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Negro Neighbors 
 
 BOND AND FREE 
 
 LESSONS IN 
 
 History and Humanity 
 
 BY 
 
 PHILA M. WHIPPLE 
 
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 Woman^s American Baptist Home Mission Society y 
 510 Tremont Temple y Boston y Mass. 
 
 1907 
 
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 Nl^l^ 
 
 Sun Printing Company. 
 Pittsfield, Mass. 
 
 
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Contents 
 
 LESSON I. Page 
 
 Bondage Enforced, .... 5 
 
 LESSON IL 
 
 Freedom Achieved, . . . -33 
 
 LESSON IIL 
 
 Development Begun, . . . - ^7 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 Missions Multiplied, .... 105 
 
Q 
 
Lesson I 
 Bondage Enforced 
 
 ANCIENT SLAVERY 
 
 "Whatever day 
 Makes man a slave takes half his worth away." 
 
 Its Far back to the earliest pages of the world's 
 
 Origin, history must we turn to find the day when 
 first a man was made a slave, — the property 
 of his fellow-man. Then, vastly more than now, life 
 was a struggle, — a struggle with nature and its laws, 
 with wild beasts and savage men, — a struggle for 
 food and raiment, for house and land, often for mere 
 existence and the right to live. In the midst of these 
 primitive strugglers stalked two grim figures. Want 
 and War^ bringing men into bondage, and founding 
 the institution of slavery. Hunger and cold, famine 
 and privation were the stern agents of Want, causing 
 many a man, a family, or even an entire tribe or clan, 
 to accept terms of service from those who could and 
 would supply their urgent needs. Even more pow- 
 erful was War, with his long train of foreign captives, 
 forced to enter into subjection to the conqueror. Even 
 the savages of that early period found it more profit- 
 able to enslave their captives than to massacre them, 
 and the custom became widely prevalent in the ancient 
 world. 
 
 Among Oriental AH the ancient oriental nations of 
 Nations. which we have any record had their 
 
 slaves, and some of the greatest 
 material works of antiquity were accomplished by 
 
€ LESSON I 
 
 them. By means of slaves, agriculture was carried 
 on ; the industrial arts were practised ; and, because of 
 their hard labor, leisure was given to priests and 
 scribes, philosophers and writers, to work out their 
 plans for the intellectual development of the race. In 
 Assyria, recently discovered sculptures show great 
 masses of slaves — the conquest of war — engaged in 
 dragging colossal monuments into position. In Egypt, 
 it was slave labor that built the pyramids, and reared 
 the sphinx of Ghizeh ; and Egyptian slaves performed 
 many acts of social and artistic service, as represented 
 on their monuments. There was slave-trading, too, 
 and the Phenicians shared with the Philistines the 
 unhappy reputation of being the chief slave-traders 
 of antiquity. Even among the Hebrews, slaves were 
 held ; some, members of their own nation who had sold 
 themselves on account of debts or poverty, — others, 
 foreigners who had become captives in time of war. 
 
 HebreTf Much of the Mosaic Law is concerned 
 
 Legislation, with the treatment of bond-servants ; 
 and from both law and history it is evi- 
 dent that slavery among the Hebrews was an institu- 
 tion much more humane and considerate than among 
 other Eastern nations of the olden time, or those mod- 
 ern nations that have practised it. Much emphasis was 
 placed upon the sacredness of human life and liberty ; 
 masters must treat their slaves with kindness and with 
 justice as tho they were brethren; suitable remunera- 
 tion must be given for their services, and in the seventh 
 year came their release; while every fifty years there 
 was, besides, a general emancipation of Hebrew slaves, 
 a veritable Year of Jubilee. No Fugitive Slave Law 
 defaced the Mosaic Statute book, but instead a law 
 which said: 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 7 
 
 "Thou Shalt not deliver up a slave to his master, 
 who escapes to thee from his master. With thee 
 shall he abide in thy midst in the place that he 
 chooses, in any one of thy cities that he likes." 
 — (Deut. 23: 15, 16.) 
 
 Some distinction there was between the native and the 
 foreign slave, in favor of the native; but the latter 
 was urged to become a proselyte, to become a part of 
 the Hebrew religious community, and so to share in 
 its protection. Many a slave attained a high position 
 in his master's household, and he might even become 
 his heir. The important place held by Eliezer in the 
 family of Abraham was paralleled in later times by 
 the fate of Joseph, the captive Hebrew, who became 
 the prime minister of Pharaoh. In a word, the pur- 
 pose of the Hebrew legislation regarding a system 
 existing centuries before the Exodus and the giving 
 of the Law, was to diminish its evils, and limit its 
 duration. Had this spirit prevailed in other lands and 
 other times, the face of history had been changed. 
 
 In Ancient Among the Greeks, the practise of slavery 
 Greece. was so ancient that its origin cannot be 
 
 traced. Even their greatest philosophers 
 and moralists saw in it no moral wrong, but regarded 
 it as a necessity of nature. Aristotle divided all man- 
 kind into two classes, — freemen, and slaz'cs by nature ; 
 and Plato wished only that no Greeks should be made 
 slaves. Besides those taken captive in war, and those 
 enslaved by their creditors for debt, the slave-markets 
 were supplied by pirates whose trade was not then 
 considered illegal and dishonorable. The Greek deal- 
 ers bought large numbers of human beings at the 
 markets held in the towns on the coast of the Black 
 Sea, and the Asiatic side of the Grecian Archipelago; 
 then put them up for sale at home. In Athens, there 
 
S LESSON I 
 
 were special markets held for this purpose on the 
 first day of every month, and the number of slaves 
 owned in all parts of Greece was enormous. It was 
 a sign of extreme poverty to own no slaves at all, and 
 their number probably exceeded that of the free popu- 
 lation. Laws and customs differed in different states, 
 but in many respects the lot of the slave was hard and 
 unhappy. His master might throw him into chains, 
 put him in the stocks, condemn him to the most vio- 
 lent labor, leave him without food, brand him, punish 
 him with stripes, — but in Athens, at least, he was for- 
 bidden to kill him. Still, it was possible for some 
 slaves to earn large sums of money, enjoy a fair share 
 of legal protection, and purchase their freedom, should 
 their owners consent. So that, according to Demos- 
 thenes, a slave at Athens was better off than a free 
 citizen in many other countries. 
 
 In Here, too, the custom was widely prevalent, 
 
 Rome, and under the Roman Empire, it is said to 
 have been carried to an excess never known 
 elsewhere, before or since. But the conditions dif- 
 fered somewhat from those in Greece. The Romans 
 believed that all men were free by natural law; but 
 that slavery, tho contrary to such law, was justified by 
 the law of nations, when a captive was preserved in- 
 stead of being slain. From this custom comes the 
 Latin word for slave, servus, contracted from servatus 
 — preserved. Then, when a freeman sold himself for 
 debt, his enslavement was justified by civil law. How 
 different was the Roman from the Hebrew estimate 
 of human life, is shown all too vividly in the customs 
 of the gladiatorial combats ; in the exposure of old and 
 useless slaves on an island of the Tiber, there to die 
 of hunger; and in conduct like that of one Pollio, 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 9 
 
 who, in the polite age of Augustus, was accustomed 
 to fling such slaves as displeased him into his fish 
 ponds, to please his lampreys. When complaint was 
 made to the Emperor, no severer punishment was im- 
 posed upon the noble (?) criminal than the destruc- 
 tion of his ponds. But later, such cruelty was some- 
 what restrained by law, and the killing of a slave was 
 accounted murder, but the harboring of a runaway 
 slave was illegal. At first, the cultivation of the soil 
 was almost entirely given over to slaves ; then they 
 became personal attendants upon their masters ; later, 
 they were employed in the mechanical arts, about the 
 amphitheatre, and then in trade, when it became pos- 
 sible for them to hold property of their own, and per- 
 haps purchase their freedom. There were various 
 ways in which a slave might be set at liberty, but this 
 power was restricted by law. Among captives set 
 free, both in Greece and Rome, was often a slave far 
 superior to his master, and the names of Esop and 
 Epictetus have shed luster upon a condition of bond- 
 age, destined to be for them of short duration, an 
 earnest of the coming emancipation of their race. 
 
 The Teachings The new religion did not at once 
 of Christianity, break the fetters which long ages of 
 
 practise had so firmly forged, but it 
 introduced principles which, once adopted, and devel- 
 oped to their perfect application, were powerful to 
 snap the chains of slavery, and restore men to their 
 natural rights of freedom. The new idea of human 
 duties and relationships taught by the Founder of 
 Christianity ; the lessons of love and brotherhood, and 
 common relations of all men to the life and liberty 
 of the Gospel ; the explicit injunctions of Paul, the 
 chief Apostle, concerning the mutual duties of bond- 
 
10 LESSON I 
 
 servants and their masters ; — all these were the spirit- 
 ual influences permeating the Christian Church, and 
 thru it, the world. Christianity never, in the early 
 ag*es, denounced slavery as a crime, never advised 
 slaves to rise and throw off the yoke, nor definitely 
 commanded masters to liberate their slaves ; but it 
 taught patience and obedience to the one, and to the 
 other, kindness and forbearance. Within the church, 
 the brotherhood of man was recognized, master and 
 slave were absolutely equal, and Paul could say: 
 
 "There is neither slave nor free, for, ye are all 
 one in Christ Jesus." 
 
 The poor, unhappy bondsmen of Greek and Roman 
 society had restored to them their rights of manhood, 
 and their external condition was gradually improved. 
 The church excommunicated such slave-holders as put 
 their slaves to death without warrant from the judge, 
 and even Roman laws were modified in favor of the 
 slave. Still, the number of those held in bondage in- 
 creased, as multitudes were brought in by the barbaric 
 invaders of the Empire ; and our modern word slave 
 bears witness to the fact that great numbers of these 
 captives were Slars, tribes dwelling at first between 
 the Vistula and Dnieper rivers, but spreading west- 
 ward as their primitive home became too narrow for 
 their rapid increase. Six centuries of conflict between 
 Christianity and the institution of slavery in the Ro- 
 man Empire saw the latter tottering to its fall, only 
 to be succeeded thruout all medieval Europe by the 
 almost equally degrading bondage of serfdom. But 
 the leaven of liberty was at work, surely if slowly, 
 and after eighteen centuries of influence, emancipation 
 was a fact in all Christian European countries ; and in 
 this twentieth century, it still must work to abolish 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 11 
 
 those lingering remnants of a traffic contrary to all 
 the laws of humanity and of God. 
 
 MODERN NEGRO SLAVERY 
 
 Its Beg-inning "African slavery is the oldest of all 
 in Europe. known systems of chattelism, and as 
 
 the earliest records show, was uni- 
 versal in the Dark Continent. From the dawn of 
 commerce and civilization, slaves were its chief 
 commodity of exchange with foreign peoples. 
 India, Persia, Babylon, Arabia, Phenicia, the 
 Hebrews, Greece, and Rome traflBcked in Negro 
 slaves, exchanging their spices, wine, silks, 
 jewels, linen, and tapestry for sable bondmen. 
 But in the last four centuries, the Arabs and the 
 Portuguese have been the foreign slave factors 
 of Africa, the former supplying the Eastern, and 
 the latter the Western slave markets of the world, 
 which, until slavery was abolished in our hemi- 
 sphere, consisted of North, South, and Central 
 America, as well as the West Indian Islands." 
 
 This is the statement of an American historian, him- 
 self of African descent, and it furnishes the connect- 
 ing link between the ancient and the modern, and in- 
 troduces the Portuguese as the earliest European 
 nation to engage in the capture and the sale of their 
 Brothers in Black. 
 
 Prince Henry's In the days of the Navigator Prince, 
 Agency. Cape Bojador, the bulging cape, just 
 
 beyond the Canaries, was the south- 
 ernmost point of Christian knowledge ; and strange 
 and childish notions filled the minds of mariners and 
 landsmen alike. The sailors believed that any Chris- 
 tian venturing beyond this cape would be turned into 
 a black, God's punishment on his curious and insolent 
 prying. The medieval maps were marvels of super- 
 stitious imagination and fear, representing the African 
 
12 LESSON I 
 
 coast as fringed with sea-monsters and serpent rocks, 
 and over the waters frightful spirit hands, raised to 
 seize the first human victims wlio should venture into 
 this Satanic realm. But Henry of Portugal roused 
 his captains to discredit these idle tales, and urged 
 them in these words to pass beyond the dreaded cape : 
 
 "Go out again and lieed them not, for by God's 
 help, fame and profit must come from your voy- 
 age, if you will but persevere." 
 
 And fame and profit came. 
 
 The First In 1434, one of his caravels doubled Bo- 
 Captives, jador, and the following year efforts were 
 made to explore the land and obey Henry's 
 injunction to bring home at least one native. The 
 first efforts failed, but in 1441 Antam Gonsalvez, 
 Master of the Robes to Prince Henry, was sent out 
 with a vessel to load it with "sea-wolves" ; but instead 
 he captured some Moors, hoping to please his royal 
 master by taking home ''some of the language of that 
 country." In 1442, these Moors offered their captor 
 some black slaves in ransom for themselves, if they 
 were taken back to their own country. This the Prince 
 urged Gonsalvez to do, for the sake of gaining souls, 
 having more faith in the conversion of the Negroes 
 than of the Moors. When the Master of the Robes 
 made terms with his first captives and restored them 
 to their homes, he is said to have received in exchange 
 for two Moors, some gold dust, a target of buffalo 
 hide, some ostrich eggs, and ten black slaves, the first 
 to make their appearance in the Spanish Peninsula, 
 where they aroused great admiration because of their 
 color. Then began the second great period of slavery. 
 The old pagan institution had become practically ex- 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 13 
 
 tinct, and this new phase was marked by a character 
 purely commercial. The slave was no longer a pris- 
 oner of war, no longer a captive of debt or poverty, 
 but an object of commerce, a creature to be sought for, 
 to be produced, and to be sold. More momentous 
 than all that had preceded is the history of the last 
 four centuries. 
 
 SLAVERY m SPAiVISH AMERICA 
 
 The Spanish Could Prince Henry have foreseen the 
 Trade. outcome of this trade in human souls, 
 
 the far-reaching results to two conti- 
 nents and two races, we may well believe that his 
 righteous soul would have been vexed within him ; for 
 history credits him with kindness and fair treatment, 
 with genuine piety and earnest zeal for the increase of 
 the church. Hating the Moslem infidels with a bitter 
 hatred, he believed it was better for a Negro to be a 
 slave in the Christian faith than a Mohammedan in 
 freedom, and his was not the selfish pleasure of a 
 slave trader in making gain, or inflicting injury. 
 Others had the commercial instinct, however, and the 
 trade went on ; tho, after a time, the importation of 
 human beings by the Portuguese languished until after 
 the discovery of America. Even then, it was the part 
 of Spain and not of Portugal to bring upon herself 
 the dire disgrace of introducing slavery into the New 
 World. One of Spain's historians even claims for her 
 a trade in Negro slaves earlier than that of the Por- 
 tuguese ; but however that may be, it is certain that 
 long before Columbus sailed away from Palos, on his 
 memorable voyage of discovery, the sale of gold-dust 
 and captives from the west coast of Africa was carried 
 on in Andalusia, and "abounded in the city of Seville." 
 
14 LESSON I 
 
 Enslavement Like Prince Henry and the Catholic 
 
 of the Indians, sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, 
 
 Columbus was possessed by a strong 
 desire to bring men — all men, white, black or red, to 
 the faith of the Holy Catholic Church, as his own de- 
 scription of the first Indian he met clearly illustrates. 
 
 "Because they had much friendship for us, and 
 because I knew they were people that would de- 
 liver themselves better to the Christian faith, and 
 be converted more through love than by force, I 
 gave some of them coloured caps and some strings 
 of glass beads for their neck, and many other 
 things of little value, with which they were de- 
 lighted, ani were so entirely ours that it was a 
 marvel to see. They ought to make faithful ser- 
 vants and of good understanding, for I see that 
 very quickly they repeat all that is said to them; 
 and I believe they would easily be converted to 
 Christianity, for it appeared to me that they had 
 no creed." 
 
 Strangely in contrast with an honest missionary pur- 
 pose was the method suggested and practised in carry- 
 ing it out. On Columbus's second visit to the New 
 World, after finding the little colony left on His- 
 paniola entirely destroyed, he sent messages back to 
 Spain by one Antonio de Torres, who was to inform 
 their royal highnesses that he (Columbus) had "sent 
 home some Indians from the Cannibal Islands as 
 slaves, to be taught Castilian and to serve afterwards 
 as interpreters, so that the work of conversion might 
 go on." He advised, too, that the more of them that 
 could be taken the better, and distinctly proposed the 
 establishment of the slave-trade. But the Monarchs 
 rejected the proposal, tho, curiously enough, the very 
 ships that brought their reply, begging Columbus to 
 seek some other way to Christianity than thru slavery, 
 even for man-eating Caribs, went back to Spain loaded 
 with slaves taken from among the wild inhabitants of 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED li 
 
 Hispaniola. So, in spite of the royal protest, the trade 
 went on ; Columbus made war, took captives, sent 
 them to Spain, devised plans of barter and exchange, 
 and developed the commercial cunning of the slave- 
 trader, without, perhaps, losing the religious instinct 
 for conversion, so-called. 
 
 Substitution The large numbers of Indians sent to 
 
 of the Negroes. Spain, killed by warfare, or by un- 
 accustomed labors, privations, and 
 diseases, so reduced the labor market, that Negroes 
 were gradually introduced to supply it. Spanish 
 slave holders, as they emigrated to the colonies, 
 brought unauthorized their slaves with them, and the 
 superior hardihood of the race, their ability to live in 
 all climates, favored their further importation. In 
 1 50 1, when Ovando was governor of the Indies, an 
 edict of the King declared that Negro slaves "born in 
 the power of Christians," were to be allowed to enter 
 Hispaniola; and in this way the trade was established 
 in the New World, by the royal ordinances of Spain. 
 In two years the number was so great that the gov- 
 ernor remonstrated, begging "that no Negro slaves 
 should be sent to Hispaniola, for they fled amongst 
 the Indians, and taught them bad customs, and never 
 could be caught" ; and the pope — Leo X. — declared 
 that "not the Christian religion only, but nature her- 
 self cries out against the state of slavery." But the 
 King continued to send them, and for a time the idle 
 pretense of using them to assist in converting the 
 infidel natives was maintained. Then the cultivation 
 of sugar began, and this caused new demands 
 for the labor of the hardy African, so that cov- 
 etousness overcame any lingering scruples, and the 
 traffic in slaves between Guinea and Hispaniola was 
 
16 LESSON I 
 
 permitted by repeated royal orders. It is a curious 
 coincidence that the very year (15 17) in which began 
 the great Protestant Reformation in Germany, Las 
 Casas, called "Protector of the Indians," returned 
 from America to Spain to plead the cause of the fail- 
 ing red men, and to urge a still more general employ- 
 ment of the black men in their places. Then the Flem- 
 ings longed for license to engage in the dishonorable 
 business, and Charles V. granted them permission. 
 Another coincidence, even more striking in its incon- 
 sistency, is the fact that the same year in which the 
 monarch sailed for Tunis to set free the Christian 
 slaves of Africa captured by the Moors, he gave his 
 legal sanction to the African slave trade, substituting 
 the oppression of one race for that of another. One 
 Spanish statesman saw in advance to what propor- 
 tions this might grow, and the possibility of revolu- 
 tion; and it is a logical coincidence that Hayti, the 
 first place in the New World to receive Negro slaves, 
 was the first to set the example of successful revolt 
 and liberty. It was the slave trade which gave to the 
 African race their inheritance in America, a gift 
 which may be described in the quaint phrase of an early 
 historian as "very mischievous to as remote a period 
 in the history of the world as we can at all presume 
 to foresee.'* 
 
 English Five years from Columbus to Cabot, and 
 
 Enterprise, then a long period of inactivity on the 
 part of the English ! Many adventurers 
 crossed the Atlantic and explored the coast, but as the 
 excitement of novelty grew less, the voyages grew 
 fewer and fewer, for there was little chance to con- 
 quer, or to plunder from the Spaniards who were 
 then on friendly terms with England; and the pope's 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 17 
 
 division of all newly-discovered lands between Spain 
 and Portugal could not be well contested by a country 
 then Catholic itself. But with the increasing demand 
 for Negro slave labor, English enterprise was to find 
 an opening, and to Sir John Hawkins belongs the un- 
 enviable distinction of first interesting his countrymen 
 in the detestable traffic. The Spaniards themselves 
 had no African settlements, but depended for their 
 supplies upon the Portuguese, and French and Eng- 
 lish adventurers. When the Brazilian plantations de- 
 veloped so rapidly as to absorb the entire supply, the 
 Spanish colonists were at a loss where to look for 
 Negro helpers for themselves. When the French and 
 English captains frequenting the Guinea coast realized 
 this condition. Sir John Hawkins, who had from boy- 
 hood been engaged in trade with Spain and the 
 Canaries, determined to take a cargo of slaves to His- 
 paniola. This he did in 1562, and his little fleet was 
 the first English squadron to sail the West Indian 
 seas. His ships returned to England, laden with 
 sugar, ginger, and pearls ; and so pleased was his royal 
 mistress, Elizabeth, that she deigned not only to pro- 
 tect his second expedition, but to share its profits. The 
 history of his first voyage to the Guinea coast reads 
 like this, and the sad, laconic story was repeated in 
 the later expeditions. 
 
 "Master John Hawkins, coming upon the coast of 
 Sierra Leone, staid for some time, and partly by 
 the sword, and partly by other means, got into his 
 possession three hundred Negroes at the least." 
 
 What those other means may have been is only too 
 evident from Hawkins's own account of his method. 
 In one invasion, he acknowledges having set fire to a 
 city of which the huts were covered with dry palm 
 leaves, and so having seized two hundred and fifty 
 
18 LESSON I 
 
 captives out of a population of 8000. A second voy- 
 age to Africa followed in 1564, and a third was 
 planned for 1566, but the Spanish King protested, for 
 ail this trade in Spanish ports was as unlawful as it 
 was unchristian. But by 1567, there was war between 
 England and Spain, and Hawkins could carry out 
 his plans without restraint ; and in the voyage of this 
 year, he was joined by young Francis Drake, who 
 wished to extend his knowledge and share in the gains 
 of the traffic. Indeed, this trade with the Spanish 
 settlements in both North and South America proved 
 lucrative beyond all expectation, and for his exploits 
 on the Guinea coast and his subsequent expeditions, 
 Capt. Hawkins obtained from the English office of 
 heraldry a coat-of-arms — ''a deuii-Moor in his proper 
 colour^ bound with a cord" ; and the Queen of Eng- 
 land shared his risks, his profits, and his crimes, and 
 became ''a smuggler and a slave-merchant." Low in- 
 deed was the prevailing sentiment in so-called Chris- 
 tian countries, when such things could be ; and very 
 slowly, tho not in vain, was the Christian leaven per- 
 meating the whole mass of European humanity. 
 
 IN COLONY AND STATE 
 
 la the The first African slaves ever brought to the 
 Soutli. mainland of North America were probably 
 imported into Florida by the Spaniards late in 
 the sixteenth century, but the first English colony to 
 invest in the lives and labors of their black brothers 
 was Virginia. It was a Dutch man-of-war, which 
 entered the James River in August, 16 19, bringing 
 twenty Negroes, who were purchased by the colonists, 
 and with their children held in perpetual bondage, 
 this latter condition marking the difference between 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 19 
 
 the so-called "white slaves" of Virginia and the black. 
 Had the trade remained with the Dutch, it would 
 never have reached such great proportions as it at- 
 tained in later years. Another nation was to foster 
 the infamous traffic, and a clever invention to increase 
 the demand. It is interesting to note in this connec- 
 tion, that the second year following, 162 1, saw the be- 
 ginning- of cotton culture in the United States. Then 
 for the first time the seeds were planted, at whose 
 "plentiful coming-up" both England and America re- 
 joiced. Colonists from Virginia settled in North 
 Carohna, and carried their slaves with them ; South 
 Carolina received her share with the governor who 
 came from the Barbadoes ; and altho Oglethorpe, the 
 founder of the Georgia colony, held slavery to be a 
 crime against the laws of God, and those of Engla:id, 
 yet the colonists complaining of his prohibition hired 
 slaves from South Carolina ; and soon ships sailed 
 from Savannah for the coast of Africa, and Georgia, 
 too, became a slave State. When the number of 
 slaves seemed to increase too rapidly, some restrictions 
 were imposed upon the traffic ; but always the English 
 government resisted such restrictions, and one histor- 
 ian of this sad business has written : 
 
 "British avarice planted slavery in America; 
 British legislation sanctioned and maintained it; 
 British statesmen sustained and guarded it." 
 
 Inyention of the In the vears preceding the Revolu- 
 Cotton Gin. tion, the cultivation of rice, indigo, 
 
 and tobacco became profitable 
 sources of gain to the mother country, as well as to 
 the colonists themselves, and the patient slaves toiling 
 under the lash of cruel overseers were adding to the 
 
20 LESSON I 
 
 wealth of their masters at home and abroad. But the 
 culture of cotton had up to this time been of compara- 
 tively little profit until Eli Whitney, in 1793, perfected 
 the cotton gin, — a machine for separating the fibre of 
 cotton from the seed. New demands for this fibre had 
 arisen in England, where the introduction of the fac- 
 tory system was just then made possible by the use of 
 steam-power, and the invention of spinning and weav- 
 ing machines. Now, with the help of Whitney's 
 '*gin," southern planters could supply the demand, and 
 the cultivation of cotton spread all thru the States and 
 Territories of the warmer regions of the South, as 
 rapidly as slaves could be procured for new planta- 
 tions. Between the years of 1793 and 1808, it is esti- 
 mated that no fewer than half a million were imported 
 into the United States, five-sevenths as many in those 
 fifteen years as the whole number in the States in 
 1790. The profit was immense, and a slave became 
 doubly valuable. All hope of a gradual extinction of 
 the system of slave labor, held by many even in the 
 South, by men like Washington and Jefferson, seemed 
 lost, and since the legal importation of slaves could 
 not endure for many more years, a home supply must 
 be created, and so slave-breeding as a business arose 
 and flourished in the slave and border States. Con- 
 scientious scruples disappeared before the hope of 
 commercial and industrial gain ; and an interest in the 
 permanence of the slave trade was created, not easily 
 weakened by the growing moral sentiment of the 
 North. The invention of the Cotton Gin may well be 
 noted as of grave importance to the history of Amer- 
 ica, inasmuch as it fastened upon the South an insti- 
 tution unjust, unrighteous, and oppressive, destined 
 to bring misery upon a race, and war upon a nation. 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 21 
 
 In the In the colonial legislature of Massachusetts 
 North, in 1641, a legal code, known as the "Body of 
 Liberties," was enacted, in which it was de- 
 clared that there should never be any bond slavery 
 except of captives taken in "just war," or persons will- 
 ingly sold ; and that all such should be treated as were 
 the slaves of ancient Israel. Yet it was neither a 
 Dutch nor an English ship, but that of Thomas Keyser 
 and James Smith, the latter a member of the Boston 
 church, which first drew upon this colony the infamy 
 of sharing in the slave trade. In 1645, this ship sailed 
 away to the Guinea coast "to trade for Negroes," and 
 the year following two slaves were brought to the 
 Massachusetts colony, procured in a Sunday slave- 
 hunt in Africa. To the credit of the community, how- 
 ever, it is recorded that a memorial was presented to 
 the General Court, lamenting the triple crime of "mur- 
 der, man-stealing, and Sabbath-breaking;" the gen- 
 eral indignation resulted in the restoration of the 
 Negroes to their native country at the public charge, 
 and later in the year, a law was passed condemning to 
 death whoever "stealeth a man or mankind." In the 
 Connecticut and New Haven colonies, similar laws 
 were soon after passed, but it remained for Rhode 
 Island, home of Roger Williams, to pass in 1652 an 
 act providing that ''no black mankind or white, forced 
 by covenant-bond or otherwise," should serve more 
 than ten years, or after the age of twenty-five, but 
 should be set free. This law is said to be — 
 
 "The first legislative enactment in the history of 
 this continent, if not of the world, for the sup- 
 pression of involuntary servitude." 
 
 In New York, the Dutch settlers were provided with 
 slave labor by the Dutch West Indian Company. In 
 New Jersey, a bounty of seventy-five acres was oflfered 
 
22 LESSON I 
 
 for every slave brought there, and Good Queen Anne 
 urged the Royal African Company to have a constant 
 supply of Negroes for this colony. Into Maryland, 
 Delaware and Pennsylvania, slavery found its ready 
 way, and while there was some public sentiment both 
 in England and America against the traffic, and some 
 attempt by legislation to restrict it, the number of 
 slaves slowly increased even at the North. There, no 
 plantations cried out for a multitude of workers, but 
 on the small farms and in the households of the rich, 
 slave labor was held valuable, but was never performed 
 under conditions so humiliating and degrading as in 
 the South. In New England, the profit of slaves at 
 home was never so great as that of the slave ships at 
 sea, and her commercial interests were fatally en- 
 tangled with the trade. The poorest fish in a sea- 
 son's catch were sent to feed the slaves of the West 
 Indies ; molasses was the returning cargo, and, when 
 changed to rum, this went to Africa, and was ex- 
 changed for Negroes who were sold as slaves in the 
 Southern colonies. Even the New England conscience 
 was not proof against greed and gain, and any attempt 
 to shift the responsibility of the institution and growth 
 of slavery from North to South, will find no warrant in 
 our early history. It remained for later years to see 
 the public conscience aroused to realize the essential 
 wrong of such a system. 
 
 Treatment In the early days of slavery, the re- 
 
 of the Slaves, ligious motive was not lacking in many 
 
 a slave-holder North and South, for 
 both Puritan and Huguenot shared the belief that they 
 were instruments in the hand of God for the conver- 
 sion of the world, and that the slave-system was His 
 method of bringing both Indian and African into the 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 23 
 
 number of the elect. So strong was this feehng, that 
 with some there was even a behef that baptism might 
 release a Negro from the bonds of servitude, a belief 
 destroyed only in 1669, when an Act of the Crown 
 declared that such baptism did not interfere with the 
 master's rights in his human property. Often master 
 and slave attended the same church services, sang the 
 same songs, offered the same prayers, and shared the 
 same church duties and privileges. Prof. W. E. B. 
 DuBois, one of the most highly cultivated Negroes in 
 the country, says: 
 
 "Slavery brought the African three advantages; 
 it taught him to labor, gave him the English 
 language, and — after a sort — the Christian re- 
 ligion." 
 
 In the North, domestic servants were treated fairly 
 and kindly, and, as in state after state, their gradual 
 emancipation took place, the question of cruelty and 
 oppression, of the demoralization of both master and 
 bondman, calls for little notice there. Even in the 
 South, in the later days when commercial profit had 
 superseded the missionary motive, the picture was not 
 wholly black, for there were good masters as well as 
 bad. There was many a well-ordered plantation where 
 the slaves were treated with kindness and justice, 
 where all necessary physical comforts were provided, 
 and where the relations between masters, mistresses, 
 and servants were fair and friendly. Had all slave- 
 owners been like Calhoun of South Carolina, one 
 of the foremost champions of the system, or like 
 Thomas Dabney of Virginia and Mississippi, the story 
 of slavery would lack those dark and dreadful chap- 
 ters which cast so dense a gloom over the whole. But 
 conscienceless planters, cruel overseers, and hard task- 
 masters were all too numerous, and the bitterness of 
 
24 LES80N I 
 
 bondage was tasted to the full by their hapless human 
 victims. Worse than the deprivations of proper food 
 and shelter, worse than hard work and most cruel 
 Hoggings, were the constant fear and uncertainty of 
 life, the family separations, the utter lack of the re- 
 wards and incentives of labor, of the privileges of 
 learning and the rights of law, the stigma of race and 
 servitude, and the burning sense of injustice in being 
 merely a thing, a chattel. 
 
 Some Southern Whatever may be said in extenuation 
 Laws. of the system as humane, or neces- 
 
 sary, or advantageous, from the view 
 point of the exceptionally just and generous masters, 
 the barbarous legislation of the Southern States in the 
 interests of preserving such an institution, is one of 
 the severest indictments against slave owners and 
 law-makers. Two or three quotations from their 
 statutes will suffice as proof or illustration. 
 
 "Any person who shall attempt to teach any free 
 person of color or slave to spell, read, or write, 
 shall, upon conviction thereof, be imprisoned not 
 less than one, or more than twelve months." 
 
 That is Louisiana. 
 
 "Teaching slaves to read and write tends to 
 excite dissatisfaction in their minds and to pro- 
 duce insurrection and rebellion; therefore, if any 
 person shall give or sell to any slave a Bible, 
 tract, or book of any kind, such person, if white, 
 shall be punished with a fine of two hundred dol- 
 lars; and, if a free negro, with thirty-nine lashes 
 on the bare back." 
 
 That is North Carolina. In South Carolina, the slave 
 discovered receiving such instruction was beaten with 
 many stripes, and his instructor fined to the amount of 
 five hundred dollars. Morality as well as mental de- 
 velopment was outraged by the law, as witness the 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 25 
 
 code of Louisiana, "Slaves shall not contract matri- 
 mony;" and the sanctity of human Hfe was subject to 
 such an enactment as this : 
 
 "If any slave shall presume to strike any white 
 person, such slave may be lawfully killed." 
 
 Mutilation and murder on the part of the master was 
 scarcely counted sin or crime, and the sense of human 
 right grew pitifully less. Neither Hebrew legislation 
 nor Christian teaching had as yet leavened the mingled 
 lump of black and white humanity in the New World. 
 
 FEDERAL LEGISLATION 
 
 The Ordinance When the War of Independence 
 of 1787. closed, England had learned that her 
 
 fostering care of the slave trade had 
 not availed to prevent the independence her statesmen 
 had sometimes anticipated. A quotation from a 
 pamphlet published in 1745 shows how political, as 
 well as commercial reasons entered into the English 
 policy : 
 
 "Negro labor will keep our British colonies in a 
 close subserviency to the interest of their mother 
 country; for, while our plantations depend only 
 on planting by Negroes, our colonies can never 
 prove injurious to British manufactures, never 
 become independent of their Kingdom." 
 
 But victory for the colonists gave them the right to 
 legislate for themselves, and placed upon them the 
 great responsibility of carving out the future of three 
 races, the white, the red, and the black. The slave 
 trade was now a national, and not a local question. As 
 early as 1784, when the Continental Congress attempt- 
 ed to fix the conditions of the great and fertile terri- 
 tory between the 31st and 47th parallels, a committee, 
 of which Thomas Jefferson was a member, was ap- 
 
26 LESSON I 
 
 pointed to report a plan for its government, and their 
 plan provided for its division into seventeen states, 
 with this Hmitation : 
 
 "After the year of the Christian Era 1800, there 
 shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude 
 in any of these states, otherwise than in the pun- 
 ishment of crime, whereof the party shall have 
 been duly convicted." 
 
 Had this provision not failed of acceptance, slavery 
 v^ould have been prohibited not alone in the Northwest 
 Territory, but also in Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, 
 and Mississippi. A year later, a delegate from Massa- 
 chusetts moved to modify this report by inserting a. 
 clause demanding total and immediate prohibition of 
 slavery, but his motion, too, failed. In 1787, a com- 
 mittee with a Massachusetts chairman reported an 
 ordinance for the territory northwest of the Ohio, in 
 which there should be neither slavery nor involuntary 
 servitude. In spite of the provision for the returning 
 of fugitive slaves, this was a victory for freedom, and 
 showed that then, even in the South, there was much 
 anti-slavery sentiment. But the cotton gin was not 
 yet invented ! In the years following, many and per- 
 sistent efforts were made to repeal or at least suspend 
 the ordinance in the interest of settlers from the slave- 
 holding states, but fortunately for the North and for 
 the nation, they proved unavailing, and the Ordinance 
 of 1787 stands as one of the great events in American 
 history, a political and moral achievement of immense 
 importance. 
 
 Constitutional This decision rendered slavery more 
 Compromises, than ever a Southern question. In the 
 
 North, gradual emancipation had by 
 this time been effected, and even Nature seemed to 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 27 
 
 have placed upon the South the responsibiUty of the 
 Negro race. The Negro is a child of the sun ; even 
 Virginia's climate proved too cold for him, and the 
 farther south he went, the more valuable was his labor. 
 Little wonder is it, then, that in the Constitutional 
 Convention which sat for months behind closed doors 
 in Philadelphia, strife and contention should arise, and 
 compromise be the natural result. Nor is it strange 
 that in the hot and bitter struggle, South Carolina and 
 Georgia should be the foremost champions of an 
 abominable traffic. The Declaration of Independence 
 had proclaimed ''in deathless words" the theory of hu- 
 man equality, but the framers of the Constitution 
 made the phrase a mockery. The debate centered 
 about three stirring questions : representation in Con- 
 gress, the continuance of the slave-trade, and the treat- 
 ment of fugitive slaves. The first was finally settled 
 by counting five slaves as equal to three freemen, a 
 decision that gave no political rights or privileges to 
 each three-fifths of a man, but only additional power 
 to their masters to legislate in their own interest 
 against their black possessions. The second fierce de- 
 bate resulted in a provision allowing an extension of 
 the trade in African Negroes for twenty years, until 
 the year 1808, unrestrained by national legislation. 
 The third demand of the South — that fugitive slaves 
 and servants be delivered up like criminals — was con- 
 ceded, tho, out of respect to Northern scruples, the 
 word slave was not mentioned in this article, nor in 
 the entire constitution : "persons held to service or 
 labor," was the phrase. Thus were wrung from the 
 Constitutional Convention those fatal concessions, 
 "which then and thereafter trammelled the hand of 
 Liberty and armed the hand of slavery." But much 
 
28 LESSON I 
 
 was at stake. The leader of the extreme South de- 
 clared : 
 
 "Religion and humanity have nothing to do with 
 this question. Interest alone is the governing 
 principle with nations. The true question is, 
 whether the Southern States shall or shall not be 
 parties to the Union." 
 
 Humiliating as was the wavering of Northern princi- 
 ple, it must not be forgotten that it was concession or 
 defeat, compromise or anarchy; and later generations 
 of Northern statesmen have made their compromises, 
 too. 
 
 The Slave As the year 1808 drew near, measures 
 Ships. were taken to affix suitable penalties for 
 
 failure to obey the law forbidding the 
 slave-trade after that date^ and again there was fiery 
 debate and weakening compromise. In spite of 
 the laws of Congress and the Great Jehovah, the 
 infamous traffic, both foreign and domestic, contin- 
 ued and increased, sometimes carried on in secret, 
 sometimes boldly and triumphantly. In the early 
 days the horrors of the passage from the coasts 
 of Western Africa were heart-rending. Five hundred 
 Negroes were crowded into so small a bark that the 
 wonder is that any could have lived ; the hands of the 
 strong men were made fast by manacles, and the right 
 leg of one was often chained to the left leg of another 
 — sometimes even a half or two-thirds perished on the 
 voyage, from fever, thirst, and disease contracted, 
 perhaps, in the long, hard journey from the interior of 
 the continent to the coast. The story of the later traf- 
 fic gives little evidence of a quickened conscience or a 
 growing Christian sentiment in those who wilfully de- 
 fied the law. Long after England had suppressed the 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 29 
 
 trade in Negroes, and had emancipated the slaves in 
 all her colonies, and other European nations had be- 
 gun to breathe the air of liberty, ships sailing under 
 the Stars and Stripes were bringing their miserable, 
 helpless, human cargoes to our land, ''the land of the 
 free." It is stated that in the years between 1840 and 
 1848, the British government caught and destroyed 
 625 slave-ships and freed 40,000 of their victims, 
 while the American government was doing nothing 
 to enforce its laws. Only too truly in those dark days 
 could the Quaker poet sing : 
 
 "0, say, shall Prussia's banner be 
 
 A refuge for the stricken slave? 
 And shall the Russian serf go free. 
 
 By Baikal's lake and Neva's wave? 
 And shall the wintry-bosomed Dane 
 
 Relax the iron hand of pride, 
 And bid his bondmen cast the chain 
 
 From fettered soul and limb aside? 
 
 Shall every flap of England's flag 
 
 Proclaim that all around are free, 
 From "farthest Ind" to each blue crag 
 
 That beetles o'er the Western Sea? 
 And shall we scoff at Europe's kings 
 
 When Freedom's fire is dim with us. 
 And round our country's altar clings 
 
 The damning shade of slavery's curse?" 
 
 Tales of horror that shocked the civilized world at 
 length forced the American government to revive 
 some of its forgotten laws, and Congress declared 
 that hanging should be the penalty of those captured 
 in the act of continuing the unlawful traffic. But 
 greed of gain was stronger than law or conscience, 
 and from New York City alone were secretly sent in 
 eighteen months eighty-five ships to gather an ill- 
 gotten cargo of hapless humanity. Excuse? $17,- 
 000,000 a year! 
 
30 LESSON I 
 
 Tlie f'lotiMe In spite of ConstiLiitional prohibition, it 
 iu 1859. was the year 1859 before the last slave 
 
 ship brought its miserable victims into 
 Mobile Bay and up the Alabama River, a year in 
 which, it has been stated, no fewer than 15,000 chained 
 and tortured human beings were brought into the 
 United States. That the last days of the traffic were 
 as infamous as the first, is evident from the following 
 description quoted from an article in Harper's Month- 
 ly for October, 1906: 
 
 "Many things can be forgotten in forty-seven 
 years, and probably few Americans remember the 
 story of the slave ship Clotilde, that was run into 
 Mobile Bay and burned one dark night in 1859, 
 and how its cargo of slaves was dumped off into 
 the canebrakes and left, some to be picked up and 
 sold, some to wander about and starve, and some 
 to die of homesickness. ****** j^ slow, 
 soft tones of awful earnestness she (Abacky) 
 spoke of their peaceful farm and village life in 
 Africa; how they tilled the ground, planting yams 
 and rice; how some of the women traded in pro- 
 duce with other tribes, and all was peaceful; and 
 then one summer morning, just at the daybreak, 
 they heard sudden shouts and firing of guns. 
 Men, women and children sprang from their beds, 
 only to be killed or captured. It was the 
 'raiders' of the terrible King Dahomey, come to 
 enslave the villagers! The surprise was so com- 
 plete that in half an hour all was over. The 
 young and strong were chained together by the 
 necks, the feeble and the old left dead or dying 
 in their burning village. ***** 
 
 Abacky's story of the march to the coast, 
 the murderous cruelty of that voyage of weeks 
 and months, as the helpless captives crouched in 
 filth and darkness, chained in the hot hold of the 
 ship, gasping for breath, praying for a drop of 
 water, was related in a way that would have 
 melted a heart of stone. After forty years, her 
 eyes were burning, her soul inexpressibly agitated 
 at the memory." 
 
BONDAGE ENFORCED 31 
 
 Of the Clotilde, as of many another slave ship, might 
 it have been written : 
 
 "Hark! from the ship's dark bosom, 
 
 The very sounds of hell; 
 The ringing clank of iron, — 
 
 The maniac's short, sharp yell! — 
 The hoarse, low curse, throat stifled — 
 
 The starving infant's moan, — 
 The horror of a breaking heart. 
 
 Poured through a mother's groan!" 
 
 Furtiier Legal Even to the casual student of United 
 Euactmeuts. States history, the principal legal 
 
 measures of the years between 1787 
 and i860 are as familiar as a twice told tale, and only 
 brief reference to them need be made, but with the 
 humiliating acknowledgment that almost without ex- 
 ception every Congressional act of that long period 
 was a victory for the growing slave-power of the 
 South. The treaty with the Creek Indians in 1790, by 
 which they agreed to return any fugitive slaves 
 among them; the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, which 
 permitted the owner to recover his property in any 
 State to which he might have fled ; the act of 1798 
 which gave the right of extending slavery in the terri- 
 tory ceded by Georgia and North Carolina, were early 
 steps in the development of that power; and then for 
 twenty years there was comparatively little contro- 
 versy over it, as the number of new states entering the 
 Union had not destroyed the balance of political 
 power, and of the twenty states comprising the Union 
 in 1819, just half were free, and half were slave 
 States. When Missouri knocked for admission, there 
 was long and bitter conflict, and the famous Missouri 
 Compromise of 1820, permitting Missouri to enter as 
 a Slave State, but forbidding slavery in all that part of 
 
32 LESSON I 
 
 the Louisiana Purchase north of 36° 30' was really a 
 concession to the South. The suppression of the 
 Right of Petition for the nine years from 1836 until 
 1845 ; the failure of the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, to 
 exclude slavery from all territory acquired from Mex- 
 ico, — a country which, in 1829, had entered upon a 
 course of gradual emancipation ; the Compromise of 
 1850, which exacted such an exorbitant price for the 
 entrance of California as a Free State ; the Kansas- 
 Nebraska Bill in 1854, repealing the Missouri Com- 
 promise ; the Dred Scott decision in 1857 — all these 
 were legislative victories for the slave-holding states. 
 But the election of Abraham Lincoln in i860 was a 
 victory for freedom, and the day of Emancipation was 
 drawing near! 
 
Garrison, ihk Amoi.itiomst 
 
Lesson II 
 Freedom Achieved 
 
 AIVTI-SLAVEKY MOVEMENTS 
 
 Early Protests Foremost among the number of those 
 In the Nortli. who saw the wickedness of slavery 
 
 was John EHot, the Apostle to the 
 Indians, who, in 1675, presented to the Governor and 
 Council of Massachusetts a memorial against selling 
 captured Indians into slavery, on the ground not only 
 that it hindered the enlargement of Christ's Kingdom, 
 but that "the selling of souls is a dangerous merchan- 
 dise." Neither did he forget the poor Africans, but 
 lamented "with a bleeding and burning passion" their 
 sad ignorance and oppression. In 1700, Judge Samuel 
 Sewall of Massachusetts wrote a convincing pamphlet 
 called The Selling of Joseph, a Memorial, in which he 
 declared that, "originally and naturally," there was no 
 such thing as slavery ; and that — 
 
 "These Ethiopians, as black as they are, seeing 
 they are the sons and daughters of the first Adam, 
 the brethren and sisters of the last Adam and 
 the offspring of God, ought to be treated with 
 respect agreeable." 
 
 Among the Society of Friends, there was intense op- 
 position to "buying, selling, and holding men in slav- 
 ery," — and some of their most active and ardent 
 preachers of righteousness were George Keith of 
 
34 LESSON II 
 
 Pennsylvania, Mary Starbuck of Nantucket, John 
 Woolman of New Jersey, and Anthony Bezet, the son 
 of Huguenot parents, who not only proclamied the 
 iniquity of the slave-trade, but established and taught 
 an evening school for the instruction of Negroes. This 
 is one of the earliest instances on record of Home 
 Mission work for this race, and it served to give a new 
 view of their great advance in morals and religion to 
 certain influential persons, too much inclined to regard 
 with contempt this Christian effort. John Wesley and 
 George Whitefield in their visits to the colonies were 
 moved to denounce the system most emphatically, the 
 former calling it "the sum of all villainies," and "the 
 vilest that ever saw the sun ;" the latter, deeply dis- 
 tressed by the "miseries of the poor Negro," described 
 with tragic pathos their brutal treatment, and cruel 
 scourgings by coarse and conscienceless masters. In 
 1770, Dr. Samuel Hopkins of Newport was stirred to 
 righteous indignation by what he saw in his own 
 town ; for, in spite of the enactment of Rhode Island 
 in 1652 against the purchase of Negroes, Newport had 
 become the great slave-market of New England, and 
 cargoes of miserable slaves were often landed near the 
 very home and church of that noted minister. Not 
 satisfied with boldly rebuking the members of his own 
 congregation, and visiting from house to house in the 
 interest of release for the slaves, he wrote in 1776 a 
 dialogue on slavery, and published with it his famous 
 sermon dedicating it to the Continental Congress. This 
 has been called "the ablest document which had at that 
 time, and on that theme appeared in the English 
 language," and it had great influence on public opin- 
 ion. Another Declaration of Independence to make 
 memorable the year 1776! 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 35 
 
 8ome Sofithero Had there been no turn in the tide of 
 Sentimeuts. pubiic sentiment in the South after 
 
 the early days of the Repubhc, the 
 darkest chapter in our history need never have been 
 written, for the noblest statesmen looked forward to 
 gradual emancipation as right and necessary. Wash- 
 ington declared that the abolition of slavery must take 
 place, and that, too, at a period not remote, — and set 
 free his own slaves. Thomas Jefferson uttered that 
 oft-quoted sentiment : 
 
 "I tremble for my country when I reflect that 
 God is just, and that his justice cannot sleep for- 
 ever." 
 
 Patrick Henry said : 
 
 "Slavery is detested; we feel its fatal effects; we 
 deplore it with all the pity of humanity; I believe 
 the time will come when an opportunity will be 
 offered to abolish this lamentable evil." 
 
 Madison and Monroe condemned the system ; Henry 
 Laurens of South Carolina, desiring to free his slaves 
 in 1776, wrote his son of his abhorrence of slavery', 
 and said : 
 
 "The day, I hope, is approaching when, from 
 principles of gratitude, as well as justice, every 
 man will strive to be foremost in showing his 
 readiness to comply with the Golden Rule." 
 
 One of the most conspicuous examples of such com- 
 pliance was that of another Southern hero, Gov. 
 Edward Coles, whose Christian patriotism is too little 
 known. Inheriting in Virginia hundreds of slaves 
 whom he could not liberate according to the laws of 
 his own state, he emigrated in 18 19 to Illinois, and 
 on the flat boat which took him and his possessions 
 down the Ohio, he gathered his blacks about him by 
 
36 LESSON II 
 
 night, and gave them their freedom, and in the new 
 home supplied them with land, cabins, stock and tools, 
 and aided them to become self-supporting. This is 
 the testimony he gave in each deed of emancipation : 
 
 "Whereas I do not believe a man can have a right 
 of property in his fellow-men, — I do therefore 
 
 restore to the said that inalienable liberty 
 
 of which they have been deprived." 
 
 Such expressions of opinion and such conduct suffi- 
 ciently illustrate what has been called the first stage in 
 the sentiment of representative men in the South ; — 
 "Slavery is an evil, and we will soon get rid of it." 
 
 Colonization Closely connected with the question of 
 Schemes. suppressing the slave-trade, and abolish- 
 
 ing slavery, was that of disposing of the 
 free Negroes and those smuggled into the States in 
 defiance of the law, or delivered from such vessels as 
 were seized by the commanders of U. S. war vessels. 
 Even before the Revolution, Dr. Samuel Hopkins had 
 outlined a plan of African colonization which he be- 
 lieved was in the interest of Christianity and civiliza- 
 tion ; and in an address delivered before the Provi- 
 dence Anti-Slavery Society in 1793, he stated the pur- 
 pose of this suggested movement to be "to maintain 
 the practise of Christianity in the sight of their 
 now heathen brethren, endeavor to instruct and civil- 
 ize them, and spread the knowledge of the gospel 
 among them." Many others at the North shared his 
 truly Christian and philanthropic spirit in advocating 
 such a measure, and but for their honest purpose and 
 the hope of greater gains in emancipation, this para- 
 graph would have no place under the topic Anti- 
 Slavery Movements. For in the South, the advocates 
 of such a scheme were nearly all inspired by a desire 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 37 
 
 to "rid our country of a useless and pernicious, if not 
 a dangerous portion of its population," and indirectly 
 to render slavery and the slave-holder more secure. To 
 Samuel J. Mills, one of the heroes of the famous Hay- 
 stack Prayer-meeting — the centennial of v^hich was 
 observed with such enthusiasm at Williamstown in 
 October, 1906, — may be attributed the influence which 
 resulted in the organization in 18 16 of the American 
 Colonisation Society. Full of a missionary zeal which 
 inspired his bold, prophetic outburst, ''We can do it, 
 if zve mill," and led to the formation of both the Amer- 
 ican Bible Society and the American Board of Com- 
 missioners for Foreign Missions, he found the condi- 
 tion of the Negro a subject of absorbing interest. His 
 first desire was to better that condition by founding a 
 colony somewhere between the Ohio and the Great 
 Lakes ; when that proved unwise, in Africa. Going to 
 New Jersey to complete his theological studies he suc- 
 ceeded in interesting the Presbyterian ministers of 
 that state ; and it was one of these, Dr. Robert Finley, 
 who called at Princeton the iirst meeting to consider 
 the plan of sending Negro colonists to Africa. Later, 
 he went to Washington in the interest of the project, 
 and, finding in the South a movement similar, even if 
 inspired by different motives, he was successful in con- 
 vening the assembly which formed that society which 
 sent S. J. Mills and Ebenezer Burgess to Africa to 
 secure a suitable site for the colonv to be. Mills died 
 before reaching home, but the enterprise was fairly 
 started, and the Free Republic of Liberia is the result. 
 Of less value and permanence, but of a certain curi- 
 ous interest, because of its private and feminine origin, 
 was the scheme of Frances Wright, a young woman 
 from Dundee, Scotland. A two-years' visit in New 
 England intensified her interest in republicanism, and 
 
38 LESSON II 
 
 the rights of man. Three years spent later in the 
 family of Lafayette in France in no way lessened that 
 interest, and she returned in 1824 to the States, this 
 time landing at a Southern port. There she became 
 aware of the horrors of slavery, and set about devising 
 some way of proving the possibility of gradual abo- 
 lition. Having proposed that sections of the public 
 land should be purchased in the Cotton States, that 
 colonies of one or two hundred slaves should be set- 
 tled on each section, with a system of co-operative 
 labor and industrial education to fit the slaves and 
 their children for freedom, she proceeded to set an 
 example of such a community. She purchased in 
 1825 a tract of twenty-four hundred acres, thirteen 
 miles from Memphis, and planted a town she called 
 Nashoba. Money for the experiment was freely 
 given, but Nashoba was a failure, and in 1829 Miss 
 Wright took her Negroes off to Hayti, where Benjamin 
 Lundy was urging his countrymen to send their lib- 
 erated slaves. How widespread was the movement of 
 colonization, in spite of its inconsistencies of motive 
 and policy, is evident from the fact that in 1828, there 
 were no fewer than ninety-eight auxiliaries to the 
 American Society, and more than half of them in the 
 Border Slave States. If these schemes were of little 
 avail for removing the free Negroes of that early 
 time, how absurdly impossible is the modern sugges- 
 tion, sometimes rashly hazarded, of transporting 
 10,000,000 blacks to the heart of Africa ! 
 
 The Great as was the interest in this move- 
 
 Abolitionists, ment, it was not the Colonization So- 
 ciety which was to eflfect emancipation, 
 gradual or instant. The way for that was prepared 
 by a little band of men, — and women, whose hearts 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 39 
 
 and souls and consciences had been stirred to the 
 depths by the injustice and cruelties of a Slave Pozver 
 growing ever stronger and more daring. Even before 
 the Revolution, there had been organized in Pennsyl- 
 vania the first Abolition Society ever formed, — "The 
 Society for the relief of free Negroes unlawfully held 
 in bondage ;" shortly after, New York, Rhode Island, 
 Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia had 
 similar organizations. In 1804 was held the Am.eri- 
 can Convention of Abolition Societies, a meeting 
 which deplored the decline of interest in the cause, and 
 especially the absence of delegates from the Southern 
 Societies. So we find the term abolition of frequent 
 occurrence in the earlier anti-slavery movements, but 
 as the definite characterization of a new purpose and 
 metliod, it seems to have appeared about the time of 
 Garrison and The Liberator. A recent writer has 
 defined an Abolitionist as ''a person to whom the su- 
 preme interest in public affairs was the extinction of 
 slavery," and Benjamin Lundy may well be called the 
 "Father of the Abolitionists." A Quaker, born in 
 New Jersey, he learned the saddler's trade in West 
 Virginia, where his righteous soul was vexed within 
 him, as he saw great companies of suffering slaves 
 pass thru on their way to the more Southern markets. 
 Inspired with the Christian spirit of sacrifice and labor 
 for others, he consecrated his life to a great cause, 
 literally leaving all to obey the call of his Divine 
 Master ; he left his business, his home, his loving wife 
 and children, and went about rousing consciences 
 everywhere to the sin and curse of slavery. In 182 1, 
 he began the publication of the first Abolition paper, 
 The Genius of Universal Emancipation, and it was on 
 one of Lundy's tours to the Free States in the inter- 
 ests of this paper that he met in Boston William Lloyd 
 
40 LE880N II 
 
 Garrison, then a young journalist editing the first tem- 
 perance paper in the United States, The National 
 Philanthropist. Garrison was even then a zealous 
 enemy of slavery, but until he heard Lundy's criti- 
 cism of colonization methods and his statement that 
 the increase in the slave population for one year was 
 greater than any diminution that society could effect 
 in fifty, he had given his approval and his assistance 
 to that organization. Later, he joined Lundy in Bal- 
 timore to help in the publication of The Genius, and 
 while there, he saw the captain of a ship from New 
 England take on board a cargo of slaves for New 
 Orleans. This course he vigorously denounced, and 
 was sentenced to fine and imprisonment ; his fine was 
 paid by a generous philanthropist, and after a seven 
 weeks' imprisonment, he started on a career of lec- 
 turing in New England, and in 1831 issued in Boston 
 The Liberator, chief organ of the extreme abolition- 
 ists, advocating immediate and unconditional emanci- 
 pation. 
 
 Its frontispiece was as pronounced as its doc- 
 trine; it represented an auction at which "slaves, 
 horses, and other cattle" were offered for sale, 
 and a whipping post where a slave was being 
 flogged; while in the back-ground was the capitol 
 at Washington, with a flag inscribed LIBERTY, 
 floating over the dome. 
 
 Many shared the views of Garrison and, in 1832, the 
 A''. E. Anti-Slavery Society was founded, and a year 
 later at Philadelphia, the American Anti-Slavery 
 Society. The year (1831) which saw The Liberator 
 launched on its uncompromising career was marked 
 by a violent uprising of the slaves in Virginia under 
 ]\at Turner, an uprising quickly subdued, but creat- 
 ing the wildest excitement thruout the South, out of 
 all proportion to the actual harm done. This combi- 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 41 
 
 nation of events, and the counter-agitation caused by 
 the new movement at the North brought the Southern- 
 ers to the view, — ''Slavery is good and right, and we 
 will maintain it," — and the irrepressible conflict was 
 to grow more and more bitter until the end. 
 Most eloquent and enthusiastic of Garrison's allies 
 was Wendell Phillips, who threw himself heart and 
 soul into the righteous cause ; but the ranks of the 
 Abolitionists included, besides, such men as James G. 
 Birney and John G. Whittier, William EUery Chan- 
 ning and Frederick Douglass, Theodore Parker and 
 Samuel J. May, Parker Pilsbury and Gerritt Smith ; 
 and such women as Lucretia Mott — the gentle Quaker- 
 ess — Lydia Maria Child and Lucy Stone. This devoted 
 b?nd of earnest workers were but few against the 
 many opposing or indifferent forces, and scorn, abuse, 
 physical danger, and sometimes death itself were 
 thrust upon them ; but their service to the cause is the 
 better appreciated in view of the fact that, until the 
 formation of the Republican party in 1854, nearly all 
 the political leaders, ministers, college professors, and 
 influential men had held aloof, or openly condemned 
 the Abolition movement. After Benjamin Lundy had 
 made, in the chapel of a Baptist church in Boston, 
 that address which won Garrison to the cause, the 
 pastor denounced the agitation of the slave question 
 in New England, declared that the North had no busi- 
 ness to meddle with the Constitution, and dismissed 
 the meeting. What changes hath God wrought ! 
 
 Literary The list of anti-slavery journals was a 
 Influences, long one, nor were those publications 
 found only in the North, as the appear- 
 ance of The Emancipator in Tennessee in 1819, The 
 Abolition Intelligencer in Kentucky in 1822, and The 
 
42 LESSON II 
 
 Liberalist in New Orleans in 1828 abundantly proves. 
 Besides these, over fifty daily and weekly newspapers 
 opened their columns to the literature of emancipa- 
 tion, and there was a constantly increasing- output of 
 pamphlets, appeals, reports, orations, tracts, and treat- 
 ises, bearing on the absorbing question. The works 
 of Clarkson, Wilberforce, and other English agitators 
 were widely read, and American writers rose to the 
 occasion with volumes of indisputable facts and con- 
 vincing arguments, or of burning appeal and poetic 
 fire, kindling indignation and rousing sleeping con- 
 sciences. Nearly all the makers of the new American 
 literature were friends of the anti-slavery cause, and 
 the New England literary group, its ardent cham- 
 pions. Emerson in his quiet inspiration, Bryant in 
 active journalism, Whittier and Lowell in stirring 
 stanzas of freedom, represented the best Christian 
 sentiment of a nation awakening to its sense of broth- 
 erhood, right and justice, — a nation to awaken in a 
 later generation to its sense of missionary obligation 
 to these same black brothers. There is no uncertain 
 sound in these ringing words of Whittier: 
 
 "What, ho! our countrymen in chains! 
 
 The whip on WOMAN'S shrinking flesh! 
 Our soil yet reddening with the stains 
 
 Caught from her scourging, warm and fresh! 
 What! mothers from their children riven! 
 
 What! God's own image bought and sold! 
 AMERICANS to market driven, 
 
 And bartered as the brute for gold!" 
 
 In the Biglow Papers, Lowell brought to the move- 
 ment the saving grace of humor, but even in the New 
 England vernacular he was expressing the stern 
 New England conscience. In Jonathan to John he 
 Avrote : 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 43 
 
 "God means to make this land, John, 
 
 Clear thru, from sea to sea, 
 Believe an' understand, John, 
 
 The wuth o' bein' free. 
 Ole Uncle S. sez he, 'I guess, 
 
 God's price is high,' sez he; 
 But nothin' else than wut He sells 
 
 Wears long, an' thet J. B. 
 May larn, like you an' me!" 
 
 And in more solemn strain he sang: 
 
 "We see dimly in the present what is small and 
 
 what is great. 
 Slow of faith, how weak an arm may turn the 
 
 iron helm of fate. 
 But the soul is still oracular; amid the market's 
 
 din. 
 List the ominous stern whisper from the Delphic 
 
 cave within — 
 'They enslave their children's children, who make 
 
 compromise with sin.' " 
 
 It was, in very truth, the ivcak ann of a woman which 
 wielded the pen that stirred to the depths the heart of 
 the American people, winning sympathy for the 
 oppressed, and setting forth the need and the possi- 
 bility of redressing such unspeakable wrongs. Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin appeared in 1852, *'an irresistible plea, 
 not against a section, but a system;" and the story is 
 told that when, years afterward, President Lincoln 
 first met Mrs. Stowe, he took her hand in both of his 
 and said, "Is this the little woman, who made this big 
 war?" All honor to the noble Christian women who 
 anticipated and made possible the Home Mission 
 efforts of to-day ! 
 
 The UHderground The story of Eliza in Uncle Tom's 
 Railroad. Cabin, fleeing in desperation from 
 
 her miserable captivity, and endur- 
 ing the horrors of violent pursuit, is an apt illustration 
 
44 LE880N II 
 
 of the natural impulse to escape from a bondage 
 often worse than death itself. Occasional flights 
 across Mason and Dixon's line early occurred, but 
 after the War of 1812, when soldiers, returning from 
 Canada, brought back the news of "a. land of freedom 
 towards the North Star," their number was greatly 
 increased. The slaves, with the marvelous faith of 
 their race, and equal ignorance of distance and 
 danger, made plans of escape which must have miser- 
 ably failed, had not the natural impulse of Christian 
 hearts prompted benevolent men and women at the 
 North to aid them in every possible way. Secretly yet 
 courageously, often at the risk of life and property, 
 these forerunners of the modern missionary move- 
 ment for a needy people organized and carried on 
 most effectively a system of helping the fleeing slave 
 to evade the pursuit of the slave-hunter so fiercely on 
 his track. This institution was known as The Under- 
 ground Railroad, and connected with its workings 
 were many men of wealth and influence. Levi Coffin 
 of Cincinnati was familiarly called its President, but 
 Thomas Garrett of Delaware was undoubtedly its 
 most efficient agent, having by actual record assisted 
 over 2700 slaves to escape, besides those not counted 
 in his earliest operations. The following is Henry 
 Wilson's description of the method and management 
 of this great philanthropic movement. 
 
 "The practical working of the system required 
 stations at convenient distances, or rather the 
 houses of persons who held themselves in readi- 
 ness to receive fugitives, singly, or in numbers, 
 at any hour of day or night, to feed and shelter, to 
 clothe, if necessary, ^and to conceal until they 
 could be dispatched with safety to some other 
 point along the route. There were others who 
 held themselves in like readiness to take them by 
 private or public conveyance. If by the former 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED - 45 
 
 mode, they generally went in the night by such 
 routes and with such disguises as gave the best 
 warrant against detection, either by the slave- 
 catchers, or their many sympathizers scattered 
 far too thickly even among the Free States. When 
 the wide extent of territory embraced by the Mid- 
 dle States and all the Western States east of the 
 Mississippi is borne in mind, and it is remembered 
 that the whole was dotted with these stations and 
 covered with a net work of imaginary routes, 
 not found, indeed, in the railway guides or on the 
 railv/ay maps; that each station had its brave and 
 faithful men and women, ever on the alert to seek 
 out and succor the coming fugitive, and equally 
 intent on deceiving and thwarting his pursuer; 
 that the numbers actually were very great, many 
 counting their trophies by hundreds, and some by 
 thousands, — there are materials from which to 
 estimate, approximately, at least, the amount 
 of labor performed, of cost and risk incurred on 
 the despised and deprecated Undergronnd Railroad, 
 and something of the magnitude of the results 
 secured. For romantic interest, heroic bravery 
 and persistent courage, incidents might here be 
 found equal to any in the annals of the Revolu- 
 tion or the Rebellion." 
 
 THE GREAT REBELLION 
 
 John Brown's Among the many active promoters of 
 Raid. the Underground Railroad was John 
 
 Brown, a man of New England birth, 
 a Hneal descendant of the Pilgrims and an inheritor of 
 the stern but righteous Puritanic spirit. Early re- 
 moved to the Western Reserve, he grew up amid the 
 straitened circumstances of pioneer life, always deep- 
 ly conscientious and religious, desiring no higher ob- 
 ject in life than to relieve the suffering and release 
 the oppressed. In 1847, then living in Springfield, 
 Mass., he disclosed to Frederick Douglass a plan he 
 had made, but never executed, of freeing the slaves 
 by establishing a fugitive refuge among the natural 
 
46 LE880N II 
 
 hiding-places of the mountains reaching from New 
 York State to the Gulf. With twenty-five picked and 
 well-armed men, posted at suitable intervals, over a 
 distance of twenty-five miles, sallies, he thought, could 
 be made out into the fields to persuade the most reck- 
 less and daring of the slaves to join them; and so, by 
 destroying the value and security of slave property, a 
 general movement for freedom might begin. Little 
 did he realize the strength and tenacity of the Slave 
 Power i When the great fight was on in Bleeding 
 Kansas, he went thither, first to carry arms and am- 
 nuuiition to his four sons settled there, and then to 
 engage in the struggle to save that land for freemen 
 and their liberties. When the struggle there was over, 
 the mind of the gray and grizzled warrior continued 
 to brood over the wrongs of the oppressed with a con- 
 stantly growing conviction that he was called of God, 
 like the Jewish heroes of old, to attack and to deliver. 
 Returning to the plan of 1847, ^^^ sought aid from 
 the New Englanders who had so forwarded the Free 
 vState cause in Kansas, and among them were some so 
 eager for something more immediate than the delays 
 of the peace policy, that they were won by Brown's 
 strong personality, and aided him, tho understanding 
 his plan but imperfectly. Such men as Theodore 
 Parker, Gerritt Smith, Dr. S. G. Howe, Thomas 
 Wentworth Higginson, and F. B. Sanborn were of 
 this number. After much preliminary conference, 
 Brown, having abandoned his original idea, marched 
 on Harper's Ferry, vainly imagining that the slaves 
 were ready to rise against their masters and fight for 
 liberty, if only there was a leader and a plan. The 
 story of the raid is soon told ; the quick surprise on 
 the night of October 16, 1859; the ready capture of the 
 U. S. Army and a number of prominent prisoners by 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 47 
 
 a little force of nineteen men, fourteen white and five 
 black men ; the holding of the town for thirty hours ; 
 then the arrival of Col. Robert E. Lee and the defeat 
 of the brave little company. A trial, a condemnation, 
 and an execution ! ! ! And to "what purpose was this 
 waste?" Varying as are the estimates of John Brown's 
 conduct, there is little doubt that the man himself wal 
 inspired by the highest motives and the firmest faith 
 in God, and love for his suffering fellowmen. A sys- 
 tem that required his execution must needs lie under 
 heavy condemnation. So the effect at the North was 
 to deepen the conviction that slavery was absolutely 
 and essentially wrong ; and at the South, to strengthen 
 the sentiment of hatred against the North and every 
 anti-slavery man or method, a hatred soon to burst 
 forth in war and bloodshed. John Brown's spirit was 
 stronger than his arms, and when, a few months later, 
 a Massachusetts regiment started for the scene of con- 
 flict, it was to an extemporized song, caught up by 
 regiment after regiment till it became the marching 
 song of the Union armies, 
 
 "John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave, 
 His soul goes marching on!" 
 
 The Republican The question of slavery had always 
 Partj-. been one of more or less importance 
 
 in politics, and in the Presidential 
 campaign of 1840, the anti-slavery men for the first 
 time made it a definite political issue and under the 
 name of the Liberty Party presented their own candi- 
 date for the Presidency. This was James G. Birney, 
 a Southerner by birth, but a man of strong character 
 and pronounced, but not extreme, anti-slavery views, 
 who had written in 1835 : 
 
 "The contest is becoming, has become— not one 
 
48 LESSON II 
 
 alone of freedom for the blacks, but of freedom 
 for the whites." 
 
 That was the famous log-cabin and hard cider cam- 
 paign with its cry of "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too;" so 
 only a handful of votes was cast for Birney, but the 
 standard raised by the Liberty Party was to march to 
 victory only twenty years later. By 1848, this party, 
 having gained new strength, took the new name Free 
 Soil, and added to its ranks such illustrious sons of 
 Massachusetts as Samuel Hoar, Charles Summer, 
 Henry Wilson, and N. P. Banks. The Whig Party in 
 Massachusetts included many anti-slavery men known 
 as Conscience Whigs; in the ranks of the Democratic 
 Party, especially in New York State, were men of 
 similar view called Barnburners, because ''they would 
 burn the barn to get rid of the rats ;" and these to- 
 gether met in a Free Soil Convention in Buffalo and 
 proclaimed their principles, ''Free Soil, Free Speech, 
 Free Labor, and Free Men." Their candidate was 
 not elected, but their principles were to re-appear in 
 the new Republican Party, born in 1854, but holding 
 its first convention in Philadelphia in Jime, 1856. It 
 has been said that this convention was made up of the 
 heart, the independence, and the brains of all parties, 
 — "politics with a heart and conscience in it." The 
 slavery issue was paramount in the declaration of 
 principles, and one of their mottoes gave concise ex- 
 pression to their doctrine: "Freedom National, 
 Slavery Sectional.'' John C. Fremont was then 
 nominated as candidate for the nation's highest office, 
 and the rallying cry of that campaign was Fremont 
 and Freedom. That cry did not bear the new 
 party on to victory, but it won substantial gains, and 
 held within Itself the promise of success. 
 
 "If months have well nigh won the field 
 What may not four years do?" 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 49 
 
 The Election Four years did win it ! In the Philadel- 
 of Lincoln. phia Convention of 1856, no votes were 
 cast for Abraham Lincoln for the sec- 
 ond place on the ticket, but higher honors, graver re- 
 sponsibilities, and heavier burdens were to be laid 
 upon him. Always hating slavery and abhorring its 
 cruelties and crimes, yet his loyalty to the Constitution 
 and the Union had not permitted him to become an 
 extreme abolitionist. But the repeal of the Missouri 
 Compromise and the effort to extend slavery in the 
 territories roused him to a new interest in politics. By 
 his help the Republicans carried Illinois for Fremont 
 and Freedom, and in 1858, that party announced the 
 Hon. Abraham Lincoln as the unanimous choice for 
 Senator on the expiration of the term of Stephen A. 
 Douglas. In his speech of acceptance, he rose uncon- 
 sciously to the height of prophecy when he said : 
 
 "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I 
 believe this government cannot permanently 
 endure half slave and half free. I do not expect 
 the Union to be dissolved, — I do not expect the 
 house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be 
 divided. It will become all one thing or all the 
 other." 
 
 The series of joint debates then carried on between 
 Honest Abe and The Little Giant resulted in a popular 
 majority for Lincoln, when the election came; but the 
 legislative vote stood 54 for Douglas against 46 for 
 him. A higher mission was reserved for Lincoln than 
 to represent his state in Congress. The Republican 
 Convention of i860, after adopting a radical anti- 
 slavery platform, chose "the rail-splitter of the 
 Sangamon" to be its candidate for President, and he 
 accepted, "imploring the assistance of divine Provi- 
 dence." A campaign of intense and thrilling excite- 
 ment followed, and on November 6, the famous vie- 
 
50 LESSON II 
 
 tory was won and the Slave Power destined to its final 
 overthrow. The voice of the people had been as the 
 voice of God, and the next ruler of the nation was to 
 be Abraham Lincoln — 
 
 "The kindly-earnest, brave, foreseeing man. 
 Sagacious, patient, dreading praise, not blame, 
 New birth of our new soil, the first American." 
 
 Secession of Secession was not a new idea, nor a 
 
 South Carolina, purely Southern sentiment! But for 
 
 thirty years, a small class of extreme 
 politicians in South Carolina had hinted openly that 
 such a course was not only possible but desirable. 
 During the presidential campaign of i860, the hints 
 became threatening murmurs of disunion. November 
 3, the day before the election. Gov. Gist of South 
 Carolina addressed a message to the Legislature of 
 that state, recommending that in the event of a Re- 
 publican victory, a convention be immediately called 
 to consider some effective measure of redress. Lincoln 
 was elected, this recommendation was adopted, and on 
 December 20, South Carolina passed the Ordinance of 
 Secession, amid the vain, exultant cries — ''The Union 
 is dissolved !" Its declaration of causes is full and ex- 
 plicit, dealing chiefly with supposed violations on the 
 part of the Northern States of the principles of the 
 Constitution, by unwarrantable interference with the 
 rights of the states, especially in the matter of 
 slavery ; for it was their imperilled institution which 
 moved their fear and indignation, and gave motive to 
 the plea that it was possible, legal, and right to with- 
 draw from the Federal Union. However mistaken 
 were their accusations and their logic, it is but justice 
 to the Southern point of view to give the following 
 extract from the Ordinance of Secession : 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 51 
 
 "We affirm that these ends for which this Govern- 
 ment was instituted have been defeated, and the 
 Government itself has been made destructive of 
 them by the action of the non-slaveholding 
 States. Those States have assumed the right of 
 deciding upon the propriety of our domestic insti- 
 tutions; and have denied the rights of property 
 established in fifteen other states and recognized 
 by the Constitution; they have denounced as sin- 
 ful the institution of slavery; they have permitted 
 the open establishment among them of societies 
 whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to 
 claim the property of the citizens of other stales. 
 They have encouraged and assisted thousands of 
 our slaves to leave their homes; and those who le- 
 main have been incited by emissaries, books and 
 pictures to servile insurrection. For twenty-five 
 years, this agitation has been steadily increasing, 
 until now it has secured to its aid the power of the 
 common Government. Observing the form of the 
 Constitution, a sectional party has found, within 
 that article establishing the Executive Depart- 
 ment, the means of subverting the Constitution it- 
 self. A geographical line has been drawn across 
 the Union, and all the States north of that line 
 have united in the election of a man to the high 
 office of President of the United States, whose 
 opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery. He 
 is to be entrusted with the administration of the 
 Common Government because he has declared 
 that 'Government cannot endure permanently 
 half slave and half free,' and that the public mind 
 must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course 
 of ultimate extinction." 
 
 To this the North repHed with explanations, denials, 
 and counter-charges of violated law and acts of open 
 hostility; and urged upon the South the spirit of 
 acquiescence in the election of a genuine Northerner, 
 as the North had for thirty years submitted to the 
 voice of the people when they chose for President 
 either a Southerner or a Northern man with Southern 
 principles. But it was too late! The little rift had 
 widened, until the music was mute, drowned in the 
 discord and dismay of battle ! 
 
52 LESSON II 
 
 Organization of the In the message sent by Gov. Gist 
 Confederacy. to the Legislature of his state is 
 
 found the following sentence : 
 
 "The indications from many of the Southern 
 States justify the conclusion that the secession of 
 South Carolina will be immediately followed, if 
 not adopted simultaneously, by them, and by the 
 entire South." 
 
 This prediction was fulfilled in part. Within three 
 months after the election of Lincoln, all the Cotton 
 States — Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, 
 Louisiana, and Texas — had seceded from the Union, 
 and made provision for a probable war, by seizing 
 nearly all the U. S. forts within their borders, and 
 procuring arms and amimunition for their vohmteers. 
 In Georgia, the Empire State of the South, there was 
 long and earnest discussion, for Alexander H. 
 Stephens, the foremost citizen and statesman of the 
 state, vigorously opposed the threatened measure on 
 the ground that there was no immediate danger from 
 the newly-elected President, whose hands would be 
 tied by a hostile majority in the Senate, the House, 
 and the Supreme Court, and even in the matter of 
 obtaining a Cabinet to aid him. But that Gordian 
 Knot would be cut when the fulness of time had 
 come ! The argument which finally prevailed with 
 Georgia was that of one who said, **We can make 
 better terms out of the Union than in it." Early in 
 February, 1861, a convention of delegates from six 
 of the Seceded States met in Montgomery, Ala., and 
 there quickly organized a new government called The 
 Confederate States of America, and it was only a brief 
 matter of time when North Carolina, Virginia, Ten- 
 nessee, Arkansas, and Texas should join the new re- 
 public. JeflFerson Davis was its President, Alex. H. 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 53 
 
 Stephens its Vice-president, and it was based upon a 
 Constitution closely resembling that of the United 
 States, but the provisions regarding slavery were all in 
 the interests of its continuance and development. In one 
 of Stephens's speeches delivered after he had acceded 
 to the action of his state, he contrasted the funda- 
 mental ideas underlying the Constitution of 1787 and 
 this of the South in 1861. He said : 
 
 "Jefferson and the leading statesmen of his day 
 believed slavery wrong in principle, socially, 
 morally, and politically. * * * Those ideas, 
 however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested 
 upon the assumption of the equality of races. 
 This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, 
 and the government built upon it fell (?) when 
 the storm came and the wind blew. Our new 
 government is founded upon exactly the opposite 
 ideas; its foundations are laid, its corner stone 
 rests upon the great truth that the Negro is not 
 the equal of the white man; that slavery — sub- 
 ordination to the white race — is his natural and 
 normal condition. This — our new government — 
 is the first in the history of the world based upon 
 this great physical, philosophical, and moral 
 truth." 
 
 Strange interpretation of Christian teaching and the 
 Divine law of humanity and brotherhood ! But the 
 stormy winds of the next four years were to prove 
 which government was built upon the sand. 
 
 The First Events were crowding thick and fast, and 
 Attack. the day of Lincoln's inauguration was 
 close at hand. Leaving his home in Spring- 
 field, 111., on the nth of February, he started for 
 Washington, passing thru the great states of Indiana, 
 Ohio, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 
 addressing the people in many cities, and receiving 
 everywhere the most enthusiastic demonstrations of 
 
54 LESSON II 
 
 loyalty and affection. But in Baltimore, there were no 
 committees to welcome, no citizens to offer hospitality. 
 Ihstead, he passed thru in the night, by special train, 
 in response to the urgent entreaties of friends, who 
 warned him of a discovered plot to assassinate him as 
 he passed thru that city. On the 4th of March, he de- 
 livered his inaugural address, one of the great Amer- 
 ican classics, in which he stood firmly by the princi- 
 ples of national unity and liberty, but appealed most 
 urgently for peace. These are his closing words : — 
 
 "I am loth to close. We are not enemies, but 
 friends. We must not be enemies. Tho passion 
 may have strained, it must not break our bonds 
 of affection. The mystic chords of memory, 
 stretching from every battlefield and patriot's 
 grave to every living heart and hearth-stone all 
 over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of 
 the Union when again touched, as surely they will 
 be, by the better angels of our nature." 
 
 But even as he spoke, the war spirit hovered over 
 him, and peace was not to be. April 12, the first shot 
 was fired on Fort Sumter ; thirty-four hours of heroic 
 resistance and Major Anderson was obliged to sur- 
 render to the Confederate summons. The news flashed 
 over the wires ; the North was ablaze with patriotic 
 indignation, and loyalty to the Union flag. The Slave- 
 Holders' Rebellion had begun ! 
 
 PRELIMINARY EMANCIPATION ACTS 
 
 Butler's Then, for four long sad years, grim 
 
 Contrabands. War stalked thru the land. Fields were 
 laid waste, cities destroyed, homes and 
 hearts made desolate. Courage, loyalty, and mag- 
 nificent generalship were limited to neither side. The 
 boys in blue responded to the President's call and 
 marched to their rallying cry. 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 55 
 
 "We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred 
 . thousand strong." 
 
 The boys in gray, with equal sincerity, patriotism, and 
 devotion, rallied about the Stars and Bars. On both 
 sides was there alternate joy and sorrow, shame and 
 honor, defeat and victory, but thru it all ran one in- 
 creasing purpose to be accomplished in God's own 
 good time. But this is not a history of the Civil War, 
 only an attempt to trace the successive steps which led 
 to final, full and free emancipation. When the war 
 began, the controlling thought at the North was to 
 preserve the Union, and the question of slavery 
 dropped for a time into the background : but Man pro- 
 poses, God disposes. Gradually the idea gained force 
 that the better hope was. not of a return to conditions 
 unchanged, but rather to use the war in some way to 
 banish a svstem so un-American and so un-Christian. 
 So it proved, tho in unexpected ways. On the 20th of 
 May, 1861, Gen. Benjamin F. Butler of Massachu- 
 setts was ordered to the command of Fortress Mon- 
 roe, and on the evening of the second day after his 
 arrival, three Negroes escaped, and gave themselves 
 up to the Union picket, complaining that their master, 
 Colonel Mallory, was about to take them to North 
 Carolina to work on the rebel fortifications there. In 
 the morning, they were taken before Gen. Butler, who 
 needed laborers, and on the same principle by which 
 he would have seized and used Col. Mallory 's spades 
 or horses, he declared they were Contraband of War, 
 and set them at work. Then the Negroes continued 
 to come, in tens, twenties, and thirties, until the vari- 
 ous camps contained over 900 Contrabands. A special 
 commissioner of Negro aflfairs was appointed ; an ap- 
 peal was made to the government, the Secretary of 
 War approved, and two months later Congress passed 
 
56 LESSON II 
 
 the bill for "making free, slaves used by Rebel forces," 
 and in March of '63 forbade the army and navy to re- 
 turn fugitives. This was the beginning of the end, 
 what a Southern Senator called the first "of a series 
 of measures loosing all bonds." The word contra- 
 band was caught up with delight; the country 
 welcomed the happy solution of a troublesome ques- 
 tion ; and as a Northern historian has expressed it : 
 ''An epigram abolished slavery in the United States/' 
 
 Premature Late in August, the month that made 
 
 Proclamatious. the foregoing bill a law, severe war 
 
 measures were taken by Gen. John C. 
 Fremont, then in command of the Western department 
 of the Union forces. He made his headquarters at 
 St. Louis, fortifying this and many other important 
 points against the formidable approaches of the 
 enemy. For the slave-holders of Missouri were put- 
 ting forth every effort to strengthen the Rebel cause 
 and forces in that state. Gen. Fremont, believing the 
 Union cause in great danger, issued a proclamation 
 declaring martial law, threatening death to all armed 
 men found within the army lines, confiscating the 
 property, and freeing the slaves of all citizens of Mis- 
 souri in arms against the government. This pleased 
 the extreme loyalists and anti-slavery men, but mad- 
 dened the slave-holders and their sympathizers, of 
 whom they had many even at the North, and seriously 
 interfered with attempts to keep the Border States 
 from seceding. President Lincoln disapproved of 
 some features of the proclamation, and ordered it so 
 modified as to conform to the Act of Congress above 
 mentioned, by which only such property could be con- 
 fiscated as was used for insurrectionary purposes. In 
 May of the following year, a similar measure was 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 57 
 
 taken by Maj. Gen. David Hunter in the South, when 
 he declared the states of Georgia, Florida, and South 
 Carolina under martial law, and the slaves held there- 
 in to be forever free. Again the President was 
 obliged, in spite of the criticism of those who favored 
 these hasty and unwarranted acts, to issue a statement 
 that this was done without the knowledge and consent 
 of the government, and that the decision as to setting 
 free the slaves of any state could not be left to com- 
 manders in the field. These were trying times for 
 the Commander-in-chief ; on one side men were urging 
 him to quick action, and condemning his delay ; on the 
 other his loyalty to the Constitution, not diminished 
 by all his intense hatred of the system, prevented his 
 taking any course except that best adapted to preserve 
 the Union, with or without slavery. 
 
 rroposcd How deeply the heart of the great 
 
 Compensation. President was moved by the question 
 
 insistently demanding some definite 
 solution, how conscientious and God-fearing he was, 
 appears in the reply made to a delegation of clergy- 
 men from Chicago, who vigorously urged upon him 
 some immediate measure for emancipation: "I can 
 assure you that the subject is on my mind by day and 
 by night, more than any other. Whatever shall ap- 
 pear to be God's will, I will do." As realized by him, 
 the next step in the Divine purpose was a policy 
 recommended by Lincoln in his message of March 6, 
 1862. He knew how much depended upon the Border 
 States, — Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, — states 
 nominally in the Union, but with divided sentiments, 
 sending recruits to both armies, and insisting that the 
 war should be carried on in such a way as to save 
 "their peculiar, Divine and humanizing institution" 
 
58 LESSON II 
 
 He knew, too, how eagerly the Confederacy hoped to 
 win them definitely to its side, and how probable it 
 was, that in case of Southern success, they would be 
 lost entirely to the Union. The exact purpose of the 
 President in his proposal is best seen by some extracts 
 from the Resolution presented to Congress : 
 
 "Resolved, That the United States ought to co- 
 operate with any state which may adopt gradual 
 abolishment of slavery, giving to such state pecu- 
 niary aid, to be used by such state, in its dis- 
 cretion, to compensate for the inconveniences, 
 public and private, produced by such change of 
 system. * * * The Federal Government would 
 find its highest interest in such a measure, as one 
 of the most efficient means of self-preservation. 
 ♦ * * * The point is not that all the states tol- 
 erating slavery would very soon, if at all, initiate 
 emancipation, but that while the offer is made to 
 all, the more Northern shall, by such initiation, 
 make it certain to the more Southern, that in no 
 event will the former ever join the latter in their 
 proposed confederacy. * * * jjj f^jj yjew of 
 my great responsibility to my God and to my 
 country, I earnestly beg the attention of Congress 
 and the people to the subject." 
 
 Many and contrary were the opinions evoked by this 
 plan ; the debate in Congress was short and sharp, but 
 the resolution passed, and the nation was committed 
 to assist the measure of compensated emancipation in 
 any state desiring it. But not a single Slave State 
 ever claimed such assistance, tho it was a Missouri 
 Senator who had commended the measure as concil- 
 iatory and financially desirable, saying in debate, 
 "Why, sir, ninety-six days of this war would pay for 
 every slave in the states of Missouri, Kentucky, 
 Maryland, and the District of Columbia." Three 
 months later, Lincoln invited delegates from these 
 states to the White House, and appealed for their help 
 in the matter, urging that peace, union, and freedom 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 59 
 
 might thereby be attained. But they made excuses, 
 and went their way. The only apparent result of the 
 Congressional Act was to prove the willingness of the 
 Union to take upon itself the additional burden of 
 paying for the slaves held in the Border States. 
 
 Abolition in the D. of C. The transfer of the seat of 
 and the Territories. the National Government to 
 
 Washington, on the banks 
 of the Potomac, may be accounted as one of the tri- 
 umphs of the Slave Power in its earliest development. 
 To be established in the midst of a community of 
 slave-holders, to be influenced by the demoralizing 
 tendencies of an unrighteous system, to have under its 
 direct control the affairs of the District of Columbia, 
 — all this was to commit the Federal Government to a 
 partnership in evil, and to give sanction to the institu- 
 tion which it could never have gained from individual 
 states alone. It was therefore most fit and significant 
 that in this district should have been driven the enter- 
 ing wedge of abolition. Henry Wilson of Massachu- 
 setts had the honor of introducing in December, 1861, 
 the bill wliich in April, 1862, was made a law, and 
 provided for immediate emancipation of all slaves in 
 the District of Columbia, giving compensation to their 
 owners, an average of $300 for each bondman thus 
 set free. Naturally the plan roused bitter opposition on 
 the part of the Southern Congressmen, and there was 
 vigorous and brilliant debate in the legislative halls. A 
 new element had entered into the question, a recog- 
 nition of what Seward had earlier called a ''higher 
 law," an authority higher than any legal enactment; 
 the leaven of Christian principle was at work. One 
 eloquent advocate of the measure paid a glowing trib- 
 ute to the Great Teacher and his message to mankind, 
 
60 LESSON II 
 
 from which has sprung the new and better civiHzation 
 of to-day. 
 
 "What was your Declaration at Philadelphia on 
 the 4th of July, 1776, that All Men are created 
 equal, but a reiteration of the great truth an- 
 nounced by the Apostle of the Nazarene? What 
 but this is the sublime principle of your Constitu- 
 tion, the equality of all men before the law? 
 To-day we deliberate whether we shall make good, 
 by legislation, this vital principle of the Constitu- 
 tion, here in the capital of the Republic." 
 
 Charles Sumner, again representing the Common- 
 wealth of Massachusetts after the years of suffering 
 caused by the murderous assault by Brooks of South 
 Carolina, on the occasion of his memorable speech in 
 1856, The Crime against Kansas, spoke with true 
 prophetic utterance when he said : 
 
 "It is the first instalment of the great debt which 
 we all owe to an enslaved race, and will be recog- 
 nized as one of the victories of humanity. When 
 slavery gives way to freedom at the National 
 Capital, the good will not stop here, it must pro- 
 ceed. What God and nature decree, rebellion can- 
 not arrest." 
 
 And it did not stop there ! Two months later, Con- 
 gress abolished slavery in all the National Territories, 
 thus confirming the Republican doctrine declared be- 
 fore the war began, that slavery should be sectional, 
 freedom national. One month later still, the President 
 gave his approval to the Confiscation Bill, which pro- 
 vided that slaves of rebels coming into possession of 
 the government should be considered captives of war, 
 and given their freedom ; that fugitive slaves should 
 not be surrendered ; that persons in the military and 
 naval service surrendering fugitives should be dis- 
 missed ; and that the President might employ the 
 Negroes as he thought best for the suppression of the 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 61 
 
 Rebellion. Thus, freedom followed in the wake of the 
 Union armies, but affected only the rebellious, not the 
 loyalist slave-owners. 
 
 EMANCIPAilOIV ACCOMPLISHED 
 
 Lincoln's First On the 19th of August, Horace 
 Proclamation. Greeley published a letter to t4ie Pres- 
 ident, entitled "llie Prayer of Twenty 
 Millions,'^ in which he claimed that there was not one 
 champion of the Union cause on the face of this wide 
 earth who believed the Rebellion could be put down 
 without abolishing slavery, "its inciting cause." Three 
 days later, Lincoln issued his memorable reply, con- 
 taining the oft-quoted words which showed his official 
 attitude upon the question that was rending the 
 nation : 
 
 "My paramount object is to save the Union, and 
 not eitlier to save or destroy slavery. If I could 
 save the Union without freeing any slave, I would 
 do it. If I could save it, by freeing all the slaves, 
 I would do it, and if I could do it, by freeing some 
 and leaving others alone, I would also do that." 
 
 In his heart of hearts, Abraham Lincoln believed that 
 without the Union, permanent liberty for either the 
 black race or the white would be impossible upon this 
 continent. But he believed also that the day was fast 
 coming when the necessities of war, as well as of hu- 
 manity, would call for such action. Even while he 
 wrote his reply to Horace Greeley, there was lying in 
 his desk an unsigned proclamation, awaiting some 
 Union victory to serve as the seal of Divine approval. 
 The summer of '63 was full of the sadness of defeat, 
 but when in September news came of McClellan's 
 success at Antietam, — "the bloodiest day that America 
 ever saw," — and Lee's withdrawal from Maryland, 
 
62 LESSON II 
 
 the President summoned his Cabinet, told them in 
 grave and faltering tones of the promise he had made 
 to himself and to his Maker, to proclaim emancipation 
 as soon as the rebel army was driven out of Maryland, 
 and read to them once more the proclamation which 
 has immortalized his name. Suggesting again some 
 form of compensation, some method of colonization, 
 and still the hope of restoring the disturbed relations 
 of the states, the Commander-in-chief of the Army 
 and the Navy appointed January i, 1863, as the date 
 on which all persons held as slaves in any states or 
 parts of states then in rebellion, should be then, 
 thencefonvard, and forever free. On the 22d of Sep- 
 tember, the nation and the world received this procla- 
 mation, signed by the President and his Secretary of 
 State, and bearing the great seal of the Republic. The 
 nation was moving rapidly toward the goal of uni- 
 versal freedom. It was learning, too, ''the iviith 0' 
 hein' free.'' 
 
 The Final The reception of this warning proclama- 
 Euactment. tion seemed to justify the previous 
 hesitation of the President. Some op- 
 ponents charged that the act ''would unite the South 
 and divide the North." The Democrats raised the 
 campaign cry that the War for Union had been 
 changed into a War for the Negro, and in spite of the 
 joy and rejoicing of the real lovers of humanity every- 
 where, the fall elections showed great Republican 
 losses in the Middle and Western States. But "the 
 kindly-earnest, brave, foreseeing man" swerved not 
 from his conscientious course, and when New Year's 
 Day, 1863, arrived, after the hundred days of grace, 
 his second and absolute proclamation was issued. This 
 made all the slaves in the Rebel States or parts of 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 63 
 
 states forever free ; enjoined upon the freemen so 
 made abstinence from violence except in self-defence, 
 and willingness to labor faithfully for reasonable 
 wages ; and opened for them the doors of entrance 
 into army and navy service. The closing sentence 
 deserves exact quotation : 
 
 "And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an 
 act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon 
 military necessity, I invoke the considerate judg- 
 ment of mankind, and the gracious favor of 
 Almighty God." 
 
 Slavery had received its mortal wound, but it was not 
 yet dead ; it was to writhe in anguish yet many a 
 day. Step by step the slaves were freed as the con- 
 quering Union armies advanced thru the rebellious 
 states ; but even this edict and the successes of war 
 did only what Lincoln said to Greeley, "freed some 
 and left others alone." Not until March, 1865, were 
 the families of colored soldiers freed by law from the 
 power of the slave-masters. Universal freedom was 
 not attained until a Constitutional xA.mendment, — the 
 famous Thirteenth, — was passed by both Houses, ac- 
 cepted by a majority of the states, and formally 
 adopted December 18, 1865. Then died slavery in the 
 United States, and the land was free, ''clear thru, 
 from sea to sea." 
 
 Close of The immediate result of the Great Procla- 
 the War. mation was not peace, but a new girding 
 for battle, for the "death grapple in the 
 darkness 'tunxt old systems and the Word." The 
 Seceded States drew even more closely together in 
 sympathetic loyalty to what must inevitably be a "lost 
 cause;" the North was more and more inspired by 
 Christian sentiment, and the spirit of human brother- 
 
64 LES80N II 
 
 hood ; and foreign nations looked on with deeper in- 
 terest and stronger appreciation of the moral elements 
 involved, but with a diminishing prospect of inter- 
 vention. Two years of bitter conflict were yet to 
 come ; years of suffering and sacrifice at home and on 
 the field; years in which the South was to fight with 
 courage and desperation for the preservation of their 
 Confederate cause, and the North with hope and en- 
 thusiasm for the freedom of other men ; years in which 
 the Negroes were to prove, as slaves and soldiers both, 
 that they deserved the freedom granted them at so 
 great a cost. When the door of military service was 
 opened to them, they entered it by thousands, greatly 
 increasing the strength of the Union armies ; they 
 were brave, obedient, and faithful, and their war 
 record does credit to themselves and their honored 
 Northern leaders. Equally faithful were those who 
 remained on the plantations, caring for the homes and 
 families of masters who had left all behind to follow 
 the Stars and Bars; — a humble people worth fighting 
 for, worth working for when the war was over. In- 
 dependence Day, 1863, saw Lee retreating after the 
 decisive battle of the great conflict; and in November 
 of that year, at the dedication of the Cemetery conse- 
 crated to the burial of those brave soldiers killed at 
 Gettyshiirg, Lincoln delivered an address which ranks 
 with the world's masterpieces of eloquence and power. 
 These are its closing words : 
 
 "It is for us to be here dedicated to the great task 
 remaining before us, — that from these honored 
 dead we take increased devotion to that cause 
 for which they gave the last full measure of de- 
 votion, — that we here highly resolve that these 
 dead shall not have died in vain, — that this nation, 
 under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, — 
 and that government of the people, by the people, 
 for the people, shall not perish from the earth," 
 
FREEDOM ACHIEVED 66 
 
 Even greater and more appealing to the hearts of his 
 loyal people was Lincoln's second Inaugural, — "the 
 finest State paper in all history" — delivered in March, 
 1865, while the war was still dragging out its weary 
 length, but with victory close at hand. Humility and 
 faith, charity and conviction mark the words which 
 came from the heart of a president who spoke as never 
 American President has spoken before or since : 
 
 "The Almighty has his own purposes. 'Woe unto 
 the world because of offenses; for it must needs 
 be that offenses come; but woe to that man by 
 whom the offense cometh.' If we shall suppose 
 that American slavery is one of those offenses 
 which, in the providence of God, must needs come, 
 but which, having continued through his appointed 
 time, he now wills to remove, and that he gives to 
 both North and South this terrible war, as the woe 
 due to those by whom the offense came, shall we 
 discern therein any departure from those Divine 
 attributes which the believers in a living God al- 
 ways ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, — 
 fervently do we pray, — that this mighty scourge 
 of war may speedily pass away. Yet if God wills 
 that it continue until all the wealth piled by the 
 bondman's 250 years of unrequited toil shall be 
 sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with 
 the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the 
 sword; as was said 3000 years ago, so still it must 
 be said: 'The judgments of the Lord are true and 
 righteous altogether.' With malice toward none, 
 with charity for all; with firmness in the right, 
 as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on 
 to finish the work we are in, to bind up the Na- 
 tion's wounds, to care for him who shall have 
 borne the battle, and for his widow and his 
 orphans, — to do all which may achieve and cher- 
 ish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and 
 with all nations." 
 
 It was not the Divine will that the struggle should con- 
 tinue. The end was near. April 9, at Appomatox 
 Court House, Lee — the Christian hero of the Confed- 
 eracy — surrendered to Grant — the magnanimous com- 
 
66 LE880N II 
 
 mander of the Union forces. On the 14th, while Gen. 
 Anderson was replacing the old flag on Fort Sumter 
 on the anniversary of its capture just four years pre- 
 vious, the formal proclamation went over the land that 
 the war was ended. The Union was saved, and the 
 fetters had fallen from 4,000,000 slaves. 
 
 "Bow down, dear Land, for thou has found release! 
 Thy God, in these distempered days, 
 Hath taught thee the sure wisdom of His ways, 
 
 And through thine enemies hath wrought thy peace! 
 
 Bow down in prayer and praise! 
 No poorest in thy borders but may now 
 Lift to the juster skies a man's enfranchised brow. 
 
 O Beautiful! my Country! ours once more!" 
 
 
Our Martyr Chikf 
 
Lesson III 
 Development Begun 
 
 RECOASTRUCTIOIV BY LAW 
 
 The Fourteenth The joy and thanksgiving of peace 
 Amendment. were soon rudely disturbed by foul 
 
 assassination and bitter mourning. At 
 the close of the very day on which the news was spread 
 abroad that this cruel zvar was really over, the wires 
 flashed over the land a message that plunged the 
 nation into the depths of grief and indignation, of 
 horror and humiliation. Lincoln had fallen at the 
 hand of a ruthless murderer, whose dramatic cry, 
 ''Sic semper tyrannis/' seemed to sound the knell of 
 doom to Cabinet and Federal Government. But tho 
 that was spared a suffering people, yet the loss of 
 
 "Our Martyr Chief 
 Whom late the nation he had led 
 With ashes on her head. 
 
 Wept with the passion of an angry grief," 
 
 was a sore trial to faith and hope. Christian senti- 
 ment asked, "Shall not the Judge of all the earth do 
 right?" Political opinion was divided as to the merits 
 of Lincoln's probably lenient policy in dealing with 
 the conquered States of the Confederacy, and some 
 even tried to interpret the Divine Providence from 
 this standpoint; but all eyes turned anxiously to 
 Andrew Johnson, who had quietly taken the oath of 
 
68 LE880N III 
 
 office the day following the assassination. The first 
 great question to be answered was, — Are the Seceded 
 States to be considered as still in the Union as "way- 
 ward sisters," or are they out of the Union needing to 
 be brought back again ? If the latter, then howf One 
 sad chapter in our nation's history must needs be 
 darkly written before that question could be fully an- 
 swered, and the wayward states restored to right and 
 practical relations with the Union they had left. Harsh 
 and bitter conflicts were there ; wrong and suffering 
 on the part of both the whites and blacks ; but in this 
 brief record, reference can be made to a few only of 
 those measures most vitally important to the Freed- 
 men. One of the conditions of restoration was the 
 adoption of The Thirteenth Amendment, and when 
 that was declared accomplished in December, 1865, 
 legal emancipation was achieved. But the cruel laws 
 passed by nearly all the Southern States, — the Black 
 Code of that period, — made freedom more a theory 
 than a fact. The rights and privileges of free men 
 were denied the blacks ; they were compelled, under 
 heavy penalties, to hire themselves to white planters 
 on the latters' own terms ; forbidden to leave their 
 place of employment without written permission, or 
 to be absent after dark without arrest and punishment. 
 Should they leave their place of service, they might 
 be lodged in jail by any white man, and the costs of 
 identification and recovery charged to themselves; 
 they were not allowed to have in their possession a 
 gun, pistol, or knife ; to keep live-stock, or raise gar- 
 den produce for themselves, or even to trade in such 
 provisions. To be found with corn, cotton, or meat of 
 any kind in their possession was considered a sure 
 sign of theft, and they were treated accordingly ; and 
 a plantation Negro found unemployed by a white was 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 69 
 
 treated as a vagabond. No meetings of any kind 
 could be held without a license, and the weight of 
 burdensome restriction was unbearable. Disappointed 
 at Johnson's policy, Congress took upon itself the 
 work of reconstruction, and in view of existing condi- 
 tions in the South, passed in June, 1866, The Four- 
 teenth Amendment to the Constitution in five sections, 
 the first of which made the Negro a citizen. 
 
 "Sec. I. All persons born or naturalized in the 
 United States, and subject to the jurisdiction there- 
 of are citizens of the United States, and of the 
 State wherein they reside. No State shall make 
 or enforce any law which shall abridge the 
 privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
 States, nor shall any State deprive any person of 
 life, liberty, or property, without due process of 
 law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
 the equal protection of the laws." 
 
 The Fifteenth Had the Southern States seen fit to 
 Amendment. adopt at once the Fourteenth Amend- 
 ment, the story of succeeding years 
 would doubtless have been written in far different 
 phrase. But they hoped for better terms, rejected the 
 amendment, and brought upon themselves the harsher 
 measures of reconstruction which Congress then de- 
 vised. Military governments were instituted in all the 
 Confederate States except Tennessee, which alone had 
 met the requirement of the proposed amendment, — 
 and the Commanders were instructed to arrange for 
 new state organizations by enrolling as voters all 
 adult citizens, black or white, who should send dele- 
 gates to a convention. This convention was to pre- 
 pare a new Constitution, permitting the same condi- 
 tion of suffrage ; and when this Constitution was rati- 
 fied by the popular vote, and approved by Congress; 
 and when the Legislature, elected by virtue of it, rati- 
 
70 LE880N III 
 
 fied the Fourteenth Amendment, then each state so re- 
 organized should be restored to the Union. For fif- 
 teen months or more, the reluctant states were under 
 martial law, and it was not until July, 1870, that the 
 process of reconstruction was considered complete. 
 Meanwhile, measures were pending in the National 
 Congress looking toward universal manhood suffrage 
 for the Negroes, so recently freed from slavery. As 
 early as December, 1865, a bill was introduced for the 
 purpose of granting this privilege within the borders 
 of the District of Columbia, and after much opposi- 
 tion was passed ; a few days later, another was passed, 
 conferring this right upon the black citizens of the 
 Territories. Again the wedge had entered, and the 
 final outcome was not far to seek. Two years later, 
 (1869) Mr. Boutwell of Massachusetts presented the 
 resolution which, as finally adopted, became The Fif- 
 teenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United 
 States. Bitter opponents there were, indeed, but the 
 most telling arguments in favor were based by some 
 upon the belief that suffrage is a natural right ; others 
 thought that the Negroes who had fought so valiantly 
 in the war deserved the full rights of citizenship; and 
 others still, that the Freedmen needed the ballot for 
 protection against oppression. The politicians hoped 
 much from large additional votes for the Republican 
 party which carried the measure; but in spite of that 
 element of partisan desire, the better judgment of the 
 North was on the side of the measure, inspired by just, 
 humane, and Christian motives. The words in which 
 President Grant, in March, 1870, conveyed to Con- 
 gress by special message the fact that the necessary 
 three-fourths of the states had ratified the amend- 
 ment, show the spirit which inspired, and the hope 
 which animated the people of the North. 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 71 
 
 "The measure which makes at once four millions 
 of the people voters who were heretofore declared 
 by the highest tribunal in the land not eligible to 
 become so, with the assertion that, at the time of 
 the Declaration of Independence, was fixed and 
 universal in the civilized portion of the white race, 
 and regarded as an axiom in morals as well as in 
 politics, that black men had no rights which white 
 men were bound to respect, is indeed a measure of 
 grander importance than any other one act of the 
 kind from the foundation of our free government 
 to the present time. Institutions like ours, in 
 which all power is derived directly from the peo- 
 ple, must depend mainly upon their intelligence, 
 patriotism, and industry. I call the attention, 
 therefore, of the newly enfranchised race to the 
 importance of their striving in every honorable 
 manner to make themselves worthy of their new 
 privilege. To a race more favored, heretofore, 
 by our laws, I would say, withhold no legal privi- 
 lege of advancement to the new citizen." 
 
 The Reign of Had this sentiment prevailed, in North 
 Terror. and South aHke, this paragraph had 
 
 not been written. Some there were, 
 among the defeated champions of a "lost cause," 
 who accepted the inevitable, and like Gen. Longstreet 
 could say, "If every one will meet the crisis with 
 proper appreciation of our condition and obligations, 
 the sun will rise tomorrow on a happy people." But 
 the revolution had been too violent, the transition too 
 swift, and the proud spirit of the ruling class at the 
 South could not brook the sudden rise to power and 
 equalitv of those who for centuries had been their 
 servants, slaves, and chattels. From the North came 
 many unprincipled adventurers, with all their worldly 
 goods in one small bag, but greedy for gain of wealth 
 and power. The hated Carpet-baggers deserved per- 
 haps the contempt and ostracism they encotmtered, as 
 they made a tool of the Negro, and wrought political 
 havoc in the land of Lee and Stonewall Jackson ; but 
 
72 LE8S0N III 
 
 it was the ignorant, unskilled and dreaded black who 
 suffered most at the hands of those who would prevent 
 his exercise of the newly granted privileges. Very 
 soon after the close of the war, secret societies had 
 been formed for this purpose, bearing such suggestive 
 names as The Brotherhood, The Pale Faces, The In- 
 visible Empire, The Kiiights of the White Camellia; 
 but all were merged at last into the dark and terrible 
 organization known as the Klu Klux Klan. Started 
 at first, half in fun, by some young men in Tennessee, 
 simply to frighten the superstitious blacks and keep 
 them from their all too common pilfering expeditions, 
 it became the deadly instrument of terror, torture, and 
 death, for the furtherance of political ends. Masked 
 riders, well armed and wearing long white gowns, 
 patroled the country in the darkness of night, fright- 
 ening like ghosts the timid Northerner or Negro, 
 breaking into cabins, whipping, shooting, even hanging 
 some defenseless occupant for offenses real or im- 
 aginary. These brutal outrages were most frequent 
 in the years from 1868 to 1870, but gradually ceased, 
 owing partly to the severe measures taken by the gov- 
 ernment at Washington, and partly to the more legiti- 
 mate means taken by the Southern whites to regain 
 political and industrial supremacy. Dark as is this 
 picture of a reign of terror, the provocation must be 
 pictured, too, as George S. Merriam has done it, in 
 this striking phrase, in "The Negro and the Nation" : 
 
 "It was the spectacle of rude blacks, yesterday 
 picking cotton or driving mules, sitting in the 
 legislators' seats, and executive offices of Richmond 
 and Columbia, holding places of power among the 
 people of Lee and Calhoun. Fancy the people of 
 Massachusetts, were the State-house on Beacon 
 Hill suddenly occupied by Italians, Polish and 
 Russian laborers, — placed and kept there by a for- 
 eign conqueror!" 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 73 
 
 BY CARE AND EDUCATION 
 
 Local When the Contrabands at Fortress 
 
 Organizations. Monroe were employed by Gen. Butler 
 upon the Union fortifications, and were 
 so accounted Freedmen, the question at once arose in 
 the minds of thoughtful, far-seeing philanthropists and 
 statesmen as to the care and treatment of those made 
 free by the fortunes of war. The later decrees of 
 emancipation only emphasized the question, for free- 
 dom did not change the character of the slave, and 
 with all his loyalty, docility and faithfulness, there 
 were the ever present dangers of poverty, homeless- 
 ness, and ignorance. But the spirit of the Good 
 Samaritan was not lacking, and many a man — and wo- 
 man, too, left comfortable homes in the North to give 
 help and cheer and instruction to their dark brethren 
 in the South. Societies for the assistance of the Freed- 
 men sprang up like magic, sending clothing, books, 
 and teachers to the needy places where such early ef- 
 forts could avail. How deep and true and wide spread 
 was the Missionary impulse, may be inferred from 
 this long list of organizations formed for this purpose, 
 — a list by no means complete, but significant of the 
 growing sense of brotherhood and obligation to a race 
 long held in bondage. Besides the Educational Com- 
 mission of Boston, the National Freedmen's Relief 
 Association of New York, and the Fort Royal Relief 
 Commission of Philadelphia, first formed, there were 
 the New England Freedman's Aid Society, American 
 Freedman's Aid Commission, Freedmen's Union Com- 
 mission, American Union Commission, Pennsylvania 
 Freedmen's Relief Association, Friends' Relief Asso- 
 ciation, Baltimore Association for the Moral and Edu- 
 cational Improvement of the Colored People, Dela- 
 
74 LESSON III 
 
 ware Association, Frccdmen's Aid Association of 
 Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, 
 Western Frecdmen's Aid Commission, and North- 
 western Frecdmens Aid Commission. Even in Great 
 Britain, there were similar associations contributing 
 thousands of dollars, and in London, in 1865, repre- 
 sentatives of these met to form a National Committee 
 "to consolidate and extend the action already taken 
 for the relief of the freed Negroes of America." In 
 this country, too, consolidation followed later in the 
 same year. All these organizations, however, efficient 
 as they were, sending out over 3,000 men and women 
 for this special form of service, and expending mil- 
 lions of dollars, were, as intended, but temporary in 
 their operations, and were dissolved in 1869, leaving 
 a heritage of Christian service yet to be rendered by 
 other Societies equipped for more permanent and en- 
 during labors in the Lord. 
 
 The Freedman's Numerous as were the voluntary 
 Bnrean. organizations responding to the un- 
 
 spoken appeal of the millions emerg- 
 ing into the bewildering glare of freedom, it was 
 evident that governmental aid and authority were 
 necessary to produce the most effective results. In 
 1864, a convention of delegates from seven Western 
 Freedman's Associations met in Indianapolis, and 
 among other results of their gathering there, was the 
 presentation to President Lincoln of a memorial, 
 showing the difficulty of their work without any rep- 
 resentative on the field of both the government and 
 their own societies, and urging the appointment of a 
 supervising agent who should represent both. This 
 need had been felt by Massachusetts statesmen long 
 before, and twelve days after the Great Proclamation 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 75 
 
 went into effect, Henry Wilson presented in the Sen- 
 ate a memorial from the Emancipation League of 
 Massachusetts, urging the establishment of a Bureau 
 of Emancipation. Bills were introduced, amendments 
 offered, discussions violently carried on, until finally, 
 on the last day of the 38th Congress, March 3, 1865, 
 an Act was passed to establish a Bureau of Refugees, 
 Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, — one of the last 
 acts approved by Lincoln before his tragic death. One 
 of the closing speeches of the debate, delivered by Mr. 
 Kelley of Pennsylvania illustrates the conditions that 
 warranted this Congressional action : 
 
 "It is not often given to a Legislature to perform 
 an act such as we are now to pass upon. We have 
 four million people in poverty, because our laws 
 have denied them the right to acquire property; 
 in ignorance, because our laws have made it a fel- 
 ony to instruct them; without organized habits, be- 
 cause war has broken the shackles which bound 
 them, and has released them from the plantations 
 which were destined to be their world. We are to 
 organize them into society; we are to guide them, 
 as the guardian guides his ward for a brief period, 
 until they can acquire habits, and become confident 
 and capable of self-control; we are to watch over 
 them; and, if we do, we have from their conduct 
 in the field and in the school, evidence that they 
 will more than repay our labor." 
 
 Gen. O. O. Howard, a Christian soldier who had dis- 
 tinguished himself at Gettysburg, and had been chosen 
 by Sherman to lead one of the columns in his famous 
 March to the Sea, was appointed by President John- 
 son Commissioner of the new Bureau, and chose nine 
 assistants with headquarters at various important 
 Southern cities. To supply bodily needs, to guide and 
 instruct in the matter of labor, to settle disputes and 
 grievances, to protect against insult and outrage, and 
 to further all the efforts of benevolent and religious 
 
76 LESSON III 
 
 organizations ; — these were some of the duties of the 
 new Commission. That there were some mistakes, 
 and some inefficient or corrupt agents cannot be de- 
 nied; but in a work so tremendous and so untried, it 
 must needs be that offenses come. The record of good 
 accornpHshed is marvelous. Special attention was 
 given to the subject of education, and a report made 
 in 1870 of the five years' active service of the Bureau 
 showed that 4,239 schools had been established, 9,307 
 teachers employed, 247,333 pupils instructed, and 654 
 school buildings furnished. The Freedmen them- 
 selves owned 592 school buildings, and supported 
 1,324 schools, — some industrial, some High and Nor- 
 mal schools. School superintendents were appointed 
 for each state, and of the more than $1,000,000 ex- 
 pended for buildings, repairs, and teachers, $200,000 
 was raised by the people just out of slavery, — money 
 raised in many cases by small tuition fees of from ten 
 to fifty cents a month. What a prophecy of the eager 
 multitudes who to-day are crowding the doors of all 
 the multiplied institutions for the education and the 
 elevation of a race reached, as yet, only on its outer 
 edges ! 
 
 Educational A name revered alike in England and 
 Boards. America is that of George Peahody, 
 
 princely merchant and philanthropist. 
 Born in 1795, in South Danvers, Mass. — now called 
 Peabody — his only education was obtained in the dis- 
 trict school. At eleven he was in a grocer's shop, at 
 fifteen, in a haberdasher's, at twenty-two, a partner in 
 a Baltimore firm. Removing to London, he made a 
 large fortune as merchant and broker, and his gifts to 
 local and public enterprises on both sides of the sea, 
 were munificent. In 1867 and 1869, he gave sums 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 77 
 
 amounting to nearly $3,500,000 to be controlled and 
 expended by a board of fifteen trustees for the pro- 
 motion of "intellectual, moral, or industrial education 
 in the most destitute portions of the Southern States." 
 At first, the income of the fund was used chiefly to 
 secure the establishment of public school systems for 
 free education ; when that was accomplished, the 
 money was used for the training of teachers thru 
 Normal Schools, and Teachers' Institutes. For more 
 than thirty years the fund has been managed by men 
 of national reputation for the nation's good, but by the 
 terms of the gift, the whole amount is soon to be dis- 
 tributed where most needed, and then the Corporation 
 
 of the Peabody Fund will cease to exist. In 1882, 
 
 John F. Slater, a cotton manufacturer of Connecticut, 
 who had amassed a large fortune, gave the sum of 
 $1,000,000 for the benefit of the Freedmen. There is 
 the beauty of fitness in the fact that the man whose 
 father and uncle had founded the cotton manufactur- 
 ing industry in the United States, should have been 
 not unmindful of the black workers in the cotton fields 
 of the South, whose labor made such an industry pos- 
 sible. In his communication to the Board of Trustees, 
 Mr. Slater stated the purpose of the gift in these 
 words : 
 
 "The general object which I desire to have ex- 
 clusively pursued, is the uplifting of the lately- 
 emancipated population of the Southern States 
 and their posterity by conferring on them the 
 blessings of Christian education. The disabilities 
 formerly suffered by these people, and their singu- 
 lar patip.nce and fidelity iv the great crisis of the vat ion 
 establish a just claim on the sympathy and good 
 will of humane and patriotic men. I cannot but 
 feel the compassion that is due in view of their 
 prevailing ignorance, which exists by no fault 0/ 
 their own.^^ 
 
78 LE880N III 
 
 The first president of the Board of Trustees was 
 Ex-President Hayes, and that office is now filled by 
 Daniel C. Oilman, formerly of Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity. So remarkable has been the management of 
 the fund that in spite of the already large expendi- 
 tures, it has increased to $1,500,000, and is still used 
 to aid existing institutions to extend industrial educa- 
 tion and to prepare teachers. Not the guardian of 
 
 a fund, but the promoter of wise educational policies 
 is the Southern Education Board of the Conference 
 for Education in the South, of which Robert C. 
 Ogden of New York is the present chairman. Its ob- 
 ject is to rouse public opinion and to secure improved 
 legislation and increased revenues for the public 
 schools of the South, — one of the greatest needs of the 
 time. Surely, it is a far cry to the Black Code of the 
 South, when it was made a criminal offense to teach 
 the simplest lessons to a member of a race suffering 
 and enslaved. 
 
 NOTABLE NEGROES 
 
 Toossaint— Strangely enough, there are still 
 
 the Hero of Hayti. those who deny to the Negro the 
 
 ability to make good use of his 
 greatly increased facilities for development ; who as- 
 sign him to an essentially lower level than the white 
 man occupies ; and who, like one of old, ask even now, 
 "To what purpose is this waste?" Brief sketches of a 
 few black men who have attained extraordinary distinc- 
 tion in various spheres of achievement, may serve to 
 illustrate the possibilities of a race so long doomed to 
 ignorance and inferiority. — Look back to that fair 
 island in the Caribbean Sea where slavery found its 
 first foothold in the Western World, and there by the 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 79 
 
 fitness of fate, see the first uprising of the blacks for 
 independence, and their first great leader, governor 
 and statesman. Francois Dominique Toussaint was a 
 full-blooded Negro, born in 1743, of slave parents on 
 a plantation in the north of that island which the 
 native Caribs called Hayti, but which Columbus had 
 named Hispaniola, when its beauty caused him to tell 
 Queen Isabella that he had found the garden of Eden. 
 The French early recognized its attractiveness and 
 settled in the western part, obtaining title thereto by 
 treaty with Spain in 1697. When the French Revolu- 
 tion broke out, there was a population of nearly half 
 a million, all slaves except 38,000 Europeans, and 
 28,000 free people of color, mostly mulattoes. When 
 the French Government, in 1790, decreed political free- 
 dom to these last, the island was in a ferment of ex- 
 citement; the whites indignant, the mulattoes crazed 
 with joy, and the slaves rising in savage insurrection, 
 marching upon the Europeans with a white infant on 
 a spear head as their standard. The decree was re- 
 voked, England and Spain entered the conflict to 
 assist the whites ; the French suffered frequent re- 
 verses until, in 1793, they proclaimed universal free- 
 dom, and Toussaint appeared upon the scene. He was 
 now a man of fifty, who had been first a coachman, 
 then overseer of a sugar factory, taught to read and 
 write, knowing a little Latin and Mathematics, and 
 counting among his favorite books Epictetus, Plutarch, 
 and Military Memoirs. This insurgent leader won 
 over the blacks to the side of the French, and the 
 grateful governor hearing of this said, "Cet homme 
 fait Oliver tiire par tout ;" (This man makes an opening 
 everywhere). Then his soldiers named him UOuver- 
 ture — the opening. Peace was restored, law and or- 
 der re-established, agriculture and commerce flour- 
 
80 LESSON III 
 
 ished under his marvelous administrative ability, and 
 he became president of an independent republic called 
 San Domingo from its principal city. To the conven- 
 tion which drafted its constitution he said: 
 
 "Put at the head of the chapter on commerce that 
 the ports of San Domingo are open to the trade of 
 the world. Make it the first line of my constitu- 
 tion that I know no difference between religious 
 beliefs." 
 
 But Napoleon became jealous of his black rival, sent 
 an army to overthrow the republic, and to re-enslave 
 the whole black population. Toussaint was treacher- 
 ously made captive, and carried over the seas to 
 languish ten months in a horrible French prison ; then, 
 dying too slowly for his royal jailer, he was left four 
 days without food or drink, and April 27, 1803, was 
 found dead — he of whom a Spanish general said, "He 
 was the purest soul God ever put into a body ;" and of 
 whom history says, **He never broke his word." 
 Wendell Phillips has paid The Hero of Hayti this 
 eloquent and thrilling tribute: 
 
 "Now, blue-eyed Saxon, proud of your race, go 
 back with me to the commencement of the century, 
 and select what statesman you please. Let him be 
 either American or European; let him have a brain 
 the result of six generations of culture; let him 
 have the ripest training of university routine; let 
 him add to it the better education of practical life; 
 crown his temples with the silver of seventy years, 
 — and show me the man of Saxon lineage for 
 whom his most sanguine admirers will wreathe a 
 laurel as rich as embittered foes have placed on 
 the brow of this Negro; rare military skill, pro- 
 found knowledge of human nature, content to blot 
 out all party distinctions, and trust a state to the 
 blood of its sons, — anticipating Sir Robert Peel 
 by fifty years, and taking his station by the side of 
 Roger Williams before any Englishman or Ameri- 
 can had won the right, — and yet this is the record 
 
Douglass, thk Okatoh 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 81 
 
 which the history of rival states makes up for this 
 inspired black of St. Domingo. 
 
 Frederick Douglass— Stranger than fiction, more fas- 
 the Orator. cinating than a modern novel 
 
 is the hfe story of another 
 "inspired black," who, when San Domingo, genera- 
 tions later, appHed to the United States for annexation, 
 was one of the Commission sent there to investigate 
 conditions, and later still, to represent the government 
 as Minister to the Republic of Hayti. Born about 
 1817 on Tuckahoe plantation in Eastern Maryland, 
 Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, slave son of 
 a slave mother, spent the first twenty-three years of 
 his life in bondage and obscurity; — a bondage in 
 which he experienced all the horrors of a hateful sys- 
 tem, separation from family and friends, grief, loneli- 
 ness, cold and hunger, cruel floggings, and imprison- 
 ment for escapes attempted but not realized. Even 
 as a child he asked himself, "Why am I a slave?" and 
 was told that God up in the sky had made all things, 
 and had made black people to be slaves and white peo- 
 ple to be masters ! ! ! But his childish logic questioned 
 this, especially when he saw that not all white people 
 were masters, nor all blacks slaves. One kind mis- 
 tress ventured to teach him to read, until harshly for- 
 bidden by an angry husband who said, 
 
 "If he learns to read the Bible, it will forever un- 
 fit him to be a slave." 
 
 But the seed was sown, and the clever ingenuity of an 
 ambitious youth helped him to use his white play- 
 mates as unconscious teachers ; and in a ship yard the 
 timbers marked with capital letters furnished his first 
 copy for writing lessons ; then fences and pavements, 
 and his little Master Tommy's copy books with ample 
 
82 LEi^SON III 
 
 spaces between the lines, served his purpose as he 
 learned the art of writing. Very early he heard the 
 word abolition and when the dictionary failed to ex- 
 plain, The Baltimore American gave him information 
 that on a certain day a great number of petitions had 
 been presented to Congress, praying for the abolition 
 of slavery in the District of Columbia, and of the 
 slave trade between the States of the Union. Then the 
 star of Hope rose in his sky, and at the beginning of 
 the year 1836, he made a solemn vow that that year 
 should not close without an earnest effort to attain his 
 liberty. That attempt failed, but another was more 
 successful, and on September 4, 1838, the fugitive, hav- 
 ing reached New York, began life as a free man. But 
 not there ; a friendly officer of the Underground 
 Railway helped him on his way to New Bedford 
 where he hoped to ply his- calker's trade. Between 
 Baltimore and New Bedford the name Bailey had 
 been dropped for that of Johnson, but in the latter 
 city, his colored friend and host, having just read with 
 delight The Lady of the Lake, chose for him the more 
 distinctive and distinguished name of Douglass, a 
 name never tarnished but rather illumined by its new 
 representative. Even in New Bedford, race prejudice 
 was too strong to permit the practice of his trade, but 
 work of various kinds furnished a precarious living 
 for the young Douglass ; and the reading of The Lib- 
 erator furnished his mind with new thoughts, and his 
 soul with new hopes for his race. In 1841, he at- 
 tended an Anti-Slavery meeting in Nantucket, and 
 was persuaded by one who had heard his fervid elo- 
 quence as an exhorter in the Colored Methodist 
 Church of New Bedford, to tell his story. That was 
 the hour of his emergence from obscurity, the begin- 
 ning of a public career of long and unrivalled interest. 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 83 
 
 As agent of the Anti-Slavery Society he attended 
 hundreds of conventions, and spoke in all the cities of 
 the East. As writer and orator he used his multiply- 
 ing talents for the help and succor of his people, on 
 both sides of the water, receiving in Great Britain the 
 courteous treatment of equality and brotherhood so 
 often wanting in his native land. When the War was 
 over, and political rights were his, places of influence 
 and power were opened to him, because of rare ability 
 and honest character. As Commissioner to San Do- 
 mingo, member of the council for the government of 
 the District of Columbia, Elector at large of the State 
 of New York, orator on Decoration Day at Arlington 
 near the monument to the unknown loyal dead, at the 
 unveiling of the Lincoln monument in Washington, 
 and in Madison Square, New York, by Lincoln's 
 statue, pall-bearer at the funeral of Vice-President 
 Wilson, Marshal of District of Columbia appointed 
 •by President Hayes, Recorder of Deeds under Presi- 
 dent Garfield, and Minister to Hayti under Harrison, 
 — he spent a long and useful life in the service of his 
 people and this nation, and died full of years and 
 honors at the National Capital, February 20, 1895. 
 
 "A hush is over all the teeming lists, 
 And there is pause, a breath-space in the strife; 
 
 A spirit brave has passed beyond the mists 
 And vapors that obscure the sun of life. 
 
 And Ethiopia, with bosom torn, 
 
 Laments the passing of her noblest born. 
 
 Oh, Douglass, thou has passed beyond the shore, 
 
 But still thy voice is ringing o'er the gale! 
 Thou'st taught thy race how high her hopes may soar, 
 
 And bade her seek the heights, nor faint, nor fail. 
 She will not fail, she heeds thy stirring cry. 
 She knows thy guardian spirit will be nigh, 
 And rising from beneath the chast'ning rod, 
 She stretches out her bleeding hands to God!" 
 
84 LESSON III 
 
 Dunbar — Beautiful would this tribute be from any 
 the Poet. source, but it gains an added luster and a 
 deeper meaning, coming from the heart 
 and pen of one of Douglass's own race. The poetic 
 temperament cannot be denied the Negro, child of the 
 tropics, with his love of song and dance, his quick 
 emotions, his vivid imagination, and his sensitiveness 
 to the humor and the pathos of life. Whose is the 
 blame that so long a time had passed before it became 
 possible for one to give adequate expression to the 
 sentiments within ; for the crude verses of Phyllis 
 Wheatley to be followed by the graceful, polished lyrics 
 of Paul Laurence Dunbar f Even the former need not 
 be passed over in silence, for it is a fact of no slight 
 interest that in 1773, there was published in England 
 a book of Poems on Various Subjects^ Religious and 
 Moral by Phyllis Wheatley, Negro Servant to Mr. 
 John Wheatley of Boston in New England. Phyllis 
 was born in Africa, brought to this country in 1761, 
 purchased and educated by Mrs. Wheatley, and nearly 
 a century after her poems were reprinted in Boston, 
 the first real poet of his race was born in Dayton, 
 Ohio, June 2y, 1872. Dunbar's parents had been 
 slaves, the father escaping from bondage in Kentucky 
 to freedom in Canada, — the mother set free by the 
 Civil War. The home was one of poverty, but the 
 father taught himself to read, and found in history 
 his chief delight. The mother loved poetry and 
 shared the boy's youthful tastes and aspirations, 
 appreciating his earliest literary ventures in prose 
 sketches and tales of fiction. A High School course 
 at Dayton was followed by a wonderfully successful 
 career in literature and journalism, and in 1897 he 
 was appointed to the staflf of the Librarian of Con- 
 gress. These novels, The Uncalled, The Spirit of the 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 85 
 
 Gods, and The Fanatics, illustrate his work in prose, 
 but of far greater power and beauty are the poems. 
 Among the published volumes are Oak and Ivy, 
 Majors and Minors, Lyrics of Lowly Life, Lyrics of 
 the Hearth Side, Folks from Dixie, and Ccihin and 
 Field, — names suggestive of the life he describes 
 and the pictures he paints. Sometimes he imitated the 
 quaint accent of the Negro dialect, as no one else 
 could do, as in ''When de corn pone's hot/' "When 
 Malindy Sings" and the little poem he calls a Hymn: 
 
 "O li'l' lamb out in de col', 
 De Mastah call you to de fol', 
 
 O li'l' lamb! 
 He hyeah you bleatin' on de hill; 
 Come hyeah an' keep yo' mou'nin,' still, 
 
 O li'l' lamb! 
 
 "De Mastah sen' de Shepherd fo'f. 
 He wandah souf, he wandah no'f, 
 
 O li'l' lamb! 
 He wandah eas', he wandah wes', 
 De win' a-wrenchin' at his breas', 
 
 O li'l' lamb! 
 
 "Oh, tell de Shepherd whaih you hide; 
 He want you walkin' by his side, 
 
 O li'l' lamb! 
 He know you weak, he know you so'. 
 But come, don' stay away no mo', 
 
 O li'l' lamb! 
 
 "An' af ah while de lamb he hyeah 
 De Shepherd's voice a-callin' cleah, — 
 
 Sweet li'l lamb! 
 He answah f om de brambles thick, 
 'O Shepherd, I's a-comin' quick' — 
 
 O li'l' lamb!" 
 
 Sometimes he sang in purest, truest English lines 
 that knew no race nor color, save when the theme was 
 one that beat in sympathetic heart throbs with his 
 people. But the songs have ceased ; February 9, 1906, 
 the singer, thru whom the inarticulate music of a 
 
86 LESSON III 
 
 humble folk found sweet expression, "passed beyond 
 the mists and vapors that obscure the sun of life." 
 
 Sympathy. 
 
 "I know what the caged bird feels, alas! 
 
 When the sun is bright on the upland slopes; 
 When the wind stirs soft through the springing grass. 
 And the river flows like a stream of glass; 
 
 When the first bird sings and the first bud opes, 
 And the faint perfume from the chalice steals — 
 I know what the caged bird feels! 
 
 "I know why the caged bird beats his wing 
 Till its blood is red on the cruel bars; 
 
 For he must fly back to his perch and cling 
 
 When he fain would be on the bough a-swing; 
 And a pain still throbs in the old, old scars, 
 
 And they pulse again with a keener sting — 
 
 I know why he beats his wing! 
 
 "I know why the caged bird sings, ah me, 
 
 When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore, — 
 
 When he beats his bars and he would be free; 
 
 It is not a carol of joy or glee. 
 
 But a prayer that he sends from his heart's deep core, 
 
 But a plea that upward to Heaven he flings — 
 
 I know why the caged bird sings!" 
 
 Tanner — No American artist in Paris is more talked 
 the Artist, about or more respected than Henry 
 Ossawa Tanner, an artist unique in that 
 he is of Negro blood and birth. His father was Ben- 
 jamin Tucker Tanner, a bishop of the African M. E. 
 Church, having oversight of the work in Canada, 
 Bermuda, and the West Indies, — a man of wide 
 scholarship and unusual literary ability, contributor to 
 many important periodicals and editor of the African 
 Methodist Quarterly which he made one of the lead- 
 ing journals of the country. The son was born in 
 Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1859, received his earliest art 
 education at the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 87 
 
 then studied under the best of masters in Paris, — Jean 
 Paul Laurens and Benjamin Constant. For some time 
 he Hved in Jerusalem and Bethlehem to see things and 
 to paint them as he saw, in the Land of the Bible from 
 which he has taken his choicest subjects. In his 
 student days, he often carried off the honors of his 
 class ; many medals and prizes have been awarded 
 him ; and his pictures have been hung in many a Salon 
 Exhibition. — His first great picture, Daniel in the 
 Lion's Den, was hung there in 1896; The Raising of 
 Lazarus in 1897 was bought by the French Govern- 
 ment for the Luxembourg Gallery, and in due time 
 will probably be transferred to a higher and more 
 honorable position in the Louvre, A study of Christ 
 and Nicodemus bought in 1900 for the Temple Col- 
 lection in the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, has 
 been called his masterpiece, and one critic says of it : 
 
 "So subtle is the painter's power as not only to 
 make one feel that which the characters of the 
 picture, Christ and Nicodemus, are exchanging 
 — one may even dare to think their thoughts after 
 them." 
 
 Another picture, larger and even more remarkable for 
 its original treatment and suggestive beauty is The 
 Annunciation, hanging now in Memorial Hall in Fair- 
 mount Park, Philadelphia. Instead of an angel ap- 
 pearing to the astonished Mary, it is a wonderful 
 radiance streaming in from an unknown source, 
 waking the startled girl to a sense of the coming of 
 the Divine in human form, — The Incarnation. In the 
 Carnegie Gallery in Pittsburg is The Flight of Judas, 
 a subject seldom represented, but in which Tanner has 
 succeeded in giving a sense of the horror of living or 
 dying, after having betrayed thfe Holy One. Within 
 the year just passed, Tanner has exhibited at the 
 
88 LE880N III 
 
 Chicago Art Institute a picture, Two Disciples at the 
 Tomb, which won the prize for the best American 
 painting. American as he is, this famous Negro 
 artist resides in Paris, partly for the better practise of 
 his art, and partly for the better social conditions ex- 
 isting there. Across the water, there is no sharply 
 drawn color line, no social ostracism due to race, but 
 there is given Honor to whom honor is due. 
 
 Coleridge-Taylor— As in painting, so in music, the 
 the Composer. Negro race seems just coming to 
 
 its own ; and tho Samuel Cole- 
 ridge-Taylor is not an American, his genius and his 
 successful musical career present an illustration of the 
 possibilities of the colored people, the more remark- 
 able, as it is, perhaps, less widely known. Born in 
 England, August 15, 1875, son of a West African 
 Negro father and an English mother, the young mu- 
 latto studied at the Royal College of Music, and with 
 famous English professors. Very early he was com- 
 missioned to write for three choir festivals, and then 
 for the greater English festivals at Leeds and Bir- 
 mingham. His compositions number already more 
 than forty-eight, including several poems set to music, 
 and The Atonement, a sacred cantata. Most import- 
 ant of his works, however, is the Hiazuatha Cantata, 
 three subjects from Longfellow's beautiful poem set 
 to music, — Hiawatha's Wedding Feast, The Death of 
 Minnehaha, and Hiawatha's Departure. When this 
 v/as produced at the great Albert Hall in London in 
 March, 1900, it was received with enthusiasm, and the 
 composer warmly applauded. When it was presented 
 to a music-loving audience in the United States, two 
 years later, this was the appreciative comment of an 
 impartial critic. 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 89 
 
 "Some of the melodies are fresh and inspiring, 
 and at its best, it rises to really inspiring heights, 
 fully justifying Mr. Coleridge-Taylor's claim to a 
 place among the most original and gifted of the 
 younger English composers." 
 
 Chesnutt — Such distinction as Dunbar and Tanner 
 the NoYelist have won for themselves in the fields 
 of poetry and painting, that has Ches- 
 nutt won in the field of fiction. Charles Waddell 
 Chesnutt was born in Cleveland, Ohio, June 20, 1858, 
 of free parents whose thrift and industry saved him 
 from such youthful struggles with poverty as had 
 fallen to the lot of Dunbar. He was educated in 
 North Carolina, and there became principal of the 
 State Normal School at Favetteville. After a brief 
 journalistic career in New York, he returned to his 
 native city and was there admitted to the bar in 1887. 
 'But the practice of his profession could not restrain 
 the literary impulse, and the desire to present with 
 sympathetic interest the condition and the problem of 
 his people. Having shared their fortunes partially, 
 and knowing their life by instinct and observation, he 
 has reproduced in his novels and short stories the hu- 
 mor and the tragedy of both the old time plantation 
 Negro, and the Negro of to-day. His best known 
 works are The Life of Frederick Douglass, The House 
 behind the Cedars, The Conjure Woman, The Wife 
 of his Youth, and The Marrozv of Tradition. To have 
 the Negro problem presented by a Negro novelist, and 
 that in a manner so delicate and artistic as to place his 
 novels on a level with the standard works of recent 
 years, and his short stories among the very best, is one 
 of the surest proofs of the intellectual and literary 
 possibilities of the race from which he sprang. 
 
90 LESSON III 
 
 WASHINGTON— LEADER OF MEN 
 
 His When the beautiful monument which stands 
 
 Training, on Boston Common facing the State House 
 was dedicated in 1897 to the memory of 
 Robert Gould Shaw, the gallant colonel of a gallant 
 regiment, — the 54th Massachusetts, first colored regi- 
 ment from the North — Music Hall was packed from 
 floor to gallery with one of the most distinguished 
 audiences that ever graced a distinguished occasion. 
 Gov. Wolcott presided and in introducing the chief 
 speaker said : 
 
 **Booker T. Washington received his Harvard A. 
 M. last June; the first of his race to receive an 
 honorary degree from the oldest university of the 
 land, and this for wise leadership of his peoph.^^ 
 
 As Frederick Douglass was the foremost colored man 
 of his generation, so is Booker Washington of the 
 present ; but more than scholar and orator, educator 
 and administrator, is he a wise leader of men, of men 
 both black and white, both Northerners and South- 
 erners. To bring such industrial order out of chaos, 
 such harmony out of political strife and social confu- 
 sion, such commercial success out of poverty, sloth, 
 and ignorance, and best of all such a change in the 
 white man's attitude toward the Negro, — this is the 
 marvelous achievement of Booker Washington, Pres- 
 ident of the Tiiskegee Normal and Industrial In- 
 stitute, one of the greatest of living Americans. His 
 life story, too, reads like a romance, as he tells it in 
 his fascinating autobiography, — Up from Slavery. 
 Born in Franklin County, Virginia, about 1858 or '59, 
 of an unknown father, and a slave mother whose an- 
 cestors had suffered all the horrors of a slave ship in 
 passing from Africa to America, his earliest days were 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 91 
 
 Spent in a typical log cabin. His first knowledge that 
 he was a slave came to him as he heard his mother 
 praying earnestly that Lincoln and the Union armies 
 might be victorious, and that she and her children 
 might be free. Her prayer was answered, and when 
 freedom was declared, she joined her husband in 
 Maiden, West Va., whe»e even the little boys were set 
 to work in the salt furnace. An intense desire to learn 
 to read found its first gratification in an old blue-backed 
 Webster's Spelling Book ; then, in the first school for 
 Negro children ever opened in that part of the coun- 
 try. There, the boy who had been always called 
 "Booker" observed that the other boys responded to 
 the roll-call with at least two names ; but before his 
 turn came, he had an inspiration, and calmly responded 
 "Booker Washington." Later he learned that his 
 mother had given him the name Booker Taliaferro, 
 and the forgotten part was restored. Now the full 
 name Booker Taliaferro Washington has attained an 
 illustrious significance little dreamed of in those deso- 
 late days. In spite of the struggle with pinching 
 poverty, the industrious, ambitious youth finally suc- 
 ceeded in entering the Hampton Normal and Agri- 
 cultural Institute, where his intellectual and industrial 
 training was supplemented by the strong, inspiring 
 influence of General Armstrong, its founder and 
 principal. Janitor and student, he learned the dignity 
 of labor, as well as the value of mental discipline, and 
 to that lesson is largely due his wonderful success. 
 
 His After two years of teaching in Maiden, and 
 Work, a year of furtlier study in Washington, he 
 was summoned to Hampton to deliver a post- 
 graduate commencement address ; then came a call to 
 serve as instructor, and to have charge of seventy-five 
 
92 LESSON III 
 
 young Indians just admitted to the institution. In 
 1881, Gen. Armstrong, in response to an appeal from 
 some gentlemen in Alabama, recommended Mr. 
 Washington as the most suitable person to take charge 
 of the proposed Normal School for the colored people 
 in the little town of Tuskegee. That was the begin- 
 ning of a career of unparalleled activity and achieve- 
 ment. The school opened with thirty pupils in a little 
 shanty so dilapidated that when it rained, one of the 
 older students would leave his lessons to hold an um- 
 brella over the head of the teacher hearing recitations. 
 That was in '81, and tho at the starts it seemed like 
 making bricks without straw, when he had no money 
 and the school had no money, yet in 1907 the Institute 
 owns and occupies 2000 acres of land, 83 buildings, — 
 dormitories, class-rooms, shops, and barns ; — and 
 1800 eager, earnest students are learning both how to 
 live, and how to earn a living. In addition to Mr. 
 Washington's public appeals in behalf of the school 
 so dear to his heart, he has delivered many important 
 addresses, one of which gave him a national reputa- 
 tion. It was a five minute speech at the opening of 
 the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposi- 
 tion, September 18, 1895, remarkable as the first time 
 in the history of the Negro, when one of that race had 
 spoken from the same platform with white Southern 
 men and women on any great national occasion. The 
 surprising enthusiasm with which it was received was 
 an indication that he had in great measure achieved 
 his earnest purpose to "say something that would 
 cement the friendship of the races and bring about 
 heartv co-operation between them." After that, hon- 
 ors and opportunities crowded thick and fast upon 
 him ; — appointment as one of the Judges of Award in 
 the Department of Education at the exposition; invi- 
 
•* 
 
 The Shaw Monument 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 93 
 
 tations to address Business Men's Associations, the 
 leading Colleges of the country, and great audiences 
 in Chicago at the peace celebration following the 
 Spanish-American War; a European trip for much- 
 needed rest and recreation forced upon him by the 
 generosity of Northern white friends; gracious and 
 hospitable entertainment by men of highest rank and 
 influence in France and England ; an honorary degree 
 from Harvard University ; a much prized visit from 
 President McKinley and his Cabinet to the little city 
 of Tuskegee and the great institution it contains; and 
 best of all the cordial respect and honest admiration of 
 his own people, and of those once their owners and 
 their masters. Twenty-five years after his first arrival 
 in Richmond on his way to Hampton when, penniless 
 and forlorn, he slept night after night under a board 
 sidewalk, the colored people of that city gave him an 
 immense reception in the Academy of Music, a build- 
 ing never before opened to their race. To hear his 
 address there came, besides hundreds of other dis- 
 tinguished white citizens, the City Council, the State 
 Legislature and State officials ; and to the men of two 
 races, he gave a message of hope and cheer for both. 
 Well may he have said and they assented, ''What hath 
 God wrought!" 
 
 His Tribute to the When Mr. Washington spoke in 
 Negro Soldiery. Boston, at the dedication of the 
 
 Shaw monument, among the Ne- 
 gro soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment in 
 places of honor on the platform, was William H. 
 Carney of New Bedford, the brave color-bearer who 
 held the American flag at Fort Wagner and exclaimed 
 after the battle was over, ''The old Hag never touched 
 the ground." Turning to him and his comrades, the 
 
94 LE880N III 
 
 orator roused the emotions of all present to such a 
 pitch of fervor that it was Gov. Wolcott himself who 
 first sprang to his feet and shouted, "Three cheers to 
 Booker T. Washington," as he said : 
 
 "To you, to the scarred and scattered remnants of 
 the Fifty-Fourth, who, with empty sleeve and 
 wanting leg, have honored this occasion with 
 your presence, to you, your commander is not 
 dead. Tho Boston erected no monument and his- 
 tory recorded no story, in you and in the loyal 
 race you represent, Robert Gould Shaw would 
 have a monument which time could not wear 
 away." 
 
 W^en he delivered his great speech to 16,000 persons 
 in the Chicago Auditorium after the Spanish-Ameri- 
 can War, The Times Herald reported his address as 
 follows : — 
 
 He pictured the Negro choosing slavery rather 
 than extinction; recalled Crispus Attucks shed- 
 ding his blood at the beginning of the American 
 Revolution that white Americans might be free 
 while hlack Americans remained in slavery; re- 
 hearsed the conduct of the Negroes with Jackson 
 at New Orleans; drew a vivid and pathetic picture 
 of the Southern slaves protecting and supporting 
 the families of their masters while the latter were 
 fighting to perpetuate black slavery; recounted 
 the bravery of colored troops at Port Hudson and 
 Forts Wagner and Pillow, and praised the heroism 
 of the black regiments that stormed El Caney and 
 Santiago to give freedom to the enslaved people 
 of Cuba, forgetting for the time being, the unjust 
 discrimination that law and custom make against 
 them in their own country. 
 
 In all these things, the speaker declared his 
 race had chosen the better part. And then he 
 made his eloquent appeal to the consciences of 
 white Americans: *^ When you have gotten the full 
 story of the heroic conduct of the Negro in the Spanish- 
 American War^ have heard it from the lips of the North- 
 ern soldier and Southern soldier, from ex-abolitionist and 
 ex-master: then decide within yourselves whether a race that 
 is thus willing to die for its country should not he given 
 the highest opportunity to live for its country. ^^ 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 95 
 
 SOME WORTHY ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 In Art In December, 1863, the Washington 
 
 and Industry, correspondent of the Nezv York Tri- 
 bune gave to the world the story of the 
 Negro who took a striking foreman's place in the 
 foundry where the bronze castings were being com- 
 pleted for the Statue of Liberty on the Capitol. 
 
 "The black master builder lifted tlie ponderous 
 uncouth masses, and bolted them together, joint 
 by joint, piece by piece, till they blended into the 
 majestic Freedom who today lifts her head in the 
 blue clouds above Washington, invoking a bene- 
 diction upon the imperilled Republic! Was there 
 a prophecy in that moment when the slave became 
 the artist, and with rare poetic justice recon- 
 structed the beautiful symbol of freedom for 
 America?" 
 
 At the Atlanta Exposition of 1895, a large and attrac- 
 tive building devoted wholly to showing the progress 
 of the free Negro, and equal in beauty and fitness to 
 any on the grounds, was designed and erected wholly 
 by Negro mechanics. The plans for the Negro 
 Exposition building at the Jamestown Exposition of 
 1907 are the work of W. Sidney Pittman of Washing- 
 ton, D. C, a graduate of the Birmingham High 
 School and Tuskegee Institute, said to be the first of 
 his race to have plans accepted by the U. S. govern- 
 ment. At the St. Louis Exposition, one of the 
 
 most prominent figures in the musical world was 
 Lteiit. Walter H. Loving, the Negro band-master. A 
 native of St. Paul, Minn., he studied in Boston, or- 
 ganized two army bands before going to the Philip- 
 pines where he mastered three languages in order to 
 make himself understood by the natives, and gathered 
 together his famous Filipino Band of 80 pieces. Eight 
 hours a day, this band rehearsed on the ship that 
 
96 LESSON III 
 
 brought them to America; and when the Exposition 
 opened, they could play a thousand selections. In the 
 musical contest entered by the very best bands in the 
 world, the second prize was given to Lov-ing, over 
 such famous organizations as Sousa's Band and the 
 Royal Band of England, and many critics thought the 
 Filipinos deserved the first prize, awarded to the 
 
 French musicians. One of the most successful 
 
 inventors in the country is Granville T. Woods, a 
 Negro electrician with thirty-five mechanical devices 
 to his credit, among them a steam boiler furnace, four 
 kinds of telegraph apparatus, four electric railway im- 
 provements, two electric brakes, a telephone trans- 
 mitter in use by the Bell Telephone Co., and an elec- 
 trical controller system used on the Manhattan 
 
 Elevated Railway. The number of successful 
 
 farmers, contractors, real estate dealers, merchants, 
 and bankers, is constantly increasing, and the recent 
 organization of The National Negro Business League 
 marks a tremendous industrial and commercial ad- 
 vance from the days when tobacco raising and cotton 
 picking were almost the only possible occupations for 
 those who worked under the overseer's lash in the 
 bonds of slavery. 
 
 In Law and Of the nearly or quite 800 Negro law- 
 Learning, yers in the country, practising with 
 varying degrees of success, the most 
 successful is probably Edward H. Morris of Chicago. 
 A native of Kentucky, he was admitted to the bar at 
 the early age of twenty-one, and later removed to the 
 great western city where he has built up a practice 
 worth at least $20,000 a year, besides gaining for him- 
 self a more than local reputation in winning an im- 
 portant suit between Cook County and the City of 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 97 
 
 Chicago, and another involving the question of taxing 
 the net receipts of large insurance companies. — The 
 rise of the Negro physician, too, within the last 
 few years, has been one of the most surprising signs 
 of progress in a race so long restrained from aspiring 
 to the learned professions. Not long ago, a Negro 
 led his class in the Harvard Medical School; another, 
 in Philadelphia, passed the best state medical exam- 
 ination for years; but the most conspicuous example 
 of Negro skill and success is Daniel H. Williams of 
 Chicago, physician and surgeon. In 1893, a fight 
 occurred in which one of the combatants received a 
 stab wound in the heart. Dr. Williams was first to 
 come to the relief of the man apparently doomed to 
 death, and his success in sewing up the man's heart was 
 the first recorded instance in the history of medicine. 
 Other cases under his care have attracted widespread 
 medical interest ; and positions of honor and responsi- 
 bility have been his, as head of the Freedman's hos- 
 pital in Washington, attending surgeon to the Cook 
 County and Provident hospitals in Chicago, and mem- 
 ber of the Illinois State Board of Health. As 
 
 teacher and instructor, the educated Negro has found 
 much work and usefulness, but few have attained to 
 the distinction of Kelly Miller, Professor of Mathe- 
 matics in Howard University, Washington, D. C. 
 Born a freeman two years after the Great Proclama- 
 tion, he attended the county schools of South Carolina, 
 and early showed an unusual keenness of mind for 
 mathematical pursuits ; later, he studied at the Naval 
 Observatory, and took a post-graduate course at Johns 
 Hopkins, before entering upon his duties as professor. 
 Pie is not only an inspiring teacher, a writer for such 
 periodicals as The Forum and The Outlook, a speaker 
 of power and logic, but a student of the race prob- 
 
9S LESSON III 
 
 lems of this country and of the world, and a leader of 
 his people, whose ideal and advice for them is, Duty 
 and not Destiny. Another scholar of high posi- 
 tion and lofty purpose is JV. E. Burghardt DuBois. 
 Born in Great Harrington, Mass., he has had not only 
 the educational advantages of its High School, but of 
 Fisk University, of Harvard College, and of post- 
 graduate studies in Berlin. He now occupies the 
 Chair of Sociology in Atlanta University. Broadly 
 cultured and scientifically exact in his researches, he 
 has given himself as devotedly to raising the standard 
 of higher education and equal privilege for the Ne- 
 groes, as the principal of Tuskegee, to their industrial 
 and commercial elevation. One of the most notable 
 books of recent years is The Souls of Black Folk, in 
 which the interest of the facts and the surpassing 
 beauty of its literary style are only equalled by the 
 tragic pathos of his sympathy, his hopes, and his long- 
 ings for his people. 
 
 In Politics When the Fifteenth Amendment 
 and Religion, opened the political arena to colored 
 aspirants, they were not slow to enter, 
 and in view of their long years of ignorance, and in- 
 experience, the wonder is — not that there were some- 
 times incompetence and pretension, but that so many 
 filled acceptably positions of honor and influence. Per- 
 haps the best known colored senator was Blanche K. 
 Bruce — born a slave in 1841, freed by the war, and 
 educated at Oberlin College, who served the State of 
 Mississippi from 1875 to 1881, when he was appoint- 
 ed Register of the U. S. Treasury by President James 
 A. Garfield. In the same year was appointed Min- 
 ister to Liberia a colored man with an extraordinary 
 career, Henry Highland Garnett, a slave, a classical 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN ^9 
 
 Student, ridiculed for his knowledge of Latin and 
 Greek and robbed in a Xew Hampshire seminary, 
 a theological student in Troy, X. Y., a missionary to 
 Jamaica in the West Indies, and pastor of the Shiloh 
 Presbyterian Church in Xew York City. There his 
 house narrowly escaped the riots of 1863, simply be- 
 cause his daughter wrenched the door-plate from his 
 door. He is said to have been the first colored man 
 who ever spoke in public at the Capitol in Washington, 
 and one of the most.eloc^uent. Honored in two conti- 
 nents, he died at Monrovia in 1882. ^vlinister of the 
 United States to a civilized nation in the land frcm 
 
 which his ancestors had been stolen. One of tlie 
 
 ablest diplomats of the Xegro race was Ebcnezer D. 
 Bassett of Connecticut birth and education, a classical 
 scholar, and principal of an Institute for colored youth 
 at Philadelphia, who served his country for nearly 
 nine years as Minister and Consul-General at Hayti ; 
 and after his return was promoted by the Haytian 
 government to serve there as Consul at X^ew York. 
 When Prof. Bassett left the school in Philadel- 
 phia, his place was filled by Richard T. Greener, the 
 first Xegro graduate of Harvard University, who won 
 not only its diploma, but high honors and well-de- 
 served prizes ; since then, besides filling many posts of 
 honor as teacher, lawyer, writer, and editor, he has 
 represented the United States as Consul at Vladlvo- 
 
 stock with credit to himself and to his race. One 
 
 of the most recent appointments of special interest is 
 that made in 1906 by President Roosevelt of W. T. 
 Vernon as Register of the Treasury. The son of 
 slave parents in Missouri, he gained an education for 
 himself, taught in his native state for ten years, and 
 then took charge of Western University. Quindaro. 
 Kansas. Beginning with six X^gro pupils, he has done 
 
100 LESSON III 
 
 in Quindaro in lesser degree what Booker Washington 
 has done at Tuskegee, and when he left to assume his 
 new position there were fourteen teachers and 200 
 pupils. The degrees of M. A. and LL. D. have 
 been conferred upon him, and hereafter his signature 
 must appear on all the treasury notes and bonds of 
 
 this rich and prosperous country. The religious 
 
 instincts of the Negroes were very early developed, 
 but when race prejudice shut them out in great meas- 
 ure from existing churches, the African M. E. Church 
 was founded in Philadelphia in 1 816. It grew rapidly 
 and was full of zeal and consecration, having even in 
 1846 three educational societies and three missionary 
 societies. One of its best known bishops in the early 
 days was Daniel Payne, called the "Little Father of a 
 million African Methodists"; and Bishop Arnetfs 
 name and face have become friendly and familiar to 
 
 the Christian Endeavor hosts of later years. 
 
 Among the colored Baptist preachers of America the 
 names of Duke William Anderson, and Leonard A. 
 Grimes stand out with well deserved distinction. Their 
 history is worth the reading. In the present gen- 
 eration, the list of zealous, consecrated, cultivated 
 pastors and preachers would far exceed the limits of a 
 paragraph; but one representative clergyman may be 
 mentioned as typical of the moral earnestness, the 
 scholarly attainments, and the spiritual purpose of a 
 great class of Negro ministers. Francis J. Grimke 
 now of Washington, "as able and promising a student 
 as Princeton ever had," is a successful pastor, author, 
 contributor to New York Independent and Evangelist, 
 school committeeman of the District of Columbia, 
 trustee of Howard University, preacher at Hampton 
 and Tuskegee, and a man who says of his loyal efforts 
 in behalf of his poor struggling race: 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 101 
 
 "In spite of all the tremendous odds against us, 
 I am not disposed, however, to become despondent. 
 I have faith in God; faith in the race, and faith 
 in the ultimate triumph of right." 
 
 In Woman's Could the full story of the v^omen of 
 Sphere. African descent be written, from Phyllis 
 
 Wheatley to the latest graduate of Hartshorn or of 
 Spelman, doubtless many a latent spark of genius 
 might be discovered. Sometimes the spark has 
 kindled into flame, and recognition and renown have 
 followed. Such was the rare good fortune of Edmonia 
 Lewis, the Negro sculptress, herself the prophecy of 
 her sisters' possibilities. Born about 1840 in New 
 York State, of lowly parents, she was early left an 
 orphan, poor but ambitious. During a visit to Boston, 
 she saw a statue of Benjamin Franklin which woke 
 within her a longing and a hope. '7, too, can make a 
 stone man," she said. Turning instinctively to the 
 great friend of her race, William Lloyd Garrison, he 
 gave her letters to Mr. Brackett, a Boston sculptor, 
 who received her kindly, gave her some clay and a 
 model of the human foot, and bade her make one like 
 it. Her first attempt was broken up, and she was told 
 to try again. Then she triumphed, won an assured 
 position as an artist, and the admiration of both 
 America and Europe. Her first work was a bust of CoL 
 Shazv exhibited in Boston in 1865 ; her second. The 
 Freedzi'oman; and then in 1867, she opened a studio 
 in Rome where her work attracted such appreciative 
 attention that Harriet Hosmer, Charlotte Cushman, 
 and other famous women became her friends and help- 
 ers. Among her finest works are Hagar in the Wil- 
 derness, Madonna and Angels, busts of Longfellow 
 the poet, and John Brozvn the martyr, medallion por- 
 trait of Wendell Phillips, The Death of Cleopatra, 
 The Marriage of Hiazvatha, and a portrait bust of 
 
102 LESSON III 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, Emancipator of her people. 
 
 Two typical women of the present, cultivated and 
 capable, attractive and influential, are Mrs. Booker T. 
 Washington, and Mary Church Terrell; the former a 
 graduate of Fisk University, the latter of Oberlin, a 
 college which never closed its doors to colored stu- 
 dents from its opening day in 1833, but sent out many 
 a scholarly Negro before any other leading college had 
 consented to instruct him. Mrs. Washington is her 
 husband's efficient helper in all matters pertaining to 
 the work of Tuskegee, besides carrying on Mothers' 
 Meetings in the town, plantation work for men, wo- 
 men and children in the vicinity, managing a local 
 Woman's Club, and filling such positions as President 
 of Southern Colored Women's Clubs, and Chairman 
 of the Executive Committee of the National Federa- 
 tion of Colored Women's Clubs. Mrs. Terrell is a 
 
 Trustee of Hartshorn Memorial College, the first wo- 
 man appointed on the Education Board of the District 
 of Columbia, a speaker of unusual grace and power 
 who surprised the International Association for the 
 Advancement of Women recently meeting in Berlin, 
 by addressing the assembly in three languages. Both 
 these women have close upon their hearts the welfare 
 of their people, and especially of the women. The 
 wonderful record of the last fifty years is one for 
 which they may be deeply glad and grateful. The un- 
 numbered women serving their generation as devoted 
 wives and mothers, as skilful nurses and physicans, as 
 successful teachers and consecrated missionariCvS — 
 these are the hope and prophecy of coming years. In 
 woman's sphere essentially has there been great need 
 and great endeavor ; and the aim of The National 
 Association of Colored Women is, "More homes, 
 better homes, purer homes." 
 
DEVELOPMENT BEGUN 103 
 
 A FEW FIGUBES 
 
 The Little of inspiration as there is in mere facts 
 Facts, and figures, yet they point the way to clearer 
 knowledge and to deeper realization of the 
 underlying forces, and the interwoven hopes and fears. 
 Less than forty years after the bondman had become 
 a free man, the United States census could record such 
 marvelous facts as these. In a race that then was 
 ignorant, perforce, as its enslaved members had not 
 been allowed the privileges of school attendance, now 
 55 per cent can read and write. Where poverty was 
 as pitiful as ignorance, now members of the race own 
 property worth over $600,000,000, largely in farms 
 covering an area equal to that of New England. 
 Where industry found its outlet in the lowest forms of 
 manual labor, now the record of 1900 enumerates 
 among the Negroes, 82 bankers and brokers, 52 archi- 
 tects and designers, 236 artists, 212 dentists, 185 elec- 
 tricians, 120 civil engineers and surveyors, 210 jour- 
 nalists, 719 government officials, 728 lawyers, 1,734 
 physicians and surgeons, 395 stenographers, 475 book- 
 keepers, 15,530 clergymen, 21,268 teachers, 156,370 
 farm owners, 1,311 stock raisers, 1,186 manufacturers 
 and superintendents, and 149 wholesale merchants. 
 This for the adults; for the youth, note the following: 
 over 1,095,774 were enrolled in the schools of the 
 country, 586,767 of them young women ; 12,200 at- 
 tended the hundred public high schools for colored 
 young people, and nearly 40,000 entered the secondary 
 and higher schools established for them. Now, in this 
 year of grace, 1907, a full-blooded Negro, Alton Leroy 
 Locke, a Harvard student, has won, over fifty appli- 
 cants, the Rhodes Scholarship allotted this year to the 
 state of Pennsylvania ; a young man who purposes to 
 
104 LESSON III 
 
 return to America after his three years at Oxford to 
 "devote my entire time to the uplifting of my race." 
 "VMiat progress, what advancement, what hope for the 
 future ! 
 
 The But zvhat are these among so many? 
 
 Application. Much as education has accomplished 
 thru consecrated teachers from the 
 North, thru princely gifts of generous men, thru pub- 
 lic-spirited school boards and progressive leaders, the 
 present need is great. In spite of these thousands won 
 from illiteracy to intelligence, the menace of ignorance 
 will still remain until education keeps pace with the 
 needs. So rapidly has the race increased in numbers, 
 that there are more illiterate blacks in the South to-day 
 than in 1865. Bright stars have shone out here and 
 there in the darkness ; individuals have towered above 
 the rank and file ; but not until the whole heaven of 
 the race is bright, and the rank and file raised to their 
 possible height, will the need of effort cease, or the 
 work of elevation and development approach comple- 
 tion. What Browning said of Man as man may well 
 apply to the black men as a race — Browning, the poet 
 in whose veins flowed drops of Negro blood, and 
 whose ancestral acres were voluntarily lost because his 
 father hated slavery. 
 
 "Progress is 
 The law of life, man is not man as yet, 
 Nor shall I deem his object served, his end 
 Attained, his genuine strength put fairly forth 
 While only here and there a star dispels 
 The darkness, here and there a tov/ering mind 
 O'erlooks its prostrate fellows." 
 
A SiTB.iixT Kou Missiox Work 
 
Lesson IV 
 Missions Multiplied 
 
 THE GOSPEL APPLIED 
 
 A Contrast. "If no other consideration had convinced 
 me of the value of the Christian life, the 
 Christlike work which the Church of all denomi- 
 nations in America has done during the last 
 thirty-five years for the elevation of the black 
 man, would have made me a Christian. In a 
 large degree, it has been the pennies, the nickels, 
 and the dimes which have come from the Sunday 
 Schools, the C. E. societies, and the Missionary 
 societies, as well as from the Church proper, that 
 have helped to elevate the Negro at so rapid a 
 rate." 
 
 Such is the tribute of Booker T. Washington in these 
 latter days to the purity of motive, the earnestness of 
 purpose, and the measure of success of the greatest 
 of all organizations in its efforts to fulfil the terms of 
 the Great Commission, and to win assent to the great 
 truth that God hath made of one blood all nations of 
 men for to dwell on all the face of the earth. Contrast 
 with this an extract from the autobiography of Fred- 
 erick Douglass, to note the changes wrought by the 
 passing years. 
 
 "Two hundred years ago, the pious Doctor God- 
 win dared affirm that it was not a sin to baptize 
 a Negro, and won for him the rite of baptism. 
 It was a small concession to his manhood; but it 
 was strongly resisted by the slave holders of 
 Jamaica and Virginia. In this they were logical 
 
106 LESSON /"P 
 
 in their argument, but they were not logical in 
 their object. They saw plainly that to concede the 
 Negro's right to baptism was to receive him into 
 the Christian Church, and make him a brother in 
 Christ; and hence they opposed the first step 
 sternly and bitterly. So long as they could keep 
 him beyond the circle of human brotherhood, 
 they could scourge him to toil, as a beast of bur- 
 den, with a good Christian conscience, and with- 
 out reproach. 'What!' said they, 'baptize a 
 Negro? preposterous!' Nevertheless, the Negro 
 was baptized and admitted to church fellowship; 
 and tho, for a long time, his soul belonged to God, 
 his body to his master, and he, poor fellow, had 
 nothing left for himself, he is at last not only bap- 
 tized, but emancipated and enfranchised," 
 
 A strange perversity of the human intellect and con- 
 science was to be found both North and South in the 
 estimate -of Negro needs and privileges, but the Chris- 
 tian principle developed more rapidly in the North ; 
 and, as long before the war the question of slavery 
 and Negro rights had caused several of the great de- 
 nominations to be rent asunder, the divisions still 
 exist, btit a new day is dawning and the bond of unity 
 is being strengthened in a common effort to make the 
 people zvhich sat in darkness see great light. If "Anti- 
 Slavery was the child of Christian faith," Missionary 
 effort was its younger brother. Scarcely had Gen. 
 Butler coined his famous phrase. Contraband of War, 
 and set free the slaves who flocked to Fortress Mon- 
 roe, when the question arose as to the supply of their 
 spiritual as well as temporal needs. Individual work- 
 ers were very early in the field, and of Dr. Solomon 
 Peck, a distinguished Baptist clergyman of Massachu- 
 setts, who preached and taught in Beaufort, S. C, it 
 is said : 
 
 "Of narrow means, and yet in the main defraying 
 his own expenses, this man of apostolic faith and 
 life, to whose labors both hemispheres bear wit- 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 107 
 
 ness, left his home to guide and comfort this poor 
 and shepherdless flock; and to him belongs and 
 ever will belong, the distinguished honor of being 
 the first minister of Christ to enter the field which 
 our arms had opened." 
 
 American On the 2ist of August, 1861, the chap- 
 Missionary lain of a regiment stationed at Newport 
 Association. News, sent a letter to the Y. M. C. A. of 
 New York City, urging the appointment 
 of a Missionary to labor "among the slaves that had 
 been liberated in Virginia." The letter was given over 
 to the American Missionary Association, whose exec- 
 utive committee recognized at once the importance of 
 the appeal, and sent Rev. L. C. Lockwood to this new 
 field of labor, thus beginning a work among the 
 Freedmen that has grown with the years, and is still 
 advancing with marvelous success. This Association 
 had its real beginning in a romantic chapter of our 
 early history — that strange happening in New London 
 harbor in September, 1839. A queer-looking vessel 
 had rounded the point, and was terrifying the inhab- 
 itants by its curious maneuvers. When a revenue cut- 
 ter went out to capture what seemed a pirate ship, it 
 was found to be a runaway Spanish slave-ship, the 
 Amistad, having on board five white men and forty- 
 two Negroes. Not a word of English could white or 
 black man speak ; but later investigations led to the 
 startling revelation that these blacks, stolen from the 
 west coast of Africa, taken to Cuba, sold and shipped 
 for transportation, had risen under a gigantic native 
 leader of their tribe, killed the captain, set adrift the 
 crew, then drifted for months, and at last appeared in 
 Long Island Sound. Committed to the New Haven 
 jail, the Negroes appealed to the United States for 
 protection; the Spanish claimed both ship and cargo; 
 
108 LESSON IV 
 
 and the legal complications caused the trial to be pro- 
 longed for nearly two years. Meanwhile the Amistad 
 Committee was formed to defend the interests of the 
 captives, and engaged such eminent counsel as John 
 Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, and Roger Baldwin 
 of Connecticut. The decision was finally reached that 
 they be sent back to Africa, and in 1842, they were 
 returned by the Committee, accompanied by three 
 Christian Missionaries who founded the Mendi Mis- 
 sion, one of the first American Missions in the dark 
 
 continent. The Amistad Committee then became 
 
 a Missionary Committee, and four years later, uniting 
 with four other missionary societies, it grew into the 
 A. M. A., which was formally organized in Albany — 
 "to conduct Christian missionary and educational 
 operations, and to diffuse a knowledge of the Holy 
 Scriptures." Missionaries were soon sent South, but 
 the terror caused by John Brown's raid resulted in 
 their expulsion from all the Slave States. Undenomi- 
 national at first, this association was chosen in 1865 
 by the National Council of Congregational Churches 
 as the best agency to carry on its work among the 
 Freedmen. The foreign missionary enterprises were 
 given up as home work developed, and to-day the 
 
 word is still Onward. From the first day-school 
 
 among the Freedmen established by Mr. Lockwood, 
 September 17, 1861, to the long Hst of institutions in 
 active operation to-day, many of them made possible 
 by the million and a half dollars given the A. M. A. 
 by Daniel Hand — a Southern merchant of Connecti- 
 cut birth, whose Union sentiments compelled him to 
 flee to the North at the opening of the war — one may 
 trace the good hand of our God in the uplifting of a 
 fallen race. Some of the leading schools and colleges, 
 besides the fiftv Normal and Graded Schools, under 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 109 
 
 the care of the A. M. A. are these : Fisk University, 
 Nashville, Tenn., famous for its Jubilee singers: Tal- 
 ladega College, Talladega, Ala., one of the very first 
 mission schools to introduce industrial training; 
 Straight University, New Orleans, La.; Tougaloo 
 University, Tougaloo, Miss.; Tillotson College, Aus- 
 tin, Tex.; Piedmont College, Dcmorest, Ga. Two 
 theological seminaries are maintained, one at Atlanta, 
 Ga., and one at Hozvard University, Washington, D. 
 C. The men and women who founded these schools, 
 and the 200 churches of the Association ; the 700 
 teachers and preachers still working bravely and hope- 
 fully for the blacks, well deserve the tribute paid them 
 (and others like them) by the preacher of the annual 
 sermon at the meeting of the A. M. A. in Oberlin, in 
 1906. 
 
 "They saw the Negro not as he was, but as he 
 was to become. They looked up from fields sod- 
 den with the inheritance of slavery to more 
 radiant uplands. They saw upon his face the 
 light which St, Gaudens saw, and which is caught 
 imperishably upon the bronze faces of those un- 
 resting ranks marching by Shaw as he stands in 
 youth immortal where Beacon Hill stoops toward 
 Boston Common. And they saw that wherever 
 those faces, lit with a new light, were to march, 
 they would never reach the appointed goal, un- 
 less strength marched by their side, unless wis- 
 dom led them, unless love suffered for them, and 
 unless courage was willing to die for them." 
 
 Hampton and Of all the forces making for the real 
 Gen. Armstrong, emancipation of the Negro — moral 
 
 and industrial — the work of Samuel 
 Chapman Armstrong must be placed among the fore- 
 most. Born in the Hawaiian Islands in 1839, of mis- 
 sionary parents, his boy life was vigorous, well- 
 trained, and strongly impressed by the unselfish, con- 
 
110 LESSON IV 
 
 secrated spirit of his home. Observant of the native 
 habits, he drew upon this knowledge in formulating 
 plans for the work which became his life-long mission. 
 Graduating from Williams College in 1862, he at once 
 entered the Union army, fought at Gettysburg, com- 
 manded a regiment of Negro troops, and became a 
 brigadier general. The War over, he entered the ser- 
 vice of the Freedman's Bureau under Gen. Howard, 
 was assigned to the Jamestown peninsula, and there, 
 in the midst of thousands of Freedmen, childish, 
 ignorant, and unskilled, he realized the problem of 
 the future, and set himself at once to work out a solu- 
 tion. A firm believer in the "Gospel of Labor," a 
 strong man on fire with missionary zeal, he conse- 
 crated his best energies, physical, intehectual, and 
 spiritual to the purpose of realizing the vision which, 
 even before entering the service of the Bureau, had 
 come to him while sailing on a troop-ship to Texas, 
 and twice afterward — the dream of his school as it 
 afterward became. In 1868, the institution now known 
 as the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute 
 was started on land only a few miles from the spot 
 where the first cargo of slaves was landed in 1619, 
 overlooking the famous battle ground of the Monitor 
 and the Merrimac. For two years the school was car- 
 ried on under the auspices of the A. M. A. with Gen. 
 Armstrong as its principal ; but in 1870, it was char- 
 tered by a special act of the General Assembly of Vir- 
 ginia, and is now a private corporation controlled by 
 a board of seventeen trustees, representing seven relig- 
 ious denominations, and almost as many dififerent sec- 
 tions of the country. The magnificent record of 38 
 years cannot be compressed into the limits of a para- 
 graph. In 1868, one teacher, a matron, fifteen pupils ; 
 in 1906, 120 officers and teachers, over 1,200 pupils — 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED m 
 
 400 in the Whittier Practise School — 60 buildings, 
 including large dormitories, a Memorial Church, 
 library, museum, hospital, gymnasium, printing office ; 
 academic, trade, agriculture, and domestic science 
 buildings ; shops in which 18 trades are taught, and 
 
 farms containing about 800 acres of land. Of the 
 
 1,310 Negro graduates, 85 per cent have been teachers 
 for at least a time ; over 25 per cent are farmers or 
 tradesmen ; 5,000 undergraduates have gone out into 
 a world needing the valuable assistance of their indus- 
 trial training; over 75 per cent of those learning trades 
 within the last ten years are either teaching them or 
 working at them. Among the unique features of 
 Hampton are its Summer Sessions for teachers, pro- 
 viding not only for the usual academic studies, but for 
 instruction in trades, agriculture, and domestic science, 
 and the Annual Negro Conference held in June for the 
 discussion of questions vital to the advancement of the 
 race, showing in the subjects treated an already mar- 
 velous advance. The Committees of the Conference 
 suggest the topics : Economic Conditions ; Education, 
 Religion and Morals ; Charities and Corrections ; Vital 
 and Sanitary Problems ; Civic Relations ; Housing and 
 Land Problems. The Southern Workman is pub- 
 lished monthly by the Institute ; thousands of Hamp- 
 ton Leaflets on practical subjects are printed and dis- 
 tributed ; religious influences are always and every- 
 where exerted, and the whole wide range of multiplied 
 activities is under the efficient management of Dr. H. 
 B. Frissell, the worthy successor of him who planted 
 the seeds of a Christian industrial education for the 
 Negro, which have borne such abundant fruit not only 
 in Hampton, but in Tuskegee, and all the great indus- 
 trial schools of the South. In 1893, Gen. Armstrong 
 entered a realm of higher service above, but his works 
 
112 LESSON IV 
 
 live after him and his memory is fragrant in the hearts 
 of all whom he has helped and inspired, blacks and 
 whites alike. A recent issue of The Southern Work- 
 man contained this poetic tribute to a great man and 
 a good : 
 
 "Born to the music of far tropic seas, 
 Where Mauna Loa with her smoky crown, 
 O'er verdant sunny isles looks regnant down. 
 He took in Nature's school, her high degrees. 
 The ocean's sweep in storm or rippling breeze. 
 The midnight stars, the dizzy mountain trail. 
 Life 'neath the sky, the saddle, and the sail. 
 The tumbling surf, the hills, the lofty trees. 
 His spirit formed, till lusty manhood came 
 Full of high purpose to uplift and bless, 
 Strong to endure life's utmost toil and stress. 
 In learning's quest he left his island shore. 
 Thirsting for truth, careless of pelf or fame, 
 Eager to serve; and found the open door. 
 Straight from the sheltered charm of college days, 
 Stirred by the mighty conflict's high appeal, 
 He buckled on his sword with flaming zeal. 
 Not, in the strife to win a soldier's bays. 
 But up from lowliest lot the oppressed to raise 
 To manhood's plane; and when the goal was won, 
 Rank and renown, crowned duty nobly done. 
 Back from the field returned to peaceful ways. 
 Charged with the care of helpless thousands here. 
 He ceaseless strove, and toiled and wrought and 
 
 planned, 
 To train the darkened mind, the heart, the hand. 
 All that we see to-day is his, and him, 
 Hero and founder, leader beloved, and seer, 
 A beacon light the years can never dim." 
 
 Presbyterian Xo no one body of Christians alone 
 
 Board of Missions was it given to enter the open door 
 For Freedmen. of opportunity, when the shackles 
 
 fell from a great host of captive 
 slaves ; but the welfare of the Freedman made its 
 thrilling appeal to the Christian conscience of all the 
 churches. Response was quick and prompt, and en- 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 113 
 
 deavor has been persistent and successful; but it is 
 possible to mention here only the most important work 
 of our great denominational boards. Scarcely had the 
 War closed, when the Presbyterians organized in their 
 mission work a special Board of Missions for Freed- 
 mcn, to educate and evangelize, "to build up Christian 
 character and to promote Christian living." With what 
 result, a few facts and figures from their 41st Annual 
 Report will best indicate, tho figures cannot measure 
 influence and indirect results. Over 220 ministers are 
 at work, serving 366 churches and missions in the 
 Southland, churches numbering over 22,000 members, 
 and Sabbath Schools with nearly the same member- 
 ship. There are 108 schools under the care of this 
 Board ; one a large university, Biddle University at 
 Charlotte, N. C; five are boarding schools for girls — 
 Scotia Seminary, Concord, N. C, Mary Allen Semin- 
 ary, Crockett, Tex., Ingleside Seminary, Burkeville, 
 Va., Mary Holmes Seminary, West Point, Miss., and 
 Barber Memorial Seminary, Anniston, Ala. Of the 
 twelve co-educational boarding schools, two of them — 
 Harbison College, Abbeville, S. C, and Haines Nor- 
 mal and Industrial School, Angusta, Ga. — bid fair to 
 rank, the former with the best industrial schools, and 
 the latter with the foremost Normal Institutes in the 
 South. The other schools are academic and ''parochial 
 schools," and in all there are over 17,000 pupils under 
 the guiding care of 332 teachers, training head and 
 
 hand and heart. The parochial or parish school is 
 
 one of the most eflfective agencies of the Board. 
 Whenever a church is organized, there, if possible, is 
 established a school supervised and often taught by 
 the pastor, whose mission is to give not only a good, 
 thorough common school education, but definite relig- 
 ious instruction, teaching God's word, and how to live 
 
114 LESSON IV 
 
 a life that will honor him. This is the testimony of 
 one South CaroHna pastor: 
 
 "In the section of this state in which a school of 
 this grade has been carried on for fourteen years, 
 there has not been a single conviction of a Negro 
 in the criminal courts, or one case of murder 
 since the beginning of the school. The removal of 
 the school would be a death blow to the intel- 
 lectual, spiritual and moral growth of the people 
 of that locality." 
 
 How much the parents appreciate this help is evident 
 from the gifts of butter, milk, and eggs sent by those 
 too poor to pay the trifling charge of tuition. ''Im- 
 agine a poor little Negro boy or girl coming to the 
 school with a cup of salt as compensation for the priv- 
 ilege of learning lessons held so lightly by our chil- 
 dren." Imagine, too, a regular Friday morning 
 prayer meeting in one of these schools, when a little 
 girl asked God to bless the poor heathen, and help her 
 to be one to take the Gospel to them that are in dark- 
 ness. Who can estimate the far-reaching results of 
 a work that not only makes for knowledge, industry, 
 and Christian character, but plants the missionary im- 
 pulse even in the hearts of the little ones ? 
 
 Tke Freedmeii»s Aid Given in full, that branch of the 
 of M. E. Church. mission work of a great denom- 
 
 ination whose membership in- 
 cludes a large proportion of the dark-skinned brothers 
 of the South, is called The Freedmen's Aid and South- 
 ern Education Society of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. The name suggests a service not limited to 
 the Negroes, but rendered as well to that multitude 
 in the Southern States whose need of educational 
 assistance is so great. In 1900, the per capita expen- 
 diture for public schools in Massachusetts was $4.93, 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 115 
 
 with an average of $2.83 in the whole country; but 
 in the state of North CaroHna it was but 51 cents, and 
 only 50 cents in Alabama. All the mission boards 
 recognize and respond to this crying need of help, but 
 that work is not included in this brief record of sym- 
 pathetic aid rendered to the Freedmen. In 1906, 
 
 this M. E. Society celebrated its 40th Anniversary, 
 and from the report presented on that occasion a few 
 facts may be gleaned. 
 
 "Forty years ago we had no lands, no buildings, 
 and only one teacher. To-day we have 46 institu- 
 tions with land and buildings valued at $1,991,569, 
 with 645 teachers, and an enrollment of 11,825 stu- 
 dents. During the forty years of our work, we 
 have had in our schools nearly 300,000 pupils, 
 and have sent out over 12,000 teachers and 3,000 
 ministers among the colored people, who have 
 in turn touched and uplifted many thousands of 
 their race. In addition to these teachers, min- 
 isters, and professional graduates, hundreds of 
 men and women carefully trained in the indus- 
 tries have been sent forth to dignify labor and to 
 become examples of thrift and industry among 
 their people. To-day we have more industrial 
 schools, more industrial students, and send out 
 every year more industrial graduates than any 
 institution or set of institutions in the South." 
 
 Of the principal schools under the control of this 
 Board may be mentioned : Gammon Theological Sem- 
 inary, South Atlanta, Ga., whose president is one of 
 the strongest men his race has produced in America, 
 Rev. Dr. J. IV. E. Bowen, for fourteen years Pro- 
 fessor of Church History in the Seminary ; Flint Med- 
 ical College, Nezv Orleans, La., connected with the 
 University in that city; Meharry Medical College, 
 Nashville, Tenn. Ten collegiate institutions, and 
 eleven academies, placed at important points in eleven 
 Southern States are furthering the moral and spiritual 
 development of their students, as well as that merely 
 
116 LE880N IV 
 
 intellectual and industrial. Gracious revivals are of 
 frequent occurrence, and the number of individual 
 conversions increases with every passing year. Chris- 
 tian schools are the hope of the Southland and its 
 people, and Christians everywhere should rally to their 
 support. Fit and beautiful is the closing suggestion 
 from this report of forty years' work for the Freed- 
 men: 
 
 "Lincoln Birthday Sunday is now generally ob- 
 served thruout the church. It is a growing con- 
 viction upon our pastors and people that the birth- 
 day of the Great Emancipator is the most appro- 
 priate day on which to lay upon the hearts of 
 Christian patriots, this great cause for completing 
 the work which Lincoln began, and to take 
 offerings for its maintenance and support." 
 
 P. E. Church Work In the Domestic Section of the 
 Among the Negroes, report of an organization of wide 
 
 reach and influence, known as 
 The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, one 
 may find answer to the question, **What is this church 
 doing for the Christian and industrial training of the 
 colored people of the South?" Forty years ago, a 
 far-seeing clergyman, Rev. Dr. J. Brenton Smith, 
 founded near Raleigh, N. C, a school for colored peo- 
 ple, called St. Augustine's. It began in one building, 
 and there was given an ordinary school education 
 with training in farm work. To-day it is St. Augus- 
 tine's Normal and Industrial School, with ten build- 
 ii;gs, and 400 students learning useful trades. Con- 
 nected with it is St. Agnes's Hospital and Training 
 School, where young colored women are trained as 
 nurses, who find ready employment in the homes of 
 the white people in the vicinity, and are a constant 
 source of blessing to the sick poor of the neighbor- 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 117 
 
 hood. At Lawrenceville, Va., is St. Paul's Normal 
 and Industrial School, and these two institutions are 
 rapidly measuring up to the standard of Hampton and 
 Tuskegee, teaching Negro youth "how to do things." 
 Similar work is being done at St. Athanasius's Pa- 
 rochial Normal and Industrial School, Brunswick, Ga., 
 and at St. Mark's Academy and Industrial School, 
 Birmingham, Ala.; and there are ninety parochial and 
 industrial schools besides. Definite religious teaching 
 is given here, as well as all along the line of Kinder- 
 gartens, Sabbath Schools, and church services main- 
 tained by the faithful missionary workers of the 
 church. Provision has been made, also, for the higher 
 theological education of those Negroes wishing to take 
 Holy Orders, at the Bishop Payne Divinity School, 
 Petersburg, Va., and at King Theological Hall, Wash- 
 ington, D. C, opened in 1905, "to train for the Negro 
 race clergy and missionaries such as carried the light 
 of the gospel to the barbarous ancestors of what are 
 now the most progressive nations of the earth/' Very 
 recently, the Board of Missions of this church has 
 created The American Institute for Negroes, incor- 
 porated under the laws of the State of Virginia, to 
 give greater efficiency to their educational work, there- 
 by contributing to the more rapid advancement and 
 regeneration of the race. 
 
 Colored Men's When the First Young Men's Chris- 
 Departmeut tian Associations were organized in this 
 of Y. M. C. A. country — at Boston and Montreal, in 
 
 185 1 — there seemed little prospect of 
 that measure of freedom and intelligence which would 
 make possible work among the colored men of the 
 land. Slaves could not be organized into such asso- 
 ciations, but educated freemen could; and when the 
 
118 LE880N IV 
 
 International Convention met in Richmond, in 1875, 
 a petition was presented by the pastors of the colored 
 churches of that city, praying that the way might open 
 for the extension of association work among the young 
 men of their race in the South. The following year, 
 the presiding officer of the convention held in Toronto, 
 himself from Alabama, urged the importance of this 
 work; and the first contribution toward the fund for 
 the support of an International Secretary in this new 
 field came from an eminent clergyman of Louisville, 
 Ky. In 1879, such a secretary was secured from Ober- 
 lin, Ohio, a man who gave eleven years of self-sacri- 
 ficing labor to the development of this work chiefly in 
 the schools and colleges at the South. To-day there 
 are three Negro secretaries supervising the work 
 among the 2,000,000 colored men in North America. 
 Mr. IV. A. Hunton attends to the general interests of 
 both departments, with one secretary devoting all his 
 time to the city associations, and another to the 
 schools. There are 36 city associations, tho only 2i 
 paid local secretaries, doing efficient work in their 
 physical, social, intellectual, and religious departments ; 
 their Bible classes show an attendance of nearly 5,000. 
 
 and the religious meetings of 53,370. The first 
 
 new building to be erected by a Colored Association 
 was dedicated July i, 1900, at Norfolk, Va., and now 
 16 buildings have been built, or adapted to association 
 purposes, and the success of such work is assured. 
 
 In the schools and colleges of the South, there 
 
 are 82 associations, and the presidents of these institu- 
 tions bear valuable testimony to the service rendered 
 by them in their midst — service essentially Christian 
 and missionary. One writes : 
 
 "The record shows that out of 227 students, all 
 but 12 are professing Christians. This condition 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED nj 
 
 is due largely to the Y. M. C. A. as an instrument 
 in the Master's hands." 
 
 Another says, "Our largest revivals had their begin- 
 ning in the Y. M. C. A. Sunday meetings." And the 
 pastor of a colored church in New York city pays this 
 deserved tribute : 
 
 "Our race should feel proud of the intelligent, 
 consecrated International Secretaries. No preach- 
 er in our race of any denomination is doing more 
 to solve the vexed and intricate Negro problem 
 than is being done by these men in organizing 
 our young men for the highest Christian citizen- 
 ship." 
 
 BAPTIST EFFORT AND ACHIEVEMEIVT 
 
 Southern ]n those troubled days when the question 
 Baptist of domestic slavery entered so critically 
 
 ConTention. into all the great affairs of the nation, it 
 was not politics alone, but even the 
 churches and religious societies which felt the shock 
 that split in twain bodies harmonious and entire till 
 then. Of the great denominations so rent asunder, one 
 was the Baptist, a body of Christians large and rapid- 
 ly increasing both North and South. Believing that 
 better and more effective missionary work, both at 
 home and abroad, could be accomplished by separate 
 organizations, the Southern Baptists withdrew from 
 the Baptist General Convention, in which all had 
 worked together since its formation in 1845, ^nd 
 formed a new society called the Southern Baptist Con- 
 vention. The year following, the Northern Baptists 
 reorganized under the name of the Baptist Missionary 
 Union, which carries on to-day the great and growing 
 foreign mission work of the denomination. The 
 Southern Baptist Convention also sustains large mis- 
 
120 LESSON IV 
 
 sions in foreign lands, and has besides work in all parts 
 of the Homeland, carried on by its Home Mission 
 
 Board. The loving concern felt by this Board for 
 
 the Negro Neighbors in their midst finds expression 
 in the first annual report submitted in 1846. 
 
 "Altho vast numbers of them enjoy religious 
 advantages far superior to multitudes of our 
 poor white citizens, yet greater numbers are in 
 condition to require the special attention of this 
 body. The time is not far distant when a wise and 
 prudent plan for the religious improvement of 
 that class of our population will be generally 
 approved and adopted." 
 
 Three years later, the report referred to the 130,000 
 Negroes then belonging to Baptist churches, and 
 recommended that the missionaries devote as much as 
 possible of their time and service to the spiritual v^el- 
 fare of the colored people, stating that two had been 
 appointed especially to them. In 185 1, the Board 
 could report that this department of their labor was 
 increasino- in interest everv vear ; that their mission- 
 aries were holding special services for the benefit of 
 the slaz'cs, and all bearing favorable testimony to the 
 happy influence of the Gospel upon the hearts and lives 
 of those people. So runs the record until the War; 
 then there was other work for heart and hand ; but 
 no sooner was peace declared than the work of the 
 Prince of Peace was resumed. Every passing year 
 showed increased interest on the part of the churches, 
 and increased eagerness for the Gospel on the part of 
 the Freedmen. By 1868, thirty churches had been 
 organized, and twenty-four meeting houses com- 
 menced ; in 1882, one missionary was appointed special 
 instructor in theology, and more than 100 deacons and 
 preachers profited by his lectures ; in 1886, as a result, 
 perhaps, there were more than twenty colored preach- 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 121 
 
 crs enrolled among the missionaries of the Board. A 
 constantly growing sense of obligation to a race that 
 has so long lived in their midst and served them in 
 material things, has prompted the Southern Baptist 
 Convention to devise new plans, in co-operation with 
 another body, for discharging this obligation in the 
 power and love of Christ, by serving them more faith- 
 fully in spiritual things. 
 
 National The very large number of Negro Baptists 
 Baptist ill the United States, most of whom are 
 Conieutioiu in the South, have organized themselves 
 into a body called the National Baptist 
 Convention, meeting once a year, and consisting of 
 delegates from the Negro Churches, Sunday Schools, 
 Missionary Societies, District and General Associa- 
 tions, Sunday School and State Conventions. This 
 Convention has its Mission Boards, its schools and 
 colleges, and its co-operative work with the State 
 Boards in ten Southern States, Indian Territory and 
 Oklahoma. Thirty-five High Schools and colleges, 
 besides many lower schools, are under the direct con- 
 trol of Negro boards and faculties, tho only par- 
 tially supported by them ; and in these schools are 
 enrolled nearly three-fourths of all the Baptist schol- 
 ars in Baptist schools. Some of the leading institu- 
 tions so managed are : Virginia Seminary and College, 
 Lynchburg, Va.; Central City College, Macon, Ga.; 
 Alabama University, Selma, Ala.; Florida Baptist Col- 
 lege, Jacksonville, Fla.; Central College, Macon, Mo.; 
 Arkansas Baptist College, Little Rock, Ark.; Guada- 
 lupe College, Scguin, Tex.; State University, Louis- 
 ville, Ky.; and Eckstein Norton University, Cane 
 Springs, Ky. What a record for a people not yet two 
 generations out of bondage! To such a repre- 
 
122 LESSON IV 
 
 scntative Negro organization as this, the Home Mis- 
 sion Board of the Southern Baptist Convention pre- 
 sented in 1904 a plan of co-operation for the further 
 rehgious development of the Negroes, to lift them up 
 to nobler ideals and higher standards of living. The 
 plan was accepted, and according to its terms, the 
 National Baptist Convention selects the missionaries 
 — of the colored race — agreeing upon their salaries 
 and fields of labor. The other Board shares in the 
 responsibility and expense, and the report of 1906 
 showed thirty-three missionaries so maintained, and 
 a work to their credit of incalculable benefit not only 
 to the people whose need is so great, but to the spirit 
 of brotherly love and harmony which is bringing the 
 Gospel of Christ to bear in fuller measure upon the 
 problem of the races. 
 
 American When the A. B. H. M. S. was organ- 
 
 Baptist ized in 1832 "to promote the preaching 
 
 Home Mission of the Gospel in North America," its 
 Society. principal field of labor was the Mis- 
 
 sissippi Valley. In twenty years, the 
 westward course of empire had extended its oppor- 
 tunity for service to the Golden Gate. In thirty 
 years, the fall of broken fetters gave entrance to the 
 Sunny Southland, and straightway it entered in, to 
 share in the growing work of winning the Freedmen 
 to the hope and knowledge of the Gospel with all its 
 blessings for the life that now is, and that which is to 
 come. Very simple w^as the entrance effort — just to 
 teach the poor ministers who could not read their 
 Bibles ; then those others who were so eager to learn ; 
 then the schools developed into large and flourishing 
 institutions, and the educational service of the 
 Society was assured. It has been a definitely Chris- 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 128 
 
 tian education given in all these schools, with the 
 Bible for a text-book, Bible Schools and prayer- 
 meetings, missionary and temperance societies for 
 added means ; and soul culture and upright conduct 
 for an end. How great has been the measure of suc- 
 cess, no figures can fully tell, but from the latest an- 
 nual report are gleaned the facts w^hich need the touch 
 of a spiritual imagination to make them glow with 
 
 life and beauty. Colored missionaries have been 
 
 employed in 19 states and territories ; among the col- 
 ored people, 46 missionaries and 260 teachers have 
 given loyal, earnest service ; about 30 schools and col- 
 leges have been supported wholly or in part by the 
 Society ; conversions have been numerous ; homes 
 have been transformed ; industrial education has been 
 advanced ; teachers and preachers have been trained ; 
 and a missionary spirit has been cultivated which 
 promises much for the regeneration of Africa, as well 
 as the enlightenment of the dark corners of the Home- 
 land. Omitting the schools supported in part by the 
 National Baptist Convention and the Woman's 
 Societies, the following are some of the most import- 
 ant institutions under the fostering care of the Amer- 
 ican Baptist Home Mission Society: Atlanta Baptist 
 College, Atlanta, Ga. — founded in 1867 at Augusta, 
 but later transferred to Atlanta — Rev. John Hope, 
 President; Benedict College, Columbia, S. C. — found- 
 ed in 1870 and named for Mrs. Stephen Benedict of 
 Pawtucket, R. I., whose generosity made it possible — 
 Rev. A. C. Oshorn, D. D., President; Bishop College, 
 Marshall, T^-^r.— founded in i^i—Rev. A. B. 
 Chaffee, D. D., President; Shaw University, Raleigh, 
 TV; C.— with Law and Medical Schools, founded in 
 1865 and named for its generous donor — Rev. C. F. 
 Meserve, LL. D., President; Virginia Union Univer- 
 
124 LESSON IV 
 
 sity — a consolidation of Wayland Seminary founded 
 at Washington, D. C, in 1865, and Richmond Theo- 
 logical Seminary — Rev. G. R. Hovey, D. D., Presi- 
 dent; Florida Institute — founded at Live Oak, Fla., 
 in 1876; Roger Williams University, Nashville, 
 Tenn.; Hearne Academy, Hearne, Tex.; Houston 
 Academy, Houston, Tex.; Howe Bible and Normal 
 Institute, Memphis, Tenn.; leniel Academy, Athens, 
 Ga.; Walker Institute, Augusta, Ga.; and Western 
 
 College, Macon, Mo. Over 500 students for the 
 
 ministry are annually enrolled in these schools ; in 
 view of this fact, and the constantly improving public 
 schools of the South, the Society now faces the im- 
 portant question, whether its future efforts may not 
 wisely be centered on such work as will serve to give 
 a better qualified ministry to the 15,000 Negro Baptist 
 Churches, in which are enrolled over two-fifths of the 
 more than 5,000,000 Baptists in the United States. *To 
 promote the preaching of the Gospel in North Amer- 
 ica," is still the highest aim of the A. B. H. M. S. 
 in 1907, as in 1832. 
 
 Womeu's Baptist The women who publish the tidings 
 Home Mission are a great host, whether working 
 
 Society. independently in so magnificent an 
 
 organization as the Woman's Home 
 ^lissionary Society of the M. E. Church, or as aux- 
 iliary societies in most of the other denominations. 
 Both co-operation and freedom characterize the ef- 
 forts of our Baptist women. The Women's Baptist 
 Home Mission Society, organized in Chicago, Feb. i, 
 1877, has for its distinctive work "the Christianiza- 
 tion and elevation of the homes of the people," and 
 most of this work is done independently, but part in 
 connected with the A. B. H. M. S. Three months 
 
A Cahis Ho. mi: 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 125 
 
 after organization, the first appointment was con- 
 ferred upon Miss Joanna P. Moore, who had already 
 given years of consecrated service to Negro women 
 and children. Tlie character of her work can be 
 judged, in a measure, by her first year's report: 5,000 
 visits, 300 Bible readings and teachers' meetings, 4 
 sewing schools each week, and personal religious 
 conversation with almost every one she met. What 
 is the result of her forty-four years' labor, only the 
 recording angel knows ! And this pioneer in the field 
 and veteran in service is still doing the work her Mas- 
 ter so long ago committed to her charge. In 1888, 
 she opened at Baton Rouge a Training School for 
 Christian workers, wives and mothers, but the wrath 
 of wicked men drove her from the state. In Novem- 
 ber, 1890. a notice signed by "The White League," 
 and decorated with skull and cross-bones was posted 
 on Miss Moore's gate ; the implied threat was not 
 difficult to understand, and when dastardly outrages 
 were committed on respectable colored men, and the 
 women pupils fled in terror to their homes, her work 
 in Louisiana was ended. But, until this year. Miss 
 Moore, with three secretaries and five hundred volun- 
 tary assistants in all parts of the South, has directed 
 in Nashville a movement unique in its method, but 
 wonderfully far-reaching and effective. This is the 
 Fireside School, which provides for a regular course 
 of reading in the homes, including a portion of the 
 Scriptures. The parents enrolled promise to read each 
 day with their children, and sign besides the following 
 pledge : 
 
 "I. I promise that by the help of God I will 
 pray with and for my children, and expect 
 their early conversion. 
 
 II. I will try to be a good pattern for my chil- 
 dren in my daily life, especially in temper, 
 conversation and dress. 
 
126 LESSON IT 
 
 III. I will recognize the fact that God expects 
 me to care for and train my children for 
 Him in soul and mind as well as body." 
 
 Thousands of books are sold and given away, a paper 
 — Hope — edited by Miss Moore as the organ of the 
 Fireside School, has a monthly circulation of 8,000, 
 carrying to many homes a Bible lesson for every day 
 in the month with a practical exposition fitting it to 
 the conduct of everyday life. Probably no white per- 
 son, man or woman, has entered into so many colored 
 homes as has Miss Moore ; and the story of her long 
 life with its many and varied labors is one of thrilling 
 and inspiring interest. Only recently has she con- 
 sented to share with the public some of her wonderful 
 experiences, and the series of autobiographical 
 sketches published under the name In Christ's Stead 
 
 deserves wide and appreciative reading. Many 
 
 of her methods are followed by other devoted mis- 
 sionaries of this Women's Society, of whom 213 have 
 been employed in the 29 years from 1877 to 1906. Of 
 these, 126 were white and 87 colored women; and the 
 record of the last year's work shows that of the 57 then 
 employed, 24 were white and 33 colored. The Train- 
 ing Schools of the Society have rendered invaluable 
 service in the preparation of consecrated, cultivated 
 workers in homes and schools. The Baptist Mission- 
 ary Training School in Chicago has trained hundreds 
 of white girls for all lines of Christian effort, both at 
 home and on the foreign field. In 1902, a special train- 
 ing school was opened by this Society in connection 
 with Shaw University, Raleigh, for colored women 
 who might wish to prepare for work among their own 
 people in the Southern States, in Africa, or some other 
 distant land. About two years later, the Caroline 
 Bishop Training School was started at Marshall, Tex., 
 
Miss Harriet E. Giles 
 
 Miss Sophia B. Packard 
 
 FOUNOEKS OF Si'EI.MAX SeMINARY 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 127 
 
 as a department of Bishop College^ but was trans- 
 ferred in 1898 to Dallas, Texas. In 1905, as the 
 buildings at Shaw were needed for a hospital con- 
 nected with the Medical School, that training depart- 
 ment was consolidated with the one at Dallas, where 
 now are in training the Negro girls and women who 
 are to wield so great an influence in the generation to 
 
 come. Co-operating with the W. B. H. M. S. in 
 
 several branches of its work is the IVomans Baptist 
 Home Mission Society of Michigan^ an independent 
 state organization started earlier than either the 
 society in the West or our own in the East. Formed 
 in 1873, its work has reached seventeen states and 
 seven distinct nationalities, but its special service to 
 the Negroes has been rendered by contributing to the 
 support of a teacher in Hartshorn, and the missionaries 
 of the Western Society. Its watchword has the ring 
 of earnestness and efficiencv — "What thou doest, do 
 quickly." 
 
 OUR SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS 
 
 "As much the more one says Ours, 
 
 So much the more of good each one possesses." 
 
 Spelman Very dear to the hearts of the New Eng- 
 Seminary. land women who constitute the member- 
 ship of the Woman's American Baptist 
 Home ^Hssion Society is this now famous institution 
 for colored girls — "The Vassar of the South.'* When 
 the W. A. B. H. M. S. was organized in November, 
 1877, eight months later than its sister society in the 
 West, its object was *'the evangelization of the women 
 among the freed-people, the Indians, the heathen im- 
 migrants, and the new settlements of the West.'' The 
 first money — $50.00 — was sent to aid Mrs. Harriet 
 
128 LESSON 17 
 
 Newell Hart in her work among the colored people of 
 a little village in Georgia. Was that a foreshadowing 
 of the institution — the greatest of our schools — to be 
 later planted in the very heart of Georgia? From 
 the outset, the efforts of the Society were directed 
 chiefly to the appointment and support of teachers, 
 and in the division of territory and service made in 
 1880, the work of Christian education became our 
 definite mission. The story of the founding of Spel- 
 man reads like a chapter from the Modern Acts of 
 the Apostles. Two noble Christian women, Miss 
 Sophia B. Packard — the first Corresponding Secretary 
 of the Society — and Miss Harriet E. Giles, were ap- 
 pointed in the spring of 1881 to go to Atlanta "to en- 
 gage in whatever educational work their judgment 
 should dictate." In their hearts they had already 
 heard the pitiful cry of ignorance rising from the 
 young womanhood of a destitute people, and they 
 went gladly, not counting home, nor comfort, nor 
 reputation dear unto themselves. They reached At- 
 lanta April I, and went the following morning to the 
 study of Rev. Frank Quarles, pastor of the Friend- 
 ship Baptist Church. So strong was this good man's 
 desire for the elevation of his race, that they found 
 him on his knees pleading for Christian teachers for 
 the women and the girls. What wonder that rising 
 to respond to the strangers' knock, he greeted them 
 with the words, ''God has sent you!" By his help pro- 
 vision was made for starting a school, and the first 
 session was held April 11, in the dark, damp basement 
 of the Friendship Church. Steady growth in num- 
 bers and in needs followed, and in 1883, such generous 
 gifts were received from John D. Rockefeller, that the 
 name was changed from Atlanta Baptist Female Sem- 
 inary to Spelman Seminary in honor of Mrs. Rocke- 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 129 
 
 feller's parents, life-long friends of the Negro. 
 
 In 1906, its 25th anniversary was observed, and the 
 marvelous work of a quarter century fitly and grate- 
 fully celebrated. Material prosperity finds its evidence 
 in the change from the dark, damp basement to the 
 ten fine brick buildings on a twenty-acre campus, and 
 the names of the principal buildings are enduring 
 tributes to some of those generous souls whose work 
 or gifts have made them possible. Packard Hall and 
 Giles Hall, honoring past and present principals, con- 
 tain recitation rooms, dormitories, library and print- 
 ing office. Rockefeller Hall contains offices, class 
 rooms and Howe Memorial chapel. MacVicar Hos- 
 pital bears the name of one of Spelman's life-long 
 friends and helpers — Rev. Malcolm MacVicar, D. D., 
 LL. D., for fourteen fruitful years in the service of the 
 A. B. H. M. S. as its Superintendent of Education — 
 a man with faith in the Negro and his future. Mor- 
 gan Hall keeps green the memory of Gen. Thomas J. 
 Morgan, for nine years the chief executive officer of 
 the A. B. H. M. S., who gave to all departments of 
 its work the skill and efficiency of cultured brain and 
 sympathetic heart, but to whom the cause of the col- 
 ored people made special and compelling appeal. As 
 a patriot, he served his country in the Civil War, or- 
 ganizing and commanding the First Colored Brigade 
 of the Army of the Cumberland ; as a philanthropist, 
 he served the Freedmen, organizing and directing for 
 their highest good. Morehouse Hall is named for the 
 present efficient Corresponding Secretary of the A. B, 
 H. M. S., and Reynolds Cottage — the President's resi- 
 dence — for the honored Secretary of the IV. A. B. H, 
 
 M. S. Over 6,000 colored girls and women 
 
 have had help and blessing within these walls, 665 in 
 last year's enrollment. Into all forms of Christian life 
 
130 LESSON IV 
 
 and service have they entered ; even girls from the 
 Congo have been trained to go back and carry the 
 good tidings to their kin in the heart of Africa. 
 Forty-six teachers are engaged in the noble v^ork of 
 instruction and seventeen of these are supported by 
 our society. The motto of Spelman is, Our Whole 
 School for Christ," and so fully has it been realized 
 in the lives and labor of the great host of Spelman 
 women that one may almost dare to write it — 
 
 "The world for Christ we sing. 
 The world to Christ we bring." 
 
 Mather "Whenever it is written, and I hope it will 
 School, be — the part that the Yankee teachers played 
 in the education of the Negroes immediately 
 after the war, will make one of the most thrill- 
 ing parts of the history of this country. The 
 time is not far distant when the whole South 
 will appreciate this service in a way that it has 
 not yet been able to do." 
 
 — [Booker T. Washington. 
 
 One of those Yankee teachers was Mrs. Rachel C. 
 Mather of Boston, who had so strong and deep a de- 
 sire to teach the Freedmen that in 1867 she offered 
 her services to the A. M. A. and was sent to conduct 
 a Normal School at Beaufort, S. C. Finding too few 
 pupils for such advanced work, but many destitute 
 children, she opened at her own expense an orphanage, 
 and then organized a school near by. Crowds came, 
 until accommodations were outgrown ; those who 
 came on Sundays for the Sunday School must be re- 
 fused as day scholars, and even then the sessions 
 must be held out in the open air. For lack of supplies, 
 the New Testament was the only reading book, and 
 Yankee ingenuity provided instruction in Arithmetic, 
 Geography, and Grammar from the teacher's own 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 131 
 
 well-furnished mind, until a gift of second-hand 
 school books was received from the Boston School 
 Committee. The work grew in spite of strife and 
 struggle; girls were received for domestic training; a 
 temperance society was organized, and every possible 
 means employed to overcome indolence and idleness, 
 poverty and drunkenness in the homes from which 
 ihc children came. Supported for a time by the gifts 
 of Mrs. Mather's friends, the school at last founa in 
 the IV. A. B. H. M. S. a friend and helper ; and in 
 ]88i, the property at Beaufort was deeded to the 
 Society, which has since cared for the institution. In 
 1^93. hoXh school and people suffered intensely from 
 the fearful storm which laid waste the cotton fields of 
 the Sea Islands, and caused such destitution and loss 
 of life. The Mission was turned into a relief station. 
 Hundreds of barrels of clothing were sent from the 
 North. Sometimes over tzvo hundred needv ones 
 were helped in a single day, and the starving, home- 
 less poor thanked God for Mrs. Mather's ministry of 
 love. In iS9<;. after long years of service, she asked 
 to be relieved of the school work, tho she kept her 
 home for the industrial training of her group of girls, 
 and her loving interest in all the work of the school 
 
 continued until she passed to her reward. Since 
 
 then. Miss S. E. Owen, formerly one of the Society's 
 teachers at Allendale, N. C, has been in charge of the 
 school, which covers the grades from the Primary to 
 the Grammar. It numbers at present between sixty 
 and seventy boarding students, and nearly as many day 
 pupils who pay five cents a week for tuition, and when 
 there is no money bring wood, oysters, sweet potatoes, 
 pecan nuts, or anything the home can provide. Four 
 dormitories, Owen Hall, and the Sale-House are the 
 principal buildings, and longing girls are continually 
 
132 LESSON IV 
 
 being turned away because of lack of room. Without 
 the assets of the Sale-House^ filled with the contents 
 of the boxes and barrels sent by the home circles at 
 the North, and emptied by eager purchasers among 
 the pupils and their parents, even more must be re- 
 jected. As the teachers — all nine of them say: 
 
 "They mean to us barrels of flour, sacks of meal, 
 gallons of oil, cords of wood, assistant matron's 
 salary, and great peace of mind.'' ^ 
 
 Hartshorn In the early summer of 1883, some teach- 
 Memorial ers from the South were guests in the 
 College. beautiful home of Deacon Joseph C. 
 Hartshorn of Providence, R. I. The host, 
 deeply touched by the need of greater educational ad- 
 vantages for colored girls as then presented, and 
 mindful of the great interest shown by his wife in 
 their welfare, gave in her memory $10,000 as the 
 nucleus of a fund for a school for their higher educa- 
 tion. Mrs. Hartshorn had been a beloved member of 
 the Board of the W. A. B. H. M. S., and it was es- 
 pecially fitting that a memorial to her should advance 
 the work so dear to all their hearts. An estate was 
 purchased in Richmond, Va.; the principal and teach- 
 ers found their home in the Mansion House — the 
 residence of an old time slave holder; the vestry of 
 the Ebenezer Church half a mile distant was hired for 
 a school room, and in November the first session was 
 held with thirty-one pupils in attendance. Another 
 $10,000 gift from Deacon Hartshorn, the following 
 spring, provided for the erection of the large and con- 
 venient house which is the principal college building* 
 and in the same year, the institution was granted a 
 charter by the Legislature of Virginia, with full col- 
 legiate and university powers. This beautiful inscrip- 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 133 
 
 tion engraven in letters of bronze shows the spirit and 
 purpose of the founder as no other words could do. 
 
 Inscription 
 
 For the love of Christ, who gave himself for 
 the redemption alike of every race; and 
 
 For the love of country, whose welfare de- 
 pends upon the intelligence, virtue and piety of 
 the lowly as well as of the great; and 
 
 With tender sympathy for a people for whom 
 till late no door of hope has been open and aspira- 
 tion has been vain; and 
 
 With desire and hope for the enlightenment of 
 the Dark Continent, the Fatherland of the colored 
 race. 
 
 In memory of his sainted wife, 
 
 RACHEL HARTSHORN, 
 
 that her faith and charity might be reproduced 
 and perpetuated in the lives of many, this institu- 
 tion was founded by 
 
 JOSEPH C. HARTSHORN, 
 of Rhode Island. 
 
 On such a foundation, what wonder that the record of 
 twenty-three years is one of strong, successful effort to 
 raise up a body of thoroughly educated Christian 
 women as consecrated workers in the harvest field of 
 the world. In the Annual Catalogue for 1906, one 
 finds a faculty of twelve members, of which Rev. L. 
 B. Tefft, D. D. is President, and four of these teachers 
 are supported by our Society, and one by the Mich- 
 igan Society. Nearly 170 young women were enrolled 
 in the various departments — Preparatory, Normal, 
 and Collegiate ; and a simple list of the societies con- 
 nected with the college indicates the varied nature of 
 the intellectual, moral, and missionary development 
 of the students, and their practical preparation for 
 
134 LES80N IT 
 
 their future usefulness : The Rachel Hartshorn Edu- 
 cation and Missionary Society; College Temperance 
 Society; Hartshorn Home Workers — for house-to- 
 house mission work in the city ; Pierian Literary So- 
 ciety; The Alumnae Association, and The White 
 Shield League — the largest in the world. What a 
 force for righteousness in home and foreign lands 
 streams forth from Hartshorn Memorial College! 
 
 Waters In the black belt of North Carolina, about 
 Normal one hundred and fifty miles from Raleigh, 
 Institute, is situated Waters Normal Institute, found- 
 ed in 1886 by its present principal, Rev. C. 
 S. Brozvn, D. D. The colored population of that re- 
 gion greatly outnumbers that of the whites, and they 
 had long been eager and anxious for school privileges ; 
 but they had no leader until Mr. Brown came to them 
 after his graduation from Shaw University. Faith, 
 courage, and hard work, with a little help from sym- 
 pathizing friends, brought to him — and them — such a 
 measure of success that the school, then called Win- 
 ton Academy and later Chowan Academy, was opened 
 in October, 1886, with an attendance far in excess of 
 the accommodations. To procure larger quarters, the 
 devoted principal visited the North and appealed for 
 aid. Wlien Horace Waters of New York responded 
 with large gifts and sympathy, the name was changed, 
 out of gratitude to him, to Waters Normal Institute. 
 New buildings were added as fast as funds could be 
 procured, and the school rose rapidly in favor with 
 both blacks and whites. In 1892, the W. A. B. H. M. 
 S. was asked to support a teacher at Winton, and due 
 appreciation of the assistance at once rendered, was 
 shown by the name given the next year to a new 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 135 
 
 $6,000 building for a girl's dormitory — Reynolds 
 Hall. After twenty years of labor, the latest report 
 shows an enrollment of nearly 230 pupils, about half 
 of whom are boarders. Four of the seven teachers 
 are supported by our Society ; and the efficient prin- 
 cipal not only superintends all departments, but 
 teaches the Sciences, Latin, and Theology — since spec- 
 ial provision is made for that large class of colored 
 ministers, who desire to improve their preparation — 
 is preacher and pastor besides. From him comes this 
 testimony and touching appeal : 
 
 "The work given to us is great, to uplift the peo- 
 ple and impress Christ upon them. We are rising 
 in spite of the enormous pressure to keep us 
 down; and if a fair and honest opportunity was 
 accorded my people, such as the white people 
 themselves enjoy, our upward movement would 
 be greatly accelerated. Millions with black faces, 
 heartsore but hopeful, still plead for your sym- 
 pathy and help." • 
 
 Jackson In 1877, the A. B. H. M. S. founded in 
 College. Natchez, Miss., a college which was re- 
 moved in 1884 to Jackson where, for over 
 twentv years, it has been furnishing intellectual and 
 religious training for young men and women earn- 
 estly desiring such assistance. In 1894, Rev. L. G. 
 Barrett became the principal, and it is Mrs. Barrett — 
 the Lady Principal — who is supported by the W. A. 
 B. H. M. S. Barrett Hall for the girls, and Ayer Hall 
 for the boys are the principal buildings on the cam- 
 pus, besides the President's house, a fine brick laun- 
 dry, and the farmer's house and large barn for the 
 agricultural department. The 29th Annual catalogue 
 shows a faculty of 14 white teachers, and an enroll- 
 ment of 372 pupils in such courses of instruction as the 
 following: Primary and Practise School Course; 
 
136 LES80N IV 
 
 Grammar or Preparatory Course, Academic and Col- 
 lege Preparatory; College and Theological, with a 
 special Ministers' Course for those preachers in active 
 pastoral service, yet deficient in their early prepara- 
 tion. Courses in cooking, sewing, and physical cul- 
 ture are provided for the girls, and daily Biblical 
 instruction is given to all, with special services on 
 Sunday. There are Debating Societies for both young 
 men and women ; a F. M. C. A., a College Temperance 
 League, a McKinney Missionary Society, are all 
 efficient agencies in preparing these young people for 
 a life of Christian service, when they go out from the 
 sheltering walls of a Christian school. Crowded 
 quarters, and constant appeals for help are the signs 
 of a success which should be the promise of renewed 
 interest, sympathy, and assistance for these Christian 
 institutions in the Southland, so dependent for their 
 support upon Northern friends and contributions. 
 
 Americas One of the best of our secondary schools is 
 InsUtnte. Aniericus Institute, situated in the south- 
 western part of Georgia, almost in the cen- 
 ter of the black belt and within easy reach of the 
 800,000 Negroes living wnthin a radius of a hundred 
 miles. As early as 1878, the Southzvestern Georgia 
 Baptist Association adopted resolutions to establish a 
 school for colored ministers ; and the people, full of 
 zeal and enthusiasm, raised money enough to purchase 
 a campus in Americus. Then a great disaster befell 
 them, and it was years before it was possible even to 
 build a two-roomed cottage. So, under changed con- 
 ditions and modified plans, the Institute was opened 
 in 1897 with principal, assistant, and nine pupils — its 
 chief hope of success based upon the great need of 
 work in that community. Now the nine pupils have 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 137 
 
 become i68, sixty-six of them girls boarding on the 
 campus and enjoying the opportunities for instruc- 
 tion in cooking, basketry, sewing, and house-keeping 
 in general. The boys, who are compelled as yet to 
 board in private families, are learning trades and use- 
 ful occupations. Besides the Academic Course, there 
 is here also a Ministerial Department furnishing much 
 needed instruction in the Bible, the arts of hymn- 
 reading and sermon-making, and the essential doc- 
 trines of Christianity. The principal, M. W. Reddick, 
 is a graduate of Atlanta Baptist College; several of 
 the teachers are graduates of Spelman. There are two 
 circles of King's Daughters; two circles of young men 
 whose object is suggested by their names — The Loyal 
 Sons of Chivalry, and The Royal Conquerors; 3. C. E. 
 Society and a Mission Band. Little wonder that the 
 latest report says, "The spiritual condition of the 
 school is excellent." Altho this Institute is owned and 
 managed by the Georgia Association, assistance is 
 given it by the A. B. H. M. S., and our Woman's 
 Society has the privilege of supporting two of its 
 earnest Christian teachers, thus shedding some gleams 
 of light thru the darkness of the black belt. 
 
 Coleman The story of the origin and growth of this 
 Academy, successful school for colored youth in the 
 extreme South is best told, in part at least, 
 in the words of its earnest, enthusiastic founder, a 
 graduate of Leland University, Professor 0. L. Cole- 
 
 man:- 
 
 "In 1887, I reached Gibsland, La., finding a sec- 
 tion 200 miles wide, and about 300 long, in which 
 there was no high school for the colored people; 
 but three colored teachers who could pass an in- 
 telligent examination, and but three preachers 
 who had gone to any kind of a school, and these 
 
138 LESSON IV 
 
 only for a few months and mostly at night. I 
 asked the Lord to help me establish an institution 
 in which Christian teachers and preachers might 
 be prepared. 1 had no money. I opened a school 
 in an old church with ten pupils, meanwhile com- 
 menced a two-story building in which I closed the 
 session commenced in the church. The first five 
 years I gave all my time, thought, prayers, and 
 money to the work, my wife doing the same; 
 we knew nothing of a salary, and lived on what we 
 could collect; all above our actual necessities 
 was used for the school. One year I had at the 
 close of school $1.50, and another year I had $2.50. 
 ****** The growth during five years made it 
 impossible for the same teachers to do the work. 
 I was then teaching sixteen classes a day and was 
 worked down. There was no money with which to 
 employ others. I asked the Lord to send me help 
 or make me willing to give the work up. I prayed 
 three times a day under a certain hickory tree for 
 four months. The last of September I was in- 
 formed that the A. B H M 8. would help pay the 
 salaries of the men teachers; and the year follow- 
 ing the W. A. B. H. M. S of Boston commenced to 
 pay the salaries of the lady teachers. Ever since 
 we have been greatly helped by those two So- 
 cieties in this way. In fact, they saved the insti- 
 tution. God bless them!" 
 
 To-day, Coleman Academy owns 162 acres of land, 
 occupies ten buildings, has a faculty of at least twelve 
 teachers, four of whom we support, an attendance so 
 rapidly increasing that it will soon reach 400, and a 
 course of study so satisfactory that the Superintend- 
 ent of Education for the State of Louisiana recently 
 advised that any money sent to the state for Negro 
 education be given to Gibsland ; and the editor of The 
 Gibsland Nezvs commends Prof. Coleman's work in 
 this most cordial fashion : ''There is perhaps not a 
 better school for colored students anywhere. The 
 school and its principal have the hearty endorsement 
 of leading and thoughtful citizens." Who would not 
 help to "save" and to increase such institutions that 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 139 
 
 give Christian education and training to the black folk 
 of the South? 
 
 Arkansas In 1884, the Negro Baptists of Arkansas, 
 Baptist aided by a representative of the A. B. H. 
 College. M. S., established at Little Rock the 
 Arkansas Baptist College. Its immediate purpose was 
 to give the colored preachers of the state the kind of 
 training necessary to fit them for their work under 
 such conditions as then prevailed. Literary and in- 
 dustrial departments w^ere soon added; and the insti- 
 tution has grown to proportions worthy of its aims, 
 and limited only by its needs. For twenty years it 
 has been under the efficient management of President 
 Joseph A. Booker, who, with his wife, is a graduate of 
 Roger Williams University. Nearly all the twelve 
 teachers composing the faculty are graduates of Spel- 
 man, Shaw, Tuskegee, or some of the older Home 
 Mission schools ; three of them are supported by the 
 A. B. H. M. S., and one by our Society. Between 
 300 and 400 pupils are being yearly instructed in 
 branches from a Grammar School grade to those of a 
 moderate College course, most of them coming from 
 the State of Arkansas, and many from homes of thrift 
 and prosperity. When the college was first started, 
 it occupied land a mile beyond the city limits ; now the 
 conditions are reversed, and all the available land in 
 the vicinity is used for business purposes or for homes. 
 Of these homes, 50 per cent are occupied by Negroes, 
 and it is estimated that 75 per cent of the graduates — 
 or their parents — are property owners in the town or 
 farming districts. As President Booker says, ''Much 
 of this is due to the doctrine of home-getting, which 
 our school preaches to its students." To meet in- 
 creasing needs, as increasing opportunities present 
 
140 LESSON IV 
 
 themselves, is always the problem of the Mission 
 Schools, and the appeal on the College letter-heads 
 is pertinent and practical : 
 
 "You CAN GIVE MONEY OR MATERIAL IN LARGE 
 OR SMALL AMOUNTS. GiVE VV^HILE YOU LIVE."" 
 
 Florida During President Roosevelt's Southern 
 Baptist tour in the fall of 1905, he visited the 
 Academy. Florida Baptist Academy located at Jack- 
 sonville, and from its improvised platform 
 addressed an enthusiastic audience of 10,000 people. 
 Words of commendation for the work of the school 
 were spoken, and the great truth underlying the tre- 
 mendous educational need was expressed in this sig- 
 nificant phrase — "The costliest crop in any community 
 is the crop of ignorance." To eradicate this noxious 
 growth from a field less cultivated than almost any 
 other in the Union, is the earnest purpose of Principal 
 Nathan W. Collier, and his corps of seventeen teach- 
 ers and instructors. Florida has especial need of 
 zealous, consecrated efforts in this direction, for, in a 
 district nearly twice as large as all New England, 
 there are only six schools furnishing secondary in- 
 struction for the colored people. Many cities in other 
 Southern states have more and better schools than 
 are to be found in the whole state of Florida. Estab- 
 lished in 1892, this Academy has become one of the 
 leading schools in the state, with over 400 students, 
 and many on the waiting list. The courses are Kin- 
 dergarten, Grammar, Normal, and Industrial ; and the 
 institution, under the care of a. principal who is a 
 worthy representative of the possibilities of his race, 
 has the cordial endorsement of the leading citizens of 
 Jacksonville and the state, of the Southern Education 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 141 
 
 Board, and of prominent philanthropists in the North. 
 The A. B. H. M. S. assists in its support, and in the 
 coming year the women of New England are to have 
 their share in tilling the neglected soil of Florida. As 
 the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society 
 contributes for the first time to the maintenance of a 
 new teacher, the Florida Baptist Academy comes into 
 the list of Our Schools and Teachers. 
 
 WINGED WORDS 
 
 "The nineteenth century has made the Negro free; 
 the twentieth century is to make him a man." 
 
 Victor Hugo. 
 
 ''The idea should not be simply to make men car- 
 penters, but to make carpenters men." 
 
 IV. E. B. DuBois. 
 
 "Unless we judge every human institution by its 
 best products, instead of its worst, we shall find our- 
 selves far from the truth ; and this being so, who are 
 we that we shall judge the products of the Almighty 
 by their worst, instead of their best results ?" 
 
 Joel Chandler Harris. 
 
 "America is dedicated to the proposition of the 
 equality of all men before the law, and must either 
 solve the problem, or stultify the national conscience." 
 
 Kelly Miller. 
 
 "Of what avail the emancipation from legal 
 slavery, if the freedman is to find even among his 
 emancipators an industrial servitude none the less 
 actual for being enforced outside the law? There is 
 evidently need among us of a revival of a little of the 
 spirit of Lincoln." Springfield Republican. 
 
142 LESSON IV 
 
 "We believe that the progress of the two races 
 in the South are so interwoven that whatever helps 
 tlie one helps the other, and that what retards the 
 progress of the one retards the progress of the other." 
 
 National Negro Business League. 
 
 "If anything can solve this race problem, it is the 
 Gospel — the Gospel of peace on earth and good will 
 to men. It is what the Lord Jesus Christ said, 'Peace, 
 be still.' I have already tried to carry that Gospel be- 
 yond the borders of Atlanta to other parts of the state, 
 and I am going bye and bye to Alabama; and I am 
 going to say, 'Let us have peace.' " 
 Ex-Gov. Northen, Pres. of Bus. Men's Gospel Union. 
 
 "I believe it is fully in the hands of the Christians 
 of the United States to hasten or retard the coming 
 of Christ's Kingdom by hundreds, perhaps thousands 
 of years." Josiah Strong. 
 
 "The chief obstacle to Christian missions is the 
 lack of Christianity in Christians." C. K. Ober. 
 
 ''Providence has placed the Negroes here, not 
 without a purpose. One object, in my opinion, is that 
 the stronger race may imbibe a lesson from the 
 weaker in patience, forbearance,, and childlike, yet 
 supreme trust in the God of the universe. This race 
 has been placed here, that the white man might have a 
 great opportunity of lifting himself, by lifting it up." 
 
 Booker T. Washington. 
 
 "Does the Christian Church believe the Negro is 
 a man? Does it believe that Christ died for him? 
 Does it believe that the word of Jesus is addressed to 
 him, 'Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father in 
 heaven is perfect'? — If that central truth of Chris- 
 tianity is accepted by the churches of the country, 
 
MISSIONS MULTIPLIED 143 
 
 North and South, there can be no question about the 
 solution of this problem.'' Washington Gladden. 
 
 ''I have been blamed for giving so many thousand 
 dollars for the benefit of colored men. But I expect 
 to stand side by side with these men in the day of 
 judgment. Their Lord is my Lord. They and I are 
 brethren and I am determined to be prepared for that 
 meeting.*' Nathan Bishop. 
 
 WHO IS arr neighbor? 
 
xBOOKS WORTH READING 
 
 1 History of the. Negro .Race in America. 
 
 George W. Williams. 
 
 History. of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Trade in 
 America. Henry Wilson. 
 
 The American Negro. 
 
 William Hannibal Thonias. 
 
 The Negro and the Nation. 
 
 George S. Merriam. 
 
 Travels in the Slave States. 
 
 Frederick Law Olmsted. 
 
 Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. 
 
 Written by Himself. 
 
 .Memorials of a. Southern Planter. 
 
 Susan Dabney Smedes. 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 
 Harriet Beecher Stozve. 
 
 Up from Slavery. 
 
 Booker T. Washington. 
 
 Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture. 
 
 John Reilly Beard. 
 
 A Residence on a Georgia Plantation. 
 
 Fanny Kemble Butler. 
 
 Samuel Chapman Armstrong, 
 
 Mrs. E. H. Talbot. 
 
 The Souls of Black Folk. 
 
 W. E. B. DuBois. 
 
 From Servitude to Service. 
 
 Kelly Miller. 
 
 'Uncle Remus. 
 
 Joel Chandler Harris. 
 
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