PE 1450 .S7 Copy 1 T f I A. ; SPENCER Class Jl Book swiataN?. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT A HANDBOOK of PUNCTUATION M. LYLE SPENCER, Ph.D. Professor of English Language Lawrence College THE COLLEGIATE PRESS GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY MENASHA, WISCONSIN 1912 x* Copyright, 19 12, by M. Lyle Spencer All rights reserved §*CI.A320649 Flournoy Poindexter Spencer CONTENT . i I. Punctuation . II. The Manuscript i III. Capital Letters 11 IV. The Period . 23 V. The Colon . 24 VI. The Semicolon 27 VII. The Comma . 30 VIII. The Interrogation-point . 42 IX. The Exclamation-point 43 X. The Dash 44 XI. Parentheses . 47 XII. Quotation-marks 50 XIII. Italics .... 61 XIV. The Apostrophe 63 XV. The Hyphen . 65 XVI. Brackets 73 XVII. Asterisks 74 XVIII. Foot-notes . 75 XIX. Abbreviations 77 XX. Numbers 79 XXI. Specimen Corrected Proof Sheet 82 XXII. Marks Used in Correcting Themes 84 XXIII. Exercise for Correction . 85 oA handbook of punctuation I. PUNCTUATION 1. Definition. — Punctuation is usually understood to mean the use of points and marks for the sake of emphasizing and making clear sentences and parts of sentences. But, in its broader signification, it may concern itself with any of the mechanical processes connected with the preparation of written or printed manuscripts. It is in this broader, looser sense that the word is used in this Handbook. II. THE MANUSCRIPT 2. Carelessly Prepared Manuscripts. — It is un- fortunate, but nevertheless true, that too many of us are careless to the point of slovenliness and inaccuracy about the purely mechanical features of our manuscripts. Yet a composition's plainness and legibility are as important to a reader as a speaker's delivery and articulation are to his audience. If one's hearers are continually puzzling over what one is saying, and straining attention to catch what one may say next, it is obvious that they cannot enjoy one's remarks to the fullest extent, no matter how good such remarks may be. In like manner, if an in- structor, or any reader for that matter, is compelled to 2 Handbook of Punctuation puzzle over misshapen and illegible letters and words in an essay, it stands to reason that any enjoyment or fair criticism of the composition will be an impossibility. On this point Herbert Spencer's testimony should not fail of careful perusal by every writer : A reader or listener has, at each moment, but a limited amount of mental power available. To recognize and interpret the symbols presented to him requires part of this power; to arrange and combine the images presented requires a farther part ; and only that part which remains can be used for realizing the thought conveyed. Hence, the more time and attention it takes to receive and understand each sentence, the less time and attention can be given to the contained idea, and the less vividly will that idea be conceived. 1 3. Neatness and Legibility. — It is only wisdom on the part of a writer, therefore, to pay particular atten- tion to the neatness and legibility, and the various other mechanical details of his manuscript. And since almost any writer can, with due care, present a neat, clear, read- able manuscript, it seems worth while to offer a few practical suggestions for the guidance of writers. 4. Choice of Paper. — Unless there are specific reasons for not doing so, write on unruled letter paper of about 8 x 10 or 8J x 11 inches in size. Choose paper that is of a neutral tint — grey, yellow, or manila brown — and not sufficiently glazed to present a glossy surface. 5. Legibility. — Write with painstaking care for legibility. 1. Philosophy of Style, p. 5. The Manuscript 3 a. Avoid angularity (inclining too far forward) in the formation of letters. The vertical system is the most legible. b. Leave a liberal space between the horizontal lines of the manuscript ; and do not let the sub-linear strokes of fs, gs, fs, p's, cfs, y's, and z's in one line descend below the general level of the b's, d's, fs, h's, k's, fs, p's, and fs in the line below. c. Leave a liberal space between consecutive words in the same line. Two separate words should never be run together. d. Do not leave extra space between letters in the same word. Avoid especially a gap between a capital letter and the letter that follows. e. Leave a double space after a period, a colon, a semicolon, an exclamation-point, or a question-mark, and before initial and after final quotation-marks. /. Do not fail to dot all is and fs and to cross all fs and x's. And be careful that the dots are directly above the i's and fs and that the ^-strokes are horizontally across the fs, and not across adjacent fs or b's. g. Do not write and on an oblique line. h. Avoid conspicuous shading and all flourishes that are not necessary to identify a letter. 6. Black Ink.' — Write with black ink and on only one side of the paper. 7. Space between Title and Subject-matter. — Leave not less than a half-inch of clear space between the title of the essay and the subject-matter. 8. Introductory Pronouns. — Do not begin an es- say with a pronoun the antecedent of which is to be found only in the title. 4 Handbook of Punctuation 9. Margins. — Leave a blank margin of at least two inches at the left side of each page. a. If the margin is ruled on the paper, the lines of writing should begin at the ruled margin. No margin should be left at the right of the page unless a marginal line is ruled there. If the margins are ruled all about the paper and there is a difference in the width of the margins at the top and the bottom of the sheet, the broader margin should be kept at the bottom of the page, as it may be of most use for foot-notes there. 10. Crowded Lines. — Do not crowd the lines at the bottom of the page ; take a new sheet of paper. 11. Pagination. — Number the pages of the manu- script at the top, in arabic, not in roman, numerals. 12. Space at the Top of Each Page. — Write the first line of each page not less than an inch from the top of the page. 13. Spelling. — Scrutinize carefully the spelling of every word. a. Many students complain that they cannot tell, even by a careful perusal of their themes, when a word is incorrectly spelled. Here is an infallible preventitive — and it must be followed by every student when in the slightest doubt — for misspelled words : every word in the manuscript is to be regarded by the writer as mis- spelled until the dictionary has been consulted and the word is seen to be spelled correctly. b. The following commonly misspelled words should be carefully studied by every student who has trouble with his spelling : (1) academy. The Manuscript (2) accommodate. (3) achieve. (4) acknowledgment. (5) advice (»). (6) advise (v). (7) affect (v). How did it affect you? (8) allusion. Not to be confused with illusion. (9) all right. There is no such word as "alright". (10) 1 altar (n). An altar in the church. (11) alter (v). The tailor will alter the suit. (12) angel. An angel in Heaven. (13) angle. He views it from a different angle. (14) appertain (v). (IS)' appurtenance (n). (16) athlete, athletic. No £ between the h and the /. (17) believe. (18) benefit. (19) berth. Not to be confused with birth. (20) burglar. (21) business. Note that the i comes after the s. (22) capitol. Not to be confused with capital. (23)' ceiling. (24) Christian. (25) clothes. Different meaning from cloths. (26) coming. (27) conceive. (28) comparative. (29) current (adjy. (30) deceased. Burial of the deceased took place to-day. (31) definite. (32) descent (n). (33) describe. There is only one i in describe. Handbook of Punctuation (34) description. (35) ! desert. A dry, sandy, uninhabitable region. (36) dessert. The last course at dinner. (37) develop. No e after the p. (38) different. (39) dining-room. (40) disease. Afflicted with a grievous disease. (41) divine. (42) 1 drowned. There is no such word as "drownded''. (43) dying. (44) effect. Not to be confused with affect. (45) embarrass. (46) emigrant. Not to be confused with immigrant. (47) etc. Abbreviation for et cetera. Not "ect". (48) excellent. (49) : existence. (50) finally. Two l's in finally, and only one i. (51) forcible. (52) forty. Not "fourty". (53) grammar. (54) grievous. No i after the v. (55) height. There is no such word as "heighth". (56)' illusion. Not to be confused with allusion. (57) imagine. Only one m. (58) immigrant. One who comes into a country is an immi- grant. Not to be confused with emigrant. (59) independent. (60) Indians. Spelled with a capital letter. (61) infinite. (62) inoculate. (63) inquisitive. The Manuscript 7 (64) irrelevant. Not "irrevelant". (65) its. There is no apostrophe in the pronoun its; it's is an abbreviation for it Is. (66) itself. One word, not two. (67) judgment. (68) laid. Not "layed". (69) later. Later in the day. (70) ! latter. The latter of two. (71) led. Not like the past tense of read. (72) lightning. Not an e after the t. (73) loose (adj). (74) lose (v). (75) ! Macaulay. (76) mantle. Distinguish between this word and mantel. (77) maybe (adv). (78) mischievous. No i after the v. (79) misspell. No hyphen between the two s's, (80) murmur. The second syllable is spelled exactly like the first. (81 )' negroes. (82) Niagara. (83) nickel. The e comes before the I. (84) noticeable. (85) obedience. (86) occasion. Two c's and only one s. (87) occur. One r only. (88)' occurred. Two r's. (89) omission. (90) omit. (91) one's. Note the apostrophe in the possessive case. (92) oneself. One word; not "one's self". (93) opportunity. Handbook of Punctuation (94' |! parallel. (95; ) partner. (96; ) perform. Not "preform". (97; ) precede. (98; ) preference. (99; ) preparation. (loo; ) principal (adj). The principal personage. (ioi; ) principal (n). The principal of the school (102; ) principle (n). A man of good principles. (103; ) privilege. (104; ) ; proceed. (105; ) professor. Only one / in the word. (106; ) pursue. (107; ) ! quiet (adj). A quiet afternoon. (108; ) quite (adv).- Not quite sold out. (109; ) receive. (no; > recommend. (in; ) reference. (112; ) repetition. (ii3; )' resistance. (in; ) rhythm. (ii5; ) seize. (ii6; ) separate. (ii7; ) serviceable. (us; ) siege. (ii9; ) similar. Not an i after the /. (120; )' speech. (121; ) stationary (adj). (122; ) stationery (n). (123; ) statue. Do not confuse with stature. (124; ) studying. (125; >' surprise. The Manuscript 9 (126) their. (127) to {prep). (128) too (adv). (129) two (adj). (130) truly. (131) tyranny. (132) until. Only one / in the word. (133) vegetable. (134) village. (135) villain. (136) Wednesday. (137) woman (singula?-). 14. Paragraph Indentation. — When beginning a new paragraph, indent at least three-quarters of an inch, irrespective of where the preceding paragraph has ended. a. No exception is made to this rule because the paragraphs are numbered. The first words of the first lines of all paragraphs should begin at the same distance from the margin. No other lines than the first lines of paragraphs should be indented in the least. 15. Consolidation of Paragraphs. — When it is necessary to consolidate two paragraphs, draw a line from the end of the first to the beginning of the second and mark "No ft" in the margin opposite where the con- solidation is to be made. Likewise, when it is necessary to separate one paragraph into two, insert the paragraph symbol (ff) immediately before the word that is to begin the new paragraph. 16. Leaving Parts of Lines Blank. — Do not leave part of a line blank after the end of a sentence, unless 10 Handbook of Punctuation that sentence ends the paragraph. If there is room, begin the next sentence on the same line. 17. Insertion of Words. — When it is necessary to insert a word or a phrase in a sentence, write the word or phrase above the line and indicate with a caret ( A ) below the line the proper place for the insertion. 18. Erasures. — Make erasures by drawing a single heavy line through the word or words to be canceled. a. Do not use parentheses to indicate erasures, as they have other very different uses. See paragraphs 129 to 133. A printer will not omit, but will set up in type parentheses and everything found within them. 19. Restoration of Erased Words. — Indicate the restoration of an erased word or phrase by a line of dots beneath it. 20. Transposition of Words. — Indicate the trans- position of two words or phrases by drawing a continuous line over the first and under the second. 21. Underscoring. — Underscore once for italics, twice for small capitals, and three times for CAPITALS. Use wave-line underscoring to indicate heavy-face type. 22. The Manuscript. — Never roll a manuscript under any circumstances. And unless the number of pages makes the essay too bulky to fold, do not fasten the sheets together. Where short themes of not more than eight or ten pages are presented, fold only once — transversely across the middle, bringing the top of the theme to the bottom. Then, holding the folded theme in Capital Letters 11 this position, with the top brought to the bottom, endorse with name, class-section, and date on the upper right-hand corner of the paper. Such a way of folding and endors- ing enables the instructor to file any number of essays with accuracy and to be able to find any theme with a minimum amount of trouble. III. CAPITAL LETTERS 23. First Word of a Sentence. — Begin the first word of every complete sentence with a capital letter, unless the sentence follows one to which it is so closely related in thought that the two are separated by a colon or a minor mark of punctuation. Right. — Toward the south were the railway station and the business section of the town; toward the north extended the residence district and the churches. 24. Verse and Formal Quotations. — Capitalize the first word of every direct formal quotation and of every line of verse. a. Verse, unless only a fragment of a line, should be quoted in verse form, with a capital at the beginning of each line. But when fragmentary quotations and frag- ments of lines of verse, even though quoted exactly, are used as grammatical elements in a sentence, a capital is not used unless the author himself has capitalized the word with which the quotation begins. (For the punctua- tion of direct quotations, see 60, 98, 144.) Right. — He cited the following lines from Beattie's Minstrel: Far to the west the long, long vale withdrawn, Where twilight loves to linger for a while. 12 Handbook of Punctuation Right. — It was Mrs. Browning who said, "Every age appears to souls who live in it, most unheroic." Right. — Fletcher has said somewhere that nothing is "so dainty sweet as lovely melancholy/' 25. Proper Adjectives and Nouns. — Capitalize proper names and adjectives derived from proper names. Exception 1. — The names of the seasons are not capitalized; as, spring, midsummer, autumn, etc. Exception 2. — When a proper noun or adjective has been used so long that it has lost its primary significance of reference to the name from which it took its meaning, it is not capitalized. Such words are cologne, morocco, platonic, stoical, india (rubber), castile (soap), levant, etc. Exception 3. — In zoology the names of species, even though derived from proper names, are not capitalized; as, Corvus americanus, Ursus himalayanus, etc. 26. Difficulty in Recognizing Proper Names. — It would seem an easy enough matter to say that every proper name should be capitalized, and to capitalize such words when one has occasion to use them ; but in reality it is often difficult for one to determine precisely when one is using a proper noun. For this reason it seems advisable to make the following sub-rules in explanation of the' general rule for the capitalization of proper names : — 27. (1) Class Names. — Capitalize a class name when it is used as a generally recognized distinguishing title; as, the Union, the United Kingdom, Heaven (but heavens), God (but gods), etc. Capital Letters 13 a. For this reason one should capitalize such words as father, mother, sister, etc. when they are used as dis- tinguishing titles and without any idea of class reference. But when such nouns are made to serve the double pur- pose of naming both an individual and a class, they are usually regarded as common nouns and are written with small letters, even though they may unquestionably dis- tinguish individual persons or subjects. Right. — It is Father's belief that stubborn men are often wrong, but seldom dishonest. Not good. — My Father says that stubborn men are often wrong, but seldom dishonest. Right. — My father says that stubborn men are often wrong, but seldom dishonest. b. Names of college classes, unless referring to a specific class of a certain year in a definite college, are not capitalized. Wrong. — He will be a Freshman at Kentucky Wesleyan next year. Right. — He will be a freshman at Kentucky Wesleyan next year. Wrong. — A meeting of the freshman class [meaning a spe- cific class] will be held immediately after chapel. Right. — A meeting of the Freshman Class [meaning a spe- cific class] will be held immediately after chapel. 28. (2) Titles of Books, etc.— Capitalize the first word and all the important words in the titles of books, poems, magazine articles, plays, pictures, etc. ; that is, the first word and all the other words except articles, demonstratives, prepositions, con j unctions, auxiliary verbs, and pronouns in the possessive case. 14 Handbook of Punctuation a. Usage varies greatly here. Some writers capital- ize even prepositions when they are long, while others capitalize only the nouns and verbs. The American Library Association, following continental usage, has adopted the practice of capitalizing only the proper names and the first words of titles. b. As a rule, the definite article preceding the titles of newspapers and magazines is not treated as a part of the title. c. In the titles of foreign books and magazines the following rules should be observed — 1. In German and Danish capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from the names of persons; as, Die Natur in der altgermanischen und mittelhochdeutschen Epik, Die Homerische Frage, Studier i Beowulf sagan. 2. In French, Italian, Scandinavian, and Spanish capitalize proper names, but not adjectives derived from proper names ; as, Tableau de la litterature russe, Delizie degli eruditi toscani, Svenska litteraturens historie, Ras- segna bibliografica della letteratura italiana. 3. In Dutch capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from proper nouns ; as, Geschiedenis der Neder- landsche Taal. 4. In Latin capitalize only proper nouns and ad- jectives derived from proper nouns; as, Verificatio om- nium stellarum fixarum pro anno 1440. 29. (3) Common Nouns Joined with Proper Names. — Write with a capital letter common nouns when used with proper names and meaning the same thing, whether connected by or without a preposition; as, Yel- lowstone Park, Cape of Belle Isle, Borough of Manhattan, Alexander the Great, etc. Capital Letters 15 a. Where the name is made up of several words, capitalize the first word, whatever it may be, and all other words except such unimportant ones as articles, conjunc- tions, and prepositions. b. Distinguish between proper names and nouns modified by words derived from proper names ; as, Brit- ish Isles, but British islands; Chinese Republic, but Chin- ese immigrants; Westminster Abbey, but Westminster linen; etc. 30. (4) Names and Titles of the Deity. — Begin with capitals the names and titles of the Deity, including the personal pronouns he, his, him, thou, thy, thee. Wrong. — Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, etc. Right. — Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, etc. 31. (5) Biblical Names. — Names of the Bible and other sacred books, of the versions of the Bible, and of the books and divisions of the Bible and of other sacred books, are capitalized. a. Adjectives derived from such names are not usual- ly capitalized. Right. — The Scriptures, the Book of Books, the Koran, the King James Version, the Septuagint, the Old Testament, the Psalms, Judith, the Ten Commandments; biblical, scr ip tu ra I, ap och ryp ha I. 32. (6) Titles of Honor, Respect, Office, or Pro- fession. — Begin titles of honor, respect, nobility, office, or profession with capitals; as, Right Reverend R. H. Weller, Father Ryan, King George, President Taft, Ex- president Roosevelt, Professor Naylor, etc. a. Capitalize personal epithets when prefixed like 16 Handbook of Punctuation official titles before the names of individuals ; as, Aunt Martha, Farmer Watson, Brother Marsh, etc. b. When coming after the name, an official title other than that of a sovereign or a high government official is not usually capitalized; as, /. T. Littleton, dean of the Woman's College; D. D. Peele, professor of English, etc. 33. (7) Names Distinguishing Nationality or Lo- cality. — Nouns and adjectives of distinct nationality or locality are written with capital letters ; as, German, Yankee, Creole, Hoosier, the Old World, etc. Exception. — The noun negro is not capitalized. This is not a discrimination against the colored race. It is due to the etymology of the word, — from the Latin niger, black. 34. (<5) Cardinal Points. — Capitalize the names of the cardinal points when they are used as nouns or proper adjectives referring to definite sections of the country; otherwise a small letter is used. Wrong. — There is no doubt that the south had a legal right to secede. Right. — There is no doubt that the South had a legal right to secede. 35. (9) Names of Festivals, etc. — Begin the names of festivals, holidays, the days of the week, and the months of the year with capitals ; as, Pentecost, Easter, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, New Year's, Fourth of July, etc. 36. (10) Historical Documents, Epochs, etc. — Documents, events, and epochs of recognized historical, literary, or geological importance are written with capital Capital Letters 17 letters ; as, Magna Charta, Boston Tea Party, Dark Ages, Renaissance, Pleistocene, etc. 37. (11) Expositions, Conventions, etc. — The names of expositions, conventions, conferences, congresses, etc. are capitalized. Right. — The Panama Exposition is to be held at San Fran- cisco in 1915. Right. — The Democratic Convention met at Baltimore in 1912. Right. — The Hague Conference settled it for all time. 38. (12) Clubs, Corporations, Political Parties, etc. — Write with capitals the names of clubs, colleges, fraternities, corporations, political parties, religious de- nominations, commercial and industrial institutions, and organizations generally; as, Riverview Country Club, Kappa Alpha Fraternity, United Steel Company, Demo- crat, Methodist, Jesuit, etc. 39. (13) Governmental Departments, etc. — When specifically applied, the names of governmental depart- ments and of administrative, judicial, and legislative bodies, and their branches, are written with capital letters ; as, Congress, Parliament, Reichstag, Bureau of Educa- tion, Supreme Court of the United States, Committee on Rivers and Harbors, etc. 40. (14) Ordinal Numbers. — Ordinal numbers used to designate sessions of Congress, names of regi- ments, Egyptian dynasties, etc. are written with capital letters. Right. — The Fifty-third Congress adjourned that day. Right. — The Second Alabama Regiment was passing by. 18 Handbook of Punctuation Right. — During the Second Dynasty it must have occurred. 41. (15) Names of Buildings, Squares, Parks, etc. — Names of buildings, blocks, squares, parks, thoroughfares, etc, are capitalized; as, Singer Building, Hunt Block, Trafalgar Square, Washington Park, Appian Way, North Shore Drive, etc. Exception. — Except in connection with the name of the place in which they are located, do not capitalize such general names as court-house, high-school, library, post- office, etc. 42. (16) Solar Bodies. — In astronomy the names of the bodies of the solar system, except earth, moon, sun, are capitalized; as, Jupiter, the Great Bear, the Milky Way, etc. 43. (17) Proper Names in General. — In general, capitalize any word or words w T hen used to refer to or to distinguish a particular person, place, animal, or thing; as, Queen Mab, Utopia, Rover, Nirvana, Angelus, Last Supper, Liberty Bell, etc. 44. Personified Objects. — Capitalize abstract ideas and inanimate objects when strongly personified. a. Considerable care should be exercised jin the capitalization of personified nouns. In prose writing it is not in good taste to capitalize such nouns unless their personification would be unmistakable without the use of a capital. In poetry capitals are somewhat more freely used. Right. — And others came — Desires and Adorations, Winged Persuasions and veiled Destinies, Capital Letters 19 Splendors, and Glooms, and glimmering Incarnations Of hopes and fears, and twilight Fantasies; And Sorrow, with her family of Sighs, And Pleasure, blind with tears, led by the gleam Of her own dying smile instead of eyes, Came in slow pomp. — Shelley. 45. Independent Sentences Introduced by Colons. — When an independent sentence that would have full meaning when standing by itself is introduced by a colon, the first word is often capitalized. Right. — My summary of him and his theories is this: He believes in government of himself, for himself, and by himself. 46. First Word of Tabular Items. — Begin with a capital letter the first word of each item of a series when the items are placed each on a separate line, or when they are distinctly marked by cardinal numbers and periods. a. When setting down a list of items in tabular form, be careful that the relation of the items to the context and to each other is made entirely clear, — that the list, in the same manner as a quotation of verse (see 137), is set apart from the matter preceding and following it, that the first line of each item extends farther to the left than the other lines of that item, etc. See 132. Wrong. — The different counts on which he was indicted were : a. Destruction of documents that were necessary in the government's suit and were expected to prove both him and the company criminally negligent; b. Perjury; c. Misuse of the company's funds for a period of three years preceding his resignation as its at- torney ; 20 Handbook of Punctuation d. Jury bribing; any one of which would have been sufficient to convict him in any court in the country. Right. — The different counts on which he was indicted were: a. Destruction of documents that were necessary in the government's suit and were expected to prove both him and the company criminally negligent ; b. Perjury; c. Misuse of the company's funds for a period of three years preceding his resignation as its attorney ; d. Jury bribing; any one of which would have been sufficient to con- vict him in any court in the country. b. When the items of a series are written, not in tabular form, but continuously on the same line or lines, better usage requires that they be marked by letters, or cardinal numbers, in parentheses, and that the first word of each item begin with a small letter. Permissible. — The chief points that he touched were: 1. The effect of the parcels post on the country merchant; 2. Inter-urban railways; 3. Civic playgrounds; 4. The nickel theatre and its growing influence. Right. — The chief points that he touched were: (1) the effect of the parcels post on the country merchant; (2) inter-urban railways; (3) civic playgrounds; and (4) the nickel theatre and its growing influence. 47. Pronoun I and Interjection O. — Write the pro- noun I and the interjection O with capital letters. a. The following distinctions in the prose usage (the rule does not hold in poetry) of the interjections O and oh should be noted: oh expresses deeper emotion than O ; except at the beginning of a sentence, oh is writ- Capital Letters 21 ten with a small letter, O always with a capital; the former usually requires a comma or an exclamation-point after it, while the latter is seldom followed by any punc- tuation at all; and oh is used always by itself, while O serves only as a poetic or archaic sign of direct address, as in "I have brought him, O Agrippa". Wrong. — I wonder, O I wonder where he is. We have come before thee, Oh King. Right. — I wonder, oh I wonder where he is. We have come before thee, O King. Oh, we had a fairly good time. Oh ! You scared me. 48. Prefixes "von", "de", etc. — Capitalize the pre- fixes von, de, di, le, la, etc. when not preceded by Chris- tian name or title. a. The continental practice, however, which regularly writes such prefixes with small letters, is followed by many American and English writers. b. Exception. — In Dutch names "Van" is usually capitalized. Permissible. — He quoted from de Quincey. Right. — He quoted from De Quincey. Wrong. — I had read Thomas De Quincey's Confessions. Right. — I had read Thomas de Quincey's Confessions. Wrong. — Stephen van Rensselaer was the founder of Rens- selaer Polytechnic Institute. Right. — Stephen Van Rensselaer was the founder of Rens- selaer Polytechnic Institute. 49. Abbreviations of Academic Degrees and Hon- orary Titles. — Abbreviations of academic degrees and honorary titles are capitalized. {See also 91.) 22 Handbook of Punctuation Right. — Samuel Plantz, Ph.D., D.D., is president of Lawrence College. Right. — "Her children first of more distinguished sort, Who study Shakespeare at the Inns of Court, Impale a glow-worm, or vertu profess, Shine in the dignity of F. R. S." — Pope. 50. "Sir" and "Madam" in Salutations. — Capitalize Sir and Madam in the salutations of letters. Right.— Mr. F. P. Young, Apple ton, V/is. Dear Sir: 51. Broken Lines. — -Begin with a capital letter the first word of the latter part of a broken line, as in the subscription of letters. Right. — I am, Yours very truly, John Doe. 52. After "Whereas" and "Resolved" in Resolu- tions. — In resolutions the first word following such introductory words as Whereas and Resolved is capital- ized. {See also 106.) a. In resolutions for debate, if a comma — according to better usage — is placed after the Resolved, the word immediately following is not always capitalized. Right. — Whereas, The students have .... and Whereas, The faculty has . . . ; therefore be it Resolved, That we most heartily endorse, etc. Right. — Resolved, that the college summer vacation should be shortened. 53. In Botany and Zoology. — Capitalize the names The Period 23 of classes, families, and genera in botany and zoology, but not the names of species unless derived from proper nouns. Exception. — See 25, Exception 3. 54. Caution. — Avoid excessive capitalization. a. Do not capitalize such words as astronomy , ath- letics, college, convention, department, fraternity, history, measles, professor, rhetoric, etc. IV. THE PERIOD 55. Imperative, Exclamatory, and Declarative Sentences. — A period should be placed after imperative sentences, after sentences but slightly exclamatory, and after every complete declarative sentence not connected in a series. {See also 114.) Right. — Do not forget to cultivate your mind and to enlarge your thought. Right. — How much more joyfully one remembers his mother's turnovers than his father's. Right. — It is stated that the proportion of unmarried women is growing larger in America every year. 56. Abbreviations. — Place a period after abbrevi- ated words and after single or double initial letters repre- senting single words; as, Rev., Ph.D., LL.D., p., etc. (Concerning the use of abbreviations, see 194-199.) Exception 1. The period is omitted after chemical symbols, the format of books, the phrase per cent, and the abbreviation for manuscript (MS) ; as, NaCl, 8vo, etc. Exception 2. In technical writing a period is not 24 Handbook of Punctuation placed after the recognized initial abbreviations for the titles of familiar publications and well-known linguistic epochs; as, OE {Old English), OHG {Old High Ger- man), EETS {Early English Text Society), etc. 57. Roman Numerals. — A period is usually put after roman numerals. a. There is a tendency now, however, to follow con- tinental usage and omit altogether the period after a roman numeral. Good. — James I, king of Scotland, died in 1437. Right. — Henry VI. was the son of Catharine of France. 58. Decimal Numbers. — Place a period before decimal numbers that are written in figures, even if a whole number does not precede. Right. — His rifle was a .44 r inch calibre. Right. — The amount that he received was only $13.81. V. THE COLON 59. Between Independent Clauses. — A colon is placed between two independent clauses of a compound sentence when the second clause, by way of explaining the thought, adding an illustration, or repeating the same idea in other words, stands in some sort of apposition to the first.- a. If the second clause, however, is adversative or introduces any change or advance in thought, a colon is not used. See 65. Right. — There were an unusual number of excellent sites available in Henderson, which had been laid out, as Ralph once remarked, with an eye for beauty: a knoll overlook- The Colon 25 ing the north stretch of the river; Hanson's Hill to the west of the town; and, best of all, two double lots facing the city park. Right. — The dare in the eyes of the leading lady suddenly began to fade : a footstep was sounding down the hall. Right. — His prayer for justice was respected : they swung him up immediately. 60. Formal Quotations. — A colon is used to intro- duce a formal quotation. (See also 24 and 98.) Right. — The writer also makes this statement: "There is every reason to believe that this disease plays a larger part in the production of idiocy than has hitherto been admitted by writers on insanity/' 61. Formal Enumerations. — A formal enumeration of particulars is introduced by a colon. (See also 46 and 67.) a. Such enumerations are usually preceded by words and phrases like says, thus, for instance, the following, etc. Often, however, such words and phrases are merely implied, the colon taking their place. b. Caution. — Xote that no punctuation at all is needed before a simple, informal list of particulars. Wrong. — He has correlated all his material into four general rules; first, develop your ability; second, develop your reliability; third, develop your endurance; fourth develop your action. Right. — He has correlated all his material into four general rules : first, develop your ability ; second develop your reliability; third, develop your endurance; fourth develop your action. Right. — The members of the English faculty are the presi- 26 Handbook of Punctuation dent of the college, an assistant professor, and a theme reader. Right. — There are three members of the English faculty, as follows : first, the president of the college who does little or no teaching at all; second, an assistant professor, on whom the entire burden of responsibility for the depart- ment rests; and, third, a theme reader who does all the drudgery. 62. After Salutations. — A colon is placed after the salutation in formal letters and after the salutatory- remark of a speaker when addressing the chairman or his audience. {See also 105.) a. There is no need of a dash after the colon. A dash merely requires an additional amount of the writer's time without adding to the clearness or the precision of the salutation. Right. — The P ettibone-P eabody Co., Apple ton, Wis. Dear Sirs : Right. — Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : 63. In Biblical References and Time Indications. — A colon is placed between chapter and verse in biblical references and between hours and minutes in time indica- tions. Rig hh— Luke 3: 7-15. Right. — The boat sails at 10 :30 a. m. 64. General Usage. — In general, a colon is placed after any word, phrase, or clause that is used to introduce formally an addition of any kind. The Semicolon 27 VI. THE SEMICOLON 65. Between Independent Clauses. — A semicolon is used to separate the independent clauses of a compound sentence when they are loosely connected, especially when a sharp change or advance in thought is made by the second clause (no connective being used), or when the later clause is joined without and, but, for, or or to the first clause by such conjunctions as accordingly, besides, hence, hozvever, moreover, nevertheless, now, so, then, therefore, thus, yet, etc. {See also 59, 72.) "In nearly all such cases/' says Newcomer, "it is possible to use a period, but a nice discrimination of rela- tions would be sacrificed thereby." 1 Wrong. — Little four-year-old waiters take the knives and forks and spoons and distribute them in the different places, they even carry trays holding as many as five water- glasses. Right. — Little four-year-old waiters take the knives and forks and spoons and distribute them in the different places ; they even carry trays holding as many as five water- glasses. Wrong. — Before, in his revolt, he had come against a college tradition, now he found himself face to face with the problem of meeting social prejudice. Right. — Before, in his revolt, he had come against a college tradition ; now he found himself face to face with the problem of meeting social prejudice. 66. Before "namely", "viz", etc. — A semicolon is placed before such words as namely, as, that is, e. g., viz., 1. Elements of Rhetoric, pp. 269-70. 28 Handbook of Punctuation etc. when introducing an example or an illustration. {See also 96.) Right. — A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun; as, he, she, them. 67. In a Formal Enumeration of Particulars. — A semicolon is used to separate the larger groups of a formal enumeration of particulars that has been intro- duced by a colon. {See also 46 and 61.) Wrong. — The chief points that he brought out were: (1) he was essentially honest, (2) he was full of bitter loyalty to his party, for which he had worked all his life, and (3) he was not responsible for the new outbreak of sentiment in the country. Right. — The chief points that he brought out were: (1) ; he was essentially honest; (2) he was full of bitter loyalty to his party, for which he had worked all his life; and (3) he was not responsible for the new outbreak of sentiment in the country. 68. Instead of Commas. — A semicolon is used in a simple sentence to separate clauses and phrases that are in the same construction, but which are so broken by commas as to need some other sort of punctuation to keep the larger phrase- or clause-relations clear. a. It is evident that the semicolon in this instance performs the proper function of the comma and that its use thus is justified only by reason of the fact that it marks clearly the major divisions of the sentence or clause by avoiding confusion with commas that are per- forming other offices. Wrong. — The room was dim with the delicious steam of candied apples and quinces, almost crystalline because of The Semicolon 29 long cooking, creamy, yellow custards that one likes to bite and feel melt away in the mouth, spiced dainties, pungent yet mild, and immense cakes heavy with fruit and nuts. Right. — The room was dim with the delicious steam of candied apples and quinces, almost crystalline because of long cooking; creamy, yellow custards that one likes to bite and feel melt away in the mouth; spiced dainties, pungent yet mild; and immense cakes heavy with fruit and nuts. 69. In a Long Series of Clauses. — A semicolon is used to separate the members of a long series of clauses or phrases that have a common dependence on some other clause, phrase, or word. Right. — Because the summer vacation affords an opportunity for both students and teachers to obtain a much needed rest ; because little profitable study can be done by growing boys and girls during the hot summer months of June, July, and August ; because many teachers need extra study, which can be obtained only during the summer vacation ; because many students are compelled to earn their way through school, and a shortening of the vacation would necessitate their leaving college; I therefore maintain that the college summer vacation should not be shortened. 70. After "Yes" and "No". — A semicolon is put after yes and no when they do not serve as introductory words to the sentences before which they stand, the sentences that they would normally introduce having been omitted entirely. (See also 95.) Right. — Yes; and she gives such costly presents that one cannot give a little remembrance in return. 30 Handbook of Punctuation 71. Caution. — Do not use a semicolon between the members of a simple or complex sentence except in ac- cordance with rules 67, 68, and 69. Wrong. — If the men who favor the motion will make a care- ful canvass of the club; they will find that a majority of the members are in favor of the old rule. Right. — If the men who favor the motion will make a care- ful canvass of the club, they will find that a majority of the members are in favor of the old rule. Wrong. — Though some thought that there was no harm in giving him a chance at the chairmanship ; others believed that he should have subordinated his ambition to that of the senator whose delegate he was chosen to be. Right. — Though some thought that there was no harm in giving him a chance at the chairmanship, others believed that he should have subordinated his ambition to that of the senator whose delegate he was chosen to be. VII. THE COMMA 72. Between Independent Clauses. — A comma is used to separate the independent clauses of a compound sentence when short and closely connected. a. It should be noted that such independent clauses are practically always connected by conjunctions. It is permissible, though not advisable, to separate by commas clauses that are not connected by conjunctions, when such clauses are short, have no commas within themselves, and are closely parallel in construction and in thought. But except for such rare cases as these, the use of a comma to separate two grammatically complete, independent clauses not joined by a conjunction is an inexcusable rhetorical error. See 65. The Comma 31 Permissible.— I came, I saw, I conquered. Permissible. — He toiled for his family, he toiled for his friends, he toiled for the world at large. Wrong. — Laws that ran counter to the customs and habits of the people were made the subject of ridicule, they were termed "scarecrow" laws. Right. — Laws that ran counter to the customs and habits of the people were made the subject of ridicule; they were termed "scarecrow" laws. Wrong. — He determined that his children should be students, thus he might walk by proxy in the Elysian fields of liberal learning. Right. — He determined that his children should be students ; thus he might walk by proxy in the Elysian fields of liberal learning. 73. Transposed Words, Phrases, and Clauses. — Transposed words, phrases, and clauses are set off by commas, unless the construction is entirely clear without the punctuation. Wrong. — In order to do this work must be begun early. Right. — In order to do this, work must be begun early. Wrong. — Further I may say that she is aware of the honor that has been done her. Right. — Further, I may say that she is aware of the honor that has been done her. 74. Words, Phrases, and Clauses in a Series. — The members of a series of two or more words, phrases, or clauses standing in the same relation and not connected by conjunctions, are separated by commas. Right. — She was tall, beautiful, well dressed, condescending. 32 Handbook of Punctuation 75. Modifying Adjectives. — When the series is one of modifying adjectives, care should be taken that the adjectives are coordinate in value; that is, that one ad- jective does not modify another adjective as well as the following noun. Right. — A dark, blue mountain towered before us. Right. — A dark blue mountain towered before us. Right. — She was wearing a bright, red dress. Right. — She was wearing a bright red dress. 76. A Comma before the Conjunction in a Series. — If in a series of three or more words, phrases, or clauses only the last two members are joined by a conjunction, the comma is inserted before the conjunction just as if there were no connective. a. This is done to prevent the last two members from seeming to be a single unit in the series. Not good. — He took it, looked at it and opened it. Right. — He took it, looked at it, and opened it. Wrong. — Those who were first to send telegrams of congratu- lation to Mr. Wilson were Champ Clark, Underwood, Mann of Virginia, Harmon, Dix of New York, Bryan and Till- man of South Carolina. Right. — Those who were first to send telegrams of congratu- lation to Mr. Wilson were Champ Clark, Underwood, Mann of Virginia, Harmon, Dix of New York, Bryan, and Till- man of South Carolina. 77. Comma Omitted before the Conjunction. — When a conjunction is placed between all of the members of a series, the comma is usually omitted, though it is The Comma 33 sometimes used in order to give emphasis to each separ- ate member. Right. — At last he had found comfort, and rest, and silence. 78. Caution. — When a series of words, phrases, or clauses forms the subject of a sentence, a comma is not placed after the last member of the series. Wrong. — Red, white, blue, and green, were the prevailing colors. Right. — Red, white, blue, and green were the prevailing colors. 79. Words and Phrases in Pairs. — Words and phrases arranged in pairs are separated by commas. Right. — Working or playing, standing or sitting, in town or in the country, he was always up to some mischief. 80. Non-restrictive Modifiers. — Non-restrictive or explanatory modifiers are set ofif by commas. a. Restrictive modifiers are not normally separated from the words modified by any marks of punctuation. 81. Difficulty with Restrictive and Non-restrictive Modifiers. — Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers — words, phrases, and clauses — are usually difficult to grasp and, hence, to punctuate ; so it may be worth while taking time to name at some length the more important non- restrictive modifiers. 82. (1) Relative Clauses. — Non-restrictive or ex- planatory relative clauses are set ofif by commas. Right. — He took us to see a house that he had bought the day before. (Restrictive) 34 Handbook of Punctuation Right. — He took us to see his room, which we found sadly in need of cleaning. (Non-restrictive) 83 (2) Dependent Adverbial Clauses. — Non-re- strictive adverbial clauses are set off by commas; and even restrictive adverbial clauses, when preceding the independent clauses, are set apart by commas. Right. — I watched while he continued the search. (Restrict- ive) Right. — I watched in terror, while he continued the search as if he were unconscious of any danger. (Non-restrictive) Right. — He was on the point of leaving when I met him. (Restrictive) Right. — When I met him, he was on the point of leaving. 84. (3) Adjective Modifiers. — Non-restrictive ad- jectives and participial modifiers are set off by commas. Right. — The old and dilapidated house had been deserted for years. (Restrictive) 1 Right. — The house, old and dilapidated, had been deserted for years. (Non-restrictive) Right. — We saw him giving up his seat in the first boat. (Re- strictive) Right. — Giving up his seat in the first boat, he came and stood by us. (Non-restrictive) 85. (4) Parenthetic Expressions. — Set off by com- mas parenthetic words, phrases, and clauses, whether used at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. a. This rule, necessarily inclusive and vague, is easi- ly abused. Many parenthetic words and phrases are abrupt and plainly parenthetical, and should evidently be set off by commas, but others interrupt the flow of the thought so slightly that no punctuation of any kind is The Comma 35 needed. Hence great care should be exercised in follow- ing the rule. When in doubt omit the punctuation. b. If a parenthetic expression occurs in a phrase or clause that is already separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, or if the expression is decidedly in the nature of an aside, parentheses or dashes, instead of commas, may be used to set the expression off from the remainder of the sentence. See 117 and 131. c. On the contrary* a parenthetic expression oc- curring within a parenthetic expression that is already marked by dashes, is set off by commas. Right. — He firmly believes, as do many others, that a boy can read with enjoyment this simple classic page. Right. — For the most loftily renowned of writers have made slips — slips, indeed, which might be forgiven, but not justified, — and they have wished greatly in after years that they might change them. The following seven rules really come under 85, but for the sake of added clearness may be mentioned sepa- rately : — 86. (a) Appositives. — Non-restrictive appositional words and phrases, including those introduced by or, are set off by commas. a. In the case of informal apposition, a comma is usually put before the dash introducing the appositive word, phrase, or clause. {See 121.) Right— William the Silent died in 1702. (Restrictive) Right. — William Henderson, the so-called silent barber, is the most popular tonsorial artist in town. (Non-restrictive) Right. — "Politics, or the science of lying/' said he unjustly, "is one of the causes of our lack of legislation." (Non- restrictive)' 36 Handbook of Punctuation b. Exception 1. Commas are omitted from reflexive or indefinite pronouns that are joined to nouns or to other pronouns, and from appositive words or expres- sions that are necessary to complete the sense of the words or phrases with which they stand in apposition. Right. — The judge himself seemed dismayed. Right. — Somebody else confessed to the crime. Right. — The steamer Elgin arrived first. c. Exception 2. In appositives like the italicized expressions below, the custom is growing among publish- ers to indicate the apposition by italics instead of commas {see 159) : Right. — The adjective principal is often confused with the noun principle. Right. — In expressions like whether of them twain we have examples of the use of the old interrogative pronoun whether. 87. (b) Contrasted Negative Words and Phrases. — Contrasted negative words and phrases are separated by commas. Right. — Hard work, not genius, is the stuff of which success is made. 88. (c) Modifying Words in Separate Phrases or Clauses. — When two or more coordinate phrases or clauses possess in common a word that is modified or governed by a different word in each phrase or clause, they are separated by commas. Right. — He would have led us away from, rather than toward, the street for which we were looking. 89. (d) Vocatives. — Words used in direct address are set off by commas. The Comma 37 Right. — Marriage, little girl, is a lottery in which men stake their liberty and women their happiness. 90. (e) Explanatory Dates and Geographical Names. — A date explaining a previous date, or a geo- graphical name explaining a preceding name, is set off by commas. Right. — Wilbur Wright, inventor of the airship, died May 30, 1912, at Dayton, Ohio. Right. — Chicago, Illinois, is the second largest city in the United States. 91. (f) Academic and Honorary Titles.— Academic and honorary titles are separated from proper names and from each other by commas. Right. — Reverend A. O. Barclay, D.D., LL.D., was president of the college. 92. (g) Surname followed by Initials. — A comma is placed after a surname when followed immediately by the given name or the initials. Right. — "Smith, E. M.," said the professor, "you may recite first." 93. Absolute Construction. — Participial phrases when used in the absolute construction are set off by commas. Right. — This being the last time she had heard from him, she was naturally very much uneasy. 94. Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases. — Commas are used to set off adverbs and adverbial phrases when modi- fying, not a single word, but an entire clause or sentence and filling the office of a conjunction. 38 Handbook of Punctuation a. However, indeed, moreover, the illative then, the concessive now, etc. are some of the adverbs that are thus set off by commas. b. There is considerable divergence in practice here. When the sentence is short, or when the adverb is felt to be intimately connected with the thought of the clause or sentence, the commas are omitted ; and often the mere position of the adverb determines the insertion or the omission of the punctuation. Right. — The question had therefore resolved itself into a matter of the veracity of the two men. Right. — The question, therefore, had resolved itself into a matter of the veracity of the two men. Right. — In the first place, let me say that I object to having sectarianism injected into the argument. 95. After "Yes", "No", "Well", "Why", etc.— A comma is placed after such introductory words as yes, no, well, why, etc. (See also 70.) Wrong. — Yes I myself believe that he was in the wrong. Right. — Yes, I myself believe that he was in the wrong. 96. After "namely", "that is", "i. e.", etc.— A com- ma is placed after namely, viz., that is, i. e., as, e. g., etc., when introducing an example or an illustration. (See also 66.) Wrong. — I had watched him anxiously all the year for two reasons ; namely because I knew he was interested in the team and because I thought that he would be willing to help us. Right. — I had watched him anxiously all the year for two reasons ; namely, because I knew he was interested in the team and because I thought that he would be willing to help us. The Comma 39 97. After Interjections. — Interjections that are but slightly exclamatory are followed by commas. {See also 112.) Wrong. — Oh! We had a fairly enjoyable trip. Right. — Oh, we had a fairly enjoyable trip. 98. Before Short Quotations and Maxims. — Short informal quotations, maxims, and similar expressions are introduced by commas. a. But if the informal quotation or maxim is gram- matically connected with the rest of the sentence, the comma is omitted. {See 24 a.) Wrong. — With Browning I exclaim "The best is yet to be". Right. — With Browning I exclaim, "The best is yet to be". Wrong. — I can truly say that, "my lines have fallen in pleas- ant places". Right. — I can truly say that "my lines have fallen in pleasant places". Wrong. — The proverb* that he quoted was He learned the luxury of doing good. Right. — The proverb that he quoted was, He learned the luxury of doing good. 99. Words Repeated for Emphasis. — Words re- peated for the sake of emphasis are separated by commas. Right. — Gold, gold, gold is the key that opens our doors in these modern days. 100. To Indicate the Omission of Words. — A comma is used to indicate the omission of one or more words from a sentence. a. Often, however, such constructions are smooth enough not to require commas. 40 Handbook of Punctuation Right. — To eat is human; to sleep, divine. Right. — His first utterance was followed by cheers, his second by hisses. 101. After the Subject of a Sentence. — A comma is placed after a subject that ends in a verb, or is long and complex, or one that is made up of several parts which are themselves separated by commas. Right. — One of the largest wildcats ever seen in that vicinity and the first one of any size that has been caught near Waukesha for some time, was captured by a farmer east of the town. 102. Before "that". — A comma is sometimes put before that, to prevent the reader from mistaking the word that for a pronoun, or to serve as a warning of several fAatf-clauses to come. a. Between verbs of saying, thinking, etc. and that a comma is no longer inserted. Right. — Then for the first time he pointed out, that good work depends on the condition in which one keeps one's body. Right. — It may interest others besides naturalists to state, that all of these birds occupied the southern limits of the channel, that they had finished nesting some weeks before our arrival, that they were still plentiful in that section, but that none of them were to be found more than fifty miles farther north. Wrong. — He was very wrong in supposing, that she would ac- cept his attentions under such circumstances. Right. — He was very wrong in supposing that she would ac- cept his attentions under such circumstances. 103. Before or After Certain Words. — A comma is The Comma 41 placed before or after certain words, especially adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions, to distinguish them from the same words used as different parts of speech, or to indicate readily their precise relation to the rest of the sentence. Right. — Beyond, the hills were robed in a smoky blue. Right. — In the room were about sixty benches, and two stately chairs for the preachers. 104. In Large Numbers. — Commas are used to separate large numbers of 1,000 or more into groups of three figures each. a. Exception. — The comma is omitted in street, telephone, and automobile numbers, dates, etc. Right. — The population of the United States, according to the census of 1910, was 93,402,151. Right. — His address is 4315 Chicago Avenue. 105. After the Salutation in Letters. — A comma is placed after the salutation in personal letters. {See also 62.) Right— Mr. A. N. Alford, Columbus, Ohio. Dear Andrew, 106. After "Resolved" and " Whereas" in Resolu- tion. — A comma is put in resolutions after such intro- ductory words as Resolved, Whereas, etc. {See also 52.) Right. — Resolved, that women should be given the right of suffrage. 107. General Usage. — In general, commas are used to indicate any distinct pauses in sentences, except such pauses as require other marks of punctuation. 42 Handbook of Punctuation 108. Caution. — Be careful not to use commas ex- cept where they are a distinct necessity. Guard against over-punctuation. The modern tendency is to omit com- mas unless they are necessary to the sense or to indicate a definite pause in the reading. VIII. THE INTERROGATION-POINT 109. After Questions. — An interrogation-point is placed after every complete question, even though the sentence may be written in the declarative form. a. When a compound interrogative sentence is made up of separate independent questions or interrogative words, an interrogation-point is put after each separate query. b. Caution. — An interrogation-point should not be placed after an indirect question. Right. — What would you have done if you had been in his place? Right. — You say you take cream in your coffee? Right. — But what of his father? or his sister? or his invalid mother? or of 'his possible future? Right. — She asked whether he had been invited. 110. After an Interrogative Part of a Sentence. — An interrogation-point is sometimes put only after the interrogative part of a sentence, when the entire sentence is long and not altogether interrogative. Right. — Could he be dreaming of wealth? — seeing that his soul was wrapped up in her, that he had never known want, and that he had no care for gold. 111. In Parentheses. — An interrogation-point is The Exclamation-Point 43 often put in parentheses after a date or a word to express doubt concerning the truth or accuracy of the word or date. (See 133.) Right. — Chaucer was born in 1340(?). IX. THE EXCLAMATION-POINT 112. After Interjections and Exclamatory Phrases and Clauses. — An exclamation-point is placed after in- terjections and exclamatory phrases and clauses that ex- press strong emotion. a. Care should be exercised in using the exclamation- point. It is not needed after every interjection or after every exclamatory sentence, but only after those ex- pressing strong emotion. (See 55 and 97) Right. — "Ouch ! Oh! I say, stop, please," he begged of us at last. 113. To Express Doubt or Sarcasm. — The ex- clamation-point is frequently used to express doubt or sarcasm. Right. — That man a Democrat! Right. — Lindell a church member! 114. After Imperative and Declarative Sentences. — An exclamation-point is often put after an impera- tive sentence to express a strong command, or after a declarative sentence to express surprise at, or to lay em- phasis on, the truth of the fact stated. a. This usage is generally ignored, or else con- demned, by rhetoricians, but the fact that it is good usage cannot be denied. Literature is replete with it. Great 44 Handbook of Punctuation care, however, should be exercised by the beginner in following this rule. The following illustrations are taken from A Life for a Life, by Mr. Robert Herrick, himself a professor of English in the University of Chicago and joint author of Composition and Rhetoric for Schools: Right. — " 'Come !' she said, passing." Right. — "His woman of the snows had slept and awakened — thus !" Right. — " Tor now I know', she said softly, 'what it is to lose all I'" X. THE DASH 115. To Mark a Sudden Break in the Thought.— A dash is used to mark a sudden suspension of the thought or a violent break in the construction of the sentence. a. If the sentence is left unfinished, a dash only (no period) is placed after it, and the next sentence begins with a capital letter. Right. — "You mean — What do you mean?" he asked. 116. Parenthetic Expressions. — Dashes are used to set off parenthetic phrases and clauses that are too much detached from the main thought of the sentence to be marked by commas and yet are too closely connected to be enclosed in parentheses. {See 85, 129.) a. Dashes thus used, constitute what is known as the double dash. A comma is placed before each dash only when the sentence would normally require such punctua- tion were there no parenthetic clause present. Right. — " Although the solid flesh of his face was lined with Italics 61 in fiction, who are known as well by their nicknames as by their proper names. Not good. — "Teddy" Roosevelt; "Doc Sammy"; etc. Right. — Teddy Roosevelt; Doc Sammy; etc. 155. Titles of Themes. — Unless the title of a theme is a quotation, do not use quotation-marks to enclose the title. XIII. ITALICS 156. Magazines, Newspapers, and Ships. — Italics are used to distinguish the names of magazines, news- papers, and ships. See table, p. 59. a. Italics are also used to indicate the titles of books, plays, and musical compositions — and the learned jour- nals favor this usage, — but the preponderance of usage is still in favor of quotation-marks. See 150. Right. — Copies of the Atlantic Monthly and the Appleton (Wisconsin) Post were on the table before him. Right. — The Titantic sank on April 15, 1912. 157. Side-heads and Paragraph Titles. — Italics are used to mark side-heads and the titles of sections and paragraphs. Right. — Compare 142 and the illustration given there. 158. Foreign Words. — Unnaturalized foreign words are italicized. Exception 1. Foreign institutions or places and for- eign titles preceding names are not italicized; as, "The German Reichstag", "Rue de Rivoli", "Champs filysees", "Pere Lafitau", etc. Exception 2. Anglicized foreign words are not itali- cized even though they may retain the pronunciation of 62 Handbook of Punctuation the original language. Such words are: aide-de-camp, attache, bas-relief, bona fide, bric-a-brac, cafe, chauffeur, confrere, data, debris, debut, decollete, denouement, doc- trinaire, elite, ennui, entree, ex officio, expose, fagade, facsimile, fete, habeas corpus, habitue, literati, litterateur, massage, matinee, melee, menu, naive, nee, nom de plume, per annum, per capita, per cent, post-mortem, prima facie, protege, pro tern [pore], questionnaire, rendezvous, resume, reveille, role, savant, sobriquet, soiree, umlaut, tete-a-tete, versus, via, vice versa. Right. — His pseudo studious habits were a joke while he was in college. Right. — "Charles Egbert Craddock" is the nom de plume of Miss Mary N. Murfree. 159. For Emphasis. — Italics are used to lay stress upon a word when special emphasis upon it is necessary, or when the word is used, not to convey the idea or image that it normally conveys, but as a word simply. Caution. — Avoid italicizing words for emphasis. Do not use italics to stress a word or phrase unless there is an especially good reason for doing so. The abuse of italics for unnecessary emphasis on words is one of the commonest faults among young writers. Right. — Compare "as a word" in this rule. Wrong. — It is rum, rum alone, that is causing these evils. Right. — It is rum, rum alone, that is causing these evils. Right. — Such words as enthuse and alright have been trying to get into good usage for years. 160. "Whereas" and "Resolved" in Resolutions.— In resolutions the words Whereas and Resolved are italicized. The Apostrophe 63 Right. — See illustration following 52. 161. "To be Continued", "Concluded", etc.— The words Continued, To be Concluded, etc. after headlines and titles and at the end of articles, are italicized. Right. — The Church and its Critics — Concluded. XIV. THE APOSTROPHE 162. Possessive Case. — The apostrophe is used to indicate the possessive case. 163. Possessive Case Singular. — The possessive case singular is regularly indicated by the apostrophe and s, even though the noun may end with two ss. Exception. — In order to avoid excessive sibilance, the s is sometimes omitted after nouns ending in an s-sound. Right. — Burns's poems were easily the most popular with them. Right. — Furness's edition is the authorative one. Right. — The name of Ulysses' son was Telemachus. Right. — For conscience' sake he did it. 164. Possessive Case Plural. — When the plural of a noun ends in s, the plural possessive is formed by add- ing the apostrophe alone to the nominative plural. But if the plural does not end in s, the apostrophe and s are added to indicate the possessive case plural. Right. — Boys' shoes, not men's, are included in the sale. 165. Possessive Case of Appositive Nouns. — The possessive case of appositive nouns is indicated by placing the apostrophe and the s after the noun nearest the object possessed. 64 Handbook of Punctuation Right. — He was riding in Dr. Reid, the physician's, motor. 166. Double Possessive. — Except in the case of possessive pronouns {see 168), the apostrophe and the s are used to indicate what is sometimes called the double possessive. Right. — She is a friend of Alice's. Right. — They are friends of ours. 167. Other Possessives.— It is often awkward, but sometimes necessary nevertheless, to indicate the pos- sessive case of a noun that is immediately followed by a prepositional phrase, or to indicate the possessive case of two or more nouns in the same construction, each of which, however, possesses the object conjointly with the others. In such cases the apostrophe and the s are placed after the last noun. Right. — He was riding in the congressman from Mississippi's automobile. Right. — Henderson and Burns's Elementary Grammar is used. 168. Possessive Pronouns. — Possessive pronouns do not take the apostrophe, though the possessive case of the pronominal adjectives one and other is indicated by the apostrophe and the ^. Right. — Hers, its, theirs, yours, ours; but another's, other's, one's. 169. Omission of Letters or Figures. — The apos- trophe is used to indicate the omission of one or more letters from a word or of one or more figures from a date. Right. — "She hasn't learned to spell her name yet," he said. Right. — They were both members of the class of '61. The Hyphen 65 170. Plurals of Figures, Letters, and Words. — The apostrophe is used with an ^ to indicate the plural of fig- ures and letters, and of words when used as words only. Right. — Your 2's look like small a's. Right. — The sentence has too many and's in it. 171. Past Tense of Coined Verbs. — An apostrophe is used before a d to indicate the past tense of coined verbs. Right. — To be thee'd and thou'd thus was an unusual ex- perience in my daily life. XV. THE HYPHEN 172. Compound Words. — A hyphen is put between the members of a compound word. a. There is much room here for individual opinion, for authorities differ widely as to what words should be written separately, what with a hyphen, and what solid. We find both associate-professor and associate professor, school room and schoolroom, and even to-day and today. Indeed, one may say with considerable positiveness that there is little uniformity of usage at all. When in doubt the writer should consult a good unabridged dictionary, the pocket dictionaries usually being useless on these points. (Note, however, that in the dictionaries a hyphen inserted does not always mean a compound word. Web- ster's Dictionary uses a small, faint hyphen to denote syl- lables and a large, black hyphen to denote compounds, while the Standard uses the German hyphen (s) to indi- cate compounds.) b. But, when in doubt, and in lieu of a better authori- ty, one may often trust to pronunciation and his own ear 66 Handbook of Punctuation as to how to write a word. We usually give but one primary stress to a word. Even so long a word as groceryman has but one strongly accented syllable. There- fore, if each of the members of a possible compound word remains distinct enough to require a definite emphasis of its own, the two words should be written separately; as, black board but blackboard, tableware but table man- ners, etc. c. The following general suggestions governing the hyphenation of compound words, however, may be of- fered : — 173. Compound Numbers Spelt Out. — Compound numbers between twenty and a hundred, when spelt out, should be hyphenated; as, twenty-one, eighty-four, etc. 174. Fractional Adjectives. — A hyphen is placed between fractional adjectives, but not between simple fractions. Right. — He won by three-fourths majority. Right. — Three fourths of the votes were cast for him. 175. Compound Adjectives. — A hyphen is placed between any two or more words that are compounded into a modifying adjective preceding a noun; as, sea- shouldering, hand-made, silver-white, sky-blue, heaven- sent, etc. Exception. — When a modifying adjective or participle is preceded by an adverb ending in -ly, the hyphen is omitted ; as, highly educated women, strictly honest men, etc. 176. Compound Nouns. — The following compound nouns are hyphenated : — a. A noun made up of two nouns whose compound- The Hyphen 67 ing into one is the result of mere ellipsis and an inversion of a phrase containing those two words ; as, letter-file (= a place where letters are filed away), oil-can, bell- boy, etc. b. A noun made up of two nouns, one of which modi- fies the other, and which together form a word with a different meaning from each; as, feather-edge, news- stand, labor-union, etc. c. A noun compounded of a present participle and a noun, and with a meaning different from either of the two words taken separately; as, dining-room, looking- glass, putting-green, etc. d. A noun made up of a present participle and a preposition that does not govern a following noun; as, laying-on, taking-off, etc. 177. Hyphenated Prefixes. — Words compounded with the following prefixes are usually hyphenated: father-, mother-, brother-, sister-, parent-, great-, foster-, fellow-, by-, ex-, life-, half-, quarter-, non-, lieutenant-, vice-, ultra-, quasi-, self-, world-. Right. — Father-in-law, mother-queen, brother-love, sister-hook, parent-cells, great-grandfather, foster-child, fellow-man, by-product, ex-president, life-size, half-dollar, quarter- sawed, non-communicant, lieutenant-general, vice-admiral, ultra-religious, quasi-historical, self-centered, world-power. 178. Prefixes Written Solid. — Words compounded with the following prefixes are usually written solid : a-, ante-, anti-, bi-, demi-, in-, inter-, intra-, over-, post-, sub-, super-, tri-, un-. Right. — Aback, antediluvian, antifat, biweekly, demigod, in- sincere, international, intramembranous , overlook, postdate, submarine, supernatural, tricolor, unnatural. 68 Handbook of Punctuation 179. Hyphenated Suffixes. — The following suffixes are usually hyphenated: -dealer, -elect, -god, -general -maker. Right. — Furniture-dealer, president-elect, sun-god, postmaster- general, book-maker. 180. Varying Suffixes.— Variation in the use of the following suffixes should be noted : — a. Compounds of -store are hyphenated when the prefixed word is made up of only one syllable ; otherwise the hyphen is omitted ; as, book-store, grocery store. b. Compounds of -fold and -skin with words of one syllable are written solid ; with words of two or more syllables they are written as separate words ; as, twofold, forty fold, pigskin, alligator skin. c. Compounds of -like with words not ending in / are written solid; but if the prefixed word ends in /, the compound is hyphenated; as, godlike, businesslike, girl-like. d. Monosyllables compounded with -book, -house, -mill, -room, and -work as suffixes are usually written solid; dissyllables compounded with these suffixes are generally hyphenated ; trisyllables and polysyllables pre- ceding them are written separately ; as, handbook, pocket- book, reference book, poorhouse, power-house, furni- ture house, sazvmill, coffee-mill, cannon-ball mill, bedroom, lecture-room, commercial room, handwork, metal-work, tessellated zvork. 181. Compounds of Abnormally Associated Words. — A hyphen is placed between any two words ab- normally associated for the sake of producing a single sentence element; as, safety-valve, sense-perception, bas- relief, etc. The Hyphen 69 182. General Usage Concerning Compounds. — In general, a hyphen is placed between any two or more words when the insertion of the hyphen will give the newly compounded word a different meaning, or when the hyphen is necessary to make the word perform the function of a single element in the sentence; as, poor box and poor-box, drawing room and drawing-room, etc. 183. Hyphenated Words. — The following words should be hyphenated : — letter-head man-of-war mail-box new-comer note-paper object-lesson oil-cloth one-horse (adj) page-proof pay-roll postage-stamp post-card post-office school-boy 184. Words Written Solid. — The following words should be written solid: — already ( a dv) anything cannot although anyway childhood altogether anywhere classmate anybody baseball coeducation anyhow birthday daybreak anyone blacksmith earthenware bay-window birth-rate blood-relation cross-examine cross-reference death-rate every-day(ady) feast-day folk-song food-stuff foot-note gas-light good-bye guinea-pig school-teacher sea-level so-called (adj) stand-by (n) subject-matter title-page to-day to-morrow to-night trade-mark well-being well-nigh wide-spread will-power 70 Handbook of Punctuation everybody everyone everything everywhere expressman facsimile farewell fireproof foolscap football foreman forever gateman greenhouse groceryman hardware herein hereupon herewith herself himself hitherto hundredweight inasmuch inside instead itself juryman landlady landowner laundryman lawsuit lookout lumberman maybe (adv) meantime midnight misprint misspell moreover motorman myself nevertheless newsboy newspaper nickname nobody northeast noteworthy nothing nowadays nowhere notwithstanding nowise oftentimes oneself outburst outdo outgoing outset outside outsider outstretch sometimes pasteboard postman postmaster postmistress praiseworthy railroad reinvest rewrite saleslady salesman saleswoman shirtwaist sidewalk silverware sixpence somebody somehow something sometime someway somewhat somewhere southeast spendthrift staircase straightforward surname tableware taxicab taxpayer textbook thereabouts thereafter thereat therefor therefore therein thereto The Hyphen 71 thereupon therewith threescore together tradesman typewriter upbuild watermelon whenever whereabouts whereas wherefore whereof wherever whichever whoever without withstand workshop yourself zoology -Write the fol- 185. Words Written Separately.- lowing as separate words: — all right good morning per cent awhile (n) in order postal card downtown (adv) near by (adv) pro tern every time no one some day 186. Omission of Part of a Compound Word. — When the same word occurs in the latter part of two or more successive, hyphenated, compound modifiers, the word is frequently omitted from the first modifier and its place indicated by a hyphen. Right. — The eighth- and ninth-grade boys drilled next. Right. — He had fifty dollars in one-, five-, and ten-cent pieces. 187. Word Division. — A hyphen is used to divide a word at the end of a line. a. Care should be taken to insert the hyphen only between complete syllables. But here the difficulty comes : one cannot always trust either the pronunciation or the etymology of a w r ord for its syllabication. In such words as ne-ga-tion and per-mit there is little or no room for doubt; but in others, as fa-ther and moth-er, ves-tal and vest-ure, for-mer and form-al, one may be sure of ac- curacy only by consulting a reliable dictionary. In syl- labication in general, however, the following rules, though overlapping in some cases, may be observed with profit : 72 Handbook of Punctuation b. Insert a hyphen — 1. After a long vowel or a short unaccented vowel when followed by a single consonant or a group of con- sonants forming an indivisible consonant combination; as, la-dy, tri-fle, di-vine, justi-fy, photogra-phy. But see c 5 below. 2. After a single consonant or an indivisible con- sonant combination when preceded by a short, accented vowel; as, lov-ing, loz-enge, bisk-op, diaph-anous. 3. Between double consonants (except plurals of nouns ending in double-^) and successive consonants not forming an indivisible consonant combination ; as, rub- ber, cus-tom, confession, conversion. But see c 9 below. 4. Between a prefix or a suffix and the root word; as pre-eminent, retro-act, Jcw-ish, love-ly. 5. Before nominal -er, -or, -ment, -ness, and -Hon; as, hunt-er, debt-or, adjust-ment, shy-ness, avia-tion. 6. Before verbal -ing, and -ed when pronounced as a separate syllable ; as, fly-ing, hunt-ed, but loved. 7. Before adjectival -er, -est, -ble, -ful, and -ish; as, high-er, bright-est, edi-ble, hope-ful, brut-ish. 8. Before adverbial -bly and -ly; as, grave-ly, staid- ly, immttta-bly. c. Caution: 1. Do not divide a syllable of one letter from the rest of the word. Wrong-. — a-ble, i-tinerant, ver-y. 2. Do not divide a monosyllable. Wrong. — mob-bed, tho-ugh. 3. Do not divide inseparable consonant combina- tions, such as ph in phonetic, th in think and the, sh in lash, gh in cough (or when silent), tch in match, gn in sign, or ck in track. The Hyphen 73 4. Do not begin a line with a hyphen. 5. Do not separate a consonant from a vowel that affects its pronunciation; as, nec-essity for ne-cessity, wag-er for wa-ger, rag-ing for ra-ging, etc. £. Do not divide a diphthong or separate two suc- cessive vowels, one of which is silent. Wrong. — ana-esthetic, pe-ople, wa-iling. 7. Do not separate a syllable that has been added to a word by the addition of a plural s. Wrong. — hors-es, palac-es, financ-es. 8. Do not divide hyphenated w r ords except at the syllable where the regular hyphen comes. Not good. — pock-et-book, fool-kill-er. 9. Do not make awkward divisions. Not good. — noth-ing, crac-kle, ei-ther, vision, eight-een. 188. To Indicate Syllables. — A hyphen is used to indicate the separate syllables in a word; as, quo-ta-tion, syl-ia-ble. 189. To Mark Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes. — A hyphen is used to mark incomplete words, roots, pre- fixes, and suffixes. Right. — The root ret- may be noted next. Right. — The verbal ending in that case is -ed. XVI. BRACKETS 190. In Direct Quotations. — Brackets are used in direct quotations to enclose matter written, not by the author quoted, but by the person quoting. 74 Handbook of Punctuation a. Brackets, [ ], should not be confused with paren- theses, ( ). In a quotation, words enclosed in paren- theses are understood to have been written by the author of the quotation; words enclosed in brackets are under- stood to have been interpolated by the one quoting. Wrong. — "His (Paderewski's) young manhood was full of pathos, and he put the tragedy of his grief into his playing." Right. — "His [Paderewski's] young manhood was full of pathos, and he put the tragedy of his grief into his playing." Right. — "Swinburn[e]'s education in Germany [France] was begun . . . ." 191. Parentheses within Parentheses. — Brackets are used for parentheses within parentheses. - Right. — Trench's statement (see his On the Study of Words [revised English edition], p. 83) is that the Germans, know- ing nothing of carbuncles . . . ." XVII. ASTERISKS 192. Material Omitted from a Quotation. — Aster- isks are used to indicate the omission of material from a direct quotation. a. When the quotation is long and several para- graphs or pages are omitted, the omission is commonly indicated by a series of asterisks inserted between the paragraphs. But when only a few phrases or sentences are omitted from a paragraph, it is present usage to in- sert a series of periods, or dots, between the sentences to indicate the omitted words or sentences. (See 138) Right. — "For the most wild yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit belief. Mad Asterisks 75 indeed would I be to expect it, in a case where my very senses reject their own evidence. Yet, mad am I not — and very surely do I not dream. But to-morrow I die, and to- day I would unburden my soul. >j« % $z ;fs SJS Jji J-< "Of my own thoughts it is folly to speak. Swooning, I staggered to the opposite wall. For one instant the party on the stairs remained motionless, through extremity of terror and awe. In the next a dozen stout arms were toil- ing at the wall. It fell bodily. The corpse, already greatly decayed and clotted with gore, stood erect before the eyes of the spectators. Upon its head, with red extended mouth and solitary eye of fire, sat the hideous beast whose craft had seduced me into murder, and whose informing voice had consigned me to the hangman. I had walled the mons- ter up within the tomb !'' Right. — "There are very, very few natural deaths : most people die through accident, because a part gives out. . . . . And they float into paradise on the fumes of a cheap cocktail." XVIIL FOOT-NOTES 193. References. — When references, formal or in- formal, are made in an essay to an author, book, or maga- zine, the precise volume and page to which reference is made should be given in a foot-note at the bottom of the page. a, Such foot-notes should be separated from the main body of the text by heavily ruled lines and should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay by small arabic numerals placed before them ; and the reader's at- 76 Handbook of Punctuation tention should be directed to these notes by a correspond- ing numeral placed in the essay at the end of the refer- ence or quotation and a bit above the line. b. When frequent references are made to the same volume or work, instead of repeating the title, the ab- breviations loc. cit. (loco citato, in the place [already] cited) and op. cit. (opere citato, in the work cited) are used. This avoids repetition of the same reference. And when the references to the same work are successive, ibid, (abbreviation for ibidem) is used. Right. — D'Israeli, Curiosities of Literature, 61. Ibid., 142. Loc. cit., chap. 3. c. The following illustration is taken from the Pub- lications of the Modem Language Association for March, 1912 (p. 27) : "To Carlyle the merit is due of making Goethe popular in England," says Miss Carr in an article on Goethe in his Con- nection with English Literature. 1 Mr. Alford points out that "the first beginnings of the study of Goethe in England came fifty years before Carlyle," 2 and notes that "in the year 1780 3 a trans- lation of Werther first introduced Goethe to the notice of English- men. This became popular and passed through several editions." d. When one is preparing manuscript for the printer, foot-notes — or, more properly, what are to become foot- notes later on the printed page — are put immediately below the reference or quotation, and are separated from the body of the text by heavy lines, thus : 1. Pub. of English Goethe Society, No. iv, p. 56. (London, 1888.) 2. R. G. Alford, Goethe's Earliest Critics in England. Idem, No. vii, p. 8 f. (London, 1893.) 3. This should be 1779. (See above, note 1, p. 26.) Abbreviations 77 These were, in a sense, the Oxford scholarships * of the four- 1 The money was, however, only lent, security being required. teenth century. To each of them was attached the name of the benefactor, the sum given by him, and the object of the founda- tion Such an arrangement of foot-notes is a distinct aid to the printer. XIX. ABBREVIATIONS 194. Abbreviations to be Avoided. — One should avoid the use of abbreviations; they are in bad taste in literary work (including letters) of any kind. No ab- breviations should be employed except those that one knows to be used, not by the newspapers, but by writers of standard English prose. 195. Abbreviations in Good Usage. — The follow- ing abbreviations, however, are in good use: Mr., Mrs., Messrs., Dr., when used before proper names ; Jr., Esq., and the initial abbreviations A.B., Ph.D., U.S.N., etc., when used after proper names ; and such general abbre- viations as etc., viz., q. v., i. e., e. g., a. m., p. m. (also a. m. and p. m.), St. (Saint), A. D., B. C. 196. Abbreviations Permitted in Correspondence. — In correspondence P. S., inst., f. o. b., the abbrevia- tions for the months of the year (except March, April, May, June, July), and the abbreviations for the states of the Union are usually found. But because Cal. is often mistaken for Col., Miss, for Missouri, etc., it is better to 78 Handbook of Punctuation spell out Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iozva, Maine, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, and Utah. a. In business letters the abbreviations Co., Bros., and "&" may be used if the firms addressed use them so ; otherwise the words should be spelled out. 197. Personal Titles. — Better usage now demands that such titles as Professor, President, Governor, Rever- end, Captain, Colonel, General, etc. be spelled out, not abbreviated. 198. Caution 1. — Note that many abbreviations that are proper when used with other expressions or in the address of letters, are improper when used alone or in the body of a composition. Wrong. — He came this p. m. Right. — He came at four p. m. Wrong. — We had to call a Dr. Right. — We had to call a doctor. Wrong. — The meeting is to be held in Sept. in Ga. Right. — The meeting is to be held in September in Georgia. 199. Caution 2. — Note also that many abbrevia- tions (such as vol., p., I., ed.) that are allowable in foot- notes, bibliographies, parenthetic citations, etc., are not permitted in the body of a composition. Right in a foot-note. — Cf. Century Diet., vol. I, p. xv. Wrong in an essay. — I had read up to the eighteenth p. of the 2d vol. Right in an essay. — I had read up to the eighteenth page of the second volume. Numbers 79 XX. NUMBERS 200. Street Numbers, Dates, etc. — Cardinal num- bers designating street numbers, telephone numbers, auto- mobile numbers, dates, pages or divisions of books (chap- ters, paragraphs, etc.) should be written in figures, not spelled out. Caution. — After dates ending in d use d only, not nd or rd. Wrong. — Our telephone number is one thousand three hundred ninety-seven. Right. — Our telephone number is 1397. Wrong. — I was born July the seventh, eighteen hundred eighty-one. Right.— I was born July 7, 1881. Not good. — George Eliot was born November 22nd, 1819. Right. — George Eliot was born November 22d, 1819. 201. Ordinal Numbers. — Ordinal numbers are customarily spelled out, though ordinals designating days of the month may be either spelled out or expressed in figures. a. In the address of letters it is particularly important that ordinals be written out, since such ordinals are pre- ceded by house numbers in arabic and confusion may easily be caused. Right. — That was about the hundredth time I had heard the professor's joke. Right. — Thanksgiving day fell on the thirtieth of November that year. Right. — May 23d, I remember, was rainy. Right. — 614 Forty-second Street, New York. 80 Handbook of Punctuation 202. Cardinal Numbers. — In connected discourse, cardinal numbers that cannot be expressed in one or two words should be written in figures. Not go o d— $8,000,000 worth of stocks were sold. Right. — Eight million dollars worth of stocks were sold. Wrong. — The amount of the collection was fourteen dollars and seventy-eight cents. Right. — The amount of the collection was $14.78. Wrong. — The university is 18 miles from the city proper. Right. — The university is eighteen miles from the city proper. Wrong. — The price of the cloth was $.98. Right. — The price of the cloth was ninety-eight cents. 203. Large and Small Numbers in Same Sentence. — If in the same sentence or paragraph several num- bers or sums of money are mentioned, some of which are so long that they must be expressed in figures, all the numbers or sums should be written in figures. a. In other words, be consistent. Do not spell out numbers in one sentence and use figures in the next. Right.— After I had expended $30 for board, $11.18 for books, and $12 for room rent, I had $46.82 left for incidental expenses. 204. Caution 1. — When designating sums of money in connected discourse, do not write .00, do not write the decimal point above the line, and do not express in fig- ures sums of less than one dollar. Not good.— -His bill that month amounted to $175.00. Right. — His bill that month amounted to $175. Wrong. — They were making a special sale on the medicine that day at $.98. Numbers 81 Wrong. — They were making a special sale on the medicine that day at $0.98. Right. — They were making a special sale on the medicine that day at ninety-eight cents. Wrong. — The total cost was $4-15. Right. — The total cost was $4.15. 205. Caution 2. — Do not begin a sentence with figures; and except in legal or commercial letters and documents do not repeat in parenthesized figures a num- ber or a sum of money that has just been spelled out. But in legal or commercial documents (where such repeti- tion is often necessary) write the parenthesized number or sum immediately after the expression it repeats. Not good. — Enclosed please find ten ($10) dollars, for which send me .... Right. — Enclosed please find ten dollars ($10), for which send 82 Handbook of Punctuation r-n z ° uJ Time Symbolism.] — In both of the preceding conventions (as noted in V last months P acifi c ), where a distance of a few feet is used to repre- Q^) withm the compass of one continuous scene. To us of to-davthe cus- v— ^ *A torn Vwould,seern morej-easonable if there were some .Break in the -*■"* £ - ** *■ i — i (O f^i "^ ' scenes to indicate the passage of time; ^ ul there is none.~gIn the same ^(_ _ /£* V way it is difficult for us of today to conceive of the - C'u r st r r dramatists, f~sCr*^-~ \/ A daring in representing the forty days in the wilder ness by a single cor.- v • X*r~ t'.nuous scene of perhaps tenminutes length..- -C &i xx r- v/ ; * J v' r # * 7 &L£ _//__ 4hc same crudity,jKpwever, is to be found in the plays of allllhe cycles. A, ^^ 'X2**-?— In the Wakefield ^veak - attd -the- A-r-fo for instance, a space of "thre hun- \_ J___ deretfe dayes and fyfty. is supposed to elapse within the time taken \/ ,1+ to <^uote forty-five lines, and in the corresponding is even more carefully / £ \ • i presented. Here Noah says- J A ioo_wyiHps and 20 This shipp /naking taried haue I. Specimen Corrected Proof Sheet Explanation of Proof Corrections 83 EXPLANATION OF PROOF CORRECTIONS 1. Put in CAPITALS. 2. Put in SMALL CAPITALS. 3. Put in italics. 4. Not italics ; roman type. 5. Put in black face type. 6. Lower case; small letter. 7. Delete; omit. 8. Restore the words crossed out. 9. Substitute for the letter stricken out. 10. Several lines omitted ; see copy. 11. Insert a period. 12. Insert a comma. 13. Insert an apostrophe. 14. Insert a colon. 15. Insert a semicolon. 16. Insert quotation-marks. 17. Insert a hyphen. 18. Imperfect letter. 19. Letter inverted ; turn over. 20. Indent. 21. Make a new paragraph. 22. No paragraph. 23. Put in space. 24. Close up ; no space needed. 25. Smaller space. 26. Badly spaced; space more evenly. 27. Space shows between the words ; shove down. 28. Wrong font. 29. Transpose. 30. Carry to the left. 31. Carry to the right. 32. Elevate. 33. Lower. 34. Straighten crooked line. 35. Query: Is the proof correct? 84 Handbook of Punctuation MARKS USED IN CORRECTING THEMES amb = ambiguous. ant = antecedent not clear. cap = capitalize. cl = not clear. cts = construction faulty. coh = coherence not good. con = connective (or connection) not good. Consult : = bring theme to the instructor for consultation, S l = delete ; omit. D = see the dictionary. E = error (not specified). FW = "fine writing". Gr = bad grammar. K = awkward. lc = change capital to small letter. P = punctuation bad. Rep = same word or sound repeated too much. sent = wrong form of sentence. SI = slang. Sp = bad spelling. SU = sentence lacks unity. T = wrong tense. tr = transpose. word = word improperly used. ffCoh = coherence between paragraphs not good. 1TU = paragraph lacks unity. IT = paragraph needed ; make a new paragraph. NoH = no paragraph needed. _J = indent. '*""* = join the words together. # = separate into two words. = hyphen needed. Exercise for Correction 85 EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION * 1. Counting nibbling a woman eats about as much as a man. (93) 2. The discovery "1851" of this lost work — Against all the Heresies — puts us in possession of much new in- formation. (28, 86, 129, 150, 156 a) 3. William was the twenty one year old son of a Yeggman who had been compelled to flee from New York to Texas three months before. (25, 173) 4. When he went crazy he was trying to measure with his eye the exact number of miles that Jupiter was distant from the Earth and the Moon. (42, 83) 5. Dame nature that morning was resplendent in all her brightest garments of green. (44) 6. But the idea always held before the actor is that of work — hard work — continuous work. (99) 7. He would help himself to two or three pieces of chicken at one time and then quote the proverb from Benjamin Franklins Poor Richards Almanac, God helps them that help themselves." (60, 134, 145, 150, 156, 163) 8. Having been approved by Pres. Jackson this bill became effective the following summer. (84, 197) 9. $8,000.00 was the sum he invested in the land and he says now that he would be satisfied to get $5,000.00 for it. (72, 202, 204, 205) 10. The beginning and the end of Mr. Hubbard's editorial are worthy of comment. There are only two paragraphs, let me quote them to you. "There is a new religion. It has come without blare of brass, without fanfare of words, without shoutings, without argument, agitation, or violence. This new religion is slowly and surely conquering the world. It 1. Numbers refer to paragraph divisions in the text. 86 Handbook of Punctuation is being preached from every pulpit in Christendom, and is being advocated by all rabbis, priests, preachers, and teachers. It is so reasonable, so gentle, so simple, so obvious, that it is being accepted without opposition — aye, without the realization that it exists." "It is the Religion of Common Sense. Its tenets are industry, economy, efficiency, expediency, reciprocity, ap- preciation, good cheer, mutuality, cooperation, all il- lumined by love." (60, 65, 118, 138, 192) 11. The sort of book that I prefer is one on which I can feel that I have spent my time profitably. One that presents an uplifting thought so vividly that it gives me food for thought day after day. (121) 12. Perhaps you have heard me quote before that, "No joy is complete unless one may give a part of it to another." (24 a, 140) 13. Who Sir. You Sir. No Sir. Not I Sir. Who then Sir. You Sir. (65, 89, 109, 125, 134) 14. Macaroni of course was the term applied at that time to the London dude. (94, 152) 15. Soon after understanding failed and he died within the hour. (103) 16. The golf course extended in the direction of but not down to the lake. (88) 17. Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York produced 6496000 of the 6500000 gallons reported in 1849_of which Massachusetts contributed 3786000 gal- lons or nearly 60% of the whole. (76, 82, 86, 104, 194) 18. The fact that there is an annually increasing deficit in the U. S. treasury and that some scheme and plan to raise this necessary revenue must be devised is already too well-known to need any further comment. (101, 172 6, 194) 19. In regard to the student of Rhetoric I feel like Exercises for Correction 87 making the same statement, he must have a thorough knowledge of the rudiments of the subject before he can create for himself an individual interest in it. (54, 59) 20. He cared not, he said, what caste, creed or color, slavery might assume, he was for it's total it's instant abolition. (65, 74, 76, 108, 168) 21. He read us fiction and history — Biblical and pro- fane writings — English and foreign works— -and in fact almost anything that we could think to ask for. (31, 79, 85) 22. After the ad copy has left the advertising man, it is placed in the hands of the advertising manager of the newspaper. We are now dealing with metropolitan newspapers, not with country fly leaves. His business is to secure a position in the edition and to see that all the copy, mats, cuts, etc. are present. (56, 129, 130, 151) 23. Because of her centuries of lack of training in facing the world, because there is some one made in her stead to take care of the coarser affairs of life and because her place is to care for the finer things and to be a help- meet for man, on the whole because of her general in- ability woman should not be allowed to vote. (69, 73, 120) 24. It was in the fall of 94 that Miss Harrison while on her way to the Public Library first met Hannerty. (41, 85, 169) 25. There is no truer proverb than the one which tells us that, "A watched pot never boils, and yet a watched pot will boil if one waits long enough. (24, 65, 98, 149) 26. By the time 12-30 came I had heard enough of Luke 11-17 and every other text in the whole bible. (31, 63) ^ 27. When Homer lived — 850 ? B. C. — such customs 88 Handbook of Punctuation were known and accepted as a matter of course. (83, 129, 191) 28. His brilliant coat, immaculate when he started, was covered with mud, and his horse, his second mount, by the way, was covered with white lather. (116) 29. His purpose in talking so much about the Vedas and the Hindu philosophy was to illuminate the teach- ings of the book of books. (31) 30. Something, perhaps a sense of loyalty, the right kind of loyalty, too, to William, made him hold his tongue. (117) 31. "In a few weeks when you are strong enough we will all take a trip together, that is Father and Dudley and I and maybe Henry (I don't mean Henry, I mean Mr. Scales) maybe Mr. Scales will go too." (66, 85, 96, 65, 115) 32. During the period of the civil war, (1861 to 1865) it was probably higher than it has ever been before or since. (36, 126, 130) 33. When school opened she asked : Can any of you tell me the author of the quotation, A primrose by the river's brim a yellow primrose was to him, and it was nothing more? (24, 83, 134, 135, 142) 34. No sir, but I can go this afternoon and be back easily in time for work tomorrow morning. (70, 89, 183) 35. I'll be with you when the flowers bloom in Spring, she quoted with a touch of affectation. (25, 134) 36. The roll began with Anderson — C. G. and ended with Wiley— C. T. (92) 37. As inquirers we have two methods open to us ; one is to choose from among all the views suggested by the various sects, the other is to divest our minds of all prejudice and strike out for ourselves. (64, 67, 86) Exercises for Correction 89 38. "I, I, I didn't get in, precisely at ten" I stam- mered. (124, 144) 39. In this business he spent thirty three years of his life until in fact he was called to be the governor of his State. (27, 85, 122, 173) 40. The bill for that day included a number en- titled Swat the Fly an uproariously short comic ridiculous subject. (74, 86, 150, 156) 41. He is one of the singularly fortunate men, who are permitted not only to perform noble actions but to leave a worthy record of their history. (80, 82, 87) 42. Yes he will probably be successful as the world views success but he will never be a great man. (72, 85, 95 ) 43. Immediately after breakfast Helen in company with some of the boys from town w r ent to the water melon patch to see if the trap had worked. (73, 184) 44. Louis says he is really ill but it is their opinion that he will get well as soon as he stays at Mrs. Jones' house about a day. (72, 163) 45. Unless something unforeseen happens you may expect me to take a trip through Yellowstone park with you before the Summer is over. (25, 29, 83) 46. My maxim, I replied when my time came, is a good old one ; it is ; "There is no man suddenly either excellently good or extremely evil." (98, 134, 142, 144, 145) 47. "When duty duty calls, Ave must obey." Anon. (123) 48. Free Methodists. Located chiefly in Michigan, Illinois, and western New York. (127, 157) 49. Count Henri Yon Milo, L.L.D. was among the invited guests. (49, 56, 91) 50. Whereas it has pleased the almighty father to 90 Handbook of Punctuation remove from our midst our beloved brother Henry Can- Ion, and whereas it has been our privilege to be intimate- ly associated with him for the past three years, and whereas we have always found him a faithful student, a loyal friend, and a Christian gentleman, therefore be it resolved that we extend to his bereaved Father and Mother, Dr. and Mrs. Henry Canlon our deepest sym- pathy and grief in the loss that they and our College have experienced (27, 30, 52, 69, 86, 106, 160) 51. Barnes and Jenkins How to Study Nature was the book that I studied during my Freshman year. (27, 150, 156, 167) 52. At that instant, simultaneously* with the explo- sion of my gun he relaxed his whole body on the boulder and within ten steps of his cave his head fell lifelessly back. (72, 85) 53. Be not blasphemous. All such men have some- thing divine in their souls. (114) 54. Their friendship she claimed when they asked her about him, was purely Platonic. (25, 85) 55. Oh! Heavens, she exclaimed, what are you trying to do. (27,97, 109, 112) 57. Our expenses were $3.18 for gasoline, ten dol- lars for board, $1.25 for tips, and exactly $21.00 for repairs. (203,204) 58. On the afternoon of labor day papa told my sis- ter and me to get ready for an automobile trip, as he was going down past the old Methodist Church on the Waverley turnpike. (27, 29, 35) 59. My Father has asked me to inquire whether you can go with the party next week to Manitowoc? (27, 109) 60. Mr. Mackenzie's The Little World which we Exercises for Correctiox 91 have already referred to, is being widely read all over the west. (34, 82, 150, 156) 61. In poetry the rude man requires only to see something going on, the man of more refinement wishes to feel, the truly refined man must be made to reflect. (65) 62. We were particularly anxious to win for two reasons, first, because that college had always been a particular rival of ours, and second because the winning of this game would mean the state championship. (61, 67, 94, 107) 63. Mr. D'e will continue his school until the middle of August but he finds it hard work as his sleep is so much broken into at night. (72, 83, 128) 64. I can truthfully say that I do not regard him as a man for the place, but the man. (159) 65. That the father of us all would protect him in his wanderings and w r ould finally bring him safely home she never doubted. (30, 73) 66. He had grow T n tired of studying and reading when a happy thought came to him, why not go hunting? (45,64) 67. He pronounced potato, tater, and asparagus, sparrer grass. (153) 68. The ancients, Jews and Heathens believed that the spirits of deceased persons sometimes made them- selves visible on earth assuming bodily forms though of an aerial substance. (80, 84, 86) 69. In English and German speaking countries and occasionally in France this is to be noted. (85, 175, 186) 70. "The lips of the priest (he quoted) shall keep knowledge, and they (the people) shall seek the law at his mouth, because he is the angel (or messenger) of the Lord of hosts." (144, 190) 92 Handbook of Punctuation 71. We people in New Orleans can not understand how people in the north confuse Creoles w T ith Negroes. (33, 34, 184) 72. Henry was chief of the Oneidas, Ben of the Yemassees, Harry of the Delawares, and Ellen was go- ing to be Matiwan. (65, 100) 73. The fact is he is somewhat of a savant, a man of taste and a recognized writer. (76, 94, 158) 74. Hearn's accounts of his childhood and youth are not trustworthy but we may believe him when he says, that he was wilful beyond all reason. (72, 102) 75. If your girl is good looking tell her so, if she is not talk about the weather. (65, 83) 76. No matter how things may twist themselves now Woodrow Wilson, President of Princeton Uni- versity will be the next governor of New Jersey. (32, 94) ^ 77. During the revolution and until the civil war the custom was kept up but it has practically fallen into disuse now. (36, 72) 78. If the number of A.B.s given in 1911 and in 1912 be taken into account it will be found that the pro- portion to the whole body of graduates is relatively small. (83, 170) 79. It is the purpose of the "men and religion for- ward movement" to make Smith, and Brown, and Jones believe that church is a good thing and that church services are worth attending. (38, 77) 80. Most people see in the resolution a thrust made by the senate at the president for his action in vetoing their tariff measure. (27, 39) 81. The second Congress of Mine Workers met in the Hillman building July 8, 1912 and remained in session during the week. (40, 41, 90, 100) Exercises for Correction 93 82. Mr. Holliday's Wit and Humor of Colonial Days contains an account of the various versions of Yankee Doodle which, if not entirely new, is well worth commenting upon. 83. My thanksgiving vacation was spent at my Grandmothers. 84. Mr. Marshall is a hoosier and a descendant of John Marshall, Chief Justice of the supreme court of the United States. 85. And not the least enjoyable part of the evening's entertainment was the music furnished by the second Wisconsin regiment band. 86. That is the thought to be developed in the para- graph should be given in the first sentence. 87. "Thinking begets thinking/' Oliver Twist. 88. The sunlight was still resting upon the tops of her white sails, little dashes of gold on a background of snow, but none of us were interested in her goodly ap- pearance. 89. Every time I want anything, and cry for it, (be- cause I can't make them understand I want anything un- less I cry for it), they give me more Baby Food. 90. Let it be known that before the experiments on diphtheria were begun about 70% of the victims of the disease succumbed while now after a few guinea pigs and rabbits have been sacrificed, only 10% of the patients die. 91. Despite the efforts of the Hague conference it is said that her maritime kingdom is to be forcibly divided and given to her rivals. 92. The garden of his house in Worcestershire was painted by Sargent in his Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose. 93. He, himself, is a catholic and his parents before him were all catholics. 94 Handbook of Punctuation 94. "Have you seen her." "Yes she was over at our house this morning." 95. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1559, I am not sure that this date is correct, she found the country all torn up with petty dissensions. 96. "If I had only listened to you," she went on ! "But my self will blinded me." 97. We had won by clean consistent playing by faith- ful practice and by the fact that our coach understood the game and how to handle his men. 98. Millet had likewise a high talent in stained glass design and is the designer of an important window in the Harvard memorial hall. 99. This so called puppy love does not always en- dure, perhaps it best not, for a girls last love is usually more sane than her first. 100. In these rooms were reserved especially for committee meetings of all kinds. 101. All during the Spring our Dramatic Club, for so we styled ourselves, had been working hard rehearsing our final play. 102. "But my friend," he exclaimed, "that is pre- cisely. His friend stopped him in the middle of the sentence. 103. Carries Mother and Aunt Mrs. D'n, it is rumored are not going to be invited. 104. Come on now fellows, we beat them last year in the second half and we can do it again this year. 105. Rev. Andrew Sledd, Ph.D. D.D. L.L.D. is presi- dent of Southern University. 106. He said that "he paid for it out of his own personal account and that the total came to $101.00, or $50.00 apiece." 107. She is or rather she was my brothers wife. Exercises for Correction 95 108. Wednesday, January 22nd. Unable any longer to appear on deck. Afraid I won't die now. 109. Incantations and chants — gloom and brilliance of light, spooks and goblins — all were encountered in the course of the initiation. 110. In Milwaukee they have only two such places, in Oshkosh one, and in Appleton none. 111. Jack the one eyed wonder, was the name of the chief occupant of the main tent which was gaudily painted to indicate it's importance. 112. I recognized it as Sir Wm. Jones' famous trans- lation from the Persian and recited it to him; So live that, sinking in thy last, long sleep, Smiles may be thine while all around thee weep. 113. The population of the world in 1880 was reli- giously distributed in the following proportions. professors of Christianity 418000000 Buddhists 400000000 Mohammedans 215000000 Brahmins 175000000 Jews 7000000 all other forms of religious belief 174000000 total 1389000000 114. The questions that must necessarily be settled are — is it necessary, might not federal revenue be col- lected more easily in some other way; is it fair and just, and is it efficient? 115. Can indicates possibility, as I can hear. 116. According to the census of 1910 we have a population of 18,000 and between two fifths and three fifths of these are colored. 117. The following is the business of the General Conference; 1. the election of Bishops, 2. to adjust the 96 Handbook of Punctuation boundaries of the Annual Conferences, 3. to revise the rules of the Discipline, 4. to superintend the interest of Foreign Missions, 5. to elect officers to conduct the busi- ness of the general Publishing House. 118. I rose from my knees — made my resolution — and lay down unafraid — enlightened — eager for daylight. 119. What he does not know about the great bear and the milky way and Jupiter is not worth knowing. 120. I've had enough of you. Now you beat it. Beat it quick while the goings good. 121. Many former Jewesses and Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, and Catholic women are to- day placing the Hindu scriptures, the veda, above the bible. 122. Henry W. Lawton, prince of promoters, as he himself admitted, and patron of authors sat in his office during the first two hours waiting. 123. Precisely at 11-20 he began to talk from Luke 11-17 and for one hour, until 12-20 he preached. 124. We were still fast and to judge from the grind- ing of the ice on the Western shore the wind was blowing a strong gale from the West. 125. "Cartersville, Cartersville," he repeated slowly; pardon me please where is Cartersville. 126. Whatever may have been his admiration for governor Wilson, ex president Roosevelt did not at all agree that a third party was unnecessary. 127. Bean — E. B. you said your name was. 128. He likened the new bill to a bowl of punch A little sugar to make it sweet A little lemon to make it sour A little water to make it weak A little brandy to give it power. Exercises for Correction 97 129. How we all stood up and peered into the distant nooks; how fearfully that dreaded cry came to us again; how nervously w T e scanned the green spots in the distance. 130. Henderson and Wallace are alike in this respect, one never forgets anything and the other never learns anything. 131. Even though we were both in the same boat so far as trouble was concerned, I had a scrap with him over the rabbits. 132. I invite your attention to the following passage; "A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievious words stir up anger/' 133. According to the statistics of the U. S. com- missioner of education forty one boys do not return the second year of high school, sixty two of the original one hundred do not return the third, and seventy six have dropped out by the fourth year. 134. When I meet a girl with a very odd romantic and curiously-spelt name I always wonder what her name was before she began fooling with it. 135. Mrs. S. N. Conway, Union, Wis. Dear madam, 136. From the Post Office past Jefferson park and for nearly a quarter of a mile along the south shore drive the procession extended. 137. A woman like her as brilliant as any man and a great deal more brilliant than most of us has a perfect right to vote. 138. So with pails, bags, baskets and boxes we started on that long wet tramp through the grass, bushes and tall timber. 139. That the one was nearly a woman now and the 98 Handbook of Punctuation other — Alas ! — a full grown man did not occur to their Mother. 140. When women receive the ballot they will do as the men have done ; see that their working hours are shortened and that they have more sanitary conditions under which to labor. 141. This very important study should however not be a burden to the student and it will not become such if both teacher and student work hand in hand. 142. Mr. McCullom do I understand that you are a witness for rather than against the defense. 143. As to anything that would improve the work, I can think of nothing, it is the study not always the teacher that makes students like or dislike the subject. 144. Much obliged to you for the kind thought my child, I will take the word for the deed. 145. O, mother ocean I love thy whispers, thy sighs, and even thy doleful moans. 146. This summer we camped up the river where there were eight girls and two married ladies for chaper- ones. 147. The convention held at Chicago, Illinois in July 1912 could not be termed an absolute success. 148. His answer was expressed in three words — read — read — read. 149. "Ah ! Well ! I am forgetting again how old I am ; he exclaimed, And you are not interested any way." 150. For in the Acts of the apostles we are told that: "neither was any one among them (the faithful) needy." 151. The taste is a highly-emphasized combination of jelly, apple cider and lemonade, strawberries, honey and cool milk, iced beer and pickles, and dozens of the Exercises for Correction 99 other sensuous pleasures that please us, all these multi- plied to the third power. 152. But in an oral examination some students be- come so confused, even frightened, and this confusion is often due to the thoughtlessness of the instructor, that it is utterly impossible for them to make the showing that they normally would. 153. The dance over she threw her card away re- marking that she was disgusted with balls. 154. The loss of Leonardo Da Vincis Mona Lisa is the most regrettable artistic loss that we have had in many years. 155. Upon him has been thrust the undivided honor of representing in the campaign of 1912 the saner ideas of progress under the constitution and the institutions we have. 156. They learn the three Rs there and thats more than can be said of most of the schools in such districts. 157. Monday came and by 2,30 the biggest crowd was on hand that had been seen since the fall of 99. 158. The noon editions fairly overflowed with the latest and most ominous rumors, many of which had been invented in their own offices, denials of old rumors re- ported in the morning issues, derisive accounts of the ticket-scalpers who had been arrested, intricate calcula- tions on the crowds probable magnitude, which was ex- pected to be the largest ever known, statements by every notable in the city who had felt the need of a little free advertising, and other alleged news. 159. And what do you think of the dignity of a President who resorts to an ex parte action in order to gain a cheap and transient legal victory over a very important part of the people, whom he has sworn to pro- tect in their legal rights ! 100 Handbook of Punctuation 160. The Springfield, Mass., Republican quoted in Public Opinion above states that in 1894 1333000 people in New York city lived in 39138 tenement houses, a frac- tion over 34 persons to the house. 161. From morn to noon, from noon to dewy eve it was work — work — work — nothing but work. 162. If he does this, and the instructor gives new kinds of exercises even though the main things to be learned are repeated, and new ways of presenting the old principles, I think the student would have less cause to find this fault with Rhetoric. 163. Born in the state that is known as the mother of presidents and that produced the father of his country, we may confidently expect something worth while of Gov. Wilson. Index 101 INDEX Abbreviations page of personal titles (197) 78 period after (56) 23 permissible (195-196, 198-199) 77,78 to be avoided (194) 77 Absolute construction (93) 37 Adjectives compound (175) 66 fractional (174) 66 modifying, set off by commas (75) 32 proper, capitalized (25) 12 Administrative bodies, names capitalized (39) 17 Adverbial phrases, set off by commas (94) 37 Adverbs, set off by commas (94) 37 Apostrophe indicating omitted figures and letters (169) 64 indicating plurals of figures, etc. (170) 65 in past tense of coined verbs (171) 65 in possessive case (162-168) 63, 64 Apposition, informal, dash in (121) 46 Appositives, set off by commas (86) 35 Asterisks, use of (192) 74 Biblical references, colon used in (63) 26 Black-face type (21) 10 Blank lines (16) , 9 Books titles capitalized (28) 13 titles of quoted (150) 58 Botany, names of classes, etc. capitalized (53) 22 Brackets for parentheses within parentheses (191) 74 in direct quotations ( 190) 73 Broken lines, capitals in (51) 22 Buildings, names capitalized (41) 18 Capital letters abbreviations of academic titles, etc. (49) 21 academic degrees (49) 21 102 Handbook of Punctuation Capital letters administrative bodies (39) 17 biblical names (31) 15 botany, in (53) 22 broken lines (51) 22 buildings (41)' 18 cardinal points (34) 16 class names (27) 12 clubs (38) 17 colleges (38) 17 common nouns (29) 14 congresses (37) 17 conventions (37)' 17 corporations (38) 17 Egyptian dynasties (40) 17 expositions (37) 17 festivals (35) 16 first word of a sentence (23) 11 formal quotations (24) 11 governmental departments (39) 17 historical documents, etc. (36) 16 honorary titles (49) 21 interjection O (47) 20 judicial bodies (39) 17 legislative bodies (39) 17 Madam in salutations (50) 22 names distinguishing nationality (33)' 16 names of the Deity (30) 15 ordinal numbers (40) 17 parks (41) 18 personified objects (44) 18 political parties (38) 17 prefixes "von", "de", etc. (48) 21 pronoun / (47) ! 20 proper adjectives (25) 12 proper nouns (25) 12 religious denominations (38) 17 Resolved, after (52) 22 Sir in salutations (50) 22 solar bodies (42) 18 tabular items (46)' 19 titles of books, poems, etc. (28) 13 Index 103 Capital letters titles of honor, etc. (32) 15 verse (24) 11 "von", "de", etc. (48) 21 Whereas, after (52) 22 zoology, in (53) 22 Capitals, underscoring for (21) 10 Cardinal points, capitalized (34) 16 Chemical symbols, period omitted after (56) 23 Choice of writing paper (4) 2 Class names capitalized (27) 12 Clauses dependent, separated by commas (83) 34 dependent, separated by semicolons (69) 29 exclamatory, exclamation-point after (112) 43 independent, separated by commas (72) 30 in series, set off by commas (74) 31 parenthetic, in parentheses (129) 47 relative, set off by commas (82) 33 series of, subject of a sentence (78) 33 transposed, set off by commas (73) 31 Clubs, names of, capitalized (38) 17 Colleges, names of, capitalized (38) 17 Colon after salutations (62) 26 between independent clauses (59) 24 biblical references (63) 26 formal enumerations (61) 25 tabular items (61 ) 25 time indications (63) 26 Comma absolute construction (93) 37 adjective modifiers set off by (84) 34 after interjections (97) 39 after "namely", etc. (96) 38 appositives set off by (86) 35 before conjunctions in a series (76, 77) 32 before or (86) 35 between independent clauses (72) 30 contrasted negative words separated by (87) 36 dependent adverbial clauses set off by (83) 34 explanatory dates set off by (90) 37 104 Handbook of Punctuation Comma general usage (107) • • 41 geographical names set off by (90) 37 indicating omitted words ( 100) 39 initials following surname (92) 37 introductory words and phrases (94, 95) 37,38 large numbers, in ( 104) 41 non-restrictive modifiers (80-92) 33-37 parenthetic expressions set off by (85) 34 quotations, before (98) 39 relative clauses set off by (82) 1 33 Resolved, after (106) 41 salutations, after (105) 41 semicolon instead of (68) 28 separating members of a series (74) 31 separating modifying adjectives (75) 32 subject of sentence, after (101) 40 that, before (102)' 40 titles, academic, etc., set off by (91 )' 37 transposed phrases, etc. set off by (73) 31 vocatives set off by (89) 36 Whereas, after (106) 41 words and phrases in pairs (79) 33 words repeated for emphasis, between (99) 39 Commercial institutions, names capitalized (38) 1 17 Concluded, italicized (161) 63 Conferences, names of capitalized (37) 17 Congresses, names of capitalized (37) 17 Conjunctions, commas before (76, 77) 32-33 Continued, italicized (161) 63 Conventions, names of capitalized (37) 17 Conversation, in quotation-marks ( 141 ) 54 Corporations, names of capitalized (38) . • 17 Correspondence, abbreviations permitted in (196, 198) 77, 78 Dash after side-heads (127) 47 before explanatory phrases (122) 46 before formal sentence elements (119) 45 before quotations (118) 45 before summarizing words (120) ; 45 between dates (126) 47 Index 105 Dash between numbers ( 126) 47 between a quotation and its author (123) 46 between short speeches (125) 47 double (116) 44 in dialogue ( 124) 46 indicating informal apposition ( 121 )' 46 indicating omission of letters (128) 47 interchangeable with parentheses (131) 49 marking break in the thought (115) 44 parenthetic expressions set off by (116-117) 44-45 Dates cardinal numbers in (200-201 ) 79 dashes used in ( 124) , 46 explanatory, set off by commas (90) 37 Days of the week, names capitalized (35) 16 Degrees, academic, abbreviations of capitalized (49) 21 Deity, names of capitalized (30) 15 Denominations, religious, names capitalized (38) 17 Dialogue dashes used in (124) 46 paragraphing of ( 141 ) 54 Direct address, words in (89) 36 Documents, historical, etc., capitalized (36) 16 Double dash (116, 129 a) 44,48 Emphasis, italics for (159) 62 Enumerations, formal colon before (61 ) 25 first word capitalized (46) 19 numbering of ( 132) 49 semicolons in (67) 28 Epochs, historical, etc., capitalized (36) 16 Erasures (18) _ 10 Events, historical, etc. capitalized (36) 16 Exclamation-point (112-114) 43 Exercises for correction 85 Expositions, names of capitalized (37) : , . 17 Festivals, names of capitalized (35) 16 Figures beginning sentences with (205) 81 in parentheses (132) 49 omitted, apostrophe indicating (169) 64 plurals of (170) 65 106 Handbook of Punctuation Fraternities, names of capitalized (38) 17 Foot-notes abbreviations in ( 199) 78 general usage (193) 75 Geographical names, set off by commas (90) 37 Governmental departments, names capitalized (39) 17 Holidays, names of capitalized (35) 16 Hood, Thomas, quoted 51-52 Hyphen at end of lines (187) : 71 general usage (172-189) 65-73 in compound words (172-186) .65-71 indicating roots, etc. (189) 73 indicating syllables (188) 73 Independent sentences, capitalized (45) 19 Industrial institutions, names capitalized (38) 17 Initials following surnames (92) ! 37 Ink, black (6) 3 Insertions of words (17) 10 Institutions, industrial, etc., names capitalized (38) 17 Interjection O , capitalized (47) 20 Interjections commas after (97) 39 exclamation-point after (112) 43 Interrogation-point after interrogative parts of sentences (110) 42 after questions (109) 42 in parentheses (111, 133) 42, 50 Italics for — Concluded ( 161 ) 63 emphasis (159) 62 foreign words ( 158)' 61 magazines (156) 61 newspapers (156) 61 paragraph titles (157) , 61 Resolved (160) 62 ships (156) 61 side-heads (157) 61 Index 107 Italics for — To be Continued (161) 63 underscoring for (21) 10 Whereas (160) 62 Items, tabular first words capitalized (46) 19 introduced by colon (61) . . . . 25 numbering of (46) 19-20 semicolon in (67) 28 Judicial bodies, names capitalized (39) 17 Kingsley, Charles, quoted 51 Legibility of manuscripts (5) 2-3 Legislative bodies, names capitalized (39) 17 Lincoln, Abraham, quoted 56 Letters in parentheses ( 132) 49 omitted, apostrophe indicating (169) 64 omitted, dash indicating (128) 47 plurals of (170) 65 Lines broken, capitals in (51) 22 parts of left blank (16) 9 Madam, capitalized (50) ! 22 Magazine articles, titles capitalized (28) 13 Magazines, names italicized (156) 61 Manuscripts blank lines in (16) 9 carelessly prepared (2) 1 choice of paper for (4) 2 crowded lines (10) 4 erasures in ( 18) 10 fastening of (22) 10 folding (22) 10-11 insertions in (17) 10 legibility (5) 2 margins (9) 4 neatness (3) 2 pagination (11) ' 4 rolling (22) 10 space at top of each page (12) 4 suggestions concerning preparation (4-22) 2-11 108 Handbook of Punctuation Margins in manuscripts (9) 4 Marks used in correcting themes 84 Misspelled words (13) 4-9 Modifiers adjective, set off by commas (84) 34 non-restrictive (80-92) 33-37 participial, set off by commas (84) 34 Months, names of capitalized (35) 16 Namely, etc., semicolon before (66) 27 Names distinguishing nationality (33) 16 geographic, set off by commas (90) 37 Nationality, names distinguishing (33) 16 Negro, word not capitalized (33) 16 Newspapers, names of italicized (156) 61 Nicknames, in quotation-marks (154) 60 No comma after (95) 38 semicolon after (70) 29 Nominative absolute (93) 37 Numbers cardinal (202) 80 compound, hyphen in ( 173) ! 66 dates (200) 79 decimals, period in (58) 24 general usage (200-205) 79-81 large, commas in ( 104) 41 ordinal (201) 79 roman, period after (57) 24 sentence not to be begun with (205) 81 street (200) 79 Numerals, roman, period after (57) 24 Ordinal numbers capitalized (40) 17 Organizations, religious, etc., capitalized (38) 17 Pagination of manuscripts (11) 4 Paper, writing choice of (4)' 2 one side to be written on (6) 3 Index 109 Paragraphs consolidation of (15) 9 dashes instead of (125) 47 indentation of (14) 9 separation of (15) 9 titles of italicized (157) 61 Parentheses enclosing figures and letters ( 132)' 49 enclosing interrogation-points (133) 50 interchangeable with dashes (131) 49 interrogation-points in (111) 42 parenthetic clauses, etc. (129) 47 punctuation before (130) 48 Parentheses within parentheses (191) 74 Parenthetic expressions enclosed in parentheses ( 129)' 47 set off by commas (85) 34 set off by dashes (116-117) 44-45 within parenthetic expressions (85, 117) 34,45 Parks, names of capitalized (41) 18 Participles, present, set off by commas (84) 34 Per cent, period omitted after (56) 23 Period abbreviations (56) 23 chemical symbols (56) ! 23 decimal numbers (58) 24 declarative sentences, after (55) 23 exclamatory sentences, after (55) 23 format of books (56) 23 imperative sentences, after (55) 23 MS, after (56)' 23 per cent, omitted after (56) 23 roman numerals, after (57) 24 Personal epithets, capitalized (32) 15 Personified objects, capitalized (44) 18 Phrases appositive, set off by commas (86) 35 contrasted negative, set off by commas (87) 36 explanatory, dash before (122) 46 exclamatory, exclamation-point after (112)' 43 in a series, set off by commas (74) 31 in pairs, separated by commas (79) 33 parenthetic, in parentheses ( 129) 47 series of, subject of a sentence (78) 33 110 Handbook of Punctuation Pictures, titles of capitalized (28) 13 Plays titles in quotation-marks (150) 58 titles of capitalized (28)1 13 Plurals of figures, letters, etc. (170) 65 Poems titles capitalized (28) 13 titles in quotation-marks (150) 58 Political parties, names of capitalized (38) 17 Prefixes hyphenated (177) 67 marked by hyphens (189) 73 "von", "de", etc. (48) 21 Pronoun /, capitalized (47) 20 Pronouns, antecedents in titles of essays (8) 3 Proof sheet, specimen 82 Proper nouns, capitalized (25) 12 Punctuation, defined (1) 1 Questions, interrogation-point after (109-110) 42 Quotation-marks general usage (134-155)' 50-61 relative position of (145) 56 Quotations brackets in (190) 73 capitalization of first word (24) 11 dash after (123) 46 dialogue ( 141 ) 54 direct (134) 50 indirect (149)1 58 informal (24, 140) 11, 53 interpolated expressions in (144) 55 introduced by a colon (60) 25 introduced by a comma (98) 39 introduced by a dash (118) 45 material omitted from (192) 74 paragraph indentation in (139) 53 prose (138-142) 52-54 punctuation of (134-149) 50-58 verse (135-137) 50-52 within quotations (142-143) 54-55 Index 111 Religious denominations, names capitalized (38) 17 Resolved capital letter after (52) 22 comma after ( 106) 41 italicized (160) 62 Restoration of erased words (19) 10 Roots, indicated by hyphen ( 189) 73 Salutations colon after (62) 26 comma after ( 105) 41 Seasons, names not capitalized (25) 12 Semicolon after Yes and No (70) 29 before namely, etc. (66) 27 between independent clauses (65) 27 in complex sentences (71) 30 in formal enumerations (67) 28 in long series of clauses (69) 29 in simple sentences (71) 30 instead of commas (68) 28 Sentences beginning with figures (205) 81 complex, semicolon in (71) 30 compound, semicolon in (65) 27 declarative, exclamation-point after (114) 43 declarative, period after (55) 23 exclamatory, period after (55) 23 first word capitalized (23) 11 imperative, exclamation-point after (114) 43 imperative, period after (55) 23 independent, capitalized (45) 19 independent, colon between (59) 24 interrogative, interrogation-point after (109-110) 42 large and small numbers in (203) 80 Ships, names of italicized (156) 61 Side-heads dashes after (127) 47 italicized (157) 61 Sir, capitalized (50) 22 Slang, put in quotation-marks (153) 60 Solar bodies, names of capitalized (42) 18 112 Handbook of Punctuation Spelling (13) 4-9 Street numbers (200)1 79 Subject of sentence followed by a comma (101) 40 Suffixes hyphenated (179) 68 marked by hyphens ( 189) 73 varying (180) 68 Surnames followed by initials (92) 37 Tabular items first word capitalized (46) 19 introduced by colons (61 )' 25 numbering of (46, 132) 19-20, 49 semicolon in ( 67 ) 28 Technical terms in quotation-marks (151) 60 That, comma before (102) 40 Themes marks used in correcting 84 titles of not to be quoted (155) 61 Time indications, colon used in (63) 26 Title not put in quotation-marks ( 155 )' 61 space between subject-matter and (7) 3 Titles abbreviations of capitalized (49) 21 academic, set off by commas (91) 37 capitalized (32) 15 honorary, set off by commas (91 ) 37 personal, not to be abbreviated ( 197) 78 Transposed words, etc., set off by commas (73) 1 31 Transposition of words (20) 10 Type, black face, underscoring for (21) 10 Underscoring for emphasis (159) 62 general usage (21 ) 10 Verbs, coined, past tense of ( 171 ) 65 Verse capitalization of first lines (24) 11 quoted (135-137) 1 • 50-52 Index 113 Whereas capitals after (52) 22 comma after ( 106) 41 italicized (160)' m 62 Words appositive, set off by commas (86) 35 compound (172-186) 65-71 contrasted negative, set off by commas (87) 36 division of (187) 1 71 erasures (18) 10 foreign, italicized (158) 61 hyphenated (183) 69 in definition, quoted ( 152) 60 in direct address (89) 36 in pairs, separated by commas (79) 33 in series, set off by commas (74) ! 31 insertion of (17) 10 modifying, in separated phrases (88) 36 omission of part ( 186) 71 omitted, indicated by commas (100) 39 plurals of (170) 65 repeated for emphasis (99) 39 restoration of (19)' 10 separate ( 185) 71 series of, subject of sentence (78) 33 slang, in quotation-marks (153) 60 solid (184) 69 summarizing, dash before ( 120) 45 syllabication (188) 73 transposed, set off by commas (73) 1 31 transposition of (20) 10 Yes comma after (95) 38 semicolon after (70) 29 Zoology, classes, etc. of, capitalized (53) 22 20 1912 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 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