolution of 1688, which drove James from the throne, the proprietary lost all influence in the English court. His intimacy with that unhappy monarch covered him with dark suspicion.*^ His religious and political principles were misrepresented; he was denounced as a Catholic, a Jesuit of St. Omers, and a self-devoted slave to despotism, and was charged with conspiring the restoration of James. It is now unne- cessary to disprove these accusations ; for though his enemies caused him to be thrice examined before the privy council, and to give bail for his appearance in the king's bench, he was discharged by that court, no evi- dence appearing against him. The ties which bound him to Europe having been thus broken, he prepared to revisit his province, accom- panied by another colony of five hundred persons, which he had assem- bled by publication of new proposals. A convoy was appointed by 1 Proud. Gordon. •:: Proud. 3 Gordon. 7(3 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY government for his ] protection, and he was on the eve of sailing, when his enterprise was marred by another persecution. A wretch, named Fuller, subsequently declared infamous by parliament, and pilloried, ac- cused him, on oath, with being engaged in a conspiracy of the papists in Lancashire to raise a rebellion, and restore James to the crown. He narrowly escaped arrest on his return from the funeral of George Fox, the celebrated founder of the society of Friends. Hitherto he had met his accusers Avith a courage worthy of his character and his innocence, yet such was his dread of the profligac}' of the witness who now appeared against him, that he deemed it prudent to seek retirement and privacy. His contemplated colony failed, and the expenses of its outfit were lost.'' After Blackwell's departure the Council elected Thomas Lloyd, their president, and according to the constitution, assumed executive functions [1690.] But six counsellors from the lower counties, without the knowl- edge of the president, formed themselves into a separate Council, [1091] appointed judges for those counties and made ordinances. The President and Council of Pennsylvania fortliAvith published a oroclamation declaring all the acts of the six secedino' members illea'al. The latter made proposals towards an accommodation, in which they principally required that the judges and all officers of the Government should be appointed by the nine counsellors from the lower counties. But this was not allowed them. On the other hand, Penn tried to restore a good understanding between the two colonies, between whom the breach was widening, by giving them the choice of three modes of execu- tive government, viz: by a joint council, by five commissioners, or by a lieutenant-governor. The majority ftivored the last mode, but seven of the members for the lower counties protested against it, and declared for the commissioners, which form of government, in case the members for Pennsylvania should persist in favor of a lieutenant-governor, they meant to introduce into their territories until the will of the proprietary should ])e known. Their principal objections against a lieutenant-gov- ernor were the expense of his support and the fear lest the officers should be arbitrarily dismissed. The ettbrts on the part of the Council of Penn- sylvania to effiict a good understanding proving fruitless, the three upper counties choose Lloyd for their Governor, while the lowcv countievS rejected him. Penn, therefore, perceiving it i'mpossible to bring about a union, confirmed the appointment of Llojd, and conferred the govern- ment of the lower counties on William Markham, the former Secretarv of the province, who had joined with the protesting members. This was done by William Penn much against his will and had the consequence he predicted, viz : that the King, as will presently appear, annexed the two colonies to the Government of New York.^ lEbolino-. Proud. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 77 The scliism among the Quakers, occasioned by George Keith, deserves to be briefly noticed. The first public school in the city of Philadelphia was established in 1689, and placed under the direction of George Keith, a Scotchman by birth and a surveyor in the colony of New Jersey. He was much respected among the Quakers as a talented and scholarly man, who had distinguished himself as a writer and as the companion of Wil- liam Penn in his travels in German}-. But he had an overbearing dis- position and irascible temper, and was fond of disputation. He held it unlawful for the civil authority to use force in the execution of the law and fell off from the principles of his sect, maintaining among other things that the inward lirjlit was not necessary to salvation. This was very galling to the Quakers with whom he had been connected for eight and tAventy years. They arraigned him before the monthly meeting, with the only result of increasing his exasperation, to which he gave vent in bitter and disrespectful language. The cause was referred to the yearly meeting at Burlington, and to the general meeting at London. Keith, waxing more wrathful and vituperative, and gathering separate meetings, he was at last formally disowned in 1692, while he succeeded in forming a considerable party of adherents in Pennsylvania, and in making his ecclesiastical difficulties a matter of civil concern. In the preceding year [1692] a small sloop had been stolen by a pirate from the wharf in Philadelphia, and a warrant of hue and crv had been issued to take the criminal, who was seized and brought into the city. Keith denounced this act of the magistracy as violating the principles of the Quakers against carrying arms and the emplo3"ment of force. He actually indulged in insulting and menacing language against the Gov- ernor, and sought in printed pamphlets to bring the magistrates and the government into contempt. The printer (William Bradford, who had set up the first printing press in Philadelphia) was brought into court, and treating the court contemptuously, he was ordered to be imprisoned, although the sentence was not carried into effect; his printing press had been some time before taken from him. Keith also, and one of his friends, in consequence of a printed defence entitled "Plea of the Inno- cent," in which they personally abused Samuel Jennings, one of the judges, were brought into court, fined in the sum of five pounds each, but the fines were never exacted. Keith and his adherents now made a great outcry, complainhig of re- ligious persecution; but the numerous publications which appeared at the time show it to have been unfounded; the judges, however, deemed it necessary in August, 1692, to issue a declaration setting forth Keith's illegal conduct in slandering and insulting the Governor and other au- thorities, declaring him to have only been punished for those parts of his writings which contained these offences, and not for any of his 78 AUTHENTIC HISTORY expressed opinions, and that they had only in view to protect the magis- tracy from insult and abuse. Keith remained two years longer in the colony with his separate con- 'i-regation, and then went to England, where, unable to justify himself before the Quakers, he took orders in the Church of England. In 1702 he was sent to America as a Missionary, by the Society for the Propa- gation of the Gospel among the heathen, although he labored not among the Indians, but sought to win converts to the Church of England among the Quakers. He remained here two years, which he employed in travelling through the colonies, but chiefly in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, preaching with indefatigable zeal and denouncing his former co- religionists with the unrelenting bitterness of a renegade. His mission being ended, Keith returned to England, was settled in a living in Sussex, continuing to fulminate in his pamphlets against the Quakers.^ William Penn foresaw that these dissensions would furnish the crown a pretext for depriving him of his province. His fears were soon verified. William and Mary seized with avidity this opportunity to punish him for his attachment to the late king ; and they were well pleased to clothe un act of naked power with such justification as the disorders of the ])rovince presented. Their majesties' commission to Benjamin Fletcher, governor-general of New York, constituting him governor of Pennsylvania and the terri- tories, was notified to Thomas Lloyd on the 19th of April, [1693.] There was no notice, in this commission, of William Penn, nor of the provincial constitution. Fletcher was empowered to summon the General Assembly elected by the freeholders, to require its members to take the oaths and subscribe the tests prescribed by act of parliament, and to make laws in conjunction with the assembly, he having a veto upon their acts; and was directed to transmit copies of such laws, for the approbation of the crown, within three months from their enactment. Official information of this change was not given to the constituted authorities of the prov- ince, either by the king or proprietary; yet on the arrival of Colonel Fletcher at Philadelphia, the government was surrendered to him with- out objection ; but most of the Quaker magistrates refused to accept from him the renewal of their commissions. The proprietary condemned this ready abandonment of his rights, and addressed a cautionary letter to Fletcher, warning him of the illegality of his appointment; which might have restrained the latter from exercising his authority, had it been timely received, as he was attached to Penn by personal favors.^ ■ At the very beginning a misunderstanding arose between the Governor and the Assembly who attempted the introduction of a mode of sum- moning and electing the representatives at variance with the fundamental 1 Ebeling. Proud. i' Gordon. Proud. Min. of Council. OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 79 laws of tlie province, wliicli lie was bound to observe.^ The Assembly consisting of members from the upper and lower counties, but reduced to about sixteen in number, on convening, took steps to maintain their own and the people's rights. The Governor, on the majority of the members refusing to take the oaths, honored their conscientious scruples in permit- ting them simply to subscribe, but told them that this was an act of grac-^ and not of right which must not be used as a precedent. In this Assembly two important subjects were considered; the confir- mation of the old laws and a grant of aid in men or money to the Kin:;- for the then existing war with France. The Assembly used the latter in order to secure the former, hoping that Fletcher would yield this point for the sake of obtaining the other, as his province of New York was much exposed to the Indians who were supported by the French in Can- ada. Fletcher maintained a firm attitude, insisting upon the rejection of eight of the old lav/s, chiefly penal, as in conflict with and less rigorous than the laws of England. Long negotiations ensued but he finally con- firmed them all (one concerning shipwrecks excepted) subject to the King's pleasure. The Assembly, on their part, granted the required subsidy, after considerable delay, they insisting that their grievances should first be redressed. Fletcher claimed the right of alterino- the new laws, even without the deliberations of the Assembly. This was strenuously resisted by a party in the Assembly, which, though in the minority, had their protest against Fletcher's pretensions entered upon the journal of the House. The Governor threatened to annex the pro- vince to New York, and then the moderate party, rather than submit to this, preferred receiving the confirmation of their rights and liberties as a favor at the hands of the Governor.^ Prior to his departure for New York, Fletcher appointed William Markham, the proprietary's kinsman, Lieutenant-Governor, [1694.] Governor Fletcher, being engaged at New York, did not meet the Assembly at its first session of this year.^ At the second he earnestly solicited them to make further appropriations for the public defence. He endeavored to excite their emulation by the example of New Jersey, which had freely contributed troops and money, and tried to engage their compassion, by describing the sufferings of the inhabitants about Albany, from whence "fourscore families," he said, "had been driven, rather by the negligence of their friends, than by the force of their enemies." " Expe- rience having taught him, that it was vain to ask men, whose religion forbade the use of arms, to organize a military force, or appropriate funds for its support, he sought to frame his demands in a less questionable shape. Putting out of view all warlike intentions, he solicited their lEbeling-. Proud. 2Ebeling. Proud. Votes. 3 Gordon. Clarkson. Penu's letter, Sept. 5, 1695. 30 AUTHENTIC HISTORY charity "to feed the liimgry and clothe the naked," b}^ supplying the Indian nations with such necessaries as might influence them to continue their friendship to the province. But even these instances proved pow- erless. For, although another tax, similar to the last, was voted, no part of it was appropriated to the war or relief of the Indians. As a con- siderable sum had been given to Fletcher, justice demanded that the services of the proprietary deputies should also be rewarded. The House, therefore, directed two hundred pounds each should be given to Mark- ham and Lloyd, and that the balance to be raised by the bill should defray the general expenses of the government. Fletcher rejected their bill, because the whole sum was not granted to their majesties, Avith a request that they would appropriate it to the use of the deputies, and to the defence of New York and Albany; and the house, refusing to modify it, and asserting their right to appropriate their money at their pleasure, was dissolved. The proprietary, whose political views were rarely ob- scured by his religious principles, reprehended strongly this resolute refusal; nor was he blind to the eftects which such opposition to the wishes of the crown might have upon his particular interests." "The clouds of suspicion, Avhich had long enveloped AVilliam Penn, were at length broken. He had many friends among the nobles who surrounded the king, and his true character Avas at last made known to William. He was heard before the privy council, and was honourably acquitted; and was restored to his proprietary rights by patent, dated August, 1694, in which the disorders in the province were ascribed solely to his absence." Shortly before his re-instatement, Penn lost his Avife, Gulielma Maria, in the twelfth month of the preceding year. Penn appointed William Markham his Lieutenant Governor of Penn- sylvania and territories, on Ninth-month 24th, 1694. The restoration of the former government did not bring with it con- tentment and a good understanding between the different branches of the Legislature. Fletcher was disliked because he had innovated upon the legislative forms, but the Assembly summoned by Markham, in Septem- ber, 1695, was as much dissatisfied with him, although he had summoned them according to forms prescribed by the charter. The great bone of contention still being the subsidy to be granted to the King. Penn's letter shows that he disapproved of their conduct. Markham presented to the Assembly a new act of settlement, which was readily agreed to, but not finally adopted until the following year, because the Governor, no doubt on account of their obstinancy in refusing to pass the subsidy act, unexpectedly dissolved the assembly. The next legislature was more complying, perhaps because the Governor after the example of Fletcher, and conformably to the new form of government, summoned a OF LANCASTER COUNTV. 81 smaller number of members of both houses. After a long remonstraucc to the Governor had been found without effect, the proposal of a joint com- mittee of the *^wo branches of the Legislature was acceded to, bj which it was agreed to accept the new constitution, provided Pcnn should approve of it, and immediately a new subsidy of £300, was granted for the sup- port of the royal government and of the suffering Indians. This was done by a tax of one penny on the pound on all assessed property.^ "The new Constitution^ was more democratic than the former one. The Council, chosen biennially, consisted of two, and the Assembly, elected annually, of four members from each county. The rio-ht of the latter to originate bills, to sit on its own adjournments, and to be indis- soluble during the term for which it was elected, was explicitly estab- lished; and the powers and duties of the several officers were accurately defined. This instrument was never formally sanctioned by the proprie- tary, and it continued in force only until his arrival in the province, in 1699 (or rather until 1701, when a new and more lasting one was sub- stituted in its place.) Under it the people were content, and calmly and industriously applied themselves to the improvement of the country. And their best eulogium is the paucity of material for history, which their annals for several years afford. The Governor made another attempt, unsuccessfully, to obtain money for military purposes; the Assembly pleaded the poverty of their constituents, but professed their readiness, in future, to obey the commands of the king, not incompatible with their ability and religious persuasion." The document will be found in full in Division X., No. 5. On the fifth of the First month, 1695-6, he consummated his second marriage, at Bristol, with Hannah, the daughter of Thomas Callowhill, and grand daughter of Dennis Hollister, an eminent merchant of that city.^ She was said to be a religious young woman, of excellent quali- ties ; with whom he lived during the rest of his life ; and had issue by her, four sons and one daughter. In the Second month, 1696, his eldest son, by his former wife, named Springett, died at Worminghurst, in Sussex, of a consumption, in the twenty-first year of his age. William Penn, accompanied by his second wife and children, sailed from England in the ship Canterbury in September, and after a tedious voyage of more than three months, arrived in the Delaware on the 1st day of the 10th month (December, O. S. 1699). The length of the voyage was providentially ordered, for had it been shorter, Penn and his family would have been exposed to the perils of the yellow fever, which had lately raged with great fury in Philadelphia. Thomas Story, in his jour- nal, speaks of its effects as follows: "In this distemper had died, six 1 Ebeling. Proud. Votes. " Gordon. 3 Proud. f-r i 32 AUTHENTIC HISTORY seven, and sometimes eight a day, for several weeks; there being few houses, if any, free of the sickness. Great was the majesty and hand of the Lord, great was the fear that fell upon all .flesh; I saw no lofty, or airy countenance, nor heard any vain jesting, to move men to laughter; nor witty repartee, to raise mirth; nor extravagant feasting, to excite the lusts and desires of the flesh above measure; but every face gather- eth paleness, and many hearts were humbled and countenances fallen and sunk as such that waited every moment to be summoned to the bar and numbered to the grave." Penn was cordially Avelcomed, it being generally believed that lie had come resolved to spend the remainder of his life in the province.^ Still he did not encounter that warm affection and unbounded confidence? among the colonists, which on his first visit had enabled him to lead them entirely according to his will. The first Assembly, Avhich met in January, 1700, had princii)ally in view to increase the severity of the laws against piracy, and the violation of the British statutes concerning navigation. The proprietary, believing everything ready for the introduction of a new form of government, free from the defects of the former forms, and calculated to impart strength and unity to the administration, called an extraordinary meeting of the Assembly in May, 1700, which consisted oi" a larger number of members than those which preceded it, and held a session of unusual length. The new Charter, although frequently dis- cussed by the two houses jointly and separately, was not carried through at this and the next General Assembly which was held in October of the same year, at Newcastle. The formation of a code of laws securing the titles to landed property and a grant for the support of the government in addition to the new charter, were the chief objects of said Assembly. Its enactment failed to be accomplished chiefly on account of the exacting and unreasonable conditions stipulated by the lower counties. - "The proprietary now procured a system regulating the treatment of slaves, to be incorporated in the discipline of the society, thereby allevi- ating the situation of those whose masters were not yet convinced of the- iniquity of slavery. Although these measures could not abolish the horrid traffic, they discouraged the wealthy and respectable inhabitants from prosecuting it, and fostered a spirit of humanity which led to the moral, religious and physical improvement of the slave. To the dictates of philanthropy Penn endeavored to give the force of law. He proposed to the Assembly two bills; one regulating the marriages of negroes; rightly judging that connubial ties and domestic affections, promoted by the inhibition of promiscuous sexual intercourse, were the most efficient means to establish pure morals; the other, establishing a mode for the lEbelins;-. -Gordon. Proud. Clarkson. Votes. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. • 83 ti'ial and puiiisliincnt of the offences of slaves, substituting the judgment of the law for the will of their masters. The latter of these bills only- received the legislative sanction. It is difficult to assign reasons for the [■ejection of the former. Its provisions could not reduce the value of slaves as property, nor license insubordination. Perhaps the existing laws against incontinence were deemed adequate to restrain the impro- prieties the bill Avas designed to remedy. '"J"'he proprietary also endeavored, though unsuccessfully, to obtain additional legislative restrictions upon the intercourse with the Indians, in order to protect them from the arts of the whites. Nor was lie more happy in his renewed exertions to instruct the aborigines in the doctrines of Christianity ; their language, according to the report of the interpreter^ not alTording terms to convey its mysteries. This reason, however, was not well founded, and was the subterfuge of the agent to cover his own ignorance or indealous and active iu whatever aft'ected the proprietary's interests; deficient neither in Avit nor talents, he lacked experience, prudence and tact; his private life was moreover, highly offensive to the steady and quiet ways of the sober and moral Quakers. He early attached himself to the interest of the lower »'0unties, and induced their Assembly to pass laws manifestly designe liuiit his prer(^gative. On the other hand, necessity compelled him to bo attentive to the collecticui of his revenue from the province and to increase it as much as possible. This (;onduct of the Assembly, however, contributed not a, little to disgust him Avitli the whole undertaking.^ liepeatedly urged to restore the province To tlic crown, but long struggling against the abandonment of the ))rilliant ho})es he had cherished to found a religious nation and a model of true freedom, his growing necessities and the constant opposition of the legislature oi' Pennsylvania finally compelled him to take that step. Several circumstances which tK'curred during the administration oi' d the bills presented to him and redressed the!]- grievances, which bor(! chiefly on the retention of Logan. The latter being about to visit England on the proprietary's business, at the next sitting ol the Asseuibly, demanded a trial, instead of granting which the As.sembly ordered the sheriff to take him into custody; the Governor prevented his arrest l)y issuing a supersedeas. This put the Assembly quite out of temper and arrested all business besides the entering on theiV miniites of a. protest against the Governor's illegal and arbitrary measures. Logan went to London, fully justified his conduct, and returned to the l)rovince confirmed in his office and enjoying more than ever the favor of the government. Penn addressed a touching letter to the Assembly, in which he detailed and described their unjust and illegal pretensions, taxed them with ingrati- tude, took the part of Logan, and finally informed them that, if they should persist in their opposition to his government,'-^ he must seriously 1 labeling. -2 Ebeliuo-. Gordon. OF LAXCASTEJi COUNTV. . 91 consider wIklI he sliouhi do with regard to his province and his determi- nation should be governed by the conduct of the future Assembly. This letter eft'ected an instantaneous change in the minds of the people; a. new Assembly was chosen [1710;] harmony of action ensued between this Assembly and Gookin; they completed by their laws the organization of the courts of justice, and voted to the Queen tlie sum of £2000, although they were well informed oi' her determination to go to Avar with France. In thr month of June, 1711, the Governor visited Conestogo and as the juinutes o1' his journey exhibit the lirst official account of actual settlers in Lancast^M- (.•ounty. they are given in full: At Conestogo, June 18, 1711. P]u-:si:.\T: 'i'hc lion. Charles Gookin, Esq., Lieut, Governor, and Joseph Growdon, Jvichard Hill, Griffith Owen, Caleb Pusey, Esqs. A present of 50 pounds of powder, 1 piecci of Stroudwater, 1 piece of IJuffils, 1(H) pounds of shot- — being laid upon the floor, the Governor, by Indian Harry, the Interpreter, thus s})oke: "(jovernor Penn, upon all occasions, is willing to show how great a regard he bears to you; he therefore has sent this small present (a foreruunej- of a greater one to come next spring) to you, and hath re- quired me to acquaint you that he is about to settle some people upon the branches of the Potomac, and doubts not but the same mutual friend- ship which has all along as brothers passed betwixt the inhabitants of this Government and you, will also continue betwixt you and those he is about to settle ; he intends to present five belts of wampum to the Five Nations, and one to you of Conestogo, and requires your friendship to the Palatines^ settled near Pequae.'''' To which they answer: '■ Tliat they are extremely well pleased with the Governor's speech; but a.s tlicy are at present in war with the Toscororoes and other Indians, they think that place not safe for any Christians, and are afraid if any damage should happen to these, the blame may be laid upon them, that .settlement being situated betwixt them and those at war wdth them, Afi to the Palatines, ihc7j are, in their opinion, safely seated, but earnestly desire that the death of Le Tore may be now adjusted, for that they shall not think tliem.selves safe till it is. July 18th, Tuesday about twelve. The Senoquois and Shawnois met the Governor and Council. Opessah, chief of the Shawnois, by Martin Chartier, interpreter, thus spoke : " Were it possible for us by presents, or any other way, to atone for the lives of those men our young people unadvisedly slew, we would be partly willing to make satisfaction, and such a condescension would forever be gratefully remembered and more eagerly engage us, and for the i'uture render us more careful. The uneasiness we had on that ac- 92 AUTHENTIC HISTORY count was such that we could not sleep until the last time the Governor and his people were up here, and which time we had some hopes given us of adjusting the matter, since the murderers are all dead, save one, who is gone to Messassippi." To which the Governor answered : That the laws of England were such that whosoever killed a man must run the same fate ; yet considering the previous circumstances to that murder, the length of the time since the account, the distance of place where acted from the Government, and before my coming here^ and the persons all, save one, who is absconded since, are dead, I am willing to forbear further prosecution on enquiring into it, but withal caution you if any such thing hereafter falls out, you may be assured I shall as well know how to do justice, as I have now showed you mercy. For which they return the Governor their hearty thanks, and Opessah assures that if hereafter any such thing should happen, he himself would be executioner, and burn them that should dare do it. The Senequois acquaint: "That Opessah being thereto solicited by John Hans Steelman, had sent out some of his people, either to bring back or kill Francis De Le Tore and his company. Opessah, he affirms, was entirely innocent, for that John Hans came to his cabin, where he and his ycrung people (who were there going a hunting,) were in council, told him that some of his slaves and dogs (meaning Le Tore and company) were fled, therefore desired him forthwith to send some of his people to bring them back or kill them, and take goods for their trouble, at which motive Opessah being surprised, told him that he ought, by no means, to discourse after that manner before young people who were going to the woods, and might, by accident, meet those people, and therefore ordered him to desist, utter- ly denying his reqiiest." The Senoquois also acquainted the Governor that Le Tore had taken a boy from them, and had sold him at New York, and requested the Governor would enquire after him, that he might hear irom him again. "The expedition to Canada proved most disastrous.^ Colonel Nichol- son, under whom served Colonels Schuyler, Whiting, and Ingoldsby, mus- tered at Albany two thousand colonists, one thousand Germans, from the palatinate, and one thousand of the Five Nation Indians, who commenced their march towards Canada on the twenty-eighth of August. The troops from Boston, composed of seven veteran regiments, of the duke of Marl- borough's army, one battalHon of marines, and two provincial regiments, amounting to six thousand four hundred men, sailed on board of sixty- eight vessels, the thirtieth of July, and arrived off the St. Lawrence on the fourteenth of August. In ascending the river, the fleet, by the un- 1 Gordon. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 93 skilf Illness of the pilots, or the obstinacy and distrust of the Admiral, was entangled amid rocks and islands on the northern shore, and ran immi- nent hazard of total destruction. Several transports, and near a thou- sand men perished. Upon this disaster the remainder bore away for Cape Breton, and the expedition, by the advice of a council of naval and military officers, was abandoned on the ground of the want of provisions, and the impossibility of procuring a seasonable supply. The admiral sailed directly for England, and the colonists returned to Boston, whilst Colonel Nicholson, thus deserted, was compelled to retreat from Fort George. The want of skill, fortitude, and perseverance are eminently conspicuous in the British commanders of this enterprise." In 1712, William Penn entered into an agreement with the Queen to cede to her the province of Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties for the sum of £12,000 sterling. But before the legal forms were completed an apopletic stroke prostrated his vigorous mind and reduced him to the feebleness of infancy.^ Queen Anne died on the first of August, 1714, and was succeeded by George the First. Governor Gookin [1716] arrayed against himself all the Quaker interest in the province in consequence of construing a provision in the statute of 7 and 8 William III., "that no Quaker, hj virtue thereof^ could be qualified or permitted to give evidence in any criminal case, or serve on juries, or hold any place or office of profit in the Government." This act had been made perpetual in Great Britain, and was extended to the Colonies for five years by an act of Parliament of 1 George I. In the opinion of Gookin, the extension of this act to the provinces repealed the provincial law and disqualified, the Quakers from giving testimony in criminal cases, from sitting on juries, and from holding any office. Notwithstanding the desertion of his Council and the remonstrances of the Assembly, Gookin tenaciously adhered to his construction of the statute. His good genius had now entirely abandoned him, for he now charged Eichard Hill, speaker of the Assembly, Isaac Norris and James Logan with disloyalty to the King and devotion to the pretender. These alle- gations were utterly unfounded and the Assembly, whither the parties charged had carried their complaint, completely exonerated them, [1717.] Expostulation with Gookin having proved vain, his Council unanimously joined in an address to William Penn, praying his recall.^ He met the Assembly for the last time in March, 1717, and extorted from their com- passion the sum of two hundred pounds, a valedictory donation.^ Sir William Keith, on the first of May, 1717, superseded Governor Gookin. He was the son of Sir William Keith of the North of Scotland, had held for some time the office of the King's surveyor of the customs 1 Gordon. '^ Logan MSS. 94 AUTHENTIC HISTORY ior the Soutliern provinces, and on his occasional visits to Philadelphia manifested much interest in the political discussions of the province and acquired the good will of Logan, Norris and other prominent inhabitants. He was strongly recommended for the position of lieutenant-governor by the provincial Council and chief inhabitants,^ by their friends in London, by William Penn, jr., Mr. Logan and others. Keith was the first Governor who ventured to espouse the side of the popular party and to support its interests with the proprietary and the crown, on disputed subjects. He arrived at Philadelphia on the 31st day of May and convened an Assem- bly on June IQth.^^ Having thoroughly studied the errors of his prede- cessors, he sought to benefit by their experience. " Keith displayed the policy he meant to pursue in his lirst address to the assembly. 'His tender regard for their interest,' he said, ' they being engaged in harvest at his arrival, had induced him to postpone the satis- faction he proposed to himself in meeting the Assembly; and he should always endeavor to make the time they must necessarily bestow on the public service as easy and pleasant to them, as he hoped it would be profitable and satisfactory to the country. If an affectionate desire to oblige and serve the people could qualify him for his station, he might expect that his and the country's interest would be effectually united, as those who sincerely desired to serve either, must necessarily serve both. The warmth of his inclination towards them might be inferred from hw expensive application during the last year, to introduce to the prince regent the humble address of the Assembly to the king, which had been 80 graciously received by his exertions ; by the diligence and expense with which he had obtained his commission, without other prospect or advantage than that of serving them,^ and by the fatigue he had already undergone to promote their service. But these things were trifles, com- pared with their indispensable obligation to support the dignity and au- thority of the government, by such a reasonable and discreet establish- ment as the nature of the thing and their own generosity would direct; and whatever they might be disposed to do of that kind, he hoped might no longer bear the undeserved and reproachful name of a burden on the people ; but that they would ratlier enable him to relieve the country from real burdens, by empowering him to introduce a better economy and more frugal management in the collection of taxes, which were then squandered by the oiBcers appointed to assess and collect them.' "The assembly testified their satisfaction with this speech, and his kind and conciliatory manners, by an immediate grant of five hundred and fifty pounds, payable from the lirst moneys received in the treasury, which they replenished by an additional bill of supply. In return, Keith Iramed an nddress to the throne on the interesting subject of affirmation, 1 Gordon. 2 Proud. OF LA^X•ASTER COUNTY, 05 whicli had tlie good fortune to please the House in all respects, save tluit the plural number "was used instead of the singular."^ "On the 80th day of the 5th month, (July) 1718, at Jiushconib, jiear Twyford, in Buckinghamshire, in England, died the truly honorable Pro- prietary and Founder of the province of Pennsylvania, William Pcnn, aged about seventy-four years. He had, in the year 1712, as before mentioned, been seized with some fits of the a})oplectic kind ; which, for the last six years of his life had so aftected his mental faculties, especi- ally his memory, as to render him, in great measure, incapable of public business; which, with the gradual decline of his strength (^f bodv, con- tinued to increase till the last period of his days: during which time, nevertheless, he is said to have been mostly sensible, intelligent, and, by- his behavior and expressions at different times to those who were present with him, manifested that he retained, till his death, the happy enjoy- ment of that divine and mental felicity, which resulted from the nature of his religion and manner of life. "^ The following sketch of Penn, by Gordon, will doubtless ]»ri)V(' iutci-- esting to the reader : William Penn, "as a leader of a Clnistian sect, has left no mean i-epu- tation. His ability, courage, zeal, and perseverance have made liiui conspicuous among religious reformers, but, as an apostle of civil lib- erty, the world has an interest in him which can never fade, whilst order and freedom are dear to the human race.'^ " From his father he inherited a disposition ardent and enthusiastic, enterprising and courageous, reflecting and persevering. The energy'- of mind which advanced the one to the rank of rear-admiral at twenty- three years of age, rendered the other conspicuous amid the founders of a new religion, soon after he attained his majority. The father was dis- tinguished by the love of glory and of arms ; the son was not insensible to the value of fame, but sought it by diffusing the blessings of peace, and of religions and civil liberty. In this Avork he labored with the firmness and devotion of heroism, struggling to attain its ol^jeet, utterly regardless of himself. His voluntary abandonment of rank and fortune, his spirited and manly opposition to the abuses of the law, his patience under its inflictions, his learning, industry, and perseverance in the maintenance of his principles, acc^uired for him in early life the respect of the public, and the friendship of men of eminence and worth who did not approve his religious peculiarities. His religion made him obnoxious to the laws, and induced him to examine the prin- ciples on which, not only the laws, but the government that enacted them, were founded : and he discovered and adored the great truths, tliat the happiness of society is the true object of civil ])0wcr, and that free- 1 Gordon. Votes. -'Proud. :5 Gordon. 96 AUTHENTIC HISTORY dom exists only ' ivherc the laws rule, and the inoi^e are parties to the laws.'' " On these foundations was his colony erected. His merit will be the more justly appreciated by adverting to the state of the American colo- nies planted antecedently to the year 1780. These were Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Ehode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina. The New England provinces sprang Irom the natural and selfish desires of their founders to withdraw themselves from power and oppression. Eeligious toleration and civil liberty were not appreciated by them as rights essential to the happiness of the human race. The rights of conscience the puritans of these pro- vinces demanded were such as protected themselves from the gibbet and lash, which they applied to force the consciences of others. Their civil rights they regarded as exclusive property, acquired by purchase, the evidence of which was in their charter. Whilst Penn was offering to the world a communion of religious and civil freedom, the saints of Mas- sachusetts excluded from the benefits of their government all who were not members of their church, and piously flagellated or hanged those who were not convinced of its infallibility. Eoger Williams, proscribed and expelled for his own opinions, was the first to teach that the civil magistrate might not interfere in religious matters, and that to punish men for opinion was persecution. New York, without a charter or an assem- bly, was subject to the caprice of its governors, in civil as in ecclesiasti- cal matters. New Jersey had a free, a liberal, but an impracticable constitution. The attempt to establish in that province the basis of a free government, though unsuccessful, and throwing the administration into the hands of the crown, was not useless. The people were intro- duced to the knowledge of sound political principles, which were never altogether abandoned. Maryland, possessing the most liberal and the best digested constitution that has emanated from a British monarch, and the most independent of the royal power, had been involved in civil war and religious persecutions during the revolution, and was now reduced to order and good government, by the resumption of executive power by the Calverts. But the Catholic faith of its governors and principal inhabitants, rendered its policy suspected by Protestants. Caro- lina was the subject of a most fanciful experiment of the renowned Locke, who framed for it an aristocratical constitution, totally inconsistent with the light of the age in which he lived; establishing an hereditary nobility, with large and unalienable landed estates, and the church of England as the religion of the state. Penn wisely modelled the royal charter for his province, as closely as possible upon the Maryland grant; and, though at the first institution of the government, he was doubtful of the pro- priety of giving the assembly the power to originate laws, experience OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 97 soon taught him the wisdom of this measure. His government secured the blessings of property and personal freedom alike to Christian and to infidel; placed all persons on an equality before the laws, and admitted Christians of every denomination to a full participation of political rights. The experience of a hundred and fifty years, during which polit- ical science has been widely extended, has added nothing essential to human happiness which his system had not provided ; unless it be found in those constitutions which make no discrimination in the religious faith of the citizens. But the excellence of Penn's system is not confined to the provisions of his charters. His laws were dictated by wisdom and humanity. The unequal and dangerous disposition of wealth, arising from the feudal principles of primogeniture, was abolished ; the equal claims of children to the property of their common parent were acknowledged, and by this return to common sense and natural right the dangers of accumulated wealth were avoided. But the philosophical mind of the Pennsylvania lawgiver is, perhaps, most discernible in his criminal code. A scale graduating the punishment to the ofience, seemed in Europe to be unde- sired by the legislator. Death impended alike over the purloiner of a few grains of metal, and the murderer who robbed a family of its support and the country of a citizen; over the infraction of a revenue law, and the attempt to subvert the State. Death was ever ready to ofter himself to the indolence of the law-giver, who fovmd it less laborious to hang than to reclaim the criminal; to apply a common punishment, than to investigate its propriety. Eeason revolts at this indiscriminate punish- ment, and the humanity of the Marquis Beccaria, Montesquieu, and others, have contributed to convince the world that its welfare is best promoted by a due apportionment of the punishment to the crime, and its certain application to the offender. Before these benevolent theorists gave their labors to the public — before they were born — Penn had practically ex- hibited the beneficial results of the principles which they have advocated. He established a new code, in which the punishment of death was affixed to murder only; injuries to individuals were punished by compelling the criminal to make an adequate compensation to the party grieved, or by imprisonment at hard labor; in all cases varying the punishment with the enormity of the offence. In the classification of crimes, there are, perhaps, some errors inseparable from enthusiasm; but humanity and wisdom are eminently conspicuous in the legislator. The boldness and originality of his genius will be more thoroughly understood by a glance at the policy of the age and country in which he lived. When he com- posed his plan of government, the despotic principles of the Stuarts were prevailing over the nation, liberty of conscience was proscribed by the laws, and almost every crime was punishable by death. In opposition to 8 98 AUTHENTIC HISTORY all this, he dared to consult his own reason, and follow the dictates of his own judgment, the soundness of which every revolving year has confirmed. Penn was ambitious, and animated by the love of fame. He sacrificed his time and his fortune in its pursuit ; at least so much of them as was unnecessarily employed at the courts of James and Anne. The obscu- rity of his province was unattractive ; and, in the height of his favor with James, he was for a moment unregardful of the free principles on which it was founded. Had he applied himself, unreservedly and exclusively, to cultivate the scion he had planted, its growth would have been more rapid ; and, under its shade, distant from the vexations and vicissitudes of English politics, he would have enjoyed the reward of his labor, com- petence, and the respect of the world. Pecuniary distress, at times, com- pelled him to give utterance to undignified and unjust complaints. The political benefits he had conferred upon his province, in his opinion, im- posed on its inhabitants an obligation to be requited with money; his proprietary character claimed to be recognized by the establishment of some revenue. His people, on the contrary, felt these pretensions as a double charge, and were unwilling to maintain a resident and non-resi- dent Governor, the latter of whom had an estate in the soil of the prov- ince, which increased in a great and indefinable ratio. In his demeanor, William Penn was grave, but not austere ; affable, but not familiar ; and, whilst his intercourse with his friends was marked by the formality and peculiar phraseology in use with his sect, his cor- respondence with men of the world showed him to have been perfectly acquainted with polite manners. As a writer, he was much esteemed by his church ; as a minister, he was bold, industrious and successful ; he was beloved by his family and a wide circle of friends. He had been twice married. His first wife was Gulielma Maria Springett, daughter of Sir "William Springett, of Darling, in Sussex. The fruit of this marriage was tAvo sons and one daughter ; Springett, William, and Letitia. Spring- ett died in 1696, aged twenty-one years; William and Letitia, and three grand-children, children of his son William, survived him. His second wife was Hannah, daughter of Thomas Callowhill, of Bristol, by whom he had five children ; John, Thomas, Margarette, Eichard and Dennis, who, with their mother, were living at their father's death. At his decease, his province was encumbered by his mortgage of 1708, and his contract with the crown for the sale of the government. His will, dated 1712, was made antecedently to, but in contemplation of, this contract. He provided for the issue of his first marriage by the devise of his English and Irish estates; which, producing fifteen hundred pounds sterling per annum, were estimated of greater value than his American possessions. From the latter he made provision for the payment of his debts, and for his widow and her children. The government of the OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 99 province and territories lie devised to the earls of Oxford, Mortimer and Pawlet, in trust, to sell to tlie queen, or any other person. His estate in the soil he devised to other trustees, in trust, to sell so much as should be necessary for the payment of his debts; to assign to his daughter Letitia, and the three children of his son William, ten thousand acres each, and to convey the remainder, at the discretion of his widow, to her children, subject to an annuity to herself of three hundred pounds ster- ling per annum. He appointed her sole executrix and legatee of his personal estate. Three questions arose on his devise of the government: 1, AVhether it was valid against tlie heir-at-law, who claimed by descent? 2, Whether the object of the trust had not been already effected, by the contract of the proprietary with the queen? 3, Whether, by consequence, his in- terest was not converted into personality ? In which case it passed in absolute property to the widow. From their doubts on these points, the trustees refused to act, unless under a decree of the court of chancery, whose interposition was also required by the commissioners of the treasury, before payment of the balance due on the purchase, to the executrix. A suit in this court was accordingly instituted, which kept the family property in a state of great uncertainty for many years; during which Mrs. Penn, as executrix and trustee, assumed the superin- tendence of provincial affairs. In the year 1727, the family disputes, the proprietary's will having been established in the exchequer, were compro- mised ; and the crown lawyers and ministry concurring in opinion, that the proprietary's agreement was void, from his inability to make a proper sur- render of the government, it devolved, on the death of William Penn the younger and his son Springett, to John, Thomas and Eichard Penn." The almost unbounded confidence of the province in Keith enabled him [1720] to establish two measures hitherto repugnant to the Assem- bly ;^ an equity court, dependent on the Governor's will, of which he Avas chancellor, and a militia organized by like authority. The great influx of foreigners alarmed the Assembly who dreaded their settlement on the frontier.^ Attempts to naturalize them were treated with coldness. Even the Germans, whose industry and utility were pro- verbial, could not remove the prevailing jealousy. Many palatines, long resident in the province, applied for naturalization in 1721, but not until 1724 was leave granted to bring in a bill, provided they should individu- ally obtain from a justice of the peace a certificate of the value of their property and nature of their religious faith. A bill to that effect pre- sented to the Governor in the following year, was forthwith returned by him on the ground that in a country where English liberty and law pre- vailed, a scrutiny into the private conversation and faith of the citizens,, i..oi v/. 1 Gordon. 100 AUTHENTIC HISTORY and particularly into their estates, was unjust and dangerous in precedent. ^ The House yielded to the force of his reasons, and did not insist upon their bill, but it was not until some time afterwards that the privileges of isubjects were granted to the palatines. Indeed, the timidity of the As- sembly induced them to check the importation of foreigners by a duty on :all coming to reside in the province. A disagreement relating to hunting-grounds, between the Southern and Pennsylvania Indians, threatened to disturb the peace of the province. To avert this,'^ Keith paid a visit to the Governor of Virginia, with whom he framed a convention, confining the Indians on the north and south of the Potomac to their respective sides of that river ; which the Pennsyl- vania and Five Nation Indians, at a general conference, held at Conestogo on the sixth of July, 1721, fully ratified. This visit was made with much state. Keith was attended by a suite of sevent}^ horsemen, many of them well armed, and was welcomed on his return, at the upper ferry on the Schuylkill, by the mayor and aldermen of the city, accompanied by two hundred of the most respectable citizens. The following extract from the Warrant for surveying the Manor of Springetsbury, issued by Sir William Keith to Col. John French, Fran- cis Worley and James Mitchell, Esqrs., bearing date Conestogo June 18, 1722, describes the boundaries of said Manor. The said persons assisted by neighboring inhabitants were authorized, empowered and commanded "to cross the Eiver Susquahannah, and to survey or cause to be surveyed, marked and located, the quantity of 70,000 acres or thereabouts, in the name and for the use of the Honorable Springett Penn, Esq., which shall bear the name and be called the Mannor of Springettsbnry, Beginning your survey as near as you can upon the South West Bank of the Eiver Susquahannah, over against the mouth of Conestogoe Creek; from thence by a line W. S. W. Distance Ten miles more or less; from thence by a line N. W. b. N. Twelve miles more or less ; thence by a line E. N. E. .until you meet with the uppermost Corner tree of my settlement called ISfewberry; from thence S. E. b. S. along my head Line until you come :at my Southern Corner tree in the woods ; from thence down the Side Line of my Land E. N. E. until you come at the River Susquahannah, and from thence by the Said River's side unto the place where you first began, which Line will be the fourth side of the said Survey, and when it is done and finished, you are to make a Return thereof upon the back of this Warrant unto the Govr. and Council of Pensilvania ; For which this shall be unto you, the sd. Colo. John French, Francis Worley, every of you, a sufficient Warrant, Power and authority." The Return: " In obedience to the within Warrant to us directed, We did, upon the 1 Votes. 2 Proud. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 101 nineteenth and twentieth days of this instant, June, begin and compleat the survey of the Mannor of Springetsbury, upon the River Susquahannah, in manner following, viz : From a Red Oak upon the said River (by a Run's side called Peun's Run) marked S. P. ; W. S. W. Ten .Miles to a Chesnut (by a Run's side called French's Run) mark S. P. ; from thence N. W. and b. N. to a Black Oak mark'd S. P. twelve miles; from thence E. N. E. to Sir William Keith's western Corner Tree in the Woods, Eight miles ; from thence along the S. E, and N. E. lines of the said Sir William Keith Tract called Newberry unto the River Susquahannah again, and from thence along the River Side to the place of beginning, The wliole containing Seventy Five Thousand live Hundred and Twenty acres, according to the Plan thereof hereunto annexed, all Avhich is humbly submitted by Yr. Excellency's Most Humble & Obedient Servants, John French, Fran. Worley, Ja. Mitchell. At Newberry, June 21st, 1722. "The Governor of Maryland prepared at this time to make surveys on the Susquehannah, within the bounds claimed by Pennsylvania, and within the present county of York.^ Keith resolved to resist this attempt by force, and ordered out a militia company from Newcastle. His Council, however, discouraged every resort to violence, even should the Marylanders employ force to effect their object. The Indians became alarmed at the proposed encroachment from Maryland, and after much hesitation, consented to convey to Keith, that he might have a better title to resist the Marylanders, a large tract of land for the use of Springett Penn, the grandson of William Penn, afterwards known by the name of Springettbury manor. " The fears of the province were soon after again aAvakened by a quarrel between two brothers named Cartledge, and an Indian near Con- estogo, in which the latter Avas killed, with many circumstances of cru- elty. The known principles of revenge professed by the Indians, gave reason to apprehend severe retaliation. Policy and justice required a rigid inquiry, and the infliction of exemplary punishment on the mur- derers. The Assembly commanded a coroner's inquest to be holden on the body, though two months buried in the interior of the country, and the arrest of the accused. Messengers were despatched to the Five Na- tions to deprecate hostilities, and, to prevent further irregularities, the prohibition of the sale of spirituous liquors to the Indians was re-enacted with additional penalties. The Indians invited Keith to meet them with the Governors of Virginia, New York, and the New England Colonies, 1 Gordor. / ]^02 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY in Council, at Albany where, with great magnanimity, they pardoned the offence of the Cartledges, and requested they might be discharged without further punishment. The address of the King merits a place here : ' The great King of the Five Nations,' said the reporter, 'is sorry for the death of the Incfian that was killed, for he was of his own flesh and blood: he believes the Governor is also sorry; but, now that it is done, there is no help for it, and he desires that Cartledge may not be put to death, nor that he should be spared for a time and afterwards executed; one life is enough to be lost; there should not two die. The King's heart is good to the Governor, and all the English.' ^ The Governor was attended on his journey to Albany by Messrs. Hill, Norris and Ilamihon, of his Council. " A part of the emigration to the Colonies was composed of servants, who were of two classes. The first and larger, poor and oppressed in the land of their nativity, sometimes the victims of political changes, or religious intolerance, submitted to a temporary servitude, as the price of freedom, plenty, and peace. The second, vagrants and felons, the dregs of the British populace, were cast by the mother country upon her colo- nies, with the most selfish disregard of the feelings she outraged. From this moral pestilence the first settlers shrunk with horror. In 1682 the Pennsylvania Council proposed to prohibit the introduction of convicts, but the evil was then prospective to them only, and no law was enacted. But an act was now passed, which, though not prohibitory in terms, was such in effect. A duty of five pounds was imposed upon every convicted felon brought into the province, and the importer was required to give surety for the good behaviour of the convict for one year ; and to render these provisions effectual, the owner or master was bound under a pen- alty of twenty pounds, to render, on oath or affirmation, within twenty- four hours after the arrival of the vessel, an account to the collector of the names of the servants and passengers. But such account was not required when bond was given conditioned for the re-exportation of such servants Avithin six months," Commercial embarrassments now ensued, [1722] caused by various circumstances, but chiefly by a deficiency in the circulating medium,^ This difficulty Keith proposed to overcome by the introduction of paper-money. The Assembly proceeded with the utmost caution and circumspection in this important affair, for with full knowledge of the examples and mis- takes of the other Colonies, they felt it chiefly incumbent upon them to prevent the depreciation of their bills "which nothing could so much effect as an over-quantity, defect of solid security, and of proper provis- ion to recall and cancel them; so in this, their first experiment of the kind, they issued only £15,000, on such terms as appeared most likely 1 Gordon. 2 Pioud. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 103 to be eftectual to keep up their credit, and gradually to reduce and sink them. For which purpose the act, among several others, was passed by the Governor, on the second day of the first month [March] 1722-23. But from the advantage which was soon experienced by this emission, together with the insufficiency of the sum, the government was induced, in the latter end of the same year, to emit £30,000 more on the same terms." Keith, in espousing the popular cause, secured the approbation and confidence of the Assembly, but unfortunately incurred the displeasure of the proprietary party and its leader, Logan. Complications arose, which eventuated in the triumph of the latter and the deposition of the former, who was decidedly the best of the proprietary deputies. "Differ- ing from the great body of the people whom he governed, in religion and manners, he acquired their esteem and confidence. If he sought popu- larity, he promoted the public happiness; and his courage in resisting the demands of the family, may be ascribed to a higher motive than private interest. The conduct of the Assembly towards him was neither honor- able nor politic; for his sins against his principals were virtues to the people, with whom he was deservedly a favorite ; and the House should have given him such substantial marks of their gratitude as would have tempted his successors to walk in his steps. But fear of further offence to the proprietary family, the influence of Logan, and a quarrel between the Governor and Lloyd, turned their attention from him to his suc- cessor."^ After his removal, Keith resided some time in the province, returned to England and is said to have died poor, in London, about the year 171:9. Patrick Gordon was appointed successor of Keith by the family, and formally proposed to the crown, by Springett Penn, their heir-at-law. He seems to have first met the Assembly in the beginning of the 6th month, 172(), though he arrived in the province, with his family, some time before.^ "As the colonists extended themselves through the interior of the country, [1727,] they came more frequently and more closely in contact with the natives, and, in despite of the efforts of the government, oppo- sition of habits, interests, and dispositions, led to occasional violence, by either party, and sometimes to bloodshed. A person named Wright had been killed beyond Conestogo, at a place called Snaketown, by the Penn- sylvania Indians. The course directed by the Assembly, on this occa- sion, to obtain redress, was that established for the prosecution of Indian offenders generally. The criminal was demanded of the town or nation to which he belonged, with a threat that, unless he were surrendered within a specified time, the proper officer would be empowered to appre- 1 Gordon. Franklin. Mod. Hist. 2 Proud. 104 AUTHENTIC HISTORY hend him ; and, when surrendered, he was tried by an English jury. The colonists Avere much annoyed by non-resident Indians, who frequently, in small and armed parties, roved on the borders of the settlements, and, stimulated by drink and cupidity, committed outrages upon the persons and property of the inhabitants. A case of this kind had called forth the inhabitants on the Mahanatany, [1728,] a creek emptying into the Schuylkill thirty miles from Philadelphia, and, in the affray, several of the whites, as well as Indians, were wounded. During the alarm and irritation occasioned by this affair, three unoffending Indians, of a friendly provincial tribe, were inhumanly killed in the woods by four whites. The Governor, who had, on the first disturbance by the strange Indians proceeded to Mahanatany, ordered three of the murderers to be arrested ; the fourth escaped. The vengeance of the Indian chiefs, to whom the deceased were related, was much dreaded; but it was averted by the interposition of the Five Nations, and a new treaty."^ A few days before the last-mentioned incident, the Governor received intelligence in a letter from Mr. Wright, at Conestogo that in conse- quence of an impending quarrel between the Conestogo and Shawanese Indians, occasioned by the latter having killed two of the former, the white settlers were filled with consternation and were leaving their houses, and that his presence Avas required for the composition of the differences and the preservation of peace. The necessary arrangements being com- pleted, the Governor, accompanied by some members of the Council and other gentlemen, to the number of about thirty, left Philadelphia on the 22d of May, and the following night came to the house of Andrew Cor- nish, about a mile distant from the Indian town. The 2-ith and 25th days were spent in waiting for some other persons expected at the Treaty and in mutual civilities, and on the 26th the Treaty began as fol- lows : ^ At a Council held at the Indian Town of Conestogoe, May 26th, 1728. PRESENT : The Hon'ble Patrick Cordon, Esq., Lieut. Gov., some Members of Council and divers other Gentlemen. PRESENT ALSO: Ganyataronga, 1 Tawenna, ! Chiefs of the Conestogoe Tanniatchiaro, \ Indians. Taquatarensaly, alias Capt. Civility, j Oholykon, -^ Peyeashickon, \- Chiefs of some of the Delaware Indians on Wikimikyona, J Brandy wine. 1 Gordon. 2 Col. Rec. Ill, 310-314. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 105 Howickyoma, Skayanannego, Onneygheat, |- Chiefs of the Ganawese Indians. Nanamakamen, | Peyhiohin.ic;, J Weysow-walow, "^ Keyscykakalow, )- Chiefs of the Shawanese. Nichtamskakow, J Shakawtawlin, or Sam, Interpreter from the English into the Dela- ware. Captain Civility, Interpreter from the Delaware into the Shawanese and Mingoe (alias Conestogoe.) Pomapechtoa, Interpreter from the Delaware into the Ganawese Lan- guage. Mr. Nicholas Scull, -i Mr. John Scull, |- Assistant Interpreters. Mr. Peter Bizallion, J The Governor spoke as follows : "My Friends and Brethren: You are sensible that the Great Wil- liam Penn, the Father of this Country, when he first brought his people with him over the broad sea, took all the Indians and the old inhabitants by the hand, and because he found them to be a sincere, honest people, he took them to his heart and loved them as his own. He then made a strong league and chain of Friendship with them, by which it was agreed that the Indians and the English, with all the Christians, should be as one people. "Your Friend and Father, Wm. Penn, still retained a warm affection for all the Indians, and strictly commanded those whom he sent to govern this people to treat the Indians as his children, and continued in this kind love for them until his death. "His sons have now sent me over in their stead, and they gave me strict charge to love all the Indians as their brethren, and as their Father William Penn loved 3^ou. I would have seen you before this time, but I fell sick soon after I came over, and continued so till the next Spring. I then waited to receive some of the Five Nations who came to see me at Philadelphia, and last Fall I heard you were all gone out a hunting. "I am now come to see you, and to renew the ancient Friendship which has been between William Penn's people and you. I was in hopes that Sassoonan and Opekasset, with their people, would have been likewise here; they have sent me kind messages and have a warm love for the Christians. I believe they will come to me at Philadelphia, for since they could not get hither I have desired them to meet me there. " I am now to discourse with my brethren, the Conestogoes, Delawares, 106 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Ganawese and Shawanese Indians upon Susquehanna, and to speak in love to tliem. "My Brethren: You have been faithful to your Leagues with us, your hearts have been clean, and you have preserved the chain from spots or rust, or if there were any you have been careful to wipe them away ; your leagues with your Father William Penn and with his Governors, are in writing on record, that our children and our children's children may have them in everlasting remembrance. And we know that you preserve tlie memory of those things amongst you by telling them to 3^our children, and they again to the next generation, so that they re- main stamped on your minds never to be forgot. "The chief heads or strongest links of this chain I find are these nine, viz : 1st. "That all William Penn's people or Christians, and all the Indians should be brethren, as the children of one father, joined together as with one heart, one head and one bodv. 2d. " That all paths should be open and free to both Christians and Indians. 3d. " That the doors of the Christians' houses should be open to the Indians, and the houses of the Indians open to the Christians, and they should make each other welcome as their friends. 4:th. " That the Christians should not believe any false rumors or re- ports of the Indians, nor the Indians believe any such rumors or reports of the Christians, but should first come as brethren to enquire of each other ; and that both Christians and Indians, when they hear any such false reports of their brethren, they should bury them in a bottom- less pit. 5th. "That if the Christians hear any ill news that may be to the hurt of the Indians, or if the Indians hear any such ill news that may be to the injury of the Christians, they should acquaint each other with it speedily as true friends and brethren. 6th. " That the Indians should do no manner of harm to the Christians nor their creatures, nor the Christians do any hurt to any Indians, but each treat the other as their brethren. 7th. "But as there are wicked people in all nations, if either Indians or Christians should do any harm to each other, complaint should be made of it by the persons suffering, that right may be done, and when satisfac- tion IS made, the injury or wrong should be forgot, and be buried as in a bottomless pit. 8th. "That the Indians should in all things assist the Christians, and the Christians assist the Indians against all wicked people that would disturb them. 9th. "And lastly, that both Christians and Indians should acquaint OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 107 their children with this league and firm chain of friendship made between them, and that it should always be made stronger and stronger and be kept bright and clean, without rust or spot between our children and children's children, while the creeks and rivers run, and while the sun, moon and stars endure. "And for a confirmation on our parts of all these several articles, we bind them with these several parcels of goods, viz : "20 Strowd Matchcoats, 20 Dufl:ells, 20 Blankets, 20 Shirts, 1 cwt. of Gunpowder, 2 cwt. of Lead, 500 Flints, 50 Knives." After Avhich the Governor proceeded and said : "My Brethrex: I have now spoke to the league and chain of friend- ship, first made by your father, AVilliam Penn, with your fathers, which is confirmed. I am now to acquaint you with an unhappy accident that has afflicted me and all good people amongst us, and we lament and mourn with you on the heavy misfortune. "About forty days ago we heard that the Twechtweys were coming as enemies against this country. I believe it is false, for we never hurt the Twechtweys ; and about eighteen days since I received an express from the Iron works at Mahanatawny, acquainting me that eleven foreign In- dians, painted for war, and armed with guns, pistols and swords, were come amongst our inhabitants, plundering them and taking away their provisions by force, whereupon some of our people, to the number of twenty men, with arms, went to speak to them civilly, but the Indians fired upon them and wounded some of them ; our men likewise fired on the Indians and wounded some of them also; but the Indians fired first. It was very ill done to fire. "As soon as I had this account I took horse and went to Mahanatawny, with several gentlemen of Philadelphia, but the Indians were gone off". I found our people believed there were more coming, and therefore some hundreds met together with their arms to defend themselves in case the Indians should attack them. "As I was returning home I heard news that grieved me exceedingly. I was told that two or three furious men amongst us had killed three or four Indian friends and hurt two girls. I went back mourning, and sent out men to take the murderers, who were accordingly taken, and "^re now in irons in a dungeon to be tried by the laws of the great King of all the English, as if they had killed so many of his own subjects. I have like- wise caused search to be made for the dead bodies, and two women were found murdered, who b}'^ my order were laid in a grave and covered with shirts and strowds. I hear likewise that the dead body of an Indian man has been found and is buried. "You know there are wicked people among all nations; there are ill people amongst you, and you are sometimes forced to put them to death. 108 AUTHENTIC HISTORY The English are a great people, and there are likewise wicked men amongst them. I mourn for this misfortune, and will do all I can to comfort the relations of the dead when I see them, which I hope will be at Philadelphia with Sassoonan and Opekasset. "About eight months ago I received an account that an English man was killed by some Indians, at the House of John Burt, in Snake town. I heard John Burt was very abusive to the Indians, and I sent to appre- hend him, but he fled; if he can be taken he will be punished. But since there was a man killed, we expect the Indians will do us justice by apprehending the murderers that they may be punished, for we must be just and faithful to each other, that this spot may be wiped away and the chain be kept bright and clean. "Yoii know, my brethren, that one link of the chain is, that when the Indians are uneasy they should tell it to us, and when we are uneasy we will tell it to them. I therefore desire your hearts may be open, that I may know if you have any cause of grief which I will endeavor to remove, for I am your brother. " I have issued a Proclamation requiring all our people to use you well, which shall be read unto you before I go away. I will prevent any hurt being done to our friends the Indians, because those who do not behave themselves agreeable to what is therein commanded, will be severely punished. At a Council held at the Indian Town of Conestogoe, May 27th, 1728. PRESENT : The Ilouble Patrick Gordon, Esqr., Lieut Governr. And the same as before. Tawenna, in the name and on the behalf of all the Indians present, spoke to the Governor, which was rendered into English by John Scull, interpreter, and is as follows : " Give ear my brethren of Philadelphia— the Conestogoe Indians, the Shawanese, the Ganawese and DelaAvares have somewhat to say, which they will speak presently. " They say they look upon the Governor as if William Peim himself were present. They are four Nations and among them there are several loohsh people, as if they were just sprung from the earth; but that since their first friendship with William Penn, they never have received any wrong or injury from him or any of his people. "That several foolish people among them committed follies and indis- cretions, but they hope these will never interrupt the friendship which is between their people and us, for that they and all William Penn's people are as one people, that eat, as it were, with one mouth, and are one body and one heart. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 109 " Then, presenting a belt of wampum of eight rows, they say : They would not have the Governor grieve too much for the rash inconsiderate actions that of late have been committed ; they must be buried and forgot, for that what has happened was done by their friends; if it had been done by their enemies the}^ would have resented it, but that we and they are one; that they have always met with justice and kindness from William Penn, and from all the Governors whom he has sent here, and thus do all the Indians of Conestogoe, Delaware, the Shawanese and Ganawese say. "That they are extremely glad and satisfied with what the Governor said to them yesterday ; it greatly rejoiced their hearts ; that they have had no such speech made to them since the time that the great William Penn was amongst them ; all was "good and nothing was amiss. "Then, presenting four strings of wampum, they say: They will visit the Governor at Philadelphia after the harvest is over, and then they will speak fully to him as their brother and friend, for the Conestogoes, Dela- wares, Shawanese and Ganawese will then come to him, and he may look up the Conestogoe road and expect them ; that what happened at John Burt's house was not done by them; it was done by one of the Meny- sincks, who are of another Nation, and therefore they can say nothing to it." After this Answer of the Indians some of the gentlemen present moved the Governor, that seeing there was now a numerous company of our inhabitants met together, he would be pleased to })ress the Indians to declare to him if they suffered any grievance or hardship from this Gov- ernment, because several reports had been industriously spread abroad as if they had some just cause of complaint. And the Governor having ordered the interpreters to acquaint them herewith ; they all answered that they had no cause of complaint, that William Penn and his people had still treated them well, and they had no uneasiness. The Governor then told them that he was well pleased with what they had said unto him, and that since the Indian, who killed the Englishman at Burt's house is not of their Nation, he would demand justice from that Nation to which he belonged. The Proclamation w^as then interpreted unto them, which seemed to. please them very much. Then the Governor having ordered some rum, bread, tobacco and pipes to be delivered to them, and likewise one strowd matchcoat and one shirt to Civility, one strowd matchcoat and shirt to Shakatawlin or Sam, and one shirt to Pomapechtya, the three Indian interpreters; he took all the Indian chiefs by the hand, and desired them that when they returned home they should acquaint all their people with what had now passed between them and us, that the remembrance thereof might endure for- ever. 110 AUTHENTIC HISTORY The proclamation referred to was as follows : "By THE IIoxouRABLE PATRICK GoRDON, Esqr., Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, and Counties of Newcastle, Kent and Sussex, upon Delaware. "A PROCLAMATION. "Whereas, by the especial favour of Divine Providence and its bless- ings on the endeavors of our late honorable Proprietor, and the first adventurers with him in the settlement of this colony, the inhabitants thereof have hitherto enjoyed a continued course of peace and tran- quility, secured from all hostilities, either by invasion or insurrection : to which nothing under the Divine hand has more effectually contributed than the prudent care that was then taken by the Proprietor, to enter into a firm alliance and sincere friendship with all the Indian natives, at that time a numerous people. And Whereas, by the several treaties then made, it was specially provided and agreed, that the said natives should be considered in all dealings, and converse with them as our friends and brethren without distinction; and by the like care in the government, the same treaties have from time to time been continued and confirmed, and by the sober and prudent conduct of the ancient settlers and their successors, the first established friendship has been hitherto without any interruption supported and maintained, to the great benefit, as well as honor and reputation of this Government and its Euro- pean inhabitants, as also of the said natives, who have not to this time been guilty of any failure or breach on their parts of the said treaties. But Whereas, by reason of some rude insults from a few strange In- dians, who had ranged amongst our inhabitants, some actions tending to hostilities ensued; whereupon the people assembled themselves in com- panies, under an apprehension that those robbers might be followed by much greater numbers. And since these motions, a most barbarous murder has been committed by some furious men on the bodies of three harmless and quiet natives, our friends ; for which the malefactors have been happily seized and are in safe custody, in order to be tried and suffer condign punishment. Now, for prevention of all further other breaches of the established friendship between us and the said natives, I do, by virtue of the powers and authorities to me derived from the King's sacred Majesty, and the Honble the Proprietors and Governors in chief of this province and adjacent counties, hereby strictly charge and command all and singular his Majesty's subjects, the Europeans of what- soever nation they be, who reside in the said province or counties, that on no pretence they abuse any Indian native of the Nations around us, viz: the Dela wares, Conestogoes, Ganawese, Sh wamese, Mingoes or those of the Five Nations, or any other con g and demean- ing themselves peaceably amongst us, but that on all jccasions thev OF LANCASTER COUNTY. Ill treat all the said Indians with the same civil regard that they would an English subject; and that by all means they avoid that unbe- coming practice of expressing or shewing their weak unhandsome fears, by which they greatly expose themselves to remarks that are dishonor- able. But because, on the late alarms, apprehensions have been raised of insults from foreign Indians: To the end, that the inhabitants may not in any case (should it unfortunately happen) be unprovided, I do hereby direct and require all llis Majesty's liege subjects within the said province and counties, that they be at all times duly furnished with suitable arms and ammunition for their defence, to be used in case of real necessity by the order and direction of proper officers, who shall be duly appointed for that purpose. And that they fail not to appear with them in proper time and place, if there should be occasion to use them, in defence of themselves, their families and country. "Given in Council at Philadelphia, under my hand and the Great Seal of the said Province, the sixteenth da}^ of May, in the first year of the reign of our sovereign Lord George, the Second by the grace of God, over Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the faith, &c., Annoq Dom., 1728. " God save the King." Up to this period the present limits of Lancaster county, and indeed a large section of Pennsylvania, formed part of Chester county. The county seat was Upland or Chester on the Delaware, 15 miles S. W. from Philadelphia. The inconveniences arising from this circumstance are stated in the subjoined minutes relating to the erection of Lancaster county. At a Council held at Philadelphia, Feb. 6th, 1728-9. PRESENT : The Honorable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor, James Logan, William Fishbourn, ^ Eichard Hill, Clement Plumsted, 1 -r^^",. Isaac Norris, Samuel Hazle, i Samuel Preston, J A petition of the inhabitants of the upper parts of Chester county was laid before the Board and read, setting forth, that by reason of their great distance from the county town, where Courts are held, offices are kept, and annual elections made, they lie under very great inconveniences, being obliged in the recovery of their just debts, to travel near one hun- dred miles to obtain a writ; that for want of a sufficient number of Jus- tices, Constab'efv "ud other officers, in those parts, no care is taken of the high-ways; To3?f^^yhips are not laid out, nor bridges built, when there is an apparent iie^'^essity for them ; and further that for want of a Goal ■^12 AUTHENTIC HISTORY there, several vagabonds and other dissolute people harbour among them, thinking themsefves safe from justice in so remote a place ; and therefore praying°that a Division Line be made between the upper and lower part of the said county, and the upper part thereof erected into a county, with all the immunities, rights and privileges which any other county of this Province does now enjoy. The Board taking the same into consideration, are of opinion that the Governor is fully empowered by virtue of his commission, to grant the prayer of the petition, if the same shall appear necessary ; but as it is a matter of some moment and will require a mature deliberation, it was moved and agreed that the further consideration thereof should be de- ferred till to-morrow at nine o'clock, beforenoon, to which time the Council is adjourned. At a Council held at Philadelphia, February 7th, 1728-9. PRESENT: The honorable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor. James Logan, Clement Plumsted, ^ Kichard Hill, Ealph Asheton, \- Bsq'rs. Isaac Norris, Samuel llazle, j Wm. Fishbourn, J The Minutes of the three preceding Councils being read and approved, the Board, according to order, entered into the consideration of the peti- tion in the Minute of yesterday, touching the Division of Chester county, and after the same had been fully considered and debated, the Board came to the following Resolution : That, as well for the reasons set forth in said petition, as the security, peace and good order of the whole Gov- ernment, there doth appear a real neccessity that a new county should be erected, according to the prayer of said petition ; and although the power of erecting counties is wholly vested in the Proprietory, and therefore in the Governor, as his Lieutenant, yet, inasmuch as this will require the establishment of Courts of Judicature, with other alterations, for which a due provision will best be made by a Law, it may be convenient that the Governor should acquaint the House of Representatives now sitting, with the application made to him, that the same may be carried on with, and strengthened by the joint and unanimous concurrence of the whole Legislature. At a Council held at Philadelphia, February 20th, 1728-9. PRESENT: The Honourable Patrick Gordon, Esq. Lieut. Governor. Richard Hill, Clement Plumsted, ^ Isaac Norris, Thomas Laurence, [ Esq'rs. Samuel Preston, Samuel Hazle. J OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 113 The minutes of the preceding Council being read and approved, the Governor informed the Board that pursuant to the resolve of last Coun- cil, he had acquainted the House of Representatives with his intention to erect the upper part of the County of Chester into a separate county, in which they had concurred, and desired that an equal number of the in- habitants of the lower and upper part might run the division line ; and, therefore, he was now to recommend to the Board to choose fit and well qualified persons for that service, and to consider of proper directions for their guidance therein. And after due consideration thereof — It is ordered that Henry Hayes, Samuel Nutt, Samuel Hollingsworth, Philip Taylor, Elisha Gatchel, James James, John Wright, Tobias Hen- dricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards and John Musgrave, or the major part of them, calling to their assistance John Taylor, the Surveyor of Chester County, meet at some convenient place near Octeraroe Creek or River, and cause a marked line to be run from the most northerly or main branch of the said Creek northward, or to the east or west thereof, as it shall be found most convenient, to the next high ridge of barren or uninhabited hills that trend from thence to Schuylkill River, keeping as near as may be to the ridge of the said hills, and to proceed along the ridge thereof, yet with as few changes in the course as their situation will admit, and fixing the same to the most con- spicuous, natural and durable marks that may be the least subject to uncertainty or variation : to be bounded southward by the southern bounds of the province, and eastwardly the said Octeraroe creek; and from thence the northern line to be by them run as aforesaid, to the said hills, from thence the main northern or easterly branch thereof, above the forks of the said river, to lie open to the westward and northward till further order shall be given therein ; and to make Report of their pro- ceedings to this Board. At a Council held at Philadelphia, May 2d, 1729. PRESENT: The Hon'ble Patrick Gordon, Esqr., Lieut. Governor. Richard Hill, Thomas Laurence, ^ William Fishbourne, Samuel Hazle, [-Esq'rs. Clement Plumsted, ~ J A Return being made oy^he Order dated the 20th day of February last, for running a Division Li!re in the County of Chester, and settling the boundaries of the county to be erected in the back parts of this Province towards Sasquehannah, pursuant to the minute of Council of the 20th of said February, the same was read, approved and confirmed, and is in these words: " Pursuant to a Warrant from the Honorable Patrick Gordon, Esquire, 9 114 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Pensilvania and counties of New- castle, Kent and Sussex upon Delaware, bearing date the 22d day of Feb- ruary last past, We whose names are hereunto subscribed, met together on the 17th day of March, 1728-9, near the head of the Northern Branch of Octeraroe Creek, and with the assistance of John Taylor, Surveyor of the County of Chester, run a Line from the said Branch to the Eivcr Schuylkill, according to the courses following, viz : Beginning on a corner marked White Oak standing on the Eastern side of the said Branch on the land of John Minshall, thence north-east by north live hundred and eighty perches to a Chestnut Oak standing on the top of a barren mountain at the head of the branches of the said Octeraroe creek thence along the said mountain north-east by east three hundred and forty perches to a Chestnut tree, thence north north-east four hundred and forty perches to a White Oak, by a branch of Pequea creek, thence continuing the sa,me course along the said mountain four hundred and eighty perches to a Chestnut Oak, thence north by east seven hundred perches to a white oak near a small branch of Brandywine creek, thence north by west six hundred and sixteen perches to a Chestnut tree standing on the top of a mountain at the head of the Western Branch of the said Brandywine Creek, thence east north-east along the said mountain two thousand two hundred and twenty perches to a Chestnut tree near the Western Branch of the French Creek, thence north-east by east three hundred and fifty perches to a red Oak, thence north-east one hundred and ninety perches to a Chestnut Oak near another Branch of the said French Creek, thence north-east by north two thousand one hundred perches to a corner marked White Oak, standing by the said Eiver Schuylkill, about three quarters of a mile below the house of John Burroughs." Henry Hays, Tobias^Hendricks, Samuel Hollingsworth, Samuel Blunston, Philip Taylor, Andrew Cornish, Elisha Gatchel, Thomas Edwards, James James, John Musgrave. John Wright. "And the upper parts of this Province described as aforesaid, are hereby declared to be erected, and are accordingly erected into a County by the name of LANCASTER COUNTY. And 'Tis Obdered that the sarne be signified to thellouse of Representatives, and the Return laid before them for their direction in describing the boundaries thereof in the Bill now before them for establishing Courts of Judicature, &c., within the them." Ihe County owes its name, according to tradition, to John Wright a native of Lancashire in England, who arrived in the province in 17M, settled a Chester and removed to Columbia in 1726. A sketch of his life will be found m the Biographical Division of this work OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 115 At a Council lield at Philadelphia, May 8th, 1729. PRESENT : The Hoii^le PATRICK GORDON, Esq., Lieut. Governor. William Fishbourne, Ralph Asheton, ') Clement Plumsted, Samuel Hazle. |- Esq'rs. Thomas Laurence, j A Bill sent up from the House entitled an act for erecting the upper parts of the Province of Pennsylvania, lying towards Sasquehannah, Con- estogoe, Dunnegal, &c., into a county was read, to which it was proposed and agreed that a clause should be drawn up and sent to the House to be inserted therein, for continuing all such suits and actions as are now depending in the county of Chester, against any inhabitant of the county of Lancaster, and that the same may be brought to issue in the said county of Chester; which, with some other small amendments, were or- dered to be carried down with the Bill. Then the Governor recommended to the Board to consider of proper persons to be appointed Justices of Peace of the said county of Lancaster, and be commissionated for the office ©f Sheriff' and Coroner, and the fol- lowing persons were named for Justices, viz : John Wright, Tobias Hen- dricks, Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards, Caleb Peirce, Thomas Reid and Samuel Jones, Esquires. Robert Barber was likewise appointed Sheriff, and Andrew Galbraith Coroner, and Commissions were ordered to be prepared accordingly. May 10th, 1729, the House of Representatives waited on the Governor, and the Speaker presented among others the following Bill to be passed into law, which was accordingly by the Governor passed into a Law of this Province, and warrant was issued for affixing the great seal thereto. "An Act for erecting the ITpper Parts of the Province of Pennsyl- vania, lying towards Sasquehanna, Conestogoe, Dunnegal, etc. into a county. "Whereas, A great number of the inhabitants of the Upper Part of Chester county have by their Petition humbly represented to the Gov- ernor and Assembly of this Province, the great hardships they lie under by being at so great a distance from the town of Chester, Avhere the Courts of Justice are held, and the Public offices kept ; and how hard and difficult it is for the sober and quiet inhabitants of that part of the county to secure themselves against the thefts and abuses almost daily committed upon them by idle and dissolute persons, who resort to the remote parts of the Province, and by reason of the great distance from a Court or Prison, do irequently find means of making their escape; for the re- moving which inconveniency, and relief of the said inhabitants, Be it en- acted by the Honourable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Governor of the Prov- ince of Pennsylvania, etc., by and with the advice and consent of the 116 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Freemen of the said Province, in General Assembly met, and by the Au- thority of the same, That all and singular the lands within the Province of Pennsylvania, lying to the Northward of Octoraro creek, and to the Westward of a line of marked trees, running from the North Branch of the said Octoraro creek, north-easterly to the river Schuylkill, be erected into a county, and the same is hereby erected into a county named, and from henceforth to be called Lancaster county; and the said Octoraro creek, the line of marked trees, and the river Schuylkill, aforesaid, shall be the Boundary Line or Division between the said county and the counties of Chester and Philadelphia. "II. And he it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the said County of Lancaster, shall have and enjoy all and singular the Jurisdic- tions, Powers, Eights, Liberties, Privileges and Immunities whatsoever, which any other County within the Province of Pennsylvania doth, may or ought to enjoy, by any Charter of Privileges, or the laws of this Province, or by any other ways or means whatsoever, excepting only in the number of Kepresentatives to serve in the General Assembly of this Province, in which case, it is hereby provided and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that, until it shall be otherwise ordered by the Governor and Assembly of this Province, the Freemen and Inhabitants of the said county, qualified by the Laws of this Province to elect, shall annually meet at or near the Court House of the said county, at the same time the other counties of this Province shall meet for such like purpose, or at such place where the Courts shall be held, until such Court House shall be erected, and there proceed to choose Inspectors, and to elect four Eepresentatives or Delegates to serve them in Assembly, in the same manner, as by the said Charter and Laws of this Province is directed : which said four Eepresentatives, when so chosen, shall be Members of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, and sit and act as such, as fully and freely, as any of the Eepresentatives for the other counties within this Province do, may, can or ought to do. "III. And be it furthar enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all taxes already laid within the bounds of the said County of Lancaster, by an Act of General Assembly of this Province, which are not already paid, shall be collected by the respective collectors within the bounds afore- said, and paid into the hands of the Treasurer of Cliester County ; and that all persons concerned in the levying, receiving and paying of the said taxes, shall have the same power and authority, and be under the same penal- ties and restrictions, for the collecting and paying the same, as by the said acts, by which the said Taxes were assessed, are expressed and directed, until the whole be collected and paid as aforesaid. " IV. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the several Courts of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace and Goal Deliverv, and OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 117 the Courts of Common Pleas for tlie said County of Lancaster, shall be holden and kept on the first Tuesday in the months of Februari/, Mai/^ August and November^ in every year, at some proper place within the said County, until a convenient Court House shall be built ; and when the same is built and erected in the county aforesaid, the said several Courts shall then be holden and kept at the said Court Ilouse on the days be- forementioned : And the Election of Eeprcsentatives to serve in General Assembly, Assessors and all other officers of the said County, who are or shall be appointed to be annually elected, shall be made and elected at or near the said Court Ilouse, at the same time and in the same man- ner, as by the Charter of Privileges and Laws of the Province of Penn- sylvania, is directed to be done in the other Counties of this Province. And it shall be lawful for the Freemen of the said County for the first year, to choose three persons for Commissioners, for raising County Kates and Levies for the said County. "V. And he it further enacted hy the authority aforesaid^ That it shall and may be lawful to and for Galeh Pierce, John Wright, Thomas Ed- wards and James Mitchell, or any three of them, to purchase aud take assurance to them and their Heirs, of a Piece of land, situate in some convenient place in the said County, to be approved of by the Governor in Trust and for the use of the said County, and thereon to erect and build, or cause to be erected and built, a Court House and Prison, suffi- cient to accommodate the public service of the said County, for the ease and conveniency of the Inhabitants. "VI. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That for the defraying the charges of purchasing the Land, building and erecting the Court House and Prison aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for the Commissioners and Assessors of the said County, or a majority of them, who are hereby required to assess and levy so much money as the Trustees, or any three of them, shall judge necessary for purchasing the Land and finishing the said Court House and Prison. Provided ahcays, The sum of money so raised do not exceed Three Hundred Pounds, cur- rent money of the Province. "VII. Provided always, and be it further enacted by the authority cf ore- said. That no action or suit now commenced and depending in the county of Chester, against any Person living within the bounds of the said county of Lancaster, shall be stayed or discontinued by this Act, or by anything herein contained, but the same actions alread}^ commenced or depending, may be prosecuted, and judgment thereupon rendered, as if this Act had not been made, and that it shall and may be lawful for the Justices of Chester county to issue any judicial process, to be directed to the Sheriff' of Lancaster county, for carrying on and obtaining the efl;ect of their suits; which Sheriff' shall be obliged to yield obedience in exe- 118 AUTHENTIC HISTORY cuting of the said writs, and make due return before tlie Justices of tlie Court of the said county of Chester, as if the Parties had been living and residing within the same." At a Council held at Philadelphia, March 20th, 1728-29. PRESENT: The Hon'ble. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor. Eichard Hill, AYilliam Fishbourn, ^ Isaac Norris, Thomas Laurence, f Esq'rs. Samuel Preston, Samuel Hazle, J The Governor laid before the Board a letter he had yesterday received from the Governor of Maryland, touching the new County to be erected in this Province, which being read, and it appearing that the same pro- ceeds upon a misinformation, as if the persons who were to run the Division Line were to begin at the mouth of Octoraroe Creek, which is claimed as within the limits of Maryland, instead of the head of the said Creek, as mentioned in the order for laying out the same, the Board are of opinion that a copy of said order be sent to the Governor of Maryland, accompanied with a letter from the Governor to show him what caution has been used in directing the boundaries of the said County, so that no umbrage might thereby be given to the Government of Maryland. January 16th, 1729-30. — A Petition of several Germans praying to be naturalized, having been presented to the Governor, His Honour after a strict inquiry into their characters and advising thereon, thought fit to send the following Message to the House : "Gentlemen: Upon application made to me in behalf ®f several Ger- mans, now inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, that they may enjoy the rights and privileges of English subjects, and for that end praying to be naturalized; I have made enquiry and find that those whose names are subjoined to a Petition that will be laid before your House are princi- pally such who many years since came into this Province under a parti- cular agreement with our late Honourable Proprietor at London and have regularly taken up lands under him. It likewise appears to me by good information, that they have hitherto behaved themselves well, and have generally so good a character for honesty and industry as deserves the esteem of this Government, and a mark of its regard for them. I am therefore inclined from these considerations to ftivor their request, and hope you will join with me in passing a Bill for their Naturalization. "I have likewise received a favorable character of John Neagley, Ber- nard Reser and John Wistre, of Philadelphia county, whose munes may be inserted in the said Bill with those now recommended. "P. Gordon." VIEW OF THE COUNTRY round LANCASTER in 1730. Frovi a Sketch mike Office of the Secretarf of til e CoTnmonweaZth. OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 119 CHAPTER IV. FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF LANCASTER COUNTY TO THE TER- MINATION OF THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. Opinion was divided respecting the most suitable place for a Court House. Wright's Ferry, the residence of the first Sheriff of the county, was strongly recommended, and the Sheriff felt so confident that the Ferrj would be selected as the site "that he had a strong wooden build- ing put up near his residence, which was intended for the county Goal. It is only a few years since this building was pulled down."^ [1729,] The house of John Postlewhait, in the townshp of Conestogoe, now the residence of Jacob Fehl, Esq., being an old settlement, the original site of an Indian wigwam and close to the Indian town of Conestogoe, was selected for the purpose, and a temporary Court House and Goal, built of logs, were erected there. The following extracts from the Sessions and Road Docket of the Court of Quarter Sessions exhibit the state of things at that period. At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, held at the house of John Postlewhait, in the township of Conestogoe, for the county of Lancaster, the fifth day of August in the third year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Second, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Before John Wright, Tobias Hendricks, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Read and Samuel Jones, Esquires, Justices of our said Lord the King, the Peace of our same Lord the King in the county aforesaid to keep, as also divers felo- nies, trespasses and other misdemeanors, in the said county committed to hear and determine assigned, etc. The Court being opened, the Sheriff, to wit, Robert Barber, Esq. returns the Writ of Venire Facias to him directed, with the panel thereunto annexed, and the following persons were sworn and afiirmed on the Grand Inquest, viz: James Mitchell, George Stewart, Edward Smout, Edmond Cartlidge, James Pattison, Andrew Gailbraith, Thomas Baldwyn, t Sworn. John Hendricks, James Hendricks, Francis Jones, Samuel Tavlor, 1 }- Affirmed. I J 1 Rev. D. Goheen. 120 AUTHENTIC HISTORY James Roddy, Patrick Campbell, William Hey ^g^^^^_ John Gailbraith, Matthew Attinson, Ephraim Moor, The following persons were by the Court appointed Consta^bles, Over- seers of the Poor, and Supervisors of the High Ways for the respective Townships, viz.: OVKRSEEKS OF THE SUPERVISORS OP THE TOWNSHIPS. CONSTABLES. POOR. HIGHWAYS. Hempfield Joshua Low, for Edward Smout Joshua Lowe .John Brubaker Henry Nieff Conestogoe Alb't Hendricks David Jones John Linville Martock George Middletou Drumore Patrick Ewings Sadsbury Robert Young Laycock Henry Jones, for Israel Robinson Hans Good Daniel Feiry Lampeter John Wall, for Steijhen Atkinson Edmond Cartlidge Wendell Bowman Adam Brand Manheim Thomas Gale Salisbury James Gant Warwick Richard Carter Cocalico Eman'l Carpenter Earl Martin Grove Lebanon John McCurry Robinson Francis Hughs Tulpehocken Michael Shaver Carnarvon George Hudson Peslitanck 1 Thomas Garner Peter Allen Donegall j Patrick Campbell DOMINUS REX \ And now at this day Morris Cannady being in- vs. |- dieted by the Grand Inquest for this county for MORRIS CANNADY. ) having feloniously taken, stolen, and carried away fourteen pounds, seven shillings, the goods and chattels of Daniel Cookson, was brought to the bar in custody of the sheriff", and being asked how he would hereof acquit himself, pleaded thereunto instantly not guilty, and for trial put himself upon the country, and Joseph Grow- don, Jr., Esq., who, for our Sovereign Lord, the King, in this behalf prosecutes in like manner; and thereupon a jury being called, imme- diately came, viz: John Lawrence, Robert Blackshaw, Thomas Gale, John Mitchell, Joseph Burton, Edward Dougherty, Richard Hough, Joshua Minshall, Richard Carter, Joseph Worke, David Jones, Lawrence Bankson, who to say the truth of and upon the premises being duly elected, tried, sworn or afl&rmed upon their oath and affirmation, respect- ively do say, that the said Morris Cannady is guilty of the felony afore- said in manner and form as he stands indicted ; and thereupon it is con- sidered by the Court that the said Morris Cannady pay to the Governor, OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 121 for the support of this Government, (the money stolen having before been restored unto the said Daniel Cookson, the right owner thereof) the sum of fourteen pounds seven shillings, and that he further pay the costs of this prosecution, together j^with two pounds eighteen shillings, by the court allowed the said Daniel Cookson, for his loss of time, charges and disbursements in the apprehending and prosecuting the said Morris Can- nady, and that the said Morris stand committed to the custody of the sheriff of this county, until he make satisfaction for the sums aforesaid by the court in manner aforesaid adjudged, and moreover shall be ])ub- licly whipped on his bare back with twenty-one stripes well laid on. Upon the petition of Morris Cannady, setting forth that he hath no estate or effects whatsoever, to satisfy the fine to the Ilonorable, the Governor of this Province, and to discharge the costs of prosecution against him, and humbly praying the relief of this Court in the premises ; it is therefore ordered j9e?' curiam^ that the said Morris be sold by the said sheriff of this county, to the highest bidder for any term not exceeding six years, and that the money thence arising be applied for or towards payment of the fine and costs aforesaid ; and that the sheriff make return of his doings herein to next court. 1730, November 3. — At a court held at Lancaster— Robert Barber, late sheriff of the county, reports to the Court, that pursuant to a former order he had sold Morris Cannady for the time limited by said order to one John Lawrence, of Peshtank, for sixteen pounds, of which sum he had only received the value of fourteen pounds, five shillings, and the said John being insolvent, the remainder could not be had; he therefore prays this court would order the Costs of suit and other charges against the said Cannady to be settled and the state thereof represented to the Governor, that the said sherift' may be no further liable than he hath effects to answer. Ordered, i^er cicriam, that Tobias Hendricks and Andrew Galbraith, Esqrs., settle the said accounts and certify their proceedings to the Gov- ernor in behalf of the said sheriff, according to his prayer. Petition presented to Court by the subscribers, "praying that they may be recommended to the Governor as suitable persons to trade with the Indians," was allowed 7)1?/' curiam. James Pattjson, Edmond Cartledge, Peter Chartiere, John Lawrence, Jonas Davenport, Oliver AVallis, Patrick Boyd, Lazarus Lowry, William Dunlap, William Beswick, John Wilkins, Thomas Perrin, John Harris. At the same session petitions were presented to the Court praying to be recommended to the Governor as proper persons to keep public houses of entertainment, which were severally granted per curicnn, in favor of John Postlewhait, John Miller, Jacob Funk, Christian Stoueman, 122 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Jacob Biere, Edward Dougherty, Samuel Taylor, Francis Jenes, Mary Denny. Upon the petition of divers inhabitants of this county setting forth the necessity of a high- way through Hempfield township, from the first un- surveyed land near Sasquehannah to Christian Stoneman, his mill, and from the said mill to Daniel Cookson's at the head of Pequea, and praying that fit persons may be appointed to view and lay out the same accord- ingly. It is ordered 7Jer curiam that Edmond Cartledge, William Hughes, Charles Jones, Henry Neife, John Brubaker and James Pattison, do view the said place, and if they, or any four of them are satisfied that there is occasion for the said road, they lay out the same and make return by course and distance under their hands to the next court. Whereas, At a meeting of the magistrates and others at the house of John Postlewhait, on the ninth of June past, (1729) it was agreed that for the present supply of this county, the sheriff' should erect a building sufficient to hold prisoners and should be allowed towards the defraying the expense, the sum of five pounds, public money, which building is now near built. It is therefore agreed and ordered by this Court that the said sheriff' shall witli all expedition finish the said building, which when finished shall thenceforth be reputed the common goal of the county of Lancaster, till the public prison be built, and with this order the Sheriff" agrees. At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace held in Conesto- goe, the fourth day of November : "Upon the petition of sundry Germans, inhabitants of this county, setting forth that they had taken the legal qualifications required of for- eigners and praying this Court would please to recommend them to the Hon'ble Governor in order to obtain his favor for Naturalization " Ordered ^^er curimn that a Kecommendation pursuant to the said Pe- tition be drawn and signed by the Clerk of the County in behalf of the Court to present to the Governor in favor of of the above petitioners for the Intent abovesaid." " Upon complaint of the Sheriff to this Court that the County was un- provided with Locks, Bolts and Irons necessary to secure felons, etc., It is ordered that the said Sheriff' procure two sufficient Locks and a Chain suitable for the aforesaid use, to be paid by the County." "At the request of the Sheriff of the County to this Court setting forth that he had, according to a former order of this Court, finished the Prison according to bargain, and that the Court would please to view the same, that he may obtain an order on the Treasurer for pay for the same. Ordered jyer curimn that Tobias Hendricks and Andrew Gailbraith view the said Prison and make report to the Commissioners and Assessors accordingly." OF LAXCASTER COUXTV. 12b At a Couwcil held at Philadelphia, Febry. 19th, 1729-30. PRESEXT : The Honble. Patrick Gordox, Esq., Lieut. Governor. James Logan, Clement Plumsted, "] Isaac Norris, Thomas Laurence, '[ Samuel Preston, Ealph Asheton, .' Esq'rs. William FishLourn, J The Governor acquainted the Board that whereas, by the liaw for erecting Lancaster County, John Wright, Caleb Pierce, Thomas Ed- wards and James Mitchel, or any three of them, are empowered to pur- chase for the use of the said County, a convenient piece of Land to be approved of by the Governor, and thereon to build a Court House and Prison, and that now the said John Wright, Caleb Pierce and James Mitchel, have by a Certiiicate under their hands, signified that they have agreed upon a Lot of Land for the uses aforesaid, lying on or near a small run of water, between the plantations of Roody Mire, Michael Shank and Jacob Imble, about ten miles from Sasquehannah Eiver, and prayed his approbation of the same. The Governor therefore referred the matter to the consideration of the Board, whether the situation of the place those gentlemen had pitched on for a town might be fit to be con- firmed, and that a town should accordingly be fi^sed there. But the question being asked to whom the land they had 'inade choice of now belongs, and who has the property of it, because it may be in such hands as will not part with it, or at least on reasonable terms for that use, and this not being known by an}^ at the Board, it was deferred till such time as that point coidd be ascertained. But as it is presumed for anything that is yet known, to be unsurveyed land, and that the right is only in the Proprietor, it is the opinion of the Board that it is more proper to be granted by the Proprietor for such uses than by any other person. Mem. — The Governor having understood that the right to the Land pitclied upon for the Townstead of Lancaster remains yet in the Proprie- taries, was advised to approve of the place agreed on by Messrs. Wright, Pierce and Mitchell, and the same was confirmed accordingly, by a writing dated May 1st, 1730.1 At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace held at Lancaster, the third day of November in the fourth year of his Majesty's reign, Anno 1730, before John Wright, Thomas Edwards, Tobias Hendricks, Andrew Cornish, Andrew Galbraith and Caleb Pearce, Esqs., Justices of our Lord the King, the Peace of our said Lord the King in the County aforesaid to keep, as also divers felonies, trespasses and other misde- meanors in the said County committed, to hear and determine assigned. The Court being opened the Sheriff, with John Galbraith, Esq., returns iCol. Records. 124 AUTHENTIC HISTORY the writ of Venire facias to him directed, with the panel thereunto an- nexed, and the following persons Avere sworn and affirmed on the Grand Inquest. Edward Smout, James Paterson, Randel Chambers, Ephraim Moore, Eichard Hough, George Stites, Christ. Vanlere, James Gait, James Whiteal, Thomas Johnston, William Wilkins, Willitam Richardson, Jut. John Kile, Ilatwell Yernon, Daniel Cookson, John Jones, John Musgrove, Afd. The foregoing persons constituted the first Grand Jury in Lancaster^ and here follows one of the cases tried at Lancaster at the Sessions opened May 2d, 1732.1 DOMINUS REX \ Sur. — Indictment for uttering and paying four vs. j- several counterfeit Bills, of the Tenor and in Imita- ROBERT TEAS. ) tion of genuine bills of credit of the Province of Pennsylvania, in value equal each to ten shillings, knowing the said bills to be false and counterfeit, comes and says that he is not guilty in man- ner and form as by the said Indictment is supposed, and of this puts himself upon the country. And Joseph Crowdon, Esq., who tor our Sovereign Lord the King in their behalf prosecutes in like manner, etc. And now a Jury, who being called, viz : John Wall, Matthew Atkinson, David Vernor, George Sea, Robert Eyres, Edmund Cartlidge, jr., James Mayes, Aron Price, Francis Neift", jr., George Middleton, Christopher Fransiscus and Samuel Robinson, upon their oath and solemn affirmation came and who to say the truth of and upon the premises being chosen, tried, sworn and affirmed upon their respective oaths and affirmations, Do say that the aforesaid Robert Teas is guilty in manner and form as by the said indictment is supposed. It is therefore considered by the Court here that the aforesaid Robert Teas shall be set upon the Pillory and have both his ears cut off and be publicly whipped on his bare back with Thirty-one lashes well laid on; and moreover shall forfeit and pay the sum of One Hundred Pounds current money of America, one half thereof to the use of the Govern- ment and the other half to the discoverers, and shall pa}^ the parties grieved double the value of the said Bills, together with the costs and charges of prosecution, and stand committed till the same be executed and paid. The case being referred to the Governor, at the November Sessions of the same year, was disposed of as follows: It being certified to this Court by Letter from the Governor that he had consented to suspend that ]mrt of the sentence passed against Robert Teas which directed the cutting off his ears and imposed a fine of One Hundred Pounds upon condition he should depart the said province, and w^as not found within any part of the same after a certain time appointed 1 Sessions and Road Docket. OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 125 by this Court. Ordered per curiam, That the said Robert Teas depart out of this province by the tenth day of December next. To the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania. Whereas, By an act of General Assembly of this Province for erect- ing the Upper Part of the Province into a county, called the county of Lancaster,^ It was enacted that it might and should be lawful to and for Caleb Pearce, John Wright, Thomas Edwards and James Mitchell, or any three of them, to purchase a piece of land, situate in some convenient place, in the said county, to be approved of by the Governor, whereon to build a Court House and Prison for the use of said county. These may certify the Governor that we, the subscribers, after much pains and diligent search for a proper place for the aforesaid use, for the ease and accommodation of the majority of the inhabitants, have agreed upon a certain lot of land lying on or near a small run of water, between the Plantations of Rudy Mire, Michael Shank and Jacob Imble, and being about ten miles from the Susquehannah river, which we conceive the most convenient for the use aforesaid. And we pray the Governor would please to approve and confirm the same, that we may proceed to pur- chase and build as the said law directs. Caleb- Peirce, John Wright, James Mitchell. Approved by the Governor on Feb. 17th, 1729-30. The bodies of three Indians, two men and one woman, having been found buried in a certain run,^ covered with some logs and stone, the Coroner's inquiries showed that they were the bodies of three Indians, an old man, his son, a young man, and his daughter, a girl about 14 years old, and had been murdered by the old man's squaw for the sole purpose that she might marry another man. A letter from Capt. Civility to the Governor: May it Please ye Hon'ble Governor : Some time since I was at our county town of Lancaster, when I heard much talk that both Dutch and English was agoing to settle on ye other side of Susquehannah. Likewise Mr. Wright and Mr. Blunston hath surveyed a great deal of land and de- signs to dispose of it to others, which giveth me and my brethren a great deal of trouble, it being in our road in our hunting, lest our young men should break the chain of friendship which hath long existed between us. We are grieved that Mr. Wright should not mind his word, for when he first came to our parts he often said that no person should settle on that side of the river without our consent, but now we find he to be ye first and to encourage others. iPenn'a. Archives. apenu'a. Archives, i. pp. 267-200. 126 AUTHENTIC HISTORY When your Honour was with us at Conestogoe 3^our desire was that we should not hurt any of 3'our people, which we carefully have observed, and likewise that Ed. Parnell who was settled there, should go ofl" which he did, which now grieves our hearts to see how little our counsels is minded. We hear that one of William Penn's family is coming in this country, but the truth of it we know not; we long to hear the truth of it for we should be glad to see any of William Penn's family. We are now agoing out to hunt, so desire you to suppress your peo- ple from settling there until we return from our hunting and then some of our chiefs will come down to you and have some further treaty about ye matter. From your Loving Brother, in behalf of ye rest of my Brethren, Decattelees, alias Capt. Civility. CoNESTOGCE, Sept. ye 28, 1730. At a Council held at Philadelphia, January 29th, 1730-31. Present: The Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieutenant Governor, etc. A petition of the Magistrates, Grand Jury, and other inhabitants of the County of Lancaster, was presented to the Board and read, setting forth that not- having the conveniency of any navigable water, for bringing the produce of their labors to Philadelphia, they are obliged at a great expense to transport them by land carriage, which burthen becomes heavier through the want of suitable roads for carriages to pass. That there are no public roads leading to Philadelphia yet laid out through their County, and those in Chester County, through which they now pass, are in many places incommodious. And therefore praying that proper persons may be appointed to view and lay out a Eoad for the publick service, from the town of Lancaster till it falls in with the High Road in the County of Chester, leading to the Ferry of Schuylkill at high street, and that a Review may be had of the said Public Road in the County of Chester : The prayer of which petition being granted : It is ORDERED that Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Robert Barber, Hans Graaf, Caleb Peirce, Samuel Jones and Andrew Cornish of the County of Lancaster, or any five of them, view and lay out by course and distance, a convenient high Road from the said town of Lancaster to the Division Line between the Counties of Chester and Lancaster: And that Thomas Green, George Ashton, William Paschal, Richard Buffing- ton, William March, Samuel Miller and Robert Parke of the County of Chester, or any five of them, do then join the above named persons of Lancaster County, or any five of them, in continuing to lay out as afore- said, the said Road from the Division Line aforesaid, till it falls in with the King's high Road in the County of Chester, leading to Philadelphia, and make Return thereof to this Board, And they the above named persons of the County of Lancaster, or any five of them, together with OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 127 the above named persons of the County of Chester, or any five of them, are further impowered jointly to review the said high Eoad within the List mentioned County, and to Report to this Board what aherations may be necessary to be made therein, to suit the conveniency of carriages, and for the better accommodation of the inhabitants of this Province. The vexatious question of the boundary line [1732-33] between Penn- sylvania and Maryland, at this period began to involve Lancaster county in serious difiiculties, the nature of which Avill be best understood from the following documents : At a Council held at Philadelphia, January . 9th, 1732-33. PRESENT : The Honourable the Proprietary. The Lieutenant Governor. James Logan, Thomas Laurence, "] Isaac Norris, Ralph Asheton, | Samuel Preston, Samuel Ilazle, .' ^^ ^^^*' Ilenry Brooke, Clement Plumsted. J The Governor acquainted the Board, that some days since he had re- ceived a letter from the Lord Baltimore, complaining of a riot committed within his lordship's Province of Maryland by people of Pennsylvania, but the circumstances not being mentioned, or any information given from whence the matter might be clearly understood, he had thought proper in a few lines, to acknowledge the receipt of his lordship's letter, and to defer giving a particular answer till a due enquiry should be made into the affair. That having gathered from the precept enclosed in his lordship's letter, that the persons complained of were inhabitants of Lancaster County, he had dispatched an express to the justices there, requiring them to furnish him with an exact account of the whole; that the messenger being now re- turned, had brought a letter from the justices together with several affida- vits, all of which he thought highly proper now to lay before the Board, whom he had called together to advise with on the answer to be made to Lord Baltimore. The letter from his lordship being read in these words : "Annapolis, Deer, ye loth, 1732. " Sir : By the enclosed precept, founded upon informations given upon oath to a magistrate here, you will see that a most outrageous riot hath lately been committed in my Province by a great number of people call- ing themselves Pennsylvanians. "It appears, by the same information, that some of your magistrates, instead of preventiag or discouraging these violences, countenance and abet the authors of them ; whether with or without the approbation of your government, you best know. 128 AUTHENTIC HISTORY "For my own part, I think myself in honor and justice obliged, and I am determined to protect such of his Majesty's subjects who are my own tenants, in all their rights; and therefore, to the end the persons com- plained of may be punished, if upon a fair tryal they shall be found guilty, I desire that they, or such of them as can be found in your Pro- vince, may be sent without loss of time into this, as the only and proper place, where the fact with which they are charged is cognizable, and where my officers will be ready to receive them, particularly the sheriffs and justices of my counties of Baltimore and Cecil. "I also desire that such of your magistrates as shall appear to have en- couraged the commission of these or any other violences in my province by the people of Pennsylvania, may be punished for their abuse of authority; and that you'l favor me with a categorical answer to these my just demands by this bearer. Your humble servant, Baltimore." " Addressed thus : " To His Excellency Patrick Gordon, Esq., at Philadelphia." The Precept referred to in the foregoing Letter, follows in these words: "Maryland, ss: "Whereas Charles Jones, James Patison, Alxr. McKey, John Capper, John Hart, John Pattan, James Pattan, James Patison, jr., John Trotter and William Macmanac being, or pretending themselves to be, inhabi- tants of Pennsylvania, together with several other persons unknown, are charged upon the oath of John Lowe of Baltimore county, planter, taken before me, Kobert Gordon, Esq., one of his Lordship's Justices of the Provincial Court of Maryland, who having assembled themselves, armed with weapons, offensive and defensive, in a riotous manner, on the plan- tation of him the said John Lowe, in the said county, in the nigkt of the twenty-sixth of November last, and violently and riotously assaulting and beating the said John Lowe, his wife and family, and imprisoning the said John Lowe and his two sons, to the great terror and damage of the said John Lowe and his family, against his Lordship's peace, good rule and government : " These are therefore in his Lordship's name, to will and require all Sheriffs, Coroners, Constables, and other his Lordship's Officers, to make diligent search and enquiry within their respective Counties and pre- cincts, for the said Charles Jones, James Pattison, Alexander M'Key, John Capper, John Hart, James Pattan, James Pattison, Jr., John Trot- ter and William Macmanac, and all other persons concerned in the said riot, and to apprehend them or any of them who shall be found within this Province, and to carry them or any of them before some one of his Lordship's Justices of the Provincial Court, or some one Justice of the Peace of the County where they or any of them shall be found, in order OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 129 to be dealt with according to law; hereof the said officers are not to fail at their peril. Given under my hand and Seal, at Annapolis, this Four- teenth day of December, in the Eighteenth year of his Lordship's Do- minion, Anno Domini, 1732." The Governor's answer to his Lordship's said Letter, is as follows : "Philadelphia, Decemr. 23d, 1732. "My Lord: It gives me no small concern that the first letter I have the honor to receive from your Lordship, should be on so disagreeable a subject as a complaint against any of his Majesty's subjects under my Government, for disorders committed in the Province of Maryland ; and I must assure your Lordship you have been exceedingly misinformed if you can imagine it possible that I should countenance an outrage of such a sort as your letter seems to represent it, for I believe I shall be fully capable to satisfy your Lordship that my conduct in relation to your Province, since I had the honor to serve the Proprietors of Pennsylvania as their Lieutenant Governor, has demonstrated a very different disposi- tion. "To the matter of the complaint I am very much a stranger, and as jour Lordship was not pleased to transmit copies of the information, or anything else that might sufficiently enable me to judge of it more clearly, I shall therefore immediately, notwithstanding the distance and rigor of the season, dispatch a message to the Magistrates of the County of Lan- caster, requiring them without delay to make a full enquiry, and furnish me with everything for the perfect understanding the state and cir- cumstances of the whole aftair; and I have no reason, from the past conduct of those gentlemen, to believe but that it will be found much dift'erent from what has been represented to your Lordship. These when received shall be forthwith communicated, and then I may have occasion to make some further observations on your Lordship's letter, and the nature of these unhappy disputes which, notwithstanding all possible caution to the contrary, may arise for want of the Division Lines being actually run, whereby every inhabitant might distinctly know what Ju- risdiction he lives under. "This being all I am at present able to say on the subject till the re- turn of my messenger, I am. My Lord, "Your Lordship's "Very humble Servant, "P. Gordon." Addressed thus, "To the Eight Honourable "The Lord Baltimore, Proprietor of Maryland." Then was read the letter of John Wright and Samuel Blunston, Esqrs., to the Governor, in the following words: 10 130 AUTHENTIC HISTORY "May it please the Governor: "Being informed by the Governor's letter to us, that the execution of. a warrant directed to Charles Jones, Constable of Hempfield, for appre- hending two sons of John Lowe, of this county, pretending themselves inhabitants of Maryland, hath been represented to Lord Baltimore as a violent and riotous assault committed against his Lordship's Peace, good Kule and Government. "We have therefore, made strict inquiry into the manner of the exe- cution thereof, which, together with the cause of issuing the said war- rant, and all other things relating thereunto, are herewith faithfully transmitted. "In the year 1729, when the Governor was pleased to issue an Order to divide this part of the Province from Ches-ter County, and for erecting the same into a distinct County, and appointed Magistrates and Officers, for the Conservation of the Peace, the more easy administration of Jus- tice and better securing the sober and quiet inhabitants in those remote parts of the Province, from the thefts and abuses committed by idle and dissolute persons who resorted hither to keep out of the hands of Justice, the Southern boundaries of the said County were by the said Order to be, Octoraro Creek and the Province of Maryland, and including the in- habitants, to lie open to the Westward. But as the line between the two Provinces was not known, no authority was claimed over those few families settled to the Northward of Octoraro, by or under pretence of Maryland Eights, but they remained (by us) undisturbed, though many inhabitants of Pennsylvania lived some miles to the Southward of them. "At that time there were no English inhabitants on the West side of Sasquehannah River in these parts, for about two years before Edward Parnel and several other families who were settled on the West side of the River, near the same, at a place called (by the Indians) Coneohela, (who for several years had paid uninterrupted acknowledgment to this Province) were at the request of the Conestogoe Indians, removed by the Governor's Order from the said place ; the Indians insisting on the same to lie vacant for their convenience, as their right by treaties with this Government formerly made. But about two years since, Thomas Cressop and some other people of loose morals and turbulent spirits, came and disturbed the Indians, our friends and allies, who were peace- ably settled on those lands from whence the said Parnel and others had been removed, burnt their cabbins and destroyed their goods, and with much threatening and ill usage drove them away, and by pretending to be under Maryland Government. (As they were got far from their laws sought to evade ours.) But as that land had been formerly settled by the good people of this Province, and none till Cressop and his company ■ OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 131 had settled by a Maryland Claim so far to the Northward by near thirty . miles, we concluded them to be men of desperate fortunes, who would rather defend their actions by force than trust them to the law, and that opinion hath since been corroborated by others following their example,, and settling on that side the river, Avho, when charged with oftcnces or debt, would screen themselves under the same pretence, yet those men Avould fly to our laws for redress against their own party, and they who had fled from their creditors and the Laws of Maryland into this Pro- vince, when such creditors pursued them hither, have refused obedience to our officers and cried Maryland. Thus they proceeded to play booty, disturbing the peace of the Government; carrying people out of the Province by violence; taking away the guns from our friends, the In- dians ; tying and making them prisoners without any offence given ; and threatening all who should oppose them, and by underhand and unfair practices, endeavoring to alienate the minds of the inhabitants of this Province, and draw them from obedience to their party. Their insolence increasing, they killed the horses of such of our people whose trade with the Indians made it necessary to keep them on that side of the river, for carrying their goods and skins; assaulted those who were sent to look after them, and threatened them highly if they should come there again. " This usage obliged James Patterson to apply to us for a Warrant to apprehend and bind to the Peace two young men, who had been the most active. We, well knowing that according to the agreement lately made between our Proprietors and Lord Baltimore, and by the explanatory Maps thereon struck, those settlements were above twenty miles to the Northward of the place of the intended line, therefore believed it our duty as conservators of the Peace to use legal authority for the security of His Majesty's subjects, and curbing the insolence of lawless and unruly offenders, and accordingly issued a Warrant to apprehend Daniel and William Lowe. The manner of executing thereof will best appear by the affidavits herewith sent. " When they were brought before us they were used with all the lenity the case would bear, and dismissed on the security of their own friends for their future good behaviour and appearance at our next Court of General Quarter Sessions. "Could Ave have supposed such a procedure would have given the least offence to Lord Baltimore, or that he would have looked upon those persons as his subjects, and under his protecton, who in his own opinion (according to the testimony of Thomas Cressop) live beyond the bound of this Dominion, we should not have acted herein, but have represented the case to the Governor, and waited the direction of his 132 AUTHENTIC HISTORY wiser judgment, to whose just censure we submit, and conclude with all due regard. The Governor's most assured friends, " Jno, Wright, "Sa. Blunston. "Hempfield, 80th December, 1732." Address thus : " To the Hon'ble Patrick Gordon, Esq., Governor of Pennsylvania." After which were read likewise, the affidavits of James Hendricks, William McMannack, John Capper, John Brubaker, Charles Jones, John Patten, Alexander McKey, Joshua Minshal, Frances Ward, Eebecca Hendricks, Joshua Lowe and Tobias Hendricks, setting forth : That James Patterson being informed one or more of his horses wore killed near John Lowe's plantation, and that his two sons, Daniel and William, had been seen presenting a gun to fire at another, but were prevented by being discovered, sent some persons thither to enquire into the truth of the matter, who finding one of them lying dead near Lowe's house, made some expostulations with his sons on that head, who were so far from disowning the fact, that they said they would kill all the horses that came upon that land, and having assaulted and grossly abused Patterson's mes- sengers, threatened they would tie and whip all those he should send over thither; that upon complaint hereof made, a Warrant was issued for apprehending the two persons who had been thus guilty of that Assault ; that the Constable to whom the Precept was directed, having formerly met with resistance from those people, and fearing new insults, (for Thomas Cressop and his associates had threatened to shoot any officer of Pennsylvania who should come into those parts to do his duty,) though he only took his staff himself, yet thought it necessary to have a suitable strength with him, and being assisted by James Patterson, senior and junior, William McMannack, Alexander McKey, John Capper, John Hart, John Patten, James Patten and Matthew Bailey, and no others, amongst whom were only three guns, and these not loaded, serving only as an appearance of defence, went quietly to the house of Lowe the Father, and the door being open, he then apprehended Daniel and William his two sons; that no disturbance was made but what was occasioned by the resistance of the prisoners, and those who came to their relief, and in preventing Lowe's wife from going out to raise the neighborhood ; that in their return, Thomas Cressop, William Canon and Edward Evans followed them to rescue the prisoners, and wounded John Hart, but were obliged to desist; that Lowe's house where his sons were taken, is several miles more northerly than Philadelphia, (which appears by a well known Line that had been run above forty years since, on a due West course OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 133 from this City to Sasquebaniiah, in order to a more certain discovery of the country,) and that there are about four hundred people living more Southerly than Lowe's house, who pay taxes in the County of Lancaster, and have always acknowledged themselves inhabitants of Pennsylvania, The Board having fully considered the said Letters and Affidavits, and making some observations on the style and manner of the Lord Balti- more's Letter, which they conceived too peremptory, were inclineable to think that his Lordship had left room for no other Answer than barely to acquaint him that the supposed riot was committed within the reputed and known bounds of Pennsylvania, and consequently, not cognizable by him. Yet, since his Lordship's interposition in this affair might proba- bly be owing to some very wrong impressions, and that he might not have had leisure since his arrival, so thoroughly to consider things of this nature, The Board were of opinion that a Letter, stating the facts as proved from the Affidavits, with some close, consequential reasoning thereon, should be prepared and laid before the Board at their next meeting. The Governor then proceeded to inform the Board, that an unhappy fray had arisen on the borders of Kent County, in this Government, and those of Dorsett in Maryland, of which Mr. Shurmer, the Clerk of that County, had given an account in a Letter to the Clerk of this Board, and the same being read is in substance : That one John Newton purchased some land of a person who told him he held it under Maryland, on which Newton, as a tenant of that Province, paid his Levies, at least for one year, to the officers of Dorsett County, but that upon enquiry he found he had been imposed on, for that the land he was possessed of had never been granted by Maryland to any person whatsoever ; whereupon, believing himself to be entirely free, he chose rather to belong to the County of Kent, and accordingly got the Surveyor, but without any Warrant or other grant, to run out some lines, of which notice was taken in the Surveyor's Books there, and from that time for some years, had paid his Levies to Kent county ; that some of the officers of Dorsett county lately demanding a levy of him, as one of their inhabitants, he made his case known to some of the Justices of Kent, who appointed a Constable in his neighborhood for the preservation of the Peace ; that the under sheriff of Dorsett continuing to insist on the same demand, at length carried him off by force; that the Constable taking a sufficient number of assistants pursued them, and not without some vio- lence, rescued the man and brought him back to his house. The Board expressed their concern that occasions of difference should arise between the two Provinces, especially at this juncture, when it is to be expected the execution of that Agreement concluded between the Pro- prietors, will soon terminate all contentions of this sort; and it being 134 AUTHENTIC HISTORY moved that the Justices of Kent County should be wrote to for a more particular account of this matter, and that they should be cautioned to use their utmost endeavors to prevent all broils with our neighbors of Maryland, it was recommended to the Governor to give the necessary directions herein. This correspondence is very volumnious, but hardly necessary to be transferred to our columns, as it narrates only the beginning of troubles which for a long time remained uncomposed. At a Council held at Philadelphia, Oct. -ith, 1738. present: The Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esqr. Lieut. Governor, etc. A return of the high road layed out from the town of Lancaster in the county of Lancaster, pursuant to an order of this Board, bearing date the 29th day of Januarj^, 1730-1, being this day read in these words: "To the Honourable Patrick Gordon, Esqr., Lieut. Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, in Council. "Whereas, upon the petition of the Magistrates, Grand Jury and other Inhabitants of the county of Lancaster, presented to the Govern- or in Council, praying ' that proper persons might be appointed to view and lay out a road for the public service, from the town of Lancas- ter, till it should fall in with ye high road leading to the Ferry of Schuyl- kill, at High street, and that a review might be had of the said Public Eoad in the county of Chester. "The prayer of which petition being granted, it was ordered that Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Eobert Barber, Hance Graaff, Caleb Pierce, Samuel Jones and Andrew Cornish, of the county aforesaid, or any five of them, should view and lay out by course and distance, a con- venient high road, from the town of Lancaster, to the Division Line be- tween the said county, and the county of Chester, and that Thomas Green, George Aston, William Paschall, Richard Buffington, William Marsh, Samuel Miller, and Robert Parke, of the county of Chester, or any five of them, should then join the above named persons of Lancaster county, or any five of them, in continuing to lay out the said road from the Division Line aforesaid, till it should fall in with the King's high road, in the county of Chester, leading to Philadelphia, and make return thereof to that Board. "And the above named persons were also impowered jointly to review the said high Road within the county of Chester, and report the altera- tions necessary to be made therein. " Now these may certify, that pursuant to the said petition and order, Thomas Edwards, Edward Smout, Robert Barber, Hance Graaff and Samuel Jones, of the said county of Lancaster, met at the town of Lan- OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 135 caster aforesaid, on the fourth day of this instant, and from thence viewed and laid out a road from the Court House in the said town, along the course of the street East 3 Degrees, Northerly 144 perches, thence East 8 Degrees, North 108 perches, thence East, 16 Degrees, South 282 perches, to the East side of Conestogoe creek, thence East 5 Degrees, South 25 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 190 perches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 1271 perches, thence East 4 Degrees, South 696 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 90 perches, thence East 74 per- ches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 820 perches, thence East 13 Degrees, North 80 perches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 406 perches, thence East 8 Degrees, South 94 perches, thence East 6 Degrees, South 80 perches, thence East 32 Degrees, South 118 perches, thence East 13 Degrees, South 160 perches, thence East 364 perches, thence East 19 Degrees, South 490 perches, thence South 41 Degrees, East 40 perches, thence East 27 Degrees, South 68 perches, to the aforesaid Division Line, near the English Church, and then being joined by George Aston, Richard Buffington, William Marsh, Samuel Miller and Eobert Parke, of Chester county, continued the same through Chester county. East 27 Degrees, South 50 perches, thence East 51 Degrees, South 54 perches, thence East 5 Degress, North 188 perches, thence East 25 Degrees, South 246 perches, thence East 7 Degrees, North 80 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, South 60 perches, thence East 25 Degrees, South 74 perches, thence East 38 Degrees, South 48 perches, thence South 44 Degrees, East 42 perches, thence East 25 Degrees, South 190 perches, thence East 35 Degrees, South 48 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 32 perches, thence East 5 Degrees, North 216 perches, thence East 17 Degrees, South 60 perches, thence East 13 Degrees, South 60 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 130 perches, thence East 26 Degrees, South 60 perches, thence South- cast 52 perches. South 26 Degrees, East 40 perches, thence East 35 De- grees, South 56 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 36 perches, thence East 5 Degrees, South 121 perches, to the West branch of Brandy wine creek, thence East 26 Degrees, South 41 perches, thence East 8 Degrees, South 32 perches, thence East 82 perches, thence East 17 Degrees, South 46 perches, thence East 8 Degrees, South 58 perches, thence East 20 De- grees, North 72 perches, thence East 5 Degrees, South 54 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 54 perches, thence East 30 Degrees, South 146 perches, thence East Southerly down the several Courses of a hill 210 perches, thence East 5 Degrees, North 288 perches, thence East 13 De- grees, South 30 perches, thence East 11 Degrees, South 100 perches, thence East 26 Degrees, South 56 perches, thence East 51 Degrees, South 20 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, South 66 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, South 42 perches, thence East 10 Degrees, North 194 perches, thence East 15 Degrees, North 188 perches, thence East 40 Degrees, 136 AUTHENTIC HISTORY North 100 perches, to the East Branch of Brandy wine creek, near Thomas Moore's Mill, thence East 17 Degrees, North 86 perches, thence East 43' Degrees, North 11-1 perches, thence East 85 Degrees, North 392 perches,, thence East 16 Degrees, North 216 perches to the aforesaid public Eoad, near the house of John Spruce, containing in the whole thirty-two statute miles. "And we conceive the same, as it is now laid out through the said Counties, is done the nearest and most commodious way, and in the best manner to answer the purposes intended thereby, which the situation of the Land would admit of, and as little to the inconvenience of the inhab- itants as possible, without damaging the said Eoad ; we therefore hum- bly pray the same may be confirmed. " And we further beg leave to say, that being unprovided with a copy of the Kecords of the aforesaid Public Road, through Chester county, and the Lands contiguous to the said Road being mostly improved, and at present under Corn, we find ourselves uncapable to discover where the same hath been altered from its true course, (to the damage thereof,) and also conclude the present season of the year Improper for a Review. Given under our hands the ninth day of June, Anno Dom. 1733. " Tho. Edwards, Geo. Aston, Edward Smout, Richard Buffington, Robert Barber, William Marsh, Hans Graaft", Samuel Miller, Samuel Jones, Robert Parke." The Board, on due consideration had of the said return, together with the draught accompanying it, doth approve and confirm the Road laid out, as in the said return mentioned, which is hereby declared to be the King's Highway or Public Road, and it is ordered that the same be forthwith cleared, and rendered commodious for the Public Service. And to the end that the said Road may be continued to the Ferry on Schuylkill at High street : It is further ordered, that the Records of the Public Road through the county of Chester, and till it falls in with the Road of Philadelphia county, leading to the said Ferry be searched, and that the same persons of Chester county, who have already laid out the Road so far as in the above Return is mentioned, be continued on that service, to bring the Road to the verge of Philadelphia county, and when it falls in therewith, that Richard Harrison, Hugh Evans, Robert Roberts, Samuel Humphreys, David George and John Warner, or any four of them, continue the said Road to the Ferry aforesaid, at High street, and make report of the same to this Board. At a council, held at Philadelphia, May 14, 1734,^ the Proprietary (Thomas Penn) informed the Board of some very unneighborly proceed- 1 Col. Rec. 3, p. 543. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 137 ings of the province of Maryland in not only harassing some of the in- habitants of this Province who live on the borders, but likewise in extending their claims much farther than had ever heretofore been pre- tended to by Maryland, and carrying off several persons and imprisoning them ; that some time since they carried off John Hendricks and Joshua Minshall from their settlements on Sasquehannah, and still detain them in the Goal of Annapolis ; that of late two others have been taken from the borders of Newcastle County, and carried likewise to Annapolis; that as these men will probably be brought to a trial at the ensuing Pro- vincial Court of Maryland, he had spoke to Andrew Hamilton, Esq., to appear for them, but as these violent proceedings tend manifestly to the breach of his Majesty's peace, and rendering all the borderers insecure, both in their persons and estates, he was now to advise with the Council on such measures as are most fit to be proposed, for maintaining peace between his Majesty's subjects of both Provinces. Then was read a letter from the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland to the Lieutenant Governor of this Province, dated the 24:th of February last, with an answer of the latter thereto, dated the 8th of March follow- ing, on which some observations being made, the Proprietor said that he intended to make use of the opportunity of Mr. Hamilton's going to Annapolis, to press the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland to enter into such measures as should be most advisable, for preventing such irregular proceedings for the future, and as he designed that his Secretary, Mr. Georges, should accompany Mr. Hamilton, he had drawn up instructions for them, which being laid before the Board, were read, as was likewise a draught of a Letter from the Lieutenant Governor of this Province to the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, On consideration thereof had, the Board are of opinion that the proposed measures are absolutely neces- sary at this time, for securing the peace of his Majesty's subjects, and the said instructions, together with the foregoing Draught, being approved and ordered to be entered on the Kecords of Council, the Governor is desired to grant such credentials to the persons entrusted with the ne- gotiations, as may show them fully authorized by this Government for the purposes in the said instructions contained. Messrs. Hamilton and Georges, the persons named in the preceding paragraph, had been appointed Commissioners for the Proprietaries to execute certain articles of agreement concluded between the said Propri- etaries and Lord Baltimore, bearing date May 10, 1732, for the running, marking and laying out the Lines, Limits and Boundaries between the two Provinces, visited Annapolis, and on their return presented the report of their negotiations, which was far from satisfactory. Thereupon in consequence of a Representation addressed to him by the Assembly, the Governor under date Aug. 19th, 1733, wrote letters to the Justices 138 AUTHEXTIC HISTORY of the counties of Chester, Lancaster, and of New Castle, Kent, and Sux- sex, on Delaware, as follows: " Gentlemen : You are not, I believe, insensible how much the whole country has been disappointed in the just hopes which had been enter- tained of seeing a final period put to those long depending disputes be- tween this Government and that of Maryland, touching their respective boundaries, by the execution of the solemn agreement concluded between the Proprietaries of each. It is however no small satisfaction to me, that I can now acquaint you that this agreement, with the proceedings of the Commissioners thereon, having been laid before his Majesty's Attorney and Solicitor General, we have had the pleasure of lately receiving their opinion, that the Agreement still remains valid and binding on both Pro- prietaries, although their Commissioners, by reason of difference in sen- timents, have not carried it into execution. Now as the Northern bounds, formerly set by the Lord Baltimore to himself differ not much from those latel}^ agreed upon, I know not how we can judge better or with more certainty, of any bounds by which we can limit our present jurisdiction, than near the place where it is known they will fall when the lines shall be actually run. " In the mean time that a stop may be put to any further insults on the people of this Government, and to incroachments on Lands within the bounds of the same, I am again to renew to you those pressing in- stances I have repeatedly made, that agreeable to the duty of your sta- tions, you exert your utmost endeavors for preserving peace through- out your county, and protecting all the inhabitants in their just and right possessions, in the legal and necessary defence of which every person ought to be encouraged to appear with boldness, and to be assured of receiving all the countenance that lawful authority can give. And as the late disturbances have been in a great measure owing to the unjust attempts of those, who pretending right to, or claiming disputed Lands, under that pretence have come many miles into this Province, and with force possessed themselves of Lands for which they can have no lawful grant from any other persons but our Honourable Proprietors only, and have likewise committed very great violences upon sundry of our inhab- itants, you are to give strict orders for apprehending and securing all such who have been principals or accessaries therein, as well as those who hereafter shall presume to offer any injury to the persons or pro- fessions of his Majesty's peaceable subjects, or encroach on any lands within the known and reputed limits of your county, that they may be brought to condign punishment. But as in the year 1724, it was agreed ' that for avoiding all manner of contention or difference between the inhabitants of the two Provinces, no person or Persons should be dis- turbed or molested in their Possessions they then held on either side,' OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 139 jou are desired still to have a particular regard to those entitled to the benefit of that agreement, while they behave themselves peaceably, "And to the end that these directions be punctually observed and complied with, you are to order the Sheriff of the county, with his offi- cers, frequently to visit your Borders, and those parts where either late disturbances have happened, or anything to the prejudice of the people is like to be attempted, giving all needful assistance wherever it may be requisite. I should likewise promise myself much good from some of your number making a progress through these parts, when your conve- niency would admit, or any exigency may require it, depending on your prudence, that whatever measures you shall take for the defence of the inhabitants, and for seizing and securing offenders, will be such as that we may be at no loss whenever called upon to justify them. "I am. Gentlemen, Your loving Friend, and humble Servt., "P. Gordon." The intercourse with the Indians continued to be of an amicable nature, notwithstanding occasional disturbances, almost uniformly caused by the too liberal distribution of rum. A specimen of the kindliness with which the children of the forest turned to the white man is furnished in the following extract from a speech of Hetaquantagechty : " That he comes hither from the Six Nations, on business relating to the last Treaty held between them and this Government ; that on his road hither he heard the melancholy news of the Governor's loss, by the death of his Spouse; that he once resolved to turn back lest the Governor's affliction should prevent him from attending to business, but thinking it better to proceed forward, he is pleased to find the Governor present with them ; that he takes part in his griet^ and if he had a handkerchief good and fine enough to present to the Governor, he would give it to wipe away his tears ; then presenting some strings of Wampum to the Gov- ernor, he desired that the Governor would lay aside his grief and turn his thoughts to business, as he had done before." The Governor receiving the Strings of Wampum, thanked him for the kind concern he had expressed on his account. We have again to chronicle a riot arising from the unsettled condition of the boundary line between the two provinces, [1735,] as set forth in a deposition of John Powell, undersheriff" of Lancaster County made before the Justices of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in open court, where Daniel Dulany, Esqr., Attorney General of Maryland was present, as follows : "John Powell, Undersheriff" of the County of Lancaster, in the Province of Pennsylvania, being solemnly Sworn on the Holy Evangel- ists maketh oath, that on Tuesday morning, the twenty-third of this instant, September, he accompanied Robert Buchanan Esqr., High Sheriff 140 AUTHENTIC HISTORY of the said County, and four others, to wit : Arthur Buchanan, Matthew George, John Mitchel, and Alexander Mitchel, who the day before went over Sasquehannah Kiver, in a peaceable manner, and without any arms whatsoever, to execute His Majesty's Writs on some debtors living on the West side of that River, inhabitants of the said County; -that the said Sheriff having served a Writ on one Andrew M'Gill, who not being able to give bail to the action, was sent under custody of the two Mitchels to Lancaster Goal, he, the said Sheriff, with the others, went the day follow- ing to serve another Writ at the suit of William Branson, of the City of Philadelphia, Merchant, on one Jacob Lochman, Blacksmith, living about seven miles westerly from the house of John Hendricks, and about twenty-three miles to the Northward of the Octararoe Line, which this deponent is informed was run by the Grandfather of the present Lord Baltimore, as the Northern boundary of Maryland. That having served the said Writ on Lochman, who being likewise unable to give bail to the action, they were bringing him to Lancaster Goal, when within about two or three miles west of John Hendrick's house, one Mark Evans, planter, met them and asked the Sheriff where he was carrying Lochman; the Sheriff said he was carrying him to Goal unless he would give bail; to this Evans replied that he believed bail could be found, which he had no sooner said, than about twenty or thirty men on horseback, armed with cutlasses and clubs, appeared at a little distance advancing towards them, and coming up fell upon the Sheriff and his assistants, in a most furious and violent manner, and having beat and grievously wounded them, and rescued Lochman, the said Sheriff and his company were forcfed to betake themselves to flight; but the Sheriff's horse failing him he fell again into their hands; upon which he, this deponent, with Arthur Buchanan and Matthew George, stopped at some small distance, and saw four men at once beating the said Sheriff with heavy clubs, who with his hands lifted up was endeavoring to save his head; that being overpow- ered by numbers and violently pulled off his horse, he was so cruelly used that Arthur Buchanan with this deponent, were resolved to go back and suffer with him ; but as they drew near the Sheriff called out to his Brother, the said Arthur, not to hazard more lives, his own he hoped would be suflUcient for them. And that hereupon some of those rioters pursued him, this deponent, and with a very heavy cudgell struck him so severe a blow across his back, that he has ever since been under very great pain. And that the said Arthur Buchanan and Matthew George were so extreamly beat and bruised likewise, that it was not without the utmost diffiiculty that they were able to escape. And this deponent further says, that when he left Sasquehannah there were no accounts of the High Sherifi', nor was it known whether he was dead or alive, but this deponent verily believes the said Sheriff is mortally wounded, or at least OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 141 that be must be in a very languishiug coudition, having received many wounds and blows. That most of the persons who thus attacked the said Sherift' and his assistants are unknown to the deponent, except these seven following, to wit : Mark Evans, above named, Michael Rysner, Francis Clapsaddle, Christian Croll, Bernard Weyman, Nicholas Kens and Mar- tin Schutz, who all live on the West side of Sasquehannah Kiver, not above one mile to the Southward of the house of John Hendricks. Jo'n. Powell." The deponent aforesaid being asked under what Government these people owned themselves, " Answered that he knows they call themselves Marylanders, because when he was some time ago over Susquehannah, he had taken a prisoner, one Francis Clapsaddle, by virtue of a Writ for Debt from Lancaster County, that one of the persons that rescued the prisoner in the deposi- tion aforesaid mentioned, was one of the same persons who rescued the said Francis Clapsaddle, and the same time presented a gun at the de- ponent, and told him that they belonged to Maryland, and would not suffer any Ofl&cer of Pennsylvania to come over the river; and that in particular the man who presented the gun at the deponent when Clap- saddle was rescued, calling himself a Marylander, and was one of the persons who assaulted the Sheriff and this deponent, in the manner set forth in the aforesaid deposition. "The foregoing Deposition, and Interrogatory and Answer thereunto, were taken in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, held at Philadelphia the 24th day of 7br, 1735, Daniel Dulany, Esq., Attorney General of the Province of Maryland, being present, who being desired to cross-examine the Deponent (if he thought fit,) declined the same. Jos'a. Laurence, pton." The Governor hereupon desired the advice of the Board, in what man- ner it might be most proper to proceed in the present case, against the rioters, most of whom though pretending to be inhabitants of Maryland, are notwithstanding actually settled on lands lying I'ar within the unques- tionable bounds of this Province. The Board expressed their just resentment on so heinous a provocation, and observing that this procedure is of the same nature with many others that of late have been countenanced and encouraged by the Gov- ernment of Maryland, who seem inclined, notwithstanding all the strong instances that have been made for preserving His Majesty's peace, to continue in their violences, are of opinion that if the sheriff of Lan- caster is detained by any officer of Maryland, within the limits of that Province, a demand should be forthwith made, by letter to the Governor of Maryland, for setting him at liberty, and that precepts be issued by the Justices of the Supreme Court, before whom the examinations in 142 AUTHENTIC HISTOEY this affair have been taken, for apprehending such of the rioters whose names are known, or can with certainty be discovered, and in case they cannot be apprehended by virtue of such warrants, that a Proclamation be issued by the Governor promising a reward of twenty pounds, to be paid out of the Public Treasury of this Province, for apprehending every person concerned in the said riot, so as that he be convicted thereof in any Court of this Province. E. On the death of Governor Gordon, the administration of the Govern- ment, [1736,] legislation excepted, devolved on the Council, of which James Logan, being the eldest Counsellor, was president. Mr. Logan entered upon his functions on August 5th, 1736, and continued in of&ce until August, 173(8, when he was superseded by the appointment of Mr. Thomas. The only event to be chronicled is another disgraceful contest between Pennsylvanians and Marylanders along the debated ground.^ "Many palatines had settled west of the Susquehannah (now York county) under Pennsylvania titles, but in order to avoid the payment of taxes imposed by the province, they accepted titles from Maryland and attorned to Lord Baltimore ; but, becoming satisfied that adhesion to him might ultimately prejudice their interests, they formally renounced their alle- giance, and sought protection from Pennsylvania. This tergiversation irritated the Maryland authorities, and the sheriff of Baltimore county, with three hundred men, marched to eject the palatines from their pos- sessions. The sheriff of Lancaster county (Samuel Smith) drew out his posse for their protection, and without violence succeeded in inducing the Maryland party to return without attempting their purpose, on a pledge of the Germans, that they would consult together, and give an answer to Lord Baltimore's requisition, to acknowledge his authority. But, an as- sociation was soon after formed, with the knowledge of Governor Ogle, consisting of at least fifty persons, headed by a captain, Thomas Cressap, expressly for driving out the Germans, and dividing their lands among the associaters, two hundred acres being promised to each. In the pros- ecution of their design, they killed one Knowles, who had resisted them. Cressap was in his turn, assailed by the sheriff of Lancaster, and after a sharp contest, in which one man was killed, and Cressap himself wounded, was made prisoner, and conveyed to Philadelphia jail. " Governor Ogle, on receipt of this intelligence, despatched Edmund Jennings and Daniel Dulany to Philadelphia, to demand reparation, and the release of Cressap. Both were refused by the President and Council, who earnestly remonstrated against the encroachments of the people of Maryland, encouraged and protected by their Governor. "Governor Ogle immediately ordered reprisal. Four German settlers were seized and carried to Baltimore, and a band of the associaters, under 1 Gordon. Col. Rec. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 143 one Higginbotliam, proceeded forcibly to expel the Germans. Again the Council ordered out the Sheriff of Lancaster, and the power of his county, with directions to dispose detachments in proper positions to protect the people ; and they despatched Messrs. Lawrence and Ashton, members of the Board, to support him in the execution of their orders. When the Sheriff entered the field the invaders retired, but returned as soon as his force was withdrawn. Captures were made on both sides; the German settlers were harassed perpetually ; in many instances driven from their farms, and in others deterred from every attempt to plant or improve. "In May, 1737, the Council sent Samuel Preston and John Kiusey on an embassy to Governor Ogle, to treat on some measure which might preserve the quiet of the border, until the pleasure of the King should be known, to whom both parties had appealed. But Governor Ogle re- quiring some concessions incompatible with the rights of the proprie- taries of Pennsylvania, the deputies returned without having made any agreement. In the succeeding October a party of Marylanders, to the number of sixteen, under the direction of one Eichard Lowder, broke into the jail at Lancaster, and released the rioters who had been appre- hended by the Sheriff, among whom was a brother of their leader. For- tunately, when indignation was prompting the inhabitants on both sides of the line to further breaches of the peace, an order of the King in Council, on the subject of the boundary, induced both parties to refrain from further violence, to drop all prosecutions, and to discharge their respective prisoners on bail. " This order was made on the report of the committee on plantations, of the eighteenth of August, 1737, and required the Governors of the respective Provinces effectually to check the disturbances on the borders, and to refrain from granting lands in dispute, even in the territories, until the king's pleasure should be further known.*' George Thomas, Esqr., a planter of Antigua, was appointed Governor of Pennsylvania and territories in 1737, but his assumption of office was delayed by the remonstrance of Lord Baltimore against the right of the Proprietaries to the lower counties. He met the Assembly of the province on the sixth of August, 1738. The Eoyal order respecting the disturbances on the border, above re- ferred to, and the action taken on it by the Provincial Council on August 29th, will be perused with interest ■} At the Court at Kensington the 25th day of May, 1738. PRESEXT: The King's most Excellent Majesty. Arch Bishop of Canterbury, Earl of Selkirk, 1 Col. Reo. IV.— p. 298, etc. 144 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Lord President, Earl of Ilaj, Lord Steward, Earl Fitz Walter, Lord Chamberlain, Viscount Lousdale, Duke of Bolton, Viscount Tonington, Duke of Devonshire, Lord Harrington, Duke of Newcastle, Mr. Chancellor of the Exchequer, Earl of Scarbrough, Sr. Charles Wills, Earl of Granthum, Henry Pelham, Esq. Earl of Cholmondeley, Sr. Charles Wager. Upon reading at the Board a Report from the Right Honorable the Lords of the Committee of Council, for Plantation Affairs, dated the 4th of this instant, in the words following, viz : "Your Majesty having been pleased by your orders in Council of the 17th of March, 1736-7, and the 21st of July, 1737, to refer unto this Committee several Petitions from the President, Council, and General Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, and likewise from the Gov- ernor and Council, and the Commissary and Clergy of the Province of Marvland, which Petitions represent (among other things) that great dis- orders and outrages have been committed upon the Borders of the said respective Provinces, and humbly praying your Majesty's most gracious interposition and commands, for the preservation of the peace on the said Borders until the boundaries of the said Provinces shall be finally settled and adjusted, The Lords of the Committee of Council did, on the 29th of the said month of July, take the matter of the said complaints into their consideration, and thereupon reported to your Majesty what they thought most advisable for your Majesty to do, in order to jDrevent the further continuance of the said disorders, and to preserve peace and tran- quility on the said Borders until the boundaries should be finally settled. And your Majesty having approved of what was proposed by the said Report, was pleased, by your order in Council of the 8th of August, 1737, to direct as follows, viz : "That the Governors of the respective provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania, for the time being, do not, upon pain of incurring his Majesty's highest displeasure, permit or suffer any tumults, riots or other outrageous disorders to be committed on the borders of their respective provinces, but that they do immediately put a stop thereto, and use their utmost endeavors to preserve peace and good order amongst all his majesty's subjects under their government inhabiting the said borders. And as a means to preserve peace and tranquility on the said borders, his Majesty doth hereby enjoin the said Governors that they do not make grants of any part of the lands in contest between the proprietors res- pectively, nor any part of the three lower counties, commonly called New- castle, Kent and Sussex, nor permit any person to settle there, or even to OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 145 attempt to make a settlement thereon, till his Majesty's pleasure shall be further signified. And his Majesty is further pleased to direct that this or- der, together with duplicates thereof, be delivered to the Proprietors of the said Provinces, who are hereby required to transmit the same forthwith to the Governors of the said respective Provinces accordingly. " That since the issuing the said Order, your Majesty hath been pleased to refer unto this Committee an Address of the Deputy Governor, and of the upper and lower Houses of Assembly of the Province of Marv- land, relating to a continuance of the said disorders, and also two Peti- tions, the one in the name of John Thomas and Richard Penn, Esq'rs, proprietors of the Province of Pennsylvania, praying your majesty's further pleasure may be signified, relating to your Majesty's afore-recited order in Council of the 18th August, 1837, and the other in the name of the agent of the said Province of Pennsylvania, complaining of fresh dis- orders committed by the inhabitants of Maryland against those of Penn- sylvania. Whereupon, the Lords of the Committee did, on the 23d of February last, proceed to take all the papers relating to the complaints made by each of the said provinces into their consideration, and were attended by counsel on both sides, and likewise by the proprietors of the said provinces, and the counsel desiring that some reasonable time might be allowed the proprietors to confer together, in order to come to some agreement amongst themselves, that so the peace and tranquility of both provinces may be preserved until such time as the boundaries can be finally settled, the Lords of the Committee thought proper to comply with such their request. And being again this day attended by all parties, the counsel acquainted the Committee that the proprietors of each province had accordingly met and agreed to the following propositions, viz : "1st. That so much of his Majesty's order in Council of the 18th of August, 1737, as orders the Governors of the respective Provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania for the time being, do not, upon pain of in- curring his Majesty's highest displeasure, permit or suffer any tumult, riots or other outrageous disorders, to be committed on the borders of their respective provinces, but that they do immediately put a stop thereto, and use their utmost endeavors to preserve peace and good order among all his Majesty's subjects under their government inhabit- ing the said borders, do stand in force and be observed. "2d. That there being no riots that appear to have been committed within the three lower counties of Newcastle, Kent and Sussex, on Del- aware, it is therefore not thought necessary to continue the latter part of the said order in Council as to the said three lower counties, but the same former order in Council, so far as relates to the said three lower counties, be discharged without prejudice to either of the proprietors, as if the same had never been made. 11 146 AUTHENTIC HISTORY " 3d. That all other lands in contest between the said proprietors now possessed by or under either of them, shall remain in the possession as they now are (although beyond the temporary limits hereafter men- tioned); and also the jurisdiction of the respective proprietors shall continue over such lands until the boundaries shall be finally settled; and that the tenants of either side shall not attorn to the other, nor shall either of the proprietors or their officers receive or accept of attornments from the tenants of the other proprietor, "4th. That as to all vacant lands in contest between the proprietors not lying within either of the three lower counties, and not now possessed by or under either of them, on the east side of the Kiver Sasquehannah, down so far South as fifteen miles and one quarter of a mile south of the latitude of the most southern part of the City of Philadelphia, and on the West side of the said river Susquehannah, down so far South as fourteen miles and three-quarters South of the latitude of the most Southern part of the City of Philadelphia; the temporary jurisdic- tion over the same is agreed to be exercised by the proprietors of Pennsylvania, and their Governor, courts and officers. And as to all such vacant lands in contest between the proprietors, and not now possessed by or under either of them on both sides of the said River Sasquehannah, south of the respective southern limits in this paragraph, before mentioned, the temporary jurisdiction over the same is agreed to be exercised by the proprietor of Maryland, and his Governor, courts and officers, without prejudice to either proprietor, and until the boun- daries shall be finally settled. "5th. That the respective proprietors shall be at free liberty to grant out on the common and usual terms all or any vacant lands within the said Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland in contest between the said Proprietors (that is to say, within their own respective sides of the said several limits mentioned in the last foregoing paragraph). For the which lands and the profits of the same, also each proprietor shall account to the other, who may be adjudged to be the proprietor thereof, upon the final determination of the boundaries between the two Provinces. "6th. That all prisoners on both sides on account of being con- cerned in any riots or disturbances relating to the bounds, or for any act or thing done thereat, or for any other act touching the right of either of the said Provinces in relation to their bounds, be forthwith released and discharged on entering into their own respective Recognizances in a reasonable sum, to appear and submit to trial when called upon by further order from his Majesty. " 7th. That this be declared to be a provisional and temporary order, to continue until the boundaries shall be finally settled, and be declared to be without prejudice to either party. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 147 "8th. That His Majesty be most humbly moved to discharge so much of the order of the 18th of August, 1737, as varys from this agreement, and that several other petitions of complaint now depending before His Majesty in Council relating to any disturbances, may be withdrawn by the respective petitioners. " To which proposition the proprietors of each Province signified their consent before the Committee, and declared their readiness to carry the same into execution, if your Majesty shall be pleased to approve thereof; and the Committee considering that the agreement may be a proper ex- pedient for restoring peace and tranquility between the said Provinces, and for preventing any of the like disturbances for the future, do there- fore agree humbly to lay the same before your Majesty for your Eoyal Approbation. "His Majesty this day took the said report into consideration, and in order to preserve peace and tranquility between the said provinces, and to prevent any the like disturbances for the future, is pleased with the advice of His Privy Council, to approve of the said agreement entered into between the proprietors of the said respective Provinces ; and His Majesty is hereby pleased to order that the Proprietors of the said re- spective Provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania do cause the said agreement to be carried into execution; Whereof the said Proprietors, and all others whom it may concern, are to take notice and govern them- selves accordingly. James Vernon." Ordered that a Proclamation be prepared reciting his Majesty's said order, to be published to-morrow at the Court House of this city, and that printed copies be made of it to be transmitted to the proper officers, to be published in like manner in the several counties of this Province, and the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware. By the Honourable George Thomas, Esq., Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, and the Counties of New castle, Kent and Sussex upon Delaware. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas, By the express Orders of the Hon. the Proprietaries, no warrant or license has issued out of the Land-office for taking up or set- tling any lands in the County of Lancaster, to the Westward of the Kit- tochtinny Hills, otherwise called the Endless or Blue Mountains, so that all such as have presumed to possess themselves of any lands there, are manifest Intruders ; and, as such, liable by the laws to be removed, and in case of refusal, to be committed to Prison and severely fined; And Whereas, the Indians at the Treaty made with them in the month of July last, did complain that they were greatly disturbed and injured by 148 AUTHENTIC HISTORY the People's settling at Juniata and in other parts of the County of Lan- caster to the Westward of those hills, and became earnest petitioners that all such persons might be made to remove from thence ; I, favouring the request of the said Indians, and to the end that all persons concerned may have sufficient notice of the dangers they incur from their resent- ment and the violation of the Laws, have thought fit to issue this my Proclamation, hereby strictly requiring all persons who have presumed to possess themselves of any lands situate in the places aforesaid, or in any part of the said County of Lancaster to the Westward of the afore- said ridge of mountains, or who have seated themselves on any tracts appropriated to the use of the Indians on this side of those hills, forth- with to leave their possessions and to remove off them with their families and effects, as they will answer the contrary at their highest Peril^ And as by reason of the approaching winter, some may not be able to provide themselves with fit habitations or with the necessaries of life, if they should be compelled immediately to leave their houses and plantations, the removal of such as are in these circumstances is respited to the first day of May next, the longest time that will be allowed any one to con- tinue in the possession of any lands so situate as aforesaid; And I do hereby require the Sheriff of Lancaster County to publish this proclama- tion at the Court House of the said county, and cause copies thereof to be affixed at the most public places, and particularly at Juniata, and from thence all along on the banks of the river Sasquehanna to Wyomen, and at Licking Creek Hills near the Kiver Patowmeck, that none may pretend ignorance thereof. Given at PHILADELPHIA under my Hand and the Great Seal of the said Province, the Fifth Day of October, 1742, in the Sixteenth Year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord GEOEGE the Second, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, KING, Defender of the Faith, etc. George Thomas. God save the King. Prior to the Act of 13 Geo. II, for the naturalization of persons set- tling in the American Colonies, aliens were naturalized in Pennsylva- nia by special bills. By that act it was provided, that all persons residing seven years in the colonies, taking an oath, or, if Quakers, an aSirmation, of allegiance and abjuration, and professing the Chris- tian religion as prescribed by the act of the first of William and Mary, should be considered as natural-born subjects. The Dunkards, Mora- vians and Mennonites, now numerous in the Province, were excluded from the benefits of this act, by their scruples in regard to oaths. For remedy of this "An act for naturalizing such Protestants as are settled, or shall settle within the province, who, not being of the people called OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 149 Quakers, do conscientiously refuse the taking of an oath," was passed Feb. 3, 1742-4:3. The relation between the Governor and the Assembly was unhappily without cordiality and characterized by mutual distrust, [1742.] His policy, at this stage, was the removal from office of persons opposed to his views, and among the victims of his intolerance was John Wright, a member of the Assembly, a Justice of the Peace and President of the Common Pleas in Lancaster county. He was noted for common sense, and amiability of character, blended with firmness. In his charge to the grand jury, before the publication of the new commissions, he said : ^ "I was ahvays a friend to power, well knowing that good and whole- some laws, duly executed, are so far from being a restraint upon true liberty, that they are only as regulating springs to the passions, and pro- ductive of it. And our worthy founder and first proprietary tells us, that he composed his frame of government with a view to support power in reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of power; and these two are generally seen to attend each other, as causes and effects. And a noted professor of the law^ in this Province some years ago, when he espoused the cause of liberty, and loaded with age and infirmities, took a long journey in defence of it, has these words on power: *It may justly be compared to a great river, which, while kept within due bounds, is both beautiful and useful ; but when it overflows its banks, is then too impetuous to be stemmed, it bears down all before it, and brings destruction and desolation where it comes.' "If then, these are the ill efiects of lawless power, every wise man ought to be on his guard to prevent them, by keeping up the banks of liberty and common right, the only bulwark against it. "It was in defence and support of this great bulwark, against the at- tempts of power, under a pretence of serving his majesty, but done in such a manner, as I apprehend, cannot be supposed ever intended or expected by our most gracious sovereign, whose distinguishing character is to protect, and not to oppress; and whatever burden the necessity of the times requires to be laid upon the subjects under his immediate and just administration, is laid equally and impartially. I say it was to the opposition given by the House of Eepresentatives to the manner in which these attempts were made, and the just concern and dislike showed thereto, that we may impute the late changes made in the commissions of the peace, throughout the province, whatever other pretences they may be glossed with. "For this cause, my friends and countrymen, for the cause of English liberty, for the standing in the civil defence of right and property, are 1 Gordon 2 Andrew Hamilton, on the trial of Zengar, at New York. 150 AUTHENTIC HISTORY we dismissed; and I rejoice, and am heartily glad, that I have been one of those who are thought worthy of displeasure. "And now to conclude, I take my leave in the words of a judge in Israel. ' Here I am, witness against me ; whom have I defrauded ; whom have I oppressed ; or, of whose hands have I received any bribe to blind my eyes withal ? and I will restore it.' " During the war between France and Great Britain, declared by the two powers respectively on the 20th and 21st of March, 1744, the public mind was much agitated by the hostile disposition of the Indians, which had been awakened by several unpleasant rencontres with the whites, and affected alike Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Governor Thomas, through the instrumentality of Conrad Weiser, the provincial interpreter, brought about a conference at Lancaster in the spring of 1744, which was attended by the Governor of Pennsylvania and agents from Virginia and Maryland. It was very satisfactory to all parties; differences were composed and the alliance of the Indians against the French with the Indians in league with them was secured. The minutes of this conference are very interesting, particularly from the circum- stance that it was held at Lancaster, and are given in full in Division X., No. 7. James Webb complained to the General Assembly [1749] of the undue election and return of a member from Lancaster County, stating that recourse was had to violence and fraud, many persons voting five to ten times each, making 2300 votes out of 1000. The election was confirmed, but the managing officers were brought to the house and reprimanded. ^ On August 19, 1749, an act was passed erecting all and singular the lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania, west of the Eiver Sas- quehanna and South and East of the South Mountain, into a County, called YOEK, bounded Northward and "Westward by a line to be run from the Sasquehanna, along the ridge of the said South Mountain, until it shall intersect the Maryland line. Southward by the said Maryland line, and Eastward by the said Eiver Sasquehanna. On January 27, 1749-50, an act was passed erecting all and singular the lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania to the Westward of Sasquehanna, and Northward and Westward of the County of York, into a county, called CUMBE ELAND, bounded Northward and Westward with the line of the Province ; Eastward partly with the Eiver Sasque- hanna, and partly with the said county of York, and partly by the line dividing the said Province from that of Maryland. Much destitution prevailed in the County during 1750 and 1751, and led to the following action : "In pursuance of a resolution passed at a large and respectable meeting of the freemen of Lancaster County, in the 1 Watson. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 15i Town of Lancaster, it was stated that a number of the settlers had severely suffered both from the hardships of a new settlement and the hostilities of the Indians, and therefore resolved. That a house of employment be provided for the industrious, in indigent circumstances. The building was accordingly erected by the benevolent spirit which disposed all sects and all countries to contribute their aid for so excellent a purpose. A farm was procured and farming implements provided; also, manufactur- ing articles for the encouragement of honest but indigent industry. Lan- caster became soon remarkable for the excellence of its stockings, made in that establishment."^ On March 11, 1752, an act was passed erecting all and singular the lands, lying within the Province of Pennsylvania, within the Metes and Bounds as is hereinafter described, be erected into a County, called BERKS, bounded as follows: by a line, at the distance of Ten superficial Miles, South-west from the Western bank of the River Schuylkill, oppo- site to the mouth of a creek, called Monacasy, to be run North-west to the extremity of the Province, and South-east, until it shall intersect the line of Chester County, then on one straight line, crossing the River Schuylkill aforesaid, to the upper or North-westward Line of M^CalVs Manor, then along the said Line to the extremity thereof, aiid continuing the same course to the Line dividing Philadelphia and Bucks Counties, then along the said Line, North-west, to the extent of the County afore- said. The cereal crops were very abundant in 1751 and 1752. An extract translated from the German in the Chron. Ephrat., 190, is quite a curi- osity. "The years 1751 and 1752 have been so fruitful in wheat and other grain, that men in wanton carelessness sought to waste the supply; for the precious wheat, which might have supported many poor, they used to fatten hogs which afterwards they consumed in their sumptuousness. Besides, distilleries were erected everywhere, and thus this great blessing was turned into strong drink, which gave rise to much disorder." These years of plenty were followed by a season of scarceness, cover- ing the years 1753-1755, and on the heels of it came Indian hostilities. News was received at Lancaster about October the 20th, that the In- dians had massacred and scalped many of the inhabitants not more than forty miles above Harris' Ferry, (Harrisburg). The condition of things at this time will best appear from the subjoined documents : A letter to Governor Morris from Conrad Weiser, Esquire, of Read- ing : "Honoured Sir: I take this opportunity to inform you I received news from Shamokin that six families have been murdered on John 1 Rupp, quoting an unnamed authority. 152 , AUTHENTIC HISTORY Penn's creek on the west side of Sasquehannah, about four miles from that river, several people have been found scalped and twenty-eight are missing; the people are in a great consternation and are coming down, leaving their plantations and corn behind them. Two of m}^ Sons are gone up to help one of their cousins with his family down. I hear of none that will defend themselves but George Gabriel and . The people down here seem to be senseless and say the Indians will never come this side of the Sasquehannah river, but I fear they will since they meet with no opposition nowhere. I don't doubt jowr Honor heard of this melancholy aftair before now by the way of Lancaster, perhaps more particular, yet I thought it my duty to inform you of it, and when my Sons come back I will write again if they bring anything particular. I have heard nothing of the Indians that are gone out to fight against the French on Ohio. Their going I fear has been the occasion of this murder, I have nothing to add, but am, "Honoured Sir, Your very humble Servant, " Conrad Weiser. "Heading, October 22d, 1755." A petition to Governor Morris from the inhabitants living on the west side of the Sasquehannah : " To the Honourable ROBERT HUNTER MORRIS, Esquire, Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, &c. " The petition of we the Subscribers, living near the mouth of Penn's creek on the west side of Sasquehannah, humbly sheweth : " That on or about the sixteenth of this instant, (October,) the enemy came down upon said creek and killed, scalped and carried away all the men, women and children, amounting to 25 persons in number, and wounded one man who fortunately made his escape and brought us in the news ; whereupon we, the subscribers, Avent out and buried the dead, whom we found most barbarously murdered and scalped. We found but 13 which were men and elderly women, and one child of two weeks old, the rest being young women and children we suppose to be carried away prisoners ; the House (where we suppose they finished their murder,) we found burnt up, and the man of it named Jacob King, a Swissar, lying just by it ; he lay on his back barbarously burnt and two Tomhawks sticking in his forehead; one of the Tomhawks marked newly with W. D. we have sent to your Honour. The terror of which has drove away almost all these back inhabitants except us, the subscri- bers, with a few more who are willing to stay and endeavor to defend the land; but as we are not able of ourselves to defend it for want of guns and ammunition, and but few in number, so that without assistance we- must fly and leave the country to the mercy of the enemy. We, therefore, humbly desire your Honour would take the same into your OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 153 great consideration, and order some speedy relief for the safety of these back settlements, and be pleased to give us speedy orders what to do, and as in duty bound we will for ever pray, &c., "George Glewell, "Ar. Gates Auchmuty, "John McCahon, "Abraham Soverhill, "Edmund Mathews, "Mark Curry, "William Doran, "Dennis Mucklehenny, "John Young, "Jacob Simmons, "Conrad Craymer, "George Fry, "George Snobble, "George Aberheart, " Dan'l. Braugh, "George Lyne, " Cutfrith Fryar. "October 20th, 1755. " I and Thomas Forster, Esq., Mr. Harris, Mr. McKee, with upwards of forty men, went up tke 23d instant to Captain McKee at New Provi- denee, in order to bury the dead lately murdered on Mahonia creek, but understanding that the corps were buried we determined then to return im- mediately home. But being urged by John Sckalamy and the old Belt to go up to see the Indians at Shamokin and know their minds, we went on the 2'ith and stayed there all night, and in the night I heard some Dela- wares talking, about twelve in number, to this purpose : ' What are the English come here for?' Says another, 'to kill us I suppose;' says another, ' can't we then send off some of our nimble young men to give our friends notice that can soon be here ?' Then soon after they sung the War Song, and four Indians went off in two Canoes w^ell armed; the one Canoe went down the river and the other across ; on the morning of the 25th we took our leave of the Indians and set off homewards, and were advised to go down the east side of the river; but fearing a snare might be laid on that side, we marched off peaceably down the west side, having behaved in the most civil and friendly manner towards them while with them, and when we came to the mouth of Mohonia creek, we were fired on by a good number of Indians that lay among the bushes, on which we were obliged to retreat with, the loss of several men; the particular number I cannot exactly mention, but I am positive I saw four fall, and one man struck on the head with a Tomahawk in his flight 154 AUTHENTIC HISTORY across the river. As I understood the Delaware tongue, I heard several of the Indians that were engaged against us speak a good many words in that tongue during the action. "Adam Terrence. " The above Declaration was attested by the Author's voluntary quali- fication, no Magistrate being present, at Paxton, this 26th October, 1755, before us. "John Elder, "Thos. McArthur, "MiCHL. Grahams, " Alex. McClure, " Michael Teaff, "William Harris, "Thomas Black, "Saml. Lenes, "Samuel Pearson, "William McClure." "N. B. — Of all our people that were in the action there are but nine that are yet returned." A Letter to James Read, Esq., at Reading, from Conrad Weiser, Esq., at Heidleburg. "Heidleburg, October 26, at 11 o'clock at night. "Mr. James Read — Loving Friend: This evening, about an hour ago, I received the news of the enemy having crossed Susquehannah and killed a great many people, from Thomas McKee down to Hunter's Mill. Mr. Elder, the Minister of Paxton, wrote this to another Presbyterian Minister in the neighborhood of Adam Read, Esq. The people were then in meeting, and immediately desired to get themselves in readiness to oppose the enem}^, and to lend assistance to their neighbors. Mr. Read sent down to Tulpahoccon, and two men, one that came from Mr. Read, are just now gone, that brought in the melancholy news. I have sent out to alarm the townships in this neighborhood, and to meet me early in the morning at Peter Spicker, to consult together what to do, and to make preparations to stand the enemy with the assistance of the most High. I writ you this that you may have time to consult with Mr. Seely and other well-wishers of the people, in order to defend your lives and others; for God's sake let us stand together and do what we can, and trust to the hand of Providence; perhaps we must in this neigh- borhood come to Reading, but I will send armed men to Susquehannah, or as far as they can go, for intelligence. Pray let Sammy have a copy of this, or this draft for his Honor the Governor. I have sent him about 3 hours ago Express to Philadelphia, and he lodges at my son Peter's. Dispatch him as early as you can. I pray beware of confusion, be calm, you and Mr. Seely, and act the part as fathers of the people. I know OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 155 you are both able, but excuse mo for giviug this caution, time requires it. I am, Dear Sir, your very good friend and humble servant, Conrad Weiser." A Letter to Governor Morris from James Eead, Esq., wrote on the same sheet of the foregoing letter from Mr. Weiser. "Sir: I must not detain the bearer a moment ; I have sent the orio-inal letter from Mr. Weiser, that no mistakes may arise by any doubts of the justness of a copy. "I shall raise our Town in an hour, and use all prudent measures for our defence. I could wish your Honour could order us two or three swivel Guns and Blunderbusses, with a few Muskets and some Powder, Swan Shot. Nothing shall be wanting in me, who have the misfortune of being Major of two associated Companies ; but I know not how my peo- ple will behave, as they are under an infatuation of an extraordinary sort. "I am, may it please your Honour, your Honour's most obedient and most humble Servant, James Read." " Many wagons that are got thus far are bound back again immedi- ately upon hearing the news. Reading, October 27th, 1755, 6 A. M." A Letter from Governor Morris to Conrad Weiser, Esquire. "New Castle, October 29th, 1755. "Sir: I have your two Letters of the 26th instant, that to Mr. Read being sent forward to me with the other, and I am heartily concerned at the melancholy situation of the inhabitants in the remoter parts of the Province. If the Assembl}^ had paid any the least regard to my recom- mendations, as everything that has happened was reasonably to be ex- pected, the people would not at this time have remained without protec- tion or such a quantity of innocent blood have been spilt. However, I have upon this occasion summoned them to meet on Monday next, and hope they will now (though late) make some provision for the safety of the Province, and in the meantime must commend your care and dili- gence, and recommend it to you and the people in your neighborhood to do everything for their defence that their circumstances and situation will admit of Let me know from time to time what is done and the motion of the enemy, and you may assure the people that whenever the Assembly enables me to act vigorously in their defence I shall most readily do it, and if they do not my best advice and assistance shall be employed in their protection. I have neither Arms nor ammunition at my disposal, or I should have sent you some of both before now. "I shall set out for Philadelphia this day or to-raorrow, " And am, Sir, your friend and servant, Robert Hunter Morris." "Conrad Weiser, Esq." 15(3 AUTHENTIC HISTORY At a Council held at Philadelphia, Friday 31st October, 1755, A. M. PRESENT: The Honorable Robert Hunter Morris, Esquire, Lieutenant Gov- ernor, &c. Eobert Strettel, \ Richard Peters, > Esquires. Lynford Lardner, ) The Minutes of Council held at Newcastle on Tuesday last were read, together with the papers there entered. The Governor laid before the Council a Letter from Dr. Boude, of Lancaster, containing a Letter sent by Express from Mr. Elder, Minister at Paxton, giving an account of a large body of French and Indians were coming against this Province and had already passed the Allegheny Hills, which was read in these words : A Letter from Dr. Boude, of Lancaster, forwarding one from the Rev Mr. Elder, of Paxton, to William Allen, Esq. "Lancaster, 26th October, 1755. "Sir: As Mr. Shippen and his son are out of Town I thought it my duty to transmit you a copy of a letter just came to town, is as follows: "Paxton, 25 October, 1755. " '•Mr. Shippen : Mr. John Harris and Thomas Forster, Esq., they went up the River last Thursday with a company of men to bury the dead murdered there lately, and sent a letter to Mr. Carson, the copy of which is as follows : ' Mr. Carson : We have an account from our Indians that there is a large body of French and Indians coming down against us on this side of the Allegheny Mountains. We are going this day to Sha- mokin, where there is a body of Indians assembled, to know their minds and to send out Spies to view the enemy and know their numbers. The running Indians that came down and saw them says that there is a great number, and compares them to the Trees. I and our neighbors desire you'll send our families word that we expect to be down, God wiUing, on Sabbath night next, and it would be well done to send notice of this news to Virginia and through this Province, that they might prepare them- selves for the worst event. Sir, please to disperse copies of this through the Province as soon as possible, and you'll oblige "'Your humble Servant, John Elder.'" "'P. S.— The Letter to Carson is dated the 21st inst." " I am, sir, your very humble servant, Sam'l. Boude." "To William Allen, Esq." Sundry other Letters of the same import were likewise read, and the following ones ordered to be entered : OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 157 A Letter to the Governor from Mr, John Harris at Paxton : "Paxton, Oct. 28tb, 1755. "May it please your Honor: This is to acquaint you that on the 24:th day of October I arrived at Shamokin in order to protect our fron- tiers up that way till they might make their escape from their cruel ene- mies, and to learn the best intelligences I could. The Indians on the West Branch of Sasquehannah certainly killed our inhabitants on Mr. Penn's creek, and there is a hatchet and two English scalps sent by them up the North Branch to desire them to strike with them if they are men. The Indians are all assembling themselves at Shamokin to Council; a large body of them was there four days ago. I can't learn their inten- tions, but it seems Andrew Montour and Monacatootha is to bring down news from them ; there is not a sufficient number of them to oppose the enemy, and perhaps they will join the enemy against us; there is no de- pendence on Indians, and we are in imminent danger. I got certain information from Andrew Montour and others that there is a body of French with 1,500 Indians coming against us. Picks, Otto ways, Orandox, Delawares, Shawonese, and a number of the Six Nations, and are now not many days' march from this Province and Virginia, which is appoint- ed to be attacked at the same time; some of the Shawmokin Indians seemed friendly and others appeared like enemies. Montour knew many days of the enemy's being on their march against us before he informed me, for which I said as much to him as I thought prudent, considering the place I was in. On the 25th of this instant, in my return, with about forty men, at Mr. Penn's creek, we were attacked by about twenty or thirty Indians, received their fire, and about fifteen of our men and myself took to trees and attacked the villains, killed four of them on the spot, and lost but three men retreating about half a mile through woods and crossing Sasquehanna, one of which was shot from oft' an horse riding behind myself through the river. My horse before was wounded, and falling in the river, I was obliged to quit him and swim part of the way. Four or five of our men were drowned crossing the river. I hope our journey, though with fatigue and the loss of our substance, and some of our lives, will be of service to our country by discovering our enemy, who will be our ruin if not timely prevented. I just now received in- formation that there was a French oflicer, supposed a Captain, with a party of Shawonese, Delawares, &c., within six miles of Shamokin, two days ago, and no doubt intends to take possessiori of it, which will be of dreadful consequence to us if suft'ered; therefore I thought proper to dispatch this messenger to inform your honor. The Indians here I hope your honor will be pleased to cause them to be removed to some place, as I don't like their company ; and as the men of those here was not against us, yet did them no harm or else I would had them all cut oft". ]^58 AUTHENTIC HISTORY The old Belt of Wampum promised me at Shamokin to send out spies to view the enemy, and upon his hearing of our skirmish was in a rage, fathered up thirty Indians immediately and went in pursuit of the enemy, I am this day informed. I expect Montour and Monocatootha down here this week with the determination of their Skamokin Council. The inhabitants is abandoning their plantations, and we are in a dreadful situation. "I am your Honour's most obedient and humble Servant, " John Harris. "P. S. — The night ensuing our attack the Indians burnt all Geo. Ga- briel's House, danced round them, &c." A letter to Edward Shippen, Esqr., of Lancaster, from Mr. John Harris, of Paxton. "Paxton, October 29th, 1755. " Sir : We expect the enemy upon us every day, and the inhabitants are abandoning their Plantations, being greatly discouraged at the ap- proach of such a number of cruel savages, and no siga of assistance. The Indians are cutting us off every day, and I had a certain account of about 1,600 Indians beside French being on their march against us and Vir- ginia, and now close on our borders, their Scouts scalping our Families on our Frontiers daily. Andrew Montour and others at Shamokin de- sired me to take care that there was forty Indians out many days, and intended to burn my house and destroy myself and family. I have this day cut holes in my house, and is determined to hold out to the last ex- tremity if I can get some men to stand by me, few of which I yet can at present, every one being in fear of their own families being cut off every hour (such is our situation.) I am informed that a French officer was expected at Shamokin this week with a party of Delawares and Shawo- nese, no doubt to take possession of our river ; and as to the state of the Sasquehannah Indians, a great part of them are actually in the French interest ; but if we should raise a number of men immediately as will be able to take possession of some convenient place up Sasquehannah and build a strong Fort in spite of French or Indians, perhaps some In- dians may join us, but it is trusting to uncertainty to depend upon them in my opinion. We ought to insist on the Indians declaring either for or against us. As soon as we are prepared for them we must bid up for scalps and keep the woods full of our people hunting them or they will ruin our Province, for they are a dreadful enemy. We impatiently look for assistance. I have sent out two Indian spies to Shamokin, they are Mohawks, and I expect they will return in a day or two. Consider our situation and rouse your people downwards and not let about 1,500 vil- lains distress such a number of inhabitants as is in Pennsylvania, which actually they will if they possess our provisions and frontiers long, as OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 159 they now have many thousands of bushels of our corn and wheat in pos- session already, for the inhabitants goes off and leaves all. "I am, sir, your most humble servant, "John Harris." A Letter to Governor Morris from Conrad Weiser, Esqr,, at Reading. '■^ May it please the Governor: Since the date of my last Letter, which I sent Express by Sammy Weiser, dated last Sunday evening, 5 o'clock, and about 11 the same Night I sent a Letter to Mr. Read in this Town, who forwarded it to your Honor by the same opportunity. The following account of what has happened since I thought was proper to lay before your Honor to wit : After I had received the news that Paxton people above Hunter's Mill had been murdered, I immediately sent my servants to alarm the neighborhood. The people came to my house by break of day. I informed them of the melancholy news and how I came by it, (fee. They unanimously agreed to stand by one another and march to meet the enemy if I would go with them. I told them not only myself but my sons and servants should go. They put themselves under my direction. I gave orders to them to go home and fetch their Arms, whether firuns, Swords, pitchforks, axes, or whatsoever might be of use against the enemy, and for three days provision in their Knapsacks, and meet me at Benjamin Spicker's at three of the Clock that afternoon, about six Miles above my House in Tulpohocon Township, where I had sent word for Tulpohocon people also to meet. I immediately mounted my Horse and went up to Benjamin Spicker's, where I found about one hundred people who had met before I came there ; and after I had informed them of the intelligence I had, and promised to go with them as a common Soldier, and to be commanded by such officers and leading men whatever they might call them as they should chuse, they unani- mously agreed to join Heidleberg People, and accordingly they went home to fetch their Arms and Provisions for three days, and came again at 3 o'clock. All this was punctually performed, and about two hundred men were at Benjamin Spicker's by two of the Clock. I made the ne- cessary disposition, and the people were divided into Companys of thirty men each Company ; they chosed their officers, that is a Captain over each Company and three inferiors under him, each to take care of ten men and lead them on or fire as the Captain should direct. I sent privately for Mr. Kurtz, the Lutheran Minister, who lived about a Mile off, who came and gave an Exhortation to the men, and made a Prayer suitable to the time ; and then we marched towards Sasquehannah, having first sent about fifty men to Tolkeo in order to possess themselves of the Capes or Narrows of Swahatawro, where we expected the enemy would come through, with a Letter to Mr, Parsons, who happened to be at his plantation. We marched about ten Miles that evening; my Company IQQ ' AUTHENTIC HISTORY was now increased to upwards of Three hundred men, and mostly well armed though about twenty men had nothing but axes and pitchforks. All unanimously agreed to die together and engage the enemy wherever they should meet with them — never to enquire the number but fight them, and so obstruct their marching further into the inhabited parts till others of our Brethren should come up and do the same, and so save the Lives of our Wives and Children. This night the Powder and Lead came up that I sent for early in the morning from Eeading, and I ordered it to the care of the Officers to divide it among those that wanted it most. On the 28th by break of day we marched, our Company increasing all along. We arrived at Adam Eead's Esqr., in Hanover Township, Lan- caster County, about 10 o'clock ; there we stopped and rested till all came up. Mr. Bead had just then received intelligence from Sasquehannah by Express, which was as follows, to wit : 'that Justice Forster, Capt. McKee, John Harris, and others, to the number of forty-nine, went up to Sham- okin to bury the Dead bodies of those that had been killed by the enemy on John Penn's Creek, and coming up to George Gabriel's, about five miles this side Shamokin and on the West side Sasquehannah, they heard that the Dead bodies had been buried already, and so they went along to Shamokin, where they arrived last Friday evening, and were seemingly well received, but found a great number of strange Indians, though Dela- wares, all painted Black, which gave suspicion, and Thomas McKee told his companions that he did not like them, and the next morning, that is last Saturday, they got up early in order to go back, but they did not see any of the strangers ; they were gone before them. Andrew Montour was there painted as the rest, advised our people not to go the same Road they came, but to keep this side Sasquehannnah and go the old Road, but when they came to the parting of the Roads a majority was for going the nighest and best road, and so crossed Sasquehannah contrary to Andrew Montour's counsel in order to go down on the west side of that river as far as Ma- honioy; when they came to John Pena's creek, in going down the bank they were fired upon from this side by Indians that had way -laid them; some dropped down dead, the rest fled and made towards Sasquehannah, and came to this side, and so home as well as they could. Twenty-six of them were missing and not heard of as yet last Monday evening. Upon this we had a consultation, and as we did not come up to serve as guards to Paxton people, but to fight the enemy if they were come so far as we first heard, we thought best t0 return and take care of our own Town- ships. After I had given the necessary caution to the People to hold themselves in readiness as the enemy was certainly in the Country, to keep their Arms in good order, and so on, I discharged them, and so we marched back with the approbation of Mr. Read ; by the way we were alarmed with a report that above five hundred Indians had come over OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 161 the mountain at Tolkeo to this side, and had already killed a number of people. We stopt and sent a few men to discover the enemy, but on their return it proved to be a false alarm, occasioned by that Company I had sent that way the day before, whose Guns getting wet they fired them off, which was the case of my Company ; on their returning they fired off their Guns, nat considering the ill consequence, and the whole Township through which we marched were very much alarmed. In going back I met several Messengers from other Townships about Con- estogo, who came for intelligence and to ask me where their assistance was necessary, promising that they would come to the place where I should direct. I met also at Tulpehocon above one hundred men well armed as to Fire arms, ready to follow me, so that there were in the whole about 500 men in Arms that day all marching up towards Sasque- hannah. I and Mr. Adam Read counted those that were with me. We found them 320. "I cannot send any further account, being uncommonly fatigued. I should not forget, however, to inform your Honor that Mr. Read has engaged to keep proper persons riding between his house and Sasque- hannah, and if anything material shall occur he will send me tidings at Heidleburgh or here, which I shall take care to dispatch to you. I find that great care has been taken at Reading to get people together, and near two hundred were here yesterday morning ; but upon hearing that the people attending me were discharged, the people from the country went off without consulting what should be done for the future, through the indiscretion of a person who was with them and wanted to go home, and near the Town they met a large Company coming up and gave such accounts as occasioned their turning back. I think most of the inhabit- ants would do their duty, but without some Military Regulations we shall never be able to defend the Province. I am sure we are in great danger, and by an enemy that can travel as Indians do we may be surprised when it would be impossible to collect any number of men together to defend themselves, and then the country would be laid waste. I am quite tired and cannot say more than that "I am Your Honor's most Obedient Servant, "Conrad Weiser. "Reading, October 30th, 1755." " This year an expedition w^as undertaken against the French posses- sions in Nova Scotia.^ The territorial claims of the English extended northward to the St. Lawrence ; but the French endeavored to restrict them to the peninsula of Acadie. Whilst the two crowns were fruitlessly discussing their several claims in Europe, the French occupied and pre- pared to defend the disputed territory. Though the enterprise against, 1 Gordon. 12 1(32 AUTHENTIC HISTORY it was planned in Massachusetts, to be executed by the troops of that colony, in conjunction with the regiments of Shirley and Peperell, the command was given to Lieutenant-colonel Monckton, a British officer. His second was Lieutenant-colonel Winslow, a major-general of the pro- vincial militia. The provincial troops, amounting to near three thousand men, embarked at Boston on the twentieth of May, and arrived in the basin of Annapolis Eoyal, on the twenty-eighth of the same month. They were afterwards joined by three hundred British soldiers with a small train of artillery. In little more than a month, with the loss of three men only, they obtained possession of the whole province of Nova Scotia, according to their own definition of its boundaries. This easy conquest elated the Colonies, and produced sanguine anticipations from their future efforts. " It would have been well for humanity and the honor of the British name, had the victors enjoyed their triumph in mercy. But they dis- graced their conquest by scenes of devastation and misery, scarce paral- leled in modern history. The inhabitants of Nova Scotia were chiefly descendants of French parentage. By the treaty of Utrecht, (1713) they were permitted to retain their lands, taking the oath of allegiance to their new sovereign, with the qualification that they should not be compelled to bear arms against their Indian neighbors, or their countrymen; and this immunity was, at subsequent periods, assured to their children. Such was the notoriety of this compact, that, for near a half century, they had borne the name, and, with few exceptions, maintained the character, of neutrals. But, at length, excited by their ancient love of France, their religious attachments, and their doubts of the English rights, some of these mild, frugal, industrious, and pious people, were seduced to take arms. Three hundred were found in Beau Sejour at its capture; but it was stipulated that they should be left in the same situation as when the army arrived, and should not be punished for any thing subsequently done. Yet a Council was called by Lawrence, lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, at which the admirals Boscawen and Moyston assisted, to determine the fate of these unfortunate people. Sound policy and military law demanded the punishment of the leaders of the insurgents, but humanity forbade the extension of this punishment wider than the offence — the involvement of the innocent and the guilty. Of a population exceeding seven thousand, not more than three hundred had taken arms; and, of these, some were compelled to assume them by the enemy, from whom many had suffered much in consequence of their refusal to resist the English. The Council required the elders of the people to take the oath of allegiance to the British monarch without the exemption which, during fifty years, had been granted to them and their fathers. Upon their refusal, it was re- solved to expel them from their country, to confiscate their property, OF LANCASTER COUXTY. 163 money and houseliold goods excepted, to waste their estates, and burn their dwellings. Their public records and muniments of title were seized, and the elders treacherously made prisoners. In transporting- them to their several destinations, the charities of blood and affinity were wantonly torn asunder; parents Avere separated from their child- ren, and husbands from their Avives: among many instances of this barbarity, was that of Eene La Blanc, who had been imprisoned four years by the French for his English attachments. The family of this venerable man, consisting of twenty children, and about one hundred and fifty grand-children, were scattered in different colonies, and himself with his wife and two children, only, were put on shore at New York. On ship-board, the prisoners were without the necessaries of life, and so crowded, that all could not lie doAvn at once ; and many of the Aveak and aged ended their miseries Avith their lives ; and such Avere the sufferings of others, that of five hundred allotted to Pennsylvania, as her portion of the burthen, more than one-half died soon after their arrival. So far as it was possible, they AA'ere relieved by the kindness of the Pennsyl\''a- nians. The}^ Avere landed at the lazaretto on Province island, and placed in the hospital, under the superintendence of Anthony Benezet, since well known by his humane and ardent efforts against the slave trade. Unjust and severe as these measures were to the neutrals, the consequences did not terminate in their sufferings. Governor Lawrence, Avith great pre- sumption, and a total disregard of the rights of the neighboring provinces, imposed a heavy and durable burthen upon them, in the maintainance of this devoted race, for AA-hich they Avere never requited. In Philadelphia "the neutrals" long remained a separate people. They petitioned the CroAvn in vain for redress, refused for a long time to labor, but, finall}^, settled in Ioav huts, in a quarter of the tOAvn Avhere a vestige continued until the year eighteen hundred."^ "In this county the citizens petitioned the Legislature for the passage of an Act to disperse the inhabitants of Nova Scotia, throAvn upon them. An Act was passed March 5, 1756, by Avhich Calvin Cooper, James Webb and Samuel Le Fevre, Avere appointed to carry its several provisions into execution. The Act empowered and required them, or a majority of them, or their survi\'ors, and enjoined it, that Avithin tAventy days after the passage of the Act, to order and appoint the disposition of the inhab- itants of Nova Scotia imported and permitted to be landed, in such manner and proportions as to them appeared most equitable under certain limitations, to have regard to such lands and plantations, or other em- ployment as they might procure for them towards maintaining them- selves and families, and thereby easing the Province of the heaAy charge of supporting them. The Act further provided in these Avords: And 1 Rupp. 164 AUTHENTIC HISTORY for the more eftectual settling and employing said inhabitants, it was enacted that the overseers of the poor of the several townships of Lan- caster county were required and enjoined to accept of, provide for, and receive into their respeclave townships such of the Nova Scotians as were to be allotted, and sent into their townships, by an order under the hands and seals of at least two of the above named persons ; provided, that not more than one family was allotted to the care of the overseers of the poor of any one township. They were to secure them employment, as was most suitable to the circumstances of the families and persons allotted, and appointed for their respective townships, as directed. The overseers were directed to keep just and true accounts of all such unavoidable charges and expenses as might have accrued; which accounts were di- rected to be transmitted under oath, or affirmed, to the persons nomi- nated. "Those who had been bred to farming, farms at a reasonable rate were to be rented for them, and some small assistance was to be afforded them toward settlement thereof. The commissioners were authorized to pur- chase or procure such stock or utensils of husbandry for making settle- ments, provided the supplies allotted to any single family did not exceed in the whole ten pounds. The expenses incurred were to be defrayed and paid out of the money given to the King's use by an Act of Assembly. "Their condition was such as to make it necessary for the Assembly to pass another Act, January 18, 1757 : Whereas, it has been found by experience that the Act of March 4, 1756, has not answered the good intentions of the Legislature of uniting them with his Majesty's loyal subjects by granting the said inhabitants of Nova Scotia equal privileges and immunities with the inhabitants and settlers of the Province, and the grievous burdens of maintaining them in the manner hitherto used is greater than the good people of this province, under their present dis- tressed circumstances, are well able to bear, and for as much as there are numbers of children among them whose real advantage and interest it would undoubtedly prove to be brought up in industry and frugality, and bound out to learn husbandry, or some other profitable art, whereby they might become reputable inhabitants, entitled to the rights of the British subjects, and their parents thereby eased of the charge of their maintenance as well as the public, which by proper care may be in a good degree relieved from the present heavy expenses." The overseers of the poor were required to bind out the children of indigent Nova Scotians to kind masters and mistresses, on condition that they were taught to read and write the English language and such repu- table and profitable occupations as would enable them at the expiration of the term of their apprenticeship to support themselves; males were bound out till twenty-one, females till eighteen. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 165 It was also provided that those who by reason of age, impotence, or any bodily infirmity, were unable to support themselves, should, like other poor of the township, be supported, but at the charge of the Prov- ince. After the defeat of Braddock on the 9th of July, 1755, began the series of atrocious and barbarous hostilities which has already been described in authentic extracts. The Siehen Tager Baptists of Ephrata provided hospitable shelter for the fugitives from Tulpehocken and Paxton, although they were themselves in imminent peril ; the enemy was only thirteen miles distant, and the poor people were hourly apprehensive of being surprised by the savage foe. The Government despatched a company of infantry to Ephrata for the protection of the people. In Lancaster the people erected a block-house early in December. The subjoined letters from Edward Shippen to James Hamilton, supply inter- esting particulars: "Honored Sir: I received the favor of yours of the 24th November, and we are all much pleased by your willingness to contribute to the building of a block-house. The savages who committed the murders in Paxton are now believed to be very numerous, perhaps one hundred. A number of families, but thirty-five miles from us, are entirely cut off. Farmers are flying from their plantations to Heading. An alarm, last night, about twelve o'clock; we assembled in the square, say, three hun- dred, but with fifty guns; it was shocking to hear at such. a moment, when in expectation of the savages, that we had neither a sufficiency of guns nor ammunition. Thanks be to God, the alarm was false. The block-house will be built on the north side of the north end of Queen street. There will be a wide ditch around it, a small draw bridge; one important use is to place our wives, girls and children within, that they may be in safety These are fearful times. God only knows how they will end. I am yours, Edward Shippen." Another, dated Lancaster, December 5, 1755: "Honored Sir: The fort we have agreed to build, is as follows: For the stockade, the logs split in the middle, and set on end, three feet in the ground, pMiced on the north side of the town, between Queen and Duke street; with curtains 100 feet. The planks of the bastions, lOfeetj and the saws of said bastions, 30 feet each. Yours, &c., Edward Shippen." "t/rtmes Hamilto7i^ Esq., Bush Hill. The marauding parties of French and Indians hung on the frontiers during the winter, and in the month of January [1756] attacked the set- tlements on the Juniata river, murdering and scalping such of the in- habitants as did not escape, or were not made prisoners. To guard IQQ AUTHENTIC HISTORY ao'ainst these devastations, a chain of forts and block-houses were erected at an expense of eighty-five thousand pounds, by the Province of Penn- sylvania, along the Kittatiny hills, from the river Delaware to the Mary- land line, commanding the principal passes of the mountains, garrisoned with from twenty to seventy-five Provincials, as the situation and importance of the places respectively required. On April 13, [1756] the Governor informed the Council and the As- sembly of intelligence received that a number of people from the back counties had resolved to meet at Lancaster on the 16th inst., to march to Philadelphia and make some demands of the Legislature, Benjamin Chew, Alexander Stedman, Edward Shippen and William West were sent to Lancaster to inquire into the causes of the proposed meeting, and these gentlemen reporting their proceedings on the 21st, the Governor convened the Assembly for May 10th next ensuing, to take measures for putting the western part of the Province into a sulficient state of defence, and thereby to meet the demands of the people. And we have to regret another instance of the deliberate inhumanity which has distinguished the belligerents on the North American conti- nent, in regard to their employment of the Indians.^ The cruelty of the savage was stimulated by the promise of reward ; and, by proclamation, a premium was ofi'ered for the prisoners and scalps taken from the Indian enemy. This was rather an invitation to murder, than to take and pro- tect prisoners. For as the scalp was worth the living body, no consid- eration of religion or humanity induced the Indians to suffer the slightest inconvenience from their prisoners. The Proclamation ran thus : " Memorandum. On the fourteenth instant, the Proclamation of War against the Delawares was pubhshed at the Court House in the presence of the Council, Supreme Judges, Magistrates, Officers, &c., and a large concourse of people, and is as follows : "i??/ the Honoumhle ROBERT HUNTER MORRIS, Esquire, Lieuten- ant Governor and Commander-in- Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, and Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex, upon Delmoare: "A PROCLAMATION. ^ " Whereas, the Delaware tribe of Indians, and others in confederacy with them, have for some time past, without the least provocation and contrary to their most solemn Treaties, fallen upon this Province, and in a most cruel, savage and perfidious manner, killed and butchered great numbers of the inhabitants, and carried others into barbarous captivity; burning and destroying their habitations and laying waste the country. And Wliereas, notwithstanding the friendly remonstrances made to them 1 Gordon. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 167 loj this Government, and the interposition and positive orders of our faithful friends and allies the Six Nations, to whom they owe obedience and subjection, requiring and commanding them to desist from any further acts of hostility against us, and to return to their allegiance, the said Indians do still continue their cruel murders and ravages, sparing neither age nor sex; I have, therefore, by and with the advice and con- sent of the Council, thought fit to issue this Proclamation ; and do hereby declare the said Delaware Indians and all others who, in conjunction with them, have committed hostilities against his Majesty's subjects within this Province, to be enemies, rebels and traitors to his most sacred Majesty; and I do hereby require all his Majesty's subjects of this Pro- vince, and earnestly invite those of the neighboring Provinces, to embrace all opportunities of pursuing, taking, killing, and destroying the said Delaware Indians and all others confederated with them in committing hostilities, incursions, murders, or ravages upon this Province. And Whereas, sundry of our good friends and allies, the Six Nations and other friendly Indians, are seated upon and do inhabit the country to the northward of the mouth of a river falling into the Sasquehannah, called Cayuga Branch, and those of the Six Nations now in town have desired that our hostilities against the said enemy Indians might not therefore be carried on more northerly than a line extending from the mouth of the .said Cayuga Branch, at an Indian town called Diahoga or Tohiccon, to the station point between the Provinces of New York and Jersey, at the Indian town called Cashetunk, upon Delaware; the said Indians promis- ing us their hearty and best assistance. I do, therefore, hereby declare that the Indians livino- and being to the northward of a line drawn from the mouth of the said Cayuga Branch to the said Station Point are not included in this Declaration of War. ^^And Whei-eas, many Delaware and other Indians, abhorring the un- grateful, cruel and perfidious behavior of that part of the Delaware tribe and others that have been concerned in the late inhuman ravages, have removed into the settled and inhabited parts of the country, put them- selves under the protection of this and the neighboring governments, and live in a peaceable manner with the King's subjects; I do therefore declare, that the said friendly Indians that have so separated themselves from our said enemies, and all others who shall join or act with us in the prosecution of this just and necessary war, are expret^sly excepted out of this declaration, and it is recommended to all officers and others to afford them protection and assistance. Ayid Whereas, the Commissioners ap- pointed with me to dispose of the Sixty Thousand Pounds lately granted by Act of General Assembly for his Majesty's use have, by their letter to me of the tenth instant, agreed to pay out of the same the several rewards for Prisoners and Scalps hereinafter specified; and, therefore, IQQ AUTHENTIC HISTORY as a further inducement and encouragement to all his Majesty's liege people, and to all the several tribes of Indians who continue in friend- ship and alliance with us, to exert and use their utmost endeavor to pursue, attack, take and destroy our said enemy Indians, and to release, redeem and recover such of his Majesty's subjects as have been taken and made prisoners by the same enemies; I do hereby declare and promise that there shall be paid out of the said Sixty Thousand Pounds to all and every person and persons, as well Indians as Christians not in the pay of the Province, the several and respective Premiums and Boun- ties following, that is to say: For every male Indian enemy above twelve years old who shall be taken prisoner and delivered at any forts garri- soned by the troops in the pay of this Province, or at any of the county towns to the keepers of the common jails there, the sum of One Hundred and Fifty Spanish Dollars or Pieces of Eight ; for the scalp of every male Indian enemy above the age of twelve years, produced as evidence of their being killed, the sum of One Hundred and Thirty Pieces of Eight ; for every female Indian taken prisoner and brought in as aforesaid, and for every male Indian prisoner under the age of twelve years taken and brought in as aforesaid. One Hundred and Thirty Pieces of Eight ; for the scalp of every Indian woman, produced as evidence of their being killed, the sum of Fifty Pieces of Eight; and for every English subject that has been taken and carried from this Province into captivity that shall be recovered and brought in and delivered at the City of Philadel- phia to the Governor of this Province, the sum Of one Hundred and Fifty Pieces of Eight, but nothing for their scalps; and that there shall be paid to every Officer or Soldier as are or shall be in the pay of this Province who shall redeem and deliver any English subject carried into captivity as aforesaid, or shall take, bring in, and produce any enemy prisoner, or scalp as aforesaid, one-half of the said several and respective premiums and bounties. " Given under my Hand and the Great Seal of the Province, at Philadel- phia, the Fourteenth day of April, in the Twenty-Ninth year of His Majesty's reign, and in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Fifty-Six. "EoBT. H. Morris." "By His Honor's Command, " Richard Peters, Secretary. "God Save the King." The disposition which the Province thus displayed towards the Indians, alarmed even those who continued friendly. These had been gathered in from the Susquehannah to the city, lest they should be mistaken for enemies; and now, without assigning any reason, they suddenly resolved to join the Six Nations. Their departure relieved the city of a consider- OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 169 able burden, yet care was taken that they should depart in good humor, and that their leaders, Scarroyady and Montour, should be amply re- warded for their services. No opportunity was lost by the Assembly to propitiate the Indians. Cayenquiloquoas, an influential chief among the Six Nations, had placed two sons at Philadelphia to be educated, who Avere hitherto supported at the joint expense of the Province and Propri- etaries. But, the latter refusing further to contribute, the former assumed the whole charge. The services of Montour and Scarroyady merited the acknowledgments of the whites. At the risk of their lives, they had, in December, visited the several tribes of Indians seated along the Susque- hannah, with a view to persuade them from assuming arms; and thence proceeded, as the deputies of the Six Nation Indians residing in Pennsyl- vania, to the great Council at Onondago, to represent the conduct of the Delawares and Shawanese to the confederated nations. In consequence of their remonstrances, the Council despatched a party of their warriors, consisting of deputies from each of the Six Nations, to the Susquehannah, to enjoin the Delawares and Shawanese to desist from hostilities; and, in case of their refusal, to declare war against them in the name of the Six Nations. Soon after the Governor received information that Sir William John- son, through the mediation of the Six Nations, had succeeded in disposing the Shawanese and Delawares to an accommodation;^ and that these tribes had promised to refrain from further hostilities. On the part of the Province, the Governor suspended the war against the Indians, by proc- lamation, which he sent to the Indians at Diogo, on the Susquehannah, and the Assembly cheerfully supplied the means for holding a treaty of pacification; and earnestly pressed upon the Governor, for his sanction, a bill for regulating the trade and intercourse with the Indians, by which they expected to allay whatever resentment the Indians might still feel, and to provide against future discontents. The return of the Shawanese and Delawares to pacific dispositions Avas greatly promoted by the conduct of the principal Quakers. Israel Pem- berton and others invited some friendly Indians to their tables, and, in a free and social converse with them, through the instrumentality of Conrad Weiser, awakened their earnest wishes for peace. These Indians were despatched with a message from Scarroyady to the hostile tribes, commu- nicating the desires of the Quakers that they should return to their early affections. This coirference was held with the permission of the Governor ; but, by the advice of his Council, the subject was left entirely to the management of Friends. The conference at Easton had hardly been concluded when new acts of murder were committed on the south side of the Blue Mountain.'-^ The 1 Gordon. Col. Records. 2 Heckewelder. 170 AUTHENTIC HISTORY settlers on the frontier fled in consternation to the interior, and so great was the panic that of 3,000 able-bodied men, who were in 1755 in the country west of the Susquehaunah, there remained in 1756 less than 100. The necessity of a militia law was,^ in a great measure, obviated by ^^ the forces raised by the Governor and Provincial Commissioners. They consisted of twenty-five companies amounting to fourteen hundred men. Eight companies under the command of Major James Burd, called the Augusta regiment, were stationed at Fort Augusta ; eight companies on the west side of the Susquehannah, commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Armstrong, called the second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment, were thus divided: two companies at Fort Lyttleton, on Aughwick creek, which empties into the Juniata river ; two companies on Conoco- cheague creek, which communicates with the Potomac ; two companies at Fort Morris, in Shippensburg, and two companies at Carlisle. Nine companies, called the second battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Conrad Weiser, were thus distributed : one compan}^ at Fort Augusta; one at Hunter's mill, seven miles above Harrisburg, on the Susquehannah; one half company on the Swatara, at the foot of the North Mountain ; one company and a half at Fort Henry, close to the gap of the mountain, called the Tothea gap; one company at Fort William, near the forks of the Schuylkill river, six miles beyond the mountain; one company at Fort Allen, at Gnadenhutten, on the Lehigh; the other three companies were scattered between the rivers Lehigh and Delaware, at the disposition of the captains, some at farm- houses, others at mills, from three to twenty in a place.^ The negotiations for peace, which had been commenced with Teedy- uscung, the chief of the Delaware and Shawanese tribes on the Susque- hannah, had neutralized these, but the Province was still exposed to con- tinued devastation, from the French and Western Indians, who roamed in small parties over the country, avoiding or attacking the forts and armed Provincialists as they judged most safe. The counties of Cumber- land, Berks, Northampton, and Lancaster, were, during the spring and summer months of 1757, kept in continual alarm, and some of the savage scalping parties were pushed on to within thirty miles of Philadelphia. Many of these wretches paid with their lives the just penalty of their temerity. But their sufferings bore no comparison with those of the unfortunate inhabitants. Incessant anxiety pervaded every family in the counties Ave have mentioned; their slumbers were broken by the yell of demons, or by the dread of an attack, scarce less horrid than their actual presence. The ground was ploughed, the seed sown, and the harvest gathered, under the fear of the tomahawk and rifle. Scarce any outdoor labor was safely executed, unless protected by arms in the hands 1 Proud. 2 Gordon. OF LANCASTER COUXTV. 171 of the laborers, or by regular troops. Women visiting their sick neigh- bors were shot or captured ; children driving home cattle from the field were killed and scalped ; whilst the enemy, dastardly as cruel, shrunk from every equality of force.^ Many of the richest neighborhoods were deserted, and property of every kind given up to the foe. Many in- stances of heroism were displayed by men, women, and children, in the defence of themselves and their homes, and in ])ursuing and com- batting the enemy. In May [1757] a conference with the Indians was held at Lancaster. It Avas attended by Governor Denny, six members of the Council, the Speaker and five members of the House of Eepresentatives, the Magis- trates of Lancaster, many other gentlemen, and on the part of the Indians by deputies of the Mohawks, Oneidoes, Tuscaroroes, Onondagoes, Cayu- gas, with some Senecas, Nanticokes and Delawares. Little Abraham, a Mohawk Sachem, and Thomas King, an Oneida Sachem, -were speakers for the Indians. During the conference four persons, killed at Swatara by hostile Indians, were brought to Lancaster, Avhereupon the chief Sachems called a meeting with a number of their warriors at the Indian camp, where they expressed their condolence, thus: "Brethren: We have called this meeting, with tears in our eyes, on account of seeing so many of our brethren killed by the evil spirit ; and we take this opportunity, as Ave have a good deal of business yet to do, to Avipe the Tears from your Eyes, so that to-morrow, Avhen Ave meet in Council, Ave may see each other Avith the same Good Will Ave have hith- erto done." iMai'ch 29, 1757, the Indians made a breach at Rocky Springs, where one man was killed and eleven taken prisoners. April 2d, 1757, William McKinnie and his son were killed near Chambers' fort. April 17th, Jeremiah Jack, near Potomac, was taken cap- tive, and two of his son's killed, and a man and a woman were drowned in the Poto- mac, while endeavoring to escape. April 23d, Jolm Martin and William Blair Ave re killed, and Patrick McClelland wonnded in the shoulder, who afterwards died of his Avound, near Maxwell's fort, on Conococheague creek. May 14th, Major Campbell and one Tussey were killed or taken captive, with fourteen others, near Potomac. May 12th, John Martin and Andrew Paul, both old men, were taken from Conococheague. May 13th, tAvo men killed near McCormick's fort, Conodoguinet. INIay 16th, eleven Ijersons killed at Paxton, Lancaster county. June 9, James Holiday, and fourteen men killed and taken; James Long's son and another man killed in a quarry at Fort Frederick. Nineteen men killed in a mill at Quitiphilla, Lancaster county, and four were killed in Shearman's valley ; all done in one week. June Gtli, two men Avere killed, and five taken prisoners, near Shippensburg. July 18th, six men killed or taken from a field, near Shippensburg. July 19th, nineteen men killed and taken while reaping in a field near Shippensburg. August 17th, William Waugh's barn was burnt, in the Tract, York county, by Indians. September 9th, one boy and girl taken from Donegal, Lancaster county. October 1st and 2d, a very great slaughter, near Opiken, in Virginia, Avhere more than sixty were killed and taken. November 9th, John Woods, his AA'ife and Mother-in-laAV, and John Archer's wife Avere killed, four children taken, and nine men killed, near McDovfeWn (ovt.— Loudon's JS'arrattve, II. 200-208. 272 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Gave a String of Wampum. "Beethrex: Now we have wiped the Tears from your Eyes, agree- able to the ancient Custom of our Fore-Fathers, we clean the blood off your Council Seats, that you may sit with Comfort and hear Avhat we have to say to 3^ou. " No doubt but the French King, who takes delight in Mischief, has taken this opportunity to send his children down to commit these mur- ders, with the expectation of breeding a difference between you, our Breth- ren, and us ; but we desire you will hold fast by the Chain of Friendship subsisting between us, and disappoint him in his designs." Gave a Belt of Wampum. On the next day Little Abraham spake as follows : "Brethren: Each of you made us a Speech yesterday on the same subject, both which Speeches I now propose to answer at once. "Brothers: Some years ago, in the Jerseys, one of the Head Men of the Delawares had been out a hunting ; on his return he called to see a gentleman, a great friend of his, one of your People, who he found in his field. When the gentleman saw him he came to meet him ; it was rainy weather, and the Delaware Chief had his gun under his arm. They met at a Fence, and as they reached out their hands to each other the Dela- ware's gun went off by accident and shot him dead. He was very much grieved at the accident, and went to the house and told the gentleman's wife what had happened, and said he was willing to die, and did not choose to live after his friend. She immediately sent for a number of the inhabitants; when they were gathered, some said it was an accident . and could not be helped ; but the greatest number were for hanging him, and he was taken by the Sheriff and carried to Arabo}^, where he Avas tried, and hanged. " There was another misfortune that happened. A party of Shawa- nese, who were going to war against their enemies, in their way through Carolina, called at a house, not suspecting any harm as they were among their friends ; a number of the inhabitants rose and took them prisoners, on account of some mischief that was done there about that time, sus- pecting them to be the people that had done the mischief; and carried them to Charles Town and put them in Prison, where the Chief Man, called the Pride, died. The relations of these people were much exas- perated against you our Brethren, the English, on account of the ill- treatment you gave their friends, and have been continually spiriting up their Nations to take revenge. "Brothers: You desired us to open our hearts, and inform you of everything we knew that might give rise to the quarrel between you and our Nephews and Brothers. "We must now inform you that, in former times, our Forefathers con- OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 173 quered the Delawares, and put Petticoats on them. A long time after that, they lived among you our Brothers, but upon some difterence be- tween you and them, we thought proper to remove them, giving them lands to plant and hunt on, at Wyoming and Juniata, on Sasquehannah. But you, covetous of land, made Plantations there and spoiled their Hunting Grounds; they then complained to us, and we looked over those lands, and found their complaints to be true. At this time they carried on a correspondence with the French, by which means the French became acquainted with all the causes of complaint they had against you ; and as your people were daily increasing their settlements, by this means you drove them back into the arms of the French ; and they took the advantage of spiriting them up against you, by telling them, ' Chil- dren, you see, and we have often told you, how the English, your Breth- ren, would serve 3^ou; they plant all the country, and drive you back; so that in a little time you will have no land. It is not so with us ; though we build Trading Houses on your land, we do not plant it; we have our Provisions from over the Great Waters.' " We have opened our Hearts, and told you what complaints we have heard they had against you, and our advice to you is, that you send for the Senecas and them, treat them kindly, and rather give them some part of their fields back again than difter with them. It is in your power to settle all the differences with them, if you please." Gave two Belts of Wampum, one for Sir Wm, Johnson, and the other for the Governor. Little Abraham spoke again as follows: "Brothers: As to what passed between jon and Teedyuscung last Fall respecting the purchase of Lands, we know nothing of. They are not here, and if we inquire, we can only hear what you say on that head. We should have been glad our Nephews, the Delawares, and Brothers, the Shawanese, had been here at this time, that we might have heard the complaints on both sides ; then we should have been able to judge who was in the fault, and we are determined to see justice done to the party aggrieved. As they are not here we can say nothing about it ; but you yourselves, between whom the business was transacted, must be the best judges." Gave a string of Wampum. ''Brothers: You acquaint us there are certain persons empowered by the King, to purchase Lands here from the Indians ; we are unac- quainted with that. Neither do we know how our Father, the King of England, has divided his Provinces. You say if you have done the Indians any injustice you are willing to make them satisfaction. We are glad to hear it, and as you have writings to refresh your memories about every transaction that has happened between you and our Neph- 274 AUTHENTIC HISTORY ews and Brothers, the Delawares and Sliawanese, we recommend it hear- tily to you to do justice. We are much concerned to see how you are used by them and the French, every day having your people killed, and you sitting with your heads between your legs, and receiving the blow without resenting it, as if you could not or would not fight to defend yourselves. "Brother Onas: We desire that you may not think of great expe- ditions far off". Use your best endeavors to defend your Frontiers and protect the lives of your people. It is better for you to give up some points to them than to contend, provided they should be in the wrong, and settle all differences subsisting between you as soon as possible." Gave a Belt. He added: " Brother Onas : Take pattern by Sir William Johnson ; he always keeps large parties patrolling across the Frontiers where he lives, and you do not hear of any murders being committed there. That is the way to defend yourselves. The enemy is afraid to enter the settlements there and if you pursue the same measures they will be afraid to come into your settlements." Thomas King then spoke as follows: "Brethren : We have considered what you said to us about our re- questing the Delawares and Shawanese to bring down and deliver up all the English prisoners they have, agreeable to their promises to Sir William Johnson. We will do everything in our power that may in- duce them to do it, but perhaps it will not be in our power to prevail on them to give them up. " Once more we would desire that you would send for the Senecas and them, and endeavor to settle all those differences. It is in our power to do it. When it is done you will certainly see some of your own flesh and blood again," Gave a belt of Wampum. "Brethren: It is true, we were present when the Delawares and Shawanese brightened the chain of friendship with Sir William Johnson, and promised to turn the edge of their hatchet against the French. But you must know that last Fall, though they went out to war with us, they always turned back, and did not perform what they had promised, so that we cannot account for what they will do now. But for our parts, the Six Nations, we have been engaged in the war with you, and are always ready when we see an EngHsh Flag to join our Brothers, and go with them and share the same iate." Gave a belt of Wampum. On Friday the 20th of May, the Governor spoke as follows: "Brethren of the Six United Nations: I return you my hearty OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 175 thanks for the kind and open manner in which you have informed us of the causes from whence the dissatisfaction of our brethren, the Dela wares and Shawanese, first arose ; but as you have observed they are not pres- ent, it must be deferred until we have the pleasure of seeino- them. I shall only assure you that I think your advice good, and shall with great satisfaction conform to it, by sending for the people you have so earn- estly recommended to be sent for. "I think with you that our Frontiers should be carefully and strongly guarded, and it shall be my particular care to endeavor to have this done, in which I shall take kindly any assistance you Avill give me." Gave a belt of Wampum. "Brethren: Soon after the present troubles first broke out between us and the French, some of the Six Nation Indians requested of this Government to build a strong house at Shamokin, and a storehouse, with Indian Goods, and to give an invitation to Indians, as well of United Nations as Delawares, to come and live there; I must now inform you that in compliance with their request, this Government has built a strong house where goods will soon be sent, and sold as cheap as anywhere on this continent; to this place I have appointed Mr. Thomas McKee to conduct as many of you as shall choose to return that way, and shall leave it to you to settle as many families as shall incline to live there, promising you that care shall be taken by this Government that as many as stay shall be furnished with such necessaries as they may want till they can support themselves." Gave a belt of Wampum. " Brethren : I shall immediately report the whole that has passed at these Conferences to Sir William Johnson, who is glad of all occasions to show his attachment to our Friends, the Indians, and promote His Majesty's service. It is that gentleman's peculiar province to treat and finish all treaties with the Indians. "Let me add, my brethren of the United Nations, that you shall find no deceit in me, and I shall be happy if my conduct deserves your esteem and approbation." Gave a belt of Wampum. " Brethren: I have ordered the Presents provided by the good People of this Province to be carried to the Indian Camp, early in the morning, and inform you that a part of these Presents is given by those who are the descendants of the inhabitants that first came over to this Country with your old friend William Penn, as a particular testimony of their regard and affection for the Indians." After the Governor had delivered his speech, Mr. Croghan spoke in behalf of Sir William Johnson, as follows : "Sachems and Warriors of the United Nations: You see 176 AUTHENTIC HISTORY how the French, the enemies of mankind, set on their Children to murder, in a barbarous manner, your Brethren that are settled on the frontiers of this and the neighboring Provinces. Brethren, I must now desire you, in the name of the Great King of England, your Father and my Master, that, on your return to your own Country, you will be active, and not suffer any of the French or their Children to pass over your lands to murder your Brethren, and that you will let Teedyuscung and his people know. I expect he will do the same. Tell them it is not nor will not be their interest to carry on this War against their Brethren, the English. Their Father, the French King, makes fools of them, and will, in the end, make slaves of them ; but you. Brethren, are convinced that the English have always treated you as their Brethren, and I expect a due regard and performance to this request on your side." Gave a belt of Wampum. Little Abraham made the following answer to the Governor : "Brother Oxas: We return you our hearty thanks for accepting of our advice in sending for the Dela wares, Shawanese, and Senecas, and we hope, when you meet them, you will be able to settle all differences to your satisfaction. "Brother Oxas : We likewise return you our hearty thanks for your kind invitation to us to settle at Genossa, and your promise to supply those that will stay, or come and settle there, with Provisons and Goods. We accept of the invitation, and will take it into consideration as we go home, how many of us will stay there or come back from our Towns to settle there; and we return you thanks for appointing our Brother, Thomas McKee, to take care of us, as he is a person very agreeable to us." He then spoke to Mr. Croghan, in answer to Sir William Johnson's speech, as follows: "Brother Wariaighiyagey: We have all oiven attention to what you have said to us by Anaquarunda, and you may depend upon our being on the active, and doing every thing in our power to prevent the French or their Children coming to murder our Brethren, and we will recommend it strongly to Teedyuscung and his people to do the same. "Brother: We must desire you will assist our Brother Onas in set- tling the differences between him and our Nephews and Brothers, the Delawares and Shawanese, which will be the only method to prevent these cruel murders daily committed on our Brethren." After the Message for Teedyuscung was delivered to the Messengers, the Sachems of the several Tribes made the following speech: "Brother : As we have finished the business for this time, and we design to part to-morrow, you must be sensible that we have a long journey and a hilly country to pass over, and several of our old men OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 177 very weak, we hope that you will not send us from your frontiers with- out a walking Stick.^ In answer Mr. Croghan acquainted them that the good people of thia Province had provided some kegs for them on the frontiers, which would be given them by the persons employed to conduct them through the settlements. Below are the ^^Instructions from the Honourable WILLIAM DENNY, Esquire^ Lieu- tenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsyl- vania and three Lower Counties, to Mr. Thoinas McKee. " You are to conduct such of the Indians as return by the way of the Sasquehannah, as far as Shamokin. I understand there are several spots of land near Fort Augusta, already cleared and fit for planting. I would have you purchase a proper quantity of Indian Corn, and see that it be planted as soon as you get there. I leave it to you to choose a proper place for the Indians to settle at ; you know what will be at first wanted, and are to provide it. You must not leave them till they be commodi- ously settled to their satisfaction. You are to furnish Carriages and Provisions for them in their Journey. You are to apply to Mr. Croston, the Contractor for supplying the Garrison with Provisions, who is hereby ordered to furnish Cattle and Flour for the use of the Indians, not only in their journey, but after they are settled, in such quantities as you shall demand. In case of his not being able to do this at first, you are to apply to Major Burd, who is desired to deliver what is wanted for their imimediate use, till the other Provisions arrive that are to be furnished by the Contractor. You are so well acquainted with the wants of In- dians, that I must leave the whole to your management, in which I must recommend it to you to be as frugal as possible. The more the Indians hunt, the more it will conduce to their health. When their demands are reasonable, and for things absolutely necessary, they are to be granted, but not otherwise. Much depends upon their first setting out; if their Conduct be orderly, and their Expenses light and easy, the better the Province can continue it, and others be encouraged to come and settle there; but if they be too much indulged, and not laid under the Neces- sity of hunting, they will quarrel with one another, and no other Indians join them, or at least not such as will be of service to the cause. You are to draw upon the Commissioners for such sums as you lay out, giving them advice of your draughts, and a just and full account of the par- ticulars, for which the Money has been laid out. "All Officers, civil and military, are enjoined to be aiding and assist- ing to you and the friendly Indians under your care, and to do you and them, all the good Offices they shall stand in need of; particularly, it is 1 Meaning a keg of Rum. 13 I'lQ AUTHENTIC HISTORY hereby required of all the Officers and Soldiers in the Garrison at Augusta, to give you all the assistance possible in the Execution of these Orders, and to be of good behaviour to the Indians, as they are on all occasions to demean themselves towards His Majesty's Subjects with the utmost care and kindness. " Given under my Hand and Seal at Arms, at Lancaster, this Twenty- first Day of May, 1757. " William Denny." The conference at Lancaster was followed by another held in July [1757] at Easton, attended by Teedyuscung and about 300 Indians, with the result that hostilities should cease and the Indians take up the hatchet against the French. A solemn treaty was held the following year at Easton. It lasted from Oct. 7 to Oct. 26, 1758, and was attended on the part of the English by the Governors of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, George Croghan, the agent of Sir William Johnson, six members of the Governor's Council, six members of the House of Representatives, Commissioners from New Jersey, and a large number of Magistrates and citizens from Pennsylvania and the neighboring Provinces, and on the part of the Indians by representatives of the Mohawks, Oneidoes, Onan- dagoes, Senecas, Tuscaroras, Nanticokes and Conoys, Tuteloes, Chugnuts, Delawares and Unamies, Minosinks, Mohickons, Wapings or Pumptons, and others, numbering men, women and children, all told 509. In con- sequence of this treaty peace and friendship were restored between the English and the Indians, and Thomas King at the final meeting in behalf of the United Nations (now eight in number) said "that the Nations were vastly pleased that all the ancient treaties made there, at Albany, and elsewhere were renewed, as well as that the old Council Fire at Phila- delphia was kindled again, and a good Road made to it, that might be travelled without danger; these in particular, as well as every other matter transacted at these conferences, we will make known to our own Nations and to every other in Friendship and Alliance with us, and we are sure they will be very well received." After the capture of Fort Du Quesne by General Forbes, on Novem- ber 25, it was garrisoned by 450 men, chiefly Provincial troops, from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, under the command of Colonel Mercer.i The remainder of the army was marched into the interior, and quartered at Lancaster, Reading, and Philadelphia. There being no barracks at the former places, the soldiers were billetted upon the in- habitants, who complained grievously of the irregularity of the men, and the caprice, favour, and oppression of the officers. The Assembly, having remonstrated in vain on these enormities, finally directed barracks to be erected at Lancaster. 1 Gordon. Hazard's Reg. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 179 Mr. Bailsman was appointed Barrack-Master. The following statistics of Lancaster county in 1760 will be read witli interest. 436,346 acres of land; 5,635 Taxables; £1. 2s. Od, each taxed; amount of Tax, £6178. 10s. Od. In August 1762, Governor Hamilton held a Treaty with the Indians at Lancaster, the purport of which appears from the subjoined Message of the Governor to the Assembly : A Message fro7n the Governor to the Asseriibbj. "Gentlemen: In pursuance of sundry Invitations from this Govern- ment to the Indians living to the Westward, on and near the Waters of the Ohio, Deputies from several of those Nations (whom we have not seen since the Commencement of the late War) met me at Lancaster on the ninth of last month, where, in divers Conferences held for that pur- pose, the peace and Friendship, which formerly subsisted betwixt us, but which of late had unhappily been interrupted, were fully renewed and established. "A very considerable number also of the Six Nation Indians, from the Northward, and others residing on the river Susquehannah and its Branches, attended at the same time and place, who likewise renewed with us the ancient Chain of Friendship which had so long subsisted between them and his Majesty's Subjects. And I have the pleasure to acquaint you that, as a Testimony of the Sincerity of the professions both of the West- ern and Northern Indians, sundry of our people who had been taken Captive during the late War, have already been delivered up to me, and solemn Engagements entered into, on the part of the Indians, to restore, in a short time, all such others as still remain in their Towns and Countries. "For further particulars I refer you to the Copy of the Treaty here- with delivered to you. "James Hamilton."* " September 21st, 1762." Indian hostilities were general at this time [1763] and marked by every species of cruelty; fire, the tomahawk and the scalping-knife Avere the instruments of the savages. Scalping parties traversed the land, sur- prised the people at night, at their meals or in the fields, put them to the knife and set fire to houses, barns, corn, hay and to whatever was com- bustible. Under these circumstances it need not occasion surprise that even the neutral Indians, remnants of the Delaware and Six Nation tribes and dwelling among the whites, for whom they professed attach- ment, became objects of suspicion and hatred, especially when the neu- trality of some of them, at least, was justly suspected. The settlers at Paxton, goaded to desperation by repeated murders perpetrated by Indians, resolved to punish the murderers. Scouts brought X80 AUTHENTIC HISTORY in the intelligence tliat they had been traced to Conestogo, the settlement of the professed friendly Indians, who harbored and, it was believed, en- couraged and aided the hostile Indians. Thus was kindled the implacable hatred of the Paxton men against all Indian blood and against the Mo- ravians and Quakers, who were disposed to conciliate and protect the Indians, and as the Paxton men thought, frequently at the expense of the lives of the settlers. The Conestoga Indians lived at Conestogo, in Manor township ; their extirpation was the savage design of the Paxton men, more particularly of the younger and more hot-blooded men of the Eev. Colonel Elder's corps of Eangers, led by Lazarus Stewart, a daring partisan and a man of considerable influence in the Paxton settlement. On the morning of Wednesday, December 14th, a number of armed men attacked the village of Conestogo, massacred some women and children and a few old men, among them the chief Sheehays. The ma- jority of the Indians were abroad at the time of the attack. The magis- trates of Lancaster sent for the survivors and placed them for safe keeping in the newly erected workhouse. Below is the official account of the affair communicated to the Gov- ernor in a letter from Edward Shippen, Esq. : "Lancaster, 14th December, 1763, Evening. "Honoured Sir: One Robert Edgar, a hired man to Captain Thomas M'Kee, living near the Borough, acquainted me to-day that a Company of People from the Frontiers had killed and scalped most of the Indians at the Conestogoe Town early this morning; he said he had his informa- tion from an Indian boy who made his escape ; Mr. Slough has been to the place and held a Coroner's Inquest on the Corpses, being six in number ; Bill Sawk and some other Indians were gone towards Smith's Iron "Works to sell brooms; but where they are now we can't under- stand ; and the Indians, John Smith, and Peggy, his wife, and their child, and young Joe Hays, were abroad last night too, and lodged at one Peter Swar's, about two miles from hence; these last came here this afternoon, whom we acquainted with what had happened to their Friends and Relations, and advised them to put themselves under our protection, which they readily agreed to ; And they are now in our Work House by themselves, where they are well provided for with every necessary. Warrants are issued for the apprehending of the murderers, said to be upwards of fifty men, well armed and mounted. I beg my kind Com- plements to Mr. Richard Penn, and I am with with all due regards, " Sir, Your Honour's Obliged " Friend, and most humble Servant, " Edw'd Shippen." " The Honorable John Penn, Esqr., Governor." OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 181 At the same meeting of the council in Philadelphia, Monday, Decem- ber 19th, the Governor laid before the Board the following letter from the Conestogo Indians : " To the Honorable JOHN PENN^ Esquire^ Lieutenant Oovernor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania^ &c., &c. "Brother: We (the Conestogoe Indians) take the present oppor-' tunity, by Capt. Montour, to welcome you into this Country by this String of Wampum, and as we were settled at this place by an Agree- ment of Peace and Amity established between your Grandfathers and ours, we now promise ourselves your favour and protection, and as we have always lived in peace and quietness with our brethren and neighbours round us during the last and present Indian wars, we hope now, as we are deprived from supporting our families by hunting, as we formerly did, you will consider our distressed situation, and grant our women and children some cloathing to cover them this winter. The Government has always been kind enough to allow us some provisions, and did for- merly appoint people to take care of us, but as there is no person to take that upon him, and some of our Neighbours have encroach'd upon the Tract of Land reserved here for our use, We would now beg our Brother the Governor to appoint our Friend Captain Thomas M'Kee, who lives near us and understands our Language, to take care and see Justice done us. " SoHAYS, y^ his Mark. "Indian, ^^ his Mark. or Cuyanguerrycoea, his " Saguyasotha, IxI or John." Mark. "Conestogoe, Nov. 30th, 1763." Upon receiving intelligence of the outrage committed at Conestogo, the Governor, on December 19th issued the following proclamation. By the Honourable John Penn, Esquire, Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, and Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex, upon Delaware. ''A PROCLAMATION. "Whereas, I have received information, that on Wednesday the fourteenth day of this month, a number of People, armed and mounted on Horseback, unlawfally assembled together and went to the Indian Town in the Conestogoe Manor, in Lancaster County, and without the least Reason or Provocation, in cool blood barbarously killed Six of the Indians settled there, and burnt and destroyed all their Houses and Ef- fects. And ivhereas^ so cruel and inhuman an Act committed in the Heart of this Province, on the said Indians, who have lived peaceably 182 AUTHENTIC HISTORY and inoffensively among us during all our late Troubles, and for many- years before, and were justly considered as under tbe protection of this Government and its Laws, calls loudly for the vigorous Exertion of the civil Authority to detect the Offenders and bring to condign Punishment, I have therefore, by and with the advice and consent of the Council, thought fit to issue this Proclamation, and do strictly charge and enjoin all Judges, Justices, Sheriffs, Constables, Officers, Civil and Military, and all other his Majesty's liege Subjects within this Province, to make dili- gent Search and Enquiry after the Authors and Perpetrators of the said Crime, their Abettors and Accomplices, and to use all possible means to apprehend and secure them in some of the Public Gaols of this Province, that they may be brought to their Tryals, and be proceeded against according to Law. ^^And whereas^ a number of Indians who lately lived on or near the Prontiers of this Province, being willing and desirous to preserve and continue the ancient Friendship which heretofore subsisted between them and the good People of this Province, have, at their earnest request, been removed from their Habitations and brought into the County of Phila- delphia, and seated for the present, for their better Security, on the Province Island and in other places in the neighborhood of the City of Philadelphia, where Provision is made for them at the Publick Expence. I do therefore hereby strictly forbid all Persons whatsoever, to molest or injure any of the said Indians, as they will answer the Contrary at their Peril. " Given under my hand and the Great Seal of the said Province, at Phil- adelphia, the twenty-second day of December, Anno Domini, one thou- sand seven hundred and sixty-three, And iu the Fourth Year of His Majesty's Eeign. "John Penn." "By His Honour's Command. "Joseph Shippen, Junr., Secretarj^ "God save the King." The proclamation proved waste paper, for the Paxton men assembled in greater numbers, and breathing slaughter and vengeance, drew near Lancaster on the evening of December 26th, and on the following morn- ing, Avhen the whole community was engaged in the solemnities of the sanctuary, suddenly galloped into town, "seized the keeper of the Work House, overpowered him, rushed into the prison and speedily accomplished the Avork of death ; the poor Indians, to the number of fourteen, were butchered in cold blood, and the Paxton men, elated at their success, left the town in the same haste with which they had entered it." Gordon says that " it is not i)ossible to exculpate the magistrates of the town from the charge of criminal negligence, since it was in their power to have OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 183 prevented this assassination, or to have arrested the perpetrators. Captain Robinson, with a company of highlanders, on their way from Pittsburg, being then at Lancaster, put himself in the way to receive the com- mands of the civil authority, which made no efibrt to use the force thus offered it." The foregoing account, we believe, is substantially accurate, but in order that the reader may be enabled to form an independent opinion, we subjoin the documentary evidence. Postscript to a letter from John Hay, Esqr., Sheriff of Lancaster County , to the Governor: " December 27th, 1763, P. M. "Honoured Sir: Since writing the above, the poor Indians whom we imagined were placed in safety are destroyed. A number of Persons to the amount (by their appearance), of fifty or sixty, armed with Eifies, Tomahawks, &c., suddenly, about two o'clock, rushed into the Town and immediately repaired to the Work House where the Indians were con- fined, and notwithstanding all opposition of myself and the Coroner, with many others, broke open the Work House, and have killed all the Indi- ans there, being the fourteen mentioned in the List to have survived the former affair at their Town. After which they in a body left the Town without offering any insults to the inhabitants, and without putting it in the power of any one to take or molest any of them without danger of life to the Person attempting it ; of which both myself and the Coroner by our opposition were in great danger. "I have since the above affair taken from Messrs. Miller & Beatty the above mentioned Papers and Belts of Wampum, which I shall keep till I have orders from your Honour, and any thing further that I can find belonging to the Indians, shall be properly taken care of. " As it is rumored that the people with a superior force intend an attack on the Province Island, with a view to destroy the Indians there, I think proper to mention it to your Honour, and shall do all in my power not only to apprehend the offenders but to preserve the Peace of the County. "I beg your Honours directions, which I shall endeavour ])unctually to observe, being "Your Honours Most Obed't Humble Serv't, "John Hay. " To the Hou'ble JOHN PENN, Esqr., Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, &;c." •List of the Indians killed at the Indian Town in Conestogoe Manor: Their Indian Names: Sheehays, Sheehays, George, Wa-a-shen, Harry, Tee-Kau-ley, 184 AUTHENTIC HISTORY A son of Sbeehays, Ess-canesh, Sally, an Old Woman, Tea-wonsha-i-ong, A Woman, Kannenquas. List of the Indians belonging to the Conestogoe Town in the Work House at Lancaster: Captain John, Kyunqueagoah, Betty, his Wife Koweenasee, Bill Sack Tenseedaagua, Molly, his Wife Kanianguas, John Smith Sasquies-hat-tah, Peggy, his Wife Chee-na-wan, Little John, Capt. John's Son Quaachow, Jacob, a Boy Shae-e-kah, Young Sheehays, a Boy Ex-undas, Chrisly, a Boy Tong-quas, Little Peter, a Boy Hy-ye-naes, Molly, a little Girl Ko-qoa-e-un-quas, A Little Girl, Karen -do-uah, Peggy, a little Girl Caun-kie-sung. The names taken from Peggy, Wife of John Smith ) pme. and Betty, Wife of Captain John. j John Hay. Lancaster, 27th December, 1763. Letter from Edward Shippen, Esqr., to the Governor: "Lancaster, 27th December, 1763, P. M. ''Honoured Sir: I am to acquaint your Honour that between two and three of the clock this afternoon, upwards of a hundred armed men, r^^c! 1^"'^^^''^^^' ^^^^ ^^^y fast into Town, turned their horses into Mr. Sloughs (an Lm-keeper) yard, and proceeded with the greatest pre- cipitation to the Work House, stove open the door and killed all the Indians, and then took to their horses and rode off, all their business was done and they were returning to their horses before I could get half way down to the Work House; the Sheriff and Coroner, however, and several others, got down as soon as the rioters, but could not prevail with them to stop their hands; some people say they heard them declare they would proceed to the Province Island, and destroy the Indiaxis "I am with great Eespect, Sir, "Your Honour's most Obedient humble Servant, ' rxnoffln'J »,.t(Tnnei;/'i From Philadelphia County : Major Hughs, and' George Grey, stand- ard bearer. Captains Hart and Edwards. Privates Roberts, Smith, Whitten, Simpson, Hazelett and Hicks. From Bucks County: Colonels Ileckline and Erwin. Lieutenant Colonels Bryan and Robinson. Captains Jar vis, Falwell and Jameson. Adjutant Thompson. Privates Watts, Fenton, Hollis, Herr, Patterson, Stoneback, Middleswarth and Titus. From Chester County: Colonel Montgomery. Lieutenant Colonel Gibson. Major Culbertson. Captains Wallace, Scott and Gardiner. Privates Cunningham, Boyd, Denny, Culbertson, Mackey and Fulton. From Lancaster County : Colonels George Ross, Curtis Gr ubb, Jame,s Crawford, M. Slough, John Ferree, Peter Grubb and Timothy Green. Lieutenant Colonels Adam Reigart, R. Thompson, Lowry, Leonard Raut- faung, Peter Hendricks, Christian Weyman and Andrew Little. Majors Philip Marstaler, Thomas Smith, James Cunningham and Michael Fire. Captains Joseph Sherrer, James Murray, James Mirur and Henry Wea- ver. Privates Christian Werts, Francis Bailey, James Sullivan, Ludwick Ziering, John Smiley, Isaac Erwin, Abraham Darr, William Leard, Henry Slaymaker, John Whitehill, George Bealy, John Jameson, Cliris- tian Bough, Simon Snider, George Line, Joseph Whiteliill, William Smith. 1 See above p. 247 sq. 18 258 AUTHENTIC HISTORY George Wrj, William Barnet, George Little, Michael Dififebaiigh and Anthony Debler. From York County : Colonels Smith and Diel. Lieutenant Colonel Donaldson. Majors Donwiddie, Jefferies, Andrew, Finley and Craft. Captains Smiser and Campble. Privates W. Scott, Ewing, Clinghan, Hamilton, Little, Shley, J. Scott, Nealor and Messerty. From Cumberland County : Colonel J. Armstrong. Lieutenant Colo- nels Blair, Clark and Watts. Major J. M'Calmont. Captains J. Steel, M'Clelland, Davison, M'Farland and Kobinson. Privates Hogge, E. Steel, Smith, Pawling, Brown, Sterrett, Hamilton, Eead, Finley and Vance. From Berks County: Colonels Bird, Patton and Levan. Majors G. Hiester, Jones, Lindimuth and Loeffler. Captains Keim and May. Adju- tant S. Eby. Lieutenants Cremer, Lutz, Rice and Miller. Privates Hartman, Filbert, Morgan, Tolbut, Spoon, Winrich, Moser, Seltzer, Win- ter, Hill, Larke, Wister and Smack. From Northampton County: Colonels Guigar and Stroud. Majors Lebar and Siegfried. Captains Orndt, Snider, Kearn and Jayne. Privates M'Farren, Upp, Barkhaus, Haas, Brown, Best, J. M'Dawd, jr. and D. Von FHck. From Northumberland County: Colonel B. Weiser. Lieutenant Colonels M'Clay and Moodie. Major Brady. Captains Gillespie and Grey. Lieutenants Calhoun and M'Kinzie. Privates Stone, M'Cartney, Gattes, Culbertson, Matlock, Yokan, Starret and M'Clanahan. From Westmoreland County: Colonel P. Mornly. Major James Smith. Captains V. Orey and Thompson. Privates William Guthrey, W. Perry, Carmichael and George Gray. The question whether the officers and privates should vote by ballot, singly, was adopted. It was also resolved that the two Brigadier Gene- rals be voted' for at the same time, and that the highest in votes be the commanding officer. Colonel Mark Bird and Captain Sharp Dulancy, with Colonel George Ross, President of the Convention, were appointed judges of the election of Brigadier Generals. The election took place, when it appeared that Daniel Roberdeau had received 160, James Ewing 85, Samuel Miles 82, James Potter 24, Curtis Grubb 9, George Ross 9, Thomas McKean 8 and Mark Bird 7 votes. Roberdeau was elected first Brigadier General and Ewing second Brigadier General. It was then resolved that the Brigadier Generals shall have full power and authority to call out any number of the associators of this province into action, and that power to continue until superseded by the conven- tion, or by any authority under the appointment ; that the President of the board shall have full power and authority to grant commissions to the two Brigadier Generals until commissions issue from the convention, or any authority they shall appoint to succeed them ; that we will march OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 259 under tlie direction and command of our Brigadier General, to the assist- ance of all or any of the Free and Independent States of America ; that associators to be drafted out of each county, by the Brigadier Generals, shall be in the same proportion as directed by the late Provincial Con- ference held in Philadelphia.^ The DECLAKATION OF INDEPENDENCE was passed by the Continental Congress at Philadelphia on the same day when the Mili- tary Convention met at Lancaster, to wit, on July 4th, 1776. On that day the thirteen Confederate Colonies dissolved their allegiance to^the British crown and declared themselves free and independent under the name of the Thirteen United States of America. The members from Pennsylvania who signed the declaration were: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. By direction of the Council of Safety the Declaration of Independence was published at Lancaster on Monday July 8, 1776. 1 Rupp, History of Lancaster County, pp. 405-407. 260 AUTHENTIC HISTORY CHAPTER V. THE STATE GOVERNMENT. On Monday July 15, 1776, the Convention for forming a Constitution for the State of Pennsylvania met at Philadelphia, and elected Dr. Ben- jamin Franklin, President, Colonel George Ross, Vice President, John Morris, Secretary, and Jacob Garrigues, Assistant Secretary. The dele- gates from Lancaster County were George Ross, Philip Marsteller, Thomas Porter, Bartram Galbraith, Joseph Sheerer, John Hubley, Henry Slaymaker and Alexander Lowry. By solemn resolution they directed Divine Service to be performed before them by the Rev. William White, afterwards first Bishop of Pennsylvania; and, offering to Almighty God their praises and thanksgivings for the manifold mercies, and the pecu- liar interposition of his special providence, in behalf of the injured and oppressed United States, they prayed for his divine grace and assistance in the important and arduous task committed to them. From the instant of its organization, the convention assumed the whole political power of the State. Among its first acts, was the appointment of delegates to Congress,^ and the preparation of their instructions. They were enjoined constant and punctual attendance in Congress — to culti- vate and strengthen the union of the States, until a just, equal, and per- petual confederation should be effected — to use their utmost power and influence for the establishment of a nav}^, which was necessary to every trading nation, and least dangerous and expensive to the liberties of mankind. They were forbidden to enter into any treaty with Great Britain or other foreign power, but as free and independent States — and were permitted, when Great Britain should acknowldge the United States free and independent, to treat with her, in conjunction with the other States, concerning peace, amity, and commerce, on just and equal terms. The great labor of forming the Constitution was. not completed until Saturday, the twenty-eighth day of September. On that day it was read in Convention for the last time, signed by the President and every mem- ber, and committed to the charge of the Council of Safety, with direc- tions to deliver it to the general Assembly of the State, at their first meeting, immediately after they should have chosen their speaker. In Committee of Safety. Philadelphia, 16th July, 1776. By order of the Board, an order was drawn on Jno. Nixon, Esq'r, and 1 Go; don. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 261 Others, the Committee of Accounts, in favor of Adam Zantzingcr, for £163 15, which, with one other order on Rob't Towers, to deliver 200 lbs. Gunpowder, is in full for 855 lbs. of salt petre mamifactured at Lan- caster, and received by the Commissary for account of this Board. In Council of Safety, Aug. 16, 1776. Resolved, That the Committee of Inspection and Observation of Lan- caster County, be requested to assist Capt. Matthew Smith in the pro- curing of 160 Rifles, and that they direct the Gun Smiths in their County to make that Quantity of Rifles with all Convenient dispatch, so as not to hinder them from repairing the arms of the Militia now on their march to Head Quarters in Jersey. In Council of Safety, Aug. 19, 1776. The following accounts were passed, and Mr. Nesbitt directed to pay them, and charge the same to Congress, viz : Capt. Rob't M'Kee for Mileage of 2 men of his Comp'y, belonging to Col. Ferree's Batallion, Lancaster County, 77 Miles each, a Id, 12s 10 Valentine Vanhalt's account for meals: Capt. Jno. Rowland's Comp'y of Col. Ferree's Battalion of Lancaster County, - - £2 9 6 Capt. Jacob Carpenter's Comp'y of do. Battalion, - - 2 12 6 Capt. Bowman's Comp'y of do., - - - - -3-16 Capt. Alexander Martin's Company, - - - - 2 4 3 Capt. Coppenhaven's Comp'y, Col. Green's Battalion, Lancas- ter County, --------- 4 15 In Council of Safety. Dec. 2, 1776. Wm. Parr, Esq'r, was directed to remove all the Records and Public Papers in his possession to Lancaster immediately. In Council of Safety, Dec. 9, 1776. Resolved, That our Treasury and the books of that office be removed to Lancaster, and that a wagon be provided to-morrow morning early for that purpose. In Council of Safety, Dec. 27, 1776. Resolved, That Colonel John Bull be directed to procure wagons to remove the public stores from Norristown and French Creek to Lancas- ter; the powder to be laid in different places of security in the town and country adjacent. In Council of Safety, January 11,1777. Resolved, That John Hubley, Esq'r., be appointed Commissary of the Continental Stores, and of the Stores of this State at Lancaster, with the Rank and pay of a Major, and to have full powers to appoint such Dep- uties as he may judge necessary. In Council of Safety, January 14, 1777. 262 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Resolved, That John Hubley, Esq'r., be authorized to employ all the Shoemakers amongst the Hessian Prisoners at Lancaster, in making Shoes for this State, for which purpose the sum of two thousand Pounds shall be advanced to him or his order, for the purchase of leather and other materials for working upon ; and he is to pay them a small allow- ance for their labor, for which service Mr. Hubley is to have a reasona- ble compensation. Resolved, That the officers of the first Battalion of Lancaster County, and the few men who remained with them when they were deserted by the greater part of the Battalion on the 12th instant, deserve the warm- est acknowledgments of this Board for their endeavors to prevail on their Countrymen to stay, though those endeavors proved unsuccessful ; and that the conduct of those who basely deserted, at that time, without applying to this Council, and waiting for redress, if they thought them- selves aggrieved, is highly reprehensible. An order was drawn on Mr. Nesbitt in favor of John Hubley, Esq'r., for two Thousand Pounds, (agreeable to a Eesolve of the 11th Inst.,) to be charged to his account. The Council met — Philadelphia, Friday March 7th, 1777. PRESENT: His Excellency THOMAS WHARTON, jun'r.. President. The Hon'ble George Bryan, Esq., Yice President. John Evans, Jonathan Lowdan, And ^ George Taylor, John Proctor, J- Esquires. Jonathan Hoge, J The Resolve of Congress of December 11, 1776, recommending in the following words, viz : " Whereas, the just War into which the United States of America have been forced by Great Britain, is likely to be still continued, by the same violence and injustice which have hitherto animated the Enemies of American Freedom ; And whereas, it becomes all Public Bodies, as well as Private Persons, to reverence the Providence of God, and look up to him as the Supreme Disposer of all events, and the Arbiter of the Fate of Nations ; Therefore the Congress hereby Resolve, " That it be recommended to all the States, as soon as possible, to ap- point a day of Solemn fasting and humiliation, to implore of Almighty God the forgiveness of the many Sins prevailing among all Ranks, and to beg the countenance and assistance of his Providence in the Prosecu- tion of this just and necessary War. The Congress do also, in the most earnest manner, recommend to all the members of the United States, and particularly to the Officers, Civil and Military, under them, the Exercise of Repentance and reformation ; and further do require of the said Offi- cers of the Military Department, the strict observation of the Articles of OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 263 War in general, and particularly that of the said Articles, which forbids Profane swearing and all other immoralities ; of which all such Officers are desired to take Notice. It is left to each State to issue out Procla- mations, fixing the day that appear most proper for their several bounds ; 'being laid before the Council, and the same being considered;' there- upon, ^'■Ordered, That Thursday the third day of April, be appointed for the said purpose. A Draft of a Proclamation thereof being laid before the Council, was read and approved, and is in the words following, viz : ^^By the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. "A PROCLAMATION. " Whereas^ the Hon'ble the Continental Congress, pointing out to Pub- lic bodies, as well as private persons, the duty of reverencing the Prov- idence of God, and looking up to him as the Supreme disposer of all events, and the Arbiter of the fate of Nations; did, on the 11th day of December last, resolve to recommend to the several States the appoint- ment of a day of Solemn Fasting and Humiliation, to implore of Al- mighty God the forgiveness of the many Sins prevailing among all Eanks, and by the Countenance and assistance of his Providence, in the prosecution of the most just and necessary War into which the United States have been forced by Great Britain, and which is still likely to be continued by the same violence and injustice that has hitherto animated the Enemies of American Freedom, and did, also, in the most earnest manner, recommend to all the members of the United States, and par- ticularly to the Officers, Civil and Military, under them, the exercise of Eepentance and Eeformation, leaving it to each State to fix on such day for the same as may be most proper for its bounds : " We, therefore, do hereby recommend to all the People of this Com- monwealth, to observe and keep Thursday the third day of April next, as a day of Solemn Fasting, Humiliation, and Prayer, for the purposes before mentioned, of which the inhabitants of this State are desired to take notice. ''Given in Council, under my hand and the Seal of the State, at Phila- delphia, this Seventh day of March, in the Year, &c., 1777. "Tho's. Wharton, jun'r., President. "Attest — T. Matlack, Sec'y. "God Save THE Commonwealth." Whereupon, Ordered, That the same be Published in all the Papers, English and German, and that Five Hundred Copies be struck oft" and forwarded by the earliest opportunity to the distant parts of the State, Three Hundred English and Two Hundred German. Adjourned to Monday next, Three O'Clock Afternoon. In Council of Safety, June 3, 1777. 264 AUTHENTIC HISTORY A Petition of a number of Freeholders and Inhabitants of the Bor- ough of Lancaster, addressed to the General Assembly of Representatives of the Freemen of Pennsylvania, and to the Hon'ble the Executive Council for said State, setting forth the great inconveniences which that Borough labor under, for the want of Magistrates and Borough Officers, and praying that the Honorable House of Assembly and Supreme Exec- utive Council will provide a remedy, was read. It appearing that John Henry, one of the Magistrates appointed for the Borough of Lancaster is dead, and that Mr. Shafner, Magistrate elect, declines serving in that Office ; thereupon, Ordered^ That Michael Hubly and John Hobson be appointed Justices of the Peace for the County of Lancaster, and that they be Commis- sioned accordingly. "Philad'a, Septem. 10, 1777. ^'■By the Supreme Executive Council of the Conir)ioniveaUh of Pennsylvania. "A PROCLAMATION. "The time is at length come in which the fate of ourselves, our Wives, Children and posterity must be speedily determined ; Gen'l Howe, at the head of a British Army, the only hope, the last resource of our Enemies, has invaded this State, dismissing his ships and discumbering himself of his heavy Artillery and baggage, he appears to have risked all upon the event of a movement which must either deliver up to plunder and devas- tation this Capital of Pennsylvania and of America, or forever blast the cruel designs of our implacable foes. Blessed be God, Providence seems to have left it to ourselves to determine, whether we shall triumph in victory and rest in freedom and peace, or by tamely submitting, or weakly resisting, deliver ourselves up a prey to an enemy, than whom none more cruel and perfidious was ever suffered to vex and destroy any people. View then on the other hand the freedom and independence, the glory and the happiness of our rising States, which are set before us as the reward of our courage. Seriously consider on the other hand, the wanton ravages, the Rapes, the Butcheries, which have been perpetrated by these men in the State of New Jersey, and on the frontiers of New York; above all consider the mournful prospect of seeing Americans, like the wretched inhabitants of India, stripped of their freedom, robbed of their property, degraded beneath the brutes, and left to starve amid plenty, at the will of their lordly Masters, and let us determine once for all that we will Die or he Free. "The foe are manifestly aiming either by force to conquer, or by Stratagem and Stolen marches to elude the vigilance of our brave Com- mander ; Declining a battle with our Countrymen, they have attempted to steal upon us by surprise. They have been hitherto defeated, but num- bers are absolutely necessary to watch them on every Quarter at once. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 265 " The neighboring States are hurrying forward their Militia, and we hope by rising as one Man, and besetting the foe at a distance Irom his Fleet, we shall speedily inclose him like a Lion in the toils. The Council therefore most humbly beseech and entreat all persons whatsoever, to exert themselves without delay, to seize this present opportunity of crushing the foe, now in the bowels of our Countrv, by marching forth instantly under their respective officers, to the assistance of our great General, that he may be enabled to environ and demolish the only British army that remains formidable in America, or in the World, Animated with the hope that Heaven, as before it has done in all times of difficulty and danger, will again crown our righteous oftbrts with success, we look forward to the prospect of seeing our insulting foe cut off from all means of escape, and by the goodness of the Almighty, the Lord of Hosts and God of Battles, wholly delivered into our hands. "Attest, Tho's Wharton, jun'r Presid't. " Timothy Matlack, Secretary. "God Save the People." Resolved, That the foregoing Proclamation be published. Intelligence having been received by the President of Congress that Philadelphia was unsafe, the members resolved to meet at Lancaster where they arrived on September 27th, the very day on which Sir Wil- liam Howe occupied Philadelphia. The archives, treasure and, it is said, even the State House Bell were by a circuitous route sent to Lancaster. The enemy were still in Chester county, and in order to evade him the route pursued was by the way of Bristol and Reading. Congress met at Lancaster, but deeming it unsafe, adjourned to York where they opened their deliberations on Sept. 30, 1777, and remained until June 27, 1778, when they returned to Philadelphia. The Council of Safety and the Supreme Council met at Lancaster from October 1, 1777, to June 20, 1778, both days included. In Council of Safety, October 25, 1777. Agreed, That the following Ordinance be passed and Published, viz : "J^w Ordinance for appointing and authorizing an additional number of Sub- Lieutenants^ to act in the County of Lancaster. "Whereas, the Inhabitants of the County of Lancaster, from their great numbers and the disposition of some to oppose or delay the Opera- tion of the Militia laws of this State, have Rendered the duties of the Lieutenant and sub-Lieutenants of the said county not only difficult, but also very extensive and burdensome, whereby it hath become necessary to appoint a greater number of sub -Lieutenants than is mentioned m the Militia law. It is, therefore. Ordained by the Council of Safety of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that Curtis Grubb, Esq'r, William Ross, 266 AUTHENTIC HISTORY of the borough of Lancaster, and Simon Snyder of the said borough, be appointed, and they are hereby appointed sub-Lieutenants of the said County of Lancaster, and that they and each of them shall have, use, and exercise all the powers and authorities which the sub -Lieutenants appointed in the Militia Law of this State are authorized and empowered to have, use or exercise, and shall be allowed the like pay for their ser- vices as to the sub -Lieutenants appointed by virtue of the said Militia law is or hath been allowed. "By order of the Council of Safety. "Thomas Wharton, jun'r. President. The Council met, Lancaster, Wednesday, November 12, 1777. PRESENT: His Excellency Tho's Wharton, jun'r, Esq'r, President. Hon'ble George Bryan, Esq'r, Vice President. Jacob Morgan, John Hambright, and James Edgar, Jacob Arndt, f *^ The Hon'ble the Continental Congress, having recommended the setting apart Thursday the Eighteenth day of December next for Solemn thanks- giving and praise, and this Council having duly weighed the importance of this duty, do in the following words, recommend it to the people of this Commonwealth, viz: " By the Swpreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: "A PROCLAMATION: " Whereas, The Hon'ble the Continental Congress have recommended in the following words, to wit : ^^ Forasmuch as it is the indispensable duty of all Men to adore the superintending Providence of Almighty God, to acknowledge with grati- tude their obligations to Him for benefits received, and to implore such further obligations as they stand in need of; and it having pleased Him in his abundant Mercy, not only to continue to us the innumerable bless- ings of His Common Providence, but also to smile upon us in the prose- cution of a just and necessary War, for the defence and establishment of our unalienable rights and liberties, particularly in that He hath been pleased in so great a manner to prosper the means used for the support of our Troops, and to Crown our Arms with most signal success; it is therefore, recommended to the Legislative or Executive Powers of these United States, to set apart Thursday the Eighteenth day of December next, for Solemn thanksgiving and praise, that at one time and with one voice, the good people may express the grateful feelings of their hearts, and consecrate themselves to the service of their Divine Benefactor, and that together with their sincere acknowledgments and offerings, they may join the penitent confession of their manifold sins, whereby they had OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 267 forfeited every favor, aud their liumble and earnest supplication, tliat it may please God, tbrougb the merits of Jesus Christ, mercifully to forgive and blot them out of his remembrance; that it may please Him gra- ciously to afibrd His blessings on the Government of these States respect- ively and prosper the Councils of the whole ; to inspire our Commanders both by land and sea, and all under them, with that wisdom and fortitude which may render them fit instruments under the Providence of Almightv God, to secure for these States the greatest of all human blessings, inde- pendence and peace; that it may please Him to prosper the Trade and manufactures of the people, and the labor of the husbandman, that our land may yet yield its increase ; to take Schools and Seminaries of Edu- cution, so necessary for Cultivating the principles of true liberty, virtue and piety, under His nurturing hand, and to prosper the means of Eeli- gion, for the promotion and enlargement of that Kingdom which cou- sisteth in righteousness, peace and joy, in the Holy Ghost. And it is further recommended, that Servile labor, and such recreations as, though at other times innocent, may be unbecoming the purpose of this appoint- ment, may be omitted on so solemn an occasion. "We therefore, do hereby call upon the good people of this Commonwealth, to set apart Thursday the Eighteenth day of December next, for the purpose of Solemn thanks- giving and praise. "By order of Council. "Thomas Wharton, jun'r, President. "Attest — Timothy Matlack, Secretary. " God Save the Commonwealth." ^'- By tlie Supreme Executive Council of t/i,e Commomvealtli of Pennsylvania. "A PROCLAMATION "AVhereas, by an Act of the General Assembly of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, made and passed at Lancaster, the 13th Octo- ber, 1777, entitled 'An Act for Constituting a Council of Safety, and vesting the same with the powers therein mentioned,' It is Enacted that the Members of the Supreme Executive Council of this State, together with John Bayard, &c., should be constituted a Council of Safety, with the powers and for the purposes in and by the said Act particularly mentioned and declared: And u-hereas, in and by the same Act of As- sembly it is further enacted, that the Supreme Executive Council of this State might at any time during the powers and Authorities thereby granted by Proclamation or other publick Act, Eenounce, determine and extinguish the same, and every part thereof; And that, thereupon, the said powers, and every of them, should cease and become void, and be no longer exercised or enforced : And tuhereas, by the blessing of Heaven, the progress of the Enemy hath been Restrained, in so much 268 AUTHENTIC HISTORY that the Elections for Members of Assembly have in most parts of the Commonwealth been Eegularly held, and the Ordinary powers of Gov- ernment are at full and tree liberty to proceed in their usual course, whereby the designs of the Legislature in framing the said Act are now at an end : We, therefore, the said Executive Council, do hereby make known to all persons whatsoever, that all and every the powers and Authorities by the said Act granted to the said Council of Safety, are extinguished and determined, and that the same and every part thereof, shall from henceforth cease and become void, and be no longer exercised or enforced. "Given at Lancaster this 6th day of December, 1777. "By Order of Council. " Tho's Wharton, Presid't. " Attest— Tim'y Matlack, Sec'y." T. Matlach to Board of War, 1778. Lancaster, 13th January, 1778. Sir: Col, Curtis Grubb, of Lebanon, sub-lieutenant of L. County, has for some time past, taken care to provide Guards of Militia for the safety of the Warlike stores which are lodged there, and also for the due res- traint of the Hessian prisoners, who were not removed. He represents to Council the difficulty of drawing out sufficient numbers, and the need- less expense of pay and rations, when the duty might be with greater confidence assigned to a party of the Continental Troops, now quartered here. At his request, and as Council join with him in sentiment, I am directed to lay this matter, thro' you, before the board of War. The Colonel also suggests, that it is worthy consideration, whether the prisoners ought to be kept at a place where stores of such value and consequence are lodged. I am, Sir, T. M. Regidations for the Main Guard, at Lancaster, 1778. Which are Strictly to be attended to. Article 1st. The Officer of the Guard is constantly to attend at the Guard House, and give particular attention that no strong Liquor be permitted in among the Guard. 2d. There is at no time more than five Men allowed to be Abseat from the Guard, and in no case, but when they go for their Yictuals. 3d. No Soldier to Absent himself from the Guard without leave from the Officer, on pain of being confined. 4th. A non-commissioned Officer and four Privates to Patrole the Streets every two hours, and apprehend all Stragglers and Suspicious persons who can give no good Account of themselves, but great care is to be observ'd that none of the Inhabitants are Insulted. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 209 5th. Any Soldier who shall be found Sleeping or intoxicated with Liquor on his Post, shall bo CQnfined and dealt with according as a Court Martial shall direct. 6th. The Sentinels that are to be placed in the Town are not to ob- struct or prevent any of the Inhabitants from passing or repassing to their Homes, upon their answering when Challenged. 7th. The Officer of the Guard is to Visit the Sentries after the Coun- tersign is given, as often as circumstances may require, and See that the Sentinels are Alert, particularly at the Magazine and Storehouses. 8th, The Officer of the Guard is to make a Report every mornino- to the Town Major. The Compliance of these Orders is expected both from Officer and Soldiers, and will be inspected into. Christ'n Wirtz, T. Major. Directed^ Timothy Matlack, Sec'ry, Pres't. . Indorsement^ From Major Wirtz, Jan'y 20, 1778. Council to Wagon Masters^ 1778. In Council, Lancaster, January 29, 1778. Sir: Application has been made to Council for a large number of Waggons for Service at the Camp, w^here they are greatly wanted. You are therefore hereby ordered immediately to procure and Send to Head Quarters — Waggons, with four horses, and a driver to each Waggon, directed to the care of Colonel Lutterloh, Deputy Quarter Master General. It is ordered that these Waggons go to Camp loaded with forage. You are therefore to apply to Commissioners of Provisions and forage of your county, and obtain a load of forage accordingly. If money is wanted by the Commissioners for this purpose, they are to draw on Colonel Biddle for it. Bat if any of the Waggons can procure a load of forage near home, it is to be paid for by the Com- missioners. You may assure the people of your county, that the Waggons now called into Service will be relieved in due time, and for this and other purposes, you are hereby directed to make out and forward immediately the list of Waggons of your County, agreeable to the Act of Assembly. Lancaster Waggojis to call on Col'l Ross ibr che forage. --Berks, dQ;;juv:iii'; on Col'l Mark Bird. jT'j-Northampton do trrf>f f .ji- on Col'l Hooper. ,cvln these there, igi added directions -to apply to these Gent,, for the for- agie; But if, &c., as above, then the Commissioners are to draw on Col'l Biddle. ■\ 270 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Letter from Mr. Atlee to his Brother, 1778. Pray, my dear Brother, how comes it that Congress, by their resolve, relating to the two emissions of May, 1777, and April, 1778, have set the Country in such a ferment, and given room for a set of speculating People who are Enemies to the real good of their Country, to take occa- sion from it to depreciate the value of those two Emissions in the man- ner they have done, and are now daily doing. Mr. Henry just now tells me that there are a set of them here very busy in this matter ; that by their management within this day or two it is rendered twenty-ftve per Ct. worse than the other Emissions, which God knows were sunk low enough before. The principal hands here who busy themselves, he says, are Jno. Musser, Jno. Witmer, Balser Hertzer, and (to my surprise) Wirtz k Lowman ; that they exchange it at twenty-five per Ct. discount, and wont take it in payment for any Articles without that allowance, and our Butchers, Bakers and Farmers begin to refuse it entirely, owing to the stories propagated about it. Must people, who have this Money, either lose a fourth of it or starve? and when the time comes for ex- changing it, must they spend half the value of the little they have in taking it to Philada to place it in the office? and after that wait sixty Days and attend a second time for payment? Indeed, I think the re- solve is not one of the wisest, and wish to see these Evils speedily reme- died. Mr. Henry tells me that Billy Wirtz returned here yesterday from Philada, and reports that the Merchants, or rather Hucksters, of Philada, are playing the same Game there. Surely, Congress can call in these or any other Emissions in a manner less injurious to the Country. I am so angry at this affair that I hardly know what I write, and so vexed at the daily schemes for depreciating of our Currency, that I sometimes think we don't deserve the liberty we have been contending for, while such miscreants are suffered to breathe among us ; and indeed, I cant help thinking that the Congress's own Servants, such as Quarter Masters, Commissaries of purchase, &c., do as much injury to it as any other speculators — for, the more they lay out or charge for articles which themselves have ingrossed, the more are their Commissions. Council to Magistrates of Lancaster and Chester, 1778. In Council, Lancaster, Feb. 14, 1778. Gentlemen : Council has this Day received information that an affray has happened at the sign of the Compass on the Great Eoad leading to Philadelphia between some officers in the Continental service and others. Inhabitants of this State, in which one person, Lieut. Hammon, has been unhappily killed, and several others dangerously wounded. Wm. Atlee, Esq., one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, writes to you by this messenger, to request your particular attention to this unhappy Quarrel, OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 271 to take the proper depositions and order an Inquest on the body of the unfortunate man, in order that those who have been concerned may be brought to justice. I hope no resistance will be made to this inquiry, or to such Lawful steps as the nature of the case requires, if there should you. are to call upon the Lieutenants or sub-Lieutenants of the County to furnish you with a sufficient guard of the Militia, to keep the peace and enable you to proceed on the business with safety. Directed, To the Magistrates of Lancaster and Chester Counties. Council to Board of War, 1778. In Council, Lancaster, Eeb. 16, 1778. Sir: Agreeable to the request of the Hn'ble board of war of the 31st ult., the facts relating to the flagg have been collected and would have been forwarded before now, but that it was hoped some further circum- stances would have transpired in the examination of the horse thieves sent out of the City by General Howe, and some of the papers were wanted by the Court Martial on their trial — but no further evidence appears. On the arrival of the flagg in this borough, Capt. Wilson and Lieut. Patterson, the officers appointed by General Washington, to attend the Flagg, waited on the Council for instructions respecting the price to be paid by the enemy officers for provisions on their journey, and produced a list of prices which, they said, had been given them by a superior offi- cer; but it was not signed. As the Council was not authorized by law to limit the prices of articles of any kind, they did not choose to interfere, or give any directions in the matter, further than to inform the Gentle- men, that there was a law of the State forbidding the asking a higher price for anything whatever in continental money than in gold or silver. Lieutenant Patterson afterwards complained that Mr. Herbert, a tavern keeper in this borough, had made out the bill against the enemy's offi- cers much lower than his bill for like articles. Mr. Herbert was sent for and the matter examined. It appeared that the articles though high were charged at the rates then commonly paid by travellers, and there- fore Council declined to order any abatement in the bill ; or to give a list of prices to be paid on the road. Soon after this Council were in- formed that the enemy officers were determined to return unless some- thing further was done in their favor, to which it was replied, that the Gentlemen were perfectly at liberty to do as they pleased in that respect, and that they might depend no law of the State would be violated in order to induce them to go forward. What passed between our officers and those of the Flag, or between either of them and the Gentlemen who signed and sent the paper to Council, which has been sent forward to the Delegates of Pennsylvania in Congress, we do not [pretend to know. 272 AUTHENTIC HISTORY The Flagg however went forward. After the bills were paid the Coun- cil requested William Henry, Esq., to take Mr. Herbert's deposition on the facts, with intention to forward it to Congress; but upon reading it, they thought it might probably induce some unfavorable suspicions of the conduct of Lieut. Patterson with respect to the said money, and being desirous to avoid this, as it might be injurious to that young gentleman, they declined sending it at that time. They now enclose it without further comment. The deposition of Mr. John Miller will shew the indecency of the di- rection upon several packages sent by the Flag. The representation of Wm. Henry, Bsqr., will give you the facts relating to the Counterfeit money found on the Serjeants and others attending the Flagg. You will judge what connexion Captain Christie's deposition may have with this affair. The depositions of Lieut. Colonel Stewart, Eliza Brisben, and Margaret Patton contain the best intelligence we have received of the conduct on the return of the flag. Many circumstances have occurred which induce a Suspicion that very improper sentiments have beeti thrown out by the enemy officers on their way and in this borough, but, upon inquiry, no direct evidence of the facts have been obtained. . . •; < The examination of Joseph Rode and Henry Mansin are' also 'enclosed; that of Wendel Myer, it is probable, will be wanted on his trial before a Civil Court, and as it is to the same purpose with the other two is not sent. ■ ' '^''>'f 5.f. ■•.-Umr) inu f. Lancaster, March 18, 1778. " By the Supreme Execxitive Council of the Commonwralth of Pennsylvania. f." ! H Jjyd-ioii .-iM ?s."A PROCLAMATION: .y^^. ao^si\dthout much damage. I thought that this affair might be confusedlj'- Reported in the City, there- fore have given you such information as I could collect in the few hours I have arrived here. I am, sir, with the utmost respect, Your very hble. servant, John Hubley, Directed, His Excellency John Dickinson, Esq., President of the State of Penn'a., Philadelphia, Many prisoners of war were confined at Lancaster ; the following nar- rative furnishes a graphic account of prison life, and, as an interesting fragment of the history of Lancaster during the Revolution, will prove acceptable to the reader : "The American authorities found much difficulty in disposing of their prisoners. They had no posts regularly fitted for the purpose, and they could suggest no better means for securing them than to place them under guard in a thickly settled part of the country, where the inhabi- tants were most decidedly hostile to the English. The town of Lancas- ter in Pennsylvania, was of those selected for this purpose. The prisoners were confined in barracks, enclosed with a stockade and vigilantly guarded. But, in spite of all precaution, they often disappeared in an unaccount- able manner, and nothing was heard of them till they had resumed their OF LAXCASTER COUN'TV. 9<1<) places ill the British army. Many and various were the conjectures as to the means of their escape; the officers inquired and investigated in vain; the country was explored to no purpose; the soldiers shook theii- heads and told of fortune-tellers, peddlers, and such characters, who liad been seen at intervals; and sundry of the more credulous could think of nothing but supernatural agency; but whether man or spirit was the conspirator, the mystery remained unbroken. " When this became known to "Washington, he sent Gen, Ilazen to take this responsible charge. This energetic officer, after exhausting all resources, resorted to stratagem. He was convinced that, as the nearest post was more than a hundred miles distant, the prisoners must be aided by Americans; but where the suspicion should foil, he could not even conjecture— the reproach of toryism being almost unknown in that re- gion. Having been trained to meet exigencies of this kind in a distin- guished career, as colonel in the British arm}^, his plan was formed at once, and communicated to an officer of his own, upon whose talent he relied for its successful execution. This was Capt. Lee, whose courage and ability fully justified the selection. '•The secret plan concerted between them was this: It was to be given out that Lee wa*s absent on furlough or command. He, meantime, was to assume the dress of a British prisoner, and having provided himself with information and a story of his capture, was to be thrown into the barracks, where he might gain the confidence of the soldiers, and join them in a plan of escape. How well Capt. Lee sustained his part may be inferred from the fact, that when he had disappeared and placed him- self among the prisoners, his own officers and soldiers saw him every day without the least suspicion. The person to whom I am indebted for most of these particulars, was the Intendant of the prisoners, and familiar with Lee ; but though compelled to see him often in the discharge of his dut}', he never penetrated the disguise. Well it was for Lee that his disguise was s© complete. Had his associates suspected his purpose to betrav them, his history would have been embraced in the proverb, 'dead men tell no tales." "For many days he remained in this situation, making no discoveries whatever. He thought he perceived at times signs of intelligence be- tween the prisoners and an old woman who was allowed to bring fruit for sale within the enclosure. She was known to be deaf and half- witted, and was therefore no object of suspicion. It was known that her son had been disgraced and punished in the American army, but she had never betrayed any malice on that account, and no one dreamed that she could have the power to do injury if she possessed the will. Lee watched her closely, but saw nothing to confirm his suspicions. Her dwellino- was about a mile distant, in a wild retreat, where she shared 300 AUTHENTIC HISTORY her miserable quarters with a dog and cat, the former of which mounted guard over the mansion, wliile the hitter occasioned superstitious fears, which were equally effectual in keeping visitors away, "One dark stormy night in autumn, Lee was lying awake at midnight, meditating on the enterprise he had undertaken, which though in the beginning it had recommended itself to his romantic disposition, had now lost all its charms. It was one of those tempests which in our cli- mate so often hang upon the path of the departing year. His com- panions slept soundly, but the wind which shook the building to its foundation, and threw heavy splashes of rain against the window, con- spired with the state of his mind to keep him wakeful. All at once the door was gently opened, and a figure moved silently into the room. It was too dark to observe its motions narrowly, but he could see that it stooped towards one of the sleepers, who immediately rose; next it ap- proached and touched him on the shoulder. Lee immediately started up; the figure then allowed a slight gleam from a dark lantern to pass over his face, and as it did so, whispered, impatiently, 'not the man — but come!' It then occurred to Lee that it was the opportunity he desired. The unknown whispered to him to keep his place till another man was called; but just at that moment something disturbed him, and making a signal to Lee to follow, he moved silently out of the room. " The}^ found the door of the house unbarred, and a small part of the fence removed, where they passed out without molestation; the sentry had retired to a shelter where he thought he could guard his post with- out suffering from the rain; but Lee saw his conductors put themselves in preparation to silence him if he should happen to address them. Just without the fence appeared a stooping figure, wrapped in a red cloak, and supporting itself with a large stick, which Lee at once perceived could be no other than the old fruit woman. But the most profound silence was observed ; a man came out from a thicket at a little distance and joined them, and the whole party moved onward by the guidance of the old woman. At first they frequently stopped to listen, but having heard the sentinel cry 'all's well,' they seemed re-assured, and moved with more confidence than before. " They soon came near to her cottage under an overhanging bank, where a bright light was shining out from a little window upon the wet and drooping boughs that hung near it. The dog received them graciously, and they entered. A table was spread with some coarse provisions upon it and a large jug, which one of the soldiers was about to seize, when the man who conducted them withheld him. 'No,' said he, 'we must first proceed to business.' He then went to a small closet, from which he returned with what seemed to have been originally a Bible, though now it was worn to a mahogany color and a spherical form. While they OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 301 were doing this, Lee had time to examine his companions; one of them was a large quiet looking soldier, the other a short stout man with much of the aspect of a villain. They examined him in turn, and as Lee had been obliged formerly to punish the shorter soldier severely, he felt some misgivings when the fellow's eyes rested ui)on him. The conductor was a middle aged harsh looking man, whom Lee had never seen before. "As no time was to be lost, their guide explained to them in few words, that before he should undertake his dangerous enterprise, he should require of them to swear upon the Scriptures not to make the least at- tempt to escape, and never to reveal the circumstances or agent.s in the proceeding, whatever might befall them. The soldiers however insisted on deferring this measure till they had formed some slight acquaintance with the contents of the jug, and expressed their sentiments on the subject rather by actions than words. In this they were joined by Lee, who by this time had begun to contemplate the danger of his enterprise in a new and unpleasant point of view. If he were to be compelled to accompany his party to New York, his disguise would at once be de- tected, and it was certain he would be hanged as a spv. He had sup- posed beforehand, that he should find no difficulty in escaping at any moment; but he saw that their conductor had prepared arms for them, which they were to use in taking the life of any one who should attempt to leave them — and then the oath. He might possiblv have released himself from its obligations, when it became necessary for the interests of his country, but no honorable man could well bear to be driven to an emergency, in which he must violate an oath, however reluctantly it was taken. He felt that there was no retreating, when there came a heavy shock as of something falling against the sides of the house; their practiced ears at once detected the sound of the alarm gun, and their conductor, throwing down the old Bible which he had held all the while impatiently in his hand, directed the party to follow him in close order, and immediately quitted the house, taking with him hi.x dark lantern. "They went on with great despatch, but not without difficulty. Some- times their footing would give way on some sandy bank or slippery field; and when their path led through the woods, the wet boughs dashed heavily in their faces. Lee felt that he might have deserted his precious companions while they were in this hurry and alarm; but he felt that as yet he had made no discoveries, and however dangerous hL^ situation was he could not bear to confess that he had not nerve to carry him through. On he went, therefore, for two or three hours, and wa.s beginning to sink with fatigue, when the barking of a dog brouglit the party to a stand. Their conductor gave a low whistle, which was an- swered at no great distance, and a figure came forward in the darkness, 302 AUTHENTIC HISTORY who whispered to their guide and then led the way up to a building which seemed by the shadowy outline to be a large stone barn. They entered it and were severally placed in small nooks where they could feel that the hay was all around them except on the side of the wall. Shortly after some provisions were brought to them with the same silence, and it was signified to them that they were to remain concealed the whole of the coming day. Through a crevice in the wall, Lee could discover as the day came on, that the barn was attached to a small farm house. lie was so near the house that he could overhear the conversa- tion which was carried on about the door. The morning rose clear, and it was evident from the inquiries of horsemen, who occasionally galloped up to the door, that the country was alarmed. The farmer gave short and surly replies, as if unwilling to be taken oft' from his labor, but the other inmates of the house were eager in their questions, and from the answers, Lee gathered that the means by which he and his companions had escaped were as mysterious as ever. " The next night, when all was quiet, they resumed their march, and explained to Lee that, as he was not with them in their conspiracy, and was accidentally associated with them in their escape, they should take the precaution to keep him before them, just behind the guide. He sub- mitted without opposition, though the arrangement considerably lessened his chances of escape. He observed, from the direction of the stars, that they did not move in a direct line towards the Delaware, but they changed their courses so often that he could not conjecture at what point they intended to strike the river. He endeavored, whenever any pecu- liar object appeared, to fix it in his memory as well as the darkness would permit, and succeeded better than could have been expected, considering the agitated state in which he traveled. " For several nights they went on in this manner, being delivered over to different persons, from time to time ; and as Lee could gather from their whispering conversations, they were regularly employed on occa- sions like the present, and well rewarded by the British for their services. Their employment was full of danger ; and though they seemed like des- perate men, he could observe that they never remitted their precautions. They were concealed days in barns — cellars — caves made for the purpose, and similar retreats, and one day was passed in a tomb, the dimensions of which had been enlarged, and the inmates, if there had been any, ban- ished to make room for the living. The burying grounds were a favor- ite retreat, and on more occasions than one they were obliged to resort to superstitious alarms to remove intruders upon their path : their success fully justified the experiment, and, unpleasantly situated as he was, in the prospect of soon being a ghost himself, he could not avoid laughing at the expedition with which old and young fled from the fancied appari- OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 303 tions under clouds of night, wishing to meet such enemies, like Ajax, in the face of day. " Though the distance to the Delaware was not great, they had now been twelve days on the road, and such was the vigilance and suspicion prevailing throughout the country, that they almost despaired of effecting their object. The conductor grew impatient, and Lee's companions, at least one of them, became ferocious. There was, as we have said, some- • thing unpleasant to him in the glances of this fellow towards him, which became more and more fierce as they went on; but it did not appear whether it was owing to circumstances or actual suspicion. It so hap- [lened that on the twelfth night, Lee was placed in a barn, while the rest of the party sheltered themselves in the cellar of a little stone church, where they could talk and act with more freedom, both because the soli- tude of the church was not often disturbed even on the Sabbath — and because even the proprietors did not know that illegal hands had added a cellar to the conveniences of the building. "The party was seated here as the day broke, and the light, which struggled in through the crevices, opened for the purpose, showed a low room about twelve feet square, with a damp floor and large patches of white mould upon the walls. Finding, probably, that the pavement affording no accommodations for sleeping, the worthies were seated each upon a little cask, which seemed like those used for gunpowder. Here they were smoking pipes with great diligence, and, at intervals not distant, applying a huge canteen to their mouths, from which they drank with upturned faces, expressive of solemn satisfaction. While they were thus engaged, the short soldier asked them in a careless way, if they knew whom they had in their party ? The others started, and took their pipes from their mouths to ask him what he meant. ' I mean,' said he, ' that we are honored with the company of Captain Lee, of the rebel army. The rascal once punished me, and I never mistook my man when I had a debt of that kind to pay. Now, I shall have my revenge.' "The others hastened to express their disgust at his ferocity, saying, that if, as he said, their companion was an American officer, all they had to do was to watch him closely. They said that, as he had come among them uninvited, he must go with them to New York, and take the con- sequences; but meantime, it was their interest not to seem to suspect him, otherwise he might give an alarm, whereas it was evidently his intention to go with them till they were ready to embark for New York. The other person persisted in saying that he would have his revenge with his own hand, upon which the conductor, drawing a pistol, declared to him that if he saw the least attempt to injure Captain Lee, or any conduct which would lead him to suspect that his disguise was discovered, he would that moment shoot him throusrh the head. The soldier put his 304 AUTHENTIC HISTORY hand upon liis knife, with an ominous scowl upon his conductor, but seeing that he had to do with one who was likely to be as good as his word, he restrained himself, and began to arrange some rubbish to serve him for a bed. The other soldier followed his example, and their guide withdrew, locking the door after him. "The next night they went on as usual, but the manner of their con- ductor showed that there was more danger than before ; in fact, he ex- plained to the party that they were now not far from the Delaware, and hoped to reach it before midnight. They occasionally heard the report of a musket, which seemed to indicate that some movement was going on in the country. Thus warned, they quickened their steps, and it was not long before they saw a gleam of broad clear light before them, such as is reflected from calm waters, even in the darkest night. They moved up to it in deep silence ; there were various emotions in their breasts ; Lee was hoping for an opportunity to escape from an enterprise which was growing too serious, and the principal objects of which were already answered; the others were anxious lest some accident might have hap- pened to the boat on which they depended for crossing the stream. "When they came to the bank there were no traces of a boat on the waters. Their conductor stood still for a moment in dismay; but recol- lecting himself, he said it was possible it might have been secured lower down the stream, and, forgetting everything else, he directed the larger soldier to accompany him, and giving a pistol to the other, he whisper- ed, ' if the rebel officer attempts to betray us, shoot him ; if not, you will not, for your own sake, make any noise to show where we are.' In the same instant they departed, and Lee was left alone with the ruffian. " He had before suspected that the fellow knew him, and now doubts were changed to certainty at once. Dark as it was, it seemed as if fire flashed from his eye, now he felt that revenge was within his power. Lee was as brave as any officer in the army ; but he was unarmed, and though he was strong, his adversary was still more powerful. While he stood, uncertain what to do, the fellow seemed enjoying the prospect of revenge, as he looked on him with a steady eye. Though the officer stood to appearance unmoved, the sweat rolled in heavy drops from his brow. He soon took his resolution, and sprang upon his adversary with the intention of wresting the pistol from his hand ; but the other was upon his guard, and aimed with such precision, that had the pistol been charged with a bullet, that moment would have been his last. But it seemed that the conductor had trusted to the sight of his weapons to render them unnecessary, and had therefore only loaded them with pow- der; as it was, the shock threw Lee to the ground; but, fortunately as the fellow dropped the pistol, it fell where Lee could reach it, and as his adversary stooped and drew his knife from his bosom, Lee was able OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 305 to give him a stunuiug blow. He immediately threw himself upon the assassin, and a long and bloody struggle began; they were so nearly matched in strength and advantage, that neither dared unclench his hold for the sake of grasping the knife; the blood gushed from their mouths, and the combat would have probably ended in favor of the assassin when steps and voices were heard advancing, and they found themselves in the hands of a party of countrymen, who were armed for the occa- sion, and were scouring the banks of the river. They were forcibly torn apart, but so exhausted and breathless, that neither could make any ex- planation, and they submitted quietly to their captors. "The party of armed countrymen, though they had succeeded in their attempt, and were sufficiently triumphant on the occasion, were sorely perplexed how to dispose of their prisoners. After some dis- cussion, one of them proposed to throw the decision upon the wisdom of the nearest magistrate. They accordingly proceeded with their pri- soners to his mansion, about two miles distant, and called upon him to arise and attend to business. A window was hastily thrown up, and the justice put forth his night-capped head, and with more wrath than be- came his dignity, ordered them off; and, in requital for their calling him out of bed in the cold, generously wished them in the warmest place. However, resistance was vain ; he was compelled to rise ; and, as soon as the prisoners were brought before him, he ordered them to be taken in irons to the prison at Philadelphia. Lee improved the opportunity to take the old gentleman aside, and told him who he was, and why he was thus disguised; the justice only interrupted him with the occasional inquiry, 'Most done?' When he had finished, the magistrate told him that his story was very well made, and told in a manner very creditable to his address, and that he should give it all the weight it seemed to re- quire. And Lee's remonstrances were unavailing. "As soon as they were fairly lodged in prison, Lee prevailed on the jailor to carry a note to Gen. Lincoln, informing him of his condition. The General received it as he was dressing in the morning, and immedi- ately sent one of his aids to the jail. That officer could not believe his eyes that he saw Capt. Lee. His uniform, worn out when he assumed it, was now hanging in rags about him, and he had not been shaved for a fortnight; he wished, very naturally, to improve his appearance before presenting himself before the Secretary of War ; but the orders were peremptory to bring him as he was. The General loved a joke full well ; his laughter was hardly exceeded by the report of his own cannon ; and long and loud did he laugh that day. " When Capt. Lee returned to Lancaster, he immediately attempted to retrace the ground ; and so accurate, under all the unfavorable circum- stances, had been his investigation, that he brought to justice fifteen 21 306 AUTHENTIC HISTORY persons, who had aided in the escape of British prisoners. It is hardly necessary to say to those who know the fate of revolutionary officers, that he received for his hazardous and effectual service, no reward what- ever." — From the Reiv England Magazine. General Washington died at Mount Vernon, December l-i, 1799. A funeral procession in his honor took place at Lancaster, January 7, 1800, the particulars of which were as follows : Yesterday, in conformity to the Orders of Major-General Edward Hand, a military Procession was formed, in honor of the manes of the late Lieutenant-General GEOKGE WASHINGTON. It was joined by a number of the Members of our State Legislature, some Clergymen from the neighbourhood, the Brethren of the lodge of Freemasons, and a number of private Citizens; and proceeded from the Court House iu tliis Borough, through several of the principal streets, until they arrived at the Episcopal English Church, where a sermon, suitable to the occasion, was delivered by tlie Eev. Mr. Clarkson: After which, the Infantry fired three rounds, drawn up on the out-side of tlie Church-yard. The Coffin, which had been carried in procession, was left in the Church, as a monument of the respect and and esteem in which he was held by the citizens of Lancaster. The procession was conducted in the following order : Trumpeter. 18 dragoon Horse, two and two, [ Montgomery's. Cornet with Standard in crape, l 22 dragoon Horse, two and two, J Captain. 12 Infantry, two and two, -^ Ensign, Colours in crape, )■ Barton's 12 Infantry, two and two, J Captain. MUSIC. 30 Militia Officers, two and two. 5 Clergymen. Undertakers, with their Wands. 3 Pall-bearers. -I f^ }> 3 Pall-bearers. J o ,o 4 Officers of our Eevolutionary Army. The Lodge in mourning. Serjeant-at-arms of the Senate. Clerk and Assistant. of lancaster county. 307 Speaker. 16 Senators, two and two. Clerk of the House. Speaker. 32 Members, two and two. 40 Citizens. The State Legislature met at Lancaster from 1799 to 1812. The subjoined account of an election jubilee held Jan. 1, 1801, char- acteristic of the manners and s})irit of the times, will be i)eriised with much interest: On New Year's da}', the Democratic Eepublicans of this State, at the Seat of Government, celebrated the success of the Republican Cause, in the election, by a Majority of tlie Peojyle, of Thomas JelTerson and Aaron Burr, to be President and Vice President of the L^nited States. They assembled in Franklin College^ where an entertainment was provided, under the direction of Mr. Slaymaker, of the Borough of Lancaster, undoubtedly superior to anything of the kind ever before exhibited in the Borough.- There were present the Governor of the Commonwealth; the Speaker of the House of Representatives; a majority of the members of the House, and the minority of the Senate; most of the principal officers of the Government; ^[ajor General Irwin; officers of the militia; the offi- cers and corps of the Lancaster Light Infantry,-^ and citizens of the vicinity. Over the chair, at the head of the table, was placed the por- trait of Jefferson, and the wall very handsomely decorated with ever- green. 1 This building stands on liigli ground, on tlie north side oi" the Borough of Lancas- ter, and is 100 feet in length, by 3G feet in breadth. It is divided into tlnee rooms, having large folding doors, which were thrown open, so as to liave tlie centre table extend the whole length of the building. The side tables were each 80 feet in length. The whole number which dined together amounted to 2.")0 persons. The Trustees of Franklin College are incorporated, by law, on the most lit)eral ]>lan. The building and lots were given by the State, and the Institution endowed with 10.000 acres of land for its support. 2 Near the head of the table, among i)ther decoi-ations, there was placed a pyramid covered with sugar-plums. On three sides of its base were, respectively, inscribed Monarchy, Hierarchy, Aristocracy; and on the fourth side was written, 200.000. in large characters. The base rested upon round and irregular pieces of sugar-cake, called jumbles. It seemed to have been designed to produce a scramble ; and was soon de- n>olislied, i)yiamid, bas(>, foundation and all. 3 The Company paraded at the State House, in complete uniform, about 1'2 o\-Iock. After paying their respects to the Governor, they marched to the College, near which they lired sixteen vollies in honor of the day. They were then dismissed : and, soon after, joined their fellow-citizens at the festive Board. 308 AUTHENTIC HISTORY The Compauy being seated at the table, the gentlemen appointed to officiate as President and Vice President, on the fourth of July last, were placed in their chairs, precisely a"t 2 o'clock. After dinner the following toasts were drank, in the true spirit of Liberty, and with a display of that enthusiasm, tempered with moderation, which marks the character of real Republicans^ to wit: 1. The People, and the Constitution which they have ordained, 2. The Patriots, in and out of Congress, who have honestly laboured to maintain the Constitution. 3. The President, and the true men in trust under him. Three Cheers. 4. The third of December, A. D. 1800; and the star which rose bril- liantly in the South on that day. Eight Cheers, and Ca Ira. 5. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; placed, by the People, on the pillars of the Constitution. A manly attitude and a firm support to them. Sixteen Cheers, and the President's March. 6. Keligious Liberty ; the Eights of Conscience ; their great Founder; and their living Defender, to wit : William Penn, and Thomas Jefferson. 7. Freedom and Equality in our Elections. Political Perdition to all who shall attempt to destroy or pervert them. Six Cheers. 8. The Militia. Skill in their Officers, and a firm front to their Men, Six Cheers, and the Grenadier's March. 9. The Artillery Corps. May they, like Ben. Bobbins, be able to teach the Art of Gunnery to the Mercenaries of Europe.^ Cheers, and the French Grenadier's March. 10. The old Congress, which raised and fed our Eevolutionary Army ; and the brave Army they raised. They both deserved well of their Country. Thirteen Cheers, and Yankee Doodle. 11. The Memory of Gen. George Washington; the. Pattern of due subordination to Civil Authority. Nine Cheers; and, after a solemn pause — Eoslin Castle. 12. America and France: As chaste Sisters, may they guard each other against the intrigues and treachery of Princes. Nine Cheers, and the Marseilles Hymn. 13. The People of England. Bread and Peace to them. The Eoast Beef of Old England. 14. Agriculture ; the first and best employment of Men. 15. The Home-manufacture of Men; and Happiness to our fair Manu- facturers. Nine Cheers. 1 Benjamin Kobbins, Author of tlie best Essay on Gunnery ever published in in any Country, is said to have been a Tailor in Portsmouth (England) ; and, by his talents and application alone, rose to the most distinguished pre-eminence in that branch oC Science. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 309 16. Peace for a thousand Years, according to the Prophecies: To commence on the Fourth of March next. Nine Cheers. VOLUNTEERS. By the Governor. Franklin College. May her Sons emulate the A^ir- tue and useful Knowledge of the Great Man whose name she bears. The Governor having retired, the Company drank — . Thomas M'Kean, the Patriot ; Governor of the Commonwealth. Six- teen Cheers, and Music, Buckskin. By the President. Our State House Bell. May she forever obey the command of our Ancestors, and "proclaim Liberty throughout all the Land, unto all the Inhabitants thereof." (Inscription on our State-bell, taken from the Proclamation of the Jubilee. Leviticus, chapt. 25. ver. 10.) By the Vice-President. Our true and good Men in the Pennsylvania Delegation to Congress. By the Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives. The Majority in Congress. May they learn wisdom, even at the 11th hour; obey the Voice of the People : and modestly acquiesce in the Presidency of Thomas Jefferson. By Major General Irwin. May Aristocracy never again raise its head in the United States of America. By the Secretary of the Commonwealth. The Liberty of the Press, and the Sovereignty of Law. By Mr. Findley. May the Friends of Monarchy, never hereafter be mistaken for Federalists, By Mr. Kean. Intrigue and Corruption. To both, perpetual confine- ment within the Courts of Princes. By the Secretary of the Land-office. Our military Citizens. May they and their Commanders remember, that Liberty was never subverted, without an Army. By the Surveyor-General. The Memory of the illustrious Democrats, Franklin and Rittenhouse. The one emblazoned with his own light- ning; the other, resplendent in his solar system; look down on the di- minished heads of Courtly Stars. Six Cheers. By a Citizen. May virtuous Aliens feel themselves, here, "among their Father's Children;" and may "our Father's Children" no longer feel themselves as among "Aliens." Three Cheers. By Mr. Reicheubach. The Memory of the 18th Century. >tay this and every future be, like it, an age of Liberty. By Mr. Kisler. Alexander Hamilton; and St. Paul's prayer ibr the Coppersmith. , By Major Light. May those who sacrifice the Rights of the People, meet the Fate of Tityus. 310 AUTHENTIC HISTORY By the Vice-President. The land we live in; and furtlier success to the Cause of Eepublicanism. At the south end of the Building, a Lanthorn, on which was shown, in large transparent letters, the words ^'•Liberty and the Constitution,^'' was erected 80 feet high, and lighted in the evening. The Citizens retired at 6 o'clock, preceded by Music, and an octagon Lanthorn 5 feet 4 inches in diameter, and 7 J feet high; representing the Temple of Liberty, founded on the Cardinal Virtues, and supported on the shoulders of four Citizens. At a small distance from the Temple was seen the Southern Star, in full brilliancy, rising and shining on the Temple,^ After parading the principal Streets, and complimenting the Governor and some leading Democrats in the Borough, as they passed their dwel- lings, every one departed to his oAvn home. Throughout the whole, the utmost decorum was observed. ISTo accident of any kind happened and, before 8 o'clock in the evening, all was perfectly quiet, as if noth- ing unusual had happened. In 1822 the city and county of Lancaster were erected into the Second School District of Pennsylvania. The Conestoga Navigation, began in 1825, was completed in 1829. In 1834, May l,the Common School System was established in Penn- sylvania. In the same year was completed the Philadelphia and Columbia Rail Eoad, begun in 1829. The liarrisburg and Lancaster Road was com- pleted in 1838. The Christiana Riot took place in Sept. 1851, in consequence of armed resistance to the attempted capture of two fugitive slaves. In the conflict Edward Gorsuch, of Baltimore, Md., master of the fugitives, was shot dead. The negroes were countenanced in their resistance by several white men. The matter created intense excitement; tAvo white men, Elijah Lewis and Castner Hanway, and a number of colored men were arrested and sent to Philadelphia to be tried for treason. The trial took place, but they were acquitted. The History of Lancaster County really terminates with the Revolu- tion. The internal improvements, the development of natural resources, the increase of population, the growth and multiplication of branches of industry, the spread of education and religion, the establishment of philanthropic institutions — all these and kindred subjects are recorded in the divisions of this work to which they respectively belong. There is however a part of the history of this County which illumi- 1 The effect of this little Temple was really elegant; and did honor to the Gentlemen who.designed it: The Star, rising in the South, added to the effect, and excited great attention. OF LAXCASTKR COUXTY. 311 nates its pages and furnislies a proud record of the patriotic devotion of its citizens, wliicli appropriately closes the strictly historical part of this work. It is the military record of Lancaster County, From the papers on file in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, which have been kindly placed at my disposal through the courtesy of ^[r. Gara, have been prepared the subjoined lists relating to the Revolution ; those relating to the Eebellion are drawn from the Adjutant General's Report for 18G6. It is matter of regret that in spite of the most diligent search at Ilarrisburg and elsewhere, similar lists of the officers from Lancaster County who served in the war against Great Britain in 1812- 1814, and in the war against Mexico, could not be obtained. They may yet be forthcoming and, in that event, will be printed in a subsequent edition of this History. The noble work done with unwearied energy, perseverance, and self-sacrificing devotion by the " PATRIOT DAUGII- TERS," concludes the Military History of the County in the modest report, prepared by the excellent ladies on whom the management of the organization devolved, and is perhaps its brightest page. We now begin the Military Record of Lancaster County, is detailed in the following pages. 312 AUTHENTIC HISTORY o 12; h^ tz5 1— 1 H <1 ;>^ n H EXH > (25 o w P « O P w u P^ W K O H w C") H (/J Q >^ 3 5ti i : ^ 2; : ; ce M «r^-S ,r. oj oj a; H r- s a O H S != c^'g O cS S -kJ h- jco<;co 5 I s ^4) N CI s-i!-c:;3grtO:-;S "o J J ?| o ;S -§ I >-H ^ "^ jj TO .^ o cw kH o o ^ o S O 5 P 5 O ^ rt ?=i "o 'O "c 1-5 O >-T> H 1-5 1-5 •-: « -2? -S !& « O o <;H-Sl-5l-50l-5t-5>-5 « 3 3|6a^ o ^.3 ^ O OJ O Jrt ,i5 ■<>-5^P^t-5 S^ - ^ •S^.S^ § a ^ :rj:;3 fi S « '§4 - o • f- ^ I ^"d*! pq 1 3 QJ , -Jl ^ -5>-sHt-5l-5PHl-5 =c tT ;h'' •a s -i^ -S &cij p= ^ ai^l^seSciSS -" "^ ^ 5 S ^ .=5 ^ •-5 K ^-5 H P5 1-5 ►-^ t> •rHC*eo-«*o<»t-coc3 I Cl CO ■* 10 « !> 00 OS ■^ ."-. r-r^ : s t. .5 a'^a S "S S "e? OF LANCASTER COUNTY, 313 fi -a is rt --■ ^_l ;5 •-; a iS ctf ^ ^ ^ a5 cc ^ O ^ ^ "a" -x ^ X :^ "^ ?^ P -5 Si-sH^l^siKH^fq ^ p:^ Hs h, ;^ p -5 1-5 H CO ^ t-S •5 ^ P » ^^ fi^ 1.0 lO t-00 S P "S "o .£P £ K X' ;2; ^ 23 25 . '-I . -*^ . . -^^-lO^'^ O r^ ^ -^ <»c3oa?i^c>-;p T-< M « -Tti LO «>£>ao~» &H -B-i 00 S a o ■^^ a rt W K •c 5 w re j^ 4 c; *-^ 'tis . --^ '£ .= ce S t: ^ K « S = « ii 2 ^ ^o = ^ m 'Ji ^^- r T ^^ .1^ L« so CO ^ 13 ^r::^ o g ^^U O ^ 00 t- • ^ u r '. T-, aJ b' » H jl-^ ^§ H » * "^ P r-i ^ < u " \^ ^ >—i Z> r. H H S'^^sK E. CO >-i H ^ D O xh V O Y. tc . « e < Oh C3 ^ 5^ o » S CO 2 Iz; o w 1 ■g o : 2"^ • j i i^ !^ " T-iejco-^iowt-OD 314 AUTHENTIC HISTORY d I rt ^ a . 'T L= P5 |fi g S S I 'I i 3 f^ o c I '^ I %: I ^c rS '5 '3 O S "a rX j^ '-^ a; -^ ^ .V — "^ u' CD *! -§5 C -^ o .. 43 .2 .-ti S ^ H ^ S C h"^ ,^ bn ■r o J5 r^ ^H-l V r£2 rt 0) ci -^ > fM i«^ cc OJ 4) n « -M bJC ^ br J^ o o o -^ OJ rt OHO K> r* Ss CO ;3-3 1-5 P h-: ^ c« C tc o ^ _ >i bC ;h _ ;- S s o -2 S ^ Ha S O PM 1-5 Ph rt O J : S:* r- CC S • ,^ C Pert r^- = ^ S "S •= tsi s ^ ^^ "•S '^ '(^ 5 1 S S S ^ K -5 Pi ffi . I— I y.o-^TTnSr-: ■^J QJ »3 rt ^ »* 0) ■-< Qj •S y 9 cc o "S ^ I- OJ i2 C* r^ C-l <1 O 1-5 1-5 PL| o '^ o ^ (D ^ ^'^ -^ ^ ^ ^ ">< r^ 3 '■£ ? '"S ^ CZ2 <^ l-j t-5 r*i K r*i ' 8 ^ i: rt 5 o S u3 <1J K^ +^ O i rt S ^ 5 ^ le c/:. ; ^ C -g ,^ ^ P4 rt :^ S^ g «^ o ■ ^ c ^ c3 c o r-i "^ '-5 K ►-1 1-5 ht H ^£5. o f W CC ^ £ o o ;3^ brj be ^ i I— I ^ O rt o;2q 2 =? v^ t^ CS m U ^ '^ « S >^ OK "g o H 01- c« o S w (- o ^ /2 o o I-' K -t^ o ci 1-1 S I oj 05 -* »« CO t- 00 < « eo ■* ic CO J> GO HCTCC-^iCCOi>00 T-l«CO-^inOJ>QO OF LANCASTER COUNTY. O O O) QO r^ OJ :: s rt a « "n ,0 H-j *< i ^ - ^ GJ a ^ ^ ^ ^: S 5 W ,:= 3? « S 3 .2; •3 g'^ cu 2 rt ^ M § W CO Q vi,'^ cc CJ ?^ 0; s 8 '^ ^ s S C i-s O •< c/} I-: s . s:-'^ i -1 = ^ G Hi rt J^ ^ o S :5 Hiii o o Sec ^-H o . .. ^ c « o • g ^ -^ :n -C g ■f. ti H 7- O) ,_^ cS (S &c<» ^ fiH i:bPHH G ,5 ^ ce c !B • O -; G /-J I' ^ k^ 't; ^2 .-. HH r' r>3 r-. O. fi c/: ^ 2-^ a o C3 T" 'Op^ 2 =«" K^ 2 cs' ;3g 'r^.L T-icQec-*»-ocot-oo TH(NeOTtj.z; "5^ .s « fee tc^ =5 3 « ^ o -S ^ ^ 111 S 1^ '^ s 5 s) -p « o "-I ■*^ >; o *^ il IS JO o S s (^ ^ 0) O) s a bJD! b-g la CC ^1 f^ X O S cs S s ^ 5 ^c ,K S > •'-' o W^V, S |=H 5 5 o c O O rt « 1-5 t-S 1-5 CC! ^ ^ S +j , -^ -l; ^— O -2 "^ c a^ ^ "^ 3 aj W O , HH CJ ::^ 2 -f X « S „ C ^ fH n;, -^ O (1h og-;^ooSs «^ 0X5 ts) .43 'J S ^ j2 ^ M *•— i C3 'O S F; -^O* rS ^ ^ 13 ^ 1 w '3 & C/J C ^ Pf^^ _o or 2w ri '^ tH 2 P O C ffl H „ ^ ^ o 2i-^ o *^ 5 ffi « S rn O P5 7^ -G S « ^ 3 CO g ;^ ;-; "o 4h 'p P- S^ G hM ?H . CCrt aj 13 ^ >^ aj g-g-a ^.^^S^r^.^' a p 3 c c :;; o ^ tec '^ ^ « a^o^-^a+^s af<^ " » 2 " c > OS a o .^ i-ieJco-^iosot-QO TiCQw^ioot-GO T-i i f- 1—1 »— OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 317 •-5 (>• 1-5 p H CO F C5 &D o-^S .£2^5 3 : ?< 1^ ca • OJ ^- ^ rj rt « 2 " S c iris =:-S s- ■g a; fl O •f-i o ■- > s ~ Ol 3 ^ CO ^ E-"-, T-io»eo-<*iioJ^ Samuel Grove, . ...^Tr:... Andrew Ream, David Ream, Andrew lludler, David Stule, Matthew Neeley, James Young, , John Stewart, John Heiser, Henry Nagle, Alexander Ford, Alexander Bramon, .... Andrew McGinnis, . ... Philip Arnold, Philip Buttenstein, .... Jacob Hassinger, Peter Harder .John Carmichael, Barnard Gustrell, Godfrey Everhai't, John Young, John Aleman, Jacob Offenbaugh, Abraham Soober, Ludw'k Road, Henry Rewalt, George Simmons, John Mode rill, John Segar, Charles Drummin, John Anderson, Christ'n Ginder, , James Turner, , Abr. Bronson, Andreas Wagner, Martin Mohler, Conrad Philip, Patrick Rudy, Bennett Heard, , Peter Riblett Enlisted. June 10. do. do. do. June 11. June 12. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. June 13. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. Jxme 14. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. June 15. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. OF LANCASTER COUNTY. oli» Rob't Haniiah, Peter Kepliiiger, , Samuel Logan, James \V aters, Leonard Wyer, John Colp, Mattliias Hager, Philip Fernsley, Rob't Boyd, -:. Rob't McHenry, George Young, Fred'k Siegmiller, David Davis, John Hamilton, Thomas Mackey, James Osburne, Oliver White Henry Reading, Joshua Napp, , Alex"r Leighton, Simon Lough, John Slotterbeck, Thom's Carmichael, .... Alex'r Hastings, Rob't Care, Christian Weidley, Barnabas Allen, .". Henry Narmire, Lawrence Smith, Charles McCoy, Henry Yafie, John Sinister, Mathew Montgomery, . John McCush, Jacob Towinhauer, Will'm Allcorn, John Statier, Nicholas Ansi>ach, Daniel Hains, Jacob Rowland, Will'm Willson, Casper Dribble, James McMillen, John Campbell, John Spence, William Cashidy, Jacob Graff, Lud'k Kook, John Mohrer, Edw'd Stridle Patrick McL, 5 3 pHji^ 2;r3 S o o - . fe ^ p^ ,5 > o . S cS ^ . . ® -^ "g i5 s . '"! ,H : c - o s, 03 ^ C xJ- (« p :: «s '«' 5 « 3 P >•'« r<(i fi^ fe fv^ w w til 3 J -^ H^ rr •= ;j^ -r IZ^U^ ^ ^ rj-j -^ f^ rrj -6606003 -^^^r^ ^3 SSS 3SSSS ^S ,£ ^ 4 •§ 22 822 AUTHENTIC HISTORY P5 O M ,_ P< ^ P. ^ P< CS cS <1 -rt*" CO 00 1—1 zo .' so CO 00 . 1-1 to So P d, Jan. 24, 18 0., June 13, 1 28, 1862. ;3 01 ,0 s ! CQ ^' : - I' CO 0^*0 CD J) g 0) m OD ^' 00 ■$<-B O 2 s i-H pq >-n CO ^ 2o,c. -^^ g^ _^ S o pq » -■ c3 5 o a: be i^ S '' 1-4 HI « '5^:0 <122 S ?3 2 S ^ s s o be .s o *^ r-" *^ r~i o j2 w Jo . CO .3 - a» bc"0 a. 00 cB 41 -• >,^ ^ •3 ^ ° >> rt iS -^ ^ "■ "^ O) ^-i, 2 "S o S oj .b .0 " -So OOODaDGOOOOOOOOC'COOOOOOOOOOOOOGOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.aOOOQOOOQOOOOOOOOO ■*"(N CO i> -^t-T t> -^'c-^ ijf ^-^^w T^r^ io-^£> ^•"■rfco'^'co TiTr-rj^ (^f ^^•~^'~0 2>.g>>>2^^2be2bb2^2>.be>>>2 . 4J <» 01 . -^ l-jC/}>-sl ! 1-5 1-J (2; h-5 1-5 o (N CO '■^ i-i !;i: >-j >i >j 2 a; (S ^2 TO 2 C - 2 ■=? ;^ E ~ S -"S S I 2 3 a cs 1) S S gpqcq _ o oj oi a 2 W ^ W ^ 2,1 ■ "^- ■ 4 ao" 2 ig.SPi^ cc ci 5 rt 5 ?i^^^ 3 o Sees fi 5 -r; o ;^ o ^ ^ Q ; o r- B r^ ■ o.2^£? S^ Pk 000000 60 0000000 t^ :;> :> Ph : : : : '• ' ^s- ^ .-oit^oi • : * '• '• 000000 r?S>i>;7>00000 S iU s cc 3 cc cp:; ,rt S 2 « A ^ OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 323 3-s 00 '-'iJ 02 rt i^'-' gcoco r« 0) "-5 S — ^ ' Co r^ ^ "S « 5 — - •-5 rt ^ g Q Vh t5~ S tic rt o » " "^ ^ o CD ^ 01 00 13 > G CO 2 s «o 5 ■ ^ o o rt rt cS -* 0) y r«=( -. OS ^ c 0.2 ffiHQ CD S . C . S >^ QO 2 ■? i^; •« .S *5 00 ^r-i . . « g 00 ^^ ^, o &> &^ >,S ^^ ^ ^^ r^- § S ^ g fe S o '^'~ e « _ - •_ - -—^ 3J '2 ir~ '^ '^ 'S 'C 'C ^ tiC' ^ Q S K K S K K S Q H «H c* w -rt 'Ti cj -i-H -^ -t< cc ci T-H c? -^ ^ CO i.-^ >o ■" JO ic w CO cc "* irr 1-1 o> cc ■* c) -^ T- CI 'i" 1- cj eo -^ L- ,-. 50?DCO?D50CSCDOOOOCDCDCD«DCDCDOCDCDCDCDOtDCDCDCOOCDCDCDCDCDCDCDCD'-rCDOCD QOQOOOGOODOOaOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOCOOC'OOCDOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOQOaOX'OOOOX'OOOOaOXi'r' ,-r!^ r; 00 co^o o'^ ^ ^ O* r^ — ■ ,_ ]^ O* T— 1— I (>i OJ tH 1-1 rH 00 '"' -» w ^ ^ ■ ^ '^ -^ '^ -^ -^ '^'^ r^ ai ■g^'I'S 5 5 5 5^2 .-■ 01 O O OJ -T ' ^ C ^- ''' • ^ ^ • "cj ';n^ a> ^.^ '^^ ^" ^^ o 5 C/ :j -^ *— ' i w W 5 3 5 =^ W 5 ^ S ^ WW ooppOJ P^CQPQPQPQMWPQhQhQPQPQWWWWWWWWWW •■^ : ex rj ',- .'^ C o CD 'CO ! CO <1 pen cc O Pmr2 :Q'^0' '5 ^ O >- :> >.? ^'tr:: ^« r-S EC 12 (X o > .. o S 'oddo666o6o6doooocoocooococooC' 'CC'S'C'TSxj'O'O'C'CC'wTSTJ'CC'w'S'^'Cw'Cw'r'S'r'r-s-;^ ' ,a «== S-d-^ 324 AUTHENTIC HISTORY 22 '^ '-'^ ^ ^ ^ ?2oS s ■rH rt ^ CO - _r'=s W 'O GO s S ;^^ - ci ^ J3 to 'a; CO S S O o O O o a:^ o o .S •^ ^ S Is 3^ ; O.E'^2'^'' a; K a O o O — . cS • 5 2 1^^ 00'-' « CO ^- . _c C c 00 5J Ph 'SdiJ:^ ' t- r=' i:? , T-1 tC -■ - 00 S ^ bJJ o n i>3 .-H ©in ci rt . •« O rt o ^ o >< V ^ P r; -^^ %: C5 -u Q4 C CS t/j C ^ « br -?i a U «? i 2 '-'— ' ,if^_ ■c' CS S .S 'w' . r, aj o A r^.S <) O -J^ EtH *t1 o o^ o o HHSHEh ^ •_, -art o'S rt 2 w •■^ « .^ w:i i? P K H ^. P bCfj. O O p.rt;g bt-^ g bjj-£ ^T ^ • '7 c +^ 'J? n O-'OCO— C -'■— O p-g O 2 -^ -^^ s -^ , ci p< O jc o O^ o p a 4J> 5^0>rH1.4''*C}C^r-CCi-HT-llO'nH-rHOJO"!'-H'*i-HCOCJ-^IOCOC3^^C0 1i^i-iCOCO^lO-rHCOCO o^xiooooaoccoococC'OOooooooQOX'X'aoooaoXiOOaooocC'CjoooooooxccQOOoaoooooooao P«P^a^SSa=3a^Saa5 S^t5 O P- O 0=« rt«aa^^o S^a aa 53 CO p^ "5 J •§ I^ •§ S :§ J J ^ ^ 5 § .^^ ^ i3 ^ - "^ "^ 3 bid -666o66d6o666do "♦-^ *^w '^-^ T-H CO iO la o io ^ J= OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 325 t^. ^ JIJ c ■4-1 ^ ^ ^ -k^ 3 y^ O '•-> 1r 13 fa rn 01 rn o s 3 EhS ^ ■rtl lO O d -* O T-l Ct CI C? '~ LO -r --T , . OOOOCOCOQOCOXJQOGD 00.00 X CO O GO --^ -- QCOOKW la be C :'k-^ :Wh-i ;&Hi:ii'-''L!ii4tsH!-iI^^^ - .2 o S ^ iJ : :-^ : 3 oc : 3 : ^ •• o '-'^ '-2 3 • sj ^ S ^ rt « rt^-- ^ : .J: 3 .- 3 : '^ .= : .:i = ^ 5 rt : c = C^ = o o o o o o 'O nS 'C "O 'C 'O CO C; h^ • 2 t^-b::St'b^or^oc^ddddd5o666cc^ ?:• d d d d d c 'S '-'s ;:; ,3 o ^ 326 AUTHENTIC HISTORY CO -3 I CC s o c c a CO & G . 00 C 2 >^ :;i 1-^ OS 8 00 3 0) c<» 1-1 >5 s tc 00 -.r OS e 5 5 S ^ o5 p ^ •-; +j « ^6 ■4J -^J ';h o s o d (B IB h3 J O <^ o d 'w fl o OJ 3 C6 Oh rt -(J -U 1^ 05 CO 05 tp 0) rr CS o cc .|_J O •F^ _bC o rt o ,^ O CC OP^f^ CC I-! cc o O O cc pR S S fl sS -u g cc _S)_33 o ^ 'cc 'S S ojcjooojiooorio "^ ^ ,^ JC _ F- Q^ o o g ^ o o s rS^ rH 73 'C Oi aj 4) .3 D o if tH [V, " ^ ^ P- 0) "^ nr; OJ c: CO ~ J5 cc cc •— ' S.2:;: S S o o-^ o 3 ^"i- >-s >v.CO a s o 03 rt CO ft Ph S S o o:pi . "^ 'M -2 +i -k^ ,^ a s S 4> ® o ofH;3 ■rJ 'S -r; jj « p a> 1c -2-2 Scfg ^ '-' q;) O ^ o) aj ■^ CO cc C iS 03 p< •3 J-. (h ce o o Oo ft o o o "•f-T ^"^ '■ =D==g00o^§0000C0OgQ0C0g»gQ0 10 -"ti cf '-' ^ i> cT-^ cj T-H CO g^'csj CO ^-<^ ^- ft rj O ^ ft C^ OaJ^O^ ^ij^^^ft ^ « «5 -h' "^ 00^ 00 ■^ T—t CO O CO CO CO 00 CD " ft-^^ S (B Ci i— I p \u u '— 1|^ ZJ (V CJ Ji^ OJUpU'- i-5CA20-:0-< a> =5 ft o •■-I ,jj +3 rt a ^ a sa 000000 OCOgOOC-SO^ ft : : : w : Q O -ki a 1c O it-JxJ O 2^^'^®®®0'^^O0OC)O000O00O0O0OOOO OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 327 CO 00 O V-X 5;-, -* r^ '3 5^'= ^ (-2 CO !I» ^ *^ Ch g,^ .w of & 'S ^ s oi s -b? ^' ■*^ S'-*^ O 'O^ oS ^ o s c S^ ti '^ o « >1 « a (3 « 9 S O S- o Seo O o CO +; 5> J - 5^ >> w %^ ^B r >-5 (N'O eo +S SO on, . CO >i G O 4J l1^ "^ ^ '^ ?r, S c« c? o6 5 ^ o S ^ !^ ^ *^ ^ 5 3 ^ r'^j 7S Ph o o o -2 t3 1^ H '-^ '-' ^-^ _; — -* z: j; 3 ?. I* =^ S .« 2 -S .^O O -S El, O 3 (y o o ^5 O '^ '-' -^ _.;: -^ "te "S P £ P "i^" vji-' ^ v^-' ^^~' ^/^ CO CO -^ CO CO «o 00 00 00 T-l CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 00 -Tt* -r-l --lO CO ^ 00 ^ T-H 00 cog Ci •^ -^ CO CO CO 00 00 00 *> S '^ oft- <=''.^^' ■==' CJ ^ l?J ^'Cl cocococo^ocDcowcoT-((«Ji'coco£i£*oco ^eo 00 oooooocooooooocoQococoJ^oooo'PJgoocorToo — — — — 0OT-I^T-iaiQ,-<0O0O^T-Hr-l^0Or-n-H§i-) .,->,-, . ^ ^ g^ IJ,J I ■-, i^ ft s CO t-5 So :o 00 00 1 CO Ci to iC -^ 55 ;n o '^' '" CD I^CO^^QC.^^^GOCO.^' ■' o^ocTco"! 3 3 a> 3^ 5i-3Qa2 >- •~_r '-^ o r- <« " ^ ,tS o ^01 ^(M OP ■ Rococo OPh<1 M K d '^ GCCQOoJ O j 1—1 1-4 |_( hH I— I hH I— I [s^ kjij k^J t^ tin t^ M t^ii 1 •O :oooooooo 000 I— I C5 OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 329 '5 t-9 T-: "* 53^ ^l a CO -CO 'xf 3 00 E^-5 ^^'-s -lO ' P,'-' 00 o • O f= 00 s « 5o 5"?, O ?~ i< "73 +3 -i-i CL JXOO C J£, C S „ o g I— I ^ 3 ^ CD -! _ _ -■ -' (75 J( -^ .^ - '^ . c ^s be » 2 Z^ O S .■...., a) ffi . ^ S ^ K -- "^ oj^HHWH ^ o o -«1< ■>* » -JJ — S. OCT 00 o :; 1) OOOOi-H T-( T-H ^ hJ 2J^ -^^ (^^ o >^u 5 •j: h-3 !- :: 1-5 rt S ;i - >i >> .>.= 2 o h^ >v= u:; .« -w ^_i '^'V' 9 .jj i) +-" ,-2 *- -fj c5 .3 rt S ^ i> rt « ;^ ^ r^ ,^ o o o S S ^^■ O C 3 1 ten O 3 o w HH H KGI^H Ih Sr^^ »^ "^ • 00 00 •=■ CO — 00 •/; ttOi t> T^'T!^ ^S^T^ Ci-^Su-. •■r~2">.^l' S ^ 'I' t-' ■? " 'P r^r^^ "P ^ •— ' ^'5 '— • - ^ 2 3^.21g^.'<. =-?S§D 5 •= "S .3 t: ic i< r^ tc ^c? ;■- 1 '3 = =2 = , •J ii ^ 2 ^'^- ~^'f- 6'^ z '- ^ o Z ~:, z ■ PiWr- £-■<£-' E-i(^E-i feOOOOOO^WWSgS :fe : : > 5 c< • - w rt ;~ -" r^ &Li rn r~i ^ ■ tc « TO • — D ^ 1— w 3 ■ X -J ;^6 o o o >'^ A >^^^^" - 6 6dd666666S?ob'o^o<^^ ^^ 2.2.2,2,S,2.3,2,S.S.^2.3,h"^2.^ 330 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Em ?3Pm fl o 8 g ^* ^;2o O O IB P» . !t ft . '-'ft ft =? ft O -TOO ^ •• ^ O) ;- CO Sc« ft S ^ S -►^-s -e |l fe fl o G ^ .2 ^ S '^ .bl ■> ® ?o •^ l-H 52 '^ ft .,- e 2 ® 8+:- I is a =* '« i! ^ '^"'^ '^ 5210-2^10 5li T— I 4J 1— I T— I ^ ft - „ -M o o ICO J£ (MOQ (M W •- -^ s ^ c s 2 J^ c i " ^ S §=" c ; '? '^ 8 o '^ « ' S S S 'w a ** I O O O ^ "" ^J7'^ S ft - • CO 4J .rt CD • — t-T 3 tn 4^ a; M il o s* a S t:« ■r^ ^ a •— .— ftftjc op^ o o o aSccS S^ o o o :■„'- ^„--co„- ^-^ _J-^^-^ ,^ ^^o - ^o _j--i-i (M CQ lo o» CO _-r „ ^ ijr.COGO^GO^i-i^foO'-lCOQO^QOoc-iOOOOi-H'^T-lTHrH^r-li-l'^QOOO ' CO ±^ ^ ;::; 00 ±^ ■^^ »=« C5 Z; «' l-S-gt? ftt^ r^s '5 & a a' Q. -t^ =^' £^-i-S "" - ^cT^o ic o'o"'^ cT t~ i> C* ^ 0» i-l CO CO M > t^ -• "C > bij >i >i a ?5 SP-S'ri" ft =^ ft,r? I^ <1 *-S 1-5 CC Q ^t^ ^^i ^^.=^ m ^ rn r- s .s C/J Q C/J >■ ^ g ^ >i 1^ l>^ Em a a a a . oj a I ^^ gcD o a 9 a> 9 • ^ ju ^ a;=i a;=; a :3 <^ TO O) EMS 3 rO UJ " O re 1^ •^ r*"-^ ''rtctrtOJOrifia'rii.roao ft^ g3'£Stjte:>-a'aa-aar-|0'5;ar3 Em . a a W W >i'-5 •-» ■Ph a ^i^k^ : 'Z: ;Ci "> o 2" - O) QJ -- ■ — ' d »5 ^ o G r= o — ce ra , Ph :S S:! '-5 * '-5 S a -s -e "^ '^ '-^ "t^ o S oj s a a c; «-. ,o ^ a ^ S Q pq « K h^ h, ►i^ HHHpqWPqWfefnKK' :2 r-i -2-^'-' '"^ 'OiM •« 'i-l • • a "^ ^ ^ O O O -r! ^■r' -'■'= O O O f.q H H p.^ M fe fM o O W ^'■•r; O rJ c« .a 4^ i§ 4i 5 .a cs • s o) dp •— r? aj SoEm i. j _2 '"^ a 'rt 'c? a ^ a 'S O ft ft o tH CJ ft 0/ c3 ct oj ■ -H « cS :pq o a a'^ ^SS:.S2S22^A '^'^ 66666'^66666Uo666ii66 OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 331 .s 'Sod d >3 fee S +3 ^'S S S "S ^ 'w S • S 0^ s r! a ci o -r^ a o S ^ c c dddddc-rfS S to u tH r . Jo p « := C t; o 4J > Ci > -w '' X '^ ti S o S 'O C ^ 5 O 3 o ^ - P^;53 1^ 9 (^?clN'^JCO(^iccc'}cc(^^<^J(^)c<>cJC'?<^?<^?<^lc>^<^J(^((^»09c^^3'NCO■N~r■^^c^co COOCaOOOOOOOOOOO'XiOOSOOOOOOOXiCOGOX'GOOOGCiGCCOoOOOGC'XX'aOaDa-XCCXXOO CQT^-^'*'^O00i-iOt-(o^^O-.-itH. c7 w cj c7 m c> c> o c> c^ c> c? ci o cj cj _-r c^ , aoGooo--o^oD^oo^ooooc/DooQOooQOooQOaoaocoooooQOooooooGOOo^ooS5£ 2:^5S'-lrS'^'-'-r-ll-H-i-lT--lT-iT-lT-lT-li-l-rHi--li--(T-lT-l,--<^rHT-|GO^QD«J I •-i-''"r-ri--"»o Lo i~ JO C5 cT cj" co~ o~ CO co'cfc^c^'ci'crcf |i-7r-l,-l-rHrHT-lr-lT-li-Hr-li-i^-rH^,-HrH-r-lT-l,-ii-lrH oj;:4oocD tb tJo t'c bic > ii) >■' t'o be 'ec be bi fcb > tb > > ?o o o "S 'C 'C '^ i"^ ^ OOfl T3 CO r^ '^ O . 5 -ij :OOOQOHWHWWWWWWM gj -- (TJ --^ t~ rt - S «3 3 J^ J3 ccSC**ofe %-.§ « (-5 Pl| pJ| Ph' p^ Pl! .Sh^ dS 13 .3 3 rt o -g^ OOO ^ 3 ■S : .2 PtiGcr =1 :•"••:::: r^ r^ r^ r^ r^ ::::::::::::::: • iS'U'CiS'C'C'rS'O 3 3 3^ 3'T3T3T3'0'wi'0TJ'^'3'a'a'a'Sr3'TST3 3 3 3^3 -*j -^ -tJ «} -*j .* o o 1-1 o Oi C} CO CO CO OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 333 C5 in . IC -« T-l I-! ^ P_l c* »^ o a ■<^ CO a -t ^ « ^ ^. -' Sf53§ s,l-s '"' t^ i-^ o C t-b-T 2"^ 4J to g ^•25" it. it. [Ju 1 regiment, as Quarter Maste company F, as Capt., Nov. 9 e July 3, 1865. CO •tj^ o >>tc bf DO a ■< regiment, as Assistant Su lit Surgeon U. S. V., Septc ged, February 2, 1865. go > 3 '3 00 cT 3 g 3 > o '^ >i ci O OU t Lieut, comp. G 191 Pa. V ged, August 2, 1864. [V. 1, '65 — lion, dis'd as Capt. CO 4-2 CO so CO •3 10 00 0' CI 1-2 00 c' 1863. ar Meadow Bridge, Va , M comp. G, 2d Prov. Cav., A < 6 - Is fe 'So go 1^ tenai tenai witl Avitli o dat 73 s as Is char Ap'l •o 5 § ►^ 2 ^ - out on. d As 5 S if 4^ •" •4J ^ -M -^ .A « 3 s ^.« .^ -i.i rt 3 >.<^ QJ o S s - o |<=1 CJ X, ,_^^,_^^ ^-eo o C5 o 2 co"^i co%h'^ ^^ S Ii: '""^ WW s s o 3 0) .a t- S -S i: J o 3 ? " u CO 6 : : ^ _: >; '5 CO -^ a a o S5^ « rtOOt>ClpH*^2 - g ^ W K . is 4:- ^ bO cS cs o 5 0) .a fl ?< .a S si 3 0*Tr, « O*-^ 2i ||s^S^-^.w W d'd'^f^ G''J,I -1^ f -,l-DK0l-^H•-^*-^O^-^aDC0t-^l-^>-5-<)-s tH -< 2 o a J -; « o a ci, i.j rt W W 2 - K-- r ■ "m 3 3"' s; s N y o : —1 -^i^i |3 _— .;!. p '-' O Ci h— t -^ -^ •-? t-s i-s i-i ►^ r- I X <■- ^ — x.a':^ HWpqHpqWH :■ Ife^fe : : iOPQQQ : :00000000 : c 5 o cf-q 00 00 o*i3.aM'T3'cr3'ca a jS = ^r -U . 2 be a'^a^ 2 1-' ' a £ •.cc .S 3 '^ o c» ^ •§ -§ ■5? X 1*.^ i 3 ^ ^^ ^ g ^ o S cc cc -^i "^ci Ph >^ •r; c a I— ! 'C 'S r; 5 a .c_*^ X<^SO a '^ "^ '•w "^ 'w a^-i'^'^'^'^a^a^^ ■3 ~ w — -, - !« 884 AUTHENTIC HISTORY zi ^*-^ ^o CO ■-I 00 GO 4J 4J C~ t^ JO «! OT Oi bpbp>:' >;> ^<>^ ►^ S § § rt ■& S 'So d S ( ,00 00 Si a ^ c •^ ^ fi o o ■ C • Oh fi S O fi -j^ .ti -ij ^ ^ ^ -ij '^. 3 s C CO o o o T! •ri T3 O) f ofof • OCTOWOOOtOCOCJOMOO O CO O « CC O --1^ 1:0 CO a QOOOOOOOOOQOODOOOCOOOCCO CCi 1—1 GOQOOOOOOCOOOOCC'OOGO GC' CO GO 00 00 00 u 1-1 00 T-i 00 T-l ,-1 ^ ^ ^ CO --I 1-1 , 00,-( 1- ^ ^ ^ ^ 1-^ T-l ^^ 1-^ 1-1 f^ T-H C^ . t~ t>J> t- ,c^ -ir-'c-^ to CQ iO lO m ic i-T •-'-•*»-».. u 03 OJt}< tH 1— 1 tH I— 1 rH Tt< '-I Ti<,-i -- ■* ^ O^ CJ OJ 1-1 Ci c? tH 03 1-H d ^ > > > > d > d >^> cj >.>>:> >■ > > >^ > >■ ^ ^- 4J f» > > K ft, QJ O (B •-5 o o o o oj rt o d) « o o c o o « u ^ fi >: -fi r^ fl O fi O S :^ be o D ^ ; (B §^fi"2^ C fi fi ■*J U r-. fir- fibSjH P^ -fiCQ.Sj., fi'^ fit— l|-H|_,rt,C -->r- W.22 r. ^ bfi KW -M ^ >-> >- CO -^ OI ft 0* ::3 K^-<(1h i^ i :'pqpqpqqQCPQQQQHWHWMMMMMfeP= t- CD O t- t- ::•:::::::::>.::::: ooooooooooooIjooooo OF LANCASTER COUNTY 335 in < >^ O >— I > O Eh K O P^ O o > CD C 6 O CO « 'I O « 00 p 00 i-< • -tJ >..=f cs i* 1 '" > < Or* Of^; K -> d • 1— < o • fi'r O C O q; bC"= Pi .^ s CO CJ > : S : K O : a ^« ;j o d M ^;^ ■4J~ * 00 I-l >-.'^^ ciK 1 t. >-. rO a O c ^ ^" ^7^? ^^ ;SKS OC «C CO CO cc ea o o «o o CO 00 00 oc> 00 I ooaoo /CC I " o o o o <-J -ceo "C '^ 2 • 4/ :i rr — ' '. ^ §^ « . rr; stL ablv t at ptaii K <; .S r C c; w f^ s -i^ r" o o^ o E-K-"« < CJ (W "-^ ^ a « o o s « w • ^ • - CG : -u ; : fa !sC S « 1< o 5 i^22 PS < 1 1-5 "^ 'C 'n , • 3 ^j cE § i^aou 336 AUTHENTIC HISTORY -M -i-> U5 6 1 1 5 .'S Q o § g s ^i 11^ 00 !__]■* ^ t- .• >, CO =o^ § . ?§i^a = ^ -^ ^t> © §< 1-5 5 3 OD . B fl " . I-, t-s ^fL, i6 ifi^Co < ,- & tC^' ,- 00 ^ 00 g ^ ^ ;^oo;3oocooS.2 >..S ^ g ° ^ k3 . .S 2'g'5^'p'2l'Sp.S*;;^|^^'||5l-s|-J gllsllllll-ISol^llE^a 1 ^ ^ ^ - ^ ». ^■•~' »-' - '^ T-l '"''"''"' ""^ .^ 1-1 ^ '"' . . • • ,• • >:». -^ • !:»,? t» . ® ^ « ^P^>i > : Eh" "Ci^ ^ >^^ 1 f^ i ib bt; r^A^ >^ 1 a 000000 0-i^0-5^i3'~'Or;D30O0OO C4 =2 ^^^(^ ^p; ^ ^ ^ ^ ^j ^j -tJ -tJ ,ii ^J 03 [0^3 S^ G0C5O-rH — M CO CX) CO OS C5 1—1 •pH T- H »-l 1—1 1 S 0^ D5 t«!:COo<^OSCiOO O o t; rS Cli~ O 'C t^ r3 ■^■^ 3 3 O O tC CO 3 3 rH u • ri o ? -M 4^ : * -73 3 cS o o GOCOOOOOCOOOOOQOCOOO o cT cT o' i>" t>~ £>" go" 00 co" COlMCiCiT-l'-lT-li-lr-lT-l t-^ Hj h-3 H^ Hj f— 5 H 3 h-j t— 3 I— 3 ~ : +^ >< 5 :?a pqi-5lx|oOH,cc! ^3 fac OOQQPQ OJ 1— < 3":; ■s cS _ C c« ^ fl ' "-5 a. ' as 5 C3 • -H 03 C3 • -H O :> t^C «w 3 I— I ^ •73 ^ 60606600 r- 00 6 6 S d S c 6 c 73 "C (^"O C 'C 'O 'O p o o ^ O o ^ 4J -c s j >-. >5 >1 >~. >> >5 >5 ■ S o 5s • N ^ .'• 5 'S o,'^ -S '^ ^ "S ^ 3 '^C K P ^ 9 OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 337 S 5" S e* c" ccddddddooodd'sSdod P C D g 3 3 O g O ° O O oj j3 cu o o p o 3 S S 3 3 cc '-' v. a-, a: t: tr o rt ^ -J !t '^ 3 >> O 2 O 4> C 01 o 1^ lo »o i-o Lo -^ ■>t lo lo ^irr \n !.•? in ic i~ i?? lo lo ic ic ic lO ^I'^'ir^ia oco«>500ococ5-^eocDoootsoooo«oooi~i;s«£o soooooGooooooocxjcoooooooooooocoooooooooooooocoaoooS d « J (M C* CJ c"l ci t-. c't Qt d " 'Si O re a^pqoOOQQQWWWpMfefeooOKWKW • J? S s' !. <^ ^ '• *^ : ^ : 4^ 3 *J 3 ^ 3 *J s o "— ^ •- o a 3^ 3i-^ o >-i ■2 ? S ^H."^"E."?^ SS,?- ?'H.i'- 5"S..^ S"&<-'' ^"S, -5 ■2^-s 3" r. o -s; C^ o o^_o^_o^^^^^^^^_o^^ -^^23^^ 23 338 AUTHENTIC HISTORY i cs lO LO lO O CO CC O CD 00 CO 00 00 CO C;, QJ OJ (D OJ ® p S o3 p Q fl rt d S (B O « pQ g i '-' I-' t^ tsj W -P o o o o &CO d o o ?^ '^ •n: '^ '^ CO CO o o o 00 OO 00 CO CO (N lO lO iff CI G^ T-l T-i l-l Oi Iff Iff CO CO CO 00 '00 5^ S « 2 o ^ s I rd^ "So S ■ O ,• Oi o . t: a ^: j3 o cf O 3 ^- ^ '^ ^ 3 I— ( s 8;S •Z2 rt fcC< -3 o ° ^ a tcPr'xOOOO.rt a o o a ■=!< s 1^ S a 5 ^'- a w "^ S Jills o fe I' a t- cc ti o "^ ^ ^ S ^' -s rt 2 «= a ?^ cc ,-3 53 cc co^coco;i!:iffco^co2,"*coococo QoSoooo^cocoJ^oo^ooocoooao •r-igT-i,-|COoo^OO^CDc»T-lrHT-l,-l CO '"* o o ,^- ,cd~_rcd~ " 'co'^ ^ cd" « Ld^ ^ "^ « ^ ^ 'S - r. ^ ^ ^ ^ > ^' "p^ > "p^ ^ d "p^ a" "ft H< a' Ph ** a" J2;0a3j2^a3i^»-scoi-scz2coi-5a2!25t-s w w t^ ■ - CJ W t^ SSKSS . .o.S'^.aoaE&i S -2 " .2 .2 t;» b>I b* ^^-^ ^ ?^ be bJ3 g I WW iWW ; (-5 a '^ I— < -^P ^ ■ .2 '"^ 3 ^ CK (^ ^ '3 ^ •S~'§ ^ 'T ' X b o a 5 cc a « o.^ rt EC O •+30J300S;,000 oooooo a'^c'O'a-tS'^'^'^'^'C^'^'^'^ n^ (2 a ^ « OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 839 ^ la ift 1 CO o a- 00 O - T-l fcc^ tTco T-i .• o . ~i 00 . -^ ^ ^ £» "t ^ s ^^ i S 5 p -i ^' CO- 1 § 1 -- c p w g c c .S ^5 3| 2 ^ « i; t; -:: p p ct i' ri P '^ oi " f; 3 fe ii « "53 w a: i,t? a: ^ "cc Ic n oi cc ^ /] ■^ X S 3 = = = - S s < ^ ^ H s ;i ^SoS OS ^'-,'-^'~'*L-f^''^'".0'- i^ IC: ~ L-r L-f i^ irT LO in ifi S i-2 o o -.i o o o tsoooooooo 00 ^ 00 00 00 00 00 'X 00 00 X X 30 X X 30 00 T-H^T— f^H,— t,— (t— t^^ Cf ._' Cf C0~ cc C3 d" i>r f^' f ^-Tx'o ao'^'T-r^' •■-' ^ '- ^ S --^ c-( .f_H T-i T— ^H C7 C'^ Ci . ^' . . >— ' &b"£,"^^"S,"£,"S S 'C >-.'iI^ 'S 'n 'i^ 'iH '^ CCSc^CcSc/iCQ-< ?H 2h'5 ;i. ^ p, ft p, ;::. <1 <1 1-5 <1 << << <1i : C c:g = =4i^S3- -2 =t: ::S ^-2 ;; « ^2 1^^? -■3sf? ^ , =i HH W-H . 1-1 +i C5 P^^^-^^sq^.ii^. 1^'^ l'i'^1^-5 ;^ H ;2; <1<; H h^; WWeOEM&HKcq r' pq cq pq pq « K K a ^ : ^' : ^• : ^• , s ^ *J : ■ «• 3 ^ 5 4j' 3 '- "^ ■"- 2 ^ « J 3 3j '• '• 33 ^ 3^ 3 "-* >-i .S^-d.S'^.S^.S^ t-^'^'T.S'-^'d.S^'wl cS S cc ^ rt ^ cS . "H 1 rt , S K ^ C - '^ ■;= -S Qi ^ ;-, P^ i-, ^ri : T- ;- »-l t, c3 ^ >> '>■ ^ * a! Pn'f^' (^ >; >i t^>; >> ■ 66-l3c+3o.j;-|2 occ^SoccccI •O'oc~s'3pjs 'T^'O'o a-Ti'r'C'r'a ci rt 3 <:« ^ c: c: t5 «*- ^ HH H- 1— >■"" ^ r^ ^ .-• ^ r-H <— » r— 1 »— « -tJ -W +i -u> t- a ^ c J c > CI C3 c J 1 eo «o 00 •t-l ^ C5 ^ ^ ?o fS, 00 cc a T-l ^ ^ ■^ w t^ CJ z ^ )— 1 < ft >► a « « C/J w C/J fe g a rR K g f^ S H CO d u « fcc < CCi « a: >■ a t- != d g (*i «c H K PG ■X. eo «o 00 ri ^ 1-1 w fc'n M s < P- #■ h » a HI s J! >^ c u s >> t. tS -1" ^ to '^ a i> .2 >. rt cs 9 1 at re-orgauiz .do. battery, Janu A ?; V « 00 ■^ .3 c 00 W c H ■5 ^ s rt s % CO CO CO k1 • o»o » oooox CO' cs r. ». coo w ji cc so CJ H-1 •< June June Aug. p; ($ H 00 ^ r.l'' > 5 a 5! c._ •-tW a Robert Martin Colenii 6 1— IHHI-H u 3 : bs « • < .s2^ a < cC S -^■^ J5 >> M pa C H- 540 AUTHENTIC HISTORY hS CO CO M CD CO CO 00 00 OO \<< Qi CO CO --* .. CO to ^ CO -^ 00 C» CO GO CO 1-1 T-1 00 tH 00 <» 03 . . ■ 3 S 01 c« 0^ >-^ i-j ftn 1-5 Pm . 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Sod ^ r£ -ij f^ s < o P 9 Q 1 Q ;^ TjT^^" p •?, CO CO CO ffi GO 00 00 o K 1— 1 tH T-( H oToTcEr o W 1^-1 T— 1 T— t ^ «< r^r^r^ ^ P5 3 s 3 w h-5»-5K-5 o p— 1 K- K i a;+i H cc fe Wk^ o <) ^- «^ >!; ^ ^ fH W a S C H A^-^ ^<^ d =^ ■ : *J : J's • 'r* ^ ^ • §|3 r, < .s3^ « apta irst eoon ONt/: o o H H ;?; 1h » QJ ^ 1? c o ;is '^'o S 6 « c5 3 t— I lO «o 00 1—1 o" (N CO (O Ui a a a < •-s rs » >> a a cS Ji -i pq W .-co ^ ■^ CO CO GO 00 1-1 H ..o .- M CO CO (5 73 rt 1— 1 » ^S t> « H 02 P^ o 4^ -tJ ^ g _« a K -< OO f^ ^ tc a; H S S 2 S 6 o t r : ■^' J '=3 ^ 0) S -"^ M Si-5 -"I ij-^ P5 18 Phc» j^ : "* ot l-H C>{ tH 1 -1 +J rr 7 tH'ODtt in ^^<< ^ <]> Ol o a a S S to iJD sx ic c c tc o o d oooogocc fee occcoocccoc s 'i -> '^ • 1 -^ ^ ; • ) > ^ ^ is ^ : is 4J -iJ -tj -i-i : -w s s s 5 : 3 o o o o • O nS'C'Cd : 'd o o ?CO'»00300000X;XiGC'Xi;OCS15»a)a' GOQOp,'»^20i-i,-i,-ioocDaoa)ooooaox)OCX)GO 30 30 X '-' ^ — ' cTt- ^ CI 3J C: «> CO CO j^"j-5-_^-5^'-_j-5a-^-^5-j_-j^'c.'VH ^^^^^^COCOCO t^tCt,' OJ CI C» s^ssss 3 3 3'3'33'3'3'3'3'3'5'5'5'3'3'5'3'5'3'3 3 3 ssss 3 5 3 ; <^ <1 o o o o o o ! '^ '^ X! "B 'U 'C 6 6 6 6 oobcbc tiC"S -fi -tJ -U g -4J ■^■^■^^'^ -tJ +J -tJ +2 4J S Ji :=! :3 S o o o o o 'C 'C 'o t; 'vi Q^ Q; 0) O ^ OJ Q^ ^ <1^ 0^ -|J ->J -tJ 4J -tJ tc CC CZl CB cc mil coco CO ^ „ ^ „ ^ ^ ^COCOCC „ ^ , eO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CD O O eO CO CO CO co cc^ cococo'»^'»cococoo^S^^JS^^ T^THT-HrncOOOOOCDCOOOOOGO-'-l-r-lTMQOQOOOT-l-^-^'^'^'^'"''"' ooo ooo ociciooi-H-^-^o CO CO CO TOCO'CO Cfcfc.fi> £>J>'^ ^ ^ Cf cf Cf '^ CJ CJ tH T-l i-H 1-1 T-4 l-^^-^^-^l-^^-^l-5^-^^-^^-^l-^l-^l-^l-^^-^^-^^-^^-t,l-^l-^l-s^-sl-^)-^l-5l-^l-^ g S cc •„.„ >• K> ^ C »^ ^ K fl 3 ^- 03 C ^ . S s S -« ^ =^ b» ce o . o 0) c K-^ CC O Ph ►-? H, 1-5 QqOHpqHfLHfLHEqOOOWWW'-^'-^^WMM • • 4J • 4-5 '• '■.-^ 3 4J ^ ; i«;3 . S^ 1 O f-. rr O o. rr C « g CI '^ '~ o c. •^hJ §tl .5 G o o •■:; Ph 1^ . .Q 3 2,2.2,2.2.2.2.2. ^ o o'ddo d 6 o o'-oj'g^S.S" o c: o CO iO 00^ L-5 lO iC W d^ Ph S d 6 6 oi c> c^ c^ c^ ^D O O CO ^O 00 OO GO 00 CO CO CO CO CO o -l^ -IJ -l-= -U +i Pi r'[ Pi Pi Pi O O) O li) CD 'bf.jl j^ O g G ^ <» ^^ 2 i^ : : u . . « S 3 cS ^ o o o o ■^Ti '^ 'd 'o OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 343 S.... . . =JcS . . . . 2 rt 66606 f^o666666666o ccg^doococooooog'Oooooo C r— ' "^ .2 S 28 £ £ 2 1 Q g g of c^-c^f § § g of cf cffg of cf of g g g gggggggg§gg§§§§S2^Si§ e P^ CO ^ 1-5 (*i i<;j 6060666666 6 6 6 6 6 6 672-6 6-^0 6 6 ccc-^00 CO os^SSS^^ 344 AUTHENTIC HISTOKY ft o '^ ^ ■S >> Ic c c f of cf (rfef cfof cf cf of (?f MCQ OOOOOOOOaOOOCOOOCOOOQOOOOOCOCOQOCOOOOOOOQOCO i;£) O eO O 'O t^ -i-H ■ Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi P i Pi Pi P i Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi '*'i ^' ^i !^i ^' ^' >j !-, : : : (D ,r: r-j « . . ; TV "S ^ ti ^ -P • rt o H ^ -5 n3 ft^ ^ .■^ cc ?: ,, >v 2 .5 f ?s 3 rt s:a5 o) o ^^cg^W^^ 1*< s 'ox; uJ J S "J^ r^ tU ^ -i2 O) o.> o -ri ce rt ft .-^^ a o rr. CD ^ d Q [i^&qffiWW :-H^ JrsTOWN, BOROUGH.-Adamstown, post town and village, Cocalico township. La - ca ter county, ;n the road from Lancaster to Reading, 20 miles ^-n. - fo-er am^ 10 from the latter, and 46 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Population m 1860, 43- , Tax 350 AUTHENTIC HISTORY ables, 103; value of Real and Personal Property, $50,205; Gristmill, 1; Sawmill, 1; Distillery, 1; Hotels, 3; Stores, 3; Common Schools, 2. Bart.— Bart township, bounded N. l)y Paradise, E. by Sadsbury, S. by Coleraine and W. by Eden. Centrally distant from Lancaster city about 14 ms. S. E. Length 7, breadth 5f ms. Area, 19,027 acres. Mine Ridge, a lofty chain of hills, encircles the township on the W. and N. in which copper has been discovered, but the mines are not wrought. Surface, rolling; soil, limestone and clay; taxables, 338. Population in 1860, 1,532. Real and Personal Property, |284,636. 4 Gristmills, 5 Saw Mills, 4 Hotels, 3 Stores, G Common Schools. The Meeting House Run and Copper Mine Run traverse the county and at their con- fluence form the West Branch of Octorara creek. This township has 3 Post Offices, Bart, Bartville and Nine Points. The most important place is the village of George- town. "The citizens of Sadsbury having petitioned for a division of the township, the court, at the November Session of 1743, appointed Calvin Coo])er, George Leonard, sen., James Wilson, Samuel Ramsay, Robert Wilson and James Miller, to divide the same — 'they met the 20th of March, and considered the most proper place. The line is to begin in a road called Aaron Musgrove's road, near the copper mines, at Strasburg township line, where it divides from Sadsbury, and down the several courses thereof to the east side of said road to a new road branching therefrom, leading to John Taylor's mill, commonly known by the name of Buckley's mill, on the east side of said road, the several courses thereof, to a road branching therefrom commonly known by the name of Rustan's Road, and on the east side thereof, by the line that divides Colerain and Sadsbiu-y; all which we allow and conclude to be the division. The eastern part thereof retaining the name of Sadsbury, and the western part to be called Bart.'' " Brecknock. — Brecknock township, bounded N. E. by Berks county, S. E. by Csernar- von township, S. W. W. by East Cocalico. Centrally distant from the city of Lancaster, N. E. 20 miles. Greatest length 7, breadth Smiles. It is drained by the three branches of Muddy creek, one of which runs on the N. the other on the S. boundary, and the third intersects the township centrally. All of which are mill streams and have mills upon them. Area, 17,306 acres; surface, hilly; soil, red shale. Population in 1860, 1488; Taxables, 469. It contains 5 Grist Mills, 5 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 2 Hotels, 3 Stores, 7 Common Schools. Value of Real and Personal P.toperty, |239,587. P. O: Bowmansville and Muddy creek. Caernarvon. — Caernarvon township, bounded E. by Berks county, S. by Chester county and Salisbury township, Lancaster county, W. by East Earl township, and N. W. by Brecknock township. Centrally distant from Lancaster city, about 20 miles. Greatest length, 6^ miles, greatest breadth 5, area 15,437 acres. The Conestoga creek flows through it from E. to W. The Downingtown and Harrislmrg turnpike crosses the southern angle, and the Morgantown turnpike, centrally, from E. to W. on which, near the middle of the township, is the post village of Churchtown, 55 miles from Harrisburg, 20 from Lancaster and 5 from Morgantown; surface, hilly; soil, red shale. Population, 1860, 1592; Taxables, 466; value of Real and Personal Property, |465,758; 2 Forges, 5 Grist and 2 Saw Mills; 4 Hotels; 4 Stores and 9 Common Schools. Post offices are at Churchtown and Beartown. Clay. — Bounded N. by Lebanon county, E. by W. Cocalico, S. by Ephrata, S. W. by Wanvick, W. by Elizabeth. Area, included in EUzabeth. Population in 1860, 1438; Tax- ables, 414; value of Real and Personal Property, $524,201. It has 5 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 1 Hotel, 3 stores and 9 common schools. Middle Creek traverses the township in a S. W. direction, and after receiving Fur- nace Run, forms its Western boundary. The Indian Run flows in a southerly direc- tion near the Eastern boundary, and on it are a Grist Mill and a Saw Mill and a large mill dam of great depth. The Indian Run flows here about a mile below the mill, OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 351 when it suddenly vanishes among the hmestone rocks, nearly opposite to tlie residence of William Paul, pursues its subterranean course for a mile and a lialf, then reajjpears and forms Trout Creek, so called from the many trout abounding in it. Soil, lime- stone and red shale. The Fimiace Hills along the Lebanon line" fumish a Hne red sandstone; the columns of the Lancaster Court House are built of it. Mr, Adam Konigmacher has made of it some 130 millstones and sent them to many parts of the U. S, Durlach is the P. O. CocALico, East, — This township is bounded N. E. by Berks county, E. 1)y Brecknock, S. by Earl, S. W. by Ephrata, and N. W. by W. Cocalico. Area, l:i080 acres. Popu- lation in 1860, 1893; Taxables, 561; value of Real and Personal Property, ^400,004. It has 5 Grist and 4 Saw ]\Iills, 5 Hotels, 6 Stores and i) Conunon Schools. Tlic Cocalico creek crosses the township in a S. E. direction. The most important places arc the borough of Adamstown, (see Adamstown) Reamstown, Swartzville, at all of whicli are Post otiices, Napierville and Vera Cruz. Surface, hilly; soil, clay and red shale. Cocalico, West.— Bounded N. E. by Berks county, E. by E. Cocalico, S. by Ephrata, W. by Clay. Area, 17,224 acres; Population in 1860, 2,057; Taxables, 584. Value of Real and Personal Property, $629,923. It has 4 Grist and 6 Saw Mills, 6 llotehs, 7 Stores, 9 Common Schools. The Reading and Columbia R. R. passes through its S. E, section. The Cocalico creek and its tributaries traverse the townshii). Tlie P. 0. aix; Cocalico, Reinholdsville, Schoeneck, Stevens, and Reinhold's Station. Surface, hilly; soil, clay and red shale. The neighborhood of Reinholdsville was settled between 1735 and 1740 by Germans, among whom Hans Beehnan, Hans Zimmerman and Peter Sdui- macher were large land-holders. CoLEEAiN. — Bounded N. by Bart and Sadsbury, E. by Chester county, S. by Little Britain, W. by Drumore, N. W. by Eden, centrally distant from the city of Lancas- ter 17 miles S. E. The main branch of the Octoraro creek bounds it on tlie East, and the west branch of the same stream on the W. Surfece, rolling; soil, gravel and clay. Area, 19,497 acres. Popvdation in 1860, 1740. Taxables, 431; value of Real and Personal Property, $302,889. It has 7 Grist and 7 Saw Mills, 6 Hotels, 7 stores and 9 common schools. P. O. at Clommell, Colerain, Kirkwood and Octoraro. Columbia Borough. See West Hemptield. CoNESTOGA. — Conestoga toAvnship, bounded N. by Lancaster township, X. E. by Pe- ciuea, S. by Martick, S. W. by the Susquehannah river, W. by 3Ianor; centrally distiiut from Lancaster 5 miles S.; area, 19,001 acres; surface, rolling; soil, clay and gravel, of excellent quality, and well cultivated. Popidation in 1860, 3,093; Taxables, 767. The Conestoga creek flows along the W. boundary, and the Pequea creek along the E. Upon both there are several mills. It has 4 Grist and 5 Saw Mills, 1 Furnace, 1 Forge, 8 Hotels, 5 Stores and 8 Common Schools. Value of Personal and Real Property, $625,487. The most important place is Safe Harbor at the confluence of the Cone.stoga and the Susquehanna River. There the Conestoga is connected with the Tide Water Canal on the opposite bank of the River. Splendid rolling mills and furnaces, unfortunately not worked at present, are located here. They were erected at a cost of $200,000. Most of the iron used on the Central Rail Road (in 1852) was manufactured here. The scenery here is very fine and picturesquely grand. A short di.stance below Safe Harbor are several rocks with Indian picture-writing, a facsimile of which is given in another part of this volume. The fishing trade of Safe Harbor is quite important. Large (juanti- ties of shad are caught with the seine, which is mostly about 100 yards long and from 4 to 6 feet wide varying according to the depth of the water. One edge of the seine is heavily loaded with lead while the other has numerous corks or wooden buoys, so that it floats in the water in an upright position. The .seine is carried 200 or 300 yards above the Ashing battery, when one end is taken in a boat, which is rowed out from the shore in a circular course, and hauled in at the battery, the other end meanwhile arriving at the same place. Shad generally move in slioals, and in clear weather tlieir api-roach 352 AUTHENTIC HISTORY may be descried from the battery. Hence the hauls are irregular, but when a shoal is eflfectually surrounded with the seine, an immense number is sure to be caught, as few are able to escape its delicate network. (Bowen's Pictorial Sketch Book of Pennsylvania). The other places in this township are Conestoga Centre, Colemanville, Rockville and Petersville. P. 0. are at Colenaanville, Conestoga, Safe Harbor and Slackwater. CoNOY.— Bounded N. by Dauphin county, N. E. by W, Donegal, E. by E. Donegal, S. and W. by the Susquehanna River. Area, 8,866 acres; Population in 1860, 1,877; Taxables 477; Value of Real and Personal Property $416,920. It has 4 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 6 Hotels, 4 Stores and 10 Common Schools. This is the westernmost township in the county. Its most important place is Bain- hridge, a village with a population of upwards of 1,300, situated at the mouth of Cony Creek, on the site, it is supposed, of the ancient Bekaicoagah, a Conoy or Genawese set- tlement. John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg settled first in this neighborhood. John Haldeman, an early pioneer, built one of the first mills in the county at Locust Grove near Bainbridge. Falmouth, at the mouth of Conewago Creek, which is here crossed by a canal aque- duct. The famous Conewago falls are in the neighborhood. "The descent of the river, within a distance of little more than a mile, is probably not less than 70 feet; forming rapids, whirlpools, snags and every conceivable obstruction to the passage of a raft. The passage of this watery ordeal is a terror to the universal rafting community. Their frail platforms, creeping like snakes over the rocks, plunge, creep and bend in every direction — the high waves rolling and splashing frightfully, renders the adventure at once exciting, novel and perilous. Many old river-men make a livelihood, chiefiy by piloting rafts through these terrible falls." (Bowen.) " The Punkiii-vine Turnpike. — At an early day the Conewago Falls limited the boat navigation of the Susquehanna, so that the keel-boats unloaded at Falmouth, whence their cargoes (chiefiy of grain) were transferred to wagons and distributed. This caused the constrviction of a turnpike road from Falmouth to Elizabetlitown, which was super- seded by Hopkins's Canal, a disastrous speculation which was a continual drain on the resources of Mr. Hopkins, a distinguished lawyer. The turnpike being thus rendered useless, grass grew upon it, and sometimes the stalk of a pumpkin would wander over it from an adjoining field, which caused it to be named The Punkin-vine Turnpike. After being a constant expense to Mr. Hopkins, his Canal was in turn superseded by the Pennsylvania Canal, about the year 1828, when he might have recovered a part of his losses by selling out to tlie State, but he asked too high a price, and the State Canal was located independently. " (S. S. Haldeman.) The P. O. are at Bainbridge and Falmouth. The Conestogo Creek is the western boundary of the township, and the Conoy Creek entering near its Eastern boundary, fiows into the Susquelianna at Bainbridge. "The workmen on section No. 18 of the Canal, about two miles east of Bainbridge came upon one end of an old Indian burial ground. The bones had so completely gone to dust, that they could only be distin- guished from the natural soil by a difference in color, A great many articles of use and ornament were discovered; there were crocks, hatchets, tomahawks, arrow heads, bul- lets, buck shot, thimbles, beads, pipes, &c. The pipes are made of clay, and are spoken of as being very perfect and beautiful, with the head of a fox engraved on the bowl; so highly is one of them valued by the finder, that he has refused to take less than five dollars for it: all the thimbles had a small hole in the top — they were probably Strang together as ornaments: the beads were of different kinds, and unlike any we had before seen. It is thought that a sliort distance from where the excavation was made towards the river, the earth would be found to be filled with these cuxiosities.— Columbia Spy. Donegal East.— Bounded N. by Mount Joy, K E. by Rapho, E. by W. Hempfield, S. by the Susquehanna River, W. by Conoy and W. Donegal. It is bounded East by Little Chiques Creek and Share's run. Area, 14,123 acres; Population in 1860, 2,783i Tax- OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 353 ables, 772; value of Real and Personal Property, $1,224,985. It contains 7 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 4 Furnaces, 1 Distillery, 4 Hotels, 3 stores and 13 common schools. The most important places are the borough of Marietta, and tlie villages of Chic(iues and Maytown. P. O. at all three places. Sec Marietta. Chicqiien, abridged from Chicquesalunga, the name of tlie creek, wliicli receives a short distance N. of this place the Little Chic(iucsalunga, and forms the S. E. bound- ary of the township. Chicques is a romantic spot with a magnificent river view. It is the residence of Professor S. S. Haldeman, a distinguislied naturalist and pliilolofirist, whose attainments in philology place him in the front of American scholars. Donegal was organized in 1722, and David Jones appointed constable. Donegal, West, bounded N. by Dauphin county, N. E. and E. by Mountjoy, S. E. and S. by East Donegal, W. by Conoy, Area, 9,702 acres; Population in 18G0, 1,180; Taxables, 293; value of Real and Personal Property, $363, 1G7. It contains 3 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 1 Hotel and G Common Schools. The village of Newville is near the Northwestern extremity of the township. Drumore. — Bounded N. by Providence, N. E. by Eden, E. by Colerain, S. E. by Little Britain, S. by Fulton, W. by the Susquehanna river, and N. W. by Mailic. Tlic W. branch of the Octoraro cr. forms the N. E. boundary, and Muddy creek makes part of the N. W. line. Conowingo creek crosses it from N. W. to S. E., and upon this stream there is a forge, and Fishing and Fairfield creeks flow from it into tlie Susque- hannab river. Area, 29,301 acres. Population in 1860, 3,098; taxables, 711; value of Real and Personal Property, $561,498. It contains 5 Grist and 8 Saw]\Iills, 1 Furnace, 1 Forge, 8 Hotels, 9 Stores, and 15 Common Schools. Surface rolling, soil clay. P. O. at Buck, Chestnut Level, Greene, Liberty Square, Mechanic's Grove and QuarryviUe. Earl.— Bounded N. by East Cocalico, N. E. by Brecknock, E. by E. Earl, S. E. by Salisbury, S. by Leacock, S. W. by Upper Leacock, W. by W. Earl, and N. W. by Ephrata. Area, including East Earl, 31,317 acres. Popidation in 18G0, 2,876; Taxa- bles, 703; Value of Real and Personal Property, $1,273,930. It contains 5 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 8 Hotels, 6 Stores and 15 Common Schools. This township contains the vil- lages of New Holland, Yogansville, Laurel Hill, Hinkletown and Amsterdam. P. O. at New Holland, Hinkletown and Voganville. The Welsh Mountain protrudes into the Southeastern extremity of the township. It is traversed by the Conestoga Creek at the Northern boundary in a Westerly direction, and by Mill Creek in the same direction near the Southern boundary. Earl, East.— Bounded N. by Brecknock, E. by Cajrnarvon, S. E. and S. by Salis- bury, and W. by Earl. Area included in Earl. Population in 1860, 2,803; Taxables, 649; value of Real and Personal Property, $837,074. It contains 6 Grist and 6 Saw Mills, 1 Forge, 4- Hotels, 7 stores and 11 Common schools. The Conestoga creek traverses the township centrally in a Westerly direction; ]Muddy Creek is its Nortliern boundary, and Mill creek waters its Southern extremity, which is hilly. P. O. at Blue Ball, Goodville, Greenbank and Terre Hill. Fairville and Toledo are villages. Earl, West, bounded N. by Ephrata, E. by East Earl, S. by Upper Leacock, S. W. by Manheim, W. and N. W. by Warwick. Area, 12,669 acres; Population in 1860, 1900; Taxables, 494; value of Real and Personal Property, $1,003,031. It contains 5 Grist and 5 Saw Mills, 1 Distillery, 6 Hotels, 5 Stores and 10 Common Schools. The Conestoga creek traverses the township centrally in a S. W. direction and receives at its Western boundary the Cocalico creek. P. 0. at W. Earl and Farmersville. Brownstown, Earlville and Fairmount are villages. Eden.— Bounded N. by Strasburg, N. E. by Paradise, E. by Bart, S. E. by Cole- rain, S. and S. W. by Drumore, W. by Providence. Area, included in Bart. Popu- lation in 1860, 1,072; Taxables, 253; value of Real and Perscmal Property, $192,024. It contains 3 Grist and 2 Saw Mills, 2 Hotels, 4 Stores and 4 Common Schools. P. O. at Camargo, May and QuarryviUe. 24 354 AUTHENTIC HISTORY Elizabeth.— Bounded N. by Lebanon county, N. E. and E. by Clay, S. by Warwick, S. "W. and W. by Penn. Area, 25,521 acres; Population in 1860, 1,005; Taxables, 222; value of Real and Personal Property, $316,187. It contains 5 Grist and 4 Saw Mills, 3 Hotels and 5 Common Schools. This township was formerly included in Warwick township. Robert Old, one of the earliest iron masters in this part of the county, and great grandfather of G. Dawson Coleman of Lebanon, is said to have named this township in honor of Queen Elizabeth. Surface, hilly; soil, lime-stone, gravel and red shale at the northern boundary. Ham- mer creek traverses the township in a south-easterly direction, and derives its name from the forge hammers erected on it at an early date. This township is divided from Clay by Middle creek, so called from its course which is midway between the Cocalico and Hammer creeks. Hopewell and Speedwell Forges and Elizabeth Furnace are in this township. The P. O. is at Brickersville. Elizabetiitown, Borough. — Area, 1,560 acres. Population in 1860, 700; Taxables, 310. Value of Real and Personal Property, $113,796. Ephrata. — Bounded N. by Clay and W. Cocalico, N. E. by East Cocalico, E. and S. E. by Earl, S. by W. Earl, W. by Warwick. Area, 10,740 acres. Population in 1860, 2,237; Taxables, 692; Value of Real and Personal Property, $899,627. It con- tains 8 Grist and 7 Saw Mills, 7 Hotels, 7 Stores and 11 Common Schools. The most important places are Ephrata, New Ephrata, Hahnstown, Hinkletown, New Berlin and Schnadersville. P. O. at Ephrata, Lincoln and Millway. Trout Creek enters the township at the N. boundary, soon flows into Cocalico creek, which traverses the town- ship from N. E. to S. W., and is a tributary of Hammer creek, which forms the western boundary of the township. A small section of its Eastern extremity is watered by Muddy creek, on which is located the village of Hinkletown. The central portion of the township is hilly, Ephrata Ridge being a prominent point where, at an altitude of 1250 feet above tide-water, from an observatory over 60 feet high, a very extensive and beautiful view may be enjoyed. The observatory forms part of the Ephrata Moun- tain Springs, a celebrated and much frequented watering-place, established about 1848, by Joseph Konigmacher, but at the present date (1868) closed. The water, sandstone and slate, is very pure and soft, and varies in temperature from 49° to 52^ Fahrenheit. The most interesting feature of Ephrata is its early history, which is given in the subjoined abridged sketch by William M. Fahnestock, M. D., in the Register of Penn- sylvania, Vol. XV, No. 11. Ei)hrata, proper, is an irregular enclosed village, lying in a triangle formed by the turnpike, the upper, or old Reading road, and the Cocalico creek, and belongs entirely to the Seventh Day Baptist Society. It contains a Monastery and several other build- ings for the accommodation of the Society; to which is attached and belonging to the same, about one hundred and forty acres of land, and a grist mill and saw mill. The post-oflfice which bears this name, is a half mile from the original village. Ephrata, in former times, was known better among the German population, by the name of Kloster, (Cloister) or Dunkerstown — a nick-name, from the word Dunker or Tunker, corruptions of Taueffer, Baptist. The Society of Ephrata, however, are a distinct sect from the denomination that now bears the name of Bunkers, with whom they have always been confounded. Originally they descended from that division of Chris- tians. About the year 1694, a controver.sy arose in the protestant churches of Ger- many and Holland, in which vigorous attempts were made to reform some of the errors of the church, and with the design of promoting a more practical, vital religion. This party, at the head of which was the pious Spener, ecclesiastical superintendent of the Court of Saxony, was opposed, violently, and after having bestowed upon them, in ridicule, the epithet of Pietists, they were suppressed in their public ministi-ations and lectures, by the Consistory of Wittemberg. Notwithstanding they were prohibited from promulgating, publicly, their views and principles, it led to inquiry among the peo- OF LANCASTER COUNTY. 355 pie. This state of things contiiiuiug, many learned men of the diftereut Universities left Europe, and emigrated^to America, whilst others remained and persevered in tlic i)ro- secution of the work they had commenced with so muoli diligence. In the year 1708, Alexander Mack, of Schriesheim, and seven others in Schwartzenau, Germanv met together, regularly, to examine, carefully and impartially, the doctrines of the 'ncw Testament, and to ascertain, what are the obligations it imjioses on jjrofessiu"- Chi-is- tians; determining to lay aside all preconceived opinions and traditional observances. The result of their inquiries terminated in the formation of the Society now called the Duukers, or First Day German Baptists. IMceting with much ])ersecution as they grew into some importance, as all did who had independence enough to difter from the popular church, some were driven into Holland, some to Creyfeld in the Duchy of Cleves, and the mother church voluntarily removed to Serustervin, in Friesland; and from thence emigrated to America in 1710, and dispersed to diftereut i)arts— to Ger- mantown, Skippeck, Oley, Conestoga, and elsewhere. They formed a church at Ger- mantown in 1723, under the charge of Peter Becker. The church grew rapidly in thi.s country, receiving members from the banks of the Wissahickon and from Lancaster county; and soon after a church was established at Muehlbach, (;Mill Creek) in this county. Of this community was one Conrad Beissel, a native of Germany. lie had been a Presbyterian, and tied from the persecutions of that period. Wholly intent upon seeking out the true obligations of the word of God, and the proper obsei'vance of the rites and ceremonies it imposes, stripped of human authority, he conceived that there was an error among the Duukers, in the observance of the day for the Sabbath — that the Seventh day was the command of the Lord God, and that that day being estab- lished and mnctified, by the Great Jehovah, forever! and no change, nor authority for change ever having been announced to man, by any power sufticient to set aside tlie solemn decree of the Almighty— a decree which he declared that he had sanctified for- ever! — he felt it to be his duty to contend for the observance of that day. About the year 172.^, he published a tract entering into a di.scussion of this point, which created some excitement aud/listurbance in the Society at Mill Creek, upon whiih he retired from the settlement, and went, secretly, to a cell on the banks of the Cocalico, which had previously been occupied by one Elimelich, an hemiit. Ilis place of retu-emeut was unknown for a long time to the people he had left, and when discovered, many of the Society at Mill Creek, who had become convinced of the truth of his proposition for the observance of the Sabbath, settled around him, in solitary cottages. They adopted the original Sabbath — the Seventh d«?/— for public worshi]), in the year 1728; which has ever since been observed by their descendants, even unto the i)resent day. In the year 1732, the sohtary life was changed into a conventicle one, and a ]^[onastic Society was established as soon as the tirst buildings erected for that puri>ose were tinished— May 1733. The habit of the Capuchins, or White Friars, was adopted by both the brethren and sisters; which consisted of a shirt, trow.sers and vest, witli a long white gown and cowl, of woolen web in winter, and linen in summer. That of the sisters differed only in the siiTj