Qass^Zyy/^ . Bonk Sy^Z U^ '/S HISTORY OF Sacramento County CALIFORNIA WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF The Leading Men and Women of the County Who Have Been Identified With Its Growth and Development From the Early Days to the Present HISTORY BY WILLIAM L. WILLIS ILLUSTRATED COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME HISTORIC RECORD COMPANY LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA (1913) ^S riticism from those who hold a different point of view, or who have received information conflicting with them; and it would be too much to expect that the book would be entirely free from faults or defects, but he can trulv sav that he has done his best with the resources at his command and sifted the evidence to the best of his ability, and can onlv ask the indulgence of the public with regard to his shortcomings. In the compilation of this work, the author has consulted a number of authorities, and had the valuable assistance of a number of persons in collecting data. The works of Dr. Morse, Thompson and West, and Winfield J. Davis have been drawn upon freely, as have those of other authorities. To Hon. W. A. Anderson he is indebted for the valuable chapter on ''The Bench and Bar," and other reminiscences, and to E. B. Willis, N. E. White, J. A. Woodson and others for suggestions and information. In a work of this kind it is impossible to incorporate all incidents, however interesting to the parties con- cerned, and where it has not been practicable to secure accurate data, some things have been omitted, rather than run the risk of incor- rect statement. He therefore trusts that the public will accept the work in the spirit in which it was written. W. L. Willis. CONTENTS Introductory Sacramento the Peer of any County in California— Her Part in History of State Important— A Second Valley of the Nile— Splendid Soil Sprinkled with Gold Dust— Great Crops Shipped Abroad— Here Began Real History of California— Hither Came Argonauts of 1849— Deer and Antelope Then to be Seen— Wild Oats Taller Than Man's Head— Sparsely Settled Plains- Remarkable Transformation Made by Citizens. City and County Elections First Election— Officers Chosen— Hardin Biglow the First Mayoi'- First Meeting of Council— Success of Biglow in Preventing Disastrous Flood in 1850_Growth of Business— Report of Assessor— Decline of Valuations- Sacramento Incorporated February 27, 1850— Boundaries Defined— Ne%\ 10 16 17 CHAPTER I Sacramento County Location— Tonnage on River— Fertility of Soil— Growing of Fruit— Soil and Streams— Necessity of Levees— Water Available for Factories— Raising of Wheat Superseded by Horticulture— Asparagus and Celery Profitable on Tule Lands— Old Spanish Grants— Present Property Valuations— The Capital City a Place of Beauty— Many Attractions for Visitors— Steam and Electric Railroads Increasing in Number. CHAPTER II Mining -- Discovery of Gold— Early Process of Mining with Shovel and Pick— Latest Methods of Dredging— Shall Dredger Mining be Regulated by State- Hydraulic Process Opposed by Orchardists— Finally Prohibited by Legis- lature. CHAPTER III Climate --- Snow Never Seen Except upon Distant Sierras— Temperature Compared with Southern Italy and Los Angeles— Cherries Usually Blossom in February and Ripen in April— Average Rainfall— Sunstroke Unknown— Summer Evenings Delightful— Oranges Shipped Earlier than in Southern California- Sacramento Rainfall Monthly, Seasonal and Annual from 1849 to 191^— Sacramento Temperature Average Since 1878— Relative Humidity— Per- centage of Sunstroke— Extreme Temperatures— Extremes of Wind. CHAPTER IV Gen. John A. Sutter - ^^ Early Life— Travels in West— Agreement with Governor Alvarado— Settle- ment on the American River in 1839— Proximity to Digger Indians— Declared a Mexican Citizen in 1841— Given a Grant to New Helvetia— American Mag Hoisted In 1846— Kindness to the Immigrants— Heavy Losses by Desertion of Laborers and by Thefts— Tardy Recognition of His Services by State. CHAPTER V The Fort Restored -.- First Effort at Restoration— Public-Spirited Work of General Martine— Enter- prise Promoted by Native Sons— Pioneers Also Active in Work— Present Condition of Fort. CHAPTER VI The Discovery of Gold - - Early Explorers Referred to Presence of Gold— Cause of Immigration of Mormons to West— Settlement on Mormon Island— Gold Mined There- Other Reports from Explorers— Marshall's Discovery Accidental— His Later Life— The Results of the Discovery— First White Child Born in California. CHAPTER VII 31 37 41 CONTENTS Charter Granted ISol^Date of Elections — Amount of Salaries — Tax for Support of Free Schools — Consolidation of City and County Government — Repeal of First Act — Adoption of New Charter — Horace Smith Second Mayor — Later Elections. CHAPTER VIII Tpie Squatter Riot 49 Cause of the Trouble — History of the Affair — Leading Participants in the Riot. CHAPTER IX First Things 55 First Mail Received in Sacramento — First Directory — First Prison Brig — First Store at Sutter's Fort — First Census — First Paper — First Banquet — First Rail — First Railroad — First Agricultural Association — First Frame and First Brick Houses in Sacramento — First Fire Department — First Street Cars — First Court House — First Criminal Trial. CHAPTER X The Revolution 61 Conditions Culminating in the Revolution — The Bear Flag Party — Ide's Proclamation— Making of the First Bear Flag— American Flag Hoisted at Monterey. CHAPTER XI In the Beginning .'. _ 65 Founding of Sutterville— ^Eclipsed by Sacramento — Description of City by Bayard Taylor— Freighting to the Mines— High Cost of Living— Commis- • sioners Elected— Gaming Prevalent— Influence of Clergymen Beneficial- Organization of City Government — Burdens of Early Councils — Sufferings of Penniless Newcomers — Odd Fellows and Masons Prompt to Relieve Desti- tution — .January Flood of 1850— Admission of California to the Union— Epi- demic of Cholera — Disasters Overcome by People. CHAPTER XII Political gi Democratic Convention of 1854— Dissention and Dispute— Mass Meeting of Republicans— State Convention of New Party— The Spittoon Convention- Governor Foote of Mississippi Prominent in Public Life. CHAPTER XIII County Govkrnment , g-j Organization of County in 1850— Its Boundaries— Elections— Officers. CHAPTER XIV City Officers !)7 List of City Officials from 1849— Mayor Wounded in Squatter Riot— City and County Consolidated from 1858 to 1862— City Governed by Board of Trus- tees (3) from 1863 to 1894— New Charter Adopted in 1894— Trustees In- creased to Nine. CHAPTER XV Floods 105 Reclamation of River Lands Costly— Efforts of Aborigines to Provide Safety from Floods— Overflow of 1850— Levee Hurriedly Built by Biglow— Flood of 1852- Optimism of People— Flood of 1853 Less Destructive— Heavy Mis- fortunes Attending Flood of 1861— Another Flood Early in 1862— J and K Streets Raised for Protection Against Floods— Last Flood of Any Conse- quence in 1904. CHAPTER XVI Sacramento County Senators HT Changes in Districts— .John Bidwell Elected Senator in 1849— Republican Nominee for Governor in 1875— Prohibition Nominee for Governor in 1890 and for President in 1892— Elisha O. Crosby a Senator in 1849— Henry E Robinson a Prominent Pioneer Legislator— Bequeathed Large Sum to" the Poor of San Francisco— Ferguson Senator in 1856-58— Other Pioneer Legis- CONTENTS V 1 1 lators— Curtis Senator Three Terms and Assemblyman One Term— Creed Raymond Senator 1875-78— Pioneer Orchardist, Joseph Routier, a Senator in 1883-85— The Popular Judge, Elijah C. Hart, Elected Senator in 1893— Gillis Doty Elected in 1897— The Pioneer Physician, J. C. McKee, Elected in 1905— Charles B. Bills Chosen in 1909. CHAPTER XVII Sacramento County Assemblymen 122 Cornwall Elected to Assembly in 1849— A Pioneer of 1848 in Sacramento- Assemblyman Henley a Pioneer Banker— McKinstry Later Justice of the Supreme Court— Assemblyman Bigler Later Elected Governor of California- Charles Robinson Later Governor of Kansas— Assemblyman J. Neely Johnson Governor of California in 1855— Other Influential Men m Assem- bly—Contested Election of Charles Buncombe- Charles Crocker an Assem- blyman in 1861- Stephens a Member in 1869— Clunie, Member in 1875, After- ward Congressman— Judge Anderson Assemblyman in 1893— Recent Repre- sentation in Assembly. CHAPTER XVIII California State Library - - First Steps Toward Library— Gradual Development— Seven Departments- Books for the Sightless Sent Throughout the State— County Libraries of Great Helpfulness. CHAPTER XIX City Free Library Association Organized in 1857— Building Erected in 1872— Turned Over to City— Leading Papers on File— Books Increasing in Number— Library Sup- ported by Public Tax— Residents of Entire County Given Library Privileges- Librarian Has Management of Institution. .132 .133 .135 .137 CHAPTER XX Government Offices Sacramento Postoflice— Facilities Always Less Than Needs— City Deliv- ery Service— Rural Service— United States Land Oflice— Internal Revenue Office— United States Weather Bureau Station. CHAPTER XXI Charit.vble Institutions . . ..- Need of Relief for Early Emigrants— First Organized Relief Instituted by Odd Fellows— Hospital Built in 1850 by Masons and Odd Fellows— Other Pioneer Hospitals— First Public Hospital— County Physicians— Southern Pa- cific Hospital— Protestant Orphan Asylum— The Marguerite Home— Other Hospitals— Mater Misericordiae Hospital— Wentworth-Igo Hospital— ^} hite Hospital— Home of the Merciful Saviour— Howard Benevolent Association- Catholic Ladies' Relief Society No. 1— The Young Men's Christian Associa- tion — Cemeteries. CHAPTER XXII The Press -. Monterey Californian First Newspaper of California— California Star Second Newspaper— Two Papers United in 1848— Pacific News the Third Newspaper — Alta California Started in 1849— Sacramento Transcript Started in 1850— First Dailv Outside of San Francisco— Consolidated with Placer Times- Removed to San Francisco— Absorbed into the Alta California— Settlers and Miners Tribune— Sacramento Index— Sacramento Daily Union— Launched in 1851_Weekly Started in 1852— Consolidation of Union and Record— Sunday Edition Added— Many Expensive Improvements in Union Plant— Democratic State Journal— Brief Life of a Baptist Paper— California Statesman— Other Early Sheets— State Tribune Appeared in 1855-56— Daily Morning Bee Born February 3, 1857— Wide Influence of Paper— Many Sheets of Brief Lite— Sun- day Leader First Appeared in 1875— Occidental Medical Times Started as Sacramento Medical Times in 1887— Nord California Herold (German) an Influential Paper in its Field— Folsom Telegraph an Old and Proniinent Journal— Gait Gazette in Southern End of County— The Sunday News Begun in 1893— Now Widely Read a^d Influential— Tlie Sacramento Star of Modern Inception and Growing Prosperity. CONTENTS CHAPTER XXIII Educational Matters 165 Schools Have Shown Steady Growth — School in Sacramento in Summer of 1849 — C. T. H. Palmer Taught in August — Rev. J. A. Benton His Suc- cessor in October — First Public School Opened February 20, 1854 — Attend- ance Increased Rapidly — City Schools First Controlled by Assessor — Accommodations Insufficient — Colored Schools Apportioned Funds in 1856 — Enrollment of One Thousand in All Schools in 1860 — Twelve Hundred Pupils in 1864 — Fourteen Schools and Fifteen Hundred Pupils in 1866 — School Li- brary Started in 1867— Twenty-two Hundred Pupils and Seventeen Schools by End of 1869— Thirty-four Hundred Pupils Enrolled in 1880— Later Boards — The High School — The Colored Pupils — Other Items — Sacramento Business College. CHAPTER XXIV Railroads 182 First Railroad in State — Previous Attempts — Judah the First to Demon- strate Feasibility of Sierra Nevada Route — Convention Held in 1859 — Judah Sent to Washington to Promote Railroad Enterprise — More Thorough Sur- veys with Barometer — Judah Discouraged by San Francisco Capitalists — Stock Largely Subscribed by Sacramento Citizens — Topographical Features of the Sierras — Government Assistance to Railroad- — Donation by California — Ability of Originators of Movement — First Train Schedule — Celebration at Shoveling of First Dirt — Equipment for Road — Difficulties Many — Courage of Promoters Undaunted — Last Spike Driven — Western Pacific Railroad Com- pany — Other Important Roads — Enthusiasm on Entrance of California Pacific in Sacramento — The Sacramento Valley Railroad — Various Railroad Enter- prises — Southern Pacific Shops — First Shop Erected in 1863 — Magnitude of Present Plant — Electric Roads. CHAPTER XXV Navigation 201 Sacramento River First Medium of Transportation— -Immense Amount of Traffic on the River — Red Bluff the Head of Navigation — Russians the First to Navigate the River — Crowning Success with Sailing Vessels in Trip of the Whiton — Little Sitka the First Steamboat on the River — ^Voyage of the Steamer New World — Twenty-eight Steamers on River in 1850 — California Steam Navigation Company Organized in 1854 — Bought in 1869 by Central Pacific — Sacramento Wood Company — Sacramento Transportation Com- pany — California Transportation Company — Farmers Transportation Com- pany — Explosions Frequent in Early Days — Yolo Bridges. CHAPTER XXVI Local Judiciary and Attorneys 211 Common Law Established in Sacramento — Alcaldes and Justices of the Peace — Superior Tribunal and Courts of First Instance — Court of Sessions Created in 1850— Early Courts Superseded by Superior Court — Jurists Identified with County — Deceased Attorneys of County — Attorneys Now Practicing in Sacramento. CliAPTER XXVII Members ok the Bar .219 Early Lawyers Eminent in Public Affairs — E. B. Crocker Supreme Court Justice and Founder of Crocker Art Gallery — Governor Johnson— Chief Jus- tice W. H. Beatty — United States Senator Cornelius Cole — Col. E. D. Baker Killed in Civil War — H. W. Halleck Commander-in-Chief of Union Army- Col. E. J. C. Kewen Financial Agent for the Noted William Walker— J. C. Zabriskie the First City Attorney — Frank D. Ryan, A Native Son, One of Sacramento's Finest Lawyers— The Name of George Cadwalader Prominent in Supreme Court Reports — Successful Career of A. C. Freeman — Peter H. Burnett the First Governor of California— TTie Genius of Albert M. John- son — Judge Catlin Influential in Securing State Capitol for Sacramento^ Henry Edgerton, Orator, Statesman, Lawyer — Remembered Now by Few — Never Attained the Goal of His Ambition — A Pioneer of 1853 — Prosecuting Attorney of Napa County — Orator at Reception of General Grant— Presi- dential Elector — State Senator— N. Greene Curtis a Pioneer of 1850 from Tennessee — True to Union in Civil War, Senator Several Terms — Counsel in Many Important Cases — James W. Coffroth, Senator from Old Tuolumne — CONTENTS i x Fond of Humor — Helpful to Young Lawyers — John H. McKune a Factor in Constructing Law and Ethics of California — ^A Pioneer of Sacramento- Land Commissioner, State Assemblyman, District Judge and Code Commis- sioner — Newton Booth, Governor of State — Entertained Many Famous Guests — William A. Anderson — Success Reached by Sterling Qualities of Mind and Heart — Resident of Sacramento from 1849 — City Attorney, As- semblyman and Police Judge. CHAPTER XXVIII Fraternal Societies - 246 Masons Among Early Trappers in West — Peter Lassen the First Masonic Missionary — Connecticut No. 75 the First Lodge in Sacramento — Grand Lodge of California Organized in 1850— Present Lodges of City— Chapter, Council, Commandery and Scottish Rite — Eastern Star — Colored Lodges — Lodges of Odd Fellows — Encampment, Grand Canton and Sovereign Grand Lodge — Rebekahs— Knights of Pythias— L O. R. M.— A. O. U. W.— U. A. O. D.— N. S. G. W.— K. of H. — Y. M. I. — Hebrew Benevolent Association — Sons of Veter- ans — Other Organizations. CHAPTER XXIX. Criminal Records ...::-— - - - 264 The Fate of Roe — First Lynching in Sacramento — Robbery and Grand Lar- ceny Punishable with Death in Early Days— Chinaman Hanged for Murder of His Wife— Other Executions— Unknown Fate of William Wells — Quick Justice for Murder of Sailor— Killing of Officer Scott— Mysterious Murder of a Rancher on Grand Island — Grocer and Wife Murdered— Escape of Convicts — A Later Attempt Foiled — A Sicilian Murder. CHAPTER XXX The Great Railroad Strike -■- ...279 Disastrous Results of Strike of 1894— Begun in Pullman Near Chicago-- Extended to Coast — Baggage and Freight and Mail Delayed — Troops Ordered Out— Incidents of the 4th of July— Troops Camped in Capitol Park on 5th of July — More Soldiers on the 11th — Train Wrecked and Several Killed — Revulsion of Feeling — Trial of Wreckers. CHAPTER XXXI The Churches 291 Grace Episcopal the First Church in Sacramento — Organization and His- tory — Foreclosure of Mortgage in 1877 — Organization of St. Paul's — Present Stone Edifice — Other Episcopal Churches— Roman Catholic Organizations — Majestic Cathedral the Most Spacious Church in California— First Congre- gational Church— Presbyterian Churches— Methodist Episcopal Activities Started by "Father" Owen— German Evangelical Lutheran Organized in 1867 — Handsome Edifice of Scientists — Other Denominations and Their Useful Services to the Community. .308 CHAPTER XXXII Reminiscences - Railroad Building in Early Days — Experiences of James G. Patterson — Experiences of McConnell as Storekeeper — The Great Ball of 1849 — Refresh- ments Unique — Interesting Incidents at the Ball. CHAPTER XXXIII Township History -' 317 Township Alabama — American— Brighton — Center— Cosumnes — Dry Creek — Franklin — Georgiana — Lee — Mississippi — Natoma — San Joaquin — Sutter — Riverside— Granite— Origin of Local Names — Levees — Funded Debt. CHAPTER XXXIV Capital and Capitol '^■^^ Constitutional Convention of 1849— Election of Senators, Assemblymen and Two Congressmen in 1849— First Legislature at San Jose— Gwin and Fremont First United States Senators — Proclamation of General Riley — Seat of State Government at San Jose and Then at Vallejo— Removed to Sacramento Jan- uary 12, 1852 — Legal Technicalities Involved in Removal of Capital — All Ses- sions in Sacramento Since 1854 Excepting That of 1862— Later Attempts to CONTENTS Remove Capital — Building of Capitol — Total of Ten Blocks in Capitol Park — Most Attractive Grounds of Any Capitol Park — Group of Statuary — Trees and Shrubbery of Every Kind — Grand Army Plat with Trees from Battlefields of Civil War — Sacramento's Contribution to the List of Governors. CHAPTER XXXV TiiK Military 36-1 State Militia Organized in 1850— Four Divisions and Eight Brigades — • Changed in 18r>2 to Seven Districts — Six Divisions and Twelve Brigades Created in 1855 — One Division and Six Brigades in 1862 — Successive Briga- dier-Generals — Fourth Regiment — Sutter Rifle Corps — Sacramento Guards — Young Men's Pioneer Guard — Sacramento Cadets — Independent City Guard — Sacramento Hussars — Other Companies — Grand Army of the Republic — Span- ish War Veterans. CHAPTER XXXVI Fire Department 373 Organized in 1850— Fires of That Year— Great Fire of 1853— Catastrophe of 1854 — Loss of Western Hotel in 1875 — Other Fires — First Fire Company in State — Mutual Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 — Other Volunteer Organiza- tions — Paid Fire Department — Established 1872 — Three Companies — Chief Engineers — Services of Guthrie — Stations 4 and 5 — Most Modern Equip- ment — Exempt Firemen. CHAPTER XXXVII Early Business Enterprises 381 Pioneer Business and Professional Men — Every Line of Industry Represented — Groceries and Provisions — Breweries — Beet Sugar Factory — Broom Fac- tories — Wagon and Carriage Shops — Foundries — Flouring Mills — Wheat No Longer the Principal Crop — Land Now Too Valuable for Grain — Export Flour Trade an Industry of the Past. CHAPTER XXXVIII Banks and Bankers ...: 388 Banks of Sacramento Second to None in Stability — National Bank of D. O. Mills & Co. — Early History of the Bank — Capital Savings Bank — Odd Fellows Savings Bank — California National Bank — People's Savings Bank — Farmers and Mechanics Savings Bank — Sacramento Savings Bank One of Oldest in City — Capital Banking and Trust Co. — ^Sacramento Valley Bank and Trust Co. — Fort Sutter National Bank — Banks and Bankers 1851-1871 — Sacra- mento Clearing House. CHAPTER XXXIX Public I'tilities 398 First Franchise for Gas Works — City First Lighted With Gas December 17, 1855 — Various Changes in Companies — Advance in Methods of Manufactur- ing Gas — The Telephone — First Appearance of Sunset Telephone Company — First Express System of Telephone — Early Rate $6 per Month — Capital Tele- phone and Telegraph Company — Water Works — First Bonds Issued in 1853 — Original Plant Soon Too Small for Needs of City — New Works Started in 1872 and Completed in 1873. CHAPTER XL The Crocker Art Cillery 404 Gathered in Europe at Great Expense — Deeded to City in 1885 — Building Adequate to House Magnificent Collection — California Artists Represented — Portraits of Prominent Californians — California Museum Association — First Exhibition a Social and Financial Success — Appreciation of Mrs. Crocker's Gift — Festival in Her Honor — Ladies Museum Association. CHAPTER XLI Associations .vnd Clubs 400 Sacramento Pioneers — Chamber of Commerce —Sacramento Valley Develop- ment Association— The Saturday Club— The Tuesday Club— The Sutter Club — Dramatic and Musical — State Agricultural Society — Sacramento Athletic Club — Sacramento Boat Club — Other Clubs. INDEX A Adams, Harry W 961 Ahern, David 546 Ahern, William M 809 Albriglit, Sidney S 690 Amaya, Daniel D 760 Anderson, Alden 789 Anderson, Andrew 878 Anderson, Charles W 819 Anderson, Lars P 1023 Anderson, Ludwig 1026 Andrew, William J 654 Angrave, Joseph W 991 Aram, Eugene 883 Armstrong, Robert 676 Arnold, Alphonse 962 Atkinson, Edmund C 833 Atkinson, F. L 746 Azevedo, Joseph F 857 B Baker, Harry W 992 Barfoot, Spencer 993 Bassett, W. Walter .-. 997 Beckman, William 1020 Beckwith, Charles M 782 Bedwell, John F 667 Beede, Jeremiah K 653 Bellmer, Edgar H 1055 Bennett, Harrison 963 Bethel, Frank J 609 Bettens, R. M 1022 Bickle, Thomas V 858 Bills, Charles B 994 Bishop, Fred J 776 Bock, George 1019 Boggess, Jiles S 661 Bohl, Peter 964 Bonte, H. S 1042 Borchard, Alfred 680 Boss, Ira C 808 Bostwick, George W 829 Bowsher, Amos L 774 Bradford, William B 574 Bramhall, Robert N., M. D 860 Brauer, Herman 723 Breuner, Louis F 692 Brickell, Jerome F 620 Brickell, Thomas E 638 Brown, Alfred J 967 Brown, Edward S 861 Brown, Egbert A 864 Brown, John Q 863 Brunschwiler, Joseph 1 866 Bullock, George S 867 Burns, George A 975 Butler, Guy W 870 C Calligori, Vincent 841 Cameron, Archibald M 980 Campbell, Alden W 825 Caples, George W 1024 Carlaw, Andrew 871 Carmichael, Daniel W 445 Carraghar, Will J 872 Carroll, Daniel H 793 Carroll, Jeremiah 773 Gate, Daniel R 873 Cavitt, George W 932 Chambers, Vactor T 981 Chaplin, William 874 Chinn, Frederick C 766 Christian, James T., M. D 979 Cippa, Fred T 670 Clark, George H 788 Clayton, Marion F 803 Clayton, Mrs. Sarah E 803 Clifton, Archie W 875 Coffin, Edward M 1018 Cohen, Isidor 571 Cohn, Philip C 475 Coolot, Augustin E 1053 Cooper, John F 558 Cope, O. Harold 813 Cornell, Joseph D 504 Cox, Frederick 976 Coyle, Thomas J 842 Crocker, Charles H 877 Croke, Frank C 683 Crowell, Montfort K 811 Cuff, Clarence C... 820 Cutter, George H 996 D Dalton, Alfred, Jr :.- 843 Dargitz, J. P 580 DaRoza, Edward L 732 Davis, Charles K 627 Day, Stephen S 780 Dehn, Henry 702 Derby, Charles M 983 Derby, Frank M 933 Diepenbrock, Melchior H 462 INDEX Dike, Uburto L 1000 Doan, Warren E 998 Donahue, John 934 Donnelly, James H 1017 Donnelly, Peter F 895 Dozier, Melville, Jr 657 Driver, Elisha S 648 Dunn, Chauncey H 484 E Ebel, Mark H 759 Eckhardt, Henry 689 Ehret, Louis D 770 Eldred, Charles H 1013 Elkus, Louis 999 Elliott, James F 935 Ellis, Charles J 982 Ellis, Rev. John H 1001 Ellis, Rev. William F 752 Emigh, Clay W 797 Emigh, James L 796 F Fairbank, Herbert A 523 Fairfield, Willard A 936 Fancher, Frederick B 801 Farren, John 937 Flcal, Charles A 1042 Ficks, George W 750 Filcher, Joseph A 1014 Fischer, Jacob J 897 Fisher, J. Hayes, M. D 1047 Fisk, Katherine B 745 Fitzgerald, Peter A 573 Folger, Alfred G 898 Foster, Stephen 938 Foster, Walter T 884 Fox, David F .'. 685 Frasinetti, James 747 Fratt, Francis W 1043 Frommer, Bernard 941 G Gallup, William R 1025 Gardner, Mrs. Anna G 951 Geary, William 887 Geiger, Charles C 788 Gerber, Edward H 888 Gerber, John A., Jr 1016 Gerber, William E = 947 Gibson, Francis 985 Gillespie, Edward, Sr 950 Godard, Charles W 986 Gore, William R 886 Gormley, William F 891 Goulden, James 942 Grace, TTiomas 427 Graham, Charles H 987 Grant, William E 771 Green, Charles F 436 Green, George 988 Gregory, Frank 705 Gregory, T. T. C 1029 Griffeth, Clarence M 664 Griffin, M. W 989 H Hall, Thomas B 839 Halloran, Martin 837 Harlow, John M 736 Hart, James V 488 Hartmann, George P^ 696 Haynes, Edward 818 Haynie, Stephen W 695 Hencken, William 472 Henry, L 1011 Hicks, John B 949 Hinkle, Isaac 917 Hinsey, William W 743 Hippie, George W 545 Hobrecht, Joseph C 956 Hodson, Burton M 767 Hook,. George 955 Hopkins, A. S 831 Hopkins, O. G 491 Hotchkiss, George W 647 Hulings, Burton F 798 Hullin, Nicholas J 762 Humbert, Hubert J 524 Hummel, Joseph F 952 Huntress, James S 513 Hutton, Frank 1012 I Irvine, Richard C 900 J Jacobs, Julius S 850 Jenks, William M 733 Johns, Fred J 614 Johnson, Grove L 500 Johnson, Hiram W 836 Johnson, Joseph W 588 Johnston, John W 953 Johnston, William A 529 Jones, Edward S 849 Jones, Thomas R 507 Junior, Eugene A 493 K Kaufman, August 768( Kaufman, Carl 763 INDEX Kavanaugh, Edward C 619 Keach, George 919 Kennedy, William M 663 Kessler, Adam B 1056 Kestler, Gustave A 739 Keyes, Henry C 880 Kiesel, Frederick W 815 Kilgariff, Henry J 503 Kimball, Moses N 881 Kitt, Fred T 946 Kleinsorge, Charles E 1003 Klune, J. Bernhard - 830 Knight, Ralph 499 Knight, William L 622 Koch, Bernhardt ■ F 892 Koch, Otto J 784 Kohler, Ferdinand 890 Krebs, Harry G 944 L Lafferty, Frank A "87 Langley, William A 636 Larkin, John N 644 LaRue, Hon. Hugh M 729 LaRue, Hugh M., Jr 435 Latourrette, Johnl 757 Lavenson, Gus 942 Lawton, John 847 Lawton, William D 814 Leonard, Albert 1010 Leonard, Harry W 893 Levering, Charles D 1045 Lewis, Thomas 715 Limbaugh, Leonard M 735 Lindsay, Arthur H 894 Lindsay, William K., M. D 816 Lothhammer, Charles 928 Lowry, Felton 628 Lubin, David 833 Lubin, S. J 434 Luce, Niron 922 M McCurdy, Arthur H 466 McDougal, George 835 McDougall, Donald 1008 McElwaine, R 901 McEwen, Edward J 1009 McFarland, Ray D 625 McKenzie, Francis R 590 McKevitt, Frank B 510 McKinstry, J. K 459 McMahon, John 471 McWilliams, Hugh 764 Mackinder, Willis A 970 Mangan, James 709 Manning, Frank J 4bl Martin, Fred L 699 Marty, Benjamin 447 Mathews, Herschel B 441 Mauldin, Hugh 778 Mayden, John L 781 Mayer, George H 526 Mealer, Thomas J 724 Meister, Albert 800 Meredith, Craddoc 973 Meyer, Frank 906 Meyer, William A 777 Mikle, Pleas G 578 Mikulich, Andrew 907 Mill, Russell W 749 Miller, Frank C 972 Miller, John H., Jr 449 Miller, O. H 668 Morrill, William D 921 Morris, Edward 481 Morrison, Alexander W 785 Muddox, Harry C 478 Muddox, Ralph H 1048 Murphy, Patrick H 1027 N Nagle, John L 497 Nathan, Charles P 651 Nauman, Harry A 587 Nelson, Jacob 627 Nethercott, George H 482 Noble, George W 518 Noyes, Charles T 508 O'Kelly, T. J 1051 O'Neil, Thomas W 822 Owen, Harry D 740 P Patterson, John L 552 Paule, Charles 442 Peck, F. S 783 Perkins, Charles C 806 Pfund, Edward F 1030 Phillips, Sidney M 494 Phinney, Cassius M 902 Phinney, George A 1035 Pierce, John A 684 Pike, John E. T 742 Pipher, Joseph E 456 Powers, William M 610 Prouty, Simon 1031 Prouty, William H 1037 INDEX Q Quaas, William H 457 R Raiff, Otto 978 Randle, George N 452 Raper, Robert 641 Read, Herbert J 1004 Rees, Frederick G 663 Reese, Edward E 603 Reese, John -. 9^5 Reynolds, Aaron B 863 Richards, William F 721 Riley, John 718 Robb, Charles S 532 Roberts, John H 455 Rooney, Stephen J 693 Ross-Roan, Mrs. Mary 469 Ruhstaller, Frank J 851 Runyon, Solomon 903 Russell, Samuel W 460 Rutter, James 556 Ryan, Frank D 520 Ryan, Henry P 670 Ryan & Cippa 670 Rydberg, Herman 675 s St. Joseph's Academy 606 Saner, Joseph 635 Sargent, Franklin H 856 Sawyer, John H 1038 Schad, Isidor 539 Schad, Thomas 540 Schaden, Alfred 1039 Scheld, Philip ■■ 547 Scheunert, Wilhelm R. H 550 Schneider, Casper V 1049 Schnetz, Henry 701 Sellinger, George P 802 Sellon, George C 828 Seymour, Henry 1 826 Shannon, Hunter W. S 940 Sharpe, Elton D : 958 Shaw, F. E., M. D 613 Sheehan, Edgar M 549 Shields, Peter J 755 Silva, Charles F 439 Silva, Manuel S., M. D 709 Sisson, Benjamin L 876 Slight, Samuel B 960 Smiley, Hugh J 557 Smith, Mrs. Anna 924 Smith, Herbert F 669 Steffens, .Joseph 853 Stewart, Louis H 562 Strachan, Hugh M 971 Strachan, James 845 Strand, William A 673 Studarus, John 565 Sullivan, Daniel D 753 Swinney, John A 605 Switzer, Herbert C 1007 T Taverner, George M 595 Telfer, C. Allison 846 Thisby, George 632 Thomson, Frederick F 795 Thorp, Harry 433 Thorp, Sidney G 541 Timm, Richard 717 Townsend, George H 908 Trainor, Isaac J 531 Twitchell, Edward 535 u Uren, Stephen 925 w Wachhorst, Eugene 1005 Wahrhaftig, Moses S 968 Walke, Adolph 931 Walker, Joseph E 594 Walton, Frederick S 1050 Warner, Willard 913 Warren, Lloyd G 600 Washburn, O. F 930 Watson, William S, M. D 915 Weisman, William J 910 Welch, Benjamin 567 Wentz, John H 711 Wentzel, Charles E 928 Werner, Charles 616 Wiesenhofer, Frank X 792 Wilder, James A 598 Wiley, David E 916 Williams, Lincoln P 969 Willis, William L 593 Wilson, Jesse W 517 Wise, Philip 929 Woodburn, Elwood J 794 Woods, John L 597 Wulff, Henry F. G 911 Y Yardley, Herbert E 637 Yell, Archibald 1040 Yoerk, Charles A 727 Young, Charles J 811 Younger, Andrew 643 Yule, William 1002 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION "Serene I fold my hands and wait, Nor care for wind, nor tide, nor sea;. I rave no more 'gainst time or fate, For lo ! my own shall come to me. "The stars come nightly to the sky, The tidal wave nnto the sea; Nor time, nor space, nor deep, nor high, Can keep my own away from me. ' ' — John Burroughs. Such has been for many years the attitude of a large part of this grand state, the empress that sits throned on the shores of the Pacific, conscious of her charm and confident of the future that awaits her, and that is drawing as a magnet the dwellers of colder climes and more inhospitable shores to the land of sunshine and flowers. And such has long been the attitude of Sacramento county, the peer of any in California. But a transformation has begun and the future will witness the unfolding of the bud of beauty into a perfect flower that shall surpass the most sanguine expectations. With a city that will expand in the future into the largest inland city on the coast, all her advantages will keep pace with her evolution and she will take her proper place among the gems that grace the diadem of the great empire of the Pacific coast, the magnificent state that took for her motto "Eureka," and might well have added to it "Excelsior." It may be safely said of Sacramento county that she has played a more important ])art in the history of the state than any other county within the liorders of California. Embracing in her confines the most precious gifts of the lofty Sierras and the foothills at their base — the fertile alluvial soil washed down from their hillsides and canyons to fill up the inland sea of which she was once a part — making her a second valley of the Nile, no whit inferior to the original in fertility and productiveness, she is almost without a peer. But the mountains and foothills were not niggardly in their munificent gifts, for in addition to her splendid soil they S})rinkled it liberally with golden dust and nuggets that enriched many a one of the Argonauts and of the generation that succeeded them, and is to this day pouring millions into the pockets of the men who are mining the precious metal on the lands adjoining the American river. Sitting majestically on the banks of the magnificent river that forms her western boundary, she has beheld for half a century barges 6 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY and steamers briii.i>iiig her choicest products down tlie bosom of the river to the sea, to supply the markets of the coast cities and of lands beyond the ocean. AVith the summer's sun and the winter's rain, aided by the balmy winds of s])rin,ii- and autumn, her crops follow each other in annual succession, and are sent abroad to feed the less fortunate dwellers of Occident and Orient and to spread the fame of her wealth of resources to distant lands. \Yell has she played her part so far, but it is an insignificant one compared to that which she will play in the near future, when instead of a few thousands, this magnificent valley of the Sacramento shall su])port millions of liappy, i)rosperous men, women and children of the mighty empire that is develv>ping so rapidly on the western coast of our country. And now has come to her a quickening of perception that will have far-reaching results. Tier own has come to her. She realizes the value of her birthright and will take advantage of it to the fullest extent. Agriculture, horticulture, commerce and manufacturing all feel the impulse resultant on the real- ization of her power and opportunity, and her watchword is "Onward." In the days before the American occupation. Gen. John A. Sutter, the pioneer of pioneers of the state, saw with the vision of a pro]ihet the futui'e of the country, and built his fort near the confluence of the Sacramento and American rivers, to become, a few years later, the objective point of the wagon trains which wended their weary way across the trackless wilderness of this vast continent. Here many a company of immigrants, worn out with their long journey and often half starved and in distress, arrived and were fed and relieved from the stores of the generous-hearted old pioneer, and rested and recu- perated under the protection of his fort. Here was for many years the point where the gold seekers, landing from their long and danger- ous voyage around the Horn, arrived on boats from San Francisco, and fitted themselves out for the mines. Here, too, was the sui)ply point for these seekers for gold after they had begun with pick, shovel and rocker, to delve their fortunes from the rich placers of the foot- hills. Here, then, began the making of the history of the Golden state. It was to Sacramento, too, that Marshall, long before the irrup- tion of the dwellers of every clime hastening to be first on the ground to gather the treasure, brought for Sutter's inspection the bright pieces of yellow metal found in the race at Coloma, and it was from Sacramento that, after that conference, the news went forth to the world that the gold placers of California held out the opportunity of acquiring wealth to all wlio ])ossessed the nerve and confidence to come and seek for it. The history of a nation, a state, a country or a city, has a numbei- of natural divisions, each interdependent with regard to the others, and which form a harmonious whole when brought into proper relation to each other. Political, governmental, industrial and commercial, each has its province in ])romoting the general welfare of a community HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 7 Not more interesting and romantic was the search of Jason hn^i his Argonauts for the Golden Fleece than was that of his prototypes who braved the wilderness with its hostile Indians, or endured the tedium and the dangers of the voyage round the Horn in search of the precious metal with which California was endowed. There is a fas- cination which never grows old or lessens as one listens to the remin- iscences of the old pioneers and their tales of their journeyings to the new Eldorado under the lure of gold; and one lives over again with them the exciting experiences they met with, both on their way and after their arrival. Such a polyglot community never was drawn to- gether, surely, banded in one common aim, but still each one pursuing his own way independently and striving to acquire wealth as quickly as possible and return to his old home. A few did so, but with the majority the case was different. They never dreamed that they were to be founders of a great state which would hold their memory in reverence and respect them for their sturdy, earnest qualities. Alas, they are fast dwindling in numbers and only a few brief years will see them among us no more. The lure of gold is one of the strongest incentives to man, induc- ing him to leave home and its loved ones, to brave well-known and certain danger and to tempt fate in the most daring manner. Perhaps the spice of danger and adventure lends force to the lure, although optimism must necessarily be the most potent factor. Other men have made fortunes quickly and comparatively easily, why not he f W*e hear only of the successful ones, but rarely of the unsuccessful, their priva- tions or sufferings, and the dazzle of gold blinds us to the reverse side of the question. The struggles and privations of the thousands who joined in the mad rush to Alaska in the last decade are very little known or considered. Rotten ships, condemned years before, were chartered to take them on the treacherous sea voyage, laden to the gunwales with passengers and freight, and with the chances against their proceeding a hundred miles on their journey before experiencing shipwreck. And yet men fought and pleaded for a chance to brave the perils of the journey and the certain suffering from cold and hunger and other perils after their arrival in the land of the Great White Silence. So it was in the days of '49. The long six months' journey across the plains and lofty mountains, with only a trail to follow, the dangers of Indians, floods, fire and starvation could not deter the dauntless ones who took up their journey of more than two thousand miles through the wilderness, many of them with their wives and children. Right here it is only just to give their due to the women — the pioneer m.others of whom we hear so little — the women who forsook home and kindred to follow their husbands through all trials and dangers to the unknown lands and to assist with their labors and coun- sel, and with the children of the rising generation, in the shaping and 8 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY moulding of a great empire whose fame was destined to reach the uttermost parts of the earth. Like the pioneer women of the great west and the Mississippi valley, they have not received their meed of praise and recognition of the important part they played in empire building. While the men labored, the women had to make the home as comfort- able as conditions allowed, to rear and care for and clothe the children and to endure all sorts of privations. Theirs the test of patience and courage to meet and overcome, to cheer and encourage under adverse circumstances, and well the pioneer women did their part. Not the least of their tests was the scarcity of female companionship, as for several years but few women came to this coast, and they were widely scattered after their arrival. The coming of a woman to a mining camp was a great event and roused all the latent chivalry of the rough men of the community, who vied in doing her honor and making her comfortable and mitigating the conditions around her. She was placed upon a pedestal and surrounded by adoring subjects. A man would be safer in committing murder than in insulting or injuring her. Pioneers have told the writer of the appearance of the country adjoining Sacramento on the south in the days of '49 and '50. "A man could ride over the plains on horseback," they say, *'and tie the wild oats across his saddle bow, as they rose often above the head of a man on foot. Droves of antelope were to be seen on the plains and deer were to be found in the groves along the river, while in the tules and along the sloughs and lakes in the southern part of the county herds of elks passed most of their time." And yet, with those fertile plains at their doors, such was the fixity of the idea that had taken hold of men's minds and impelled them to the mines, that they scoffed at the few wise ones who planned to take up land and go to farming. ' ' What ! ' ' they would say, ' ' would you go out there and drudge, when you could go to the mines and pick up gold? Why, you would starve to death out there ! Not any land for me. ' ' But among them were men who had left the farm in the east to come to California. These men saw that while many lucky ones made their fortunes more or less quickly in the mines, there were thousands of others who lived from hand to mouth or went broke in quest for gold. They looked on the face of the country and, like the Israelites, ''found it good." They realized that the soil that would produce such crops without cultivation would produce bounteously when properly cultivated. They realized too that the gold diggers must be fed, and that feeding them would bring its reward in rich profits. They knew the stock must have hay in the winter as well as in the summer, when every spear of grass was dried up in the absence of rain. So the wise men took up tracts of land. Some of them purchased large grants which had been given by the Mexican government, as had Sutter's. They prepared to feed the hungry, and their descendants are carrying out their plans today. The land which the miners, in their ignorance HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 9 of the effects of climatic conditions in the valley, designated as a desert, has proved "a land flowing with milk and honey," and has promoted the growth of an industrious and prosperous community which has done its share in the upbuilding of the great commonwealth that extends along the shore of the Pacific for a distance almost as great as that of the Atlantic states on the ocean that washes the east- ern shore of our country. The great possibilities of our county are only in their first stage of development. The days of the stock and cattle men and of the herds that covered the land are gone. The days of wheat-raising that followed them are almost past and the era of intensive farming has come. The small home of a few acres, where the work that in the days of the wheat farmers was distributed over a quarter or half section is now concentrated on ten or twenty acres, has begun to take the place of the big ranch. Instead of sparsely settled plains where the farm house, barns and corrals were the only signs of habitation, and the rancher depended on the peddler's wagon to supply him with vege- tables and fruit ; where perhaps a few straggling fowls were to be seen around the barn yard, and the rancher brought out from the town his butter, eggs, condensed milk and bacon, are now to be seen the orchard and vineyard, with perhaps a patch of alfalfa yielding green feed the year around for the cows and chickens. "The old order changeth, yielding place to new." The country is daily growing nearer to the city. The telephone, the parcels post, the rural delivery which brings to the farmer his daily paper and his letters and keeps him in touch with the markets on which he depends for the sale of his products — all are making the farm more attractive to the rising generation. The immense holdings of the wheat barons are passing away and in place of the scattered bunk-houses where in winter the men who ran the gang-plows and sowed the seed and in summer the harvester gangs passed their nights, are the small farms of settlers, with • comfortable homes growing in beauty and attractiveness and the children are to be found who will grow up as the next generation of our citizens. The schoolhouse, the cornerstone of our nation's greatness, begins to dot the landscape and the church and postoffice soon are seen, a nucleus for the thriving communities that are springing up and will soon cover the state thickly, as they do in the east. We are coming into our own at last. 10 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY CHAPTER I SACRAMENTO COUNTY Sacramento county is situated on the river from which it is named (Rio Sacramento, river of the Sacrament), being bounded on the north by Placer county, on the east by Eldorado and Amador, on the south by San Joaquin and on the west by Yolo and Solano. Sacra- mento City is the county town as well as the capital of the state. The city is in 38° 35' north latitude and 121° 30' west longitude from (ireenwich. Tlie county contains nine hundred and eighty-eight square miles, only a little less tlian the area of Rhode Island. The popu- lation of the county according to the census of 1910 is sixty-seven thousand eight hundred and six, but it is rapidly increasing, owing to the era of rai)id development which has set in during the past five years. The coming of a new transcontinental railroad — the Western Pacific — and the approaching entry of the Great Northern and Santa Fe, as well as several interurban electric lines either already con- structed or in course of construction, have greatly hastened its rapid progress and prosperity. The magnificent river that flows along its western boundary bears on its bosom, it is stated, almost as much freight annually as the mighty Mississippi does. While the figures are not at hand to verify this statement, it is certain that the tonnage of grain, wood, fruit, vegetables and other products of the State which are carried on the river by steamers and barges totals an immense amount and relieves the railroads of a very great amount of freight dur- ing the busy season, and is a decided factor in keeping down freight charges in the valley. The river flows through a country unsurpassed in fertility in tlie whole world and producing a vast variety of grain, fruit and vegetables. On the river and the islands bounded by its various channels and tributaries, in addition to the fruit orchards that have been celebrated for their fine fruit for nearly a half century past, asparagus and celery growing have of late years become a most important and yearly increasing interest, the former furnishing many thousands of cases of canned product, which is shipped all over the world. Sacramento County was one of the large wheat growing counties many years ago, but as wheat growing became less profitable and the land became more valuable, it gradually became utilized for vineyard and orchard production, for which most of the land in the county is admirably ada])ted. Jience of late years Sacramento has become the chief shipping point for all kinds of fruit except the citrus varieties, and as its soil and climate have been found to be of the best for the citrus fruits, their production has been rapidly increasing, both in quantity and quality, the latter being found to be inferior to none HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 11 raised elsewhere. A peculiar feature of the climatology of Sacramento and the adjoining counties on the east and north is found in what is known as the thermal belt in the foothills and higher portion of the plain, where the citrus fruits ripen to perfection and so much earlier than in other sections that they are from a month to six weeks earlier than those in the southern part of the State. They are there- fore marketed before the frosts come, reaching the eastern markets before the holiday season and of course bringing the highest prices. Besides these, all varieties of deciduous fruit grow in profusion and perfection, the shipments in 1909 reaching as high as two hundred carloads in one day, and on one day in July, 1912, totaling two hundred and twenty carloads. The city of Sacramento is thirty-one feet above the sea level, the river below Colusa having a very gradual fall. The mountains which form the walls of the valley are visible on both sides of the city, and the panorama of the river, plain, foothills and mountains as seen from the dome of the capitol is a grand one, Mt. Shasta and Lassen Peak, more than two hundred miles away, being visible on some clear days. The climate of the city and county is tempered by the Sierra Nevadas and the Coast Range, and the humidity of the air in the summer is perceptibly lessened by being shut out from the ocean to a large degree by the Coast Range. For this reason, while the ther- mometer on some days in summer shows a high reading', the absence of moisture in the atmosphere renders it much more comfortable than in a moister climate, and sunstrokes and heat prostrations are practically unknown. Sacramento valley is about one hundred and fifty miles long, with a breadth of about fifty to sixty miles, and is walled in by two ranges of mountains, the Sierra Nevadas on the east, and the Coast Range on the west. They gradually approach each other until they come together in Shasta county. At the head of the valley Mount Shasta stands, looking down from his snowy heights like a hoary sentinel placed there to watch over the welfare of the country ])elow. Beneath him winds the Sacramento river, on its way to water the fertile plains to the south. The alluvial lands along the river slowly merge into the plains, and they gradually rise until they meet the foothills with which the valley is fringed, the foot- hills in turn giving way to the higher ranges, the loftiest peaks of which are Pyramid Peak, ten thousand and fifty-two feet in altitude, and Al]nne, ten thousand and twenty-six feet, in the Sierra Nevadas; and Mount Johns, eight thousand feet high, in the Coast Range. To the southwest fifty-three miles rises Mount Diablo, in a detached range, three thousand eight hundred and fifty-six feet high, while the Marysville Buttes, from forty to fifty miles north, rise two thousand feet out of the level ]ilain and cover an area of fifty-five square miles. Adjoining the alluvial lands along the river are the plains, the soil of which is a sandv loam, a reddish land containing some clay, and a 12 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY heavy black clayisli soil knowu as adobe. There are also gravelly ridges running nearly north and south through the center of the county and also east of the Cosunmes river, which comes down from Amador county and entering the eastern part of Sacramento county, flows into the Mokelumne river on the southern boundary. Around Folsom, on the eastern edge and three miles from the Eldorado boundary, the soil becomes of a deep red color and is a gold-bearing gravel which turned out many millions in the early days, and is still inined with great profit. All these varieties of land grow fine grapes and other fruits, which are mostly shipped to the east, bringing good prices. Along the rivers, corn, hops and vegetables are grown in large quantities, the hop cvo]) being an important industry in the county. Tjarge quantities of vegetables are shipped to Utah, Idaho and Montana, and some even as far east as Chicago and New York. The American river, coming down from Eldorado county, runs through Folsom and empties into the Sacramento just above Sacra- mento City. The greater })art of the surface of the county is level, or nearly so. As it a])proaches the Cosumnes it becomes more hilly, falling again to Deer creek, which runs along the west side of the Cosumnes river bottom, and becoming rolling land on the other side of the Cosunmes, until it reaches the lower foothills. On the Cosumnes are hop yards, orchards, corn and alfalfa fields. Dry creek on the south forms part of the southern boundary and empties into the Mokelumne, which also forms a part of the southern boundary. Thus the county is abundantly watered in its various localities by four rivers and their tributary streams. The American, Cosumnes and Mokelumne are all torrential streams rising in the high Sierras and with a large area of land contributing to their watershed. Down the canyons, there- fore, through which they flow, rushes annually an immense volume of water on its way to the ocean. In the early days this often over- flowed the alluvial lands along the Sacramento river, carrying death and destruction along its course. Several of these floods were disas- trous to Sacramento C^ity in its early history. Judging from the t^les of the pioneers, the flood in the winter of 1862 must have covered not only the river Ijottoms, but also a large portion of what is familiarly known as ''the plains," for the writer has heard old settlers tell of trans])()rting their ]irovisi()ns and other merchandise from Sacramento during that winter on flatboats or barges almost to the town of Elk Grove. An idea of the immense volume of water that found its way to the sea on that occasion may be gained from the fact that it not only covered the great tule basin of Yolo county, but also a large portion of the plains east and south of the city to a width of many miles. Since that time the settlers have learned the lesson that safety can be found only in high and wide levees, ])roi)erly constructed to withstand the wind and water. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 13 But man, while always striving against the elements and the forces of nature, often succeeds in the herculean task of subduing them and turning the master into the servant. These same torrential streams, which, unbridled, sweep man and his works from their path like feathers, are being harjiessed and confined to do his bidding and foster his prosperity. The great dam at Folsom, built by the state, furnishes power to the state's prison as well as electricity for light- ing the grounds. It has also for many years supplied Sacramento city and county with light and power. In the near future the water of those streams will be used again and again to turn mills and machinery for factories, and the electrical power generated by the rivers will be, even more than in the past, transmitted to long distances — a factor in building up the prosperity of many a com- munity. The day will come, moreover, when imnaense reservoirs will be constructed, either by the government or the state, for the impound- ing of the flood water from the rain and melting snow and its dis- tribution during the long, dry summer over the thirsty land, doubling and trebling the crops and bringing greater prosperity to the valley. Then too will the rivers, instead of bringing down destructive torrents upon the valley, remain within their banks and the Sacramento, with its channel deepened, will once more see the ships of distant nations bringing their commerce to our door. Many centuries ago a vast sea occupied the place now known as the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. The action of sun, rain and air slowly disintegrated the surrounding mountains and erosion set in, the detritus forming soil which was washed down into the inland sea, eventually filling up the great basin. It is no wonder then, that, like the valley of the Nile, which was formed in the same way, the valley of the Sacramento became one of the richest and most fer- tile in the world. For nearly half a century it was one of the great wheat-])roducing sections of the United States. As the soil became exhausted for wheat-raising under the one-crop system, the farmer began to find it necessary to change the crop. He found that it would not only raise all varieties of fruit and berries, but that on a much smaller acreage he could raise a far more jDrofitable crop, as well as a more certain one. So in a few years Sacramento developed into a great fruit ship]iing center and today the Florin district is one of the largest, if not the largest of the strawberry-growing centers in the state. Sacramento also leads in the production of the Tokay grape, the color and quality of which always secures for it in the eastern market the highest price. Nor must the tule lands along the Sacramento river in the south- western part of the county be overlooked. Alluvial lands of the richest quality, for some distance back from the river they have been re- claimed and thousands of acres planted with orchards of deciduous 14 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY fruits or sown with alfalfa and used as dairy farms. Of late years they are beini>- reolaimed faster and asparagus and celery have been found to be very successful and profitable crops, the former being canned in immense quantities and sent east to supply the markets of the world. In fact everything that can be produced in a semi-tropical country can be grown in the Sacramento valley, and even some fruits and other products that really belong to tropical climes. Rice is being grown with great success and of the finest quality in Butte county, as well as to a limited extent in Sacramento county, a large portion of the soil of which is admirably fitted for its culture. Hemp and ramie bid fair to become profitable textile jiroducts and much of the land is suitable for flax. Hops are also an important product, being grown of the finest quality along the Sacramento and the Cosumnes rivers. A large portion of the area of Sacramento, which is now in pri- vate ownership through subdivision, was in the early days comprised in the old Spanish grants. The boundaries and other matters were the cause of nuich costly and vexatious litigation. The grants were as follows : The Rancho Rio de los Americanos, or Leidesdorff grant, lying along the American river and country around Folsom. The Sutter Grant, or New Helvetia. The Sheldon Grant, embracing the estates of Jared Sheldon and William Baylor, on the Cosumnes river, originally known as the Rancho Omochumnes. The Hai'tnell Grant, also on the Cosumnes river. The Rancho San Jon de los Moquelumnes, generally known as the Chabolla Grant, on the lower Cosumnes around Hicksville and running to the Mokelumne river. The Arroyo Seco Grant, in Alabama township, on Dry creek. The Rancho San Juan, on the north side of the American river and embracing the Carmichael colony, Fair Oaks and a part of Orangevale. The Rancho del Paso, formerly known as the Norris Grant and now generally spoken of as the Haggin Grant. This stood for more than fifty years as a barrier to the extension of the city on the north and has only been subdivided within the past three years, the last of the great land holdings in this county. The Rancho Sacayac, on the north side of the Cosumnes, between the Sheldon grant and the east line of the county. The Rancho Cazadores, on the northwest side of the Cosumnes, opposite the Chabolla grant. Sacramento is fourth among the counties of the state in point of property valuation, Los Angeles standing first, according to the re- port of State Controller Nye for the year 1912, San Francisco being second and Alameda third. The re])ort states that the valuation of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 15 property in Sacramento county is $86,589,795, an increase of over $5,000,000 al)ove the valuation for 1911. The increase is largely due to the increase of values of property in Sacramento City, and also the subdivision, sale and improvement of many tracts in the county. Thus is evidenced a steady growth of property in the county, which is really just beginning to exhibit the advantages of soil and climate, coupled with comparatively low prices of acreage land and the opportunity for a home market in a large city close by, which it has for many years possessed, but has only recently advertised. The pioneer who in the early days crossed the dark river to the '* undiscovered bourne from which no traveler returns," would look with astonishment on the present city. The city of tents has grown to large dimensions, covering many square miles and containing many stately edifices and blpcks of beautiful homes. The cottonwoods and willows of the early days have given place to long lines of stately and umbrageous elms that embower in a grateful shade the residences along the streets, tempering the heat of the smmner days and afford ing a restful prospect to the eye. Strangers visiting the city generally remark on the l)eauty thus enhanced, and a visit to the Capitol dome often induces them to say: "What a beautiful city!" Even old resi- dents who have been absent for the ])ast ten years look in astonish- ment at the rapid changes. For in the past five years especially has the place doffed the garb of a country town and blossomed out as a live, progressive city. The ways of '49 have disappeared. Finely improved streets have rapidly come to the front, nearly one hundred miles of asphalt, oiled macadam and some old graveled streets having taken the place of the mud holes of twenty years ago. A splendid system of electric car service has sprung up, connecting the old city with the suburbs, and is still extending its ramifications. The old one and two-story buildings of early days are fast giving way to edifices of five to eight stories, of the most modern style of architecture. The new courthouse, costing nearly $600,000, is nearing completion, and the splendid new city hall houses the various departments of the city government. The stately Capitol with its magnificent park is the ad- miration of all visitors, and the art gallery and Sutter's Fort are al- ways points of attraction to our visitors. Modern hotels furnish ac- commodation to thousands of tourists and others and the city is often spoken of as the "loveliest city on the coast." Investors from the east and elsewhere are looking over the ground and several large firms are starting extensive business adventures here. The recent an- nexation of the suburbs has greatly widened Sacramento's prospects and the fact becomes more evident each day that she is destined in the near future to become a great city. Her geographical situation, the immensely rich lands that surround her, the great quantities of fruit and other products grown around her and shipped from here all over the country, are all advertising her to the world and bringing 16 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY people to her from the frozen east to enjoy her climate and other advantages. To sum lip its advanta,J4es : Sacramento has the geographical ad- vantage not only of river transjiortation, but of being the natural center for all transcontinental railroads entering Northern California. Two already pass through the city, two more will certainly do so in the near future and two more now projected will probably do so. It will be the center of many radiating electric roads which will bring city and country into close touch and settle thickly adjacent territory. The logical shipping point of all the fruit and other products of two great valleys is here. The richest and most productive area in the world is naturally tril)utary to Sacramento. The three great alluvial basins of the Sacramento river, capable when reclaimed of supporting several millions, are adjacent to or near Sacramento, their natural market or shipping point. The immense amount of power capable of being developed in the Sierra Nevadas renders it certain that many factories will ultimately be centered here, giving emplo^^ment to thou- sands. CHAPTER II MINING The discovery of gold at Coloma on the South Fork of the Ameri- can river was soon heralded to the world and a cosmopolitan assembly soon poured into California hy land and sea and in a frenzied race for riches overspread the land, ])eopling the gulches and ravines that had never before been trodden by the foot of white man. Reasoning logically that the gold on the river bars had some source more or less distant, they explored every gully and canyon above and below Coloma, finding diggings in all of them and many of them very rich. The country around Folsom was especially rich, and a large population soon centered there, making it a lively mining camp, which at one time cast considerably over two thousand votes. The bars and banks on the American river for miles above and below the town were very rich and were worked over by the early miners and later by hydraulic process. In the past few years gold dredging has be- come prevalent in that territory as well as in Butte county. While it is impossible to obtain statistics of the amount of gold obtained by dredging, the owners being secretive, it is known that it runs into the millions. While the amount is so large, it is regrettable that it cannot be obtained except at the sacrifice of much of the best land in the state, which is transformed by the dredgers from rich orchards and vineyards into unsightly heaps of cobblestones, and practically re- moved for many years from the assessment rolls of the county as a revenue producer for the pulilic weal. Much damage, it is claimed. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 17 has been done to the American and other rivers by the "slickens" from the dredges tilling up the river beds and fouling the water, and there are many who advocate the passage of laws regulating, if not restraining, the operation of dredger mining. Hydraulic mining succeeded the pick, shovel, rocker and long torn of the early miners and was continued for a number of years. The shoaling of the river beds and the frequent floods and breaking of levees that covered the adjacent lands with sand and debris, aroused the attention of the dwellers in the valley and a bitter controversy was begun between the hydraulic miners and the citizens of the coun- ties affected. An association was formed, denominated the "Anti- Debris Association," composed of citizens of the counties along the Sacramento river. It was pointed out that valuable orchards were being destroyed along and below the entry of the tributaries of the Sacramento which carried down the detritus from the hydraulic mines; that the bed of the Sacramento and its tributaries was being raised by the deposits of the debris and navigation was impeded, if not utterly destroyed in the summer, while the floods, the result of the raising of the river plane, carried destruction to the low lands and the towns along their banks. Marysville was a great suiferer from broken levees and inundations and today the town lies below the level of the bottom of the river on which it is situated, while thousands of formerly fertile acres of adjacent lands are a waste of gravel and sand many feet deep. The association secured ap]n"opria- tions for its support from the supervisors of the counties of which its meml)ership was composed and a long legal battle was begun with the object of compelling the hydraulic miners to cease their opera- tions. At last its contest was successful and finally an injunction was obtained, prohibiting hydraulic mining unless the debris could be suc- cessfully impounded to the satisfaction of the association. CHAPTER III CLIMATE The climate of Sacramento county cannot be surpassed in the state. To the denizen of the east, where frost, snow and ice reign for from four to six months; where the farmer works for six months in the year to provide for his stock during the other six, our climate is a revelation. True he misses the merry jingle of the sleigh bells, the exhilarating sport of gliding over the ice on skates, and the other winter sports ; neither is he frozen to death in blizzards, nor does he have to build cyclone cellars to which he may retreat while his house is being picked up and blown into the next county. His winter sports he can easily enjoy, if he desires, by boarding the cars and riding a 18 HISTORY OF SACBAMENTO COUNTY few hours into the Sierras. But as a general tiling, when he has once settled in Sacramento county, he prefers to remain where three-quar- ters of the winter is sunshine and the rest supplies him with rain for the ground to stoi'e up and utilize in ])roducing crops. Seldom indeed does the thermometer fall below the freezing point, and many children grow up in Sacramento without having ever seen any snow, except on the far distant Sierras. With a climate rivaling, if not excelling, the far-famed climate of Italy, in a land that, like Italy, produces the or- ange, the lemon, the olive and the vine, why should not the emigrant from the east pronounce it perfect and sit down content to enjoy his life here? Is the picture too highly drawn? Ask the man from Maine, or the states bordering on the great lakes, or the northwest, who, after traveling through cold and storm, crosses the lofty Sierras- sentinels on the east that ward off the snow from the great central valleys of California — droits down in a couple of hours from the sum- mit, to find the peach and almond trees in blossom in the foothills and the earth green with the footprints of the spring, who hears the hum of the bees, and inhales the air, fragrant with blossoms, almost before his eyes have become used to the absence of the glittering crys- tals of the snow and ice of the mountain ranges. "What is so rare as a day in June, Then, if ever, come perfect days." Thus wrote Lowell, the sweet singer. But Sacramento does not need to wait till June. She has perfect days, yes, many of them, while the streams of the New England states and the western states are still prisoned in icy fetters, and the ]ieople snowbound or delving in the great snow drifts that make the roads impassable. We hear much of the vaunted climate of southern Italy and Los Angeles. There is no wish to disparage the merits of either. The dwellers of Sacramento county are glad to know that those places are so blessed in climatic conditions. However, we present a few fig-ures in comparison. They are authentic and furnish food for reflection. Statistics, gathered from United States Government Weather Bureau for ])ast fifteen years : Southern Italy. — Average winter temperature, 47.3; average spring tem])erature, 57.3; average sununer temperature, 73.7; average autumn tem])erature, 61.9; average yearly temperature, 60.0; average highest temperature, 85; average lowest temperature, 20; average clear days, 220. Los Angeles. — Average winter tem])erature, 52.0; average spring- temperature, 60.0 ; average summer temperature, 70.0 ; average autumn temperature, 65.0; average yearly temi)erature, 62.0; average hitihest temperature 109; average lowest temperature, 28; average clear days, 250. Sacramento. — Average winter temi^erature, 48.0; average spring temperature, 60.0; average summer temperature, 75.0; average au- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 19 tiimn temperature, 61.0; average yearly temperature, 61.0; average highest temperature, 100; average lowest temperature, 29; average clear daj^s, 238. The record of the blossoming of fruit trees for twenty-tive years previous to 1894 showed the earliest date to have been January 20, 1888, and the latest March 8, 1871. No later data are at hand, but the seasons have varied very little for cycles of ten years since the settlement of the state and the growing of fruits, so that these figures may be regarded as a fair average of conditions. Cherries ripen and are shipped from here in April and on exceptional seasons a few boxes have been shipped earlier, the usual period of blossoming, how- ever, being about the 15th of February. The long, dry summer ripens all kinds of fruit perfectly, and but rarely do the autumn rains come early enough to damage the fruit crop not already marketed. The farmer leaves his hay or grain in the stack for months if necessary, secure that it will not be damaged by untimely rains. Each season thus brings its own work. As the fall months advance and the winter begins, the rains make their appearance. The summer fallow is mois- tened and the grain is sown and harrowed. The winter plowing is begun as soon as the rain has penetrated the soil to the proper depth and when the seeding is completed the farmer leaves the rainfall to complete the work. In the matter of rainfall, Sacramento county enjoys the happy medium, the average rainfall being nearly twenty-one inches. Taken in connection with the fertility of the soil, and the conditions sur- rounding the valley and influencing its climate, the fact is that a crop failure in this county has never been recorded, and that it was the boast of the past generation of farmers that irrigation was not nec- essary in order to secure a crop. That boast was made in the days of wheat raising and does not apply so strictly to fruit raising and later methods of farming. Still in most sections of the county the raising of grapes and deciduous fruits and nuts is in many cases made profitable by thorough cultivation without resorting to irrigation. While this is true, there are several irrigation systems of ditches from which water can be obtained on reasonable terms, and which is found necessary for the production of citrus fruit and alfalfa. The absence, or rather scarcity, of humidity in the atmosphere at Sacramento during the summer time is a great factor in making the heat more endurable when the thermometer shows a reading that is high. As is well known, a high degree of atmospheric humidity in- tensifies the suffering when the temperature reaches one hundred de- grees or more. In fact, in the country east of the Rocky Mountains, where showers are more or less frequent in the summer, there is more suffering when the thermometer rises to ninety degrees, and the air is charged with moisture, than there would be in Sacramento when it marked one hundred dea:rees or more. In one case fatalities from 20 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY .sunstroke are very eonimou, while in the other sunstroke is unknown. The breeze from the ocean which ascends the Sacramento river in the summer afternoons has a cooling effect on the atmosphere and renders the evenings delightful for outdoor amusements. It is a rare thing in Sacramento, in fact not more than two or three nights in the year, that a j^erson cannot sleep comfortably under a sheet or even under a l)lanket or two. The spring and fall weather are delightful and winter almost seems a misnomer when one enjoys the sunny days when a coat seems almost a burden. No wonder, in such a climate, that the fruit trees haste to break into blossom and till the air with their fragrance. To the easterner, impelled by the cold of his native state to seek a more balmy climate, Sacramento offers one not to be excel led l)y any other place, in winter or summer. Sacramento presents further advantages to the settler. As has ))een stated, all kinds of fruits of the temperate zone, all semi-tropical fruits, and even some tropical fruits ripen here in ]:)erfection. But a peculiar climatic condition prevails in the foothill section of the Sierras of Sacramento and the adjacent counties. It is known as the thermal belt. The southern part of the state has been extensively advertised as the home of the orange and the lemon. While this is true, it is equally true that Sacramento and adjoining counties are also the home of the orange and all other citrus fruits and the ship- ment of such fruits is a constantly increasing factor in their pros- perity. Many hundreds of carloads of oranges, lemons and pomelos or gra])e fruit are shipped to the east annually. The very decided advantage that Sacramento has over the southern part of the state is that her oranges ripen from a month to six weeks earlier than in the south and her crop is practically disposed of in the eastern market for the Thanksgiving and holiday trade at high prices, before the southern •^ranges are ripe enough to begin shipment. Such being the case, the freezing of the orange crop is a thing unknown in Sacramento county, nor do the later varieties ever suffer from frost. Olives thrive and bear profitable crops in Sacramento county, where there are many orchards of them. As fine a quality of oil as is to be found in the state is made at Fair Oaks, and both there and in several other places is the business of pickling the ri]ie olive made a ]iaying industry. We are indebted to Nathaniel R. Taylor, local forecaster of the United States Weather Bureau in this city, for very valuable data concerning the climate and rainfall in this country from 1849 until the present time. We often hear persons make the assertion that our climate is changing; that this thing or that is not as it was forty or fifty years ago. While it is true that there is a different amount of rainfall and temperature during individual years, it will be seen that taken in cycles of five or ten years, the average weather of the seasons shows but little variation, and there is no great amount of change for HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 21 the past fifty years. The increase in irrigation which has been made during the past few years, and which will increase rapidly within the next decade may make a perceptible change in the course of time, as the creation of the Salton sea has brought about an increased rainfall in the southern ])art of the state, but as yet no noticeable change has occurred here. As will be seen by the foregoing table, our climate is if anything better than the vaunted climate of Italy and is not mate- rially different from that of Los Angeles, upon which so much stress is laid by the inhabitants of the south. Taken all in all, the climate of our glorious state is unequaled by that of any similar extent of country in the world, and the Californian who desires a change of climate can easily obtain it in a few hours, without leaving his own state. As will be seen by the table of absolute maximum and absolute minimum temperature for the last thirty years, taken in cycles of ten vears, the average maximum for the ten years from 1881 to 1891, in- clusive, is 103.4'; that from 1891 to 1901 is 104.2'; and that from 1901 to 1911 is 103.6'. On the other side, the average minimum from 1881 to 1891 was 26.5'; from 1891 to 1901, it was 27.6'; and from 1901 to 1911 it was 29.4'. The following table gives the monthly, seasonal and annual rain- fall from 1849 to January 1, 1912, and will be found a very valuable one for reference. As will be seen by it, the average seasonal rainfall for the sixty-two years is 19.48 inches, and the annual rainfall is 19.24 inches. Sacramento rainfall, monthly, seasonal and annual, 1849-1911: 1849-50.— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.25; October, 1.50; No- vember, 2.25; December, 12.50; January, 4.50; February, 0.50; March, 10.00; April, 4.25; May, 0.25; June, 6; seasonal, 36.00; year, 1850; annual, 19.50. 1850-51. — July, 0; August, 0; September, 0; October, 0; No- vember, T. ; December, T.; January, 0.65; February, 0.35; March, 1.88; April, 1.14; May, 0.69; June, 0; seasonal, 4.71; year, 1851; annual, 15.10. 1851-52.— July, 0; August, 0; September, 1.00; October, 0.18; No- vember, 2.14; December, 7.07; January, 0.58; February, 0.12; March, 6.40; April, 0.19; May, 0.30; June, 6; seasonal, 17.98; year, 1852; annual, 26.99. 1852-53. — July, T. ; August, ; September, T. ; October, ; No- vember, 6.00; December, 13.40; January, 3.00; February, 2.00; March, 7.00; April, 3.50; May, 1.45; June, T. ; seasonal, 36.35; year, 1853; annual, 19.99. 1853-54.— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, T.; No- vember, 1.50; December, 1.54; January, 3.25; February, 8.50; March, 3.25; April, 1.50; May, 0.21; June, 0.31; seasonal, 20.06; year, 1854; annual, 19.83. 22 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1854-55.— July, 0; August, T. ; September, T.; October, 1.01; No- vember, 0.65; December, 1.15; January, 2.67; February, 3.46; March, 4.20; April, 4.32; May, 1.15; June, 0.01; seasonal, 18.62; year, 1855; annual, 18.56. 1855-56.— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, 0; No- vember, 0.75 ; December, 2.00 ; January, 4.92 ; February, 0.69 ; March, 1.40; April, 2.13; May, 1.84; June, 0.03; seasonal, 13.76; year, 1856; annual, 14.26. 1856-57.— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, 0.20; No- vember, 0.65; December, 2.40; January, 1.38; February, 4.80; March, 0.68; April, T. ; May, T. ; June, 0.35; seasonal, 10.46; year, 1857; annual, 12.91. 1857-58. — July, 0; August, T. ; September, 0; October, 0.66; No- vember, 2.41; December, 2.63; January, 2.44; February, 2.46; March, 2.88; April, 1.21; May, 0.20; June, O.iO; seasonal, 14.99; year, 1858; annual, 16.80. 1858-59.— July, 0.01; August, T. ; September, T. ; October, 3.01; November, 0.15; December, 4.34; January, 0.96; February, 3.91; Marcli, 1.64; April, 0.98; May, 1.04; June, 0; seasonal, 16.04; year, 1859; annual, 16.86. 1859-60.— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.02; October, 0; No- vember, 6.48; December, 1.83; January, 2.31; February, 0.93; March, 5.11; April, 2.87; May, 2.49; June, 0.02; seasonal, 22.06; year, 1860; annual, 19.79. 1860-61.— July, 0.63; August, 0; September, 0.06; October, 0.91; November, 0.18; December, 4.28; Januarj", 2.67; February, 2.9i;; March, 3.32; April, 0.48; May, 0.59; June, 0.14; seasonal, 16.18; year, 1861; annual, 21.48. 1861-62.— July, 0.55; Augiist, 0; September, 0; October, T. ; No- vember, 2.17; December, 8.64; January, 15.04; February, 4.26; March, 2.80; April, 0.82; May," 1.81; June, 0."oi ; seasonal, 36.10; year, 1862; annual, 27.44. 1862-63.— July, 0; August, 0.01; September, 0; October, 0.36; No- vember, T. ; December, 2.33 ; January, 1.73 ; February, 2.75 ; March, 2.36; April, 1.69; May, 0..36; June, "O; seasonal, 11.59; year, 1863; annual, 12.20. 1863-64.— July, 0; August, 0; September, T.; October, 0; No- vember, 1.49; December, 1.82; January, 1.08; February, 0.19; March, 1.30; April, 1.08; May, 0.74; June, 0.09; seasonal, 7.79; year, 1864; annual, 19.27. 1864-65.— July, 0; August, 0.08; September, T. ; October, 0.12; November, 6.72 ; December, 7.87 ; January, 4.78 ; February, 0.71 ; March, 0.48; April, 1.37; May, 0.46; June,'0; seasonal, 22.59; year, 1865; annual, 11.15. 1865-66.— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.08; October, 0.48; No- veml)er, 2.43; December, 0.36; January, 7.70; February, 2.01; March, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 23 2.02; April, 0.48; May, 2.25; June, O.IU; seasonal, 17.91; year, 1866; annual, 26.52. 1866-67.— July, 0.02; August, 0; September, 0; October, T.; No- vember, 2.43; December, 9.51; January, 3.44; February, 7.10; March, 1.01; April, 1.80; May, 0.01; June, 0; seasonal, 25.32; year, 1867; annual, 30.03. 1867-68.— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.01; October, 0; No- vember, 3.81 ; December, 12.85 ; January, 6.04 ; February, 3.15 ; March, 4.35; April, 2.31; May, 0.27; June, T.; seasonal, 32.79; year, 1868; annual, 19.50. 1868-69. — July, 0; August, 0; September, 0; October, 0; No- vember, 0.77 ; December, 2.61 ; January, 4.79 ; February, 3.63 ; March, 2.94; April, 1.24; May, 0.65; June, 0.01; seasonal, 16.64; year, 1869; annual, 18.19. 1869-70.— July, 0; Aug-ust, 0; September, T.; October, 2.12; No- vember, 0.85 ; December, 1.96 ; January, 1.37 ; February, 3.24 ; March, 1.64; April, 2.12; May, 0.27; June, T.; seasonal, 13.57; year, 1870; annual, 10.21. 1870-71.— July, T.; August, T.; September, 0; October, 0.02; No- vember, 0.58; December, 0.97; January, 2.08; February, 1.92; March, 0.69; April, 1.45; May, 0.76; June, T. ; seasonal, 8.47; year, 1871; annual, 18.92. 1871-72. — July, 0; August, 0; September, T. ; October, 0.21; No- vember, 1.22; December, 10.59; January, 4.04; February, 4.74; March, 1.94; April, 0.61; May, 0.28; June, 0.02; seasonal, 23.65; year, 1872; annual, 19.17. 1872-73. — July, 0; August, 0; September, T. ; October, 0.22; No- vember, 1.93; December, 5.39; January, 1.23; February, 4.36; March, 0.55; April, 0.51; May, 0; June, T. ; seasonal, 14.19; year, 1873; annual, 18.20. 1873-74.— July, 0.02; August, T.; September, 0; October, 0.31 November, 1.21; December, 10.01; January, 5.20; February, 1.86 March, 3.05; April, 0.99; May, 0.37; June, T.; seasonal, 22.92; vear 1874; annual, 17.92. 1874-75. — July, T. ; August, 0; September, 0.05; October, 2.26 November, 3.80; December, 0.44; January, 8.70; February, 0.55; March, 0.80; April, T. ; May, T. ; June, 1.10; seasonal, 17.70; year, 1875; annual, 23.31. 1875-76 — July, ; August, ; September, ; October, 0.44 ; Novem- ber, 6.20; December, 5.52; January, 4.99; February, 3.75; March, 4.15; April, 1.10; Mav, 0.15; June, 0; seasonal, 26.30; vear, 1876; annual, 18.12. 1876-77^July, 0.21; August, 0.02; September, T. ; October, 3.45; November, 0.30; December, 0; January, 2.77; Februarv, 1.04; March, 0.56; April, 0.19; May, 0.64; June, 0.01; seasonal. 9.19; year, 1877; annual, 8.44. 24 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1877-78 — July, T. ; August, T. ; September, 0; October, 0.73; Nov- ember, 1.07; December, 1.43; January, 9.26; February, 8.04; March, 3.09; April, 1,07; May, 0.17; June, 0; seasonal, 24.86; year, 1878; annual, 23.45. 1878-79— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.29; October, 0.55, Nov- ember, 0.51; December, 0.47; January, 3.18; February, 3.88; March, 4.88; April, 2.66; May, 1.30; June, 0.13; seasonal, 17.85; year, 1879; annual, 22.37. 1879-80— July, T. ; August, T. ; September, ; October, 0.88 ; Nov- ember, 2.05; December, 3.41; January, 1.64; February, 1.83; March, 1.70; April, 14.20; May, 0.76; June, 0; seasonal, 26.47; year, 1880; annual, 31.99. 1880-81 — July, T. ; August, 0; September, O;0ctober, 0; Novem- ber, 0.05; December, 11.81; January, 6.14; February, 5.06; March, 1.37; April, 1.64; May, T.; June, 0.50; seasonal, 26.57; year, 1881; annual, 20.71. 1881-82— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.30; October, 0.55; Nov- ember, 1.88 ; December, 3.27 ; January, 1.89 ; February, 2.40 ; March, 3.78; April, 1.99; May, 0.35; June, 0.10; seasonal, 16.51; year, 1882; annual, 18.06. 1882-83— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.57; October, 2.63; Nov- ember, 3.22; December, 1.13; January, 2.23; February, 1.11; March, 3.70; April, 0.67; May, 2.85; June, 0; seasonal, 18.il; year, 1883; annual, 13.48. 1883-84— July, ; August, ; September, 0.90 ; Octol^er, 0.97 ; Nov- ember, 0.61; December, 0.44; Januarv, 3.43; February, 4.46; March, 8.14; April, 4.32; May, 0.06; June, 1.45; seasonal, 24.78; year, 1884; annual, 34.92. 1884-85— July, ; August, T. ; September, 0.60 ; October, 2.01, Nov- ember, 0; December, 10.45; Januarv, 2.16; Februarv, 0.49; March, 0.08; April, 0.68; May, T. ; June, 0".ll; seasonal, 16.58; year, 1885; annual, 20.72. 1885-86— July, T. ; Augaist, ; September, 0.08 ; October, 0.02 ; Nov- ember, 11.34; December, 5.76; January, 7.95; February, 0.29; March, 2.68; April, 4.08; May, 0.07; June, 0; seasonal, 32.27; year, 1886; annual, 18.17. 1886-87— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0; October, 0.68; Nov- ember, 0.21; December, 2.21; Januarv, 1.12; Februarv, 6.28; March, 0.94; April, 2.53; May, T. ; June, o'- seasonal, 13.97; year, 1887; annual, 13.43. 1887-88— July, 0; August, T. ; September, 0.02; October, 0; Nov- ember, 0.45; December, 2.09; Januarv, 4.81; Februarv, 0.57; March, 3.04; April, 0.10; May, 0.40; June, 0.08; seasonal, 11.56; year, 1888; annual, 18.46. 1888-89— July, T.; August, T. ; September, 0.55; October, 0; Nov- ember, 4.28; December, 4.63; Januarv, 0.15; Februarv, 0.33; March, 6.25; April, 0.26; Mav, 3.25; June, 0.25; seasonal, 19.95; year, 1889; annual, 27.48. 1889-90- July, 0; August, 0; Se])tember, 0; October, 6.02; Nov- ember, 3.15; December, 7.82; January, 6.62; February, 4.06; March, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 25 3.00; April, 1.33; May, 1.80; Jniie, 0; seasonal, 33.80; year, 1890; annual, 20.95. 1890-91— July, ; August, T. ; September, 0.80 ; October, T. ; Nov- ember, 0; December, 3.34; January, 0.53; February, 6.61; Marcli, 1.78; April, 2.04; May, 0.66; June," 0.05; seasonal, 15.81; year, 1891; annual, 15.63. 1891-92— July, T. ; August, ; September, 0.10 ; October, 0.10 ; Nov- ember, 0.48; December, 3.28; January, 1.78; February, 2.84; March, 3.02; April, 1.20; May, 2.38; June, T.; seasonal, 15.18; year, 1892; annual, 23.60. 1892-93— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.18; October, 0.70; Nov- ember, 6.60, December, 4.90; January, 3.27; February, 2.66; March, 3.51; April, 1.08; May, 1.05; June, 0; seasonal, 23.95; year, 1893; annual, 16.59. 1893-94— July, T. ; August, T. ; September, 0.22 ; October, 0.12 ; Nov- ember, 2.92; December, 1.76; January, 4.17; February, 3.92; March 0.74; April, 0.34; May, 1.70; June, 0.46; seasonal, 16.35; year, 1894; 1894-95— July, T. ; August, T. ; September, 0.88 ; October, 1.06 ; Nov- ember, 0.48; December, 8^.86; January, 8.42; February, 1.84; March, 1.20; April, 0.86; May, 0.51; June, 0; seasonal, 24.11; year, 1895; annual, 17.38. 1895-96— July, 0.04; August, T.; September, 1.26: October, 0.17; November, 1.54; December, 1.54; January, 9.76; February, 0.09; March, 2.57; April, 5.34; May, 0.92; June, 0; seasonal, 23.23; year, 1896; annual, 25.06. 1896-97— July, T. ; August, 0.20; September, 0.31; October, 0.55; November, 3.56 ; December, 1.76 ; January, 3.66 ; February, 4.15 ; March. 2.54; April, 0.25; May, 0.30; June, 0.04; seasonal, 17.32; year, 1897; 1897-98— July, ; August, 0.01 ; September, 0.16 ; October, 1.96 ; Nov- ember, 0.61; December, 1.64; January, 0.98; February, 3.19; March, 0.04; April, 0.28; May, 1.50; June, 0.14; seasonal, 10.51; year, 1898; annual, 10.04. 1898-99— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.36; October, 0.64; November, 0.61; December, 2.30; January, 3.94; February, 0.04; March, 6.02; April, 0.10; May, 0.54; June, 0.49; seasonal, 15.04; year, 1899; annual, 21.14. 1899-00— July, ; August, 0.02 ; September, ; October, 4.46 ; Nov ember, 2.62; December, 2.91; January, 3.54; February, 0.32; March, 1.61, April, 1.88; May, 2.88; June, T. ; seasonal, 20.24; year, 1900: annual, 17.91. 1900-01— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.06; October, 1.74; Nov ember, 4.50; December, 1.38; January, 3.70; February. 5.32; March,, 0.48; April, 2.23; May, 0.80; June, T.; seasonal, 20.21; year, 1901; annual, 18.52. 1901-02— July, 0; August, T. ; September, 0.56; October, 1.56; Nov- ember, 2.68; December, 1.19; January, 0.95; February, 6.52; March, 1.99; April, 1.36; May, 0.45; June, 0.01; seasonal, 17.27; year, 1902; annual, 17.88. 1902-03— July, 0; August, T. ; September, 0; October, 1.67; Nov- 26 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ember, 2.02; December, 2.91; January, 3.05; February, 1.70; March, 4.81; April, 0.46; May, T.; June, T.;" seasonal, 16.62; year, 1903; annual, 14.70. 1903-04— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0; October, 0.12; Nov- ember, 3.44; December, 1.12; January, 0.45; February, 5.26; March, 5.43; A])ril, 1.02; May, 0.03; June, T. ; seasonal, 16.87; year, 1904; annual, 20.99. 1904-05— July, T. ; August, 0.07; September, 3.62; October, 1.86; November 2.05 ; December, 1.20 ; January, 3.33 ; February, 2.47 ; March, 3.75; Ai)ril, 1.18; May, 2.45; June, 0; seasonal, 21.98; year, 1905; annual, 14.97. 1905-06— July, 0; August, T. ; September, 0.03; October, 0; Nov- ember, 1.20; December, 0.56; January, 6.63; February. 3.02; March, 8.45; April, 1.21; May, 2.24; June, 0.59; seasonal, 23.93; year, 1906; annual, 30.70. 1906-07— July, 0; August, T.; September, 0.20; October, T. ; Nov- ember, 0.99; December, 7.37; January, 4.63; February, 2.37; March, 7.28; April, 0.25; May, 0.10; June, 0.85; seasonal, 24.04; year, 1907; annual, 20.05. 1907-08— July, 0; August, 0; September, T. ; October, 1.20; Nov- ember, 0.04 ; December, 3.33 ; January, 3.84 ; February, ' 2.75 March, 0.42; AiH'il, 0.08; May, 0.54; June, T.; seasonal, 12.20; yeai, 1908; annual, 11.21. 3908-09— July, T. ; August, 0; September, 0.05; October, 0.26; Nov- ember, 1.23; December, 2.04; January, 9.65; February. 6.68; March, 1.84; April, T.; May, T. ; June, 0.03;' seasonal,, 21.78; year. 1909; annual, 24.87. 1909-10— July, 0; August, 0; September, 0.21; October, 1.27; Nov- ember, 1.32; December, 3.87; January, 1.48; February, 0.83; March, 3.06; April, 0.11; May, 0.03; June, T. ; seasonal, 12.18; year. 1910; annual, 7.78. 1910-11— July, T.; August, 0; September, 0.20; October, 0.28; Nov- ember; 0.17; December, 1.62; January, 12.72; February, 1.88; March, 4.30; Ai)ril, 0.66; May, 0.03; June, 0.12; seasonal, 21.98; year. 1911; annual, 21.11. 1911-12— July, 0; August, 0; September, T. ; October, 0.18; Nov- ember, 0.15; December, 1.07; January, 0; February, 0; March, 0; April, 0; May, 0; June, 0; seasonal, 0; year, 1912; annual, 0; Means (62 years), July, 0.02; August, 0.01; September, 0.22; Oct- ober, 0.83; November, 2.02; December, 3.95; January, 3.96; February, 2.89; March, 3.00; April, 1.58; May, 0.80; June, 0.12; seasonal, 19.48; annual, 19.24. TEMPERATURES P\)llowing is a table of absolute maximum and minimum tempera- tures since 1878: Year, 1878: Absolute maximum, 100 in August; absolute minimum, 24 in December. Year, 1879 : Absolute maximum, 103 in August ; absolute minimum, 25 in December. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 27 ^'ear, 1880: Absolute maximum, 98 in July; absolute minimum, 25 in January. Year, 1881: Absolute maximum, 98 in July; absolute minimum, 32 in November and December. Year, 1882 : Absolute maximum, 100 in August and September ; absolute minimum, 27 in December. Year, 1883: Absolute maximum, 104 in July; absolute minimum, 22 in January and February. Year, 1884: Absolute maximum, 100 in August; absolute mini- mum, 21 in February. Year, 1885 : Absolute maximum, 105 in August ; absolute mini- mum, 34 in January. Year, 1886: Absolute maximum, 105 in July; absolute minimum, 28 in January. Year, 1887: Absolute maximum, 100 in June, iVugust and Sep- tember; absolute mininmm, 28 in November. Year, 1888 : Absolute maximum, 108 in August ; absolute minimum, 19 in January. Year, 1889: Absolute maximum, 104 in July, absolute minimum, 31 in January and February. Year, 1890: Absolute maximum, 102 in July; al)solnte minimum, 29 in January. Year, 1891: Absolute maximum, 106 in June, July and August; absolnte minimum, 26 in December. Year, 1892 : Absolute maximum, 106 in August ; absolute mini- mum, 26 in December. Year, 1893: Absolute maximum, 103 in July; absolute minimum, 28 in December. Year, 1894: Absolute maximum, 108 in August; absolute mini- mum, 26 in December. Year, 1895: Absolute maximum, 102 in June; absolute minimum, 28 in December. Year, 1896: Al)so]ute maximum, 104 in July, absolute minimum, 28 in January. Year, 1897: Alisolute maximum, 105 in July; absolute minimum, 28 in December. Y^ear, 1898: Absolute maxinmm, 110 in August, absolute mini- mum, 26 in January. Year, 1899 : Absolute maximum, 102 in July ; absolute mininuun, 30 in February. Year, 1900: Absolute maximum, 102 in August; absolute mini- mum, 30 in December. Year, 1901: Absolute maximum, 105 in August; absolute mini- muni, 26 in January. Year, 1902: Absolute maximum, 107 in July; al>solute minimum, 29 in January. Year, 1903 : Absolute maximum, 102 in September ; absolute mini- mum, 29 in January. Year, 1904: Absolute maximum, 102 in September, absolute mini- mum, 32 in Januarv. 28 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Year, 1905: Absolute maximum, 110 in July; absolute minimum, 28 in December. Year, 1906: Absolute maximum, 104 in July, alisolute mininnun, 30 in December. Year, 1907: Absolute maxinuim, 99 in Aui>ust; a))Solute minimum, 31 in January, Year, 1908: Absolute maximum, 103 in August; absolute mini- mum, 28 in December. Year, 1909 : Absolute maximum, 101 in July ; absolute minimum, 29 in December. Year, 1910: Absolute maximum, 103 in May; absolute minimum, 28 in January. Year, 1911: Absolute maximum, 100 in July; aljsolute mininuim, 30 in December. The following tallies will be found of interest in relation to climate: TEMPERATURE, RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND PERCENTAGE OF SUNSHINE. Average Conditions by Months Humidity 24 years. Sunshine mean for 5 years. January: Humidity, 5 a. m., 86; 5 p. m.. 71; per cent of sunshine, 37; hours of sunshine, 111.5. February: Humidity, 5 a. m., 83; 5 p. m., 61; per cent of sunshine, 54; hours of sunshine, 162.2. March : Humidity, 5 a. m., 81 ; 5 p. m., 55 ; per cent of sunshine, 63 : hours of sunshine, 234.5. April: Humidity, 5 a. m., 79; 5 p. m., 46; ]^ev cent of sunshine, 81; liours of sunshine, 323.4. May: Humidity, 5 a. m., 78; 5 p. m., 44; per cent of sunshine, 83; hours of sunshine, 368.0. June: Humidity, 5 a. m., 75; 5 p. in., 38; per cent of sunshine, 87; hours of sunshine, 390.4. July: Humidity, 5 a. m., 75 ; 5 p. m., 34; per cent of sunshine, 96; hours of sunshine, 434.3. August : Humidity, 5 a. m., 75 ; 5 p. m., 35 ; per cent of sunshine, 96 ; hours of sunshine, 405.4. September : Humidity, 5 a. m., 72 ; 5 p. m., 36 ; per cent of sunshine, 88; hours of sunshine, 329.3. October: Humidity, 5 a. m., 74; 5 p. m., 43; per cent of sunshine, 77 ; hours of sunshine, 265.7. November: Humidity, 5 a. m., 76; 5 p. m., 53; ]ier cent of sunshine, 60; hours of sunshine, 180.0. December: Humidity, 5 a. m., 82; 5 p. m., 40; per cent of sunshine, 38; hours of sunshine, 111.2. EXTREME TEMPERATURES. 1878 to 1911, Inclusive. Januar.x- : Absolute maxinmui, 72 ; year and date, 3)0, 1899 ; absolute minimum, 19; yeai- and date, 14,1888. HIISTORY OF SACKAMENTO COUNTY 29 February : Absolute maximum, 76 ; year and date, 28, 1889 ; abso- lute luinimum, 21 ; year and date, 13, 1884. March: Absolute maximum, 80; year and date, 30, 1882; absolute minimum, 29 ; vear and date, 15, 1880. April: Absolute maximum, 89; year and date, 24, 1910; absolute minimum, 35; vear and date, 4, 1901. May: Absolute maximum, 103; year and date, 30,1910; absolute minimum, 39 ; year and date, 9, 1896. June: Absolute maximum, 106; year and date, 30, 1891; absolute minimum, 44; year and date, 1, 1890. July: Absolute maximum, 110; year and date, 8, 1905; absolute minimum, 47 ; year and date, 3, 1901. Au.oust : Absolute maximum, 110 ; year and date, 11, 1898 ; absolute minimum, 48; year and date, 30, 1887. September : Absolute maximum, 106 ; year and date, 11, 1888 ; abso- lute minimum, 44; year and date, 18, 1882. October: Absolute maximum, 98; year and date, 3, 1885; absohite minimum, 36 ; year and date, 14, 1881. November : Absolute maximum, 81 ; year and date, 5, 1898 ; absolute minimimi, 27; year and date, 28, 1880. December : Absolute maximum, 69 ; year and date, 8, 1893 ; alisolute minimum, 24; year and date, 14, 1883. EXTKEMES OF WIND. 1895 to 1911, Inclusive. January : Maxinumi velocity, 60 ; direction. Southeast ; year, 1901 ; " ' February : Maximum velocity, 60 ; direction. Southeast ; year, 1902 ; day, 25. " March: Maximum velocity, 65; direction. Southeast; year, 1904; ' 'April : Maximum velocity, 46 ; direction, South ; year, 1902 ; day, 7. May: Maximum velocity, 45; direction. Northwest; year, 1902; dav, 18.' __ June: Maximum \'elocity, 42; direction. Northwest: yen.r, l^K); dav. 12. July: Maximum velocity, 40; direction, Northwest; year, 19J.^; Auoust: Maximum velocity, 38; directiim. Southwest; y^^ar, liK».^; day, 9. September: Maximum velocity, 40; direction. Northwest; yea)-, 1903; dav, 11. _,., October: Maximum velocity, 48; direction. South; year, 18 M; dav, 20. November: Maximum velocity, 48; direction. North; year, l«>o; dav 22 ■ 'December : Maximum velocity, 60 ; direction, Southeast ; year, 1894 ; day, 9. 30 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY CHAPTER IV GEN. JOHN A. SUTTER No man's name is so intimately connected with the settlement of Sacramento city and county as that of Gen. John A. Sutter, the first permanent white settler within its limits and the pioneer of civiliza- tion here. Born of Swiss parents, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, February 28, 1803, and educated there, he entered the French military service as ca]itain under Charles X and remained there until he was thirty years of age. Embarking for New York, he arrived there in July, 1834, having come to select a place and prepare the way for a colony of his countrymen in the west. His first location was at St. Charles, Mo., but having lost his property through the sinking of a vessel, he abandoned the place. Leaving St. Louis, where he had stayed for a time, he went to New Mexico. There he met some hunters and trappers, who told him of U]iper California, whither they had journeyed, of its fertile and beautiful valleys, its verdant foothills and its lofty mountain ranges, covered with magnificent pine and redwood forests. He at once resolved to go to this state and make it his future field of labor. There being no lines of steamers running to California ports, the only way of arriving here was to cross the })lains and mountains with one of the trapping expeditions of the American or English fur companies. Accordingly, April 1, 1836, he joined Captain Tripp, of the American Ftir Company, and traveled with him to the rendezvous in the Rocky Mountains. Crossing the mountains with six horsemen, after a long and dangerous trip, he ar- rived at Fort Vancouver. Embarking on a vessel bound for the Sandwich Islands, he hoped to find an opportunity to sail thence to the Pacific Coast and sailed from the islands in a vessel bound for Sitka and from there down the coast. July 2, 1839, the vessel was driven by furious gales into the bay of Yerba Buena (as San Fran- cisco was then called), and there was boarded by a government officer with an armed force, who ordered him to leave, saying that Monterey, ninety miles south, was the port of entry. Sutter, however, obtained leave to stay forty-eight hours in order to procure supplies. When he reached Monterey he succeeded in meeting Governor Alvarado, whom he told that he wished to secure and colonize a sec- tion of country in Upper California on the Sacramento river. The governor, who was desirous that the country should be subdued and settled, warinly a]iproved Sutter's plan, but warned him that the In- dians were hostile and would not allow the whites to settle there; further, that they had robbed the people of San Jose and the lower country of their cattle and other property. However, he gave Sutter a passport with authority to explore and occupy any territory he HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 31 might consider desiia])le for his colony, and requested him to return in one year, when lie should have his citizenship acknowledged and receive a grant of such lands as he might desire to secure. Returning to Yerba Buena, which at that time contained scarcely fift\ inhabitants, Sutter secured a schooner and several small boats with which to explore the interior, and started with ten whites to ascend the river. He could secure no guide, as no one could be found who had ever ascended the Sacramento river. However, in eight days he discovered the mouth of the river. Reaching a point about ten miles l)elow the present city of Sacramento, he came on a party of about two hundred Indians who showed hostility. As some of the In- dians fortunately understood Spanish, Sutter was able to assure them that there were no Spaniards (against whom the Indians showed par- ticular hostility) among his party, and explained that he was simply a peaceful citizen, coming among them to settle and trade. Finally he was guided by two Indians who spoke Spanish, up the river to the Feather river. He made his way up this river for some distance, but some of his white men became alarmed and discontented and he was constrained to return. Reaching the mouth of the American river, he ascended it a short distance, and August 15, 1839, landed at a point on the southern side, where he afterward established his tannery, within the limits of the present city. After landing his effects on the following morning, he informed the discontented whites that if they wished to return to Yerba Buena they could do so, but that he was determined to remain, and that the Kanakas were willing to remain with him. Three of the whites determined to leave and he put them in possession of the schooner, with instructions to them to deliver it to its owners when they reached Yerba Buena. They started the next day. Three weeks later he moved to the spot where he afterwards con- structed Fort Sutter, which was destined in a few years to become the nucleus of civilization in the Sacramento valley. He encountered many troubles with the Indians in the early days of his settlement, and a number of idiots were laid to massacre him and his men and secure the goods which were such a great temptation to the aborigines. These plots were foiled, several of them, as the Indians afterwards confessed to him, through the vigilance of his favorite bulldog. After- ward manv of the Indians, at tirst most hostile to him, became his firmest friends and co-operated with him in his work. He now de- voted himself to agriculture and raising cattle and soon became wealthy and prosperous. His companions at this time were six no- madic whites of various nationalities, and eight Kanakas, who always remained faithful to him, and who constituted his ''colony" and his army. They aided him in subduing and colonizing a large area before totally unknown and inhabited by roving tribes of hostile Indians. The nearest white settlement was at Martinez, and the Indians around 32 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY him were known as "Diggers," from tlieir habit of digging roots for food. In the fall of 1839 he bought from Senor Martinez three hmidred head of cattle, thirty horses and tliirty mares. During the fall eight more white men were added to his colony. Having l)een considerably handicapped by the lack of lumber and timber during his construction of the fort, he floated some down the American river, and was also compelled to send for some to Bodega, on the coast, a distance of sev- eral hundred miles. In 1840 five white men who had crossed the Rocky Mountains with him and whom he had left in Oregon, joined him, swelling his colony to twenty-five, seventeen being white men and the others being Kanakas. During the fall of that year General Sut- ter was forced to make open war on the Mokelumne Indians, who had become troublesome, stealing live stock from the settlers and render- ing themselves obnoxious by their acts and menaces. He marshalled his army of "six brave men and two baqueros," as his diary quaintly states, and marched against the Indians in the night time. Coming to the camp where they had concentrated over two hundred warriors, he attacked them so determinedly that they retreated and sued for peace. He granted it readily and it was ever afterward mutually maintained. In time he made the Indians cultivate the soil, help build his fort, care for the stock and be useful in various other ways. In the mili- tary history of California at a later date, he and his Indians were an important factor. He purchased a thousand more cattle and seventy- five more horses and mules, and his herds began to increase in num- bers and value. He sent hides to San Francisco, kept supplies for the tra})pers and purchased their skins and either employed all the me- chanics and laborers or found work for them. In June, 1841, General Sutter visited Monterey, the capital, where he was declared a Mexican citizen and received from Governor Alva- rado a grant for his land, under the name of New Helvetia, he having caused a survey of it to be made for him. He was also honored with a commission as "represendente del Govierno en las fronteras del norte y encargado de la justicia." He was visited shortly after by Captain Ringgold of the United States exploring expedition under Commodore Wilkes. About the same time Alexander Rotcheff, gov- ernor of the Russian possessions. Fort Ross and Bodega, offered to sell to him the Russian possessions, settlements and ranches at those places. The terms were advantageous and Sutter ]:>urchased them at a price of $30,000. Besides the vast area of real estate, he came into possession of two thousand cattle, over one thousand horses, fifty mules and two thousand sheej), the most of which were driven to New Helvetia and added to his herds there.. In 1844 he ])etitioned Governor Micheltorena for the grant or i)urchase of the sobrante or surplus, over the first eleven leagues of land within the bounds of the survey of the Alvarado grant, which the governor agreed to let him have. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 33 but the grant was not finally executed until February 5, 1845. During this time he had rendered valuable military services and advanced supplies to the government to enable it to suppress the Castro rebel- lion. For these considerations and personal services he obtained by jj'irchase the sobrante or surplus. When the Mexican war broke out, although Sutter was a Mexican citizen and an officer under that government, his respect for the citi- zens and the institutions of the United States was such that his un- bounded hospitality was extended to all Americans, civil or military, who visited him. When the country surrendered to the American forces, Sutter, being convinced that all was over, heartily hoisted the American flag July 11, 1846, and accompanied it with a salute from the guns of the fort. Lieutenant Missoon, of the United States navy, soon after organized a garrison for the fort and gave Sutter the com- mand which he held till peace was declared. He was appointed alcalde by Commodore Stockton and Indian agent by General Kearney, with a salary of $750 a year, but his first trip in discharge of his duty cost him $1600 and he naturally resigned his office. During all these years his hand and his fort were always open to relieve the distressed. As he said afterwards, "I have never turned a man away hungry or re- fused him shelter." Many a party of immigrants who had arrived near the fort half-starved and destitute, sent one of the party in ad- vance to ask assistance, and Sutter always granted it, often sending an expedition out to In-ing in the exhausted. On one occasion Captain Fremont, who had been exploring farther north with a party, man- aged to reach the fort and announced that his party was exhausted and destitute some distance away. General Sutter immediately dis- patched an expedition which relieved them and brought them in. A handsome fortune was expended by him in like charitable acts and he was a great favorite among the pioneers on account of his large- hearted generosity. The hungry he never turned away. Often they were nursed back to health and strength on his place. On one occasion a solitary starving immigrant reached the fort and announced that his party some distance behind were starving. Immediately General Sut- ter ]iacked seven mules with supplies and sent them in charge of two Indian boys to the rescue of the party. On their arrival everything was seized and devoured by the famished wretches. Other starving immigrants arriving on the scene, they killed the seven mules and ate them, then killed and ate the two Indian boys. Afterwards Sutter said with much feeling, "They ate my Indian boys all up." However, evil days were at hand. "Ingratitude, more strong than traitor's arms" was to reduce the old pioneer to poverty. Gold was discovered. While a boon to the country and hailed with delight all over the world, this proved the ruin of the grand old man. His la- borers and mechanics deserted him. His mill was forced to cease operation. He could not liire labor to plant his crops or cut his 34 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ripened grain. Laborers would not work for Jess than an ounce of gold a day, as they could often make more in the mines. The influx of immigration had brought men of all nations. Among them were many who had no respect for the property of others. Convicts from Australia, thieves and murderers from the east, flocked to the coast. Both as a Mexican citizen and as a citizen of the United States by the treaty with Mexico, General Sutter considered himself doubly pro- tected in his property rights and felt that he held a strong claim on his country's justice. But many of the newcomers took forcible pos- session of his land and l)egan to cut his wood, claiming that it was vacant and unappropriated land of the United States. Up to Janu- ary, 1852, the settlers had occupied all of his land capable of settle- ment and appropriation, while another class had stolen all of his cat- tle, horses, mules, sheep and hogs, except a few that he himself had sold. During the high water of 1849-50 one party of five men killed and sold enough of his cattle (which were surrounded by water near the river) to amount to $60,000. Despoiled of his property, he re- moved to the west bank of the P^ather and took up his residence at Hock farm, where, in the midst of his family, recently arrived from England, he led a quiet life. Later he went to Washington to press his claims upon the government for the losses sustained by him from the immigrants in the early days. During 1873 he removed to Lititz, Pa., and June 18, 1880, he died at Washington, D. C, after having devoted his last years to endeavoring to obtain from congress redress for his wrongs. It is to the honor of California that in 1864 a bill was introduced in^the state senate by Hon. J. P. Buckley and became a law, appropriating $15,000 to be paid in installments of $250 per month, for the benefit of Sutter and his heirs. In 1870 another bill by Hon. W. E. Eichelrotli was passed, providing $250 a month for two years, and in 1872 a similar bill by Hon. B. C. Northrup. Thus the state he founded, more grateful than the country to which he was instrumental in giving an empire whose gold saved the Union in the Civil War, made the latter days of the noble-hearted old man com- fortable. CHAPTER V THE FORT RESTORED As time rolled on after General Sutter removed to his farm, and afterwards to the east, the decay of tlie old fort set in. Wind and storm did their work. The adobe bricks became loosened, and the tiles of the roof became broken and loosened. The property had passed into other hands and was used for other purposes than had been originally intended. The two blocks on which the fort stood had been cut up into lots by John A. Sutter, Jr., and sold to different parties, but had finally all come into the ownership of Benjamin Mer- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 35 rill, who was residing in the east. Like many non-residents, he took no care of the property and allowed it to deteriorate. Some enter- prising individual stuck a long hop pole, bearing an old red flannel shirt, through the roof like a flag pole. The underpinning became dilapidated and the venerable ruin was used as a chicken house and hog pen. The walls cracked open, and it was evident that the days of the historic relic would soon be ended by its collapse. Many citizens regretted its passing, but as usual nothing was done to preserve it. Finally the board of city trustees decided to open Twenty- seventh street from K to L. The street would run through the old fort and necessitate its destruction. Still the community was apathetic and the historic building seemed doomed. But Sacramento contained one patriotic citizen who was determined to avert this disgrace, if possible. Gen. James G. Martine, whose brain was always filled with ideas for promoting the progress and prosperity of the city, took immediate action. As a result the following open letter was published, June 4, 1889, in the Rccord-Uniuu, and later in the press of the coast, and also in many newspapers in the east, where it would come to the notice of pioneers : "To the Pioneers of the Pacific Coast, Gentlemen: In the year '49, and even before that date, you left home, friends and all that was dear to you, and journeyed to the shores of the broad Pacific in search of fame and fortune. After many months of toil and hardship you finally reached her golden shores, both tired and hungry. Who was the first to reach you a helping hand and say to you : ' Come, my sons, you are strangers in a strange land, and while you are here make my house your home, and what is in it is yours'? Pioneers, do you re- member how grateful you felt tlien for the shelter given you by Sut- ter's fort? Well, gentlemen, that was nearly forty years ago, and the old fort is still in the same place, but in a most wretched condition, and while most of your noble band have been blessed with good health, wealth and happiness, this old friend has fared badly. It is now old and can hardly stand, and unless you come to the rescue it will soon fall by the wayside. Pioneers, there are many of you on the Pacific Coast, and a few dollars from each of you would buy the ground and fix u]) the old Sutter's fort as it was in the old days of '49. Once re- ]>aired, it would be a lasting monument to you all long after you have crossed the silent river. I am not rich by any means, but if the Pio- neers or Native Sons do not take this worthy object in hand at once, I suggest that a subscription be raised among the citizens of Sacra- mento to purchase the ground and repair the old fort. I will sub- scribe fifty dollars towards it. Sacramento has but few historic relics left, and it would be a burning shame to have Sutter's fort torn down. The city authorities have already announced their intention of pulling it down unless something is done with it, and there is no time to lose." (Signed) J. G. MARTINE. 36 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY The aj)peal coiiniianded attention and responses came from in- dividnals tlironi^liont the state, commending Mr. Martine's pro])osal, and makini>" donations toward carrying it out. Mr. Martine ol)tained a snbscription from Col. C. F. Crocker of $15,000 on behalf of himself and family, and $500 from Mrs. Leland Stanford, the governor stating later that he would make up any existing deficiency. The Native Sons took np the matter, and Mr. Merrill finally set a price of $20,000 on the property, subscribing $2,000 of the amount himself. It was found, when the first payment was made, September 12, 1889, that John Rider and the city of Sacramento owned an interest in a part of the fort, but the title was cleared and the jmrchase made, the Native Sons' canvassing committee and others having secured the necessary funds. The ]iro])erty was deeded to the Native Sons and by them to the state. In 1891 tlie legislature passed a bill appropriating $20,000 for the restoration of the fort, and it is worthy of remembrance that in the assembly Beecher and Phillips, l)oth members of the order of Native Sons, voted against it, the latter moving to cut down the ap- ]iropriation to $10,000. The governor appointed as the first board of trustees to manage the property, which had been conveyed to the state: C. E. Grrunsky, of San Francisco; E. E. Gaddis, Woodland; Frank D. Ryan, Sacramento; Charles E. HoUister, Courtland, and Eugene J. Gregory, Sacramento, all natives of California. Consider- able feeling was engendered among the Pioneers, who had worked and contributed to the purchase of the fort, that no member of their so- ciety had been appointed on the board. The first adobe In-ick for the restoration of the fort was laid Sep- tember 21, 1891, the bricks being made from the soil on which the fort stands, mixed witli straw, and of the same material which Sutter used in its construction. The same cannon which guarded the fort after its completion are to be seen on the grounds today, as well as the heav\ cannon which General Sutter purchased from the Russians with Fort Ross, one of which was presented to John Stuber in 1855 by General Sutter, and which for many years guarded the entrance of Pioneers' Hall on Seventh street. The original adobe bricks were made by the Digger Indians, who used their hands for molding them, and their finger marks were to be seen when they were again used. One of them was dislodged from the wall during the restoration, and was found to be the corner-stone, on which was chiseled signs of the ''Indian Masonic" order which was known to exist among the tribes. The tiles used in the restoration were of ancient Spanish manufac- ture, such as were used in the early days. The fort as restored is constructed with double adobe bricks, covered with concrete ]il aster to preserve them from the ravages of the weather. Some years later the Native Daughters of the local parlors planted trees and flowers on the grounds, and within the past three HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 37 years the state has hiid out a park, made a small lake and beautified the grounds, which are under the care of a gardener. Within the court inside of the fort are found a numl)er of relics of the early days: an old Wells-Fargo coach with the marks of Indian bullets on it, an ohl prairie schooner that came across the plains, an old Mexican cart witli solid wooden wheels sawed from the trunk of a tree, and other things. There is also a museum containing many old-time relics. The rooms of the old fort have been restored as nearly as possible to their original status by the trustees of the fort, after consultation with Gen. John Bidwell, who was General Sutter's financial agent, and Charles Stevens of San Francisco, who was Sutter's bookkeeper in 1847 and 1848. CHAPTER VI THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD We generally speak of the discovery of gold in California as having l)een made by James Marshall at Coloma, in January, 1848, and while this is true in a practical sense, resulting in the stampede that brought adventurers from all over the world to this state, there is no doubt that the existence of gold had been known many years before. The first mention of gold in California is found in Hakluyt's ac- count of the voyage of Sir Francis Drake, who spent five or six weeks in June and July, 1579, in some bay on the coast of California, the locality of which has never been settled as to whether it was San Francisco Bay or one of those farther north. Hakluyt wrote : "There is no part of the earth here to be taken up wherein there is not a reasonable amount of gold or silver." As neither gold or silver has ever been found in the vicinity of the point where Drake landed, Hakluyt's story must be classed with other tales of the early ex- plorers and as mere conjecture regarding an unknown land. However, other early explorers stated that gold had been found long before the discovery by Marshall and there is no doubt that the opinion existed that gold was to be found in California. The country had been explored by Spanish, Russian and American parties since the sixteenth century and was visited by Commodore Wilkes while on an exploring expedition in the service of the United States. Mem- bers of his party ascended the Sacramento river and visited Sutter at his fort, while others made explorations by land. James D. Dana, the author of several well-known works on geology and mineralogy, was the mineralogist of the expedition and journeyed by land through the upper part of the state. He says in one of his works that gold rock and veins of quartz were observed by him in 1842 near the Um]Kiua river, in southern Oregon; also, that he found gold in the Sierra Ne- vadas and on the Sacramento river, also on the San Joaquin river and 38 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY between these rivers. In the report of the Fremont exploring expe- dition also, there is an intimation of the existence of gold. A state- ment has been made also tliat a Mexican was shot at Yerba Bnena (now San Francisco) in October or November, 1845, on account of ha\ing a bag of gold dust, and that when dying he pointed toward the north and said, "Legos! Legos!" (yonder), indicating where he had found it. Coming nearer liome, into our own county, we find a claim that is l)acked by strong iirobability that the Mormons who came to San Francisco on the ship Brooklyn, and settled at Mormon Island, found gold before Marshall did. It was a series of circumstances that brought them to this coast. Persecuted in the east, where Joseph Smith, their founder, claimed to have found the plates that he trans- lated into the "Book of Mormon," generally spoken of as the Mormon bible, his followers had settled at Nauvoo, 111., where they believed they would be free from further persecution. But the people who had settled around them became antagonistic to them and in the riots that occurred. Smith was shot and killed by a mob. They then determined to remove beyond the jurisdiction of the United States and selected California as their future place of abode. They divided into two parts, the land expedition starting to cross the Rocky mountains, while the other party came around the Horn on the ship Brooklyn. Among the believers in their faith was Samuel Brannan, one of their leading men, who afterwards became prominent in the early history of Sac- ramento and San Francisco. When the Brooklyn arrived, the Mormons found that their hopes were frustrated, (California having passed into the possession of the United States. Couriers were sent over land to meet the other party, and found them at the place where Salt Lake City now is located. They determined to stay there, although the country was sterile and unpromising. Those who came on the Brooklyn scattered through the state, some of them settling above Folsom at the place now known as Mormon Island. It is claimed that they had found gold long before it was found at Coloma, Init had kept it a secret. Certain it is, that mining was carried on by them about the time of Marshall's discovery, and that the digiiings at Morn^on Island were very profitable. On January 18, 1878, the Associated Pioneers of the tei-ritorial days of California gave a banquet in New York city, at which Col. T. B. Thorpe, a veteran of the Mexican war who had been on General Taylor's staff, was present. He stated that while he was employed as a journalist in New Orleans several years before the discovery of gold at C^oloma, a Swede, evidently far gone into con- sum])tion, called on him and stated that he was what was called in Sweden a "King's Orphan;" that he had been educated at an institu- tion maintained by the government, on condition that after he had received his education he would travel in foreign countries, ol)serve HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 39 and record what lie had seen and transmit his records to the govern- ment. He further stated that he had visited California and remained several days at Sutter's .Fort, enjoying Sutter's hospitality; that while there he had closely examined the surrounding country and be- came convinced that it was rich in gold. General Sutter was present at that banquet and Colonel Thorpe asked him if he had any recollec- tion of the Swedish visitor. General Sutter replied that he did recol- lect the visit, which occurred about thirty-fOur years before, and that he also remembered that the Swede spoke regarding the presence of mineral wealth in the neighboring hills, "but," added the General, "I was too much occupied at the time with other concerns to devote any time or attention to it. My crops were ripe, and it was impera- tive that they should he gathered as soon as possible, but I do recollect the scientific Swedish gentleman." The report of the remarks at the banquet was published, and in it is contained a copy of the manuscript to which Colonel Thorj^je referred, in which the "King's orphan" wrote: "The Calif ornias are rich in minerals. Gold, silver, lead, oxide of iron, manganese and copper ore are all met with throughout the country, the precious metals being the most abundant." Still another account of an early discovery of gold was pub- lished in September, 1865, in the New Age, in San Francisco, the official organ of the Odd Fellows. It purports to have been an article written by the Paris correspondent of the London Star. He wrote that while in Paris he visited a private museum, the owner of which exhibited to him a gold nugget and stated that twenty-eight years 1)efore a poor invalid had called on him, and taking out of his tattered coat a- block of quartz, asked him if he would purchase it, assuring him that it was full of gold. He stated that the stranger said: "I have come to you to apply to the government to give me a vessel and a crew of a hundred men, and I will jn-omise to return with a cargo of gold." The proprietor of the museum thought the man was mad, but gave him a napoleon as a matter of charity, retaining, however, a piece of the quartz. Afterwards the (juartz was analyzed and was proved to contain pure gold. After a lapse of fifteen years a letter and a parcel were left at his door. The parcel was heavy and was wrai)ped in a handkerchief and the letter was worn and almost illegible. He deciphered it and it proved to be the poor invalid's dying statement, which the lodging-house keeper, where he died after his interview with the proprietor of the museum, had neglected to deliver. The package contained a block of quartz and the letter read as follows: "You alone listened to me; you alone stretched out a helping hand to me. Alas, it was too late! I am dying. I bequeath my secret to you. The country from which I brought this gold is called California." All these statements being true, the credit for the ]iractical dis- 40 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY covery of gold beiougs to Marshall. While it is true that a gold mine in the lower |)art of the state was worked in 1841, and that gold from that mine liad been sent to P]nladeli)hia for coinage as early as July, 1843, the mine proved unprofitable and was abandoned. The precise date of Marshall's discovery will probably never be set- tled. He was working for General Sutter, in charge of a gang of men erecting a sawmill at the present site of Coloma, Eldorado county. The raceway was dug and the water turned in. As Marshall was examining the race, his attention was attracted by a piece of shining stuff and he picked it up and took it to the house, where it was lioiled in lye, and thought to be gold. He took it with other particles down to Sutter, where it was submitted to crude tests and declared to be gold. Afterward specimens were sent to Monterey and exhibited to General Mason, the military governor, and W. T. Sherman, after- wards one of the most famous generals of the Civil war. It was proved to be gold and the news went forth to the world that caused immigration to pour into California from every clime. James W. Marshall was born in Hope township, Hunterdon county, N. J., October 8, 1810. When he reached manhood he removed to Indiana and afterward to Illinois and Missouri. He arrived in California in 1844 and came to Sutter's Fort in 1845 and was em- ployed by Captain Sutter. He took an active part in the revolution of 1846. In consideration of his discovery of gold the legislature allowed him a pension for some years before his death. He settled on a small piece of land at Coloma, near where he discovered the gold, and partly supported himself by farming. On the 10th of August, 1885, he was found dead in his cabin and was buried near the spot where gold was first found by him. Marshall never married. After his death the state erected a fine monument to him, a statue in the early miner's garb, with his finger pointing to the place where the old millrace stood in which his discovery was made. The late John H. Miller, for many years a well known journalist of this city, was appointed the first guardian of the monument, which office he held for a number of years. The discovery of gold gave a great impetus to the growth of Sacramento City when the influx of gold-seekers commenced, making it the point of departure for the mines as well as the depot for supplies. A part of the latter business it lost when the Folsom and Placerville Railroad was built, but its progress was only delayed, as it still continued to be the sup|)ly point for distribution to a vast territory, including a large portion of Nevada. Seldom now are the jingling bells of the mule team heard on its streets and the '^ prairie schooner" laden with freight has become a very rare sight on its streets, Folsom being on the American river and having proved to be surrounded by rich placers, grew quickly to an important town, polling at one time in the early days over two thousand votes. Of NEW COURT HOUSE NEW (MTY IIAEL HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 41 late years the gold dredge lias taken the place of hydraulic mining, since the latter was prohibited, and large areas of the rich lands along the American river have been turned into unsightly piles of cobble stones, and the gold extracted from it. Even the great Natoma vineyard, at one time the largest in the world, has been invaded by the machines and is being rapidly destroyed and left desolate, and Ijractically wiped off the' assessor's map. The village of Dredge has grown up, the home of the company's employes, and the cobble piles are of late l)eing crushed for road material. There are other accounts of gold discovery. Joseph Aram of New York, and Sarah A. Aram of Vermont, his wife, were mem- bers of a party of immigrants to California which, in September, 1846, ])itched tlieir cami) near the mouth of a little stream emptying into the south fork of the Yuba river where it was crossed by the old overland trail, near where the boundary line between Placer and Nevada counties has been established. It is related that Mrs. Aram desired to wash some articles of apparel and in scooping out an improvised washtub in the bed of the brook noticed several little yellow pieces in the tine gravel. They were examined by the members of the party and pronounced to be gold. On the same day, however, news of the declaration of war against Mexico by the United States reached the party, and they made all possible haste in pushing on to gain the shelter of Sutter's Fort instead of stopping to make any further investigation of their discovery. In the " smmner of 1848, after Marshall's discovery had l)een published, Mr. Aram returned to his old camping ground only to find the ground already occupied by miners. Mr. Aram was a member of the first constitutional convention, 1849, and a member of the assembly at the first session of the legislature. He died at San Jose, March 30, 1898. His son, Eugene Aram, born at Monterey, January 14, 1848, it is claimed was the first white child born in California of American parents, and was a state senator from Sutter, Yolo and Yuba counties during the thirty-first and thirty-third legislative sessions. For some years he has been a practicing attorney in this city. CHAPTER VII CITY AND COUNTY ELECTIONS The first election under the city charter and in the county was held April 1, 1850, there being three tickets in the field. Canvassing had been going on for several weeks, both in the city and through the county, and an immense number of tickets and handbills had been circulated. The polls remained open until late in the evening; there were lively times around the ballot boxes and plenty of whiskey was drunk, l)ut there was no rioting. The whole number of votes polled for Mayor was two thousand 42 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY four hundred and niuety-tliree, and Hardin Biglow, the people's candidate, had a majority over all the others of three hundred and twenty-three. Following is a list of the city and county officers elected, with the number of votes received by each : Mayor, Hardin Biglow, 1521 ; city recorder, B. F. AVashington, 885; city marshal, N. C. Cunningham, 1323; city attorney, J. Neely Johnson, 1()S)7; city assessor, eJ. W. Woodland, 792; city treasurer. Barton Lee, 2310 ; Councilmen : C. A. Tweed, 1629 ; V. Spalding, 1621 ; Demas Strong, 1420; T. McDowell, 1462; J. McKinzie, 1182; C. H. Miller, 887; J. R. Hardenbergh, 862; Jesse Moore, 869 ; A. P. Petit, 804; county treasurer, William Glaskin, 1104; district attorney, William C. Wallace, 2011 ; county attorney, J. H. McKune, 2021 ; county jndge, E. J. Willis, 1818; county clerk, Presley Dunlap, 1567; county recorder, L. A. Birdsall, 714; county sheriff, J. H. McKinney, 619; county sur- veyor, J. G. Cleal, 1152; county assessor, D. W. Thorp, 1224; county coroner, P. F. Ewer, 569 ; clerk supreme court, E. H. Thorp, 1313. On the morning of April 4th, a meeting of the council-elect was held at the courthouse and on motion of Jesse Moore, C. A. Tweed was called to the chair, as president pro tem. On motion of Volney Spalding, Charles H. Miller was requested to act as secretary pro tem. The council proceeded to the election of a president and Demas Strong was declared elected. A committee was also a])])ointed to wait u]3on the mayor-elect, Hon. Hardin Biglow, and inform him that the council was duly organized and ready to receive any com- munication he might desire to make. He appeared before the council and delivered a short and pertinent address, and the council adjourned. It met the next morning pursuant to adjournment and a message from the mayor was read, accepted and referred to the select conuuittee. The regular meetings of the board were ordered to be held on each Tuesday evening at the courthouse. Mayor Biglow in his message urged the immediate raising of a levee to protect the city from future inundations, suggesting the building of a cheap railway track along the bank of the river, so that material for the levee could be hauled from a distance and the natural bank of the river be left undisturbed; that an election be called to vote the necessary amount as estimated by the city engineer for the levee; that the three small lakes be included in the limits of the city and the whole of the ])resent corporation be included within the levee, and levee regulations be adopted, similar to those at New Orleans. Other recommendations were relative to the storing of powder, establishment of fire com])anies, a city hosi^ital, a city prison and provision for the removal of garbage. Also that every aid pos- sible be given to public schools. The election of Mayor Biglow is attributed by Dr. Morse in his interesting historical article published in Colville's Directory in 1853-4, to his foresight and energy in saving the city from a second HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 43 flood in March, 1850. Fears liad been ex])ressed that the city ini.^lit he again inundated, l)nt there seemed to he an aversion to raising a levee for protection and the idea was unpopular. Says Mr. Morse: "In the month of March following, heavy rains occurred, which with the action of the sun upon the snowy summits, caused another flood. The rivers rose with great rai)idity, the sloughs filled u]) to over- flowing, and the city must have been nearly as severely flooded as in January, but for the masterly and herculean efforts of one Hai'din Biglow, This man had declared from the first the practicability of defending the city by a levee. Having thus connnitted himself to the proposition, he was determined to demonstrate his theory in this second flood. With the moiety of means and handful of men, he commenced dannning up the intruding waters at every low point, and finally extended his temporary levee almost to its present limits. Night and day he was in his saddle, going from one ])oint to another, and stimulating his men to an almost superhuman action. For a few days this man met tide and torrent, mud and darkness, and croaking discouragement that few men in the world would have endured, and to the utter astonishment of all, he saved the town from a severe inundation. J, Front, Second, I and a |)ortion of K streets, he ke]it open for the uninterru})ted transaction of business. As a natural consequence everybody praised him, and on the first Monday of April succeeding, at an election pursuant to the new legislative charter, adopted February 27, 1850, he was elected by a most cordial vote as the chief magistrate of this city. In a few weeks after the abatement of the waters of the second inundation everything seemed almost transformed into business and money making. The council busied itself with the subject of a levee and surveys were made, the tents gave way to large and commodious buildings, built of good material and embellished with ornamental architecture. Business began to be reduced to a system, and developed some of the most substantial mercantile houses and manufacturing- firms and some of the strongest banking houses in the country. Disease abated and everything i^ointed to prosperity. The assessor's rej)ort on the value of property — real and ])er- sonal — gave an aggregate of $7,968,985 that summer, an important feature in the light of the pecuniary revulsion that followed. The real estate of the city was assessed at $5,586,000, ])robably $5,000,000 over its real value. Hence, following the financial reaction in the fall of 1850, some of the shrewdest men in the city found themselves embarrassed by immense losses on loans on real estate, which on foreclosure often brought not more than one-fourth to one-eighth of the loans. The three heaviest banks and many of the prominent merchants were swept suddenly into bankrui)tcy in the fall and a general prostration of business was the result. The city had survived the struggle with Sutterville, the distress and poverty of immigration 44 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY in 1849, tlie floods of ISf)!) and now, in the midst of this iinancial storm, a new calamity Ix'fcll lier — the Squatter riot of August 15, 1850. February 27, 1850, tlie first legislature i)assed an act to incor- porate Sacramento City, and defined its boundaries as follows : "All that tract of land lying within the following boundaries: Beginning at the junction of the American Fork and the Sacramento river to Y street, as designated on the map or plan of Sacramento City on file in the recorder's office in said city; thence along said Y street east to the i^oint where said Y street intersects Thirty-first street as designated on said map; thence along the said Thirty-first street till the same intersects the American Fork; thence along the American Fork to the place of beginning, the said boundaries extend- ing to the middle of Sacramento river and American Fork." The act further provided that there should be a mayor, a recorder, and a council of nine members for the government of the city, and that one of the members of the council should be elected president. It ])]'ovided further that on the thirtieth day after the i)assage of the act a city election should be held for the election of the first officers, to wit : A mayor, recorder, nine councilmen, city marshal, city attorney, assessor and treasurer. After the first election the officers mentioned were to be elected on the first Monday in May in each year, and in case of a vacancy a spepal election should be ordered by the council to fill the same. The mayor was clothed with complete executive power. The recorder performed the dnties now imposed on the police judge, and the marshal those belonging now to the chief of police and the collector. The common council was empowered to create the offices of city collector, harbor-master, and such other offices as might become necessary. An amendatory act was passed by the same legislature, March 13, 1850, providing that, on the first Monday of Aj)ril following, a city election should be held to fill the offices created ])y the charter, making it fall on the same day as the first county election. The officers chosen at that election were to hold office till the first Monday of May, 1851. This amendment affected the first election only. A])ril 10, 1850, an act was ])assed providing for the appointment by the governor of a port warden for the port of Sacramento. The second legislature passed a new charter for Sacramento City, and it became a law March 26, 1851, by operation of time, and without the approval of the governor. Governor McDougal said con- cei-ning it: "The within bill is regarded as oppressive and extraor- dinar\ iii many of its features, but not regarding it as infringing on any parti(^ular principle of the constitution, jind as it is the act of the i-ei)resentatives of Sacramento, county, and i)resuming it to be tlie wish of the ]K^ople of Sacramento City, 1 ])ermit it to become a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 45 law, by the operation of time, without approving it, or returning it to the body in which it originated." The act in question provided that the then existing government should continue in office until the election of the officers provided for by the new charter. The council was to divide the cit.v into three wards, from each of which three councilmen were to be elected. Vacancies were to be filled by special election, unless one should occur within sixty days of a regular annual election, when it was to be filled by the council. The first election under the act was to take place on the first Monday of May following, for officers to hold office until the first Monday of April, 1852. All city elections after that were to be held on the first Monday of April in each year. The fixing of salaries was left to the council, but they were not permitted to fix the salary of any officer at over $3,000, except the mayor or recorder, the limit of whose salary was fixed at $5,000. The legislature enacted a law April 26, 1853, providing for a special tax of one-fourth of one per cent., for the support of the free common schools, to be expended under the direction of a board of trustees, consisting of one from each ward, to be annually appointed by the council. March 31, 1855, a law was enacted striking the harbor-master from the list of the elective officers. It fixed the salaries as follows : Mayor, $2,000; recorder, $4,000; marshal, $3,000; deputy city marshal, $1,500; city attorney, $2,000; treasurer, $1,500; superintendent of the water works, $2,000; assessor, $1,500; recorder's clerk, $1,500; each policeman, $125 per month. In case of death, sickness or leave of absence of the recorder, the mayor was to attend to the duties of that office also. It was further provided that at the next subsequent election there should be chosen a superintendent of common schools and two school commissioners from each ward, who, with the super- intendent of schools, should constitute the school board. April 2, 1856, the legislature enacted an act to regulate the fire department. It provided for the election of officers and the res>ulation of the de])artment in general. CONSOLTDATIOiSr On April 24. 1858, a law was passed which consolidated the government of the city and county and gave to the board of super- visors the authority which had heretofore rested in the county council. On the first Monday of May following, five supervisors were to be elected, to hold office until October 5, 1858. There was also to be elected at the same time a president of the board, to continue in office until the general election of 1859, the term of office thereaftei" to be two years. After the first Monday of October, 1858, the board was to consist of a president and eight members, and the meml)ers 46 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY were to be elected at the general election in tliat year, four to hold office for two years, and four for one year. After the first election the term was to be two years. At the general election in 1859, and every two years thereafter, there were to be elected the other officers, who were to perform their duties for both city and county. The president of tlie board was to be ex-officio mayor of the city, and superintendent of the streets and the water-works. Tlie then county officers were required to ])erform such city duties as miglit be allotted to them by the board, and the board was given power to create and fill by appointment the minor city offices. Some changes were also made in the fire and scliool departments. The consolidation act was repealed April 23, 18()o, and a new charter adopted. It provided that the government of the city should be vested in a board of trustees, to consist of three. The first trustee was to be ex-oficio mayor ; the second, street commissioner, and the third, superintendent of the water-works. There would also be an auditor, an assessor, a collector, a police judge, and such other officers as might be appointed by the board. The trustees' term of office was fixed at three years, and that of the other officers at two. It was further ])rovided that on the tenth day after the passage of the act a city election should be held, at which the offices above desig- nated should be filled, and that annually thereafter, on the second Tuesday in March, city elections should be held. At the election in 1864, a third trustee should be elected; in 1865, a second trustee, assessor, auditor, collector, and judge, and in 1866, a first trustee, each to liold for the time indicated. Any vacancy in the board was to be filled by a s])ecial election, and a vacancy in any otlier office was to be filled by appointment by board. Provision was also made for the school and fire departments. A slight change was made in the boundaries of the city, and a change in the time of electing officers other than members of the board during the life of this charter. In 1872 a bill was enacted creating a paid fire department, another to provide a new system of water- works, and a third for the reorganization of the police force. As has been stated elsewhere, Hardin Biglow was elected the first mayor of Sacramento. He was badly wounded in the Squatter riot, and before he had recovered, was seized with cliolera and died in San Francisco, Novemlier 27, 1850, at the age of forty-one. Born in Michigan, he was a man of great courage and fine executive ability. After his death the president of the council acted as mayor. A special election was held December 14, 1850, for the ]niri)Ose of choosing a mayor. Although there was no excitement in the morning, later it became intense, in spite of a heavy rainfall. Bands of music paraded and both parties struggled hard to elect their candidates. Horace Smith (Whig) was elected by a vote of 9X->. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 47 Other votes were: J. R. Hardenbergh (Democrat), 865; James Mc- Clatchy, 183; Wesley Merritt, 25; and Joseph Grant, 19. The last three were independents. May 5, 1851, J. R. Hardenbergh (Democrat) seciired 1264 votes for mayor, against 1224 for Joseph H. Nevett (Whig). A great conflagration in San Francisco on the dav of election destroyed $7,000,000 worth of property, and the reception of the news rather dampened the ardor of the voters. April 5, 1852, C. I. Hutchinson (Whig) defeated Hardenbergh his vote being 1450 to 1234. It was a particularlv exciting election mass meetings being held at different points in the citv, and it was a campaign of nuid-throwing. Hardenbergh turned the tables, however, April 4, 1853, defeating W. H. McGrew, his Whig opponent, by a vote of 2046 to 1382. Dr. Volney Spalding had been nominated by the Whig convention March 28, but he declined, and on the 30th McGrew received the nomination. April 3, 1854, R. P. Johnson (Whig) was elected bv a vote of 1798 to 1693 over his opponent. Col. John P. Hall (Dem.). April 2, 1855, James L. English (American) defeated Hiram Arents (Anti- American) l)y a vote of 1523 to 504, R. P Johnson (Whig) getting 78 votes. The latter had published a card of with- drawal a few days before the election. April 7, 1856, B. B. Redding (Dem.) was elected mavor over L. B. Harris (American) by a vote of 1743 to 1654. April 6, 1857, J. P. Dyer (Dem.) defeated Dr. R. B. Ellis (People's Independent) by a vote of 1955 to 788. George Rowland (Rep.) received 501 votes. Dyer held office until under the consoli- dation act he was succeeded by the president of the board of supervisors. May 3, 1858, Dr. H. L. Nichols (People's Independent) was elected president of the board of supervisors, defeating J L Craig (Dem.) by 3584 to 1877. September 7, 1859, William Shattuck (Lecompton Dem.) was elected president by a vote of 3233 to 2802, over B. B. Redding (Dem.), and 5 for George Rowland (Rep.). Sei^tember 4, 1861, Shattuck was re-elected on the Douglas Dem- ocratic and Settlers' ticket over C. H. Grimm (Republican) V a vote of 3633 to 3258, E. P. Figg (Breckenridge Dem.) getting 14 votes. After the repeal of the Consolidation Act mavors were elected under the charter adopted at that time, as follows : May 5, 1863, Charles H. Swift (Union) over William Shattuck (Dem.) ])y a vote of 1640 to 742. March 13, 1866, Charles H. Swift (Union) over William F. Knox (Dem.) 1321 to 915. March 9, 1869, Charles F. Swift (Rep.) by a vote of 1232 to 749 48 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY over Archibald Henley (Tnd.) and 71 for P. H. Rnssell, (Dem.). The latter withdrew on the niornini^: of election in favor of Henley. March ^'2, 1872, Christopher Green (Rep.) over John Q. Brown (Dem.) by a vote of 1629 to 1245. March 9, 1875, Christopher Green over John Q. Brown (Dem. and Ind.) by a vote of 1815 to 1271. March 12, 1878, Jabez Tnrner (Workingman) by a vote of 1203 to 1063 for James I. Felter (Rep.), 1056 for Hn,<>h M. La Rue (Dem.) and 726 for Ezra Pearson (Workingman"). March 8, 1881, John Q. Brown (Dem.) over Christopher Green (Rep.) by a vote of 1925 to 170^. March 11, 1884, John Q. Brown over Joseph Steffens (Rep.) by a vote of 1912 to 1875. Dr. A. B. Nixon (Prohibition) received 344 votes. March 8, 1887, Eugene J. Gregory (Rep.) over John Q. Brown (Dem.) by a vote of 3202 to 1283; and 39 for F. H. L. Weber (Pro- hibition). March 17, 1890, W. D. Comstock (Dem.) over Eugene J. Gregory, (Rep.) by a vote of 2415 to 2374. March 14, 1893, B. U. Steinman (Rep.) over John Weil (Citizens and Dem.) by a vote of 2505 to 2328, and 279 for C. M. Harrison (Rep., Dem. and People's). The new charter went into effect in 1893 and on the 7th of Novem- ber of that year B. U. Steinman (Reorganized Dem.) defeated W. F. Knox (Rep., Dem. and Citizens') by. a vote of 3203 to 2052, with Dittmar (People's) 250. November 5, 1895, the vote ^vas: C. H. Hubbard (Citizens') 2526; J. W. Wilson (Rep.) 2280; B. U. Steinman, (Ind.) 1487; and W. D. Lawton (Dem.) 209. November 2, 1897, William Land (Rep.) 3190; C. H. Hubbard (Citizens') 2106; R. D. Stephens, (Ind.) 801; C. E. Leonard, (Dem.) 145. November 7, 1899, George H. Clark (Re]).), 4012; R. D. Stephens, (Dem.) 2193. November 5, 1901, George H. Clark (Ind.) 3018; William Land (Rep.) 1755; J. H. Devine, (Dem.) 879; Llewellyn Tozer (Ind.) 315; Mr. Alderman (Soc.) 181. November 3, 1903, W. J. Hassett (Dem.) 3076; Albert Elkus (Rep.) 2522; W. J. McDowell (Soc.) 263; D. J. Simmons (Ind.) 14. November 7, 1905, M. R. Beard (Dem.) 2435; Albert Elkus (Rep.) 2200; Henry E. AVright, (Soc.) 781; E. I. Woodman (Tnd.) 145. November 5, 1907, C^linton L. White (Rep.) 2835; M. R. Beard (Dem.) 2702. November 2, 1909, M. R. Beard (Dem.) 3522; John E. Sullivan (Rep.) 2965; H. E. Wright (Soc.) 163. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 49 November 7, 1911, M. R. Beard (Dem.) 3966; Allen W. Stuart (Soc.) 2649; Frank B. Sntliff (Rep.) 2367. In 1911 the new charter was adopted for a commission for city government with five commissioners, as follows: M. J. Burke, five years; J. A. Filcher, four years; C. A. Bliss, three years; Dr. E. M. Wilder, two years; and Mrs. Luella B. Johnston, one year. CHAPTER VIII THE SQUATTER RIOT Many of the immigrants arriving in 1849 were imbued with the idea that Sutter possessed no valid title to the land where the city stands, as his title was founded on the grant by Governor Alvarado, and the United States had subsequently conquered and taken posses- sion of the state. They considered the ground public land and subject to settlement. Moreover, they claimed the boundaries of Sutter's grant, as defined, did not cover the site of the city, but ended some distance above it. Also that it could not embrace the site of the city, as by its stipulations it should not be subject to annual inundations, and tliat by improving Hock Farm he had overstei)ped the boundaries of his possession under the grant either to the north or the south; his engineer's lines, when correctly drawn, placed his southern bound- ary considerably above the city. These claims were not accorded much attention liy those who had purchased from Sutter. But when tlie immigrants across the plains arrived a few months later, things took on a different appearance. Weary with the long journey, and many of them without money or homes, the idea that they could own the land by simply taking possession of it was an alluring one and the ranks of the "Squatters", as they were called, increased rapidly. Lots were staked off in various parts of the city and those taking possession boldly declared the squatter title was superior to that from Sutter. An association was formed, and the first meeti'ng was called by John H. Keyser, and held at the house of a man named Kelley, on Front street, above J. A number of meetings were held there prior to the flood of the ensuing winter. At first the members of the association were mostly ignorant and uneducated men, but later men of tact and talent succeeded them and their addresses began to be viewed with anxiety by those holding Sutter titles. Their speeches were incendiary and in May a talented engineer, Col. John Plumbe, joined them and became their surveyor and recorder. After the floods of January and March, their organization was made more thorough and a feeling of hostility grew up between them and the holders of Sutter titles. The members of the association began to demonstrate 50 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY their views by taking possession of lots in various parts ol' the city. Contests ensued and removals were made from time to time. May 10, 1850, John P. Rodgers and Dewitt J. Burnett began action in the Recorders Court against James J. Madden, B. F. Wash- ington jjresiding. The lot settled upon and claimed by Madden was on the Southeast corner of Second and N streets. The defendant claimed that the land was owned by the United States, and therefore subject to a title by settlement and improvement. The case was argued and the recorder decided against defendant, fining him $300 and costs, and ordering restitution. The defendant appealed to the county court, but Judge Willis sustained the lower court. The defendant asked to appeal to the supreme court, but there being no law then to sustain the appeal, the motion was denied. Both parties grew excited during the trial, and the Squatters as a body declared against the restitution of the property pursuant to the judgment of the courts. After the decision the Squatters issued a ])()ster, chiiming that tlie laws passed by the Legislature were not recognized by congress and not binding and that the settlers would resist and disregard all decisions of the courts in land cases and also all summonses or execution by the sheriff or other officers, and resolved to appeal to arms on the first show of violence to their persons or ])roperty by the sheriff. The card caused great excitement and many wlio had hitherto passively approved of the Squatters enlisted against them. On August 11, the Squatters held a meeting on the levee and the proceedings were reported in the Transcript the iiext morning. Dr. Robinson was the chairman and the meeting was much excited, both sides of tlie controversy be- ing heatedly debated. J. H. McKune, who afterward became promi- nent in county affairs, James McClatchy, afterward editor and pro- prietor of the Bee, and others spoke in defense of the Squatters' action, while Samuel Brannan and Col. E. J. C. Kewen defended the Sutter titles. Captain Sutter claimed the land within the city limits by virtue of his grant from the Mexican Government, and through the guarantee of the treaty between the United States and Mexico. His claim was sustained by the settlement at Sutter's Fort, by im- provements made, by occasional occupation and use made of the site of the ctiy and by a map of the survey made for him by an engineer whom he supposed to be a conqietent one, locating him on the land. As the meeting progressed. Dr. Robinson in a speech defending the Squatters' resolutions, said that, as for him, he meant at all hazards to defend the pro])erty he had settled u]ion. Madden retained the ])ossession of the property in litigation for some time, by the defense of the members of the association, and the house itself became a sort of garrison, containing a variety of weapons. In his endeavors to execute the writ of restitution, the sheriff dis- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 51 covered a. iiuniber of persons, whom lie knew, among the party who were resisting his authority. He reported the names of James Mc Clatchy, Charles Robinson and others to the court and warrants for their arrest were issued by Justice Sackett. McClatchy delivered himself up and was confined in jail during the subsequent conflicts. Madden was finally ousted from the house, but recovered possession on August 14. The T'uiics of August 15th gives an account of the fatal riot on tlie })reeeding day us follows: "At two o'clocl: a body of Squatters numbering about fortv |)roceeded to the foot of I street, on the levee, and undertook to re- gain possession of a piece of ground which had lately been in the occupation of one of their party. They were fully armed and a general understanding prevailed that their object included the liber- ation of the two men committed the day before to the prison ship, upon the charge of being concerned in a riotous assemblage on the morning of the 12th, for the purpose of forcibly resisting the process of law. After the displacement of some of the lumber on the ground the })arty of Squatters were deterred from proceeding further in their intent. The mayor had meantime requested all good citizens to aid in suppressing the threatened riot, and very large numbers had gathered about the spot — several citizens also, armed, proceeded to the prison ship, but no demonstration was made in that direction. "The Squatters retreated in martial order, and passed up I street to Third, thence to J and up to Fourth, followed by a crowd of per- sons. They were here met by the mayor, who ordered them to de- liver up their arms and disperse. This they refused to do, and several shots were fired at him, four of which took effect. He fell from his horse, and was carried to his residence dangerously, if not mortally, wounded. J. W. Woodland, who, unarmed, stood near the mayor at the time, received a shot in the groin, which he survived but a few minutes. A man named Jesse Morgan, said to be from Millerville, Ohio, lately arrived, and who was seen to aim at the mayor, next fell dead, from the effects of a ball which passed through his neck. James Harper was very severely, but not dangerously, wounded, in supporting the sheriff. It is difficult to give an exact detail of the terrible incidents which followed in such rapid succession. It appeared from an examination before the coroner, that the party of Squatters drew u}i in regular order, on arriving at the corner of Fourth street, and that the sheriff was several times fired on before he dis]ilayed any weapons. Testimony was also given as to the person who was seen to fire upon Mr. Woodland. The mounted leader of the Squatters, an Irishman by the name of Maloney, had his horse shot under him; he endeavored to escape, but was pursued a short distance u]) the alley and shot through the head, falling dead. Dr. 52 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Robiii.son, one of tlie arined j)ait\ under liis command, was wounded in the lower i)art of the body. Mr. Hale, of the firm of ('rowell Hale & Co., was siii>litly wounded in the leg. A young boy, son of Mr. Rogers, was also wounded. We have heard of several others, but are not assured of the correetness of the reports. Upon the oath of several gentlemen, that they saw Dr. Robinson deliberately aim at the mayor, he was arrested and placed in cf^ifinement. An Irishman named Caulfield, accused of a simila-- act witn regard to both the mayor and Mr. Woodland, was arrested late in the afternoon. "After these terrible scenes, which occupied less time than we have emi)ioyed to describe them, had ])assed, a meeting of the council was lield, tlie i)roceeding8 of which ap])ear in another column. The citizens gathered at the corner of Second and J streets and other places throughout the city, and proceeded to organize parties to prevent further outrage. A body of mounted men under command of the sheriff, hearing the report that the Squatters were reinforcing at the Fort, i)roceeded thither. The lawless mob were nowhere to be found; scouts were dispatched in all directions, but no trace of them could be discovered. Meanwhile several other parties had formed in rank and proceeded to different parts of the city, establishing rendezvoux at different points. Brigadier-General Winn issued a ]iroclamation declaring the city under martial law, and ordering all law abiding citizens to form themseh^es into volunteer companies and report their organization to headquarters as soon as possible. At evening (piiet was fully restored throughout the city. Lieutenant Governor McDougal, who left on the Senator, and expects to meet the Gold Hunter, will bring up this morning a detachment of troops from Benicia. An extraordinary police force of five-hundred was suuir.ioned for duty during the night." The minutes of the council show that B. F. Washington was ai)pointed marshal and Capt. J. Sherwood assistant, to whom all persons desiring to make arrests were requested to a]i])ly for aid and authority. A letter in Dr. Robinson's handwriting was found in his tent after the riot, detailing what he had done and the plans of the Squatters for resisting the law. The next day brought other develoi)ments that saddened the connnunity and were detailed in the Times of the 16th. Sheriff Joseph Mc Kinney was shot down it was said by a man named Allen, who ke]it a hotel at Brighton. Mc Kinney had gone out with a party of about twentv to arrest some parties said to have been concerned in the riots. Mr. McDowell, of Mormon Island, who was well known at the house, was sent to make observations and rei^ort, but the Sheriff did not wait for him to return. He rode up to the door and demanded that Allen and the others should surrender, but they refused and several HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 53 shots were fired immediately, mortally wounding McKinney. Several of the sheriff's party entered the house, where about a dozen Squatters were and killed three of them. Allen, though wounded, escaped, and a number of prisoners were taken to the city. When Governor Burnett heard of the trouble, he telegraphed to Brig.-Gen. A. M. Winn to proceed to Sacramento with his whole force and aid the authorities to maintain order. On the 17th two military companies, composing the Second Brigade, arrived on the Senator and General Winn offered their services to the mayor and council, but was informed that the citizens' organization under Wash- ington was thought to be able to sustain the law. The reports that the Squatters had enlisted the aid of the miners in the hills, who were coming to Sacramento to aid them, were found to be false, and quiet was soon restored. The funerals of Captain Woodland and Sheriff McKinney were attended by almost the whole city and such was the spirit shown by the citizens that Squatterism never reared its head again, although disputes over land titles continued for many years, making costly and annoying litigation for a long time. As Mayor Biglow was severely, and possibly fatally, wounded Demas Strong became the acting mayor for the remainder of his term. B. F. Washington was appointed marshal. The death of Woodland, who was city assessor, was due to his kindness of heart. He was walking up the street with a friend and when near the corner of Fourth and J, the Squatters ranged themselves diagonally across Fourth and J streets, with their guns presented toward the mayor and his party, who were approaching. Woodland saw their threaten- ing attitude and exclaimed to his friend, *'0h! it is too bad for thes men to take such a stand, for they will certain] v be shot down. I will go uj) and advise them." He went forward a few steps to attempt to mediate, when a liall struck him and killed him almost instantly. Ben McCullocli succeeded McKinney as sheriff and afterwards became quite a noted man in the history of the nation. He was born in Tennessee in 1814 and always evinced an inclination for a roving and adventurous life. He went with Davy Crockett to Texas, to take part in the revolution that freed that state from Mexican rule. In 1836 he joined the Texan army under Gen. Sam Houston and was assigned to the artillery service. He served with credit at the battle of San Jacinto and was emj^loyed afterwards on the frontier, in sur- veying and locating lands in Texas. On the breaking out of the Mexican war he raised a company of Texan Rangers that became famous during that struggle. It was accepted by General Taylor and took a prominent ]iart in the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista and assisted in the cai^ture of the city of Mexico. After the war was over President Pierce appointed McCullocli United States marshal of Texas and the present efficient force of Rangers in that state is 54 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY the outcome of his organization. The Rangers of to-day are picked men, noted for their iron nerve, and are the terror of evil doers, penetrating where the otlier officers of the hiw cannot or dare not go to capture criminals. In 1857 McCulloch was appointed, with ex-Governor Powell, a commissioner to Utah. It was believed that at the time of the inaug-uration of Pi-esident Lincoln he was in Washington for the purpose of taking possession of the city at the head of a band of secessionists. If so, the plan was abandoned, on account of the precautions taken by General Scott. Later on, he was commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate army and assigned to the command of the forces in Arkansas. He issued a proclamation in June, 1861, to the people of that state, calling on them to assemble at Fayetteville to defend the state from invasion. He was in command at the battle of Wilson's Creek, where General Lyon was killed, and it is stated that he surrendered tlie command to General Sterling Price, on account of some misunderstanding with him. He led a corps of troops from Louisiana and Texas at the battle of Pea Ridge, and fell on the second day of the engagement, March 7, 1862. Henr}^ A. Caulfield, who was arrested and charged with firing on the mayor and Woodland during the riot, led a stormy career in this city afterward. He was a man of violent temper and often became involved in trouble. Born in Ireland, he came to the United States and in 1844 was a member of the Emmet Guards at Albany, N. Y. During the anti- rent troubles in that state, his company was ordered to Columbia county to assist the authorities in repressing the disorder, the anti- renters having killed an under-sheriff, tarred and feathered other offi- cers and connnitted other outrages. He came to Sacramento in 1849 worked as a carpenter and joiner and became active in Democratic poli- tics. He was arrested by John Cleal between here and Brighton as he was fleeing after the riot, and brought to this city strapped to a horse's back and confined on board the prison brig. With a number of others he was indicted by the next grand jury on a charge of conspiracy and murder. They were never punished, as Governor McDougal had de- clared lie would pardon them if they were convicted, and a nolle prose- qui was subsequently entered in their case. He was afterwards active in the squatter troubles that followed. He settled on a farm on the mound nortli of the American river about 1851 and lived there till the flood of 1852, wlien he sold the place to Patrick Bannon, and removed to a ranch south of the R street levee, out of which arose most of the subsequent troul)les. George Wilson was a justice of the i)eace and associate justice of the court of sessions and had made some remark that gave offense to one of the attorneys. June 19, 1851, the attorney came to the court room and demanded a retraction. Wilson refused and when the attor- HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 55 ney struck at him drew a sword cane and stabbed him. Caulfield was entering the room and fired several shots at Wilson, l)ut did not hit him. Wilson seized Caulfield round the neck and was about to send a bullet through his head when R. P. Jacobs, a policeman, rushed in and saved Caulfield 's life. At another time Caulfield was shot several times by Thomas 0. Shelby over land matters and several of the bul- lets he carried to his grave. On that occasion he was unarmed and the assault was unprovoked. As it was thought he would die, a priest called to see him. ' ' I am told you have been a ver^^ bad man, ' ' said he. 'Mt is a dom lie and you are no doctor. Get out of here," was the reply. At another time, in 1856, he had a quarrel with a man named Mil- ler aliout politics and some mules. It was at Miller's house and he at- tempted to strike him with a flat iron, but Miller broke a cane over his head and was about to throw him out of the window. Miller's wife intervened and Miller let go and Caulfield fell to the ground. Miller sent word to the coroner that he had killed Caulfield, but when the dead wagon arrived the supposed corpse had walked to the county hos- pital. The same year he was stabbed by a man named Frank Nolan on Front street, and wounded so severely that for several days he breathed through the knife wounds in his back. August 15, 1878, he had a dispute with William G. English, over a lot on R street, and shot English, who died a couple of days later. For this murder he was sent to the state's prison for six years. Caulfield was short and heavy set, and had lost an eye in one of his encounters, giving him a truculent appearance; he was much feared by many citizens on account of the ugly scrapes in which he engaged, nearly killing some or being almost killed himself. July 2, 1888, while walking on the R street track near Fourth street, he was struck by the evening train from Folsom, evi- dently not having heard the whistle, and was killed instantly. Dr. Robinson, as will be seen elsewhere, became shortly afterward? a member of the legislature and subsequently governor of Kansas. CHAPTER IX FIRST THINGS The first mail brought to Sacramento came on the scliooner John Dunla]), owned jointly by Simmons, Hutchins & Co., and E. S. Marsh, which left San Francisco on her first trip to Sacramento, May 18, 1849, and brought the first mail on her second trip, June 27, having been forty-eiglit hours on the way. The first directory of Sacramento City was published in 1851, by J. Horace Culver, and a copy of it is in the state library. - It was print- ed by the Transcript press, and has ninety-six pages, with a large quantity of very interesting information. The names of citizens occu- pied less than half the space. 56 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY The first ship ever used in the state of California as a prison brig was the bark Strafford. It was brought here from New York in 1849, and was moored in the Sacramento river opposite the foot of I street. It cost $50,000, but while lying at the foot of street it was sold at auction by J. B. Starr to C. C. Hayden for $3,750. Hayden sold three- quarters of his interest to Charles Morrill, C'aptain Isaac Derby and a Mr. Whitney, and in March, 1850, they rented the vessel to the county for a prison l)rig. Morrill bought out the interests of the oth- ers in May, intending to trade between San Francisco and Panama, and loaded it at the levee so poorly that it nearly capsized when it reached San Francisco bay. The cargo was readjusted and she went to sea, but never came back. Soon afterwards the county purchased the La Grange, of Salem, Mass., and it was moored opposite H street, but when the big freshet of 1861-62 came down, it strained so heavily at its moorings that the seams opened and the water came in so fast that the prisoners were barely saved and conveyed to the city jail, and the bark filled and sank. Since then Sacramento county has had its jail on land. The first house in Sutterville was erected by Sutter, the second by one Hadel, and the third by George Zins, being a brick building, the first of the kind erected in California. Zins afterwards manufactured the bricks in Sacramento from which the first brick buildings in this city were erected. He stamped each brick with his initials. The Crocker Art Gallery Museum and the Museum of the Pioneer Asso- ciation each contain one of them. The first store opened in Sacramento was at Sutter's Fort, by C. C. Smith & Co. (Sam Brannan being the Co.), and the first ex- changes of American goods for California gold were made over its counters, it having lieen started about two months before the opening of the mines. The first projected rival of Sacramento was Sutterville, as else- where related. The second was known as Hoboken, north of the pres- ent town of Brighton, on the south bank of the American. During the flood of 1853, all comnmnication with the mining counties was cut off and some enterprising merchants moved their goods out there on the higli ground and laid out a town with wide streets and a steamboat landing, the American being at that time navigable. In ten days a town sprang \\\), with three steamers making daily trips to Sacramento, and an express office. Many firms removed there and trade flourished, the city newspa]iers devoting a page to Hoboken news. As the flood subsided, however, so did Hoboken, and its site is now occupied by a farm. The city of Boston was laid out on ])aper, at the junction of the Sacramento and American rivers, but never materialized. The first census taken in the state, in 1851, was under the super- intendence of J. Neelv Johnson, afterwards governor of the state. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 57 The census credited Sacramento with 11,000, the state census being 120 000. The Federal census of 1860 credited tlie city with 12,800; of 1870, with 16,283; of 1880, with 21,420; of 1890, with 26,388; of 1900, with 29,282; of 1910, with 44,696. Since that time a phenomenal in- crease has been made, through the rapid development of the Sacra- mento valley, and the annexation of Oak Park and other eastern sub- urbs, and predictions are made that by the next census the population will exceed 100,000. The first vessel ever used to carry press and type into interior California was the Dice me Nana (says my mamma), which brought an old press and type to Sacramento in order to start the Placer Tiiues, in 1849, which was the first paper pulilished in Sacramento.^ The first public reception and banquet ever given in Sacramento was in 1849, to Gen. P. F. Smith, military commander on the coast. Commodore Jones, in command of the navy, Hon. T. Butler King, who had been sent out by the government to reconnoiter the Sacra- mento valley and report on it at Washington, and W. M. Siddons, a pioneer citizen of Sacramento, who accompanied them. They were members of an expedition that accompanied Mr. King on his trip. Lieutenant Stoneman, afterwards governor of this state, was with the expedition but was left in charge of the camp, about five miles from the citv. They were met by General Sutter, Sam Brannan, B. F. Gil- lespie, J. H. Hyer, P. B. Cornwall, Col. J. B. Starr, W. R. Grimshaw, and a large number of other prominent men, and were given a ban- quet by the citizens. General Sutter also received them at the fort and entertained them handsomely. The first grand ball was given on July 4, 1849, in honor of the day, at the City Hotel. The young men were sent out to scour the country and invite all the members of the gentler sex they could find to attend. From among the immigrant parties and others, they mus- tered eighteen females, more or less handsome. Tickets of admission were only thirty-two dollars and champagne flowed freely at a sump- tuous supper. The first railroad built was the Sacramento Valley railroad, from this city to Folsom, in 1855-56. The first man hung in Sacramento was a gaml)ler, Frederick J. Roe, who shot a man named Myers, who tried to stop a fight between Roe and another man. A jury was selected by the iieople, who found Roe guilty and a mob broke open the jail, took him out and hung him. The first steamboat explosion was that of the steamer Fawn, August 18, 1850. The first agricultural association in the state met in this city in the American theatre, October 8, 1852, and a fair was held for a week or two at the same time. The first appearance of cholera in Sacramento was on the 20th 58 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of October, 1850, when an immigrant by steamer was found dying on the levee. The first case of smallpox in this city was in a family named Zumwalt, during the flood of 1850, Daniel Zumwalt, now a resident of Anderson, Shasta County, being the first to suffer an attack of the disease. The first steamboat that ever came up the river to Sacramento was the Little Sitka, in the latter part of November, 1847. She was ]iacked on board a Russian bark from Sitka and was of forty tons burden. She was put together at Yerba Buena island, near San Fran- cisco, and was so "cranky" that the weight of a person on her guards would throw one of her wheels out of service. The first military organization in Sacramento was the Sutter Rifle Corps, June 27," 1852^. Hensley & Reading erected the first frame house in Sacramento, to be used by them as a store. It stood at the corner of Front and I streets, and was built before McDougal removed to Sutterville. The first brick house built in Sacramento, the Pioneer Hotel, was kept for years by Louis Binninger. The first mail for Salt Lake left Sacramento on May 1, 1850. The first fire department was organized in Sacramento February 5, 1850, and was known as Mutual Hook and Ladder Company No. 1. The first street cars in Sacramento were run about 1860, and were used chiefly for hauling sand from the river. The rails were of wood, and the cars ran on H street from Front to Thirteenth. They sometimes carried passengers. The first regular street cars in this city were started in August, 1870, the cars, only two in number, being built by the Kimball Manu- facturing Company of San Francisco. The first electric car, the motive power being a storage battery, was run in 1888, but the power applied in that manner proving too expensive, it was soon temp- porarily suspended and a trolley system, as at present, was later constructed. The first Thanksgiving day ever observed in California was on November 30, 1850. On that day J. A. Benton, pastor of the Congre- gational Church (known as the First Church of Christ), preached the sermon on "California as she was, as she is, and as she is to be." At that time agriculture could hardly be said to be even an ex- periment, but Mr. Benton uttered this remarkable prophesy: "A million of people cannot fail to thrive by cultivating this virgin soil, and in fifty years they will be here to make the demonstration; farm houses will dot thickly every valley; marshes will be redeemed from overflow and wastes will bloom in beauty and yield harvests of joy. The state will not fall behind the chiefest in arts and manufacturing and in commerce. With hundreds of miles of navigable bays and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 59 rivers, with seven hundred miles of sea coast, with earth's broadest ocean at her feet, gemmed with a thousand sea isles, and having the shore of a continent, California is to be the Queen of the Seas, and within the Golden Gates are to be the docks and depots of a steam and electro-magnetic marine, of which all the steam marine that now exists is but the minutest embryo. The iron horse that has drunk the waters of the Mississippi will fly over mountain and plain and river, breathe defiance to yonder beetling cliffs and towering peaks of snow, as he dashes forward through the tunneled depths beneath, and comes through our streets to slake his thirst at the Sacramento." The first school in Sacramento county outside of the city was kept by a Mr. O'Brien, at the house of Martin Murphy, in San Joaquin township. The first ball held in Sacramento county by the white settlers was at Mormon island, in 1849. The first courthouse erected in Sacramento, at Seventh and I streets, was begun in June, 1850, and completed December 24, 1851. The sessions of the legislature of 1852 and 1854 were held in it. It was destroyed in the great fire of July 13, 1854, which consumed a large part of the business portion of the city. Immediately after the fire, a contract was entered into for the erection of the one on the same site which was recently demolished to make room for the new one at present being erected. The cost in toto was $240,000, al- though the original contract was for $100,000. The cornerstone was laid September 27, 1854, with Masonic ceremonies, and the building, which was of brick, was completed January 1, 1855, and was used by the state as a capitol from 1855 until the present capitol was built. It was eighty by one hundred and twenty feet, and sixty feet high, and the style of architecture was Ionic. The portico was supported by ten pillars, three feet six inches in diameter and thirty-three feet six inches in height. In April, 1870, it was raised to the high grade, four hundred jack screws being used for that purpose. Gilbert T. Witham, who lives in Washington, Yolo county, and who conducted the Coleman house on J street in this city in the early days, ran the first hack in Sacramento. It was bought in San Fran- cisco for $3000 cash, and his stand was at the Orleans hotel, on Sec- ond street. In 1855 he entered the employ of Doughty & Co., and for that firm ran the first steam trading and produce boat on the river. He was the first conductor on the first train out of Sacra- mento to Chico, Tehama and Red Bluff. Charles Crocker was on the train, and bossed the job. Mr. Witham saw Governor Stanford turn the first shovelful of dirt on J street for the building of the Central Pacific railroad. The first criminal trial in Sacramento occurred in Sutter's Fort and was a remarkable one. In January, 1849, Charles F. Pickett, 60 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY afterwards known as "Philosopher Pickett," was a merchant in Sut- ter's Fort, ocenpying- apportion of the northeast l)astion, a man named Alderman, from Oreg-on, 0('cn))ying the rest of it. During a dispute about the premises Alderman advanced on Pickett witli an ax up- lifted. The latter was armed with a shotgun, and warned Alderman not to come farther, Pickett having retreated to the wall. As Alder- man continued to advance, Pickett fired and killed him. The cir- cumstances being well known, and the killing clearly in self-defense, no attention would have been paid to it, had not Sam Brannan, who was also a merchant at the fort, stirred up an excitement. He ap- plied to Frank Bates, who held the office of first alcalde, and then to John S. Fowler, second alcalde, for a warrant for Pickett's arrest, and both refused and resigned. The sheriff also resigned. There- upon Brannan called a meeting of the residents of the fort for the ap- pointment of an alcalde. Everyone declined, until it came to Bran- nan, who accepted. The nomination of a prosecuting attorney next went the rounds till it came to Brannan, who acce])ted it also. A. M. Tanner was appointed sheriff and notified Pickett to consider him- self under arrest. The court convened. Captain Sutter, John Sinclair, Capt. W. PL Warner, James PT. Toppens and Tliomas Murray being among the members of the jury. Pickett appeared, accompanied by his attorney, one Payne, also from Oregon. The slieriff was ordered to bring in drinks for the court, jury, defendant and counsel. Cigars were proi)osed, in addi- tion, but an objection was made and the point argued. The court decided that "Inasmuch as the ladies of California made a practice of smoking, it could not be out of place anywhere." Every time the defendant would ask a witness a question, his counsel would tell him to be silent, and these altercations became frequent, as the orders on the sheriff for refreshment became numerous. Midnight came, and Sutter and Sinclair were asleep, leaning against the wall. One of the witnesses was testifying that the character of Alderman was bad, he having killed two- men in Oregon, and Captain Sutter awoke, bs- tened a few minutes and said: "Gentlemen, the man is dead, he has atoned for his faults, and I will not sit here and hear his character traduced." He then started to leave the court, but was persuaded to stay. When the evidence was closed, Brannan started to sum up for the prosecution. "Hold on, Brannan," said Pickett, "you are the judge." "I know I am judge," retorted Brannan, "but I am prose- cuting too." "All right, go ahead then," said Pickett. When he finished, Pickett's attorney was too far gone to talk, and Pickett summed up for himself. Toward morning the jury announced that they could not agree, and were discharged. BraTmau told the sheriff that he reiuauded the ))risoner to his custody. "What am I to do with him," asked the slicj-iff? "Put him in dose confinement," said HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 61 Brannan. "I have uo place to ]mt liim in," said the sheriff. "Then j)ut him in irons," was the reply. "There ain't any irons about the place, ' ' returned the officer. After deliberation it was agreed to admit Pickett to bail, which was readily furnished. At a subsequent trial, with a sober jury, Pickett was acquitted. CHAPTER X THE REVOLUTION In July, 1839, when Captain Sutter told Governor Alvarado that he desired to occupy and colonize the section where he afterward erected his fort, the governor warmly approved his plan and gave him authority to explore and occupy any territory he found suitable and told him to return in a year and have his citizenship acknowl- edged, when he should receive a grant of such lands as he might de- sire. This was done, and he received a grant of eleven leagues. At that time the settlement of Americans in the country was encour- aged by the local government. But by 1844 the situation had changed. The events in Texas had aroused the Mexican peo])le and it was well understood in the United States that Polk's election to the presidency in 1844 meant the an- nexation of Mexican territory, and that hostilities might reasonably be expected soon. At about the same time feelings of animosity be- gan to spring up in California between the Americans and the Mex- ican population and the former began to apprehend that the latter would attempt to drive them from the country. True, no declara- tion of war had yet been made, but it was e^ddent that both the United States and the Mexican government were preparing for a hos- tile meeting. Colonel Fremont had reached California, ostensibly on an ex]:>loring expedition, he having led several exploring expe- ditions in the western part of the continent. The existing govern- ment in the southern part of California had shown some opposition to his progress, and he had turned northward toward Oregon. In April, 1846, Lieutenant Gillespie of the United States army arrived in California, and started from Monterey in pursuit of Fre- mont, and overtook him in Oregon, on May 9th. Gillespie's despatch to Fremont has never been made public, but it is generally supposed that it contained orders for Fremont to retrace his steps and hold himself ready to assist in the conquest of California on the first in- timation that war was to be declared. He returned and encamjied at or near the place where Sacramento now stands. The ])opuhition of California was estimated at that time to be about ten thousand, exclusive of Indians. Of this number probably less than two thou- sand were foreigners. General Castro was at that time military commandant of California, and he had several times issued ])rocla- 62 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY mations ordering all foreigners to leave the country. The American settlers therefore determined that the time had arrived when they must protect themselves, and that some decisive movement should be made by them. This movement was precipitated by an order from Castro to Lieut. Francisco de Arce to proceed with fourteen men as a guard to the mission of San Rafael, where there were some horses belonging to the Mexican governinent, and remove them to the mis- sion at Santa Clara. As New Helvetia (now the city of Sacramento) was the first point at which the horses could swim the river, de Arce was under the necessity of coming to that point. An Indian ob- served de Arce's party in its movement, and reported that he had seen two or three hundred men mounted and armed, coming up the Sac- ramento river. The settlers believed that Castro was leading a large party to attack Fremont. The news spread among the Americans by means of couriers, and they gathered for the defense at Fre- mont's camp, near the confluence of the Feather river with the Sac- ramento. There they met William Knight, who told them that he had seen the party of Calif ornians in charge of the horses, and that de Arce had told that Castro had sent for the horses for the purpose of mounting a battalion of two hundred men to march against the Americans settled in the Sacramento valley and to expel them from the country. The settlers held a consultation and re- solved that a party should pursue de Arce, and capture the horses and thus defeat Castro's plans. Twelve men volunteered for the duty, and chose Ezekiel Merritt, the oldest of the party, as their captain. At daylight, June 10, 1846, they surprised the Californians, and captured the horses without resistance. De Arce and his men were allowed to go, each one being allowed one horse. This was the first overt act committed by the foreigners and made it necessary that all in the country should take one side or the other in the revolution thus precipitated. It was followed on the morning of June 14. by the taking of the town and Mission of Sonoma. The American party, increased to thirty-three, was led by Ezekiel Merritt and was known afterward as the famous Bear Flag party. It was composed mostly of hunters and men who could leave their homes on short notice. They were roughly dressed and presented a formidable appearance. They seized the town and mis- sion without bloodshed and captured Gen. M. G. Vallejo, Lieutenant- Colonel Prudon, Don Salvador Vallejo and other prominent per- sons and conveyed them to Sutter's Fort, where they were kept prisoners for about two months. As nearly as can be ascertained, the names of the members of the Bear Flag party from Sacramento valley were: Ezekiel Merritt, Robert Semple, Henry L. Ford, Samuel Gibson, Granville P. Swift, William Dickev, Henry Booker, John Potter, William B. Ide, Will- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 63 iam Fallou, William M. Scott, Henry Beason, William Anderson, James A. Jones, W. Barti (or ''Old Red") and Samuel Neal. The rest of the party was from Napa valley. A garrison of eighteen men, under command of William Ide, was left at Sonoma and in a few days it was increased to about forty. Ide issued a proclamation declaring that he and his com- panions had been invited to come into the country and had been promised protection by the government, but that they had been sub- jected to oppression by military despotism; that threats had been made, by proclamation, of exterminating them if they did not leave the country; that it meant they must either abandon their property and be driven through deserts inhabited by hostile Indians, or must defend themselves; and that they had been forced to inaugurate a revolution with a view of establishing and perpetuating a repub- lican government. The party obtained its name by adopting what was known as the Bear flag, and it formed a partial organization under the name of the Republic of California. The flag borne by them was a piece of cotton cloth, with one red stripe on the bottom, and on the white part was the figure of a grizzly bear, with one star in front of him. It was painted or stained with lampblack and poke berries and on the top were the words, "Republic of California." According to the history of the event filed in the office of the Society of Califor- nia. Pioneers, the flag was painted with paint secured from a wheel- right's shop, "and the execution did not excel in artistic merit." William L. Todd, however, in a letter to the Los Angeles Express under the date of January 11, 1878, makes this statement: "I have to say in regard to the making of the original Bear flag of Califor- nia at Sonoma in 1846, that when the Americans who had taken up arms against the Spanish regime had determined what kind of a flag should be ado])ted, the following persons performed the work : Granville P. Swift, Peter Storm, Henry L. Ford, and myself. We procured, in the house where we made our headquarters, a piece of new, unbleached cotton domestic, not quite a yard wide, with stripes of red flannel about four inches wide, furnished by Mrs. John Sears, on the lower side of the canvas. On the upper left-hand corner was a star, and in the center was the image made to represent a grizzly bear, so common in this country at that time. The bear and star were painted with paint made of linseed oil and Venetian red or Spanish brown. Underneath the bear were the words, 'California Repulilic. ' The other person engaged with me got the materials to- gether, while I acted as artist. The forms of the bear and star and the letters were first lined out with pen and ink by myself, and the two forms were filled in with the red paint, but the letters with ink. The flag mentioned by Mr. Hittel, with the bear rampant, was 64 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY made, as I always understood, at Santa Barbara, and was painted black. Allow me to say that at that time there was no wheelwright shop in California. The flag- I painted I saw in the rooms of the California Pioneers in San Francisco in 1870, and the secretary will show it to any person who will call upon him at any time. If it is the one that 1 ])ainted, it will be known by a mistake in tinting out the words 'California Republic' The letters were first lined out with a pen and I left out the letter 'I' and lined out the letter "C" in its place. But afterward I lined out the letter 'I' over the 'C so that the last syllable of 'Republic' looks as if the last two let- ters were blended." The giiidon used at Sonoma was in 1874 pre- sented to the California Pioneers by Brig.-Gen. Joseph Revere, who in 1846, as lieutenant, liauled down the Bear flag and substituted the Stars and Strij^es. There has been consideral)le dispute as to the causes which led to the revolution in California, the capture of Sonoma, Ide's procla- mation, the raising of the Bear flag and its design. Reliance is placed on the accounts which were published in the Californian in August and Septeml)er, 1846. This was a few months after the oc- currence of those events and the articles were written by Robert Sem- ple, the editor, who distinctly stated in them that he wrote them as a matter of history and for the benefit of future historians. Commodore John D. Sloat arrived at Monterey July 7, 1846, with a United States frigate. Monterey was at that time the Mexican capital of California. The commodore took possession of the town and hoisted the American flag over the custom house, and from that day dates the ])ossession of California by the United States. Sloat 's frigate had been lying at Mazatlan under orders to seize California on the first intimation that war had been declared against Mexico. The first American flag was hoisted in the Sacramento valley where Sacramento City now stands, Colonel Fremont being encamped there with about one hundred and seventy men. William Scott arrived in the camp on the evening of July 10, with the news of the hoisting of the flag at Monterey by Commodore Sloat. He also brought with him an American flag sent by Capt. John B. Montgomery, of the United States ship Portsmouth. The Californian, in speaking of the first receipt of the news at Sacramento, says: ''It was received with universal shouts by the men, and our gallant leader, surrounded by a number of officers and soldiers, partook of a cu]i of good brandy, and sang some national airs. The Star Spangled Banner was re- ponded to with warmth." With the raising of the American flag the Bear flag was sup- planted, and although there were several engagements between the United States troops and the Mexican forces in the southern part of the territorv of California, the Mexicans capitulated early in 1847, and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 65 the hostilities ceased. While many events happened during the transition, those above recorded were all that directly affected this county and the territory surrounding it. CHAPTER XI IN THE BEGINNING The first survey of the plat of Sacramento was made in Decem- ber, 1848, by Capt. William H. Warner of the United States Army. Previous to 1844 Sutter's Fort was the principal trading post in Upper California. In that year Captain Sutter and some others at the fort determined to lay out and build a town on the river bank three miles below, which they called Sutter, now spoken of as Sutter- ville. A survey was made by Capt. William Tecumseh Sherman (afterwards famous during the Civil war as General Sherman), and building was begun. The first house was erected by Captain Sutter himself; the second by a Mr. Hadel and a third, a brick structure, said to he the first of its kind erected in California, by Mr. Zins. The city began to flourish unrivaled and continued to do so until the discovery of gold. Soon after that time, however, it came into a disastrous rivalry with Sacramento. Dr. Morse, the earliest historian of those times and a warm partisan of Sacramento, gives many in- teresting particulars of the struggle for supremacy between the two budding cities, which resulted in the ultimate downfall of the city on the high grounds back from the river and the success of the city on the k)wer level, that was doomed in a few years to be inundated by the rising waters, altliough one of the principal arguments used by the traders and speculators in their arguments for the support of tliis city was that the ground where it stands had never been over- flowed witliin the memory of the white man, and never would be. Bayard Taylor says in his "Eldorado," of his first visit to Sac- ramento in October, 1849: "The limits of the town extended to nearly one s(|uare mile and the number of inhabitants, in tents and houses, fell little short of ten thousand. The ]iirevious April there were n'ust four houses in place. Can the world match a growth like this ? . . . The value of real estate in Sacramento is only exceeded by that in San Francisco. Lots 20x75 feet, in the best locations, brought from $3,000 to $3,500. Rents were on a scale equally enormous. The City hotel, which was formerly a sawmill erected by Captain Sutter, paid $30,000 per annum. A new hotel, going up on the levee, was already rented for $35,000. Two drinking and gaming rooms on a business street paid each $1,000 monthly, invariably in advance. The value of all the houses in the city, frail and perishable as many of them were, could not have been less than $2,000,000. . . . The inhabi- tants had elected a town council, adopted a city charter and were 66 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY making exertions to have the pJace declared a port of entry. The political waters were being stirred a little, in anticipation of the ap- proaching election. Mr. Gilbert, of the Alta California, and Colonel Stewart, candidate for governor, were in the city. A political meet- ing which had been held a few nights before, in front of the City hotel, passed off as uproariously and with as zealons a sentiment of patriotism as such meetings are wont to at home." Shortly after the great discovery that was to so influence the for- tunes of the world and to become the ruin of General Sutter, a num- ber of stores were located at the fort and an immense business was soon created there. The first of these was the establishment of C. C. Smith & Co., in which Sam Brannan was a partner. It was started a few months before the opening of the mines and the first exchange of gold dust for store goods took place over its counters. Brannan afterwards bought his partners out and continued the business in the old adobe building which was subsequently used as a hospital. In 1849 the building on the inside of Sutter's Fort was occupied by Rufus Hitchcock, the upper story being used as a boarding house. The front room below was used as a barroom and gambling house and the bar was kept open night and day. If a customer had coin, his drink cost him fifty cents, Init he generally opened his sack and the barkeeper took out a pinch of gold dust, to be regulated by size or amount of drink consumed, and in those days very few drank alone. The cost of board at this place was $40 per week. Hitchcock soon left the fort and went to the mines on the Stan- islaus. In passing it may be stated that old residents say that in the '50s Capt. (afterwards Gen.) Ulysses S. Grant, owned a ferry on the Stanislaus and they often saw him, dressed in red shirt and overalls, lying under a shady tree on the bank, contentedly waiting for a foot passenger to come along who wanted to be ferried over. In those days, in fact, many a man who afterwards became prominent in the history of his country, was a resident of California. Hitch- cock subsequently became the owner of the Green Springs ranch in Eldorado county and died there in 1851. He was succeeded in the boarding house by M. F. McClellan of San Francisco. By summer all the business had become transferred to the Embarcadero or land- ing place on the Sacramento river, now known as Front street, which loecame a lively place. The blacksmith shop at the fort was carried on by a Mr. Fairchild, who paid an assistant $16 a day and charged $64 for shoeing a horse all round, or $16 for a single shoe. In the freigliting to the mines, which was done by means of ox teams, John S. Fowler had a virtual monopoly and paid his team- sters from $200 to $250 per month. The rate for freighting was enor- mous. In the winter of 1848-49 the roads to the mines were almost impassable. Freight from the fort to Coloma was one dollar a pound HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 67 — $2,000 a ton. Even at that price it was impossible to transport the necessaries of life fast enough to prevent serious apprehensions of famine in the more distant mining districts. The firm of S. Brannan & Co. consisted of Sam Brannan, Will- iam Stone, W. D. Howard, Henry Melius and Talbot H. Gfreen. The stores of Priest, Lee & Co., Hensley, Reading & Co., Captain Dring, C. E. Pickett, Von Pfister & Vaughn, and the drug store of Drs. Frank Bates and Ward were inside of the fort. The prices de- manded were enormous. One evening John S. Fowler, wishing to give a supper to his teamsters, saw on the shelf in Brannan 's store a dozen two-pound cans of oysters and asked the clerk the price. "Twelve dollars each," replied the clerk. "How much if I take the lot?" asked Fowler. "One hundred and forty- four dollars," was the reply. "Well, I'll take them all," said Fowler, and he carried off his costly prize. Brannan's employes were: Jeremiah Sherwood, of New York;. Tallman H. Ralfe, afterwards editor of the Democrat in Nevada City; J. Harris Trowbridge, afterwards of Newburg, N. Y. ; George M. Robertson, afterwards supreme judge of Oahu, Sandwich Islands; James B. Mitchell, subsequently public administrator of Sacramento county, who died in 1857 in Benicia; W. R. Grimshaw, a well-known resident for many years on the Cosumnes river ; and James Queen. The pioneers did not leave their patriotism behind them when they came here. The 4th of July, 1849, was celebrated in the shade of a grove of oak trees, the last survivor of which, hoary with age and covered with mistletoe, stood for many years in front of the old build- mg on L street which was used as a hospital. The orators of the day were William M. Gwin and Thomas Butler King, who after- wards served the state in the United States senate. Shortly afterward came the struggle for supremacy with Sut- terville. As soon as the survey of Sacramento City had been made George McDougall obtained a lease of the ferry at a point below the entrance of Sutter Lake, and located a store-ship on the river bank opposite I street, and in company with Judge Blackburn, opened it with a large stock of goods. When John A. Sutter, Jr., arrived, his father, the captain, transferred to him all the proprietary rights in the city of Sacramento. McDougall declared that his lease gave him control of six hundred feet along the river front, and a dispute arose which was carried into the courts. Being defeated, McDougall in a rage determined to destroy the prospects of the city, and re- moved his goods to Sutterville. He then came out with immense placards stating that he would sell goods at cost and freight, and made a verbal declaration that if necessary he would sell goods at cost. This produced a lively agitation among tlie traders and they patched up a scheme of purchase which broke u]) many lines of Mc- 68 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Dougall's stock and, as it was no easy task in those days to replenish it, effectnally extinguished McDoiigail's enterprise and put an end to the budding liopes of Sutterville as well. The hitter end was a('Coni|)lished largely by a shrewd specu- Uitive move on Ihc |>art of Sam Brannan, Judge Burnett and Priest, Lee & Co. The Sutterville i)r()prietors had offered to donate to these traders eiglity lots in Sutterville if they would transfer their stocks and business to Sutterville. They informed young Sutter of the offer and persuaded him that it would be for his interest to give them about five hundred lots in Sacramento to induce them to stay here, and he did so. Such was the passing of Sutterville, and today tlie old brick brewery stands as a monument of its decease, while the l)ig brick stores which stood there until later years have disap))eared. Sacramento grew apace. Aj)ril 1, 1841), the number of inhabi- tants of the fort and city did not exceed one hundred and ten. An election had been held the ])receding fall for first and second alcaldes, resulting in the election of Frank Bates and John S. Fowler, re- spectively. Fowler resigned in the spring and Henry A. Schoolcraft was appointed in his place. Early in the spring a board of commis- sioners consisting of Messrs. Brannan, Snyder, Slater, Hensley, King, Cheever, McCoover, McDougall, Barton Lee, Feete, Dr. Car- penter, Fowler and Southard was elected to frame a code of laws for the district. The committee met under an oak tree at the foot of T street and submitted a report which recommended the election of one alcalde and one sheriff, who should have jurisdiction from the Coast Range to the Sierra Nevada and throughout the length of the Sac- ramento valley. H. A. Schoolcraft was elected alcalde and A. M. Turner, sheriff, and thus was laid the foundation of the judicial and ]iolitical system in Northern California, under a sturdy oak on the banks of the Sacramento. Immigration was coming by sea, although as yet in not very great num})ers between February to June, but im])i"ovement went steadily on. The condition was anomalous. There was no law or system of government, yet there was no discord or disorder. There was no legal restraint imposed on citizens, yet during these months the community was exempt from violence, and all seemed imbued with a feeling of forbearance and accommodation. The craze for gold had not yet fastened its deleterious influence on men, and right and a feeling of equality and inde]^endence seemed to guide their actions. Trading yielded an enormous profit and everyone was absorbed in it. Two hundred per cent was the profit on goods procured from San Francisco and trading in gold dust was very i^rofitable. At first the scale of pa>Tnent for goods with dust ranged from $8 to HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 69 $16 an oimce. Clerks could hardly be retained in the stores at from $200 to $300 per mouth. The trade lietween the mines and Sacra- mento was immense. Such was the prevailing feeling of honesty and security that neither goods nor gold dust were watched with anxiety for their safety. Miners came to town with bags of gold dust which they took no more care of than their hats and boots. Money was so plentiful that there was no temptation to steal. By the first of May there were about thirty stores, and two barks and a brig were moored along the shore. The Whiton, one of the former, had as- tonished the residents by coming up from San Francisco in tliree days, from five to ten days having been consumed before then by small boats and launches. In June there came a change. Immigrants began to arrive by thousands and to outfit for the mines, Sacramento being the point of departure for the northern mines. The American, Yuba, Bear and Feather rivers were the i)oints of attraction and" Sacramento was the place for outfitting. Business became a rush in which the cal- culation was only for today. Transportation from San Francisco was the source of enormous profits and every craft that could be procured was pressed into service. The cost of passage from San Francisco to Sacramento was from $16 to $25 and the freight rate was cor- respondingly high. On June 26th the city numbered a hundred houses and the City Hotel, on Front street between I and J, 35x53 feet and of three stories, originally framed for a saw and grist mill for Cap- tain Sutter, was said to have cost $100,000. It was headquarters for the aristocracy of the times and the scene of many town-meetings. Every sort of material from which tents, store; ?nd houses could be constructed rose to enormous prices. Muslin, calico, canvas, old sails, logs, boards, zinc and tin were priceless possessions. The hun- dreds of immigrants coming in were lucky if they could ha\'e the shade of the trees to protect them from the noonday sun or the night. Gambling was everywhere carried on and magnificent saloons were built at enormous cost, the first place of public gaming being on J street, between Second and Third, kept by James Lee, and euphoni- ously named ''The Stinking Tent." Others followed, and a demo- ci'atic and cosmopolitan crowd composed their patrons, ('oin was scarce and the miners brought their bags of gold dust, de])ositing them with the game keepers and drawing from them as the game ))ro- gressed, generally till all was gone, and then went back to the mines for more. Not one person in ten, either by absence or condemnation, tried to discountenance gaming. Indeed, it is narrated by Dr. Morse that two ex clergymen were conspicuous among the gamesters, one dealing monte and the other playing faro. Poker was played by the larger capitalists on a magnificent scale, the ante being often $100 and $3,000 being frequently bet on a single hand. One ■ind^^•idual 70 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY is said to Jiave staked a thou sand ounces on a hand and won, aJ.'ter liax'ing- Jost nearly that much previously. Many men who had been brono'ht up to regard gambling as a stain on a man's character and who had left their wives and children in straightened circumstances, ssiYS Morse, hastened to hazard and lose the first few hundred or thousand dollars they had made. But a moral wave soon swept over the conmiunity. In April, 1849, Rev. Dr. Woodbridge preached the first sermon ever heard in Sacramento. In May Dr. Deal, a practicing physician, undertook to establish regular religious services and in July Rev. J. A. Benton began his long and beneficent services in the city. ' ' His course, ' ' tes- tifies Dr. Morse, "was from the first consistent. He was essentially a minister of the gospel — a seven-days advocate of the Christian re- ligion." He extended his influence by a x:>ure life, winning the re- spect and confidence of the people, instead of making an onslaught on the tide of vice, and soon acquired great influence in the com- munity. At this late day many of the pioneer Sacrameutans who knew him s]ieak in the highest terms of his character. He sometimes made missionary excursions of two or three weeks duration, sleeping on the ground under the trees and living like the primitive Apostles. Before the removal of McDougall's store, Hensley and Read- ing had erected a frame building in Sacramento, on the corner of I and Front streets, the first frame house in the new city. Soon after that a Mr. Ingersoll erected a ])uilding half canvas and half frame, between J and K on Front street and Mr. Stewart had put up a canvas house on the bank of the river, which was opened as a tavern. In February, 1849, Sam Brannan erected a frame storehouse on the corner of J and Front streets, and this was soon succeeded by an- other belonging to Priest, Lee & Co., on the corner of Second and J and directly afterwards two substantial log houses were erected by Mr. Gillespie and Dr. Carpenter. For a time the chief place for business was on First or Front street between J and K, but soon it began to extend up J and K streets to Third. The river liank was piled with the goods of immi- grants and merchandise, and storage facilities were entirely in- adequate. The chief business was in miners' supplies. Lumber was from fifty cents to a dollar per square foot, and hard to get at that. Teaming and packing earned enormous revenue. In December $50 a hundred was charged for hauling goods from Sacramento to Mormon Island and Auburn. In July fresh beef sold for fifteen cents a pound; bread fifty cents a loaf; butter from $2 to $3 a pound; milk $1 a quart ; dried apples $1 to $2 a pound ; saleratus $6 a pound, and pickles whatever their owner chose to ask. Carpenters were paid $16 a day; laborers $L50 an hour; board without lodging $16 to $49 a week; washing $6 to $12 a dozen; doctor's fees $16 to HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 71 $32 a visit. A glass of liquor at a first-class bar cost $1, and a cigar fifty cents. Everytliing was higli in proportion. But business did not entirely engross the attention of the citi- zens. There were some votaries of pleasure, and on July 4, 1849, a grand ball was given at the City hotel, at that time the headquar- ters of Sacramento fashion and aristocracy. Money was spent with- out stint to enhance the success and dignity of the occasion, and the affair was on a magnificent scale. There was a dearth in the com- munity of feminine attractions and the surrounding country was scoured thoroughly by a committee of young men to gather in all the ladies that could be obtained to grace the occasion. Every min- ing camp, ranch, wagon, tent and log cabin was canvassed, with such success that eighteen of the fair sex were secured. To quote Dr. Morse again. "Not all Amazons, but replete with all the adornments and graces that belong to bold and enterprising pioneers of a new country. Tickets to the ball were fixed at the moderate price of thir- ty-two dollars; gentlemen were requested to have swallow-tail coats and white vests. The supper was, of course, a profusion of all that money could obtain," and champagne flowed freely, despite its cost. Thus was the pace set for future occasions in the new city. In July, 1849, a movement was set on foot to organize a city government. An election for councilmen was held at the St. Louis Exchange on Second street between I and J, and the first council- men for the city of Sacramento were chosen as follows : John P. Rodgers, H. E. Robinson, P. B. Cornwall, William Stout, E. F. Gil- lespie, Thomas F. Chapman, M. T. McClelland, A. M. Winn and B. Jennings. The new council was organized on August 1st, with Will- iam Stout as president and J. H. Harper as clerk. The first busi- ness transacted was the preparation of a constitution for local gov- ernment. A. M. Winn was afterwards made president in place of Stout, who had left the city. On September 20th an election was held to decide on a city charter. A draft had been prepared by the coun- cil but the citizens did not turn out well to vote, and it was defeated by a majority of one hundred and forty-six votes. Its rejection was charged to the gamblers, who opposed a change and worked hard and spent much money to defeat it. Up to this time there had been no law or government that was more than nominal, as there was no court except that of the alcalde, which, while expeditious, was costly in dispensing justice. The peo]^le therefore shunned litigation and this lawless state just suited the gamblers. This was a great morti- fication to the council, and the president issued a proclamation stat- ing that the council was unable to determine what the citizens wanted, and as the powers and duties of the council were not defined, they desired to know whether the citizens desired still to act under the Mexican laws at present in force, altliough inapplicable to the pres- 72 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ent conditions, or to adopt a charter, striking out such features as were objectional)le. Immediate action was necessary if the council was to be of any use. It therefore asked the citizens to meet Octo- ber 10, 1849, and declare what they wished the council to do. The people, who had paid no attention hitherto to local government, awoke from, their ai)a.thy. A Law and Order party was formed. The gamblers were defeated and the charter adopted by a majority of two hundred ninety-six. The charter adopted, however, contained matter relati\e to taxation which rendered it unpopular, and it was soon amended. Tlie council soon had a burden of troubles of its own. The com- munity had enjoyed robust health during the spring and summer months, but with the fall a terrible change came. Many of the ed- venturous immigrants had seemed to think that nothing was neces- sary to their success except to reach California. Many of them were destitute on their arrival. Not one in a hundred had money to buy an outfit for the mines at the ruinous prices asked. Many were suf- fering from hardships and privations endured on the overland jour- ney, or as steerage passengers saturated with scorbutic diseases or so depressed or des]:>ondent that they became an easy prey for dis- ease. Nine-tenths of these adventurers poured into Sacramento, the nearest point for outfitting for the mines. Here they met another train of scorbutic sufferers straggling in from the east, debilitated and worn out by the hardships encountered. From these causes Sacramento had become one vast lazar house long before the city government was organized and the council im- mediately found a serious condition confronting it. This was in- tensified ])y the fact that as men became accustomed to these scenes of suffering, familiarity with them hardened their hearts, and cupid- ity took possession of them. The lure of gold l)eckoned them away. They could not spare time to relieve tlie distress of their fellows. They must press on to the diggings and begin to acquire their for- tunes. Fathers abandoned their sons, and sons abandoned their fathers when they required a little troublesome care. When they could be of no further use to each other friendship and kinshi]i be- came mere words. One flagrant case was that of an old father, who liad furnished tlie means for his son and other relatives to come to the new Eldorado, but was deserted by them as he lay dying with scurvy on the levee, where he soon. passed away. The sick and suf- fering accumulated so fast that by July means of caring for them were entirely inadequate. Creigan's Hospital at the fort and the one opened by Dr. Deal and Dr. Martin were filled, but the prices for nursing and board were prohibitive to four-fifths of those need- ing care. Miasmatic fevers added to the misery and distress of the scurvv. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO (T)UNTY 73 But charity had not departed, and compassion and help were at hand in a limited degree. Two great fraternal orders were represented among the community, not organized into lodges, Init numbering many individual members. The feeling of brotherhood that had bound them together, also bound them to relieve distress as far as lay in their power, and nobly did they come to the front and face the stupendous task. The first elTective efforts for relief came from members of the fraternity of the Odd Fellows. They came together and bound them selves into an informal organization and devoted themselves with earnest zeal to the relief of the distressed. A. M. AVinn was elected president of the association, a Mr. McLaren secretary and Captain Gallup, treasurer. Every member of this body became a visiting com mittee and an immense amount of relief was dispensed. They were joined by the members of the Masonic fraternity in their elTorts to take care of the sick and destitute. "The two noble orders contributed money and exertions as freely as if their lives had been devoted to the exclusive function of human kindness," says Dr. Morse, "and their fair names are inscribed in indelible and liv- ing characters upon those pages of history which California ought to and must ])reserve." But their combined eiforts, assisted by those of the council, could not do all that there was to do. The people were appealed to in a public meeting to come forward and assist in the general effort for relief. The president of the council was dispatched to Monterey for the purpose of laying the case be- fore General Riley and ]irocuring from him some of the public funds then in his possession. But their mission was a failure, as General Riley, the military governor of the territory, did not consider he had the right thus to use the national funds. Sacramento was then thrown upon her own resources, and with her treasury empty and low credit, she did all that was possible and by co-operation with individual effort and the two fraternities she succeeded in furnishing a tolerable shelter and medical attendance for the sick. Rough pine coffins had ranged from $60 to $150, and even then the supply was far from sufficient, so hundreds had been buried without coffins and even without being wrapped u]) in a l)lan- ket. The Odd Fellows s])ent thousands of dollars for coffins and when General Winn became the executive officer of the city, no man was refused a coffin burial. The scenes of those days were teri-ible and the description of their horrors is almost unreadable. When the rains set in the misery was increased. Many of the sick, with ty]duis and other fevers, lay without shelter from the pitiless storms. Finally Drs. Morse and Stillman aroused the s\nnpathies of Barton Lee, whose name should occu]^^ an honored place in the City's history, and induced him to erect a story and a half hospital, 40x50 feet, at the corner of Third and K streets. The city deter- 74 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY mined also to erect a two story hospital, 20x60 feet between I and J, Ninth and Tenth streets, and $7000 was expended for lumber, but when it was partially erected it was prostrated to the ground by a rain and wind storm, and the timber so injured as to make it al- most useless for building purposes. But the future city was doomed to pass through a yet more try- ing period. An enemy ciame like a thief in the night, for which she had made no provision. The reckless speculators had declared there was no danger of inundation and the people had been credulous cnougli to believe them when they declared that the city's site had remained free from flood during the sojourn of the oldest Calif ornians. The people had not raised their buildings, but had built on the ground wherever their lots happened to be. The rains through the latter part of December and the first part of January had awakaned anx- iety. The Sacramento and American rivers were rising rapidly and the back country seemed to be filling up and cutting off communi- cation with the higher lands. But the citizens, with fatuous confi- dence in the assertions that a flood could not harm them, made no preparations for the deluge. Hence, when it came, there was no adequate protection for life or property. Many were drowned, some in their beds, some in trying to escape, and many from the terrible exposure. The few boats belonging to the shipping at the Embarca- dero were pressed into service to rescue the women and children and the sick, that were scattered over the city in tents and canvas houses. Some of the women were found standing upon beds or boxes, in water a foot or two deep. Sick men on cots were found floating about help- lessly. By mere accident a boat in which Capt. J. Sherwood was manager })assed the hospital and was attracted by the cries of the sick for help. He immediately proceeded to rescue them and took them to safety in Mr. Brannan's house. Most of these poor sufferers died and after being placed in coffins, were buried across the river. One of the men detailed for this duty was a Dutchman who was very suspicious of everyone so far as his money was concerned, and having accumulated about $2,000 in gold dust carried it in a belt around his waist. They placed the coffin across a small boat, and when they had reached some distance the l)oat careened and sank. The Dutchman, who was a good swimmer, called to his companion that he would swim ashore and get a boat, but weighted down with the gold that he loved better than his life, he sank. His companion hung on to the coffin and reached shore safely. The description given by Dr. Morse of the neglect of the sick and their condition is almost beyond belief. After the January flood in 1850, prices of everything rose enor- mously and continued high for a long time. But the high prices of HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 75 real estate did not slirink on aceoiuit of the flood and destruction. Here are some of the current prices in the city in April and May: Filtered water, per barrel, $1.50; washing and ironing, per dozen, $7.00; private boxes at the theater, $4.00; ordinary boxes at the theater, $3.00; pit seats at the theater, $2.00; musicians in gambling- houses, by the day, $16.00; hauling lumber from First to Second street, per thousand, $3.00 ; hair cutting, $1.50 ; shaving, $1.00 ; bil- liards, per game, $1.00; saddle horses, per day, $10.00; lodging, without blankets, per night, $1.00; celery, per head, 20 cents; peas in the pod, per gallon, $2.00 ; radishes, every size, per bunch, $1.00 ; turkeys, per pair, $16.00 ; apples, small, but good, each, 50 cents ; specked apples, each 25 cents; Colt's pistols, medium size, $75.00. Up to the 6th of August the amount of $100,000 had been issued by warrants to. meet the expenditures for the city government, as shown by the mayor's statement. The estimated sum to be expended for the construction of the levee and the city government inclusive footed up $300,000. Sacramento endured grievous troubles in August and September. The contests about titles, the breaking up of confi- dence in the general value of property thus situated, the pecuniary embarrassments that were plunging men into bankruptcy and ruin, and the heavy taxation necessary to sustain the city government and complete the public works necessary to protect the city from floods, were enough to utterly discourage the citizens and destroy their confi- dence in the city's future. But the community was composed of men of iron; men who had come thousands of miles through all sorts of dangers and perils to found on the shores of the Pacific a great empire, although they were at that time unconscious of the fact and looked not far beyond the present. Their energy was unconquerable and inextinguishable, and the greater the burdens imposed by fate, the more manfully and determinedly they strove to overthrow them. That this city exists to-day, large and prosperous, is indisputable evidence that they succeeded. In August the council made itself decidedly unpo]nilar by one or two of its acts. The members appropriated to themselves a salary of $200 a montli each. In addition to this, the taxpayers saw the appointment of various committees to duties that were but little more than nominal, and who drew $25 a day for their services, in addition to their regular salary voted. After the bankruptcies of September and the squatter riots of August affairs settled down to a degree of quiet and the people began to engage more systematically and soundly in business, which was augmented extraordinarily by the heavy demand for goods and their transportation to the mines. During the previous winter the people in the mines liad suffered greatly from ])rivations and were thrown into a desperate and almost starving condition from the 76 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO (H)LTNTY scarcity of provisions and the ('uttin^L*' off of coininunication witli the city by the floods. As a natural consequence, in the fall soon after the revulsion in finance, there S])ran2;' up a brisk demand and an immense and profitable trade was inaugurated and carried on l)etween the mercliants and miners. The situation being thus i-elieved, the effect U]ion the city was such as almost to restore its former pros- perity. At this time a i)ublic question began to awaken interest in the men's minds and to cause them to watch every arrival from Wash- ington and the news brought, with intense anxiety. This was the question of admission as a state to the Union. The constitution had been adopted, the ai)i)lication made, l)ut congress still delayed action and the conmnmity was in a state of painful sus])ense as to what the outcome would be. One can readily imagine, then, the relief to the tension when the news came that California was a member of the great Union of states. Early in the morning of October 15th, it is stated, the rapid firing of cannon upon the levee awakened the citizens to the fact that the news had arrived and that our admission was an assured fact. It was a season of rejoicing that for the moment almost obliterated the memory of the past misfortunes. In addition to the news it was ascertained that a number of Sacramento's citizens had returned by the steamer that brought th.e news. But Sacramento's cup of sorrow was not yet full and a heavier calamity than any that had gone before, was, even in this season of rejoicing, hovering over the devoted city. The same fostering breezes that had borne on the steamer bringing the news of admission had also borne on their wings a ghastly pestilence and on the steamer itself many of the passengers had fallen victims to the dread scourge. A most malignant cholera was sweeping on toward California and many w^ere the unknown graves that it was to fill in the new state ere its violence should be abated. City and country were alike to it and the urban dweller and the miner in his cal)in were alike to ])ay toll to the dread Rea])er. The tale that is told by the pioneers who escaped with life the ])estilence harrows the soul of the listener with the vivid pictures of distress and destruction. Each successive day brought news from Sau Francisco that the ])assengers on the ill- fated steamer were still being decimated by the terrible scourge. Xot only this. Imt the accounts of the visit of the disease to Sandusky. Rochester, St. Louis and other places began to fill the hearts of the peo])le with a dread of im])ending disaster. The stories of its relent- less malignity and the wide-spread destruction that accom])anied its progress fell like a pall on the community, and terror fell on all. It is doubtful if history records a parallel of the destructive ])anic tluit followed its a])))earance on this coast and in this city. The hard- ships and disease that had ])revailed during the summer and which HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO (X)UNTY 77 were sufficient to crush all progress and energy in a less buoyant and determined people, had been too recent to allow of a recuperation of their health and strengtli and rendered them an easy prey for the insidious disease. As is well known, in cases of epidemics, the mass of the people is filled with fear and dread, and in the fevered state of mind prevailing it was easy for the disease to develop to terrific proportions. Panic predisposed the people to receive its attacks, and it hardly needed an imported case to spread the disease. Early in the morning of October 20 a person was found on the levee in the collapsing stage of the dread disease. Medical aid was summoned, but he was too far gone and soon died. The cholera was in the city. The news spread as if by magic, the circumstances grew in horror with repeti- tion and the pall of despair seemed to settle down like a black cloud over the city. It is well known bv experience that the fear of disease and the dwelling on its symptoms are very often followed by its appearance and so it was largely in this case. The next day several more fatal cases were reported and as the stories spread and were constantly augmented in their description, it is not to be wondered at that fear should have become an auxiliary to the disease and that the epidemic was soon in full ])rogTess. In six days from its incei)tion, the disease had made such jirogress that regular burials were but slightly attended to and nursing and attention were frequently wanting. Money, so powerful an agent in most cases, could scarcely jmrchase the offices of common kindness and charity. Affection seemed blunted and the fear of death seemed to sever all ties and develop elements of selfishness. But little could be done under these conditions to arrest the course of the disease, and it swe])t through the community with irresistible force. In many such e])idemics the personal haliits of individuals have a strong influ- ence in resisting disease or inviting it, but the case was different here. Men of the most regular, careful and industrious habits were its victims equally with those who were intenqierate and irregular. In a few days many of the most prominent and substantial citizens fell before the pestilence. None seemed immune. It was reported that a hundred and fifty cases occurred in one day, but such was the confusion and the pamc in the community that no records were kept, nor can any accurate data be found in regard to the havoc made by this epidemic. As the number of deaths increased and men were ke]it constantly em^^jloyed in the removal of the dead, the citizens began to leave the city in every direction and the numl)er increased so rapidly that in a shoi't time not more than one-fifth of the residents remained. The most heartrending •abandonment of relatives and friends took i)lace during the reign of terror. But a verv small remnant resisted the instinct <>f self- 78 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY preservation aud remained to minister to the sick and dying. A few noble men, moved by sympathy, the divine attribnte of onr nature, remained to do what they eonld for the relief of suffering humanity, and their humane ministrations, regardless of danger and death, did much to ameliorate the situation. Their names should be written in letters of gold in the history of Sacramento and California, but alas, they were lost to us and their only reward was the consciousness of having done their duty. One name, however, has been preserved, that of John Bigler, afterwards governor of California, whom Dr. Morse describes as moving among the dead and dying, with a large lump of camphor in one hand, which he frequently applied to his nostrils, as an antidote to the disease. No danger of infection daunted him, however, and where misery, death and destitution abounded, he was ever to be found in its midst, proffering aid and i^ympathy. The physicians of the city did noble work. No danger appalled them. Night and day they responded to the call of distress, scarcely pausing to snatch a few hours of needed sleep and rest. Before the epidemic subsided seventeen of them were deposited in the sand hill cemetery of the city — an almost unexampled mortality in the profession in a season of epidemic. Not one in ten escaped the disease and not a single educated physician turned his back on the city in its extremity. In such a time of delirium and terror it is no wonder that no systematic records were kept. In fact it was impossible. Not only in the city, but on the roads, and even in the mines, many who were fleeing from the pestilence were stricken down by the awful malady and perished, unknown and unaided in many cases. In the latter part of the epidemic, the city authorities, who had from the first done all they could to relieve the suffering, obtained the use of a large frame building on L street, where the destitute victims were taken and cared for. ''From the beginning, the local papers had endeavored, as usual in such cases, to conceal the extent of mortality, and their files of that date give no adequate idea of the fearful scourge," say Thompson and West in their history. On the 24th of October the city physician reported seven cases of cholera to the council, five of which were fatal. Some of the doctors endeavored to quiet public apprehension by giving the opinion that the disease was only a violent form of cholera morbus. The Tiutes "felt confident that there was very little danger, and had not heard of a single case where the patient had not been previously reduced by diarrhoea." On the 27th, six cases were reported, and the Times "ho]^ed that some pre- cautionary measures would be taken." On the 29th twelve cases appeared; on the 30th, nineteen, and it was no longer possible to conceal the fact that a terrible epidemic had attacked the com- munity, A Sacramento correspondent of the Alfa says on November HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 79 4: "The daily mortality is about sixty. Many deaths are concealed, and many others are not reported. Deaths diirinio: the past week, so far as known, 188." On November 14, the daily mortality had decreased to twelve and on the 17th, the pestilence was reported as having entirely disappeared. But the precise number of fatal cases can never be known, as a great number were reported to have died of dysentery, fevers, and other diseases, for the purpose of quieting the public anxiety and restoring the confidence of the people. Many of the victims were buried in unknown graves and their very location was soon forgotten. Many a wife or mother or sister waited in vain for tidings of the loved ones that never came, and never knew when or how they had passed away. A writer who was one of the survivors of that terrible time says : "What with floods and fires, insurrection and the plague, the very stars seemed to fight against Sacramento in her infancy, and the foundation of her later prosperity was laid upon the ashes of her pioneers." Before the disastrous visitation of the cholera, Dr. Still- man walked through the sandhill cemetery and counted eight hundred graves that had not yet been sodded over, and how many more were added by the still more terrible destroyer is not found recorded in the history of the time. Of a company of forty men who came out on the infected schooner Montague, more than half died after her arrival ; and after her departure from Sacramento for Panama, the captain, second mate and six passengers died of cholera before leaving San Francisco bay. This terrible calamity lasted in its malignant form only about twenty days, but under the circumstances and from lack of systematic records, the number of deaths will never be known. Its abatement lasted much longer than its period of beginning and virulence, and began just as soon as the people became familiarized with its features and the terrible scenes in their midst, thus rendering them less liable to be attacked through a paralyzing fear. By the time it ceased, the city had become nearly depopulated and many thought it would never rise again from the disaster. But such prophecies did not take into account the sturdy perseverance of a strong people. Just as soon as the mortality began to obviously decrease, the fugitives began to return, and those who had remained to help their fellow man and to abide by the fortunes of the city recovered their elasticity of mind and energy. A transformation immediately commenced to take place in the appearance of the city. Confidence in its healthfulness re- turned; men grew cheerful and hopeful and business comnnmication with the mines was reopened. The previous prosperous conditions were restored and for several weeks business was good once more, and the beautiful winter that followed stimulated the community to ener- getic efforts. 80 HiiSTOKY OF ISACEAMENTO COUNTY But the nieiTliants and traders liad iiiifortiinately calculated too much upon a winter like those of 1848 and 1.849. Tliis induced them to transport at lii,i>li i)i*ices lar^e stores of goods into the mining regions, trusting that coiiiiminication would be difficult, as it was in the former year. But these goods, in consequence of the lack of water in dry diggings and the roads that offered inunediate communi- cation with the mines all winter, were sold at ruinous sacrifices. A synopsis of events in the spring and summer shows that the city was divided into wards, April 15; the first mail left for Salt Lake, May 1 ; a city election May 5 polled 2482 votes and James R. Hardenhergh was elected mayor; the treasurer's report, May 6, showed the city's receipts for the fiscal year to have been $214,939.86 and the mayor's report showed the indebtedness to be $368,551.29 and that $80,000 of this was drawing interest at ten to twenty per cent per month, the balance from three to eight per cent per month. In June the city debt was funded at ten per cent per annum in New York and twelve per cent in Sacramento. In September the popular vote of the county was 4115. The Tehama Theater burned August 13 and Dr. Volney Si)alding o])ened the American Theater September 9. On December 24 the courthouse was finished and January 14, 1852. the state offices and legislature moved to Sacramento and the first legislative session opened January 16. One thousand persons arrived by steamer January 20 and on the 23d, a brick building now on K street was begun. March 7 the city was overflowed again. At the municipal election, April 5, twenty-eight hundred two votes were cast, C. I. Hutchinson being elected mayor. The debt had increased to $449,105.32 and the estimated revenue to $200,000. At an election July 17 the people voted for a wide levee through I street, and also to erect a city hall and prison. October 8 there was an agricultural fair. The poimlation at this time was l)etween ten thousand and twelve thousand. On November 2 there was a terrible conflagration. December 17 there was a storm of four days duration and on the 25th the np])er part of the city was flooded. By January 1, 1853, the water was higher than ever before known. January 13 the i)eo])le voted for water-works, fire de])artment, loan and three- (juarters \)qv cent additional taxation. Many mercantile houses this month established branches at Hoboken, trade being entirely cut off from the city by reason of high water and im])assable roads. The Golden Kagle, at the corner of Seventh and K streets, was for more than half a century considered the hotel par excellence of the city, and dates back in a much cruder form to the early days of Sacramento. For many years it was a headquarters for the Republican politicians, while the Capital hotel, on the corner opposite, was considered the Democratic head(]uarters. Many a state campaign and legislative session were engineered and directed from these two points. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 81 Where the Golden Eagle now stands, in 1851, "Dan" Callahan, for many years the proprietor of that hotel, erected his frame lodging- house, which he had purchased for a span of horses, and added to it a canvas annex, ut)on the flaps of which a joker named Wrightmire with artistic talent, drew with charcoal the figure of an eagle, with outspread wings and a pensive air, and named the strucl;ure the Golden Eagle, and the name clung to it through the pioneer days with the tenacity of an inspired title, CHAPTER XII POLITICAL In 1854 the old Whig party was passing away and the anti-slavery party was pushing its way to the front. The exciting struggle in ''bleeding" Kansas was attracting widespread attention and becom- ing a lively political issue and a fruitful subject for discussion. On Tuesday, July 18, a Democratic convention met in the Fourth Street Ba]itist Church in this city, at o P. M. Disturbance was in the air, and long before the hour for opening the convention, the doors of the church were surrounded by people, a great many of whom were not delegates. The church would hold about four hundred, and as soon as the doors were opened the people crowded in and filled it to its utmost capacity. D. C. Broderick was chairman of the state central committee, and when he ascended the platform he was received with continued cheers. As soon as he called the convention to order a number of delegates sprang to their feet, in order to make nominations for temporary chairman. He recognized T. L. Vermule as having the floor, but lief ore he could make the announcement, John O'Meara nominated ex-Governor John McDougal for tem})orary chairman. Vermule nominated Edward McGowan for cliairman pro tem, and Broderick announced that he could not recognize O'Meara 's nomina- tion, and ])ut the question on McGowan 's election and declared him elected. McGowan mounted the platform immediately, followed closely by McDougal, whose friends insisted that he had been elected, although his name had not been submitted to the convention in regular form. The convention thus had two chairmen, who took seats side by side and pandemonium reigned for a time. Finally a semblance of order was restored, and McDougal announced the names of Major G. W. Hook and John Bidwell as vice-presidents and McGowan announced J. T. Hall and A. L. Laird as appointed by him to those offices. A scene of noise and confusion again followed, but the gen- tlemen named took their seats with their respective leaders. The appointment of two sets of secretaries and committees followed and reports were made to each side, recommending that the temporary 82 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ofiQcers be made the i3ermanent ones. Motions were made to adopt the respective reports, and were declared carried, amid great excite- ment. The convention transacted no other business, but sat as a double- header until nine o'clock that night, each side endeavoring to outstay the other. One sickly tallow candle in front of each president, illum- inated the scene, or rather made darkness visible. The situation lasted until the trustees of the church notified the convention that they would no longer tolerate the riotous assemblage in the church, and the delegates departed without attending to the formality of an adjournment. Pandemonium had reigned throughout the session and soon after the organization was completed a crowd made a mad rush for the platform. One of the officers was seized and just then a pistol exploded in the crowded room. The direction of the rush was imme- diately changed toward the doors and windows, a number of the dele- gates jumping through the latter to the ground, a distance of about fifteen feet. This ended the exciting events of the day. The next morning the ''chivalry," or southern element of the party, the wing i:)resided over by McDougal, met at Musical Hall, while the McGowan, or Tammany faction, representing the northern ele- ment, met in Carpenter's building. The officers of the chivalry wing tendered their resignations and Major Hook was elected president and H. P. Barber, AVilliam A. Mannerly, A. W. Taliafero, and J. G. Downey were elected vice-presidents. The other convention sent a message asking that a committee on conference be appointed in ordelr to endeavor to settle the differences. As the language of the com- munication was considered offensive, it was withdrawn for the pur- pose of modifying the phraseology. A second note was afterward sent in, but as it was quite similar to the first, it met with a flat rejection. The convention then nominated candidates for congress and for clerk of the supreme court; passed resolutions favoring the construction of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad under the auspices of congress, and endorsing the Nebraska Bill, etc. It also elected a state central committee and levied an assessment of five dollars on each delegate, to pay for the damage done to church building. The McGowan wing met at 9 :30 on the morning of the 19th, that gentleman continuing to act as chairman. They appointed a committee of seven to invite the McDougal convention to attend their session and also empowered the committee to heal the difficulties. When the convention re-assembled the committee reported that they had sent a communication to the McDougal convention, but that the proposition embraced in it had been rejected. The communication sent was as follows : "John McDougal, Esq., Chairman of Democratic delegates con- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 83 vened at Musical Hall: Sir— The undersigned have been this morn- ing constituted a committee, with full powers, by and on behalf of the Democratic state convention at Carpenter's Hall, for a conference with our fellow Democrats at Musical Hall, for the purpose of harmon- izing and uniting the Democrats of California. You will be pleased to announce this to your body; and any communication may be ad- dressed to the chairman of this committee, at Jones' hotel." The report was accepted and the committee was discharged. The convention then proceeded to nominate a ticket entirely ditferent from that nominated by the McDougal convention. It also adopted a series of resolutions alluding to the heterogeneous condition of the party in the state, and to the diiferences of the convention in this city. They urged the people of the state to accept their ticket as most likely to etfect conciliation. They also appointed a state central com- mittee and took up a collection of four hundred dollars to reimburse the Baptist church for the damage done to it, a committee having reported that the injury to the building would amount to that sum. Several of the nominees withdrew from the ticket after the convention adjourned, and the Tammany wing, after the election, ascribed its defeat to the withdrawal of Milton S. Latham, who afterwards became governor, from the congressional ticket. The time had arrived when a new party was to spring up and enter the field of politics and later to attain a dominating influence in the state. The first mass meeting of Republicans in California was held in Sacramento, April 19, 1856. E. B. Crocker was the leader of the new party in Sacramento county, and opened the meeting w4th an address that was listened to attentively. George C. Bates was introduced and attempted to make a speech, but so much noise and confusion ensued in a disturbance raised by Democrats and Americans that his voice could not be heard. Henry S. Foote, who had been governor of Mississippi, begged the turbulent crowd to desist from disturbing the meeting and allow it to proceed, but no attention was paid to his protest. "When the Republican speakers again attempted to ])roceed, the crowd made a rush for the stand, overturned it and broke the meeting up. April 30, 1856, the first state convention of the Republicans was held in the Congregational Church in this city. E. B. Crocker pre- sided as temporary chairman. Only thirteen counties were represented in the convention and of the one hundred and twenty-five delegates composing it, sixty-five were from Sacramento and San Francisco. Resolutions were adopted opposing the further extension of slave ter- ritory and of slave power; welcoming honest and industrious im- migrants; deprecating all attempts to prejudice immigrants against our free institutions; favoring the speedy construction of a trans- continental railroad bv aid from congress; favoring the speedy set- 84 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tlement of land titles in this state; and the election of only bona fide permanent settlers to office. A public discussion was announced to take place early in May in Sacramento, between George C. Bates, Republican, and J, C. Za- briskie, Democrat, but when the time appointed arrived, no location could be procured, on account of the anticipated disturbance. The meeting- was therefore postponed until the evening of the 10th of that month, and when the time arrived the disturbance commenced. Rotten eggs were thrown and firecrackers were exploded to create a turmoil, but the police made several arrests and restored order. Outsiders took possession of the stand after the meeting closed and a resolution was adopted declaring "that the people of this city have been outraged by the discussion of treasonable doctrines by a public felon; and that we will not submit to such an outrage in the future." Looking back at this day one naturally wonders that such intoler- ance sliould be shown in a free state, but "history repeats itself," and there are many similar instances of narrow-mindedness and in- tolerance in the world's history, not only in political, but in religious, scientific and other matters. But for the evolution of new ideas and doctrines there would be no progress in the world, and today it would be hard to find one to contradict Galileo's murmured protest, "but it does move." The doctrines advocated in 1856 have long- ago worked out their own solution, through much bloodshed and de- vastation and the whole fair domain of our great republic acknowledge that the destruction of slavery was a blessing- to our country. A few days after the meeting the Sacramento Trihunc (Amer- ican), referring to the meeting, said: "The fact that a public dis- cussion was permitted to take place in a public street in the heart of our city, in the presence of a large concourse of our citizens, almost all of whom disapprove the doctrine advocated by the speaker, and this too, when it is the firm conviction of a large majority of the persons assembled tliat the agitation^ of the slavery question as the basis of political organization is against the true interest of the state and nation, speaks volumes in favor of the public morals of Sacramento." The extract indicates the bitterness of feeling that had already begun to grow up against the agitation for the abolition of slavery, or its restriction to limits where it already existed. THE SPITTOON CONVENTION A remarkable political clash took place July 25, 1865, at a county convention held in Sacramento. Through dissention in the Union party two factions had arisen. Governor Frederick F. Low was a candidate for the United States senatorship, and was the choice of one wing of the party, but there was strong opposition to his nomina- tion. The Low and anti-Low delegates in the convention were about equal in numbers and the convention met in the Assembly Chamber HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 85 of what was then the State Capitol, afterwards, and until lately de- molished, the Sacramento county courthouse. The desks which or- dinarily occupied the chamber had been removed, and replaced by chairs to accommodate the convention of one hundred and six dele- o-ates who were expected to be present. It was a noticeable fact, that almost without exception the Low delegates, dubbed the short-hairs, occupied the seats on the speaker's right hand, while the anti-Lows, known as the long-hairs, occupied the seats on his left. As soon as the convention had been called to order, two per- sons were nominated for temporary secretary, and voted for. The chairman of the county central committee announced that W. H. Barton, the long-hair candidate, had been elected to the position by a viva-voce vote. At once the convention was a scene of confusion, and the Low delegates insisted on a count of the vote. As Barton advanced from the left toward the secretary's table, the delegates from the right made a rush to the left side of the chamber. So sudden was the outbreak that it is hard to describe the ter- rible scene that followed and that has never before or since been wit- nessed in any political convention in this state. Barton was inter- cepted by his opponents before he could reach the secretary's table and was told that he should not serve in that position. The dele- gates on the long-hair side of the house hastened to his support, while the Low men presented a solid front to bar his way to the desk, and instantly the battle was on, the opposing wings joining in a hand to hand conflict. Weapons for the combatants appeared as if by magic, and solid hickory canes, which appeared to be abundant on both sides, were vigorously used. It was a reproduction of Don- nybrook fair and the battle waged hot and furious. Spittoons were numerous and flew through the air like bombshells. Inkstands sup- ])lied the place of cannon balls and the artillery was in full action. Pistols were drawn and used freely as clubs, but no firearms were discharged or knives used. The principal weapons of warfare in use on both sides were the chairs, which had not been furnished with the idea of their being applied to the heads of the delegates, and which were not very well adapted for that purpose, but were swung in the air by vigorous arms and used with telling effect, being broken over the heads of the contending parties. In many instances they were lu'oken up in order that the legs might be used as clubs. No Homer has as yet sung the doughty deeds performed on that occasion, and the names of the heroes have passed into oblivion. The battle, while furious, did not last over about five minutes, and when the artillery fire had ceased, the long-hairs, who had rallied to Barton's support, had abandoned the field." Some had jumped through the windows, and others, who had been badly hurt, were assisted from the scene. The greater number had passed out into the ante-room and the main hall, 86 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY leaving the scene of conflict. Thus ended this episode of what has passed into history as the "Si)ittoon Convention." The long-liaii's retired in a body after the battle was over, and organized in another hall, while the short-hairs, as victors, occupied the battle-field and jjroceeded with business. Each convention nom- inated a full local ticket and elected a set of delegates to the state con- vention. The long-hairs nominated Newton Booth for state senator, while E. H. Heaton was the nominee of the short-hairs. The shorts claimed that the trouble in the convention was caused by a partial ruling by the chairman of the committee in favor of Barton, and by the determination of the long-hairs to run the convention, regardless of the rights or wishes of their op]:»onents. The short-hair convention instructed its nominees for the legislature to vote for Low for United States senator, but he afterwards declined. The breach in the party was not healed by his withdrawal, however, and the opposition lasted until August, when the short-hairs gradually transferred their sup- })ort to John R, Felton for United States senator. When tlie state convention met, however, Cornelius Cole was elected, December 16, as the agreed candidate of both wings. Ex-Governor H. S. Foote, referred to in relation to the first Re- publican meeting, was well-known on this coast. Born in Virginia in 18U0, he graduated at Washington College in 1819, commenced the practice of law in 1822, edited a Democratic paper in Alabama, 1824-32, and resided in Mississippi for a number of years, being elected by the legislature of that state to the United States senate. He resigned his senatorship and was elected governor of the state in 1852, In 1854 he came to California and joined the Native American party and was its candidate for United States senator in 1856, being defeated by David C, Broderick. He returned to Mississippi in 1858 and took an active part in politics. He represented Tennessee in the Confederate con- gress. During his life he was engaged in three duels and was wounded in two of them. One of his daughters became the wife of Senator W. M, Stewart, and the other two married and reside in California, while his two sons became ])racticing lawyers on the Pacific coast. Mr. Foote posbcssed considerable ability as a writer. In 1866 he published "The War of the Rebellion," and "Scylla and Charybdis." In 1871 he ]>ub- lished a volume of reminiscences and was also the author of "T^exas and the Texans," published in 1847. He died near Nashville, at his residence, May 20, 1880. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 87 CHAPTER XIII COUNTY GOVERNMENT Sacramento county was formally organized in 1850, when tlie legis- lature passed ''An act subdividing the state into counties and estab- lishing the seats of justice therein," February 18, 1850. Section 17 of that act defined the boundaries of Sacramento county as follows : "Beginning at a point ten miles due north of the mouth of the Ameri- can river, and running thence in an easterly direction to the junction of the north and south forks of said river ; thence up the middle of the principal channel of the south fork to a point one mile above the head of Mormon island, so as to include said island in Sacramento county ; thence in a southerly direction to a point on the Cosmnnes river eight miles above the house of William Daylor; thence due south to Dry creek; thence down the middle of said creek to its entrance into the Moquelumne river, or into a large slough in the tule marsh; thence down the middle of said slough to its junction with the San Joaquin river ; thence .down the middle of said river to the mouth of the Sacramento river, at the head of Suisun bay; thence up the mid- dle of the Sacramento river to the mouth of Merritt's slough; thence up the middle of said slough to its head ; thence up the middle of the Sacramento river to a point due west of the place of beginning, and then east to the place of beginning. The seat of justice shall be Sacra- mento City." In the "History of Sacramento," ])ublished in 1853 by Dr. John I. Morse, who was the earliest historian of the embryo city and county, he alludes to what was probably the first election held in what was then known as Sacramento District, as follows: "In the fall of 1848, an election was held at the fort (Sutter's) for first and second alcaldes, and resulted in the selection of Frank Bates and John S. Fowler. Fowler resigned in the spring following, and H. A. Schoolcraft was elected to fill the vacancy. In the spring of 1849, Brannan, Snyder, Slater, Hensley, King, Cheever, McCarver, McDougal, Barton Lee, Dr. Carpenter, Southard, and Fowler were elected a board of com- missioners to frame a code of laws for the district. Pursuant to the wish of this legislating committee, the ]:>e()])le convened under a broad- spreading oak at the foot of I street. The report, which was then of- ficially submitted and which was duly accepted by the sovereigns as- sembled, provided the following offices of a jurisdiction extending from the Coast Range to the Sierra Nevada, and throughout the length of the Sacramento A'^alley, to wit: — One alcalde and one sheriff. IT. A. Schoolcraft was then elected alcalde, and A. M. Turner, sheriff. This constituted the judiciary of Northern California up to the time that those changes took place in very rapid succession after the immigration of 1849 began to concentrate at Sacramento." 88 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY In 1871 a history of Sacramento was published in Crocker's direc- tory, which was written by D, J. Thomas, and alludes in part to the same event, but as will be seen, the list of the legislative committee differs somewhat, and as to which is correct, there is no means of de- ciding. Mr. Thomas says: ' ' The first attempt to establish a civil government under American ideas of government was made on April 30, 1849, when a mass meeting of the then residents of Sacramento City and other portions of Sacra- mento district was held at the Embarcadero to devise a means for the government of the city and district. At this meeting Henry A. School- craft presided, Peter Slater was vice-president and James King of William and E. J. Brooks secretaries. Samuel Brannan explained the object of the meeting, and it was resolved that a legislature of eleven members should be elected, with full powers to enact laws for the government of the city and district. It was also determined to hold the election forthwith, and Henry Bates, M. D., M. F. McClellan, Mark Stewart, Ed. H. Von Pfister and Eugene I. Gillespie were appointed judges. The vote resulted in the election of John McDougal, Peter Slater, Barton Lee, John S. Fowler, J. S. Robb, William Pettit, Wm. M. Carpenter, M. D., Charles D. Southard, M. M. McCarver, James King of William and Samuel Brannan, but upon the announcement of the result, Robb declined to accept, and Henry Cheever was chosen. The eleven were immediately sworn in, and some time afterward adopt- ed a code that no laws were wanted, and that all the officers necessary for the district of Sacramento, bounded on the north and west by the Sacramento river, on the east by the Sierra Nevadas, and on the south by the Cosumnes river, were one alcalde and one sheriff. They then submitted the code to the people for adoption or rejection, and asked them at the same time to vote for officers. The code was adopted. ''Nothing further toward adopting a local government was at- tempted until after the proclamation by General Riley (the military governor) was issued at Monterey on June 3rd. In fact, nothing seemed necessary, if theft was by common consent punished, as the Times saj^s, 'by giving the offender thirty or forty rawhide lashes, and then ordering him off, not to return under penalty of death. ' ' ' The proclamation of General Riley called for an election to be held August 1, 1849, to elect delegates to a general convention and for filling necessary offices. A meeting was held on July 5th, and a committee was appointed to organize the district into precincts, ap- portion the representation, and nominate the candidates to be voted for. The committee consisted of R. B. Cornwall, C. E. Pickett, Will- iam M. Carpenter, Samuel Brannan, John McDougal, W. Blackburn, J. S. Robb, Samuel J. Hensley, Mark Stewart, M. M. McCarver, John S. Fowler and A. M. Winn. On the 14th the committee reported, recommending the places for HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 89 polls etc At the election the vote stood: For delegates to the con- stitutional convention: Jacob R. Snyder, 469; John A. Sutter 468; John Bidwell, 462; W. E. Shannon, 458; L. W. Hastings, 450; W b. Sherwood 446; M. M. McCarver, 296; John S. Fowler, 289; John Mc- bougal, 281; Charles E. Pickett, 193; W. Blackburn, 192; E. 0. Crosby, 189;'^R. M. Jones, 179; W. Lacey, 123; James Queen, 130. 'For local offices: William Stout, Henry E. Robinson, R. B. Corn- wall Eugene I. Gillispie, T. L. Chapman, Berryman Jennings, John P Rodo-ers, A. M. Winn, and M. F. McClellan were elected as mem- bers of^the'city council without opposition, by an average vote of 424. James S Thomas was elected first magistrate by three hundred ninety- three votes, against twenty-tAvo for S. S. White and five /or J. S. Fowler. J. C. Zabriskie was elected second magistrate; H. A. School- craft, recorder, and D. B. Hanner, sheriff. Under the call for the constitutional convention the district was entitled to but four delegates, and J. R. Snyder, W. E. Shannon, W. S Sherwood and John A. Sutter were certified by General Riley as elected representatives. Afterwards the representation was increased to fifteen, and in addition to the original four, eleven others were ap- pointed, as follows: L. W. Hastings, John Bidwell, John S. Fowler, M. M. McCarver, John McDougal, E. 0. Crosby, W. Blackburn, James Queen, R. M. Jones, W. Lacey and C. E. Pickett. The convention adjourned in October and an election was called for November 12, 1849, to vote on the constitution, for state officers, and for representatives in the legislature. At that election the vote of Sacramento district was declared to be as follows: For the^Con- stitution, 4317; against the Constitution, 643; for Governor, P. H. Burnett, 2409; J. A. Sutter, 856; W. S. Sherwood, 1929; Thomas Mc- Dowell, 87; William M. Stewart, 448. For State Senators: John Bidwell, 3474; Elisha 0. Crosby, 2610; Thomas J. Green, 2516; Henry E. Robinson, 2328; Murray Morrison, •-^171- Gilbert A. Grant, 1687; Hardin Biglow, 1407; Charles E. Pickett, 905. ' The first four were declared elected and at the ensuing session the countv boundaries were fixed. The first Mondav of October was fixed in the first election law as the dav for electing state officers and was denominated the general election The first Mondav in April was designated as the clay tor the election of countv officers and was called the county election. Ihe legislature of 1851 repealed the clause fixing the time for the counts election and provided that it should be held at the same time as the state election, and the time for that election was changed to the first Wednesdav in September, where it remained for a number ot ye^is Originallv", the terms of the county officers commenced on the hrst Mondav in Mav, 1850, but the legislature of 1851 changed it so that the term commenced on the first Monday in October following the elec- 90 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tioii. The legislature in 1863 changed it again so that the official terms coniiiienced on llio first Monday in March following the election. The new constitution, adopted in 1871), fixed the time for all state and county officers commencing their terms of office on the first Monday in January. The first county officers, elected April 1, 1850, to serve until April, 1852, were as follows: County judge, E. J. AVillis; sheriff, Joseph McKinney; clerk, Presley Dunlap; recorder, L. A. Birdsall; district attorney, William C. Wallace; county attorney, John H. McKune; treasurer, William Glaskin; assessor, David W. Thorpe; surveyor, J. G. Cleal ; coroner, P. E. Ewer ; J. S. Thomas was elected district judge by the legislature of 1849-50, and he resigned, January 1, 1851. Tod Robinson was appointed January 2, 1851, and served until the first part of August, when Ferris Forman, who was secretary of state dur- ing the administration of John B. Weller, succeeded him on the 14th of AugTist, and presided one month. Lewis Aldrich became district judge September 15, 1851. Joseph McKinney, sheriff, was killed near Brighton, on the evening of August 15, 1850, the day after the Squat- ter riot, and Ben McCulloch was elected at a special election to fill the vacancy, on the first Monday in September. The office of county attorney was abolished by the legislature of 1851, the duties of the office being assigned to the district attorney. Wallace resigned in the meantime, and was succeeded October 18, 1850, by Milton S. Latham, afterward governor. William .Glaskin resigned the office of treasurer, August 22, 1850, and John AY. Peyton was a])|)ointed to fill the vacancy. He in turn resigned November 29, 1850, and Charles H. Swift was ap- pointed treasurer and collector by the court of sessions, of which he was a member. The court of sessions was composed of the county judge and two associates and was the court of criminal jurisdiction. The associates were elected by a convention of justices of the peace, held the first Monday in, October of each year, exce]it the first convention, which was held May 20, 1850, when Charles F. Swift and C. C. Sackett were elected associates. I'his court filled vacancies in office in the county and at- tended to the financial affairs of the county in early times. When Swift was appointed treasurer he was succeeded by James Brown as an associate, who assumed his duties February 7, 1851, and was suc- ceeded August 14 by D. D. Bullock. County officers to serve from October, 1851, to October 5, 1853, were elected Sejitember 3, 1851, as follows: County judge, E. J. Willis; sheriff, A. D. Patterson; clerk, L. B. Harris; recorder and auditor, W. S. Long; district attorney, George IT. Charter; treasurer, Cyrus Rowe; assessor, W. A. Selkirk; surveyor, John G. Cleal; coroner, S. J. May; public administrator, John T. Brown; associate justices. George Wilson and James B. Gates. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 91 A board of supervisors in the several counties to transact the financial business in their counties was provided for by the legis- lature of 1852, and a special election was held on June 14 of that year. John Noyes, Louis Z. Hagen, James S. Meredith, James Mar- tin, and E. M. Pitcher were elected, Meredith being elected chairman when the board was organized. At the general election held Septem- ber, 1852, the following were elected: William McNulty, Luther Cur- tis, John A. Watson, H. H. Lewis and H, B. AVaddilove. Watson was elected chairman and the lioard conducted the county business until May 16, 1853. After that time the court of sessions assumed control of the civil business of the county. At the election September 7, 1853, the following county officers were elected, and served until October, 1855 : County judge, Jolm Heard; sheriff, D. N. Hunt; clerk, Abner C. Hunter; recorder and auditor, John L. Craig; district attorney, James H. Hardy; treas- urer, J. Griswold; assessor, H. J. Bidleman; surveyor, W. L, De- Witt ; coroner, Ephraim Smith ; public administrator, James B. Mitchell. The legislature ])assed another act in 1855, relative to boards of supervisors, and as the supreme court had decided that it was con- templated by the constitution that the business interests of the vari- ous counties should l)e managed by the boards, the court of sessions was not eligible to act, and the counties again elected boards of super- visors. The first election under this act was held April 2, with the result that J. L. Howard, L. P. Ormsby and F. S. Munford constituted the board, which commenced its sessions early in May. In September, 1855, L. R. Bickley, Josiali Johnson and S. R. Caldwell were elected to the board and Johnson was chosen chairman. September 5, 1855, county officers were elected as follows, serv- ing from October, 1855, to October 1, 1857: County judge, John Heard; sheriff, W. S. White; clerk, C. H. Bradford; recorder and auditor, John L. Bro^m ; district attorney, Frank Hereford; treas- urer, David Maddux; coroner, R. Bell; public administrator, Gordon Backus; superintendent of common schools, F. W. Hatch (the first school superintendent elected by the people). Up to the time Mr. Hatch assumed the office its duties were performed by the county as- sessor; the board of 1856 was composed of L. R. Beckley, A. Spinks and Julius Wetzlar, and Beckley was chairman. In 1857 the mem- bers of the board were Jared Irwin, C. C. Harrington and Frank Hast- ings, the latter being chairman. September 2, 1857, the county officers elected were : County judge, R. Robinson; sheriff, W. S. Manlove; clerk, J. B. Dayton; recorder and auditor, Jerome Madden; district attorney, Robert F. Morrison; treasurer, Morgan Miller; assessor, E. Black Ryan; surveyor, John G. Cleal; coroner, J. P. Counts; public administrator, L. R. Beckley; 92 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY school superintendent, N. Slater. The legislature of 1858 passed a law consolidating the government of the city and county and increased the board of supervisors live members, making the president of the board a separate office. A special election was held in April, at which H. L. Nichols was elected president and Mark Hopkins, J. A. Carroll, 8. C. Fogus, E. Stockton and W. K. Lindsay the new members. These, with the old members, met May 8, 1858. In September, 1858, a board was elected, consisting of the following: E. Granger, John Leavitt, Sylvester Marshall, H. T. Holmes, I. N. Babcock, John B. Taylor, L. C. Goodman and W. K. Lindsay, and the president was continued another year. August 4, 1859, B. H. Hereford was elected in place of Lindsay, resigned. The members in 1859 were: President, William Shattuck; mem- bers, E, Granger, John Leavitt, R. L. Robertson, A. Henley, I. N. Babcock, A. M. Green, L. C. Goodman and Larkin Lamb. S. Marshall served until October 11, when he was succeeded by Mr. Robertson. Thomas Letson was clerk, being the first elected under the consolida- tion act. October 12, 1859, Thomas Hunt was elected, vice Goodman, resigned. County officers elected September, 1859, and serving until October, 1861, were: County judge, Robert Robertson; sheriff, Sylvester Mar- shall ; clerk and recorder, Jerome Madden ; district attorney, Cornelius Cole; treasurer, C. L. Bird; assessor, E. B. Ryan; surveyor, J. G. Cleal; coroner, D. Murray; public administrator, Jared Irwin,; school superintendent, F. W. Hatch; clerk of board and auditor, Thomas Let- son. Len Harris was elected county warden in 1861, but the office was abolished. The board in 1860 was composed of E. Granger, Thomas Hansbrow, P. H. Russell, A. Henley, J. S. Woods, A. M. Green, S. Waterman and Larkin Lamb. Shattuck, the president, was continued. The members of the l)oard in 1861 were : President, W^illiam Shattuck, E. Granger, Thomas Hansbrow, P. H. Russell, S. Hite, J. S. Woods, Jacob Dickerson, S. Waterman and John Hall. September 4, 1861, the election for county officers resulted as fol- lows: County judge, Robert C. Clark; sheriff, Benjamin N. Bugby; clerk and recorder, Jared Irwin; district attorney, W. W. Upton; treasurer, C. L. Bird; assessor, E. B. Ryan; surveyor, G. W. Colby; coroner, J, W. Reeves; public administrator, F. McComber; school superintendent, F. W. Hatch; clerk of board and auditor, Josiah Howell. Bird absconded and James C. McDonough was appointed treasurer by the board. The board in 1862 was composed of E. Gran- ger, N. L. Drew, Thomas Ross, S. Hite, J. L. Graves, Jacob Dickerson, D. L. Williams and J. Hall, with Shattuck as president. They served until March 7, 1864. In 1863 the legislature divided the city and county government and reduced the board of supervisors for the county to five members. The new organization took place in the spring and the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 93 following composed tlie board: A. C. Bidwell, Thomas Ross, Joseph Hull, H. A. Thompson and Dwight Hollister, Ross being chairman. At the election of September 2, 1863, the following county officers were elected to serve until March, 1866: County judge, R. C. Clark; sheriif, James McClatchy; clerk and recorder, A. C. Bidwell; dis- trict attorney, M. M. Estee; treasurer, F. S. Lardner; assessor P. R. Beckley; surveyor, G. W. Colby; coroner, J. W. Reeves; public ad- ministrator, J. E. Miller; school superintendent. Sparrow Smith; clerk of the board of supervisors and auditor, Josiah Howell. At the gen- eral election in September, 1863, the members of the board elected were as follows: D. W. Clark, Thomas Ross, Joseph Hull, H. A. Thomp- son and Dwight Hollister. Thompson failed to qualify and on No- vember 16 Jesse Couch was elected in his place. This board was elect- ed to serve two years and took their seats the tirst Mondav in October, 1863. An election was held Se])tember 6, 1865, and county officers elected as follows to serve from March 5, 1866, to March 5, 1868: County judge, Robert C. Clark; sheriif, James Lansing; clerk and recorder, E. D. Shirland ; district attorney, James C. Goods ; treasurer, Ezra Woolson; assessor, E. Black Ryan; surveyor, A. G. Winn; coroner, Joseph A, Conboie; public administrator, Findley R. Dray; school superintendent, F. W. Hatch; clerk of board and auditor. W. A. Anderson; members of the board: D. W. Clark, M. McManus, Joseph Hull, Jesse Couch, and William Beckman; Hull was chairman. An election was held September 4, 1867, and the following persons were elected to the county offices, serving from March, 1868, to March, 1870: — sheriff, Edward F. White (contested by Hugh M. LaRue) ; clerk. W. B. C. Brown; district attorney, James C. Goods; treasurer, A. Spinks; assessor, F. R. Dray; surveyor, John Doherty; coroner, J. P. Counts ; public administrator, William Shattuck ; school superin- tendent, Augustus Trafton; clerk of board and auditor, W. A. Mc- Williams ; board : John Domingos, C. H. Ross, Benjamin Bailey, James vS. Meredith and William Beckman; Meredith was president. These members were elected for two years, and under the provision of the statute which was in force at the time of their election, their terms would have expired in October, 1869, but the legislature of 1867-68 extended the term of the members from the Third, Fourth and Fifth districts (Bailey, Meredith, and Beckman) to 1871, and they served four years. Judge Clark was successively re-elected each time until the county judgeship was abolished' in 1879 by the new constitution. At the election September 1, 1869, the following county officers were elected, and served until March, 1872: — sheriff, J. S. Wood; clerk, W. B. C. Brown; treasurer, Alfred Spinks; recorder and ex- officio auditor, W. xV. McWilliams; assessor, F. R. Dray; district attorney, John K. Alexander; surveyor, A. G. Winn; coroner, J. P. 94 HISTORY OP^ SACRAMENTO COUNTY Counts; school superintendent, Augustus Trafton; ])ublic adminis- trator, William Shattuck; supervisors: — John Domingos, James H. Groth, Benjamin Bailey, James S. Meredith and William Beckman. At the general election of September 6, 1871, the officers elected were as follows, to serve until March, 1874: — sheriff, Mike Bryte; clerk, Lauren IJ|)son ; treasurer, John Bellmer; recorder and auditor, Jesse A. Stewart; assessor, F. R. Dray; district attorney, Henry Starr; surveyor, John Prentice; coroner, J. W. Wilson; school superintendent, S. H. Jackman; ]niblic administrator, N. G. Feldheim; board of supervisors: — John Domingos, James H. Groth, James S. Meredith, S. B. Moore and J. W. Sims. September 2, 1873, Daniel Brown, J. J. Bauer, L. Elkus and H. 0. Seymour were elected. At the same election the following were elected county officers: — sheriff, Hugh LaRue; collector of taxes, Joseph W. Houston; clerk, Ham C. Harrison; treasurer, John Bellmer; district attorney, Charles T. Jones; recorder, Matthew darken; auditor, Jesse A. Stewart; public administrator, H. S. Beals; superintendent of schools, George H. Kelly; surveyor, Ed. Murray; coroner, J. P. Counts; commissioner of highways, H. D. Johnson. The supervisors who served in 1874-75 were: James S. Meredith, S. B. Moore, Daniel Brown, J. V. Sims, H. 0. Seymour, L. Elkus and J. A. Mason, the legislature having increased the number of districts to seven. The officers elected in September, 1877, were as follows : — sheriff, M. M. Drew; clerk, Thomas H. Berkey; treasurer, D. E. Callahan; auditor, W. E. Gerber; district attorney, George A. Blanchard; superintendent of schools, F. L. Landes; public administrator, Troy Dye; surveyor, John Prentice; coroner, A. J. Vermilya. The super- visors serving from October, 1877, to October, 1878, were : S. B. Moore, J. W. Wilson, J. J. Bauer, P. R. Beckley, Samuel Blair, Daniel Brown, and Edward Christy. In 1878-79, Benjamin Bailey served in place of S. B. Moore. The county officers elected in September, 1879, were: — sheriff, Adolph Heilbron; clerk, Thomas H. Berkey; assessor, Joseph W. Houston; auditor, William E. Gerber; treasurer, Ezra Woolson; public administrator, George F. Bronner; district attorney, Henry L. Buckley; superintendent of schools, Charles E. Bishop; coroner, A. J. Vermilya ; surveyor, James C. Pierson. Supervisors, 1880-81 : — J. W. Wilson, Benjamin Bailey, P. R. Beckley, Edward Christy, Stephen W. Butler, Samuel Blair and John F. Dreman. The legislature of 1882 changed the time of elections to November, to correspond with the election of president of the United States. In November of that year the officers elected were : sheriff, A. H. Estill ; clerk, C. M. Coglan; assessor, John T. Griffitts; treasurer, A. S. Green- law; district attorney, John T. Carey; auditor and recorder, W. E. Gerber; public administrator, George F. Bronner; superintendent of HISTORY OF vSACRAMENTO COUNTY 95 schools, Charles E. Bishop; corouer, J. Frank Clark; surveyor, J. C. Pierson ; supervisors : J. F. Dreman, J. W. Wilson, Samuel Blair, S. W. Butler, Edward Christy, P. R. Beckley and Benjamin Bailey. At the election on November 4, 1884, the county officers were elected as follows : sheriff, J. W. Wilson ; clerk, W. B. Hamilton ; auditor and recorder, J, Henry Miller; district attorney, Henry L. Buckley; treas- urer, George E. Kuchler; public administrator, F. H. Russell; coroner, J. Frank Clark ; surveyor, J. C. Pierson ; supervisors : B. U. Steinman, George 0. Bates, George C. McMullen, S. J. Jackson and L. H. Fassett. The number of districts had been changed from seven to five. The following were elected November 2, 1886: County clerk, W. B. Hamilton; sheritf, M. M. Drew; assessor, A. L. Frost; treasurer, John L. Huntoon; district attorney, Elwood Bruner; auditor and re- corder, J. H. Miller; superintendent of schools, Benjamin F. Howard; public administrator, S. B, Smith; coroner, J. Frank Clark; surveyor, J. C. Pierson; supervisors: H. C. Ross and F. F. Tebbets. Steinman, Bates and McMullen held over. During the year Miller resigned as auditor and recorder, and Frank T. Johnson was elected to succeed him. Mr. Howard made a most efficient superintendent of schools; so much so indeed that he was re-elected term after term and served in that capacity for twenty years, during which time he lifted the schools to a high degree of excellence, making them the peer of any iii the state. November 6, 1888, the following were elected: sheritf, George C. McMullen; clerk, W. B. Hamilton; auditor and recorder, Frank T. John- son; district attorney, Elwood Bruner; treasurer, John L. Huntoon; public administrator, G. AY. Harlow ; coroner, J. Frank Clark ; surveyor, J. C. Boyd ; supervisors : Andrew Black and George 0. Bates. Erskine Greer, H. C. Ross and F. F. Tebbets held over. In 1890 the officers elected were : sheriff and tax collector, Thomas W. O'Neil; clerk, W. B. Hamilton; treasurer, Edward Lyon; auditor and recorder, F. T. Johnson; district attorney, Frank D. Ryan; assessor, R. D. Irvine; coroner, George H. Clark; public administrator, George F. Bronner ; surveyor, A. M. Winn ; supervisors : M. Miller, George 0. Bates; Andrew Black, Erskine Greer and Thomas Jenkins. In 1892 the supervisors were J. M. Morrison, J. W. Todd, M. Miller, William Curtis and Thomas Jenkins. County officers in 1894 were as follows : sheritf and tax collector, Frank T. Johnson; clerk, W. B. Hamilton; treasurer, E. Lyon; auditor and recorder, R. T. Cohn; district attorney, Frank D. Ryan; assessor, Thomas H. Berkey ; coroner, George H. Clark ; public administrator, W. B. Miller ; surveyor, J. C. Boyd ; supervisors : John F. Dreman, J. W. Todd, J. M. Morrison, William Curtis and Thomas Jenkins. In 1896 the board was : J. F. Dreman, J. M. Morrison, William McLaughlin, Thomas Jenkins and William Curtis. Treasurer Lyon died during his term of office, and A. S. Greenlaw, his deputy, was elected by the supervisors 96 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY to fill the vacancy. Public Administrator Miller also died during his term. In 1898 the officers elected were: sheriff, Frank T. Johnson; clerk, W. B. Hamilton; license and tax collector, B. N. Bugbey; treasurer, A. S. Greenlaw; auditor and recorder, R. T. Colm; district attorney, C. W. Baker; assessor, T. IT. Berkey; coroner, G. C. McMullen; public administrator, S. B. Smith; surveyor, J. C. Boyd; supervisors: Dugald Gillis, William McLaughlin, J. M. Morrison, William Curtis and Thomas Jenkins. In 1900 the board was: D. Gillis, William McLaughlin, M. J. Dillman, Morris Brooke and Thomas Jenkins. The legislature had previously separated the othces of sheriff and tax collector, and Bugbey took advantage of the fact that the convention had neglected to nominate a tax collector. He announced himself as a candidate for the office, and as Johnson neglected to announce himself, Bugbey was elected. Sheriff Johnson died during his term and the supervisors appointed David Reese to fill the vacancy. In 1902 the officers elected were: clerk, W. B. Hamilton; sheriff, David Reese; license and tax collector, Charles E. Trainor; treasurer, A. S. Greenlaw ; auditor, L. P. Williams ; recorder, R. T. Colin ; district attorney, A. M. Se.vmour; assessor, T. H. Berkey; coroner, W. F. Gormley; public administrator, S. B. Smith; surveyor, J. C. Boyd; supervisors : E. A. Meister, William McLaughlin, M. J. Dillman, Morris Brooke and T. Jenkins. In 1904 the board was : C. W. McKillip, James H. Donnelly, H. K. Johnson, E. A. Meister and Gillis Doty. Treasurer Greenlaw died during his incumbency, and D. W. Car- michael was elected by the supervisors to fill the vacancy. Mr. Car- michael appointed M. J. Curtis as his deputy, the legislature having provided for a deputy at the previous session. The officers elected for 1906 were as follows : clerk, W. B. Hamilton ; sheriff, D. Reese; license and tax collector, Charles E. Trainor; district attorney, E. S. Wachorst ; coroner, W. F. Gormley ; x^ublic administrator, D. McDougall; superintendent of schools, Mrs. Minnie R. O'Neil; sur- veyor, C. M. Phinney; recorder, C. A. Root; supervisors: Howard K. Johnson, David Ahern, Charles W. McKillip, J. H. Donnelly and L. C. Thisby. In 1908 the board was: Robert Callahan, J. H. Donnellv, L. C. Thisby, C. W. McKillip and David Ahern. Sheriff Reese died during his term of office, and the board of su))ei-- visors elected his son, Edward E. Reese, to fill the unexpired term. Assessor Berkey also died and the supervisors elected E. J. Kay, his deputy, to the position. Mr. Kay had been Berkey 's right hand man for several years, and was thoroughly competent to fill the position, being well acquainted with the values of real estate and persoun) property. The officers elected for 1910 wei'e: clerk, W. B. Hamilton; sheriff, David Ahern; license and tax collector, Charles K. Trainor; auditor. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 97 L. P. Williams; recorder, C. A. Root; assessor, Ed. J. Kay; super- intendent of schools, Mrs. Minnie R. O'Neil; treasurer, M. J. Curtis; district attorney, E. S. Wachhorst; coroner, W. F. Gorniley; public administrator, D. McDougall; surveyor, Frank C. Miller; supervisors: J. H. Donnelly, Charles H. McKillip, Robert E. Callahan, James P. Kelly and Thomas Jenkins. County Clerk Hamilton died in the spring of 1911, and the board of supervisors elected Ed. F. Pfund, who had for many years been his deputy and was thoroughly conversant with the affairs of the office, to fill put the unexpired term. The appointment of Mr. Pfund gave universal satisfaction, both to the bar and the people, as his perennial courtesy and painstaking performance of his duties had gained him a host of friends. No man in the county was more universally liked and respected than "Billy" Hamilton, as he was always called. Genial and affable, he was the friend of all, and all were his friends. As was once said of him, "Billy Hamilton is the same man the week after election that he was a week before he was elected." An ardent hunter and fisherman, he had a fund of sporting and other anecdotes, and was so happy in his methods as a raconteur that the most astounding ex- periences issuing from his lips took on the appearance of verity. His death was mourned liy a host of friends. It was said of him that he never forgot a face, and could call every resident of the county by name, — a most valuable accomplishment for a politician. Peace to his manes. "We ne'er shall look upon his like again." CHAPTER XIV CITY OFFICERS A list of the officers of the city of Sacramento from 1849 follows : 1849 — A. M. Winn, mayor; the alcalde was recorder; N. C. Cun- ningham, marshal ; William Glaskin, city clerk and auditor ; J. A. Tutt, assessor; S. C. Hastings, treasurer; B. Brown, collector; Murray Mor- rison, city attorney; R. J. Watson, harbormaster. 1850 — Hardin Biglow, mayor (died in office) ; Horace Smith, mayor (to fill vacancy) ; B. F. Washington, recorder; N. C. Cunning- ham, marshal; J. B. Mitchell, city clerk and auditor; J. W. Woodland, assessor ; Barton Lee, treasurer ; E. B. Pratt, collector ; J. Neely John- son, city attorney ; George W. Hammersley, harbormaster. Hardin Biglow, the mayor, was severely wounded in the Squatter riot and died in San Francisco of cholera before recovering from his wounds. Horace Smith was elected to succeed him. J. W. Woodland, the assessor, was also killed in the Squatter riot, but his place does 98 mSTOEY OF SACKAMENTO COUNTY not seem to have been filled, tlie elections at that time being for only one year. 1851 — James R. Hardenbergh, mayor; W. H. McGrew, recorder; W. S. Wliite, marshal; L. Curtis, clerk and auditor; Samuel McKee, assessor; W. R. McCracken, treasurer; W. S. White, collector; J. Neely Johnson, city attorney; Jolm Requa, harbormaster. 1852 — C. I. Hutchinson, mayor; \V. 11. McGrew, recorder; David McDowell, marshal; Washington Meeks, city clerk and auditor; Wil- liam Lewis, assessor; R. Chenery, treasurer; D. McDowell, collector; John G. Ayer, city attorney; Jolm Requa, harbormaster; W! A. Sel- kirk, superintendent of schools. 1853 — J. R. Hardenbergh, mayor; N. Greene Curtis, recorder; W. S. White, marshal; Jolm A. Fowler, city clerk and auditor; Samuel T. Clymer, assessor; C. J. Torbert, treasurer; W. S. White, collector; L. Landus, Jr., city attorney; Gordon Backus, harbormaster; H. J. Bidleman, superintendent of schools. 1854- — R. P. Jolmson, mayor; N. Greene Curtis, recorder; W. S. White, marshal ; T. A, Thomas, city clerk and auditor ; E. C. Winchell, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; N. A. H. Ball, collector; W. Cyrus Wallace, city attorney; Frank Harney, harbormaster; H. W. Harkness, superintendent of schools. 1855 — James Lawrence English, mayor; N. Greene Curtis, re- corder ; James W. Haines, marshal ; W. E. Chamberlain, city clerk and auditor; Prescott Robinson, assessor; John C. Barr, treasurer; J. T. Knox, collector; Horace Smith, city attorney; James W. Haines, har- bormaster; Frank Tukey, superintendent of schools (resigned), F. W. Hatch (to fill vacancy). 1856 — B. B. Redding, mayor; W. W. Price, recorder; Thomas Mc- Alpin, marshal; John F. Madden, city clerk and auditor; W. C. Felch, assessor; W. M. Brainerd, treasurer; John H. Houseman, collector; Henry Starr, city attorney; George C. Haswell, harbormaster; F. W. Hatch, superintendent of schools. 1857 — J. P. Dyer, mayor; Presley Dunlap, recorder; James Lan- sing, marshal; John F. Madden, city clerk and auditor; Alex. Mont- gomery, assessor; James H. Sullivan, treasurer; John H. Houseman, collector; George R. Moore, city attorney; George C. Haswell, harbor- master; J. G. Lawton, superintendent of schools. 1858 — H. L. Nichols, president of the board, justice of the ]:)eace, police judge; J. P. Hardy, marshal; J. B. Dayton, city clerk and auditor; E. B. Ryan, assessor; Morgan Miller, treasurer; W. T. Man- love, collector; R. F. Morrison, city attorney; Daniel H. Whepley, harbormaster; G. L. Simmons, superintendent of schools. 1859 — \v. Shattuck, ]iresident of the board, justice of the peace, police judge; J. J. Watson, marshal; J. B. Dayton, city clerk and auditor; E. B. Ryan, assessor; Morg. Miller, treasurer; W. S. Manlove, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 99 collector; R. F. Morrison, city attorney; G. L. Simmons, superintendent of schools. From 1858 to 1862 the city and county were consolidated and managed by a board of supervisors, one of which was president of the board. During this period the three city justices of the peace were, in rotation of a week each, police judge. 1860 — W. Shattuck, president of the board; justice of the peace, police judge; J. J. Watson, marshal; Thomas Letson, city clerk and auditor; E. B. Ryan, assessor; C. L. Bird, treasurer; Sylvester Mar- shall, collector; Cornelius Cole, city attorney; F. W. Hatch, superin- tendent of schools. 1861 — W. Shattuck, president of the board, justice of the peace, police judge; J. J. Watson, marshal; Thomas Letson, city clerk and auditor; E. B. Ryan, assessor; C. L. Bird, treasurer; Sylvester Mar- shall, collector; Cornelius Cole, city attorney; G. Taylor, superintend- ent of schools. 1862 — W. Shattuck, president of the board; Thomas W^. Gilmer, police judge; J. J. Watson, marshal; Josiah Howell, city clerk and auditor; E. B. Ryan, assessor; C. L. Bird, treasurer; James McDonald, treasurer (appointed to fill vacancy) ; B. N. Bugbey, collector; Samuel Smith, collector (appointed to fill vacancy) ; W. W. Upton, city attorney; G. Taylor, superintendent of schools. The city government was changed April 25, 1863; the new lioard met and held its first session May 1, 1863, and after that the city was governed by three trustees until January 8, 1894, the first trustee being the president of the board and mayor; the second trustee street commissioner, and the third trustee superintendent of the waterworks. 1863 — C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; H. T. Holmes, second trustee; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; S. S. Holl, police judge; J. T. Clark, chief of police (removed October 7, 1863, and D. H. Lowry appointed) ; Benjamin Peart, city auditor and clerk; James E. Smith, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; James E. Smith, collector; E. H. Heacock, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superintendent of schools. 1865 — C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; S. D. Smith, second trustee ; Josiah Johnson, third trustee ; S. S. Holl, police judge ; F. T. Burke, chief of police; C. C. Jenks, city auditor and clerk; John C. Halley, assessor; Harvey Coswell, treasurer; D. A. DeMerritt, col- lector; E. H. Heacock, city attorney; S. C. Hall, harbormaster; W. H. Hill, superintendent of schools. 1866— C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; S. D. Smith, second trustee; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; L. H. Foote, police judge; F. T. Burke, chief of police ; C. C. Jenks, city auditor and clerk ; John C. Halley, assessor; Harvey Caswell, treasurer; D. A. DeMerritt, collector; E. H. Heacock, city attorney; N. A. Kidder, harbor master; W. H. Hill, superintendent of schools. 1867— C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; S. D. Smith, second 100 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY trustee; David Kendall, third trustee; L. H. Foote, police judge; F. T. Burke, eliief of police ; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk ; E. R. Hamilton, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; D. A. DeMerritt, collector; M. C. Tilden, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superintendent of schools. 18G8 — C. H. Swift, lirst trustee and mayor; John Rider, second trustee; David Kendall, third trustee; L. H. Foote, police judge; B. W. Martz, chief of police; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk; E. R. Hamilton, assessor ; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer ; D, A. DeMer- ritt, collector; M. C. Tilden, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superintendent of schools. 18G9 — C. 11. Swift, first trustee and mayor; John Rider, second trustee; David Kendall, third trustee (died in office); L. H. Foote, police judge; B. W. Martz, chief of police; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk; W. T. Crowell, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treas- urer; A. Leonard, collector; S. S. Holl, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superintendent of schools. 1870— C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; John Rider, second trustee; James McCleery, third trustee; A. Henley, police judge; George Smith, chief of police ; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk ; W. T. Crowell, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; A. Leonard, collector; J. K. Alexander, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superintendent of schools. 1871 — C. H. Swift, first trustee and mayor; John Rider, second trustee; James McCleery, third trustee; A. Henley, police judge; George Smith, chief of police ; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk ; S. S. Greenwood, assessor; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; H. Mont- fort, collector; Charles T. Jones, city attorney; W. H. Hill, superin tendent of schools. 1872 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; John Rider, second trustee; James McCleery, third trustee; T. W. Gilmer, police judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. M. Stevens, chief of police; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk; S. S. Greenwood, assessor; W. PI Chamberlain, treasurer; H. Montfort, collector; M. C. Tilden, city attorney; S. C. Denson, superintendent of schools. 1873 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; John Rider, second trustee; Horace Adams, third trustee; T. W. Gilmer, police judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. M. Stevens, chief of police; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; W. T. Crowell, collector; Samuel Poorman, treasurer; M. C. Tilden, city attorney; S. C. Denson, superintendent of schools. 1874 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox, second trustee; Horace Adams, third trustee; W. R. Cantwell, police judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. M. Stevens, chief of police; John McClintock, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 101 W. T. Crowell, collector; Samuel Poorman, treasurer; W. R. Hinkson, city attorney; Add C. Hinkson, superintendent of schools. 1875— Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox, second trustee; James McCleary, third trustee; M. S. Horan, police judge ; E. M. Stevens, chief of police ; P. L. Hickman, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; W. T. Crowell, collector; Samuel Poorman, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; A. C. Hinkson, superintendent of schools. 1876_Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox, second trustee; James McCleery, third trustee; M. S. Horan, police judge; E. M. Stevens, chief of police; P. L. Hickman, city auditor and" clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; W. T. Crowell, collector; J. N. Porter, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; A. C. Hinkson, superintendent of schools. 1877 — Christopher Green, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox, second trustee ; James McCleery, third trustee ; Thomas Conger, police judge ; E. M. Stevens, chief of police ; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; G. A. Putnam, collector; J. N. Porter, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; A. C. Hinkson, superintendent of schools. 1878— Jabez Turner, first trustee and mayor ; W. F. Knox, second trustee ; James McCleery, third trustee ; Thomas Conger, police judge ; E. M. Stevens, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; G. A. Putnam, collector; J. N. Porter, treasurer ; H. L. Buckley, city attorney ; A. C. Hinkson, superintendent of schools. 1879— Jabez Turner, first trustee and mayor; W. F. Knox, second trustee; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police judge; E. M. Stevens, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor ; . George A. Putnam, collector ; J. N. Porter, treasurer; H. L. Buckley, city attorney; F. L. Landes, super- intendent of schools.. 1880— Jabez Turner, first trustee and mayor; Jerome C. Davis, sec- ond trustee; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; F. L. Landes, superintendent of schools. 1881 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor; Jerome C. Davis, second trustee (died October 5, 1881, before expiration of his term) ; Josiah Johnson, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. E. Chamber- lain, treasurer; "W. A. Anderson, city attorney; F. L. Landes, super- intendent of schools. 1882— John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor ; John Ryan, second 102 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY trustee; William Gutenberger, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police judge; M. Karclier, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. E. Chamberlain, treasurer; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; J. R. Lane, superintendent of schools. 1883 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor ; John Ryan, second trustee; William Gutenberger, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police judge; Matt Karcher, chief of police; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; J. R. Lane, superintendent of schools. 1884 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor; H. B. Neilson, second trustee; William Gutenberger, third trustee; W. A. Henry, police judge ; Matt Karcher, chief of police ; W. E. Chamberlain, treas- urer; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; Fred A. Shepherd, as- sessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. A. Anderson, city attorney; J. R. Lane, superintendent of schools. 1885 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor; William Guten- berger, third trustee; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; J. J. Buckley, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. A. Henry, police judge; 0. C. Jackson, chief of police; J. N. Porter, treasurer; W. A. \nderson, city attorney; J. R. Lane, superintendent of schools. 1886 — John Q. Brown, first trustee and mayor; H. B. Neilson, second trustee; W. R. Jones, third trustee; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; J. J. Buckley, assessor; J. N. Porter, treasurer; George A. Putnam, collector; W. A. Henry, police judge; H. F. Dillman, chief of police; E. C. Hart, city attorney; M. R. Beard, superintendent of schools. 1887 — Eugene J. Gregory, first trustee and mayor; John Ryan, second trustee; W. R. Jones, third trustee; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; J. J. Buckley, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; Henry L. Buckley, police judge; H. F. Dillman, chief of police; E. C. Hart, oity attorney; W^. E. Gerber, treasurer; M. R. Beard, superintendent of schools. 1888 — Eugene J. Gregory, first trustee and mayor; John Ryan, second trustee; H. C. Wolf, third trustee; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; J. J. Buckley, assessor; George A. Putnam, collector; Henry L. Buckley, police judge; Timothy Lee, chief of police; E. C. Hart, city attorney; M. R. Beard, superintendent of schools. 1889 — P]ugene J. Gregory, first trustee and mayor; William Mc- Laughlin, second trustee ; H. C. Wolf, third trustee ; E. H. McKee, city auditor and clerk; J. J. Buckley, assessor; George A. Putnam, col- lector; Henry L. Buckley, police judge; Timothy Lee, chief of police; W. S. Clnirch, city attorney; W. E. Gerber, treasurer; M. R. Beard, superintendent of schools. 1890 — W. D. Comstock, first trustee and mayor; William Mc- Laughlin, second trustee; H. C. AVolf, third trustee; E. H. McKee, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 103 city auditor; George A. Putnam, collector; J. J. Buckley, assessor; W. E. Gerber, treasurer; Henry L. Buckley, police judge; Warren F. Drew, chief of police ; E. C. Hart, city attorney ; Albert Hart, superin- tendent of schools. 1891 — W. D. Conistock, first trustee and mayor; William Mc- Laughlin, second trustee; Alonzo Conklin, third trustee; J. D. Young, auditor; George A. Putnam, collector; J. J. Buckley, assessor; AV, E. Gerber, treasurer; R. 0. Cravens, police judge; W. F. Drew, chief of police; E. C. Hart, city attorney; Albert Hart, superintendent of schools. 1892 — W. D. Comstock, first trustee and mayor; E. H. Green, second trustee; Alonzo Conklin, third trustee; J. D. Young, auditor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. E. Gerber, treasurer; J. J. Buckley, assessor; R. 0. Cravens, police judge; John B. Rodgers, chief of police; E. C. Hart, city attorney; Albert Hart, superintendent of schools. 1893 — ^B. U. Steinman, first trustee and mayor; E. H. Green, second trustee; Alonzo Conklin, third trustee; J. D. Young, auditor; George A. Putnam, collector; W. E. Gerber, treasurer; J. J. Buckley, assessor; H. L. Buckley, police judge; John B. Rodgers, chief of police; C. N. Post, city attorney; Albert Hart, superintendent of schools. A new charter for the city went into force January 8, 1894, by >vhich the number of trustees was increased from three to nine, the mayor being elected separate from the board, and the trustees being elected to severally represent the nine wards of the city 1894-95— B. U. Steinman, mayor; W. D. Lawton, president of board of trustees; trustees: H. AVachhorst, Robert E. Kent, J. G. Davis, W. H. Bragg, L. Tozer, J. H. Devine, C. E. Leonard, T. J. Pen- nish, W. D. Lawton; J. D. Young, auditor and assessor; J. N. Porter, treasurer; E. H. McKee, collector; J. Frank Brown, city attorney; M. M. Drew, chief of police; 0. S. Flint, city clerk; Albert Hart, super- intendent of schools. 1896-97 — C. H. Hubbard, mayor; C. E. Leonard, president of board of trustees; trustees: H. Wachhorst, R. E. Kent, James G. Davis, D. W. McKay, L. Tozer, J. H. Devine, C. E. Leonard, T. J. Pennish, C. H. Bentley; J. D. Young, auditor and assessor; D. W. Carmichael, treasurer; C. C. Robertson, collector; J. Frank Brown, city attorney; M. J. Desmond, city clerk; 0. W. Erlewine, superintendent of schools. 1898-1899— Mayor, William Land; collector, C. C. Robertson; treasurer, A. L. Frost; auditor and assessor, J. D. Young; trustees — F. F. Tebbets, R. E. Kent, C. W. Paine, D. McKay, Philip Douglas, J. H. Devine; M. J. Desmond, clerk; chief of police, Thomas Dwyer (died in office, 1899) ; superintendent of schools, 0. W. Erlewine. Mr. Erlewine has been regularly re-elected to the office and was the in- 104 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY cumbent until his resignation this spring under the present com- missioners. 1900-1901— Mayor, George H. Clark; collector, C. C. Robertson; auditor and assessor, J. D. Young; trustees — F. F. Tebbets, R. E. Kent, C. W. Paine, John C, Ing, Jr., Philip Douglas, James H. Devine, Henry P. Brown, M. R. Beard, J. H. Dolan; clerk, M. J. Desmond; chief of police, John C. Sullivan. 1902-1903— Mayor, George H. Clark; collector, C. C. Robertson; auditor and assessor, J. D. Young; treasurer, C. M. Prodger; trustees — F. F. Tebbets, R. E. Kent, J. G. Black, John C. Ing, Jr., S. H. Farley, J. H. Devine, Albert Elkus, M. R. Beard, E. J. Carra- gher; clerk, M. J. Desmond. 1904-1905 — Mayor, W. J. Hassett; collector, J. E. Govan; auditor and assessor, W. D. Comstock; treasurer, C. M. Prodger; trustees — F. F. Tebbets (died 1904, George F. Rider appointed), Ed. McEwen, J. G. Black, John C. Ing, Jr., S. H. Farley, R. E. Callahan, Albert Elkus, James Popert, E. J. Carragher; clerk, M. J. Desmond; chief of police, Martin Coffey. 1906-1907— Mayor, M. R. Beard; collector, M. H. Spaulding; auditor and assessor, Fred W. Carey; treasurer, C. M. Prodger; trustees— George H. Rider, Ed. McEwen (died 1906, J. H. Schacht appointed), John C. Ing, Jr., M. J. Burke, R. E. Callahan, Harry A. Nauman, James Popert, E. J. Carragher; clerk, M. J. Desmond; chief of police, John Denny. 1908-1909— Mayor, Clinton L. White; collector, L. H. Spaulding; auditor and assessor, Fred M. Carey; treasurer, C. M. Prodger; trustees — Geo. F. Rider, J. H. Schacht, J. T. Murphy, E. P. Hammond, M. J. Burke, B. F. Catlett, Harry A. Nauman, 0. G. Hopkins, E. J. Carragher; clerk, M. J. Desmond; chief of police, John E. Sullivan. 1910-1911— Mayor, M. R. Beard; collector, L. H. Spaulding; auditor and assessor, Fred W. Carey (died in 1910, Edward Haynes appointed) ; treasurer, C. M. Prodger (died in 1911, W. C. Hendricks appointed); city attorney, J. V. Hart; trustees — George Rider, C. H. Schacht, J. T. Murphy, E. P. Hammond, M. J. Burke, B. F. Catlett, H. Hoffman (died in 1911, C. W. Mier appointed), 0. G. Hopkins and E. J. Carragher; clerk, M. J. Desmond; superintendent of streets, R. C. Irvine; chief of police, William M. Ahern. 1912-1913 — Mayor, M. R. Beard; auditor and assessor, Edward Ha^Ties; collector, L. H. Spaulding; city attorney, J. V. Hart; treas- urer, D. McDougall; trustees — Geo. Rider, John W. Crone, J. B. Hicks, E. P. Hammond, M. J. Burke, G. C. Simmons, C. W. Mier, .James Mangan and E. J. Carragher; clerk, M. J. Desmond; superin- tendent of streets, R. C. Irvine; chief of police, William M. Ahern. William Johnson was appointed by the commissioners chief of police durinsf the summer of 1913. FIRST DEPOT OF THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY RAILROAD, BUILT IN 1862 K r -"f K STIJKIOT IN THE 't;2 FLOOD HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 105 CHAPTER XV FLOODS The flood of 1850, heretofore mentioned as among the early dis- asters to the city, was only one of a series that devastated the city and county in later years, and some of which were far more wide- spread and destructive. Seasons of heavy rainfall have brought down from the mountains that bound the great Sacramento Valley on both sides torrents of rushing waters that have spread out over the low lands along the Sacramento river or overtopped the levees constructed to preserve the alluvial lands and swept away the banks erected as barriers, reminding man that his puny efforts to restrain and control the forces of nature were futile at such times. To-day the banks of the river in most places are crowned with substantial levees, many of them eighty to one hundred feet across the top, and holding back successfully the angry waters that surge and beat against them. But in many places these huge mounds have proved ineffectual in time of great floods, and the reclamation of the river lands and islands has been a costly and discouraging undertaking. The labor of months and years, costing many thousands of dollars, has often been swept away in a day and the fertile fields, often covered with a valuable crop, inundated and covered with several feet of sand and detritus. Long before the white man settled in the valley did these floods occur at different periods. The Indian mounds of past generations, the remains of which frequently appear on the low lands along the rivers, bear mute testimony to the rise of the raging waters and the necessity forced upon the aborigines of providing for the safety of themselves and their families from the devouring waters. Their tra- ditions give an account of various floods before the white man invaded the valley. The great flood of 1805 forms an epoch in their history from which they still reckon in speaking of subsequent events. That of 1825-6 was often referred to by the older members of the tribes who camped along the river in the early days of the state. The floods of 1846-7 and of 1850 were familiar to the earliest pioneers and still remain vividly in the memories of the survivors of those days. The former did but little damage, for the reason that there was very little property subject to damage in those days. The latter, which has been referred to earlier in this volume, did an immense am.ount of damage to the infant city and occasioned much suffering. On the evening of January 8, 1850, a terrible southeast stonn set in, swelling the Sacramento river to such an extent that the slough on I street, between Second and Third, began to run over. Before night on Wednesday the water was running under the zinc building of Montgomery and Warbass, and torrents were rushing down Second and Third streets. On Thursday morning the whole city for a mile from the Embarcadero, except some high places on Tenth street, was 106 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY under water. The next day buildings were carried from tlieir founda- tions. Very few buildings escaped having their lower floors flooded. The damage was immense, great quantities of provisions and goods being swept away. Dr. John F. Morse, in writing of the flood, says, among other things: "At 10 o'clock on the evening of the flood, when the back waters of the sloughs and the waters that came in from the banks of the Sac- ramento were rushing into the city, tearing up sidewalks and dislodg- ing merchandise, sweeping away tents and upsetting houses, — at this very time, and throughout the inundation, the city seemed almost mad with boisterous frolic, with the most irresistible disposition to revel m all the drinking, talking, swearing, dancing and shouting that were ever patronized by the wine-drinking son of Jupiter and Semele. "All the shipping and two-story houses became crowded with the unwebbed bipeds of hilarity and merriment. When hundreds of thousands of dollars in merchandise were being wrested from the merchants and traders by the sweeping currents that were running through the streets, in some places with irresistible force, no one could have found among the losers of the property a single dejected face or dejected spirit. There were no gloomy consultations, no long- ing looks cast upon the absconding produce, no animosities excited. A man who would purposely roll into the water that he might share in the general laugh that was entailed upon one who had accidentally fallen in, would not wet the sole of his foot to save a barrel of pork that was being carried off by the current. "In the early part of this great flood small boats would bring almost any price on sale or hire. A common-sized whale boat would bring $30 an hour, and sell readily for $1,000; but in an incredibly short time every particle of lumber that would answer for boat or raft making was appropriated, and in a few days the people were enabled to emigrate to the adjacent hills, where settlements were made, similar to the Hoboken of 1853. It would be impossible to estimate the amount of property destroyed by this terrible visitation." Team- sters lost from forty to fifty yoke of oxen and a large number of horses and mules were drowned, write the historians. On the 18th the water so far subsided as to leave some dry spots on the Embar- cadero and most of Second street. The great number of cattle drowned created much discomfort to the people. Another flood occurred in March, in which the city was saved from a second disaster by the energetic efforts of Hardin Biglow, who had built a levee across the sloughs at his own expense. This was the inception of the present system of levees which so effectually protects our city at present and renders it practically impregnable to the waters. Two years later came another devastating flood. For some days prior to Sunday, March 7, 1852, both the Sacramento and American HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 107 rivers had taken on a threatening form, heavy rains in the foot-hills and a very heavy snowfall in the mountains having filled them hank full. About 1 a. m. Sunday the citizens were aroused from their slumbers by the clanging of the alarm bell, warning them of impending danger. Excited men soon thronged the streets, anxious to ascertain the cause. On investigation it was found that, owing to a sudden rise in the American river, the levee near its mouth had given way and the water was rushing fast through a breach in its crumbling banks. The mayor, chief engineer and many citizens were soon on the ground, making every effort to avert disaster. Timber, hay, sacks of barley, dirt and other things were cast into the breach, but to no avail. The earth on which the timbers of the sluice gate rested became loosened and about two o'clock the bridge gave way and was swept away by the current into the slough. Brooks' store house, on the levee, followed the bridge and as the opening widened the rush of waters increased and trees, houses, scows and tents were swept into the vortex and coming with tremendous force against the bridge across Third street snapped it like a pipe stem and it too was swept away, cutting off all communication with the peninsula and imperiling the safety of many residents. Boats were quickly procured and after great exertions all were rescued and conveyed to a place of safety. By four o'clock the water had reached the level of I street and was running up Second to J. The mayor issued a proclamation, calling on all to help stem the tide. A temporary embankment stopped the water at I street, but it soon found its way around to Seventh and submerged I street again. The embankment was continued to Seventh, where the ground was higher, but soon the water was pouring into J street through the slough. The Sacramento river at this time was two feet lower than in the flood of 1850, and lacked twenty inches of overtopping the levee, and the sloughs below the city contained less water than at the former flood. But the American was higher and was rising, while the Sacramento was stationary. The levee was crumbling and the water was trickling through and it appeared certain that the levee must >aeld to the rising waters. Much property had been destroyed already. Cattle, pigs and poultry floated by on the flood and the water stood from a few inches to two feet deep on the lower floors on I street. By six o'clock the city was almost wholly submerged, the buildings rising like so many pyramids on the desert over the face of the waters, only Sutter's Fort and the ''Ridge" being above the flood. By this time the American river, which had overflowed its banks, had crept insidiously around the city and a torrent rushed in on the opposite side. The east levee had broken and the water poured vio- lently in. The stores on K street were nearly all flooded several inches deep, but J street, being higher, was still above the flood. The entire city was wild with excitement. Every one who possessed goods or fur- 108 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY niture was removing them to higher apartments or ground. Houses on the outskirts were ahnost deserted and the residents took refuge on scows. Carpenters became boat builders, but there was not half enough material or labor on hand to supply the demand. The water still rose and by Monday morning scarcely a foot of land was visible in the city. Then a cold southeast wind rose and the water receded four inches by noon, but still stood two feet deep on K street and also covered J, but not so deeply. From the commencement communication with the outside had been cut off. Stages for Auburn and Nevadg leaving on the 6th were forced to turn back. On the following day one was wrecked while trying to cross a slough at Sutter's race, and the horses were saved with difficulty. Little's bridge at Coloma, the bridge at Uniontown, the two covered bridges at Salmon Falls and all the bridges on the south and middle forks of the American river were carried away. Many horses and mules were drowned while trying to swim a deep slough near Brighton. Most of the losses sustained, however, were in the suburbs, or outside of the city. The merchants had, as a rule, profited by their experience in 1850, and removed their goods in time to escape damage. But with all the damage and danger, not to say discomfort, the elastic spirits of the pioneers were undaunted. Manj^ enjoyable ex- periences were not lacking and pleasure excursions took place over the submerged country outside. The Sacramento Daily Union of March 9, 1852, had the following to say : "J street, up town, proved to be the center of attraction yester- day, and i^resented many enlivening and animating scenes through the day. Its bosom was covered with unique water craft of every con- ceivable description, and the ingenuity displayed in their construction was only equalled by the tact and skill with which they were managed. The greater number consisted of skiffs, and these constituted a regular line of ferry boats, plying from block to block. There were also freight boats laden with hay, barley, provisions, etc., which articles were transported in accordance with established rates. Then came the fancy sail boat of the man of leisure, shooting swiftly past the meaner craft and stretching upward for more sea room ! We noticed one of these far out on the prairie, close-hauled to a southeast wind and apparently bound for Stockton. Among other craft, the omnibus boat was conspicuous. They are made by fastening two or three empty boxes together. These appeared to be the favorite conveyance of 'the people,' although scarcely a trip was successfully performed, owing to the ])ilots getting off their course, throwing their craft on their ends, and spilling their passengers overboard. Then, by hoisting signals of distress, these attracted the attention of some other catama- ran, which bore down to their relief. One cute cha]) built a big box with wheels attaclied, and after getting 'steam u])' threaded his way through K street. Besides these, there were metallic boats, dug-outs, HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 109 hide boats and canoes — all filled with people, out on business or pleas- i^YQ — all, too, joyous and happy. It was, in fact, an aquatic carnival, and the town was afloat on a frolic." The high land at the head of I street, near the plaza, was densely crowded during- the flood with human beings, wagons, tents, cattle and horses. As in the flood of 1850, the dwellers near the sloughs on the south side of the city and all those on lower ground escaped from the water and made this their camping ground. On J street a number of Mexicans and boys improved the opportunity given them by free water, of washing the surface ground in front of the different banking houses, in some instances with considerable success. The wild animals also sought refuge and fifteen rabbits were caught at one time in a dwelling near the slough, which proved a treacherous refuge for them. A large number of rats took up their abode on a big stump on Sixth street, where they were soon slaughtered by men and boys, much to the disgust of a crowd of Chinamen who deprecated the destruction of so much good food. The flood lasted four days before it began to subside. Before this, those who had urged the necessity of a substantial levee on the river front to keep out the flood waters had been largely in the minority and their arguments had been scornfully rejected and they often sub- jected to public denunciation for advocating the incurring of such a needless expense. It was claimed and believed by many that even if a levee were built, the water would percolate through and undermine it. But public opinion now underwent a radical change. The last flood had demonstrated the fact that it might become an annual occur- rence and men thought it wise to heed the warning, and arrange- ments were made at once to construct more efficient levees. December 19, 1852, a break occurred in the levee on the American river, between Stuart's and the ''Ridge." By the morning following the business portion of the city was submerged to a depth of several inches, but the water soon subsided, but little damage being done by it. The city was again completely flooded January 1, 1853. The water of the Sacramento river was twenty-two feet above low-water mark and two feet higher than during the great flood of 1850. Boats were again in great demand and New Year's calls were made in them. But the trade, although profitable, was brief, many of the boats being stranded by the quickly-receding waters. While but little damage was done in the city, the county and those adjoining it suffered con- siderable destruction of property and the incidental discomfort and suffering. The city now passed an ordinance for the improvement of the river levees. For nearly eight years after this Sacramento escaped the floods and her prosperity increased. She was fast growing into a large city. She had passed through fire and flood and all the privations and misfortunes incident to the history of a pioneer city, and far more than 110 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the average of them. Her people had met all these discouragements and misfortunes with a smiling face and an undaunted courage. It seemed as if they had surmounted all their trials and their career henceforth was to be one of continued prosperity. But the end was not yet. Fate had not yet shot all her arrows of misfortune and one more, the most destructive of all, was yet to strike the city. The precursor of the great misfortune was a flood March 28, 1861, when the American again rose, quickly reaching a point twenty feet above low water mark. It swept away the wing-dam at Rabel's tan- nery and damaged the levee at that point greatly. The water from Sutter's lake overflowed its bounds and cut a channel through First street to the American river, Swift's bridge, and Lisle 's bridge across the American were both destroyed. Norris' bridge became impassa- ble and ferries had to be established, there being no other means of crossing the American between Folsom and Sacramento. About 8 o'clock on the morning of December 9, 1861, the an- nouncement was made that the levee on the eastern boundary of the city had given way and that the waters of the American river were sweeping down on the devoted city with uncontrollable fury. On they came with irresistible force. Well was it for Sacramento in that hour of trial that the break in the levee had not occurred in the night. Had it done so the loss of life would have been heavy. As it was, a number of persons were drowned and the property destroyed far exceeded in quantity and value that of any preceding flood. Bursting through the eastern levee, the water poured down along Thirty-first street till it struck the R street levee, which was swept away like an eggshell by the tremendous force of the car rent and the city was at the mercy of the flood. The other levees surrounding the city instead of proving a protection, now constituted a source of dancer and damage, confining the waters and forcing them to rise to a higher level than they might otherwise have attained. Within an hour of the first alarm many persons on Eleventh street found themselves surrounded by water and unable to escape. Their appeals for help were heartrending. Stock owners began to bestir themselves, and great numbers of horses, mules, cattle, hogs and sheep were driven across the Yolo bridge and down to Sutterville. By eleven o'clock the water had risen to such a depth at Fifth and Sixth streets that many houses were overturned and set afloat. Women and children clung to the doors and windows of these and cried out for assistance. There was a scarcity of boats, and for a time many per- sons seemed doomed to perish inevitably. Many families were driven from their homes in the vicinity of the Pavilion, on the corner of Sixth and M streets. The upper doors of the Pavilion being locked, they were burst open and many sought refuge in the building. The Howard Benevolent Society made its headquarters here, and, having four boats at its disposal, furnished soup and blankets to all HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 111 who came through the da}^ In turn M, L, K and J streets were flooded by the water backing up from the R street levee. Inmates of one-story buildings deserted them while those living in two-story structures carried their bedding and furniture upstairs. Cellars were flooded and large quantities of merchandise of all descriptions de- stroyed. Boats and all imaginable kinds of craft were employed in saving life and property, and moved back and forth laden with pas- sengers and various things. Many were upset, and many a foot pas- senger plunged into a deep hole, suffering temporary submergement. Finally, the chain gang cut a hole through the R street levee and the water poured out of it in a torrent. The force of the water here drew many houses afloat in the vicinity — some of them two-story edifices — into the break, where they were torn to pieces. It was im- possible to obtain any data as to the number of persons who perished. A teamster was drowned near Sutter's Fort. A man was drowned with his team at the corner of Ninth and M streets through falling into an open cistern, and a child in the wagon was saved with great diffi- culty. It was generally supposed that many women and children were drowned in one-story houses, being unable to escape to the roofs of their dwellings. The only dry portions of the city were I street, the river front, the R street levee and Poverty Ridge, now known as Sutter terrace. I street and the levee were crowded with stock taken there for refuge. Many boats were employed in the evening in taking passengers to and from the hotels and restaurants for meals, the fires in many of which had been extinguished by the waters. The steamer Swallow, coming from Marysville, was dashed against the bridge pier, injuring two of her passengers. The train for Folsom went only to Poverty Ridge, passengers being carried thence in boats for half a mile and put on another train and carried to their destination. In many places the railroad track was destroyed. Early in the day the city gauge showed the water had risen to twenty-one feet, and at sundown it had risen six to eight inches higher, while the Yolo side was but slightly overflowed'. During the night several houses floated down the river and female voices within them were heard shrieking vainly for help. Two sections of Lisle 's bridge across the American were swept away, but lodged against the Sacramento bridge and were secured there. The next morning was clear and the waters had subsided several feet, leaving L street a bed of mud and those north of it likewise. Planks of sidewalks and crossings, stranded boats and scows used the day before, were scattered all around. The city south of L street was still under water, having first felt the fury of the flood, and here boats were still in use. The area was crowded with capsized houses, mer- chandise and other things, and the loss of property here was great. Many acts of humanity were performed, but avarice and callous- 112 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ness were also found during these perils. Some men borrowed boats on the levee under pretense of rescuing sufferers, but instead turned them into a means of extortion. One man had placed his wife on the roof of a house about to fall, and was obliged to pay one of these scoundrels $75 to carry her to a place of safety. A man standing in- side of a house, up to his chin in water, begged to be taken into a boat. The boatman demanded $15 fare, but he said he had no money. "Then I'll leave you to drown," was the unfeeling reply. Fortunately an- other boat came along and rescued him. Such things were common, and near midnight two women were saved who had been on the roof of a house on Eleventh street, near L, for seven hours, unable to find a boatman who would take them off. The loss of property was esti- mated at $1,500,000. How many lives were lost will never be known. By December 11 the water had subsided and traffic was resumed. Scarcely had this flood passed away, however, than it was suc- ceeded by another. On December 23, while men were still employed in building up and strengthening the levee on Burns' slough, the American river rose again so rapidly that it carried away a portion of the new embankment and that portion of the city lying south of Tenth and L streets was inundated the second time to a maximum depth of about four and a half feet. The water soon subsided and the levees were so far repaired and strengthened that, although the Sac- ramento river five days later stood twenty-two feet and seven inches above the low water mark, the highest yet recorded, the city was quite free from water in its business portion. The rains still continued and as the lowlands could not clear themselves of flood water, a still greater calamity hung over the de- voted city and would have been the climax of disaster had not the previous floods warned the inhabitants to be prepared for anything. That there was less loss of life and property is largely due to this fact, as the flood came suddenly. On Thursday, January 9, 1862, in consequence of the continued rains and the melting of the snows in the Sierras, the American river overflowed the levee at Rabel's tan- nery and speedily covered the entire area lying east of the Thirty-first street levee, and before ten o'clock that night the water had covered the lower part of the city a foot deep. The levee commissioners after the flood of December, 1861, had established a camp of about thirty men in the vicinity of Burns' slough, under Charles Farley. The flood of January 9 came on them without warning, swept away the house and compelled its inmates to take shelter upon the roof of the barn, which, being banked up by sand and sediment withstood the flood. About four o'clock Burns heard their cries and came in a whale boat with an old sailor, to succor them. Farley, seeing his men pre- paring to jum]) into the boat, threatened to shoot the first one who did so without his orders, telling them that such a move would result HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 113 in the loss of all their lives. As a result, only five men were taken off at this time and it then being too late to do more, the remaining twenty-five spent the night on the roof. During the night Mrs. Burns prepared soup and food for them and in the morning the whale boat brought them a large milk can filled with the hot soup. Burns, the old sailor and S. D. Carkhuff toiled all day and all were safely landed by night, Farley, the overseer, being the last man to leave the roof. At daybreak on the 10th the southern part of the city was under two and a half feet of water, while the eastern part, north of J street, was also flooded, and by one o'clock J and K streets were flooded to Ninth and during the afternoon the flood attained the same height as the highest rise of December 8, 1861. The scene in the afternoon was an animated one. Merchants erected platforms for their goods above the line of supposed danger and stock owners were driving their horses, mules and cattle to the I street and Front street levees. Women and children moved to the upper stories or to the higher streets and hundreds of boats were afloat on the streets, carrying passengers. Many of them contained people apparently bent on pleasure excursions. There was much less danger than on former occasions and fear and anxiety were also less. The balconies were crowded with spectators and there was plenty of mirth and hilarity. In the southern and eastern parts of the city, however, many were forced to leave their homes without knowing where to go. All the hotels were soon overcrowded and the pavilion again came into requisition as the headquarters of the Howard Benevolent society, many persons being lodged and fed there. The committee of safety had some time previous to this flood constructed a new levee at Rabel's tannery, leaving the old one stand- ing to protect it as a breakwater, letting the water in gradually to form a basin of still water and thus protect the new enbankment. A person cut the old levee without authority and let the current flow against the new one, and only by the most strenuous exertions and the liberal use of g-unny sacks, was the danger averted. A subsequent report of the engineers to the state board of swamp land com- missioners states that at this point the river makes an acute angle to the northwest, the effect being to throw up a wall of water there, two feet higher than at any other point in the channel, and the water flowed over the levee, causing a crevice through which the flood ]ioured at the rate of 60,000 cubic feet per second, with a torrent velocity due to the fall in the river of 3000 feet in seventy-five miles. During this inundation four deaths from drowning were reported and the destruction of property was considerable. About three- quarters of a mile of the Folsom railroad track was washed away. Many small buildings were carried through the R street levee and destroyed. One thousand feet of the wall surrounding Agricultural park, which was twenty feet high and fourteen inches thick, fell to the 114 HISTOEY OF 8ACEAMENT0 COUNTY ground. The river rose five inclies higher than on any previous occasion. The fires in the Daily Union office were extinguished, stopping the press while it was running off its weekly edition. The steamer Gem of the California Navigation company was swept by the current through the break at Rabel's tannery, and stranded at Twenty-third and Z streets in a peach orchard, whence she was laum.'hed with much difficulty in the following February. Two dead bodies were found floating on the American river and two milkmen on Eighteenth street near R, lost seventy head of milch cows. The new levee at Rabel's tannery was only saved by using all the raw hides in the tannery to spread over its weak points. The legislature was then in session and on January 11th, a resolu- tion was adopted by the senate, by a vote of 20 to 13, to adjourn to San Francisco for the remainder of the session. The resolution was de- feated in the assembly after a long discussion, by a vote of 40 to 36, but a further flood appearing, the assembly agreed to the measure and on January 23, the legislature, with its attaches and furniture, removed to San Francisco. On January 12, the steamer Defiance went up the river to Patter- son's, twelve miles above the city and seven miles higher than any steam- boat had hitherto reached, and for some time after she made daily trips to that point. On the same day Wilson's bridge over the Cosumnes was overturned by the flood. From this time on the flood began to subside and navigation of the streets soon became impossible, the only means of traversing them being to wade through the mud with its accu- mulated filth and carcasses of dead animals. The half-drowned and starving cattle along the rivers gave employment to all the steamboats and other craft in rescuing them. The flood was equally destructive throughout the county. At this time the only mining that had been done was mostly in a primitive way. No levees, except in the case of the city, had been erected to repel the flood waters, as hydraulic mining had not yet raised the bed of the river. The water had full sweep over the valley, almost to the foothills of the Coast Range on one side and to the rolling lands west of Folsom on the other. This fact may give some idea of the immense volume of water poured into the valley by the continued rains. As one pioneer expressed himself to the writer: "We had six weeks' rain in January." An equal amount of rainfall now, in so limited a time, would do incalculable damage to the dwellers of the lowlands. The Daily Union of Monday, January 13, 1862, has the following: ''Upon Friday night the American river rose sixty feet above low water mark, and destroyed a large amount of property. The old flour mill of Stockton and Coover, built some seven or eight years ago, and the new one built by them last summer in conjunction with Carroll & Moore of this city, were both carried away, and in their course took HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 115 off the wire suspension bridge of Kinsey & Thompson. The new mill was designed to run nine pair of burrs, and is reported to have cost between $20,000 and $30,000. A large quantity of wheat therein stored was also lost. The wire bridge was built in the summer of 1856, and cost about $18,000. A wooden bridge some ten feet lower had been previously destroyed. The railroad bridge belonging to the California Central Railroad Company, some fifteen feet higher than the wire bridge, and of a single span, is still standing. So far as we have received information from various parts of the country, we are con- vinced that the late flood spread over a much greater area of territory and was far more destructive than any which has occurred since the county was settled. "The waters from the American did great injury at Brighton; those from the Sacramento, a great deal in the townships bordering on that river, and those from the Sacramento and Mokelumne, pro- duced a corresponding result in the southern part of the county. We are informed that families were taken from the tops of houses in boats, their buildings were carried away, and most of their stock destroyed. A large amount of stock on the Lower Stockton road has been lost. Norris' bridge, on the American river, some four miles from its mouth, which withstood the flood of December 9th, gave way on Saturday afternoon (January 11th) to the still stronger torrent. At about half past four o'clock two sections of the structure were carried off, and lodged on the north bank of the river, a short distance away. There is now no bridge standing on the American river, that we are aware of, excepting only the railroad bridge at Folsom." While the elements were dealing death and destruction to man- kind, animals and property, human philanthropy was not idle. Steam- boats were dispatched daily from San Francisco, laden with cooked food for the sufferers. An aid society was organized at Folsom, and a deputation sent to Sacramento to invite tlie suffering and distressed to partake of the hospitality of that town. The work of the Howard Society of Sacramento should never pass into forgetfulness. It will always live in the memory of those who were its beneficiaries and should never be forgotten by their children or descendants. But the troubles of the city from flood were not yet ended. January 23, 1862, the new levee at Rabel 's tannery broke and a crevice of 150 feet wide was opened, which speedily increased to 800 feet, flooding the business portion of the city. While it lasted only a short time, it was followed by the flood of February 24, wliich poured in through a break in the same place. The water encroached on the following day to such an extent that the great railroad scales on R street, sixty feet in length, had to be removed. The railroad soon after being repaired, communication with Folsom was once more established. The city was by this time aroused to the necessity for better pro- 116 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tection and the autliorities began to take active steps in the matter, and moved energetically to that end. Between the recession of the flood and January 1, 1863, more than $200,000 was spent in elevating the streets and otherwise improving them and in strengthening the levees. Since that time many hmidred thousands of dollars have ))een spent in raising and strengthening the levees. After the flood of 1862 it became evident to the business men of the city that it was unsafe to depend entirely on the levees. A movement was put on foot for raising J and K, the principal business streets. It was an arduous job, but men were found to contract to do the work, and the buildings were raised, the streets tilled in from six to eighteen feet and the city began to take on a more solid and permanent appearance. The flood of '62 was the last one to do any damage to the business portion of the city, and it was not till sixteen years afterwards that the water invaded the city limits. On the morning of February 1, 1878, it was reported that a break had occurred in the levee below the city, near the Lovdal ranch. The gophers had honeycombed the levee and in a very short time the crevice, at first about twelve feet wide, had grown much larger and by the next morning was 300 feet wide and very deep. The roar of the waters pouring through the break could be heard for a great dis- tance. The lowlands were soon flooded and the road to the city ceme- tery was soon covered and impassable. Attention was immediately turned to closing the openings on the streets passing under the R street levee, which at that time was the city's only protection on the south. By nightfall these were rendered secure, but the seepage water came up as far as Sixth and N streets before the flood subsided. On February 14 it was found necessary to cut the R street levee at Eighteenth street, to allow the accumulation of water from Burns' slough to pass away. On the 20th the river rose to twenty-five feet ten inches above low water mark and a strong gale forced the flood up against the levee, endangering it, but the citizens turned out at the alarm and made it secure. Steps were taken to close the break at the Lovdal place and by April 10 the city was once more safe. The last flood of any consequence was in 1904, and is known as the "Edwards break." It occurred on February 26, of that year, at a ])lace in the levee about three miles below the city. It was said at the time that it was caused by water seeping through gopher holes in the levee, and that it was discovered by a Portuguese in the vicinity just after it had begun to trickle through, and could have been stopped at the time by stuffing a bale of hay or straw into the hole, but that the man valued the straw too highly to use it in that way. By night the crevasse had increased to one hundred and fifty feet wide, and later it widened to three hundred feet. About fifteen thousand acres were flooded, the water running down until it emptied into Snodgrass slough. A number of residents had narrow escapes from drowning, HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 117 but uo lives were lost. Much sand was carried down by the current, badly damaging a number of farms. So strong was the current that many attempts to close the break by driving piles and filling in were unsuccessful, and not until some months atterwards, when the river fell, was it possible to repair the levee. At present the levee below the city is high and strong, the Southern Pacific having built one on which to run the Sacramento Southern railroad trains. CHAPTEE XVI SACRAMENTO COUNTY SENATORS Sacramento county has furnished a long list of legislators to the history of the state and many of them finished their career begun in the state legislature by being promoted to high office. At the first session of the legislature the members represented Sacramento district, which was the northern part of the state, there being at that time no county subdivisions. It was provided in the constitution of 1849 that until the legislature should divide the state into counties, and into senatorial and assembly districts, Sacramento district should be entitled to four senators and nine assemblymen. The list of the first legislature shows twelve assembhonen, but this was caused by the resignation of three of those ori,ginally elected. Cornwall resigned January 28, 1850, and was succeeded on March 4th, by Deal. White resigned February 9, 1850, and was succeeded on March 15th, by Henley. Dickerson's seat was declared vacant De- cember 18, 1849, and Bigler was seated in his place. The first legislature made Sacramento county the twelfth sen- atorial district, April 4, 1850, and provided for its representation by one senator and three assembh^nen. May 1, 1851, the county was made the eleventh senatorial district, to be represented by two senators and four assembhanen. There was a reapportionment of the state. May 18, 1861, and the county was constituted the sixteenth senatorial district, to be represented by two senators and five assem- blymen. The Political Code, adopted March 2, 1872, retained this apportionment, but May 16, 1874, the legislature fixed the apportion- ment at two senators and three assembhmien and renamed the county the eighteenth senatorial district. March 8, 1883, there was another reapportionment and the county was changed to be the thirteenth senatorial district, with one senator. By the act of March 13, 1883, the first and third wards of the city were made the eighteenth assembly district, the second and fourth wards the nineteenth assembly district and the remainder of the county the twentieth district, each being entitled to one assemblyman. The senators from the county have been as follows : 1849-50, John Bidwell, Elisha O. Crosby, Thomas J. Green and Henry E. Robinson. 118 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Bidwell was a man wlio became prominent in the history of the state. He was one of the earliest pioneers, arriving here in 1841 by the overland route, after a journey of six months. He was given charge of Forts Bodega and Ross and also of General Sutter's Feather river property. During the war with Mexico he saw service in the army and rose to the rank of major. He was the first man to find gold on the Feather river. Elected from the Sacramento district to the constitutional convention in 1849, he did not serve as a delegate. He was a delegate to the Charleston national Democratic convention in 1860, and was elected to congress from the old third district in 1864. He was defeated by George Gorliam for the nomination for governor in the Republican convention of 1867, and Gorham was beaten at the election by Henry H. Haight. In 1875 Bidwell was nominated for governor, but was defeated by William Irwin, the Democratic nominee ; he was nominated again for governor on the Prohibition ticket in 1890, and on the same ticket for president in 1892. For many years he made his home at Chico and there he died, April 4, 1900. Arriving in California in 1848, Elisha 0. Crosby was a member of the first constitutional convention and lived at Alameda for a number of years. Green was elected a major-general by the legislature in 1850. He left C-alifornia a few years afterwards and died in Warren county, N. C, December 18, 1863. Robinson, a lawyer by education, but engaged in mercantile ]mrsuits, arrived in San Francisco in March, 1849, on the California, the first steamer that ever entered that port. In his will he left $40,000 to be used by the board of supervisors of San Francisco for the benefit of the poor of that city. Robinson was a member of the first council of Sacramento and one of the early postmasters. He amassed a large fortune in Alameda county and died at Norwalk, Conn., January 9, 1880. 185], Henry E. Robinson; 1852, Henry E. Robinson and James H. Ralston, Ralston was for a number of years one of the leading law>^ers in Sacramento, but went to Washoe during the mining excite- ment in that district and afterwards settled at Austin, Nev. While prospecting in search of mineral ledges in May, 1864, he lost his way and yjerished of starvation after many days of wandering. An Indian discovered and buried his body, which was afterwards disinterred nnd buried at Austin. 1853, James H. Ralston and A. P. Catlin; 1854, A. P. Catlin and Gilbert W. Colby. The latter was a pioneer who in the early days ran a ferry across the Upper Sacramento at Colby's landing. He was surveyor of Sacramento county two terms, from 1862 to 1866. For a number of years afterwards he made his home at Nord, but later located at Martinez and became interested in banking. He died in San Francisco, August 20, 1881. A. P. Catlin was born in New York and came to California in July, 1849. He was instrumental in HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 119 getting the capital located in Sacramento, was prominent in politics and as a lawyer. He died on November 5, 1900. 1855, Gr. W. Colby and A. S. Gove. The latter, who was a mer- chant, returned to Vermont and died there. At the time he was elected to the senate he was a member of the city council. 1856, A. S. Gove and W. I. Ferguson. The latter was a na- tive of Illinois and was shot in a duel with George Pen Johnston, dying in San Francisco from the effect of his wound, September 14, 1858. Ferguson was a lawyer of much ability and an effective and popular speaker. The nick-name of "Ipse Doodle" was given to him, for some reason not explained. Ferguson was a man of great courage and it is stated that when he received the wound that caused his death, he exclaimed as he fell, "I am a gone community." His body is interred in the state plat of the Sacramento city cemetery. Johnston died in San Francisco, March 4, 1884. 1857, W. I. Ferguson and Josiah Johnson. Johnson was at one time a member of the board of supervisors and afterwards a city trustee. He died in Sacramento, December 10, 1888. 1858, W. I. Ferguson and Josiah Johnson; 1859, J. M. McDonald and Dr. Johnson Price. McDonald removed to San Francisco some years after and became prominent as a capitalist and mining man. Price was a Kentuckian and was elected at a special election to fill the vacancy caused by Ferguson's death. He had been an officer dur- ing the Mexican war and a member of the convention to revise the constitution of his own state. He came to California in 1849 and practiced medicine in Sacramento. He was appointed secretary of state January 10, 1860, by Governor Latham, and held the office until the expiration of Governor Downey's term. Afterwards he was a stock broker in San Francisco and died there of consumption, Feb- ruary 8, 1868. 1860, J. M. McDonald and Robert C. Clark. The latter, a son of James Clark, an early congressman, supreme judge and governor of Kentucky, arrived in this state in 1853 and began practice of the law in Sacramento. He was elected county judge in 1861, and was contin- uously re-elected to that office until it was abolished by the new con- stitution in 1879, when he was elected superior judge of this county, filling that office until his death, which occurred January 27, 1883. 1861, R. C. Clark and E. H. Heacock. Heacock practiced law in this city for a number of years, and was city attorney from 1863 to 1867. He moved from here to Santa Cruz and served as county judge there for a number of years. Later he removed to Santa Barbara and was ap])ointed superior judge of that county by Governor Per- kins, to succeed Eugene Faucett, deceased. Faucett will be recol- lected as the judge who tried Sprague for the killing of Moore. Hea- cock represented the counties of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura in the state senate for several terms. 120 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1862, E. H. Heacock and Dr. A. B. Nixon. Dr. Nixon practiced medicine in Sacramento for many years and was in charge of the Railroad hospital here. He was one of the first in the county who espoused Republican principles. Later he became identified with the Prohibition movement and ran for mayor in 1884 on the Prohibition ticket against John Q. Brown. He also ran as a St. John elector in 1884. He died in this city, November 2, 1889. 1863, Dr. A. B. Nixon and Newton Booth. A sketch of the latter will be found elsewhere. 1864, J. E. Benton and E. H. Heacock. At the time of his elec- tion Mr. Benton was a minister at Folsom. An anecdote regarding him relates that on one occasion he was so shocked at a remark made by a young rough in Sacramento that he reproved him for his lan- guage. The young man asked him brusquely who he was, and Mr. Benton replied, ''I am a follower of the meek and lowly Jesus." ''Well," rejoined the offender, "if I was the meek and lowly and such a looking fellow as you was following me around, I would hit him on the nose." Benton built the first church erected in Folsom. Afterward he became postmaster of Oakland, and died there, Feb- ruary 18, 1888. 1865-66, J. E. Benton and E. H. Heacock. 1867-68, E. H. Heacock and N. Greene Curtis. Curtis arrived in California in May, 1850, and was recorder or police judge of this city from 1853 to 1855. For many years he practiced law here and was regarded as the best among the criminal lawyers of the state. Soon after his arrival in Sacramento he was appointed deputy postmaster and shortly afterwards Jonathan Tittle, the postmaster, having gone east on business, left Curtis in charge of the office. While Tittle was absent, Richard Eads appeared and claimed that he had been ap- pointed to the office. Curtis refused to surrender the office until Eads presented his commission and filed his bond, and he retained the office for some months, until Eads had complied with these formalities. When Eads came in he retained Curtis as his deputy until the latter was elected recorder. Curtis was a Democrat, and was elected to the senate three times and the assembly once. He was a regent of the State University from 1880 to 1883, and was Grand Master of Masons of California from 1857 to 1860. He died at Sacramento, July 27, 1897. 1869-70, N. Greene Curtis and A. Comte, Jr. Comte was a lawyer and afterwards went to San Francisco. He graduated from the pubnc schools of this city and from Harvard CoUecre. and received his legal training and was admitted to the bar from our local law offices. He also served in the assembly from Sacramento. 1873-74, James A. Duffy and Henry Edgerton. A native of Ver- mont and a distinguished lawyer, Edgerton served for several terms as district attorney of Napa county. As such, he conducted the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 121 prosecution of Edward McGowan for liis connection with the killing of James King of William (the editor of the San Francisco Bulletin), which led to the forming of the vigilance committee of 1856, and the purification of San Francisco. He was senator from Napa county in 1860 and 1861, and ran unsuccessfully for congress in 1861 and 1862. He was also a member of the last constitutional convention and was the only Republican presidential elector elected in 1880, and was re-elected in 1884. He died in San Francisco, November 4, 1887. 1875-76, Henry Edgerton and Creed Haymond. Haymond was a brilliant lawyer, with a" national reputation. He came from Virginia to California in 1852, and locating in Plumas county, practiced law there for a number of years, removing thence to Sacramento. In 1870 he was appointed one of the commissioners to draft a code of laws for the state. He was a delegate to three national Republican conventions and held a prominent position in the law department of the Central and Southern Pacific railroads at San Francisco until his death there, January 13, 1893. 1877-78, Creed Ha>anond and N. Greene Curtis. 1880, Grove L. Johnson and William Johnston. In 1849 Johnston came from Pennsylvania to this state and engaged in mining, but afterward bought a place near Richland, in this county, where he passed the rest of his life, dying at his home, November 15, 1905. He was a member of the senate for two terms and of the assembly one term. He was master of the State Grange two terms and twice a delegate to the National Grange, and was Grand Master of Masons of California. In 1883 he was a member of the state board of equal- ization by appointment of Governor Perkins, served as a dele- gate to the national Republican convention in 1880, and in 1886 was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomination for lieutenant- governor. 1881, Grove L. Johnson and William Johnston. 1883, Frederick Cox and Joseph Routier. Routier was born in France and came to Cahfornia in 1853. He planted one of the first orchards near Folsom and settled ten miles from Sacramento, becom- ing a successful fruit-raiser. In 1877 he was a member of the assem- bly, and in 1886 he was appointed by Governor Bartlett as a member of the board of fish commissioners. He died at his home at Routier 's, February 6, 1898. Frederick Cox came to this state in 1850. He was president of the State Agricultural Society for several years. With C. W. Clarke he engaged in raising cattle for many years, on a large scale. 1885, Frederick Cox and Joseph Routier. 1887, Findlev R. Dray. As a boy of seventeen, Mr. Pray came to California with his father in 1850. He mined and farmed for several years in different parts of the state, and finallv settled here in 1863, being appointed a deputy by Sheriff James McClatchy. After 122 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the close of McClatcliy's term Mr. Dray was elected public adminis- trator, and then assessor, for eight years. Judge Clark then ap- pointed him a supervisor, to fill out the term of H. 0. Seymour, deceased, lie engaged in real-estate and insurance and later became connected with the Sacramento Savings Bank. He died in this city, November 30, 1901. 1881)-91, Findley R. Dray. 1893-95, Elijah C. Hart. Judge Hart is well known throughout the state, and for many years has been a resident of Sacramento. He was a member of the assembly in 1889-91, served as superior judge of this county from 1897 until 1906, and was elected in 1907 a justice of the third district court of appeals, which office he has filled most creditably. Judge Hart possesses a host of friends. 1897-99, Gillis Doty. Mr. Doty was one of the sturdy farmers of the county, respected by all for his high character and incorrupti- ble integrity. He was a member of the assembly for the twenty-fifth and twenty-ninth sessions, and from 1897 to 1902 was a member of the auditing board to the commissioner of public works. In addition he served two terms as a member of the board of supervisors of this county. He died at his residence in Elk Grove July 23, 1909. 1901-03, R. T. Devlin. Mr. Devlin was 1)orn in this city and resided here all his life until recently, being a member of the law firm of Devlin and Devlin ever since its formation many years ago. In 1884 he was appointed a state prison director. In 1885 he was ap- pointed ])enology commissioner and continued as a member of the board of prison directors until 1905, when he was a]ipointed United States district attorney for the northern district of California, which office he still holds. He is considered one of the soundest and most capable lawyers in the state. 1905-07, J. A. McKee. For a generation Mr. McKee has been a successful practicing physician in this county and resides in this city, still practicing his profession. 1909-11, Charles B. Bills. Mr. Bills is a successful business man of this city and is the head of the Pioneer Fruit company. CHAPTER XVII SACRAMENTO COUNTY ASSEMBLYMEN The first assemblvmen, members of the legislature of 1849-50, were IT. C. Cardwell,'P. B. CornAvall, Rev. W. Grove Deal, W. B. Dickerson, T. J. Henley, E. W. McKinstry, John Bigler, George B. Tinuley, Madison Walthal, Dr. Thomas Jolm A\'hite, John T. Hughes and John F. "Williams. Sacramento district was entitled at that time to nine assemblvmen, as it comprised all of the northern part of the state, but Cornwall resigned and was replaced by Deal; White re- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 123 signed and was replaced by Henley, and Bigler took the place of Dick- erson, whose seat was declared vacant. Cardweli died at Los Angeles, July 4, 1859. Cornwall arrived in Sacramento in Augnst, 1848, and was a mem- ber of the first city council. He, with Sam Brannan, foresaw that a great city would soon spring up on the Sacramento river at the head of navigation, so they came up from San Francisco to investigate. Seemingly unimportant events often bring about great clianges. They decided that Sutterville would be the most eligible spot for the city, on account of the high ground there. Accordingly, they endeavored to make satisfactory arrangements with L. W. Hastings, who owned the land there, for going into business. They were unable to do so, and having on their way up passed two launches loaded with supplies for the mines, they returned and met them and persuaded them to go farther u]:> and unload their cargoes on the Sutter Embarcadero at Sacramento. Through this little circumstance their trading post was established at this place, and soon a small city sprang up. Had Hastings agreed with them, the city would have been located at Sat terville. Cornwall afterwards went to San Francisco and enga,2:ed in business and died there September 5, 1904. He was a member of the first constitutional convention and of the board of regents of the University of California. Henley was the father of ex-Congressman Barclay Henley, and was a native of Indiana. In that state he served several terms in the assembly, being once speaker. He was congressman from Indiana three terms, serving with President Lincoln. He arrived in California in 1849 and engaged in banking in Sacramento. In 1852 he was a presidential elector; was chosen postmaster in San Francisco in 1853; appointed superintendent of Indian affairs in 1S54, and defeated for presidential elector in 1868. He died at his farm in Round valley, Mendocino county, May 1, 1875. McKinstry was a native of Michigan, and arrived in California in March, 1849. He was elected judge of the seventii district, Novem- ber 2, 1852 ; re-elected September 1, 1858 ; elected judge of the twelfth district (San Francisco) October 30, 1873, but resigned in the latter part of 1873, having been elected a justice of the supreme court Oc- tober 15, 1873. He was re-elected supreme justice September 3, 1879, and resigned- October 1, 1888. He died at San Jose, November 1, 1901. Bigler was a Pennsylvanian, and was a journalist and lawyer. He arrived in Sacramento in 1849, and became an auctioneer and also a woodcho])])er. For a time he was speaker of the first assem- bly ; he was elected governor Sei)tember 3, 1851 ; re-elected September 7, 1853; defeated for that office in 1855. He served as United States minister to Chile from 1857 to 1861; was defeated for congress in 1863; served as a delegate to the Democratic national conventions of 1864 and 1868; was appointed assessor of internal revenue for this 124 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY district in 1866 and edited the State Capital Reporter from January, 1868, until his death, November 29, 1871. His body was interred in the City Cemetery. Tingley was a native of Ohio and was a brilliant lawyer. He removed to Indiana and there served in the legislature with T. J. Henley and Vice-President-elect T. A. Hendricks. He was an unsuc- cessful candidate for the United States senate and was defeated for congress in 1851. He died at San Francisco, August 3, 1862. White served as speaker till February, 1850, when he resigned the office and was succeeded by Henley. He was at one time city coun- cilman, and died at Los Angeles in December, 1861. Deal, a Methodist minister, was elected to succeed Cormvall (resigned) and he qualified March 4, 1850. He died in Indiana in Junei 1892. 1851, John Bigler, D. J. Lisle and Dr. Charles Robinson. Tjisle built the Twelfth street bridge across the American river. At a special election he was cliosen to fill the vacancy caused by the death of L. Dunlap, who had been elected, but died of cholera before the meeting of the legislature. He went to San Francisco and died there February 8, 1855. Robinson came here from Massachusetts. He was prominently identified with the squatter element in 1850 and was second in com- mand of the forces of that party in the riot which took place in August of that year. He was wounded in the fight and was arrested on the oath of several citizens that he had been seen to aim deliber- ately at the mayor, who was shot four times during the fight. He Avas confined in the prison brig when he was elected to the assembly. In 1854 he, with S. C. Pomeroy, led one of the parties of free state men into Kansas, and was prominently connected with the Free State party in the slavery agitation in that commonwealth. He was elected governor by the Free State men under the Topeka constitution Jan- uary 15, 1856, and was indicted in May by the grand jury for treason, with the other officers who had been elected. Some of them fled from the territory, but Robinson was arrested and confined for four months. While in prison his residence was burned in the sacking of Lawrence. He was elected the first governor of the state after the adoption of the constitution in 1859, and died at Lawrence, August 17, 1894. 1852, Gilbert W. Colby, Alpheus Kip, G. N. McConaha and Dr. Joseph C. Tucker. Colby was also senator one term, McConaha was a lawyer and was drowned by the upsetting of a boat at Seattle, May 4, 1854. Kip lived on the farm near Brighton where Sheriff McKinney was killed by Allen, its then owner (1850). The farm was owned later by John Rooney. Kip left this country many years ago. Tucker went to live in San Francisco and died in Oakland, Decem- ber 22, 1891. 1853, J. W. Harrison, J. Neely Johnson, Robert Robinson and HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 125 J. H. Estep. Robinson was afterward county judge, and was for many years connected with the law department of the Central Pacific Railroad Company. He was adjutant-general in 1865-66 and died at San Francisco, September 26, 1894. Estep removed from Sacramento and died at Lakeport January 11, 1876, Harrison left Sacramento in the '50s. Johnson was elected district attorney of Sacramento in 1850 and in 1855 he was elected governor on the Know Nothing ticket. After his term as governor he removed to Nevada, where he served as a member of the constitutional convention and as supreme justice. He died from the effects of a sunstroke at Salt Lake City, August 31, 1872. 1854, J. M. McBrayer, Dr. F. A. Park, T. R. Davidson and J. W. Park. F. A. Park was a dentist and at one time was deputy sheriff. He died at San Francisco, November 13, 1870. The others removed from Sacramento some years after they served. 1855, John G. Brewton, Philip L. Edwards, H. B. Meredith and James H. Vineyard. Edwards was a native of Kentucky. He visited San Francisco with a party of traders in 1836 and returned to the east. Pie was admitted to the bar, elected to the Missouri legislature in 1843, chosen a delegate to the Whig national convention in 1844, removed to Sacramento in 1850, defeated as the Whig candidate for congress in 1852, and ran unsuccessfully for United States senator in 1855. He died here May 1, 1869. Vineyard was a member of the city council at the time of his election to the assembly. He died at Los Angeles, August 30, 1863. Meredith, a brother of ex-supervisor James H. Meredith, of Folsom, practiced law while living in Sacra- mento county. In 1864 he removed to New York, where he carried on business as a broker, and where he died. Brewton went to San Francisco and died there. 1856, George H. Cartter, George Cone, George W. Leihy and Dr. J. W. Pugh. Cone was for many years justice of the peace in Center township and was an unsuccessful nominee for county treasurer on the Democratic ticket. He was a brother of ex-Railroad Commis- sioner Cone, and died at Red Bluff, November 12, 1883. Leihy, a farmer and miner, was murdered by Indians in Arizona November 18, 1866. Cartter was district attorney in 1852 and 1853. He left this state many years ago and went to Oregon, where he died at Portland February 24, 1862. Pugh removed from the county many years ago, and died at Stockton January 24. 1896. 1857, A. P. Catlin, Robert C. Clark, L. W. Farris and John H. McKune. Catlin and Clark were also senators. A sketch of Judge McKune will be found elsewhere. Farris was in business here for a number of years, but removed to another part of the state, and died at Altaville, Tuolumne county, in April, 1878. 1858, R. D. Ferg-uson, Charles S. Howell, James E. Sheridan and Moses Stout. For many years Ferguson conducted a horsemarket 126 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY here and then went to Nevada and in 1868 was a member of the legishiture of that state. Later he went to Arizona. Sheridan was a farmer near Georgetown (now known as P^'ranklin) and died on his farm there, October 12, 1872. Plowell was a farmer living near Wal- nut Grove and was killed by the explosion of the steamboat J. A. McClelland, near Knights Landing, August 25, 1861. Stout died on his farm in this county December 20, 1879. 1859, Dr. R. B. Ellis, A. R. Jackson, James E. Sheridan and Dr. Charles Duncombe. Jackson, a well-known school teacher, died in San Francisco, August 30, 1876. Ellis practiced medicine here at the time of his election. He removed to Nevada in 1861 and died at Carson, that state, January 12, 1873. Duncombe was once a member of the city council. His election gave rise to a novel contest in the assembly and one that is often cited in the legislature in contested election cases. He was born in Connecticut and about 1817 removed to Canada. A couple of months afterwards he was elected to the colonial parliament and took an oath of allegiance to the then English king. He was denounced as a rebel and fled to the United States in 1837, but was never naturalized. His seat in the assembly was con- tested on the ground that he was not a citizen and January 22, 1859, the house declared his seat vacant. A special election was called and on February 19 9he was elected again by a large majority. On the 14th he had been admitted to citizenship under the act of 1795. His seat was again contested on the ground that he had not been a citizen for the constitutional ])eriod at the time of his election, and the house again declared his seat vacant. Sacramento county therefore lost part of its representation at the session. Duncombe died at Hicks- ville, October 1, 1867. 1860, Dr. R. B. Ellis, L. C. Goodman, Henry Starr and D. W. Welty. Goodman was at one time a supervisor and afterward re- moved from the county. Starr was a practicing attorney and died in this city about three years ago. Welty removed to Nevada, then returned to Sacramento and practiced law. He removed to Oregon and died at Chehalis, Wash., March 24, 1891. 1861, Amos Adams, Charles Crocker, N. Greene Curtis and Dr. Joseph Powell. Adams, at that time a farmer, afterward became prominent as a member of the Grange. He removed to San Francisco and died at San Jose, March 18, 1896. Crocker was then a dry-goods merchant and afterwards acquired national reputation as one of the builders of the Central Pacific Railroad. He was at one time a city councilman. He died at Monterey, August 14, 1888. Powell prac- ticed medicine at Folsom, where he died November 27, 1869. 1862, W. H. Barton, John E. Benton, James B. Saul, James H. Warwick and R. D. Ferguson. Barton was president of the New Liverpool Salt Company in San Francisco for many years. Benton served also as a senator. Saul removed to Yolo county, where he HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 127 managed a large fruit ranch. He died at Davisville, October 30, 1881. Warwick, an - actor of ability and a fine orator, removed from here many years ago. 1863, Amos Adams, W. H. Barton, M. M. Estee, James H. War- wick and Dr. Charles Buncombe. Estee served the county as district attorney in 1864-65. In 1882 he ran for governor and was defeated by Stoneman. He was chairman of the national Republican conven- tion; a presidential elector in 1876; nominee for governor in 1894; United States district judge of the Hawaiian Territory, appointed June 5, 1900. He lived for a number of years at his home in Napa, and died at Honolulu, October 27, 1903. 1863-64, Alexander Badlam, William B. Hunt, John P. Rhodes, Francis Tukey and J. R. Watson. Badlam, in partnership with M. M. Estee, John Simpson, H. C. Bidwell and others, published a paper called the Evening Star for about three months from May 25, 1864. He removed to San Francisco and was elected assessor. He ran for re-election in 1882 and when his friends expressed fear that he might not win, he said that "it would be a cold day when he got left." The day after the election some of his friends sent him a ton of coal and a cord of wood, with a note saying that it might serve to keep him warm during the cold day. He was port warden at San Francisco, 1890-91, and died in that city, January 25, 1898. Hunt kept the French Hotel on Second street for many years. He was an old New York fireman in the days of the volunteer companies and was chief en- gineer of our fire department. He was known as the "Sacramento Statesman" when he was assemblyman; was an assembhrnian from San Francisco in 1885, and died there November 13, 1889. Rhodes was a farmer on the Cosumnes, and died there on his farm, December 20, 1866. Tukey was marshal of Boston at the time of the Webster- Parkman murder. He was city superintendent of schools in 1855 and died on his farm near this city, November 23, 1867. For many years Watson was jnirchasing agent for the Central Pacific Railroad Com- pany, and superintendent of the hosjntal. He died in this city, Sep- tember 11, 1889. 1865-66, Thomas Hansbrow, Dwight Hollister, Peter J. Hopper, William B. Hunt and J. B. Maholmb. Hansbrow was in business in Sacramento for some years. He was at one time a supervisor, and died August 31, 1868. Hollister was a farmer and fruit-grower near Courtland. He was once a supervisor and served in the assembly a second time, in the twenty-sixth session. He died on his ranch at Courtland, September 7, 1904. Hop])er was a lawyer and newspaper publisher at Folsom and afterward moved to Sacramento. He died July 22, 1883. Maholmb was a farmer on the Cosumnes, but afterward moved to San Francisco. 1867-68, Marion Biggs, Paschal Coggins, A. Comte, Jr., Bruce B. Lee and Charles Wolleb. Marion Biggs removed to Butte county, 128 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY where he lived until his death. He was a member of the second con- stitutional convention and a member of congress from 1887 till 1891. Coggins was for some time local editor of the Union, and was a mem- ber of the board of education, but left here, shot himself in the head in San Francisco and died from the effects of the wound, November 18, 1883. Comte was also a senator. Bruce B. Lee was a son of Barton Lee, one of the pioneer merchants and bankers, whose deeds of charity in the early days of Sacramento are worthy of remem- brance. He was subsequently harbor commissioner and later removed to Red Bluff and engaged in the real-estate and insurance business. A prominent Mason, he was chosen grand commander of the Knights Templar of California. He died at Red Bluff, October 30, 1890. WoUeb was secretary of the Germania Building and Loan Association for years. He died at Fruitvale, Alameda county, December 21, 1883. 1869-70, James A. Dutfy, Isaac F. Freeman, M. S. Horan, John A. Odell and R. D. Stephens. Duffy was also a senator. Freeman was a farmer near Elk Grove. Born in Ohio, he came to this state in 1852, driving a herd of cattle across the plains and walking all the way. After staying a year he returned east, but came back in 1859, settled near Elk Grove and carried on a farm there for many years. He was highly respected by his neighbors, by whom he was familiarly known as ''Uncle Isaac." He died at his home, December 7, 1892. Horan was afterwards a police judge and practiced law in San Francisco and died there, December 10, 1892, three days later than Freeman, his colleague. Odell died at Folsom, May 29, 1881. Stephens was born in Illinois and came overland to California in 1849 with his father. They located near Mayhews, where the son still has a very valuable vineyard and orchard. He has been one of the foremost fruit-growers in the county and has done much to build up the fruit interests of the state. He was elected constable in 1859, to the legislature in 1869, served as warrant clerk in the controller's office from 1875 to 1880, and was a candidate for controller in 1882 in the Democratic conven- tion. He took an active part in the constitutional convention of 1879, and in 1885 was appointed by President Cleveland postmaster of Sac- ramento. He was state library trustee, 1889-94; member of the state board of viticultural commissioners, 1890, and the state board of hor- ticulture from 1896 to 1903. He still lives in Sacramento and carries on his horticultural interests. 1871-72, C. G. W. French, Dr. Obed Harvey, Peter J. Hopper, William Johnston and E. B. Mott, Jr. French practiced law at Fol- som and in this city for many years. He was appointed chief justice of Arizona by President Hayes in 1877; was trustee of the state library from 1866 to 1870, and died in San Francisco, August 13, 1891. Dr. Harvey came from Illinois to California in 1850. In 1859 he was a delegate to the first railroad convention held in the state. In 1869 he located near Gait and acquired large land holdings. He served in HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 129 the state senate and was a director of the insane asylum at Stockton for many years. He died at Gait, January 16, 1894. Johnston was also a senator. Mott was for many years a member of the firm of Gillie:, Mott & Co., and was afterward connected with the Pacific Mu- tual "life Insurance Company. He was trustee of the state library from 1872 to 1878, and died here August 4, 1882. 1873-74, James N. Barton, W. E. Bryan, Paschal Coggins, Reuben Kercheval and P. H. Russell. Barton removed to Humboldt county. He was a member of the second constitutional convention. He is still living near Sacramento. W. E. Bryan was a farmer residing m this county Kercheval was a fruit farmer with large holdings on Grand Island and died there, May 9, 1881. Russell was formerly a prominent grocer in this city. He removed to San Francisco and died there, February 12, 1906. -r r.i • ^ a t^ t^ +^ 1875-76, Marion Biggs, Jr., Thomas J. Clunie and A. D. Patter- son Biggs, the son of Marion Biggs, Sr., was a farmer near Frank- lin but afterwards moved to Butte county. He died m Sacramento, January 19, 1903. Clunie practiced law for many years m this city and afterwards removed to San Francisco, being sent to congress from that citv and also represented it in the state senate. In 1884 he was a deleo-ate to the Democratic national convention. He died m ban Franci°sco, June 30, 1903. Patterson was a native of Pennsylvania. He came to California in 1849 and soon afterwards located at Kou- tier's, liis familv coming out here in 1852. He was postmaster at Routier's for fifteen years. In 1851 he was elected sheriff and the first three men executed by the authorities were hung during his term. He died at Routier's, December 4, 1884. What is known as Rentier s for years was called Patterson's, until the name of the postoffice was chang^cl^^^ Grove L. Johnson, Reuben Kercheval and Joseph Rou- tier Johnson and Routier were also senators. 1880, Elwood Bruiier, Seymour Carr and John N. loung. Bruner and Young were both members of the city board of education The f^mei has been grand master of the order of Odd Pel owso Cd. fornia, and was elected district attorney m 1886 and 1888^ He went to Alaska some vears ago. Young was an attorney here for a num- ber of vears and finally removed to San Francisco, w-here he still prac- tices law. Carr was a farmer near Clay stati^Du, where he still lives. 1881, John E. Baker, W. C. Van Fleet and J. N. Young. Baker was a soldier during the Civil War, and was ^ farmer down the Sac- ramento river. He died in this city. May 2, 1881. Judge Van F eet was born in Ohio and came to California in 1869, and studied aw with Beattv and Denson. He was admitted to the bar m 187o and practiced in Nevada, returning here in 1876; was appointed a_ state prison director in 1883; elected to the superior court m 18»;>-'-; -l^^^- tice of the supreme court, 1894-99; trustee state library, 18.'-^; eocle commissioner, 1899-1903; judge of the United States district court, northern district, in 1907, which office he still holds. 130 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY J883, Gillis Doty, Hugh M. LaRne and Frank D. Ryan. Doty was for many years a farmer near Elk Grove and enjoyed tlie con- fidence of tlie commnnity. He was supervisor several times and was also a state senator for two terms. He was a member of the auditing board for the commissioner of ]:>ublic works from 1897 to 1902. He died at Elk Grove, July 23, 1909. La Rue was born in Kentucky and came to California in 1849, locating at Fiddletown (now called Oleta), but came to Sacramento in 1850. In 1857 he was elected sheriff by a few votes, but lost the office on a contest. He was elected again in 1873, and in 1879 was a member of the second constitutional conven- tion. In 1863-64 he was a member of the assembly, being speaker for both terms. He was a delegate to the national Democratic conven- tion in 1884; was president of the State Agricultural Society for sev- eral years and an ex-ofificio regent of the State Univ^ersity, and served as railroad commissioner from 1895 to 1899. He died at Sacramento, December 12, 1906. Ryan was born in Sacramento, was admitted to the bar in 1880 ; was grand president of the Native Sons in 1889 ; trustee of the state library, 1898-1902; trustee Chico Normal School, 1899-1901; trustee Sutter's Fort, 1891-1903; commissioner of public works, 1899-1907; died near Pleasant Grove, February 9, 1908. 1885, Winfield J. Davis, Charles T. Jones and Dwight Hollister. Davis was a valuable man in the history of this county. Having a taste for literature and history, he preserved many of the early in- cidents and records, and in 1890 published a history of the county, collected with much care and to which the writer of this history is nmcli indebted for valuable matter, both then and subsequently. A biographical sketch of him will be found elsewhere. He died at Marysville, August 3, 1909. Jones served the county several terms as district attorney and still lives in this city, practicing law. He was chosen an alternate elector in 1888. 1887, H. W. Carroll, L. S. Taylor and Seymour Carr. Carroll was born in Sacramento, was a University of California graduate, and engaged in various kinds of ])usiness here. He was a prominent Mason and was engineer officer, brigade inspector, lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp on the statf of Governors Stoneman and Bartlett. He removed some years ago to Seattle, where he is city controller at present. Taylor was a native of Ohio and came to this state in 1850. He spent some time in the mines and later went to Solano, holding for a year the position of deputy district attorney. For some years he practiced law in this city and was a county commissioner. He was a past grand master of Odd Fellows, and died in this citv, February 6, 1895. 1889, E. C. Hart, W. M. Petrie and L. H. Fassett. Judge Hart was a member of the senate in 1893-95, and is now a justice of the third disti-ict appellate court. Mr. Petrie has been for nearly fifty years a resident of this city and a successful merchant. He served a number of terms as a member of the city board of education, of which HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 131 he was a member until the new city charter abolished the board, hav- ing been re-elected term after term. Mr. Fassett was a farmer and died at his home near Freeport, December 16, 1889. He served one term as supervisor. 1891, Elwood Bruner, Judson C. Brusie and Gillis Doty. Mr. Brnner was for many years a resident of Sacramento, but went to Alaska during the gold excitement some years ago and still resides there. He was also a member of the assembly in 1879 and was dis trict attorney of this county for a time. Judson 0. Brusie, a prac- ticing attorney of this city and previously an assemlilyman from Amador county, was secretary of the railroad commissioners from 1903 to 1908. He died in Los Angeles, June 10, 1908. In addition to being an attorney and public man, he was a very versatile writer and the author of a successful play. 1893, H. C. Chipman, W. A. Anderson and Eben B. Owen. Mr. Chipman was a resident of this city for many years and died here, May 26, 1899. Judge Anderson is an old-timer, having come to this county with his father at four years of age, in 1849. He was elected city auditor and took the office four days after attaining his ma- jority; was admitted to the bar of the supreme court while yet a minor. In 1868 he entered the practice of the law and has been for many years one of the best known and successful attorneys in the state. He has filled the office of city attorney for several terms and also that of city justice. From 1867 to 1875 he was assistant ad- jutant-general of the Fourth Brigade, N. O. C, with the rank of major. Mr. Owen was a farmer living near McConnell's on the Cosumnes, where he has a large ranch. 1895, L. T. Hatfield, John E. Butler and Judson C. Brusie. Mr. Hatfield, an attornev, has been for a number of years legal adviser of the Sacramento Electric Gas and Railway Company of this city. Mr. Butler was a farmer who lived above Folsom. He died about a vear ago at his home in Oak Park. 1897, Scott F. Ennis, L. M. Landsborough and William M. Sims. Mr. Ennis is a prominent citizen of Sacramento, in the wholesale produce and commission business. Mr. Landsborough was a fruit- raiser of Florin and is now a successful business man in that town. Mr. Sims was for a number of years a practicing attorney here, but of late years has been a resident of San Francisco, where he prac- tices his profession. 1899, W. D. Knights, Grove L. Johnson and Morris Brooke. Mr. Kniglits was for a number of years engaged in business here, but has for some years past been a resident of San Francisco. Mr. Brooke was a fruit-raiser for some years, Init is at |)resent the head of a large and successful real-estate firm. 1901, Louis F. Reeber, W. W. Greer and Grove L. Johnson. Mr. Reel)er was a well-known citizen of Sacramento. He was elected as a Democrat and was backed by the labor organizations of the city. Mr. Greer was a farmer and prominent in Grange circles. He still 132 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY resides on his farm, southeast of the city. 1903, Grove L. Johnson, W. W. Greer and J. M. Higgins. Mr. Higgins has been for a nnmber of years foreman of the bindery in the state printing office and is very popular among the labor unions. 1905, Frank J. 'Brien, Edward F. LjTich and C. 0. Busick. Mr. O'Brien and Mr. Busick are both practicing lawyers of this city. Mr, Lynch is a farmer living near Mills station" on the Folsom and Placerville railway. 1907, Grove L. Johnson, Frank J. O'Brien and Edward F. Lynch. 1909, E. L. Hawk, W. W. Greer and Grove L. Johnson. Mr. Hawk has been for many years a prominent real-estate dealer of this city, and is very prominent in Grand Army circles, having been de- partment commander in 1910. 1911, John C. March, Charles A. Bliss and E. F. Lynch. Mr. March is well known in this city, and was city justice for two terms. Mr. Bliss, a practicing attorney here, at the recent election under the new charter was elected one of the city commissioners. CHAPTER XVIII CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY In 1850 the legislature took the first active step toward securing a state library by enacting a law directing that the scattered books which were the property of the state be gathered together and placed in the custody of the secretary of state, who should also serve as state librarian. This was done, but no considerable addition was made to the number of volumes so collected until 1856, when 3500 standard law books were bought, at a cost of about $17,000, and placed in the library, which soon began to grow, comprising in 1860 about 20,000 volumes; in 1870 it had increased to 25,000; in 1880 to 50,000 ; in 1890 to about 70,000. Nearly every stranger in Sacramento visits the California State Library, whose headquarters are in the Capitol building, where they occupy the largest part of the east wing, extending from the base- ment to the top floor. On the shelves of the library are about 165,000 volumes. Its average annual income has been about $45,000. The institution was established by an act of the state legislature in 1851, and was intended originally as a legislative reference collection only. In 1899 the right to appoint the state librarian passed from the legislature to the governor, thus taking the state librarianship out of the danger of periodic scrambles for office incident upon legis- lative changes. The strength and influence of the office was greatly strengthened by the ap])ointment in the same year of the present state librarian, J. L. Gillis, a librarian of unusual executive power. Under his administration the library has widened its sphere of use- fulness until it has become the controlling factor in library work throughout the entire state. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 133 The work of the institution is carried on through about seven de- partments, briefly summarized as Order and Accessions; Catalogue; Law; Reference; Documents; California; Department for the Blind, and County Library Extension. The most original work is conducted by the last three departments. The California includes besides all books written about California or by California authors, a splendid file of pioneer records, arranged in card-catalogue form, and con- taining invaluable information concerning the social and political history of the state written first-hand by actual observers of the events that make up the annals of early California. A like record is kept of the state's authors, musicians and artists, together with files containing reproductions of the canvases of California painters. Pho- tographs are also on file of the interesting persons connected with any part of the state's history, political, social or artistic. An unique index to California's newspapers and magazine literature is main- tained by this department. Books for the blind are sent out upon request to countless readers all over the state. The resources of this branch of the work are some 2,132 books in different kinds of raised type, and nearly all the leading magazines for the blind ; to which are being constantly added writing appliances, games and puzzles of new invention. Nowhere is the influence of the state library more helpful than in its organization and encouragement of the county libraries which are rapidly appearing on every side, and promise to spread throughout all the counties of the state. These county libraries, through a well organized system of inter-library loans managed by the state library, are able to secure a constant supply of rare, valuable or technical books which would otherwise be unattainable by them. Also the standard of scholarship and efficiency of these smaller libraries is kept up to a high level through a system of report-making to the state library; through county library conventions conducted by the state library ; through personal yearly visits of the state librarian, and through the- influence of the state library board of examiners, which conducts competitive examinations for applicants for county librari- ans hip. California is among the first of all the states to recognize the large value of a strong, central library which shall foster the smaller county organizations, and naturally the people of the state are proud of the good work accomplished and yet to be accomplished by their state library at Sacramento. CHAPTER XIX CITY FREE LIBRARY Along in the middle '50s the need for a public library began to be recognized, and in 1857 the Sacramento Library Association was 134 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY organized and a. good library collected, which, in spite of loss by fire, steadily increased. In 1872 the building on I street, between Seventh and Eighth, which is now occnpied by the Sacramento City Free Library, was erected, and furnished at a total cost of $17,000. $11,000 of this amount was raised by a gift enterprise and mortgage for $6,000 was given. The library opened under favorable auspices, but its existence was not as prosperous as had been expected or was desirable. In 1879, therefore, the directors offered to donate the property to the city, to be maintained as a free library, if the city would assume the debt. When the question was submitted to the voters of the city at the election in March following, the offer was accepted. Soon after the library was re-arranged and re-catalogued and on June 15, was thrown open to the public as a free library with 6,067 volumes on the shelves. It has steadily grown in size and use- fulness and comprises many thousand volumes. The leading papers of the state and many of the leading newspapers of the Union are to be found in its reading room, besides a number of representative foreign newspapers and periodicals, numbering in all, between two hundred and three hundred. Books may be drawn from the library by any citizen of Sacramento, free of cost, upon obtaining the neces- sary permit. The library is supported by a public tax and is under the control of a board of trustees appointed by the mayor of the city. For a number of years they were elected by the people. Among those who have served as library trustees were the following: Judge S. C. Denson, William H. Mills, William C. Fitch, Samuel Howard Gerrish, Add C. Hinkson, Mrs. G. W. Hancock, Miss Georgiana Brewster, Albert Hart, Kirke W. Brier, Francis Le Noir, A. S. Hopkins, L. E, Smith, E. B. Willis. In 1908 the library, under an agreement with the board of super- visors, extended the library privileges to all the residents of Sacra- mento county, being the first library in the state to undertake this county library work. Branch libraries and deposit stations to the number of twenty-eight have been established in various parts of the county, and school-room libraries have been provided for all schools desiring this service. The library now has approximately 50,000 volumes, including the county and schools collections, serves 10,000 card holders, and circulates about 200,000 books a year. Under the new city charter, effective July 1, 1912, the management of the library is placed in the hands of a librarian, subject to the supervision of the commissioner of education. The last board of library directors to serve in this capacity, who will go out of office with the incoming of the new charter, consists of W. C. Fitch, president; S. H. Gerrish, secretary; L. J. Hinsdale, F. B. Sutliff and D. S. Watkins The first two have served continuously since the library became a free library. The librarian, Lauren W. Ripley, has been connected with the institution since Jan- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 135 uary, 1882, and is assisted by a staff of ten people at the central library and twenty-eight branch librarians and custodians of deposit stations. CHAPTER XX GOVERNMENT OFFICES The Sacramento postoffice was established in the early days of the city's existence. Since that time its business has increased with the growth of the city, but the facilities for carrying it on have always been less than its needs. The rapid growth and extension of Sacramento and its suburbs during the past few years have sorely taxed the resources of the office, the government furnishing additional carriers and clerks when it could no longer shut its eyes to the fact that the force was inadequate. R. M. Richardson, the latest postmaster, assumed his duties in 1904. The total receipts of the office for that year were $117,792.55. The tremendous growth since then is apparent when it is stated that for the year ending December 31, 1911, the receipts were $284,807.86. When Mr. Richardson took charge in 1904, there were twenty-six carriers and twenty-two clerks. At the present time the force con- sists of forty-one carriers and forty-nine clerks, with the prospect that another' increase will be necessary before long. The addition which during the past year has been made to the building provides for about double the lobby space, and greatly increases the general working room of the main office. At the present rate of increase in postal "receipts and the amount of work to be handled, the present building will hardly be sufficiently large to accommodate the postal business of this city in a few years. It is estimated that over 60,000 people are now receiving city delivery service, which includes Oak Park, Highland Park, Curtis Oaks and East Sacramento. The adjacent country Mng within a radius of about nine miles from Sacramento is served by two rural carriers. Owing to the fact that it has become so thickly populated, it has become necessary to make request for two additional rural routes in order to serve the patrons. In addition to the main office there are fifteen branch offices withm the old limits of Sacramento and one at Oak Park. The Post Office, Internal Revenue Office, United States Land Office, Weather Bureau and some minor offices are in the fine sand- stone Government building that stands on the northeast corner of Seventh and K streets, on the site formerly occupied by St. Rose's Ron- an Catholic Church. The United States Land Office dates back to the early history of the state, after its admission. There were formerly United States land offices at Marvsville and Stockton, but the two offices were con- 136 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY solidated with the Sacramento office a few years ago and all their records transferred to Sacramento. John F. Armstrong is the reg- istrar and John C, Ing the receiver, and they have given to the office a reputation of promptness and careful management. The Internal Revenue office for this district comprises Northern California and Nevada — a wide extent of country — and which gives employment to a large clerical force, as well as numerous store- keepers, gangers, etc. It has been very efficient in the discharge of its duties for many years, and stands high on the roll of efficiency in the revenue department in Washington. It has not lost any of its prestige during the management of the present incumbent, Hon. W. A. Shippee, and his clerical force. (It was incorporated lately with the San Francisco office.) The United States Weather Bureau station in Sacramento was established July 1, 1877, by Sergeant B. B. Watkins of the Signal Corps, U.S.A. The office was located on the fourth floor of the St. George building, on the corner of Fourth and J streets. November 28, 1879, the office was moved to the Fratt building, corner of Second and K streets, and June 1, 1882, it was again moved to the Arcad6 building, on Second street, between J and K. February 1, 1884, it was moved to the Lyon & Curtis building, on J street, between Front and Second, and April 30, 1894, it was removed to the postoffice building, at Seventh and K streets, where it now is. The station was in charge of Sergeant Watkins until April 15, 1879, when he was relieved by Sergeant M. M. Sickler, who was relieved by Sergeant James A. Barwick, March 15, 1881. Sergeant Barwick remained in charge of the station, except as temporarily relieved on account of sickness or other causes, until August 18, 1901, when he was relieved by James H. Scarr, and transferred to Denver, his health having failed. Mr. Scarr was relieved May 3, 1908, by T. A. Blair, who had temporary charge until relieved by N. R. Taylor, the present incumbent. May 8, 1908. By his uniform courtesy and personal quali- ties Mr. Taylor has made many friends in the community, and during his incumbency has instituted great improvements in the service. During his incumbency of twenty years Sergeant Barwick made great strides in the efficiency of the service and is held in most kindly regard by older residents of the city. Formerly the data concerning the stage of the river and the forecasts in winter concerning it were publislied in the San Francisco office, but May 1, 1905. the data con- cerning the river were transferred to Sacramento. Here the river observation service was re-organized by Observer Scarr, and he made great improvements in it, which brought it to a high state of efficiency and which have been continued and expanded by Observer Taylor. Today all the flood stages of the Sacramento river and its tributaries are accurately forecast by him from data gathered from the stations in his district. This station now has the collection of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 137 data from the San Joaquin watershed below the mouth of the Mokel- umne, embracing that of the Mokehimne, Cosumnes, Stanislaus, Cala- veras rivers, and Mormon slough. Observer Taylor has also, within the past two years, established a number of stations for the observa- tion and recording of the snowfall in the Sierra Nevada mountains. CHAPTER XXI CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS In an earlier chapter reference was made to the sutfering in 1849 and 1850 of the inhabitants of Sacramento and the immigrants who came across the plains or ''around the Horn," in search of gold. Some of them had lost their stores of provisions or exhausted them. Some had started without calculating on the conditions they would find here. Some had lieen despoiled by the attacks of Indians, and, losing their horses or cattle, had been obliged to abandon part of their wagons and stores. And some of those coming by both of the routes had been attacked by scurvy on account of the scarcity of vegetables, and were in wretched condition when they arrived here. The generosity of General Sutter afforded the impoverished strangers temporary relief, but more than temporary relief was needed where there were so many destitute and suffering. The situation in Sacramento was graphically set forth by Dr. Morse in his history. He says: "At this time Sacramento was a nucleus of attraction to the world. It was the great starting ]ioint to the vast and glittering gold fields of California, with the tales of which the whole universe became astounded, and which men of every clime and nation sought to reach, without a moment's reflection upon the cost or hazard of such an adventure. The only consideration upon the part of a hundred thousand gold-seekers who were prepar- ing for emigration to California was dispatch. Time wasted on pru- dential outfits, upon the acquirement of means beyond the passage fee to San Francisco, and peradventure a little spending money to dissipate the impatience of delay, was as well wasted in any other way. What were a few dollars that required months to accumulate in the Atlantic states, to the gold-gleaming ounces that California gave weekly as compensation to the simplest labor? "All that men seemed to wish for was the means of setting foot on California soil, and few were sufficiently provident in their calcu- lations to provide anything beyond the mere landing at San Francisco. Out of the thousands who landed at the above place in the interval referred to, not one in a hundred arrived in the country with money enough to buy him a decent outfit for the mines. Such was the heed- lessness with which people innnigrated to this country during the incipient progress of the gold-seeking fever. In all parts of the world vessels of every size and condition were put up for the great El 138 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Dorado, and as soon as put up were filled to overflowing with men who had not the remotest conception of the terrible sufferings they were to encounter. Along the entire coast of the American continent, in every prominent port in Europe, in nearly every maritime point in Asia, and in nearly all the islands in the world, were men struggling with reckless determination for the means of coming to California. The savings of years were instantly appropriated, goods and chattels sold at ruinous sacrifices, homesteads mortgaged for loans obtained upon destructive rates of interest, and jewelry, keepsakes and pension fees pledged for the reimbursement of a beggarly steerage passage for thousands of miles to the town of San Francisco. "These are facts with which the world is now familiar, and this being the manner in which people embarked for the Eureka state, it can be easily imagined how those landed who survived the untold and unutterable suffering endured from port to port. From the 1st of August, 1849, the deluging tides of immigrants began to roll into the city of San Francisco their hundreds and thousands daily; not men robust and hearty by a pleasant sea voyage, but poor miserable beings, so famished and filthy, so saturated with scorbutis diseases, or so depressed in spirits as to make them an easy prey of disease and death, where they had expected naught but health and fortune. "Thus did mining adventurers pour into San Francisco, nine- tenths of whom, for a few months, took passage to Sacramento. How- ever debilitated they might be, however penniless and destitute, still this, the great focus of mining news, the nearest trading point for miners situated on a navigable stream, was the only place that men could think of stopping at for recuperative purposes. Hence, from Cape Horn, from all the isthmus routes, from Asiatic seaports, and from the islands of the Pacific, men in the most im]^overished health were converging at Sacramento. But these were not the only sources of difficulty to Sacramento in 1849; for at the same time that the scurvy-ridden subjects of the ocean began to concentrate among us, there was another more terrible train of scorbutic sufferers coming in from the overland roads, so exhausted in strength and so worn out with the calamities of the journey as to be but barely able to reach this, the Valley City. "From these sources Sacramento became a perfect lazar house of disease, suffering and death, months before anything like an ef- fective city government was organized. It must be remembered that in proportion as these scenes began to accumulate, men seemed to grow indifferent to the appeals of suffering, and to the dictates of benevolence. The more urgent and importunate the cries and be- seeching miseries of the sick and destitute, the more obdurate, des potic and terrible became the reign of cupidity. "In the month of July, 1849, these subjects of distress and the appeals of misery became so common that men could not escape them ; HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 139 and if there bad been tbe utmost attention paid to the exercise of charity and protection, it would have been impossible to have met the demands of the destitute, sick and dying as a commensurate sympathy would have dictated. Such was the difficulty with which facilities for the care of the sick could be procured, that even the few who had money could not purchase those comforts which even the poorest in the Atlantic states can enjoy. Dr. Craigan's hospital at the Fort was the most comfortable place, but such were the necessary demands for boarding and nursing that men could not avail themselves of such care. Soon after the establishment of this hospital, Drs. Deal and Martin opened another hospital in one of the bastions of the old Fort. This led to a reduction of the cost of hospital board and attendance, but still it was too dear a comfort to be purchased by more than one in five of the accumulating invalids of the town. The sick of the city were in consequence thrown upon the exclusive attention of a society which had become so mammon-ridden as to be almost insensible to the voice of want. Not only were the victims of scurvy evolving a general distress, but also those who supposed themselves acclimated were beginning to feel the sweeping miasmatic fevers which were peculiarly severe during this first season." The first organized efforts to relieve the suffering were made by the fraternity of Odd Fellows, individual members of which formed an informal organization. Gen. A. M. Winn was elected president, Mr. McLaren, secretary, and Captain Gallup, treasurer. They devoted themselves untiringly to the sick and suffering, and an immense amount of relief was dispensed. Still men sickened and died and often were not even wrapped in a blanket for burial. Coffins were from sixty to one hundred and fifty dollars apiece and could not always be procured, but the association spent thousands of dollars for them. As before related, the cholera made its appearance on the 20th of October, 1850, and raged for nearly a month, the death roll of which can never be known. The stricken city was nearly depopu- lated for a time. In April, 1850, the Freemasons and Odd Fellows together built a hospital, the board of trustees being elected by both orders. Dr. Dow had a ^'Thompsonian Hospital and Botanic Medicine Store" on K street, between Second and Third. The- price of admis- sion per day was from five to twenty-five dollars, "according to trouble and expense." Drs. T. J. White and C. D. Cleveland had a large hospital at the corner of Ninth and L streets that would accommodate one hun- dred patients, and Drs. James S. Martin and B. R. Carman con- ducted the "Sutter's Fort Hospital" inside of the Fort. Drs. Morse and Stillman also had a hospital at the corner of Third and K streets. Besides these, there were several physicians, first at Sutter's 140 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Fort and afterwards in the city, who received boarding patients, but very few sick persons had the means with whicli to pay the prices asked. It became necessary, therefore, at an early date, for a public hospital to be established, at which all cases could be taken in and cared for. This was done, the first one being opened in the business part of the city, Drs. J. F. Montgomery, Johnson Price, George W. Williams and Proctor being among the first physicians connected with it. The city directory of 1853 contains the announcement, "Drs. Johnson Price and George W. Williams, Physicians to the County Hospital, corner of I and Seventh streets." About that time Proctor and Price established a hospital on Second street, between I and J, with seventy-five or eighty beds, and entered into a contract with the county for keeping the poor, numbering about fifty, and charging very liigh prices. Three or four years afterwards the county, having meanwhile built itself a hospital on the corner of Tenth and L streets, endeavored to break the contract, but Price and Proctor sued and obtained judgment against it. This county hospital was erected on the northeast corner of the present Capitol Park. It was torn down and removed shortly after it was vacated, soon after the Civil War. Dr. Montgomery was the county physician again in 1857 ; 1858-59, Dr. G. L. Simmons; 1859-60, Dr. Montgomery; 1861, from November, Dr. G. J. Phelan; 1869, from September, Dr. Montgomery; 1870, Dr. A. C. Donaldson, with Dr. G. A. White as assistant. The county then purchased some land from James Lansing, there being about sixty acres on the Upper Stockton Road, a mile south of the city limits, paying al)out $11,000 for it. Here the county erected a fine building and removed to it about seventy-five patients from the old one. This hospital was burned October 5, 1878, and the patients were removed to the "Old Pavilion," corner of Sixth and M streets and cared for temporarily, until the present one was built, in 1879. It was more commodious and better arranged than the first one, but has nearly outlived its usefulness and a new one will undoubtedly be constructed in the near future, with more up-to-date appurtenances. It was built on the "pavilion" plan with four wings radiating from the central structure and cost about $65,000. The farm provides fruit, vegetables, milk and various other things for the use of the inmates. Dr. G. A. White became county physician in 1872, and continued as sucli until 1908, with the exception that in the s])ring of 1879, the homeopathists were put in charge of the hospital, Dr. George Pyburn serving for three months, and Dr. George M. Dixon the succeeding four. Dr. Laine, regular, finished out the unexpired term. Dr. White brought the hospital up to a high state of efficiency and stands in the front rank of the surgeons of the state. He was succeeded, in 1904, by his son. Dr. John L. White, who is the present county HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 141 physician and has already won the name of one of the most promising young surgeons on the coast, SOUTHERN PACIFIC HOSPITuAX, In the early days of the Central Pacific history, the road ran through a sparsely settled country, with the towns few and far be- tween and of small size. Accidents in the railroad man's life are frequent. In those days most of the road's employees were new men on the coast and but few of them had relatives that could take care of them when disabled. It remained then, in most cases, for the com- pany and their comrades to take care of them. These calls for dona- tions were frequent and burdensome and the company finally con- cluded that it would be best and most humane for it to build a hos- pital where the employees could be treated and cared for when sick or disabled, whether they had means or not. Sacramento was the place chosen for the hospital and an old residence was leased for the purpose. In 1869 the Central Pacific Hospital was built at a cost of $64,000. It was of four stories, 60x35 feet, and two wings, 35x52 feet, and a kitchen twenty-four feet square. It had six wards, be- sides eight private rooms for patients, and had a library of fifteen hundred volumes. The executive and medical staff was excellent. It was supported by a monthly contribution of fifty cents from each officer and employee, which entitled them to free medical treatment in case of sickness or injury while in the employ of the company. It proved of very great benefit to the employees. In 1900 it was aban- doned and removed to the Charles Crocker residence on F street and Eighth, where it now is, but the construction of a new one was begun in 1911 on Second street. It was completed in 1912, and has since been used chiefly as an emergency hospital, most of the ordinary cases being sent to the company's hospital in San Francisco. PROTESTANT ORPHAN ASYLUM Early in 1858 the necessity for caring for orphan children was discussed, and an association for that purpose was formed, but it did not prove of long continuance and the matter was dropped for some years. In 1867, however, the governor and a number of citizens were interested through the efforts of Mrs. Elvira Baldwin in the care of a family of seven children orphaned by the death of their mother, a poor woman. The direct influence of this movement was the awaken- ing of a new interest in the subject, and the organization of a society for the care and maintenance of destitute orphans in the county, and ultimately in the state. Mrs. I. E. 'Dwinell was the first president of the organization and the society rented and furnished a building at Seventh and D streets, where fourteen or fifteen children were immediately ])laced in the care of the first matron, Mrs. Cole. The association erected a building the next year on the block between K and L, Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets, where the new high school building now stands. . The l)uilding was considerably damaged by fire. 142 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY December 7, 1878, but was soon repaired and another and better building was added to it, making it commodious and well-arranged. The year previous a neat school building had been erected, and the school was made part of the city public-school system and placed under the care of the city board of education. No children except the inmates of the institution were allowed to attend the school. Many noble women have devoted much time and money to the welfare and upbuilding of the institution. Among them was Mrs. Sarah E. Clayton, who was president of the society in 1877-88, and traveled nearly five thousand miles in fifteen years, caring for orphans who were afterwards furnished with homes through the efforts of the society. In 1905 the property was sold to the city of Sacramento for high school purposes and the institution was removed to a site on the Lower Stockton Road, just beyond the William Curtis place. THE MARGUERITE HOME The first of the monuments to the memory of Mrs. Margaret Crocker was the home for aged women known as the Marguerite Home. the second being the gift of the Crocker Art Gallery to the city. The home is situated at Seventh and I streets and was originally the residence and grounds of Capt. William Whitney, comprising a half- block on I street. A fine building was added to the residence, mak- ing twenty-eight large bedrooms, with parlor, reception room, office, kitchen, laundry and diningroom. Everything was done for the com- fort and convenience of the inmates and the rooms are well-lighted and ventilated, and the house heated by hot-air pipes. The grounds are well shaded by fine trees and kept in good order by the trustees. The Marguerite Home was dedicated February 25, 1884, the sixtieth anniversary of the birth of Mrs. Crocker, the occasion being celebrated by a reception of the older citizens of Sacramento at the home. After the congratulations were over, Mrs. Margaret Crocker made the presentation of the home to the trustees in the following words, which explain the purpose and status of the gift: "Frank Miller, Albert Gallatin, John li. Carroll, Gustavus L. Simmons and Charles McCreary: Gentlemen — Herewith I deliver into your pos- session a deed in trust for certain money, real and personal prop- erty, by means of which I propose to establish a home for aged and indigent women in Sacramento, to be known as the 'Marguerite Home.' I have the honor, gentlemen, to solicit your acceptance of this trust; the deed expresses my intentions without placing restric- tions on your mode of management. ''Knowing your intelligence and ability, and having full faith in your character and in your disposition to aid in all benevolent pur- poses, and believing you to be in full accord with my views in respect to the especial objects in my regard in this gift, I have left, as you will see upon a careful examination of the deed, to your discretion HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 143 and superior knowledge and to your kind and earnest efforts, which I most heartily invoke, the success of this trust." Mayor John Q. Brown, Dr. G. L. Simmons and Hon. Joseph Stef- fens made appropriate responses to the tender of the generous gift. The deed, in addition to the property purchased for the home, dedi- cated also $50,000 as an endowment fund, besides $12,000 as a further aid to the maintenance of the home. While the money was apportioned to the support of the inmates, the trustees, anxious to extend the benefits of the institution to a wider range, concluded to take for life such worthy and respectable women as may desire to enter the home and as are able to pay the expenses incident to their maintenance. Of the original trustees, all except Frank Miller are dead, Dr. Simmons passing away a little over a year ago. The present board of trustees consists of Ludwig Mebius, president, Dr. W. A. Briggs, vice-president, Dr. W. E. Briggs, C. F. Dillman and H. A. Fairbanks! The death of Dr. Simmons was a great blow to the board of directors, as he had given his time and effort unstintedly and unselfishly to looking after details important to the efficiency of the home and the comfort of its inmates. The patronesses of the home are Mrs. W. A. Briggs, Mrs. Mebius, Mrs. C. F. Dillman, Mrs. W. E. Briggs and Mrs. Fairbanks. Miss Sue M. Clarke is the present matron. OTHER HOSPITALS From time to time other hospitals have been provided for the care of the sick, which, while not strictly speaking, charitable institu- tions, are for the alleviation and cure of the ills of suffering humanity, and may therefore be spoken of under this head. All ''water cures" and "health institutes" are hospitals, and after the rush of the gold seekers to this state was fairly on, it is surprising how quickly all the eastern institutions of that class were established on this coast, although not on an extensive scale. There is no record as to when the first water cure was established in this city, but it was probablv in the early '50s. We find Dr. T. P. Zander in 1857 advertising one at the southwest corner of Fifth and K street, and later a Dr. Burns established one which afterwards became the Pacific Water Cure and Electric Health Institute. This fell later under the management of Dr. M. F. Clavton, a graduate of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, Ohio, who carried it on until his death, when Mrs. Clayton took charge of it for a number of years, being succeeded in its active management by her daughter, Mrs. A. J. Gardner. In 1910 the institution was closed and the fine structure known as the Hotel Clayton was erected on its site. MATER MISEEICORDIAE HOSPITAL The care of the sick is one of the chief objects of the order of bisters of Mercy, and as Sacramento for so manv vears could not 144 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY lay claim to any institntion for the care of the sick except those of the city and county and the railroad liospital, the Sisters, in 1895, witli very little money, l)ut with great faith in God's providence, ])iir- chased the half block l)etween Q and R, Twenty-second and Twenty- third streets, of the late Dr. G. L. Simmons for $12,000 on a mortgage note. The two small buildings known as the ''Ridge Home," on Twenty-second street, were a small beginning, and ])oorly equipped, but their faith was rewarded l\v the appreciation of the public and in 1896, the large building now known as the Hospital Mater Miser- icordiae was erected. It has since been enlarged, and porches run all around it, and is one of the best equipped and best patronized hospitals on the coast, having four elegant operating rooms of the latest pattern. Ridge Home is now utilized as a home for the aged. THE WENTWORTH-TGO HOSPITAL The Wentworth Igo Hospital was opened September 1, 1900, at a cost of $13,000, at No. 2515 I street. It had twenty-five beds, and increased rapidly in popularity. Dr. Wentworth died in 1901 and Miss Louise Igo continued the management of the hospital until 1902, when she severed her connection with it and graduated from the Medical College of the University of California. In March, 1910, she opened the Louise Igo Hospital with eight rooms for patients, and her business grew so rapidly that she lias determined to build a larger institution. WHITE HOSPITAL January 12, 1910, Dr. J. L. White opened the White Hospital at Twenty-ninth and J streets, with five four-bed wards, two four-bed wards and thirty private rooms. He is the owner and manager. For more than ten years he was superintendent of the County Hospital and is considered one of the most successful young surgeons in North- ern California. Mrs. Staley is superintendent of the nurses and has a number of assistants, and twenty-one nurses in training. The ap- proximate value of the hospital is $90,000. The annex was completed in May, 1911, with twelve rooms on the upper floor for patients. The hospital rapidly found its way into ]:»ublic favor and is in a very prosperous condition, THE HOME OF THE MERCIFUL SAVIOUR The Home of the Merciful Saviour, on the J Street Road, is an institution for the treatment of crippled and invalid children. Al- though under the fostering care of the Episcopal Church it is wholly non-sectarian as to admissions and has received as patients children from the length and breadth of California, the only requisite for their acceptance being a ])hysician's certificate indicating their need of medical or surgical treatment and tlie age restriction of twelve years for boys and fourteen for girls. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 145 The Home owes its existence to a memorial gift of $250 don«tf.H by the late Mrs. James Palaehe, of Berkeley, in "remembrance ofher daughter That nest egg was augmented by the generosity of many Sacra„,entans and other friends in the diocese, and the propertTon J treet was pnrclmsed, the bouse renovated and the Home opened ttefuttTeTner "' ""'"^"*^' '""^ ^' ''''' ^^''^ ^ '-'-' '^^^ "^ In the five succeeding years one Inindred and twenty-five children have been admitted, many have been discharged "cured " some -im proved" and there have been eight deaths. The fatalities have al- most mvariably been due to the hopeless condition of the children when brought to the Home. The average size of the family at the pies ent time is from twenty to twenty-five. ^ frn Jwl ^'S'^^^^^*^^^ «^ *^^ Home consists of a board of directors from whose number are elected a president, vice-president, treas- urer, corresponding and recording secretaries, the bishop of the diocese being ex-officio president. There is a sustaining member- ship of annual subscribers and a life membership comprising don- ors of one hundred dollars or more in one sum. ^ - "^ There is also a Memorial Endowment Fund, the interest from which IS applied to the maintenance of the Home, and from which It IS hoped m time to realize an adequate annual income for the support of the institution. This is being created by special gifts, endowed beds and bequests. Legacies to this charitable institu- tion are made payable to the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of bacramento, a Corporation Sole, in trust for the Home of the Mer- cirul baviour. '^THE HOWARDS " ^ The Howard Benevolent Association of Sacramento was oro-an- ized m a time of great tribulation and distress in this citv The rush of gold seekers in 1849 had brought with it much of 'disease and poverty, and the Masons and Odd Fellows had risen noblv to the occasion and dispensed charity with open hands and willing hearts, counting not the cost when they could alleviate distress In later times, when the floods and fires brought povertv and suffer- mg, another organization arose. This one was formed purelv and so ely for the relief of the destitute and sick, and well and "faith- tully It played its part. No one will ever know how much it did tor the needy, for those who disbursed its funds never boasted of the deeds, and most, if not all, of the original members have passed away. The name of the Howards, however, should alwavs be held m reverence by every citizen of Sacramento. The first steps looking to the organization of the societv were taken as early as December 21, 1857, N. A. H. Ball being the leader in the good work. The officers elected for the first vear were: George 146 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY W. Mowe, president; L. A. Booth, James P. Robinson, John McNeill, R. A. Pearis, James E. Perkins and N. A. H. Ball, directors; James M. Kennedy, secretary, and John S. Bien, treasurer. The income of the society was derived from membership fees, voluntary con- tributions, donations by the legislature, and various other sources. None of the officers except the steward received any salary. Dur- ing the floods of 1861-62 the association had its headquarters at the Old Pavilion on M street, as stated in a previous chapter, and as- sisted hundreds of homeless people. For many years it distributed to the needy about $4000 a year and numbered about thirty active members, who elected the directors. Of late years the Howards have not had so many calls on their charity, as the county has taken hold of such matters more systematically. For this reason their reserve fund has accumulated until it amounts to about $20,000. The pres- ent board of directors consists of R. D, Finnic and Fred Biewener, John Weil, the third member having died in January, 1912. The Catholic Ladies' Relief Society, No. 1, has been in ex- istence for many years and has faithfully looked after the needs of the destitute and sick of their denomination. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized October 3, 1866, and elected officers as follows: N. N. Denton, president; H. B. Eddy, secretary, and M. L. Templeton, treasurer. Twenty-six names were enrolled at the organization. At a subsequent meeting October 22, 1866, at the Congregational Church, the organization was completed by electing other officers, as follows : Sparrow Smith, corresponding secretarv; George Wick, librarian; H. W. Earl, regis- trar; G. W. Bruff, Seth Babson, A. Aitken, J. M. Ripley, G. W. Bonner, board of managers ; and the following vice-presidents : Frank Miller (Congregational Church), G. R. Forshee (Sixth Street Metho- dist Church), A. Aitken (Presbyterian Church), C. Emery (Baptist Church), and Henry Garrett (Christian Church). The association died down in 1877 and 1878, but was soon after revived. Its headquarters were at No. 309 K street, the St. George Building, and on the west side of Sixth street, between K and L. At present they own the building at the Northwest corner of Fifth and J streets, but it has been razed, and a splendid building, costing with the lot about $200,000, is being erected on the site. The associa- tion is strong and prosperous and has a large membership. CEMETERIES The New Helvetia Cemetery, which lies south of and adjoining McKinley Park, just east of Thirty-first street, is the oldest bury- ing ground in Sacramento, and is embraced in the original plat of Sutter's Fort. Ten acres here were donated for burial purposes by Gen. John A. Sutter to the city, about the first of December, 1849. The first person buried was Major Cloud, a paymaster of HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 147 the United States army, who was killed in 1847 some distance south- east of the fort, by being thrown from a horse. The second person buried in the cemetery was Miss Susanna Hitchcock, who died early in 1849 at the new diggings on the Stanislaus; the third was James McDowell, who was shot in Washington, just across the river from this city. Many interments were made here in 1849 and 1850, dur- ing the times when sickness and cholera were so prevalent. Since the annexation of the suburbs beyond it in 1911, bringing this and the Jewish cemeteries within the city limits, it is proposed to re- move the remains of those buried there to some other place, and abolish those cemeteries. The City Cemetery was located south of Y street in 1850, on the southern boundary of the city limits, on Tenth- street. It origin- ally comprised about twenty acres, but the area has been largely in- creased by additions. It is beautifully adorned with trees, flowering shrubs and plants, and many fine monuments are to be seen there. The Freemasons, Odd Fellows, Red Men, Firemen, Pioneers, Print- ers, Veterans of the Mexican war, and other organizations have plats within the enclosure, as has also the state, where a number of state officials were buried. This cemetery is owned by the city, and is controlled by a superintendent elected by the board of trustees. The Hebrew Cemetery is under the control of the Congregation B'nai Israel, but is ovnied by the Hebrew Benevolent Society. A chapel has been erected on the grounds, which are enclosed by a wall. St. Joseph's Cemetery belongs to the Catholic diocese of Sac- ramento and was consecrated by Archbishop Alemany in 1865. It is located at Twenty-first and Y streets, and is well kept by the sup- erintendent. East Lawn Cemetery is the most modern of all the cemeteries, having been opened by a private corporation in 1904. It is located on a knoll which is part of the farm formerly owned by Governor Booth, on the M street road, or Schley avenue, as it is called, a short distance east of the former city limits, but now far within them since the annexation of the eastern suburbs. It occupies a beautiful site and will, in time, be one of the first in the state. It was fur- nished with a furnace for cremation a vear or two ago. '&" CHAPTER XXII THE PRESS One of the first accompaniments of civilization is the newspaper. The savage communicates with his fellows by breaking twigs on the trail or by smoke and other si.gnals in the hills and on the plains. Civilized man uses more universal and wide-spread devices for dis- seminating the news. In the days of '49 the people were no less 148 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY eager to hear the news than are we of the present day, who must devour the news from the daily paper while we devour our break- fast. News from the mines was no less eagerly sought by the dweller in the city than was the news from the city and the east by the miner at his claim. It was a foregone conclusion, therefore, that as soon as society was organized, the journalist should open his office and begin to supply the demand. The Mo liter 61/ Calif oriiiau was the first newspaper issued in C^alifornia and was published and edited by Rev. Walter Colton, a cha])lain in the United States navy, and Dr. Robert Semple. The type was principally long primer, an old Spanish font, badly worn and battered. As there is no "w" in the Spanish language, two "v's" were substituted in words containing "w. " The press was an old Ramage, which had been used by the Mexican authorities for printing their edicts and other public papers. The first issue of the Californian was printed on an inferior quality of paper used for tobacco wrappers, and was issued in the summer of 1846. John R. Gould, of Baltimore, afterwards secretary of the Maryland As- sociation of Veterans of the Mexican War, assisted by a boy, set the type, worked off the paper and kept the books of the office. B. P. Kooser, a corporal in the United States army, was compositor and pressman on the Californian in 1847, and subsequently pub- lished the Santa Cruz Sentinel and was a commissioner from the state at the Centennial Exposition. The second paper published in this state was the California Star, the first number being issued in San Francisco January 9, 1847. It was a weekly a little larger than the Californian and was published by Sam Brannan and edited by E. P. Jones. The press was a tolerably good one and the Son or a Herald afterwards used it. On the 17th of April, 1848, Mr. Jones resigned and E. C. Kemble succeeded him as editor. The last number of the first volume was issued January 1, 1848. The first number of the second volume ap- peared January 8, 1848, in enlarged form and its publication was continued regularly till May 26, when the printers went to the mines and its ])ublication was discontinued. The Californian having been discontinued for the same reason, California was without a news- pa])er from the last of May till the latter part of June, 1848. About July 1, 1848, a few printers returned disgusted from the mines and commenced the publication of the third volume of the Californian, and published it irregularly until August, when it re- commenced its regular weekly issues under the editorial manage- ment of H. T. Sheldon. In September Mr. Kemble, who had re- turned from the mines, ])urchased the Californian, as well as the interests of his partners in the Star, and united the two under the title of the Star and Californian and recommenced where the Star had left off — Volume III, No. 24. It was the only paper then pub- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 149 lislied in California and was issued weekly till the last of December, 1848, when it was discontinued. January 1, 1849, Mr, Kemble took into partnership Messrs. Gilbert and Hubbard, and began publish- ing the Alta California. They published it weeklj^ until November 10, 1849, when it was issued tri-weekly and after January 23, 1850, it was published daily, simultaneously with the Journal of Com- merce, published by W. Bartlett. March 4, 1849, the Pacific News also appeared daily. The fourth paper started in California and the second published in 1849 was the Placer Times, at New Helvetia, Sutter's Fort, April 28, 1849, published by E. Gilbert & Co., in Sac- ramento, and edited by Jesse Giles. It was a weekly sheet and a small one. It was printed on sheets of foolscap size. Printing paper was very scarce in California, but the market was overstocked with unruled foolscap, which was made a substitute. The Pacific News was the third newspaper published in the state, at this time, and was the first tri-weekly. It was published in San Francisco on fools- cap paper, the lack of size being compensated for by supplementary sheets. During the winter of 1849-50, George Kenyon Fitch came by the Isthmus route, bringing with him a hand and a card press, ink, type and about thirty reams of printing paper. He proposed to five attaches of the Pacific News — F. C. Ewer, H. S. Warren, J. M. Julian, Theodore Russell and S. C. Upham — the formation of a com- pany to publish a newspaper at Sacramento, and the proposition was accepted. They rented the second floor of a frame building on Second street, between J and K streets, and April 1, 1850, the initial number of the tri-weekly paper was issued, which was christened the Sacra- mento Transcript. It was published on a folio sheet, in brevier and nonpareil t^^oe. A steamer edition, for circulation in the Atlantic states, was printed once a month, selling at fifty cents a copy, while the tri-weekly sold at twelve and one-half cents and advertisements were inserted for $4 a square, each insertion. The six copartners accepted positions on the paper as follows : G. K. Fitch, heavy and fighting editor; F. C. Ewer, literary editor; H, S. Warren, foreman; J. M. Julian, compositor; Theodore Russell, pressman; and S. C. Upham, local rejoorter, business manager, printer's devil, ''dead head," etc. In its salutatory the Transcript uttered a sentiment that it would be well for the papers of the present day to adopt. It said in part: "The opening of a new paper is like the planting of a tree Its shade should be free to all. It should reach forth its branches to shield the innocent from the pelting storm, and, conscious of its fear- less might, men should come to it for protection, and find refresh- ment in its shade. It should be nurtured by no unhealthy influences; it should be propped up by no interested motives ; its growth should be free and unrestrained. Perchance it may wither in its youth, and 10 150 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY no longer be the home of healthy" influences. Perhaps it may be stricken in its manhood by the storms of adversity. Perchance it may flourish through the years and grow green; but of all dangers that assail it from without, the insidious influence of those who may cluster round it for their own private ends is the most withering and the most to be feared. A newspaper should never be used. It is too tremendous a lever to be brought to bear for any purpose, save for the good of the public." , The day of ])ublication of its first number was, besides being ''All Fools' Day," the first election day under the new charter and there were three tickets in the field — the Democratic, the ranchers' and the citizens' ticket. The total number of votes cast was 2,943, and Plardin Biglow, the people's candidate, received a majority of 323 over all the others. The Transcript was the fifth newspaper pub- lished on the Pacific Coast and the first daily outside of San Fran- cisco published in California. Ten days later the Placer Times came out daily. The Transcript was a financial success, but Mr. Julian retired within two months and Mr. Upham a month later sold his interest to G. C. Weld, California correspondent of the New York Journal of Commerce. Mr. Weld was a model business man and a fine writer, but died within six weeks of the time he became one of the proprie- tors and the paper beginning to run down, was consolidated with the Placer Times. A year later, the Times and Transcript removed to San Francisco and took a leading position as a Democratic organ, under Pickering and Fitch. It died in 1856 of a Democratic contro- versy. When the Placer Times was started the office was not equipped with a. modern plant ecjual to those nowadays. A lot of old type was ]iicked up out of the Alt a office, an old Ramage press was re- paired, a. lot of Spanish foolscap was secured in San Francisco, and the whole was shipped to Sacramento on a vessel named the Dice me Nana (says my mamma), the first craft to carry tyj^e and press to the interior of California, and which made the trip in eight days. An office was built for the paper about six hundred feet from the northeast corner of the bastion of Sutter's Fort, and near what is now the corner of Twenty-eighth and K streets. The structure was a queer mixture of wood, adobe and cotton cloth, but it answered the pur])ose. The paper was 13x18 inches in size, and the title was cut from wood with a pocket knife. All sorts of ex])edients were resorted to in cutting off and piecing out letters to round out a com- |)lement of "sorts" for the cases. The press had a wooden platen, which needed constant planing to kee]) it level, and the rollers were not a most brilliant success. The plant like its owners was a pioneer in that line, but with all its defects, it "filled a long felt want," and the merchants of the city rallied around the pioneer publisher and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 151 subscribed liberally to secure him from loss. It has been said that in this country the newspaper is the herald of progress, and in an energetic community like that of early Sacramento the truth of the assertion was certainly made good. When the Times and Transcript were combined under the double head in June, 1851, the new paper was enlarged. The Transcript had been started as an independent paper, but in 1850 it came out for the Democratic party, thus being the first interior Democratic paper. The Times had also originally been neutral, but had also in 1850 leaned toward Democracy. When the Squatter riot excitement arose, it had been valiant in defense of the real-estate owners, but under its new management it became less partisan. At the time of the consolidation G. K. Fitch had become state printer and Lorin Pickering had the city printing. This formed an advantageous basis for the fusion, Fitch retaining a half interest in the printing and Pickering and Lawrence the other half. The three were the editors. The State Journal became an active rival to the new paper and in June, 1852, the Times-Transcript abandoned the field to its rival and removed to San Francisco, where it was published by the old firm, which was afterwards succeeded by George Kerr & Co., composed of George Kerr, B. F. Washington, J. E. Lawrence and J. C. Haswell. From then it passed to Edwin Bell and later to Vincent E. Geiger & Co. In the meantime Fitch & Co. had acquired the Alta California and December 17, 1854, they repurchased the old Times-Transcript and absorbed it into the Alta. October 30, 1850, the Squatter Association started a paper, styl- ing it the Settlers' and Miners' Tribune. Dr. Charles Robinson, who had become noted for the part he took in the Squatter riots and who subsequently became the free-state governor of Kansas, was the editor; James McClatchy and L. M. Booth were the associate editors. The tyi^e was brought from Maine by Sirus Rowe. Except for Sun- days, it was a daily for a month, but tlien declined into a weekly and after another month it died quietly and took its place in the journal- istic boneyard. The Sacramento Index was started December 23, 1850, by Lynch. Davidson & Rolfe, practical printers, with J. W. Winans, since a prominent San Francisco lawyer, as editor, and H. B. Livingstone as associate. It was of good size, typographically neat and a paper of rare literary ability. It was the first evening paper in Sacramento and was printed in the Times office. Having taken ground against the action of a vigilance committee in hanging a gambler, it lost in- fluence. After a career of three months it died March 17, 1851, and joined the squatters' paper in the boneyard. Before the union of the Times and the Transcript, the compe- tition between them became so fierce that the prices of advertising declined until they fell below the price of composition. At last the 152 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY printers in both offices rebelled and the greater number of them quit. They held a meeting in a building adjoining the Transcript office, which thereby acquired the name of ''Sedition Hall," and resolved to start a new paper, for which they secured as editor Dr. J. F. Morse. Buying their stock in San Francisco, they launched the Sac- ramento Daily Union at No. 21 J street, March 19, 1851, renting rooms for it in the Langley brick building. The fate of several of the proprietors was tragic. Alexander Clark went to the Society Islands and was never heard from afterwards; W. J. Keating died a few years afterwards in an insane asylum; Joe Court was burned to death at the Western Hotel fire in this city, in the fall of 1874. The others were Alexander C. Cook, E. O, Jeifries, Charles L. Han- secker, J. H. Harmon, W. A. Davidson and Samuel H. Dosh. The latter subsequently became editor of the Shasta Courier and died prior to 1875. It was nearly a year, however, before type could be procured. A lot had been ordered, but failed to arrive. J. W. Simonton having made an appearance with a full fledged printing office, with the in- tention of starting a "Whig paper, was persuaded to sell and his stock was purchased by the Union men. The daily edition of the Union started with five hundred copies and rapidly increased. The paper was 23x34 inches, with twenty- four columns, thirteen of which were filled with advertisements. It was an independent, outspoken paper and ably edited. The edition printed March 29, 1851, was entitled the Steamer Union, and was designed for reading in the eastern states. April 29, 1851, the Union hoisted the Whig flag, at the same time declining to be ranked as a subservient partisan. S. H. Dosh soon sold out for $600 and in June, Harmon sold out for a like sum. On April 23 the paper was enlarged to the size it has since averaged, and appeared in the new tjHpe at first ordered. H. B. Livingstone became associate editor in January, 1852, and Hansecker sold out for $2,000, the firm now be- coming E. G. Jeffries & Co. They next sold out to W. W. Kurtz for $2,100. The first Weekly Union was issued January 10, 1852. February 13, Cook sold out to H. W. Larkin, and April 3, Davidson sold to Paul Morrill. In May Dr. Morse retired as editor, being succeeded by A. C. Russell, who remained until August. Lauren Upson succeeded him as editor, retiring for a time in 1853, when John A. Collins filled the place. November 2, 1852, the Union was burned out in the great fire. A small press and a little type were saved and the second morning after the fire the paper came out foolscap size, but soon resumed its former dimensions. A brick building was erected for it on J street, near Second. May 16, 1853, Jeffries & Kurtz sold to the other part- ners and to James Anthony, who had been in the business depart- ment of the paper since November, 1851. The firm became James HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 153 Anthony & Co. Keating sold to Morrill, Anthony, Clark and Lar- kin, and in December Clark's interest passed to the tirm. A steam engine was installed June 20, 1853, to run the press. In May, 1858, Morrill sold his interest to J. Gray, and went to New Hampshire, renniinins: between one and two years, when he re- turned and bought back Gray's interest. In February, 1875, the firm sold out to the Sacramento Publishing Company, which also purchased the Sacramento Daily and Weekly Record and the two papers assumed the title of the Sacramento Daily Record Union. Be- sides the daily issue, the semi-weekly feature of the Record was maintained, being issued on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Since that time the daily has been issued on each day of the week except Sun- days, which day was added in 1893, with a double or eight-page edi- tion on Saturdays and a mammoth sheet on each New Year's day. Mr. Upson remained chief editor of the Union about twelve years. He was succeeded by H. C. Watson, who served until his death in June, 1867, and was succeeded by Samuel Seabough, who served until the merging of the Union with the Record. George F^rederick Parsons, editor-in-chief of the Record, then became editor- in-chief of the Record-Union, and continued as such until his re- moval to New York in 1883, and J. A. Woodson became the editorial writer. When the Record was consolidated with the Union, W. H. Mills, one of the proprietors of the Record, became the manager and remained in charge until his removal to San Francisco in January, 1883, and C. E. Carrington was appointed local managing editor, with T. W. Sheehan business manager. April 1, 1889, Mr. Carring- ton retired and E. B. Willis and T. W. Sheehan were appointed general managers of the paper, the former assuming the duties of managing editor and the latter remaining in immediate charge of the business department. Mr. Willis continued as managing editor for seventeen years, the longest term of anyone who held that posi- tion, resigning to accept the secretaryship of the state commission to the St. Louis Exposition. Mr. Sheehan remained as business man- ager until after the paper changed hands in June, 1904, Alfred Hol- man becoming publisher. Mr. Holman remained as publisher until the paper was purchased by Col. E. A. Forbes in December, 1906. In February, 1908, the paper again changed hands, the Calkins S;sTidi- cate purchasing it, but becoming involved in financial difficulties caused by broadening out and assuming the proprietorship of several other papers in the state, the control passed from the hands of the syndicate. In 1910 the paper was purchased by Lewey E. Bontz. who had been superintending it for the creditors, and had been busi- ness manager from Holman 's time. The paper is now owned by the L. E. Bontz Publishing Company. May 19, 1889, the publication of the Sunday Union was begim and it was mailed to all the subscribers for the Weekly Union, the 154 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY semi-weekly having been discouiinued. The fine three-story build- ing which was built for the Union in 1861, on the east side of Third street, is now occupied by the Union, the name of the paper having been changed from the Record-Union to the Union by Mr. Holman during his proprietorship. The building was remodeled by the (.^alkins Syndicate during their ownership and a splendid new press l)ut in, besides other expensive changes. Among the earliest of the defunct journals comes the Democratic State Journal, the initial number appearing February 5, 1852. It was a morning paper, about the size of the Record-Union. V. E. Geiger & Co. were the publishers and Geiger and B. F. Washington were the editors. It battled valiantly for the Democratic party, sup- porting John Bigler in his political aspirations, while its contem- porary, the Times and Transcript, supported William M. Gwin. Early in 1853 Washington retired, and was employed on the Times and Transcript, and B. B. Redding, afterwards land agent of the Central Pacific Company, became editor. The destruction of the office by the great fire of 1852 greatly impeded the paper, and in June, 1853, a new firm was composed, consisting of B. B. Redding, P. C. Johnson, S. J. May and James McClatch>. In April, 1854, Johnson sold to Colonel Snowden, and in June, Mr. May sold to Redding and Snow- den. All of these pioneer newspaper owners have been dead for many years. In the fall of 1854 William Walker, who afterward became known as General Walker, of Nicaragua filibuster fame, the "gray-eyed man of destiny," became editor. Mr. McClatchy sold out to D. J. Thomas in October, 1854. Walker retired in February, 1855, and Mc- Clatchy became editor, being succeeded in a month by John White. In 1856 Snowden sold out to Redding and Thomas and in June, 1857, the party having failed to give adequate support to it, the paper was sold, under attachment and bought in by the printers in the office. It resumed publication in about four weeks, with Henry Shipley & Co. as publishers, and after various vicissitudes yielded up the ghost June 24, 1858. At one time it ran a column in French and was the only Sacramento paper that had a department in a foreign tongue. In August, 1852, T. Alter began the publication of a weekly Bap- tist paper, with 0. C. Wheeler and E. J. Willis as editors. It had its office in the courthouse and lived about a year, losing $3000 to its publishers. November 17, 1852, E. Williamson & Co., with James McClatchy and D. J. Thomas as editors, started a settler Democratic daily paper, super-royal in size and in April, 1853, S. J. May bought one- fourth interest and became editor. It was burned out and started again in an old deserted kitchen bought from the county for that pur- pose. On July 30th it fused with the State Journal. The California Statesman, a morning paper published by J. W. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 155 Gish & Go. and edited . by Henry Meredith, started November 13 1854. It was Democratic and supported William M. Gwin for United States senator against Broderick. March 1, 1855, Gish & Woodward the publishers, sued Gwin and Hardenbergh on a claim that they had agreed to pay $2500 for the support of Gwin by the paper >hey alleged that Gwin also agreed to give the paper the public printing They placed their damages at $20,000, but were thrown out of court on the ground that the agreement was contrary to public policy Hardenbergh then sued for possession and the Statesman died. The California Farmer and Journal of Useful Science, which had been published in San Francisco, appeared in Sacramento in May, 1855, as a weekly paper, published bv Warren & Son and J K. Philips & (^o. In 1856 it moved back to San Francisco. In March, 1854, Dr. Morse and S. Colville issued the first and only number of a monthly magazine called ''Illustrated Historical Sketches of California, with a minute history of the Sacramento Val- ley." It was a good number, but the business department was poorly managed and the second number never appeared, wn-"^^^^ ^«cz^r Recorder appeared July 15, 1854, edited by E J Wilhs and was to be the organ of the Baptist church. It was a neat semi-monthly and July, 1855, it became a weekly, but in March follow- mg it was discontinued. June 8, 1855, the State Tribune, a daily paper, appeared, edited and published by Parker H. French and S. J. May. It was pro- fessedly indei)endent of politics, but had Democratic proclivities In September French sold out to May and left with the Nicarao-ua expedition. J. N. Estill became editor August 1st, and opposed John i^igler and the Democracy so vigorously that it soon became promi- nent as an opposition journal. French returned to the state and bought into it again, but some of the arrangements for pa>Tnent were left m such form that difficulty ensued. He sold to George W Gift who had assigned to Monson and Valentine, who attached the paper! b. J. May and his three remaining partners set out these thina-s in a card and issued a new Tribune, so that October 16, 1855, two Iribuues appeared, each claiming to be the genuine one. Mav & 00. s issue was from the material of the defunct Statesman The other Tribune was published by Farwell & Co. Both papers were ardent American or Know-Nothing sheets, and each was very bitter against the other. The war lasted two weeks, when Farwell & Co. Iribune^ gave uj) and the Tribune came out with James Allen & Co., as publishers, still advocating Know-Nothingism. It lived till June 1, 1856. A new paper sprang up the next day from its ashes, called the California American, and was as radical in its Know-Nothingism as Its predecessor. James Allen, J. E. Eidge and S. J. May were the proprietors. Allen at the time was state printer and was said to 156 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY have sunk $15,000 on the paper, which never .was a success. He died in February, 1856. The Water Fount and Home Journal, a weekly paper, was issued December 15, 1855, by Alexander Montgomery & Co., with Montgom- ery as editor. It was the official organ of the Sons of Temperance and lived only nine months. December 6, 1855, George H. Baker and J. A. Mitchell started an independent evening paper called the Spirit of the Age. In June, 1856, it changed its name to the Sacramento Age, and was enlarged, with A. A. Appleton & Co. as publishers. In the summer of 1856 it was sold to the Know-Nothiugs and made their fight till the elec- tion was over, dying in 1857. December 24, 1855, A. Badlam & Co. started the Daily Evening ■Times, a gratuitous advertising sheet 10x18 inches and worked on a wooden press made bv the publishers. It died of inanition in March, 1856. December 11, 1856, C. Babb and W. H. Harvey, with Paschal Coggins as editor, started the publication of a daily morning inde- pendent paper of small size, called the City Item. It lived seven months. Cornelius Cole & Co. commenced the publication August 15, 1856. of the Daily Times, a morning paper, Republican in politics. It was very lively in the canvass for Fremont, and was edited with ability. It became an evening paper in November and issued a weekly, but became so weakly that it succumbed January 24, 1857. Mr. Cole, the editor, afterwards became United States senator. The Chinese News, which began publication in December, 1856, lasted for a couple of years, first being a daily, then a tri-weekly, next a weekly and finally a monthly. It was printed in the Chinese language, Ze Too Yune, alias Hung Tai, being editor and publisher. The Temperance Mirror, a quarto monthly, issued one number in January, 1857, 0. B. Turrell, publisher, and W. B. Taylor, editor. It removed to San Francisco, where it died in March. The Daily MornDig Bee was born February 3, 1857, as an inde- pendent in politics. J. R. Ridge and S. J. May were the editors, and the proprietors were L. C. Chandler, L. P. Davis, John Church and W. H. Tobey. It was much smaller than the present Bee, having but five columns to the page. April 6, 1857, it became an evening paper, and in the following summer Ridge retired and James McClatchy suc- ceeded him. The firm changed in 1858 to F. S. Thompson, L. P. Davis and W. H. Tobey and the paper changed its size to seven col- umns. April 8, 1860, Thompson's interest was purchased by J. O'Leary and the firm name changed to L. P. Davis & Co. Decem- ber 28, 1863, C. H. Winterburn bought out Tobey and sold his in- terest to James McClatchy, February 12, 1866. McClatchy bought the interest of Davis June 26, 1872, and the firm name became, as HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 157 at present, James McClatchy & Co. August 1, 1872, J. F. Sheehan purchased a one-third interest from McClatchy. Since that time the paper has been further enlarged and is today one of the most pros- perous and profitable journals in the history of Sacramento. James McClatchy admitted his son, Charles K. McClatchy, to a partner- ship in the business and the firm members were then J. F. Sheehan, James McClatchy and C. K. McClatchy. October 23, 1882, James McClatchy died at Paraiso Springs, leaving his title and interest in the paper to his wife and two sons. January 29, 1884, J. F. Shee- han sold his interest in the paper, it being purchased by the mem- bers of the McClatchy family, the firm name remaining James Mc- Clatchy & Co. From then on the paper was conducted by the two sons, C. K. as managing editor and Y. S. as business manager. Steadily progressing in circulation and influence, it is one of the afternoon papers that receive the full Associated Press report, and is regarded as one of the most influential papers on the coast. It put in a fast stereotyping plant in 1888, and was the first evening paper in California to do so. In July, 1857, the Star of the Pacific, a religious journal. Rev. A, C. Edmonds, a Universalist minister, editor and proprietor, re- moved from Marysville to this city. In December, 1857, it suspended animation, revived in May, 1858, and passed away that fall. The Daily State Sentinel, a Republican paper, was issued in small size July 27, 1857, by J. R, Atkins & Co., as a morning paper. In October C. D. Hossach & Co. took hold of it and C. A. Sumner be- came its editor. It had bright prospects for a while, but followed to the charnel house in 1858. C. A. Sumner, August 22, 1857, began the publication of a sheet called the Eye Glass, but only one number appeared. The Covenant and Odd Fellows' Magazine, a monthly of thirty- two pages, started August 31, 1857, with J. D. Tilson publisher and A, C. Edmonds, editor, but gave up the ghost with the tenth number, in 1858. The Temperance Register, H. Davidson & Co., began as a monthly September, 1857, changed to a semi-monthly in October, and on De- cember 12 became a monthly again and then died. A Sunday paper, the Herald of the Morning, appeared in De- cember, 1857, with J, C. McDonald & Co., publishers, and Calvin McDonald, literary editor. It was a spiritualistic paper and passed to the spirit land in four weeks. The Phoenix, afterwards the Ubicuitous, was a scurrilous sheet, fathered by E. McGowan, issued as an occasional in the fall of 1857. and as a weekly during the following winter. The hot summer weather killed it. The Watch Dog, a similar publication, issued January 1, 1858, died in the followins: March. 158 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY During the same March, the Sacramento Visitor, by Brown, Ingham & Co., J. Coggins, editor, a daily evening paper of moderate size and lively and independent in tone, began publication, but ceased to exist June 1, 1858. The Sacramento Mercury, a straight-out Democratic newspaper, began publication March 28, 1858, with H. Foushie, publisher, and W. S. Long, editor. It was about half the size of the Record-Union and in the summer A. Montgomery became its editor, but it died October 12, 1858. The second California Statesman took the place of the old one in May, 1858, with S. W. Ravely, publisher, and A. C. Russell, edi- tor, as a Democratic daily. It succumbed June 24th, the same year. The Calif ornian, second of that name, a neutral daily of small size, was edited by D. J. Thomas. It was born July 9, 1858, but lived only one week, departing July 15th. The Baptist Circular, the third effort of the Baptists to start a paper in Sacramento, commenced in August, 1858, with Rev. J. L. Shuck as editorial manager, but only survived until the next spring. In 1858 and 1859 the Democracy becanie split into two factions — the Lecompton and the anti-Lecompton. The contest between them became so hot that the anti-Lecomptonites, goaded by the assaults of Charles I. Botts from the Lecompton side, started a paper called the Daily Register and issued every morning except Monday. It was about the size of the Bee. Dr. Houghton furnished most of the money and .the firm was Harvey, Houghton & Co. The editors were J. C. Zabriskie and William Bausman, who held small interests. It was vigorous, but too scholarly and not lively enough for the times and Bausman soon left it. The Register office was at the corner of Fifth and J streets and the outfit and dress of the paper were good. Houghton sunk a large amount of money in it, but the second day before the general election that fall, it died a peaceful death. The Register's rival, the Daily Democratic Standard, a better paper from a purely journalistic point of view, was born February 26, 1859. J. R. Hardenbergh was its publisher and Charles T. Botts its editor. It was a morning paper, about the size of the Record- Union and was a vigorous exponent of the doctrine of the Lecomp- ton faction. In July, 1859, Bolts became its proprietor. Its office was on Third street, between I and J. June 2, 1860, it ceased its daily issues, and for some months appeared weekly, with M. G. Upton and, Hon. Gr. Gorham as editors, but soon after the fall elec- tion in I860 it became defunct after draining the pockets of its owners. In June, 1860, Henry Bidleman & Co. started the Daily Demo- crat, issued from the Standard office, with M. G. Upton as editor. It made a lively campaign, but died with the election, June 24, 1860, F. R. Folger & Co. put forth the Daily Morning News, a Douglas Democratic newspaper and the Folger s were its HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 159 first editors. Later, George C. Gorham and Albert S. Evans were its editors. It continued about nine months. The Evening Post, published by R. W. Lewis & Co. in October, 1860, as an independent paper, subsequently became Republican in politics. Small in size at first, it was enlarged and when it was five months old W. S. Johnson & Co. took hold of it. Various writers became its editors and it was discontinued September, 1861. The Independent Order of Good Templars began the publication of its organ. The Rescue, in San Francisco, in 1862, removing shortly to Stockton and then to Sacramento. Its first editor was Edwin H. Bishop. He was followed by W. H. Mills, 1864 to 1871. Then came Albert D. Wood, of Vallejo, who conducted it till 1876 and was suc- ceeded by Rev. George Morris of Dixon. It was removed successively to San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Francisco again. In October, 1855, it was brought back to this city and George B. Katzenstein became its editor. The editors of the paper were elected by the Grand Lodge of the order or its executive committee. It has been removed from this city since. The Evening Star was started as a daily by J. J. Beebe, Alexander Badlam, G. I. Foster, J. Simpson, M. M. Estee and H. C. Bidwell, May 25, 1864. It was an independent journal. It sunk under financial diffi- culties in about three months. The California Repuhlican, a Democratic paper of the hard shell variety, began publication January 4, 1863, and died a natural death that fall. The publishers were Conley, Patrick & Co., and the editor Beriah Brown, afterwards of the Free Press of San Francisco, which was destroyed by a mob in the early part of 1863. The Golden Gate, a spiritualistic weekly started by Ingham & Mc- Donald in the spring of 1894, died soon after its birth, surviving only a few weeks. Judd & McDonald started a gratuitous sheet called the Advertiser, in 1860, but it lived only a few weeks. December 23, 1866, Alexander Montgomery removed the California Express, a Democratic journal he had been publishing at Marysville, to this city, expecting patronage from the then dominant party. He did not receive it, however, and the paper, which was issued ns a morn- ing daily, died in July, 1867. The Sacramento Daily Record, published by an association of printers composed of J. J. Keegan, John L. Sickler, J. R. Dray and R. E. Draper, first appeared as an independent evening paper February 9, 1867. Its first editor was Draper, who was succeeded in about a month by W. S. Johnson. He remained about a year and was succeeded by J. B. McQuillan, who gave way in a few months to R. A. Bird. The paper was subsequently sold to William H. Mills and A. D. Wood. Mr. Wood was afterwards manager of the Record-Union. A ])ortion of the then and subsequent Record editorial staff, as also a portion of 160 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the Sacramento Union's then and subsequent staff, afterwards com- posed the Record-Union staff. Among these was E. B. Willis, who had been a member of the Union staff, and also of the Record staff. The Record became a morning paper December 2, 1867. At first it was a small five-column sheet, but after being enlarged several times finally attained the present size of the Record-Union. During the winter of 1871 and 1872 the Record distinguished itself by the fullest and most elaborate phonographic reports of legislative proceedings ever pub- lished in the United States, frequently printing morning after morning nineteen columns of solid nonpareil of the proceedings of the Senate and House. For several years the Union had published annual New Year's statistical sheets. The Record entered the same field January 1, 1873, and eclipsed its rival by publishing the largest and fullest holi- da}^ statistical sheet ever published in the United States to that time. Each year afterwards until 1906 it and its successor issued a similar mammoth paper. It was the first daily paper here to publish and main- tain a semi-weekly edition. The contest for patronage and public favor was very warm between the Record and the Union for years, and until they were consolidated in February, 1875. Thereafter the consolidation was known as the Record-Union. The Expositor, published by C. D. Semple, as a daily and old-line Democratic paper, appeared July 23, 1867, and died the 9th of Sep- tember. February 24, 1864, Richard Bowden published a juvenile paper. The Young American, as a weekly. It ceased publication eleven weeks after, on the death of Mr. Bowden, who was accidentally killed. Several other weekly papers, of a local character, were published about this time, viz: My Paper. Pioneer, Blusterer, The Anti-Office Seeker, a lot of State Fair papers, the Sunday Times, Hesperian, Stu- dents' Repository, and others. Charles De Young, afterwards of the San Francisco Chronicle, began the publication in the winter of 1864, of the Dramatic Chronicle, a gratuitous daily advertising sheet of small dimensions. He removed it to San Francisco about nine months later, enlarged it and published it until the Daily San Francisco ' Chronicle grew up from it, the old Dramatic Chronicle being swallowed up by the Figaro of San Francisco, published by J. P. Bogardus. The Traveler's Guide was published as an advertising sheet weekly by L. Samuels and N. Towns in 1865. T. "W. Stanwell began in the same vear the monthlv Railroad Gazetter, published bv H. S. Crocker & Co." The State Capital Reporter, a daily Democratic paper, appeared January 12, 1868, with a glowing announcement of its plans, and nomi- nated II. H. Haight for President of the United States. By legislative enactment it became the litigant paper, in which all summonses had to be published. While this gave it a good income, it rendered it obnox- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 161 ious to the entire press of the State and made it unpopular with the people. The act of February 21, 1872, repealed the litigant act and deprived the Reporter of its fat job. It ceased to appear as a daily, sending out its last daily issue May 7, 1872, when the law took effect. Thereafter it issued a half sheet once a week, to run out the legal adver- tisements on hand and July 30, 1872, it gave up the ghost quietly. It was published by a joint stock company and lost money for every one who touched it. At first it was controlled by John Bigler, and its first editor was Henry George, afterward of the San Francisco Post, who became widely known to the world as the author of "Progress and Poverty," and the chief apostle of the land theory of single tax. The paper was edited with much ability and for a long time was a vigorous periodical. J. F. Linthicam, an old editor, still living in this city, suc- ceeded Mr. George, and kept up the able tone of the paper. John Bigler, ex-governor of California, who about this time had returned from Chile, where he had filled the post of minister, was editor of the Reporter some months before it died and conducted it with vigor and dignity. 0. T. Shuck was its last editor. The Sacramento Democrat was a small daily born August 3, 1871; died September 5, 1871, just after the election. It was started under the auspices of a publishing company, with Cameron H. King as editor and its office was at the corner of Third and J streets. The Locomotive was a six-column weekly advertiser and local pa- per which was excellent in its way and did a prosperous business for some months with R. L. Lawrence as the manager in the spring of 1873. Its office was on J street between Second and Third streets. T. F. Case bought a half interest and subsequently the whole interest, selling half of it to Dr. A. P. Truesdell, who became editor. The name of the paper was changed to that of the People's Champion, but in the smmuer of 1874 it threw up the sponge and was counted among the dead ones. The only foreign paper, with one exception, published in Sacra- mento prior to 1885, was the Semi-weekly Sacramento Journal (German) published by K. F. Wiemeyer «fe Co., and edited by Mr. Wiemeyer. Its first number came out June 6, 1868, and it had a successful career for many years. The Sacramento office was at No. 314 J street and about 1890 Wiemeyer «fc Co. established an office in Oakland, publishing the paper at both places simultaneously. It was Republican in tone and independent in its utterances. H. B. Eddy early in 1873 started a small weekly paper called the Valley World. It aimed at literary excellence, and was neatly printed and critical. Mr. Eddy died that fall, and the paper was continued for a few weeks, being ably edited by Rev. J. H. C. Bonte, Rector of Grace Church and afterwards secretary of the University of California, since deceased. The Evening News, a daily, Sundays excepted, and neutral, was 162 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY first published March 26, 1869, by B. F. Huntley & Co. Vincent Ryan, a member of the firm, did most of the writing, with Frank Folger and W. S. Johnson in the other departments. The paper died in three months. The Sunday Free Press was started in February, 1873, by Beers & Co., but its initial appearance was also its last, although it was a lively number, local and jolly, and its proprietors mourned its loss for grave financial reasons. In February, 1874, the Sacramento Valley Agriculturist began its existence as a monthly, with Davis and Stockton as editors and pub- lishers. In June, 1874, it changed to a weekly and the next month it bought uj) the old Champion material and was enlarged considerably. April 15, 1875, Davis sold his interest to W. T. Crowell. The paper was devoted entirely to agricultural matters, with a city edition on Sun- day mornings, and some local news. It ceased publication many years ago. The Occidental Star, a weekly paper of four pages, devoted to the interest of the return of the Jews to Palestine, began in January, 1873, and ran for about five months, with Mrs. L. I. L. Adams as proprietor. The Winning Way was a weekly paper edited and published by Mrs. Clark and Mrs. Potter and devoted to the cause of woman and sociability. It was started in September, 1873, and went the way of many others in February, 1874. Comm'on Sense was published as a weekly of four pages by Dr. A. P. Truesdell in January, 1873, and discontinued in March, 1874, but was afterwards revived and published in San Francisco. The Mercantile Globe was an advertising sheet published by Byron & Co., August, 1872, and changed to the Sacramento Globe October 18, and published by Kelly & Farland. It ran for several months, sus- pended, and was again started by Raye & Ford, December 5, continuing weekly until A])ril 17, 1875, being afterwards published at intervals by B. V. R. Raye. The California Teacher was started by the State Board of Edu- cation about 1877, being purchased from the San Francisco Teachers' Association. It has had a checkered existence since, with various pub- lishers, as a state journal, under various titles. The State Fair Gazette has been published by H. S. Crocker & Co. for a number of years at the annual State Fair, as an advertising sheet distributed gratuitously. The Evening Herald was started March 8, 1875, as a small evening paper, independent in policy. The publishers were Gardner, Larkin, Fellows, and Major E. A. Rockwell, a well-known journalist of wide experience, as editor. He had formerly occupied a position on the Morning Call of San Francisco and had served a time in the legislature creditably. The Enterprise was started as a Sunday morning paper, by Crites. HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 163 Davis and Alexander, August 29, 1875. It was well conducted and vig- orous, but the proprietors were handicapped by not finding a business manager to suit them and ceased publication with the ninth issue. It was printed from the old Reporter type. The Seminary Budget, an occasional publication by the young ladies of the Sacramento Seminary, was issued for some years, attainiiig some literary excellence and doing credit to its student editors. The Business College Journal was issued occasionally for a number of years by E. C. Atkinson, lately deceased. The Sunday Leader appeared in October, 1875, issued by J. N. Larkin, who retained his connection with it as editor and proprietor until his decease in May, 1911, since which time his son, W. H. Larkin, who had been associated with him for some years, under the firm name of J. N. Larkin & Son, continues its publication. In 1884-5 it was the official paper of the county. In politics it has always been straight Eepublican. Mr. Larkin was a veteran of the Civil War, straightfor- ward and uncompromising, and had a host of warm friends who re- gretted his passing away. The Leader is a neat sheet, 28x42 inches, and presents a creditable appearance. The Daily Sun was started as a workingman's organ immediately after the adjournment of the legislature of 1879, which provided for a constitutional convention. It was published by a company of stockhold- ers, with William Halley as manager. When the delegates to the con- vention were elected and he was defeated, he withdrew from the man- agement. A new company was formed and J. F. Clark continued as editor for a few months, when the paper ceased publication. The Sunday Capital was started in 1883 by J. L. Robinette and C. C. Goode. It was a four-page folio, independent in politics and devoted to news and literature. After about a year Robinette disposed of his interest to William Ellery, but six months later it was discon- tinued. The Sacramento Medical Times, afterwards changed to the Occi- dental Medical Times, was a large octavo monthly started in March, 1887, by five physicians and has been a successful publication. J. H. Parkinson, M.D., has been its editor-in-chief for many years and among his associates have been W. A. Briggs, William Ellery Briggs, W. R. Cluness, Thomas A. Huntington and G. L. Simmons of Sacramento; J. F. Morse, W. H. Mays, Albert Abrams, W. Watt Kerr and D. W. Montgomery of San Francisco, and J. W. Roliinson of Napa. Of late years Drs. Cluness and Hunting-ton have been residents of San Fran- cisco. Dr. Simmons died in 1911. The Baily Evening Journal was begun July 4, 1888, by H. A. Weaver and ran until October 1 following. It was devoted to general news and literature. Charles Schmitt issued the first number of the Nord-California Herold, a German paper, September 5, 1885, and it has taken front rank 164 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY amoni*' the German papers of the state. Mr. Schmitt came to this state in 1865, and after mining several years, became one of the founders of the xibend Post, the second German daily published in San Francisco. In May, 1868, he came to Sacramento and founded the Sacramento Journal (German) and continued with it till 1881. Mr. Schmitt is a ready writer of wide experience and intelligence and his paper has a powerful influence in the field it occupies. Themis was an able eight-page quarto Sunday paj^er, published in the interest of Sacramento and devoted to dramatic and governmental criticism and miscellany. It was printed with large type and on the finest paper. It was started in February, 1889, by Winfield J. Davis, W. A. Anderson and George A. Blanchard. The editors were among the early residents of the cit}^ and county, thoroughly conversant with its history in all respects, and eminently fitted for the task they had undertaken. The paper enjoyed a reputation for exceptional literary ability and the cessation of its publication in 1894 on account of a division of opinion between its proprietors as to the policy of the paper during the great railroad strike of that year, was regretted by a wide circle of citizens, who had enjoyed the perusal of its columns. In the early part of 1856 Dr. Bradley established the Granite Journal at Folsom, Granite being at that time the name of what is now known as Folsom. He conducted the paper for several years and it became one of the most widely known papers in the state in that day of only a few newspapers. When the name of the town was changed from Granite to Folsom, the Journal changed its name to the Folsom Tele- graph. The paper also changed hands about the same time, William Penry, afterwards treasurer of Amador county, becoming the editor and proprietor, being succeeded several years later by William Aveling. When Mr. Aveling died, his widow conducted the paper for a time, but soon sold it to Peter J. Hopper. About 1872 John F. Howe purchased the paper and from his death ten years later until July 19, 1884, Mrs. Howe held ownership. It then passed into the hands of Weston P. Truesdell, and he published it alone until August 1, 1888, when I. Fiel joined him. They conducted the paper until March 16, 1889, when Mr. Fiel purchased the entire interest and soon after sold out to Thad McFarland. Since the death of Mr. McFarland, May 4, 1894, his widow has been the owner. The paper has been ably conducted by their son, R. D. McFarland, as editor and manager, and has been enlarged from six columns to seven. The Gait Gazette has been in existence for a number of years and has a fair circulation in the southern end of the county. The Daily Evening Neivs was started in 1890, by John Dormer, a well-known newspaper man of Nevada, and Wells Drury, also a jour- nalist from the same state. Under their management the paper was ]:)ublished for two years. It was then purchased by John A. Sheehan and June B. Harris, who had been for many years attached to the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 165 editorial staff of the Daily Evening Bee. Sheelian and Harris were very capable newspapermen and the Daily Neivs prospered under their management. Their financial backers became interested in a plan to have the city water works pass into the hands of private interests, and as part of the bargain for the support of other newspapers, the Daily News was suspended immediately after an election at which the people voted to substitute well water for that supplied from the river by their own works. The plan was blocked and ultimately fell through. Soon after the suspension of the Daily Evening News, in 1893, the Sunday Neivs was started by Messrs. Sheehan and Harris, and was a pronounced success from the date of the first issue. About two years later Harris died, and his interest in the publication was purchased by Winfield J. Davis. In May, 1897, the Sunday Neivs was sold to the News Publishing Co., its present owner. Its size and pages were en- larged and a large modern publishing plant was equipped for its issu- ance with other printing and important publications. Mr. Sheehan continued as its editor until his decease in 1910. He was succeeded by Emmet Phillips, his former partner and editorial associate, who is at present editing the Sunday News, assisted by John H. Miller, for- merly of the Evening Bee. The plant of the News Publishing Co. is one of the largest in this part of the state, and the Sunday News is probably the most widely read and quoted weekly newspaper in Northern California. The present owners are Emmet Phillips, A. A. Trueblood and John H. Miller. The Sacramento Star was started November 21, 1904, being fur- nished by the Scripps-McRae telegraphic service, the Associated Press franchise for the city being owned exclusively by the Union and the Bee. It is under the management of E. W. Scripps, who is the owner of a large number of papers on the coast and in the west. It started as a four-page, seven-column paper, printed on a fiat press and in- creased successively to eight, ten and twelve pages of eight columns, in June, 1907, and subsequently. Henry White is editor and E. H. Car- penter general manager. The paper has grown steadily in prosperity and importance. Several papers printed in foreign languages are being published in this city. CHAPTER XXIII EDUCATIONAL MATTERS It is an accepted fact among the educators throughout the country that Sacramento has always kept abreast of the times in matters educa- tional and the events of the past few years have emphasized the fact. One of the first things noted in the history of the city in the days of the first rush of immigrants to the land of gold, was the establishment of a school in the summer of 1849, when the fevered quest for the yel- 166 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY low metal pervaded all men's minds to almost the total exclusion of all other sentiments. And Sacramento has fully kept pace with progress along educational lines ever since, the last action of the city in voting bonds to the amount of $800,000 for new schools and playgrounds for her children being a patent evidence that her people were keenly alive to the importance of directing the rising generation into the pathway leading to intelligence and good citizenship. Destroyed several times by fire, grown decrepit by age, stunted by cramped quarters and needing more room for the constantly increasing number of children seeking knowledge, the school buildings have time after time risen like the Phoenix from their ashes, or given place to more modern and commodious ones. Manual training, domestic science and gym- nastic training have usurped in late years the time and attention for- merly given to fossilized studies and ideas and the watchword of "Progress" has shouldered out of the way the old and obsolete fea- tures that had retarded advancement. Our boys are today being fitted for the battle of life by the employment of their minds, eyes and hands in a practical wslj, instead of turning them out upon their struggle for a livelihood with their heads crammed with a mass of knowledge that can be utilized only in certain directions and in a very limited field. Our girls are being trained in the arts that pertain to the home and its comforts and conveniences. The arts of cooking and sewing, which have become almost lost arts in the feminine part of the community, and on which the comfort and harmony of the household so greatly depend, have been resuscitated and given their proper place in the economy of our daily lives, and the growing gen- eration of womanhood is being better fitted for wifehood and mother- hood. The influence for good these things will exert on the next gen- eration can hardly be calculated and must result in a great betterment of future economic conditions. The struggle for existence is becoming yearly more arduous and our children must be so trained as to be better fitted to encounter its future difficulties. Practical education, then, is necessarily taking the place of that which in the past was largely theoretical and impractical. The first school recorded in the history of our city was opened in August, 1849, by C. T. 11. Palmer. Rev. J. A. Benton, who was the first pastor of the Congregational Church in Sacramento, has given an interesting account of the first educational ventures in Sac- ramento, as follows: "C. T. H. Palmer, formerly of Folsom, taught the first school, so far as I know, that was ever taught in Sacramento. Tie taught during the month of August, 1849, and then abandoned the business. I do not know how many pupils he had, but the number could not have exceeded ten. I purchased from him in September the benches and furniture he had used, and opened tlie same school again October 15, 1849, at the same place in which he kept it. The place HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 167 was on I street, in a building owned by Prof. P. Shepherd. The struc- ture was a one-story house about 14x28 feet, covered at the ends with rough clapboards, and the roof and sides were covered with old sails from some craft tied up at the bank of the river. Some 'shakes' and 'pickets' were nailed over the places not covered by the sails, close to the ground. The doorway was covered by a jDiece of canvas fastened at the top and dropping before the opening. There was no floor but the ground, and that was by no means level. The school house stood on the brink of the slough, or 'Lake Sutter,' near the northeast corner of Third and I streets. It was about sixty feet east of the east side of Third street and the southern side of it encroached a few feet on I street. I street was not then passable for wagons. The remains of a coalpit were in the middle of I street, a few yards eastward from the building. A small and crooked oak tree stood at the eastern end of the schoolhouse, close to it and near the door. A sycamore tree and some shrubs of ash and elder grew out of the bank on the northern side and close to the building. The filling up of I street and the advent of the Chinese now obliterate every trace of the building and its exact site. My school opened with four pupils, and increased to six, then to eight or nine. I do not think it ever exceeded twelve. By stress of weather and other circumstances I was compelled to close the school the 1st of December, 1849. That was the end of my en- deavors in the way of school teaching. It is my impression that Crowell opened a school in the spring of 1850, but it might have been during the following autumn. In the spring there were enough fami- lies to make school teaching desirable, and the weather and other circumstances were such as to make it practicable. I know of no other schools in 1849 than Palmer's and mine." Up to 1854 the public schools had been merged into those of the county, and were under the supervision of the county assessor, by virtue of his office. The state school law provided for a supervising school committee in each city, town and incorporated village. The attempt made in Sacramento to establish a common school under that law failed and in 1852 the legislature repealed that law and passed a new one, which gave to cities and incorporated towns the control of the common schools within their limits, with a provision that if the municipal authorities did not exercise that power the county assessor should have charge of them and be ex-officio county su])erintendent. This act was amended April 26, 1853, and in that year the county assessor. H. J. Bidleman, appointed under the law as amended a board of school commissioners for the city consisting of Dr. H. "\Y. Harknes^^. Gr. J. Phelan and George Wiggins. Judging from the articles in the newspapers of that day, fre- quentlv demanding that the commissioners do their duty and open a public school, thev must have been verv dilatorv in establishing the 168 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY schools. At last, in February, 1854, the following advertisement ap- peared : "Public School. The citizens of Sacramento are hereby notified that the school commissioners for this city will open a public school on the southeast corner of Fifth and K streets, on Monday morning, February 20, 1854, at 9 o'clock. G. H. Peck will have charge of the male department, and Miss Griswold of the female department. By order of the Commissioners of Common Schools." The school was opened on the day designated and was the first public school opened in this city. The day of co-education had not then arrived, and two rooms were occupied, one by the boys and the other by the girls. The school opened on the first day with fifty boys and forty girls in attendance. Most of them were between seven and nine years old and the greater portion had never attended school before. The attendance increased rapidly and on the fourth day there were ninety boys and seventy girls in attendance. It was found that the school was growing so fast that there was not room for the accommodation of the pupils and soon there were 200 on the roll. The building not being large enough to accommodate all, another school was opened in an old building known as the Indiana House on I street, near Tenth, and the board appointed A. R. Jackson as teacher. This school in turn became too crowded, and another building was leased, on the corner of Tenth and streets. The girls of the I street school were removed to this place and placed in charge of M. E. Corby. On June 19 a school for girls and boys was opened near the corner of Seventh and K streets, W. A. Murray being placed in charge. The attendance still increasing, a primary school was opened in the rear of the Fifth street school, in a building formerly occupied as a mechanic's shop, and the care of the pupils was con- fided to Miss A. E. Roberts. And still the movement grew. In July, 1854, it is stated that there were 261 pupils attending the public schools, and 250 in private schools. The day of the children had come, and the city was becoming a city of homes instead of men only. From this time on the advance in the cause of education was rapid. October 2, 1854, the city council passed an ordinance which had been drafted by N. A. H. Ball, and which provided for the election of a city superintendent of schools and a board of education. The board was to assume the control of the city schools, which had heretofore been controlled by the county assessor. The council elected Dr. H. W. Harkness superintendent, and N. A. H. Ball, George Wiggins and Dr. T. A. Thomas trustees or members of the board, which organized on the 1st of the following month, Harkness occupying the chair and Ball being secretary. At this meeting the board estimated the school income and expenses necessary for the ensuing year at $22,000. A controversy arose between the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 169 county superintendent and the board, the former declininj^ to sur- render control of the schools on the ground that it would deprive him -of his $1,000 salary. The matter was finally adjusted and on Decem- ber 7th the county commissioners and Superintendent Bidleman for- mally surrendered all the public schools in the city, the city board agreeing to liquidate all indebtedness. On the 11th the county super- intendent and commissioners resigned their offices and the city board assumed full control of the schools. On November 25, 1854, the following teachers were elected by the new board : For the Second Ward female grammar school. Miss Anderson; Second Ward female primary school. Miss Frost; Second Ward Male grammar school, G. H. Peck; Third Ward male grammar school, A. R. Jackson. The first common school house was erected on the corner of Tenth and H streets, upon land tendered free by John H. Gass, A. B. Asper contracting to build it in fifteen days for $1,487. It was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies, January 20, 1855. February 5, 1855, a primary school was established at Eleventh and I streets, with Mrs. Eliza A. Wright as teacher. The board apportioned scholars to the different schools, to the number of 574. The teachers were to register the applicants and if the pupil absented himself for more than a week without good cause the board and the parents were to be notified, his name dropped and the next applicant on the list admitted. Dr. Harkness in his first report showed accom- modations for only 414 pupils — 157 boys, 157 girls and 100 primary scholars. Five hundred and seventy-eight pupils had made application to enter, and the accommodations were insufficient, there being an average attendance of 463. In March, 1855, the authority to elect the board was taken from the council and given to the people by legislative act, the number of commissioners being increased to six. At the first election in April, 1855, Francis Tukey was elected superintendent, and R. P. Johnson, H. Houghton, F. A. Hatch, J. F. Morse, George W. Wooley and George Wiggins commissioners. The new board organized April 11th. the salaries of teachers being at that time $1,350 monthly. On the 15th Lee & Marshall's circus gave a benefit to the schools, netting $321. and subsequently gave other benefits. The schools grew rapidly and on May 5th the new board elected teachers, there being ten principals and two assistants. In February, 1856, Tukey resigned as superin- tendent and F. W. Hatch was elected, in his place, AVilliam E. Cham- berlain being elected commissioner in place of Hatch. The report of Superintendent Hatch on March 18th showed that in the six grammar schools there were 199 boys and 267 girls, a total of 466; average attendance 254. In the five primary schools there were 270 boys and 234 girls; total 504, average attendance 250. Twelve of the pupils were born in California and one in China. From Illinois came 93. 170 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Early this year came W. H. Watson who succeeded Mr. Wooley as a member of the board. A superintendent and board of commissioners were elected in April, 1856, and met on the 11th. It consisted of F. W. liatch, re- elected superintendent; Dr. C. Burrell, David Maddux, John F. Dre- man, J. F. Thompson, A. Montgomery and C. H. Bradford. On May 12th the board apportioned $25 a month for the colored school, which was to be taught by J. B. Anderson. This was the first aid the colored school had received. In November J. B. Harmon succeeded Burrell. The report of Superintendent Hatch showed studies pursued in the various schools as follows: Grammar, 312; arithmetic, 612; reading, 821 ; spelling, 843 ; writing, 538 ; geography, 372 ; history, 103 ; algebra, 63 ; Latin, 28 ; chemistry, 39 ; geometry, 4 ; composition, 227 ; declama- tion, 151. A new board consisting of J. G. Lawton, superintendent; Samuel Cross, R. A. Pearis, David Murray, H. J. Bidleman, P. W. S. Rayles and J. G. Simmons, commissioners, took their places. In the latter part of 1857 the building of the Franklin grammar school, at Sixth and L streets, now known as the old Armory, was begun. December 22nd the corner stone was laid in the presence of a large assemblage, under the auspices of the Masons. The lot cost $4,500 and the building $7,500. May 4, 1858, the school directors, composed of the board of educa- tion appointed under the Consolidation Act, held their first meeting and elected Samuel Cross president and Dr. Simmons secretary, Daniel J. Thomas was appointed a director by the board of super- visors in place of Dr. R. A. Pearis, but the board of education de- clared the appointment illegal. The board of education organized October 4, 1858, consisted of G. J. Phelan, A. G. Richardson, H. J. Bidleman, T. M. Morton, H. B. Osborne, G. I. N. Monell, John Hatch and G. L. Simmons; Phelan, president. Hatch did not qualify and the board of supervisors elected David Meeker to fill his place. Dr. Simmons resigned in January, 1859, and was succeeded by C. A. Hill. Early in 1859 a school build- ing was erected at a cost of $3,800, at Thirteenth and G streets and named the Washington school house. Secretary Bidleman was re- moved May 9th, and was succeeded by Monell. A new board met October 3, 1859, consisting of Cyril Hawkins, H. J. Bidleman, J. M. Frey, G. L. Simmons, J. J. Murphy, G. I. N. Monell, D. J. Thomas and Henry McCreary. Dr. Frey was presi- dent and Monell secretary. An unsuccessful attempt was made to establish a Normal School, to be taught two days in the week. At the close of the year there were one high, four grammar, two pri- mary and intermediate, and six primary schools in the city. Scholars enrolled, 1031, with an average attendance of 790. Fifteen teachers were employed, one assistant and ten monitors, salaries amounting HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 171 to $1,850 a moutli, the board believing the monitorial system less expensive and giving more teachers. The board of education for 1860 met December 3rd, with Gr. Taylor, J. F. Crawford, H. Miller, J. M. Frey, J. M. Milliken, A. C. Sweetzer, S. M. Mouser and J. Bithell members; Miller president and Sweetzer secretary. It discharged all the teachers and monitors, graded the schools, decided that male teachers should be employed as principals of the high school and of the first grade of the grammar school. J. W. Anderson was elected principal of the Franklin gram- mar school and Miss Doyle his assistant. June 7, 1861, Anderson was elected principal of the high school, and Mr. Templeton to fill his place in the Franklin school. January 6, 1862, the board organized was composed of J. F, Dreman, D. J. Thomas, W. Bidwell, H. Miller, W. H. Hill, J. M. Milliken, S. M. Mouser and Edward Collins ; Hill, president. In March Mrs. Folger was elected teacher of the colored school, the board vot- ing to pay her salary whenever the building and furniture should be furnished by the parents interested. On the 3rd of March the schools, which had been considerably damaged by the flood, reopened, except the one at Sixteenth and N streets, which was still surrounded by water. Mouser resigned and his place was filled by J. T. Peck. The schoolhouse at Tenth and P streets was erected, at a cost of $2,500. The board elected in Januarv, 1863, comprised Edward Collins, John F. Dreman, W. H. Hill, H. H. Hartley, Paul Morrill, D. J. Thomas, W. Bidwell and H. J. Bidleman. Hill was president. At the close of the year 1093 pupils were enrolled, average attendance, 795. The graduating class numbered 215. Pupils in the colored school, 32, average attendance 27. A building for the colored school was erected at Fifth and streets, but was set on fire by an incendiary and con- sumed with its contents. Total disbursements for the eleven schools, $24,483.57. In January, 1864, W. Bidwell, M. C. Briggs, J. H. Carroll, J. F. Crawford, Henry H. Hartley, Paul Morrill, 0. D. Lambard aud H. J. Bidleman composed the board, which elected Briggs president. When the year closed the number of schools had increased to thirteen— - six primary, three intermediate, one high, one grammar, one ungraded and one colored, with 1202 pupils in attendance, 919 of whom were born in the state. The intermediate school at Thirteenth and G streets was opened, as also an ungraded one at Twenty-ninth and J streets. The board, in compliance with a petition from the colored peo])le, placed their school on the same footing as the white schools, except as to grade. The expenses for the vear were $28,660.08; receipts, $27,276.86. The board of 1865 organized in January, with M. C. Briggs, W. E. Chamberlain, 0. D. Lambard, Eugene Soule, J. W. Avery, J. H. Carroll, J. W. Crawford and Paul Morrill. Briggs was re- 172 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY elected president. The Union schoolhouse at Seventh and G streets was completed and accepted February 7th. J. L. Fogg was chosen principal of the grammar school, Mr. Templeton being made prin- cipal of the high school. The total number of pupils had increased to 1458, of which 870 were born in the state. The first story of the Union high school was completed May 1st, and two schools moved in. Cost, $15,786.56. Receipts, $31,489.35. Expenses, $34,459.68. In January, 1866, the new board organized, with J. W. Avery, W. E. Chamberlain, Paschal H. Coggins, John F. Dreman, G. R. Moore, 0. D. Lambard, Paul Morrill and Eugene Soule, directors; president, W. E. Chamberlain. The close of the year showed 1524 pupils enrolled, 1010 born in the state. There were now fourteen schools in the city. H. H. Howe was elected principal of the grammar school, Fogg having resigned. A schoolhouse for colored children was erected costing $700, and a frame schoolhouse at Ninth and M streets, costing $3946, and school was opened there August 1st. Re- ceipts for the year, $34,443.31; expenditures, $32,136.43, receipts for the first time exceeding expenses. The board of 1867 was composed of the same members, Paul Morrill being president. At the close of the year 1736 children were on the rolls, 1227 l^orn in California and 457 elsewhere. Early in the year the Lincoln school building was erected, the cost being $8049.69. In March $200 was set aside from the state apportion- ment for a school library. About 250 volumes were purchased and the number has increased yearly since. Lambard resigned and was replaced by John F. Crawford, and Soule resigning, David S. Ross was elected in his i)lace. Receipts, $33,639 ; expenditures, $44,207. In 1868 the board was: J. F. Crawford, Joseph Davis, J. W. Avery, Henry Miller, D. S. Ross, F. A. Gibbs, Paschal H. Coggins and Horace Adams. Miller was president. The year closed with 1727 names enrolled, — 920 boys and 807 girls,^ — with an average at- tendance of 1142. Born in the state 1241. Receipts, $43,194.68; ex- penses, $48,362. In February, 1869, the board was : J. F. Crawford, J. W. Avery, P. B. Redding," Henry Miller, David S. Ross, F. A. Gibbs, W. L. Campbell and Henry McCreary; Miller, president. The year closed with 2200 pupils enrolled — 1128 boys and 1072 girls; average at- tendance 1584. A wooden addition was made to the school building at Thirteenth and G streets, but within a fortnight it was destroyed by an incendiary fire, together with the old building, and the school had to be continued in other quarters until the new two-story brick building for the school could be completed. It cost $13,720 and was known as the Washington school. A wooden addition was also made to Franklin schoolhouse. In November 400 German citizens peti- tioned the board to introduce the German language into the schools, which was done. Arnold Dulon being elected teacher, with fifteen HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 173 pupils in the high school and one hundred and ninety in the grammar school. At the close of the year there were seventeen schools in the city — one high, one grammar with four grades, four intermediate, nine primaries, one ungraded and one colored. Recepits, $78,000.94; expenditures, $77,840.44. In 1870 the board was composed of John H. Dreman, J. W. Avery, Henry Miller, David S. Ross, F. A. Gibbs, Daniel Brown, J. F. Mont- gomery and B. B. Redding, with Miller as president. H. H. Ilowe resigned the principalship of the grammar school and A. H. Mc- Donald was elected to the position, two new departments being added. A two-story brick schoolhouse was erected at Sixteenth and N streets, at a cost of $9,000, but a few days after its completion it was set on fire and destroyed. The board immediately erected another, which was completed the following year. The yearly roll showed 1219 boys and 1137 girls; total, 2356. Receipts, $81,115.51. Expenditures, $80,- 770.47. The next board organized Januarv 26,1871, was composed of W. C. Stratton, J. W. Avery, E. T. Taylor, D. S. Ross, Henry Miller, Daniel Brown, J. F. Montgomery and Henry C. Kirk, Montgomery being president. The pupils increased in numlier to 2458 — ^1249 boys and 1209 girls. There were now twenty schools in the city and receipts for the year were $72,810 and expenses, $71,351. In 1872 the board was : Henry C. Kirk, W. C. Stratton, Henry Miller, E. T. Taylor, E. I. Robinson, John F. Dreman, C. H. Cum- mings and H. K. Snow; Miller, president. Judge E. B. Crocker ac- quired the ground on which the schoolhouse at Second and P streets stood, and the school was removed to Fourth and Q streets. The city donated the public square between I and J, Fifteenth and Six- teenth streets, and the present commodious brick building, known as the Sacramento grannnar school, was erected at a cost of $60,000, to accommodate the other grammar schools. George Rowland was elected a member of the board, vice Stratton, resigned. Underwood resigned as principal of the grammar school and A. H. McDonald suc- ceeded him. The board decided to open a night school in the two lower rooms of the Franklin grammar school, at Sixth and K streets. In 1873 the board consisted of C. H. Cummings, J. F. Dreman, James I. Felter, E. I. Robinson, H. K. Snow, George Rowland, Felix Tracy and B. B. Redding; Cummings presiding. The census showed 3389 children between five and fifteen years of age, with 3053 en- rolled; average attendance, 1810. Receipts, $73,952; expenses, $67,300. The board as organized in 1874 consisted of C. H. Cummings, D. W. Welty, J. F. Dreman, J. I. Felter, George Rowland, Felix Tracy, George Waite and W. F. Knox; Tracy presiding. A new course of study gave two grades in the primary schools, instead of three. Intermediate School No. 5 and Primary School No. 10 were organized and an additional assistant was employed at the gram- 174 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY mar school. The high school opened with a new corps of teachers and 118 pupils. A truant officer was employed in September with good results. Mr. Straube resigned as German teacher and A. H. linger was elected. The receipts were $95,041; disbursements, $122,249, and the deficit of $27,208 was met with borrowed money. January, 1875, the new board as organized consisted of C. H. Cummings, J. F. Dreman, Albert Hart, W. F. Knox, T. M. Lindley, J. F. Montgomery, Felix Tracy and George S. Waite; Tracy pre- siding. Superintendent Hinkson reported the receipts as $68,946.05 and the expenditures, $57,579.72. Total number enrolled, 2633; av- erage attendance, 2143; born in California, 2134. The cost for each pupil was estimated at $21.86. The Union and Lincoln and other schoolhouses were repaired during the year. The superintendent's report showed the schools to compare favorably with those of the other states, and the system of weekly and monthly examinations was instituted with satisfactory results. In 1876 the board was composed of John F. Dreman, Albert Hart, F. M. Lindley, T. B. McFarland, J. F. Montgomery, A.. T. Nelson, J. F. Richardson, Felix Tracy, and Secretary Hinkson. School Cen- sus Marshal's report showed an increase of 355 children during the past year. Total number of children attending school, 2850; average attendance, 1982; born in California, 1843; number enrolled for the German class, 191. Expenses, $64,894.35. The -superintendent reported against any change in text books. The board for 1877 organized with J. F. Dreman, J. I. Felter, H. H. Linnell, T. B. McFarland, John Stevens and J. N. Young. Felter presided. The superintendent's report showed that there were in the city 4011 white and 71 colored children between five and seven- teen yeai'S of age. Of these 2458 were attending public schools. There were 55 public school classes in the city and the high school was maintained for ten months during the year. There were in all, twelve school buildings; boys enrolled, 1627; girls, 1496; average attendance, ninety per cent. The high school erected this year was a fine struc- ture with four class rooms, library room, laboratory, etc. The board of 1878 organized with J. F. Dreman, J. I. Felter, E. Greer, Matt F. Johnson, H. H. Linnell, John Stevens and J. N. Young as directors; Felter presiding. Sixty-eight teachers were em- ployed, including one of French and German. Several new school rooms were rendered necessary this year by the accession of pupils. The number of pupils enrolled was 3148. Current expenses were $69,- 872. The superintendent recommended that school books be fur- nished to all children under restrictions that would prevent abuses. Eight additional teachers were employed and two new classes estab- lished in the grammar grades. In 1879 the board organized with Director S. W. Butler, E. Greer, Matt F. Johnson, J. F. Dreman, John T. Griffitts, F. A. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 175 Hornblower, James McClatchy and T. B. McFarland. The latter pre- sided. The superintendent reported the value of school property at $198,000. Number of pupils enrolled, 3539. Receipts, $78,947.26; expenditures, $74,082.94. He recommended the erection of an addi- tional school building in the southern part of the city, the grading of teacher's salaries, and free supply of books to the pupils; of the sixty-three class rooms one had been abandoned on account of its unhealthy location. Seventy-three teachers were employed, with an average salary of $72.83. Prof. Albert H. Unger, principal of the German classes, died this year. The night school had one hundred pupils enrolled, under Professor Brier, and was reported as in a high condition of efficiency. The board of 1880 organized with Directors S. W. Butler, J. T. Grriffitts, F. A. Hornblower, W. R. Knights, J. D. Lord, James Mc- Clatchy, W. D. Stalker and K. F. Wiemeyer. Griffitts presided. Knights resigned and Felix Tracy was elected to the vacancy. F. L. Landes succeeded A. C. Hinkson as superintendent. The latter reported receipts for the previous year as $82,380.32 ; disbursements, $81,014.95; one new schoolhouse, a tine ten-class primary school on Q street, between Ninth and Tenth, costing $9,413, and other build- ings, amounting in all to $10,733 and furniture to the amount of $1852 were among the items, giving ample accommodations for pupils. The sale of the Franklin grammar school, at Sixth and L streets, occupied only as a night school, was recommended. Total number of pupils enrolled, 3489 ; teachers employed, 79, two of them being in the evening school. The principal of the high school was 0. M. Adams ; vice-principal, Kirk W. Brier, who afterwards became principal. A. H. McDonald was principal of the Sacramento gram- mar school and Joseph W. Johnson principal of the Capital gram- mar; W. J. Hyde, principal of the night school. Up to this time there had been four superintendents — W. H. Hill, S. C. Denson, A. C. Hinkson and F. L. Landes. Since 1880 the boards have been as follows : 1881— K. F. Wiemeyer, W. D. Stalker, J. D. Lord, L. K. Ham- mer, S. W. Butler, Felix Tracy, Philip Herzog and W. S. Mesick. Mesick resigned and C. H. Stevens was elected to succeed him. 1882— John F. Slater, Philip Herzog, C. H. Stevens, W. D. Stalker, S. W. Butler, Felix Tracy, Mathew C. Cooke, L. K. Ham- mer ; G. H. Hancock succeeded Hammer, resigned. 1883— John F. Slater, C. H. Stevens, Mathew C. Cooke, W. D. Stalker, 0. P. Goodhue, Felix Tracy, George ^Y. Hancock and S. W. Butler. Goodhue died and Flwood Bruner was elected to the vacancv. 1884— John F. Slater, C. H. Stevens, Mathew C. Cooke, J. L. Chadderdon, Richmond Davis, D. Johnson, Elwood Bruner, Frank Avery. 176 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1885— W. M. Petrie, John F. Slater, A. Conklin, J. L. Chaclder- don, Riehmond Davis, Frank Avery, C. H. Stevens, E. K. Alsip. 1886— A. Conklin, C. H. Stevens, J. W. Todd, W. M. Petrie, Richmond Davis, O. W. Erlewine, John F. Slater, E. K. Alsip. Stevens resigned and B. F. Howard was elected to fill the vacancy. 1887— A. Conklin, W. M. Petrie, J. W. Todd, Richmond Davis, John F. Slater, A. S. Hopkins, H. C. Chipman and 0. W. Erlewine. 1888— Richmond Davis, W. M. Petrie, E. M. Martin, A. Conk- lin, J. W. Todd, A. S. Hopkins, H. C. Chipman, John Skelton. 1889— J. W. Todd, A. J. Senatz, E. I. Martin, Joseph Hopley, R. Davis, A. C. Tufts, H. C. Chipman, John Skelton. 1890— H. C. Chipman, W. H. Sherbnrn, A. C. Tufts, A. J. Senatz, Joseph Hopley, J. N. Payne, 0. W. Erlewine, Win J. Davis. 1891—0. W. Erlewine, M. Gardner, W. H. Sherburn, C. M. Har- rison, J. N. Pavne, R. Davis, A. C. Tufts, H. C. Chipman. 1892— A. C". Tufts, W. H. Sherburn, C. M. Harrison, Eugene A. Crouch, H. J. Davis, O. W. Erlewine, H. C. Chipman, M. Gardner. 1893 — No election. Same board held office. Sherburn, president. 1894-95— Win J. Davis, W. H. Sherburn, E. A. Crouch, J. H. Dolan, A. N. Buchanan, T. W. Huntington, D. D. Whitbeck, M. J. Dillman, P. S. Driver. 1896-97— Win J. Davis, E. A. Crouch, J. H. Dolan, T. W. Hunt- ington, D. D. Whitbeck, M. J. Dillman, P. S. Driver, W. PL Sher- burn, A. N. Buchanan. 1898-99— P. S. Driver, W. H. Sherburn, George B. Stack, C. A. Elliott, F. L. Atkinson, C. C. Perkins, H. K. Johnson, H. S. Ranson, E. S. Panabaker. 1900-01— P. S. Driver, Ed. J. Kay, George B. Stack, J. A. Green, F. L. Atkinson, Herman Mier, H. K. Johnson, H. S. Ranson, E. E. Panabaker. 1902-03— P. S. Driver, Ed. J. Kay, J. A. Green, Herman Mier, H. S. Ranson, Edward McEwen, W. M. Petrie, Howard K. Johnson, Robert Martyr. 1904-05 — Howard K. Johnson, B. M. Hodson, Daniel Fhnan, J. A. Green, W. M. Petrie, John T. Skelton, L. G. Shepard, Robert Martyr, William Lampert. 1906-07— J. A. Green, B. M. Hodson, Daniel Flynn, W. M. Petrie, William Lampert, J. M. Henderson, Jr., John T. Skelton, W. F. Jackson, L. G. Shepard. 1908-09— W. J. Taylor, R. L. Wait, D. Flvnn, J. A. Green, W. M. Petrie, T. D. Littlefield, J. M. Henderson, W. F. Jackson, W. G. McMillin. 1910-11— J. A. Green, R. L. Wait, J. R. Garlick, W. M. Petrie, T. D. Littlefield, S. A. Smith, W. J. Tavlor, Thomas Coulter, W. G. McMillin. The superintendents since 1880 have been : Dr. J. R. Lane, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 177 January, 1882, to January, 1886; M. R. Beard, 1886 to 1890- Albert Hart, 1890 to 1894; 0. W. Erlewine, elected under the new charter February 3, 1894, was subsequently re-elected and served continuously as superintendent under the commission until he resigned early this year, being succeeded by C. C. Hughes. Under the new charter adopted in 1911, changing the o-overn- ment of the city to the commission form, the commissioners con- stituted the city board of education, Mrs. Luella B. Johnston beino- the commissioner of education for the ensuing year, and being suc''- ceeded this year by E. J. Carragher. THE HIGH SCHOOL The embryo of the high school was created May 22, 1855 when It was proposed by Dr. F. W. Hatch that Willson's History, Astron- omy bookkeeping, Latin, French and Spanish be added to the course ot study An order to add these studies to the course was adopted at that time, but was not put in force till the following year when the classes m tliese studies were taught in the schoolhouse on M street, between Eighth and Ninth, by J. M. Howe. Eighteen girls and twenty-one boj;^ were enrolled the first year and the remarkably high ayerage attendance of 36.8 out of 39 was attained. May 8 1857 Howe declined to be examined in Greek and was succeeded by c! A. llill Hill resigned in August following and was succeeded by A. K Jackson, and early in 1858 the school was removed to Fifth and K streets and J. P. Carleton was elected to teach French and bpanish. 1 ^''']. f.'nn^^^^' ^^'^'^'' ^- ^"^'^^ ^^« ^l^^ted principal, with a salary of $200 a month, and Professor Lefebre was chosen to teach J^rench and Spanish in place of Carleton. As soon as the Franklin grammar school was completed, the high school was removed to it In June, 1859, Professor Lefebre left the state and was succeeded bv Professor Jofre. In November, 1859, the natural sciences were added to the course by the board, and A. R. Jackson was elected to teach them. The next October Swift showed evidences of insanity and a vacancy m the principalship was declared and Jackson was appointed to the position, but refused the following April to serve longer as principal, declaring the salary insufficient, and J W An- derson wa^ api)ointed in his place. Anderson was succeeded Septem- ber 18, 1862, by R. K. Marriner and the latter resigned March '^7 1865, and was succeeded by J. L. Fogg, who served till April 29th fol- lowing and was succeeded by Milo L. Templeton as princij^al. The school was removed to Seventh and G streets July 25, 1865, and in November Alexander Goddard was elected teacher "of French and m A]^ril, 1870, Jourdon W. Roper was appointed principal. He resigned m April, 1872, and was succeeded by H. H. Howe, and early m the year Edward P. Howe was appointed to take his brother's 178 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY place. His successors to date have been Oliver M. Adams, who re- signed in June, 1884; W, W. Anderson from that date until the close of the school year in June, 1888, when James H. Pond was elected ]irincipal. Pond resigned in 1901 to take the principalship in the Oakland high school and was succeeded by Frank Tade, who con- tinued as principal until the close of the school year in June, 1910. when he resigned to take the principalship of the Night High School and was succeeded by H. 0. Williams, the present principal. The high school building at the corner of Ninth and M streets was completed September 2, 1876, at a cost of $10,687, and the school was opened in it January 1, 1877. An addition was made to it in 1904, nearly doubling its size, and in 1909 it was burned. In 1907-08 a new high school building was erected on the block between K and L, Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets, which had been purchased for the purpose by the board of education from the directors of the Protestant Orphan Asylum. The building is a fine one, the lower story being of cement, and the remainder of brick. It is four stories in height, with thirty-five class rooms, and cost in round numbers a little over $254,500. It is strictly up to date, has ample apparatus for the scientific classes, and a gymnasium for the boys in the lower story. It was calculated to furnish accommodations for about eight hundred pupils, and that it would be ample for all the needs of the school for ten years, but the growth of the city since has been so rapid that it is already overcrowded, the classes for the first semester of 1912 showing that about one thousand pupils must be taken care of. The bond issue of $800,000 for the schools sanctioned by the people in 1911, has provided for an addition to the high school facili- ties, and it is advocated by many that a new high school building be erected in the suburban district recently annexed by the city, al- though an addition may be built to the present building. COLOEED PUPILS In 1873 a colored pupil applied for admission to the night school and two colored girls applied for admission to the grammar school. The question arose as to whether under the statute prohibiting the attendance of colored children at the white schools they could be admitted without endangering the receipt of the state and county moneys for the support of the schools. The board granted the re- quests, pending the decision of the supreme court on the constitu- tionality of the law. Jam^nrv 7, 1874, Superintendent Hinkson served on Principal McDonoM of the grammar school the following notice: "You are hereby instructed to admit no children of African de- scent or T'^dian children into your school, and if any make anpUca- tion foi ; '^ ission, direct them to the superintendent, who will issue HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO . COUNTY 179 permits for their admission into the schools provided for them by law." The admission of colored children to white schools had been made an issue in the election of December, 1873, and Hinkson had been elected superintendent, with W. F. Knox and George S. Wait, Democrats. J. F. Dreman, Republican, had previously voted against admitting colored children. The notice called attention to the statute on the subject. The principal refused to obey the order and was suspended by the super- intendent and a special meeting was called, the principal stating that the orders of the superintendent were in conflict with the resolution adopted by the board, and asked which he should obey. Director Welty offered the following resolution: "That the teach- ers are instructed that the paramount source of power rests with the board, in reference to the subject matter embraced in the com- munication from the principal of the grammar school." The resolution was adopted by a vote of five to three and the principal reinstated. Director Dreman offered a resolution as fol- lows, which was lost by a vote of three to five : "That it is the duty of Superintendent Hinkson to redeem his pledge to the people of Sacramento City by using all legal means to prevent the admission of colored children into the white schools." Director Knox offered the following resolution: "That the resolution of December 29, 1873, by the board of edu- cation, admitting certain colored children into the white grammar school, is a palpable violation of the statute of the state." Director Welty offered this in addition: "But is in strict harmony with the constitution and laws of the United States." The resolution as amended was adopted. The supreme court soon after declared the statute constitutional and a plan was dis- cussed for establishing separate schools, but was deemed impractic- able and colored pupils were admitted to the grammar and high schools. OTHER MATTERS 111 1882 a resolution was adopted by the board that thereafter, when high school exercises were held, a premium of $20 would be offered to the young lady pupil who would attend in the least ex- pensive and most appropriate dress. It seems therefore, that the evil of expensive dressing on such occasions was even then prevalent. In 1881 the Fremont primary school at Twenty-fourth and N streets was erected. In 1882 a two-room frame building, the Marshall primary, was erected at Twenty-seventh and J streets and afterwards enlarged. It stood on one of the citv blocks reserved for plazas by General 180 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO . COUNTY Sutter and when the city resolved to make a park there, the school was removed and a new one erected on G street. In 1884 it was proposed to purchase the Perry Seminarj'- ])nild- ing for a high school and $9000 was offered for it, but Mrs. Perry asked $10,000. It was finally purchased for $9620 and used for years for the night school, but was converted last year into a manual train- ing school. In February, 1890, the board of trustees asked that the Perry Seminary property be deeded to the city, but the board of education declined, saying it had no power to cede it. In 1891 a similar request was made and again denied. In 1904 the first Chinese school was opened in the Perry Sem- inary building. In 1885 the Harkness grammar school at Tenth and P streets was erected at a cost of $14,992, and the building at Tenth and L streets, erected in 1879, named the Capital grammar school and at first used as a grammar school, was named the Capital primary school. In 1889 the Sutter grammar school at Twenty-first and L streets was erected, at a cost of $15,444. In that year, also, the business men of the city presented twelve American flags to the board of educa- tion, with the request that they be displayed on all legal holidays, on the first day of each term and on other occasions as the board might deem proper. Today Old Glory floats over every schoolhouse in the city and county while the schools are in session. In this connection it may be stated that the first flag raised over a schoolhouse in the county outside of the city was in the Capital school district, on the old schoolhouse that stood on the Upper Stock- ton road at Swiss station, a short distance south of the county hospital, W. L. Willis being the teacher, and the school children and trustees contributing money for the flag and flagstaff. On the same day, l)ut several hours later, a flag was raised on the American river dis- trict schoolhouse. Miss Agnes Burns, teacher. Neither district knew that the other contemplated such action, and the raising of the first two flags in the county was a remarkable coincidence. Both school- houses have since been demolished, and more commodious ones built on other sites to accommodate the growing needs of the districts. Besides the high school, we have now three grammar schools, — the Watson, Harkness and Sutter, the Newton Booth school, which is mixed, and eight primary schools,- — the McKinley, Lincoln, Capital, Washington, Jefferson, Marshall, Fremont and Eugene Field pri- maries, — within the old city limits. Since the suburbs were annexed they have brought into the city school system the Oak Park grammar and primary schools, the Highland Park, Franklin, East Sacramento, Riverside and Palmetto Heights schools, the latter being the school of the Protestant Orphan Asylum on the Lower Stockton road. There is also a niglit high school, and a night school with twelve teachers. In addition to this, the old Perry Seminary has been fitted HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 181 up as a manual training school, with four teachers. The schools also have a supervisor of drawing, a supervisor and assistant supervisor of music, a teacher and assistant teacher for the deaf and dumb, and four teachers of domestic science and home economics. In addition to these there are several kindergarten schools. In the spring of 1911 the Capital primary school, on L street, between Ninth and Tenth, was burned, the work, it is generally be- lieved, of an incendiary. The Lincoln primary school, at Fourth and Q streets, has l)een twice burned within the past ten years, both tires l)eing supposedly incendiary. There are at present eighty school districts in Sacramento county, as follows: Arcade, Alabama, Alder Creek, Andrus Island, Arno, Brighton, Buckeye, Brown, Brannan, Courtland, Capital, Carroll, Center-Joint, Carson Creek-Joint, Colony, Davis, Dry Creek-Joint, Elk Grove, Elk Grove Union High, East Sacramento, Elder Creek, Enterprise, Excelsior, Freeport, Florin, Franklin Union, Fair Oaks, Gait, Granite, Grand Island, Georgiana, Good Hope, Goldberg, Highland, Highland Park, Howard, Hutson, Isleton, Jackson, Junc- tion, Kinney, Lisbon, Lee, Lincoln, Laguna, Michigan Bar, Moke- lumne, Ney, Natoma-Joint, Onisbo, Oak Grove, Orangevale, Oulton, Prairie, Point Pleasant, Pleasant Grove, Pacific, Palmetto Heights, Richland, Roberts, Reese, Rio Vista, Rhoads, Riverside, Sylvan, Sutter, Stone House, Sacramento City, San Joaquin, San Juan, Sherman Island, Union, Victory, Vorden, Wilson, Washington, Walnut Grove and Waker. Two new ones have been made by the board of supervisors within the past few months — Twin Cities district taken from Gait and Arno districts, and one, not yet named, taken from Brighton, Washington, Enterprise and Excelsior districts. The num- ber of teachers in the city schools is 267, and in the schools outside of the city ninety-one. SACEAMENTO BUSINESS COLLEGE Wiien Agesilaus, King of Sparta, gave utterance to the precept "Teach your boys that which they will practice when they become men," he sounded tlie keynote of practical education and stamped the pattern for the commercial training of the present generation. This terse and epigrammatic injunction is the motto of one of the oldest and most firmly established educational institutions on the Pacific Coast. Founded February 28th, 1873, by Edmund Clement Atkinson, one of the y)ioneer business educators of the state, it has for nearly forty years inculcated sound business principles into the minds of the young men and young women of California, and maintained first rank amoiig the institutions of learning of the community. For the first twenty years of its existence, the college occupied the upper floor of the present city library building on I street, be- tween Seventh and Eighth, after which the third floor of the Hale 182 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY block at Ninth and K streets, where it was for sixteen years one of the prominent features of the city's life. In 1909 it was moved to the i^resent commodious and well-ligiited building at the north-east corner of Thirteenth and J streets, where it continues to expound the sound principles of business, impressing them upon the receptive minds of its students along the strongly characteristic lines laid down by its eminent founder, and on completion of the course of instruction installs its graduates in responsible positions in the commercial world. In fidelity to its announcements it "puts thousands into business." The college celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary in 1898 by incorporating under the laws of California. Since the death of its founder, and in fact for a short time previous thereto, it had been under the direct control of its president and manager, William E. Cogswell, for eighteen years connected with the institution in various capacities. CHAPTER XXIV RAILROADS The inception of railroad building in the county of Sacramento, as well as in the whole state, has made very interesting history. The building of the Sacramento Valley Railroad which ran from Sacra- mento to Folsom, a distance of twenty- two miles, in 1855-56, (it being the first railroad constructed in the state) was the direct cause of the construction of the western half of the great transcontinental railroad known as the Central Pacific. As far back as 1846 the building of a railroad across the plains and over, the mountains had been agitated in Congress and out of it by Asa Wliituey, until 1850. He w^as supported in his effort by Sena- tors Benton of Missouri and Breese of Illinois. February 7, 1849, Senator Benton introduced a bill in Congress for the building of a Pacific railroad, this bill being really the first tangible effort made in that direction. The formation of a company of citizens of Sacra- mento, Nevada and Placer counties was the first effort made in Cali- fornia for the building ^f an overland railroad. Articles of incor- poration of the Sacramento, Auburn and Nevada Railroad Company were filed in the office of the secretary of state, August 17, 1852. Tliey contained th.e names of twent3^-six subscribers of twenty-eio-ht shares each, at a value of $100 a share, with the names of the follow- ing directors: S. W. I^ovell, Placer county; F. O. Dunn, John R. Coryell, Charles Marsh, Isaac Williamson and William TI. Lvons of Nevada county; John A. Read, J. B. Haggin and Lloyd Tevis of Sacramento county. A survey was made of a line from Sacraineuto City, through Folsom, Auburn and Green Vallev, to Nevada City. The line was sixtv-eioht miles long, and the estimated cost of con- struction was $2,000,000. The survey was continued from Nevada HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 183 City through the Henness Pass. But the enterprise assumed too gigantic proportions for the means of the incorporators, and they were forced, much against their will, to abandon the undertaking. In March, 1853, congress passed an act providing for a survey, by the topographical engineers of the army, of three routes of a trans- continental railway — the northern, southern and middle routes. The surveys were made as ordered, and the report submitted to congress and published, with elaborate engravings of the scenery along the routes, topographical maps and representations of the animals and plants discovered. These reports were doubtless valuable, but they did not demonstrate the fact that a railway route was practicable over the Rocky and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges. The demonstration of that fact was to be made later by Theodore D. Judah, who had been the chief-engineer of the Sacramento Valley Railroad — the first railroad built in California. Mr. Judah became convinced, while en- gaged from 1854 to 1856 in building this road, that it was practicable to build a road over the Sierra Nevada mountains, the only range that had before been deemed impracticable. He made at his own expense trial surveys over several of the supposed passes over the Sierra Nevadas. While these were only barometrical surveys, they were sufficiently accurate to convince him that there was a practicable route, and that a road could be built. Armed with the data he had thus obtained, Mr. Judah lost no time in presenting his views and ideas at all times in order to awaken interest and advance the project of a Pacific railroad. In 1856 he succeeded, through a concurrent resolution of the California legisla- ture, in having a railroad convention called, to meet in San Francisco, September 20, 1859. Many prominent men of California composed this convention, among them being Hon. J. A. McDougall, Hon. J'. B. Crocket, Major John Bidwell, Hon. J. B. Axtell, Hon, James T. Farley, Sherman Day and others, of California, together with dele- gates from Oregon and adjoining territories. The convention sent Mr. Judah to Washington, D. C, to endeavor to procure legislation favoring the building of a railroad, and he proceeded thither, arriving in time to be present at the opening of the Thirty-sixth Congress. He lost no time after arriving in AVashington, in visiting the various de- partu'ents and collecting from each one all the infonuation that was likely to be of assistance to him in in-esenting plainly and clearly to congress the im]iortance and feasibility of the enterprise which he desired tliem to take favorable action upon. While this session was unfortunately so fully occupied with political matters that he was unal)le to gain an effective hearing, and therefore made Imt little iir])ression on congress as a body, a great deal of good was effected bv him through i:)ersonal interviews and the presentation of his views and aims, backed up by the data gathered, with the different n^emliers and many prominent men. He had acquired such a thorough knowl- 184 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY edge of his subject that he rarely failed to convince his auditors of the entire feasibility of the project he had espoused. In conjunction with Hon. John C. Burch, then a member of congress from California, he drew up a bill which contained nearly all the provisions of the bill finally passed in 1862. It was printed at private expense and a copy sent to each member of congress and senate. In 1860 Mr. Judah returned to California and immediately set about making a more thorough survey of the Sierra Nevadas for a pass and the approach to it, than he had hitherto attempted. He was accompanied on this work by Dr. D. W. Strong of Dutch Flat, who contributed much from his private means toward payment of the ex- penses incurred in prosecuting the survey, as well as aiding it by his intimate knowledge of the mountains. When the Central Pacific Railroad Compam^ was incorporated Dr. Strong became one of its first directors. On completion of these surveys, which were made with a baro- meter, Mr. Judah made a trip to San Francisco for the purpose of lading his plans before a number of the capitalists of that city and trying to induce them to form a company to finance the work and carry it to completion. He was chagrined to find his ideas coldly re- ceived, and at obtaining no financial support in that city. He returned to his hotel one evening, after becoming convinced that it was futile to make any further trial to obtain financial aid in San Francisco, and remarked to a friend: "The capitalists of San Francisco have refused this night to make an investment, for which, in three years, they shall have ample cause to blame their want of foresight. I shall return to Sacramento tomorrow, to interest merchants and others of that place in this great work, and this shall be my only other etfort on this side of the continent." Mr. Judah had previously placed his plans and estimates before James Bailey, a Sacramento friend, who was struck by the force of his arguments and calculations. By Mr. Bailey he was introduced to Governor Stanford, Mark Hopkins, E. B. Crocker and Charles Crock- er. He was already acquainted with C. P. Huntington. A meeting of the business men of Sacramento was called. Mr. Judah laid his plans and statistics before them and steps preliminary to the organ- ization of a compan}^ were innnediately taken. The organization was perfected and the articles of incorporation filed with the secretary of state June 28, 1861. The name chosen for the company was the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California, and the officers elected were as follows : Leland Stanford, president ; C. P. Huntington, vice- ])resident ; Mark Hopkins, treasurer ; Theodore D, Judah, chief engi- neer; Leland Stanford, C. P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Charles Crocker, James Bailey, L. A. Booth, D. W. Strong, of Dutch Flat, and Charles Marsh, of Nevada Citj^, directors. The capital stock was HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 185 $8,500,000 and $148,000 was subscribed, just enough to bring them witliin tlie limit as set by the laws of California. That all but the last two named were citizens of Sacramento' demonstrates conclusively that to Sacramento and her citizens belongs the honor of inaugurating and carrying to successful completion the Pacific railroads ; for had not Judah spent his time and talents in col- lecting data, making surveys and proving that such an undertaking was possible, it is an open question if the Pacific railroads would be in existence today. The country from the Mississippi river to the Rocky mountains was generally known in those days and appeared on the maps as ''The Great American Desert." The lofty and inhospit- able Rocky Mountain range was on its western border, difficult to surmount. Beyond them was the valley and table land of Utah and Nevada, bleak and uninviting, and still beyond that, the lofty and rugged Sierra Nevadas to be surmounted. The prospect was not in- viting to the eastern investor. The barren and unpromising country to be traversed gave but little prospect of being settled for many a year and the prospect of financial profit from the construction of a railroad across a scope of such country nearly two thousand miles in extent was not a brilliant one, or one calculated to draw the dollars from the pockets of capitalists. Had the railroad not been begun at this end of the line, it is doubtful if the line would have been built, even to this day. To the men then, who threw themselves into the breach and periled their fortunes and those of their friends, accrues the honor of being foremost in the work of developing — not only the Pacific coast, but two-thirds of the width of the continent. Mr. Judah 's engineering work in constructing the most difficult parts of the road was regarded as the wonder of the age, for he was forced to employ methods not before used in his profession. His coadjutors in the work, who have all, or nearly all, passed away, deserve full credit for their faith in the enterprise, their in- domitable energy and their masterly manner of managing and over- coming the financial difficulties that they encountered during the years that elapsed between the organization of the company and the com- pletion of the road, which was often sneeringly alluded to by the San Franciscans as ''Stanford's Dutch Flat Road." We cannot forget, however, that Mr. Judah had spent all his time and money and energ>" for three or four years previous to the organization of the company, in collecting data, without which no prudent man would have felt justified in investing a dollar in the undertaking that was so generally regarded as chimerical and impracticable. After the company was organized Mr. Judah was instructed to make a thorough instrumental survey of the route across the Sierras, which he did. The previous surveys or reconnoissances made had covered three routes, one through Eldorado county via Georgetown, another via Illinoistown and Dutch Flat, and a third via Nevada 186 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY and Heimess Pass. The observations bad demonstrated the existence of a route a':^ross the Sierras by which the summit could be reached by maximum grades of one Imndred and five feet to the mile. The instrumental survey, however, developed a route with lighter grades, less distance and fewer obstacles than the previous observations had shown. The first report of the chief engineer to the officers of the" company gave the following as topographical features of the Sierras, which rendered railroad building and operating over them so for- midable : 1. "The great elevation to be overcome in crossing its summit, and the want of uniformity in its western slope. ' ' The average length of the western slope of the Sierras is about seventy miles, and on this distance the altitude increases seven thousand feet, making it necessary to maintain an even grade on the ascent to avoid creating some sections with excessive grades. 2. "From the impracticability of the river crossings." These rivers run through gorges in many places over one thousand feet deep, with the banks of varying slopes from perpendicular to forty- five degrees. A railroad line, therefore, must avoid crossing these canyons. The line, as established by the surveys of 1861, pursued its course along an unbroken ridge from the base to the summit of the Sierras, the only river crossing in the* mountains being that of Tittle Bear, about three miles above Dutch Flat. Another prominent feature of the location is the fact that it entirely avoids the second summit of the Sierras. The estimated cost per mile of the road from Sacra- mento to the state line was $88,000 per mile. October 1, 1861, the board of directors of the Central Pacific Rail- road Company adopted a resolution as follows: "Resolved, that Mr. T. D. Juda,h the chief engineer of this com- pany, proceed to Washington on the steamer of the 11th of October instant, as the accredited agent of the Central Pacific Railroad Com- pany of California for the purpose of procuring appropriations of land and United States bonds from the government, to aid in the construc- tion of this road." Mr. Judah proceeded to the east on his mission and that he accomplished his purpose this time is shown by the bill that was passed by congress in July, 1862. This bill granted a free right of way to the roads of four hundred feet wide over all govern- ment lands on their line. The government also agreed to extinguish the Indian title to all the land donated to the company either for right of way or to the granted land. The lands on either side of the road were to be withdrawn from settlement, by pre-emption or otherwise, for a distance of fifteen miles, until the final location of the road should be made, and the United States surveys had determined the location of the section lines. This map of the route was made by Mr. Judah, hied in the office of the secretary of the interior, and the lands withdrawn in accordance HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 187 witli the terms of the bilL When the bill had passed, Mr. Judah telegraphed to his associates in Sacramento: "We have drawn the elephant. See if we can harness him up." This bill also provided for the issue to the company of United States thirtj^-year six per cent, bonds, to be issued to the company as each forty mile section of the road was completed, at the rate of $16,000 per mile for the line west of the western base of the Sierra Nevadas, and at the rate ox $48,000 per mile from the western base east to the eastern base of the Sierras, the latter subsidy to be paid on the completion of each twenty mile section. To secure the government from loss, and insure the payment of these bonds, they were made a first lien on the road. The state of California also donated $10,000 per mile to the road, by an act ap- proved April 25, 1863. The engineering difficulties were great, and had been considered unsurmountable, but the financial difficulties also were great, and undoubtedly required more labor and thought than the engineering, though of a different kind. That all these difficulties were surmounted, and the originators of the effort still retained the ownership and control of the road, arid in addition to the original line have built thousands of miles of road in California and Arizona and elsewhere, proves the ability of the leaders in this movement. These men were merchants in a city that could not be classed among the large ones of the land, and were consequently not largely known to the financial world ; they had never been engaged in the railroad business, and were supposedly ignorant of the magnitude of the undertaking in which they engaged. Aside from the natural dif- ficulty of the situation, they encountered the opposition of the moneyed men of San Francisco and other places, who gave their enterprise the name of the "Dutch Flat Swindle." C. P. Huntington, vice-president of the company, was next sent to the east, with full power-of- attorney to do any acts he might think for the interest of the company. One of the main objects of this trip was to see that the bill which was then before congress should not oblige the company to pay interest on the bonds received of the government for at least ten years from their date of issue. After the passage of the bill, the books were opened for stock subscriptions, to the amount of eight and one-half million dollars. Of this amount, six hundred thousand dollars were sub- scribed at the first rush, but after that, for a long time, the sul)- seriptions came in very slowly. When Huntington attempted to dispose of the bonds of the com- pany in New York, he was informed that they had no marketable value until some part of the road was built. Before he could dispose of them, therefore, he was obliged to give the personal guarantee of himself and his four partners, Hopkins, Stanford and the Crockers, for the money, until sucli time as they could be exchanged for United States bonds. 188 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY After spending the summer of 1861 in making additional surveys of the three routes under consideration, Judah had finally decided on the Dutch Flat route, ascertaining that the maximum grade on that line would be one hundred feet to the mile. He thought the line could be kept free from snow by the use of snow plows and that eighteen tunnels, aggregating 17,100 feet in length, would be suffi- cient. "Lightning expresses" and "limited" trains did not enter into his calculations. He outlined a schedule for trains going east as follows: Sacramento to Barrimore's, thirty-one miles, one hour. Stop at Barrimore's, half hour. Barrimore's to Summit, eighty-one miles, four hours. Four stops en route, fifteen minutes each, one hour. Stop at Summit, quarter-hour. Summit to Truckee river, eleven miles, three-quarters of an hour. Total for one hundred and twenty-three miles, seven and one- half hours, including stops aggregating an hour and three-quarters. He estimated the cost of construction from Sacramento to the state line, one hundred and forty miles, at $12,380,000, an average of $88,248 a mile. The bill as passed gave the company two years to complete the first fifty miles, none of their land grant or government bonds being available until they had finished the first forty. This latter provision nearly doomed them to failure, as it turned out. The first fifty milos, as reported by the engineers were described as a line from "Sacra- mento to Grider's (Roseville) eighteen miles; thence California Cen- tral Railroad to the Auburn Railroad, opposite Folsom, nine miles; thence Auburn Railroad to Auburn, fifteen miles; thence eight miles to Clipper Gap." Evidently it was the intention to use the two roads named, but that intenion was abandoned later. For the purpose of providing means for commencing the work, the seven principal stockholders formed a partnership, each one con- tributing $34,000 in gold; the amount thus received, $238,000, was thought to be sufficient to build at least to Newcastle. Everything being ready to begin they decided to have a celebration and it was held at Front and K streets in this city January 8, 1863. The ground was very muddy, and hay was scattered over it to make better foot- ing. At 12 M. Charles Crocker introduced Governor Stanford, who spoke briefly as to his gratification at being chosen to cast the first dirt on what was to be to the west what the Erie canal was to tlie eastern and central states, "the tie that bound." He assured those assembled that tlie woi'k would go on without cessation or interrup- tion. Rev. J. A. Benton, at the close of Stanfoi-d's remarks, offered a i)etition that the Divine blessing might rest on the enterprise, and that the road here inaugurated in His name, might go forward to HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 189 speedy completion and prove a highway for the people that would make the wildnerness and the solitary places blossom like a rose. Then two wagons decorated with red, white and blue, and filled with dirt were driven in front of the speakers' stand and Governor Stanford shoveled their contents on the ground, while the "Sacra- mento Union Brass band" played the national airs, and closed with "Wait for the Wagon," Presiding officers of the legislature and others made remarks, Mr. Crocker winding up with the statement that even while he was speaking the contractor was hauling piles to the American river, for the bridge across it; that the road was going through, and that all he had was devoted to the section he had under- taken to build. The Central Pacific issued a statement that they had ordered eight first-class locomotives from Norris & Co., of Philadelphia, two of them being of the heaviest class used by the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road on its mountain grades, capable of hauling thirty loaded cars or three hundred and sixty tons over the heaviest grades that would be on the Central Pacific. Eight passenger coaches were also ordered, four combined mail and baggage cars, thirty box cars, thirty platform cars, and six hand cars, and that they were on their way round the Horn. The freight on these- cost it was stated $4,000 each, making their cost set up in Sacramento, $32,000 each. The shipment of these engines was delayed by an army officer who api^eared at the locomotive works when they were about ready and took possession of them and of all others that were on hand, for use of the army, in the name of the government. Protest was made by the company and the authorities at Washington, when they learned that the engines seized were for the use of the Central Pacific, ordered them released, on the ground that no military necessity was more important than the completion t)f the Pacific Railroad. They were partially paid for by a fund of $1,250,000 raised by the directors, five of them becoming responsible for the loan by endorsing the com- pany's notes. None of the government's subsidy aid had as yet been received. Subscriptions by individuals for stock amounted to $600,000. Bonds had been received from Sacramento county for $.300,000 and from Placer county for $250,000, railroad bonds being given in exchange for them. The city of San Francisco had by a large majority voted a $600,000 subsidy, but it was being held up temporarily by officials hostile to the road. Engineer Judah reported that the company would have to abandon the original plan of using the California Central and Sacramento, Placer and Nevada roads, as they were not laid with American iron, as specified in the bill, nor could any existing roads count in aiding the Central Pacific, under the bill. He reported also that the road was being laid on redwood ties, 68,000 of them being contracted for, and that 6,000 tons of iron had 190 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY been purchased, lie estimated the cost of tlie first fifty miles at $3,221,496. . In 1862 the company was p^ranted the right of way into the city of Sacramento and was also granted the Slough or Sutter lake. The contract for building the road from Sacramento to Grider's on the California Central Railroad was let December 22, 1862, to C. Crocker & Co., who sublet the contract to different parties. Twenty miles of road each year were completed in 1863, 1864 and 1865, thirty miles in 1866, forty-six miles in 1867, three hundred and sixty-four miles in 1868, one hundred and ninety and one-half miles in 1869 ; making six hundred and ninety and one-half miles from Sacramento to Promon- tory, where the roads met. May 10, 1869. The diFficnlties were many and great. All of the materials except the cross ties, including a large proportion of the men employed, were brought from the east via Cape Horn. Toward the latter part of the great enterprise several thousand Chinamen were put at work. Be- sides this, it was war times, and marine insurance was very high ; iron and railroad materials were held at tremendous figures and the price of the subsidy bonds was very low. All of these conditions combined to make the building of the road very costly. The state of California agreed to pay the interest on $1,500,000 of tlie bonds for thirty years, and in return the company gave to the state a very valuable stone quarry. A number of the counties along the road bonded themselves in exchange for stock. Sacramento county gave her bonds to the amount of $300,000. These bonds were exchanged for money and the work was pushed forward. Then there was delay in obtaining the subsidy, and the money ran short. When Mr. Hunt- ington returned from New York he found the treasury almost destitute of coin, and it became evident that there was a necessity for raising more funds or stopping the work. "Huntington and Hopkins can, out of their own means, pay five hundred men for a year ; how many can each of you keep on the line," was the characteristic declaration with which he met the emergency. Before the meeting adjourned these five men had resolved that they would maintain eight hundred men on the road during the year out of their own private resources. Mr. Judah had sold out his interest in the company about this time (1863) and gone east. On the way he was stricken with Panama fever, dying from it shortly after his arrival in N-ew York, in 1863, at the age of only thirty-seven years. Dr. Strong of Dutch Flat, although a sincere and earnest believer in the enterprise, was not able to furnish what was considered his share of the expenses necessary to be ad- vanced, and retired from the board of directors. Messrs. Bailey, Booth and Marsh were comi)e11ed, like Judah, to sell out after the enterprise was well under way, though it is known that they were all earnest workers for its success at the commencement. Mr. Judah was succeeded by S. S. Montague as chief engineer of HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 191 the road. The location surveys were made under his directions. The road to Colfax, or Lower lUinoistown Gap, was located on the line run by Mr. Judali in 1861; from Colfax to Long Ravine the line was changed materially; from Long Ravine to Alta the line ran on Mr. Judah's survey and from Alta to the Summit on an entirely new line, located by L. M. Clement, engineer in charge of the second division from Colfax to the Summit. This final location gave better grade line, and one more free from snow in the winter, two very desirable objects. The value of these changes is plainly shown by the report of George E. Gray, formerly chief engineer of the New York Central Railroad. Mr. Gray was requested by Leland Stanford, in a letter dated July 10, 1865, to inspect the line of road and surveys then made, and report to the board of directors of the company his opinion as to the quality of the work and the economical location of that portion not then built. Mr. Gray, in his report, gave as his opinion that the road already constructed would compare favorably with any road in the United States. Of that portion of the road not constructed, he reported that Mr. Judah's line had been altered materially, saving in distance nearly five thousand feet and also reducing the aggregate length of the tunnels nearly five thousand feet, a saving in cost of construction of at least $400,000. Some very skillful engineering was done on this Colfax division. The road bed ran around the promontory at Cape Horn, over twelve hundred feet above the bottom of a nearly perpendicular canyon, the banks of which were so steep that the Chinamen during the work had to be let down in baskets over the face of the cliff in order to construct the grade. President Lincoln made a decision of great moment to the com- pany during the summer of 1863, in regard to the mountain section. By the terms of the bill, the company was to receive bonds to the amount of $16,000 per mile for its line west of the Sierras, and $48,000 per mile for the section through the mountains. H^he trouble was to decide where the two sections joined each other. The Interior department showed a disposition to place the divid- ing line at the end of the first section of fifty miles. The matter being brought to the president's attention, he decided that it should be seven and eighteen-hundredths miles east of Sacramento, saying that ''this was a case where Abraham's faith had moved mountains." This meant a difference of over a million dollars to the company. The tracks reached Grider's, or Roseville, on April 26, 1864, and the company commenced "the operation of that much of the road. Another factor was about to come to the aid of the financiers, whose funds were exhausted, but whose courage was not daunted. The Union Pacific Company had been unable to raise funds to prosecute its construction, operating, as it did, under the same law as the Central. It therefore made another appeal to congress, and an act granting more liberal terms was passed in April, 1864. By its terms 192 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the land grant was doubled, the government bonds were made a second mortgage instead o\' tlie first, and the companies were authorized to issue their own first mortgage bonds to the same amount as the gov- ernment bonds. Two-thirds of these were made available when evi- dence was presented to the secretary of the treasury that the neces- sary grading for the road bed had been done. The sections on which bonds were to be issued were also reduced from forty to twenty miles. These provisions applied equally to the Central Pacific road. The right of the road was also confirmed to lay track one Imndred and fifty miles east of the state boundary. These things effected a great change in the financial status of the company. Heretofore they liad borrowed money in currency in the east, and paid it out in gold in the west, at a heavy discount. Their first mortgage bonds now sold almost at par and the government bonds were available innnediately on completing the grading. Their credit was further aided by the operation of the road to Roseville, which brought in $103,557 from April 26 to December 31, 1864— from passengers $63,403; freight $38,667 and from express $1487. It gave them a standing at home that they had heretofore lacked. The road progressed slowly at first, but along toward the last, it progressed more rapidly, until, on the 10th day of May, 1869, the last spike was down, completing the railroad connection between the At- lantic and Pacific oceans. A large party gathered at Promontory Point to witness the ceremony. Telegraph wires had been connected with the large cities of the Union, so that the exact moment of driving the last spike could be made known to all at the same time. At the hour designated, Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific, and other officers, came forward. T. C. Durant, president of the Union Pacific, accompanied by General Dodge and others of the same company, met them at the end of the rail, where they paused, while Rev. Dr. Todd, of Massachusetts, made a short prayer. The last tie, made of California laurel, with silver plates bearing suitable inscrip- tions, was put in place, and the last connecting rails were laid by persons from each company. The last spikes were made, one of gold from California, one of silver from Nevada, and one of gold and silver, from Arizona. President Stanford then took the hammer of solid silver, to the handle of which was attached the telegraph wires, by which, at the first tap on the head of the gold spike, at 12 M., the news of the event was flashed all over the American continent. Then a locomotive of the Central Pacific Railroad Company and another of the Union Pacific Railroad Company approached from each way, and rubbed their pilots together, while bottles of cham- pagne were passed from one to the other. During the building of tliis I'oad the track hiyiug force of the Central Pacific laid ten miles and two hundred feet in one day, com- pleting their work at seven ]). m. The date when this herculean task HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 193 was performed was the 20th of April, 1869, when only fourteen miles o± track remained to be laid to connect with the Union Pacific. By mutual agreement between the roads, Ogden was made the terminus for each; by this agreement the Union Pacific sold fifty-three miles of its road to the Central Pacific, making the length of road owned by the Central Pacific proper seven hundred and forty-three miles and a half, from Sacramento to Ogden. August 22, 1870 the Western Pacific, San Joaquin Valley, California and Oregon, and' San Francisco, Oakland and Alameda Railroads, which had been built in the meantime, were all consolidated under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad. The death of Mrs. Clara W. Prentice, September 14, 1912, at the age of eighty-eight years, recalled the interesting fact that the first inception of the Central Pacific road took place at the home of Edwin D.^ Prentice, her husband, on K street, between Ninth and Tenth At this meeting there were present, C. P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, T p. Judah, W. H. Stoddard and Mr. Prentice. Mr. Prentice took part in the early history of the road, but died in 1862. WESTEEN PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY On December 13, 1862, the Western Pacific Railroad Company was incorporated for the purpose of constructing a railroad from San Jose, through the counties of Alameda and San Joaquin, to the city of Sacramento. Its capital stock was $5,400,000. The road was one hundred and thirty-seven and one-half miles in length, and made the whole length of the Central Pacific eight hundred and eighty-one miles. This road was not completed until 1870. The franchise is said to have passed into the hands of the Central Pacific Railroad Com- pany a year before the date of consolidation. The road did not enter Sacramento City, as it connected with the Sacramento Vallev Railroad at Brighton Junction. The San Joaquin Valley Railroad is now the property of the Southern Pacific and forms a ]iart of the second overland system. The California and Oregon Railroad leaves the original Central Pacific Railroad at Roseville and runs thence through Redding. It was incorporated June 30, 1865, and consolidated with the Central Pacific August 22, 1870. The Calif ornia Pacific Railroad Company was for some time a very active competitor for the carrying trade of the state, and at one time it was thought that its owners intended to construct a second line of railroad to connect with the Union Pacific. It bought boats and franchises of the California Steam Navigation Company, and for some time really controlled the rates of freight between Sacramento and San Francisco. The company was incorporated Januarv 10, 1865, with a capital stock of $3,500,000, and work was begun in 'ValleJQ in 1867. The road was finished to Washington, Yolo County, November 11, 1868, and to Marysville in November, 1869. In June, 1869, the 194 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY company purchased the Napa Valley Railroad, and the two roads were consolidated in December, 1869, with a capital of $12,000,000. In 1869 and 1870 the Central Pacific and California Pacific Rail- roads were at war with each other. The California Pacific wished to come into Sacramento, but the Central Pacific having its track on the levee, it was impossible for the California Pacific to cross the river and secure depot and switching facilities without crossing the Central Pacific track. Various attempts wore made by the California Pacific to lay the track and form the crossing of the two lines, but they were resisted and it looked for a time as if bloodshed would be the result. Finally, however, the crossing was accomplished and passengers were landed in Sacramento by the California Pacific, January 29, 1870. A regular ovation awaited the train. Guns were fired, the fire depart- ment turned out, and there was intense enthusiasm on all sides. Commissioners were appointed to assess the damage to the Cen- tral Pacific and reported in June, 1870, that the damages were as follows : for about six acres of land, $40,680 ; damages for crossing track, $70,000; for consequential damages, $250,000, making a total of $360,680. The report was thrown out, however, by the court, on sev- eral grounds, the principal one being that it was excessive. The war between the companies continued until August, 1871, during wliich time freight and passenger rates were very low, greatly curtailing the profits of both companies. The roads were consolidated in August of that year, since which time, with the exception of competition by river, the Central Pacific and the Southern Pacific Company, its suc- cessor, liave had the monopoly of the carrying trade of Sacramento until the coming of the new overland road, the Western Pacific, in 1910. , The California Pacific gave the Vallejo route to San Francisco. The trip was made to Vallejo by rail and thence to San Francisco by boat, making a shorter and popular route which for many years monopolized the majority of travel between Sacramento and San Fran- cisco, until the building of the route to Benicia and the construction of an immense ferry boat to carry the trains across Carquinez Straits to Port Costa, whence thev continued their journey to San Francisco along the shore of San Pablo and San Francisco Bays to Oakland Mole. The new road was opened December 28, 1879, and the Vallejo line as a route to San Francisco was abandoned, although passengers going that way are still transported across the bay to meet trains on the Benicia route. SACRAMENTO VALLEY EAILEOAD This was the first railroad constructed in California, boing organ- ized Auarust 4, 1852, when ten per cent of the stock was paid in, amounting to $5,000. The company reora-anized Nover^ber 9, 1854. and made immediate preparation for building the road. The first HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 195 shovelful of dirt was thrown in February, 1855, the first tie came in May, and the first vessel load of material and rolling stock arrived from Boston in June. The first work done on a railroad car in Cali- fornia was done on this road, July 4, 1855. The first rail was laid August 9, 1855, and the first train was placed on the track August 14. The road had some little trouble with its finances, but its progress v^^as not materially delayed. On November 10, 1855, an excursion train was run to Patterson's, ten miles from Sacramento, the fare being one dollar for the round trip. By January 1, 1856, the road was completed to Alder creek, and on February 22 was finished to Folsom, the length of the road being twenty-two and a half miles. Its cost was $1,568,500. The capital stock was $800,000, of which $792,000 was issued. The road was a very profitable one from the time of its completion, its effect being to move the terminus of the freight and stage lines running to the northern mines from Sacramento to I^olsom and building up quite a town there. At one time twenty-one stage lines ran from Folsom to other places; all leaving shortly after the arrival of the train from Sacramento. The Central Pacific Company purchased the Sacramento Valley road in August, 1865, the purchase being made by George F. Bragg (on behalf of himself and others) of the entire stock held by L. L. Robinson and Pioche and Bayerque. The price paid for this stock was $800,000. Soon after coming into possession Bragg transferred the stock to the owners of the Central Pacific. The latter company had been forced to do this . in order to secure the whole of the Washoe trade, which at this time was very great, amounting to several million dollars per annum. The short line of the Sacramento Valley road alone, declared an annual profit of nearly half a million dollars the year previous to its purchase, most of which came from the freight going to Washoe and other mining districts. In the spring of 1857 a company was formed in Marysville to build a railroad from that city to the terminus of the Sacramento Valley Railroad at Folsom. Col. C. L. Wilson, who was one of the con- tractors for the Sacramento Valley road, was sent east to procure funds for building the road. He effected this and the construction co-mmenced immediately. The road, however, was never finished to Marysville by the original company. By 1861 the track had been laid as far as Lincoln. The original name, the California Central Railroad, was subsequently changed to the California and Oregon Division of the Southern Pacific. Shortly after tlie completion of the Central Pacific Railroad to Roseville, that company ])urchased the California Central Railroad; that portion of the road between Roseville and Folsom was abandoned and the bridge across the American river at Folsom was condemned and sold in 1868. During 1862 the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad was 196 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY built from Folsom to a point near Newcastle. The road had been organized in 1859 to build an extension of the Sacramento Valley Railroad from Folsom via Auburn to Grass Valley and Nevada City. The public-spirited citizens of Auburn furnished funds which enabled it to be constructed from Folsom to Wildwood Station, a distance of about eleven miles, and it sto])ped there. The Robinson Brothers, who had built the Sacramento Valley Railroad, and were largely interested in it, were the promoters of this road, which cost for the eleven miles $278,000. It proved a losing venture, and was sold under foreclosure in the spring of 1864 ; Robinson Brothers purchased some of the stock, intending to use it as part of their road. When the purchasers under foreclosure attempted to take up the rails and ties, they were bitterly fought by the Central Pacific and the Auburn people who had con- tributed to build it. The courts were appealed to and resort was also made to force. On account of the violence engendered, the militia was called out, but the Robinsons were successful, and the material was removed and relaid on the road from Folsom to Latrobe. About a hundred workmen who removed the rails, including Robinson, were arrested for contempt of court, which was a poor satisfaction for the Auburn people who subscribed toward building the road. The Placerville and Sacramento Valley Railroad, commencing at Folsom, was constructed as far as Latrobe in 1864 and 1865, and hung fire there for several years, finally being carried on to Shingle Springs. In 1887-88 the work was taken up again and the road completed to Placerville, under the name of the Shingle Springs and Placerville Railroad. The road as far as Latrobe was laid with the ties and rails taken up from the Auburn road. It was through a rich country, where the principal industry in former days was mining and stock-raising, but at the present day the capability of the foothills for producing fine fruit and grapes has been proved, and El Dorado county is fast be- coming the home of the orchardist and vineyardist. The Amador branch, running from Gait in this county, to lone in Amador county, a distance of twenty-seven miles, was built by the Central Pacific Company in 1876, in order to gain access to some mines of lignite coal near lone. The Freeport road originated in a plan to divert the northern and eastern trade from Sacramento by building wharves, etc., at Freeport and a railroad from there to some point on the Sacramento A^alley road. The road bed was graded for a distance of nine miles from Freeport, and the track laid. It was intended as part of the Sacra- mento Valley road, and was purchased with it by the Central Pacific and the track taken up. In the ensuing quarter of a century a number of roads were in- corporated, some part of whose lines would touch the county of Sacra- mento, but none of them proceeded to construction. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 197 111 1909 and 1910 the Southern Pacific Company constructed the Sacramento Southern Railroad, running down the Sacramento river with the intention of tapping the rich fruit orchards and other lands between the city of Sacramento and Isleton and the country lying back of them, and developing a country rich in freight possibilities and also opening a short route to San Francisco. The work of' con- struction is still going on, trains being run daily as far as Wal- nut Grove. The road will also develop the river section of Yolo county. It was incorporated July 7, 1903, and will run down the river to Antioch, to connect with the San Pablo railroad, which was con- sohdated with the Northern and afterwards taken over bv the Southern Pacific. The Southern Pacific Railroad Companv of California was incor- porated m San Francisco, December 2, 1865, with a capital of $50,000,000. The Southern Pacific Branch Company was incorporated m Sacramento December 23, 1870, with a capital of $20,000 000 and was consolidated with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company of Cali- fornia August 19, 1873. The Northern Railway Company was incorporated in Sacramento July 19, 1871. On May 15, 1888, it acquired by consolidation the Win- ters and Ukiah, the Woodland, Capay and Clear Lake, the West Side and Mendocino, the Vaca Valley and Clear Lake, the San Joaquin and Sierra Nevada, the Sacramento and Placerville, the Shingle Springs and Placerville, the Amador Branch and the Berkelev Branch rail- roads. The stock was increased to $26,175,000. April 12, 1898 it was consolidated with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company' of California. The San Pablo and Tulare Railroad Companv was incorporated m Sacramento July 19, 1871, and was consolidated with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company of California May 4, 1888. The Southern Pacific Company of Kentuckv was incorporated in that state March 7, 1884. It immediatelv took over on a lease for nmety-nme years all the roads mentioned, as an operating companv as well as systems in other parts of the state. On January 1, 1903, the Southern Pacific Companv instituted a system of ]->ensions for its superannuated emploves who had been in its service continuously for twenty-five years or more. The emploves had previously had a system of insurance among themselves, to which many belonged, and the various brotherhoods of emploves also have a life insurance feature in their orders. Under the pension svstem of the company it has paid to the emploves retired on account of ao-e up to June 30, 1912, the sum of $1,049,250, and on that date there were four hundred and ninety-one pensioners on the list. SOUTHERN PACIFIC SHOPS Many old residents who look on the railroad shops of the Southern 13 198 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Pacific Conipauy today can recall the memory of a far different aspect which the site presented in 1860 and the earlier years of the city's histo]-y. As far l)ack as the early '70s, the Central Pacific Railroad Company had made oxertures to the city to the effect that if the city wonld deed the site of Sutter's lake to it, the company wonld fill it in as a site for a depot, shops, and for other uses. With prophetic vision the founders of the first great overland railroad saw that its growth wonld be rapid and snre, and that before long it would need a large space for its shops, de]iot and yards. Sacramento was the birthplace of the road. Its principal offices were here. What more logical place could be found for the center of its activities on this coast 1 San Francisco had spurned its opportunity and had fought in every way in its power the sturdy group of men who had given their energies and their fortunes to build the way across the continent. Why should they place their shops and spend their monej^ in a hostile city? And be- sides, with the shops a hundred miles inland, the distance to haul dis- abled cars and engines for repairs would be just that much less. There were other good reasons besides, so the shops arose in this city. But in the early days, Sutter slough, or China slough, as it be- came later known, when Chinatown was located on its banks, covered a much greater area than it did at the close of the last century. Practically, it extended from the levee of the American river to I street, and from Sixth street to the American river, at its old mouth. It was not an ornamental place, and when the project of issuing fifty year bonds for the purpose of filling it up was broached, the citizens who looked at its area and figured on filling in a depression that was forty feet deep in places felt the cold shivers travel along their spines. Then the railroad company stepped to the front with the proposition to fill it, if the site was deeded to it. The offer was accepted tenta- tively, and the company began its work, but it was not fully completed until 1908, a contract having been definitely made between the city and the Southern Pacific in 1904, by Avhich the city reserved a certain site on the north side of I street for a park. The first beginning was in 1863, when a building, 16x24 feet, was erected by the Central Pacific Railroad Company at the foot of T street for the storage of tools and of sections of locomotives and cars which had been sent around the Horn for the use of the infant rail- road. The locomotives were set up just outside of this shop. In the same year a rough building, 20x150 feet, was constructed at Sixth and H streets and was used as a shop for overhauling cars that needed repairs. Another shop was erected soon after, on the curve leadina; to T street, and was used for overhauling the locomotives. It was 20x60 feet, and at one end of it was a single forge that constituted the entire blacksmithing department of the company. In 1864, the car shop prov- ing too narrow for convenience, another one, 34x130 feet, was erected at Sixth and E streets, and just west of it a larger shop was erected HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 199 which would hold three locomotives for repairs, and the blacksmithiim- facilities were also increased. Soon the first boiler shop of the coni^ pany, 40x50 feet, was erected, but this in turn became too small, and was turned over to the foreman of the lumberyard as a dry-house for seasoning timber. Heretofore, all the rolling stock had been brought from the east, but as the road grew the company concluded to build its own cars, and in 1866 the first car construction shop was erected, 68x250 feet, and business increased so rapidly that for many months it turned out a dozen cars a day. Still the work expanded, immense amounts of lum- ber being used, and the fine woodwork for the cars demanded atten- tion. So in 1868, the planing mill, cabinet shop, the engine room and the blacksmith shop were erected, also the roundhouse, with a capacity of twenty-nine engines, was constructed. In the same year the larger machine shop, 160x200 feet, was begun, and subsequently 315 feet were added. In an L, the offices of the motive-power and machinery depart- ment were located. In the same year the car shop was extended 230 feet, and a new blacksmith shop was constructed. As scrap iron ac- cumulated, the experiment of setting up a set of rolls in the black- smith shop was tried, and later, in 1881, the present rolling mill was erected. The paint shop, having five L's, was built in 1872, but soon proved too small, so in 1888 an addition to hold eight coaches was built. The transfer table was also constructed in 1872, and in 1873 the present car shop No. 5 was erected. In 1889 the present boiler shop was constructed. Other buildings followed, of substantial brick and iron, under the supervision of the master car builder, Benjamin Welch, and the veterans of the shops call the plant ''the city built by Uncle Ben." From a small beginning the plant has increased until it is the finest equipped railroad shop plant west of Chicago. Up to 1896 there had been expended for labor alone in the shops over $31,000,000. this estimate being a very conservative one, while in the same time over $50,000,000 was expended for material, and in the same time 7131 cars had been built in the shops, besides seventy-three engines. As stated, the plant covers more than twenty acres, and is being enlarged every year. It gives employment to from 2500 to 3000 men, in busy seasons often exceeding the latter numbei'. At present the principal shops are: the machine shop, car repair shop, blacksmith shop, boiler shop, spring shop, brass foundry, carpenter sho]-), round- house, copper shop, locomotive shop, hammer shop, bolt sliop, rolling mill, upholstery shop and car machine shop, pianino- mill, cabinet shop, car shop No. 5, paint shop, wheel foundry, general foundry, pipe shop, shear shop, pattern shop, and a number of smaller shops. These are all equipped with the finest machinery, much of it of the latest pattern. One who is interested in machinery could spend several davs profitably in inspecting the wonders to be seen there. In each of the shops the 200 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY method of carrying on the work of construction is interesting to those not familiar with it. ELECTRIC ROADS Sacramento is connected with other cities of the valley at present by three electric roads — the Northern Electric, the Central California Traction and the Sacramento and Woodland electric roads, and the Vallejo and Northern, and Sacramento and Sierra are in course of construction, with one, the Sacramento and Eastern, to run to Folsom by way of Fair Oaks, and another, the Oakland, Antioch and Eastern, to run to San Francisco, incorporated and will probably be under way in a year or two. The West Side railroad is also incorporated, as well as one to run to Folsom on the south side of the American River. Of these the Northern Electric Railway is the oldest, having been conceived by the late Henry A. Butters, who was impressed with the need of transportation facilities between Chico and Oroville. He associated with himself Messrs. Louis Sloss, N. D, Rideout, J. Downey Harvey and E. R. Lilienthal, and the Northern Electric Company was formed, with a capitalization of $3,000,000 which was later in- creased to $6,000,000. The initial action was the acquisition of the street railroads of Chico, and the road from Chico to Oroville was completed and the first train run over it April 25, 1906. The advisa- bility of extending the road to Marysville being apparent, W. P. Ham- mond and E. J. de Sabla joined in the undertaking, Mr. Rideout retiring. On January 31, 1907, the road to Marysville was completed, and the line was completed and the first train to Sacramento was run on August 1st of that year. On December 2, 1907, the Northern Electric Railway Company was organized, with an authorized bond issue of $25,000,000, taking over the original company. The Sacramento Terminal Company was formed in 1908, for the purpose of building a belt line in this city from Eighteenth and C streets to the water front, and was immediately leased by the North- ern Electric. Later the Northern Electric entered into an arrange- ment with the Vallejo Northern for full exchange of traffic, and the joint construction of a bridge over tlie Sacramento river at M street, the counties of Yolo and Sacramento bearing a proportion of the cost. Later the Sacramento and Woodland Railroad Company joined with them, and that road being finished, the first train was run over it July 4, 1912. The Vallejo Northern is rapidly pushing its construc- tion along and expects to have the road in operation by the beginning of 1913. The Central California Traction is operating from Sacramento to Stockton, and is also working under a traffic agreement with the Santa Fe railroad, which will proliably absorb it in the course of time, thus adding another transcontinental line to those running through this city and as it is announced that the Great Northern has a traffic agree- HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 20] ment with the Northern Electric, there is a strong probability that in a few years Sacramento will have fonr transcontinental lines carrying produce to the east. CHAPTER XXV NAVIGATION At the door of Sacramento flows a magnificent river of the same name, and which, in fact, gave its name to the city in its early his- tory. Its influence on both city and connty has been a most important factor in their development. For the city it was, prior to the con- struction of the railroad lines, the sole medium of transportation that provided the interior with supplies for the settler and miner, and as an outlet for conveying the products of the interior to the bay city and the east and foreign countries. Even when the railroads came, they served as an outlet for only a small portion of the territory drained by and contiguous to the river, and millions of bushels of grain, hay and other products continued to be transported by the river route, and even today an immense amount of traffic and pro- ducts are carried on the steamers and barges, as well as by sailing vessels. The amount of fruit carried to this city and the bay city has for many years been enormous. Any section of a country which has a waterway connecting it with tidewater is fortunate indeed, and no section could be more fortunate in that respect than the Sacramento valley. The Sacramento river flows through the whole extent of the valley, from Shasta county on the north, to Solano county on the south, a distance of about three hundred miles. The twelve counties embraced in this area have a combined acreage of 11,456,528 acres, and an aggregate population of about a quarter of a million, the area of the valley being seventeen thousand, eight hundred and fifteen square miles. The distance to Red Bluff, the head of navigation, is two hundred and one miles from Sacramento, and to the mouth of the river, near Collinsville, is about sixty-five miles. The debris from hydraulic mining has filled the river — which in the early days afforded plenty of water for ocean going steamers and vessels to come to this city — so that navigation became difficult for vessels drawing over about four feet of water, during the late summer and fall, but the government, by the use of a snagboat and the erection of wing dams, has deepened the channel so that even the large steamers put on by the Southern Pacific Com- pany during the past year or two very rarely have trouble, and there is a prospect that in the near future, the channel will be deep- ened by the government and state to nine feet, as far as this city. Undoubtedly the Russians were the first to navigate the river, as they had posts at Fort Ross and Bodega, and were engaged in trade in tallow, hides, furs, etc., and were in this region prior to 1840, trading 202 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY iu the interior up to the time they sold out to Captain Sutter. At that time, also, there was in this section an agenc)^ of the Hudson Bay Company. In 1841 the Russians sold out to Sutter, including a small schooner of forty tons burden. The first record we have of its appearance up the river was in August of that year, although it ]iad probably made voyages on the river prior to that. After the purchase, by the terms of which Sutter was to furnish a certain amount of grain each year to the Russian settlements, this schooner, manned by Sutter's Indians, made regular trips. She was taken down to San Francisco in 1848, to carry thither the news of the discovery of gold, and continued to be the largest schooner on the river until the trade to the mines began. At that time the voyage from New Helvetia, as this city was then called, to San Francisco and back took from two to four weeks. In the spring of 1848 the rush for gold set in, and the San Fran- cisco Star of May 20th sarcastically alluded to it as follows: "Fleet of launches left this place on Sunday and Monday last, bound 'up the Sacramento river,' closely stowed with human beings led by the love of filthy lucre to the perennial-yielding gold mines of the north, where 'a man can find upward of two ounces a day' and 'two thousand men can find their hands full'— of hard work." May 27th, the Star said: "Launches have plied without cessation between this place and New Helvetia, during this time (from the discovery of gold). The Sacra- mento, a first-class craft, left here Thursday last, thronged with pas- sengers for the gold mines — a motley assemblage, composed of law- yers, merchants, grocers, carpenters, cartmen and cooks, all possessed with the desire of becoming suddenly rich." At the same time it stated that over three hundred men were engaged in washing out gold, and ])arties from all over the country were constantly arriving. On account of the departure of her principal citizens for the gold mines, San Francisco soon assumed a desolate appearance. A quar- ter of a million in gold was taken to that city in the first eight weeks, and during the second eight weeks, $600,000 worth. By September six thousand persons were at the diggings, and the editor of the Star exclaimed: "An export at last, and it is gold." In April, 1849, the schooner Providence, one hundred tons, Hinck- ley, master, came up the river, and the Eliodora, purchased by Sam Brannan and loaded with goods, started up the river. The Joven Guipuzcoana, a Peruvian vessel, and other large sailing vessels of first class dimensions followed. At that time there were about a dozen stores and tenements here. On the success of the Joven Guip- uzcoana were founded the plans of the first steam navigation com- panies, and the McKim and the Senator soon followed. In May the crowning success with sailing vessels came with the trip of the bark Whiton, Gelston, master, in seventy-two hours from San Francisco. She was of two hundred forty-one tons burden, and came with her HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 203 royal yards crossed, without any detention, although she drew nine and one-half feet of water. The first steamboat that plowed the waters of either the bay or river was one that arrived in San Francisco, October 14, 1847, owned by Captain Leidesdorff and packed on a Eussian bark from Sitka. Leidesdorff had for seven years carried on trade with the Eussians, and hearing that they had a small steamboat, he sent up and pur- chased it for his hide and tallow commerce on the small streams run- ning into the bay. It did not exceed forty tons burden, was put together under the lee of Yerba Buena island, and was named the Little Sitka. She was cranky, and the weight of a person on her guards would throw one wheel out of order. Her second trip for business was to Sacramento, where she remained for a month, her proprietor insisting in answer to the jibes launched at him, that he would soon make the smoke fly on the bay, and hand the name of his first steamboat "down to dexterity" as he pronounced it. She was swamped by a norther in San Francisco bay in February, 1848, was raised and the engine taken out, and was transformed into a sailing vessel. A steamer brought around the Horn and put together at Benicia, made a trip to this city August 17, 1849, and another one from Philadelphia l)egan on August 25th, to ply on the river, accom- modating about thirty passengers and steaming "about seven knots an hour." About the first boat advertising for regular runs on the river appears to have been the Sacramento, in September, 1849, commanded by Captain Van Pelt, and carr>-ing one hundred passengers, besides freight. She was built opposite the city, where Washington now stands, and Van Pelt made regular trips down to "New York of the Pacific," where passengers and freight had to be transferred. About the same time a little steam dredge, brought out by the Yerba com- pany, was set up on a scow, and started on a trip up the Feather river, carrying a number of bricks, at one dollar apiece, for freight, and lumber at $150 per thousand. Two months after her arrival she was sold for $40,000 at auction. The next boat was the Mint, also a .small one, and really the first boat to make successful regular trips with passengers and freight to and from San Francisco, beginning in October, 1849. A little steamer named the "Washington was the first to ascend the river as far as Vernon, at the mouth of the Feather river, and she afterwards made regular trips to that point. In 1850 the Aetna, another small steamer, ascended the American as far as Norristown. the first time a steamer had ever reached that point. Mav 8, 1850, the Jack Hays reached Eedding, at the headwaters of the Sacra- mento river, within forty-five miles of the Trinity Diggings. The little steamboat Linde was among the first to take a place between here and Yuba City, in the fall of 1849. 204 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY The steamer New World was built in New York in the fall of 1849 and spring of 1850, purposely for a trip to California. She was 320 feet long, and of 530 tons burden. AVilliam H. Brown was the pro- prietor, and as he became financially embarrassed, he was forced to take the sheriff into silent partnership. The latter placed deputies on board to remain during the launching, and to make things sure, went on board himself, being unknown to Ed Wakeman, the captain. The vessel was held in the port of New York, the launching being ostensibly for the purpose of getting the boat into the water only, but steam was raised previous to the launching. When the sheriff asked what it meant, he was informed that it was "to wear the rust off the bearings and see that the engine worked well." But after steaming around the harbor for awhile, the captain put to sea, against the protests of the sheriff". As the captain and crew were more numerous than the sheriff and his deputies, they put the latter on shore in rowboats, and came to California around Cape Horn, making a fine voyage, and arriving in San Francisco July 11, 1850. The New World and the Senator made alternate trips to Sacramento for a long time. Afterwards, the New World was employed in the coast- ing and ocean trade and later was overhauled and put into service at San Francisco as a magnificent ferryboat, and used as such for many years. The Senator was an ocean steamer and arrived in Sac- ramento November 6, 1849, with a load of passengers and freight. She was 755 tons measurement, and drew nine and a half feet of water. The steamer Miner brought passengers and freight in De- cember, and afterwards continued her trips to Mecklenberg, now Marysville, on the Feather river. In 1850 there were twenty-eight steamers in operation on the Sacramento and Feather rivers, and in the same year twenty-three barks, nineteen brigs and twenty-one brigantines arrived in Sacra- mento. The California Steam Navigation Company was organized in March, 1854, with a capital stock of $2,500,000, and began operations on the Sacramento and San .Joaquin rivers, with a large number of steamboats. In 1850 the company launched the Chrysopolis, 1625 tons measurement, and the largest steamer ever run on the river until the Seminole and Navajo were placed on the route in 1911. In 1867 the steamers operating on the river and its tributaries were as follows: eleven steamers to San Francisco; three steamers to Knight's Landing; two steamers to Red Bluff; one steamer to Chico ; one steamer to Colusa ; one steamer to Princeton ; one steamer to Caclic Creek, and three steamers to Marysville. In 1867 one hun- dred and three steamers arrived in Sacramento. In 1869, when the Central Pacific railroad was completed, that company bought out the California Steam Navigation Company, and for years tlie Southern Pacific Company has been operating the line HISTOKY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 205 of steamers. Tlie mail boats leaving for San Francisco in the morn- ing are tlie Apaclie and Modoc. During the year 1911 two magnifi- cent floating palaces, the Navajo and the Seminole, were put on leaving this city in the evening, ' The Sacramento Wood Company was organized May 1, 1869, with the late Captain Thomas Dwyer as president, and the late Captain J. H. Roberts as secretary. The company put on the steamer San Joaquin No. 1, and several barges, and engaged in general freight business between San Francisco and Butte City, one hundred and eighteen miles above Sacramento. During the 70s the company added three steamers to its fleet— the Varuna, San Joaquin No. 2, and San Joaquin No. 3, and extended its route to Mcintosh's Landing, one hundred and sixty miles above this city. It also operated seven barges and had several traction engines of the Eoberts-Doane pat- tern, running from the foothills on both sides of the river, carrying gram from these distant points to the river landings for shipment on the company's barges to tidewater. Each engine drew a train of from fifteen to twenty wagons over the county roads, the capacity of each wagon being about six tons. The Sacramento Transportation Company was organized in 1882, succeeding the Sacramento Wood Company, and under the same man- agement. It is now operating seven steamers and twenty-three barges m the grain-carrying trade between points on the Upper Sacramento river and Port Costa and San Francisco, and also in freighting at the various landings along the river as far as Eed Bluff. In the low water season the company's steamers and barges are onlv able to ascend as far as Chico Landing, one hundred and fortv-eight miles above Sacramento. In 1874 the firm of Miller and Eaton placed two steamers and several barges on the Upper Sacramento in the grain-carrying busi- ness.^ In the same year Messrs. D. E. Knight, N. D. Eideout and W. T. Ellis, prominent Marysville citizens, established a weekh' freighting service between Marysville and San Francisco. Thev had two steamers and several barges in service, and continued in the business till 1889. In 1875 the California Transportation Companv was organized, with Capt. A. Nelson as president and Capt. N. Anderson as secre- tary. The two captains, as far back as 1856, had schooners on the river, and in 1866 began to operate the steamer Eeform. On its organization the California Transportation Company put several steamers in service between Clarksburg and San Francisco and also on the lower tributaries, engaging heavily in the transportation of fruits, vegetables and perishable products generally, which the river lands below the city produce so bountifully. They also, in October, 1907, established a freight and passenger service between Sacramento and San Francisco. The Chin-Du-Wan and S. M. Whipple were also 206 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY steamers in the river service in the '70s, and the calliope of the former woke the echoes along the river for a number of years. In 1901 the Farmers' Transportation Company was organized and one steamer was put on the run between Colusa and San Francisco. The Lauritzen brothers' Weitchpec; the Oriole and Sea Gull, L. M. Brainard & Son, owners; the Sentinel, H. W. Crosby, owner; the Gretta A. and Albatross, Liuggi Bros., owners; the San Jose, Stand- ard Oil Company, owner; the Neponset, No. 2, a trading boat, Ryan & Cleary, owners, and a number of schooners, are operating on the river, in addition to the boats of the organizations mentioned. xVn immense amount of produce of all kinds is transported on the river. Indeed, the statement has been made that the Sacramento river carries as great an annual tonnage as tlie Mississippi. It is an inspiring sight to see a steamer towing barges loaded with eight hundred tons of wheat each, when the stage of the river will permit loading to that amount, and gives the beholder a practical illustration of the bounteous production of the valley uplands. But the tale of the river is not all one of prosperity. Steamboat explosions and other accidents were frecjuent in the earl.y days, and some of them were very disastrous. The machinery was often defect- ive in those days. During the first few years subsequent to the dis- covery of gold and the introduction of steam vessels into the state, it was estimated that on San Francisco bay and its tributaries alone, there were two or three explosions a week. Indeed, they became so common that the newspapers ceased to give details unless they were peculiarly disastrous. The first explosion of which there is any account was that of the steamer Fawn, which occurred August 18, 1850, and the Sagamore suffered similarly in the following October, the Major Tompkins fol- lowing, January 23, 1851. During the early part of 1853, the Jack Hays was overhauled and repaired expressly for the traffic between Sacramento and Marysville, in opposition to the Governor Dana, and was renamed R. K. Page. On her first trip up the river, March 23rd, she came alongside of her opponent and the crew and passengers began cheering, each one hurrahing for his boat. They began racing, and the engineer of the Page tossed in a barrel of oil. As they were passing Nicolaus her boiler exploded, being driven forward. Daniel Moore, the former captain of the boat, Thomas Kir bey and Lieut. Harry Moore were standing on the hurricane deck, and were never seen afterward. The Jennie Lind, while on a trip to Alviso, on San Francisco bay. suffered a terrible explosion April 11, 1853. Between forty and fifty of her passengers, most of whom were at dinner at the time, were killed or badly scalded. On October 18, 1853, the boiler of the American Eagle exploded, on the San Joaquin river, at a point known as the Three Slou,2:hs, HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 207 twenty-five miles below Stockton, rending the vessel to pieces killing one of the crew and three passengers. There were fifty-three pas sengers on board, and Hardiston was the captain. On the afternoon of the same day the steamer Stockton, while passing New York land- ing, burst its boiler, killing one person and scalding-height more One of the latter, Capt. J. B. Sharp, died the next day. The Sanger's boiler exploded on January 8, 1854, on San Fran- cisco bay, killing three and scalding severely five more, and wreckino- the vessel. On the 10th of the same month a boiler of the Helen Hensley exploded at San Francisco, just as she was going to leave for Benicia, and killed two men. One passenger was thrown upon a bed, and, with it, clear over upon the wharf. He picked himself up and coolly remarked that he guessed he would not go to Benicia that day. The Secretary, Capt. E. W. Travis, exploded April 15, 1854 when between the islands in San Francisco bay known as the '' Broth- ers and Sisters." She was racing with the Nevada, and the engineer was seen to lay an oar across the lever of the safety valve, and that was bending up just before the explosion took place. Of sixtv per- sons on board, sixteen were killed and thirtv-one wounded." The Nevada picked up the survivors. The Pearl, of the Combination Line, burst a boiler January 27, 1855, just below the mouth of the American river, on her way from' Marysville, and while racing the Enterprise of the Citizens' Line There were ninety-three persons on board, and fiftv-six were killed including the captain, E. T. Davis. Most of the passengers were on the front part of the boat, as she approached the landing. James Eobmson would have been drowned had not a large bloodhound jumped into the water and saved him. Of four ladies on board, none were_ injured, but the vessel was a total wreck. The legislature, which was in session, adjourned in consequence of the terrible event' On February 5, 1856, the Belle, running between San Francisco and Marysville, exploded her boiler, when about nine miles above this city. The captain, Charles H. Houston, was killed, as well as between twenty and thirty others. The steamer General Eedington, which was coming down the river, picked up the survivors, and the vessel sunk almost immediately. On August 25, 1861, the boiler of the J. A. McClelland, Capt. C Mills commanding, exploded when about six miles bv water and two by land from Knight's Landing. There were about thirtv persons on board, and fifteen were killed outright, several fatally " injured and all the rest but one were more or less injured. The whole forward portion of the deck was torn away, and a large piece of the boiler was rolled up like a piece of paper and thrown across the river, a distance of two hundred or three hundred yards. Sheldon S. Bald- win, the pilot, was blown into the air with the pilothouse and several companions. He averred that he must have gone up at least two 208 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY liimdred feet, and came strai.s^ht down into the place where the boiler had l)een, "not much hnrt." The Imll, which sank immediately after- wards, was raised, the vessel rebnilt, christened the Eainbow, ran for a time as a strong? opposition boat, and was finally bought off by the Steam Navigation Company. The Washoe exploded a boiler September 5, 1864, thirty-five miles beloAV this city, and ten miles above Eio Vista, with about one hnndred seventy-five |)eo]ile on ])oard, killing about half of them and severely injuring more than half of the remainder. Capt. Albert Foster, with the steamer Antelope, ]ncked np the survivors and hastened toward Sacramento, but ran aground on a bar opposite E street and was delayed there for some hours. Captain Foster tolled the bell to notify the citizens of the disaster, and the levee was crowded with anxious people, the fire bells having been tolled in response to his notice. The Yosemite, Capt. Poole, suffered an explosion of a boiler on the first revolution of her wheels, as she left the wharf at Eio Vista October 12, 1865, with about one hundred fifty ]:>eople on board. The cause of the explosion was defective iron, all the best iron having been kept in the east during the war for military purposes. About one hundred lives were lost, thirty- two of them being Chinamen. The bulkheads were too strong to permit the steam to expand into the hull, so it pushed upward, making a great vacancy, into which the people fell. Captain Fourat, who recently retired from the river, pensioned by the Southern Pacific Company, was the pilot on that occasion, and the steamer Chrysopolis, upward bound, brought the dead and wounded to this city. The Julia exploded in San Francisco bay, nearly opposite Al- catraz, in September, 1866, while rounding it on her return trip to Stockton.^ Thirteen were killed, among them the engineer, Mr. Long. Captain Fourat, lieing near with a boat, picked up some of the dead. There have been a number of minor accidents, but conditions have so improved in these days that serious ones seldom happen. A river tragedy which occurred more than fifty years ago, bring- ing death to thirty, the evidence of which the waters of the Sacra- mento river have covered for years, was brought to mind again when the buckets of the dredger Vulcan, working at the Monument ranch eight miles up the -river brought u]^ the boxing of the shaft of the steamboat Belle which was blown to pieces at that spot in the late '50s l)y an explosion of the boilers. Coated with quartz, rusted in places but still in fair shape con- sidering its long immersion, the boxing is one of the few relics which have ever been discovered from the remains of the Belle. The steamer Belle, Capt. Charles H. Houston in command, left this city February 5, 1856, for Eed Blutf with sixty souls aboard. When op]iosite the present Monument ranch the boilers exploded with- HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 209 out auy warning. The Belle was shattered from stem to stern and all but forty feet of the rear end of the boat sank immediately. The pas- sengers, men, women and children, were blown into the water, many frightfully mangled. Thirty-two were saved out of the total sail- ing list. There was some lively opposition in the river traffic in the early days, it proving so profitable to the owners of vessels and steamers. The steam propeller McKim, of 326 tons, came to Sacramento in Sep- tember, 1849. On her arrival the citizens turned out as for a holiday, and joined in an ovation to the first ''big" steamer that had arrived here. One of her trips, under Captain Macy, brought the owners $16,000. The Senator, of 755 tons, arrived in this city on November 6 of the same year. The fare at that time was only $30; berths $5, and meals for cabin passengers, $1.50. When trade opened in the winter, lively opposition began, one set of agents on the wharf ex- tolling the merits of the McKim above all the other boats, and another saying that the McKim was a ''scow" and a "junk," and that the Senator and New World were the only boats for speed and safety. The competition benefited travelers by reducing the fare, and many other steamers coming on the river, in 1851 the fare had been reduced to one dollar. On September 18, 1851, the steamer Comanche was launched on the Yolo side of the river. In 1855 the Defender came up and found no place for her to land; she finally moored to the hulk Dimon. A few minutes afterwards the steamer Pike, also tied to the Damon, swung out into the river, and the Defender took her place. It was found that the gangway had been boarded up, but the deckhands soon opened a way with their axes, and the passengers and freight were discharged. When the time for the departure of the Defender ap- proached, a band began to discourse music, to entice passengers on board. A few minutes afterward a small steamer in the stream began to sound her shrill whistle, drowning the music of the band, stopping when it stopped and beginning again when it began to play. The people on shore cursed the steamer, but soon a man and two boys armed with Chinese gongs essayed to rival the band and the steamer. The noise became so strenuous that Judge Morrison was obliged to adjourn his court. Such scenes were not uncommon in the early days of competition. YOLO BRIDGES Although a bridge over the Sacramento river is spoken of prior to 1857, there is no record extant that we have found indicating when or by whom it was built, or whether or not there was more than one. By an act approved by the California legislature, however, April 3, 1857, the Sacramento and Yolo Bridge Company was incorporated, consisting of Johnson Price, V. E. Geiger and George Years, to erect 210 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY a toll bridge across the Sacramento river from Broad street, in Sac- ramento county, to Ann street, in Washington, Yolo county. The drawbridge was not to be less than sixty feet wide for the passage of vessels, and the bridge must be completed within two years. At 12 M., September 18, 1857, the first pile for the bridge was driven. The bridge was eight hundred feet long, was built on five piers, sup- ported by six hundred piles, at least twelve inches in diameter and driven thirty feet to the solid river l)ed. It was of Leonard's patent, four spans of one hundred thirty-five feet each, the draw when opened having two spaces of seventy-five feet each. It was completed and opened for traffic June 27, 1858, and cost $60,000. The California Pacific Company began the construction of a new bridge on the Howe truss pattern, October 2, 1869, in order to allow its cars to cross the river and enter Sacramento. While the bridge was being built the steamer Belle ran as a ferry boat. The draw to this bridge was two hundred feet long, leaving an opening on each side seventy feet clear. The bridge was completed January 15, 1870, and on that day William Rowan, chief engineer, ran across on the engine Sacramento. This bridge was rebuilt by the Central Pacific railway in 1878, the draw being swung into place on December 5th of that year, and the bridge opened for traffic the next day. These bridges were of one story, the trains and wagon tracks occupying the same level, and flagmen guarding each end in order to promote the safety of those traveling in wagons. The railroad company had pur- chased the bridge of the Sacramento and Yolo Bridge Company in June, 1878. In 1893 the Southern Pacific Company and the counties of Yolo and Sacramento built a bridge jointly at the foot of H street. This bridge differed from the others in having two stories, the lower one on the street level, for the railroad trains, and the upper one for foot passengers and wagon traffic, elevated above the railroad tracks and with an inclined plane as an approach on the Sacramento side, running from Second street to the top of the bridge, and a sinnlar approach on the Yolo side. A third approach ran from the top of the ])ridge, joining the Sacramento approach at that point and run- ning down to the Pioneer mill, thus enabling teams to get to the mill without crossing the network of tracks in the railroad company's yard. When the Pioneer mill went out of business this approach was taken down. This bridge stood until 1912, but as it had outlived its usefulness, a new bridge of steel was constructed by the Southern Pacific Company. The bridge until lately in use was to have been of steel, and the counties contributed to its cost with that understand- ing. The fact of its being constructed of wood was the cause of a long controversy and litigation between the counties and the companv. One-half of the $30,000 which the county had agreed to pay was paid at first, but the second half was refused, on the ground stated. The HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 211 supreme court, however, held that as the county had used the bridge, it must pay for it, and the case was finally settled by payment in full. This bridge was completed in December, 1895, the total cost being $261,000, to which Sacramento county contributed, as stated, $30,000, and Yolo county $10,000. The new steel bridge constructed near the site of the one built in 1869 is said to be one of the finest pieces of construction of its kind. Its cost is $786,000, which includes $161,671 for overhead construction of a highway for communication between Sacramento and Yolo coun- ties, and the structure and approach thereto. The width of the draw, when opened, is one hundred seventy feet, and the total weight of the bridge is 3389 tons. During the year 1910 the Northern Electric and Vallejo Northern electric roads combined to build a bridge across the river. There was much discussion in relation to the site, as the river transportation companies claimed that if it were placed too close to the existing bridge there would be great danger of wreck to the boats plying on the river when it was at flood height. The board of supervisors de- bated the question at considerable length, but the war department, which controls the river, finally granted permission to the companies to build the bridge at the foot of M street, instead of P street, as desired by the transportation companies. The estimated cost of the bridge, which is of steel construction, is $380,000, but will probably amount to $400,000. The draw is one hundred seventy feet in width. Of the cost, it was agreed that Sacramento county should pay $118,- 668, and Yolo county $33,333.33. Under a later agreement the Sac- ramento and Woodland road pays a proportion and the Antioch road will also probably do so, lessening the expense to the county. CHAPTER XXVI LOCAL JLTDICIARY AND ATTORNEYS By Judge W. A. Anderson ?T0\V OUR TRIBUNALS HAVE BEEN ORGANIZED, WHO HAVE ADMINISTERED JUSTICE IN SACRAMENTO COUNTY, AND ADVOCATES AT THE BAR There could be nothing more instructive and interesting than the origin and development of the judicial system and the aids thereto .by the bar of Sacramento City. In fact the history of the bench and bar of this great state had its inception in Sacramento, where the i>reat legal minds were located in tlie early history of the state. The southern part of the state was governed chiefly by the old system of Mexico; but in Sacramento the common law was at once established, and common sense was at all times interwoven into the decrees and judgTnents, in the start somewhat crude in their con- struction, but very soon developed into a splendid system with the 212 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY aid of the briglit genius of the early members of the bar. In this sketch it will be onr endeavor to give a brief reference to many of those brilliant men who have long since crossed the Dark River, and who in their time lal)ored in the local field for the betterment of the law and the administration of justice. Under Mexican rule the government of California was conducted under the laws of March 20th and May 23rd, 1837, and those laws were observed on the acquisition of the country by the United States, until the organization of the sta'te government. They provided for the selection of alcaldes, whose duties were to care for good order and public tranquility, to see that police regulations, laws and decrees were enforced, to provide for the apprehension of criminals, and in some cases to impose fines and imprisonment upon malefactors. There were also justices of the peace, who served as mimicipal and judicial officers. There was in the territory a superior tribunal, consisting of four judges and an attorney-general, which had the general review of cases tried before inferior courts. There were also courts of ''First Instance," in which cases both criminal and civil were orig- inally brought. The first legislature, by an act passed March 16, 1850, divided the state into nine judicial districts and constituted the counties of Sacramento and Eldorado the sixth judicial district. Afterwards the counties of Sacramento and l^olo composed that district, and it so existed until the taking effect of the constitution of 1879, which abol- ished that court. The same legislature, by an act passed April 13, 1850, created a county court in each county, and by an act approved on the 11th day of that month, the court of sessions was created, to be composed of the county judge and two justices of the peace, who were to serve as associate justices. The latter were chosen by the justices of the i^eace of the county. That court had jurisdiction in cases of misde- meanor, and also exercised functions now performed by the board of super\'isors, such as the supervision of claims against the county, and management of roads, etc. Subsequently the court of sessions was abolished and its jurisdiction vested in the county court. Its legislative and supervisorial powers were transferred to the board of supervisors. The present state constitution abolished all of these courts and provided for the organization of a superior court in the county, with two departments and two judges, with civil and criminal jurisdiction. In the latter part of August, 1849, General B. Riley, acting mili- tary governor of California, appointed James S. Thomas judge of the court of first instance, with criminal jurisdiction. On the 2nd of September, 1849, Thomas entered upon the duties of his office. A. suit was instituted for the recovery of money. A summons was made returnable the same day at four o'clock, at which time judgment was HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 213 entered and execution ordered. This gives some idea of the rapidity with which business, even of a judicial character, was transacted at that early period of Sacramento's history. On the 3rd of September Judge Thomas appointed J. P. Rogers clerk of his court. The latter gentleman served in that capacity until the 19th of November follow- ing, and resigned, whereupon James R. Lawrence was appointed. He continued until the 27th of December, at which time Presley Dunlap was appointed to the position. Judge Shannon opened his court for criminal business in Sep- tember, 1849. R. A. Wilson was appointed clerk, and S. C. Hastings, afterwards chief justice of the supreme court of the state and subse- quently attorney-general, also the founder of Hastings Law College, acted as prosecuting attorney. D. B. Hanner, who had been elect'ed sheriff by the people in their primary capacitv, attended both civil and criminal courts. The first case before Judge Shannon was a prosecution against a party for stealing a cow from Samuel Norris. During the trial defendant's counsel objected to the proceedings because they were not in conformity with the constitutional pro\dsion guaranteeing to every party accused of high crime, that before he could be put upon trial he must have been indicted by a grand jury. The court held that inasmuch as the defendant had" not raised the question in the beginning of the case, he was deemed as waiving his right, and that the trial must proceed. The defendant was found guilty and fined two hundred dollars and costs, which amounted to five hundred fifteen dollars; rather costly beef! About December 1, 1849, R. A. Wilson succeeded to the bench, vice Shannon, deceased. On January 11, 1850, he appointed A. J.' McCall clerk of his court for Sacramento, and on Januarv 26th he appointed Stephen J. Field clerk of his court, to reside at Marysville. Mr. Field was afterwards supreme justice of the state of California, and associate justice of the supreme court of the United States! During the time Sacramento was flooded that winter, Wilson held his court at Marysville. The two courts alluded to did the judicial busi- ness of the district, both civil and criminal, until the organization of the judiciary under the state constitution, May 30, 1850." , The first district judges were elected by the legislature March 30, 1850, and James S. Thomas was elected judge of the sixth judicial district. He resigned November 9th following. Tod Robinson was appointed by the governor to succeed Judge Thomas Januarv 2, 1851, and assumed office upon the eighth day of the same month. Ferris Forman succeeded Robinson by appointment on August 13, 1851 ; and in September of the same year, Lewis Aldrich assumed the office. He resigned November 19, 1852, and A. C. Monson was appointed by Governor Bigler on November 26, 1852. Judge Monson took office on the first of December of that year. Monson had been elected at the general election on November 2, 1852. He resigned August 17, 214 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1857, aud Governor Jolmsou, ou the 8r(l of Sei)tember, 1857, appointed Charles T. Botts to succeed him. At the general election held Sep- tember 1, 1858, John H. McKiine was elected, and was re-elected October 21, 1863. On October 20, 1869, Lewis Ramage was elected, and on October 20, 1875, Samuel C. Denson was elected. Judge Den- son served until the new constitution, abolishing the office, took effect. Judge Thomas, after his resignation, returned to the east, and died at St. Louis, in 1857 or '58. Robinson, who was a prominent member of the bar and belonged to a family of distinguished lawyers, died in San Mateo county, October 27, 1870. Forman was afterwards secretary of state. Judge Aldrich died at San Francisco, May 18, 1885. Judge Monson moved east, and died there. Judge Botts was a brother of John Minor Botts. Ke had been a member of the first constitutional convention of the state and was afterwards state printer. He died in San Francisco, October 4, 1884. Judge Ramage removed to Kansas City, and died there, February 14, 1879. Judge Denson was afterwards elected superior judge of Sacramento county, resigned that office, and is now engaged in the active practice of the law in San Francisco. As has been stated, the court of sessions was composed of the county judge and two associates. The latter were elected by a con- vention of the justices of the peace, held on the first Monday of October of each year, except the first convention, which was held May 20, 1850. C. C. Sackett and Charles H. Swift were then elected associates. The associates held office for two years. On November 27, 1850, the county treasurer resigned, and Swift was appointed to fill the vacancy. James Brown was elected associate in his stead, and assumed the duties of his office February 7, 1851. On August 14th following, D. D. Bullock succeeded Brown. The last meeting of the court of sessions was held July 6, 1862. The following is a list of the subsequent judges of the court from October, 1851, to October, 1862 : 1851_E. J. Willis, judge; George Wilson and James R. Gates, associates. 1852-53 — E. J. Willis, judge; he resigned November 18th, and John Heard was a])pointed. James R. Gates and J. T. Day were associates. 1853.54_John Heard, judge; IT. Lockwood and R. D. Fry, asso- ciates. 1855-56— John Heard, judge; S. N. Baker and C. C. Jeuks, asso- ciates. 1856-57— Same. 1858-59 — Robert Robinson, judge: James Coggins and W. B. AVhitesides, associates. 1859-60— Robert Robinson, judge; James Coggins and Hodgkins, associates. HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 215 1860-61— Robert C. Clark, judge. 1861-62— Robert C. Clark, judge; James Coggins and Georo-e Cone, associates. ^ After the abolishment of the court of sessions Judge Clark continued county judge, was successively elected to that office and occupied it until the abolishment of the county court by the operation of the new constitution. The county court also exercised the func- tions of a probate court. Judge Willis left Sacramento and returned to the east in early days. Wilson died in one of the northern counties of this state a number of years ago. Judges Day and Heard are dead. Judge Jenks removed to Oakland and held public office there. Judge Coggins died a number of years ago. Judge Cone was afterwards a member of the state legislature from this county, and is now dead. Judge Clark has been a senator and an assemblyman, and after the abolishment of the county court was elected, with Judge Denson, a judge of the superior court and held office until the time of his death. At the first election held under the new constitution, September 3, 1879, Samuel C. Denson and Robert W. Clark were elected judges of the superior court of the county of Sacramento. Judge Denson resigned December 16, 1882, and on the 18th day of the same month. Governor Perkins appointed Thomas B. McFarland to fill the vacancy! The latter was elected by the people to succeed himself at the general election held November 4, 1884; and at the general election held November 2, 1886, Judge McFarland was elected one of the justices of the state supreme court. He resigned the office of superior judge, and Governor Stoneman, on December 31, 1886, appointed John W Armstrong to the office. At the general election held November 6, 1888, Armstrong was elected to succeed himself, and has been dead for some years. Judge Clark died January 27, 1883, and Governor Stoneman ap- pointed John W. Armstrong to succeed him. At the general election held November 4, 1884, W. C. Van Fleet was elected for the full term In 1890 A. P. Catlin and W. C. Van Fleet became judges of the superior court. Then came Catlin and Matt F. Johnson, Judge Van Fleet having become a member of the supreme court. In 1895 a third court was created by the legislature, and Governor James H. Eudd appointed Add C. Hinkson as the judge thereof. Judge Hinkson died in this city in July, 1911. At the next election, J. W. Hughes and E. C. Hart, with Judge Matt F. Johnson, were elected. Judge John- son died during his term, and Governor Budd appointed Peter J. Shields in his ]ilaee. Tlie bench then consisted of Hughes, Hart and Shields. Judge Hart l)ecame a member of the a})pellate court, third district, and Governor Pardee appointed C. N. Post to the vacancy thus created. At the succeeding election Judges Post, Shields and Hughes were elected, and are now on the bench. 216 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Courts in the early days were very crude affairs in their manner of adjudicating- the rights of litigants. Justice's courts are proverbial at times for their quaint way of administering justice. It is before one of these august tribunals that we recall a case that occurred at Mormon Island in this county in 1851, in which A. P. Catlin perpe- trated a great trick upon S. W. Sanderson, a young attorney of Coloma, Eldorado county. It seemed that Sanderson's clients were working an old river bed, and constructing a dam for that purpose. Catlin desired to stop this work, and conceived the idea of hoodwink- ing the old justice of the peace to grant an injunction to stop the work. Acting upon the thought, he gravely proceeded to secure an injunction and had it served and enforced. Sanderson was sent for, and came before the justice armed with books and authorities and tried to con- vince him that he had no jurisdiction of such cases, and appealed to Catlin not to impose on the court. Catlin looked wise and approvingly of the court's procedure, which made the old justice obdurate, and he stuck to his injunction. Sanderson left for the county seat in a tow- ering rage to secure proper relief, but before he could secure the same the object Catlin had in view had been accomplished by the justice's injunction. It may not be generally known, that in the early history of Cali- fornia other crimes than murder were, by statute, made punishable by death, but such is the fact. On the 14th day of April, 1852, George Tanner was tried in the court of sessions of Yuba county for the crime of grand larceny, in having stolen flour, potatoes, etc., of the value of $400. The verdict of the jury was ''guilty of grand larceny, punishable with death," The defendant appealed to the supreme court, which affirmed the judgment, and the prisoner was executed July 13, 1852. Chief Justice Murray delivered the opinion of the court and evidently did not concur with the principles of law, for after setting forth the statute, he used the following language: "It is not our purpose to discuss the policy of this law, although we regret that our legislature has considered it necessary to thus retrograde, and in the face of the wisdom and experience of the present day, resort to a punishment for a less crime than murder, which is alike disgusting and abhorrent to the common sense of every enlightened people." In connection with the reference to Paschal IT. Coggins, the fol- lowing novel case is quoted : A remarkable case of mistaken identity was recently related by attorney Paschal H. Coggins before the Medical Jurisprudence Society in Philadelphia, as having come under his personal observation. Two men — John A. Mason, of Boston, and elohn A. Mason, of Illinois — left their respective homes and went to California in search of health and wealth. They were both wagon- makers. One left a wife and two sons in Boston, and the other a wife and two daughters in Illinois. The Boston wife heard nothing of her HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 217 husband after three years' absence, and twenty years later heard of the death of John A. Mason, a wagon-maker. She brought suit for his property, his photograph was identified by twenty witnesses, but at the last moment the Illinois wife turned up and proved that the man was lier husband, and the later developments showed that the Boston pioneer died alone and friendless.— A^. Y. Graphic. Upon this the Themis comments as follows: "The Coggins re- ferred to was a resident of this city, and at one time a law partner of Creed Haymond. He was also a justice of the peace here, married a daughter of one of our pioneer citizens, and afterward removed to Philadelphia, where he has since resided. He is a son of Paschal Coggins, at one time one of the editors of the Sacramento Union, and who represented this county two terms in the assembly. Coggins Sr., ran for congress against H. F. Page in 1872, on the Independent ticket. The case referred to was that of Supervisor John A. Mason, of this city. It was certainly one of the most remarkable cases that ever came up in court, but the statement in the Graphic is not strictly correct. The case was tried before the late Judge Clark. In the contest Haymond and Coggins appeared for the lady contestant, and the late George Cadwalader and W. A. Anderson for the will. It was developed that there were two John A. Masons; that they fol- lowed the same trade— carriage making ; and that they came to Cali- fornia about the same time; one, however, by steamer, and the other overland. By a strange coincidence the Mr. Coggins referred to was a passenger on the same steamer with the Mason who came by sea, and he was referred to in the printed passenger list as an "infant." It further developed that the two Masons worked at their trades in the same block in Sacramento city— Third street between I and J. After the death of Supervisor Mason, his sons, grown men, applied for letters on his estate; their issuance was contested by a lady and two grown daughters, who claimed to be the wife and offspring of Mason. There is no doubt that the contest was in good faith and that the lady believed that the deceased was her husband. The testimony, however, developed that there must have been two John A. Masons, and that the husband of the lady contestant had, like many other of the Cali- fornia argonauts, disappeared long years ago. it was strange that the photographs of Supervisor Mason were identified by his mother and other relatives in Massachusetts, and that the same pictures were identified by prominent citizens of Illinois as being the other Mason. Judge Clark held against the contestants, but said that there was no doubt of the good faith of their contest. ' ' ATTORNEYS WHO HAVE CROSSED THE DARK RIVER Gen. H. W. Halleck; A. C. Peachy; Billings; Hum- phrey Griffith; E. B. Crocker; William S. Long; John Hereford; Al. Hereford; E. J. C. Kewen; John H. Hardy; Hal Clayton; B. F. 218 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Ankeny; James H. Ralston; F. S. Mumford; Col. E. D. Baker; Henry Meredith; Jndge Silas W. Sanderson; Col. J. C. Zabriskie; P. W. S. Rayle; John R. McConnell ; Daniel J. Thomas; Jndge A. C. Monson; Grregory Yale; John C. Bnrch; Judge Charles T. Botts; D. R. Sample; Theron Reed; Jndge Lewis Aldrich; George H. Cartter; Tod Robinson; Robert Robinson; J. B. Harmon; R. H. Stanley; William H. Weeks; Thomas Sunderland; Milton S. Latham; Frank McConnell; Edward Sanders ; Judge ^Y. C. Wallace; Jndge W. T. Wal- lace; Morris M. Estee; Judge Robert F. Morrison; Murray Morrison; Col. L. Sanders; George AY. Bowie; William I. Ferguson (killed in a duel by George Pen Johnston) ; J. Neely Johnson (once Governor) ; William Neely Johnson; John G. Hyer; Ferris Forman; Horace Smith; Philip C. Edwards (a pioneer of 1836); Thomas C. Edwards; Henry Hare Hartley; George R. Moore; D. W. Welty; Harris C. Harrison; James E. Smith; Judge Lewis Ramage; Joseph S. Wallis; F. H. Moore; Henry K. Snow; Henry C. MeCreery; Judge Robert C. Clark; Judge John Heard; M. C. Tilden; Henry Edgerton^ W. B. C. Brown ; James C. Goods ; Presley Dunlap ; James W. Coffroth ; George Cadwalader; J. G. Severance; George A. Blanchard; J. C. Tubbs; Ed. F. Taylor ; Joseph W. Winans ; Samuel Cross ; Judge H. 0. Beatty; G. W. Spaulding; S. L. Rogers; N. Greene Curtis; W. T. Hinkson; W. P. Harlow; W. B. G. Keller; Judge Matt F. Johnson; Judge A. P. Catlin; Judge John H. McKune; James L. English; Charles A. Waring; Peter J. Hopper; Judge C. G. W. French; Thomas Conger; Thomas W. Gilmer; Peter Ilannon: 1. S. Brown; W. R. Cantwell; Thomas J. Clunie; Henry Starr; Judge Add C. Hinkson; George G. Davis; A. C. Freeman; Ilenry C. Ross; Jay R. Brown; Judge Thomas B. McFarland; Albert M. Johnson; Edward Dwyer; Alvin J. Bruner; Creed Haymond; A. L. Hart; L. S, Taylor; F. D. Ryan; Jud C. Brusie; J. P. Counts; James B. Devine; Isaac Joseph; W. S. Mesick; Ed. M. Martin; Henry L. Buckley. ATTORNEYS NOW PRACTICING IN SACRAMENTO W. A. Anderson (ex-police judge) ; Eugene Aram; J. W". Adams; Frank F. Atkinson; C. W. Baker; Charles M. Beckwith; J. J. Bauer; C. H. S. Bidwell; Charles 0. Busick; Charles A. Bliss; Hugh B. Bradford; J. W. S. Butler (Butler & Swisler) ; J. Frank Brown; John 0. Brown; W. J. Carragher; Thomas B. Christianson ; J. D. Cornell; R. M. darken; Charles' LI. Crocker; H. C. Cline; S. W. Cross; J. S. Daly; A. A. DeLigne (DeLigne & Jones) ; H. S. Derby; W. H. Devlin; R. T. Devlin; Alfred Dalton, Jr.; S. W. Downev (Downev & Pullen) ; P. S. Driver; B. F. Driver; C. II. Dunn; C. A. Elliott; W. F. George, L. J. Hinsdale (George & Hinsdale); W. A. Gett; Green & Smith; Charles B. Harris, John C. March (Harris & March) ; A. L. Hart, Jr.; S. H. Hart; Joseph E. Pii^her, J. V. Hart (Hart & Pipher) ; L. T. Hat- field; Victor L. Hatfield; C. C. Holl, S. S. Holl (Holl & Holl) ; 0. G: HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 219 Hopkins; S. Luke Howe; W. S. Howe; W. B. Howard; Hume & Art; J. R. Hughes, Hugh B. Bradford (Hughes & Bradford) ; J. M. Inman;' John B. Irish; H. E. Johnstone; J. Charles Jones; P. H. Johnson (Johnson & Lemmon) ; John W. Johnston; Grove L. Johnson; C. T. Jones ; S. H. Jones ; R. T. McKisick, W. E. Kleinsorge (Kleinsorge & McKisick); W. A. Latta; T. B. Leeper; A. H. McCurdv; Meredith & Landis; C. F. Metteer; W. T. Phipps; W. B. Pittman; R. Platnauer; J. F. Pullen; J. 0. Prewett; W. F. Renfro; A. B. Reynolds; A. M. Seymour; Shelly, Hoag & Leeper; A. L. Shinn; C. ^G. Shinn; C. Simon; E. A. Sloss; Albert D. Smith; E. G. Soule; H. G. Soule; H. H. Sydenham; C. E. Swezy; A. R. Tabor; C. W. Thomas, Jr.; j; C. Thomas; M. S. Wahrhaftig; B. G. White; Clinton L. White, Arthur E. Miller, C. E. McLaughlin (AVhite, Miller & McLaughlin) ; Archibald Yell (Seymour & Yell); Martin I. Welch; Z. F. Wharton. CHAPTER XXVII MEMBERS OF THE SACRAMENTO BAR By Judge W. A. Andersoji If we should eliminate from our history the lawyer and what he has done, we would rol) it of tlie greater part of its glorv. Remove from our society today the lawyer, with the work that he does, and you will leave that society as dry and shiftless as the sands that sweep over Sahara. The lawyer is needed in the legislature, in con- gress ; every business man needs him ; in fact he is a necessarv adjunct to every department of human life. Sacramento City had "its great men in the past; great law>^ers, great public men, great i)oliticians. It makes very little difference whether a man's fame runs around the earth, or only goes to the limits of his residence. The world soon forgets even the most conspicuous fame. How many ''immortals" have been totally lost to the memory of man. Think of the great men of the past of ancient Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Egypt, Judea, Greece, Carthage, Rome, who were great in their day, and whose names have not been written or spoken for two thousand years. It is the rare and lucky man who arises from the flood of oblivion. The man who seeks immortality strives against awful odds, but that is an instinct m human nature which prompts one to rebel against oblivion. In the few references made in this review, it has been my endeavor to rescue from oblivion some of the great geniuses who founded this state. W^hile Newton Booth never engaged in the active practice of the law, he was a member of the bar. He became governor of the state, and United States senator. Milton S. Latham was governor and United States senator. J. Neely Johnson was governor; T. B. Mc- Farland was judge of the supreme court. Robert F. Morrison was 220 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY chief justice of the supreme court; H. 0. Beatty was judge of the supreme court of Nevada. E. B. Crocker was supreme court justice, and the founder of tlie Crocker Art Gallery, which was donated by his widow to the city and is now one of the chief public attractions. C. G. W. French was chief justice of the supreme court of Arizona. Hiram W. Johnson removed his practice to San Francisco, and is now governor of this state. Creed Haymond was code commissioner and framed our present codes ; also was state senator and afterward chief counsel for the Southern Pacific Company, and died in San Francisco many years ago. He was one of the brilliant minds of the state. W. H. Beatty is now chief justice of the supreme court of California. W. C. Van Fleet is United States district judge at San Francisco. Robert T. Devlin until recently was United States district attorney and was at one time state senator from Sacramento. Cornelius Cole was congressman and United States senator. Col. E. D. Baker was United States senator from Oregon and was killed at Ball's Bluff as brigadier-general during the Rebellion. H. W. Halleck was during the Civil war the commander-in-cliief of the Union armies under President Lincoln. Col. George W. Bowie, the law partner of A. P. Catlin, was, during the Civil war, a brigadier-general of volunteers and served on the border of Texas, Mexico and Arizona. E. J. C. Kewen was one of the pioneer attorneys and an orator of distinction. He was a southern man by birth, and had all the fire and vim of that clime. Colonel Kewen was an intimate friend of William Walker, who attempted to form a republic at Nicaragua and was W^alker's financial agent. He finally located at Los Angeles, and died there, November 25, 1879. J. C. Zabriskie was the first city attorney of this city. He arrived in Sacramento in 1849 and later on was alcalde. In 1861 he removed to San Francisco, where he died, July 10, 1883. John T. Carey was district attorney of Sacramento county, and was appointed United States district attorney by President Cleveland. He is now practicing law in San Francisco. E. H. Heacock is now a resident of San Francisco, and has been for many j^ears master in chancery of the United States courts. S. W. Sanderson was judge of the supreme court and resigned to accejit the ])osition of chief counsel for the Central Pacific Railway Company. Thomas J. Clunie was state senator and member of congress. He removed to San Francisco and continued the practice of law until the time of his death, John K. Alexander was district attorney, and removed to Mon- terey and was for many years superior judge of that county. James C. Goods was district attorney for two terms, and was considered one of the best criminal lawvers in the state. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 221 Judge Henry Hare Hartley was one of the leading lawyers of the state, and a man of the most polished manners. George A. Blanchard, district attorney, afterwards superior judge of Colusa county, died on the threshold of a useful life; he was one of the bright minds of the profession, and a scholar and a courteous gentleman. Frank D. Ryan, a native son and twice district attorney, also one of the board of commissioners of public works, also assemblyman, was one of Sacramento's finest products. No man held a higher place in the estimation of the public. It seemed like the cruelty of Fate to take him from earth at such an early time in his life, as he had but reached his prime when he died, in 1908. S. Solon Holl, who died in July, 1913, was considered the dean of the Sacramento bar. His life was full of great incidents. Grove L. Johnson, assemblyman, senator and member of congress, is among the active practitioners at the bar of the state, and has lost nothing of his vigor and persistence, and is as ready for a forensic encounter as he was wont to be in his younger days. No man has a higher standing at the bar than Hon. Grove L. Johnson. Mr. Johnson can be considered the Nestor of the bar. Clinton L. White can also be recorded as one of the old leaders at the bar. Once our mayor, and a good one at that, he prides him- self upon his devotion to the practice of the honorable profession. His firm, White, Miller & McLaughlin, stands foremost among the practitioners in this state. Gen. A. L. Hart, at one time attorney- general of the state, was considered one of the best nisi prius lawyers on the coast. His un- timely death was a shock to the profession. No man held a higher place in the hearts of the members of the bar and the public. Judge Add C. Hinkson, who for many years was city superin- tendent of schools, and superior judge, in 1912 answered the final roll call and crossed over the Dark River. Tod Robinson, H. 0. Beatty and J. B. Haggin were law partners in 1853, in this city. This partnership lasted about three years. Judge Beatty went to Nevada and was elected chief justice of the state. J. B. Haggin, one of the owners of the Haggin grant, resided in New York. Tod Robinson located at San Francisco. George Cadwalader. a pioneer and in early days a merchant, in 1855 entered the law office of Col. Philip L. Edwards as a student of law. Mr. Cadwalader had a splendid practice and never sought any political office, although he took active part in party politics on some occasions. He also wrote some elegant verses. He removed to San Francisco in 1884, and lived but about one year thereafter. The supreme court reports contain the name of George Cadwalader in a multitude of actions. Robert T. Devlin and Clinton L. White were students under Mr. Cadwalader. During his student career, Clinton 222 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY L. White wrote one of the ablest briefs in the matter of the estate of Thurston, involving some of the most intricate questions of law. The line of argument in the brief was adopted by the supreme court. The writer, W. A. Anderson, was an associate of George Cadwalader in the practice of the law for over thirteen years. A. C. Freeman long enjoyed a national reputation as an author of law books. Plis advent into the practice of law was as deputy district attorney under James C. Goods. His first book was "A Treatise on Judgments;" later, a work on "Executions." He was the editor of the Bancroft-AVhitney publications and editor of "Amer- ican Decisions." The career of A. C Freeman was a great success. He located in San Francisco, and a few years ago crossed the "Great Divide," full of honors. J. N. Young practiced law in this city for many years and then located in San Francisco, where he is now engaged in active practice. Paschal H. Coggins commenced his career as an attorney at law in this city, served one term as township justice, and then located in Philadelphia, where lie is now engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. D. A. Hamburger practiced in Sacramento for a few years after Jus admission to the bar and then located in Los Angeles, where he has abandoned the practice of the law and engaged in mercantile business. Frank Powers was admitted to the bar from the city of Sacra- mento, but established his law practice later at San Francisco. He was a member of the assembly from that city. Charles T. Jones is still an active practitioner in this city. Twice district attorney and once assemblyman, he has held an honored position in this community. He has been on one side or the other in most of the important criminal cases for many years and is looked upon as one of the ablest criminal lawyers in the state, Dan E. Alexander removed to San Francisco, where he is now engaged in the practice of his profession. Charles H. Oatman is also a practitioner in San Francisco. Elwood Bruner, ex-assemblyman and ex-district attorney, is now located at Nome, Alaska, as is also his brother, J. Allison Bruner. W. B. Harlow practiced only a short time after his admission to the bar, then went to Arizona and later to New York, where he died a few years ago. Judson C. Brusie was assemblyman and secretary to the Califor- nia railroad commission. He died a few years ago at Los Angeles. He devoted his time chiefly to politics and dramatic writing. Peter H. Burnett was a lawyer, but never practiced in this city; only acted as land agent for John A. Sutter. He was the first gov- ernor of California. In 1857 he was a])pointed by Governor J. Neely HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 223 Jolmson a judge of the supreme court. He died in San Francisco, May 17, 1895, at the age of eighty-seven years. Judge S. C. Denson is now a resident of San Francisco. For many years, in addition to his judicial career, he enjoyed a splendid practice in this city. At various times a member of the tirm of Beatty & Denson, then Beatty, Denson & Beatty, and Beatty, Denson & Oat- man, he always enjoyed a very lucrative business. It was during his term as judge that the famous cases of Troy Dye and Edward Ander- son for the murder of Aaron Tullis were tried and the two men con- victed and hanged. Hon. Creed Ha>^nond defended these men. When Judge Denson removed to San Francisco, he formed a co-partnership with Judge J. J. De Haven, which continued until Judge De Haven was appointed United States district judge. Albert M. Johnson. ^ — Nature is not lavish with her choice gifts of genius and talent, and rarely do we find these great attributes combined. In Albert M. Johnson both genius and talent were united in one body, in one mind. His was an irrepressible genius, brighter than the sword of the conqueror. His thoughts and ideas bore the rays of immortality, which cast a living, lasting halo around his very being. With him, genius was not a shadow — it was a substance, it was light; it was matter that never dies. In all his legal existence he seemed like a Theseus led by the golden thread of Ariadne. His logic was like the touch of Ithuriel's spear, his reason like the swell of the ocean. A master of language, which flowed from his lips like a splendid stream, again in torrents as moved by inspiration, at the har and on the rostrum his flow of language was the most fluent and logical. Its effect was magical, and carried inspiration with every word and thought expressed. There is no armor against Fate. Albert M. Jolmson was never obsequious to wealth or power. The later years of his life were devoted, in addition to his profession, to the solution of social problems and to the betterment of the condition of the masses. A truly great attorney, in his comparatively brief career he tasted fortune more than did any other law^^er. He died in Oakland, in 1907, at tiie age of forty-six years. Judge A. P. Catlin was a pioneer lawyer, and had many parts in the formation of the government for this state. In 1850 he and John Currey (afterwards superior judge), formed a co-partnership in the practice of the law. At that time the leaders of the bar were Murray Johnson, E. J. C. Kewen, Col. J. C. Zabriskie, Joseph W. Winans, L. Neely Johnson, John B. Weller, M. S. Latham, John H. McKune, and Col. Philip L. Edwards. This partnership lasted only a short time, and Mr. Catlin then returned to his former home at Mormon island in this county, and engaged in mining. It was he who was the author of the name ^'Natoma" for Natoma townshi]) in this county. In 1853-54 he was a member of the senate which met at Benicia, and it was due to his efforts that Sacramento secured the 224 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY location of the State Capitol and was made the permanent seat of state government. Judge Catlin was an eye witness to the great tragedy of the Squatter riots on Au.gust 14, 1850, at which City Assessor Woodland was killed, Mayor Biglow fatalh^ wounded and many others killed. Judge Catlin took part in every great political battle of this state. In 1857 he was a member of the assembly and a ]:>articipant in the great Broderick-Gwin senatorial contest. In March, 1872, he was appointed one of the state board of equalization. During all the years he was engaged in active practice. In 1890 he was elected judge of the superior court of the county of Sacramento, and served a full six-year term. He was a man of sound judgment and untiring industry, one of the safest counsellors and faithful to his clients; very slow to anger, but a lion when aroused. While he seemed morose in his disposition, there was at times a vein of gen- uine humor in his composition. No man had a greater knowledge of the incidents of history of this state, and his "scrap books," if they are still in existence, would be a revelation to the future historian. John C. Catlin and Harry Catlin, the sons of Judge Catlin, were admitted to the bar and are now residents of San Francisco, engaged in the practice of the law. J. W. Winans (firm Winans & Hyer) was for many years a prominent attorney in this city. He was a member of the consti- tutional convention. Mr. Winans devoted much time to literature, and was an elegant writer. For many years he was a regent of the state university. In 186] he took up his practice in San Francisco and continued until his death, March 3, 1887. W. B. C. Brown, after having served as county clerk and state controller, became a member of the bar and continued in the practice of the law until his death, April 12, 1882. W. S. Church was city attorney for one term, then went to San Francisco. He is the author of "Church on Habeas Corpus," and some other law works. James B. Devine, a bright young lawyer, was called to his final rest, just at the time the people began to recognize his abilities. Judge J. W. Armstrong came to Sacramento from Amador county in 1868. He was formerly the law partner of the late United States Senator James T. Farley, of Amador county. He established the law firm of Armstrong & Hinkson. Judge Armstrong was ap- pointed judge of the superior cou]-t of Sacramento county by Governor Stoneman. At the succeeding election he was chosen for a full term on the bench. Judge Armstrong was a man of great force of char- acter, and somewhat aggressive in his disposition, yet broad-minded, tender-hearted and generous. He died March 21, 1896. Judge Lewis Ramage was district judge of the old sixth judicial district. It was during his term that the faiuous Tip McLaughlin case was tried, McLaughlin being charged with the murder of Charles HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 225 Liindholm. At the first trial the jury disagreed, and ''Tip" was tried a second time, at which trial he was convicted of murder. By some unaccountable oversight no order was made by the court to take the defendant into custody, he being at liberty under bonds, ''Tip" walked out of the court and never was captured. Judge Ramage was a very kind-hearted man, and had a great reverence for the decisions of the court of his native state, Missouri. It was often remarked by attorneys, that if counsel could produce a decision from Missouri, or something from "Smith's Leading Cases," his case would be safe. Judge Ramage, after his term as district judge was com- pleted, returned to St. Louis, where he died a number of years ago. John B. Weller, a pioneer lawyer, was governor and United States senator. Governor Weller was a very eloquent orator and a man of pleasing and polished manner. Judge Robert C, Clark was state senator and afterwards county and superior judge for twenty-four years, up to the time of his death, January 27, 1883. Judge Clark was a model judge, and everybody was his friend. No man held a higher place in the hearts of the people than Judge Clark. The pleasing incidents and anecdotes dur- ing his career on the bench would fill a large volume. D. Lee Donelly was corporation counsel under Mayor Hassett, and at one time law partner of A. M. Seymour. He died about 1911 after a lingering sickness. John Currey was one of the earliest pioneer law^^ers of this city. At one time the law partner of A. P. Catlin, Judge Currey performed a prominent part in the history of this state. He was for many years judge of the supreme court, and chief justice of that court. Judge Currey was born in 1814, and died in 1912, at ninety-eight years of age. He always was a man of great intellectual powers, and even in his last years retained his remarkable memory and wrote some able articles for the law journals upon great legal topics. Judge E. W. McKinstry was in the law practice in this city in 1850. He was one of the first representatives in the legislature from Sacramento county. In 1858 he went to Napa and was elected district judge for Napa and adjoining counties. He then removed to San Francisco and was elected county judge. Later he was chosen district judge for the twelfth judicial district of San Francisco. Afterwards he was elected justice of the supreme court of California. He resigned from the supreme bench to become professor of municipal law in the Hastings Law College. Judge McKinstry died at San Jose, November 1, 1901. Cornelius Cole was district attorney for Sacramento county, after- wards congressman, and in 1865-66 was elected by the legislature to the United States senate. At the close of his senatorial term he located at Los Angeles, where he now resides, hale and hearty, though advanced in vears. 226 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Morris M. Estee was a member of the legislature from Sacra- mento in the session of 1863-64, and in 1864 was elected district attor- ney of Sacramento county. At the exjnration of his term of office he located in San Francisco in the pursuit of his profession and was retained in many very important cases. Mr. Estee was a leading- member of the last constitutional convention which framed the present state constitution, Mr. Estee was at all times a dignified and sincere man. Under the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, creating a United States district judge for tluit jurisdiction, in 1900 he was appointed to the office, which he held until his death, October 27, 1903. Judge T. B. McFarland, prior to locating at Sacramento, was dis- trict judge of the fourteenth judicial district, comprising Nevada and Placer counties. At the expiration of his term as judge he came to Sacramento and formed a copartnership with Judge A. P. Catlin, under the firm name of Catlin and McFarland. He was registrar of the United States land office, and in 1882 was appointed by Governor Perkins superior judge of this county. Prior to that he was also a member of the last constitutional convention. In 1884 Judge Mc- Farland was elected superior judge for Sacramento county; in 1886 was elected justice of the supreme court, re-elected in 1898, and re- mained on the supreme bench until the time of his death, a few years ago. Judge McFarland was a man of fine literary attainments and of most fascinating social qualities. To know him was ever after to be his friend. RECOLLECTIONS OF HENRY EDGERTON Look in upon the state burial plot in the City Cemetery and amid the lofty marble and granite shafts that mark the last resting places of distinguished men, there will be found a poor little slab with the inscription: Henry Edgerton Died Novemher 4, 1887 The name of that l)rilliant orator, profound lawyer, classic scholar, is now only a memory for the few. During life he thrilled audiences, electrified senators, judges and conventions by the splendor of his rhetoric, philosophy and the vividness of his imagery. As an eade, then he swooped,— then he soared, — the sculptor and painter in words, — the ideal of logical realism. Like ''The two-edged tongue of mighty Zeno, who. Say what we would, could argue it untrue," he had the prose of Xenophon and the poetry and philosophy of Plato. His font of oratorical genius never ran low. He fused reason, music, passion, imagination, into electric and magnetic power which held his auditors as if chained bv enchantment. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 227 When Edgerton became aroused in debate and the occasion called for it, he was a perfect master of invective, sarcasm and irony. "Fierce as the midnight, moonlit Nubian desert with all its lions up." Yet he was possessed of the gentle impulses of a woman, court- eous, chivalrous and with wit as sparkling as ice and as brilliant as the sunshine. Henry Edgerton had the egotism of most men of genius, and believed it was a great folly to be wise all alone. His utter contempt for wealth was proverbial. Yet with all his great genius and ability, with all his generous impulses and good will for his fellow men, he learned, with Prentice, "that men are deserters in adversity, when all is dark and even our very shadows refuse to follow us." While his eloquence charmed the soul, he felt that Ambi- tion was a gilded cheat, — that Fate was capricious. "Ah, pensive Scholar, what is fame! A fitful tongue of leaping flame, A giddy whirlwind's fickle gust That lifts a pinch of mortal dust." With all his great genius and wonderful powers of oratory, Edger- ton, like that other almost forgotten orator and statesman, James W. Coffroth, could never attain the goal of his ambition, — a seat in the halls of congress. The great Napoleon's star of destiny began to decline from the day he divorced the Empress Josephine, and finally set with the sun at Waterloo. Thus with Henry Edgerton, when the marital relations ceased between himself and the brilliant Frances Edgerton, his star of destiny waned and finally cast its pale light upon his almost for- gotten grave. Withal the i)ublic career of Henry Edgerton forms a potent part of the history of this state. He came to California from Vermont in 1853, a young man, and located at Napa, where he was for a number of years, up to 1860, the district attorney of that county. The famous case of Ned McGowan, implicated in the murder of James King of William, editor of the San Francisco Bulletin, during the time of the vigilance committee, was transferred to Naj^a county, and prosecuted by Henry Edgerton. In 1860 he was elected state senator for Napa, Solano and Yolo counties, and during the sessions occurred the mem- ora])]e debate with Harry I. Thornton, which placed Edgerton as the leader in oratory in this state. It was by such prompt, eloquent and patriotic actions of Edgerton and several other prominent men that a terrible chapter in California's history was averted, and this state retained in the array of Union states during tlie Rebellion. From this time Henry Edgerton held his place as the greatest orator on this coast. He was a man of splendid jihysique, with a bright, classic countenance, and one who at all times inspired admira- tion. In the earlier davs of his career he was noted for tlie old 228 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY school style of his costume. For many years he wore a blue broad- cloth dress coat, with double row of brass buttons, and a buff vest, making a marked contrast with other men's dress. But he prided himself on these and would wear none other until the later years of his life. In 1861 Edgerton and McKibben ran for congress on the Union Democratic ticket, but were defeated by Timothy Guy Phelps and A. A. Sargent. For a number of years Edgerton was one of the trustees of the state library. In 1878-79 he was elected a member at large of the constitutional convention, and the debates disclose many gems of his power of oratory. One of Edgerton 's most beauti- ful oratorical efforts occurred in 1879, upon the grand reception given to Gen. U. S. Grant, who ^dsited this city upon his journey around the world. In 1880 he was the only Republican presidential elector elected, and he was selected as messenger to proceed to Washington to cast the vote for president. At the presidential election in 1884 he was again elected a presidential elector. In 1882 Henry Edgerton and W. W. Morrow were Republican candidates for congressman-at-large, but they were defeated by Charles Sumner and J. R. Glasscock. During the congressional convention of the second district at Benicia in 1884, Edgerton was evidently deeply wounded at not receiving the nomination for congress. His speech on that occasion was one of the most powerful efforts of his life, and his picture of the ingratitude of his party was realized by all the delegates present. It was at this convention that Hon. Joseph McKenna received, on the thirtieth ballot, the nomination which gave him his start upon the car of political fortune. Edgerton never recov- ered from this defeat, and he felt that the party was ungrateful in not recognizing him. The oration delivered by Edgerton July 4, 1882, is a masterpiece of patriotic oratory and is a model for young Americans. Such oratory is not like that which is called oratory today, and which is a mere empty flow of words. It is like the violet wreath compared with the bunch of straw. On the occasion of the nomination of Newton Booth for governor in 1871, Henry Edgerton made one of his brilliant, characteristic ad- dresses in i)lacing Newton Booth in nomination. In 1873, during an exciting anti-raihoad contest, he was elected state senator for Sacra- mento county. During the camijaign he made some of the most elo- quent as well as invective speeches. On one occasion, while referring to one of his detractors, he used this unique and most forcible lan- guage: ''He lies by day, he lies by night; he lies for the very lust of lying." In nearly every Republican campaign from 1868 until date of his death Edgerton took part, and his eloquence was heard in every important city on the coast. In no place in public or private did he know how to be dull. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 229 It is known that Henry Edgerton was methodical in his nature, and kept a eoni])lete set of scrap books and records, but after his death no one was able to discover where they were placed. It would be a great addition to the oratorical history of the world if these records could be found, and placed in the hands of some competent compiler for preservation to the literature of the world. Throughout life he kept up his classical studies, and was a devotee of the drama and of all kinds of art. As a conversationalist he was without a superior. A volume might be written of anecdotes of Edgerton, On one oc- casion, during the session of 1861, while he was the lion of the day, the legislature was compelled to move to San Francisco on account of the flood. At that time the sensational drama, "The Octoroon," was being played and drew large houses. Edgerton, with a number of the other senators, attended the play and showed his warm, im- pulsive and chivalrous character, during the famous scene where Zoe, the Octoroon, is put upon the slave block for sale. Dora Sunnysides had such a warm affection that she desired to purchase Zoe to set her free. The bidding l)egan, when McCloskey, the villain of the play, and Dora were bidding against each other. She reached her limit when she bid $20,000. McCloskey, in his sneering manner, bid $25,000, and looked upon Dora with a victorious smile. At this point the au- dience was in a state of terrible excitement, when all at once some one in the audience arose, threw his hat high in the air, and said: "Damn the law! I bid $80,000." That was Henry Edgerton, and it is needless to say that the entire audience was in uproarious ap- plause for the last bidder. When we think of the eventful life of Henry Edgerton, we are constrained to the truth that it is best that Heaven from all creatures hides the Book of Fate. Edgerton was a devotee of poetry and art as well as a student of the classics. In fact his very utterances were poetry. The follow- ing lines, quaint in their character and an echo of his sentimental moods, are attributed to him : "The old days. Do you ever think of them When sitting silent as the shadows meet? * When lying broad awake at dead of night. To hear the rain that drops into the eaves; Do you remember how sweet was your sleep. In the old days? "The old days, when you wanted to grow big. Before you knew the sorrows it would bring; When looking at the blue hills far away And thinking of the world that lay beyond? 15 230 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Do you leniember how you yearned for it, In the days of oldf "The old days, they are furrowed o'er with graves, The sweet-faced mother, lirst and dearest friend. The old home faces you used to know. Your playmates and your sweethearts, where are they? _ Do you remember how you loved and lost. In the days of old? "The old days! How they brim the eyes with tears And fill the heart with longing and regret! Oh. there are tragedies in every life; And there are songs as sweet as ever sung; And there are memories that never die. In the old days." N. GREENE CURTIS Tribute by Major W. J. Anderson, at the time of his death, July 12, 1897. When Cato, the younger, sat with his drawn sword meditating upon Plato's "Immortality of the Soul," he exclaimed: "Plato, thou reasonest well. Why this longing for immortality?" Each day, every hour, each minute, we are admonished of the un- certainty of all earthly things. "Eternity — thou pleasing, dreadful thought — Through what vagaries of untried being, through what new scene? and changes must we pass?" "The glories of birth and state are shadows, not substantial things. There is no armor against fate." Death lays his icy hand on the high and low alike. The highest and lowest, richest and poorest, must yield to the inexorable laws of Nature and of Fate. We are today but reminded of the end of all that is mortal of man, and in paying this -tribute to the memory of oui' departed brother, bring ourselves within the reflections of Cato upon the immortality of the soul, and the proofs of nature and na- ture's laws that the soul of N. Greene Curtis has its enduring im- mortality amid the Elysian fields, where he has gone to meet former eolJoagnes and adversaries of manv forensic battles: George R. Moore, H. H. Hartley, Phil Edwards, James W. Coffroth, J. C. Goods, Creed TIaymond, Henr^' Edgerton, George Cadwalador, R. C. Clark, H. 0. Beatty, J. W. Winans, John G. Hyer, Milton S. Latham, Col. L. Sanders, Tod Robinson, E. B. Crocker, Humphrey GriHiths, J. W. i\rmstrong, W. T. Ferguson, Presley Dunlap, George A. Blanchard, and others. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 231 N. Greene Curtis was born in Raleigh, N. C, February 5, 1826. In May, 1850, be came with the tide of gold-seekers to California from Tennessee, to which state he moved in his early youth. By birth and education he was fitted even in those youthful days to take his place among the moving spirits of the country. Soon after his ar- rival in Sacramento he was appointed deputy postmaster under Jona- than Tittle, the presidential appointee. A short time after he as- sumed his office his principal went east, leaving Curtis in full charge. While Tittle was absent, Richard Eads came out with a notification from Washington that he had been appointed to the office. Curtis declined to recognize Eads until he presented a commission and filed a bond. He thus retained possession of the office for some months, it taking about that time to procure the necessary credentials. As a recognition of Curtis' ability, Eads retained him as the chief officer until he was elected recorder in 1853. This office Judge Curtis administered for three years with marked ability, establishing a record which has become a precedent. In 1861, when the spirit of secession was rife and at a time when California was in the balance, being largely populated by southern men. Judge Curtis, though of southern blood, was firmest in counseling for the Union. At a great mass meeting held in the old pavilion at Sixth and M streets, he made one of the grandest, most patriotic speeches against secession and for the Union, one and indivisible. He became a member of the Union Party and that year, with Charles Crocker, Amos Adams and Dr. Joseph Powell, was elected as a member of the assembly. Charles Crocker, one of the great Central Pacific railroad quartet, crossed the Dark River several years ago. Amos Adams recently died in San Jose. Dr. Powell survived the term only a few years. During the same session Judge R. C. Clark and E. H. Heacock served as senators from this county. In 1861 Judge Curtis became a member of the state senate with E. H. Heacock as his colleague. In 1869 Curtis and A. Comte served as our senators. In 1877 Judge Curtis was again returned to the senate, having defeated Felix Tracy. His colleague was Creed Haymond. He was a leader in his party and counselled upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of the De^no- cratic party of this state as well as the nation. He was at all times modest, unassuming, unostentatious, yet possessing the rarest quali- ties of conversational powers. As an orator he was magnetic, and by his earnestness and force of character never failed to impress his hearers with his own ideas and convictions. Herein laid his great power and influence over jurors. The devoted friendship of Curtis was j)roverbial. T have often heard mv father say that it was a com mon, every-day sight to see Judge McKune and Greene Curtis frying their bacon and boiling their coffee in front of their cabin, which was situated at what is now the corner of Fifth and K streets. The cabin was Iniilt among scrub oaks and bushes, and served as the law office 2H2 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of Judge McKune, Curtis not being a practitioner at that time. Curtis was endowed with the qualities of true friendship, "Wliich is a Gordian knot that angel hands had tied. By heavenly skill its texture wrought, who shall its folds divide? Death's all- triumphant sword may strive its links to sever, But the union of its twisted cord in Heaven shall last forever." Curtis belonged to the "old school" of chivalrous attorneys. While there has been advancement in all matters of science and art, there remains a charm around the courteous chivalry of the lawyer of two generations ago. It seems that a grasping selfishness has im))hinted itself among modern members of the bar. That old-time honor of the profession, when the greed for gold formed no part in the lawyer's strife for honor and fame, has in a measure departed. The lawyers of twenty-five years ago held honor above gold or price. Today gold seems to be the moving power and glory, and honor but an incident. Those were the days that the lawyer's part was to work hard, live well and die poor. But honor was always the objective point. Judge Curtis was counsel in the famous Laura D. Fair case for the murder of A. P. Crittenden, and finally acquitted her. He was counsel for many defendants in murder cases in this state. Many years ago the writer was present at Santa Cruz during an important murder trial, where the defendant was represented by N. Greene Curtis. We think that the management of this case was the mas- terpiece of his life, and far surpasses his efforts in the famous Laura D. Fair trial. The defendant was a young man with a beautiful wife and child. The evidence against the defendant was of the most dam- aging character, and it seemed that a conviction was inevitable. The sentiment of the community was set against the defendant. But Curtis had a way of snatching victory from defeat, and the result of the trial disclosed the fact that he did so in this case. For weeks before the trial he made research into the pedigree of each juror summoned, until he had each man's history at his memory's com mand. Then came the day of the trial and the defense marked out was an alibi. The courtroom was each day crowded with ladies and gentlemen. C'urtis seemed to be inspired. He opened the case with a degree of magnetism seldom witnessed. He paid a grand tribute to the people, to the beautiful sea crest and beach, and to every- thing pertaining to the community. He painted the crime as black as Erebus, and was unsparing of anyone who would perpetrate such an outrage and cowardly assassination. Then came his inspired ar- o-nment to the jury. He touched the weak place in the composition of every juror, and around and around he went, addressing each juror separately. But he found that every time he came to a cer- tain old puritanical fellow there was a break in his magnetic chain. He tried again and again to cast the electric charm over the old HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 233 hard-shell, for he felt certain of the other jurors. Just at this juncture a little tot got down from his mother's lap, and, being at- tracted by Curtis' actions in speaking to the jury, ran up to him, clasped one little arm about his knee, and with the other held up a piece of candy some person had given him, for him to take. Curtis stopped short, looked for an instant at the child, then at the audi- ence, then at the jury, but never spoke a word. The effect was elec- tric. There was not a dry eye in the courtroom ; the women gave out uncontrollable sobs. That silent eloquence was grand — indescribablv grand. Then he drew his own picture, and asked the jurors if they were fathers, and could find it in their hearts to make that child an orphan. With all this the old hard-shell remained obdurate, and as unmoved as the hills. At length Curtis roused himself for one more effort and with tears and emotion actually knelt down and prayed long and fervently at the feet of the obdurate juror, when all at once tears came trickling down his cheeks, and he, too, was en- tangled in the electric chain. After the case was over, and the young man accpiitted, Curtis said to the writer : ' ' Do you know that it was a hard struggle to capture that puritanical old ass? Why, I was actually comj^elled to pray, and ordinarily it would have been ridiculous." And, said the Judge: "When I got him I thought of an event in the life of the elder Booth, who had no equal in his per- sonation of Richard III. Well, Mr. Booth was to play his favorite character at Manchester, England, which was a great place for manu- facturing buttons. On ' the opening night the house was crowded, and Booth just let himself loose, but not a sign of applause fol- lowed his efforts. The audience was as silent as a tomb. He tried again and again, still no emotion or recognition. Driven to despair, he made a most superhuman effort, and at this time caught the entire audience at once. The applause was loud and continued. After the tumult. Booth, in his eccentric way, stepped to the footlights and said: 'What do you think of that, you damned button-makers?' Then he left the stage and would not finish the play. Now," contin- ued Curtis, "I felt like Booth in that act, and wanted to say, out loud, after my fervent prayer: 'What do you think of that, you d — d old hard-shell.' " JAMES W, COFFROTH Only a few now remain who can recall the memories of that eminent man whose magnetic powers stirred the hearts of the people, whose magic eloquence so often resounded at the bar, in the forum, and from the public platform. While the lips of James W. Coffroth have been silenced and his body in the silent chambers of the dead for thirty-six years, there are many "oldtimers" whose memories re- vert to the past, and recall that he was one of the leading spirits of this state and one who aided in making its early history. No lawyer 234 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ever exercised greater influence over a jury. His splendid stature, clear and musical voice, and magnetic expression never failed to enter the heart of those whom he addressed. His was a most lov- able nature, generous and courteous to all, yet a lion when aroused. Plis style of eloquence was different from that of the contemporane- ous lawyers, and he easily stood the peer of any, although there were- orators and statesmen: Col. E. D. Baker, Henry Edgerton, W. H. L. Barnes, N. Greene Curtis, Jo Hamilton, Creed Haymond, W. W. Pendergast, James Goods, and a number of other eloquent orators and attorneys with whom he was confronted in litigation. (And, by the way, how rarely do we hear any of those illustrious names mentioned in this generation.) "Jim" Coffroth, as he was called, was extremely popular when lie came to Sacramento, as the senator from "Old Tuolumne," then one of the leading counties in the state. He was paraded around the city in a carriage drawn by six white horses, and with ban- ners, "Hail Tuolumne's Favorite Son." The American party was then in power in California. He could have been the candidate for governor, which was equivalent to an election that year, but gener- ously gave way to J. Neely Johnson, who was elected. For many years thereafter "Jim" Coffroth was known as "Tuolumne's Favor- ite Son." Every young attorney, including myself, reverenced "Jim" Coffroth for his generous treatment and assistance. Coffroth was very fond of humorous episodes, and was a natural wit, as well as a i^ractical joker, usually shying his wit and satire against other members of the profession. On one occasion he perpetrated a cruel joke on Hon. James T. Farley, who had been chosen speaker of the assembly. At the close of the session it was the custom for the speaker to deliver a farewell address. Farley asked Coffroth to give him some pointers for the address. Coffroth assented, and the next day handed a copy of an address delivered by a former speaker. Farley took it in good faith, never dreaming of any deception, and delivered it verhatim. Next day the Sacramento Union contained a very sarcastic reference to the similarity of the closing address with that of the former speaker of the house. For a long time, Farley, who was later elected United States senator, had an ax in store for Coffroth for the imposition. As I have already said, Mr. Coffroth was a very kind friend of mine, and he had occasion to disclose that friendship in the trial of the first important criminal case that I was retained to defend. Just about this time a syndicate of cattle dealers resolved to make vigoi'ous prosecutions in all cases of cattle stealing. It seems that the dealers had lost quite a number of cattle from their droves, which were slaughtered and sold by small butchers in the several counties adjoining Sacramento, and including Sacramento county. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 235 For this purpose Hon. N. Greene Curtis was retained as special counsel for the prosecutions. The first person to be apprehended and charged with this offense was Henry Lapley, a well-to-do butcher of Folsom, Lapley was well known and bore a good reputation, and the accusation was a surprise to his friends. Anyway the offi- cers discovered the hide of a bovine in his slaughter-house which bore the brand of an old Irish woman by the name of Mary Denin, whom I had known from my early infancy, she being our nearest neighbor when I was a very small boy. The circumstances were very strong against the defendant. Upon his arrest Lapley sent for me to defend him. I told him it was a dangerous case and that I was only a young practitioner, and older and more experienced counsel should be retained. Having been his counsel in other mat- ters, Lapley insisted that he could trust and depend upon me. Well, the case was called for trial, and when Hon. Robert Clark, then judge, saw that I was alone in the case, and he being personally friendly to Henry Lapley, called me to the bench and whispered to me that it was somewhat risky for me to undertake such a case. Just then, "Jim" Coffroth came into the courtroom, and, noting the situation, called me aside and told me to go right along and he would find means to prompt me in the details. This he also com- municated to Judge Clark. Coffroth had a double motive in this support, one to aid me, as a young attorney, the other to get the best of N. Greene Curtis, who was a rival in the criminal practice. ''Now," says Coffroth to me, "you make all manner of objections to Curtis' questions to witnesses, no matter whether there is any merit or not, and at each objection arise and argue some points of your defense — do this until you get all your salient points before the jury." I followed instructions, and although Judge Curtis in- sisted upon his objections, Judge Clark permitted my line of action. Then Mr. Coffroth again prompted me to manage by some in- direct question to arouse the ire of the prosecuting witness, whom I have said was a quaint old Irish woman. This, in order to get her to say something to divert the attention of the jury from the main facts and create some humor. In this I succeeded admirably and she answered the very first question I asked her, "It's the loikes of a spalpeen like yez, to ask me name, when I nursed ye as a baby, gwan wid ye." Her cross-examination was a repetition of sharp retorts, which edified the jury and served our purpose to the letter. The trial was finally closed, and still Mr. Coffroth sat beside me. The district attorney made the opening argument, leaving Judge Curtis to flay me alive in the closing argument. After the district attorney concluded, Mr. Coffroth whispered to me, "Now submit your case; remember, you made your argument on objections during the trial." At this I announced that I had no ariiument to make and submitted the case. 236 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNT Y Judge Curtis arose to address the jur>', but was stopped by Judge Clark, wlio remarked, "There is nothing to reply to, Judge Curtis; Mr. Anderson has submitted the ease without formal argu ment. " Judge Curtis was furious, and turned to Coft'roth, saying, ''Jim Coffroth, this is one of your sharp tricks." The jury, in about live minutes, returned a \'erdi('t of not guilty, and I, through the kindly offices of James W. Coffroth, secured my first great vic- tory in the criminal practice. The life of James W. CoU'roth was full of such noble and gen- erous acts towards young attorneys. He was a most accomplished and skilled criminal lawyer, and defended more murder cases on the coast to a successful termination, than any other attorney in the state. He was also of a poetic nature and often in his leisure hours would let his ])oetic fancy take shape. About a year prior to the death of James W. Coffroth, he was retained by the wealthy relatives of a man accused of stage rob- bery at LTkiah, Mendocino county. The retainer was $1000, and an additional five Jmndred on acquittal. After a ])rotracted trial he succeeded in ol^taining a verdict of not guilty. Upon the discharge of the defendant, C'Olfroth was i^aid the remainder of his fee and that same evening started for home in a buggy, accompanied by a driver. When they had proceeded a few miles, and at a lonely point, they were halted by a highwayman, who demanded their money. "Jim" did not like the idea of giving up his fee, and said to the robber, "Why, my man, all the money I have is what I received from clear- ing one of your kind." With that the robber took down his mask and said, "Hello, Jim, is that you? It is dark and I did not know you. II — 1, I don't want your money, I was waiting for another party." It was the same man he had just acquitted, and he told "Jim" to drive on quick as he expected the other party soon. The life of James W. Coffroth was one of eventful incidents, which, recounted, would make a volume. He had an ambition to sit in the halls of congress; but, like another great man and orator, Henry Edgerton, Fate was against him, and with all his ability and popularity he could never reach the goal. JOHN H. MC KUNE "Kings have their, dynasties, but not the mind; Ca'sars leave other Caesars to succeed; But wisdom dying, leaves no heir behind." Men, nations, empires, ])ass like shadows of night that vanish with the dawn, scai-ce missed as through all ages the world goes rollin" on. It was, indeed a wise man who admonished us to work as if we were to live forever, and to live as if we were to die tomorrow. Seneca said: "The shortness of life is the com])laint of both fools and |)hilosophers." HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY L'.J/ Judge John H. McKune was one of the potent factors in con- structino- the laws and ethics of the Golden State— a part of the history of this state, and without whom the chronicles of California would be incomplete. Yes, we can pay respect in memory to him to whom we can show no other gratitude. Judge McKune was a phil- osopher, and a firm believer in the immortality of the soul. He believed that no man was ever truly great unless he had rendered some service to his fellowman— something more than individual selfishness. While life m^iy be little less than an inconstant dream, it devolves on the true man to do some good on earth. His life was one of constant labor and activity— ever doing something for his fellowmen. The world soon forgets the honor and fame of her truly great men. There are no Plutarchs, Homers or Virgils in these days, to record their deeds and sing their praise. Thus the memory of myriads of great men has been lost. A lawyer may have a brilliant career, may be heralded for his eloquence and his learning; may have acquired great wealth (although the attributes of a great lawyer is one who works hard, lives well, and dies poor), but when he passes to the dark unknown, there is an end of him— he has done nothing to make his fame remembered beyond a few days. "What is Fame? A fancied life in others' breath, A thing beyond us, e'en before our death." Judge McKune belonged to the old school of chivalrous attor- neys; a race rapidly becoming extinct. The days of chivalrous law- yers, those who placed honor above all price, who bent their ener- gies for the honor and glory of the i)rofession, instead of the o'er- leaping struggle for the demon gold, are but a memory. 'Twas Anacreon who said: ''The light of gold can ne'er illume The gloomy midnight of the tomb." (A little digression from my thesis will not be out of place to rM]) the modern lawyers.) The honored profession of the law is so rapidly ■ merging into a plain, selfish commercialism, a matter of business, and the great niajority of the profession seek only the glittering sheen of gold. Thus the dignity and independence of the learned and honorable lawyer is sunk in the business and commercialism of the wealthy litigants, and it is only on rare occasions that the truly great lawyer leai)s o'er the golden chasm and stands for the nobility of the pro- fession. The wealthy seek only such law>^ers as will serve them— the (|uestion of honor or honesty is not considered. "My attorney must serve me— it is a matter of business; no sentiment of right enters this contract," says the i)owerful corporation. The honor- able code of legal ethics is abjured, and the able lawyers are drawn 238 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY into the vortex of the vast cominerical and corporation interests of the nation, whether right or wrong- — there is no sentiment allowed. May the time he again at hand when the old-time chivalry of the bar shall be restored, and the examples of such men as John H. McKune emulated. Tlien we would have more independent lawyers — more independent and learned judges. Let all attorneys bear in mind that the rich can only decay on the shrine of gold. Judge McKune was not an orator, ])ut was endowed with a clear, logical mind, and could impress his auditors by his force and earnestness. No detail of the facts or the law was too minute for his study and analysis. In addition to his mental superiority, he was possessed of a great physical courage — always cool, deliberate, and calculating amid the greatest danger. Personal fear was not an ingredient of Judge McKune 's com]:>osition. Though of slight stature, he feared no man. In 1852, on account of his positive and independent nature, he incurred the enmity and hatred of certain elements of this com- munity, and one man, Greorge Wilson by name, stabbed Judge Mc- Kune through the lungs with the blade of a sword cane. At the time the wound was deemed fatal and while the judge could have slain his assailant he spared him on account of his wife and family. Many instances of his personal courage could be recounted, and of events of the early and troublous times in the early '50s, and even later. When Judge McKune first came to Sacramento in 1850 he erected a little cabin on the southwest corner of Fifth and K streets, which constituted his office and residence, and where he boiled his coffee and fried his bacon in a primitive manner outside, there being- no room in the interior for his culinary offices. For a number of months he and N. Greene Curtis, another noted man, occupied this one-room castle jointly for an office and residence. At the permanent organization of the city of Sacramento in 1850, Judge McKune was elected the first city and county attorney. It was during some of his vigorous prosecutions that he incurred the bitter enmities and animosities that often engendered personal encounters, the great majorities, however, were always with him. He was always the friend of the early settler and opposed the whole- sale encroachments of fraudulent Mexican land grants, which cursed the country. His firm attitude in this matter prompted the presi- dent of the United States, Franklin Pierce, in 1854, to appoint him United States land commissioner, to investigate all the Mexican land claims. During his incumbency as land commissioner he made some valuable suggestions to the Washington authorities which were never heeded and which resulted in some fraudulent land grants being imposed upon the early settlers and pre-em])tion claimants. About 1855 Judge McKune formed a copartnership in the prac- tice of law with F. B. Crockei-, later of Central Pacific railroad fame, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 239 in connection with Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hop- kins and C. P. Huntington. In 1857 Judge McKune was a member of the state legislature, with Hon. A. P. Catlin and Hon. R. C. Clark in the senate. He was, in 1858, elected district judge for the sixth judicial district, comprising Sacramento and Yolo counties, which office he held until December, 1869. During the latter part of his judicial term he incurred the enmity of the management of the Central Pacific Rail- road Company, who defeated him for renomination. Grovernor New- ton Booth in 1871 appointed Judge McKune one of the code com- missioners, to revise and codify the laws of this state. The other members of the commission were Hon. Creed Haymond and Hon. John C. Burch. The work of the commissioners bears the mark of Judge McKune 's legal ability and genius, and will remain a monu- ment to his superior legal attainments. Judge McKune was not only learned in what lawyers call ''black- letter law," but his literary tastes were of the highest order. He admired Rabelais for his splendid philosophy, and Rousseau for the reason that the critics were always against him and the masses with him. Macaulay's grand style and masterly force and eloquence held a high place in his mind. Goethe, the great German poet, was one of his favorites, as was also Dante, the famous Florentine poet. He was an extensive reader and student, even up to his last days on earth. ■ Several years before his death he commenced a history of Sacramento from the earliest days. After writing about twenty chap- ters they were ]:>ublished in "Themis," a literary journal edited by the late Win J. Davis and myself. The suspension of "Themis," in 1895, ended the continuation of the history of Sacramento. In fact, the impress of his mind and genius can be found in all the early his- tory of the county and state — judicially, as a lawyer, and as a citizen. Judge McKune belonged to that class of men who believed that a kind heart, charitable brain, honesty, simplicity and truth are the essentials of genuine culture. Among his intimate friends he did not hesitate to discuss the approach of Nature's final call, and was firm in his belief that the present life is not the end^ — that all nature, all the traditions and history of the human race disclosed that there is something beyond this life which only the dissolution of the earthly frame would solve. Only a few men of the type of John H. McKune now remain. NEWTON BOOTH It is an attribute of refined nature to talk about those persons and events that have given us pleasure, and the personal recollections of Newton Booth are a source of such pleasure. There is an instinct which prom]its human nature to rebel against oblivion. Unless mem- ory is invoked through the press the world soon forgets the most 240 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY spacious and eoiispifuous fame. In the person of Newton Bootli were combined most remarkable qualities. There was dignity in ev- erything he said and wrote. He was a scholar, writer, orator, phil- osopher, statesman and withal a most successful merchant. His orations, lectures and addresses will at all times have a place with the best and most polished of the nation, lie was ])ossessed of the attribute that endeared him to his fellow men. When such men pass away we are i)rone to hear and learn all we can about them. In addition to Newton l^ooth's brilliant public career, I now recall many incidents of his social life and the distinguished per- sons entertained by him at his connnodious rooms over the store of ''Booth & Co.," on Front street, in this city. That classic pre- cinct has been the scene of many great social events wherein states- men, orators, actors, artists and authors have been his guests. For more than a third of a century no great statesman, orator or actor visited this city wlio did not become the welcome guest and was entertained by that knightly and courteous gentleman. The most brilliant epoch was, liowever, during his administration as governor of this state. l>rilliant receptions were the order, and all who en- tered his s])lendid home, ])Oor and rich alike, stood upon a level, brains and nuinly worth being the only tickets of admission. Long before the completion of the Central Pacific railroad, when that greatest of journalists, Horace Greely, made his stagecoach trip across the continent and was landed by Hank Monk at the depot of the Sacramento Valley railroad at Folsom, u]ion his arrival at this city he became the guest of Newton Booth. That great orator and divine, Thomas Starr King, famous for his clarion notes at tlie outset of the Civil War, in behalf of the Union, was often tlie guest of Newton Booth. Newton Booth was a native of Indiana, and when the great war governor of that state, Oliver P. Morton, visited California, he made his home his residence, where he met some of the inost distinguished men of the state. Gen. W. T. Sherman, ujion his tour over the country was the guest of Newton Booth, and was accom]ianied by him to witness a noted play at the Metropolitan theater, where upon their entrance a grand ovation was given them l)y the large audience. General Grant, u])on his tour around the world, when he arrived at Sacramento, si)ent a few hours with our distinguished fellow- citizen. President Hayes and President Harrison, upon their visits, re- spectively partook of his hospitality. When Lord Russell, chief jus- tice of the Queen's Bench of Phigland, came to this state, he did not depart without paying his respects to this prince of entertainers. Newton Booth was an enthusiastic devotee of the drama. Every distinguished actor or actress received his cordial hosintality. Edwin HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 241 Booth, before he became famous, as well as afterward, was a personal friend of Newton Booth, xlbout the last time Edwin Booth appeared in this city, a private dinner was tendered him by Newton Booth, and at the board there were seated the host. Creed Haymond, Henry Edgerton, Sanniel Seabough, Paul Morrill, Edwin Booth, the guest of honor, and myself. Some one of the party suggested that Edwin Booth read the Lord's Prayer. I shall remember the emotion as long as life lasts. Never did I hear the Lord's Prayer read before, and never after, as it was then read. It was almost a divine inspiration. John McCullough was his frequent guest. During the engage- ment of John McCHiUough and Alice Kingsbury at the old Metro- politan theater, they were entertained at his home. When Katherine Rogers, a noted actress, held the boards in this city, she received a royal welcome at the governor's home. Old Joe Proctor, Walter Leman and Mrs. Judah were also the recipients of his hospitality. Governor Booth's administration was noted for its many elab- orate and brilliant receptions. The Old Bohemian (^lub, which also included the Sacramento Dramatic Association, of which the governor was a member, was specially favored with a number of splendid re- ceptions and entertainments. At these fetes the members of the clul), which was composed of many brilliant and scholarly men and women, would reciprocate, giving original ]iroductions of the l)rain in literature, art, music and the drama. On one occasion the club resolved to procure the famous Russian drama, "The Serf," and Governor Booth was assigned the title role. Albert Hart, the noble- hearted, generous, witty Albert Hart, was the manager. A rehearsal was called, and while the "star" had his lines dead letter perfect, he did not have the slightest conception of the art of acting, and after a few attempts led Albert Hart to exclaim: "Ye gods, could anything be worse!" "Well," said Hart, "you are a great orator, but I'm d — d if ever I saw such poor acting." This was his first and last attem])t at the histrionic art. While Newton Booth was sedate and dignified in his manner, he was a superb conversationalist, and most social and democratic to his fellowmen. There was a vein of unctuous humor in him, also sparkling and incisive wit — a wit that did not leave any scars. As an illustration of his dry humor, while he was LTnited States Senator he visited his native state, Indiana, and was entertained by the distinguished men of that state. During one of these events some of his hosts, in a humorous way, alluded to the great productions of California., particularly the large strawberries, and remarked that as Senator Booth was a truthful man, any information coming from him could be relied upon, "Now," said one of his hosts, "Sen- ator, how al)out your big strawberries?" "Well," said the Senator, "since you have paid me such a jiretty compliment for veracity, I 242 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY will say that we do raise some very large strawberries, and they .come at about ten cents a pound, but they are somewhat less if you buy a whole one." It was my good fortune to be a close and intimate friend of Gov- ernor Booth and often was his guest for a social as well as literary converse. His library was his home within which was an atmosphere of the classics, a treasure-house of literature. Many evenings I spent listening to him converse on deep sul)jects, as well as spurts of wit and humor — interspersed with an occasional mint julep, compounded as a '^nectar fit for the gods." It was a custom of the firm of "Booth & Co." each Christmas to load up wagons with groceries and distribute the same to poor families. His partner, "Cy" Wheeler — grand, large- souled old "Cy" — attended to the proper distribution, and never al- lowed any publicity regarding who were the donors. Newton Booth was always the foe of tyranny of great corpora- tions and the unjust interference of aggregated wealth in public af- fairs. On one occasion his former friend, also a brilliant orator, John A. Felton, charged him with being an "alarmist." This accusation brought forth a caustic reply filled with powerful invective and irony, which remains a masterpiece in its line. To show that Booth was more of a prophet than an alarmist, I quote from one of his speeches : "Would you behold the saddest spectacle of the age? See it in the strong man seeking in vain for a place to earn his daily bread by daily toil. "Would you discover the danger that threatens social order? Find it in the boys of our cities growing up in voluntary or enforced idle- ness, to graduate into prisoners or outlaws. "Whoever will look open-eyed into the future will see that the 'labor question'; the question of directing the rising generation into the channels of useful employment ; the question of the equitable dis- tribution of the burdens and reward of labor, so that the drones shall not live upon the workers, and honest industry may be certain of its reward; the question of making labor able — not only honorable but honored, is the social problem more important than political questions to which our age shall address itself. It must be intelligently solved. or, like the blind Samson, it will bring the temple down upon our heads." Newton Booth was at all times patriotic, and took an active part in politics. He was one of the first to raise his voice and devote his abilities for the Union against rebellion. In later years he often took an active part in the local primaries. I remember on one occasion many years ago, he headed a primary ticket in the first ward, com- posed of such men as T. B. McFarland, John H. McKune, E. B. Moll, George W. Chesley, W. A. Anderson, Jacob Bauer, C. K. Dougherty. The first ward was then the leading ward in the city, and Frank Rhoads had only developed into a ward leader. Frank did not like HISTOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 243 • the personnel of the above ticket, and made up one of his own com posed mostly of Confidence Engine Company No. 1 firemen During the progress of the election it became evident that the "boys' " ticket was defeated, and Rhoads, just before the closing of the polls ordered a sham fight for the purpose of getting me out of the way, I having been detailed to guard the ballot-box. Anyway, the fight began, and before i could realize the purport, I was seized and thrown bodilv out of the window, sash and all. While this was going on, of course the work of adding a few handfuls of tickets to the boys changed the result. When I got back into the room, full of fight and vengeance no one seemed to be m any fighting mood and merely laughed at me sav- ing that there was no fight, and that I only fell out of the window Of course there was nothing further to do but grin and bear it. Booth and Rhoads used often to laugh over the episode and the result Per- haps the saddest part is the fact that I am the only one left of that liistoric crowd to tell the story. WILLIAM ALEXANDER ANDERSON By the late Winfield J. Davis There are few men whose lives are crowned with the honor and respect which is universally accorded to William Alexander Anderson but through more than half a century's connection with central Cali- fornia's history his has been an unblemished character. With him success m life has been reached by sterling qualities of mind and a heart true to every manly principle. He has never deviated from what his judgment indicated to be right and honorable between his fellow- men and himself. He has never swerved from the path of dutv and he has every reason to enjoy the consciousness of having gained for himself by his honorable, straightforward career the confidence and respect of the entire community in which he lives. He has attained a foremost position at the bar, and as a writer and dramatic critic is also well known. The public career of but few other men of Sacra- mento has extended over a longer period, and none have been more faultless in honor, fearless in conduct and stainless in reputation. Judge Anderson is a native of AVisconsin, his birth havino- oc- curred at Mineral Point, in that state, Februarv -25, 1846. He was a son of Hartford and Susan Anderson, who became pioneer residents of California, settling in this state at tlie period of its earlv mining develo])ment. His paternal grandfather was a resident of Edinburgh! Scotland, in early life, and his wife was born in the north of Ireland. Having emigrated to America, he established his home in Penusvl- vania, where occurred the birth of his son Hartford. The mother 'of our subject, Mrs. Susan (Atkins) Anderson, was a native of Kentucky. For some time the parents of the Judge resided in Wisconsin, where the father worked at the trade of carriage and wagon making. The business op])ortunities of the west, however, attracted him, and hoping 244 ITTSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY that lie might readily obtain a fortime in the mining districts of Cali- fornia, he made his way across the plains, accompanied by his family. They traveled over the stretches of hot sand, through the mountain passes, till the days had lengthened into weeks, and the weeks into months. At length the\' safely reached their destination. Mrs. Ander- son, however, did not long survive her arrival on the Pacific coast, her death occurring during the cholera epidemic of 1852. Hartford Ander- son, well known as one of the pioneer residents of Sacramento, con- tinued to make his home in the capital cit}^ until his demise, whicli occurred in October, 1896. He took an active and interested part in the early develoi)ment of this portion of the state, and his sympathy and support were always given to the measures and monuments which contributed to the latter-day progress and improvement. Judge Anderson was only three years old at the time of his parents' removal to the west. He began his education in the public schools, and supplemented his early mental training by study in Santa Clara college, thus completing his literary course. His professional training was received in the Benicia Law College. His earlier studies, however, were directed in such a manner as to i)repare him for the profession of civil engineering, but at a later date he determined to pursue the study of the law, and entered the institution mentioned, comj^leting there a thorough law course, after which he was graduated with the class of 1865. Throughout his entire business career Judge Anderson has de voted his attention to the law, having been admitted to the bar of Cali- fornia by the supreme court of the state in 1866, and to the United States circuit court in 1880. Admitted to the bar, he at once entered upon practice, and from the beginning has been unusually prosperous in every respect. The success he has attained has been due to his own efforts and merits. The possession of advantages is no guarantee whatever of professional advancement, wliicli comes not of itself, nor can it be secured without integrity, ability and industry. These qual- ities he possesses to an eminent degree, and he is faithful to every in- terest committed to his charge. Throughout his whole life, whatever his hand has found to do, whether in his profession or in his official duties, or in any other sphere, he does with all his might and with a deep sense of conscientious obligation. As a lawyer, he is sound, clear-minded and well trained. He is at home in all departments of the law, from the minutiae in practice to the greater topics involving the consideration of the ethics and the philosophy of jurisprudence and the higher concerns of public ])olicy. His success, however, affords the best evidence of his capabilities in this line. He is a strong advo- cate with the jury, and concise in his appeals before the court. Much of the success which has attended him in his professional career is undoubtedly due to the fact that in no instance will he permit himself to go into court with a case unless he has absolute confidence in the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 245 justice of his client's cause. Basing his efforts on this principle, from which there are far too many lapses in professional ranks, it naturally follows that he seldom loses a case in whose support he is enlisted. Judge Anderson was first chosen to public office before he had attained his majority, being elected county auditor in 1866. His next public service was that of assistant adjutant-general in the Fourth Brigade of the California National Guard, from 1868 to 1879. In the meantime he was elected city attorney in 1875, and was continued in that office until 1886. In 1893 legislative honors were conferred upon him, he being chosen to represent the eighteenth district of California in the assembly, where he gave careful consideration to every question that came up for settlement, and espoused with ardor or opposed with equal earnestness the course which he believed would prove of benefit to the commonwealth or check its best interests. His service in the house won him the commendation of his constituents and the respect of his political opponents. In 1898 he was chosen police judge of Sacramento, and his decisions were characterized by the strictest im- partiality and equity. He was serving an unexpired term as city justice when the new charter went into effect. Judge Anderson has always given his j^olitical allegiance to the Republican party, and having made a close and earnest study of the issues and questions of the day, he has become more strongly con- firmed in his opinion that the party platform contains the best ele- ments of good government. His campaign work has been effective and far-reaching, for he has visited various portions of California, advocating the doctrines of Republicanism, and expounding the basic elements on which the political organization rests. He was one of the first champions of Major McKinley in California, and became a member of the executive committee during that campaign. He has been a delegate to nearly every Republican county and state conven- tion for nearly thirty years, and his opinions carry weight in the counsels of his party. In 1898 he was a delegate to the National Republican League convention, held in Omaha. Judge Anderson has been twice married, and by the first union had one son, Osmer W. Anderson, who was born August 22, 1871, and who was for two years a volunteer soldier in the Philippines. On the 8th of September, 1880, Judge Anderson married Miss Mary Cadwell. Their 's is an attractive home, the center of many an entertaining- social function, and hospitality which is both gracious and generous is the pervading atmosphere of the household. In his fraternal rela- tions Judge Anderson is an Odd Fellow. He was reared in the Episcopal faith, but is a man of broad and liberal views in religious matters, and is a communicant of no church organization at the present time. A man of scholarly attainments and literary tastes, possessing broad general, as well as classical, information, he finds considerable 246 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY enjoymeut in giving liis time to literary pursuits, and lias been a fre- quent contributor to the daily papers. He was one of the founders of a literary journal called "Themis," which was noted for historical merit and for its clear-cut and literary editorials. He is the author of some dramatic works, and is well known as a dramatic critic and lover of the drama. He has studied from the art standpoint many of the most celebrated dramas of the world, and has had a personal acquaintance with most of the great dramatists of a generation ago, including Edwin Booth, John McCullough, Lawrence Barrett and a number of the actors and actresses. His writings are fluent and enter- taining, eloquent and versatile, and for a third of a century he has been known to the public as a lecturer whose addresses have created widespread interest. His influence upon literary and aesthetic culture of the state has been most potent, and at the same time he has given a practical support to the measures intended to advance the material interests of Sacramento. As a man and a citizen he is honored and respected in every class of society. While undoubtedly he is not with- out that honorable ambition which is so powerful and useful as an incentive to activity in public affairs, he regards the pursuits of pri- vate life as being in themselves abundantly worthy of his best efforts. His is a character that subordinates personal ambition to public good and seeks rather the benefit of others than the aggrandizement of self. His is a conspicuously successful career. Endowed by nature with high intellectual qualities, to which are added the discipline and em- bellishments of culture, his is a most attractive personality. Well versed in the learning of his profession, with a deep knowledge of human nature and of the springs of human conduct, with great shrewdness and sagacity, and extraordinary tact, he is in the courts an advocate of great power and influence, and both judges and juries hear him with deep interest. CHAPTER XXVIII FRATERNAL SOCIETIES The history of Masonry in the state of California is so inextric- ably interwoven with the history of Masonry in Sacramento, that we may be pardoned if we give a somewhat extended mention of its in- ception. The first meeting of lodges that resulted in the formation of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of California took place in the city of Sacramento. For the early history of Masonry in the state we are indebted to the deep and tireless research of old records by Edwin A. Sherman, 33°, Vener- able Grand Secretary of the Masonic Veteran Association of the Pacific Coast, as set fortli in his "Fifty Years of Masonry in Cali- fornia." Even with the first explorers of the wilds west of the Rocky HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 247 mountains, came Masons as trappers, hunters and traders. Few, if any, such parties did not embrace within their ranks at least one or more Masons, fearless, energetic men, who carried in their bosoms the doctrines and secret ceremonies of the Mystic Tie, men of moral courage as well as physical, of stern integrity and fidelity to their Masonic obligations. Many a tale could be told of the devotion of these daring spirits to their distressed or imperiled brethren, and also to their comrades not bound to them by the ties of Masonry. The first Masonic missionary, for he might well be classed as a missionary, who came to California, and returned to Missouri to bring from the Grand Lodge of that state the first charter for a Masonic lodge, was Peter Lassen. Long before the discovery of gold, he came here, brave, hardy and determined, and was untiring in his resolve to found a Masonic lodge here, while the country was still under the Mexican rule. Lassen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 7, 1800, and there learned his trade of blacksmith. At twenty-nine years of age he crossed the ocean to Boston, and a few years after removed to Missouri. In 1839, with a party of others, he came to Oregon, and after spending the winter there, sailed in an English ship to Fort Bodega, then occupied by the Russians. The Mexican comandante sent a party of soldiers to prevent their landing, but the Russian governor ordered the Mexican soldiers to leave or be shot down, and they retired. Lassen and his comrades were stranded and unable to get away, and appealed to the i\merican consul at Monterey, stating that they had been denied passports and were without funds, that they wanted to proceed to the settlements or to obtain a pass to return to their own country. The appeal wound up with the characteristic state- ment: "Should we receive no relief, we will take up our arms and travel, consider ourselves in an enemy's country and defend ourselves with our guns." After remaining at Bodega fifteen days, however, they managed to reach Yerba Buena and later Lassen went to San Jose, bought some land in 1841 at Santa Cruz and set up a sawmill. In 1843 John Bid- well, Lassen and James Burheim pursued a party bound for Oregon as far as Red Bluff and recovered some stolen animals. Bidwell made a map of the valley and named the streams, and on his return Lassen applied to Governor Micheltorena for a grant of land, based on Bid- well's map. He received it and selected Deer creek, in Tehama county, proceeding there the next spring and making the first settlement north of Cordua at Marysville. He laid out a town which he named Benton City, where he ]iro]iosed to start a Masonic lodge. He laid out the Lassen road for immigrants and named Lassen Peak. This was before the discovery of gold, and in 1847 he went back to Missouri to get a charter for a lodge, several other Masons having joined him at Benton Citv. He obtained a charter for Western Star Lodge No. 98, Mav 10, 1848, naming Saschel Woods, master; L. E. Stewart, senior warden, 248 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY and Lassen, junior warden. He returned with the charter and an im- migrant train of twelve wagons, being joined at Pitt river by a party of Oregonians who had heard of the discovery of gold, of which he had not heard until they joined him. He did not learn that a Masonic lodge had been instituted at Oregon City, September 11, 1848, under authority of the grand lodge of Missouri, or that Joseph Hull, the master, and several other Masons of that lodge were with the Oregon train. Neither party learned till long afterwards that any of the others were Masons, or that Lassen had a charter for a lodge. He afterwards went to Plumas county, and in 1853 met his death at the hands of the Piute Indians. His body was recovered by citizens and buried at Honey lake on his ranch, and a stone monument erected to his memory, while the county of Lassen was named after him. November 9, 1848, Samuel York Atlee, William Van Voorhies and Bedney F. McDonald received a charter for California Lodge No. 13, from the District of Columbia, and located it at San Francisco. Con- necticut Lodge No. 75 was granted a charter by the grand lodge of Connecticut, January 31, 1849. Pacific Lodge, U. D., was granted a traveling charter by the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, June 5, 1849, and located at Benicia, subsequently becoming Benicia Lodge. The same Grand Lodge also granted a dispensation to Davy Crockett Lodge at San Francisco. Illinois granted a dispensation to a traveling lodge which located at Marysville, and Wisconsin granted one to Lafayette Lodge at Nevada City. The records of Western Star Lodge were de- stroyed by fire, so that, although it was the oldest lodge in the state, the records of California Lodge No. 13 are the oldest extant. Connecticut Lodge No. 75, the first one in Sacramento, is now known as Tehama Lodge No. 3, F. and A. M. Its inception, as re- lated by R. H. McDonald and Past Grand Master John A. Tutt, the only Mason living who assisted in the organization of the grand lodge of California, we find some interesting data. In 1849 Dr. McDonald opened an office on K street near Sixth, and a friend of his, who was going to the mines, came to his office and said : ' ' Doctor, when I was coming across the plains and along the Humboldt valley in Nevada, I saw piled up on the sand by the side of the road, a lot of books, and on a card fastened on a stick, this notice: 'Help yourself.' There were a good many fine books in the heap, and among them this large red morocco-covered Bilile with gilt edges. As I could not pack more than one book along with me, I took this Bible, and brought it through. As I am going to the mines, and cannot take it with me, and as you are a kind of religious cuss, I'll give it to you." Dr. McDonald accepted it. Shortly after, in Septembef, 1849, several written notices were found posted up around the horse market, on the trees, calling a meeting of all Master Masons in good standing, to meet in the upper part of a building on the north side of K street. When the meeting convened, the little garret was packed with brethren who were nearly HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY :>49 all strangers to one another. The meeting was called to order by John A. Tutt, and someone made a motion that Dr. R. H. McDonald take the chair. Dr. McDonald was surprised, as he did not know a single person present, but he approached the box that was used as a chair, and was confronted l)y a tall stranger, who also stepped forward to take it. It was an amusing scene, as they stood looking each other in the face. "Are you Dr. R. H. McDonald, and have you a monopoly of the name of McDonald," asked R. H. "I am Dr. R. H. McDaniel," was the reply, "but am known as Dr. McDonald through a mistake in calling my name." Mutual explanations followed, and as the stranger proved to be the one nominated, he. took the chair and opened the meeting. When it became necessary to ascertain who were Masons, it was discovered that there was no Bible present, and it could not be dispensed with. "Wait a minute, and I will get one," said Dr. Mc- Donald. He went out and brought in the pioneer Bible which his friend had given him. An association was then and there formed for the relief of the sick and distressed brethren who were constantly arriving. Soon afterwards the discovery was made that there was in ex- istence a charter for a Masonic Lodge in the hands of one of the brethren, issued to Connecticut Lodge No. 75. Upon this the associa- tion was dissolved, and on January 8, 1850, it organized under the name of Connecticut Lodge No. 75, and Dr. R. H. McDonald presented his Bible to the lodge. Today it belongs to Tehama Lodge No. 3, the successor of Connecticut Lodge. The lodge secured the upper part of the Red House, on the southeast corner of Fifth and J streets, which was the building best suited to its purposes, at that time, but as the owner shortly afterwards rented the lower story for immoral pur- poses, the lodge removed with its furniture to the attic over the old market house on M street near- Second. Previous to this, however, the Grand Lodge of California was organized in the building first occupied, on April 19, 1850. Tehama Lodge No. 3 was chartered by the Grand Lodge of California. The Bible used in organizing the Grand Lodge of California was the same one Dr. McDonald pre- sented to Connecticut Lodge. The deputy grand master of New Jersey issued a dispensation March 1, 1849, to open a lodge in the territory of California, which seems to have been a sort of roving commission, with power for the master and brethren to appoint his successors in office until the next annual meeting of the Grand Lodge of New Jersey. It seemed to exist continuously and to assume the functions and privileges of an independent chartered lodge. The dispensation from the Grand Lodge of New Jersey authorized Thomas Youngs, Moses W. Personett, John B. Clark and others to open the lodge, and named Youngs as master. He conveyed authority to John E. Crockett and certified that fact on the back of the dispensation. Crockett, so authorized, opened New 250 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Jersey Lodge in this city December 4, 1849, and it was in active and successful operation by April 17, 1850, and chose its representatives to the convention of that date. The delegates, however, could take no part in the organization of the Grand Lodge, not being an independent chartered lodge, but only a temporary creation of the Deputy Grand Master of New Jersey. Innnediately after the organization of the Grand Lodge of C-alifornia, this lodge applied and received a charter as Berryman Lodge No. 3, which was changed shortly afterwards to Jennings Lodge No. 4. There are very few who are aware that there were two Grand Lodges of California instituted for the government of the order, but sucli was the fact. The records of the first Grand Lodge were un- doubtedly destroyed. There was no opportunity to examine the records of Connecticut Lodge and Western Star Lodge, which were destroyed by fire, nor of New Jersey Lodge, U. D., which is extinct, nor of Benicia Lodge, U. D., of Benicia, which presented no records to the convention. California Lodge No. 13, of San Francisco, was a regularly chartered lodge, but it was not notified of the action con- templated for the organization of a Grand Lodge, and as the Masonic law and custom provides that there must be present representatives from three regularly chartered lodges, the organization of the first Grand Lodge was irregular and illegal. California Lodge No. 13, being notified of the action organizing a Grand Lodge at Sacramento, appointed a committee to investigate, and finding the state of affairs, notified the Sacramento l)rethren of the irregularity of their action, suggesting that the matter be begun over again. The brethren at Sacramento, finding their error, aban- doned voluntarily their Grand Lodge, the officers of which are un- known, and joined with California Lodge for the formation of a legally constituted Grand Lodge. Notices were sent out to the regular lodges of A. Y. Masons of the state, for a convention to be held at Sacra- mento April 17, 1850, for the formation of a Grand Lodge. The convention met on the 17th in this city, and Most Worshipful Charles Gilman of San Francisco, Past Grand Master of Maryland, was called to the chair, and Benjamin D. Hyam of Benicia, after- wards Grand Master of California, was chosen secretary. Representa- tives of the following lodges presented their credentials to W. N. Doughty and John A. Tutt of Sacramento and John LI. Gihon of San Francisco, the Committee on Credentials: California Lodge No. 13, San Francisco; Connecticut Lodge No. 75, Sacramento; Western Star Lodge No. 98, Benton City; New Jersey Lodge, U. D., Sacramento; Benicia Lodge, IT. D., Benicia. The committee reported the first three as regularly chartered, and New Jersey Lodge as regularly under dis- pensation, but that Benicia Lodge had presented neither a charter nor a dispensation. The three chartered lodges were pronounced by the convention entitled to form a Grand Lodge. The constitution of the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 251 Graud Lodge was adopted on April 19tli, and the following Grand Officers elected: Jonathan D. Stevenson, R. W. grand master; John A. Tntt, R. W. deputy grand master; Caleb Fenner, R. W. senior grand warden; Saschel Woods, R. AV. junior grand warden; John H. Gihon, R. W. grand secretary. New Jersey Lodge was granted a charter, and at the first aimnal meeting of the Grand Lodge in this city, May 7, 1850, Benicia Lodge received its charter. A dispensation had been granted to Sutter Lodge in Sacramento, and it was granted a charter. The lodges belonging to the Grand Lodge were given numbers as follows : California Lodge, No. 1; Western Star Lodge, No. 2; Tehama Lodge, No. 3; Berryman Lodge (Sacramento), No. 4; Benicia Lodge, No. 5; Sutter Lodge (Sacramento), No. 6. The name of Berryman Lodge was changed to Jennings Lodge No. 4. By this formation of the Grand Lodge, Sacra- mento secured in the election the deputy grand master, junior grand warden, and eight of the appointive officers, to which she was en titled, being the great distributing point for Masonic charity. The semi-annual meeting of the Grand Lodge was held at Sacra- mento in November, 1850, during the last days of the cholera epidemic, and in its proceedings it developed that those attending taxed them- selves voluntarily for charity, $17,010.70, an average of $205 each ; and assumed a debt of $14,425.44, an average of $174, making a contribu- tion of $379 for every Master Mason in Sacramento contributing to the Masonic Hospital inside of ten months, besides answering other demands for charity of all descriptions. Those were the days when Masons' hearts and purses were opened wide at the call of distress. Fortunately for Sacramento, she has never since been so strenuously called on for relief, although even now her board of relief, composed of the masters of the lodges, is called upon to contribute large sums yearly. Never, perhaps, in the history of the world has there been an exhibition of such great sacrifice, such unselfish charity, and such de- voted service to the cause of humanity as the records of the early days of Sacramento show to have been carried out by the Masonic pioneers of the city and state, in conjunction with the offspring of Masonry — the Order of Odd Fellows — during the terrible seasons of disease and epidemic in 1849-50. In 1864 the initial steps were taken for the erection of a Masonic Temple. The first meeting of the Masonic Hall Association was held July 1, 1864. The board of directors chosen from the five lodges were A. T. Nelson, Leonard Goss, W. F. Knox, H. T. Holmes, Richard Dale, S. D. Smith, Thomas Ross, P. S. Lawson and John W. Rock, all of whom have since passed away. The association incorpor- ated on September 17, 1864, with a capital of $30,000, divided into twelve thousand shares of twenty-five dollars each. November 1, 1864, they bought of R. D. Ferguson the old "Horse Market" at the south- west corner of Sixth and K streets, on the trees of which, in 1849, 252 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the notices for the first meeting of Masons in Sacramento had been posted. June 24, 1865, the cornerstone of the building was laid by Grand Master William Caldwell Belcher. An excursion to Clipper Gap, where an oration was delivered by A. A. Sargent, netted $18,000, and the hall, which was added to and remodeled in 1875, at a cost of many thousands, is one of the finest and most valuable Masonic prop- erties in the state. A few years ago the directors of the association purchased a site at Twelfth and J streets, on which it is x)roposed to erect a new Masonic Temple, the plans of which have been accepted, at a cost of $450,000. In the present temple the five lodges of Sacra- mento meet, as well as the Chapter, R. A. M., the Council, Com- mandery and the Scottish Rite Ijodies, as well as four Eastern Star chapters. The Scottish Rite bodies are planning at present to erect a building for that Masonic branch. The early history of Tehama Lodge No. 3, which was first char- tered as Connecticut Lodge No. 75, and rechartered by the Grand Lodge under its present name January 8, 1850, has been delineated in this article. The charter was granted to Caleb Fenner, W. M. ; James W. Goodrich, S. W., and Elizur Hubbell, J. W. John A. Tutt, one of its charter members, was afterwards grand master. Two of Cali- fornia's early governors, John Bigler and J. Neely Johnson, were among its members on tlie first roll sent to the Grand Lodge in Novem- ber, 1850; also Gen. A. M. Winn. After the lodge removed from the Red House it located in tlie liall over the market house at Second and M streets, moving thence to the upper story of Stanford's bifilding on K street, and going, in 1854, to the third story of Bennett's building on J street, between Front and Second. Since the erection of the Tem- ple, it holds its meetings there. It is a prosperous lodge, its present membership being two hundred and thirty. The officers for 1912 : Henry A. W. Lindgreen, W. M. ; Louis R. Plate, S. W. ; Henry H. McCann, J. W, ; William 0. Girardy, treasurer; Theodore J. Milliken, secretary; Charles E. Parrar, chaplain; Donald McClain, S. D. ; Tol- bert T. Bray, S. D. ; Halleck H. Look, marshal ; Albert Greilich, S. S. ; Chester W. Foster, J. S. ; R. 0. Cravens, tyler. Jennings Lodge No, 4, acting under dispensation as New Jersey Lodge, and chartered by the Grand Lodge of California May 7, 1850, as Berryman Lodge No. 4, of which the name was changed the same day to Jennings Lodge No. 4, resolved February 14, 1853, to surrender its cliarter to the Grand Lodge, and did so, passing out of existence. Hon. H. C. Hastings, afterwards a justice of the su]n-eme court of CaliforniM, E. J. C. Keweu, and other prominent men were members of it. Sutter Lodge No. 6 was granted a dispensation by Deputy Grand Master Tutt Ai)ril 19, 1850, with Edward J. Willis', W. m! ; C. E. Thorn, S. D., and Addison Martin, J. D., as officers, and was granted a charter by the Grand Lodge on May 7th following. The lodge, hav- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 253 ing- lost its furniture and jewels by fire, surrendered its charter, and was declared extinct bv the Grand Lodge, May 6, 1853. E. J. Willis was county judge of Sacramento, and E. W. McKinstry, another mem- ber, was afterwards a justice of the supreme court of California. Washington Lodge No. 20 was organized February 19, 1852, granted a dispensation two days afterwards, with Charles Dunscombe, W. M.; Jesse Morrill, S. W. ; J. L. Thompson, J. W., and a charter was granted to it May 5, 1852. Its first master, N. Greene Curtis, served four terms as grand master, and it has in its membership our present governor, Hiram Warren Johnson, besides two governors who afterwards received foreign appointments — ^John Bigler, United States Minister to Chili, and Romualdo Pacheco, United States Minister to Guatemala, and who was the second native Spanish Californian, as far as is known, to receive the degree of Masonry. There were a num- ber of other members who became prominent in the state's history. The officers for 1912 were: John Gibson Labadie, W. M. ; Clycle Horace Brown, S. W. ; John Plenry Lindenmeyer, J. W. ; Benjamin Huntington Gallup, treasurer; John Scott, secretary; Frank Bock, S. D. ; Mahlon E. Waldron, marshal; George B. Herr, tyler. Sacramento Lodge No. 40 was granted a dispensation July 20, 1853, and May 3, 1854, obtained its charter, when its officers were: James Lawrence English, W. M. ; John A. Tutt, S. W. ; John H. Gass, J. W. ; W. J. Kohlman, treasurer; W. G. Borneman, secretary; B. F. Crouch, chaplain; W. W. Stovall, S. D. ; H. Greenbaum, J. D. Edwin Sherman, author of ''Fifty Years of Masonry in California," was a member of this lodge. John A. Tutt, William Lawrence English and E. C. Atkinson were all grand masters. W. M. Petrie, for more than thirty years treasurer of the lodge, W. L. English, Isaac Davis and W. F. Knox have been grand high priests of the Grand Chapter, and grand commanders of the Grand Commandery of California. Davis and English were also grand masters of the Grand Council. Union Lodge No. 58 was granted a dispensation June 5, 1854, with James Ralston, W. M. ; Gabriel Haines, S. W. ; and Sol Kohl- man, J. W., pro tern.; May 4, 1855, 'its charter was granted, with the same master and senior warden, W. A. Walters as junior war- den, taking Kohlman 's place. The only charter member now living is Col. A. Andrews of San Francisco. Samuel C. Denson, a former judge of the superior court, was a grand master from this lodge, and George T. Bromley, known all over the coast for his amiable and genial qualities, was a member. He was conductor of the first train on the first railroad built in California. Benjamin Welch. another member, was a thirtv-third degree member of tlic A. and A. S. R. Concord Lodge No. 117 never received a dispensation. Its ])eti- tion for a charter was received by the Grand Lodge May 14, 1857, and its charter was granted the next morning, naming John L. Thompson, 254 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY W. M. ; Thomas Johnson, S. W. ; and Charles S. White, J. W. William H. Hevener, the oldest member and a past master of this lodge, was given his degrees in 1859. He has been secretary of the lodge for nearly thirty years. The late S. H. Gerrish, who died in August, 1912, for many years secretary of the Sacramento Free Library, was a member of this lodge. EOYAL AECH MASONS Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., was instituted October 5, 1852, with the following officers and charter members: Isaac Davis, H. P.; J. H. Bullard, K.; Joel Noah, S.; T. A. Thomas, C. of H.; Charles Buncombe, P. S.; J. Ball, R. A. C. ; J. P. Gouch, M. Third V.; G. Haines, M. Second V. ; J. Wilcoxson, M. First V. The other charter members were: A. B. Hoy, T. W. Thayer, John L. Thompson, Jesse Morrill, William Reynolds, I. N. Briceland, A. liullub, Cyrus Rowe. The chapter at present numbers over three hundred members. Sacramento Council No. 1, Royal and Select Masters, was insti- tuted April 10, 1858, with the following officers and charter members : Isaac Davis, T. I. M. ; John A. Tutt, D. I. M. ; Geo. I. N. Monell, P. C. of W. ; G. E. Montgomery, R. ; N. Greene Curtis, treasurer. Other charter members were : Jesse Morrill, T. A. Thomas, G. Haines, H. H, Hartley, 0. H. Dibble, A. G. Richardson and J. Wilcoxson. It has at present a very large membership. Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., was instituted July 5, 1853, with the following charter members and officers : Isaac Davis, E. C. ; Jesse Morrill, G. ; T. A. Thomas, C. G. ; C. I. Hutchinson, A. B. Hoy, John L. Thompson, Charles Duncombe, J. P. Gouch and James M. Stockley. It numbers over two hundred and fift}^ members. In 1869 the Scottish Rite branch of Masonry was introduced in Sacramento, Jacques de Molay Council No. 2, Knights Kadosh, being instituted on May 13th of that year. Palestine Lodge of Perfection No. 3 and Alpha Chapter No. 1, Rose Croix, were also instituted about the same time, but the interest in the Rite d>dng down, they were dis- continued in 1873. It was revived again April 3, 1895, by the insti- tution of Isaac Davis Lodge of Perfection No. 4 and Palestine Chapter Rose Croix No. 6, October 25, 1901, and Sacramento Council No. 5, Knights Kadosh, instituted on the same date, followed. Sacramento Consistory No. 7 was instituted March 17, 1905. The order is in a most prosperous condition. It belongs to the southern jurisdiction of the United States of America. In the late '80s, or early '90s, a spurious ordei' of Scottish Rite endeavored to obtain a foothold in Sacramento, but was short lived. There are at present two 33° Masons in Sacramento: William M. Petrie and Edward C. H. Hopkins, Beni'amin Welch and M. J. Curtis having recently died. Naomi Chapter No. 36, Order of the Eastern Star, was instituted HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 255 May 3, 1879, within a few weeks the membership increasing to forty. It is the senior chapter in the city, and boasts of the largest member- ship. The officers and charter members were: Mrs. E. M. Frost, W. M. ; J. N. Young, W. P. ; Mrs. M. J. Cravens, A. M. ; E. C. Atkinson, secretary; W. H. Hevener, treasurer; Mrs. A. J. Atkinson, chaplain; Miss H. A. Palmer, C. ; Miss M. A. Stanton, A. C. ; Mrs. A. Coghlan, Adah ; Mrs. G. Van Voorheis, Ruth ; Mrs. M. E. Parsons, Esther ; Mrs. E. M. Hartley, Martha; Mrs. C. P. Huntoon, Electa; Mrs. M. F. Mc- Laughlin, W. ; J. T. Griffitts, sentinel. Columbus Chapter No. 117, 0. E. S., was instituted August 8, 1892, with eighty-three charter members. Sacramento Chapter No. 190, 0. E. S., was instituted March 7, 1901, with seventy-one charter members. Ada Chapter No. 301, 0. E. S., was instituted in 1911. Jewel Court, U. D., of the Royal and Exalted Degree of Amar- anth, was instituted August 27, 1910, the grand officers of the order conducting the installation. The first officers were: Royal matron, Eliza Higgius; royal patron, Frank Kleinsorge; associate royal ma- tron, Lulu E. Adams; honored secretary, Estella Labadie; honored treasurer, Frances Just; honored conductress, Addie De Coe; honored associate conductress, Ellen Bowden ; honored herald, Frankie Carlaw ; honored marshal in the east, Mary N. Martin; honored marshal in the west, Alice E. Teal; honored prelate, James T. Martin; Lady Truth, Bertha Peart; Lady Faith, Elsie Lindgreen; Lady Wisdom, Elsie Kleinsorge ; Lady Charity, Margaret Z. Kelly ; honored warder, Agnes Hummell; honored sentinel, Henry Lindgreen. The court received its charter April 12, 1911. The colored people have what they claim are lodges of Free- masonry, working under charters obtained from other jurisdictions, but not recognized by the white Masons as being regular. Philomathean Lodge No. 2, F. and A. M. (C'olored), worked under a charter obtained from England. It was organized November 6, 1853, and has quite a large membership. St. John Chapter, R. A. M. (Col- ored), was organized in 1873. Adah Chapter No. 2, 0. E. S. (Colored), was instituted in 1871 with twenty-nine members. Dr. R. J. Fletcher was the leading spirit in Colored Masonry among the colored people, and was instrumental in establishing the Grand Chapter 0. E. S. (Colored), which was in- stituted in this city December 27, 1882. The Chinese have a sign stating that they have a lodge of Masons on Third street, and are said to use some of the symbols of the order, but whether they have any of the esoteric work is not known. It is known, however, tliat there are Masonic lodges in China. T. 0. o. F. General A. M. Winn has the credit of introducing Odd Fellowship into Sacramento as earlv as August, 1849. There were a number of 256 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Odd Fellows in the city at that time, and General Winn effected an informal organization among them for the purpose of affording relief to the sick members of the order, as well as to others. Their noble deeds should never be forgotten, for they spared neither time, work, nor money in relieving the distress and sickness that were so prevalent at that time. The Masons joined with them in the work and erected a joint hospital. The complete organization of the first Odd Fellows' lodge, however, did not take place until January 28, 1851, when Sacramento Lodge No. 2, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted, with Horatio E. Roberts, N. G. ; G. H. Peterson, V. G. ; George G. Wright, Secretary, and Lucius A. Booth, Treasurer. The other charter members were : Samuel Deal, M. Kaliski, Robert Robinson, N. C. Cunningham, M. C. Collins and William Childs. The meetings were held at first in the rooms of the Freemasons. The lodge numbers between two hundred and fifty and three hundred members. Eureka Lodge No. 4, I. 0. 0. F., was organized January 7, 1852, with the following officers and charter members: George I. N. Monnell, N. G. ; Thomas Sunderland, V. G. ; A. P. Andrews, Secre- tary; William Watson, Treasurer; Jolm Turner, R. S. N. G. ; R. Por- ter, L. S. N. G.; W. H. Tilley, R. S. V. G.; W. H. Hall, L. S. V. G.; Thomas M. Davis, Warden; A. J. Lucas, Conductor; also David Hall and Jesse Morrill. El Dorado Lodge No. 8, I. 0. 0. F., was organized September 24, 1852, with officers and charter members as follows: J. F. Cloutman, N. G. ; J. L. Polhemus, V. G. ; L. D. Kelly, R. S. ; George W. Chedie, Treasurer; A. B. Armstrong, L. Korn, James Levi, Thomas B. Moore, Joseph S. Korn, James S. Scott and W. Prosser. Capitol Lodge No. 87, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted June 10, 1859, by District Deputy Grand Master, Samuel Cross, with the following first officers and charter members; E. F. White, N. G. ; C. M. Mason, V. G. ; John McClintock, Secretary, and Amos Woods, Treasurer ; the other charter members were: E. M. Heuston, G. A. Basler, C. B. Steane, Lewis Shuck, Thomas B. Byrne, James Bowstead, M. M. Estee and F. K. Krauth. Schiller Lodge No. 105, I. 0. 0. F., was organized on June 26, 1862, with officers and charter members as follows: S. J. Nathan, N. G. ; Joseph Schwab, V. G. ; Charles Schwartz, secretary, Charles Dohn, P. S. ; L. C. Mendelson, treasurer ; Lewis Korn, H. Theilbahr, Anton Wagner, A. Meier, George Ochs, F. Gotthold, Jacob Klippell, Louis Greenbaum, Peter Kunz and George Guth. Industrial Lodge No. 157, T. 0. 0. F., was organized April 24, 1869. The officers and charter members were as follows : G. W. Carroll, N. G. ; J. M. Ripley, V. G.; J. A. Seamon, R. S.; G. A. Stod- dard, P. S. ; John Rippon, treasure!'. Other charter members were: G. B. Dean, T. P. Ford, I. C. Shaw, Charles Noyes, C. C. Ault, H. C. Wolf, J. M. Anderson, M. Phelan, B. F. Huntley, S. H. Gerrish, Royal HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 257 Preston, W. F. Emerson, R. McRae, J. L. Gerrisli, P. Bolger, G. F. Pattison, W. D. Hammond, J. S. Pliilbrick, George Landon, M. Fa- vero, E. E. Masters, W. C. Gent, John Thomas, Add Crandall, J. C. Carroll and F. Woodward. Pacific Encampment No. 2, I. 0. 0. F., was organized July 29, 1853, with eight charter members: Matthew Parden, P. C. P.; C. C. Hayden, P. C. P.; Thomas W. Davis, P. H. P.; W. H. Watson, P. H. P. ; John F. Morse, P. Robinson, A. J. Lucas and Walter Prosser. Occidental Encampment No. 42, I. 0. 0. F., was organized No- vember 14, 1871. S. S. Nixon, P. L. Hickman, J. F. Clark, F. H. McCormick, R. Davis, Nelson Wilcox and W. M. Ruse were the charter members; nearly all have passed away. Grand Canton Sacramento No. 1, Patriarchs Militant, I. 0. 0. F.: June 14, 1875, fifty Odd Fellows organized Sacramento Battalion, Company A. The first officers were: A. H. Powers, commander; H. A. Burnett, first lieutenant; A. Menke, second lieutenant; J. A. Hutchings, secretary; G. M. Mott, treasurer; F. Hogeboom, first ser- geant; James S. Scott, second sergeant; J. H. Miller, standard bearer; P. E. Piatt and J. H. Stebbins, color bearers. The Sovereign Grand Lodge, at a regular session in September, 1882, made a provision for the uniformed bodies of Odd Fellows and passed laws and regulations for them, to be known as Degree Camp of Uniformed Patriarchs. January 30, 1883, Sacramento Degree Camp No. 1, Uniformed Patriarchs, was organized with forty-three members and elected the following officers: Ed. M. Martin, com- mander; Frank Hogaboom, vice-commander; William A. Stephenson, secretary; Nelson Wilcox, treasurer; H. A. Burnett, officer of the guard; W. E. Piatt, picket; F. P. Lowell, banner; Charles Cooley, guard of tent. The first two initiates in the state were W. F. Nor- cross and J. Carlaw. In September, 1885, the Sovereign Grand Lodge, I. 0, 0. F., reor- ganized the military branch and changed its name to ''Cantons of Patriarchs Militant, I. 0. 0. F." It also adopted a complete set of laws, with a complete list of military officers, to be under the Sovereign Grand Lodge. In accordance with this change, March 8, 1886, Grand Canton Sacramento, No. 1, Patriarchs Militant, I. 0. 0. F., was organ- ized by General C. W. Breyfogle, with eighty members. It elected officers as follows : W. N. Sherburn, commander ; Elwood Bruner, lieutenant; S. A. Wolfe, ensign for Canton No. 18, both Cantons to compose Grand Canton No. 1, which elected W. A. Stephenson clerk, and Nelson Wilcox accountant. Rising Star Lodge No. 8, Rebekah Degree, I. 0. 0. F., was organ- ized December 22, 1871, with seventy-one members. Its first officers were: P. G. William S. Hunt, N.'G.; Mrs. Ellen Gilman, V. G. ; Martha A. Hunt, R. S. ; Mrs. W. Roth, P. S. ; Julia Patterson, T. Germania Lodge No. 38, Rebekah Degree, I. O. 0. F., was organ- 258 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ized April 27, 1876, with eliarter officers as follows: A. Heilbron (P. G.), N. G.; Mrs. Anna C. Greisel, V. G.; Mrs. Julie Fisher, R. S.; Mrs. Fredericke Newman, F. S. ; Mrs. Amilie Meckfessel, T. ; also, C. F. G. Salle, P. G. ; F. Fisher, S. Morris, P. G. ; Mrs. Dora Morris, John Bolze, P. G. Capital City Rebekah Lodge No. 160, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted September 3, 1890, by Grand Master John Glasson, with eighty char- ter members, eighteen of whom still retain their membership. The membership at present is two hundred seventy-five. The first officers elected were: Delia Pettit, N. G. ; Alice Seadler, V. G. ; Mary Mur- ray, recording secretary; Mary Moore, financial secretary; Annie McCaw, treasurer. The present officers are : Mabel Gordon, N. G. ; Emma Brady, V. G. ; Emma Gregory, recording secretary ; Mary Mills, financial secretary; Jennie AVashburn, treasurer. Sacramento Rebekah Lodge No. 232, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted March 29, 1898, with twenty-six charter members, and the member- ship at present is one hundred forty-two. The first officers elected were : Laura Label, P. N. G. ; Rose E. Schmitt, N. G. ; Rose E. Futterer, V. G. ; Lavinia Broughton, recording secretary; Emma E. Reinersman, financial secretary; Katherine Futterer, treasurer. The appointed officers were : Annie M. Schmidt, Ward. ; Carrie Gruhler, Cond. ; Gustave Kortstein, 0. G. ; Josie Reinerman, I. G. ; Mary A. Mayhen, R. S. N. G. ; Amelia Meckfessel, L. S. N. G. ; Carrie Popert, R. S. V. G. ; Josephine Lakin, L. S. V. G. ; Ida A. Olmstead, chaplain. Oak Park Lodge No. 5, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted April 29, 1905, by D. D. G. M. David F. Fox, with Weeden G. Conklin, P. G. ; James McDougal, P. G. ; Frank L. McGrew, William H. Dymond, W. A. Bird, William E. Cole, P. G. ; Alexander Orr and M. A. Jenkins, charter members. The first officers elected were : James McDougal, A. P. G.; William E. Cole, N. G. ; William H. Dymond, V. G. ; W. G. Conklin, secretary; Alexander Orr, treasurer. Twenty-four candidates were initiated on the night of its institution. The mem- bership at present is one hundred. Union Degree Lodge, No. 3, I. 0. 0. F., was organized October 7, 1853, with a number of members, but was discontinued some time during the '80s. The Veteran Odd Fellows Association of Sacramento was organ- ized in 1873 by a call of several veteran Odd Fellows in this city. In order to be eligible for membership one must have been an Odd Fellow for twenty years and be a member of some lodge, in good standing. The Odd Fellows' General Relief Committee consists of three members from each lodge, to attend to the wants of transient members of the order who may be in need. The Odd Fellows' Temple Association was preceded by the "Hall Association," incorporated June 25, 1862, with a capital stock of $60,000, afterwards increased to $80,000, purchased the St. George hotel building at the corner of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 259 Fourth and J streets and fitted it np and kept it for several years as an Odd Fellows lodge and business block. July 26, 1869, the trustees of the lodges and encampment met and organized the present Temple Association and purchased a lot for the erection of a temple. The result was the erection of the fine four- story building at Ninth and K streets, which was at that time the finest structure in the city, with the exception of the Capitol. The Association also owns a fine plat in the City Cemetery, adjoining the Masonic Cemetery plat. Sacramento Lodge No. 2189, G. U. 0. of 0. F., (colored) was organized on July 14, 1881, with thirty-one members. The first officers were: F. T. Bowers, P. N. F.; E. Brown, N. F.; D. A. John- son, P. N. G.; B. A. Johnson, N. G.; R. J. Fletcher, V. G.; H. H. Williams, E. S. ; R. H. Small, P. H. ; Q. H. Guinn, W. T. ; R. C. Fer- guson, W. C. The executive authority for this order was derived from the national body, under a sub-committee of management lo- cated at Philadelphia and acting in harmony with the order in Eng- land. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS The Knights of Pythias erected a fine hall at the northwest corner of Ninth and I streets, which was dedicated July 4, 1889. It is 40x90 feet, four stories high, and fitted up for the lodge, drill and lecture rooms, and a banquet hall. Sacramento Division No. 7, Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias, was instituted in October, 1882, with fifty-four charter members. The first officers were : James A. Davis, commander ; John W. Guth- rie, lieutenant commander; Theodore Schumacher, herald; Frank H. Kiefer, recorder; George H. Smith, treasurer; George B. Katzenstein, sentinel; Joseph T. Keepers, guard; Charles E. Leonard, standard bearer. Sacramento Lodge No. 11, K. of P., was organized December 2, 1869, with a large membership, the following being the officers : G. W. Wallace, C. C. ; J. H. Sullivan V. C; S. Pearl, Prelate ; Frank W. Marvin, K.' of R. and S. ; R. W. Jackson, M. of F.; J. E. Goods, M. of E. Columbia Lodge No. 42, K. of P., was organized April 21, 1877, with J. W. Guthrie, P. C; A. J. Vermilva, C. C; P. J. Spacher, V. C. ; S. A. Wolfe, P. ; John McFetrish, K. of R. and S. ; 0. H. P. Sheets, Jr., M. of F.; Robert Pettit, M. of E. ; W. E. Lugg, L G.; W. E. Oughton, 0. G.; also, J. Stubbs, M. Odell, J. Goddard, William Neidhart and W. Kay. Confidence Lodge No. 78, K. of P. was organized Au^iist 28, 1882. with officers as follows: J. F. Lucas, P. C.; J. A. Baker, C. C. ; A. V. Bovne, V. C; F. H. Kiefer, Prelate; A. J. Plant, M. at A.; W. B. Rodgers, K. of R. and S. ; J. H. Smith, M. of E. Three of the Sisters having heard that Mrs. C. L. C. Lawrence, 260 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY S. M. of R. and C, would paSvS tlirougli Sacramento on her way to Los Angeles, where she was to institute the first Temple of Pythian Sisters, conceived the idea that as long as Sacramento was the Capital of the state, why not also have the first Temple of Pythian Sisters there. A committee met Mrs. Lawrence at the train and persuaded her to stop over and institute this Temple. This was on the morning of December 17, 1889. On the evening of the same day, the first Temple of Pythian Sisters in the state of California was instituted in this city, in Castle Hall, corner of Ninth and I streets. California Temple No. 1 had a charter membership of fifteen Sisters and eight Knights. Georgia Guthrie, who died July 22, 1909, was the first M. E. C. of the Temple and was also the first Grand Chief of the order in this state. Of those who signed the charter at the institution of the Temple the following are still members: Sallie Wolf, Delia Pettit, Emma Schumacher, Mary Alvord Fitzgerald, J. J. C. Fitz- gerald and J. W. Guthrie. California Temple has the honor of having had five Sisters elected to the highest office in the state, that of Grand Chief. They were as follows: Georgia Guthrie, Sallie Wolf, Wessie Katzenstein, Mary Alvord Fitzgerald and Maude Berry Sheehan. I. 0. R. M, Cosumnes Tribe No. 14, I. 0. R. M., was organized October 19, 1867. Red Jacket Tribe No. 28, I. 0. R. M., was organized October 7, 1869, with officers as follows: S. Pearl, Sachem; M. T. Brum, S. Sag.; F. Cushing, J. Sag.; W. T. Crowell, C. of R. ; George A. Putnam, K. of W. Owosso Tribe No. 39, I. 0. R. M., was organized March 25, 1871, with sixty-six charter members. The first officers were: Matthew E. Johnson, Sachem; Ed. M. Martin, Sen. Sag.; A. C. Freeman, Jun. Sag. ; Will J. Beatty, C. of R. ; Daniel E. Alexander, K. of W. ; George Y. Yount, financial secretary; George A. White, prophet. • Red Cloud Tribe No. 41, I. 0. R. M., was instituted November 13 and 18, 1871, with over seventy names on the charter list. The first officers were: Thomas Sullivan, sachem; R. A. Renwick, Sen. Sag.; W. Harper, Jun. Sag.; J. J. Carter, C. of R.; William Huller, K. of W.; W. A. McNaughton, F. C. Wenonah Council No. 2, Degree of Pocahontas, I. O. R. M., was organized in October, 1887, with forty-one members. Juniata Council No. 5, Daughters of Pocahontas, I. 0. R. M., was organized July 9, 1888, with twenty-nine members. Sacramento Stanim No. 124 U. 0. R. M., was organized October 18, 1888, with charter members and officers as follows: K. F. Wie- meyer, 0. Ch.; F. Engehardt, U. Ch.; C. Schmidt, B. Ch.; R. Nobel. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 261 secretary; J. Suverkrupp, treasurer; George W. Derman, W. Knhnle, Charles Sold, George Schmeiser, Charles Boettcher, and W. Braun. A. 0. u. w. Union Lodge No. 21, A. 0. U. W., was organized February 9, 1878, with thirty-eight charter members, and the first officers were: M. T. Brewer, P. M. W.; C. B. Kellogg, M. W.; T. W. Sheehan, F.; George T. Bush, 0.; E. J. Gregory, R. ; Felix Tracy, receiver; John F. Farns- worth. Fin. ; Robert Frazer, guard. The lodge is a large and pros perous one. Sacramento Lodge, No. 80, A. 0. U. W., was instituted February 8, 1879, with a large list of charter members. The first officers were: John F. Farnsworth, P. M. W. ; James M. Henderson, M. W. ; Edward I. Robinson, 0. ; George B. Katzenstein, R. ; M. R. Beard, Fin, ; C. H. Stevens, receiver; John W. Guthrie, G.; W. H. H. Willey, I. W.; W. I. Wallace, 0. W. Lily of the Valley Lodge No. 11, Degree of Honor, A. 0. U. W., was organized in 1882, with thirty-three charter members. u. A. o. D. Walhalla Groye No. 6, U. A. 0. D., was organized August 10, 1866, and incorporated June 13, 1874. The charter members and officers were: Anton Menke, N. A.; C. H. Krebs, V. A.; Theodore Even, secretary; Jacob Keeber, treasurer; C. C. Hayden, M. Kestler and J. Acker. Union Grove No. 6, U. A. 0. D., was organized in 1885. Capi- tal City Grove No. 66, U. A. 0. D., was organized April 14, 1887, with thirty-six members. Fidelity Grove No. 31, U. A. 0. D., organ- ized in 1878, was consolidated with Walhalla Grove, May 1, 1888. Sacramento Druidic Circle No. 1, was a society for women, instituted April 7, 1872, but was soon permitted to dissolve. N. s. G. w. The Native Sons of the Golden West is an order originated by Gen. A. M. Winn in San Francisco in 1875. He had thought, while acting as marshal of a procession July 4, 1869, that a company of young Californians would make an interesting part of the procession. The idea was in harmony with the times, as the rapid growth of the order soon proved. It soon became an influential fraternal and bene- ficial society. The designation of each local organization is ''parlor,'' indicating its refined and social character. The order celebrates an- nually the anniversary of California's admission into the Union. Its founder was the first mayor of Sacramento, and his body was buried in the Pioneers' plat in the City Cemetery, where a monument to his memory was unveiled on Thanksgiving Day, 1887. Sacramento Parlor No. 3, N. S. G. W., is one of the oldest Parlors 262 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY in the state, liaviiii>- l)een organized Marcli '2'2, 187tS, with the following officers and charter members: Benjamin O'Neil, president; John C. Lnce, first vice-president; Edward B. Carson, second vice-president; James P. McGinnis, tliird vice-president; Edward R. Knox, R. S. ; William Rider, F. S. ; Clarence E. Parker, treasurer; David M. Mad- ^npathizers, among whom were mingled hundreds of women and children, many baby carriages even being present in the mob. These were what the soldiers found to confront them, and it is not a matter of wonder that the thought of firing into or charging with bayonets upon such a crowd appalled many of the troops, and tested their loyalty to the state and to society. They were confronted with men who were defying the law, but these men were not at the time actively engaged in destro^dng property, nor did they, as a body, show any intention, as is shown clearly, of attacking the troops. On the contrary, they were good-humored and attempted to fraternize and argue with the members of General Sheehan's command, who occu- pied the head of the column, and among whom many of them had relatives and friends. In justice to all, these circumstances must be taken into account in passing judgment on the fiasco of the day. General Sheehan, on being ordered by General Dimond to clear the depot, found the west entrance blocked by the mob, who refused to give way, and pressed up close to Company G. He addressed them, telling them the troops did not wish to use force, if it could be avoided, but were there to protect the United States marshal in the discharge of his duties, and must use force if it became necessary. He asked them to disperse and permit the troops to occupy the depot, as they must place the railroad company in possession of the government mail trains, as ordered, and would have to do their duty. Major Weinstock addressed the strikers in the same manner, but they said they would die in their tracks rather than give up the fight. General Sheehan convinced some of the leaders that they could not right any wrongs by resisting the law, and the mob began to give way to the 284 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY troops, when some one cried ont to hold on, and demanded that he would promise not to allow any Pnllman cars to be moved. He answered that his troops wonld not help to move any cars, but if called on, mnst do their duty and protect those moving- them, and a chorus answered, "Then you can never enter here unless you do so over our dead bodies. ' ' Some time prior to this General Sheehan had discovered that the east end of the depot was unguarded and unoccupied by the strikers, and he suggested to General Dicldnson, who was with the San Fran- cisco troops in the rear of his command, that he occupy it. Major Douglas, who was sent by him to General Dickinson with the sugges- tion, forced his way through the crowd and delivered the message, and General Dickinson referred him to General Dimond, who was in con- sultation with Marshal Baldwin in the office of Superintendent Wright. General Dimond, on Major Douglas' explanation of the situation, ap- proved of the suggestion and calling Colonel Plooper, his chief of staff, directed him in Major Douglas' presence to instruct General Dickinson to carry out General Sheehan 's suggestion, and detail a body of his men to pass around the depot and occupy it from the other end. Meanwhile General Sheehan endeavored for more than an hour to induce the strikers to give way, but they still refused, baring their breasts and inviting the soldiers to use their bayonets. "You wouldn't put that steel through me, would you. Bill?" said one striker to his brother, who was in uniform, and whose bayonet was within a few inches of the striker's breast. "Then^ for God's sake, step aside, Jim," said the soldier, pale and quivering with excitement. "Go ahead. Jack ; jal) your bayonet through me, and make your sister a widow," said another. "Go ahead, boys, and run us through; we might as well die here as to starve," said others. Seeing- the situation was hopeless unless force was used, and that General Dickinson had not taken any action towards occupying the east end of the depot, and that his order to the troops to "charge bayonets" had produced no effect on the mob, General Sheehan went to Marshal Baldwin and told him of the situation, and that nothing but force would dislodge the mob; that if it was the marshal's desire to use force, he must decline to use it unless he received the written order of the marshal to do so. The marshal took the position that the troops were under the orders of General Dimond, to whom he referred General Sheehan. General Dimond was present, and thereupon exer- cised his privilege of turning over the command of the troops to the marshal. Finding that the res]ionsibility now rested on him. Marshal Baldwin told General Dimond tliat if he nuist take charge his first order would be that the Sacramento and American river bridges must be immediately guarded and ]>rotected by troops. General Dimond thereupon turned to Genei-al Slieehan and directed him to detail two of his companies and a liglit l)attery to take ]>osition on the bridges HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 285 named. All of this time the strikers were endeavoring to persuade the men of Companies E and G to lay down their arms, but they re- membered their duty, and refused. The men were suffering terribly from the lieat and many fell exhausted, and had to be removed and cared for. An injunction issued by Chief Justice Fuller of the United States supreme court had been served on Harry Knox, chairman of the strikers, restraining him from interfering with any and all trains, but he paid no attention to it, and the wreck of the first train out occurring a few days later, so far as known no punishment was ever meted out to him for his contempt of the court's order. He refused the request of the committee of the board of city trustees that he would consult with the officials of the railroad company. That after- noon Major Steinman issued a proclamation requesting all citizens to abstain from visiting the depot or grounds or helping to swell the mob. Marshal Baldwin ascended a locomotive cab and harangued the strikers to no avail and finally suggested that they call together their calmest and ablest leaders and see if they would not agree that it would be best to leave him in peaceable possession of the depot. After some opposition this was agreed to, and a truce was declared till three o'clock, and afterwards extended to 6 P. M. The troops were dismissed and left the grounds. During the afternoon armistice a crowd of strikers went to Smith's hall on Seventh street, where the Bersaglieri Guard, an independent Italian organization, kept their arms, and took possession of the entire outfit of guns and accoutre- ments, it is understood, without much opposition. The order of Marshal Baldwin withdrawing two companies of General Sheehan's command for the purpose of guarding the bridges over the American and Sacramento rivers was an unfortunate one, and being misunderstood, had the effect of encouraging the strikers. On receiving the order. General Sheehan requested the crowd to fall back about five feet in order that he might not be compelled to use force on them. His request was complied with, and on the command "Fours right! Column right! March!" the two companies of Sacra- mento troops that had faced the crowd marched off the ground and proceeded to the bridges as ordered. No sooner did the crowd see the troops marching away than they began to cheer, and the report soon spread that the troops had refused to fire on the people when ordered to do so. The Sacramento troops having departed, and no orders having come to take further action. Colonel Nunan, command- ing the Stockton troops, took upon himself the responsibility of order- ing his men, who were weakened and almost prostrated by the heat, to break ranks and seek the shade. Again the crowd cheered, and again the false report spread that the Stockton troops had been ordered to fire, and had refused. This left only the two regiments of the Second Brigade, under General Dickinson's command, who still 286 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY stood in line. Many of these had fallen out of the lines and were beino^ cared for by the surgeons. After the truce between Marshal Baldwin and the strikers was declared, the troops were allowed to seek the shade, and at 6:30 P. M. they were ordered to fall in for supper, and were marched to the hotels. On July 5tli the troops were ordered to put up tents and make their camp in Capitol Park, which was done, and the camp was main- tained there until the order to dismiss them was given. Excitement over the occurrences on the Fourth quieted down next day and the troops took up the routine of camp duty. On the 11th, however, there came a terrible change that caused a revulsion of the tolerant feeling with which the strikers had been regarded, and which cost five lives. On the morning of the 11th, nearly eight hun- dred United States troops arrived on the steamer Alameda and the steam barge Acme, consisting of two troops of cavalry, five ])at- teries of light artillery with several gatling guns and two Hotchkiss rapid-fire cannon, six companies of marines and one company of infantry. There was also a full corps of surgeons and hospital stew- ards, army wagons with supplies, etc. They were under the command of Colonel Graham, commandant at the Presidio, in San Francisco. The whole river frontage was at the time occupied by the National Guard, eight hundred strong, under the command of Brigadier-General Sheehan. The boats landed at the foot of Y street and the troops debarked, l)eing covered from interference by the militia. The cavalry deployed and took possession of the cross streets, to guard the march of the infantry and the guns, and lining up the spectators driven from the streets, in the rear of the cavalry. The command took pos- session of the depot grounds, without resistance, the strikers realiz- ing that here was a force it would not do to trifle with. Guard lines were thrown out rapidly and the batteries planted, and in a short time the whole railroad property was enclosed in a line of sentinels. While the guards were clearing the grounds, the switch engines, under the guard of a heavy body of soldiers, began to clear away the congestion of cars and locomotives. The gatling guns were cleared ready for service and a detail was sent to guard the supply train, which soon arrived. The hospital tent was set up near the baggage room, and the surgeons put their instruments in order. Meanwhile, a detach- ment of marines had taken possession of the Yolo bridge, cleared it and had taken up its position at the Yolo end, having been preceded by a cavalry company which took an advantageous station. Meanwhile the militia had been under fire and had returned it. About 8 :30 A. M., opposite the foot of street, five shots were heard, and the bullets came whizzing overhead. About fifty shots were sent back, and one man was seen to fall from a tree, while others were seen behind a sand bank on the Yolo shore, deliberately aiming at the troops. One shot from the troops entered Reed's cannery, wounding HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY . 287 a Japanese. A boat with a white flag was sent across, and several men were found behind the levee, who were unarmed and claimed that they had been sent over b,y the strikers to patrol the levee and see that no more shots were fired, but they were not believed. However, there was no proof against them, and they were not arrested. Heretofore there had been no bloodshed, but it seemed as if the arrival of the regular troops, although it had served to clear the depot and give possession of it to the railroad company, had served to make the strikers desperate. It developed afterwards that Worden and others had planned to use djTiamite to destroy the regulars when they arrived and disembarked. Probably nothing but the fact that the militia had occupied and guarded the river bank prevented the murderous scheme from being carried out. The strikers' leaders, angered by their temporary defeat, had resolved on desperate meas- ures. Members of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers stated that they had been threatened by members of the American Railway Union, and that they had been told that they would never live to haul a Pullman car ten miles. In view of the events of this day, and the testimony adduced at the trial of the strike leaders, Harry Knox, Thomas Compton and James Mullen, later on, there remains no reason to doubt that they had determined to prevent the moving of trains by all means in their power, however desperate. The body of the strikers were not admitted to the councils of the leaders, and it is certain that the large majority of them would never have sanctioned the means employed. Indeed, a large number of the strikers not only took no part in the unlawful acts, but even stayed at their homes, not coming to the vicinity of the shops at all. After the regulars had completed their investment of the depot, their attention was turned to the making up of a train for move- ment. The cars belonging to overland train No. 4, which had been ''killed" by the strikers two weeks before, were assembled and prepar- ations made to start the train for San Francisco. The train was com- posed of a locomotive, two mail and three express cars, one baggage car, three day coaches, and the three Pullman coaches and the Pull- man diner that came in with the train originally. The locomotive was handled by Samuel B. Clark, one of the oldest and most popular engineers in the employ of the company, with J. S. Denekamp as fire- man, and conductor Samuel Reynolds. The train was guarded by twenty-one men of Battery L, Fifth United States Artillery, under the connnand of Lieutenant Skerret, as it was thought that the strikers or their sympathizers might fire on it or assault it. How many strik- ers had knowledge of the plans to wreck it will never be known, but it is certain that many of them freely prophesied that the train would not go far and it is certain that many of the strikers knew of the wrecked train before the messengers bearing the news arrived at the depot. It is known that the strikers applied to Father Grace for 288 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY permission to use the Cathedral tower as a signal station, but that he refused. It also developed afterwards that several of the strikers were in the Capitol dome watching the train with field glasses and that they signalled to persons in the street below. The train steamed out of the depot with its guards, the crowd that liad asseml)led outside of the sentry-line looking sullenly on and casting an occasional jeer at the trainmen and soldiers. It passed on out of sight, six of the soldiers perched on the locomotive and the rest scattered along on the car platforms, with rifles ready to repel attack. ''The blockade is broken at last," said some of the railroad officials, not dreaming of the terrible fate impending over the occu- pants of the train. It was nearly an hour after its departure, and the railway officials were awaiting news of its arrival at Davisville, when a colored Pullman porter came running into the depot and proceeded to Superintendent Wright's office with a message from Conductor Reynolds, stating that the train had been wrecked at the long trestle, two miles from the city, and Engineer Clark and several United States soldiers were killed. In a few minutes the wrecking train was prepared and sent, with a couple of coaches, to the rescue, carrying several surgeons and men with stretchers, as well as a number of armed soldiers. As the wreck had occurred on the trestle, it was difficult to get on the farther side of it, and there was some delay before the wrecking train returned with the wounded men, who were im- mediately cared for. Conductor Reynolds stated that the train was running about twelve miles an hour when it came to the trestle. As soon as it struck the trestle there came a crash, and he evacuated the mallear in which he was, as quickly as possible; the engine had gone over and lay in about six feet of water and deep in the mud, with two express cars piled on top of it. Engineer Clark and three soldiers lay buried under the engine, and others were floundering in the water, one soldier named Dugan having his arm cut off, being caught between the engine and a trestle beam. Denekamp, the fireman, saved his life by jump- ing when he felt the engine topple. Besides Engineer Clark, Privates Clark, Byrne, Lubberdon and Dugan were killed, the latter dying that evening. An inspection of the track told that the wreckers had done their work well. The spikes and fishplates of a rail had been pried up and taken away, leaving the rail in place, with nothing to show that it was loose, and deceiving the engineer. As it was reported that several men were lurking in the brush on the other side of the river along the track, a squad of cavalry was sent to scour the ground. Such was the revulsion of feeling in the crowd over the horrible plot, that the crowd cheered them as they swept by. The Southern Pacific immediately offered $5000 reward for information that would lead to the arrest and conviction of one or all of the nmrderers, and the United States district attorney offered $2000 more. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 289 During the afternoon four men were arrested and lodged in the county jail. They were Salter D. Worden, A. G. Ureenlaw, William Burt and H. E. Rodmer, the first being charged with wrecking the train, and the others with conspiracy and obstructing the marshal. Detectives who had been investigating found that Worden had hired a team and wagon and taken a party of four or five into Yolo county, the team being returned without them. It was also learned that Worden stopped a lineman of the Western Union Telegraph Company and took his tools from him. Worden presented himself at the stable later in the day, and was arrested, and some dynamite and fuse was found to have been left in the wagon by the wreckers when it was returned. The wrecking of the train caused a revulsion of feeling in the community. A great number of citizens who had sympathized with the strikers suddenly awoke to the fact that murder and violence like this could not be condoned, and that it had placed the leaders beyond the pale of sympathy. They realized that the talk of peaceful resist- ance to the law was only a hollow pretense, and that the men most active in the strike were prepared to go to any length in order to carry out their purpose. The naked fact stood out in bold relief in all its hideousness and could no longer be ignored. Men whose heated imagination had placed the strikers and their leaders on the pedestal of martyrdom realized that they had been deluded and their ardor of sympathy suddenly cooled. The press of the state, which had largely expressed itself as on the side of the strikers, changed its tune and voiced the general horror and indignation at the cowardly act. An attempt by a number of men on the morning of the 24th to wreck a Southern Pacific train by taking up the rails on the track near Arcade station, on the grant, and who fought a pitched battle with the soldiers who discovered them, augmented the revolution in the minds of the people. It is probable, also, that many strikers, whose passions had been excited to a high pitch by the organizers and leaders, began to realize whither their zeal was leading them. An attempt was also made at Dutch Flat on the 18th to wreck a train by piling obstructions on the track. Fortunately it was discovered in time to save the train, which had on board a large number of women and children. In consequence, Colonel Graham ordered that anyone found tampering with the rails should be shot first and allowed to explain afterwards. The strikers began to fall away from the organ- ization, and when the notice was given on the 17th by the company, that those who had not resorted to violence or destruction of property could return to work when the whistle blew on the morning of the 18th, several hundred men gladly availed themselves of the oppor- tunity, and in a few days all the men that were needed were once more at work, only a couple of hundred of the -^dolent strikers being barred out. Some of these began to threaten the men who returned 290 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY to work, but Colonel Graham quickly put bis soldiers on patrol duty to protect the workers, and the recalcitrant strikers soon decided to let them alone. The regular soldiers were not at all backward in obeying orders regarding the strikers. They had been deeply angered by the dastardly slaughter of their comrades in the wreck at the long trestle, and were eager to avenge their death if the strikers gave them prov- ocation to do so. The militia shared this feeling, for they also had been abused and threatened. A number of strikers and sympathizers had been arrested for insulting soldiers, but a much sterner lesson was necessary, and on the 13th it was given. A number of soldiers had been detailed to ride on the flat cars and protect the railroad employees in their work in the yards, there being many cars of valu- able freight that should be moved to more secure quarters. Captain Roberts and Lieutenant Skerret, with men of Battery L, Fifth Regi- ment, U. S. Artillery, some marines, and Company F of the Third Infantry, N. G. C, were overseeing the switching, when they were abused and stoned by a group of men in the rear of the sheds, and some shots were fired at them from the sheds. The soldiers made a rush for them, when most of them threw up their hands, but some ran away. They were called on to halt, but not heeding the warn- ing, the troops fired, wounding two, one of whom, named Stewart, died that night. A number of prisoners were also gathered in, and held to answer before the federal court. On the 19th Debs telegraphed to the Oakland strikers' executive committee to effect a settlement with the company, allowing the men to go back to work, and on tlie 22nd the local union declared the strike off. In the meantime Knox, Compton and Mullen, who had been ar- rested, were charged with the nmrder of Engineer Clark and the soldiers. Their preliminary examination began at "Woodland on the 18th, before the justice of the peace. The case against Worden was postponed for a time. A number of telegrams sent by Knox were produced in court, among them one to a person living in Willows, which read: "Sacramento, July 7, 1904 — To Lizzie McMillan Sehorn, Willows, Glenn Co., Cal. : We need financial assistance, but armed assistance would be more acceptable. John Buchanan, by H. Knox." These dispatches were offered in corroboration of the charge of conspiracy against the defendants, and the manager of the Postal Telegraph company testified that they were sent through his office. Arthur J. Wilson, owner of the stable, stated at the preliminary exam- ination of Knox, Compton and Mullen, at Woodland, that Worden asked for a wagon that would hold nine people, but that he could furnish one that would hold six only. Worden presented an order which read: "Give bearer a rig to go to Brighton. H. A. Knox." The trial of the defendants was long drawn out. There was HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 291 difficulty in getting a jury, as public sentiment ran high on both sides ; also many were afraid to serve on the jury, as threats and intimida- tion were charged to have been made against jurymen and witnesses. The result of the trial was generally looked upon by unprejudiced people as a miscarriage of justice, the evidence clearly pointing to the guilt of the defendants. Worden, who was an impulsive, erratic man, and was regarded largely as the tool of the three conspirators, was the only one to suffer, and was found guilty and sentenced to hang. His sentence, however, through influential intervention, was commuted to imprisonment for life. At this writing (1912), he has presented an application for parole. It was found impossible to con- vict Knox, Mullen and Compton, and they escaped punishment. The strike cost California many millions of dollars, ruined a large number of fruit growers through the loss of their crops, par- alyzed business for several months, and accomplished nothing of the purpose for which it was inaugurated. It is to be hoped that another one like it will never visit this coast. September 30, 1911, the employes belonging to an association similar to the American Railway Union of 1894, which attempted to consolidate the various railway unions into one, with a managing board to make all agreements with the various railroads of the United States, and to claim recognition of the consolidated unions and the concession of certain demands, went on a strike, which is still pend- ing. Quite a few employes forfeited their chance for pensions in the near future by joining the strike, while a number of others refused to go out. CHAPTER XXXI THE CHURCHES The first church organization in Sacramento was Grace Protestant Episcopal church, of which the present St. Paul's church is the suc- cessor. During the first rush of the gold seekers to the coast the worship of Mammon was predominant. It seemed as if the lust for the yellow metal had taken precedence of all the early training of the men who had joined in the mad scramble for wealth. Church-goers and members, deacons, and even in some case ministers, turned aside from the straight path and threw off all the restraints that religion had imposed on them. It is recorded by Dr. Morse that one preacher descended to dealing monte in one of the early gambling tents, and another to playing faro. But many still remained faithful to their early training, and needed only the opportunity to avow their allegi- ance to the religion of Christ. The opportunity came about the mid- dle of August, 1849, when Rev. Flavel S. Mines, of San Francisco, visited Sacramento, and for the first time a church gathering was had, and the beautiful service of the Protestant Episcopal church was 292 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY lieard iu tlie city. The place in which tiiis aud others of the earliest religious services were held, and which acquired thereby a historical reputation, was the blacksmith shop between J and K, on Third street. On the day following the parish was organized under the name of "Grace Church, Sacramento," at the store of Eugene F. Gillespie, by the election of officers as follows: A. M. Winn, senior warden (Mr. Winn was at the time mayor of the city and presided at the meeting) ; F. W. Moore, junior warden; Eugene F. Gillespie, Henry E. Robin- son, E. J. Barrell, P. B. Cornwall, J. M. McKenzie, William Prettiman and J. F. Morse, vestrymen. In the early part of September, Rev. R. F. Burnham of New Jersey, visited the city, and preached, and was called to the rectorship of the parish. His health, however, became impaired, and he died in Aj^ril, 1850. Rev. Samuel P. Morehouse was then placed iu charge of the parish, and held occasional services until about the 1st of October, 1850, when Rev. Orlando Harriman of New York, became the rector, but as he was attacked by typhoid fever shortly after and was left in a debilitated condition, he was able to officiate a few times only. During his sickness Rev. Mr. Pinnell and Rev. Augustus Fitch of New York, officiated several times. Mr. Har- riman left the city and returned to his home in the east in March, 1851, and an interregnum followed lasting until 1854, during which Rev. Orange Clark, Rev. John Reynolds, Chaplain, U. S. A., and Rev. John Gungan officiated occasionally, the causes being the great tire of 1852, which destroyed the church records, and later the flood which inundated the city for several months. In February, 1854, however, Right Rev. Bishop William Ingra- ham Kipp paid his first visit to Sacramento. He preached in the edifice of the Methodist Church South, and confirmed six persons. This infused new energy into the parish. July 29, 1854, the parish was legally incorporated under the name of "Grace Protestant Episcopal Church of Sacramento." A call was sent to Rev. H. L. E. Pratt, of Perth Amboy, N. J., who accepted it at a salary of $250 a month, and held services for the first time on Monday, the 19th day of November. Bishop Kipp preached again in the same Methodist church on the morning and evening of September 24, 1854, and administered the Holy Communion to twenty-one communicants, it being the second time that sacrament had ever been administered by him in this city. Just previous to Rev. Pratt's coming, Hamilton hall, on K street, between Fourth and Fifth, had been rented by the vestry and fur- nished as a temporary place of worship. Services were held in this place for about a year, when a change was made to Pioneer hall, on J street, l)etween Front and Second, and while still using that place, Mr. Pratt resigned, in the spring of 1856. Rev. W. H. Hill, at that time rector at Nevada City, Cal., accepted the call to succeed him. His connection with the parish began in May, 1856, and continued until June 1, 1870. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 293 A brick structure was erected on the lot on the corner of Eighth and I streets during the summer of 1856. It was capable of seating three hundred i)eople and cost about $15,000. Rev. Mr. Hill preached the opening services Sei)tember 7, 1856. Mr. Hill tendered his resignation in 1870, and in May Rev. J. H. C. Bonte accepted the call. The walls of the church built in 1856 having settled, the build- ing was abandoned after the first Sunday in March, 1871, and April 18, 1871, Bishop Kipp laid the cornerstone of a new church on Eighth street between 1 and J. A mortgage to aid in building the New Grace church was placed on the property at the time of its erection. The church cost $26,000, exclusive of the lot, and was mortgaged to the Odd Fellows' bank for a loan of $10,000. For several years the in- terest on the loan was paid regularly, and during that time $1000 of the principal was also paid. In 1874, however, owing to the removal from the cit>' of some of the wealthiest parishioners, the closing of the church for several months on account of the absence of the rector, the revenues of the church were lessened. The interest being unpaid, the debt began to increase, and in 1877 the parish had become bank- rupt. The mortgage was foreclosed, and all of the property of the- church was sold to satisfy creditors, and the name of the church and its organization were extinguished. Realizing the crisis that had arisen, a number of the prominent laymen collected enough money to purchase the church from the bank, and the new i)arish of St. Paul's was organized March 2o, 1877, and in May following Rev. E. H. Ward, of Marysville, was invited to take charge. He was succeeded January 1, 1882, by Rev. Carroll M. Davis, and he in turn was followed by Rev. John F. von Herrlich. Under his charge improvements amounting to over $2000 were made, and later two fine stained glass memorial windows of beautiful design were placed in the church. The one in the chancel was the gift of Mrs. Charles Crocker, in memory of Mrs. Col. Fred Crocker, and a large side window was put in as a memorial for Mrs. Creed Haymond. These windows cost over $1000 each. Later Governor and Mrs. Stan- ford placed a memorial window for their son, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died in Rome during their visit in that city. Rev. G. A. Ottman succeeded Mr. von Herrlich, and was in turn succeeded by Rev. C. L, Miel. Mr. Miel was very energetic and ag- gressive, and the work was extended under his rectorship. The church on Eighth street having been racked by a severe storm, was con- demned. The lot was sold, and a lot purchased at Fifteenth and J streets, on which a parish house was erected for temporary use. Later a stone church was erected on the corner of J street, of which the present rector is Rev. Charles E. Farrar. It is one of the few stone churches in the state, and one of the finest ecclesiastical edifices in the northern ])art of California. In March, 1897, Mr. Miel started a mis- sion church at Twentv-third and K streets, which was known as St. 294 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Andrew's, and a few months later Rev. Mr. Johnson was put in charge by Bishop Graves. Later Bishop Moreland purchased a lot on M street, and St. Andrew's was moved upon it and it became known as Trinity, Rev. George Swan being placed in charge. In 1909 Trinity pro-cathedral, a fine stone edifice, was erected on the rear of the lot by Bishop Moreland. The Good Samaritan Mission, on Seventh street, between N and 0, was opened, but was closed about a j^ear afterwards. St. Paul's Japanese Mission was established at No. 502 M street and was afterwards moved to Fifth street. Bishop More- land having purchased property there for it. Christ Church, Episcopal, of Oak Park, is the third church for Sacramento of the jurisdiction of Bishop Moreland. Early in Febru- ary, 1908, Rev. Harry Perks, the present rector, conducted the first service of the church in Red Men's hall, Magnolia avenue. Interest continued, and in May of the same year the church was organized as '^ Christ Church, Episcopal." In September the new congregation was accepted by the Diocese of Sacramento. In July, 1910, the foundation was laid for the new church. The building has a Packard organ and is furnished with modern pews and kneelers. It was opened for wor- ship September 4, 1910. It is part of a plan which, when complete, will include a larger church, parish house, social hall and rectory. St. Rose's Church: Rev. Augustine P. Anderson, 0. S. D., a native of New Jersey, arrived in this city August 7, 1850. He at once began the organization of the Roman Catholics, procuring a building on L street, between Fifth and Sixth, which answered as a temporary chapel until the church could be erected at the corner of Seventh and K streets. October 28, 1850, ex-Governor Peter H. Burnett executed a deed to Anthony Langlois, in trust for the Roman Catholic Bishop of California, for lot 8, in the block between Seventh and Eighth, and J and K streets, and August 17, 1867, Governor Burnett deeded lot 7 in the same block to Bishop Alemany. During the terrible epidemic of cholera Father Anderson labored unceasingly, visiting the cholera hospital several times daily and seeking out the poor and afflicted in their tents and administering all the consolation and aid in his power and procuring medical assistance for those un- able to pay for it. His unceasing ardor in his work weakened his system and in his exhausted condition, having contracted typhoid fever, he succumbed to it, a victim to his self-sacrificing zeal, dying November 20, 1850. By this time the frame of the new church had been erected and the roof ]:>artially completed, l)ut a severe gale aris- ing, the building was blown down and many of the timbers shattered. Rev. Anderson was succeeded by Rev. John Ingoldsby, who completed the church, but it was destroyed in the great fire of November 2, 1852, after which a frame building on Seventh street and Oak avenue was used for a church until the completion of the brick basement story of HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 295 the new church. Rev. John Quinn succeeded Rev. Ingoldsby in April, 1853. October 18, 1854, the cornerstone of the brick church was laid by Archbishop Alemany, and service was held in the basement on Christ- mas following. The church was sixty by one hundred feet; the base- ment, nine and one-half feet in the clear, cost $10,500, and the church, which was completed in 1861, cost nearly $50,000. The bell, which was placed in the tower, arrived on July 13, 1859, and weighed 2079 pounds. The earthquake which shook the state in the winter of 1871- 72 rocked the tower so that the great bell rang. It is now in the tower of St. Francis' church. In 1861 Rev. Eugene O'Connell was placed in charge of the northern part of the state. He resided in Marysville, as Sacramento was in the San Francisco bishop's juris- diction. During the charge of Rev. James S. Cotter in 1866, some im- provements were made to the building, amounting to over $15,000. He was assisted first by Rev. M. McGrath and afterwards, in 1868, by Rev. Patrick Scanlan. Father Cotter, who was a great favorite with all classes, died in this city June 18, 1868. Rev. Thomas Crim- min, another priest here, died also in this city January 20, 1867, a few hours after being stricken with paralysis. Rev. James Cassm was pastor in 1861-62, assisted by Rev. N. Gallagher. Rev. Thomas Gibney was pastor in 1868-70. After that time Rev. Patrick Scanlan was rector, assisted by Rev. J. McSweeney, until July, 1881, when he went to San Francisco, being succeeded by Rev. Thomas Grace from Marysville, who was assisted by Rev. William Walshe until 1886, and afterwards by Father Leonard Haupts. Father Grace in 1886 was appointed rector of St. Rose's pro-cathedral by Bishop Patrick Manogue, the seat of the diocese having in that year been transferred from Marysville to Sacramento. When Bishop Manogue came to build the splendid cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in this city, he found that Father Grace had, during his ministry, made a host of friends who became zealous assistants in the work. The Cathedral, begun in 1886 and dedicated in 1889, is a stately and imposing structure in the later Italian style of architecture. Its dome rising to a height of one hundred and seventy-five feet, its arches, and arched ceiling set in frames of varied frescoes, the har- mony of due proportion in dimensions, the storied windows, rare paintings, and the statues it contains, endear both the structure and its venerable builder to Sacramento citizens of all classes. Its delicate spire, surmounted by a golden cross, that rises to a height of two hundred and sixteen feet, meets one's eye for miles outside the city. Its tower clock and massive dials, with its sonorous chimes, mark the hours as they pass. The building is cruciform, and is two hundred and eight feet in length by one hundred and fourteen feet in width, being by far the most spacious church in California, as well as the most •296 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY elaborate and ornate in design. Bishop Manogue had the consolation of seeing it and his residence completed and financed before he passed away. A year after his death he was succeeded by Father Grace, who was consecrated bishop of this diocese and still fills that office. Bishop Grace was born in Wexford, Ireland, in 1841, and is of Norman lineage, being a descendant of Raymond le Gros, of the twelfth century. Opposite the Episcopal residence at Twelfth and K street is the Christian Brothers' College. The brothers were induced to locate the school here by Father Scanlan in 1876, and many thousands of boys have since passed through their school. Father Scanlan, who re- cently died in San Francisco, was in charge here for many years and had a host of friends in this city. St. Joseph's Academy, on G street, conducted by the Sisters of Mercy, was established first in 1857, in a building connected with St. Rose's Church. There is an interesting incident connected with the coming of the little band of seven sisters, who came to San Francisco in 1854, with Mother Mary Baptist Russell as Superior, at the in- vitation of Archbishop Alemany. They had made arrangements to come on the ill-fated steamer Arctic of the Collins line, but on their arrival in Liverpool they found, to their great disappointment, that there was no room for them, and they were forced to wait for two weeks. Their disappointment was turned to rejoicing, later, when the news arrived of the loss of the Arctic, that they were not on board. They taught school in this city, visited the sick and prisoners, and when the cholera broke out, they nursed the sick fearlessly and lovingly. They hold a warm place in the hearts of the pioneers for their gentle ministrations, and their deeds should never be forgotten. The convent and school was soon moved from Seventh and K streets to its present location, the whole block being purchased. The orphanage carried on for several years by the Sisters was moved to Grass Valley in 1870, and the large and commodious school as carried on at present was erected and incorporated as St. Joseph's Academy in 1875, gradu- ates of which are living all over the state, and the reputation of which ranks high among educational institutions. Under the guidance of the Sisters of Mercy the church took up the care of homeless children in 1904, at the Stanford mansion on N and Eighth streets, which was a gift for that purpose by the late Mrs. Jane Stanford. A school for the inmates is carried on in con- nection with the home. In all, there are five Catholic schools now in this city, the Sisters of St. Francis carrying on the work of teaching in some of them. When Bishop Manogue was in charge of the diocese he extended an invitation to the Provincial Council of the Sacred Heart Province of St. Louis to establish a parish of the Order of St. Francis of Assisi in this city. Accordingly, Rev. Augustine McGlory, 0. F. M., was sent HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 297 liere to establish the parish and arrived in Sacramento October 16, 1894. By agreement tlie new parish was to accommodate both the English and German speaking members by preaching in both lan- guages. The northern half -block between K and L, Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth streets was acquired as a site for the several buildings of the new parish, and a small cottage was remodeled for the Fathers. The first services were held in Union hall. Twentieth and streets, and February 7, 1895, the work on the present church, school and monastary was begun. On Palm Sunday, April 7, 1895, the first services were held in the new St. Francis church, and in the autumn of the same year, on November 5th, the St. Francis ])arochial school was opened by the Sisters of Mercy. The cornerstone of the present church of St. Fran- cis of Assisi was laid by Right Reverend Bishop Grace October 17, 1908. The church, which is a very handsome specimen of the Cali- fornia mission style, was dedicated on Sunday, October 23, 1910, by Bishop Grace. It has a seating capacity of nine hundred, and con- tains forty-six stained glass art windows from Innsbruck, Austria. Rev. Godfrey Hoelters, 0. F. M., is the present rector. The First Church of Christ in Sacramento (Congregational) was organized in 1849, the first preliminary meeting being held on Septem- ber 16 of that year in the original schoolhouse which stood near the northeast corner of Third and I streets. The chairman was Rev. J. A. Benton, and Rev. S. V. Blakeslee was secretary. A number of those present at the meeting were Presbyterians, which fact gave rise to a discussion. The question of organizing a Presbyterian church was raised, but Mr. Benton announced that as he was not a Presby- terian, he had no authority to organize a church of that denomina- tion. They therefore organized a church under the title of the First (Christian Church of Sacramento, omitting purposely the word "Con- gres'ational " in order to preserve harmony and co-operation. As this absorbed about all the Presbyterian membership in the city, the Pres- byterians did not organize a church until 1856. A confession of faith and a covenant were adopted September 23, 1849, and temporary officers were elected. A manual was adopted early in the following year, and Januarv 6, 1851, the permanent officers of the church were chosen as follows: Rev. J. A. Benton, pastor; James Gallup, J. W. Hinks, John McKee, Z. W. Davidson, A. C. Sweetser, deacons; W. C. Waters, treasurer; J. C. Zabriskie, clerk. May 5, 1850, an "ecclesiastical society" was formed in connection with the church, when they became able to build a clmrch on the west side of Sixth street, between I and J. A frame building was erected there and was dedicated on the 6th of October following. It is claimed that the laying of the cornerstone, on September 4th, was the first public ceremonial of the kind ever held in the state. But tlie structure erected then was swept away in the great fire of Julv 13, 298 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1854. The congregation sold the lot for $1300, and the society pro- ceeded to erect the present brick church directly opposite. The church and society were so popular that they received very substantial aid from the public, both in building the structure and caring for it after- wards. The property was sold for a good price recently, and Mrs. Cornelia Fratt, relict of C. E. Fratt, donated to the church a valuable lot, 80x80, on the northeast corner of Fifteenth and P streets, where a fine church will be erected. It is a fact worthy of mention that from the organization of this church until 1890, only three pastors were in its service — Revs. J. A. Benton, I. E. Dwinell and W. C. Merrill, the latter assuming the pastorate. Since that time the pastors have been: J. B. Silcox, 1890-92; J. B. Koehne, 1892-94; Henry N. Hoyt, 1894-98; J. B. Silcox, 1898-1900; C. A. Dickinson, 1900-02; J. A. Chamberlain, 1903-04; Henry K. Booth, 1904-07 ; William H. G. Temple, 1907-10 ; Arthur B. Patton, 1910. The Sunday school of the church was organized August 26, 1849, thus being the first Sunday school established in this city. The Golden Jubilee of the church was celebrated with impressive serv- ices on the 22nd and 23rd of September, 1899. A resolution to incor- porate having been adopted, the church was incorporated on June 20, 1899, under the name of the First Congregational Church of the city of Sacramento, with William Geary, S. E. Carrington, L. Tozer, C. T. Noyes, D. W. Carmichael, P. R. Watts and A. H. Hawley, trustees. At present the trustees are: W. L. Witherbee, C. T. Noyes, 0. G. Hopkins, S. S. Finney, C. L. White, Dr. E. H. Pitts and W. A. Friend. Deacons : C. T. Noyes, J. H. Stebbins, W. L. Witherbee, A. J. McKay, W. A. Friend. Deaconesses: Mrs. G. A. Stoddard, Mrs. M. E. Gal- lup, Mrs. C. L. White. Clerk, George A. Capen. Westminster Presbyterian Church: The Presbyterians were the first to hold religious worship in Sacramento, Revs. J. W. Douglas, A. Williams and S. Woodbridge having preached here as early as March and April, 1849. The Presbyterians united at first with the Congregationalists, and no Presbyterian church was organized until 1856. The organization was named the First Presbyterian Church of Sacramento. The church failed to raise the necessary funds for the purchase of Philharmonic hall for a place of worship, during the years from 1860 to 1863, and disbanded. The Sunday school, however, was kept alive by the zealous and energetic efforts of W. S. Hunt. The present church was organized January 21, 1866, under the name West- minster Presbyterian Church, and has since that time enjoyed a period of steady growth. It has a large Sunday school, a Chinese mission school, young people's society and other organizations. Since its organization the pastors have been: Revs. William E. Baker, P. V. Veeder, A. Fairbairn, N. B.' Clink, Joshua Phelps, J. S. McDonald, 1866-69; Frank L. Nash, 1869-72; Charles Schieling, 1872- 74; James S. McKay, 1874-75; Henry H. Rice, 1875-86; J. E. Wheeler, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 299 1886-90; R. M. Stevenson, 1890-97; R. J. Johnston, 1897-1901; H. C. Shoemaker, 1901-04; Rev. J. T. Wills, D. D., succeeded Mr. Shoe- maker, January 4, 1904. For many years the church edifice was at Sixth and L streets, being bnilt in 1866 at a cost of $18,000, and dedi- cated March 24, 1867. The building was sold a few years ago to the Roman Catholic denomination and is now known as Serra hall. A new edifice was erected at Fourteenth and K streets. During the various pastorates since 1886, in addition to the Sun- day school, various organizations have been added to the church, as follows: Chinese Sunday school. Ladies' Missionary Society, Gleaners, Ladies' Mite Society, Christian Endeavor Society, Boys' Brigade, Junior Christian Endeavor, Bethel Mission Sunday school, Young- Men's Conservatory, Loyal Sons, Loyal Daughters, and Home De- partment. In 1911 Charles M. Campbell, who had loyally given his services as Sunday school superintendent for twenty-three years, re- moved from the city, and was succeeded by John Stein. The church membership is al^out four hundred and fifty. Fremont Park Presbyterian Church: The Westminster Church or- ganized a Sunday school in July, 1868, and maintained it under the name of the Bethel Sunday school. It was on Fourteenth street, be- tween and P, and in March, 1882, it grew into a church, becoming self-sustaining and free from debt in a few years. The church was instituted by Rev. Dr. Thomas Eraser of San Francisco, assisted by Revs. H. H. Rice and Nelson Slater, and Andrew Aitken of Sacra- mento. Rev. A. H. Croco acted as pastor until July, 1883, when he resigned, and Rev. George R. Bird was called. Mr. Bird had been pastor of the Hamilton Square Presbyterian church in San Fran- cisco, having previous to that had charge of the First Presbyterian church in Seattle, Wash. Until the past three years the church was known as the Fourteenth Street Presbyterian church, as it was located on that street. Two years ago a new church edifice was erected at Fifteenth and streets, and it is now known as the Fremont Park Presbyterian church. The First Methodist Episcopal Church: This church is familiarly known as the ''Sixth Street Methodist church." It was first organ- ized under another local name October 28, 1848, at Dr. Miller's store, by Rev. Isaac Owen, and seventy-two persons enrolled their names. Mr. Owen was familiarly known as "Father Owen," and was the first missionary sent by his church to California. He and his wife and baby suffered many hardships in crossing the plains, and he was nearly drowned by the carelessness of a drunken crew in capsizing a schooner in Suisun bay. Lie managed to escape with the clothes he wore, which were rusty from crossing the plains, and came to Sacra- mento, preaching here October 23, 1849, under an oak at the corner of Third and L streets, and organized a church. A man of great energy, he had great plans for upbuilding the church in the state. 300 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY One of his dreams was a university, and it was largely through his aid and energy that the University of the Pacific was afterwards built, being the first of its kind cliartered in California. As material for a church 24x.*)(i feet in size had been shipped for him from Balti- more by the conference, and had come by way of the Horn, it was soon put U]), and the chui-ch was finished ready for use-. It was plain, but as it was the first church building erected in this city, it was looked on as an elegant house of worship. Erected on a fine lot presented by General Sutter, at the southeast coik^ier of Seventh and L streets, fronting on Seventh street, it was known as the Seventh Street Methodist church, and the society took the same name. Mr. Owen soon had a comfortable parsonage. In the flood of 1850 his church was carried from its foundations, and his house rendered untenantable, so he removed to San Francisco. Later in the year he was succeeded by Rev. M. C. Briggs, who en- larged the church to acconuuodate the rapidly growing congregation. It was known as the Baltimore California chapel. Mr. Briggs served this church three terms, being the only pastor who did so. The cornerstone of a new brick edifice, 50x80, which cost $18,000, was laid June 22, 1852, Rev. S. D. Simonds making the address. Revs. J. A. Benton, Congregationalist ; O. C. Wheeler, Baptist, and W. R. Gober, M. E. Church South, participated. It was to have been dedi- cated on Sunday, November 8rd, but a terrible fire broke out in the city on Saturday, destroying $5,000,000 worth of property, and the new church was swept away with the rest. The society was un- daunted, however, and hurriedly erected a cheap building, in which they worshii)ed until they could erect a frame churcli on the site of the Baltimore House. This was sold to the Jewish congregation in January, 1859, for about $3500. The society worshiped for a whik' in the hall over the old i)ostoffice until they erected the ])resent church on Sixth street. It is 52x100 feet and cost about $25,000. It was finished in 1874, when it was raised to a higher grade, and tlie tower and steeple built, at a cost of about $15,000. The pastors of this church were: Isaac Owen, 1849-50; Royal B. Stratton, 1851-53; Warren Oliver and Elijah Merchant, 1853-55; N. P. Heath, 1855; George S. Phillips, 1855-57; J. W. Ross, 1857-59; J. D. Blain, 1859-61 ; Jesse T. Peck, 1861-63; M. C. Briggs, 186.3-65; J. W. Ross, 1865-68; J. H. Wythe, 1868-70; H. B. Heacock, 1870-73; A. M. Hough, 1873-75; M. C. Briggs, 1875-78; R. Bentley, 1878-81; T. S. Dunn, 1881-84; E. R. Dille, 1884-87; Arnold T. Needliam, 1887-91; T. 0. George, 1891-93; C. V. Anthonv, 1894; M. D. Buck, 1894-97; J. S. Carroll 1897-1901 ; AY. K. Beans, 1901-03; W. W. Case, 1903-06; J. H. N. Williams, 1906-07; Frank Kline Baker, 1907 until the ])resent time. Mrs. Helen R. Peck is the deaconess. The church is prosperous, has a large membershi]) and a uuTidier of societies that arc doing effective work. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 301 Central Methodist Episcopal Church: This society was organized with seven members as the H Street Methodist Episcopal church Eldei, Martin Grier; J. L. Thompson, A. Fowler, H. Kronkite, l! Pelton and B. Ward composed the first official board. A church edi- fice was erected and paid for during the first year of its existence at of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Rev. N. R. Peck was the pastor until 1857, being succeeded by Rev. David Deal, who was pastor tor two years, and afterwards served a second term. Durino- his pastorate a ])arsonage costing $1500 was erected, and prosperity attended the church. Rev. H. Baker succeeded Mr. Deal and was in turn succeeded by Rev ^Y. S. Urmy. During the pastorate of the lat er the great floods of 1861-62 occurred, and the water rose eighteen inches above the pews of the church, and Mr. Urmv and his familv were rescued from the parsonage in boats. No service could be held tor several weeks until the water subsided. The church suffered at this time from the business depression following the flood, and the exodus of many people from the city. At the conference of 1863 the proposition was made to unite the two congregations, but it was not approved, and Rev N R Peck was returned as pastor, and reported an increase of eighteen mem- bers during the following year. Rev. J. A. Bruner was appointed to he charge next and served one year. During the vears 1865 and 1866, both the H street and Sixth street churches were under one pastorate. Rev. J. W. Ross being the pastor. This arrangement was disastrous to the H street church, nearly destroying its identity and decimating its membership, but in 1867 the old "status was restored Key. J. M. Hmman being appointed pastor, and the church took on renewed prosperity. May 12, 1869, some miscreant attempted to liurn the church l)y setting a fire in the bookcase and in the puljut. Rev. George Newton was ai)])ointed in 1869 to this charge, and kept it for three years, during which time some radical changes took place Early m his pastorate a success was realized that seemed to nnstify a change, and the old church lot on H street was sold, as well as the i)arsonage. The old church building was moved to a lot on the corner of Eleventh and I streets, the present church site being a part of the lot. The l)ui]ding was cut in two and fitted up for dwellino-s. An old building which stood on the lot was fitted up for a iiarsonai>e. and plans were made for the erection of a large church buildino, to be a "memorial church" for Bishop Kingsley, who had died durin- the year at Bey rout in Syria. The plans included the erection of a chapel first, and this was done and was called ''Kingslev Clia])el." But the church had been too ambitious. By the close of Mr. Newton's pastorate the debt had amounted to about $8500. and the property 302 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY had become so much involved that further prosecution of the plans was impossible. The years that followed were of various success and depression, and their record tells a tale of heroic sacrifices on the part of the members in striving to uphold the church and liquidate the indebted- ness. It was discouraging work, but they persevered in spite of the increasing indebtedness and a decreasing membership. A revival under Mrs. Van Cott encouraged them by increasing the membership during the pastorate of Rev. J. L. Trefren, but most of these after- wards went to other churches. Rev. A. J. Wells, J. E. Wickes and Deal succeeded to the pastorate in turn, and during the dark hours of the society they labored devotedly and made great sacrifices. At length, in 1882, Rev. McKelvey was appointed pastor. By his in- domitable energy during his pastorate he succeeded in wiping out debt, by the sacrifice of all the property except the church and the lot it stands on. He also remodeled and improved the church building at a cost of $3500, most of which was raised by Mrs. McKelvey outside of the membership, and the name was changed from Kingsley Chapel to the Central Methodist church. Thus when it was reopened by Bishop Fowler the congregation had a neat church, free from debt. Rev. Mr. McKelvey was removed by limitation before an opportunity was of- forded him of enjoying the fruits of his labor, and was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Filben. After four years' service Mr. Filben was suc- ceeded by Rev. C. H. Beechgood, who gave way in 1892 to Rev. E. E. Dodge. In 1894 Rev. J. L. Trefren was returned to his former charge for three years, and then Rev. J. B. Chynoweth came, and remained for six years, the time limit having been removed. Rev. Richard Rodda succeeded him and is the present pastor. A German Methodist church was organized in this city in 1856, but debts finally accumulated until in 1866-67 the burden became so heavy that the church was broken up. St. Andrew's Church, African Methodist Episcopal, was organ- ized in 1850 by Rev. Isaac Owen, at the house of "Uncle Daniel Blue," on I street, between Fourth and Fifth. A church building was erected on the site on Seventh street, between G and H, where the present brick church now stands. The first pastor was James Fitzgerald, who served in 1851-52. The Methodist Episcopal Church South was organized in April, 1850, by Rev. W. D. Pollock, who was also the principal factor in the building of a frame church on the site of the brick church which suc- ceeded it, on Seventh street between J and K. The latter edifice was dedicated by Bishop Pierce July 10, 1859. The first building was burned in the fire of November 2, 1852, and the second cost $4000. Mr. Pollock was forced by ill health in the fall of 1850 to return to Alabama, where he died the following year. He was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Penman, who shortly afterwards abandoned the ministry and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 303 engaged in other pursuits. Since that time the pastors have been as follows: W. R. Gober, 1851-52; John Matthews, from August, 1852, to April, 1853; B. F. Crouch, appointed by Bishop Soule, 1853, to April, 1855; A. Graham. 1855-56; W. R. Gober, 1856-58; Morris Evans, 1858- 60 ; J. C. Simmons, 1861-62 ; S. Brown, 1862-63 ; George Sim, 1863-65 ; E. K. Miller, 1865-66; T. H. B. Anderson, 1866-68; George Sim, 1868- 69; W. R. Gober, 1869-72; T. L. Moody, 1872-73; C. Chamberlain, 1873- 75; B. F. Page, 1875, to fill out Mr. Chamberlain's time; R. Pratt, 1875-76; M. C. Fields, 1876-78; C. Y. Rankin, 1878-79; T. H. B. And- son, 1879-82 ; F. Walter Featherstone, 1882-83 ; H. C. Christian, 1883- 87; George B. Winton, 1887-88; A. C. Bane, 1888-90; H. Singleton, 1891-93; T. A. Atkinson, 1893-97; W. E. Vaughn, 1897-1901 ;>. T. Ramsey, 1901-04; C. C. Thompson, 1904-05; W. A. Ott, 1905-06- C. T. Clark, 1906-10; L. S. Jones, 1910-14. Mr. Jones, the present pastor, is bringing the church to a prosperous period. German Evangelical Lutheran Church: In 1865-67, Rev. Mr. Buchler, of San Francisco, and Rev. Mr. Elbert preached in this city a few times and endeavored to organize a church, but without success. Rev. Matthias Goethe, formerly of Australia, later began work in Sacramento, organized the church December 1, 1867, with twenty- three charter members, and purchased the old German Methodist church on the corner of Ninth and K street (now Hale's) for $2400. F. Klotz, H. Winters, H. W. Schacht, F. Hopie and A. Grafmiller were elected trustees. The building was afterwards sold and the later church on the corner of Twelfth and K streets was erected in 1872 at a cost, including the three bells, of about $15,000. This property was sold in 1911 and another church edifice is being constructed at Seven- teenth and L streets. Mr. Goethe was succeeded in 1875 l)y Rev. T. Langebecker ; Dr. C. Taubner, 1877-1888, and Adolf Jatho, 1887-1890. In 1890 Rev. Charles F. Oehler succeeded to the pastorate, and has continued in it with splendid success, building up the church to a large and prosperous membership. Soon after his arrival the debts were paid off and a parsonage erected. A new pipe organ was installed and many mem- bers added to the church and Sunday school. Services were held in German and English. About six years and a half ago Mr. Oehler con- ceived the idea of establishing a building fund, to be used when the time arrived for the erection of a larger and more beautiful edifice. The fund was started by an Easter offering in 1905, Mr. Oehler hav- ing sent out a letter asking for an offering of $1000 and receiving $600. Since then the pastor, trustees, and women and other members of the church have labored faithfully and increased it to $16,000, and in 1911 a fine lot, 120x160, was purchased on the corner of Seven- teenth and L streets, the sale of the old church property at Twelfth and K streets netting a large sum, and the new edifice is in course of construction. The style of the church is German Gothic and the material a fine white artificial stone. Four of the large windows will 304 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY be memorial windows, and the chureli will seat more than five hundred people, and will have galleries in the rear and the transept. The cornerstone was laid December 10, 11)11, Mayor Beard, the local Luth- eran clergy and several visiting ministers participating. The German Elvangelical Lutheran clmrcli is the second oldest Lutheran church in the state of California, Rev. J. M. Buchler having begun as early as 1864 to nuike preparations for establishing it, but it was not organ- ized until 1867 by Rev. Matthias Goethe. First Church of Christ, Scientist: Tlie first i)ublic Christian Science services held in Sacramento were in Granger's building. Tenth and K streets, in 1890. The First Church of Christ, Scientist, here was organized in 1899, and granted a state charter in 1901. The his- toric clmrch building on Fourteenth and K, known as the United Brethren church, was purchased in 1904. Later this property was sold and a lot })urchased on Twenty-third street, between K and L. The beautiful structure erected there was finished in 1910, at a cost, including the site, of about $35,000. The exterior is of Medusa cement, with mahogany interior finish. The four-square domed audi- torium is seated with opera chairs on a sloping floor. Three large art windows and a fine crystal electrolier make it one of the best lighted auditoriums in the United States. This was the tenth church of the denomination in C'alifornia. Christian Church, or Disciples of Christ: October 18, 1855, Elders J. N. Pendegast and Thomas Thompson conducted the first services held by this denomination in Sacramento. They met in the Methodist brick church which until a few^ years ago stood on Seventh street, between J and K. John 0. Garrett and R. B. Ellis were appointed elders, and Rufus Rigdon and A. M. C. Depue, deacons. A nice chapel was erected on Eighth street, between N and 0, in 1877, the cost, in- cluding the lot, being $4500, and the church was very largely indebted to the enterprise of Elder J. N. Pendegast for the building. In 1896 a new church was erected on the corner of Sixteenth and L streets, which was destroyed by fire on the night of July 4, 1910. The pastors have been Revs. John G. Parrish ; Stev- enson, who ]mblished a paper in this city; J. N. Pendegast, who pub- lished the same paper; Peter Burnett; McKorkle; Alexander Johnson; E. B. AVare; R. L. McHatton; L. N. Early; A. M. Growden; A. M. Elston; Hand; B. B. Burton; J. E. Denton; Henry Shadle; W. F. Reagor, and J. J. Evans, the latter succeeding Mr. Reagor in 1909, and being the present pastor. In 1896, during the ])astorate of Rev. J. E. Denton, the old church became too small, and was removed to the corner of Sixteenth and L streets, and made the basis for the erection of a new edifice, the enlargement and finishing costing about $6000, a del)t being incurred that has since been wiped out. On the evening of July 4, 1910, the church took fire, supposedly from a rocket which fell on the roof HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 305 during the celebration, and the building was burned and almost the entire contents were destroyed. A new site at Twenty-seventh and N streets was selected, and a new edifice was erected, containing two auditoriums with a combined seating capacity of nearly nine hundred. Rev. H. O. Breedon conducted the dedication services December 17, 1911. The structure also contains eighteen rooms for classes and departments. Calvary Baptist church was first organized October 17, 1869, by Rev. Frederick Charlton, pastor of the First Church. The organiza- tion took the form of a mission Sunday-school superintended by R. H. Withington and held in a schoolhouse situated on Thirteenth and G streets. When it became necessary to have more suitable accommoda- tions a building, 40x160 feet, costing $1,000, was erected on I street between Twelfth and Thirteenth. Another building, 38x65 feet, was erected in 1870 at a cost of $2,000. In 1871 a new church was organ- ized to accommodate members of the parent church living in that part of the city. The first deacons of this church were W. R. Strong, A. J. Barnes and R. H. Withington. The clerk was A. A. Bynon. The pastors have been as follows: J. P. Ludlow, R. F. Parshall, William Hildreth, C. F. Forbes, H. W. Read, George L. Lewis, S. B. Gregory, J. Q. A. Henry, 1881-8-1; S. A. McKay, 1884; A. C. Herrick, December, 1884, to 189i; J. H. Reider, 1892 to 1896; F. M. Mitchell, 1896-99; S. G. Adams, 1899-1904; D. M. McPhail. During the latter 's pastorate the edifice was destroyed by fire. A new lot was then pur- chased at the northwest corner of Sixteenth and I streets, where the present building was erected, at a cost of about $13,000. Soon after the retirement of Mr. McPliail, who was with the congregation about six years, the proposition of consolidating with Emanuel Baptist Church was taken up, with Rev. A. J. Sturtevant to act as pastor of both churches. The proposed union did not materialize and in 1911 Rev. C. H. Hobart, the present pastor, took charge of the work, which has ])rospered under his leadership. The First Baptist Church was the pioneer Baptist organization in Sacramento. As early as 1849 Rev. J. Cook, who kept a boarding house on I street, preached a number of times in the grove. Rev. 0. C. Wheeler came up from San Francisco September 9, 1850, and while the state was being admitted to the Union he was busy organizing the First Baptist Church at the residence of Judge E. J. Willis on H street l>etween Sixth and Seventh. He was probably assisted in the work by Mr. Cook. Judge Willis and John A. Wadsworth were elected deacons; Madison Walthall, treasurer; Leonard Loomis, clerk; and Rev. J. W. Capen, pastor. The first public services were held the following day in the courthouse on I street. A churcli costing $4,000 was built in the spring of 1851 on the corner of Seventli and L streets and was consumed in the fire of November 2, 1852. What was claimed to be the finest church building in the state was erected 306 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY in 1854 on the west side of Fourth street between K and L. While costing only $8,000, it was a very fine edifice for the price and had a main auditorium 35x85 feet, with a vestry 15x32 in the rear. In the great fire of July 12, 1854, it was only saved from destruction by the most strenuous exertions of the citizens. During 1877 it was sold for $3,000 and was afterwards removed to the corner of Fourteenth and K streets, where it was used for a number of years by the United Brethren in Christ. The present building on Ninth street between L and M was erected in 1877-78 at a cost, including the lot, of $18,- 230.48. The corner stone of the edifice was laid with Masonic cere- monies August 20, 1877, and opening services were held March 10, 1878. Ah Mooey, a Chinaman, was admitted into the church Septem- ber 2, 1855, and subsequently was licensed to preach, his baptism being supposed to have been the first of one of that nationality in California. His conversion occurred during the pastorate of Rev. J. L. Shuck, who was then an accredited missionary to the Chinese of Sacramento and later went to South Carolina, where he died in 1863. The Siloam Baptist Church (colored) was organized in 1856 and existed until late in the '80s. The Seventh Day Adventist Church of Sacramento was organized February 6, 1885, with ten members, by Elder E. A. Briggs, then a resident of Oakland. The congregation had been first established at Pleasant Grove, Sutter County, and had borne the name of that town, but in October of 1887 the name was changed to Sacramento. The members of this denomination observe Saturday as the Sabbath. In March of 1872 an Advent Church was organized in Sacramento by Elder Miles Grant with about thirty members, but the organiza- tion existed only about four years. That congregation observed Satur- day as the Sabbath. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints was established in Sacramento in 1865 and met at first in the Chinese chapel on Sixth street between H and I, next in Graham's hall, later in the lower hall of the Masonic building and finally in 1884 erected a frame building, 34x44, on the corner of Twenty-fourth and K streets, costing $2100. This society has worked faithfully for the wiping out of polygamv. Among the elders who have served in the churcli are E. H. Webb, G. W. Harlow and J. H. Parr. A small society of Brighamite (polygamous) Mormons were in existence in Sacramento in 1872, and a few years afterwards. The first Unitarian sermon preached in Sacramento was by Rev. Mr. Brown December 29, 1867, in the Metropolitan theatre. During the spring of the following year the First Unitarian Church of Sacra- mento was organized and the congregation increased rapidly for a time, but went down in 1873, was revived in 1887 and worshiped in Pioneer hall. A lot on Sixteenth street between K and L was pur- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 307 chased, on which to erect an edifice. For some years Rev. C. P. Massey (now deceased) preached occasionally. For nearly seven- teen years, with the exception of the occasional sermons of Mr. Massey, the church was without a pastor and then in 1911 Rev. Frank- lin Baker assumed the pastorate. Congregation B'nai Israel was formed in 1852. Previous to that there had been another organization, which met at the residence of M. Hyman, a jeweler on Front street. Rev. Mr. Wolf officiated. The first synagogue owned by the society in this city was a small frame building on Fifth street between N and 0. This was sold afterward to the colored Baptists, who worshiped there until the building was destroyed by fire in 1861. The frame house on Seventh street near L was purchased from the Methodist Episcopal Church for $3,500 and was converted into a synagogue. This building also was destroyed by fire in October, 1861, and in the early part of 1864 the congregation purchased the building on Sixth street between J and K, previously used by the First Presbyterian Church. The building was remodeled and then used for some time, but eventually sold. The congregation now worships in a fine synagogue which they erected on Fifteenth street between N and 0. The rabbis have been as follows: Rev. Mr. Wolf; Z. Neustadter, 1857-59; R. Rosenthal, 1859-60; S. Peck, 1860-61; R. M. Cohen, 1861-62; M. Silverstein, 1862-65; Stamfer, 1865-68; H. P. Lowenthal, 1868-79; S. Gerst- man (who led in changing the society from orthodox to reformed), 1879-81; J. Bloch, 1882-83; G. Taubenhaus, 1884-88. Ebenezer Church, Evangelical Association, (German) was organ- ized in 1881 and the following year the present edifice was erected. It stands on Tenth street between and P. The old building, which was owned by Trinity Church, Evangelical Association, was sold in 1887 and that society disbanded many years ago. United Brethren in Christ have been represented in Sacramento for many years. During 1875-76 Rev. Alexander Musselman took the first steps toward organizing a church of this denomination here. A series of meetings were held in the Calvary Baptist Church in 1876 by Rev. J. H. Becker and Rev. J. L. Field. In the fall of that year the present organization was formed. The old building known as the Fourth Street Baptist Church was purchased for $3,000. The closing of the sale was delayed for some reason and the society did not obtain possession of the building until November, 1877. In September, 1878, they removed it to the corner of Fourteenth and K streets, raised the building six feet, and repaired, repainted and refurnished it, the total cost of the work being $2,800. In 1884 a parsonage was erected on the lot adjoining on the west. The pastors have been as follows : J. H. Becker, 1877-78 ; D. D. Hart, who became pastor in 1878 and died in the pulpit in 1881 ; J. H. Becker, for various periods; Revs. Field and Demondrum to 1883; Francis Fisher, two 308 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY years; T. J. Bander, to September, 1888; J. W. Baumgardner, 1888- 90; M. S. Bovez, 1890-92; Harvey Bell, 1892-94; Olin Lowe, 1894-95; Daniel Shuck, 1895-99; T. J. Bander, 1899-1900; William Thompson, 1900-03; Homer Gallalier, 1903-06; T. J. Bander, 1906-07; L. Harter, 1907-12; and H. G. Smith, who in 1912 assumed the pastorage tliat he now tills. Ahiiost every denomination is represented in Sacramento. CHAPTER XXXII REMINISCENCES Some interesting reminiscences in relation to the early railroads were related to the writer by James G. Patterson, a pioneer of 1852 and the son of A. D. Patterson, a pioneer of 1849. Mr. Patterson had a great fund of recollections to draw on, concerning both him- self and others, and gives one many an insight into the methods and incidents of the early days. Speaking of the Freeport road, he said: "It was projected by stockholders and bondholders of the Sacra- mento Valley railroad, John H. Carroll and George Mowe, who bought land and incorporated in 1863- '64. I was ordered down from the Auburn railroad in March to commence grading. I graded the track into Free])ort and went back to work on the Auburn road. I came back in July and laid the rails, and finished in October, about the 10th, I think, and as soon as I got the side track in, they built a wharf for steamboats and leased it to the Sacramento Valley rail- road for two years. They sounded the river at midnight and found thirty-five feet of water, and no one knew of the survey. Carroll was a stockholder in the ^"alley road, but they bought the ranch in their own names so that no one would know it was for the Valley road. There was a bar up the river near the Edwards place, where the steamboats often got aground at low water, and frequently they would not reach Sacramento until noon or later the next day. The steamboat from San Francisco used to arrive at Freeport at 11 P. M. and the train would start as soon as the passengers got aboard with their l)aggage. The stages connected with the trains at Latrobe, and passengers ate breakfast at Placerville and went on over the moun- tains by daylight and landed in Virginia City at 3 P. M., twenty- three hours from San Francisco. The road was built to sell to the Central Pacific, which was done. The Central Pacific bought the Sacramento Valley road October 13, 1865 — the last day T worked for them. "All the ties and rails for the Free])ort road came up on vessels, and when T began to lay the road old Captain Kidder brought me up one and a quarter miles of rails and only one car of ties, and only four ties to a pair of rails. I told him that I couldn't lay them that way, as I had onlv five men and thev could not handle the iron and carrv it so fai*. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 309 The engine was a light one, but it was a greyhound to run, and I asked the engineer if four ties at the ends and middle of the rails would carry the engine. He said it would, so I put down a tie every 6ix feet. The next day he gave us plenty of ties, and two of my men on the car un- loaded them. I walked along ahead and held up my hand as a signal to throw them down. They unloaded a whole train and then pulled the train out of the way. Then we shoved the ties in under the rails. "When the Central Pacific was laying its track near Gold Run, Strowbridge was superintendent of construction, and Maker was fore- man of the track-layers. They were experiencing the same trouble in regard to rails and ties that I had, and the work was proceeding slowly. There was an Irishman, Ned Hussey, working for Maker, and he became impatient at the way the work was going on. ' Av ye had Jim Patterson here, he'd show yez how to get this thrack down,' said he to Maker. 'What do you know of Jim Patterson and what he would do I' asked Maker. 'H to your sowl, didn't I work undher him in laying the thrack an the Freeport road and the Valley road?' was the retort. 'Well, what did he do!' asked Maker. Hussey explained to him, and he asked the engineer if the track would hold np the engine in case he laid fewer ties and had them put under the rails afterwards. The engineer said it would, and Maker hustled down to Strowbridge and told him about it ; Strowbridge told him to go ahead. Maker had a big gang of Chinamen and he put them at work. The consequence was that he laid six miles of track the next day, and when additional ties came, the Chinamen slid them under the rails and spiked them down. They hus- tled the track laying from that time on, till the road got to Promontory and met the Union Pacific gang. ''This was the only road built in California where the people did not know anything about it. I kept the engine out on the old Jackson road, and used to sneak in in the morning with the engineer and fireman and again at night to bring them back, the men boarding on the road, so no one knew anything about it. I built the first movable cook-house in this part of the country for the men to board in, and bought pro- visions from the ranchers, who let the men sleep in their barns and out- buildings. My men were stevedores, who knew nothing but how to work, and I pushed things lively. Engineer Pope was running the engine, and was sparking Sam Rich's adopted daughter. Some days we laid a half mile and some days a mile of track, as we could get material. Old Page was owner of the Lake House then and would not let us grade across his land, so we had to lay the rails on the ground after the matter was fixed, and then haul dirt in for a roadbed. The trouble was adjusted afterwards. When the track was all finished I ran an excursion train over the road to Freeport. I stopped along the road and invited the farmers' families to get aboard. Then a re- porter got hold of it and published an account of the road, so the people found out what I had been doing. 20 310 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY "People nowadays do not realize the conditions that prevailed in early days. At the time of the '62 flood I went to Elk Grove, sick. The water was all over the country and they had to run a steamboat to Routier's to bring supplies for the people. There was only one sack of flour at Elk Grove, and George Bates had that and divided it with his neighbors. That was what is- known as old Elk Grove now; tlie present Elk Grove was not in existence until after the railroad was l)uilt. You can judge how the water covered the country when they built a barge at Buckner's at .old Elk Grove, right on the upper Stockton road, to go to Stockton for supplies. "Robinson asked me if I could work, and I told him yes. There was very little hay in the country for the horses and it was hard to get at tliat. T went over to Detercling's and paid $40 a ton for some old, rotten hay. The roads were awful, and teams were stalled every- where. I went over to Salisbury's and engaged some hay at $40, to be delivered to me the next morning, and when I went after it the fellow told me he had sold it for $45, so I had my trouble for my pains. I could not get to Florin or Perkins, as the water was too high. "The high water washed away a part of the Sacramento Valley railroad tracks, and the ties and rails were scattered all over the country. I began gathering them up, and it was a job to get them out of the mud with the teams. Where Agricultural Park is, was covered with railroad iron, and iron was iron in those days, when it had to come 'round the Horn.' Robinson came to my camp where the Buffalo brewery stands and asked me, 'how much iron have you got?' 'All there is here,' I answered. 'That is not enough,' says he. I kept, on gathering it u)), and was going along by Gerber's, near the hospital, and saw some railroad iron in the mud. They had held a fair out at Buck Harrigan's that year. So I hauled it out with the teams, and it was hard work. I found a good deal had floated down there on the slough that runs through the county hospital grounds. Still we were short of iron. 'Tear up the sidetrack at Brighton,' said Robinson. 'I won't do it,' said I. 'There are a lot of rails at Buck Harrigan's that I will get.' 'Go to it,' said he. A good many bosses would have discharged me for answering that way, but I never worked under a better boss than Robinson. "When they built the S street sewer a few years ago, they found some rails under ground, and one of the men said there nmst have been a track there in the early days, but I told him the rails came there during the flood. Romeo Carroll built a corral out that way by splitting ties and driving them into the ground endways. I asked him where he got them and where I could find the rails, but he only laughed, and would not tell me. There are lots of rails today buried in the slough that runs through the William Curtis place. "It was tough on the people when everything was flooded so. All the box cars were full of families, and the water stood all about them. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 311 You couldn't see the wheels or the trucks. I was afraid they would i>-o down and be washed away, so I got the two engines; the Garrison was in front and the Robinson behind. We cut the train in two parts and ran half of it out across the break between Eleventh and Twelfth streets. The water was running through fast, and I got stringers across and anchored them with anchors from the vessels on the river. Then I dumped in two carloads of cobbles that were to have been shipped to San Francisco for paving streets. When that was done, we had connection made from Sixteenth to Twenty-first street so that we could transfer our Folsom passengers. I was afraid the other part would go before we could get it out, but we saved it. "I worked for Colonel Wilson in '59 and '60 on the Marysville road ; Montague was the engineer. The road only got to Lincoln, and was sold to the Central Pacific, which road had hard times, and there is more than one little bit of interesting history concerning it that but very few know. Before it got to Newcastle it was out of money, and C. P. Huntington was sent to Boston to try to make a raise. On the steamer, going to Boston, was Judge Slauson, a Boston attorney, and as Huntington had also come from Boston, they became good friends. Some of Slauson 's clients, moneyed men of that city,\ad become involved in a deal whereby they stood to lose $7,000,6oO, or thereabouts, and he had been sent for to go east and help them out. Huntington confided to Slauson the financial difficulties of the road and asked him to get his clients to buy out the promoters. 'They have money,' said he, 'and can carry it on and win out and make money. We will sell out the road to them, rolling stock and all, for $1,500,000.' Slauson told his clients, but they said they knew nothing about railroading, and they stood to lose $7,000,000 already. Slausoia bundled them off to Europe, where papers could not be served on them, and saved them $4,500,000. Then he got busy among his friends and raised $250,000 for Mr. Huntington on second mortgage bonds. iVs soon as he received the money the company began to work again and built the road to Clipper Gap. Then the change came and the mountains were brought down to Roseville and they got their $48,000 a mile. The first thing they did after they got money Vas to buy Sam Brannan's mortgage and foreclose on the California Central. Charles Crocker bought one share of the stock for the purpose and served an injunction on Robinson to prevent his taking the rails on the Auburn road. My father and Stanford were very friendly, and they held three meetings in my father's house at Folsom with the Sacramento Valley railroad people before the California Pacific started from Sac- ramento. Robinson wanted to have one director on the lioard if they bought the road, but they would not consent. Finally the })urchase was made. My father paid the Valley road the first money it ever received for freight, when it brought him u]> a ton of seed wheat for $1.50, the reg-ular rate being established at $3. 312 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ''The other day Tom McCoimell, of McConnell station, was in here to see me, and we had a chat about the old days. McConnell settled at Garden Valley, on the Georgetown road near Greenwood and Johntown. He started a store there and cultivated a garden, from which the place took its name. He raised potatoes and sold them to the miners for thirtj^ cents a pound. Such things were high in those days. He came down to Sacramento one day and stepped into a store where Charlie Grimm was having an auction. A lot of cotton shirts were being sold and he bought the whole lot for five cents apiece and took them home. It cost two bits in those days to get a shirt washed. He told the miners he would sell them the shirts for two bits, and they concluded it was better to wear a shirt a couple of weeks and throw it away than to pay for having it washed, so he sold all his shirts and got the reputation of being the cheapest storekeeper to buy of in that country. "In the winter of '52-53, the rains were very heavy and the bot- tom dropped out of the roads, and a great many teams were laid up along the road. Flour was selling at fifty cents a pound. Some freighters got within three miles of Garden Valley and got stalled. McConnell went down and bought their flour for thirty cents and sold it to the miners for forty cents. 'I was lucky,' said he; 'I just got rid of it when it came down to twenty-five cents.' For a time the price of all kinds of merchandise was low except picks and shovels, and McConnell said he never got more than $5 apiece for picks and $10 for shovels." THE FIKST BALL The following tale of a historic event by "Forty- Niner" relates the incidents surrounding the first ball given in the county and was published in the '70s in the Record-Union, and will prove of interest as depicting the shifts to which those inclined to shine in "sassiety" in those days were reduced in order to make items for the social column. The narrator says : "In my brief history of this place (Mormon Island) as appeared in your issue of the 12th, I neglected to give you a statement of the manner we enjoyed ourselves in those good and jolly old days of '49. We had our social gathering once each month, after 'the ball,' how- ever. The first ball ever given in Sacramento county was given here, and was the most difficult to make a success and the most amusing. It will be well remembered by two of the residents of your city, and two of San Francisco, when they refresh their memory. A full and true insight as to the management of such affairs at that early time will be a treat to your readers, especially to those who are 'high- toned' this present day, if they had been present as spectators to witness those hale and buxom maidens with short dresses, gray woolen stockings, and brogans, soles one-half inch thick. How they did laugh HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 313 and sing and grow fat under such innocent and moral enjoyment. ''The second day after my arrival at the Blue Drilling hotel, I borrowed a yeast powder can, holding about half a gill. I started, after my morning meal, for the bank of the river. The sand was liter- ally mixed with gold, as I supposed. I sat me down, exposed to the boiling sun, the thermometer claiming one hundred and seventeen de- grees, and spent the entire day gathering with the point of my knife the scale gold, as I thought, and depositing the same in my miniature tin safe. At sundown it was full, and I thought that a few days of such work would be all I cared for, and return home. I took the result of my day's work to Markham's store to have it weighed and get the coin for the same, but to my astonishment it was nothing more or less than mica. Feeling discouraged, I thought that gold is only sought as a means toward this end. Happiness is the concentration of all riches, and the most perfect happiness of this world is simply to be content. ''My cash account growing short, I had to resort to some strategy to make a raise, so I suggested to the landlord that as winter was fast approaching he ought to have a canvas roof on his building, to pro- tect the health of his patrons. The roof that was on his house would leak when it rained, and the interior of the hotel was dry when it did not rain. Upon my suggestion, he concluded to make the necessary repairs, and I to do the sewing at fifty cents a yard, and when the work was done a grand ball was to be given to pay such an extrav- agant expense. Two gentlemen, then residents of this town (now one is a captain of one of the Sacramento and San Francisco boats, and the other a wealthy and prominent member of the board of brokers of San Francisco), were called upon, and the promised treat was dis- cussed in all its parts. One of these gentlemen suggested that a floor should be laid so that it would be more pleasant for the dancers. I and the landlord objected, he on the ground of unnecessary expense, and I for the reason that the cost would overbalance the receipts ; the house would be bankrupt, and I would whistle for my pay. I gained my point by arguing that the ladies' brogans would last longer on a dirt floor than on wood. "Next in order was discussion as to the proper arrangements to be made on such an important occasion. Our friend, 'now on the river,' suggested the programme, which was concurred in by the com- mittee. Large posters written upon brown wrapping paper, with a blue pencil, were posted in every direction — 'Tickets, twenty dollars.' and the 25th of December, 1849— for the first ball ever held in the county of Sacramento. "A few days before, quite a large immigration from the western states arrived, and it was suggested and proposed that the committee should wait on the female portion and solicit their aid and services in preparing food for the supper, 'as the cook at the hotel could not be trusted, for he was one of those Yankee fellows, and his extravagance 314 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY iu prepariug tlie food would surely bust the boss.' We waited upon the ladies, and their excuse was that having just arrived, their whole time would he occupied in the wash tub, bath tub, and the preparation of their outer garments. Our only hope was to solicit the aid of the miners for our supper, and we offered to pay them for their food and premiums for the best meats, bread, cakes and pies; and your cor- respondent was ai)pointed a committee of one to make the award — which was half-]H'ice to the dance. That was a smart trick of the landlord, for he knew I would find some excuse for refusing any premiums, as he had an eye for profit, and I for my pay. "Well, the 25th arrived; the miners brought in their several meats, cakes, pies, etc., each one doing his best to excel the other. x\t 2 P. M. everything needed for the supper was exhibited for in- spection and awards in the cabin of W. Jones. The first examination was of two fine appearing hams. Premiums were refused in both cases — first, that the hams had not been washed before boiling, and the skin had not been taken off after boiling. The other was a shoulder, but by a neat contrivance about four inches of the leg of a ham had been carefully sawed off and with a wooden peg neatly placed in the shoulder, having the appearance of a genuine ham. Each was paid for his ham at $1 per pound, and they paid for their tickets $20 each. The next examination was the corn beef, which proved to be a chunk of 'salt horse' brought there some two weeks before by a sailor. He was paid for his salt horse and he paid for his ticket, as no ]n'emium was awarded him. "The bread was examined, and it was the unanimous opinion of the committee, at my suggestion, that it was dark. A person could not tell whether he was eating bread or leather. This report soon spread through the town, and an old and venerable Jack Tar had his trunk half full of ship biscuit, w^nch he offered as a substitute, and was accepted. The bread-makers' premium was withheld, and the donor of the biscuits received a pass to the dance at half-price. "Sausage meat came next, but as it had been made of nothing but beef and tallow, it could not be pnt on the table, as fishballs are prepared for use, so the whole bunch was boiled and served up cold, and a complimentary ticket given him. The cakes were in fine, order, sufficient grease having been used to make them palatable. They were accepted, and another $20 was lost. Something had to be done to avoid any further issue of free tickets for the ball, so the committee, taking a wink from me, agreed that the balance of the food should be averaged with that that had been examined except the pies, and they should be ])assed npon at the table, during supper, when pie was called for. The time did arrive. The first one cut proved to contain dried apples, brought from Boston, thoroughly eaten up with worms, and the black seeds still sticking in them. The crust was fair; he was paid for his pies, but received no pass. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 315 ''The second pie cut liad the appearance of being 0. K. of the dried peach order. A strong demand was made for peach pie. The first person that took a bite happened to have a false tooth in his head; instantly it fell from his month. An inquiry was at once made as to the cause of all this confusion, and the fault lay in the crust of the pie. It was carefully examined by those of the committee who had sound teeth and found to excel India rubber in toughness. The competitor was at once assessed for the damage done, which was set- tled by paying for the unfortunate gentleman's ticket. "Our work being done, the question arose as to who should have the honor of presiding over the floor at the dance. My old friend, now of San Francisco, was appointed as boss owing to his having a neat, white, fried shirt to give tone to the occasion. Myself and my Sacramento river friend were appointed as jigger bosses, he having a swallow-tailed coat with brass buttons, and I having a neat and clean collar over my woolen shirt, and a neat pair of boots, well greased, which made a good appearance. "The appearance of the ballroom was all that could be desired except that the managers were guilty of the grave oversight of neglect- ing to provide benches around it for the company. Wheeling planks were soon on hand, and, supported by drygoods boxes, made all satis- fied, and for the better accommodation and comfort of the ladies the landlord kindly allowed his two pairs of blankets to be used to give them the appearance of stuffed benches. The music stand was a shoe box and a three-legged stool on top. The hall was handsomely illum- inated l)y twelve candles stuck in porter bottles, and secured to the walls of the building with wires and handsomely decorated by the rough but tasteful hands of the miners with miniature flags and ever- greens. All was now ready; the proprietor looked up and down the streets for the coming of the dancers. One fellow told the landlord that in California the people never go to balls until the next day; that joke cost the landlord a cocktail and a steerage cigar. The company began to appear, however, at rather a late hour. Everybody had heard of the grand ball, and everybody wanted to see the crowd in attendance. It was a most singular miscellany, and in some cases the wonder was how the requisite $20 for a ticket was raised. "If it were desirable, I could critisize the ball pretty freely with- out being untruthful, but I should lavish ink and exhaust rhetoric in the vain effort to describe the entire success of this first entertain- ment. I dare not do it in print for the sake of my reputation for veracity nor undertake to say how many sighs were lavished upon the managers, the languishing glances that were leveled at them across the hall, what eloquent rhymes were coined to their praise, and how many gallant men risked the perils of a duel for the honor of first attempting to solicit the hand of the fair maidens for a dance. Even the furniture — wheeling planks appeared to hold high carnival, the 316 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY sofas displaying their elasticity, the candles winking, and the fiddlers sometimes bursting out into such uproarious hilarity that the very strings appeared as if they were struggling to get out of their places. "12 M. supper was called. Boards in the center of the hall were placed in their proper position, the old blue drilling roof was used for a table cloth, tin plates and knives and forks were in plenty, and soon the crowd took their standing positions. Be it known that the table was made high enough to compel the hungry crowd to stand, for by such an arrangement they soon got tired and would leave the table with their bunch of fives full of grub, to make room for the steerage patrons. Shortly after eating commenced a colored miner, who had been cook of a whaling ship, entered and graciously donated a plum duff, tapering regularly to a point from a circular base. The handsome donation was thankfully received, but the out- side of the duff had the smell of something very much like perspira- tion, and from its appearance must have been boiled in the sleeve of a shirt. However, the outside was carefully scraped, and not a "speck was left for the second table. Supper over, the tables were kicked out doors and dancing renewed. A young maiden was present, named 'The Infant,' fourteen years of age, weight one hundred and eighty-nine pounds. I asked for the honor of her hand for a polka; her answer was 'you bet.' The first turn I made, flop I went on the dirt floor ; a clothes brush was in demand, but as none could be found, she took a long-handled broom and swept me off. After, this was done, she called aloud, 'Here, Jim, finish this dance with me; this fellow can't swing under my weight.' I surrendered, but before they got well started a string on the fiddle broke. The fiddler declared that he could not play any fancy dances without four strings. The polka had to be abandoned, at which I felt a calm satisfaction. "Well, the ball ran until four o'clock, and only the bass string left. Thus ended the first ball ever given in Sacramento county.- I got my pay for my work, and my name is yet Forty-Niner." In the previous article alluded to "Forty-Niner" told of customs at the ."Blue Drilling" hotel. He says: "I took up my quarters at the hotel made of blue drilling ; the polite landlord, at present a resi- dent of your city, bowed me into my room, which consisted of ninety pine poles covered with canvas, and would accommodate forty per- sons, but contained only two pairs of blankets. As soon as one fell asleep, tlie accommodating landlord would remove the blankets from him for the next customer, and if they were slow to retire, a glass of '49 Bourbon soon compelled them to. After all were asleep, the land- lord took tlie blankets from his last patron and went to bed himself, to dream of the many two dolUu's coming in the next morning for lodging. Many inquiries were made for the b'edclothing, but the HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 317 gentlemanly proprietor settled the muss by another cocktail and a steerage cigar (cabin cigars at that time sold for fifty cents each), and all was peace." CHAPTER XXXIII TOWNSHIP HISTORY ALABAMA TOWNSHIP Alabama township was established October 20, 1856, a prior divi- sion of the county having been made February 24, 1851, by the court of sessions, by which eight townships (known as Sacramento, Sutter, San Joaquin, Cosumnes, Brighton, Center, Mississippi and Natoma) were established. It is bounded on the north by Lee and Cosumnes townships, on the west by Dry Creek township and on the south and east by the county line. It was originally part of Cosumnes town- ship and includes township six north, ranges seven and eight east, which lie north of Dry Creek, and also a strip from the west side of townships five and six north, range nine east, nearly a mile wide, in this county. John Southerland came into this township in 1850 and engaged in stock raising, and Roberts and Chaplin, who were the first ones" to raise barley in the township, settled on a ranch near him the same year, and Joshua and William Hewald, adjoining them, also raised grain and hay. In 1851 Ed Thompson, an old sea captain, settled with his family in the township, but afterwards sold his farm to tbp Goodwin brothers. Soon after selling he had a dispute with a laborer, and calling him out of the house, shot and killed him, then left thf^ country and was never found. Dr. George Elliott settled in 1851 at the crossing of the Stockton road and Dry creek, kept a stage station and hotel, owning the stage line. The place was known as Elliott's station and a postoffice was established there in 1852, Elliott being appointed postmaster. He sold out in 1858, a Mr. Mitchell being ap- pointed to succeed him, until the office was discontinued, when Martin Scott purchased the hotel and moved it across the creek into San Joaquin county. James M. Short and W. Lords came in 1852, and the former still lives there. Other early settlers previous to 1855 were S. B. Lemon, James Crocker, Thomas H. Fowler, William Mitchell (a large sheep-raiser), Richard White, William H. Young, William Callon, John Bowen and Joshua Bailey. In 1858 Thomas Steele set- tled at what is now known as Clay Station, and a postolfice was estab- lished there in 1878, Steele being postmaster, storekeeper and black- smith. The Sacramento and Stockton stages ran through the town- ship and by the station and hotel kept by Dr. Elliott. The Forest Line Stage Company began running in June, 1869, and ceased in 1876, running from Gait to Mokelumne Hill. George Brusie kept a station 318 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY and hotel. S. B. Lemon opened a hotel in 1854, which was closed in 1861 or 1862, and Calvin Bates opened one in 1863, on the Michigan Bar or Lagiina road, which closed in 1866, The lirst school in the township was a private one, kept by George H. Stringfield, in 1857, which lasted one term, and in 1858 a public schoolhouse was built 1)y ])i-ivate parties. Miss Mary McConnell being the first teacher. The soil of the bottom lands is a black loam. The upland is gravelly, mixed with adobe, and considerable red loam and sandy soil. The chief industry was stock raising until the passage of the "no- fence" law, since which time the land is more profitable for farming than grazing. T]iom])son and James brought several herds of cattle into the townshii) in 1853, and until 1860 "Uncle Billy" Hicks, of Hicksville, also had considerable cattle. In 1858 sheep-raising ob- tained a hold and has ever since proved ])rofitable. After 1877 barley, wheat and hay began to be raised profitably. Very little fruit has hitherto been raised in this township, but of late the large ranches have been purchased and are being cut up into small tracts, with the idea of colonizing them for the purpose of intensive farming and planting vineyards. Dry creek is a torrential stream coming down from Amador count,y, which carries water only in the winter and spring. The Lagoon, as it is known, carries a great deal of water in winter, sometimes overflowing its banks, half a mile wide. It runs nearly through the center of the township. AMERICAN TOWNSHIP On July 30, 1851, the court of sessions cut off from Sacramento township all of the land north of the American river, creating it into a townshi)) to be known as American township. On the 20th of October, 1856, the board of supervisors of this county estal)lislied the boundaries of the different townships as they now exist, all except Riverside township, which was carved out of Sutter township in 1909. In 1874 the supervisors changed the boundaries of Sacramento city, throwing all the land north of A and North B streets into American townshi]). At present almost all the land in the township is swamp and overflowed land, comprised in Old Swamp Land District No. 1. The Natonias Consolidated Company, however, has obtained ownership of most of the overflowed land, and has begun the work of reclaiming many thousands of acres, at a cost of several million dollars, and the day is not far distant when the township will be the site of hundreds of small holdings of alluvial land of great fertility and will make a thickly settled section tributary to the city of Sacramento. The township contains about fourteen thousand acres of the Norris Grant, or Rancho del Paso. This also is being subdivided, and many set- tlers are making improvements on it. The Southern Pacific station at Arcade is situated near the southeast corner of the township. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 319 The Six-mile House on the old Marysville road was built by Mr. Holmes in 1852 or 1853, but sold in 1857 under foreclosure to H. C. Harvev, who was interested in a stage line from Sacramento to Marys- ville, and who kept it as a hotel and farmhouse. It is now the head- quarters of a game club. The Arcade House was about two miles from the American river luidge. The Star hotel was on the Nevada road on the Norris Grant. It was a favorite stopjung place for team- sters and was owned by a Mr. Pitcher in 1857. The Twelve-mile House was a stage station on the Nevada road. The land, being sedi- mentary deposit, is very rich on the bottoms, and much sediment was deposited on it by the '62 flood, which nearly ruined the farms over- flowed, carrying away barns, houses, tools, etc., and the indications are that at some time previous to the American river occupation the water was much higher than in 1862. This townshi)! was the scene of one of the early duels — that be- tween Philip W. Thomas, district attorney of Placer county, and Dr. Dickson, one of the physicians of the State Marine hospital of San Francisco. Thomas had made some remarks derogatory to the char- acter of J. P. Rutland, one of the clerks in the office of State Treas- urer McMeans, and Rutland sent a challenge, which Thomas declined, saying he did not regard the challenger as a gentleman. Dr. Dickson appropriated the insult to himself, and sent a challenge to Thomas in his own name, which was accepted, and a hostile meeting was ar- ranged for four A. M. March 9, 1854. The parties left the city at two-thirty A. M., but found they were pursued by the sheriff and his deputies, and it was arranged that a mock duel should take place be- tween two of their friends, H. O. Ryerson and Hamilton Bowie. They took ])osition and exchanged shots, and Ryerson was immediately ar- rested and taken to the city, where he gave bonds. The principals proceeded to the ground, about two hundred yards from the residence of H. M. LaRue, where Bowie acted as second for Thomas and Judge McGowan as second for Dickson. The distance had l)een fixed at ten paces, Init was changed to fifteen, in hoj^es of saving their lives. The weapons used were dueling pistols, and both fired promptly at the word, Thomas being a little the quicker of the two, which prob- ably saved his life, as Dickson's bullet struck the ground at Thomas' feet. Dickson fell and was l)rought to the city, where he died at midnight. James H. Hardy was then district attorney, and the other participants were indicted, l)ut through the exertions of Col. P. L. Edwards, their counsel, the indictments were quashed. Thomas was later twice re-elected district attorney of Placer county, and in 1860 was elected to the state senate, but resigned before the expiration of his term. He died in Auburn in 1874 or 1875. BRIGHTON TOWNSHIP Brighton township, as originally established l)y the court of ses- 320 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY sions February 4, 1851, was described as follows: Beginning at the southeast corner of Sacramento township, thence along the eastern line of said township to the county line of Sutter county; thence east- erly along said line for three miles; thence in a southeasterly direc- tion to Murray's ranch and including the same; thence in the same direction to the intersection of San Joaquin, Sutter and Cosumnes townships; thence along the northern line of Sutter township to the place of beginning. This included part of what is now known as Center township. In 1856 the board of supervisors changed the boundaries. The town of Brighton was started in 1849 by a party of Sacra- mento speculators, the town plat made, lots staked oif, a race track and the Pavilion hotel built by the originators of the enterprise. It was located on the bank of the American river, nearly a mile north of the location of what is now known as Brighton. In 1849-51 it was a lively place. The Pavilion hotel burned down in 1851, and another hotel, the Five-mile House, with John and George Berry as j^ropri- etors, was started, but closed in 1856. There were two stores and several dwellings in the town, but in 1852 it was abandoned, on ac- count of land troubles, defective title and other reasons. The station and postoffice now known as Perkins was called Brighton until the early '80s, when the name was changed. At one time the postoffice at Brighton was moved to what is now called Brighton Junction, remaining there for four years, and then going back to its present location. T. C. Perkins built the first store and was the first i)Ostmaster there in 1861, and his son, C. C. Perkins, still carries them on. S. H. Pugh built the Washington hotel and the first blacksmith shop in 1874. Hoboken, or Norristown, was laid off by Samuel Norris in 1850 on the south bank of the American river. Very little was heard of it till the flood of 1852, when Sacramento was cut off by water, and Sac- ramento merchants had to move to the high ground in order to reach their customers. The town was rechristened Hoboken, and grew quickly. January 10, 1853, there were from thirty to fifty houses and tents. Prominent business houses of Sacramento swelled the popula- tion to several himdred. In January of 1853 the vote for the election of mayor of the town stood, after an exciting campaign : E. L. Brown, 613; Samuel Norris, 546; J. B. Starr, 598. Mayor Brown made a speech to the voters, promising to faithfully perform the duties of his office, "provided I am paid for it." When the waters subsided Hoboken was deserted and became farm land. Routier postoffice, named in honor of Joseph Routier, is on the Placerville railroad. Routier settled there in June, 1853, as the agent of Captain Folsom, occupying the house built by Leidesdorff in 1846. He bought part of the property and lived there until his death in 1898. The fii'st railroad station in this vicinitv was at the American Fork HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 321 House, or Patterson's. A few years later the station was moved to Mayhew. In 1871 Mr. Patterson lost his new house by fire, and re- built at Routier's. In 1872 Mrs. Mayhew, postmistress at Mayhew, resigned, and the office was moved to Routier's and Patterson was appointed postmaster. A. D. Patterson came to this country in 1849 and started the American Fork or Ten-mile House on the Coloma road, remaining there until 1871. The house was constructed principally of cloth, and was about ten miles from Sacramento. It became popular, and flour- ished so that in 1850 he built a wooden house costing, it was said, about $40,000, owing to the cholera season in that year. On Christmas Eve, 1850, a ball was held that realized $1500, of which Patterson paid $250 to Lothian's band for music. In 1853 the "Plank Road," built on the continuation of J street, reached Patterson's hotel, which was its eastern terminus. The house immediately became a great place of resort, and flourished till he sold it in 1872. The Magnolia, also known as the Five-mile House, was built orig- inally in 1849, on the old Placerville and Jackson stage road, and was well known in its day. It was burned twice in 1863, and rebuilt the second time. The Twelve-Mile House was built in 1853 by a man named Caldwell, and was known as the Antelope ranch. The Four- teen-mile House was built on the old Coloma road in 1850, and sold to John Taylor in 1854. Among the early settlers in the township we have gathered the following: N. J. Stevens settled near Patterson in 1850. Charles Malby settled here in 1849, and kept the Nine-mile House on the Coloma road. James T. Day came in 1849. Israel Luce came in 1850. James Allen came with his family on the American river,, and was driven out in the Squatter riot, the sheriff having been killed at his house, as heretofore narrated, and an adopted son of his having also been killed. He returned, and sold his place in 1861. W. B. Whitesides settled in the township in 1850, on what is known as the Rooney place. A. B. Hawkins came in 1849. A. Cerytes came in 1850, but moved away later. A. Kipp and Charles Petit settled on the Allen place in 1851, but when he returned they gave it up to him. John Rooney came in 1851. W. S. Manlove and Dr. Kelloi>-g settled there in 1849. Mills station, formerly known as Hangtown Crossing, has a store kept by John Studarus, and a gristmill from which it takes its name. Walsh's station is situated on the Jackson road about nine miles from Sacramento, and a postoffice was established there in 1873, J. Walsh, who kept the store, being postmaster. Enterprise Grange hall was built there the same year by a business association connected with the Grange. CENTEE TOWNSHIP Center township was established by the court of sessions in 1851, and comprised part of the present township, as well as parts of 322 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Brighton, Granite and Lee townships. The supervisors in 1853 changed the boundaries of Brighton and Center townships, making the portions of both lying north of the American river. Center town- ship. In 1856 new boundaries were established. The township is al- most entirely composed of Spanish grants. About thirty thousand acres of the Norris grant, known now as the Rancho del Paso, are in the township; also about eight thousand acres of the old San Juan grant, the latter having been subdivided and sold in smaller parcels. During the past two years the Rancho del Paso has been sold by J. B. Haggin to eastern capitalists, and is being rapidly cut up and sold in small farms to settlers. The price paid for it is stated to have been about one and a half millions. For fifty years its forty-four thousand acres has stood like a stone wall in the way of the city's expansion on the north, as Mr. Haggin refused to sell it, except as a whole. It is being rapidly settled up at present. The proprietors of the Norris grant made three separate attempts to reach artesian water or to find a flowing well, but were unsuccessful, and the last of the three wells was abandoned in 1879. The depth of these wells was, respectively, nine hundred feet, six hundred and forty feet, and twenty-one hundred and forty- seven feet. The Auburn road runs diagonally through the township, and in the early days houses of refreshment were located along it at short intervals, the most prominent of them being the Oak Grove House, about seven miles from Sacramento, which was a popular resort in 1851-52. It was kept l)y D. B. Groat, and w^as tlie one at which the parties of the Denver-Gilbert duel took breakfast on the morning of the tragedy, the ground being only a few yards away. The house disappeared long ago. This was one of the most noted duels in the early history of the state, and had its origin in a newspaper con- troversy in 1852. Denver was at the time in charge of the supplies for overland immigration, and Gilbert attacked him editorially, cliarg- ing members of the expedition with dishonesty. He finally sent Den- ver a challenge, which was accepted, Denver, as the challenged party, choosing rifles, and the distance thirty paces. At sunrise AugTist 2, 1852, the combatants met on the ground, and in the toss for choice of position Denver won, and placed his back toward the rising sun. Ex- Mayor Teschemacher was Gilbert's second and V. E. Geiger was Den- ver's, while Dr. Wake Briarly was surgeon. The first fire resulted in the bullets of each striking the ground in front of the other. At the second shot Gilbert was shot in the bowels and fell into the arms of his friend, dying without a struggle. His body was carried to the Oak Grove House. Gilbert was born in Troy, N. Y., and worked him- self up from the printer's case to a seat in congress. He came to California with Stevenson's regiment in 1847, having previously been associate editor on the Albany Argus, though at the time of his death he was only thirty years of age. Early in 1849 he combined the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 323 California Star and the old Calif ornian, from which sprung the Alia ^California. He was a delegate to the first constitutional convention, and the first man from the Pacific coast to take a seat in congress! His body was taken to the residence of J. H. Nevett in Sacramento, and impressive funeral services held by Rev. 0. C. Wheeler at the First Baptist church, the procession being headed by a company of cavalry under command of Captain Fry. The body was taken to San Francisco, and final services held at Rev. T. Dwight Hunt's church, every newspaper editor and reporter in San Francisco attending the funeral. Antelope is a village on the Southern Pacific railway. In 1876 a large brick warehouse was built by J. F. Cross, costing $3000. The first store was started in 1877 by the Antelope Business Association, and the second by R. Astile in 1879 in the hotel building. The post- office was established in 1877, Joel Gardner being postmaster. For many years it has been a shipping place for hayand grain into the mountains, and of late fruit and almond raising is increasing in that section. Arcade is a way station on the Southern Pacific." Within the past three years the Western Pacific railway and the Northern Electric railway have been built through the township and have estab- lished some waj^ stations. COSUMNES TOWNSHIP Cosumnes township originally embraced parts of Dry Creek and San Joaquin townships. Its present boundaries were established by the board of supervisors in 1856, and the villages of Cosumnes, Mich- igan Bar, Sebastopol, Live Oak and Buckeye are within its limits. Michigan Bar was so named because the first settlers were from Michigan. Much mining has been done in Cosumnes township, gold having been discovered there in 1849, and it was probably discovered by the two Michigan men who founded the place. This was the largest mining camp in the district, and the first claims were only allowed to l^e sixteen feet. Wlien hydraulic mining began the miners made their own rules. In the fall of 1851 the miners began working the gulches, hauling the dirt in carts to the river. This was the first dry mining done in this locality. In the summer most of the mining was done on the river and bars. The Knightsomer ditch in 1851 (the first built), and the Davidson ditch, built in 1854, were both on the north side of the river. In 1858 hydraulic mining began, and some two hundred to three hundred acres were washed off to the depth, sometimes, of twenty feet, the district l)eing one of the best for placer mining in California. At one time Michigan Bar had from one thou- sand to fifteen hundred population, some estimating it as high as two thousand, and in the '50s it ]io]led as high as five hundred votes. There are not more than fifty voters now. A toll bridge, Imilt in 1853 by Samuel Putnam, was bought by the 324 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY count}' in 1879 and made free. A new iron bridge, 362 feet in length and costing $3300, was built in 1887. The Michigan Bar pottery works were built in 1859 by J. W. Orr, who discovered what was thought to be the best bank of clay for pottery in the state. A man named Prothero was the first settler, and brought his family of four sons and two daughters with him. Larkin Lamb and wife settled there in 1851. Gold was discovered at Cook's Bar (named after a man named Dennis Cook, who settled there in 1849) about the same time as at Michigan Bar, and quite a large town, with a large hotel, stores and saloons and five hundred population sprang up, but practically ceased to exist in 1860. Sebastopol, a mining town, sprang up in 1854. The place was so named by the miners, the Crimean war then being in progress. During the lively times three hundred to four hundred ounces of gold dust were sold here weekly, but the town dwindled down to four houses by 1859. Katesville, another mining town, was established in 1854 and deserted in 1862. Live Oak was also established in 1854, and for several years gold to the amount of $2000 to $3000 was sold there weekly. Wells, Fargo & Co. had an office there from 1858 to 1861, and the Hamilton line of stages ran through Live Oak on their way from Mokelumne Hill to Sacramento. There were three stores, two hotels and other business houses, but the place went down in 1861. Among the early settlers were B. R. Robinson, Henry Lancaster, W. S. Crayton, Thomas Olive, J. C. Dunn, Patrick Gaffney, John Gaffney, George Freeman, R. D. Reed, Alfred Ball and V. Perry. George McKinstry came to the state in 1847, and opened a store and trading post on the Cosumnes river in 1849. He owned a part of what was known as the Sacayac grant (later called the Pratt grant) on the Cosumnes river, and sold the ranch and store to Emanuel Pratt, who ran it till 1855, when he closed out the business. J. 0. Sherwood settled on the south side of the Cosumnes in 1850. Jacob A. Hutchinson, Sr., crossed the plains in 1846, and settled on the Cosumnes river in 1849. He soon started on a prospecting trip to the northern mines, and was never heard of again. James Pollock came to the state in 1846 with his family, and settled on the Cosumnes in 1853. He claimed that his daughter, Mary, was the first white child born in the state, but the claim is disputed. Jared Sheldon, the owner of the Sheldon grant, in 1851 bought a piece of land half a mile above where McCabe's bridge was afterwards built. He built a costly dam and dug a race three-quarters of a mile long, the dam being built of square timbers, tied together with oak ties, and filled in with rocks, sixteen feet high. The miners learned of his intention and protested, on the ground that it would overflow their claims, but he disregarded their protest, and completed the dam. When the water began to reach the claims several meetings were HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 325 held, both sides being represented. Sheldon built a fort on a point of rocks which commanded the dam, placed a cannon npon it, and em- ployed a number of men to defend it. July 12, 1851, however, the fort was surprised and taken, Sheldon being absent. He was sent for to come and let the water off, and arrived soon after with a dozen men, but refused to let the water off, and the miners made an in- effectual attempt to l)low up the dam. When it failed, one of the miners, of whom there were about a hundred present, seized an ax, and calling on the others to protect 'him, walked to the edge of the dam and began chopping. There is a dispute as to who fired the first shot, one account stating that Sheldon ordered one of his men to shoot the miner who was chopping the dam, and that this man and another fired at him, whereupon the miners fired at the Sheldon party, killing Sheldon, and Johnson and Cody, the two men who fired. The only man injured on the miners' side was the man on the dam, who was slightly wounded. The dam was opened and the water let out, and it was entirely swept away by the high water of 1851-52. Jordan H. Lowry settled at Michigan Bar in 1854, and lived there for many years. There were plenty of hotels in the township between 1850 and 1862. The Public House, built at Coats' Ferry, closed in 1858, and another hotel, built by Coats, on the other side of the river, was closed in 1857. The Hamilton House, on the Sacramento and Dry Town road, near the river, was burned in 1853, and never re- built. The Gold Spring House., on the Gold Spring ranch, was built in 1849 and closed in 1853. The Mountain House was built in 1850 by James Gordon, whose wife gave birth to twins the same year, the first twins born in the township. The Wilbur hotel, built i3y Y. S. Wilbur in 1850, and sold to Larkin Laml) in 1851, was closed by him in 1858. The Ohio House, built by a company from Ohio, was sold in 1&56 or 1857 to James Cummings, who changed its name to the Cum- mings House. It was located at Sebastopol and burned down in 1864 and was never rebuilt. The Hamilton hotel was opened at Sebastopol by J. H. Hamilton in 1857. The Prairie Cottage, about a mile and a half above Sebastopol, on the lone road, was built in 1851 and closed in 1864. The Blue Tent House, on the Buckeye ranch, built in 1849 by Sage & Co., closed as a hotel in 1870. The Niagara House was opened in 1849 on Willow Springs creek by Moore & Ball, and closed in 1856. Cook's Bar House, opened by Chenault & Hall, in 1854, did a good business for several years, but closed in 1870. While there is some good agricultural land, in Cosumnes township and some successful hopyards along the river, most of the land is classed as mineral and is but little worked now, being largely devoted to grazing. The march of progress and the new methods of treating the land will probably in the near future result in turning it to fruit raising. 326 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY The first school in the township was opened in 1858, the whole township being inclnded in the district. DRY CEEEK TOWNSHIP Dry Creek township was originally inclnded in San Joaquin town- ship, but was set ot¥ by itself in August, 1853, all the land southeast of the Cosunmes river being set off. The boundaries were modified into their present form by tlie supervisors October 20, 1856. It is mostly included within the boundary line of the San Jon de los Mokelumne, or Chabolla grant. Dr. ^Y. L. Mclntyre came into this county in 1849, with his family, settling in Dry Creek township in 1851. He built the first frame house in the township in April, 1851, near Gait. Mrs. Rosanna Mclntyre died at the residence of Ephraim Ray in Gait, February 20, 1889, in her seventy-ninth year. Calvin T. Briggs and John Burroughs had large herds of cattle on both sides of the river as early as 1850, and Burroughs returned to the east in 1857. Briggs built the second frame house in the town- ship in 1851, they having previously lived in an adobe house. Rev. N. Slater and family came in 1851 and engaged in stock-raising. He sold his five hundred acre farm in the Chabolla grant in 1869 and moved into Sacramento in 1876. Grant I. Taggart and the Ringgold brothers took up a claim in 1852, but stayed only a few months. Taggart was afterwards clerk of the supreme court. Willis Wright purchased part of their claim in 1853. Thomas Armstrong came into possession of part of the Ring- gold place in 1852, and engaged in the dairy business. Dr. Russell came in 1850, engaging in the cattle business about four miles from Gait until his death in 1861. William H. Y^oung was among the early settlers. S. Fugitt and family settled on Dry creek in 1852 and kept a hotel for some years. Hiram Chase came in 1852. George Gray settled in the township in 1850, James Short in 1853, Andrew Whitaker in 1852 and John McFarland in 1851. Evan Evans came in 1851, Henry D. Cantrell in 1853, Thomas McConnell in 1855, Thomas Lorin in 1851, George Need in 1852, Peter Planalp in 1852, H. Putney in 1853, Peter Williamson in 1852, David Davis in 1853, P. Green and wife in 1852 or 1853, Peter Riley in 1852, Samuel Wriston and Ephraim Ray in 1852. The first death in the township occurred February 14, 1851, and was that of a Mrs. Jackson, who was with her husband, visiting at Dr. Russell's house. There was only one white woman, Mrs. Mclntyre, present at the funeral, and most of those who attended it were In- dians; At the grave the Indians squatted around on the ground, mak- ing a strange jiicture. In 1853 a Fourth of July celebration was held at Mclntyre 's house. The settlers came from all over the county and many from San Joaquin county. A flag was made by four of the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 327 ladies, the stripes being from a red window curtain and tlie blue field of a blue sliawl. The stock interests later gave way to grain, and much wheat was raised for years. There was little, if any, mineral in the township. The town of Gait was laid out by Obed Harvey and the Western Pacific Railroad Company in 1869, and the Gait House, an old hotel erected by S. Fugitt, was moved to the town. It was discontinued in 1872. Whitaker & Ray started their store in Gait in 1859, and amassed a fortune. The postoffice was established the same year, with John Brewster as the first postmaster. The First Congregational Church of Gait was established October 13, 1877, Rev. William C. Stewart, pastor, and the first officers were James Ferguson and E. C. Morse, but religious- services had been held in the schoolhouse at irregular times by various denominations since 1869. In 1884 the church erected a fine building through the energy of Dr. Harvey and John McFarland. The Methodists in 1879 took a schoolhouse built in 1872 and converted it into a church. The Christian Church was organized in 1887 or 1888. The Catholics laid the cornerstone of their church October 12, 1885, and it being the 393rd anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus, the church was named St. Christopher's Church. Rt. Rev. P. W. Riordan, Archbishop of San Francisco, officiated. Phoenix Lodge No. 259, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted in Gait Decem- ber 29, 1875, by Grand Master D. W. Welty. It now has ninety-two members. Gait Encampment No. 65, I. 0. 0. F., was organized May 13, 1881. Rei Rebekah Lodge No. 132, I. 0. 0. F., was organized March 20, 1888, with forty-eight charter members. There are eighty- seven members at present. Gait Lodge, F. and A. M., was organized in the fall of 1882 with fifteen charter members and S. W. Palin as master. The Knights of Pythias were organized February 12, 1883. Gait Lodge No. 113, A. 0. U. W., was instituted June 21, 1879. Other organizations have been instituted from time to time. The Order of Chosen Friends was instituted in 1882; the Golden Shore Lodge in May, 1889 ; the Grand Army Post July 12, 1888, and the Order of the Iron Hall, an incorporated order, in 1889. Hicksville was named after "Uncle Billy Hicks," one of the oldest settlers in the township, who came in 1847 and began stock-raising. The postoffice was established at his place in 1854 and was transferred to the present site of Hicksville in 1857. There is now a postoffice at Arno on the Valensin place, at Arno station, the Hicksville postoffice, which was off the railroad, having been discontinued a number of years ago. At present there are a number of subdivisions being carved out of the large farms in the township, the principal ones of which are the Valensin Colonv and Herald. The Central California 328 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY electric road runs through the township, and the colonies are on its line. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP Franklin township was formed out of the original Sutter township by the board of supervisors October 20, 1856. It lies between the Sacramento river, the Cosumnes and Mokelumne rivers, and Sutter township. The lands in this township are all either agricultural or marsh lands, the latter, where reclaimed, being very valuable for fruit, grain or vegetable raising, and much alfalfa is also produced on them. The agricultural lands have been mostly used for grain raising, being much of them adobe, with some sections of the red plains loam. There are also some vineyards among them. There is a chain of lakes running through the western part of the township and connect- ing with Snodgrass Slough. Along the river are some of the finest orchards to be found in the state, producing all kinds of fruit, berries, vegetables and alfalfa, which are carried to San Francisco and to Sac- ramento for shipment to the east. Almost every orchard has its river landing, where numerous fruit and produce boats ply daily through the fruit season. The titles were all procured from the United States, there being no Mexican or Spanish grants in the township. The largest business enterprise in the township is the brickyard on the river, owned by James 'Neil. Joseph Sims came to the state in 1847, with Stevenson's regiment, and is the youngest member living of the Sacramento Society of Pioneers. He settled in Franklin township in 1849, and has a valuable farm. J. B. Green came in 1849, J. C. Beach in 1850, Wm. H. Fry in 1852, Joseph Green in 1851, Truman N. Fassett in 1852, George W. Hack in 1855, R. Kercheval in 1850, David T. Lufkin in 1850, Jacob Miller in 1853, John Reith in 1855, Solomon Runyon in 1850, Myron Smith in 1853, Adam Warner in 1853. Union House was established in 1852 by Amos Butler, and has a postoffice. The Six-mile House was built by a man named Prewitt in 1853-54. The Twelve-mile House was built in 1850 by a man named Hesser. Freeport, eight miles from Sacramento on the river, was the place from which the Freeport Railroad Company projected its road in 1862-63 to connect with the Sacramento Valley road, and enjoyed quite a shipping trade to the mines for several years. A. J. Bump built the first store in 1863, and the first hotel was started by E. Greer the same year. There was a population of from three hundred to four hundred people at that time, but now only a few people remain. It has a postoffice. Freeport Lodge No. 26, I. 0. G. T., was instituted in January, 1884, and built a lodge building. The order went down some years ago. Franklin, for many years known as Georgetown, has a postoffice, store, hotel and a number of residences, and was settled in 1856 by HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 329 Andrew George. The solioolhouse was erected and rnn for two 3^ears as a high school, bnt al)andoned as sucli on account of the expense, Franklin Grange, P. of IL, was instituted January 9, 1874. Richland was started in 1860 as a landing, and had a large ware- house, a school, a Methodist church and a few residences. Courtland is a landing for all the steamers, and was established in 1870 by James V. Sims. It has a postoffice, telegraph and Wells- Fargo office, and a store. In December, 1879, a fire destroyed the part of it known as Chinatown, which was rebuilt. Onisbo, named after a chief of the Digger Indians there, was set- tled by A. Runyon in 1849. A postoffice was established in 1853, but was moved to Courtland in 1857. The schoolhouse, with the lodge room of Franklin Lodge No. 143, F. and A. M., overhead, was erected in 1860 at a cost of $2200. Franklin Lodge was instituted in 1861, with George A. Blakeslee as master. GEOEGIANA TOWNSHIP Georgiana township joins Franklin township on the south, and was set off from Sutter township, of which it was originally a part, by the court of sessions, August 14, 1854, commencing at a point about opposite to Steamboat Slough. On' October 20, 1856, the board of supervisors established Merritt Slough as the northeast corner. The township is composed almost entirely of what are generally known as the River islands, including part of Sutter island, almost all of Grand island, and all of Andrus, Tyler, Twitchell, Brannan, Sherman and Wood islands, and having about one hundred miles of levee. No richer land is to be found than that in this township, and the lands along the river and sloughs, when reclaimed, yield prodigiously. The orchards of all kinds of fruit keep a number of boats busy during the fruit season, and ship potatoes and vegetables to San Francisco and Sacra- mento all the year round. The land is being devoted extensively to the raising of asparagus and celery of late, yielding great profits. The stretch of land on the river from Freeport down, with its thirty- tive miles of orchards, has been famous for years, and the nine miles of river front on the Pearson reclamation district has excited mucli comment from press and public. It includes about nine thousand acres, and a splendid levee was constructed around it in 1878. The old levee gave way and it was flooded, many of the owners being ruined, and about four thousand acres fell into the hands of the San Francisco Sa^angs Union, which proceeded to reclaim it under the management of P. J. Von Loben Sels. Over $300,000 was spent in levees, pumping plant and other improvements. The land reclaimed has proved of marvelous productiveness for grain, potatoes, beans and other vegetables. Brannan island has about eight thousand acres, nearly all under cultivation. The levees and the residents have suffered greatly from 330 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY floods in the years since the settlement in 1852, but the land is now protected by levees more scientifically constructed, and is very pro- ductive. Sherman island is the southernmost point of Sacramento county, and was first settled by Robert P. Beasley in 1855. It was. all re- claimed in 1873, and the land increased in value rapidly, the crops being good and everything prospering. The high water of 1878, how- ever, dispelled the rosy anticipations of the owners and brought dis- aster to them, destroying the levees and making a swamp of the island. At various times since then the levees have been rebuilt with the same result. Within the last few years, however, the levees have been raised and strengthened by huge dredgers, and are considered secure at present. A great drawback to the reclamation of the islands is due to the fact that they are of peat formation, and at various times the weight of the sand placed on them too close to the river has caused the levee to slide down into the river. Of late the levees have been set further back, with a long slope on the side next to the river, and as a result all the islands will be ultimately re- claimed. There are two wharves on the island, and Emmaton is a small place on the Sacramento river. Twitchell and Tyler islands have been great sufferers from floods, the former having been purchased by the Tide Land Reclamation Company in 1869 and reclaimed in 1870, only to be overwhelmed by the water. Andrus island was settled in 1852 by George Andrus, at the upper end. It contains about seven thousand acres and is all re- claimed. Isleton, forty-one miles from Sacramento, is at the lower end of this island. It was established by Josiah Pool in 1874, and has enjoyed i)rosperity for many years. The wharf was built in 1875. Formerly the principal industry w^as the raising of sugar beets, but it was finally discontinued. For some years a lodge of Good Tem- plars and a Grange of Patrons of Husbandry flourished here. Sutter island has been under process of reclamation for tnany years, and is now largely under cultivation. Walnut Grove was set- tled by John W. Sharp in the fall of 1851, and there has been a post- office there since 1855 or 1856. It is situated at the junction of Georg- iana Slough with the Sacramento river. It has a wharf at which the steamers stop going both ways, also a store, schoolhouse, a hotel and a hall. It is a point from which much produce is shipped. The grow- ing of asparagus and celery has expanded very fast within the past three or four years, and a large area of the splendid alluvial soil near the river is being devoted to it. LEE TOWNSHIP Lee township was formed October 20, 1856, by the board of super- visors and is bounded on the north by Granite township, on the east HISTOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 331 by Natoma and Cosumues, on tlie south by Alabama and on the west by San Joaquin and Brighton townships. Of the original townships it contains part of what was San Joaquin township and a large por- tion of the original Cosumnes township. South of the Cosumnes river it includes part of the Hartnell grant, north of the Cosumnes and parallel to it is the Sheldon grant. About thirty-eight hundred acres of the Leidesdorff grant is in the northern part of the township. Along the Cosumnes river and Deer creek is the rich alluvial land, producing alfalfa and fruits. Back from the river is the red soil known as plains or agricultural land. On the high land iinicli of it is gravel and used principally for grazing. Approaching the Cosumnes river on the old Jackson road, as one reaches the brow of the hill, a beautiful green valley strikes the eye, and winds toward the south with the river. In the summer, when the hills are brown, it gives one beholding it for the first time a pleasurable surprise. One summer evening in 1840 William Daylor, who was in the employ of Captain Sutter, while on a cattle hunt, rode to the top of the hill which overlooks the valley of the Cosumnes. The valley at that time was thickly populated with Indians and as Daylor did not care to make too close an acquaintance with them, he did not descend into the valley, but went back to the fort. He reported what he had discovered to his friend, Jared Sheldon, who was at the time employed by Sutter as a carpenter. Sheldon, who was a naturalized citizen of Mexico, and had certain claims against the Mexican govern- ment for services in building the custom house at Monterey, saw^ his opjiortunity, and made an arrangement with Daylor, by which he (Sheldon), through his friend, E. P. Hartnell, who was then secretary of state and government interpreter for California under the Mexican government, should obtain a grant of the valley discovered by Daylor, in liquidation of his unsettled claim. Daylor was to settle with two or three companions on the grant, while Sheldon was to stock the ranch with cattle, and the two were to become equal partners in the land and cattle. Sheldon took the ])reliminary steps for securing the grant, and then purchased three hundred head of cattle of Dr. Marsh, of Marsh's landing (now Antioch), for which he was to pay in carpenter work, which he entered upon immediately, sending the cattle through the unknown country from Dr. Marsh's to the Cosumnes. They reached their destination safely, and the drovers found a corral for the cattle and a tent for the men, which had been provided by Daylor, assisted by Ned Robinson and a force of Indians. These Indians had been found to be docile, friendly, and willing to do anything for the whites in consideration of a yard of ''Manta" (unbleached muslin) and the game, deer, elk and antelope, which the latter provided, and which compensated the Indians for a week's work. With their aid a field of one hundred acres was inclosed with a ditch and planted with 332 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY wheat, which was procured from Captain Sutter. During the first year the diet of the settlers was confined to venison, but after the cro]) was gathered boiled wlieat was added to their menu, which was unvaried until 1847. In the -meantime Sheldon and Daylor had found a fine site for a mill just below where McCh^acken's bridge was afterwards built, and in 1847 they constructed a dam and built a grist mill, which continued in successful operation until the stampede of 1848 that caused nearly everyone to forsake work and rush to the mines. After the discovery of gold in 1848 Sheldon, Daylor and McCoon, taking a number of the Indians, established a mining camp at a point where the Placerville road now crosses Weber creek, and remaining there until the autumn rains set in, they found the result of the summer's work gave to each partner $20,000." Daylor was married in the autumn of 1846 and Sheldon married in the spring of 1847, their wives being the daughters of Thomas Rhoads of San Joaquin county. Sheldon, desiring to add to his pos- sessions, bought a piece of land about four miles above his mill, and becoming involved in a quarrel with the miners aliove it, was killed, as narrated elsewhere, July 10, 1851. He was a native of Underhill, Vt., and came to California overland from New Mexico in 1832. William Daylor, a native of London, England, came to Sutter's Fort in 1840. He died of cholera at Daylor 's ranch October 30, 1850. Sebastian Kayser, born in the Austrian Tyrol, and for many years a trapi^er in the Rocky mountains, was half-owner of the Johnson ranch at Johnson's crossing on Bear creek, and was drowned in the Cosumnes river in January, 1850. Perry McCoon came to California about 1843 and was killed by a fall from his horse near Cook's bar in January, 1851. W. R. Grimshaw, a nati\'e of New York City, was a seafaring- man, and arrived at Monterey in June, 1848, in a coasting vessel. He came to Sutter's Fort in October, 1848, and November 15, 1849, he opened a store and Indian trading post in partnership with William Daylor at Daylor 's ranch. He died many years ago. W.' D. Wilson came to this state in 1848, and settled on the Cosumnes river, opposite Daylor 's ranch, and died in Santa Clara county in 3875. John R. T. Mahone was a soldier in Doniphan's regiment during the Mexican war. He married the widow of Jared Slieldon and set- tled at the vSlough House in 1852. He died a number of years ago. Wilson's Exchange hotel was built in 1850 by W. D. Wilson on the south side of the Cosumnes river. In 1851 he built a bridge across the Cosunmes at the same i)oiut, but it was swept away by the high water in 1852; he rebuilt it the same year, but it was again swept away in 1862, and was not rebuilt. The Slough House was built by Jared Sheldou iu 1850. nud he and his family occupied it as a resi- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 333 dence until his death. The Slough House bridge across Deer creek was built by John Mahone in 1850. It was washed away in 1863, and rebuilt. In 1862 J. C. Austin built a wire bridge across the Cosumnes, located on half of division thirteen of the Hartnell grant. In 1868 Austin sold it to James D. McCracken, ex-Governor Booth and Colonel James. It was generally known as the ''wire bridge," and in the later '80s became unsafe and the county replaced it with one that was longer and higher. In the spring of 1850 the justice of the peace at the Daylor ranch was an old fellow known as "Uncle Ben," but he did not hold the office long. A half-witted fellow had been caught driving off some tame American oxen and was brought before Uncle Ben for trial. The fellow was almost paralyzed with fear and declared loudly that he was innocent of any intent to steal, and that he had been' jiired to drive the oxen to Sacramento. When all was ready for the trial, the prisoner was missing and a party went in search of him. He was found a couple of hundred yards from the house, up to his neck in water and with his head under a bush, and was brought back, more frightened than ever. Being asked how he got away, he said that he had given the justice his purse with the gold dust in it and had been allowed to slip out the back way. The justice denied his story, but the prisoner described the purse and its contents, and on searching the justice the purse and contents were found as described. It was given to him and he was allowed to go, but the judge was tied up to one of the columns that supported the porch and given twenty- live lashes on his bare back with a lasso for a "cat-o '-nine-tails." an Indian officiating. He was then let loose and ordered to leave at once. He left. ^ In 1850-51, the settlers in Cosumnes and San Joaquin townships, which at that time included Lee, had been greatly annoyed by horse and cattle thieves, until they determined to take the matter into their own hands and administer summary justice to offenders. A man named Orville Hamilton was accused in the early part of 1851 of being accessory to horse stealing and a number of citizens assem- bled at his place and organized a court and proceeded to try him on the charge. Among the members of the court were Jared Sheldon, William Hicks, Charles Lewis, W. D. Wilson, S. P. Gage, Atwood, Tryce and Allmond. The prisoner was found guilty and sentenced to hang and a committee was appointed to carry out the sentence, but when they proceeded to carry oat their instructions they found that the prisoner had disappeared. This was communicated to the crowd and created great excitement, which was increased when they dis- covered a man wearing Hamilton's hat. He proved to be a merchant of Sacramento named Sage, an intimate friend and old schoolmate of ILamilton's in Connecticut. It was proposed to hang him in Hamilton's place, but cooler counsel prevailed, and he was ordered 334 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tied lip and whipped. No oue appeared willing to undertake the job, until Sheldon exclaimed, "Some one has got to see to this thing," and he tied Sage to a tree and an Indian administered several lashes on his bare back with a lasso. He returned to Sacramento and employed C. A. Tweed to begin suit against Sheldon, Hicks and others, but was non-suited. By the time all tlie incidents related had taken place, it was dark and the settlers returned to their homes. Gage and Allmond lived in a cabin about a mile and a half below the Daylor ranch, on the south side of the river, where they were herding horses. When they returned home they were informed by a teamster, who had stopped at tlieir cabin, that two men were endeavoring to drive a herd of horses across a ford about half a mile below the cabin. As this was an unusual proceeding at that time of night, the three men went to the bank overlooking the ford and discovered that two thieves were endeavoring to drive off the horses Gage and Allmond were herding, l^'hey would have been successful, undoubtedly, if the horses had not been unwilling to leave their range after dark. The three men jumped down the liank, ]:»ulled the thieves off their horses, dis- armed them and inade them return to the cabin, where they gave them their supper. After supper, Gage left his com^^anions to guard the prisoners, while he started out to summon the neighbors to assemble and try the prisoners the next day. Hicks, Sheldon and Grimshaw were in bed when he arrived, and while he went to sum- mon others, they decided to attend to the matter at once. Accord- ingly, when Gage returned with some other neighbors, they all agreed on the subject. When they reached the cabin they found there wait- ing for tliem Jolni T. Rhoads, William B. Rhoads, John Parker and Ford, and it was decided to proceed to the trial at once. Sheldon was appointed to preside over the court, when it was found that there were not enough men present to form a regular jury. One of the party, however, spoke on the futility of regular trials in stopping the evil of liorse-stealing and said it was necessary to juake an example. He offered to be one of a party to pull on the rope to hang the prisoners and the others agreed. The horses, wliich had run into the corral, were examined to make sure there was no mis- take, and the prisoners were led out to a tree, lassos placed around their necks and they were informed that they had only half an hour to live. When tlie time elapsed, they were drawn up, left there all night and buried by the Indians in the morning. This summary dis- pensing of justice put an effectual stop to horse-stealing in the township. One of the earliest mob executions in the county outside of the city took place May 14, 1855, when William Tjomax was hung by a mob for the murder of Frederick Bohle, who was killed on the 7th. Bohle was a stockraiser and lived in a cabin about a inile above the HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 335 old Daylor ranch. Some parties who went there to purchase cattle found him dead. He had been cut with a knife and chopped with an ax, the indications pointing to a desperate struggle. The alarm was given at Grimshaw's house, and Clrimshaw and Oliver Saunders went out and brought in the body. Lomax had been seen about the premises and he was arrested in Sacramento and taken out to the scene of the murder. He asked that the trial be postponed until he could produce a man named Van Trees, with whom he said he had passed the night previous to the murder, at a ranch on the American river. The people of Michigan Bar and Cook's Bar took possession of him, promising that they would bring him back when Van Trees came, wliicli they did. Van Trees corroborated the story of Lomax that he had been at his place, but added that when he departed he had stolen a mule. Lomax was convicted and hung on a tree in front of Grimshaw's place. MISSISSIPPI TOWNSHIP Mississippi township as it was originally established by the cuui't of sessions, February 24, 1851, included not only nearly all the present township, but also the whole of the present Granite township. Very few changes were made until the south line was established October 20,1856, being made by the supervisors the Coloma road. At present it begins at the northeast corner of Center township; runs thence easterly along the northern boundary of the county to the American river; thence southerly and westerly along the American river to the eastern boundary of Center township ; thence north along the eastern boundary of Center township to the point of beginning. A large part of the land in the township is mineral, but the better part of the mining land has been worked out and the residents have turned their attention to agriculture and in later years to fruit. The North Fork Company's ditch runs through the township, affording facilities for irrigation throughout the year. The San Juan orant includes the greater part of the township, there being only about five thousand acres outside of its lines. The largest landholders a quarter of a century ago were Cox & Clark and S. C. Hastings. About twenty-five years ago the first subdivision of this grant was made and named Orange Vale. It was cut up into ten- acre tracts and quickly sold, a water right going with the land. About fifteen years ago the second subdivision was made and named Fair Oaks. Two years ago the Carmichael colony was purchased, it being the last portion of the Cox & Clark land, joining Fair Oaks on the east and the Haggin grant on the west. It was purchased by D. W. Carmichael, piped for irrigation and sold in ten acre tracts. The three tracts, with the San Juanita and Landis tracts, are ])iped for water, and the water right goes with the land. The Orange Vale and Fair Oaks colonies have been largely planted to oranges and 336 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY other citrus fruits and have proved as well adapted to that culture as the most favored sections of Southern California. In fact they are more favored as, while in the south the orange crop is sometimes frozen, the oranges here have never yet suffered from frost, owing partly to the fact that they ripen and are marketed a month to six weeks earlier than in the south. The Carmichael colony land, which joins Fair Oaks, is especially adapted to oranges and olives. One or two other tracts to the north are also being subdivided, and in a few years Mississippi township will be one of the most productive citrus fruit centers in the state. Gold was discovered in Mississippi township, along the banks of the American river, in 1849, about the same time as at Mormon island and Negro Bar. Mining was prosecuted actively along the river for some years, until the bars were mined out. As gold was found also on the higher benches in paying quantities, a company was formed to bring water in a ditch from the north fork of the American near Auburn. This company brought water through a ditch twenty miles long, in 1855, and from that time till 1870, mining was prosecuted. Since then but little has been done, except by Portuguese and Chinese. The Alabama Bar was situated in the northeast corner of the town- ship, in the middle of the American river, and was located in 1850. In 1852 a company named the Alabama Bar Mining Company, (from the fact that most of the company were Alabamans) was formed. It was composed of twelve men, with John Smith as presi- dent, and Alfred Spinks, superintendent. They located the bar and began to work it, but were notified of the prior location. They re- tained possession, however, and l)ought out the prior claimants, wher- ever they could find them. The gold gave out in 1856, and the bar was abandoned. The company employed about sixty men during the summer, and it is estimated that they took out about $75,000. The Slate Bar was located just below the site of the state prison, on the opposite side of the river, but was never a large mining camp, as the mining, being what is known as crevice mining, did not offer the advantages that the other bars did. In 1850 James Smith started the first store at Slate Bar. The American River Ditch Company was incorporated November 27,1854. They commenced work on the ditch in September, 1854, and it was completed to Big Gulch, near Ashland, the end of the main ditch, January 1, 1857. The first dam was built at Tamaroo Bar, twenty-four miles from Big Gulch. The portion from Big Gulch to Mississippi Bar runs through Orange Vale. .The first dam was taken out by flood in Marcli, 1855, the second dam, costing $5,000, in 1857, the third dam, costing $12,000, was destroyed by the flood of 1862, and the cost of rebuilding it was $29,000. It was taken out in 1871, rebuilt, and washed out in 1872 and the present one completed, January, 1876. The water is used now mostlv for irrigation. The Orange Vale HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 337 Colonization Company has thirty-two hundred acres of land irrio-ated by it. The California Central Railroad Company built its road through this township, and another road was started, to run to Auburn, but never got farther than Wildwood station, ten miles out. The Central Pacific subsequently acquired both of these roads and took up the tracks. Ashland's original name was Big Gulch, and in 1857 it was changed to Russville, in honor of Colonel Russ. It was also called Bowlesville, sometimes, after an old resident named Bowles, who had, or claimed to have, a title to the land. It was christened Ashland m 1860. In early times there were a large number of cabins and a few saloons, but no hotels. Colonel Russ was for a time the central figure around which affairs in Ashland revolved. The following extract from the Folsom Telegraph of August 12, 1864, will perhaps prove interesting. ''In 1857 or 1858 the name of the village was changed from Big Gulch to Russville, in honor of Colonel Russ, whose advent was an era in the history of this quiet place. The Colonel was a man of remarkable traits in more respects than one. Being a speculative genius, he induced a number of San Francisco capitalists to form a company for the purpose of mining the quartz rock for the gold it never had contained, and granite for building, and for these purposes a splendid and costly mill was erected. Machinerv for dress- ing the granite was imported from the east. For some time the Colonel endeavored to plane granite, but his machine failed to reduce the obdurate rock to the necessary form and shape and it was cast aside. Then tons of quartz were crushed, but unfortunatelv for the •Colonel and the stockholders, the mill failed to produce the 'color,' for the very good reason that the color was not in the quartz. During this period the Colonel erected a neat cottage on the summit of the highest hill in the neighborhood, which was" crowned with a flagstaff. "The Colonel, turning his attention to politics, was elected justice of the peace of Mississippi township. Whenever a case was' to be tried, up went the 'Stars and Stripes' on the flagstaff, and the Colonel mounted the seat of justice, which was about six feet high. There the Colonel sat, invested himself with the majesty of the law, and dis- pensed justice according to a code of his own; the statutes were of no use to him. From his court there was no appeal, and anv one mentioning an appeal in that court was liable to be immediately fined for contempt. The Colonel's term expired, the quartz companv ex- ploded, and granite would not work, the Colonel's cash ran out', and he departed from Russville. Shortly after the callage was christened Ashland, and the only monument now remaining near Ashland of the Colonel's genius and enterprise is a mining shaft two hundred and 338 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY fifty feet deep, sunk to find the bed roek, wliicli some of those inter- ested in the company succeeded in doing, though not in the shaft." The first mill run by water power in the county of Sacramento was built by James Smith, a native of Denmark, in 1851, and was a sawmill. In 1852 he built a small gristmill, being his own carpenter and millwright, and when the mill was completed he became his own miller. In 1854 Edward Stockton of Sacramento, observing the great possibilities of water power, purchased a half interest in the mill and power. The mill was enlarged to three run of stone, with a capacity of one hundred barrels a day, which established a profitable business, and in 1861 the mill, then owned by Coover & Stockton, was enlarged to nine run of stone, the tail race being five hundred feet long, equal in effect to four thousand horse power. The floods in December, 1861, damaged the mill and power to the extent of $12,000, and the third flood, in January, 1862, carried away the three buildings comprising the mill. Stockton afterwards entered into partnership with Carroll & Mowe of Sacramento, and a mill was erected fifteen feet higher and two Imndred and fifty feet farther from the river. It was sixty by eighty, . four stories high and contained nine run of stone, with a capacity of seven hundred barrels of flour daily. It was built of gran- ite and cost $140,000. Stockton built a spur track to the mills, but in 1867 they were destroyed by fire and never rebuilt. The ruins remain to this day. Quarries of a very superior quality of granite have been operated successfully since 1856. The pioneer in this industry was Griffith Griffiths. The blue granite for the earlier buildings in Sacramento was from Folsom, at the state prison quarry, while the lighter-colored granite was from Rocklin. NATOMA TOWNSHIP Natoma was one of the nine original townships established by the court of sessions, February 24, 1851. It included all the present township and a part of the present township of Cosumnes. In August, 1853, the court of sessions divided the township into two parts, ali that portion south of the Coloma road being called Prairie township. The present boundaries were established by the board of supervisors October 20, 1856, beginning at the southeast corner of Granite town- ship and running along its eastern line to the northern boundary of the county; thence along the northern and eastern boundaries of the county to the center line of township 8 north, of range 8 east, of Mount Diablo base and meridian; thence west on the center line of said township, to the eastern boundary of Lee township, and thence north and along the line of that township to the place of beginning. The township is mainly devoted to agriculture and dairying, though there are still a few mining claims that are worked to some extent, The southern part is devoted to dairying and grain growing, wheat and bar- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 339 ley being the principal grains. The northern part raises hay and grain. The tirst prominent settlement, outside of Mormon island, began in 1852. Before that time there were settlers located along the public roads, who kept public houses. Among the first settlers who began farming were Jacob Broder, who came in 1852; his brother, Oswald; Samuel Ricker and family; Charles Shead, John McComber, Charles Bishop and George Peacock, all of whom settled in the vicinity of Mormon island. William Jarvis and family opened the Valley House in the fall of 1852, on the Coloma and Sacramento road. Peter Hous- ton settled on a ranch on the Coloma road in 1852, and his brother joined him in 1854. Peter returned to the east in 1857. E. B. Town- send settled near Mormon island in 1852, and engaged in dairying and butchering. R. K. Berry settled in the northwest part of the town- ship in 1852, and died in 1859. Dr. Morse settled in 1852 on the ranch afterwards owned by Charles W. Porter. H. E. Barton and brother came about the same time. Joseph Woodward settled in the township in 1853 on the Illinois ranch, now known as the Gould farm. John Wielde settled near Mormon island in 1851; W. H. Williams on section five in 1852; Joseph Wall in 1850. Wall subsequently lo- cated Wall Diggings. Joseph AVilson came in 1853. Others were Van Triece, Ingersoll, J. Caples, J. D. Duval, W. J. Milgate, G. K. Nye, William Sales, Charles Saul, A. W. Topper, A. H. Thomasou and Mrs. Elizabeth Wilson. A.' J. Lester came in 1850 and his brother George settled in the southern part of the township in 1852. A. G. Kinsey came in 1849, as did A. P. Catlin, who resided there till 1856. In the spring of 1852 two Mormons, one of whom was Wilforcl Woodruff, when on their way from Sutter's Mill to the fort, found themselves, near sunset, at the spot known as Willow Springs, in this county. Concluding to camp, they shot a deer and went to the nearest point on the American river where they could procure water and feed for their horses. They descended the blutf to a flat covered with underl)rush, and cooked and ate their supper. As it was not yet dark, one of them said : ' ' They are taking out gold above us on the river. Let us see if we can find some here." They took a tin pan, scraped off some of the top soil, and panning out the dirt, obtained a fine pros- pect. They went to the fort the next day and informed Sam Brannan, of the firm of C. C. Smith & Co., who traded goods for hides, tallow and wheat at their trading post. Brannan was at that time the spir- itual guide and director of the Mormons of the New Helvetia and other districts of the state. He went to where they found the gold, set up a preemption claim, and demanded one-third of all the gold taken from the bar. So long as the Mormons were largely in the majority among the miners, this royalty was exacted religiously, but as unbelievers flocked in they resisted Brannan 's claim and he was compelled to give up the collection of royalty. He had, however. 840 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY accumulated several thousand dollars, with whicli he formed a partner- ship with Melius, Howard «& Co., of San Francisco, and this laid the foundation for his large fortune. The place was named Mormon island. As the news of the discovery spread, miners flocked in from all quarters, till, in 1853, the town had a population of about twenty- five hundred ])eople, nine Imndred of whom were voters. The first hotel was called tlie Bhie Tent, and was opened by S. R. Caldwell soon after the island hegnu to be populated; was moved to another part of the town and cliri stoned the Caldwell House in 1852, and was discontinued in 1854. Sam Brannan opened the first store in 1848; sold to James Queen, he to Captain Pool, and he in turn to Dewitt C. Stanford (a brother of Governor Stanford), who died in Australia while on a business trip. J. P. Markham opened a hotel and store in 1850, and closed it in 1854. Two stage lines running to Mormon island were established in 1850, one being from Sacramento to Coloma, and the other from Sacramento to the island. They were both taken off in 1856, and at the same time a line was started from Folsom to Coloma, running through Mormon island. The postoffice was opened in 1851, with J. W. Shaw as postmaster. Dallas & Kneass opened the Miner's hotel in 1851, and it was burned in 1856 and never rebuilt. The Man- sion House was kept by Thomas Stephenson from 1853 to 1856, and then closed. In 1856 a fire destroyed the southwest portion of the town, which was never rebuilt. At one time there were four hotels, three dry-goods and five general stores, Adams & Co.'s Express office, carpenter sho]), butcher shop, bakery, livery stable and seven saloons in Mormon island. A school was opened in 1851, and there is now a good school building there. The principal bridge in the township is known as the Mormon island bridge. The first one was built by J. W. Shaw in 1851. It was a wooden bridge and was Washed away by high water in 1854. , He built a wire suspension bridge the next summer, which was washed away in the flood of 1862, and was rebuilt by Shaw. A few years ago this was replaced by a higher and more costly one by the super- visors of this and Eldorado counties. The first ball in the county was given at Mormon island in the "jolly old days of 1849," and a humor- ous account of it was given in the Record-Union of June 21, 1873. Many public houses existed on the roads in the township, regarding which no data have been secured. The Smith Exchange was built on the Sacramento and Coloma road near Mormon island, by a man of that name, in 1853, and was the largest public house in the township at that time. He sold out in the fall of 1855 to Cox & Hamilton, who sold to "William Jarvis in 1858. He sold to a man named Lee. It was discontinued for a year, when Freeman McComber bought it and fitted it up, and it was finally closed in 1864. The Union Tavern was probably opened as early as 1850, by Mr. Turle, and closed in 1855. flISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 341 The Half-way House was built by Briggs & Hoffman in 1852 sold in a year to one Martin, who sold in turn to John E. Butler. ' SAN JOAQUIN TOWNSHIP San Joaquin was one of the original townships and included Dry Creek and parts of Alabama, Franklin, Brighton and Lee townships Dry Creek township was set off in 1853, and October 20 1856 the supervisors established the boundaries of San Joaquin as they 'now exist. It joins Brighton township on the north, runs east to the range line between ranges 6 and 7 east of Mount Diablo meridian, south to the Cosumnes river, west to the eastern boundarv of Franklin ^own- ship, then along the eastern boundarv of Franklin to the poin^^ of beginning. With the exception of the land in the southern portion included in the Hartnell grant, amounting to about ten thousand acres, the title to the land in the township is from the United States, and all the land is agricultural. There was considerable timber in the township when it was first settled, but it has been cut off, the old Graham grove, now used as a picnic ground, being about 'the only timber of any amount in the township. The earliest settler in the township was Martin Murphv, Jr., who settled with his wife on the Cosumnes in 1844. The farm is now owned by Thomas McConnell, whose house stands within a few rods of where Murphy lived. Murphy died in 1854, and his wife returned to Ireland. Edward Perrin and family settled on part of the McConnell place in 1849. The Wilder Brothers, Asa, Benjamin and John, came to the township in 1849, and engaged in stockraising. Asa and John died in the '60s, and Benjamin died a number of years ago. He married one of the Donner girls, a member of the ill-fated Donner party. She is still living. T. Keno, one of the Donner relief party, came to the state in 1846, and afterwards took up a claim on the Cosumnes river, remov- ing to Stockton many years later. Gabriel Gunn settled in 1850 on the ranch since owned by Abram Woodward ; John Whittick settled in the township in 1850; David P. Crook in 1851; P. Hull and familv in 1851; Enoch Madder settled on the Wilder ranch, about three miles north- west of Elk Grove; Jacob Marshall and family came in 1852. and located on the river, and Jacob Swigert and familv settled on the adjoining place in 1853. Albin Clark settled on the' Upper Stockton road, near old Elk Grove, in 1850, and was one of the first men to raise grain in the township. He also engaged in stockraising, prin- cipally horses and hogs. Johnson Little came in 1852 and settled near him. Eobert Parrott opened a hotel in 1852 on a farm adjoining Old Elk Grove, ran it for five or six years and then went to the mines. Norman I. Stewart came in 1852, and settled in 1854 near Elk Grove. He died a few years ago. G. Harvey Kerr settled near Elk Grove station in January, 1854, and became a prominent fruit grower and manufacturer. He reported that very little land was cultivated at 22 342 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY that time, the most of it being along the Cosumnes river. It was sup- posed that wheat could not be successfully grown, but time proved that theory to be an error. Mr. Kerr died a number of years ago. The site of old Elk Grove was originally on the Graham place, but it was subsequently moved to Buckner ranch, about a mile north. James Hall and family came to California in 1850, and opened a hotel on the original site of old Elk Grove, and gave it its name, having lived in Missouri in a town of the same name. He died in Vallejo in 1876. Major James B. Buckner built a hotel in 1850, called the Buck- ner Hotel. He sold it to Phineas Woodward, who ran it for some time and sold it to Mrs. Erwin, widow of Jared Erwiu. She kept it for three years and sold it to Nicholas Christophel. The original old Elk Grove hotel burned down in 1857. Buckner and Woodward both returned east. This was the first postoffice established in the town- ship, James Buckner, postmaster. James Hall was the first justice of the peace. Elk Grove is a thriving town of seven or eight hundred inhabi- tants, on the line of the Southern Pacific railroad, and in the midst of a rich country, sixteen miles from Sacramento. In 1876 Julius Ever- son conceived the idea that it would make a good business center. Through his efforts the Elk Grove Building Company was incor]3or- ated and put up a store building, which was occupied in August of that year by Chittenden & Everson, with a large stock of merchandise. They reported their sales for the first sixteen months at $52,000. There are two hotels, the Railroad hotel, built by Morrow H. Davis in 1876, now the Toronto hotel, and the Elk Grove hotel, erected the same year l)y the Building company. J. N. Andrews had the first store, which was in the depot building, he being the agent of the Cen- tral Pacific railroad. H. S. Hill built the Elk Grove Flouring mills in 1876. A hardware and tin store was opened by A. J. Longenecker in 1877, and a meat market, a furniture factory, two drug stores, a harness sho)), n warehouse and other businesses followed in the course of time. The Elk Grove District Methodist Episcopal Church was erected in 1876, the church having been organized in 1858 or 1859 by A. M. Hurlburt. The Elk Grove Presbyterian Church was organized February 12, 1876, but services had been held in 1856 in the schoolhouse near old Elk Grove by Rev. J. C. Herron, and in the present Elk Grove school - house in 1875 and 1876 by Rev. J. S. McDonald. The church cost $2750, and Rev. William H. Talmage was the first pastor, from 1874 to 1879, George H. Kerr being the first ruling elder. Elk Grove Lodge No. 173, F. and A. M., was instituted at old Elk Grove, Augiist 6, 1864, the first meetings being held at the house of O. S. Freeman. The charter members were: A. S. Ferris, James B. Hogle, A. J. Painter, 0. S. Freeman, G. W. Cha])lin, Thomas Mc- HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 343 Connell, B. F. Weathers and W. B. Sullivan. About 1878 the lodge built a fine brick structure at Elk Grove, the lower story bein.o- used for a store. Elk Grove Lodge No. 274, I. 0. 0. F., was organized May 2, 1878, with Henry Hill, noble grand. Elk Grove Rebekah Lodge No. 136, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted May 2, 1888, with fifty-nine charter members. It has eighteen charter members still in the order and num- bers one hundred and fourteen members. Elk Grove Lodge No. 110, A. 0. U. W., was established June 16, 1879, but was discontinued. Elk Grove Lodge No. 449, I. 0. G. T., was organized November 9, 1872. The lodge was suffered to lapse many years ago. Elk Grove Parlor No. 41, N. S. G. W., was organized in September, 1884, with W. J. Elder president. Florin is a small town on the Southern Pacific railroad, about eight miles from Sacramento, and on the dividing line between Brighton and San Joaquin townships. The name was given to the locality in 1864, by Judge E. B. Crocker, on account of the great number of wild flowers which grow in the vicinity, and was given to the town when it was founded in 1875, the railroad station and post- office being built there in that year. F. Sugden was the first postmaster and Johnson & Sugden opened the first store in 1875, being succeeded by Fred Sugden in October, 1879. The schoolhouse was built in 1877, and the only hotel opened by Leonard Goddard in 1875. There is a Methodist and a Presbyterian church in the town. The soil around Florin for several miles in length and width overlies a hardpan, and necessitates irrigation, and it is one of the great strawberry growing centers of the state. There are also many vineyards of table grapes, the Tokay and other varieties always bringing top prices in the east. Florin Lodge No. 364, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted July 12, 1890, with the following officers and six charter members: Jasper H. Coolev, P. G. ; David Reese, N. G. ; Charles L. Buell, V. G. ; Charles S. Patton, Con.; James Tootell, Warden; E. F. French, Chaplain; L. M. Lands- borough, Sec; George H. Jones, Treas. The total membership at present is seventy-five. Florin Rebekah Lodge No. 20, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted February 14, 1895, with fifty-three charter members. There are now one hundred and twenty- four members. Florin Grange No. 130, P. of H., was established December 17, 1874, with Caleb Arnold, master. Sheldon never existed as a town, a blacksmith shop, saloon, and two or three houses being its extent in its palmy days. It was a ** deserted village" for many years, but since the Central California Traction electric road runs near it, a colony has been started close to it. McConnell's station is on the Southern Pacific road, four miles below Elk Grove, there being only a depot for passengers there. The first school district in San Joaquin township was established in 1883, and included nearly all of Dry Creek township, as well as 344 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY San Joaquin, it being all known at that time as San Joaquin town- ship. The first teacher for the term of 1853 and 1854 was a Mr. Sullivan, and Harry Kerr taught the second term, in 1854-55. The first school in Sacramento county, outside of the city, was taught by a Mr. O'Brien, at the house of Martin Murphy. SUTTEK TOWNSHIP The original boundaries of Sutter township as established in 1851 included a large portion of the county, being as follows: Beginning at the southwest corner of Sacramento City, and thence running east along the southern line of said city to the southeast corner thereof; thence easterly to the road from Brighton to Dajdor's ranch; thence along said road in a southeasterly direction three miles; thence in a southerly and southeasterly direction to the intersection of the Co- sumnes and San Joaquin rivers, excluding all ranches and settlements on the Cosumnes river; thence down the San Joaquin river to its junction with the Sacramento river ; thence along said river or western boundary of the county to the beginning. As the Cosumnes empties into the Mokelumne, and not into the San Joaquin, it is to be supposed that at that early day it was thought that the lower part of the Mokelumne was the Cosumnes, and was therefore so called. August 14, 1854, Georgiana township was set oif from the southern portion, and October 20, 1856, the supervisors established new bound- aries for Sutter township, making the boundary south of the city the Sacramento river as far as the line between townships 7 and 8 north, thence along said line to the southeast corner of section 33, and south- east corner of section 34, in township 8 north, range 5 east, and thence north and through the center of township 8 north, range 5 east, to the American river, and down the American river to the city limits, and then to the place of beginning. In 1909 the supervisors carved Riverside township out of the portion of Sutter township joining the city on its southern boundary. The two townships are situated so directly around the city that their history is interwoven with its history and a part of it. The history of Sutterville in the early days has already been given, and its decay depicted. The suburban district recently annexed to Sacramento city, comprising Oak Park, Highland Park, a good sized slice from River- side township. East Sacramento and a large area of land running nearly to Brighton, has greatly curtailed the area of Sutter township and left it practically composed of farms, without any towns or vil- lages within its limits. A large portion of it is in reclamation districts and the remainder is what is known as plains land. The value of land holdings has greatly increased within the past ten years. HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 345 RIVERSIDE TOWNSHIP Riverside township was carved out of tlie portion of Sutter town- ship adjoining the city on the south, and the slice taken from it by annexation leaves it a very unimportant unit in the township system of the county. Various interesting spots in the vicinit}' of Sacramento in the early days have fallen into decay, and have either vanished or are only remnants of their former splendor. Smith's Gardens is one of these. In December, 1849, A. P. Smith purchased from John A. Sutter fifty acres of land on the south bank of the American river, about three miles from Sacramento, He immediately began to im- prove it. At the time of its purchase the ground was considered high, and the only timber on it was the oaks and cottonwoods on the bank of the American. He commenced by raising vegetables, and at the same time planted such trees and seeds as he could procure. As fast as he was able, he imported choice varieties of fruit and shade trees, ornamental shrul)bery and plants. He laid out the grounds with two miles of walks, and filled in the entire length of them with shells brought from San Francisco, By digging down through the debris on the place a few feet, these shells can still be found. He laid out four acres into a flower garden, planting it with rare plants and flowers, and planted the rest of the place with all sorts of fruit trees, and it is stated that at the height of its glory, there were over one thousand varieties growing on the place. There was a drive through and about the grounds, and a winding avenue, nearly a mile in length, and shaded by trees on each side, ran up to his residence. Having discovered that irrigation was necessary, Mr. Smith imported a Worthington pump that would throw three hundred gallons a minute, and was capable of irrigating a place of three times the size. He laid down pipes and put in hydrants all over the place, at such intervals that it could all be watered by at- taching a hose. But he was doomed to loss and disappointment. The flood of 1861 and 1862 flooded the place. The American river cut into the southern bank, washed away five hundred feet of the gardens, swept away the family residence, and covered the place with a deposit of sand and sediment from one to six feet deep. Smith estimated that his loss by the destruction of his beautiful place was $100,000. In 1862, when the new system for construction of levees was adopted, he made strenuous efforts to get his place included in the system, but failed to do so, and repeated floods have completed the destruc- tion of the gardens since then. The Tivoli House was situated near where the Southern Pacific crosses the American river and was in its day a great place of re- sort. It was a pioneer place, where the Helvetia Rifle Club, the 346 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Turners, the Sharpshooters, and others used to hold their shoots and festivals, but its glory departed long since, and it has fallen into decay. East Park, now known as McKinley Park, and owned by the city of Sacramento and used as a children's plaj^ground^ was prior to that owned h>- private parties. It contains about thirty acres and is a popular i)lace. Until tlie recent annexation of the suburbs, it was just outside of the city. The Riverside Hotel and Turnpike company procured the pas- sage of an act by the legishiture in 1872, making a toll road Prom the southern limits of the city to their hotel, about four miles be- low. The franchise expired many years ago, and the Riverside road became a very ]iopular place for driving. GRANITE TOWNSHIP This townslii]) was created by the board of supervisors on Oc- tober 20, 1856. It was at first included within the boundaries of Mississippi township, of which it lies southeast. Nearly all the land in the township was included in the Leidesdorff grant, which was given to Leidesdorff by Governor Micheltorena in 1844. James I. Folsom bought the interest of the heirs of Leidesdorff, and through his executors, secured the confirmation of the grant in 1855. The grant runs from the Sutter grant up the American river, which is its northern boundary, the southern boundary running nearly parallel with the river at four or five miles distance. The land in the grant was mostly taken up by squatters, who were later compelled to buy the title to their possessions, or else vacate the land. Tlie land in tlie township is mostly mineral and the placers along the river and in the vicinity of Folsom were among the richest in the state, many millions being taken from them in the early days, both by ])rc»spectors and by hydraulic mining. At present the gold dredge has invaded the township, and not only extracts the gold from the bars and ])anks of the river, but the big corporations liave purchased thousands of acres of the land adjacent to the river, and are changing it from fertile vineyards and orchards to vast heaps of cobblestones. The Natoma Water and Mining Company early acquired water rights on the American river some distance above Folsom, and acquired a large amount of land, some of which they leased for mining, and the rest of which they planted to vdnes and trees. The great Natoma vineyard, at one time the largest in the world, with two thousand acres of vines in one body, shipped many carloads of grapes annually, and manufactured a large amount of wine and 1)randy. '^Fhe jn'0})erty has been purchased by the dredg- ing company and is being transformed rapidly into rock piles. This vineyard was irrigated by a canal sixteen miles long, dug in 1851 from the south fork of the American, above Salmon Falls. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 347 Negro Bar is properly a part of the history of Folsom, being the scene of mining before the latter place started, and there was a large mining camp at the Bar previously. A most interesting ac- count of its early settlement was kindly furnished to the author by Hon. W. A. Anderson, who resided at Folsom in the early days. Mr. Anderson writes as follows: "A few memories of the town of Folsom might interest the present generation. The first settlement of that locality was at Negro Bar, which was between the present site of Folsom and the American river. In 18-49 some negroes began to mine there, and from that circumstance the Bar took its name. Their success at mining caused a flocking of miners from all quarters, and in 1851 there were over seven hundred people there. Large quantities of gold have been taken out of the Bar. Ex-Supervisor James L. Mere- dith opened the first hotel and store, both in the same building, at the Bar, in April, 1850. William A. Davidson opened the second store, but shortly afterward sold out to A. A. Durfee and brother, A few months later Rowley & Richardson opened the third store, and these were the ])rincipal business houses until Folsom was lo- cated. The site of Negro Bar has been l)uried under sixty feet of cobbles and debris. At that time the American river was sixty feet l)eneatli the present flow of the river. "Folsom was laid out in 1855 by Theodore D. Judah, R. Chenery and Samuel C. Bruce, for Capt. Joseph L. Folsom. Town lots were sold January 17, 1856, at public auction in Sacramento by Col. J. B. Starr, auctioneer. All of the lots were disposed of at that sale, and the town grew rapidly. February 22, 1856, the Sacramento Val- ley railroad, the pioneer road of this state, was completed to Fol- som and opened, and free excursion trains were run there from Sac- ramento. At the opening of the road there were about one thousand people present at Folsom, including Governor J. Neely Johnson, Su])reme Justices Murray and Terry, Henry S. Foote (ex-governor of Mississippi), and many other prominent men; also Mrs. T. D. Judah, Mrs. E. N. Robinson, Mrs. L. L. Robinson and the wives of the other visitors. The guests were wined and dined, and s]^eeches were made by State Senator Wilson Flint, Col. J. C. Zabriskie. Governors Foote and Johnson, Capt. (later General) William T. Sherman, — one of the central characters of the Civil War, — and C. K. Garrison, president of the railroad company. A great ball was given in the evening, in a building erected expressly for that pur- pose, of dimensions thirty feet wide by nearly one hundred long. The floor managers were Judge A. C. Monson, H. P. Wakelee, Ferris Forman and George T. Bromley. The Sacramento guests started home on a special train at five o'clock in the morning. George T. Bromlev was the first conductor on the road. Hartford Anderson 348 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY was the contractor who constructed the railroad from Alder Creek to Folsom. "In 1857 a road was projected to run from Folsom to Marys- ville, by a company called the California Central, and of which Col. Charles L. Wilson, now of Nord, was the owner. In 1861 trains ran from Folsom to Lincoln. Afterwards the road was absorbed by the Central Pacific Company, and the track between Folsom and Kose- ville was torn up. That portion of the road from Eoseville to Lin- coln is now a part of the California and Oregon overland road. "During the mining era, Folsom was one of the most prosperous towns in the state, and was the distributing point for all the mining towns, including Washoe and Virginia City. After the decadence of mining, the town had a severe relapse, and a few years ago was visited by a very destructive fire. The burned district has, however, been rebuilt, and substantial bricks have taken the place of the former wooden structures. Of late years the town and surrounding country has entered on an era of substantial prosperity. In the line of fruit and grape raising the lands about Folsom are equal to any in the state, and near there is one of the most extensive vineyards in the world. Colonel Folsom, the projector of the town, died at the Mission San Jose, in Alameda county, July 19, 1855. "When Folsom was located, in addition to the first named, sev- eral other large stores opened, Bradley & Seymour, J. & J. Spruance. S. Hanak, D. Woldenberg, M. Levy. A. D. Patterson opened the early hotel, a fashionable resort, known as Patterson's Hotel. Patterson was one of the early sheriffs of the county. Daniel Wellington, the proprietor of the stage line over the mountains, also established a large hotel called the Central hotel. Chris 'Ecklon conducted the first meat market. The Grcniite Journal, a lively newspaper, was the first paper, published by Dr. L. Bradley, and Sam Seabough was its editor. Later came Mooneyes Express, and the Folsom Telegraph, P. J. Hopper, editor. The Telegraph still survives. "A. A. Durfee built the first theatre, called 'Durfee's Theatre,' and some of the earliest actors held the boards. The famous Arte- mus Ward (Charles P. Browne) delivered the first lecture in this part of the state, in Durfee 's Theatre, — 'The Babes in the Wood' being his subject. "J. H. Burnham, Alfred Spinks, M. M. Drew, sheriff, United States marshal and member of the board of equalization, Hartford Anderson, John darken, P. J. O'Neil, P. J. Hopper, editor and as- semblyman, B. N. Bugliey, later sheriff and tax collector, B. C. Quigley, John Shaw, A. G. Kinsey, li. A. Thora]:>son, W. W. Dresser, William Timson, Charles Jolly, Jesse Crouch, supervisor, Mrs. Foster, mother of James Donnelly, our present supervisor, and many others were early residents of the old town of Folsom. Among some of the most prominent citi/ons of Folsom in its earlv historv were A. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 349 P. Catlin, who was honored as assemblyman, state senator and supe- rior judge; Dr. A. C. Donaldson, C. T. H. Palmer, banker and agent for the Wells, Fargo Company; E. R. Sill, the famous poet, and later one of the professors of the University of California, who was at that time the cashier for Palmer's bank; Edward Stockton, who built the great flour mill which was swept away in the flood of 1861; C. G. W. French, later assembhanan and chief justice of Arizona; S. S. Montague, later chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad Com- pany; Freeman McComber, public administrator, and H. B. Wad- dilove, agent of the Sacramento Valley Railroad Company; John McComber, Francis Clark, a wealthy mining man; W. A. Anderson, county auditor, assemblyman, assistant adjutant-general, super ^dsor of census, city attorney and police judge; Dr. B. F. Bates; E. R. Levy, merchant; E. D. Shirland, county clerk; Benjamin "Welch; C. J. Turner (now a resident of this city) ; Dr. Joseph Powell, later assemblyman; John and Joseph Kinney, agents Sacramento Valley Railroad Company; John E. Benton, assembhnman and state sena- tor; W. C. Crossett, J. C. Kinkead, who first tried the experiment of raising tobacco at the town of Folsom. The late Jacob Hyman was a dry-goods clerk in those days; later he became a wealthy mer- chant. ''In the late '50s there was the Folsom Institute, a large brick structure on the hill above the town, noted as one of the first edu- cational colleges in the state, and which was patronized by students from all parts of the coast. Rev. S. V. Blakesley was the principal. Many of the students from this institute became famous in the state. "In the halcyon days of Folsom it was not uncommon for twenty or thirty, eight or ten-mule teams to leave daily with freight, des- tined over the mountains. Six or eight stages daily left the depot in the morning, with passengers for the Virginia and Washoe mines. The famous Pony Express started over the continent from Folsom in the early war times. D. H. Taft had a beautiful garden just be- low the town, where the first strawberries were grown; also some of the finest peaches, grapes and other fruits were produced. Noth- ing now remains of this jilot but a mass of mining debris. "Just above Folsom is Robbers' Ravine, which was the ren- dezvous of the desperate gang known as Tom Bell's gang, and the Bill Scott gang. They were the terror of Northern California. Ben Bugbey, then a constable, and officer Dan Gay of Sacramento, en- countered this band, and after a fierce battle, captured Bill Scott and several others. They were convicted and died in prison. Ben Bug- bey is with us yet to recount the story. In later years the branch state prison was established here; also the great electric plant. This can scarcely be called early history. "It was a novel sight in the early days to see the miners coming into town with their sacks of gold each Saturdav afternoon, and go- 350 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ing to the banking house of C. T. H. Pahner & Company, to exchange their dust for coin. Those sturdy miners were not of the class sometimes pictured by romance writers, and drunkenness or riotous conduct was exceedingly rare. They would make their purchase of 'grub' and then return to their cabins ready for the next week's cleanup. "One of the first wire suspension bridges constructed in this state was by A. G. Kinsey and H. A. Thompson across the Ameri- can river just above the town, to enable traffic to be held with the mining towns and camps north and east. "At the commencement of the Rebellion in 1861, one of the first companies was organized in the town of Folsom, by M. M. Drew and P. H. vSililey; it was enrolled with E. D. Shirland as captain, and enlisted into the United States service for duty on the southern bor- der, and did service in Arizona and New Mexico as the First Cali- fornia C^avalry. All tlie members were Folsomites, and Folsom was intensely loyal to the Union. "Upon the completion of the Sacramento Valley railroad in 185G, the machine sho])s of the road were established at Folsom, and a full force of mechanics employed, including our old time friends, G. J. Turner and Benjamin Welch, both foremen." The Folsom Water Power Company succeeded the Natoma Water and Mining C^om])any. The latter had made two contracts with the state to build a dam across the American where the Folsom state prison now stands, the company agreeing to build the dam, the state to furnish convict labor to do the work, in return for land deeded to the state, and for a part of the water power, for use at the ])rison. Some disagreements arose, and after litigation, the com- pany al)andoned the work, leaving the state without power to com])el the company to complete the dam. The property and water rights were then transferred to the Folsom Water Power Company. The first work on the dam w^as done in the fall of 1866, but it was dis- continued when the dam was completed to low water mark in the river, and was not resumed again until 1888, when Captain Aull, war- den of the prison, induced Governor Waterman to take it up again, and it was finished about two years afterwards, as well as the canal leading down by the jirison to the powerhouse at present owned by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. In the meantime the state had r'eceived under its contract with the Folsom Water company four hundred eighty-three acres of land on which the state prison, farm and the state game farm now stand, at a cost of eleven thousand days' work of convict labor. The dam when finished was ninety feet high from the l)ed of the river and recently an efficient fish ladder has been constructed at the side of it, the former one having jiroved use- less. The canal leads the water to the ])owerhouse, the water ]iower HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 351 generating all tlie electric and other power used for lightino- the grounds and for other purposes. "^ Coner's flouring mill was built in 1866 on the corner of Wool street, and closed in two years, B. N. Bugbey purchasing it for a wme cellar and renting the upper floor to the societies of Folsom It was burned in 1871. The Natoma Mills were built by Edward Stockton m June, 1866, and discontinued later. The first brewery in Folsom was built by Chris Heiler in 1857, and destroyed bv fire m 1868. In 1872 Peter Yager erected a brewery on the foundation of a large store destroyed by the destructive fire of 1870 It was burned in the fire of 1886. The railroad bridge across the American river was built in 1858 on the line of the California Central railroad. It was ninetv-two feet above the water, with a span of two hundred sixteen feet and cost $100,000. It was the only bridge left on the American river after the flood of 1862, its superior height saving it. It was con- demned in 1866, having sunk in the center and become unsafe. In 1854 a wooden bridge was built across the American, but was washed away by high water a few years later. Thompson & Kinsey obtained a charter in 1861 for building a bridge across the American river at Folsom. It was a wire suspen- sion bridge, but the flood of 1862 carried it awav on Januarv 10th. and the rebuilding of it was begun in March. ' C. L. Ecklon pur- chased the bridge and franchise in 1871. It was condemned and an- other was constructed in 1893. Folsom suffered greatly from fires at various times. May 8, 1866, a fire burned "Whiskey Row" and a numlier of buildings on Sutter and Decatur streets, including the office of the Folsom ^Tele- graph. The Hotel de France and other buildings were burned August 31, 1866. The Folsom Theatre was burned June 27, 1871, and in" the same year fire destroyed Patterson's Hotel, all of Chinatown and a part of Addison's lumber yard. May 6, 1872, a fire which broke out in Smith, Campl^ell & Jolly's store, destroyed all the block except the Folsom Telegraph office, the loss being about $130,000. August 13, 1886, a fire broke out, destroying all the business propertv except three buildings, a loss of about $150,000. The Folsom Hook and Ladder Comi)any was organized March 3, 1857. The first officers were: H. B. Waddilove, foi^eman; Charles Plannet, first assistant foreman; Frank Wheeler, second assistant; J. M. Arbuckle, secretary; H. D. Rowley, treasurer. The company owns its own hall. Young America, No. 1, was organized in Sep- tember, 1861, and l^ought a hand engine costing $1800, but the en- thusiasm died out, and it disl)anded in 1863. The first public school in Folsom was established in 1857. tlie first teacher being I. M. Sibley. The first trustees were : E. P. Wil- lard. Dr. S. Palmer and J. S. Meredith. A school had, however, pre- 352 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY vioiisly been taiii>"lit at Prairie City. Natoma Lodge No. 64, F. and A, M., was organized in October^ 1854, at Mormon island. It was chartered in 1855, and removed to Folsom. The first officers were: M. Wallace, W. M. ; L. Bates, S. W. ; A. 0. Carr, J. W. The other charter members were: A. Spinks, G. W. Corey, S. Logan, H. A. Holcomb, D. McCall, B. H. Conroy, J. H. Berry, W. Sheldon, C. S. Bogar, W. K. Spencer, D. M. K. Campbell, J. Clark and M, Hatch. The records of the lodge were destroyed by the fire of 1871. Granite Lodge No. 62, I. 0. 0. F., was organized September 19, 1856, at the residence of Eli Nicholls, by David Kendall, D. D. G. M., assisted by C. C. Hayden, Samuel Cross, W. B. H. Dodson, George I. N. Monell, G. K. Van Heusen and George Nelson. The first officers were: J. E. Clark, N. G. ; A. Mears, V. G.; W. A. McClure, Rec. Sec; H. A. Hill, Treas. The other charter members were : S. F. Marquis, A. W. Beals, B. Kos- minsky, L. Sampson, J. Crumberger, G. B. Hornish and E. A. Turner. Folsom Encampment No. 24, I, 0. 0. F., was organized June 28, 1864. Fedora Rebekah Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., was established February 16, 1891, with fifty-five charter members, and the number of mem- bers at present is one hundred eighteen. Excelsior Council, 0. C. F., was organized February 20, 1882. Folsom Lodge No. 109, A. 0. U. W., was established June 6, 1879. Granite Parlor No. 83, N. S. G. W., was organized April 9, 1886. Social Lodge No. 54, Order of the Golden Shore, was established February 18, 1889. The Young Men's Institute No. 69 was instituted in January, 1888. The first church services held in Folsom were held in Hook and Ladder Company's hall in 1856, by the Rev. Dr. Llatch, an Episcopal minister of Sacramento. About this time Father Quinn, of the Cath- olic Church, held services at the house of P. J. O'Neill, about two miles from Folsom. St. John's Church (Catholic) was organized in 1856, and the church structure was erected in 1857, the church society in the meantime holding its meetings in the darken. College, Rev. Father Quinn pastor. Trinity Church (Episcopal) was organized July 18, 1862, and the church building was erected the same 3^ear at the cost of about $4000 for a fine frame structure. The Congrega- tional Church was organized in 1860, and erected a brick building the same year. J. E. Benton was its first pastor. It ceased to exist many years ago. Prairie City was located about two miles south of Folsom, on Alder creek, and mining began there in 1853, on the completion of the Natoma Water ditch. The miners flocked in, stores, hotels and residences were built, and it became the business town for a number of the surrounding mining camps. Early in 1854, the town num- bered over a thousand persons, and the miners were making from five to twenty dollars a day. The town began to die out in 1860, nnd all traces of it have long since vanished. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 353 Willow Springs Hill diggings were mined as early as 1851 and it is said that millions were taken out from these diggino-s Texas Hill, Rhodes' Diggings, Beam's Bar, and other camps vTelded well lor a time. The state prison is abont a mile and a half east of Folsom on the American river. The site was selected in preference to Rock- Im, m 1868, on account of the water power available. Through delays of the contractors it was not finished ready for occupancy until 1880 It IS built entirely of granite, as are the officers' houses and all other buildings, the rock being quarried on the grounds. There is a rock- crusher on the grounds, where the granite is crushed for road metal supplying material for macadamizing the county roads and the streets of Sacramento. The prison was built to accommodate six hundred and fifty prisoners, but additions have been built and there are now about eighteen hundred prisoners confined there. The sanitary con- ditions are excellent. ORIGIN OF NAMES Elk Grove was so named because of a number of elk horns found ma grove of timber, near which in 1850 James Hall established his hotel and painted on its sign an elk's head. The name of Florin was given to that locality by the late Judge E. B. Crocker about ]864 Ihe choice of that name was due to the great quantitv of wild flowers to be seen m the fields. When the town was started in 1875 it re- ceived the same name. Folsom was named for J. L. Folsom wlio died July 19, 1855. There is some romance connected with the naming of Forest City in Sierra county, and it may not be amiss to mention in this connection the history of the name. The first store at the forks of Oregon creek was built by Samuel Hammond and was called Yomana store, from the bluff above the town, which was called by that name meaning - Sacred Hill." In 1853 a meeting was held by the citizens for the purpose of selecting a name for the village. There was a tie vote for Forks of Oregon and Yomana. The matter was compromised by agreeing to call the town after the first woman settler. The first lady resident was Mary Davis, wife of a baker. After her advent the town was called indiscriminately Forks of Oregon and Marietta Davis soon sold out to a man named Captain Moonev, whose wife's name was Forest. Mrs. Mooney was a woman of education and con- tributed several articles to the Marysville paper. The articles were dated from Forest City. The editor did not know the location of that place, but published the correspondence as it was sent in and thus the name was used for the first time. Mrs. Moonev afterwards called into consultation several of the leading citizens and succeeded m having the place formally named in her honor. The name of Gait was suggested for that town when it was laid 354 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY out. John McFarland, who suggested the name to Judge E. B. Crocker, and who had come from Canada, desired to name the place after the town of Gait in Upper Canada, where he had served his apprenticeship. The Canadian village had been named in honor of a Mr. Gait. The valley of lone was named before the town was started and owes its title to Thomas Brown, a lover of books, who selected the name after one of the characters in the Last Days of Pompeii by Bulwer Lytton. The town was first called Bedbug, then Freezeout and finally lone. Natoma is an Indian name signifying Clear Water. The name was given in 1850 to the Mormon island postoffice on the suggestion of the late Judge A. P. Catlin. Afterwards the township was given the same name. Sutterville was named after Gen. John A. Sutter. Andrus island was named after George Andrus, who died there in 1852. Rancho del Paso means Ranch of the Pass and is often al- luded to as the Norris grant, Samuel Norris having formerly owned the land. The American river was given that name by a company of western trappers who lived near its banks for a number of years between 1822 and 1830. Hicksville was named after William Hicks, an early settler. The Mokelumne river derives its name from a powerful tribe of Indians, the Mokelhos, who inhabited its lower banks and the adjacent territory. The Spaniards called it Rio de los Moquelemnos. The Cosumnes river was named from the Cosum- nes tribe. Mormon island was named from the Mormons who settled there. Rentier was named after Hon. Joseph Routier. The Sacra- mento river was first named Jesus Maria by Lieutenant Moraga and the Feather was named by him the Sacramento, but later the names were changed to their present form. LEVEES Previous to the flood of 1850 there had been no attempt at pro- tecting the city by levees, owing to a wide divergence of o])inion among the citizens, many of whom, coming from the East, had had no experience with floods and could not be convinced of the danger. But the flood of 1850 effected a sudden conversion in many of these and they became ardent su])porters of a levee plan. Surveyors were employed as the waters receded, to survey lines and locate a levee. On the morning of January 29, 1850, a meeting of citizens was called at the office of Priest, Lee & Co., to provide means to protect the city. Barton Lee was appointed chairman and J. L. L. F. Warren, secre- tarj^ Committees were appointed to lay out the work, and at a second meeting, on February 2nd, estimates were presented and the city council instructed the city engineer to prepare plans and esti- mates for the work. Four commissioners. Barton Lee and H. Big- low from the city and T. A. Warren and Colonel Smith from the council were appointed to a(^t with the engineer in locating the levee. HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 355 The engineer made an estimate of one hundred sixty-one thousand cubic yards of earthwork, but the levee was not located on the lines laid out by him. On April 29th, the citizens voted to raise by tax $250,000 for constructing a levee, only fifteen voting against it. The levee was built during the year from the high ground near Sutter- ville west to the east bank of the Sacramento, thence northerly along the bank of the river to the mouth of the American and then east- erly along that river to high ground, about two and one-half miles. It was three feet high, six feet on top and twelve feet wide at the base, being much wider directly in front of the city. But this was found entirely inadequate for protection in 1852. It was severely criticized by the Union of March 8th, and on the lOtli the mayor recommended to the council the building of a levee on I street to Sixth, thence along the high ground to abreast of Sut- ter's Fort, and thence to the "Eidge." This was done, and the people felt secure once more. But on the night of December 19, 1852, a break occurred between Stewart's house on the American, and "the Eidge." It widened to eighty feet and the city was once more inundated. The water again entered the city January 2, 1853, but did little damage. July 29, 1853, an ordinance was jDassed ap- propriating $50,000 for raising and strengthening the levee, the work to be paid for in "levee scrip," bearing interest at two per cent per month. This levee ran "from the intersection of the levee on the Sacramento river and I street; thence following the line of levee as built, down I street to Sixth; thence north along Sixth to the bank of the slough; thence along the slough northeasterly to A street; thence easterly, along A street to Thirty-first; thence south- erly, inside of the slough (Burns) to E street; thence along E street to the river; thence along Front street to the beginning." No pro- vision was made in the $50,000 appropriation for the levee down E street and along Burns' Slough, this being voted afterwards by the citizens as a loan. Up to January 1, 1854, the sum expended for levee was about $600,000. In November, 1860, the levee at Eabel's tannery was strengthened by building a new piece of levee and a wing dam to turn the cur- rent away, but all precautions proved to be useless, for in March, 1861, the American river rose suddenly, carried away the wing dam, and seriously damaged the levee, but did not enter the city. December 9, 1861, the Thirty-first street levee broke near Burns' Slough, and broke again two weeks later, but was rebuilt. January 9, 1862, the American rose again, piling up the water at Eabel's tannery two feet higher than at any other part of the channel. It overflowed the levee and caused a large crevasse. A subscription of $50,000 was raised to close the break, and a new levee was built inside the old one. But this gave way on February 22nd, a crevasse eight hundred feet wide being washed out. This was repaired and in the spring 356 lilSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY and samnier of 1862 the wliole system of levees was strengthened, raised and put in good condition. The project of turning the American river so that it would flow into the Sacramento river some miles below the city, as proposed by Mr. Zueblin and Mr, Robinson and brought into notice again lately, is not a new one, having been advanced by engineers in 1862. In 1861, owing to the previous floods which had devastated the city, the matter of ])rovidiug levees for its jDrotection became a live issue, and the state board of swamp land commissioners was formed, the city of Sacramento being included within the limits of swamp land district No. 2. B. F. Leet was appointed by the board engineer of the district. Pie made a report recommending that the levee for the protecting of his district should commence at Brighton on the Ameri- can river, following the river down to the Sacramento city levee, and following the line of the levee down the Sacramento to Y street and thence down the east bank of the river. All of this levee above the city and in it was certified to the city levee commission, and C. C. Tracy was appointed the engineer to finish the job. From data se- cured b}" them during the flood of January 10, 1862, the engineers arrived at the conclusion that, as the reclamation of the valleys pro- gressed, thus contracting the area through which the water brought down by the two rivers must flow, it would be necessary to raise the levees each year, and that eventually Sacramento would find itself in the same position in which Marysville is today — that of discharging the flood waters on a level with the tops of the houses. An alterna- tive proposition was presented by cutting a large canal from the bend of the American river at Brighton to the low ground in the vicinity of Freeport, turning the American into the canal, and thus relieving Sacramento from the continual menace of the flood waters. This solution of the question has never been attempted, but is at present being seriously discussed. April 9, 1862, the legislature created a board of city levee com- missioners, to consist of five members, and pending the regular elec- tion, named H. T. Holmes, Charles Crocker, William F. Knox, Charles H. Swift and Francis Tukey to act until the election should be held. In 1878 the citizens voted to build a levee from Front and Y streets, along the old line of the American river to the northern boundary of the city and thence to Brighton, on the line of the Central Pacific, to the embankment of the Sacramento Valley road. The cross levee of the railroad on R street was the only protection of the city on the south until the Y street levee was built, in December of that year. As all the breaks of the levees in the early years except one had been from the flood waters of the American river, this danger was minim- ized by turning the course of the American river. This was done in J868, by cutting a canal from a point just below the railroad bridge over the American, through a point of land, by which the channel of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 357 the river was changed and the stream was made to empty into the Sacramento about a mile north of its old mouth. The current was thus thrown away from the levee, and the intervening gTound has grown up to willows, thus rendering the north levee secure. The sharp bend which flung the river current against the levee at Twenty-eighth street, at Rabel's tannery, and which the engineers reported in the floods of 1861 and 1862, piled the water up two feet higher than it was below the bend, has been filled in with sand and detritus, a spur levee having been built by property owners to deflect the current. Some years ago the Southern Pacific Company proposed to the city trustees that, if given the privilege of storing their extra cars on the levee north of the city, they would widen it and keep it in repair, and the offer was accepted. Since that time the levee has been greatly widened and strengthened, and is considered almost, if not quite, impregnable to the waters. This levee has been repeatedly raised since 1867, when the American river rose to the greatest height known till that time, and might have inundated the city again, if the railroad embankment to the bridge, which at that time was solid, and obstructed the free course of the water, had not given way, and re- lieved the situation. A number of years ago the Y street levee was raised several feet and widened, after the Lovdal break had convinced the city authorities that the safety of the city would be conserved thereby. For many years our levees have been considered as securing the absolute safety of the city, as in times of flood the levees on the Yolo side generally gave way or else the levees below the city yielded, as in the case of the Lovdal break and the Edwards break. But during the past year the levee on the Yolo side above the city has been greatly raised and strengthened by the Vallejo Northern Electric Company, while the reclamation work being done by the Natomas Consolidated Company will still further contract the carrying capacity of the American and Sacramento rivers in flood times. This increases the danger to the city levees from a great and sudden rise of the rivers in an unusual rainy season. In view of this fact, the idea of the engineers in 1862 has been revived and is being seriously discussed, as a means of relieving the situation, and various plans are proposed. Perhaps the most feasible and permanent solution of the question would be that suggested in the report of the United States reclama- tion and irrigation surveys, that a series of immense storage reser- voirs could be constructed on the torrential streams tributary to the Sacramento river, impounding the flood waters and conserving them for summer use in irrigating the valley lands, instead of allowing them to run to waste to the sea, inflicting sometimes immense damage to the dwellers of the lowlands. 358 mSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY THE FUNDED DEBT An act was passed in 1872 by tlie legislature providing for a board of commissioners of the funded debt sinking fund of the city. In 1858 the city and county government liad been consolidated and the supervisors given authority to fund all "legal debts and liabil- ities" against the city and issue new six per cent bonds for them. TTnder the stress of flood and fire and other causes a heavy bonded debt had been incurred. The general opinion held that much of the debt was with.out authority of law and could not be classed as legal obligations. Under the act of 1872 the supervisors not only funded the debts that were considered legal, but also all of the old bonds presented, which were held to be illegal. Great opposition was aroused to the paying of bonds so funded. In 1864 a law had been passed authorizing the city trustees to levy a special tax of one-half per cent to raise a sinking fund for the purchase of the bonds at a rate of not more than thirty cents on a dollar, but the tax rate already was so high that no action was taken. In 1872 a law was passed restraining the commissioners from paying more than thirty-five cents on the dollar for any of the bonds, which had not for ten years sold above that price, but generally at about twenty cents. In 1880 on the 1st of January the debt was, in round numbers, with accrued in- terest on the bonds, $2,414,000. After much litigation a compromise was made during the administration of William Land as mayor, and the debt was refunded for $1,500,000. CHAPTER XXXIV CAPITAL AND CAPITOL California's history contains one peculiar feature. It never passed through the territorial stage deemed necessary for the other states previous to their admission. The United States took possession of it when war was declared against Mexico, outwitting and outman- euvering the English, who were preparing to seize it. From that time until its admission as a state it was under the rule of a military governor. June 3, 1849, Gen. B. Riley, the military governor of the state, issued from Monterey a proclamation for the holding of an election on August 1st of that year to elect delegates to a general convention and for the filling of several necessary offices. At this election delegates were chosen to the constitutional convention, which met at Monterey September 3, 1849, prepared a constitution that was submitted to the people and ratified by them on November 13th of the same year. At the same election an entire state and legislative ticket was elected, as well as two representatives to congress. The legislative assembly of San Francisco and a ]irovisional government meeting at San Jose had both recommended the calling of such a convention in HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 359 order that some plan of government might be evolved that would put an end to the chaotic condition of affairs existing. General Riley had the wisdom to recognize the desires of the people, as thus expressed, and issued his proclamation instead of asserting his authority to govern. The senators and assemblymen-elect met December 15, 1849, at San Jose, and on December 30th the state government of California was established and Governor Peter H. Burnett was inaugurated as the first governor of the state of California. Soon afterwards William M. Gwin and John C. Fremont were elected the first United States senators from the state. There had never been a territorial form of government, California had never been admitted to the Union. Not- withstanding these facts, the people had elected a state government and United States senators and representatives, who immediately started for Washington, to work for the admission of their state to the Union. The unparalleled audacity of California's pioneers broke all precedent of routine as to statehood admission and showed that they were the stuff of which men born to rule are made. It mattered little to them what legal objection there might be to their action, nor that congress had passed no bill for her admission, and might never pass one. California had declared herself a state, and not only that, but a free state, and had sent her representatives to Washington to notify congress to hurry up and admit her. And her audacity won out, too. Such an achievement is worthy of more than one page in any history relating to California, and her sons and daughters should see to it that the brilliant achievement of their sires is not forgotten. As soon as Governor Burnett was inaugurated, General Riley, with rare judgment, issued a remarkable proclamation, as follows : "To the People of California : "A new executive having been elected and installed in office, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution of the state, the undersigned hereby resigns his powers as governor of California. In thus dissolving his official connection with the people of this country, he would tender to them his heartfelt thanks for their many kind at- tentions, and for the uniform support which they have given to the measures of his administration. The principal object of all his wishes is now accomplished — the people have a government of their own choice, and one which, under the favor of Divine Providence, will se- cure their own prosperity and happiness, and the permanent welfare of the new state. "Given at San Jose, this 20th day of December, A. D., 1849. "B. Riley, "Brevet Brig. Gen., U. S. A., and Governor of California. "By the Governor: W. H. Halleck, "Brevet Captain and Secretary of State." 360 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY The constitutional convention fixed tlie seat of state government at San Jose. Tlie lirst legislature therefore met there on December 15th following. Finding the accommodations there too limited, how- ever, it accepted the proposition of Gen. M. G. Vallejo to remove the capital to his place. They met there January 5, 1852, but found themselves in a worse plight than at San Jose, as the general had undertaken more than he could accomplish, and was behind with his contract to furnish a building for the session. Sacramento then be- stirred itself, and indorsed the court of sessions in its action in offer- ing the use of the courthouse to the legislature. That body accepted the offer January 12, 1852, and lost no time, arriving here the next day on the steamer Empire. The city put on gala attire and the citi- zens welcomed the members with a grand ball, at which the tickets were sold for twenty dollars. During the session the contest for the honor of being the state capital grew hotter and hotter between the rival claimants, and all sorts of legal technicalities were put in use to influence the selection of a location. The state records had been at San Jose, the place selected as the seat of government by the constitutional convention, and doubts were entertained by many as to the legality of removing them to Vallejo, there being no safe place there for keeping them, and also as to whether they could be removed to Sacramento, which had not yet been declared the capital. On April 30, 1852, the legislature passed a bill declaring the seat of government to be at Vallejo, and ordering the governor to remove the state records to that place. General Vallejo then procured a can- cellation of his contract, and the legislature, after meeting in Vallejo in January, 1853, soon adjourned to Benicia, declaring it to be the capital. It met there again January 2, 1854, when. Governor Bigler submitted to it a communication from the mayor and council of Sacra- mento, tendering to the state the free use of the courthouse, witli its safe, vaults, etc., together with a deed for the block of land between I and J, Ninth and Tenth streets. On the 9th of February, Senator A. P. Catlin introduced a bill in the senate providing for the fixing of the permanent seat of government at Sacramento, and accepting the block of land, which was passed. The legislature then adjourned to this city, where the citizens received the members and state officers with an enthusiastic demonstration. The legislature met in the new courthouse March 1, 1854. But its troubles were not all settled yet. On the 24th of the month it passed a law compelling the supreme court to hold its sessions here, but that body retaliated by holding the opinion that San Jose was the constitutional and legal capital, and refused to come. Subsequently, however, a change of judges of the supreme court effected a decision that Sacramento was the legal capital. In accordance with that deci- sion, all sessions of the legislature since 1854, with the exception of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 361 that in the year of the great flood, 1862, have been held in Sacramento, On April 11, 1893, a few days before the adjournment of the leg- islature, the Evening Bee published an article making some grave charges against the personal character and conduct of some of the legislators, and thanking God that the legislature was about to ad- journ. The edition became known as the "Thank God" edition. The members of the legislature took umbrage at the article, and claiming that it was an insult to the whole body, hastily formulated a resolu- tion authorizing the people of the state to vote on the removal of the capital to San Jose, and rushed it through the same evening, many members regarding it as a joke on Sacramento. The result created great excitement in the city, and an indignation meeting called at the courthouse denounced the Bee and assured the legislature that the article did not represent the sentiments of the community. The next day the board of trade ordered a boycott on the Bee for injuring the interests of the city. The Bee stuck by its guns and offered to prove its charges, but the legislature adjourned witliout rescinding the reso- lution. The incident occasioned much bitter feeling, but in the end was beneficial to Sacramento, for the citizens, while admitting that the removal of the capital would be a blow to their civic pride, re- sented the slurring taunt that its retention here was a financial neces- sity to the city, and inaugurated and carried to completion a number of public improvements that were the initiation of the united work of the community in making Sacramento one of the most beautiful cities in the state. While the vote of the people, if the matter had been referred to them, would have been against the removal, the issue was not made, for in April, 1894, the supreme court decided that the resolution of the legislature was unconstitutional. In 1907 a number of members of the legislature took umbrage at Sacramento, and a constitutional amendment was adopted, re7uov- ing the seat of government from Sacramento to Berkeley, as a pun- ishment to the former city. It was submitted to the people of the state at the election in November, 1908, and was defeated by so de- cisive a majority that it is not likely another of similar import will ever be introduced again. In April, 1856, the legislature provided for the issue of bonds amounting to $800,000 for the erection of a Capitol building on the plaza between Ninth and Tenth, I and J streets, which had been deeded to the state by the city for that purpose. The board of com- missioners appointed to superintend the building approved the plans of Reuben Clark for the structure, awarded the contract to Joseph Mongues for $200,000, and broke ground for the building on Decem- ber 4th. On the 15th of the month, however, the commissioners re- fused to issue the bonds, because the supreme court had decided that the state had no authority to contract so large a debt. The contractor brought suit to com]:)el the fulfillment of the contract, but he was 362 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY beaten, and work was stopped and never resumed on the building. The block was deeded back to the city and has been filled and con- ^'erted into a beautiful park. The project for building the Capitol rested until 1860, when the four blocks comprised between L and N, Tenth and Twelfth steets, containing 11.90 acres, was donated to the state by the city of Sacra- mento. A number of years later the six blocks lying between L and N, Twelfth and Fifteenth streets were purchased by the state for $100,000, so that the Capitol Park now extends between L and N, from Tenth to Fifteenth streets, with a total area of 33.05 acres, including the streets between those boundaries. It is by all odds the finest Capitol Park in the United States, and is the admiration of all vis- itors to the city. The grounds are planted with trees of more than four hundred varieties, it is stated, and rare shrubs and trees from all over the world are to be found there. The legislature in 1860 appropriated $500,000 for a Capitol building, and the plans of M. F. Butler were adopted, and Michael Fennell of San Francisco secured the contract for furnishing the material and constructing the basement for $80,000. The cornerstone was laid with imposing Masonic ceremonies on May 15, 1861. Fen- nell had abandoned the contract on May 1st, and it was afterwards let to G. W. Blake and P. E. Conner, who in turn, having suffered some losses during the great flood, abandoned their contract. The work was then turned over to the commissioners, who worried along for several years because the various legislatures could not agree on the amount of appropriations that should be made for the work. Fin- ally in 1867 it was decided to finish the first story only with granite, and construct the rest of the building with l)rick, which was done, and the building was hurried to its completion. The brick is of excellent ([uality, however, and the work was done in the best manner. The building is modeled largely on the National Capitol at Washington, and is much admired for its stately proportions. The building was completed according to the original plans as amended, which left the attic and basement unfinished, in 1874. It was occupied first by the governor and the otlier state officers November 26, 1869. The supreme court met for the first time in the building December 3, 1869, and the legislature took formal possession of it December 6th of that year. The Sacramentans celebrated the occasion by firing a salute and a general display of flags. The cost of its construction was $2,600,000. As stated, the basement and attic remained unfinished, but as the state grew, it became painfully apparent to the legislature and the state officers that tlie building was too small, or rather that the fin- ished portion of it was too small to accommodate the demand for space. Accordingly, in 1906-07-08, during the administrations of Gov- ernors Pardee and Gillett, the State Capitol Commission, com]iosed of the governor, secretary of state and the state treasurer, expended HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 363 $372,925, appropriated by the legislature for that purpose, in remod- eling the building, raising the roof and finishing the basement and attic, so that at present there are rooms sufficient. The building has been made as near fireproof as possible, the only woodwork remaining being the doors and windows, and some floors which are laid over brick and cement. The total cost of the Capitol as repaired was $2,972,925. and competent architects state that it could not be built now for less than $5,000,000. The architecture of the structure is of the florid Eoman-Corinthian style. It faces west and is of four stories and basement. Its length is three hundred and twenty feet and its greatest depth one hundred and sixty-four feet, and it covers 52,480 square feet. The rotunda, on the first floor, is 168.07 feet in circumference, and the ball on top of the dome is 247 feet higher than the street at the junction of Tenth and M streets. A description of the Capitol could not be complete without men- tion of the beautiful group of statuary in the center of the rotunda, facing the entrance. It is the work of the famous American sculptor, Larkin Goldsmith Mead, and was bought by Darius Ogden Mills, one of the earliest bankers of Sacramento, for $30,000 in gold, and donated by him to the state of California. It represents Queen Isabella of Spain seated on her throne, while Columbus kneels beside her, holding a globe, with which he explains his theory of sailing westward around the earth to reach India. It represents the moment when, according to the historian Prescott, the queen, convinced by the navigator's argu- ments, exclaims, "I will assume the undertaidng on behalf of the crown of Castile, and will pledge my jewels to defray the expenses of it, if the funds in the treasury shall be found inadequate." The writer once overheard a citizen explaining to a visitor that the group represented Columbus offering the world to the queen, which, after all, was not far from the mark. The beautification of the park with trees and shrul)bery began about 1869, at the time the building was occupied, and has continued ever since. Duriug Governor Booth's term of office a Governor's mansion was completed in the northeast corner of the park, but as Governor Booth was living in single blessedness at the time, he never occupied it, and for various reasons his successors followed his ex- ample, so that several years afterwards it was converted into a state printing office and is still in use for that purpose. The printing for the legislative sessions, the state school text books, the various official reports and all the other work of the state in that line is done there, but the building will jH'obably be torn down before many years. The new pavilion of the State Agricultural Society was erected on the block in the southeast corner of the park a number of years ago, but becoming unsafe, was torn down about three years ago and removed to Agricultural Park, beyond the county hospital. 364 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY A feature of the Capitol Park is the Grand Army plat, between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets. It is the only plat of the kind in existence, and is eared for partly by the Grand Army Posts and the Ladies of the Grand Army. It is thickly planted with trees from various battlefields of the Civil war, all tagged with the names of the localities from which they came, and the exercises on Decoration (Memorial) Day are generally held beneath the shade of the historic trees. GOVERNOKS Sacramento has had her full share of the governors of the state chosen from among her citizens. The rival of San Francisco in her earliest days, being the objective point of emigrants who were seek- ing wealth from the placers, she attracted immediately the most active and able men, who tarried at the city on the bay only long enough to secure passage to Sacramento. For this reason the capital city was well known among pioneers and wielded a large influence in politics as in commerce and in affairs connected with the mining in- dustry. The first governor of the new state, Peter II. Burnett, elected in November, 1849, had formerly acted as agent for General Sutter. John McDougal, who succeeded him, was another early resident of Sacramento. John Bigler, also an early resident of Sacramento, was elected governor in 1851 and died in this city in 1871. In 1855 he was succeeded as governor by J. Neely Johnson of Sacramento. Milton S. Latham became governor in 1859, resigning in 1860 to become United States Senator. Leland Stanford became governor in 1862. Newton Booth of this city was chosen governor in 1871, and died in Sacramento in 1892. Finally, our present governor, Hiram W. Johnson, born in Sacramento, has resided here during the greater part of his life, and belongs to a prominent family of the capital city. CHAPTER XXXV THE MILITARY Before California became a state the militia liad been provided for. April 10, 1850, the first legislature passed an act providing for the organization of the state militia into four divisions and eight brigades. The First Division was to consist of Sacramento, Trinity, Shasta, Butte, Yuba, Sutter and Eldorado. The legislature reserved the right to elect the generals. The next day that body met in joint convention and elected major-generals as follows: Thomas J. Green, John E. Brackett, David F. Douglass and Joshua H. Bean. It also elected as brigadier-generals, J. H. Eastland, A. M. Winn, Robert Sem])le, McDonald, John E. Addison, D. P. Baldwin, Thomas H. Bowen and J. M. Covarruluas. May 1, 1852, another law was passed organizing the militia into seven districts, and the Seventh HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 365 District was composed of Sacramento, Placer, Sutter and Eldorado count.es. Apnl 25 1855, an act was passed creating six divisions and A.1 T '#M . ^t ^""'1 ' ^''^'''''' ^^^ ^^"^P^^^d «f Sacramento, Amador, Eldorado, Placer, Nevada and Sierra. The First Brigade of m' rTJ'r'^ ^as composed of Sacramento, Amador and Eldorado. May 9^ 1861, another act regarding the militia was passed, but it did ^^l^-^J<^\^^^^^mento as regarded its brigade position. April n 1862 the law passed organized the militia into one division and six brigades. It made the Fourth Brigade comprise the counties of Sac- ramento, lolo, Sutter, Eldorado, Amador, Placer, Nevada, Yuba and Sierra. April 12, 1866, Alpine county was added to the Fourth Brigade. In August, 1862, James Collins was appointed brigadier-general commandmg the Fourth Brigade, and was commissioned on the 30th' He died m Nevada City July 18, 1864, and Josiah Howell was ap- pointed to succeed him, receiving his commission Julv 25 1864- he resigned November 14, 1874. W. L. Campbell was appointed to' the position December 1, 1874, and received his commission on the .ame w'\ ^^f^J,^^^^ November 19, 1875. Governor Pacheco apj^ointed Wentworth T. Crowell to succeed him November 27, 1875 but the Democratic senate refused to confirm him, and he held the office onlv until his successor was appointed. His successor was J G Martine who was appomted to the command April 4, 1876, and resigned on April 8th. His resis-nation was caused by a severe attack on^him bv some of the newspapers in the district. Crowell continued in the office until March 3, 1877, when he resigned. ivr ^' r^/n ^Tf"" ^^"^ appointed March 3, 1877, and commissioned on March oth. He resigned November 4, 1878, and T. J Clunie was appointed by Governor Irwin December 30, 1878, to fill the vacancv but the Republican senate did not confirm him. John F Sheehan was appointed January 15, 1880, commissioned on the 17th, and re- signed m May, 1882. Lewellyn Tozer was appointed Mav 19 'l882 but the subsequent Democratic senate refused to confirm him.' John T Carey was commissioned Februarv 10, 1883. ^^a^^K.^TS' ^''^''''^''^ ^^ Infantry, N. G. C, was organized in 1864, with E R. Hamilton as colonel; B. Eilerman, lieutenant-colonel, and James Adams, major. The regiment was reorganized in Decem- ber, 1865, when L. L. Baker was elected colonel, and the remaining otticers continued in the same positions. August 22, 1866, Hamilton was^ again elected colonel; James Adams, lieutenant-colonel, and John ^ . Mieehan, major. In pursuance of special order No. 44, issued Julv 8, 1868, the regiment was mustered out of service and the coiii],anies were ordered to remain unattached until further orders. The Fourth Regiment was reorganized under special order No 7 dated February 7, 1872, and in March following, C. V. Kelloog was elected colonel; B. Eilerman, lieutenant-colonel, and H. F 'Pao-e 366 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY major. Kellogg and Eilernian resigned in July, 1874, and W. T. Cromwell was elected colonel, and IT. W. Tliain, lieutenant-colonel. This regiment was disbanded and nnistered out of service March 31, 1877. It was immediately reorganized as the First Battalion of In- fantry, and T'homas J. Clunie was elected the commander. He was subsequently succeeded by Creed Haymond, and when the latter re- signed, he was succeeded by T. W. Sheehan. When Sheehan became brigadier-general, J. W. Guthrie was commissioned colonel. The militia did not monopolize all the military glory and fame. From the early days volunteer companies had been formed, and many names well known in the early and subsequent history of the city were found upon their rolls. The Sutter Rifle Corps was organized June 27, 1852, with ?>. D. Fry, captain; M. D. Corse, first lieutenant; John L. Brown, second lieutenant, and W. Bryerly, third lieutenant. The company was noted especially for its liberality on all public and private occasions. In 1853, it paid $1200 for choice of the first seat at Catherine Hayes' concert, and presented the ticket to General Sutter. Those were the days when men's hands were open to their friends, and their purses also. M. D. Corse, the first lieutenant, afterwards became captain of the company, and also held other offices in the city. In 1857 he re- turned to the east, and his name as "General Corse" finally adorned the list of Sheridan's prisoners in 1865. AVhen the governor in 1856 called on the militia for duty against the vigilance committee in San Francisco, the Sutter Rifles met on June 4th, and voted to respond to the governor's call. E. E. Eyre was at that time lieutenant-commanding; H. S. Foushee, second lieutenant, and John C. Keenan, orderly sergeant. The company disbanded soon after, but reorganized in 1875, with E. E. Eyre, captain; Charles J. Torbert, first lieutenant; Joseph H. Vigo, second lieutenant; W. R. Covey, brevet second lieutenant. The company showed little vigor, how- ever, and soon died. The Sacramento Guards, Light Infantry, organized August 11, 1855, with Henry Meredith as captain; D. S. Woodward, first lieuten- ant; R. W. Wilcox, second lieutenant; John ilrnold, brevet second lieutenant ; Josiah Howell, ensign ; L. L. Baker, orderly sergeant. December 17, 1855, Baker was elected captain. Among the subsequent officers were D. A. McMerritt, L. Powers, Isaac Lohman and C. H. Cummings. The company numbered forty-five. During the excite- ment in 1856 over the vigilance committee, the governor issued a proclamation calling out the militia of the state to suppress the dis- turbance. The Sacramento Guards met June 4, 1856, and disbanded, turning their ai-ms over to the custody of the Sutter Rifles. They re- organized at once, however, as the Independent City Guards, and by the end of the year they were fully equipped. This was the only com- pany in Sacramento in 1858. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 367 The Young Men's Pioneer Guard was organized in 1856, and was composed of the leading young men of the city. John Talbot was its captain; R. Simons, first lieutenant; Samuel Richardson, second lieu-, tenant; Charles Sinclair, third lieutenant; Oliver H. Worden, ensign; John Foley, first sergeant. The Sacramento Cadets organized May 17, 1856, with Edwin A. Sherman, captain; C. H. Watson, first lieutenant; George J. Prentice, second lieutenant. The Independent (Sacramento) City Guard was reorganized under the state law on June 28, 1858, with L. L. Baker, captain; Josiah Howell, first lieutenant; L. Powers, second lieutenant; I. Lohman, brevet second lieutenant. Among the subsequent officers we find the names of S. P. Ford, Benjamin Peart, Joseph I. Friend, Henry Starr, W. H. Ratenberry, C. L. Bird, L. B. Vanderburg. Among the privates were C. H. Cummings, H. S. Crocker, D. Gillis, P. J. Hopper and J. H. Lewis. This company during the Civil war furnished sev- eral officers and some thirty men to the United States army. The Sacramento Hussars was a German company of cavalry organized August 14, 1859, and reorganized June 11, 1863, and at- tached to the state militia. They were honorably discharged from the National Guard August 21, 1874, and continued for some time as an independent organization. At first there were only twenty-six members, and the first officers were: Fred Werner, captain; Charles Heinrich, first lieutenant; F. X. Ebner, senior second lieutenant; Joseph Marzen, junior second lieutenant. Among the other early mem- bers were : L. Steudeman, A. Heilbron, E. Kraus, Charles Sellinger, A. Neubauer, D. Weinian, N. Arentz, C. Iser, G. Uhl, S. Gerber, John Batcher, M. Wetzel, James H. Groth, George Schroth, J. Korn, Julius Gregory, A. Menke, M. Miller, A. Hennery, Andrew Ross, John B. Kohl and Jacob Meister. Granite Guard was organized at Folsom May 27, 1861, with fifty- eight men, and F. S. Mumford as captain. The W^ashington Rifles were organized May 27, 1861, under the militia laws of the state, with eighty-one members, and they immedi- ately tendered their services to the governor, who accepted them, and they were mustered into the service of the United States. Their cap- tain was Thomas I. Roberts; first lieutenant, W. A, Thompson; second lieutenant, J. S. Hunter ; brevet second lieutenant, W. L. Ustick. Cor- nelius V. Kellogg and Henry Kline were also officers subsequently. The Sacramento Rangers, cavalry, were organized August 27, 1861, and were mustered into the service of the United States with sixty-two members. D. A. McMerritt was captain ; J. M. Ropes, first lieutenant; A. W. Starr, second lieutenant. E. D. Shirland raised a troop of cavalry, known as Shirlaud's Cavalry, recruiting them principally around Folsom. They were inus- tered into the service of the United States and arrived in Sacramento 368 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY by rail, seventy-five in number, September 5, 1861. Here they were joined by about forty recruits from this city, and proceeded to San Francisco on the steamer Antelope. The citizens of Folsom raised $513 in two hours for the use of the company. The National Guard was organized October 7, 1862, with officers as follows: L. L. Baker, captain; D. W. Welty, first lieutenant; W. H. B. Morrill, senior second lieutenant; Prescott Robinson, junior second lieutenant. The sergeants were: John Talbot, John Foley, R. H. Daley, Paschal ( 'oggins and M. L. Templeton. Among the privates of this company were a number of men well known throughout the state, such as Newton Booth, M. M. Estee, Justin Gates, S. S. Holl^ .lames McClatchy, Alex Badlam and Sylvester Try on. The Sacramento Sharp Shooters organized June 6, 1863, with E. R. Hamilton as captain ; Thomas V. Cummings, first lieutenant ; W. M. Siddons, senior second lieutenant. Chris Weisel, J. A. Conboie and E. H. Heacock were the sergeants. This company numbered in its ranks as privates, L. Booth, E. M. Fry, A. Flohr, J. T. Glover, S. S. Holl, Israel Luce, J. H. McKune, Robert Robinson, Perrin Stanton, 0. H. Tubbs and G. K. Van Heusen, all prominent men of Sacra- mento. The company was nmstered out in 1886. The Turner Rifles organized June 22, 1863, with forty-four mem- bers. Their captain was Charles Wolleb; A. Geisel, first lieutenant; L. Lotthammer, senior second lieutenant; A. Nessel, junior second lieutenant. Among the privates we find the names of John Bellmer, A. Heilbron, Charles Pommer, C. Weil, C. Kleinsorge, L. B. Mohr and C. Weisel. The Walnut Grove Union Guard was organized at Walnut Grove in August, 1863, and for several years continued as part of the National Guard. The Baker Guard was composed of over fifty young men, most of them under twenty-one years of age, and was organized September 15, 1863. W. T. Crowell was its captain; James Clunie, first lieutenant; D. K. Zumwalt, second lieutenant; Samuel Carlisle, third lieutenant. This company was consolidated with Company D, National Guard, in June, 1866. The Sacramento Light Artillery, unattached, was organized Sep- tember 24, 1864, with Edgar Mills as captain; Wjninan McMitchell, first lieutenant; W. M. Siddons, senior second lieutenant; D. W. Earl, junior second lieutenant. A. J. Senatz was prominent in the organ- ization, and S. S. Montague, Joseph Davis and J. L. Atwood were among the subsequent captains. The First Battalion, Light Artillery, was organized in Septem- ber, 1866, with Edgar Mills as major; L. E. Crane, first lieutenant and adjutant; Paul Morrill, first lieutenant and quartermaster; W. R. Cluness, assistant sergeant. The Emmet Guards was organized March 19, 1864, with Jolm P'oley as captain; F. A. Moran, first lieutenant; John F. Sheehan, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 369 senior second lieutenant; John S. Barrett, junior second lieutenant. The other officers were: T. W. Sheehan, Owen Farrell and M. Mc- Manus. The company was mustered out of the state service June 11, 1872. The Sacramento Zouaves was an independent colored company, which was in existence for several years. Company G, Sarsfield Guards, was organized in 1870, with William H. Ashton, Jr., captain; Charles Brady, first lieutenant; Thomas Nolan, second lieutenant. Troop B, cavalry, was originally organized in 1864, and was then known as the Sacramento Light Artillery. Its full official designation was Company A (Sacramento Light Artillery), First Battalion of Artillery, Fourth Brigade, National Guard of California. The ma- terial of which it was formed included many of the prominent men in the city, as will be seen by the list of those who signed the petition to Judge Clark for the formation of the company. The list is as follows: Paul Morrill, Edgar Mills, George Rowland, James Mc-. Clatchy, H. W. Bragg, George S. Evans, W. S. Mesick, 0. D. Lam- bard, W. M. Mitchell, Isaac Lohman, William M. Harmon, R. W. Lewis, A. Lamott, M. M. Estee, William M. Lyon, C. C. Barnes, Robert Hamilton, Benjamin Peart, E. H. Heacock, S. S. Holl, James Carolan, J. B. Sanderson, George W. Chesley, L. Wilsev, J. H. Carroll, H. G. Smith, D. W. Earl, A. D. Whitney, C. N. Higgins, Robert Ander- son, M. M. Spaulding, F. E. Mitchell, N. L. Drew, George Inglis, William M. Hoag, R. T. Brown, Charles Miller, John McNeill, L C. Aikles, James McCleary, George E. Duden, Prescott Robinson, C. P. Huntington, Charles H. Creed, W. H. Taylor, William L. Ustick, J. H. McKune, Henry Ramsey, John S. Miller, Joseph T. Glover, A. C. Bidwell, L. H. Foote, R. I. Graham, Samuel Cross, J. W. Reeves, Jus- tin Gates, L. S. Taylor, E. D. Wheatley, S. W. Butler, J. M. Avery, W. C. Felch, A. Briggs, Alex. Badlam, H. E. Cook, D. P. Coon, George Oulton, Theo. J. Mifliken. Richard Dale, H. F. Holmes, A. H. Ault, Charles A. Peake, Albert Leonard, Thomas Ross, J. T. Griffitts, William E. Wise, Thomas C. Jones, George Cox, Thomas Brown, J. T. Brownell, I. Bailey, Charles Roberts, J. Davis, E. B. Mott, A. S. Bender, P. Stanton, Ben. C. Butler, P. Franklin, Joseph Bremer, Leland Stanford, William M. Siddons, John P. Hoyt, Frederick Gibbs, C. C. Knox, A. G. Richardson, T. M. Hubbard, S. E. Ladd, B. Cahoon, Paul Morrill, Jr., S. S. Montague, T. W. Ruce, L. Rotchford, Samuel Cross, E. A. Rockwell, E. M. Howison. The officers were Edgar Mills, captain; Wyman McMitchell, first lieutenant; Wm. M. Siddons, senior second lieutenant; D. W. Earl, junior second lieutenant. March 19, 1880, the Sacramento Light Artil- lery, the City Guard, Nevada Light Guard, Placerville City Guard, the Yuba Light Guard and the Sarsfield Guard were organized into a Tegiment known as the First Artillery Regiment, Fourth Brigade, 370 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY N. G. C. Shortly afterwards the Sacramento Light Artillery became known as Light Battery B, First iirtillery Regiment. July 1, 1893, it was detached from the regiment and designated as Battery B, Light Artillery, unattached. July 23, 1895, it was changed into a troop of cavalry, incorporated in August, 1895, with Troops A, C and D, cavalry, as the First Squadron of Cavalry. In July, 1908, the squad- ron was discontinued, and the troop became known again as "Troop B, Cavalry," and is so known today. The Eighlli Infantry regiment was organized October 31, 1890, and the First Artillery, March 19, 1880. The Eighth Infantry and the First Artillery were consolidated December 9, 1895, forming the Second Regiment of Infantry, N. G. C. Company A, Second Infantry, was mustered out in the same year. Company E, Second Infantry, of this city was organized Novem- ber 26, 1883, with Henry I. Seymour, now colonel, as captain. Com- pany G of this city, and of the same regiment, was organized July 29, 1870, with Thomas B. Hall, now deceased, as captain. These two companies have existed ever since, up to 1911, when Company E was mustered out, but has since been reorganized. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC The greatest patriotic order that ever was instituted was organ- ized in Sacramento early in its existence, and has numbered three Posts and two Relief Corps and one Circle of the Ladies of the Grand Army, auxiliary thereto, all of which, except one Post, are still in existence and in flourishing condition. Sumner Post No. 3 was instituted November 25, 1867, with the following charter members: G. W. Bowie, Thomas J. Blakeney, George S. Evans, D. A. DeMerritt, W. L. Campbell, E. Engham, John F. Sheehan, E. S. Granger, W. C. Guirey, R. H. Harris, J. V. Gilbert, N. S. Hawley, R. W. Towne and J. G. Garrison, the charter being signed by John G. Miller, department commander, and James Coey, assistant adjutant-general. The first officers were: W. S. Campbell, commander; W. C. Guirey, Jr., vice commander, and J. F. Sheehan, adjutant. The Post is still in a healthy condition, and numbers over seventy members. Warren Post No. 54 was instituted August 4, 1883, with the fol- lowing charter members: W. A. Houghton, Charles Reihn, C. W. Wallace, J. B. Pierpont, Fred Dustman, J. N. Moore, M. J. Smith, Dan Meagher, E. C. Jordan, M. Wood, N. Hamm, J. H. Carrington, Dr. C. F. Pinkham, N. T. Gould, W. W. Fuller, W. W. Meyer, T. J. Kiernan, S. S. B. Brigham, W. C. Gnet, Charles Ludwig, J. H. Marsh, W. M. Wilbur, H. Yuhre, Charles Foster, A. Richardson, E. P. Snyder, J. S. Easterbrooke, A, T. Browsher, George Vogelgesang, A. W. Sefton, J. J. Trarbach, J. T. Bartlett and S. McKearney. It is still in existence, and numbers over fifty members. Fair Oaks Post No. 120 was organ- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 371 ized in May, 1886, and after continuing a number of years surrendered its charter. Sumner Relief Corps No. 11, auxiliary to Sumner Post, was or- ganized in March, 1884, and is still prosperous. Fair Oaks Relief Corps No. 13 was organized in May, 1884, as auxiliary of Fair Oaks Post, and is still in existence, although the Post has been discontinued for several years. Clara Barton Circle No. 11, Ladies of the G. A. R., was organized May 26, 1886, and is in a prosperous condition. SPANISH WAR VETEEANS J. Holland Laidler Camp No. 5, Department of California, United Spanish War Veterans, was chartered under National Encampment, Spanish- American War Veterans, April 18, 1904, as No. 286. (Subse- quently the general organization was amalgamated with other kindred associations, and became United Spanish War Veterans.) Chartered under United Spanish War Veterans, January 17, 1905, effective April 18, 1904, with the following charter members: 0. J. Addison, J. Alexander, 0. W. Anderson, F. F. Atkinson, W. D. Bes- sey, F. W. Birchmore, 0. J. Boden, D. C. Bush, F. F. Canon, *John Cooke, F. W. Coyne, W. R. Coyne, M. J. Cunningham, *0. N. Faulk- ner, A. P. Gadbois, J. W. Gray, *Fred Gunter, *W. F. Hayden, J. H. Hayes, J. E. Hicks, W. J. Hanna, D. 0. Hildebrand, E. C. Hunt, S. W. Kay, Rube Lee, S. W. Leitch, C. Lucey, F. L. Martin, C. D. McDermit, *J. G. Merle, J. M. Milliken, L. C. Moore, Haywood Reed, J. F. Sher- burn, W. 0. Smith, H. E. Speas, H. G. Teasdale, C. H. Weden, W. I. Woodman, Mark Wormer. The first executive officers of the camp were : Commander, S. W. Kay; adjutant, J. Alexander; quartermaster, 0. W. Anderson. J. Holland Laidler, in honor of whose memory this camp was named, was connected with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company's hospital in Sacramento prior to the commencement of the war be- tween the United States and Spain. At the outbreak of hostilities (or when the opportunity presented itself) he joined the Hospital Corps, United States army, and was killed in action during the Philippine insurrection, April 24, 1899, at Quinqua, Philippine Islands. He was born in Elko, Houston county, Ga., July 11, 1876. There is a movement on foot at present for erecting a monument to his memory in one of the city parks. Admiral Robley D. Evans Camp No. 33, Department of Cali- fornia, United Spanish War Veterans, was organized through the efforts of Colonel F. F. Canon, assisted by a few other veterans. It was mustered in August 14, 1908, by Department Commander M. M. Moulton (now Past Department Commander) at the armory of Com- *Deceased,. 372 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY pauy Fi, Second Inl'aiitry, National Guard of California, which was located at that time iu tlie old pavilion, Sixth and M streets. The charter members were G. A. Bahran, W. T. Hildebrand, C. C. Craver, W. H. Phillips, C. E. Connolly, Charles J. Stephens, B. W. Gardner, Johannes Gienger, F. F. Canon, T. H. McDaniel, F. C. Childs, E. Storror, James Fricke, G. W. Waldron, F. W. Barber, F. E. Kimple, H. C. C^arvell, F. W. Strachauer, F. E. Elliott, Fred Shrader and Herbert Gray. The first executive officers of the camp were: Commander, F. F. Elliott; adjutant, F. F. Canon; quartermaster, B. W. Gardner. The camp was named in honor of the noted admiral of the United States navy, "Fighting Bob" Evans. About the time of organization Admiral Evans had just completed his trip around the world. Again, the naming of the camp was appropriate, for during the Spanish- American war he had taken a very prominent part, being in command of the U. S. S. Iowa, off Santiago, and taking an active part in the naval engagement which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet, July 3^ 1898. Cynthia E. Moore Auxiliary, United Spanish War Veterans, auxil- iary to Camps J. Holland Laidler No. 5 and Admiral R. D. Evans No. 33, was instituted in Elks' hall, Sacramento, January 15, 1909, with thirty-five charter members. The name Cynthia E. Moore was chosen because Cynthia E. Moore (born November 9, 1873, and a graduate of St. Luke's hospital, San Francisco) was a nurse in the United States army service who served from November 14, 1898, to September 30, 1900. She was honorably discharged because of illness, was cared for at the general hospital at the Presidio of San Francisco, died May 11, 1901, and was buried in that city. The presidents have been: Gertrude Gould Speas, first, January 15, 1909, to January 4, 1910; Alice Milliken, second, January 4, 1910, to January 17, 1911; Sarah Thompson, third, January 17, 1911, to January 5, 1912 ; Anna Gardner, fourth, now serving. The first set of officers were: Gertrude Gould Speas, president; Alice Milliken, senior vice president; Ada Hildebrand, junior vice president; I. May Sydeham, chaplain; Addie Kelly, secretary; Mary Kimple, treasurer; Mamie Kay, conductor; Lillian Lee, guard. The history of Cynthia E. Moore Auxiliary since its admission into the organization has been one of prosperity and success. Its members have ever striven for advancement and to place the auxiliary upon a high plane. The personnel of its membership is commendable and their work an example. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 373 CHAPTER XXXVI FIRE DEPARTMENT The first fire department in Sacramento was organized in 1850. On April 4tli of that year the first fire of any considerable extent oc- curred on Front street, between J and K, eight or ten buildings being destroyed, with their contents, within thirty minutes of the time it started. The loss was stated at $100,000. A fire department was im- mediately organized. On November 9th following another fire oc- curred, destroying the New York, Eagle, St. Francis and the Galena hotels, the Home of the Badger, Rowe's provision store and other buildings. On August 13, 1851, the Tehama theater was burned. The greatest fire of the early days occurred November 2, 1852, when fully seven-eighths of the city was destroyed and several lives were supposed to be lost. This was the most widespread and disas- trous fire in the history of the city, and the total amount of loss was estimated at $10,000,000. Although it was a frame building, the Con- gregational church on Sixth street was the only one out of the many churches that was saved. The efforts of the citizens managed to keep the conflagration from extending east of Ninth street and north of I street. The fact that a strong wind was blowing when the fire started was undoubtedly the cause of its becoming so general. The second general conflagration in the city's history occurred on the afternoon of July 13, 1854. It started in a small frame building in the rear of Newcome's furniture store, near the center of the block between J and K, Third and Fourth streets. This time it was caused by the upsetting of a spirit lamp used for heating a glue-pot. It reached the Sacramento hotel almost immediately, and in a very short time the blaze was tremendous. The day was very hot, the thermometer standing at one hundred degrees in the shade. The fire- men turned out in force, but the furious element would not be denied, and in spite of the heroic efforts of the members of the department and the citizens, it destroyed successively the Oriental hotel, the Amer- ican House, the old courthouse, the New England House, the State House, Congregational church, the Sewanne House, Crescent City hotel and Number 4's engine house. By good luck the waterworks had just been put into operation, and but for their efficiency the loss would have been much greater. Governor Bigler had been working from the beginning of the conflagration wherever help had been needed, and when the State Capitol was threatened, he asked a number of bystanders to aid him in saving the furniture. They demurred to doing so on the ground that the state could better afford to lose its property than private parties could. Pointing to a full-length portrait of Washington that hung on the southern wall. Governor Bigler said: "See! there is the 374 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY portrait of the father of your country; will you permit it to be de- stroyed?" His appeal was successful, and they made a general rush and saved the picture. The Golden Eagle hotel, a substantial brick building, finally checked the fire until it could be controlled. The news of the fire hav- ing reached San Francisco, the Monumental Engine Company of that city made an earnest effort to reach Sacramento in time to be of as- sistanc(\ but was unal)le to arrive until the next morning, when they were cordially thanked by the citizens for their generous attempt. The next imi)ortant fire that occurred was on July 3, 1855, which burned over the whole triangle betM^een the levee, I and Sixth streets, but as the buildings were mainly old shacks occupied by Chinese, the loss was not heavy. Several fires, each occasioning a loss of from $10,000 to ^20,000, occurred in the following nineteen years. About 5:30 o'clock A. M. on September 15, 1874, the Capital Woolen mills caught fire and were destroyed, causing a loss of from $75,000 to $100,000. The mills were soon rebuilt. November 21, 1886, they were burned again, and were not rebuilt. January 9, 1875, a fire started in the afternoon in the lamp room of the Western hotel and spread rapidly to the whole building. By desperate efforts the fire department, which was promptly on hand, managed to confine it to the hotel building, which was totally de- stroyed, and three lives wjere lost, two of the ill fated victims being compositors in the Vuinu office. The financial loss was estimated at about $100,000. The honor of having organized the first fire company in the state belongs to Sacramento. February 5, 1850, the first steps were taken toward the organization of Mutual Hook and Ladder Company No. 1. The following officers were elected: Demas Strong, foreman; J, S. Fowler, first assistant ; M. D. Eyre, second assistant ; T. A . Warbass, treasurer; H. G. Langley, secretary; J. 0. Derb}^ steward. The com- pany turned out to. the fire of April 4, 1850, using a fire engine be- longing to Lewis & Bailey. They continued in active service until October 30, 1859, when they disbanded by mutual consent, turning over their a]3paratus to the fire department. They had twenty-six mem- bers when they disbanded, and had occupied the same building with Confidence Engine Company No. 1. Alert Hook and Ladder Company No. 2 was organized September 27, 1852, electing Thomas W. Noyes, foreman; Charles W. Cook, as- sistant foreman; Alexander C. Folger, secretary; W. B. H. Dodson, trustee; John L. Polhemus and Joseph F. Cloutman, delegates. Their building was a two-story brick one, located on Eighth street, between J and K. Both this company and the Mutual received an outfit of hooks and ladders in 1853. In 1860 the Alert had twenty-nine members, and M. McManus w^as their foreman. On March 6, 1851, Confidence Engine Company No. 1 was organ- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 375 ized witli W. S. Eakins, foreman; William D. Hunt, first assistant; John J. Balentine, second assistant; H. E. Urner, secretary; Leander Culver, treasurer. It was housed in a two-story building on the east side of Third street, between I and J. It maintained its organization until the introduction of the paid fire department, when it numbered sixty-five members. Protection Engine Company No. 2 was organized March 22, 1851, electing AVilliam Arents, foreman; Francis R. Folger, assistant; H. Burdick, secretary. It had sixty-five members and its house was erected on the west side of Eighth street, between J and K, after- wards for many years known as Exempt Firemen's Hall, and torn down in 1911 to give jolace to a new building. Sacramento Engine Company No. 3 was organized March 27, 1851, by electing J. R. Beard, foreman ; H. J. Beams,- assistant fore- man; F. McGilvery, secretary; J. C. Freeman, assistant secretary; it had erected for it two years later a fine house on the west side of Second street, between K and L, and in 1860 the company num- bered fifty-nine members. The building is now occupied by No. 1, of the paid fire department. Eureka Engine Company No. 4 was organized August 15, 1853, electing W. H. Jones, foreman; John H. Burgess, assistant; Jacob Greenbaum, secretary; H. P. Osborn, treasurer. They occupied a two-story brick, the present Corporation house, on Fifth street, be- tween J. and K, and numbered sixty-five members in 1860. Knickerbocker Engine Company No. 5 was organized July 21, 1854, officers being as follows: H. Policy, foreman; James Calwyn, first assistant; P. Holland, second assistant; John F. Hall, secretary; John C. Keenan, treasurer. The company numbered fifty-eight mem- bers, and its Iniilding was a two-story brick on the east side of Fourth street, between K and L. Young America No. 6 was organized by the residents of the Third ward June 21, 1855, with Robert Robinson, foreman ; E. Kimball, first assistant; Sylvester Marshall, second assistant; Anson Perry, secre- tary; Charles S. White, treasurer. Its house was a two-story brick, located on Tenth street, between I and J, and is at present used by a company of the paid fire department for No. 2. Tehama Hose Company No. 1 was the first hose company iu this citv. It was organized April 21, 1853, but disbanded November 24, 1855. "^ ■ Neptune Hose Company was an independent com])any organized October 6, 1856, with C. T. Ingham, president; P. Holland, foreman; Thomas Bartlett, assistant foreman; A. P. Norton, treasurer; Alex- ander Badlam, secretary. The company had considerable trouble in being admitted into the department, and a l)uilding was erected for it on the north side of I street, fronting on Fourth street. It liad a membership of twenty-five. 376 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Broderic'k Engine Company No. 7 was organized June 1, 1860, by electing Matthias Ault, foreman; R. B. Bishop, first assistant; Ber- nard Riley, second assistant; D. 0. Brown, secretary, and W. S. Hig- gins, treasurer. Its membership was sixty-five. The company was named after United States Senator David Broderick, and was faithful in its attendance at fires, but was not admitted into the department, and was disbanded immediately after the flood of 1861. It occupied a one and one-half story building at the corner of Third and R streets. The building was removed a number of years ago and converted into a residence, and the engine, hose, etc., reverted to the department. Several other companies of less note and continuance were organ- ized during the period of the volunteer department, and did good work when necessity required, but their names have passed from recollec- tion. The fire-fighters of the old volunteer days were men of daring; men who were in the ranks for the love of the game and the protec- tion of their own property and that of others. Many of them had been members of similar organizations in the east, and brought to their work here the experience gained in former fields. The following were chief engineers of the volunteer fire depart- ment during its continuance from January 25, 1851, to August, 1872, their terms of office being one year : Hiram Arentz, David McDowell, R. M. Folger, I. M. Hubbard, J. H. Houseman, J. B. Blanchard, Henry Polley, Hiram Arentz, Joseph S. Friend, George H. Brickman, R. J. Graham, Hugh Kelly, George Schmeizer, David C. Wilson, John Don- ellan, "W. Gillan, Frank Johnson, A. H. Hapeman, William D. Far- rell, George Schmeizer; Houseman and Kelly resigned, Blanchard, first assistant, succeeding the former, and Schmeizer the latter. As was usual in the days of volunteer fire departments there was great rivalry between the ditferent companies, and many incidents oc- curred, humorous and otherwise, that would make interesting reading if their history had been preserved. There were tournaments, races, balls, presentation of banners and prizes and various other features. At one time much complaint was made against the companies, in the papers, being caused by these rivalries. It was charged that some of their members laid plans for getting ahead of the members of other companies by ringing false alarms, having warned enough mem- bers of their own companies sufficiently to enable them to have their apparatus ready and get to the scene of the supposed fire before their rivals could do so, thereby gaining credit through the papers of being the most active in the performance of their duties. The rivalry be- tween the volunteer companies often became so keen that bad blood was engendered and fights were common. Spanners, wrenches, any available weapons, were applied forcibly to heads, arms and shoulders, without regard to their proper use, and sanguinary encounters oc- curred on many occasions. One of the most notable and fiercest oc- curred at the burning of the first building erected for the Jefferson HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 377 primary school. Two of the comiDanies between which there existed a strong feeling of antagonism, met at a wooden bridge that spanned a little slough near the school. Each was determined to beat the other, and they arrived simnltaneonsly at the bridge. It was too nar- row for both to cross at the same time and, in consequence, one engine struck the railing, smashing it, and being precipitated into the slough. In a moment the fray was started, spanners and other weapons used freely and the fiercest fight in the history of the department was on, the combatants paying no more attention to the fire, which was burning fiercely. Several were seriously injured, and carried the marks of the combat to their graves. The men who comprised the volunteer department were fearless and aggressive, energetic and ready to court opposition, all of which qualities were valuable in fighting fire, and which found a vent in other directions. PAID FIRE DEPARTMENT A paid fire department for the city was established by the legis- lature April 1, 1872, and the volunteer department was superseded. A board of three commissioners was established, the first members to be appointed by the governor, and their successors to be elected by the people, one being elected each year, at the regular city election. The city was authorized by the act to issue bonds for $50,000, payable twenty years after date, with interest at eight per cent per annum. The first commissioners, appointees of the governor, were Sylvester Tryon, George Rowland and W. C. Felch, the latter being elected president of the board. Two engine companies and a hook and ladder company were organized the ensuing fall. Engine Company No. 1 was organized September 15, 1872, and Henry Burnham was made foreman and 0. Collier, engineer. There were twelve other men, but only the engineer, foreman and drivers were permanently employed. The engine-house is situated on Second street, between K and L. Engine Company No. 2 was organized at the same time as No. 1, with J. W. Thompson as foreman and E. H. Williams as engineer. The engine-house is on Tenth street, between I and J. Engine Company No. 3 was organized and placed in service on April 1, 1888. The engine-house is on Nineteenth street, between L and M, where Hose Company No. 1, organized June 11, 1884, had previously been located, and had disbanded. The chief engineers of the paid fire department since its organiza- tion have been— William B. Hunt, 1872-74; William H. H. Lee, 1874-76; Henrv Burnham, 1876-78 ; William H. H. Lee, four months, 1878 ; Cor- nelius Sullivan, 1878-87; M. O'Meara, 1887-90; H. A. Guthrie, 1890- 1910; Charles Anderson, 1910. In 1887 O'Meara was elected chief engineer by the board of fire commissioners at a private meeting and Sullivan and his friends held 378 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY that the election was illegal. Both parties claimed the office and both gave orders at fires. The situation became embarrassing, the matter having been taken into court, and the commissioners finally called in H, A, Guthrie, who was at the time foreman of No. 1, and asked him to take the position of acting chief engineer. He demurred at first, but consented, and on Octol)er 13th he was appointed acting chief engineer. On October 21st he was appointed assistant chief engineer. About three months afterwards the courts decided in favor of O'Meara. In 1890 O'Meara left the city suddenly and Guthrie was ajjpointed chief engineer on September 29th, to succeed him. Janu- ary 22, 1894, when the new charter for the city went into effect, he was re-elected chief engineer and continued to hold the position until August 1, 1910, when he requested to be relieved and tendered his resignation, retiring of his own volition and being placed on the pension list. He had been a member of the old volunteer depart- ment, becoming a member of Alert No. 2, while yet only a boy, and previously had been torch bearer of Protection No. 2. He was pre- sented with his certificate by Alert No. 2, January 29, 1872, and became a member of Hook and Ladder No, 1, in the paid fire depart- ment. During his term of service as chief engineer he brought the department up to a high degree of efficiency and by his aggressive energy and insistency with the trustees was able to introduce many improvements, such as chemical engines, extension ladders, etc., into the department. Chief Engineer Anderson, who succeeded him, has already ])roven to the authorities that no mistake was made by them when they chose him as Guthrie's successor, and that his handling of his force and methods of controlling fires are thoroughly efficient and up to date. During his incumbency the annexation of Oak Park and other suburbs has been accomplished, and the erection of one or more engine and other houses for the use of the department and the protection of the outlying districts is being planned and carried into execution. Station No. 4 on Twenty-sixth street, between L and M, was installed and i^ut in service March 1, 1902, at a cost of $12,800, and the apparatus cost $5,550. Station No. 5 was put in service in June, 1911, at a cost of about $11,000, with apparatus costing $5,550. Two other lots were purchased in 1907, for stations, one on Twenty- second, between S and T, and the other on Twentieth, between C and D. These will he utilized before long. The department is thoroughly equipped with chemical engines, the latest one installed being an auto chemical; also with up-to-date steamers, hook-and-1 adder trucks with extension ladders and a water tower, besides an ample su]iply of first-class hosecarts and hose. The annexation of the suburbs will necessitate the building in the near future, of stations in Oak Park and other localities. Oak Park has already a volunteer fire company. The Board of Underwriters has stated that no citv in the state has HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 379 a better equipped lire department, or a more efficient force of firemen. The city trustees are alive to the fact that the better equipped and more efficient the department is, the better the protection afforded to the property of taxj^ayers, and the more reasonable the rates of insurance. Fo)' this reason they have, of late, been more liberal in their appropriations for the })urcliase of apparatus to keep up with the growth of the city and its needs. The erection of six and eight- story buildings has become quite common within the past three years, and in view of that fact, the board, in January, 1912, purchased an auto hook-and-ladder truck, with an eighty-five-foot extension ladder, of the latest and most approved pattern, at a cost of $6,300. The next thing in contemplation is the purchase in the near future, of a water tower. With this, the department would be more up-to-date and better equipped than anj-^ in the state, except San Francisco and Los Angeles. The most disastrous conflagration of later years occurred on Saturday morning, January 31, 1903, when the fine department store of Weinstock, Lubin & Co., at Fourth and K streets, running through to L street, was discovered to be on fire. The iron doors in the rear of the K street part were locked and could not be opened by the fireman until after the flames had gained such headway that they could not be controlled. They swept across the bridge connecting the annex, and the inflammable contents soon made the whole store a seething furnace. At dayln'eak only the walls were left standing, the loss being over three-quarters of a million. The firm moved to the Old Pavilion on M street and in twenty-four hours was doing business again with a limited stock. Within a year they were housed again in their })resent handsome building. EXEMPT FIEEMEN The first Exempt Il'iremen's Association was organized on August 14, 1865. Twenty-two members were present at the meeting on that day and the following were chosen as officers : George Rowland, president; J. H. Houseman, vice-president; J. J. Smith, secretary; J. F. Crawford, treasurer. In 1871, when this association was abol- ished, it had only sixty-five memliers. - It was a charitable associa- tion, but its charities were neither compulsory nor systematic. The fund was under the control of the board of delegates, which had been incorporated June 10, 1868, and in the treasury was about $38,000, in 1872, which was turned over to the new association which was formed at that time. The latter, which went out of existence a few years ago, was organized under an act of the legislature, approved in April, 1872, it having been instituted December 4, 1872. The first officers elected were: W. L. Herndon, president; A. H. Cummings, first vice-presi- dent; Joseph Davis, second vice-president; George A. Putnam, treas- 380 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY urer ; also a board of trustees of the general fund and one of trustees of the charitable fund. Although in 1871 the old association had only sixty-five members when it was dissolved, the new one began business in 1872, with three hundred and twenty-four members, and many others joined it later on. Its objects were social, and fraternal aid and pecuniary benefit. The pecuniary benefit given was eight dollars per week in case of disability, ten dollars a month to widows of deceased mem- bers in case they were in need of it, and one hundred dollars for funeral expenses. Besides this, all the friendly aid the association could bestow in case of sickness or distress was cheerfully given. These benefits were not given to a member, however, if his distress was the result of gross dissipation. By death and removals the number of members was gradually reduced to one hundred and fifty- one in 1890, and finally to sixty-seven in 1901, when the association wound up its affairs. By the act which created the paid fire department of the city, it was provided that the Exempt Firemen's Association should have the privilege of selecting one of the old engine-houses of the volun- teer department for its use. The old engine-house on the north side of the alley, on Eighth street, between J and K, was accordingly chosen and the property was put up at auction, it l)eing necessary that it be sold to avoid complication of the title. No one would bid on it against the Exempt Firemen, of course, and the sum it brought was $100. The building was remodeled and a liall built for their use, while the lower story was fitted up for stores, which brought a good rent. When the association wound up its affairs the property was sold and has been demolished to make way for a fine modern building. The change made in it by the Exempts cost about $7000, and it was occui)ied by them for the first time July 12, 1875. Thus landmark after landmark of the old days is passing away, and like the Pioneers, tlie Exempts still living have dwindled away to a mere handful and soon only the memory of them will remain to us, John F. Dreman, who was a member of No. 1, in the old volunteer department, and turned out in parade with it in 1851, and who was afterwards a member of No. 3, and of Neptune Hose Company, was the last president of the Exempts, and is the proud possessor of a handsome badge pi-esented to him when they disbanded. Mr. Dreman, who was for many years a member of the city board of edu- cation, and served also as a supervisor of the county, is still living, at the age of eighty-three, at the time of this writing. James Coff- roth, a brilliant hiwyer of a generation ago, was the first member of the Exempts who died, and William L. Herndon was their first president. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 381 CHAPTEE XXXVII EARLY BUSINESS ENTERPRISES A history of this city would not be complete without at least a partial list of the pioneer business men and business houses, in addi- tion to those already named in a former chapter. The early historians state that in May, 1849, there were about thirty buildings occupied by stores and that on June 26th there were one hundred houses in the city. In the advertisements in the Placer Times we find those of the following business and professional men : Whittlock & Gibson, auction and commission. Burnett & Eogers (Peter H. and John P.), exchange brokers and agents for the collection of debts. Mr. Burnett afterwards became governor of California. Drs. L. P. and S. S. Crane, physicians and druggists. Dr. G. B. Zabriskie, physician. Orlando McKnight, proprietor of the American House and Res- taurant. Murray & Lappens. Pickett & Co. Saget & Co. T. McDowell & Co., auction and commission. Gillespie, Gerald & Co., wholesale and retail grocers, provisions and mining goods. Braunan & Co., (Samuel Brannan, William Stout, and Melius, Howard & Co.) general merchandise. In August, 1849, Brannan was again alone. He died at Escondido, San Diego county. May 5, 1889. Dr. B. Bryant, a graduate of the Botanico Medical College of Memphis, drugs and medicines. He also established a hospital in August, 1849, on L street. Dr. W. H. Anson, "late surgeon of the U. S. Army," opened an office in August, 1849, '^opposite Prof. Sheppard's store." John Codlin, butcher and provision merchant. IT. P. Merrifield, auction and real estate. James C. Zabriskie, law, conveyancing and surveying. Morse, Dunning & Co. (Charles E. G. Morse, of St. Louis, Mo., and John Dunning, of New York), provisions. J. P. Rittenhouse & Co. (Thomas C. D. Olmstead and W. E. Keyes). Peyton, Comet & McCarver. Dr. F. M. Rodrigues, from New Orleans. B. E. Watson, groceries. Dr. M. B. Angie. Massett & Brewster (Stephen C. and Charles 0.), auction and commission. Massett later became a well known musical com])Oser and writer. 382 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY A. Drinj, store at the Fort. Thomas A. Warbass, real estate. Robertson & Co. (G. M. R., Theodore Van Colt and Thomas King), meat market. Dr. W. G. Deal. Dr. Robert Wilson. G. G. & R. G. Cornell, meat market. Drs. McKenzie and Ames (J. M. and F. W.) James N. Harding, law and real estate. Elisha W. McKinstry, law. Jones, Prett}Tnan, Barroll & Co. (Dr. W. G. Deal), commission, real estate and drugs. Afterwards Prettyman, Barroll & Gwynn. Charles Lindley, law and commissioner of deeds. Bailey, Morrison & Co., merchants. Pearson and Baker (James P. and W. A. B.), real estate. Plume, Truman & Co. Cardwell, Brown & Co. (H. C. C, E. L. Brown, John Harris and John F. Fowler), afterwards Harris, Brown & Co. Drs. J. L. Wydown and T. J. White. J. B. Starr & Co. (H. L. Barney), auction. McNulty & Co. (A. G. Hedrick), hardware. Dr. Benjamin R. Carman bought Mr. Deal's interest in the Mar- tin & Deal hospital at the Fort, in December, 1849. Dr. Hardenstein, homeopathic physician. Barney, Brewster & Co. (B. B. Barney, R. E. Brewster, Fred Ogden, J. H. Blossom and J. P. Hurley), afterward Barney, Blos- som & Co. Suydam, Fletcher & Co. (John Suydam, Warren Fletcher and J. E. Galloway), then Suydam & Galloway, auction and commission. Drs. Stanbury and J. W. H. Stettinius, associated with Charles E. Abbott, bought the hospital of Dr. Craigan and Mr. Abell at the Fort, during the winter of 1849-50. Dr. S. P. Thomas. B. P. Hastings & Co., exchange brokers, bankers and commission merchants. James Tait & Co., general merchandise. C. F. McClure & Co. (P. R. Slater). Covilland, Fajard & Co., general merchandise. Meconniken & Co. (E. Meconniken, A. Hadley and James A. Myer), auction and commission. William Montgomery, auction and commission, groceries, etc. Andrew J. Binney, civil engineer and surveyor. Fowler & Frye, proprietors of the City hotel. E. M. Haves, jeweler. Offutt, Wales & Co. (M. H. Offutt, C. P. Wales, Jacob P. Dunn and George Dunn), auction and commission. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 383 Hensley, Redding & Co. (Samuel J. Hensley, Pierson B. Redding and Jacob R. Snyder), general merchants. Dissolved partnership February 10, 1850. Middlebrook & Christy (Charles M. and John M. C). Steele & Grummun (Seymour G. S. and Calet G.). William R. Prince & Co., sheet iron, zinc, miners' supplies, etc. Demas Strong, dry goods. Mr. Strong was a brother of W. R. Strong, afterwards a prominent citizen and merchant of Sacramento. He was still living in the east some years ago. M. G. Leonard & Co. (Sheldon, Kibbe and Almy), groceries and miners' supplies. Gillespie & Monson (Eugenio G. and Alonzo M.), land agents. L. Bartlett, Jr., bank and real estate. E. D. Byne & Co., dry goods. G. M. Robertson, commission agent and real estate broker. Henley, McKnight & Co. (S. C. Hastings), bank. Dr. Bryarly, partner of Dr. Deal. Wetzlar & Co. (Gustavus W., Julius Wetzlar, Benjamin Fenner, Cornelius Schermerhorn and Francis Stratton). Some of these sold out afterward to John A. Sutter, Jr., and C. Brandes. A. P. Petit, contractor and builder. Dr. C. Morrill and C. F. Whittier, drugs. Joseph Clough, real estate. John H. Dickerson, civil engineer and surveyor. Moran & Clark. J. Neely Johnson, lawyer, afterward elected governor by the American party. Bailey, Morrison & Co. (Major B., John C. and E. M. Haves). Smith, Keith S: Co. (J. E. S., Matthew K. and Henry M.'Spotts- wood). Lewis & Bailey (John H. L. and John T. B.), general commis- sion and merchandise. Warbass & Co. (Thomas A. Warbass, William S. Heyl and John F. Morse), bankers and real estate. Barton Lee, successor to Priest, Lee & Co. G. B. Stevens, wholesale auction and commission. Chenery & Hubbard, proprietors of the Globe hotel. Ferris Forman, law. Hoope & L'Amoreaux, general merchants. G. H. Johnson, dagaierreotype artist. John H. Spies, notions. Burnell, Stout & Co., wholesale auction and commission. Spalding & McKinney (Volney S., M. D. and Joseph McKinney), saloon. A. M. Winn, agent for Sutter. Dr. T. B. Kruse. 384 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY J. D. B. Stilluian, M. D., left in 1862. L. A. Birclsall, M. D. J. A. Wadswortli, M. D., from Providence, R. I., had the K Street hospital. Boyd & Davis, real estate, later removed to San Francisco and became wealthy. Earl, Mcintosh & Co., forwarding, later of San Francisco. John Hatch, jeweler, resided in Sacramento until his death. Simmons, Hutchinson & Co., general merchandise. Simmons dealt also in real estate. J. L. F. Warren established the store now owned by Baker & Hamilton. He went to San Francisco afterwards and for many years published an agricultural paper there. D. 0. Mills was a dealer in gold dust and founded the bank that bears his name. He went to New York many years ago to reside^ and there his death occurred. Brown, Henry & Co., wholesale clothing. James Lee kept the "Stinking Tent," the largest gambling estab- lishment for a time. Z. Hubbard soon after started a large, neat gambling tent. James Bininger built the first hotel in Sacramento. James King of William, who engaged in various occupations, was killed in San Francisco by Casey, precipitating the formation and action of the Vigilance committee there in 1856. Dr. Charles H. Craigan, from Washington, D. C, in 1849 estab- lished a hospital at the Fort, at which the rates for board and treat- ment ranged from $16 to $50 per day. H. Arents & Co., general merchandise. Burge & Ratcliffe (Robert K. and William M.), manufacturers of iron doors and shutters. M. T. McClellan, specuhitor in gold and silver; "coin exchanged for dust, at $15 per ounce." Sagat and Southard (L. T. and Charles C), general merchandise and miners' supplies. Marshall & Santory, general merchandise. Von Pfister & Vaughan (Edward and William), general merchan- dise. H. A. Schoolcraft, real estate and magistrate. Drs. William M. Carpenter and T. L. Chapman. Dr. T. M. Ames, at Sutterville. Nevett & Co., hardware; Youraans was the "Co." C. C. Sackett, notary public and conveyancer. R. Chenery, flour. George H. Pettibone, ]^roprietor of the El Dorado House. Yates Ferguson, general store. Haines, Webster & Co., hotel. HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 385 Bichard Berry, auction. Barton & Grimm, real estate. Watson & Bem, hardware. C. P. Huntington & Co., hardware. J. B. Blanchard & Co., hardware. Bowstead & Woods, iron and brass foundry. Other firms were: Wesley Merritt, Moran & Clark, H E Eob- mson & Co., George H. Johnson, Thompson & Taylor, Cochran, Peifer bamuel Gregg, S. C. Bruce, Montgomery & Co., Captain Gallup, A. C. Latson, John Van Houghton, Ames & McKenzie, Jesse Haycock Deai-bower Caswell, Ingalls & Co., Hanna, Jennings & Co., Captain JNortham, Geise & Son, J. J. Burge, Hardenbergh & Co, Morrill & Hamlm Coats & Rivett, Cheeks, Pinkard, Prince, Scranton & Smith, T. S. Mitchell & Co., Reynolds & Co, P. B. Cornwall, Paul, White & Co., etc. There were also a number of express companies and sta^e lines. * As the town grew apace business increased. The big fire how- ever, made many changes in the firms. The principal grocers in 1850 and succeeding years were as follows : Pomeroy & Peebles were the most extensive in their operations. Their place was familiarly spoken of as the Missouri store. Haynes & Co. were almost exclusively an importing house. Bullard, Figg & Co. did a large business. Mr. Figg, for many years before his death, dealt in salt; his son, E. J. Figg, continued the business until a few years ago. Cavert & Hill, whose store was on Front street, where McCreary's mill stood in later years, also did a large business. Forshee, Booth & Co. did a very large business, and the members of the firm were John Forshee, Lucius A. Booth and Job F. Dye. The latter came to California as early as 1840. Booth removed to Pied- mont a number of years ago. E. D. and W. F. Kennedy were Philadelphia men who enjoyed good i^atronage, liecame wealthy in the grocerv trade and then re- turned to Philadelphia. J. W. Foard & Co. (George Cadwalader being the ^'Co.") was another pioneer firm. Mr. Cadwalader became a prominent lawyer here. Both he and the senior member of the firm died years ago. W. T. Grissim & Co. (Snyder), have both passed awav. Curry & Co. and P. J. Brown & Co. were both burned out in the great fire of 1852, but re-established themselves, finallv going out of business in 1855. The Lady Adams Company (to which Mebius & Drescher are the successors) was named after the ship that brought the members of the company and their cargo of goods to the coast, and was one of the oldest firms in Sacramento. Stanford Bros., three brothers of Leland Stanford, were not 386 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY burned out in the big fire of 1852, although their building was not as fireproof as many others that were consumed. All of the other build- ings in the block were burned. Hermance & Burton were burned out in 1852 and never resumed business. J. H. Trowbridge & Co. and Carroll & Stearin soon after the fire succeeded the old house of Birdsall & Co., and took the name of Scud- der, Carroll & Co. Taylor & Van Sickle had a large business patronage before the fire, but after that Van Sickle dropped out of the business. Louis Sloss, who later became head of the Alaska Fur Company, was a very successful trader here up to 1854. Chamberlain & Patrick, another successful firm, engaged in busi- ness on the Plaza. Chamberlain afterwards entered the banking house of D. 0. Mills & Co., Vith which he remained in active employ- ment until nearly ninety years of age ; he died a number of years ago. Dr. Patrick has been dead for many years. AVilcoxson & Co. closed their business in 1852 after a successful career, and became large landholders in the valley. The members of the firm have been dead for a number of years. Maddux & Co., who came here from Arkansas in the early daj^s, built the Maddux block at Third and K streets. Mills & Co. (James and D. 0. Mills) were in the grocery business until about 1851, when they retired. The latter established the bank which bears his name, finally" removed to New York and there died. Buslmell & Co. was another of the few lucky firms that were not burned out in the big fire of 1852. Sneath & Arnold in 1851 established the business to which Adams, McNeill & Co. succeeded and which in 1911 was bought out by Mebius and Drescher. John Arnold died in 1864. Sneath removed to San Francisco in the '60s,- and carried on a large dairy on the San Bruno road until his death. Fry, Hoopes & Co. founded the house that is now Lindley & Co. (J. D. Fry and Thomas Hoopes). Hoopes died years ago and Fry removed to San Francisco. Of Hopkins and Miller, the partners were Mark Hopkins and Ed. Miller. Hopkins died at Yuma March 29, 1878. Miller was with the Central Pacific Company for a number of years. Another large business firm was W. P. McCaull & Co. Moore moved to Louisville, Ky., and McCaull died here. Smith & Booth were the predecessors of Booth & Co. Charles Smith died in New York. Newton Booth, the other partner, was afterward senior member of the firm of Booth & Co., and became governor of California and United States senator. He died in this city Julv 14, 1892. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 387 Hull & Loliman, another of the successful early firms, removed later to San Francisco and died there. Lindley, Booth & Co. (T. M. Lindley and L. A. Booth) began business in 1849. Booth retired from the firm in 1850, and after a while Lindley closed his business and went elsewhere. He became a member of the firm of Fry, Hoopes & Co. February 1, 1853, on the corner of Seventh and J streets. The firm name was changed to Lindley & Hoopes a year later, and in 1853 Mr. Lindley was in busi- ness alone. He took his son, D. A. Lindley, into partnership a num- ber of years ago, under the present firm name. Mr. Lindley, Sr., has been dead for some time. Besides these here named, there was a number of other grocery firms in the early days, among them being Birdsall & Co. ; Ahrents & Tolger; Meeker & Co. (S. H. and David Meeker) ; Burton & McCarty; Wood & Kenyon; Kramer & Quivey; Lovelancl & Co.; Kibbe, Almey & Co.; Thomas Bannister; Burton, Fish & Culver; Peter Slater, etc. G. Miller & Sons established artificial stone and cement works in 1876 at Tenth and L streets. In 1849 Peter Kadell established the Sacramento brewery, now owned by Philip Schelcl. In 1850 Zins & Weber built a brewery at Twenty-ninth and J streets. In 1853 Louis Keseberg built one at Twenty-eighth and M streets. In 1853 Philip Yager started a brewery in Sam Brannan's old adobe store on K street, near Twenty-eighth, and another, the Tiger brewery, at Thirty-first and K streets. In 1860 the St. Louis brewery was built at Sixth and G streets. Later the City brewery was erected at Twelfth and H streets. In 1858 the Pacific brewery was established at Ninth and P streets. In 1853 the Columbus brewer}^ at Fifteenth and K streets was established. In 1861 the Sutterville brewery was built, and in 1869 the Capital brew- ery was opened. In 1878 the eight breweries running made 530,200 gallons of beer. The Sacramento Valley Beet Sugar factory was established on the J street road in 1868, but was a failure and closed in 1876, as did the Ca]iital distillery, owned by the same company. The first boiler shop was started by Anderson & Corbett in 1853. In 1854 H. Webster opened a broom factory, and two years after- wards there were three. In 1858 there were seventy-nine wagon and carriage shops in Sac- ramento, employing 340 men and turning out $750,000 worth of vehicles. There were also five foundries. 388 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY CHAPTER XXXVIII BANKS AND BANKERS Sacramento today boasts of its banking institutions as second to none in the state in their growth and stability. Nowhere do the banks in (California stand higher in these respects or receive more favorable reports from the bank commissioner. The clearing house, established some years ago, does a yearly increasing amount of business, facilitat- ing the transactions of the l)auks materially. The bank of D. 0. Mills & Co., now the National Bank of D. 0. Mills & Co., was founded in 1850 by D. 0. Mills, who in 1855 took in as partners Edgar Mills and Henry Miller. D. 0. Mills, James Mills and Edgar Mills, three brothers, came to California in 1849, James dying soon after his arrival. D. 0. Mills had had some banking ex- perience in New York, but at first engaged in merchandising, in con- nection with his brother, W. 0. Mills, who remained in New York City. He soon turned his attention to banking, however, and accounts of many of his deals, as early as 1849, are still to be seen in the records of the bank, although the bank proper was not formally established until 1850. Among the relics preserved is a bill of exchange, the ''third," signed by him and dated January 13, 1851. The original bank building was located on the south side of J street, about sixty feet from the corner of Third. It was a small, one-story frame build- ing with a stone front, and a picture of this was for a long time used on the checks of the bank; in fact, until 1865, when the bank was removed to its late location on the southwest corner of Second and J streets. Althougli it passed through one of the greatest conflagra- tions in the city, the same old regulator clock, bearing the date of 1850 on its face, still ticks off the seconds as on the day when the bank was established, more than sixty years ago, and proving that the bank is the oldest institution of the kind in the state. The early business of the bank consisted mainly in selling ex- change on New York and buying gold dust. As compared with those of the express and other companies, the deposits in the bank were not large, but as one after another of the companies failed, their business naturally fell to the bank — a case of the survival of the fittest. In 1855 the firm, as stated, consisted of D. 0. Mills, under the title of D. 0. Mills & Co., later he admitted Edgar Mills and Henry Miller as partners, and they so continued till July 19, 1874, when the bank in- corporated under the style of ''The National Gold Bank of D. 0. Mills & Co." In September, 1883, the word "Gold" was dropped, under a general law of congress. At present its capital and surplus amounts to $1,000,000. Its officers are: C. F. Dillman, president; W. T. Pentz and F. B. Anderson, vice-presidents; F. H. Pierce, cashier; T. D. Lit- tlefield and C. C. Cotter, assistant cashiers; directors: P. C. Drescher, H. Weinstock, William Schaw and Arthur E. Miller. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 389 The new bank building was completed and the papers and money removed from the old bank on Second and J streets to the new one at Seventh and J, October 12, 1912, and in connection with the re- moval, Frank Miller, a former president of the bank, in a letter to the president, Charles F. Dillman, gave some interesting reminiscences. He states that Mr. Mills, previous to coming to California with a stock of flour in 1849, was cashier of a bank in Buffalo, N. Y. His office was on J street, near Third, and later he built a one-story brick building on the same spot. The firm name at that time was"^ Mills, Townsend & Co., but Townsend went out of the firm in 1857, and Edgar Mills and Henry Miller became partners, each taking one-third of the $100,000 capital. Three per cent per month was the current rate of interest in those days, and Mr. Mills' $50,000 capital swelled in the course of a dozen years to $3,000,000. By 1865, when Frank Miller entered the bank, it had decreased to two per cent, and later to eighteen per cent per annum and finally to twelve per cent. When fire swept the town Henry Miller spent the night on the levee with the books of the bank, and when the flood came the bank moved next door to the second floor of the Figg building. The pioneers' wives were heroic, and in the dark days of 1860, when Mr. Mills said to his wife: ''Shall we go back east?" she replied: ''No; we are both young, and California will be our home." In 1865 the filling in of J and K streets was begun, and in December of that year the bank was moved from J street between Second and Third to Second and J streets, which had been up to that time occupied by Wormser & Co., afterwards bankers in New York City. The vault was a large iron box which had been used by another bank, and which is now the lower vault at Second and J streets. Mr. Miller says that he and another bank employe put two trays of $20 gold pieces into a clothes basket, put a copy of the Union over them and carried them down a few doors to the new bank. The new bank building is constructed of granite and steel, costing $250,000, on a lot costing $150,000, and the interior of the building is costly and beautifully furnished and fitted up, making it one of "the finest bank buildings on the coast. AVells. Fargo & Co. began business here in 1856 and have con- tinued business since that time, practically monopolizing the express business of the coast until 1911. Their office is now in the Forum building on Ninth street between K and L. The Capital Savings bank opened about 1870, at the southwest corner of Fourth and J streets. Julius Wetzler was president and R. C. Woolworth, secretarv. It withdrew from business Januarv 2, 1880. The Odd Fellows' Savings bank was instituted in the '70s at the corner of Fourth and J streets, but met with disaster and went into liquidation September 23, 1878, having failed. 25 390 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY California National Bank : The California State bank was organ- ized March 31, 1882, and the following were the original stockholders: N. D. Rideout, Fred Cox, C. W. Clarke, Albert Gallatin, George C. Perkins, J. R. Watson, Leland Stanford, J. 0. B. Gunn, E. W. Hop- kins, A. Abbott, J. P. Brown, N. A. Rideout, A. N. Towne, W. R. S. Foye. The directors elected for the first year were: N. D. Rideout, president; Frederick Cox, vice-president; C. W. Clarke, J. R. Watson, Albert Gallatin; A. Abbott, cashier. The authorized capital was $500,- 000, $100,000 of which was paid in at the time of the incorporation. The business of the bank was conducted at the southwest corner of Fourth and J streets until 1890, when the new building erected by the bank on the northwest corner of Fourth and J streets was completed and occupied. As the business increased the remaining $400,000 of the authorized capital was called for and paid in by the stockholders. The paid-up capital remained $500,000 until a few years ago, when it was decided to increase the capital to one million dollars to meet the re- quirements of the business of the bank. The additional stock was promptly subscribed and paid for and the i3aid-up capital of the bank has since stood at one million dollars. In January, 1907, the California State bank was nationalized under the name of the California National Bank of Sacramento. The directors of the bank at this date are: Fred J. Kiesel, G. A. White, W. E. Gerber, George W. Peltier, Fred W. Kiesel. The officers are: W. E. Gerber, president; George W. Peltier, vice-president ; Adolf Heilbron, vice-president ; Fred W. Kiesel, cashier; Egbert A. Brown, assistant cashier; J. I. Brunschwiler, as- sistant cashier. The Peoples Savings bank was organized by William Beckman, being incorporated May 23, 1879, with a capital of $500,000, and opened for business July 1, 1879, with a paid-up capital of $225,000. The first board of directors was composed of E. C. Atkinson, William Beckman, J. L. Huntoon, William Johnston, E. J. Croly, George N, Hayton, Samuel Gottleib and William R. Knights. William Beckman was elected president and manager, and John L. Huntoon was elected vice-president, which positions both of these gentlemen still hold today. The other officers were AVilliam F. Huntoon, secretary, and I. N. Hoag, bookkeeper. Both of these gentlemen have passed away, as have also the balance of the first board of directors. The first examination by the bank commissioners was made Decem- ber 8, 1879, when the total assets were found to be $324,175.45. The first dividend was declared December 31, 1879, at the rate of seven per cent per annum to stockholders and on ordinary deposits. In 1881 there were three banks in Sacramento: The National Gold Bank of D. 0. Mills & Co., with total resources of $2,166,330.99 ; the Sacramento bank, with total resources of $2,094,280.01, and the Peoples Savings bank, with total resources of $393,879.79. The bank was located, when it was opened, in what is known as HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 391 the St. George building, on the corner of Fourth and J streets, and remained there for nearly thirty-two years, the bank being part owner of the building, but in 1910 it began the erection of a seven-story fire- proof building, class A, on the corner of Eighth and J streets, at a cost of $280,000. The building was occupied for the first time April 1, 1911. The total assets of the bank May 1, 1912, were $4,286,000, and the paid-up capital and surplus amounted to $550,000. The bank al- ways has been conducted strictly as a savings bank, receiving deposits, paying dividends on the same and loaning money. It has been for- tunate in never having suffered one loss. The present directors are William Beckman, J. L. Huntoon, A. G. Folger, George W. Lorenz and J. J. Keegan, while the officers are as follows : William Beckman, president; J. L, Huntoon, vice-president; A. G. Folger, cashier, and J. E. Huntoon, assistant cashier. The Farmers and Mechanics Savings bank was organized as a savings bank in September, 1890, having for its sponsors Sol Eunyon, Dwight HoUister, Leland Stanford, Mrs. Jane Stanford, Eobert T. Devlin and others. The healthy growth of the bank has been greatly accelerated since July, 1910, when George W. Peltier and associates purchased a controlling interest. Immediately thereafter the site of the new building on Oak avenue and Eighth street, between J and K, was purchased and steps taken toward the erection of what is admit- tedly one of the most modern buildings in the city. An evidence of the far-reaching plans for the enlargement of the bank's business and prestige was seen in the increase of the capital to $350,000 and the association with the bank of many of Sacramento's best known citi- zens as shareholders. The board of directors was increased to nine- teen, only one or two of whom have their major interests outside of Sacramento county. The great majority are citizens who have done much to advance the cause of Sacramento in many different direc- tions and who may be depended upon to work with the officers of the institution to place it in the van of California's solid and enterprising banking concerns. The new list of directors includes George W. Peltier, E. M. Eichardson, Marshall Diggs, Judge Peter J. Shields, J. C. Coffing, W. F. Geary, Thomas J. Cox, Mahlon Williamson, E. A. Gammon, John L. White, Adolph Schnabel of Newcastle, J. L. Gillis, P. J. Harney, Henry Mitau, A. Van V. Phinney, W. F. Gormley, Philip Wolf, Jr., Bonus Lightner and J. H. Arnold. The officers are as fol- lows: George W. Peltier, president; E. M. Eichardson, first vice- president; P. J. Shields, second vice-president; Marshall Diggs, third vice-president, and Montfort K. Crowell, cashier. The new board as- sumed charge of assets totaling about two millions, and will guard the interests of depositors whose savings aggregate over $1,500,000. The Sacramento Savings bank is one of the oldest in the city, being in fact next to the bank of D. 0. Mills in age. It has always sustained a high reputation as a solid institution, and ranks among 392 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY the strongest and safest banking institutions in the state. It was opened Marcli 19, 1867. The Capital J3anking and Trust Company is the outcome of a small private bank started on Seventh street by Smith and Bassett, which increased and grew into the Capital bank. About 1911 it was changed to a national bank, Alden Anderson becoming the president and W. W. Bassett the cashier. It is in a prosperous condition. The Dime Savings bank, which was opened in July of 1873, failed in May, 1878. The pioneer bank of B. F. Hastings & Co. failed in 1871. The Sacramento Valley Trust Company was organized and incor- porated in 1910 and opened for business on April 4th of that year, with Albert Bonnheim as president and a capital stock of $225,000. In 1912 the title was changed to the Sacramento Valley Bank and Trust Company. Today it comprises three banks in one, a commer- cial, savings and trust company, with a branch bank at lone, this state. Having had a career of continued growth, it ranks as one of the soundest and most progressive banks in the state. Its capital stock has been increased to $600,000, with resources of $2,517,507.53. The officers are as follows : A. Bonnheim, president ; George J. Bryte, F. L. Holland and E. L. Southworth, vice-presidents; William Skeels, secretary; E. J. Rader and J. F. Azavedo, assistant cashiers. The net earnings of 1912 were more than double those of the previous year. Fort Sutter National Bank: In the summer of 1904 the Western National bank of San Francisco was growing very rapidly. The de- mand for its stock was so great that the price of shares rose very rapidly, pleasing some of the larger stockholders to such an extent that they discussed the advisability of organizing one or more banks in other cities. At that time the largest stockholder in the Western National bank was W. A. Schrock, a furniture manufacturer of San Francisco. It appeared that Mr. Schrock and Mr. Holland, the as- sistant cashier of the bank, took greater interest in the organization of another bank than did any others connected with that institution. The matter was left in their hands, with the result that after a care- ful survey of the field, including all of the large cities on the Pacific coast, these two men decided that Sacramento offered the most favor- able location for organizing a new national bank. After two or three preliminary trips by Mr. Holland to Sacramento, it was decided to send to this city as bank organizer A. L. Darrow, at that time manager of the exchange department of the Western National bank. Mr. Dar- row arrived in Sacramento November 10, 1904. Aided by Captain Frank Rnhstaller, George J. Bryte, E. A. Nicolaus, E. L. Southworth, F. J. Ruhstaller, W. 0. Bowers, F. H. Krebs and other local citizens, he secured a subscription of $200,000, and the bank was incorporated January 17, 1905. Business was commenced on the 1st of July fol- lowing. The first location was a small store room at No. 918 Seventh HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 393 street. The deposits at the close of business on the first day were $108,799.63. From that time to the present the growth of the bank has been very rapid. January 1, 1907, the institution moved to the Bryte building, on the corner of Seventh and J streets, where it has one of the handsomest banking rooms in Northern California. At the time the bank commenced business the board of directors comprised the following-named men: F. Ruhstaller, G. J. Bryte, E. A. Nicolaus, A. L. Darrow, W. 0. Bowers, F. H. Krebs, R. H. Hawley, R. M. Rich- ardson, E. L. Southworth and F. J. Ruhstaller. After the death of Captain Frank Ruhstaller, bank president, his stock was sold with that of three other directors. George J. Bryte was thereupon elected presi- dent. A. L. Darrow, who had served as cashier, became first vice- president, and E. L. Southworth was chosen second vice-president. H. W. Conger was promoted from assistant cashier to cashier. About January 1, 1911, a few other changes were made in the holdings of stock. The present board of directors is as follows : Messrs. A. L. Darrow, W. 0. Bowers, L. P. Dodson, J. P. Hynes, L. B. Hinman, Charles Cunningham, Joseph E. Green, W. C. Walker and F. H. Krebs. The present officers are as follows : A. L. Darrow, president ; W. 0. Bowers, first vice-president; L. P. Dodson, second vice-presi- dent and cashier; F. J. Allen, first assistant cashier; B. F. Howard, second assistant cashier, and J. H. Stephens, third assistant cashier. The following table will convey an idea of the rapid growth of the institution : DEPOSITS July 1, 1905 $ 108,799.63 July 1, 1906 405,809.20 November 6, 1911 1,864,127.41 NUMBER OF DEPOSITORS December 31, 1907 2456 February 1, 1911 5821 November 6, 1911 6755 From old directories we find the names of a number of the banks and bankers of the early days : 1851— Heusley & Merrill (Samuel J. and Robert D.), No. 47 Sec- ond street, between J and K; Sacramento City bank (Rhodes, Sturges & Co.), No. 53 Second street, between J and K; B. F. Hastings & Co., No. 51 J street, between Second and Third. 1853 — Adams & Co., Granite building, Second street, between the Orleans hotel and J street; Grim and Rumbler (A. K. and F. R.), No, 3 J street; D. 0. Mills & Co., No. 58 J street; Francis W. Page, agent Page, Bacon & Co., of St. Louis, Mo. 1856— Wells, Fargo & Co.; John M. Rhodes, Second street, be- tween J and K. 1868 — Sacramento Savings bank. No. 89 J street. 1871 — Capital Savings bank, southwest corner of Fourth and J 394 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY streets; Julius Wetzlar, president, R. C. Woolworth, secretary; Odd Fellows' Bank of Savings, St. George building, Fourth and J streets. SACRAMENTO CLEARING HOUSE Tliis was organized October 9, 1907, and commenced business Oc- tober 14, 1907. The clearing house did great service during the panic of 1907 in maintaining the stability of finance. The great increase in the volume of its business is shown by the following figures: 1907— October (from 14th on), $2,796,778.53; November, $3,067,- 621.22; December, $3,177,155; total $9,041,554.75. 1908— January, $3,953,214.95; February, $3,597,441.44; March, $3,- 211,546.04; April, $3,546,380.22; May, $3,330,509.59; June, $3,173,- 939.35; July, $3,306,848.36; August, $3,914,556.35; September, $3,864,- 438.24; October, $3,804,202.32; November, $4,734,111.74; December, $4,- 191,572.00 ; total, $44,628,760.60. 1909— January, $3,865,408.79; February, $2,919,625.95; March, $3,- 892,713.34; April, $4,427,146.97; May, $4,067,114.29; June, $4,581,- 169.15; July, $4,788,787.72; August, $4,835,042.04; September, $4,804,- 176.89; October, $4,925,118.10; November, $5,969,756.38; December, $5,- 486,433.69 ; total, $54,562,493.31. 1910— January, $4,994,782.66 ; February, $4,590,404.71 ; March, $5,- 936,001.97; April, $5,530,551.44; May, $5,173,549.12; June, $5,328,- 561.82; July, $5,591,592.45; August, $5,468,016.15; September, $6,251,- 175.49; October, $6,758,973.83; November, $7,291,917.51; December, $7,- 955,469.98; total, $70,870,997.13. 1911— January, $6,274,703.01; Februarv, $5,386,346.34; March, $6,- 238,421.46; April, $6,024,398.47; May, $6,062,887.13; June, $5,873,- 761.68; July, $6,359,992.79; August, $6,979,070.41; September, $6,362,- 802.00; October, $7,185,240.16; November, $8,088,287.35; December, $7,- 540,789.41; total, $78,376,700.21. 1912— January, $7,017,266.75 ; Februarv, $6,004,874.78 ; March, $6,- 524,610.30; April, $6,969,224.99; May, $7,123,219.35; June, $6,501,- 435.18; July, $7,574,437.01; August, $8,274,491.92; September, $7,749,- 812.72; October, $10,587,858.28; November, $9,557,330.25; December, $8,862,499.16; total, $92,747,060.69. FLOURING MILLS Although flour was necessarily an article of daily diet among the miners in the days of '49 and later, the staple menu being flapjacks and bacon, beans and coffee, with an occasional addition of beef, veni- son or other game (a menu which, by the way, has not been much im- proved on for camp fare by the outing parties of today), there were not many flour mills in the early days. General Sutter built a flour mill, but as far as is known, there is no record of other mills being in operation during the first years of the rush for gold. In 1853 the Lambard Flouring mills were erected on the north HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 395 side of I street, at the head of Second street. For a couple of years they were run in connection with the Sacramento Iron works, the original building being of brick and only 20x40 feet in size. In 1856 it was enlarged and supplied with a solid foundation by James Kerr, a millwright from Boston, who afterwards lost his life on the ill- fated steamer Central America when she was lost. Additions were made from time to time, until the capacity was increased to run five stones. It was finally abandoned as a flouring mill and has been used for many years as a storehouse for feed and other things. Some years ago it was used as a storehouse for sawdust, which swelled and burst out from the wall on I street, several pedestrians narrowly escaping death or serious injury. In 1853 the brick building afterward occupied by the Sacra- mento Flouring mills on Front street, between L and M, was erected by Dr. Carpenter, a well-known and wealthy citizen, with the idea of having it made the State Capitol. The Capitol, however, was never located there, and after the completion of the structure its first floor was occupied by C. H. Swift, Campbell & Sweeney, and other grain stores, etc. In 1856-57 it arrived at the dignity of being used as the courthouse for the county. The property later passed from Dr. Carpenter to C. K. Garrison. In 1869 Charles and Byron McCreary purchased it and turned it into the Sacramento Flouring mills. One of the brothers died a number of years later, and the other closed the mill, it being gathered in by the Sperry Milling Company of Stockton, which formed a combination with a number of other mills in this county. McCreary passed away near the close of the last century. In 1854 R. D. Carey purchased what was known as the Ice House on Front street, near what is known as ''Jibboom" street, adjoining the railroad shops. He converted the building into the Pioneer Flour mill. He afterward failed in business, and the property was purchased by E. P. Figg. Carey went to Philadelphia and afterward became quite wealthy, it is said. In 1858 Seth Garfield and Aleck Dyer pur- chased the mill from Figg and thoroughly remodeled the plant. It was destroyed by fire in October, 1863, the owners losing about $10,000 over their insurance. At the time it was burned it was run- ning day and night, turning out two hundred barrels of flour a day, the net profit on which was .$75. Dyer left the city after the fire, and Garfield and A. C. Bidwell went into partnership, rebuilt the mill which now stands there, and had it in running order in four months. Three days afterwards Bidwell sold out to li. G. Smith, who, with Garfield, ran the mill until the close of 1864. J. H. Carroll then came in as a third partner, and the firm expended $70,000 in increasing the capacity of the mill to five hundred barrels a day. The three partners conducted the business till 1869, when Carroll and Garfield sold out their interest to H. G. Smith and G. W. Mowe, who took the name of the Pioneer Milling Company. It also entered into the Sperry com- 396 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY bination and the old mill stands idle, the warehouse of the company having been removed to the northern part of the city. We are indebted to Mr. Ferdinand Kohler for the following in- teresting sketch of the business of manufacturing flour in Sacramento county and the Sacramento valley. Since the day of the wheat barons has passed away, wheat has ceased to be a staple product of the val- ley, and only enough flour is manufactured to supply the local and adjoining markets, the export having passed to Oregon and Washing- ton as their wheat-growing area increases, and the land of the Sac- ramento valley, impoverished for wheat raising by continued sowing of the same crop, rendered it unprofitable to raise that cereal. Not until the owners of the larger tracts of land in the valley were forced by conditions to recognize this fact did they let go their grasp on the big ranches and suffer them to be subdivided and put to other uses. During the first years of the settlement by whites in the Sac- ramento valley the flour used was made in the eastern states and brought around Cape Horn by sailing vessels. No one thought at that time that California would some day become the banner wheat state of the Union. It was not long until wheat was introduced in the Sacramento valley and yielded well, and the acreage increased from year to year. About 1850 the first flour mill was built by Seth Garfield in the American river canyon about a mile above Folsom. The basement of this mill was built of stone quarried on the ground. The mill was run by water power and ran for ten or twelve years ; it laid idle for two years before it was burned in 1865, and was never rebuilt. The ruins are still in evidence. The Phoenix mill was built in Sacramento city at Thirteenth and J streets in 1853, and after many changes of ownership has done busi- ness continuously excepting two years (1879-80) until this day. In 1881 George Schroth, J. H. Arnold and F. Kohler, under the name of George Schroth & Co., bought the mill, which had then laid idle two 3^ears, and built an entire new plant. The mill was burned in 1885, but was immediately rebuilt. Although changed in 1891 into a cor- poration, called the the Phoenix Milling Co., the stock is still held by the same ])arties or their heirs. Garfield, who had sold his interest in the Folsom mill about 1853, built the Bay State mill at Second and N streets in Sacramento. This was destroyed through a boiler explosion, and after that rebuilt at the mouth of the American river, and later moved a little further down the river to about where Jibboom street is. Later it became the property of Messrs. H. G. Smith, J. IT. Carroll and Mowe. Still later Lew Williams bought out Carroll and Mowe, and the mill con- tinued under this management until taken over by the Sperry Flour Company in 1892. The Lamliard mill, built in the '50s at Second and I streets, ran HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 397 a few years and did a large business under the ownership of General Redington. After wheat was introduced into the Sacramento valley and yielded so well the acreage was increased from year to year until in 1880 California raised the largest crop, and during the following year exported over two million tons, which at $30 per ton makes a total of $6,000,000. It was then the banner wheat state in the Union. At this time hundreds of ships were engaged in carrying wheat from Cali- fornia to Europe. Flour mills were running all over the state, their .products being shipped to adjoining states and to Central America, the Islands, China and Europe. There were mills at Roseville, Wheat- land, Sheridan, Marysville, Yuba City, Oroville, Gridley, Chico, Te- hama, Red Bluff, Ball's Ferry, Williams, Colusa, Yolo, Woodland, Knight's Landing, Dixon, Elk Grove, lone and Stockton. Most of these are now extinct. From 1881 the crop of wheat in California began to decrease. The practice of raising wheat year after year on the same land finally wore out the soil and the quantity diminished, until in 1908 there was but 220,000 tons raised. The quality also declined, and California millers were forced to import hard wheat from Utah, Kansas, Dakota and AVashington to mix with the home product. The flour produced from this mixture proved a happy blend and cannot be excelled any- where in its baking qualities. The farmers were obliged to discontinue wheat raising and turn the land into pasture. In the meantime new varieties of wheat were introduced by the aid of the State University, and with the re-cultivat- ing of the land better results have been obtained, and the production of wheat is again increased. In 1909 the crop was 280,000 tons and in 1910 390,000 tons. In 1911, on account of unfavorable weather, the yield again decreased, but the quality of the grain improved won- derfully, so that it can safely be said that the crop of 1911 was the best milling wheat raised in California for twenty years or more. As above stated, with the decline of the wheat crop the flouring mills shut down one after another. The export trade was entirely lost and the mills were confined to the home trade alone. Sacramento city, which with its four mills at one time produced over twelve hun- dred barrels of flour daily, does not average over three hundred bar- lels now. Stockton, with a ca])acity of four thousand barrels a few years ago, manufactures only about one thousand l)arrels per day at this time. In 1891, when it was ]ilainly seen that the export flour trade would be lost to California, and with the capacity of the flour mills of the state four or five times larger than the local demand justified, a move- ment was set on foot to organize all the better mills into one large concern in order to prevent disastrous competition which was surely to follow. The result was the incorporation of the Sperry Flour 398 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Company in 1892. The Pioneer and the Sacramento mills of Sacra- mento, the Buckeye of Marysville, the Chico mill of Chico, the Sperry and the Farmers' Union of Stockton, the Central Milling Com- pany, owning five mills in the Santa Clara valley, and the Golden Gate of San Francisco were taken in. The Phoenix of Sacramento and the Crown of Stockton, however, could not be won over. The latter, with a one-time daily capacity of sixteen hundred barrels, is not running any more, nor are the Pioneer and the Sacramento mills of Sacra- mento in operation. The prospect for the milling industry is not very bright. Land is becoming too valuable for wheat culture and is diverted to fruit, dairying, beans, hops, etc. The export flour trade is therefore a thing of the past. The mills can look only for such an increase of their business as is consequential to the increase of population, which fortunately gives great promise. CHAPTER XXXIX PUBLIC UTILITIES GAS WOKKS Early in the history of Sacramento the necessity became apparent for a system of lighting more generally available and more elaborate than the tallow-dip. Kerosene at that date was not in general use and acetylene and other substances were not then known. Gas had been in use in cities for a long time and was therefore the logical means for lighting streets and houses. Early in 1854 a Scotchman named William Glenn obtained a franchise for establishing and maintaining gas works in the city of Sacramento. He made no attempt to build the works, but instead sold his franchise to a joint-stock association, which organized August 18, 1854, as the Sacramento Gas Company, Angus Frierson was elected president and N. W. Chittenden, secre- tary. The capital stock was $500,000, and by May, 1856, $200,000 had been expended. The initial step in constructing the gas works was taken October 20, 1854, by Mayor R. P. Johnson, who turned the first soil excavated for placing the gas meter tank, the location being in Slater's addition. The new enterprise was pushed forward energetic- ally until March 7, 1855, when the rise of the American river and the submergence of that part of the city caused its temporary aban- donment. The prosecution of the work was resumed August 4, 1855, and energetically carried out. The city was lighted with gas for the first time on the evening of December 17th in the same year. The officers of the company at that time were: R. P. Johnson, president and superintendent; W. H. Watson, secretary; D. 0. Mills, treasurer; P. B. Norinai, engineer; James Murray, W. F. Babcock, L. McLean, Jr., R. P. Johnson and W. H. Watson, directors. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 399 In 1857 this company sold out, but as most of the stock was bought by the original stockholders, little change was made. In 1867 so much of the land west of the works was washed away by high water that it was feared the structure would be undermined, and large quantities of cobbles were thrown into the river against the walls until the danger was checked. A special train, while coming from Rocklin for the purpose of bringing stone for this purpose, collided while on its return trip with a wood-train near Antelope station, and the en- gineer, Roderick McRae, and Joseph Bryan, collector for the gas company, were severely injured. This accident claims the distinction of having been the first collision on the Central Pacific railroad. In 1872 articles of incorporation for the Citizens' Gas Light Com- pany of Sacramento were filed, the capital stock being placed at $200, 000. The trustees were: Joseph W. Stow, H. B. "Williams, W. H.' Montague, C. T. Hopkins, E. B. Mott, Jr., G. W. Mowe, Julius Wetz- ler, G. Cadwalader and J. F. Houghton. The articles of incorporation fixed the duration of the company at twenty-five years, but its life appears to have been less than that number of days. The Pacific Pneumatic Gas Company was organized early in Oc- tober, 1872, its purpose being to manufacture gas from petroleum. The company purchased a lot of land for $5000 from the Johnston Brandy and Wine company in what is known as Brannan's addition, south of the south line of S street, running back to Front street and having one hundred and twenty feet of river front for wharfage. The property was sold in 1889 to W. D. Knights. January 8, 1872, the articles of incorporation of the Citizens' Gas Light and Heat Company were filed, the capital stock being $100,000, in shares of fifty dollars each. The trustees elected were: W. E. Brown, J. R. Watson, R. C. Terry, R. C. Clark, A. Gallatin, W. E. Perry, H. C. Kirk, C. H. Cummings and James McClatchv. W. E. Brown was president; Robert C. Clark, vice-president; Albert Galla- tin, treasurer, and J. W. Pew, secretary. The Sacramento Gas Company and the Citizens' Gas Light and Heat Company consolidated January 1, 1875, under the name" of the Capital Gas Company, with capital stock, $2,000,000, in forty thousand shares of fifty dollars each. Works were erected on that portion of Brannan's addition which lies between T and U streets and Front street and the river front, five hundred feet deep and two hundred and fifty feet wide. In 1878 Smith & Co., of the Pioneer mills, bought the Sacramento Gas Company's retort house in Slater's addition and made it a warehouse capable of storing four thousand tons of grain. The railroad company bought the gasometer and the land it stood on, and sold the gasometer for old iron. In 1856 the average daily output of gas was from 8,000 to 10,000 feet. The selling price was fifteen dollars per thousand, and there were one hundred and thirteen consumers. In 1863 the number of con- 400 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY sumers had increased to six hundred, and the city then contracted for forty-five street lamps at nine dollars a month each, the lamps to be lighted only during the session of the legislature. A new gas holder was constructed in 18()9, with a capacity of 60,000 cubic feet. February 1, 1870, tlie i)rice of gas was reduced to seven dollars a thousand cubic feet, and there were at that time 33,000 feet of gas mains in use. During the same year the price of gas was further re- duced to six dollars per thousand, at which rate it was held for sev- eral years. In 1871 there were 50,000 feet of gas mains in the streets of Sac- ramento, and in 1873 eighteen miles of mains were laid. In 1875 the consolidated companies had three 60,000 cubic feet gas holders in oper- ation where the present gas works are, and the customers had to rely on these for gas until the new 500,000 cubic feet gas holder was constructed in 1908. The Capital Gas Company combined with the Thompson-Houston Electric Light Company July 1, 1887, thus disposing of a comj^etitor and combining electric lighting with its gas business. In 1890 the Sacramento Electric Gas and Railway Company was formed, by the consolidation of the Sacramento Electric Power and Light Company and the Folsom Water Power Company, and in 1902 this company acquired by purchase the Capital Gas Company. In March of 1903 the Sacramento Electric Gas and Railway Company was acquired by the California Gas and Electric Company. During all these changes there had been an advance in the art of gas making and the method of making gas. A plant for the manufacture of water gas from anthracite coal and petroleum was erected and used in conjunc- tion with the coal gas works, and as petroleum became cheaper the water gas superseded the coal gas. In 1903 another advancement in the process of making gas was made b}" the introduction of crude-oil water gas, using California ])etroleum exclusively for the manufacture of gas, and the ])rice was reduced to one dollar per thousand. In January, 1906, the Sacramento Electric Gas and Railway Com pany became a ]:)art of the Pacific Gas and Electric system, and is now under the management of C. W. McKillip, with Edward S. Jones as superintendent of the gas works. Since the change many improve- ments have been made in the plant. New and larger sets of oil-gas generators have been ])ut in and the big storage tank constructed. The street main system has been extended and a high pressure gas system installed at Oak Park. A ten thousand barrel steel oil-tank for storage of oil has l)een sent up from San Francisco and placed at the works. THE TELEPHONE The Sunset Telephone Com]iany made its first a]ipearance in Sac- ramento in 1879, and the first tele])hone installed was a hand re- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 401 ceiver. In 1882 the Sunset Telephone Company installed a plant in the Western Union building on Second street, between I and J, using the old Gilliland switchboard and Edison transmitter. The next year the Blake transmitter and a two-position switchboard were installed. In 1883, also, the first long distance line was installed between Sacramento and San Francisco, the circuit being relayed at Benicia. In 1885 the office was moved to Third and J streets, upstairs, and a four-position switchboard installed, a copper circuit being built to San Francisco, using the Humming long-distance transmitter, which was introduced about this time. From this start the long-distance service in the north- ern part of the state grew up. Between 1885 and 1897 the company added a couple of copi^er loops, weighing one hundred and seventy-two pounds to the mile, between Sacramento and San Francisco, and on May 4. 1897, the first heavy copper loop weighing four hundred and thirty- five pounds to the mile for each wire, was completed between the two -cities. The first express system was installed in Sacramento during the year 1893, and in 1894 the office was moved to Sixth street, between I and J, where a complete express system was installed. Under this sys- tem the old one was done away with, the subscriber taking the receiver off the hook and calling central. This system was maintained until the office was moved to the present building, constructed for the company, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth, in 1910, where a complete one-pound common battery switchboard was installed. The first underground system in Sacramento was installed in 1894. The company began business with several hundred subscribers, the rate being six dollars per month for many years and until the rival company was formed. The Capital Telephone and Telegraph Company entered the field in competition with the Sunset company in 1893, a demand for cheaper telephone service having arisen. The stockholders were mostly citizens of Sacramento. The ordinary rates of the Sunset at that time were $6 a month, but the new company cut the rate down to less than half that amount and forced the Sunset finally to meet its rate. The com- pany commenced btisiness with four hundred subscribers, which was more than the Stmset company had at that time in Sacramento. George M. Mott was the first president, and M. J. Dillman was vice- president and general manager for more than twelve years of its service to the community. During this time the company extended its lines into Placer, Eldorado, Amador and Yolo cotinties, and ulti- mately reached a list of twelve hundred fifty stibscribers. It had central exchanges, in Sacramento, Folsom, Roseville, Loomis, New- castle, Auburn, Shingle Springs, Placerville, Jackson and lone. The company was the outgrowth of a general dissatisfaction with the high rates and poor service of the Sunset, and was successful from the start, both financially and in the service rendered, but experience 402 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY showed that the telephone business is a natural monopoly, and that two systems in the same community become a nuisance, causing much annoyance and extra expense. In 1906 the company sold out to the Sunset company, which used the system in connection with its own for several months and then consolidated both systems. Hon. Fred- erick Cox was president for eight years and for the last four years M. J. Dillman was president and manager. The office was located on Fifth street, between I and J. WATER WOEKS The first plant in Sacramento that could be termed ''water works" was the five horsepower piledriver engine of William P. Henry, near the foot of I street. By this water was pumped up from the river by suction into a reservoir, and from the reservoir carts were loaded and the water was peddled out by the gallon. There was an antipathy to monopolies even in those days, long before "trusts" were heard of. ''Uncle Billy" Anderson thought he perceived the germ of pros- perity in the industry, and he soon started a rival enterprise at the junction of Second street with "the slough." The two parties carried on a successful business in competition with each other until they formed a combination with A. A. Bennett, and erected more elaborate works just south of Henry's engine, constructing a tank that was much higher and better protected. The city grew, and more extensive water works became necessary. In consequence, in the fall of 1852, George Gordon and the "Sacra- mento Water Company" each presented to the city plans for the construction of a system of water works, which were submitted to the people in December and both of them were rejected b}^ the popular vote. At the same time, however, the peoi?le voted a tax of three- quarters of one per cent for works of some kind, to be thereafter fixed upon. Plans and specifications were advertised for by the city council, and a Mr. Kirk presented plans, which were adopted. The specifications called for a brick building, 50x127 feet on the ground and the top of the wall thirty-six and a half feet above the present grade of J and Front streets. The floor of the second story was to be sixteen feet above the J street grade, and the reservoir was to be 50x128 feet and six and a half feet high, the greatest depth of water to be five feet. The reservoir was to be on the top of the building. The price was to be $120,000. The building was completed and the tank filled April 1, 1854, and the occasion was celebrated by the citi- zens on April 6th. The building still stands and is known as the old waterworks building. Some years ago it passed into the possession of the Southern Pacific Company. The first bonds of the water loan were issued August 12, 1853, and the total issue of bonds under this loan was $284,495. The first super- intendent of the new works was William P. Henry, who had been the HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 403 first man to introduce anything like a pumping works for water supply into the city. The first parties who purchased water from the new works were Adams & Co., who paid for a fifteen days supply at the rate of $12.22 per month. There were seventy-three customers in April, 1854 ; 155 in May, 260 in June, and 403 by November. During the year 1855 two and one-fourth miles of water pipes were laid which, with fifty hydrants and twenty-one stop gates, cost $23,600. The reservoir capacity was 200,000 gallons, and the pump- mg capacity 39,100 gallons per hour. By March 1, 1856, the total length of pipe laid was eight and one-fourth miles, and a few years later a Worthington pump was added to the equipment. The extension of the pipe system decreased the pressure and complaints of scanty supply of water became frequent in the remoter parts of the city. At last, April 6, 1870, a disastrous breakdown occurred to the works, shutting off for some time the water supply. It was evident that something must be done to remedy the condition, and on June 6, Superintendent McCleery brought before the board of trustees plans prepared by A. A. Bennett, an architect, to raise the old building at a cost of $10,000. June 22, 1870, Turton & Knox began to raise the tanks fifteen feet, and a new stand pipe was put in. This par- tially remedied the trouble, but it was only a temporary relief, and it soon became evident that a new system of works, with a largely increased capacity, would satisfy the"^ people's demands. A number of schemes were considered from 1858 to 1872, but were abandoned successively, among them being the Holly system. Water from the various wells and from the river was analyzed. The analysis of one hundred and twenty ounces of water taken from the Sacramento Eiver during the April freshet of 1870, and evapo- rated to dryness by James Bell of San Francisco, left a residuum of 2.59 grains, composed as follows : G^^sum, 1.27 grains ; epsom salts, 0.70; salt, 0.21; silicate of potash, 0.13; silica, 0.25; iron, onlv a sus- picion ; loss, 0.03 grains. July 20, 1872, a special election was held, as a result of which it was decided to adopt one of the three plans of- fered by the Holly Company, and which would cost $58,000. The west fifty feet of lot 4, between H and I streets, and Front and Second, was purchased by the Capital Savings Bank and the National Gold Bank of D. 0. Mills & Co., and the deed presented to the citv. On receiving this deed the trustees passed a resolution to accept it, and to reserve from the bonds authorized to be issued $20,000, sub- ject to such further legislation as might be had, for the purpose of paying the banks the money advanced by them, the amount advanced by the Capital Savings Bank being $8,000, and that advanced bv the National Gold Bank being $7,000. Work was immediately begun on the new works and pushed to completion as fast as possible, but the machinery was not in shape to undergo its trial or test of capacity until July 17, 1873. When its capacity was thoroughly tested, it 404 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY proved to be fully up to the demand of the specifications, and on the 28th the works were accepted by the trustees. The amount of bonds authorized by the act, approved March 30, 1872, for the pur- pose of erecting the works, was $191,307.50, but the amount issued was only $189,993.15. The Holly rotary pumps proved to be worthless for the water works, but the gang pumps put in by the company did good service for many years. Karly in 1878 a pump, generally known as the Stevens pump, was built in the Central Pacific Company's machine shops, and installed in the west side of the waterworks, where it did good service for years. Becoming superannuated a number of years ago, it is now used only in emergencies, or when repairs are being made to the other pumps. Since then the capacity of the plant has been increased from time to time, and a 12,000,000 gallon pump is in course of construction. CHAPTER XL THE CROCKER ART GALLERY Sacramento boasts of one of the finest collections of paintings and works of art to be found in the United States. Originally a pri- vate collection, gathered at great expense in Europe by the owner, it became the property of the city of Sacramento in 1885 by a deed of trust, the second benefaction to the people by its generous donor, Mrs. Margaret E. Crocker, the widow of Judge E. B. Crocker, who had spent about $400,000 in gathering the magnificent collection and had housed it in a fireproof building that is said to have cost nearly $200,000, including after improvements made by Mrs. Crocker. The building is fireproof, as stated, and was finished in the most approved style of modern architecture and embellishment, situ- ated in the midst of spacious terraced grounds adorned by rare flowers and plants. A massive building one hundred and twenty- two feet long by sixty-two feet wide, it is in harmony with its con- tents and well proportioned for its uses. It has three floors, the basement being originally intended for a recreation room and hall, in wliich many public receptions and functions have been held in times past. The second story was for offices, museum and library. The third floor is the art gallery, where are gathered many produc- tions of the old masters, of the Flemish, Dutch and Italian schools, as well as many fine paintings by eminent California artists, who were liberally patronized by Judge Crocker when making his se- lections. One of the most striking pictures in the gallery confronts the visitor as he enters. It is a large painting by Hill, of the Yo- semite Valley, considered his masterpiece, and ranking with Bier- stadt's ''Heart of the Andes." There are also striking canvases by Nahl, the glowing colors revealing his individuality and portray- HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 405 ing vividly tlie early days of California. The second and third floors are elaborately frescoed; all the woodwork is heavy, richly carved and French polished, while the glass is all cut and "^ delicately etched m tastefml designs and the floors are all laid in Eoman tiling. Mrs. Crocker subsequently laid the floor of the museum in fancy woods' in ornamental designs. " ' The art gallery consists of a vestibule, a main hall, and the east, west and south halls. In these halls are over seven hundred oil and pastel paintings, among them many works of Vandyke, Guido, Tintoretto, and other celebrated artists. The librarj^ on the sec- ond floor, contains a collection of over three thousand studies from eminent artists, collected by Judge Crocker, together with many of the finest examples of the engraver's and the lithographer's * art. One feature of great value in the gallery is the collection of portraits of representative men of California. It had not been the mtention of Judge Crocker to seclude this splendid collection, but rather to have made it the means of cultivating the taste in art of his fellow citizens. His widow carried out his idea, and the gallery was therefore opened to the inspection of proper persons at proper hours and under proper restrictions, and it was often thrown open to the public for charitable purposes. The California Museum Association was the outcome of a meet ing December 5. 1884, of a number of gentlemen desirous of form- ing a scientific association. Its purpose was to foster art, science, mechanics, literature, the development of the state and the encourage- ment of social intercourse among the members; also for establishing a repository for the collection and exhibition of natural curiosities^ scientific objects^ antiquities, etc. The association started with about twenty members, holding private meetings at which papers were read, for some weeks. In January it had grown courageous and resolved to erect a building for its own and public uses. Mrs. Crocker was foremost in all good works and charities in the citv and was known as '^ Sacramento's Lady Bountiful" through her contributions to the churches and- charitable objects. Learning that the association had resolved to give an art loan exhibit to secure a nucleus for its build- ing, and had called a meeting of ladies to aid in the undertaking, Mrs. Crocker sent word that, if the association desired, the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery was at its disposal for the purpose of holding the exhibition. Her offer was accepted gladly and in March, 1885, a strange col- lection of the greatest variety of curiosities of the pioneer era, of art, science, antiquity, discovery and of handiwork of various descriptions, contributed by the citizens of Sacramento and San Francisco, was thrown open to the public. Contributions from the latter city were made by the Alaska Fur Company, Irving M. Scott, Alexander Bad- lam and a number of ladies. The exhibition was open for more than 26 406 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY two weeks, and the fame of it went abroad through the land, bringing many visitors to Sacramento to look upon the collection. It was both a social and financial success. During its continuance Mrs. Crocker called the president of the association, David Lubin, and informed him that it was her desire to present the gallery, with its collection of paintings, furniture, etc., to the association. The announcement was made to the public and was received with the most cordial expressions of a))preciation and high regard for the generous donor. The associa- tion, however, after deliberation on the magnificent offer, decided that it was wise to accept it only under a condition, self-imposed, that the citizens of Sacramento should raise a fund of $100,000, to be perman- ently invested for the maintenance of the gallery and buildings, being sensible that otherwise the burden would in time become too onerous for a private association. The accumulation of so large a fund was found to be difficult in so small a community, however liberal indi- viduals might be in making contributions. The association therefore proposed to Mrs. Crocker that if she would transfer the property to the city, making the association a co- tenant with the city, the raising of $100,000 would not be necessary. She kindly acceded to the plan, the proposition was placed before the people and it was found that it met with immediate favor and that the city was willing to accept the trust. Thereupon the association incorporated March 20, 1885, and Mrs. Crocker executed to the city a deed of all the valuable property involved, stipulating that it should always be managed and controlled by a joint board of trustees from the association and the city — the mayor to represent the city and the board of directors representing the association, each corporation having only one vote. The deed of trust provided that the association might for- ever use the property for the purposes of its work as heretofore out- lined. The citizens were not slow in showing their appreciation of the munificence of the gift and its unselfish character. They held in remembrance also the generous endowment of the Old Ladies' Home and its gift by Mrs. Crocker. This appreciation took the form, in May, 1885, of a grand floral festival, at which three thousand school children made bountiful floral offerings to Mrs. Crocker. The lower floor of the great pavilion of the State Agricultural Society — the largest building in the state — was almost filled with the beautiful floral offerings to Mrs. Crocker. Nor was it Sacramento alone that testi- fied to the high regard in which the benefactress was held. The offer- ings ranged from modest bouquets to spacious churches and towns and great allegorical designs, all constructed entirely of flowers. They came from all parts of the state, from Los Angeles on the south to Shasta on the north. People of all churches and denominations, the rich and the poor, of all clans and creeds, assembled to do honor to her. The lowest estimate of the number of people who thronged the HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 407 spacious building on the night of the festival, and witnessed the ceremony of delivering the keys of the gallery to the trustees and their acceptance of the trust, placed the number assembled at fifteen thousand. It was a spontaneous outpouring of heartfelt gratitude and regard such as has never, before or since, been accorded to a female citizen in the United States. On the evening of this festival, after the keys of the art gallery had been transferred to the mayor, the citizens of Sacramento pre- sented to Mrs. Crocker a splendid oaken casket, which had been made from some of the timber taken from the old historic Sutter's Fort. It contained two volumes, one of which was bound in velvet and gold and the other in silver and velvet, both being marvels of artistic taste. The first book contained a number of pages giving a history of her benefactions, of the gift of the art gallery, and of the floral festival, displayed in the highest form of the typographical art. In addition to this each page was adorned by hand decoration in water colors. In the second volume was an account of all the steps leading up to the event, together with copies and extracts from expressions by the press, from journals all the way from New York to Sacramento. The gifts were not less unique than beautiful, and Mrs. Crocker voiced her appreciation of them with deep emotion. The Museum Association lost no time in entering upon its work in the art gallery and improving the opportunity afforded by this magnificent gift. The first step taken by it was to organize the school of design, and for that purpose Messrs. Weinstock and Lubin con- tributed $1000 toward the purchase of the necessary casts and para- phernalia for the school. It was opened in January, 1886, and was continued for a number of years. It developed in this city and the surrounding counties an aesthetic taste and a cultivation of artistic talent that eventually produced wide results, and many of the students afterwards earned names that stand high among the artists of Cali- fornia. The Ladies' Museum Association founded a number of schol- arships for those who showed artistic talent but could not afford the expense of developing it under ordinary circumstances, and the op- portunity was eagerly embraced by a number who in later days did credit to the institution. During the loan exhibition the Museum Association had secured a large number of life members in this city, and a larger number subse- quently in San Francisco among former Sacramentans who had not forgotten their attachment for their old home. With the revenue from these, from a small number of members who paid regular dues, and from admission fees to the gallery on such days as it was open to admission, rounded out by voluntary contributions from generous citizens, the school became self-sustaining, and the good it did lives after it. In 1887 the association, in con junction, with the board of trustees 408 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of the city, applied to the legislature for the custody of the state's mineral cabinet, which had up to that time been kept in the State Capitol. The legislature passed a law empowering the governor to appoint three trustees to take charge of the cabinet and locate it in the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery, without expense to the state, so that it might be more readily viewed by the people. In accordance with this act, Governor Bartlett appointed three of the directors of the Mu- seum Association for that purpose and the cabinet was removed and placed on the lower floor of the gallery. Mr. Irelan, the state miner- alogist, consented to allow his assistant, Dr. Schneider, to be detailed to re-classify the cabinet, and when he had done so the trustees, through Dr. Pyburn, the secretary, began arranging it in cases, and the work being completed, December 26, 1888, it was thrown open to the inspection of the public on the following day. The state retained its title to the property, but its custody being as explained, rendered it a very valuable addition to the gallery. Later on, a valuable collec- tion of minerals and natural history exhibits and curiosities of an earlier association which was known as the Agassiz Institute was presented to the association. In September, 1888, David Lubin presented to the association five exquisite pieces of statuary purchased by him in Italy. In October, 1888, the association, which had never called on the citizens of Sacra- mento for contributions to its support, except for the loan exhibit of 1885, determined to hold a second loan exhibition. The ladies of the city resolved to aid it, prominent among them being the wives and daughters of members of the association. They organized and were known as the Ladies' Museum Association of Sacramento, with Mrs. Mayor Gregory as president ; Mrs. William Ingram, Jr., secretary, and Mrs. Albert Bonnheim, treasurer. In two months they had a member- ship of one hundred and thirty-eight, and offered to take charge of the loan exhibition, which they did, and made it a success fully equal to the first one. For many years, in fact, almost from the time of transfer of the mineral cabinet to the art gallery, the trustees of the cabinet have been H. Weinstock, J. A. Woodson and Dr. Pyburn. The present directors of the California Museum Association are: J. A. Woodson, president; H. Weinstock, vice-president; Daniel Flint, R. P. Burr, E. C. Hopkins, E. J. Devlin, D. A. Lindley, M. J. Curtis and Sparrow Smith; W. F. Jackson, secretary. Mr. Jackson has al- ways been the custodian of the gallery since its gift to the city, and during the continuance of the Art School, held under the auspices of the Ladies' Museum Association, he was the instructor. His name stands among the foremost artists of California and is well known throughout the state. The officers of the Ladies' Museum Association at present are: President, Miss Bessie Crouch; vice-president, Mrs. J. E. Terry; sec- HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 409 retary, Mrs. Frederick J. Schwartz; treasurer, Mrs. W. H. Govan; directors: Mrs. William Beckman, Mrs. W. K. Cothrin, Mrs. E. F.' Frazer, Mrs. L. A. McLean, Mrs. Gus Lavenson, Mrs. E.'c. Hart and Miss Mary Crouch. The association is not only self-supporting, but still continues to endow scholarships from its fund for that purpose. It recently awarded its thirty-seventh scholarship, and the pupils have well re- paid the association by the advancement made by them in art. Some of the "scholarship paintings" have even been placed in the salons of Paris, and many struggling geniuses have been enabled to realize their artistic ambitions to develop their talent. At present the as- sociation has on hand about $2000, with which, when it grows to a suitable amount through donations from lovers of art, or other sources, it proposes to purchase a painting of sufficient merit and donate it to the gallery. It is to be hoped that its efforts to encourage art culture will meet with the success thev deserve. CHAPTER XLI ASSOCIATIONS AND CLUBS SACRAMENTO PIONEEES The pioneers of Sacramento early recognized the advisabilitv of forming an association of the first comers to the coast. January 25, 1854, about seventy persons met at Jones' hotel on J street, between Front and Second, for the purpose of organizing a pioneer association in Sacramento. Joseph W. Winans was elected chairman, and Samuel Colville, secretary, of the meeting. A committee was appointed, con- sisting of R. P. Johnson, Samuel Colville, J. W. Winans and R. M. Folger, which reported on the 27th of January a constitution. It was adopted and, with some alterations made later, is the one which now ■governs the body. The association met February 6, 1854, for the purpose of electing officers, to serve until September 9, 1854. The following were elected: Joseph W. Winans, president; J. B. Starr, J. N. Nevett, D. J. Lisle, Richard Rust, J. B. Mitchell and William M. Carpenter, vice-presidents; Samuel Colville, recording secretary; N. A. II. Ball, corresponding secretary; B. F. Hastings, treasurer; H. E. Robinson, Volney Spalding, C. C. Sackett, R. P. Johnson, W. C. Waters, James Haworth and George Rowland, directors. The charter members of the association were as follows, although a number of those at the first meeting signed their names later in the year, but too late to be charter members, the roll having closed in January: James Anthony, James Alexander, H. B. Bonnell, E. J. Barroll, Frank Bush, Jr., Gordon Backus, J. B. Blanchard, Charles H. Brad- ford, M. D. Corse, George Cadwalader, Edward Crowell, John H. 410 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Carroll, Samuel Colville, William Chesley, James H. Culver, John L. Craig, George Chedwick, Robert M. Folger, Gilbert Griswold, Justin Gates, Jr., John G. Hyer, James Haworth, J. L. Howard, C. W. Hoyt, W. P. Henry, H. W. Harkness, C. C. Hayden, James C. Hedenburg, Thomas H. Jackson, E. B. Kenyon, W. F. Kennedy, Edward McCarty, C. Morrill, James B. Mitchell, Jesse Moore, G. W. Mann, M. K. Murphy, Samuel J. May, David Oliver, H. H. 'Callahan, Gregor}^ J. Phelan, Henry E. Robinson, S. B. Robbins, George Rowland, Charles Smith, Jacob S. Shaber, A. C. Sweetzer, Charles S. Sackett, Charles H. Shaw, James B. Starr, John Tingman, Joseph W. Winans, William Wolfersburger, John Wood, Jonathan Williams, J. C. Zabriskie, R. P. Johnson, N. A. H. Ball, B. F. Hastings, Volney Spalding, J. N. Nevett, D. J. Lisle, Richard Rust, J. H, Culver, A. C. Latson, A. C. Morse, J. F. Morse, Charles F. Swift. The present officers are: Joseph Sims, president; directors, Joseph Sims, F. S. Hotchkiss, George P. Putnam, W. E. Norris, James G, Pattersou, Mrs. Ida Taylor, Mrs. M. Witham; secretary, James G. Patterson; treasurer. People's Savings bank. In order to explain this list, it will be necessary to recite the series of events which led to the adoption of a new constitution and the admission of a younger set of members. The original constitution had been amended a number of times, so that confusion as to its pro- visions arose. In the meantime the roll had been steadily growing less, as the members passed away. An association known as the Sons and Daughters of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers had been formed in 1891, the first officers being: William M. Sims, presi- dent; Leila J, Lindley, vice-presideut ; Annie Luther, secretary; Matie Johnston, treasurer; P. C. Farnsworth, marshal; directors, Gussie Carroll, Minnie Richardson, Leila J. Lindley, Florence McKune, W. E. Osborn, William M. Sims, C. E. Mack, Jr.", W. A. Gett, Jr., and H. M. LaRue, Jr. The society incorporated July 28, 1891. At this time the roll of the pioneers was steadily growing smaller, and by the end of the century the disposition to be made of the valu- able propery belonging to the association became an important ques- tion, and one involving much thought. The Sons and Daughters of Pioneers signified their willingness to make an arrangement through which they would ultimately take over the property when the last Pioneer had passed away. The idea met with favor in the eyes of some of the Pioneers, while others opposed it. Finally, January 30, 1909, when only ten of the Pioneers remained, they agreed to form a new organization, with a new constitution, and the present one was adopted. It provides for two classes, the first to consist of those whom the original society had declared eligible to become members, and the second to consist of the sons, daughters and lineal descendants of the members of the Pioneers' Association in good standing. Under HISTORY OF SACBAMENTO COUNTY 411 this constitution the Sons and Daughters became members of the as- sociation of Pioneers April 25, 19uy. T '■'^''^ P'oj^eers' membership has in the meantime dwindled to four- Joseph M. Sims F. S. Ilotchkiss, D. M. Burns and Jerome Madden- Up to February 8, 1912, Edward Twitchell was one of the remaining members but he passed away on that date, at the age of eighty href years. He came to California through Mexico in 1849, ridfng across that country on a mule. For many years he was connected ^ift fte surveyor-general's office, and made the first government survey 0? Lake Tahoe and the Colorado desert. ^ Following is a complete list of the presidents of the society and 1854-56; A. C. Monson, 1856-57; John F. Morse 1857-59- James Queen, 1859_^0; A. C. Monson, 1860-61; John H. Car^ 1861-6^" k rZ' ^ f"^' ^'"'^°''-' "^- P'^'^'™' m3-6i; B. H. McDonald, 1864- ?8r7r« T •^^t<^^> 1^65-66; William F. Knox, 1866-67; Isaac N. Hoag, 1867-68; James McClatchy, 1868-70; Charles N. Boss, 1870-71- Isaac Lohman 1871-72; Albert Leonard, 1872-73; Edward F. Aiken 1873-?4 fZ,7^^ \^^^'^:^''' ^- ^- ^'"^ Heusen, 1875-76; N. D. Goodel! ftu' Z-^F- *^"^'°™' ^^"-^^' ««»'■§« ^- Putnam, 1878-79; John S. Mdler, 1879-80; W. C. Felch, 1880-81; James McGuire, 1881-82; f.f^-JT'\f-f''' '^- "• "'=^^"™' 1^^3-84; George W. Cheslev 1884-8,; Powell S. Lawsou, 1887-90; H. M. LaBue, 1890-91; William Johnston 1891-92; J. M. Stephenson, 1892-94; W. V. Light 1894-95 Jsoi'r Tj'rton. 1895-96; Joseph Sims, 1896-97; W. C. Parnsworth; 189,-98; E. Twitchell, 1898-99; A. C. Sweetser, 1899-1900- Felix Ir-' 3°n; ?f ^''"^°™°' ^»'^l-«2' ^- Hotchki'ss, 1902-03;' WE S nT'r'cos rn ;, "• "• ^^"^™' ''**^-''^' ^- ^'^o^^^' 1907-08 ;' Joseph t5ims, 1908 till the present time. 1 ■7^^'' association meets in Pioneer hall, which bnilding was erected by It m 1868 on Seventh street, between J and K, and later it pur- chased a bmlding adjoining it on the south and fitted it up with a banquet hall and parlor. It also collected a museum of relics of the early days, which contained many interesting- objects. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE The Chamber of Commerce is one of the live institutions of Sac- ramento and wields a widely extended influence, with a large member- ship m the towns of the valley as well as in the citv. It was estab- iisnea July 12, 1895, and has been in existence ever since, doino- much to promote the i^ermanent upbuilding of the communitv. Like all simdar associations, however, it has languished at times, owing to the mdilterence of members, but the organization has been maintained m spite ot discouragements, and since 1907 it has taken a more active part m the promotion of the commercial interests of citv and vallev. ^Mnce 1910 its influence has been particularlv noteworthv. The presi- 412 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY dent, D. W. Carmicliael, is a "live wire," and lias made good as an expert in stirring up all measures for tlie local betterment. The de- velopment of the public interests along the right path has been a matter of intense interest to him. A tireless worker, indefatigable in endeavor and purposeful in results, his clear intellect and keen faculties are devoted to the welfare of the city. In his endeavors he has been seconded ably by Glenn S. Andrus, secretary-manager of the Chamber of Commerce, whose training has admirably qualified him for the work. The co-operation of the Home Products League, the Real Estate Board and other civic bodies has been secured, and the influence of the Chamber is felt throughout the valley along lines of permanent progress. SACRAMENTO VALLEY DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION The Sacramento Valley Development Association was formally organized at a meeting held at Woodland, Yolo count}^, January 15th and 16th, 1900. The suggestion of such an organization for the valley was evidently made by C. W. Thomas, an attorney of Woodland. He passed the suggestion on to Gen. Will S. Green with the request that the Colusa county board of trade call a meeting of delegates from the various counties and municipalities of the valley for the purpose of discussing the creation of such an organization. General Green, realizing the need, prevailed upon the Colusa county board of trade to issue such a call, and the meeting at Woodland was the result. The records show that six counties (Colusa, Yuba, Sacramento, Sutter, Glenn and Yolo) were represented by delegates at that meeting. The meeting was called to order by C. W. Thomas, and D. H. Arnold of Colusa and George Clark of Woodland were elected temporary chair- man and temporary secretary. Among those who took a prominent part in this first meeting were: C. W. Thomas, Gen. Will S. Green, Robert T. Devlin, George V. Martin, Marshall Diggs, Dr. D. P. Durst of Woodland, Frank Miller of Sacramento, Hon. F. D. Ryan of Sac- ramento, James M. O'Brien of Marysville, Hon. George W. Pierce of Davis, J. 0. Coleman and Col. E. A. Forbes of Marysville. At this meeting Gen. Will S. Green of Colusa was elected president, and acted in that capacity until his death July 3, 1905. Soon after this meeting at Woodland the office of the association was moved to Colusa, and F. E. Wright of that place was elected secretary. The call for the first meeting held in Woodland invited delegates to attend the meeting of the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Convention. The second meeting was held at Oroville, where ]iermanent organiza- tion was finally perfected and the name changed to the Sacramento Valley Development Association. The greatest difficulty confronting the organization in its early days existed in the raising of funds for its support. General Green personally visited the counties of the Sacramento valley and appealed HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 413 to the several boards of supervisors for an appropriation of fifty dollars each. The delegates from each county paid their own ex- penses for several years, and the lack of funds made it practically impossible for the association to accomplish any work which required the expenditure of any sums of money. Its moral influence, however, was great, and its first efforts were directed towards an educational campaign in the Sacramento valley so that those already living here might know the opportunities and advantages that this district pos- sessed in comparison with other sections of the world. One of the first undertakings of the association was to confer with the owners of the Glenn ranch in Glenn county and induce its subdivision into small farm tracts. Efforts were directed to securing reports from the United States department of agriculture upon the various lands of the valley and the possibilities for irrigating the same. The Geological Survey was induced to send experts here for the purpose of mapping the sites for storage reservoirs, and thus was started the study of the water control problems of the Sacramento valley. As the organization grew the need of additional funds was ap- parent, and a custom was inaugurated which exists at the present time, that each county should contribute to the support of the organization a fund equivalent to one-half cent on each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation. In 1909 the need of extensively advertising the Sacramento valley was evident, and the association undertook to raise an advertising fund of fifty thousand dollars a year for five years, or a total of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This fund was secured and has been continued, and is now in its third year. The organization has grown to be recognized as one of the largest factors of public im- provement on the Pacific coast. Its work is extensive, consisting of the installation and maintenance of exhibits at various points through- out the American continent, issuance of literature, advertising in publications throughout the United States and various other lines of activity. Soon after the death of General Green, Hon. Marshall Diggs, who had been closely identified with the enterprise since its inception, was elected president, and still holds that office. In August, 190.3, the office was moved to Sacramento, and W. A. Beard of Oroville elected secretary. He continued in office until September, 1906, and was suc- ceeded by 0. H. Miller of Marysville, who has since held this office. The present officers of the association are : President, M. Diggs ; first vice-president, Newton Cleaveland; second vice-president, E. Frank- lin; secretary, 0. H. Miller; treasurer, C. F. Dillmau; directors, B. Cussick, J. W. Kaerth, C. H. Dunton, I. J. Proulx, E. Franklin, Mor- ris Brooks, W. D. Egilbert, B. F. Bush, Louis Tarke, A. L. Conard, T. B. Gibson and H. H. Dunning. The organization embraces the 414 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY following twelve counties: Butte, Colusa, Eldorado, Glenn, Placer, Sacramento, Shasta, Solano, Sutter, Tehama, Yolo and Yuba. THE SATURDAY CLUB No list of representative institutions of Sacramento would be complete unless it contained a history of the inception and progress of a club that by its enterprise and executive management has made its name and that of Sacramento known to the whole United States and, as a matter of fact, to many lovers of music in Europe. The musical life of Sacramento is represented by the Saturday Clul), a magnificent organization of women, formed for the stimula- tion of musical interest in the community. From a charter member- ship of sixty it has swelled to a membership of thirteen hundred, and its further rapid growth has been limited only by the present ac- commodations for its recitals. It is said to be one of the best man- aged women's clubs in the United States. The club was organized through the efforts of Mrs. Irving Bentley, now of San Francisco, and Miss Emily Thompson, now the wife of Dr. James Pond of Oakland. A charter membership of forty active and twenty associate members was enrolled, with Mrs. Frank Miller as president; Mrs. Charles McCreary, vice-president, and Miss Emily Thompson, secre- tary and treasurer. These officers, with Mesdames George E. Pratt, R. I. Bentley, B. F. Howard, Charles Neale and Miss Minnie Clarke, composed the first executive board. Of the sixty charter members, only two, Mrs. Albert Elkus and Mrs. Robert Hawley, have retained their active membership during the twenty years, and only five of the associate members, Mesdames G. L. Simmons, Sparrow Smith, H. G. May, and Misses Minnie Richardson and Lizzie Griffin. The latter has since given eleven years of service as an active member. The social side dominated during the first two years of the club's life, the associate membership being limited, and the meetings being held at the homes of the members, the first one being at Mrs. McCreary 's December 9, 1893. At the beginning of the third year, the by-laws were changed, and the meetings were held in public halls, a more democratic spirit supplanting the exclusive feature formerly prevailing. Membership tickets were made transferable and people of all callings were made eligible to enjoy the programmes. Since then the club has been steadily increasing in power and strength, broaden- ing its field of work and widening its influence. It has outgrown every available meeting place in the city, so that it has several times been forced to close its membership roll. A few months ago it was re- opened, the Diepenbrock theater offering more spacious accommoda- tions. The membership of the club consisted originally of two classes — active and associate, but four years after its organization a student class was added, limited to fifty, who must be studying with a teacher HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 415 of good repute. The standard set for these pupils is very high, and the Club has educated several hundred girls in this way. The list is always full and often there are as many as forty waiting to get in at the end of the season. The club is purely an organization of women, and until six years ago no names of men appeared on the prospectus except as par- ticipants in the programmes. Since that time a limited number of men have been admitted to associate membership, and a Men's Auxiliary was also formed, made up of local musicians who had given and were still .giving valuable assistance to the club. During the first six years of its existence, the programmes were given almost entirely by its active members, but since that time a series of artists' recitals has been given each season. As many as twelve artists' recitals are often given, which, with the nine Home Days given by members of the club, make an interesting season. It is the only club in the United States that gives its members the i^rivilege of hearing the great artists without assessments. In the Saturday club the membership tickets admit to all recitals. The club has also a study course for its mem- bers, conducted by prominent musicians of this coast. In 1911 Albert I. Elkus gave a course of twelve lectures on music, with musical illustrations. Among the most famous artists of the world who have appeared under the patronage of the club are: Moriz Eosenthal, Mme. Bloom- field Zeisler, Camilla Urso, Katherine Euth He>^nan (a Sacra- mentan), Edward McDowell, Mile, de Lussan, Madame Schumann- Ileink, Josef Hofmann, Wilhelm Heinrich, Nordica and the Euss Orchestra, David Bispham, the Kneisel Quartette, Mary Louise Clary, Denis 'Sullivan, the Westminster Choir, Jan Kubelik, Claude Cun- ningham, Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Johanna Gadski, Herbert Witherspoon, Bruce Gordon Kingsley, Teresa Careno, Fritz Kreisler, Emilio de Gorgoza, Josef Lhevinne, Antonio de Grassi, the Flonzaley Quar- tette, Antonio Scotti, Jaroslav Kocian, Eheinhold Von Warlich, the Eussian Symphony, and Tettrazzini, the last receiving an ovation seldom offered to artists when she appeared here in March, 1912. The Artist Eecitals are always looked forward to with great an- ticipation by the entire membership, being both delightful and profit- able, and an incentive to the active and student membership, but it is the Home Days that keep the club spirit alive, the programme being by the active membership, each one appearing twice during the season, and a programme analysis being given by one of the literary mem- bers. The club has always paid the artist talent all that the treasury would allow, and when a famous Californian revisits the coast, invites him or her to make application for a date. It has undoubtedly done more for the musical life of Sacramento than any other influence. Before its inception, it is difficult to appreciate the musical apathy that prevailed in the city. Famous artists came here a few times, and met 416 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY with disappointment. De Pachmann twenty-two years ago played to an audience of thirty people. The chib is recognized throughout the United States as one of the leading musical organizations. It is conducted on the highest artistic plane, and contains more intelligent musicians than most clubs of its kind can show. Its constitution and by-laws have been recommended by a writer in the Philadelphia Musical Etude, "to every club about to organize or desirous of being more successful than it is." Among workers who have given long and active service are Mrs. Albert Elkus, a member of the board for eighteen years, president for four years and a few years ago paid the courtesy of honorary president. She is the mother of the composer-pianist, Albert Elkus, and is a pianist of great ability, pla>dng with the Scheel Orchestra in 1895. Mrs. Frank Miller was the club's first president and re-elected three times. Mrs. William Ellery Briggs was president for three terms. Miss Maud Blue, now Mrs. Eugene Pitts, was the club's youngest president, and held office for two years. Mrs. J. A. Moynihan presided for three years over the club. Mrs. Francis Moeller was secretary for five years and was one of the vice-presidents when she passed away in February of 1912. Mrs. Louise Gavigan has been the president for the past two years. These, as well as many members not named, have been faithful workers for the welfare of the club. THE TUESDAY CLUB The Tuesday Club is one of the prominent organizations of Sac- ramento, and, being officered and directed by some of the most in- tellectual women of the city, it has exerted a strong and beneficial in- terest in the progress of the city. It was organized in 1896, and Mrs. William Beckman was elected its first president by the seventeen charter members. The launching of the club was enthusiastically re- ceived, and within two months the membership had increased to over fifty, making it necessary to procure a hall for the meetings, which, in the beginning, had been held in Mrs. Beckman 's parlors. From this nucleus the club of today, numbering considerably over six hundred members, has developed. For four years the club had social reunions, musical programmes, lecturers and miscellaneous subjects, which programme it still carries out, but it then began its public work by sending to the board of city trustees a petition requesting it to pass an ordinance prohibiting the granting of any more saloon licenses in the residence portion of the city. The board ]mssed the ordinance, which is still in effect. The membership increased ra]^idly, and the club became recognized as a center of social and mental culture, with the purpose of encouraging all movements for the betterment of society at large, to further the education of women and foster a broad public spirit in the commun- itv. It was deemed advisable to divide the club into smaller depart- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 417 nients in order to facilitate study along different lines to suit the diverse tastes of its members. In the fifth year work of a philanthropic nature was taken up and proved in every respect a success. The club made an enthusiastic campaign which resulted in carrying the bonding of the city for the new high school; also the completion of the club's work begun for the introduction of manual training in the schools. Through the energy of the club, also, domestic science is taught in the city schools. It gives liberally to the Travelers' Aid Society and is foremost in helping financially all objects of a charitable nature. From its in- fancy the members began to devise methods for the improvement of the city, and a recommendation came from the club's department for the formation of an improvement club. The suggestion was approved, with the result that, in combination with other women's organizations, the Women's Council was organized, which now numbers between 2000 and 3000 earnest, active women, who work with the object in view of the betterment of the city and countj". In 1900 a committee from the club requested the purchase by the trustees of a park known as East Park, as a playground for the children and for the use of the citizens. The plan met with opposi- tion from many, but by energy, persistence and persuasion the result sought was accomplished. The park was purchased for $12,500, re- christened McKinley Park, and is now valued at $100,000, a good investment for the city, not only for the welfare of the children, but also financially. In 1892 the club established three traveling libraries, being the second in the state to distribute to the dwellers in remote districts the means of knowledge and culture. In 1903 the club, with the idea of owning its own clubhouse, formed a corporation among its members, calling it the Tuesday Club House Association, to which the club donated $300 as a nucleus for a building fund. Since then the energy of the association has been bent toward securing sufficient funds, and with such success that the club has been housed in its beautiful $30,000 ])uilding on Twenty-eighth street, opposite Sutter's Fort. THE SUTTEE CLUB The Sutter Club was incorporated February 2, 1889, for the pur- pose of ]')romoting social intercourse among its members. The upper floors of the California National Bank building were especially ar- ranged to accommodate the club. Its first president was Newton Booth, who prior thereto had been the governor of the state and also United States senator from California. About six years ago the enlargement of the quarters was under- taken to accommodate the growing membership. The club was also thoroughly refurnished, so that now its rooms are beautifully decor- ated and its furnishings elegant and substantial. 418 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY The organization is thoroughly imbued with the social spirit of good fellowship and is noted for its hospitality, especially to those who visit Sacramento. Many notable banquets and entertainments have been given at the club. It is in the most flourishing condition, and forms an important factor in the social life of Sacramento and North- ern California. Its officers now are F. W. Kiesel, president ; Charles B. Bills, vice- president; E. P. Hilborn, secretary, and with these the following con- stitute the board of directors: D. H. Miller, Dr. G. A. White, F. L. Martin, J. E. Huntoon, C. W. Morton, Ira C. Boss, Dr. T. J. Cox, R. M. Richardson and J. L. Nagle. Mr. Kiesel succeeded W. H. Devlin, who had been president for six years, and through whose untiring energy and administrative ability the club has attained its present degree of prosperity and efficiency. The present membership is five hundred and seventy-five. DEAMATIC AND MUSICAL The getting of gold, while it absorbed the energies of the immi- grants, did not render them oblivious to other things. As before stated, gambling was carried on openly and to a large extent. Other amusements were sought, and October 18, 1849, the Eagle theater gave its first performance, L. Hubbard & Co. being the proprietors. The box tickets were $5.00 and the pit $3.00. The first play was the Bandit Chief, or Forest Spectre, and the actors, Messrs. Atwater, Price, Harris, Ray, Daly and Mrs. Ray. Not less than $80,000 was expended in the erection of the theater. It was 30x65 feet, and the lumber from which the frame was made cost from $600 to $700 per thousand feet. It was common for the audience in the pit to engage in a game of monte between the acts, using the seats for tables. The flood of 1850 came, and on the benefit night of J. H. McCabe, one of the actors, the water invaded the theater, covering the tops of the parquette seats near the orchestra. On January 4th the theater closed and the company went to San Francisco. The theater and the ''Round Tent," in which Mr. Hubbard had made a fortune, were sold at auction for $4500. The Tehama theater was built in 1850, on Second street, between I and J, and the opening piece was the Lady of Lyons, under the direction of Mrs. Wingard, known theatrically as Mrs. J. liudson Kirby. June 14, 1851, she married James Stark, and they conducted the theater till August 13th, when it was burned, supposed to be the work of an incendiary. The Pacific theater was opened by Petit & Luce on M street, near Front, with a grand ball April 25, 1850. In 1851 Junius B. Booth was a member of the com])any playing there. During 1849 the Stock- ton Minstrels and the California Minstrels had given performances, and in 1851 Donnelly's Ethiopian Minstrels. J. A. Rowes Olympic . HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 419 Circus opened at the Pacific tiieater May 2, 1849, boxes $5.00, par- quette and dress circle $3.00, second tier $2.00. In October, 1850, Sam Brannan built for the circus a large building on Front street. In September, 1851, Dr. Volney Spalding erected the American theater on J street. The state legislature in one of its removals held a session here. J. B. Booth was manager, and Frank Chanfrau, Louis Mestayer and others were in the company. In August, 1854, J. B. Booth, senior, accompanied by his son, Edwin Booth, appeared in the Iron Chest. The theater was destroyed in the great fire of 1852. The Sacramento theater, on Third street, between I and J, was opened in March, 1853, but did not pay and was run spasmodically. Among those of fame who played there were Ole Bull, Maurice Strak- osch, Madam Anna Bishop, the Robinson family, Barney Williams and wife, Mrs. Thomas, Mrs. Judah, Edwin Booth and Walter L. Leman. It was run successfully in 1855 by a stock company, of which Edwin Booth was one. He was not at first a favorite, but captured the public and the critics in the Marble Heart. The Edwin Forrest theater was opened October 8, 1855, and Mc- Kean Buchanan played through the month. It was a losing invest- ment, was turned into ''Sam Wells' " Melodeon in 1860, and burned, supposedly the act of an incendiary, September 26, 1861. The Na- tional, afterwards the Metropolitan, theater, on K street, was built by Lee & Marshall, circus proprietors, and opened by them August 11, 1856. The next month it was turned into a theater. Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Wallack appeared in it in 1858. In 1859 it was remodeled and the name changed to the Metropolitan theater. Many of the famous actors of the day appeared during its existence. It was burned about twenty years ago. The Clunie theater was erected in the '90s and is still in existence, many actors and troupes of national fame having appeared on its boards. The Diepenbrock theater, at J and Twelfth streets, was opened in 1911 and has been well patronized. At present it is used for vaude- ville. Sacramento has always supported high-class operatic and musical entertainments, and many artists of world-wide fame have appeared here and delighted large audiences. Of late several houses have been devoted to vaudeville, and the ubiquitous moving picture shows flourish financially. The Philharmonic Society was organized in 1855, under the direc- tion of H, J. McNeil, and flourished for some years. The Apollo club, an organization for male voices, was organized in 1880, as also the Cecilia club, for ladies only. They died after a short time. STATE AGEICULTURAL SOCIETY The history of the State Agricultural Society dates back to 1854. 420 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY . In that year a bill was introduced into the legislature incorporating the society. At that time mining was the leading and almost the only industry in the state, and W. S. Letcher said, in reporting favorably on the bill, "It is a measure the provisions of which will act upon every interest, affect all classes of our citizens, and touch with electric power every branch of industry throughout the state." The bill was approved May 13, 1854, and the sum of $5000 a year for five years was appropriated for the support of the society. The first fair was held at San Francisco October 4, 1854, and the amount of premiums given was $4000. A convention was called and met at Sacramento April 25, 1855, was attended by tlie foremost agriculturists throughout the state, and addressed by distinguished citizens. The second state fair was held at Sacramento and $6550 was paid in premiums. It was held in the as- sembly chamber of the State Capitol, and all the exhibits were dis- played on two tables, each fifty feet long, and two oval tables for the cereals. The Sacramento Daily Union stated, while speaking of the exhibits at the fair, that a Durham bull had arrived from Sutter county. Two apples from San Jose and two seedling peaches from Coloma were also mentioned. General Hutchinson in his address proudly asserted that 2,000,000 bushels of various grains had been produced in the Sacramento valley. At the fair in 1854 horses, cattle, swine, sheep and poultry were in the animal show opened at the Mission. At the second fair in Sac- ramento the cattle show was at the Louisiana race track, a place afterwards widely known and now well remembered by old Sacra- mentans. The three succeeding fairs were held respectively at San Jose, Stockton and Marysville. In 1859 the fair was again held at Sacramento, the cattle show being on the blocks between and L, Eleventh and Twelfth streets. An evidence of the early determination of stock breed- ers to procure the best and highest-bred strains is shown that at this fair Mr. Peterson of Alameda sold a French merino ram for $1500, and a ram, "Crystal Palace," that took first prize at the World's Exposition in Paris, for $1500. Besides these, he sold thirty French merino rams and ewes for $12,000, a total of $15,000 for thirty-two head of sheep. In 1860 the state fair was permanently located at this city. Up to this year the society possessed no stock grounds, but in 1861 six blocks of land were purchased by Sacramento citizens and pre- sented to the society. The streets were closed and a high brick wall enclosed about twenty acres. Stalls and stables for about four hun- dred animals were constructed, and a half-mile track laid out. In 1862 the people of Sacramento raised enough money to purchase six more blocks for the society. The streets were closed and a five-mile track constructed. It became the favorite drive with owners of fine horses, and Governor Stanford, among others, was led into racing and breed- ing fine stock. This track was on a level at the time when Governor HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 421 Stanford's liorse ''Occident" made his famous time of 2:16i4, and he suggested that the outer side of the track be raised in order 'to keep up the momentum of speed while the horses were turning curves. The society had no money for the work, so Governor Stanford ordered it done at an expense of $2000, refusing reimbursement. He asked, how- ever, that the society annually offer an ''Occident Stake," which has always been done since, this race for colts becoming one of the features of the fair. In 1859 the citizens of Sacramento by an almost unanimous vote taxed themselves one-quarter of a cent and purchased the quarter of a block on the northeast corner of Sixth and M streets, for building a pavilion for the society. On July 1st the cornerstone was laid, and the building, which still stands, was accepted on September 1st. It was used as an Agricultural pavilion till the second one was built in 1884. The second pavilion was built on Fifteenth street, between M and N, in the Capitol Park, and was in use until it was condemned, about three years ago, and torn down. The old race track was sold about eight years ago, and is now covered with fine residences. The new grounds of the society were purchased beyond the county hospital and Imildings erected there. The pavilion on Fifteenth street was in the shape of a Greek cross, each part being 400 feet long, and cost $80,000, Sacramento city donating half the amount. To the earnest and intelligent work done by the society California owes a great share of its improvement in stock, fruit raising, grain raising and other di- rections, which have brought it to a front rank in the United States. SACRAMENTO ATHLETIC CLUB This organization was organized in June, 1888, by A. F. Klein- sorge, Arthur Arnold, George Crum and Harry Rubenstein. The first meeting was called at the "Stag Club's" rooms at Fifth and J streets, over what was then Lavenson's shoe store. The committee on mem- bership, after one week's canvassing, reported one hundred twenty- five names,^ the initiation fee being $2.50. At the second meeting, held at the Capital City Wheelmen's rooms in the Masonic Temple, an or- ganization was perfected and by-laws adopted, the initiation fee being raised to $5.00, with dues at $1.50, J. Charles Jones presiding. The by-laws were patterned after those of the San Francisco Ohanpic club, and the Old Pavilion was secured as the club's headquarters. George H. Clark was the first president, and A. Kleinsorge, secretary. As the club was not in financial position to pay instructors, Joe Mansfield, Arthur Arnold, Al Kleinsorge and Herman Hildebrand volunteered ns instructors, and the club flourished wonderfully until it was forced to vacate the building in order that Weinstock, Lubin & Co. might occupy it after the big fire that destroyed their store at Fourth and K streets. After their store was rebuilt, the club returned to its old quarters. At present the Sacramento club contemplates the erection 422 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of a building- costing $350,000, which will contain a gjannasium and other appurtenances, and will, if the plans are carried out, absorb the Athletic club. SACRAMENTO BOAT CLUB The Sacramento Boat club as one of the institutions of the cit}" has impressed upon both citizens and visitors the great opportunity for healthful pleasures afforded by the beautiful river that flows past our doors. It was founded January 24, 1906, with Albert Elkus, W. A. Meyer, John C. Ing, I. G. Shaw, D. W. Pierson and George Lichthardt as its moving spirits. Papers of incorporation were received during March of the same year. Principally a rowing club in its early years, it has more recently followed the trend of the times toward the motor boat. During 1907 the Sacramento Boathouse Association built and furnished for it a boathouse which cost $2350. The club broke the record for regattas in the United States in 1909 by holding a regatta on Washington's birthday, when the streams of the east were locked in icy fetters. One of its most successful regattas was held on Sac- ramento day, April 24, 1909. Members of the club own some of the most speedy motor boats in the state and have carried off the honors from the San Francisco club. An effort is now being made to revive racing in shell boats, although the river current is rather strong for that sport. At Sausalito in May of 1909 the General II, owned by C. Forrest Mitchell and B. Klune, won over the Kanocti in a regatta, and the General I defeated the Kanocti at Sacramento. In May of 1908 the club, with the assistance of Hon. Duncan McKinley, secured the consent of Secretary of the Navy Metcalf on the occasion of the visit of the United States fleet to San Francisco, and five gunboats, the Perry, Preble, Farragut, Davis and Fox, were allowed to come up the river to Sacramento, where boats and crews participated in the regatta of the club at that time. OTHER CLUBS Several clubs have been formed for sport and for the protection of game and fish, the earliest of these being the Forester Gun club, named for ^ 'Frank Forester," a celebrated writer on field sports in the first half of the last century. This club was formed in 1879 with twenty members, the first officers being as follows: Horatio Hurd, president ; Capt. J. D. Young, vice-president ; John Ilotz, secretary, and Henry Gerber, captain. Mr. Gerber is the only one of these officers now living. The Roosevelt Protective club was organized in 1879 with Charles E. Mack as president, W. L. Willis as secretary and about a dozen members. It was purely protective in object and was named in honor of R. B. Roosevelt, president of the United States fish commission, and an uncle of ex-President Roosevelt. The Pacific Sportsmen's club was organized in 1881 with the fol- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 423 lowing officers: T. D. Hopper, president; Frank Kunz, vice-president; Charles Flohr, secretary and treasurer. The first and third clubs during the closed season held monthly trap shoots to keep in practice and for sport. The Roosevelt did effective work in the prevention of the slaughter of game out of season. The Canvasback club (prac- tically the successor of the Foresters), the 1901 club and others, have been formed more recently and rent one or more preserves for duck shooting. The Sacramento Society for Medical Improvement was organized March 17, 1868, and incorporated June 29, 1878, with the object, as stated, of the promotion of medical science and also of good feeling among practitioners of medicine and surgery. The raembers are limited to those adhering to the allopathic system of treatment. The first officers and members were as follows: F. W. Hatch, M. D., presi- dent; G. L. Simmons, M. D., secretary; Drs. W. R. Cluness, I. E. Oat- man, J. M. Frey, H. W. Harkness, T. M. Logan, J. F. Montgomerv, A. B. Nixon, G. J. Phelan, G. G. T^n^ell, Hoffman and H. L. Nichols. The Pro Culto Literary and Social club was organized April 26, 1887, and prospered for some years. Vincent Circle, Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, was or- ganized early in the '80s and increased in membership so rapidly that in 1884 a division was necessary, a portion of its members uniting to organize the Westminster Circle, C. L. S. C. (77 Z//.m/u- "-" had ^^^^ aWv well Tn • «fii ti ^''"'*'f°. ^'T'' ^'''^ Progressed remark- Eu^eire O'Connell I I'^P^'^t'^-J 'ad so far increased that Rev. i<.u„ene O Connell was consecrated bishop and sent from Rome as vicar apostohc of that vast country lying between the thirtv nin?h hi the°wist "Dr (?""„1 'Vi*'f.' '^^^^"'^^ '^ '"^^ -•'* to tie-p"ad^ ui tlie west. Di tonnell had but four priests to minister to the snir rtna wants of the gold seekers and other residents of that vast! on" He lived m Marysville, as Sacramento was then under thelmis' diction of the archbishop of San Francisco. His ad.4nt marked vrarslZ^fo^nd't/r'^ "^T' '^^^'""'^ ^°^ CatholicU; Ten gated ■ wnH .Y ^P"'*"''" ™^" ^"'^ *'^*>' '^We priests en- gaged m work m the same territory. In 1868 the vicariate at- temed such organization as to be constituted a diocese b Pope JhTnlt ' '^'"T" "^ ^"■'^'^ ^'^"''^■- The arduous woA, witt the advancing years of Bishop O'Connell, compelled him to ami for a coadjutor. Father Patrick Manogue, then paZ- of V r- gmia City was m 1880 appointed to the office with the riAit of u cession and was consecrated bishop in St. Marv's Ca redraf San Francisco, ,n 1881 When the pioneer bishop resigned M see in 1884 It was to Bishop Manogue that the care of the diocese passed and he immediately took up the responsibility of its goveriiinent PvPuffnl , ""'"'■' f ?f '' ^^'° ministered in Sacramento in these eventful years one lately called to his reward. Rev. Patrick Scan- BrothL-s'T tt C,"' r ^-"r^'?-'^ t°d->-- At his invitation the th™u ands If b V T ''''°°'' '^'""'' ''"'■« '" Aug-ust. 1876. The nstUution J«^^^ ^)!' K^T """" ""^'^'^ *'"''^"S'' «'«t educational "lets' r '^ *"' '"' """'■S^' ^"'^ "•■'"^t^'^ «t Twelfth and 11 stieets, have good reason to cherish his memorv, along with were spent. St. Joseph's Academy, conducted bv the Sisters of fn ISfieX f" °i''' ' '°™* "' P"""' learning-for young ladie" rameifto *''t,^P'^™P^' ^«« ^«« transferred from Marysville to Sac- ainento. Five years previous Rt. Rev. Thomas Grace was sent oJe ca™' '/°« '°° "^ "" "'"■'^- -^f "'^ ^''"■■'■''- ^^I'- B-C Ma- xtor ofs" ^'"r'''"' *° f ^'de Father Grace was appointed bu dn<. tlfe I P™-cathedral. On undertaking the work of Bi hon V'r l"-esent stately cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament hlflf 7^'-' T'^' ""■°"«'' "'« "'^"•^- f-'i-^^ds that Father Grace foi t et .i""^' -Zf' "^ residence here, generous supporters motle, T 7 ?T- 7''" '"''''='°^ °f Sacramento the cathedral or mothei church of Northern California marked a high step forward 430 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY in affairs Catholic, From that to this, the development of the good cause has been marked. Since 1886 Catholics look to Sacra- mento not only as the capital of this resonrcefnl valley and of the entire state, but also as the center of Catholicism for all Northern California and Nevada. "The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, begun in 1886 and dedicated in 1889, is in the later Italian style of architecture. It was built under the direction of that architect and scholar, Bryan J. Clinch, whose death occurred in Oakland after the San Fran- cisco fire in 1906 and whom to know was to revere. The elegant proportions of the structure, its majestic dome rising to a height of over two hundred feet, its classic arches and arched ceiling set in frames of varied frescoes, the harmony of due proportions in dimensions, the storied windows, rare paintings and the statuary it contains, endear both the structure and its venerable builder to Sacramento citizens, irrespective of creed or class. There is no public building in the city that is more visited by strangers. Its delicate spire, surmounted by a golden cross, that rises to a height of two hundred and sixteen feet, meets one's eye for miles outside of the city and is visible long before the home of the Camellia itself comes into view. Its tower clock, with massive dials and spnorous chimes, lends much to the public use as well as to the elegance of the structure. The building is cruciform, 208x114, being by far the most spacious church in California as well as the most elab- orate and ornate in design. After a life of toil Bishop Manogue had the crowning consolation of seeing his latest church and resi- dence completed and financed before called by God to render his account. "Twelve months after the death of the Rt. Rev. Bishop, Rev. Thomas Grace received his letters of appointment to the vacant see of Sacramento and was consecrated June 16, 1896. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1867 at All Hallows College, Dublin, and immediately afterward came to California to do priestly work. During his administration much has been done materially and spir- itually for the advancement of religion in the city and country tribu- tary to Sacramento. Churches and schools have multiplied until almost every fair-sized town in the valley has a resident priest and there are many with two. Beautiful buildings are replacing the smaller structures, whose ever open doors elevate many a worldly heart from earth to heaven. It may truly be said that the Catholic Church is so scattered in this ex]iansive valley that all who desire may avail themselves of its privileges. The four priests- by whom the work was begun are now replaced by almost sixty. The Sac- ramento that possessed only a chapel fifty years ago today has six churches and as many chapels, attended by ten priests. Under the guidance of the Sisters of Mercy in 1904 the church took up HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 433 tlie care of homeless children in the beautiful Stanford mansion on Eighth and N streets. The same gentle hands soothe the sick and dying in the various hospitals of the city and county, as well as in their own. The daughters of St. Francis have come in to carry on their specific work, teaching. Catholic schools to the num- ber of five in the different sections of the city have been erected and are maintained by Catholic generosity, so that boys and girls may be sent to breast the world secured not only in secular knowl- edge, but likewise in the principles of morality and their Christian faith. The same forces, fidelity and zeal of bishops, priests and people that accomplished this much, under Divine guidance, are not exhausted, but invigorated by the work to renewed effort for still greater advances. Now that the material side of the Catholic movement is substantially provided for, the energy of all can be more effectually devoted to its central feature, the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ in all of its original simplicity and full- ness." HAEEY THOEP The position of an humble apprentice in a mercantile establish- ment in the north of England rarely points to the presidency of a large American department store, but such represents the beginning and the climax of the career of Harry Thorp, recognized as one of the merchant princes of the. capital city and as one of the most experienced authorities in dry goods that the Pacific coast can boast. Apparent chance or the over-ruling destiny that guides all humanity turned his steps toward the occupation for which he was best qualified, and when he received admission to an established mercantile house as a junior apprentice he placed his feet upon the rounds of the ladder leading upward to success. Years of the most conscientious labor fol- lowed. Experience developed a natural aptitude for the business and cultivated his sagacious jud.gment concerning the quality of fabrics, the correct value of cottons and woolens, and the inherent worth of the vast number of supplementary articles included in every complete stock of merchandise. The genealogy of the Thorp familv indicates a long line of Eng- lish ancestry, many of them identified with the shire of Lancaster, where Harrv Thorp was horn and where his parents, John and Helen (Parker) Thorp, made their lifelong home. Primarilv educated in the free schools, he later attended an academy, but in 1880 left school in order to^ begin an apprenticeship to the dry-goods trade in Burnley, Lancashire, England. The next four years represented a period of 434 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the greatest importance in his commercial life and laid the foundation for all subsequent prosperity. In the midst of his monotonous task as an apprentice, he kept an attentive mind, a clear vision and an open ear, so that he quietly absorbed a vast fund of information con- cerning mercantile pursuits. When he left the English firm in 1884 he crossed the ocean to New York City and secured a clerkship in the dry goods house of John Daniels & Son, remaining with that firm until December, 1887, when he came via the Isthmus of Panama, to Sacramento, his subsequent headquarters and present home. By a fortunate coincidence the ability of Mr. Thorp attracted the attention of Weinstock, Lubin & Company, and he was given a posi- tion in their department store, where he was promoted from one post to another until he was made general buyer for the dry goods depart- ment. After two years in that position he became eastern buyer for several departments, making semi-annual trips to Chicago and New York. He soon became foreign representative for the house, making a number of business trips to Paris and other important European trade centers. After being financially interested in the company for some years he was made a director in the company. During January of 1910 he was elected president and manager of the concern, which since has reaped the benefit of his wise counsel as chief executive and his efficient oversight as manager. The same ability which has helped to bring success to his mercantile establishment enables him to serve with discretion and sagacity as a member of the executive board of the Retail Merchants' Association, also as a director of the Chamber of Commerce. With other capitalists he was interested in the starting of the Hotel Sacramento and became one of the directors of the com- pany owning the same. In addition he acts as a director of the Sutter club, and his social and fraternal connections are further broadened through his association with the Masons of the thirty-second degree, Scottish Rite, and Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. While never prominent in partisan affairs, he is loyal to the Republican party and gives his stanch allegiance to the men pledged to promote party principles. About three years after coming to Sacramento, on New Year's Day of 1890, he was united in marriage with Miss Lillian E. Smith of this city. They are the parents of an only son, Harry Sam, now a student in the University of California. The family are actively connected with the Episcopal church of Sacramento. S. J. LUBIN A native son of California, S. J. Lubin was born in Sacramento in 1876 and there attended the public schools, graduating from high school in 1895 and in 1903 he obtained the degree of A. B. from HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 435 Harvard University. He then engaged in college settlement work, his field of action being principally in New York and Boston, and in 1906 he returned to Sacramento, and he is now serving as a member of the board of directors of Weinstock, Lnbin & Co., and also as secretary of the same. He served from the first of January, 1911, to the first of July, that year, as a member of the Board of Education. On August 20, 1912, he was appointed by Governor Johnson a member of the State Immigration Commission. Mr. Lubin married in New York City Miss Rebecca Cohen, who was born in Moscow, Russia, and was reared and educated in New York City. They are the parents of two children, David, Jr., and Ruth. HUGH McELROY LaRUE, Jk. A sturdy California son of a sturdy Kentucky sire is the subject of this sketch, and the two men of like blood and like name may to some extent blend together in this story. It is a far cry from the ''Land of Gold" back to the "Dark and Bloody Ground," and a long lap of years between ^66, the day Hugh McElroy LaRue, Jr., and '30, the day of Hugh McElroy LaRue, Sr. The father, whose coming across the plains was in the famous fall of '49, had been digging around in the mines and on the ranches of California about seventeen years when the young man was born. This first incident in his life, October 1, 1866, took place on the homestead ranch of the Rancho del Paso, possibly more known as the Norris Grant, situated near Sac- ramento City. In all California's golden acres may be found no more noble tract of soil, rich leagues of oaken hill and dale, and here within these auspicious surroundings he began his span of life. Nor was he the only junior in that family circle. There were five, he being third of the four boys, whose order of birth was, Jacob Eugene, Calhoun Lee, Hugh McElroy and John Rush. There was a lone sister to this quartet of brothers, by name Marie Virginia, who early passed away. Their mother in her pre-marriage day was Miss E. M. Lizenby, daugh- ter of Thomas Lizenby, a prominent pioneer in the history of Lewis county. Mo. She is a halfsister of Rev. William M. Rush of the Mis- souri conference of the M. E. Church, and of the Hon. John A. Rush, formerly state senator from Colusa county, but later attorney-general of Arizona. Hence the source and inspiration of John Rush LaRue 's name. Soon after the birth of his fourth son, the father disposed of his interest in the homestead tract, and invested in about two thousand 436 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY acres in Yolo county. A further investment was in a one hundred and forty-acre vineyard near Yountville, Napa county. The elder sons, Jacob and Calhoun, were placed in charge of these properties and the family removed to Sacramento. Here Hugh LaRue attended the city public schools and prepared for the State University. H. M. LaRue, Sr., was nearly all his life a public man, taking an active part in state agricultural and legislative matters, and in such surroundings the younger man grew up, making full ]ireparation for a useful after-life. He went through the University of California with the class of '90, studied law and was admitted to practice two years after. He was with Judge McKune of Sacramento for ten years, and in 1898 opened an office and went into business for himself. He is now president of the Sacramento Abstract and Title Company, of which firm his brother, John R. LaRue, is a prominent member. Mr. LaRue was married June 5, 1907, to Miss Edith Hughson, daughter of W. A. Hughson, a former well-known physician of that city. He is 'a member of the Elks, also of the Sutter and University Clubs. His home is at No. 1044 Cutter avenue, Sacramento. CHARLES F. GREEN The subject of this sketch was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Oc- tober 29, 1858, the son of William and Laura (Gott) Green. When fifteen years old he left school and began to learn the carpenter's trade, at whicli he worked for five years in his native place. In 1881 he came to California and settled near Bolinas, where he engaged in ranching until 1886, a portion of the time working at his trade. Then he removed to Sacramento, where he immediately entered the employ of Edward Bovyer, contractor and builder. Here he remained for one year, but it was the preliminary to his work in the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, where he is now a valued employe. He was first engaged as carpenter in the car shops and six months later, having proved himself capable, he entered the bridge and building depart- ment, and the following year, 1887, was made foreman of the depart- ment. In 1905 he was ])romoted to su]iervisor of the same depart- ment and he is still filling this position efficiently. Mr. Green was married in (Ontario, October 26, 1881, to Miss Menerva L. Healy. They have three children, viz. : Mrs. Marrirf Noble of Roseville; Alec, a machinist with the Southern Pacific Rail- road Company, and Arvin, a student in the high school. Mr. Green is a member of the Masonic order and a member of the Methodist Church, and for many years he has cast his vote for Republican candidates. a^^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 439 CHARLES F. SILVA Having distinguished himself during his entire career by his shrewd business management and inflexible honor, it is fitting that Mr. Silva should stand as he does today among the avowed financial leaders of both Sacramento, Yolo and Sutter counties, the center of his interests being in Sacramento. Not only has he achieved material success, but, through temptations innumerable, has resisted every form of dishonor, giving to his children a name which they will ever be proud to bear. A naturalized citizen of the United States, Mr. Silva has been identified with the development of California since 1878, when he crossed the Pacific with his brother, Frank F. He was born December 14, 1867, in Fiole, Azores Islands, Portugal, of which country his parents, John and Annie (Posash) Silva, also were natives. Mr. Silva spent his early youth in a home of culture and received a training which combined both love and firmness and which left upon his childish character a lasting impression. Although but eleven years of age when he left his studies to accompany his brother to the new land, he had acquired, by concentration and natural aptitude, knowl- edge greatly exceeding in extent that absorbed by his American brothers of a similar age, and was, therefore, fairly well equipped to engage in the battle of life. Upon reaching Boston, after a voyage of three weeks, the brothers proceeded at once to Sacramento, Cal., which they had chosen as their destination, since reports combined to cast particular favor upon that locality. Settling in Vernon, Sutter county, Charles Silva served two years on a ranch, and in 1880, having saved most of his earnings, was enabled to establish a cheese manu- facturing plant, but two years later disposed of his interest and rented a farm in Yolo county, where he set up and operated a cheese plant for one year and then purchased his own cows. Shortly thereafter he engaged in the traffic of wood, carrying on both enterprises until 1900, when he changed his residence to Sacramento. Here he conducted a coal and wood business of no inconsiderable importance, also employ- ing, for the sale of provisions, two boats whose route included the towns of the Sacramento river between the capital and Butte City. Thoroughly interested in the progress of the community in which he had cast his fortunes, and possessing a rare sense of diplomacy and foresight, he rose in commercial circles with a sureness which was somewhat bafiling to many of his competitors, who, despite their efforts, found it impossible to outstrip this cool and self-possessed young business man, whose affairs appeared to conduct themselves as if by magic. Not in the least selfish or domineering, however, Mr. 440 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Silva continued to increase his interest in municipal matters, and by his quiet and timely assistance soon became known as a man whose success failed to blind him to the needs of the public. In 1911, associated with a Mr. Brown, Mr. Silva established the Silva-Brown Company, wholesale and retail dealers in coal, wood and feed. He also owns seven thousand acres of land in Sutter county devoted to the growing of alfalfa and grain and also to stock-raising, and he conducts four meat markets in Sacramento, one located on Ninth and N streets, one on Sixteenth and M, one on Fourth and M, and one on Seventh and J streets. He is today the largest individual cattle dealer in the state of California. Aside from his large ship- ments from various sections of the state, he shipped in from old Mexico three thousand head in 1911, and this year the shipment will be much larger. Mr. Silva has served as manager and director of the Sacramento River Farms Compan^^ since its organization, his ex- ecutive ability and unquenchable energy i3articularly fitting him for the position, in which he has been of incalculable value. Under this company the partners are operating ten thousand and four hundred acres of grain. Mr. Silva has always been a great lover of the horse, and for many years has been breeding standard bred animals, to such an extent that he has one of the finest lot of standard bred studs and dams in the state. He raised and owns Teddy Bear, which has a record of 2:05 at the State Fair of California, held at Sacramento in 1911. The record up to that time had stood for six years at 2:061/2, which Teddy Bear broke, as stated above. Mr. Silva also owns Queen S., the mother of Teddy Bear, and also Black Bear, the two- year-old son of Teddy Bear, that is developing into just as fast a pacer. It is a source of recreation and pleasure and a pride to him to have been able to accomplish such wonderful results and to improve the standard-bred horse in California. He. is a member of the Cali- fornia Driving club of San Francisco and the Sacramento Driving club. In Sacramento, on August 15, 1899, Mr. Silva was united in mar- riage with Miss Terese Kennedy, who was born in Oakland, the daughter of Daniel and Mary (Hurley) Kennedy, natives of Ireland and New Orleans, La., respectively. Mr. and Mrs. Silva became the parents of eight children, as follows : Claire M., Charles C, Ralph C, Fred C, Alice C, Merrill C, RaATnond C. and Bertram C. In their comfortable home circle are found the confidence and companionship which assures the success of the parents in the rearing of their chil- dren. A Republican in progressive principles, Mr. Silva takes a deep interest in political matters, although he has never aspired to public office. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 44] HERSCHEL B. MATHEWS Ms a^soel'tpTlifT''.? if''' ^'"T, ^^"'''^ ^" '^'^ '" '"^ dealings with hrvint ohP S H "° ,"'"' l""«™«««. for the consciousness of of then, tS 1 ™/' '''"™ "S''*""^ disconragenients and makes ot them but passmg dreams, each milestone adding a measure of se- rene content incomparably precious to the soul whicl receives il .f *^ I well-spent life of Mr. Mathews, assistant superintendent element relT"*°r'""=','f * ^"^ ^'^""«>' *^°™P->' ^^ f"™ ' - eement leflec mg discredit upon the name which he has given his vldenc'e ^f '^ ""f''"* '"f"" ^"'^^™'°* '»-' '^-•' foresight giv Auo.n"t 30 l8fio '°"w '-^fl'*"'' ^'^""•^' ^'^''='' '''' Possesses^ Born August 30 1862 in Wyandot county, Ohio, of which section his par- ents Dame and Emma Jane (Barnthouse) Mathews, were among countv. Mo. from the public school of which localitv he graduated h a^sitfeVl if f^- T' }'''' "^^'" "' ""'^'^ ^ fanii of Ms own' o tTe !t^ / ■' " 1°'" '■'"''°"°" *° 1"^ ^o'-k enabling him o take charge of his own affairs with great ease. After four vears he abandoned agricultural pursuits and going to Kansas Citv Mo he but'Tn 1888 r "" %" •r'^'j'"; °" *'" Metropolitan Street r" ^av but m 1888 tiring of city hfe, he returned to his home section wel coming gladly the duties of the farm, which at least afforded the peTce self ZZ 1 f ™V °"*-°^'--- I- 1891. 1-ving convinced'hH: selt that the opportunities to be secured in the west were worthv of arriving in Sacramento m November, 1891. Without difficultv he ob- temed a position as conductor on the line of the Sacramento Electric & Gas Rai way Company, and after a faithful service of twentv vears during which period he amply demonstrated his steriing quaHtief and his devotion to duty, he was made assistant superinrendent of the ~- mint on " "^""T "' '"' r"'"' -'•"■" -«• l^"- 1- -"-t - management of his work proving bevond criticism In February, 1894, in Sacramento, Mr. Mathews was married to Miss Adeha Ilgner, whose birth occurred in Dixon, Cal. "nd who e parents. William and Sophia (Gotwalt) Ilgner, nat ves of Germam "lildre" E„n"''7r^r ''^'^"'^ ^''■- """^ ^^-- Mathews htrtwo chilli en. Ruth and Olive, both of whom are ambitious students in the Sacramento high school, and the family home at No. 2411 K street s the scene of many a gathering of happv voung people A Republican of broad and practical principles, Mr Mathews takes a prominent part in civic affairs, and as ,' supporte of tie fZ::VT'f ?"'""• 1 "'"<•" '"^ -=f*^ - ^ .nemberl: counted projects '"' '" "'" ^°' *''" ''«'™"<=e™ent of all uplifting 442 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY CHARLES PAULE No easily-won gifts from the goddess of fortune favored Mr. Paule in his struggle against early poverty and in his persistent effort to overcome obstacles lying in the path leading toward industrial in- dependence. His was not a boyhood of ease and indolence nor yet a youth of large educational opportunities, but rather a period of preparation for self-support by physical labor. His rise to business prominence and praiseworthy achievement indicates the indomitable perseverance of his energetic temperament. Life offers him many opportunities for further advancement, with a future of continued activity and growing success presenting its attractive openings to his mental vision. Through his office of vice-president of the Sacra- mento Valley winery he has had 'a close association with one of the leading industries of the region, and he enjoys the further honor of having been among the original promoters and organizers of this well- known concern. The early life of Charles Paule was passed in St. Clair county, 111., where he was born August 27, 1874, and where his parents long lived and labored, the mother having been a member of a well-known family bearing the name of Weber. He was sent to the public schools from six until sixteen years of age and then spent two years as a student in a Roman Catholic school at Freeburg, St. Clair county, where he became familiar with the religious history of his chosen church. Always from youth he has been devoted to Roman Catholic doctrines, and his contributions to the work of the church have been regular and generous. Upon leaving school he began to earn his own livelihood as a farm hand and for some time he worked among the farmers of his home neighborhood. At the age of twenty-four he came to California and settled in Fresno, where he engaged in a vine- yard and winery as an assistant. From that place he came to Sacra- mento in 1903 and secured emplo^mient in the California winery, where he remained until 1910, meanwhile holding the responsible posi- tion of cellar master. When he resigned from that concern it was for the ]nirpose of assisting in the organization of the new company, to whose gratifying growth he has contributed through his experience, energ>" and intelligent comprehension of every department connected with the business. Always from youth he has been an industrious worker, with little leisure for participation in public affairs or in politics; indeed, his only part in such activities is the voting of the Republican ticket at general elections. In Sacramento, April 14, 1903, he was united in marriage with Miss Annie Frentrup, a native of Germany. They are the parents of five children, Charles, Gus, Annie, Lauren and Esta, to whom they hope to give the best educa- tional advantages offered by the splendid schools of Sacramento. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 445 DANIEL W. CARMICHAEL Daniel W. Carmichael, president and general manager of the Carmichael Co., Sacramento, and president of the Sacramento Cham ber of Commerce. In every group of men is found one man who, by his sterling worth of character and achievements, is fitted for the place of leader. Untoward circumstances may for a time prevent such a man from gaining the recognition due him, but sooner or later he comes into his own. Such a man is Daniel W. Carmichael, president of the Chamber of Commerce, realty operator and Democratic leader. Mr. Carmichael was born in Atlanta, Ga., in the year 1867, the son of William and Evelyn (Fincher) Carmichael. His father was a southern planter and a well-known and respected man of his com- munity. He received his early education in the public schools of Atlanta, but gave up his studies at the call of the west, in 1885, to come to California, where for two years he followed the usual hardy life of the California rancher. Upon coming to California he located in Stanislaus county, working here and there and gaining experience of life among the world of men. Ambitious, and perceiving the necessity of further education for the attainment of the career which he had laid out for himself, he entered the Stockton Business college and studied bookkeeping and business management. After a course in this institution he became bookkeeper for Kendall & Co. in 1887, in whose employ he was for five years. In the year 1895 Mr. Carmichael organized and became a member of the firm of Curtis, Carmichael & Brand, which was incorporated the following year. This company was organized for the purpose of acquiring and developing Sacramento valley lands. In 1900 Mr. Car- michael bought out his partners' interests and the firm became Car- michael Company. As the head of this company he has handled, developed and colonized thousands of acres of Sacramento valley land. No company in Sacramento has been a larger factor in the aiding of the incoming settlers to acquire homes suitable to their taste and means. At the present time the company is actively engaged in pushing the development and settlement of a large tract of four thousand acres known as the Carmichael Colony, located between Sacramento and Fair Oaks. This tract, which is located along the west bank of- the American river, contains some of the best citrus land in the Sacramento valley and is being cut up into small farms of ten acres each. The colonization of land, however, is not the only business activ- 446 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY itv in which Mr. Carmichael is engaged. In 1899 he organized the Sacramento Oil Company, of which he is now secretary and treasurer. This corporation purchased oil lands in the Kern county oil district and sunk one of the first oil wells at Bakersfield. Some years later he became one of the organizers and directors of the Acme Develop- ment Oil Company, which corporation, as well as the Sacramento Oil Company, is now paying dividends. In tlie political life of the city, county and state, Daniel W. Carmichael has for many years wielded a powerful influence. In November, 1895, he was elected treasurer of Sacramento city on the Democratic ticket, which office he held for two years. So well did he fulfill the duties of this office and so steadily had his reputation grown that in June, 1903, he was elected county treasurer, which office he held until 1907.- In the intervening years his influence among Demo- cratic circles in California had developed to such an extent that in 1900 he was elected delegate to the National Democratic convention held in Kansas City, Mo., where William J. Bryan was nominated for president. At that time Mr. Carmichael and Mr. Bryan became ac- quainted, which acquaintanceship has grown with steadily increasing warmth throughout the succeeding years. In 1904 he again repre- sented his party at the national convention, being elected delegate at large from California to the Convention at St. Louis, where Alton Parker was chosen to lead the Democratic ticket. It may be men- tioned in this connection that Mr. Carmichael is now president of the Wilson club, and with a gradually increasing influence among the Democrats of this state. For many years Sacramento has profited through the untiring efforts of Mr. Carmichael in the behalf of its semi-public organizations devoted to the upbuilding of its industries and the forwarding of its best interests. He became president of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce in 1910, which office he now holds. For eighteen years he has been a director of the same institution. Possibly no other man has done more to put this organization on the firm and efficient basis on which it now stands. Fraternally Daniel W. Carmichael is well known. Among the various organizations with which he is affiliated may be mentioned the Masons, Odd Fellows, Elks and the Sutter club. In recognition of his ability in this line of work the State Realty Federation of California elected him president for the year 1910-11. In 1892 Mr. Carmichael was married in Sacramento to Miss Myrtie Robb, daughter of Charles S. Robb, a well-known local railroad man, who for thirty-five years was connected with the Southern Pa- cific Railroad Company. In addition to his justly earned prominence in local business and political circles he has received a generally state- wide recocrnition as a power in California's business and political life, and it is not too much to say that his record during the past HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 447 twenty-live years fully justifies any honor or recognition which the people of California may see fit to bestow upon him. He is now serving as chairman of the Panama-Pacific County Commission from Sacramento comity. BENJAMIN MARTY The name of this sturdy Swiss farmer and stock-raiser was known to the people of Sacramento county principally through the successful identification of his sons with agricultural affairs and dairy interests. It was his good fortune to possess the splendid qualities that have given pre-eminence to the republic of Switzerland, where he was born in 1829 and where in 1866 he married Katharina Marty. In their native land they labored industriously on a small dairy farm and by frugal manage- ment earned a comfortable livelihood. They became the parents of six sons and all are now living with the exception of George, who died in the old country at the age of twelve years, and Joseph, who was accidentally drowned in the Sacramento river at the Monument ranch, March 18, 1912, at the age of thirty-nine years. All of the sons were educated in Swiss schools, trained to a knowledge of every department of agriculture and qualified to support themselves as farmers in any part of the world. They became men of excellent capacity for work and remarkable powers of physical endurance. Four of the five came to the United States and settled in Sacramento county, where they achieved a degree of success altogether commendable and certainly merited. The eldest of the family, Antone, born January 20, 1869, was the first of the family to seek a home in the new world. Arriving in Sac- ramento April 30, 1890, he worked for three years as a day laborer on a ranch operated by his uncle, Joseph Marty. With the savings of that period he bought a one-third interest in the dairy herd of his uncle. This purchase did not include any interest in the land itself. In order to render possible the enlargement of the dairy the partners rented additional tracts of land. Eventually the young man became the owner of one-half of the dairy business and during 1902 he bought the remaining one-half interest, thus becoming the sole owner of the dairy. With the year 1909 the lease of twenty years expired and he sought other headquarters. Thereupon he removed to the Monument ranch, liis present location. By his marriage to Miss Susie Durrer of Red Bluff he has three children, Hedwig, Antone and Adelhaide, all of whom are now students in the schools of Sacramento county. The family are honored members of the Roman Catholic Church and he holds active connections with the Young Men's Institute. In addi- 448 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tion he is identified with the Woodmen, Foresters, Turn Verein, Im- proved Order of Red Men and Helvetia Society, the last-named a Swiss organization of local prominence. The only daughter in the family, Katharina Marty, was born in S^vitzerland January 20, 1870, and still lives near the old Swiss home- stead. Her husband, Peter Meister, a large land owner, extensive agriculturist and successful specialist in fruit, also is a man of promi- nence in public affairs and is well known throughout all of their dis- trict. There are ten children in the Meister family. The only other member of the Marty family to remain in Switzerland is the youngest brother, Frank, a young man of ability and a skilled worker in the cheese industry. Through his recognized thoroughness as a cheese- maker he has been retained in important positions and now is inter- ested in a large cheese factory in Bavaria, Germany, where much of his time is spent. He still considers Switzerland as his home, al- though business interests keep him elsewhere much of the time. The father's namesake, Ben, Jr., born in 1871 and a resident of Sacramento county since 1891, worked for his uncle, Joseph, for some time after his arrival. During 1902 he bought a small ranch down the river and became interested in the poultry industry. By his marriage to Albertina Zuger he has one child living, Albert, four- teen years of age. Like his brothers he holds membership with the Improved Order of Red Men and the Helvetia Society. Joseph, born in 1873, came to the new world in 1892 and had the supervision of the ranch until his death in 1912. He was prominently connected with the Foresters, the Improved Order of Red Men and the Helvetia Society. No member of the family has exhibited greater energy, more un- daunted courage and more sagacious judgment than has characterized the efforts of Martin Marty, a native of Canton Schwyz, Switzerland, born February 2, 1876, and a resident of the Sacramento valley since the year 1892, when he accompanied his brother, Joseph, to the ranch home of their uncle, Joseph. Although at the time he was a mere lad, unfamiliar with American institutions and Californian methods of agriculture, he was so willing and capable that he secured steady work without difficulty. For four and one-half years he worked at the old Sprague ranch on the Freeport road. At the time of the dis- covery of gold in the Klondike he went to Alaska, going over the Chilcoot pass with two others, carrying thirteen hundred pounds of food. On Lake Bennett they whipsawed the lumber and built two boats in which they made their way through Wildhorse Rapids and down the Yukon to Dawson. There he prospected for two years and then went to Cape Nome and other fields. During the four years of his sojourn in the north he staked out one claim that later proved to be very valuable and it was his intention to develop this, but his entire outfit was stolen and he was left without adequate means for recuperating Iiis losses. On such small events do human destinies turn. The theft HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 449 of his outfit prevented him from making a. fortune in the mines and he returned in 1902 little richer than when he started, yet possessing a wealth of information about Alaskan mines and that vast unex- plored region near the Arctic seas. After his return to Sacramento county Martin Marty with two of his brothers bought out their uncle and located eight miles up the Sacramento river on the Yolo side, where they bought five hundred acres of bottom land. Of this they now have over four hundred acres in alfalfa, which has been improved from brush and tules, and in the year 1912 they cut four thousand tons of hay from February to De- cember. They have on this tract three hundred and fifty head of cattle, among them being two hundred and forty milch cows of the best grades. Eight dairy wagons are kept in constant use and two thousand gallons of milk are handled and sold daily, a milk boat being run from their ranch to Sacramento twice daily. The brothers also own a stock ranch of one thousand acres in Placer county. On December 3, 1904, Martin Marty married Miss Katharine Mente, a native of Austria, and of this union they have one daughter. Mar- guerite, born July 25, 1910. The family holds membership with the Roman Catholic Church, in which he is a liberal giver and active worker. Fraternally he is associated with the Foresters of America, the Improved Order of Red Men, Woodmen of the World and the Helvetia Societv. JOHN H. MILLER, Jr. Three generations of the Miller family have been identified with the growth of California and two of these have maintained prominent associations with the reportorial and journalistic history of Sacra- mento, where John H., Jr., now fills the responsible position of associate editor of the Sacramento Sunday Neius and of the Sacramento Valley Monthly. The journalistic instinct came to him as an inherited ac- quisition from his father, John H., Sr., a newspaper man of recognized ability and for years a disciple of the ''art preservative," although having followed other occupations in the earlier years of his activity. Practically all of his life was spent in the west, for although he was born in Indiana November 25, 1848, he was only about five years old when the family came to California via the Isthmus of Panama. The arrival in San Francisco was followed by an immediate removal to Cold Springs, Eldorado county, where the child grew to manhood and received a public school education. At the age of eighteen he suc- cessfully passed an examination for a teacher's certificate and then began to teach at Coloma, Eldorado county. The occupation, however, proved only a stepping stone to other enterprises. During 1868 he 450 HiiSTUKY OJ^^ SACKAMENTU COUNTY began to build a telegraph line from Georgetown to Plaeerville. When the task had been accomplished he devoted his attention to the oper- ating of the line. The purchase of the system by the Western Union Telegraph Company opened the way for John H. Miller, Sr., to come to Sacra- mento. After he had located in the city he organized the Capital Car- riage Manufacturing Company, and with a partner, Mr. Pritchard, conducted the business on Eighth and K streets. Selling out in 1878, he and his business associate bought the Phoenix Milling Company and gave their attention to the management of the plant for some years. Next we find Mr. Miller entering the field of journalism, for which he possessed a natural aptitude and in which he rose to a con- siderable degree of prominence. After having been employed as a reporter with the Sacramento Becord-Union until 1892, he then ac- cepted a position as news editor of the Sacramento Bee. Eesigning from this newspaper in 1907, he engaged with the Sacramento Union as manager of their office for two years. During 1909 he removed to Marysville and there he remained until his death in May of 1911, meanwhile ably filling the office of editor of the Marysville Appeal. Both through his own personal influence and through the medium of the journalistic sheets with which he was connected Mr. Miller gave stanch aid to the Republican party. In local affairs he stood for progress. In associations with his fellowmen he stood for the exer- cise of charity, benevolence and kindliness. Principles were the ob- ject of his favor or his criticism rather than people. Measures for the upbuilding of community and state had his cordial co-operation. As a citizen he ever proved loyal, patriotic and progressive, and his memory is worthy of perpetuation in the annals of his community. His wife, whom he married at Georgetown, this state, in June of 1871, and who bore the maiden name of Ella Spencer, was a native of Eldorado county, born in 1853, and she passed away in Sacramento in 1 885. They are survived by four children, of whom the only son, his father's name- sake, was born in Sacramento, June 8, 1880. Two of the daughters are married, namely: Mrs. M. M. Kimball, of Sacramento, and Mrs. H. Grimm, of Portland, Ore. The youngest daughter is employed as a clerk in the postoffice at Sacramento. The completion of the high school course in Sacramento was marked by the graduation of John H. Miller, Jr., in 1900, after which he studied for one year in the University of California. Upon his return to Sacramento he took up the task of earning his own way in life and since then he has risen to considerable prominence in journal- istic circles, having enjoyed a connection of seven years with the Sacramento Bee. with which he worked in various positions from re- porter to assistant city editor. In 1910, having acquired an interest in the News Publishing Company, he transferred his activities from the Bee to the editorial department of the Sunday Neivs, where he has HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 451 ably filled the position of associate editor and where he is making a success in this responsible capacity. Mr. Miller's marriage occurred in Sacramento October 4, 1911, to Miss Agnes Lister Strachan, a native of Scotland. From boyhood he has been a stanch believer in Republican principles. Men and measures having the support of the party have likewise his support and he has proved loyal to the prin- ciples of the organization which he favors. The Sutter club has the benefit of his active co-operation and his devotion to its labors in behalf of civic progress and municipal welfare. FRANK J. MANNING Notwithstanding the fact that he is still young in years Mr. Man- ning has had long experience in the laundry Ijusiness. His selection for the responsible position of foreman, upon the consolidation of various companies into the Cascade laundry in 1903, was not the result of chance or any fortuitous circumstances, but a recognition of his eminent fitness for the responsible post. Ever since he first became identified with his present specialty he has given to the work intelligent study, wise discrimination and painstaking industry; these qualities have brought him a comprehensive knowledge of every detail connected with the industry, as well as a high reputation for skillful handling of such work economically but successfully. Having a deep faith in the future prosperity and growth of the Cascade laundry, he early became one of its stockholders and in 1907 the directors chose him to fill the office of vice-president, in which capacity he remains to the present, while also continuing to act as foreman. Born at Aurora, 111., July 30, 1876, Frank J. Manning is a son of Abner and Adelia Manning and was sent to the schools of his native city until he had acquired a thorough knowledge of the common branches. Next he entered a business college and for a year enjoyed the advantages offered by a thorough commercial course, which pre- pared him for l)usiness activities. Upon leaving college he began to assist his father in a meat market owned by the latter in Aurora, but later he left the market to clerk in a grocery and continued in that position until he determined to remove to California. After his arrival in Sacramento in 1894 at the age of eighteen years he secured work as a helper in the American laundry and this started him in the busi- ness which he has followed from that time to the ]H-esent. For some years he was connected with the Union laundry, first as foreman only, but later as foreman and also as vice-president, continuing in these offices until the laundry became merged into the combination resulting in the organization of the Cascade Laundry Company. 452 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY To one possessing sucli geniality of disposition an identification with fraternal bodies is a natural attribute of Mr. Manning, who finds pleasure in his active co-operation with the good works of the Modern Woodmen of America and the Foresters in Sacramento. While not a participant in partisan atfairs nor a seeker for office, he maintains a warm interest in political issues and votes with the Republican party. His family consists of wife and daughter, Irene, the former, prior to their marriage in Sacramento April 9, 1901, having been Miss Caroline Urban. In citizenship he is loyal. Movements for the development of the resources of the city, county and valley of Sacramento receive his cordial support and to such he gives of his time and means and influence. While particularly well informed along the line of his specialty, this does not represent the limit of his business knowledge; on the other hand, he keeps well posted concerning every line of commercial endeavor in his city and watches with civic pride the growth of those industries whose success brings prestige and honor to his chosen community. GEORGE N. RANDLE The civil engineer of a modern institution, city or highway, is the creator thereof, and at least as long as it lasts his fame will last. Even if he only assisted or advised in the construction of a single building, it will stand to his memory. It is not necessary to formally introduce George N. Randle, the subject of this sketch, at least to a Sacramento audience, where he has been a resident for upwards of sixteen years. All of this time he has been an engineer of the city and also in the state department of public works. He was born at Colusa, Cal., July 1, 1871. His father, S. W. Randle, came to this state from Illinois in 1852, crossing the plains and enduring the hard- ships of that time and trail. He first located in Colusa county and took up farming. He married the daughter of Maybury Davis, a prosperous ranch and stock man of Princeton. George N. Randle is one of a family of three children, all of whom are living. He ]iassed through his school days, from grammar to high school, and graduated at Washington college as a civil engineer in 1892. He was connected with the state department of public works for nine years, resigning to go to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was engaged on works on the McBryde Sugar Conijiany's plantations. Returning to Sacramento in 1905, he was appointed city engineer by Mayor M. R. Beard, and re- appointed by his successor, Mayor Clinton L. White. Engineer Randle, in a busy city like Sacramento, is indeed a busy man, and a capable man in his intricate and complicated profession. ^. ^;^)^ HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 455 He has splendidly aud successfully extended the city's water system and the sewerage system as well, constructing a sewage pumping plant with a capacity each twenty-four hours of 107,000,000 gallons. Mr.^ Randle married Miss Mollie Nurse, daughter of M. A. and Mary Nurse. Mrs. Randle is a prominent church and club woman, being a member of the Tuesday and Saturday clubs, and she is a tal- ented musician. Her husband is a Knight Templar and a member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco, the Elks and the Sutter club. In professional interests he is a member of the Technical Society of the Pacific Coast and of the American Society of Civil Engineers. CAPT. JOHN H. ROBERTS The ranks of the pioneers have fast thinned out in recent years. The number of men having a clear remembrance of the features which disting-uished the coast country in the early '50s is lessening faster and faster with each passing twelvemonth. Capt. John H. Roberts, who died at his residence, No. 717 N street, Sacramento, February is' 1909, was among the brave and resolute travelers who made the journey with a company of emigrants which was outfitted for the overland trip at Chicago, 111., which was then only a village com- paratively. His labors in the mines not bringing him the results for which he had hoped, he turned his attention to flat boating on the river, a business which grew with passing years till in 1866 it was organized as the Sacramento Transportation Company, with a capital stock of $40,000 and with officers as follows : Capt. John H. Roberts, president; W. E. George, secretary; P. J. Harney, general manager, and H. K. Johnson, agent. In Michigan, in the city of Detroit, Captain Roberts was born February 22, 1832, a son of John T. and Margaret (Williams) Rob- erts. In the midst of a venturesome youth, at the time when the Cali- fornia gold fever was at its height, it is not surprising that he became one of its victims. Going to Chicago, he there joined the outfit re- ferred to, which set out in due time with ox and horse teams. The journey was long and tiresome, filled with thrilling experiences, but it does not appear that any one of the party failed to reach his des- tination by reason of sickness, death or accident. After his indifferent venture as a miner and some valuable experience in flat-boating. Captain Roberts engaged in cutting and hauling lumber and logs to a mill, and for several years disposed of his entire product to the firm of Bacon & Lawler. To that humble beginning he traced the rise of his later considerable fortune, as at that time, owing to the unprece- 456 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY dented growth of his river transportation enterprise, he was led to organize a company to handle all kinds of freight. Since its formation in 1866 until the present time, the Sacramento Transportation Com- pany has been an important factor in the upbuilding of Sacramento, and it has likewise benefited towns all along the river, its boats run- ning as far north as Red Bluff. Aside from his interest in this con- cern. Captain Roberts owned some of the best gold mines in the state down to the day of his death. Fraternally, he was a Mason of the Knight Templar degree, and Mrs. Roberts is a member of Colum- bus Chapter, 0. E. S., of Sacramento, also a charter member and past president of Fair Oaks, W. R. C. In San Francisco, in 1869, Captain Roberts married Miss Minerva Haskell Walrath, who was born in New York, a daughter of James and Esther (Oliphant) Walrath, also natives of New York. Mrs. Roberts came to California with her uncle, Austin H. Walrath. Soon after their marriage. Captain and Mrs. Roberts established their resi- dence at No. 717 N street, where the family home has l)een maintained to the present time. JOSEPH E. PIPHER The court commissioner of Sacramento county occupies a posi- tion of distinct importance and growing influence among the at- torneys whose broad talents and mental endowments bring them pro- fessional eminence throughout the entire valley. Scarcely yet in the prime of manhood's activities, with the promise of years of excep- tional usefulness before him, he faces a future attractive with the charm of an anticipated civic service and occupational success pre- dicted by his friends and well-wishers. Combined with an excellent and increasing knowledge of the law he possesses the advantage of expertness in stenography; indeed, his skill in that direction caused him to be selected for court reporter in 1903, and the record he made in the position furnished convincing proof as to his accuracy, dispatch and professional knowledge. From reporter he was advanced by ap- pointment in 1904 to county court commissioner, and his long reten- tion in the office furnishes convincing proof as to the satisfactory nature of his services. Claiming Illinois as his native commonwealth, Mr. Pipher was born in the city of Monticello December 1, 1876, and is a son of A. T. and Mary J. Pipher. He entertains but few recollections of the home of his earliest years, for he was only two when his mother removed to California, and since then he has been identified with the west, re- ceiving such advantages as its public schools afforded and enjoying HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 457 its opportunities for advancement. During the spring of 1891 he was graduated from the high school of Modesto, and immediately afterward he had the good fortune to secure a clerkship in a law ofiSce of that place. In the midst of such an environment he was able to devote much of his time to the study of law, and at a very early age his knowledge of the leading law authorities was unusually accurate. He also gave considerable attention to the study of state laws, par- ticularly the laws of California, and in that way he early acquired authoritative knowledge along these interesting professional lines. An identification of several years with the well-known law firm of McCune & George in Sacramento afforded Mr. Pipher the best possible advantages for obtaining a knowledge of the law by actual experience. When not assisting the firm in the preparation of legal papers he was studying the books of their excellent library, so that when he made ready for his examination in 1897 it was with the grati- fying knowledge that his information was thorough and his prepara- tion as nearly complete as is possible. The supreme court granted him the privilege of practicing in the state, and he immediately be- came connected with the bar of Sacramento, where he since has made his home. From 1899 until 1903 he served as deputy to the district attorney, Hon. C. W. Baker, and then he officiated as court reporter for a year, but since 1904 he has given his time and attention to the duties of court commissioner, in which position his service has been exceptionally capable and satisfactory. With his growing profes- sional reputation there has been a rising Masonic prominence, which has brought him into leadership among the members of the blue lodge and chapter; in addition, he has identified himself with the Knights Templar and the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. Another important fraternity which enlists his co-operation is the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. Side by sid6 with his studies of the law have been his inquiries into political questions, and the opinions formed as the re- sult of his thoughtful consideration of public issues have brought him into active association with the Republican party in Sacramento. In this city occurred his marriage to Miss Marie Louise Mason, Febru- ary 14, 1900, and their union has been blessed with two daughters, Helen and Katharine, both of whom are now students in the city schools. WILLIAM H. QUAAS It has been the fortunate experience of Sacramento to attract to and retain in its citizenship a large number of men possessing in eminent degree the qualities that promote the prosperity of a munici- pality. Not the least conspicuous among these citizens is William H. 458 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Quaas, wlio as a junior partner in the Kane & Trainor Ice Company maintains an association with one of the leading firms of the city and by formulating jjlans for its growth at the same time advances the general civic welfare. Although still on the sunny side of life's prime, lie has gained a thorough knowledge of many districts of California through business relations therein, and in addition he had the ad- vantage of travels abroad and study in the educational institutions of Germany. It is liis opinion, the result of close observation in various localities, that Sacramento offers to men of energy advantages unsur- passed by regions whose attractions are more widely heralded. With some degree of pride Mr. Quaas claims to belong to a pioneer family of California. His maternal grandfather, Adolph Heil- bron, came from Germany in 1850, and after a brief sojourn in St. Louis proceeded to the west during the era of mining activities. William H. was born in Sacramento September 6, 1884, and is a son of Henry and Carrie (Heilbron) Quaas, the former born in Germany and the latter in Sacramento, her death occurring in San Diego. The father now makes his home in Sacramento, where the grandfather, Adolph Heilbron, also resides. On the conclusion of the preliminary course of study in the California schools, Mr. Quaas was sent to the ancestral home in Dresden, Germany, where he attended school for two and one-half years, finding in the educational institutions of that country a degree of thoroughness and discipline most helpful to the formation of desirable traits in the students. Upon his return to California he spent six months in Fresno county on a ranch owned by the family, and from there went to Napa county, where he en- gaged in the growing of fruit and in general ranching for five years. As an employe of the surveying corps connected with the Southern Pacific railroad in 1906 Mr. Quaas was sent to the Imperial valley on the border of Mexico and continued to work there until the San Francisco disaster, when he was transferred to the surveying depart- ment of the road at Santa Cruz. When he severed his connection with the road he formed an alliance with the Shattuck & Desmond Company, contractors, in whose interests he engaged in construction work on the coast road, meanwhile gaining much helpful information concerning the region in which he worked. During June of 1907 he secured a ]:>osition as bookkeeper with the Buffalo Brewing Company of Sacramento, and continued in that capacity for three years, even- tually resigning to enter upon his present business relations. The death of Mr. Kane and the necessity of the settlement of his estate led Mr. Quaas to purchase his one-half interest in the Kane & Trainor Ice Company, an influential and prosperous concern that acts as dis- tributors for the Buffalo Brewing Company, the Union Ice Company and the National Ice & C^old Storage Company. The personal tastes of Mr. Quaas are not such as to lead him into public affairs or partisan activities. Aside from voting the Re- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 459 publican ticket he takes no part in politics and at no time has he been willing to consider official honors for himself. A broad-minded sym- pathy with all efforts for the upbuilding of humanity leads him to maintain an interest in all denominations and creeds, but he is especi- ally generous in his contributions to the Methodist Episcopal church, with which his wife is actively associated. Both are identified with the Saturday club, one of the leading social organizations of the city, and both are likewise solicitous to promote all measures for the per- manent advancement of the community. Prior to their marriage, which occurred September 28, 1909, Mrs. Quaas was Miss Abbie McKay, her family being among the well-known residents of Sacra- mento. The only child of the union, Abbie Capitola, was born in this city April 29, 1911. Friends won by years of earnest helpfulness maintain a deep interest in the success of Mr. Quaas and predict for him years of steady and growing prosperity. J. K. McKINSTRY Could the pioneers of the west have discerned the future great- ness of the coast country they would have been overwhelmed by the comprehension of the vast changes in store for them and for their descendants. A few men of optimistic vision glimpsed the prosperity of the future and worked patiently with their eyes fixed upon the goal, deeming no hardship too great, no obstacle too weighty and no task too laborious that would advance the common welfare. That the spirit of the honored pioneer, J. K. McKinstry, has been optimistic is abundantly proved by his long identification with Sacramento county. He arrived at Silver Lake on the 1st day of September, 1850, at the age of fifteen years, and soon afterward came to Sacra- mento county, where he has since labored in business undertakings of considerable importance. Upon his arrival he found a cosmopolitan population attracted hither by the discovery of gold. Few expected to remain in the west. The majority dreamed of finding a fortune in the mines and returning to their old homes with the fruits of their labors. To him, however, there came few visions of wealth. The mines did not fascinate him by their tempting opportunities. Instead, he chose the slow but sure path to success, that of ceaseless industry, unwavering perseverance and intelligent investments. The results testify as to the accuracy of his judgment. Born in Rochester, N. Y., February 9, 1835, J. K. McKinstry is a son of John and Jane (Kelso) McKinstry, natives of Ireland, but from earlv life residents of the new world. The familv removed to 460 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Chicago in 1837 and in 1840 settled among the pioneers of Galena, 111,, where the boy was sent to the public schools. At the age of fifteen years in 1850 he crossed the plains to California, crossing the Missouri river at St. Joseph May 4, and settled in Sacramento county, where he secured employment in the mines in Placer and Eldorado counties for four years, after which he became interested in ranching. Subsequently he secured a clerkship with the general mercantile firm of Whitaker & Ray in Gait, the ensuing eight years being spent as a salesman in their store. During 1872 he embarked in the livery business for himself and from that time to the present, a period of forty years, he has conducted the same concern, keeping on hand a general assortment of vehicles and teams for every use. In business he has been prompt, efficient and reliable, and the town has been benefited by his long residence therein. The political views of Mr. McKinstry always have been in sym- pathy with the principles of the Republican party and he has voted that ticket at all elections. As a rule he has refused local offices, but he made an exception in favor of service as justice of the peace, which office he filled for eight years in Dry Creek township. As justice he proved to be efficient and capable, impartial and well-informed. His incumbency of the office was satisfactory to all concerned. In fra- ternal relations he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In his varied activities he has been benefited by the prac- tical help and common sense of his wife, formerly Frances Armstrong, who possesses the sterling qualities inherited from a long line of British ancestors. Born in the city of London, England, June 14, 1841, she came to the United States in 1856 and shortly afterward landed in San Francisco. Since then she has continued to reside in Sacra- mento county. Her children, Clara, Elizabeth, Edgar, Charles and Thomas A., received the benefit of her devoted care, wise judgment and personal oversight during their early years, and each was thus wisely prepared for the responsibilities of life, while at the same time she gave generous assistance to charitable enterprises and was ever kind to the distressed or needv. SAMUEL WILSON RUSSELL From the humble position of freight handler with attendant du- ties taxing the most sturdy physique to the important responsibilities of general freight and passenger agent represents a rise indicative of the forceful ability and stalwart determination that form the lead- ing characteristics of Mr. Russell, whose long association with the Northern Electric Railway Company has brought him into prominent relations with the people of Sacramento and at the same time has won for him the confidence of the officials of the road. Nothing short of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 461 positive ability could have made possible his advancement in railroad circles, and this ability has been manifested in his tactful associations with the people who are patrons of the road, as well as in his capable supervision of the company's interests. Noting the events of especial importance in the life of Mr. Rus- sell, we find that he was born at Bovina, Delaware county, N. Y., July 25, 1873, and is a son of Andrew T. and Mary (McLaury) Russell. After he had completed the studies of the public schools he was sent to Eastman's Business college at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he car- ried on a commercial course for a year. On his return to the home farm near Bovina he assisted in the care and cultivation of the same, but, not caring for agriculture as a life occupation, he left home at eighteen and went to Oneonta, N. Y., where for two years he man- aged a depot restaurant. Later he acted as clerk of the Central hotel in the same town. After two years as hotel clerk he resigned and came to California, where he engaged in the tea and coffee business, but this he sold at the expiration of six months and then left Los Angeles, his former place of business, for San Francisco, where he secured employment as freight handler on the Southern Pacific rail- road. A service of six months was rewarded by promotion to the local freight office, where he remained for four years, meanwhile working in various capacities. Following upon a service of one year as rate clerk in the general agent's office he was promoted to be contracting freight agent, and continued as such until October of 1907, when he resi.gned from the Southern Pacific employ and entered upon his present connection with the Northern Electric Railway Company. In addition, he is also general freight and passenger agent for the Sacra- mento and Woodland railroad. While still a resident of the east Mr. Russell formed the ac- quaintance of Miss Annette Procter Smith, member of an old family of New York state and herself a cultured young lady of Oneonta, that state. They were united in marriage October 12, 1897. Their children are named Procter, Ormonde, Ra^^nond and Helen. The sons are pupils in the Sacramento schools and are bright, intelligent lads, con- cerning whose future the parents cherish the fondest hopes. The only daughter is a winsome child two years of age. The family attend the Presbyterian church and contribute to missionary and philanthropic undertakings with generous spirit. Out of a busy life, whose days have been filled with responsibilities of a business nature, it has not been possible for Mr. Russell to contribute largely toward civic prog- ress or political affairs, but he is stanch in his allegiance to the Re- publican party and in many ways has proved his devotion to the welfare of Sacramento. For years he has been identified with Ma- sonry in the blue lodge. Among the other organizations which enlist his interest and receive his co-operation may be mentioned the Sutter club and the Woodmen of the World. 462 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY MELCHIOR H. DIEPENBROCK The name of Diepeiibrock indicates the Teutonic origin of the family of Mek'hior H. Diepenbrock. One of the most learned and dis- tinguished men of the family, a great-uncle and his namesake, rose to the rank of cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church and wielded a powerful influence at Rome and at the court of the kingdom of Prussia. Judge Anthony Diepenbrock, a nephew of the Cardinal, was a native of Westphalia and received a classical education at Heidel- berg. After a successful career as a lawyer in Westphalia he was chosen judge of his county and also served for years as superior associate justice of the district, holding his official positions until death terminated his usefulness. By his union with Caroline Von Besten he had a family of six children, among whom was Melchior H., born in Bocholt, Westphalia, Germany, December 30, 1858, and educated in the thorough schools of that land. He continued his studies of classics and philosophy until September, 1879, when he decided to cast his for- tunes in the land of the Stars and Stripes. Coming to New York City and thence to Chicago, Mr. Diepen- brock acquired his first knowledge of the United States by contact with these two great cities, in the latter of which he worked as sales- man with a firm manufacturing barbers' supplies. After two years he came to California in 1885 and settled in San Francisco, where he was proprietor of a Catholic book and supply house. Later he founded the first German Catholic newspaper in that city and held the position of editor with the same until 1891, the year of his loca- tion in Sacramento. Here he engaged in the manufacture of cigars and superintended the factory of the A. Coolot Company until it was dissolved in 1902, since which time he has given his attention to his own large personal interests in and near Sacramento. Among his other valuable properties he planned and built the Diepenbrock theater, an elegant and substantial brick building on the corner of Twelfth and J streets. The building is very large and used exclu- sively for a theater, having a seating capacity of sixteen hundred and fifty people, and is the largest and most modern in the city, com- paring favorably with any theater building in the state of California. Ever since he became a citizen of our country Mr. Diepenbrock has voted with the Republican party, but at no time has he eared for political distinction or official honors. Fraternally he holds member- ship with the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. In marriage he became connected with one of the prominent families of Sacramento, where July 18, 1888, he was united with Miss Clara Louisa Coolot. They are the parents of ten children. The eldest, Anthony B., born in 1889, has taken the degree of Doctor. of Medicine at Harvard Uni- ^-^^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 465 versity, where the third son, Alois, is now studying for the same degree. The second son, Joseph C, acts as auditor of Diepenbrock theater. Marie, the eldest daughter, is a student in the Academy of the Sacred Heart at Menlo Park, Cal. Eugene, Alexander and Frank, aged respectively twelve, ten and eight years, are pupils in St. Joseph's Academy at Berkeley, Cal. Carola, the second daughter, attends the Franciscan school in Sacramento. The youngest members of the family circle are Victor and Clotilde, who are five and three years old respectively. The family are earnest members of the Roman Catholic Church and contribute generously to the maintenance of its charities and missions. Nine miles south of Sacramento lies a farm of six hundred acres, which Mr. Diepenbrock owns and which he manages with the assist- ance of a capable superintendent. One hundred and fifty acres are under cultivation to asparagus, a like amount is in beans, while in addition about twenty-five hundred tons of alfalfa are cut annuallj^ Modern improvements characterize the ranch, which is equipped for the dairy business. The barns are built with concrete floors and show the latest ideas in sanitation and convenience. The employes are accommodated in a house lighted by gas and equipped with baths and other conveniences. A cozy cottage is provided for the family of the superintendent. Upon deciding to embark in the dairy business Mr, Diepenbrock purchased from dairies in the east some full-blooded Holsteins, exer- cising the greatest care in their selection. He brought in five carloads of young heifers, all Holsteins, Since then he has secured the services of Dr, AYeldon, who in partnership with G. F. Heenan is now running the dairy part of the ranch. Subsequently Dr. Weldon superintended the purchasing, and the herd was increased to two hundred and seventy head of pure-bred Holsteins. This is said to be one of the most uniform dairy herds in the west. Eastern Holstein owners, visiting the ranch, have exclaimed with surprise upon the fine con- dition and uniform color of the stock. The most exacting diligence is exercised to provide pure, clean, fresh milk, and the utmost neatness is required of the employes in the barn. The milkers carry ten-gallon cans to a large tank, through which the milk runs into a trough and thence around ten coils of pipe filled with cold brine. When the milk enters the cans at the bottom it has been reduced to a temperature of forty degrees, has also been aerified and made germ-proof by the elimination of animal heat. After the milk is cooled it is placed in an ice-box and kept at forty degrees until loaded, one-half hour before shipping time. At nine o'clock it is placed on board the Navajo and conveyed to San Francisco for delivery to customers in the early morning. The Diepenbrock ranch furnishes an ideal location for a dairy plant. It is partly surrounded by a canal and adjoins the river, so 29 466 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY that almost the entire tract has sub-irrigation, a most important feature to a dairyman. The owner applied to the federal government for permission to build a wharf near his place, so that steamers could stop to take shipments. He is the pioneer milk shipper from this part of the county and his success caused many to predict that within a few years a daily milk boat would be run from San Francisco up the Sacramento river. No mention has been made of the young stock, which is one of the specialties of the ranch and which already has begun to augment the size of the herd, besides contributing to its value by the development of some exceptionally fine young pure-bred animals. The success of the dairy may be attributed to the sagacity of the owner, his willingness to expend large sums in an effort to secure the finest strains of milch cows and his skill in securing to assist him on the ranch men of intelligence, energy and trustworthi- ness. ARTHUR H. McCURDY Judge McCurdy, as they familiarly call him, is one of the younger men among the successful lawyers practicing in Sacramento. He was born in Selkirk, Manitoba, July 21, 1879, his father, James McCurdy, being an American and a bridge builder, and at that time engaged by the Canadian Pacific Railroad Company. His death took place in 1893. The mother of Arthur McCurdy was Helen Prescott, who is still living in Sacramento. She is a descendant of Colonel Prescott, who was in command of the Americans at Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, and she is also a direct descendant of Martha Winslow, one of the famous Mayflower passengers. Mrs. McCurdy possesses some price- less mementos of those long ago people and days, heirlooms from her famous ancestors, in silver spoons and other articles in that metal. She is of a line that possesses some of the most noted names in Eng- lish history. The three children of this family are Arthur H., the subject of this sketch, who was educated in the city schools. Leaving the Sacra- mento high school in 1901, he then entered the law office of J. Frank Brown, and shortly after continued his law studies in the office of Judge J. B. DeVine and Frank D. Ryan, On May 16, 1905, he was admitted to the bar of the state and November 11, 1906, was admitted to the United States District Court, and he has practiced law since his admission. Taking great interest in politics he naturally attended state and county Republican conventions. He was elected justice of the peace of Sutter townsliip in November, 1902, by a large majority, being the j^oungest justice of the peace elected in the county. During HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 469 his term on tlie bench of the justice's court only three of his decisions have failed of confirmation by the higher courts. After the expira- tion of his term as justice of the peace he was not a candidate for re-election, but since then has given all his attention to his practice and has met with unwonted success, having now a large clientele throughout the county. Walter J. N. is an attorney at law in Sac- ramento. Clara Maude, the sole daughter of the family, resides with her mother. In fraternity Mr. McCurdy is a past Chief Ranger of the For- esters of America, Past Chancellor Commander of the Knights of Pythias, and is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. MRS. MARY ROSS-ROAN Difficult indeed would it be, in any enumeration of the names of citizens identified with the upbuilding of Sacramento from the pioneer period to the present century, to mention anyone more loyal to the city's advancement, more zealous in behalf of its institutions or more progressive in the support of important enterprises than has been Mrs. Mary Ross-Roan during the more than fifty years of her associa- tion with the citizenship of Sacramento. A decade prior to the ad- vent of the "iron horse" in the west she came to this then unknown region in company with her parents. Rev. William and Berzilla (Mc- Ginnis) Kendall, having made the long journey from Havana via Panama to San Francisco with uncomplaining fortitude and endured its privations with a cheerfulness characteristic of her throughout all of life's anxieties. When she finally arrived at Sacramento in 1862 she found a small village around which could be seen apparently inter- minable stretches of barren, unproductive country. To a young girl who had mingled happily in her native commonwealth of Illinois, the promises of future enjoyment did not seem alluring, yet she found much to interest her mind and delight her eyes. From that time to this she has manifested a steadfast loyalty toward her adopted city and has exhibited the true western spirit of progress. Four years after her settlement in the west Miss Mary Kendall became the bride of Charles H. Ross, a gentleman of eastern birth and honorable lineage, cherishing the inherited traditions of the east, yet entering the cosmopolitan activities of the frontier with a genial heartiness that made him one with every companion. His had been an interesting frontier existence, and in later days, surrounded by the comforts of a refined civilization, it was interesting to hear him nar- rate tales of the frontier showing the startling contrast between that 470 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY period and the present. Contributing his quota to the general de- velopment, he is entitled to remembrance as one of the substantial men and true patriots whose sagacity and enterprise laid the foun- dation of civic advancement. Born in Portland, Me., in 1828, Charles H. Ross early displayed a desire for travel and a distaste for the conventional surroundings of his own neighborhood. While yet a mere boy he determined to be a soldier, and as this course did not meet with the approval of other members of the family, he took matters in his own hands and ran away, a procedure that terminated with his enlistment in Stephens' regiment in the Mexican war and his participation in military tactics common to the day. As early as 1847, before gold had been discovered or California had been brought before the attention of the people of the east, he came across the plains and settled permanently in the sparsely settled valley of the Sacramento. With a partner he took up twelve hundred acres of raw land about ten miles from the city of Sacramento, and until 1864 he engaged in the stock business, but two years after his marriage he removed into town and here he remained until his death in 1876. Meanwhile he had identified himself with many movements for the public welfare. From the first he held stock in the Sacramento bank, an institution in which he maintained the warmest interest and to whose substantial footing he contributed of his influence with positive effect. It is a statement worthy of note that after his death his widow succeeded him as a member of the board of directors in the banking concern, and she now has a record of not missing a meeting of the board in the past twenty-eight years, with the exception of two leaves of absence. During 1901 she became the wife of William Roan, a native of New York and a gentleman pos- sessing many worthy attributes of character. One of her chief pleasures has been the beautifying of her home, and a stranger, noting with admiration the artistic arrangement of lawn and flowers, would promptly decide that the lady of the house possessed the most refined taste; such an o]:>inion would be deepened by a view of the interior with its aspect of culture and simple elegance. Although many years have passed since Mr. Ross entered into eternal rest, he is still remembered by the pioneers of Sacramento. Their universal testimony is that he possessed mental attributes of a high order, tact and consideration of others in all the associations of life and the deepest devotion to the happiness of his wife, for whom he manifested a sincere affection that death alone could destroy. The philanthropic principles of Masonry won his allegiance during young manhood, and for years he held membership with the blue lodge at Sacramento. At one time he was chosen to fill the office of super- visor, and in that responsible ])osition he proved himself to be efficient, resourceful and trustworthy. He was president of the Sacramento Pioneer society, of which he had been a member many years. As a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 471 member of the levee commissioners lie was most helpful, and it is said that, when sufficient help could not be secured on needed occasions, he was accustomed to give his services gratuitously, and no workman surpassed him in skill, speed and accuracy. Whatever promised to promote the welfare of Sacramento was sure of his co-operation, and he allowed no citizen to surpass him in loyalty and true patriotism. JOHN McMAHON It is indicative of the industrious and energetic disposition pos- sessed by Mr. McMahon that since he came to California he has pro- vided for a large family, has given to each fair educational advantages and at the same time has accumulated a neat competency, thus provid- ing for his declining days the comforts of existence. The fair degree of success which has rewarded his laborious efforts is peculiarly worthy of praise because he had no education to aid him, no capital to furnish the desired ''nest-egg" of his early enterprises and no friends to lend him the encouragement of their good wishes and prac- tical counsel. All that he is and all that he has may be attributed to his fixedness of purpose and sagacity of judgment. Of recent years, since his withdrawal from business cares and connections, he has spent his days quietly at his comfortable home. No. 2314 Z street, Sacramento, where he welcomes with genuine hospitality the friends of pioneer experiences who still survive. The childhood memories of John McMahon cluster around a little cabin in Ireland, where he was born and where he learned the first difficult lessons of self-reliance and self-support. He can^ scarcely recall the time when he did not desire to emigrate to America. The opportunities offered by the new world were a favorite theme of conversation among the struggling inhabitants of the country where he lived, and as soon as old enough to work independently he crossed the ocean to Massachusetts. For seven years he remained in the old Bav state and followed the trade of a blacksmith, in which he soon became an expert. During 1861 he came via the Isthmus to Cah- fornia and settled in Sacramento, where he witnessed the disastrous flood of 1861-62, as well as many other catastrophes incident to the earlv historv of the city. At the time of his arrival there was a small town with few stores that were substantial in construction. The surrounding country presented an unattractive and unpromismg as_ pect, but with the optimism characteristic of his entire life he decided that without question Sacramento and indeed the entire valley had a great future before them. 472 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY It was the happy fate of Mr. McMahon to have for his wife a woman his equal in courage and optimistic spirit, his counselor in times of discouragement, his companion in the early hardships and privations of their younger years and his loving helpmate from their union in 1857 until her death in 1890. Born in Canada, she bore the maiden name of Mary Morgan and was a member of an old family who came from Ireland. Nine children were born of their marriage, and six of these are still living, all natives of Sacramento and all now residents of this city. The eldest daughter, Rosa, is the wife of I. H. Pierson. The others are John B., Mary E., Agnes, Lawrence T. and Catherine, the last-named being the wife of Theodore DeWitt. For a long time after his settlement in Sacramento Mr. McMahon engaged in the blacksmith's business and carried on a shop of his own, but eventually he relinquished active labors and since then has lived somewhat in retirement. From youth he has been identified with the Roman Catholic church, and when the Catholic Knights of Amer- ica founded an organization of their own in Sacramento, he became an active member and interested worker. As a citizen he is truly progressive. The honorable record which he made in business and the generosity which he displayed toward those in need as well as the deep interest in civic affairs maintained up to the present time have combined to give him the confidence of his entire community. WILLIAM HENCKEN Among the successful business men of Sacramento is William liencken, who was born in San Francisco, August 1, 1874, the son of John and Anna Hencken, natives of Germany, who came to California on a sailing vessel around Cape Horn in the '50s. The son attended the public schools of his native city until he reached the age of fifteen years, when he started out to work for himself, and for a period covering seven years he filled several store clerkships, only relinquish- ing the duties of one position to assume another higher up and more remunerative. Thinking to better himself he came, in 1898, to Sacra- mento, where he accepted the first position that was offered him, that of driver for the Union Laundry and this he filled for four years, meanwhile becoming familiar with that line of business. He was instrumental in organizing the Sacramento Laundry Co., now located at Front and streets, of which he is vice-president, and the same steady devotion to business he has maintained during the last eight years has helped to make the company a success. Mr. Hencken 's first marriage was solemnized November 15, 1899, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 475 to Miss Lulu Thielbahr, by whom he had two children, Victor and Carl. Three years after her death he married her sister, Miss Edna Thielbahr, of Sacramento, and they have a daughter, Margaret. William Hencken is a member of the Foresters and the Woodmen of the World, and is an earnest fraternity man. He is politically a Republican, broadminded and progressive. HON. PHILIP CHARLES COHN That mind possesses a mastery over environment and that a determination of will often wrests victory from the most adverse circumstances are proved by a recital of the experiences of Mr. Cohn, who from a boy without means or backing has risen to success and influence. Born in the city of New York July 6, 1854, he was the son of Charles and Dora (Cosminski) Cohn. Philip C. Cohn was taken in his infancy by his parents to Mobile, Ala., where he had relatives, and where his father took his wife be- cause of ill health, but the mother passed away in 1858, having been taken with yellow fever there. Leaving the son with these relatives, Charles Cohn with his daughter Fannie returned to New York City, in- tending to return for his son as soon as suitable arrangements could be made. About this time he became interested in California, and leaving his little daughter with relatives in Springfield, Mass., in 1860 he came to California via the Isthmus of Panama and arrived at San Francisco. Remaining there but a short time he then went to Shasta county, and at the time of the Frazer river excitement went to the Caribou mines. Subsequently he engaged in business in Victoria, B. C, for a short time, then returning to California, and in Sacramento embarked in the mercantile business in 1863. In 1872 his daughter Fannie joined him and was later married to Max Marcuse of Sacramento, her death occurring in San Francisco in 1883. Charles Cohn spent the last years of his life under the care of his son and passed away in 1898 in San Francisco, at the age of seventy-four years and eight months. The early life of P. C. Cohn was a hard one for a child. His ad- vantages for education were meager owing to the Civil war troubles, and at a very tender age he was obliged to go to work as a messenger in order to aid the family with whom he lived. In 1869 he removed to West Point, Miss., where he learned the mercantile business. This being the era of "Carpet-bag Government" he underwent the hardest experiences of his life at that time, which led him to lose his faith in mankind, and here his love for Democracy was born and broadened. In all this time he had had onlv two vears' schooling, but notwith- 476 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY standing this hardship lie learned the common-school branches and be- came qualified to carry on business of any kind. This was due to his remarkable aptitude in learning from observation and from reading. Few men surpass him in quickness of comprehension. His keen men- tality grasps facts with astonishing readiness and retains them with accurate precision; to this (juality and to his force of will is due his present substantial degree of success. During all these years he had lost all trace of his father because of the war, but in 1873, through a Mrs. Kaiser, formerly of Mobile, Ala., who had moved to California, he learned that his father and sister were in Sacramento, and getting into correspondence with them he made his way to that city, landing in May of 1874 with $1.15 as his total capital in the world. However, though poor in purse, he was rich in hope and energy. Securing employment at once with Acker- man, Block & Co., of Sacramento, he remained with them for six years, during which time he formed close ties with social and business circles which he continued to hold ever afterward. Removing then to San Francisco, he traveled from there as salesman for a wholesale crockery company. Locating in Folsom in 1884, he bought an interest in the business owned by Simon Cohn, his father-in-law, who in 1883 had introduced him to his future wife. At the death of Simon Cohn in 1895 Mr. Cohn bought tlie widow's interest, and since then has conducted the store with intelligence, sagacity and discrimination. On October 29, 1885, he married Miss Alice Martha Cohn, a native daughter of Folsom, who was educated at Perry's Seminary, Sacra- mento, and their union was blessed with seven children. Dora F. is the wife of Julius Jacobs, who is associated with Mr. Cohn in business, and they have two children, Alice and Dorothy ; the other children are William M., of San Francisco; Mabel J., Selma, Charles P., Simon A. and Henrietta, the last five being at home. The Democratic party has received the staunch support of Mr. Cohn ever since he attained his majority and began to make a study of public questions. Concerning national problems he kee])s well posted and in local matters he also maintains an intelligent interest, favoring measures for the common welfare and contributing to enter- prises of undoubted value to civic development. He has been a mem- ber of the Democratic State Central Committee for about ten years, and for a longer period a member of the Democratic County Central Connnittee. In 1904 he served as delegate from the Third Congres- sional district of California to the National Democratic convention in St. Louis, Mo., at the nomination of Alton B. Parker, and on his return was nominated by acclamation as senator for Sacramento. Though running sixteen hundred votes ahead of his ticket, he met with defeat, owing to the large Republican majority that year. In 1912 he was nominated in the i^rimary election for state senator on the Democratic ticket, receiving a vote of five to one, and was HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 477 elected by a majority of two thousand one hundred and seventy for the session of 1913. This majority in such a strong Eepublican county indicates the implicit confidence placed in Mr. Cohn by the people, and he well merits this honor. Various fraternities have enjoyed the benefit of his genuine help- ful spirit. Included among these are the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, B'nai B'rith, and in Masonry he is a member of Natoma Lodge No. 64, of which he is past master, and the Scottish Eite, having risen to the Thirty-second degree; he is also a member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. He is past patron of Natoma Chapter No. 233, 0. E. S. As he has prospered through his mercantile and other interests Mr. Cohn has proved his devotion to California by investing in prop- erty here. His holdings are varied and important. Some time since he purchased sixty acres of bare land in the Orangevale district, and this is now under cultivation to oranges, olives, grapes and prunes. In addition he owns a farm of two hundred and forty acres in Eldo- rado county, also seven acres on the shores of Lake Tahoe, which in the near future will be improved with a fine modern hotel. His city properties are no less important than those in the country and in- clude San Francisco real estate, a business block in Sacramento, resi- dence and business property at Folsom, and other holdings in various localities. As a director in the Consumers' Ice and Cold Storage Com- pany he directs an important corporation, in which he holds a large interest and which is proving to be a well-conducted and important concern. He was one of the organizers of the Capital Fire Insurance Co. of Sacramento, of which he is a member of the board of directors, also serving as its treasurer, this company being one of large propor- tions and on a successful financial basis. A life member of the Good Eoads Association, he was a member of the conmaission that built the road from Folsom to Sacramento. He was appointed by the board of supervisors as one of five commissioners to attend the Panama-Pacific Exposition of 1915 from Sacramento county, being treasurer of the commission. He is a member of the board of directors of the Bank of Folsom, and is also one of the directors in the Orangevale Water Company. With all these varied interests, in the midst of his triumphs Mr. Cohn never forgets the days of uphill work and the difficulties that beset people who meet with misfortune and failure, and he has always been found helpful to those who have been less fortunate, being ever ready to devote his time and means to their assistance. In this he has a ready helpmeet in his estimable wife. She is a member of the Natoma Chapter, 0. E. S., and was made the first president of Fern Parlor, Native Daughters of the Golden West. She is a refined, cul- tured lady, whose excellent musical ability and many personal charms are much appreciated by their many friends in the county. 478 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY HARRY C. MUDDOX A special atmosphere of interest envelops the men who have been identified with the commercial, manufacturing and material upbuilding of the west. A difficult although ardent task confronts the one who attempts to delineate their life activities and to bestow adequate appre- ciation upon the high inspirational force of their characters. Most pronounced is this lack of adequate expression in instances of per- sonal association with the best interests of a city or commonwealth through a long period of eventful years, and such an instance appears in the successful enterprises of Mr. Muddox. From the time of his arrival in Sacramento, May 4, 1872, when a child scarcely six years of age, he viewed the environment of his future home, up to the pres- ent time he has witnessed the steadfast development of the community, has felt the impetus of western progress and in the work of advance- ment has been an important factor through various lines of endeavor. Many movements inseparable from the history of the capital city have witnessed his association and been promoted by his indefatigable earnestness. It is impossible to measure the height or sound the depth of his connection with local affairs ; suffice it to state that no measure has been j^resented of importance to the general welfare that fails of his support and he may with justice claim that in some respects his own history is the history of business progress in Sacramento. An honorable lineage indicates the identification of the Muddox family with England during past generations. In the year 1862 George and Isabelle Muddox, who had been born, reared and married in the city of London, crossed the ocean to the United States and settled in Illinois, where Harry C. Muddox was born in the city of Alton, 111., August 26, 1866, he being the eldest in a family of seven children. In a few years his parents became dissatisfied with their prospects in Illinois and determined to seek a new location in the far west. The decision made, they made preparations and then crossed the plains on one of the early overland emigrant trains that required fourteen days to reach Sacramento. During 1878 Mr. Muddox started a pottery and sewer pipe factory on the corner of K and Thirtieth streets and there he remained in business until his death in 1899, when Harry C. purchased the entire plant from the estate. Since then he has continued as sole owner and manager. From the time of taking over the plant he began to make improvements. The entire works were remodeled. The work of rebuilding necessitated much expense and consumed much time, but its value is easilj^ apparent to the most casual observer. Today the plant ranks as one of the largest, most complete and modern sewer pipe works on the Pacific coast, and the remarkable development may be attributed to the sagacious manage- ment of Mr. Mucklox, who having entered the pottery in early life ^^^^H 1^^ ^1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ,^^^^^^^^1 1 Z"/:^^ P^^/^a^^, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 481 and learned the business in all of its details, has been able to utilize his thorough knowledge for the permanent upbuilding of the business and the increased efficiency of the equipment. The management of the plant by no means represents the limit of the business activities of Mr. Muddox,. who is indeed one of the lead- ing business men and financiers of Sacramento and is now president of the Citizens Bank, a director of the Capital National Bank and also a director of the Capital Bank & Trust Company of Sacramento. Upon the organization of the Capital Fire Insurance Company of California, January 21, 1911, his energy in the promoting of the new concern was recognized in his election as president of the company and chairman of the board of directors, in which capacity he since has served with the same zeal, the same high-minded devotion and the same power of concentration noticeable in his every association. Out- side of financial and business interests, he has found leisure to partici- pate in the workings of the Sons of St. George, the presidency of which he has filled with honor, in addition to having served as a delegate to the Grand Lodge during nine different sessions. At Vacaville, Solano county, this state, August 26, 1893, he married Jessie E. Long, who was born, reared and educated in that city. They are the parents of three children, Ruth Fay, Forest C. and Isabelle E. EDWARD MORRIS To a period far exceeding the usual business activities of even the most robust men Mr. Morris has retained his old-time quickness of mental faculties, energy of action and vigor of health, thereby en- abling him to continue the pursuits in which he is most deeply inter- ested. Notwithstanding his more than four score years he still keeps posted concerning national problems, reads current literature with un- abated interest and carries his daily duties through to a successful accomplishment. The printing business has been his life occupation. When a mere lad, just from Grammar School No. 2 in New York City, he began an apprenticeship to the trade and soon had mastered its many intricacies so that he was qualified to work as a journeyman. Born in New York City February 22, 1828, he spent not only child- hood there but also youth and young manhood and for twenty-two years was a valued employe of the Appleton Publishing Company. The marriage of Mr. Morris took place in the eastern metropolis November 10, 1850, in the Church of the Epiphany (Episcopal), and united him with Miss Julia Fiddes, who was born in London, England. Six children were born of the union, but one daughter, Julia, died when 482 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY only nine months old. The eldest son, James F"., has resided with his parents since the death of his wife, who left two children, a son and a daughter. The second son, Edward, formerly a noted baseball player, is now a resident of Pittsburg, Pa. The daughters are Mrs. Phoebe Leadley, Mrs. Jane L. Wiggins and Adelaide, wife of Charles Schoenfeldt. During 1877 Mr. Morris crossed the continent to San Francisco and secured employment as a printer. Being pleased with the western country, he sent for his wife and family, who joined him later, thus establishing a permanent home in this state. After a con- siderable period in San Francisco, removal was made to Sacramento in 1885, and in this city Mr. Morris has been engaged with the state printing office for twenty-seven consecutive years, meanwhile winning a reputation for fidelity, intelligent service and thorough familiarity with the printing business. After he had become a resident of Sacramento and had felt the need of a permanent residence, Mr. Morris bought pro])erty well located and erected a neat cottage, where he and his wife have since improved their grounds and made an attractive home. In addition, he has owned other property in the city and occasionally has helped to promote local enterprises by the loan of funds, doing this less from hope of moneyed returns than from a desire to advance the wel- fare of the city. On two occasions he and his wife have returned to New York City to visit the scenes familiar to their younger days. Their last tri]) was made during the summer of 1911, when they stopped at El Paso, Memphis, Denver and Chicago, also visited their son in Pittsburg, and found in the renewal of old associations and the visits to new scenes such a delightful change that they returned to their Sacramento home refreshed in body and mind, but firm in their long-cherished belief that no ]:>art of the country excels our own west in all that makes life enjoyable. Indeed, they attribute their own ])reservation of health to such advanced years almost wholly to their removal to the western coast and their identification with a climate healthful and invigorating. GEORGE H. NETIIERCOTT Desire to see the then unknown west and an innate love of adven- ture were the princi])al factors entering into the decision of Mr. Neth- ercott, then a youth of about eighteen years, to join an expedition bound for the Pacific coast. For only three years had he been a resi- dent of the United States, and those years had been passed in St. Louis, Mo., where he earned his livelihood by day labor. He was fairly well educated for the period in which he attended school, and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 483 had received excellent advantages through the efforts of his parents, James and Racliael (James) Nethercott, of Oxfordshire, England. He was born at Shillingford, Oxfordshire, .England, October 23, 1834, and was brought to America by his parents in 1850, crossing the Atlantic on the sailer "Hartley" to New Orleans, La., whence, after a voyage of eight weeks and three days, they proceeded up the Mississippi to St. Louis. Mr. Nethercott possessed a restless temperament that found no satisfaction in the midst of the conditions then existent in his locality, therefore he sought the freer opportunities of the new world, where his love of travel found abundant gratification in the expedition across the plains with ox-teams in 1853. The party to which he joined himself consisted of thirty-five men, five women and five children, with all of the necessary provisions and supplies. In ad- dition, the men drove two hundred and fifty head of cattle and fift}' head of horses. Good fortune attended the trip and only a few head of stock were lost. Having been employed as a teamster in St. Louis, the young emigrant sought similar work in California and he soon found a job with excellent pay. From teaming he drifted into ranching as offer- ing a more permanent and satisfactory source of livelihood. It soon became evident that Sacramento was short in its milk supply and that caused him to buy a herd of dairy cows, with which he started in the dairy business in 1860. When the great flood of 1861 occurred he was forced to keep his stock on the hills all winter. The catastrophe con- sideralily affected the growth of his dairy and temporarily changed his profits to losses, but when everything had resumed the even tenor of its way he again found dairying profitable, and he has continued in the business up to the present time. From the time of his marriage in 1861 Mr. Nethercott received the energetic assistance of his wife, a woman of great industry as well as wise judgment, and her death in 1894, just as they were be- ginning to enjoy the results of their years of labor, proved a heavy blow to him. She was a native of Ireland and bore the maiden name of Anna O'Neil. During the year 1858 she became a resident of Cali- fornia, where she formed the acquaintance of Mr. Nethercott. Their union resulted in the birth of seven children, two of whom died in early childhood, Edward at the age of twenty-six years, and John Albert died January 27, 1912, at the age of thirty-six years. The two surviving sons, George H., Jr., and Arthur D., are interested with their father in the dairy business, and their energetic, intelligent co- operation has proved of the greatest value to the permanent ]iros- perity of the industry. The only daughter, Catherine, is making her home with her father. In politics Mr. Nethercott gives his influence to the Republican party in national affairs. Movements for the bene- fit of Sacramento and the adjacent country receive his hearty su]iport. As a citizen he exerts that solid influence known only to men who 484 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY have made a success of what they started out to do. It has been his privilege to witness the development of the Sacramento valley from a barren country to a rich and productive tract. To this growth he has been a personal contributor, and now in the days of his prosperity he enjoys recounting experiences when settlers were few, improve- ments conspicuous by their absence and when that spirit of hearty hospitality prevailed which is so esentially a characteristic of every new country. CHAUNCEY HOMER DUNN Hia'h on the roll of prominent professional men who have achieved wide reputation for honesty of principle, integrity of purpose and exceptional force of will, is Chauncey Homer Dunn, now senior mem- ber of the well-known law firm of Dunn, Cowan & Brand, whose offices are located in Sacramento, but whose clientele embraces a large area of the surrounding country. Inheriting the brilliant proclivities of his honored father, who though following a different walk in the profes- sional life, left an indelible impress upon his locality as a kindly, generous and unselfish character, full of thoughtful acts and charitable undertakings, Chauncey H. Dunn grew to manhood, giving close attention to his studies, being very observing and possessing a re- tentive memory. Of studious nature, he attained rare mental achieve- ment, which, added to a naturally strong personality and a self-pos sessed, cool attitude, enabled him to become the brilliant, keensighted and unusually successful lawyer he is today. Among his fellow work- ers he is recognized as an unerring, alert and accurate thinker, his active mind and intuitive power being valuable attributes in his profes- sional make-up, to say nothing of his clever delivery and forceful manner of bringing his subjects to the attention of his hearers, who arc compelled by his very presence to feel his influence. He is most conscientious in the handling of all cases and his reputation is that of a most generous, kind-hearted and charitable gentleman, whose manner of giving is unostentatious and quiet, and the many who have felt the aid of his helping hand have reason to hold him in the high respect he receives today. The father of Chauncey H. Dunn was the Rev. Thomas S. Dunn, who with his wife, Freelove M. (Conkling) Dunn, came from Ohio to California in 1860, via the Isthmus of Panama, At San Jose, Cal., Rev. Dunn became pastor of a Methodist church, in which he labored among the poor and needy for many years, giving of his time and means wherever needed .with an unselfish hand, and his memory is revered in many parts of the country where his benevolence and un- ^^-^^JL.«^<.— Co., and at the same time became a resident of the capital city. As the Sacramento representa- tive of a number of leading automobile companies he established an agency at No. 1224 M street, but in 1908 he built a modern garage at No. 1609-11 M street and removed his agency to that address. In addition, he established the Phillips Drayage and Warehouse Company on Front and P streets. Upon leaving Sacramento August 1, 1911, to resume residence in San Francisco, he retired from the automobile business, but the warehouse is still conducted under competent and trustworthy management. In San Francisco he is a member of the firm of M. Phillips & Co., located at No. 9 Main street., wholesale HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 497 rice and bean importers and exporters, with branches in Sacramento, Honolulu, H. T., Seattle, Wash., Los Angeles, Cal., and Portland, Ore. With all the heavy responsibilities of a business so extensive he has not allowed his Sacramento interests to be lessened or negiected, but by occasional visits he keeps in close touch with every department of tiie work at this point, where he has built and now occupies a ware- house 120x150 feet in dimensions. During June of 1910 occurred the marriage of Sidney M. Phillips to Miss Blanche Lewis, daughter of a retired business man and in- fluential citizen of San Francisco. In addition to enjoying the usual classical educational advantages, Mrs. Phillips was also afforded ex- ceptional opportunities in music. Possessing talent in this art, she has become an accomplished pianist. Her skill has become recognized in the musical circles of San Francisco and Sacramento, where her standing is that of an artist unusually gifted by nature and thor- oughly equipped by education for the highest successes offered by the profession. Grace and hospitality mingle with the other elements that endow her mind and character. A love of the most refined in literature adds its influence to the cultivation of her mind and gives her prominence in the Tuesday and Saturday clubs of Sacramento, as well as in a number of clubs in San Francisco. JOHN LAWRENCE NAGLE By far one of the most important and extensive industries in Northern California today is fruit culture, and, in this field, re- plete with financial opportunities, ought to be found men of broad training and keen business judgment. In truth, to such gigantic proportions has grown the enterprise, launched scarcely forty years ago in a country rich with possibilities for its success, that were the exact number of workers in that connection to become known^ astonishment would reign supreme in the minds of those who know little of the extent of this carefully organized, perfectly controlled source of production. In his vital association with the fruit industry during the past twelve years, the manager of the California Fruit Exchange of Sacramento, John L. Nagle, has attained thorough familiarity with every phase of his work and in his direct conservative methods and ability to master every problem that arises, is recognized as a man perfectly adapted for his position. Mr." Nagle was born September 5, 1877, in Boston, Mass., where he received a preliminary education in the public schools. At the 498 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ai^e of sixteen he entered Mount St. Mary's College at Emmitsburg, Md,, at which place he remained for three years, and in 1896 en- tered Georgetown University at Washington, D. C, from which in- stitution he graduated in 1899, and later entered the employ of Haskell-Adams & Co., importers, of Boston, Mass. After serving these people two years as salesman he was selected to handle the account of Nelson-Morris & Co., beef packers, of Chicago, in San Francisco. His associations with the latter firm took him into the fruit districts of Northern California. Becoming impressed with the opportunities offered in the growing of fruit he determined to engage in the business, and for this purpose he located in New- castle, Placer county, in 1901. Two years later he was joined by his brother from Boston, and together the}^ purchased large tracts of land and planted the same to deciduous fruits. In 1904 Mr. Nagle was appointed manager of the Newcastle Fruit Growers' Association, a branch of the California Fruit Exchange, which position he held until 1910, when he was made manager of the California Fruit Exchange, the largest independent deciduous fruit marketing organization on the Pacific coast. The California Fruit Exchange has grown in the past twelve years from a shipment of two hundred cars to two thousand cars, and now embraces associations from the Imperial Valley to Shasta county, handling the products of over one thousand fruit growers and distributing the same through all the principal markets of the United States and Canada. On account of its affiliation with the California Fruit Growers' Exchange of Los Angeles, the largest citrus organization in the world, it is enabled to employ a force of salaried agents, numbering over one hundred, located in all of the large markets of this country. Mr. Nagle has increased his holdings in Placer county, and is now one of the largest fruit growers in the northern part of the state. On account of his close relationship with the Exchange, most of his time is taken up in Sacramento, though he looks after his personal properties once a week. For years Mr. Nagle took an active part in athletic sports and for two years held the one-mile record for the southern states. He was also enthusiastic in foot-ball and base-ball, but, owing to pres- sure of business, has found it impossible to devote any time to that field of pleasure. Widely known as a man of exemplary principles and ])rogressive spirit, he enjoys the high regard of his friends and associates and in all public movements of worth may be counted upon to lend material assistance. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 499 RALPH KNIGHT The interests of occupational employment have taken Mr, Knight into various parts of the country and have given him a broad knowl- edge not only concerning his native commonwealth of California, but also in regard to much of the south and east. Brief sojourns in many well-known cities and temporary association with a number of indus- trial and railroad corporations have made him conversant with the opportunities afforded by different regions and with the condition of workmen connected with various large corporations. He was, however, connected with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in a larger degree than with any other organization and for five years was engaged as foreman of the drafting department in the company's shops at Sacramento, filling the responsible position with an energy which is one of his characteristics and with an intelligent comprehen- sion of the work acquired through former associations with similar departments elsewhere. However, in 1912 he resigned his position to engage in mechanical engineering. In the city where he now resides Mr. Knight was born during May of 1869 into the home of Capt. William L. and Mary D. Knight. The local schools afforded him excellent advantages in the primary and grammar department, after which from 1880 until 1884 he studied in the public schools of Oakland and then completed his education by a year's course in the Spencerian Business College. His entrance into the world of industrial activity was made as an apprentice ma- chinist in the printing press machine shop of Hare & Berryman, printers, at San Francisco, with whom he continued for a year. Re- turning to Sacramento he engaged as an apprentice machinist with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and during 1892 completed the trade in these shops, after which he went back to the coast and for two months worked as machinist with the South San Francisco Land Improvement Company. The five months following were spent in San Luis Obispo, Cal., as a machinist. Upon his return to San Francisco he took a course in mechanical drafting in a school of engineering, where he studied for one year, later until 1896 engaging as a machinist with the Southern Pacific Com])any in Oakland. Next he spent two years as a machinist in the government employ at Mare Island Navy yard, where he held a position in the steam engineering department. During April of 1898 he returned to Oakland as a machinist with the railroad company and afterward with the same company at Duns- muir, Siskiyou county, to work in the railroad shops at that point, where he continued from 1900 until March of the next year. From March until June he was with the Southern Pacific at Tucson, Ariz., as a machinist. The following month was spent at Denison, Texas, 500 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY as a machinist in the shops of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Eailroad, and he then worked for a similar period at Pine Bluff, Ark., as a machinist with the St. Louis & Southwestern Railroad. The next posi- tion was at Little Rock, Ark., with the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad. A brief experience concerning conditions and environment in In- diana came to Mr. Knight when for two months he worked at Lafay- ette, that state, as a machinist with the Chicago, Indiana & Louisville Railroad. From Indiana he traveled across the line into Ohio and secured employment as draftsman with the American Steel & Wire Company, of Cleveland, with whom he continued until December of 1902. From that time until November of 1903 he held a position as draftsman with the Baldwin Locomotive Works at Philadelphia, Pa. Returning to Ohio he became draftsman with the Columbia Chemical Company at Barberton, but in March of 1904 he decided to resign and return to the south. After spending three months in Tucson, Ariz., as machinist with the Southern Pacific Railroad, he came back to Cali- fornia, where he entered the Southern Pacific shops at Rocklin, Placer county. During July of 1904 he was employed at Ogden, Utah, as a machinist with the same company, but in a very short time he returned to the company's Sacramento shops, where he was employed as a ma- chinist until November of 1905 and then entered the drafting room as a draftsman, being promoted in 1907 as foreman of the department. In 1912 he resigned to engage as a mechanical engineer, opening an office in Sacramento, where he is practicing. He is loyal to his native commonwealth and maintains an active association with the Society of California Pioneers. Politically he votes with the Repub- lican party, fraternally holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and in religion adheres to the doctrines of the Chris- tian Science Church. HON. GROVE L. JOHNSON The subject of this sketch, Hon, Grove L. Johnson, was liorn in Syracuse, Onondaga county, state of New York, March 27, 184L His father,' grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grand- father were born in America. His mother, her father and her grand- father were all born in America. He can therefore truly claim that he is an American in the fullest sense. Mr. Johnson's fathei- died when he was but fifteen years of age, since which lime he has sui)])orted himself by his own exertions. He studied law in the office of Sedgwick, Andrews & Kennedy, the lead- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 501 ing law firm of Syracuse, N. Y., and was admitted to the bar April 2, 1862, just six days after he became twenty-one. He early in life took an interest in politics as a Republican. Although" but fifteen years of age he made many speeches for Fremont in 1856 and when but nineteen years old he campaigned for Lincoln in 1860. He was elected school commissioner of the city of his birth in 1862, although not twenty-one years old and could not take his seat for some time, awaiting his majority. The fact that his brother was serving as a commissioned officer in the west was the innnediate cause of the coming of Mr. Johnson to California in October of 1863, when he arrived in Sacramento after a tedious overland journey from Atchison, Kans., in a stage- coach that covered the distance in twenty-two days and nights. Im- mediately after his arrival he was made quartermaster's clerk under his brother and served in that capacity in California, Arizona and Washington. During April of 1865, with the close of the war, he received an honorable discharge and in May of the same year he returned to Sacramento, which city he since has considered his home, although public duties often have called him temporarily to other points. After having held a position as chief deputy in the county assessor's office for two years he was made swamp land clerk for the board of supervisors of Sacramento county, being the first to hold the office, also the sole incumbent, for at the expiration of seven years the swamp lands were formed into different districts instead of being managed by the board of supervisors, hence there was no longer need for a swamp land clerk of the supervisors. After having held a position as clerk in the office of the surveyor- general of (California for two years Mr. Johnson opened an office in Sacramento, Cal., for the practice of law May 1, 1873. Since that time he has risen to a high rank in his profession, not alone in his home city, but throughout the entire commonwealth and indeed the whole great west. Deliberate in action, logical in thought, ripe in experience and concise and clear in his reasoning and most eloquent in his addresses, he possesses the attributes of a successful attorney and has won his laurels worthily and well. He was very successful as a criminal lawyer and during his practice lost only two cases. He defended seventeen persons accused of murder and saved all but one from hanging. He won the Hurtado case, when the Supreme Court of (California, upon the strength of his argument, changed the rule of testimony in murder cases where temporary insanity was the defense. He carried to success the litigation growing out of the attempt to take the State Capitol from Sacramento to San Jose. In other important lawsuits he won decisions from the Supreme Court against learned and able antagonists and at times obtained decisions that were new to our state. He has alwavs been a friend to the ]:>oor 502 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY and has done more nnpaid work as a lawyer than any other man in California. The building up of an important clientele did not engross his attention to the exclusion of public service. Always he has stood for what was best for the interests of the city and commonwealth. In a long and influential public career he has proved absolutely honest and incontestibly courageous and perhaps no citizen of Sac- ramento has done more than he in the molding of public opinion. As a member of the State Bar Association and as president for more than twelve years of the Sacramento Bar Association, he has main- tained an intimate association with matters of law and jurisprudence. With justice he might be denominated a Nestor of the bar, not only on account of his long service as a practitioner, but also in recog- nition of his deep knowledge of fundamental law. As a public speak^ either politically or on general topics he has no superior in the west. He always captivates his audience. From young manhood Mr. Johnson has been active in the work of the Re]^ublican party. At the California Republican state con- ventions of 1884, 1888, 1892 and 1908 he officiated as chairman of the committee on resolutions and also wrote the party platform that was adopted by the delegates. During 1896 he was a delegate to the St. Louis national convention of his party. Elected to the Assembly in 1877, two years later he was chosen to serve as state senator for four years. In 1894 he became a member of congress from the second congressional district of California. Two years later, when again nominated, he suffered defeat with the balance o!' the Republican ticket. At the elections of 1898, 1900 and 1902 he was chosen a member of the state assembly and would have been re-elected in 1904 had not illness prevented him from being a can- didate. Elected to the state legislature in 1906, he served with such distinction and fidelity that he was again chosen for the same position in 1908. In each session he was chairman of the judiciary committee. Every bill of a general nature introduced before the legislature was read by him. So painstaking was he in the pre- sentation of every important matter to the members of his com- mittee that they were accustomed to remark, as they proceeded to the judiciary committee room, they were going to "Johnson's law school." No measure associated witli his public career has been more important than that of securing while a member of congress the placing of the work of improving and cleansing the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers on the regular appropriation schedule, so that appropriations are made each year for the work without special orders, thus entirely removing a great public measure from the realm of politics. The first marriage of Mr. Johnson took ])lace in Syracuse, N. Y., and united him with Miss Annie W. de Montfredy, who was born HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 503 in Syracuse and died in 1903 in California. September 1, 1908, he was united in marriage with Miss Helen Alice Hassett, a native of San Francisco and a daughter of Hon. W. J. Hassett, ex-mayor of Sacramento. By his first marriage he became the father of five children, namely: Albert M., who died in Oakland in 1907 at the age of forty-six years; Josephine, Mrs. A. R. Fink, of Sacramento; Hiram W., now governor of California; Mabel, Mrs. Bruce L. Dray, of Pasadena; and Mary, Mrs. H. E. O'Neal, of Tacoma, Wash., who died in Sacramento. The eldest son, Albert M., ranked as one of the most brilliant and promising attorneys of the state and as one of the most eloquent orators in the west. The inspiration of his career is not forgotten, although its untimely end was a source of deep regret to friends. From May, 1911, to February, 1912, Mr. and Mrs. Johnson trav- eled in Europe, making an extensive tour, not only for purposes of pleasure and recreation, but also in the interests of research and study. Upon his return he gave a series of interesting lectures con- cerning the old world, dwelling particularly upon its people, history and institutions, its present status and future possibilities. In the midst of a career embracing large public interests and important private duties, he has not remained aloof from fraternal associations, but has enjoyed his comradeship in a peculiar degree. At this writing he is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of all its branches, the Improved Order of Red Men, the United Ancient Order of Druids, the Foresters of America, the Knights of Pythias, the Fraternal Order of Eagles and the Benevolent and Pro- tective Order of Elks. He has served as Great Sachem of the Improved Order of Red Men of California and Grand Master of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of California and is a P. C. F. of the Foresters and a P. C. of the Knights of Pythias and a P. N. A. of the United Ancient Order of Druids. He is an honorary member of the Typographical union, having received that recognition of his services in the legislature in behalf of the printers of Cali- fornia. HENRY J. KILGARIFF Born in New Orleans August 22, 1855, Henry J. Kilgariff was only three years old when he began to be a citizen of the capital city of California. His father, Martin Gilgaritf, was a native of County Galway, Ireland, a sturdy yeoman of the old Irish school, and along the levees of the lower Mississippi he found profitable emplo^nnent as a contracting stevedore. The business of loading and unloading 504 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tlie commerce of the great Crescent City was a paying one, but life in tliat liot, fevered locality was not healthful, and Martin and Honora Kilgariff removed their household to California. In Sacramento the father engaged in the same employment until his death in 1862. At seventeen Henry J. Kilgariff closed his school term and began the struggle for self-support. Any job that paid was accepted by the young laborer. A little flyer into politics made him a page in the legislature for three sessions. He then entered the service of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in the humble ca])acity of messen- ger. Sticking to his job through the years he is now assistant freight agent in the employ of that great corporation. Mr. Kilgariff was married in Sacramento in November, 1895, ta Miss Regina Hassett, and they have three children, namely, Helen, aged fifteen; Margaret, eleven years; Martin, age nine; all attending school. Mr. Kilgariff 's fraternal relations speak clearly of his social standing and popularity. In the lodges of the Elks, Knights of Col- umbus and Young Men's Institute he is well and favorably known. He is also a member of St. Francis Xavier Church and a Democrat in his political belief. JOSEPH D. CORNELL The father of the prominent lawyer whose name is the title of this notice, James Cornell, came by way of Cape Horn in 1850 and began his career here by mining on the American river in Sacramento county. His success was indifferent and eventually he turned his attention to ranching, which he pursued with considerable success. He is passing the declining years of his life at his home ranch, which he improved from a wilderness, it being located on the Folsom road, fourteen miles southeast of Sacramento. His wife, who before her marriage was Miss Susan Cleary, bore him six children, all of whom are living, Joseph D. being the third oldest. It was in the public schools and iia the grammar school that Joseph D. Cornell was educated in the English branches. His legal studies he pursued in the office and under the dii-ection of Albert M. Johnston. Being admitted to tlie bar in 1900 he practiced with liis preceptor till his demise in 1906. Mr. Cornell then opened a law office of his own and has engaged in the i)ractice of his profession not only in the courts of Sacramento, but throughout the state. His present offices are in the Peoples Bank building. Owing to his careful preparation for his profession and the attention which he has given to every detail of his work, no less than to his manifest talent for his calling, he has been successful even beyond his expectations in building up a profit- it^k HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 507 able clientele, to the varied interests of which he has devoted himself indefatigably and most conscientiously and with characteristic ability. AVhile the Hon. Theodore Bell represented his district in Congress Mr. Cornell was his very efficient private secretary, in which position he was enabled, by association with leaders in both great political parties, to acquire an intimate and defmite knowledge of public affairs of our great and growing country, a knowledge which has done much to win for him the high esteem as a citizen which he deservedly enjoys. Mr. Cornell is a member of the Eagles and of the Native Sons of the Golden West, in which organizations, as well as in all other relations of his life, he is patriotically helpful. THOMAS E. JONES The Jones family has been identified with the history of Wales since its earliest days. From time to time there were representatives who bade farewell to native land and crossed the ocean to America in the hope of benefiting by the opportunities offered by the new world. The branch of the family represented by Thomas E. Jones of Sacra- mento was established in the United States and in California by his father, Thomas, whose birth had occurred at the ancestral Welsh home on New Year's Day of 1817 and whose boyhood had been a period of privation and hardship destitute of educational or other advantages. Desirous of rising to a condition more properous and satisfactory, he crossed the ocean in 1840 and sought employment in New York City. For some years he earned his livelihood as a hotel employe. Upon learning of the discovery of gold in California he de- termined to come hither and accordingly made the trip via Mexico in 1849 in company with a party of forty men, among them being J. Mc- Clatchy, the late owner of the Sacramento Bee. Arriving in Jackson, Amador county, as early as July of 1849, Thomas Jones at once began to mine, an undertaking in which he was successful, and he also engaged in other enterprises. From 1871 until his retirement in 1885 he held the responsible position of United States internal revenue collector. Prominent in local politics, he served for many years as chairman of the county cen- tral committee of the Eepublican party and enjoyed a wide ac- quaintance among the representatives of that organization. His death occurred October 7, 1894, at the age of seventy-seven years and nine months. During June of 1844 he married Miss Eleanor Owens in New York City. Four children blessed their union, namely: George W., Thomas E., Mary E. and Harry W. The second of these, 508 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Thomas R., was born at Jackson, Amador county, Cal., October 31, 1853, and received such advantages as the public schools of that locality afforded. At the age of fifteen years he began to study telegraphy and subsequent practice made him an expert in that art. During 1871 he came to Sacramento as postmaster of the state assembly for the ses- sion of that winter. On the conclusion of his services in the interests of the state in May, 1872, Mr. Jones entered the employ of the Central Pacific Rail- road Company as telegraph operator at Rockland. After a few months, in September of the same year, he was transferred to Sacra- mento and here he was appointed train dispatcher, a position of great responsibility, which he filled with characteristic fidelity for about sixteen years. In recognition of his efficiency he was promoted to be assistant superintendent in 1891 and continued as such for twelve years, when, in 1903, he was chosen superintendent of the Tucson division in Arizona. During November of 1904 he returned to Sacra- mento to begin the duties of superintendent of the Sacramento divis- ion, from which position he was transferred in August of 1907 to that of special representative of the railroad at Sacramento, which position he now fills. As a railroad man he has exhibited painstaking atten- tion to every duty and intelligent comprehension of the magnitude of the tasks placed before the railroads of the west. His steady rise is due to the possession of these traits, supplementing the utmost tact and the greatest efficiency. At no time in his busy life has Mr. Jones allowed his attention to be diverted from his chosen calling by extraneous affairs, yet he has proved a public-spirited citizen, in touch with all enterprises for the general upbuilding, and in politics he has been a staunch Republican. Fraternally, he holds membership with Sacramento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., and Sacramento Parlor No. 3, N. S. G. W., while socially he is a leading participant in the functions of the Sutter Club. In Sacra- mento, September 12, 1878, he married Miss Elizabeth Lillian Poole, by whom he became the father of four children, namely: Dr. C. B. Jones, a graduate physician and surgeon of the University of Califor- nia and the affiliated colleges of San Francisco, and now a ph^^sician of Sacramento county; Mrs. W. B. Jordan of Sacramento; Mrs. A. D. Beclitel, whose husband is a physician at Victoria, British Columbia; and Miss Leslev H. CHARLES T. NOYES That fidelity to duty brings a merited reward finds another illus- tration in the life and activities of Charles T. Noyes, whose long service in the shops of the Southern Pacific railroad at Sacramento HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 509 was crowned appropriately, in July of 1905, by liis appointment to the responsible position of superintendent. It is no easy step from apprentice to managing overseer. The path was filled with difficulties and made laborious through obstacles, which, however, gave way before the resistless pressure of a determined will, a resolute energy and a patient industry such as was exercised by the young workman. As the years passed by and his accurate knowledge of machinery began to be appreciated, he rose from his lowly place through successive promo- tions until finally his abilities were recognized in his appointment as superintendent, his present position. Our subject, Charles T. Noyes, was the son of Charles and Lucy C. (Hazelton) Noyes, both natives of Orange county, Vt., the father having been born January 10, 1827, a representative of an old and honored colonial family of New England, whose original members in the new world crossed the ocean at a date so early that no authentic record has been preserved. The trip made by the father to the western coast occurred during 1860, when he settled in Sierra county and engaged for five years as a blacksmith in the mines. From there he came to the vicinity of Sacramento and worked on a ranch owned by a brother-in-law, but in a short time he moved to Marin county. Thence removing to Lafayette, he there engaged in farming until his death in October, 1911. Charles T. Noyes was the eldest of four children, two of whom are now living. His brother, F. B. Noyes, is sheriff of Sutter county. Charles T. was born in Orange county, Vt., June 13, 1851. After having completed the course in the public schools Charles T. Noyes was graduated in 1869 and afterward he worked for two years as a laborer on the ranch of his uncle near Sacramento. During 1869 he went to Yolo county and secured a clerkship in a general store, con- tinuing there until the fall of 1870. Upon his return to Sacramento he began an apprenticeship to the trade of machinist in the shops of the Southern Pacific railroad. Thus he entered upon a long and honorable connection with the shop which has continued for more than forty years. Practically his first promotion occurred in 1884, when he was made shop foreman. The following year he became a draftsman and continued in that capacity until 1888, when he was again appointed shop foreman. That responsible place was filled by him until 1901, when he was promoted to be inspector of locomotives. The final and most noteworthy promotion took place in July of 1905, when he became superintendent of shops. The mere record of such a long and successful connection with one company indicates the rugged mentality and forceful strength of the man. The Republican party has received the ballot of Mr. Noyes ever since he attained his majority and became a voting citizen of the city and commonwealth. Working closely at his appointed task, he has not cared to take the time for public affairs and hence has avoided 510 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY official candidacies, but we find him to be well informed regarding all national problems. In fraternal relations he holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. His marriage took place August 22, 1878, and united him with Miss Marv E. Hussey of Sacra- mento, where they have continued to make their home in a comfortable cottage surrounded by the evidences of their personal thrift, culture and wise management. They are the parents of two children, the only daughter being Mrs. Lucy F. Starbuck, also of Sacramento. The son, George E., is a graduate of the University of California and a young man of fine educational attainments. The family are identified with the Congregational church. FRANK B. McKEVITT Among the successful business men of Sacramento, Frank B. McKevitt holds an honored place, having won his present commer- cial status by his executive ability and fitness for his work. He was born March 3, 1859, in Truxton, Cortland county, N. Y., where he spent the first eight years of his life, in 1867 moving with his parents, Alexander and Sarah A. (Field) McKevitt, to Clinton, Iowa, where he received his education. In November, 1877, shortly after his graduation from the Clinton high school, the family re- moved to Vacaville, Cal., where they engaged in fruit growing. Frank B. McKevitt became deeply interested in the industry and with others formed The Vacaville Branch Fruit Union (fruit pack- ers) of which he was chosen secretary. Later he organized The Vacaville & Winters Fruit Company and was elected secretary of this concern also, serving until 1892; in 1894, in partnership with E. F. Pinkham, he succeeded to the business of the said company, incorporating a new organization under the name of Pinkham & McKevitt. He was at once chosen vice-president, which office he holds at the present time. In January, 1909, he was selected to fill the position of secretary and manager of the California Fruit Distributors at Sacramento, an organization composed of fourteen fruit shippers whose annual outinit is over nine thousand cars. His predecessor in this position had been Lieut.-Gov. Alden Anderson. Mr. McKevitt is a director and vice-president of the San Monte Fruit Company, apple shippers, of Watsonville, Cal., also of the Kreiger Vinegar Company of Watsonville and a director of the Pajaro Packing Company, and is largely interested in fruit growing and shipping in Tulare county, being the president of the Giant Oak Fruit Company near Exeter. This company is the owner of five hundred and sixty acres of land, of which the greater part is in fruits, both deciduous and citrus. For several years Mr. McKevitt nnent. The second daughter, Emma M., who is married to Charles Single and makes her home at Grass Valley, is the only member of the family not residing in Sacramento. The eldest daughter, Mrs. Alice Webster, has lived in the capital city ever since her marriage, and the same statement may be made concerning the two youngest daughters, namely: Mabel, Mrs. Arthur Rapp; and Martha, Mrs. Lewis Clauson. HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 517 JESSE WARREN WILSON It has been the fortunate fate of Sacramento to attract to its citizenship men of sterling worth of character, energy of temperament and remarkable intensity of patriotism. These attributes have pre- dominated in the active business career of Jesse Warren Wilson, an honored pioneer of the state and for years one of the leading men of the capital city, the incumbent of important offices and the proprietor of well-known commercial enterprises. Even now, although he has reached an age justifying a complete retirement from all activities, he is still to be found working for the welfare of Sacramento, giving of his time and means to the expansion of local interests and favoring progressive projects with all of his influence as a pioneer and prom- inent citizen. Throughout the long period of his association with the city he has been a leading factor in municipal enterprises and a con- tributor to civic efforts, not the least memorable of such associations having been his service as a member of the committee (with Governor Stanford) that turned the first earth at Front and K streets to cele- brate the beginning of the Southern Pacific railroad in the state. A native of Clinton county, Ohio, born March 21, 1834, Jesse Warren Wilson was one of eight children, of whom the sole survivor besides himself is John W., a retired business man residing in Muncie, Ind. The parents were natives of Ohio, where the father, Benona Wilson, made a livelihood for the family through laborious efforts as a farmer. In addition he gave some time to the preaching of the Gospel, donating his services without expectation of any financial returns. His wife, Mrs. Martha (Long) Wilson, also died in Indiana. After having passed the years of boyhood in working on the home farm or attending the country schools, Jesse W. Wilson came to Cali- fornia in 1854 via the Isthmus of Panama, on the steamer George Law to Panama and the John L. Stevens to San Francisco, where he landed December 1, 1854. For a time he engaged in mining in Placer county. For three years he had his headquarters at Marysville, Yuba county, and meanwhile followed any occupation offering an honest livelihood. During a considerable period he teamed to the mountains. In the autumn of 1861, shortly before the great flood, he arrived in Sacramento and here he has since made his home. The first occupa- tion that furnished him emplo;sTTient was the driving of a hack, and for twelve consecutive years he engaged in that business with a number of teams. Next he drifted into the livery business, and for thirty years he carried on the Wilson stable on K street, after which for seven years he was the pro])rietor of the Golden Eagle hotel. Since about 1908 he has been retired from active business cares. By Governor Markham he was appointed a member of the board of directors of the State Agricultural Society, reappointed by Governor Budd, and again by Governor Pardee, serving for twelve years, during which time he 518 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY took an active part in the promotion of the building of the State Fair and was also superintendent of the track. Two years after his arrival in Sacramento Mr. Wilson established a home in this city, being then united in marriage with Miss Hannah Ryan, a native of Ireland. They became the parents of four children, but one of these was taken from them by death in infancy. The older daughter, Ida, married Edward Frazier, who prior to his death in 1910 was a prominent business man of Sacramento. The younger daughter, Lucinda, is the wife of John H. Wiseman, well known in real estate circles. The only son, Arthur J., is a clerk in the city de- partment of the superintendent of streets. The family own and occupy a comfortable residence at No. 1417 I street, besides which Mr. Wilson owns considerable other property in Sacramento (principally in the suburbs) and he also owns an interest in the Sacramento laundry, be- ing a director of the company. During younger years he was actively identified with the Sutter Club, as well as a prominent member of Eldorado Lodge No. 8, I. 0. 0. F., of which he is past grand; the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks ; Union Lodge No. 8, F. & A. M. ; Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M. ; Sacramento Commandery No. 3, K. T., and Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. For years he has been stanchly devoted to the principles of the Republican party and his identification with public affairs still continues, for as recently as 1911 he was a candidate for trustee from the Fifth ward. From 1879 until 1884 he served as member of the board of county supervisors, for two years, 1885-87, he held office as sheriff of Sacra- mento county, for five years he discharged with the greatest intelli- gence and fidelity the duties incident to the office of fire commissioner, and for two years he held the position of county coroner, besides which at different times he has been chosen to occupy other local offices of trust and honor. GEORGE WASHINGTON NOBLE Industrious^ and intelligent application to agricultural pursuits has brought a gTatifying reward to Mr. Noble, who during the period of his association with ranching and dairying in Sacramento county has not only developed a well-improved farm, but in addition has had the satisfaction of realizing that his property has had a steady growth in value, while his annual returns have exceeded his most sanguine expectations at the time of his location on the property. Since the year 1898 he has operated two hundred and fifty acres, meanwhile placing the land under a high state of cultivation, putting up necessary buildings and maintaining an equipment both modern and extensive. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 519 It has been liis good fortune to have the co-operation of a capable wife, and not a little of his substantial success may be attributed to her sagacious counsel and energetic assistance, while in addition he had for some time the aid of their son, William H., who, however, later turned his attention to railroading and now is employed by the Southern Pacific Company. The descendant of colonial Virginian ancestry on the paternal side and of substantial easterners through the maternal lineage, George Washington Noble was born on a farm near Oquawka, Henderson county, 111., January 19, 1852, being a son of George W. and Julia Ann (Moorhead) Noble. Their father was born in Virginia in 1813, and at the age of eighteen years became one of the very earliest settlers in the vicinity of Oquawka, where afterward he developed a typical Illinois farm. Throughout all of his active life he followed agricultural pur- suits in the same locality. His death occurred at Oquawka when he was eighty-five years of" age. When he settled in Illinois he was a mere youth and it was not until some years afterward that he estab- lished domestic ties, being then united with Miss Julia Ann Moorhead, who was born in Ohio and died at Oquawka at the age of eight-three years. The public schools in and near Oquawka afforded to George W. Noble fair educational opportunities and enabled him to acquire a general fund of important information. Starting out ^for himself at the age of eighteen years he went to Jackson county, Kan., and there followed farm pursuits for three years. Returning to Henderson county, he spent one year on a farm near Oquawka. From there he came "to Gait, Cal., in 1875, and followed the carpenter's trade, besides which he engaged in other forms of general labor. In April, 1877, he opened a barber shop in Gait, which he carried on for ten years. For the past fourteen years he has conducted a farm of two hundred and fifty acres in Dry Creek township near the village of Gait. Be- sides conducting the farm, he has also again opened a barber shop. September 30, 1880, he was united in marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of William Henry and Elizabeth (Zumwalt) Young, the former born at Lincoln, Benton county. Mo., March 10, 1818, and the latter born at St. Charles, Mo., March 11, 1818. Attracted to the west by the excitement resulting from the dis- coverv of gold, William Henry Young crossed the plains during the summer of 1852. Unlike many of the newcomers, he did not try his luck in the gold mines, but sought agriculture as a permanent means of livelihood. Settling three miles from Gait in 1853 he took up one hundred and sixty acres of government land. The place was in the primeval condition of nature. No attempt had been made at improve- ment. Not a furrow had been turned in the soil. His was the difficult task of rendering the land remunerative, but by the greatest persever- ance he was successful in his efforts. The raising of grain was his 520 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY principal business, but lie also found cattle and bogs a source of considerable profit. Eventually be acquired eleven Imndred acres of raucli land and attained a position among tbe most influential ranchers of the entire county. His death occurred February 18, 1883, and his wife passed away May 5 1895, at the age of seventy-seven years. Their daughter, named in honor of her mother, was born at the old homestead in Dry Creek township, Sacramento county, March 4, 1864, and received her education in the public schools of Gait, but at the age of sixteen discontinued her studies in school and took up the responsibilities of a home of her own, since which time she has given to her husband and to their only son the most devoted energies of her fine mind. The comfortable home reflects her orderly spirit, and the friendship of a large circle of acquaintances indicates the sterling worth of herself and husband, both of them possessing the good will of tlieir associates and the warm regard of their personal friends. FRANK D. RYAN The Ryan family, of which Frank D. Ryan is a representative member, was founded in America by his grandfather, John C. Ryan, who came to Sacramento, Cal., from Ireland, around Cape Horn, in the early '40s and for years was in the brick manufacturing busi- ness at his extensive yards in this city, south of Y street and the railroad. The father of our subject was Frank D. Ryan, Sr., an attorney at law in Sacramento and well known throughout the state as a prominent politician. He is a past grand president of the Native Sons of the Golden West, past president of the Eagles and also of the Young Men's Institute, and past exalted ruler of the Elks. In his family were one son, Frank D., Jr., and three daughters, Estelle Regina, Ruth Marie and Irene Eleanor. Estelle is the wife of L. E. Starkweather of Walnut Creek. The mother was Miss Ella Boutwell, born near Roseville, Cal. The younger F. D. Ryan was born in Sacramento, which was also the birth city of his father. Raised under such favorable surround- ings, with the o]iportunities of education and culture as a foundation, in the capital of this naturally-favored state, he passed his youth, equipping himself for the serious portions and problems of life. After eight years spent in the Christian Brothers' College at Sacra- mento, he attended the city high school for two years, and then for three years studied in the Santa Clara College. After the years of excellent training at these institutions he was a year in the govern- ment survey. Then followed four years with the Capital National Bank, from which he resigned his position April 18, 1911, and imme- y^'7^^^^2tf^:^^^i^'^^^>«i*resident or president and director of the People's Savings Bank of Sacramento. He was one of the officers of Franklin Lodge, F. & A. M. From 1871 to 1873 he served as a mem- ber of the Legislative Assembly, and from 1878 to 1882 as a member of the state Senate, of which body he was chosen president pro tern. In 1883 he received membership in the State Board of Equalization and in his earnest and single-hearted service to the public won unanimous com mendation. As a staunch Republican he rendered material support to his party and both in public and private life was deemed a man of broad and generous principles, his death in 1905 being the occasion of sincere sorrow on the part of his many friends and colleagues. His wife, Elizabeth Hite, was a woman of rare tact and unfailing sym- pathy and in all her husband's interests expressed the deepest con- cern, her death, which also occurred in 1905, depriving the household of its mainspring of affection and tenderness. William A. Johnston was born November 11, 1858, at Hood, then called Richland, upon his father's Sacramento county farm and supplemented a grammar and high school education by a course in the Pacific University at San Jose, graduating in the class of 1882. For a time he assisted his father, who presented him in 1892 a tract of one hundred acres, which the young man stocked with cattle and horses, also continuing agricultural pursuits. Later he added to his holdings one hundred and three acres, and by means of keen business judgment and firmness of pur]^ose in all his dealings he won a place among the largest stock raisers in the county. The new town of Hood is laid out on a part of this place. On September 5, 1885, Mr. Johnston was married to Miss Lizzie Richards, who was born in Sacramento county, her death occurring in April, 1890. Two years later, on July 3, 1892, at Clarksburg, Yolo county, he married for his second wife Miss Carrie Connor, a native of Courtland, Sacramento county, Cal., whose parents Hamilton S. and Amanda (Wilson) Connor, were natives of New Hampshire and Iowa respectively. Her father came to California via Panama in 1858 and her mother crossed the plains with her father, George Wil- son, making the journey with ox-teams in 1852, the trip consuming six months. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Johnston had three children: Mrs. Matie Hollenbeck, whose husband rents from Mrs. Johnston the one hundred and three-acre tract belonging to the estate; Glenn William, who is a student in Atkinson Business College, Sacramento; and Dwight, who attends the Richland public school. Mr. Johnston was a Re])ublican of progressive spirit, and was a consistent and energetic membei- of the Franklin Christian Church. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 531 His widow has many times proved herself capable of the trust left her, not only giving a mother's attention to her ambitious children, but managing her affairs with unquestioned business ability. ISAAC J. TRAINOR For twenty years and more connected with the ice business in Sacramento and vicinity Isaac J. Trainor, senior partner of the firm of Kane & Trainor, has experienced a career of personal endeavor and well merited success which has marked him an exemplary and valued citizen of his community. His is the story of a self-made man. Born in Broderick, Yolo County, Cal., September 18, 1861, he is the son of H. C. and Rose (Toland) Trainor, natives of New York state and Boston, respectively, who were pioneers of California. The son was reared in Sacramento, where he received his education in the public schools. His first employment was on a survey corps, with whom he worked for two years, and then for twelve years he trav- eled extensively, selling goods all over the Pacific coast. On March 23, 1893, he embarked in the wholesale and commission business in connec- tion with the Union Ice Company and the National Ice Company, and then for ten years was junior partner in the firm of Kane & Trainor, which business he was largely instrumental in organizing. Mr. Kane passed away in December, 1909, and soon afterward W. H. Quaas became a member of the concern. In connection with the two above mentioned companies they also handle the Buffalo Brewing Com- pany's ice. To the details of this business Mr. Trainor has always given close attention, having brought to the task the experience gained in a valuable business career which had taught him the pe- culiarities of men of all classes. February 6, 1895, Mr. Trainor married at Sacramento Anna Stephenson, a daughter of C. H. Stephenson, D.D.S., of this city, a young lady of many accomplishments who has developed into a matron of many attractions and much usefulness in the community in which their lot is cast. Dr. Stephenson died December 25, 1905, regretted by a wide circle of acquaintances. While Mr. Trainor is not in the ordinary sense of the word a politician, he is deeply interested in public affairs and well informed concerning them, and he consistently supports such men and measures as he believes prom- ise most for the public good. 532 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY CHARLES S. ROBB Although by no means one of the earliest settlers of California nor a pioneer in the accepted meaning of that term, Mr. Robb claims the honor of having been identified with the state ever since the year 1871. With the exception of a brief period of railroad emplojnnent in Nevada, he has remained in the state ever since the time of his ar- rival, and he dates his residence in Sacramento from 1875, when he established a home in this city and entered upon a residential connec- tion with the town that has continued up to the present time. Rail- roading has been his chosen occupation in life, and until his retire- ment from the service he was counted one of the most popular and efficient conductors on the Southern Pacific system, for his long ex- perience, innate courtesy and broad intelligence admirably qualified him for the many responsibilities of the position. Born in McHenry county. 111., January 8, 1848, Mr. Robb is a son of William Scott and Rowena (Whittemore) Robb, natives of Peter- boro, N. H., and New York state respectively. As a boy he attended public and private schools in the home neighborhood, and when eighteen years of age he began to give his entire attention to the task of assisting in the cultivation of his father's farm. During October of 1870 he married Miss Candace Snyder, a young lady who was born in Cuba, N. Y., but from the age of thirteen was reared in McHenry county. 111., and who enjoys with him the warm esteem of their circle of acquaintances. Shortly after his marriage and when twenty-three years of age he came to California and settled at Emigrant Gap, Placer county, where he engaged in mining for six months. From there he went to Reno, Nev., and secured emplo\Tnent with the Central Pacific Railroad Company. Returning at the expiration of one year to Emigrant Grap, he continued to work as fireman on the Central Pacific road for two years, with headquarters at that point. Next he was transferred to a run out of Sacramento as brakeman and after eighteen months he was promoted to be conductor on a freight train. When the name of the road was changed to the Southern Pacific he continued among the old and valued employes, and in recognition of efficiency of service received promotion from conductor on a freight route, where he had been for seven years, to the charge of a passenger train. From that time until his resignation in January, 1909, he con- tinued among the most trusted and honored of the employes of the company. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Robb consisted of two daughters, the younger of whom. Miss Mary, resides with her parents at the family home, No. 2030 Twenty-third street, Sacramento. The older daughter, Myrtie Rowena, is the wife of D. W. Carmichael, a prominent real HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 535 estate agent residing in Sacramento. For years Mr. Robb took a very warm interest and an active part in the Order of Railway Con- ductors. Politically lie lias been staunch in his allegiance to the Re- publican party, but owing to the nature of his life occupation it never was possible for him to hold official positions or identify himself prominently with public affairs, hence his association with the city has been that of a private citizen only, one who is desirous of ad- vancing the general welfare and who possesses a firm faith in ultimate civic prosperity. During the period of his railroad service he invested in oil lands and real estate, and since his retirement he has devoted considerable attention to the supervision of these interests. EDWARD TWITCHELL The pioneer instinct has been strong in the Twitchell blood. It was that which led the first representatives of the name in America to leave the comforts of European civilization and identify them- selves with the stern environment of New England, The same love of the frontier appeared in the history of a New England couple, the husband, Capt. Timothy Twitchell, from New Hampshire and the wife, Susan (Watson) Twitchell, from Vermont, who gave up home and friends and sought the unknown territories of the south, there to make a temporary home in the ancient city of Pensacola, Fla. During the sojourn of the family at that point a son, Edward, was born November 8, 1828. There were two other sons, George and Amos, equally talented as the one previously named, but their ability led them into different lines of activity and one became a very successful physician, the other a scientist. Capt. Timothy Twitchell was a seafaring man; as early as the '20s he sailed around Cape Horn to the California coast, as well as up to the shores of Alaska, trading in hides, horns and tallow, and he is known to have put in at the Bay of Monterey. Concerning the early life of Edward Twitchell little is to be said. It presented the same round of struggle, the same lack of advan- tages, the same deprivation of comfort and the same willing endur- ance of hardship which characterized the lives of the people during the early half of the nineteenth century. No break came in the monotony of labor and isolation until the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia. That event changed the entire life of the young man in Florida. An expedition was organized comprising people from his part of the southeast. Joining the party he traveled by boat to Mexico and then rode on horseback across that country, taking boat om HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY on the Pacific side and sailing north to the harbor of San Francisco in August, 1849. The trip, though necessarily one of great hardship and i)rivation, was not without its share of pleasure and interest to the young man whose previous knowledge of the world had been limited to his own little corner thereof. While it was primarily for the purpose of mining that Mr. Twitchell came to the west, we find that the occupation did not engage his attention for any protracted period. Even when at the cam]^s he found the trade of a carpenter more profitable than looking for gold. Having learned and had experience as a civil engineer in New Hamjjshire in 1848, under a celebrated surveyor, upon his return to Sacramento he liecame deputy to Gen. Horace Higley, surveyor-general, and for twenty-five years he remained in the office, meanwhile working under General Houghton and others. For a time he was a surveyor and miner in the White Pine district, in Nevada. During the early days he did considerable surveying in Sacramento, Berkeley, Alameda and Oakland, and at one time owned ]iro]ierty in these cities, as well as in Fresno and Yolo counties. While in the government employ he made the first survey of Lake Tahoe, also surveyed in New Mexico and Arizona, surveyed and named Twitchell Island, and had other important expeditions. For many years he owned a large tract of land on Sherman Island. In his last years he had retired from business cares, but still took part in civic affairs and gave earnest support to movements for the local advancement. He died February 8, 1912. He was a member of Sacramento Society of California Pioneers. The marriage of Mr. Twitchell and Margaret Woodland was solenmized in Sacramento December 20, 1870. They became the parents of three children. The only son, Edward W. Twitchell, M, D., is a prominent physician of Sacramento. The elder daughter, Blanche, is the wife of James H. Jennings, son of an honored pio- neer of San Francisco and himself a well-known resident of that city. The younger daughter, Ethel, married Prof. W. D. Briggs, who is connected with the English department of the Leland Stanford Uni- versity at Palo Alto. Mrs. Twitchell was born in Louisiana, but at the age of six months she was brought by her parents across the plains to California, the journey covering four months. The family traveled up the Mississippi river to St. Louis, thence joined an expedition overland, and finally arrived at Fort Sutter during August of 1849, and Sacramento has been Mrs. Twitchell 's home ever since. Not long after arriving her father, James W. Woodland, who was the first assessor of the city of Sacramento, was shot and killed during a squatters' riot that occurred on the corner of Third and J streets, Sacramento, he having taken no part in the trouble, but happening to turn the corner just as the parties came together, and a stray -bullet hit and killed him. The fact that he had just HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 539 left his lioiiie after the birth of an infant son added to the sad event. Later E, B. Crocker bought the old AVoodland homestead and on the ground he erected a building now known as the Scudder House. When Miss Woodland began housekeeping in her own home as the bride of Mr. Twitchell, her mother, Mrs. Jane (Alexander) Woodland, joined her there and afterward remained an inmate of the Twitchell residence, where she died in 1905 at the age of eighty- six vears. ISIDOR SCHAD Among those many able sons of Switzerland who came to this fertile land to build up their own business and live free, independem lives is Isidor Schad, a member of an old and much respected family in that country. From an early age he showed himself to be a cap- able, industrious lad, always eager to do better, larger things, with an exceptional trait of adapting himself to any kind of work which pre- sented itself. Born September 13, 1857, in the canton of Solothurn, which is in the northwestern part of Switzerland, he there attended school. When he was fourteen years of age he was brought to the United States by his parents, who located in Eldorado county, Cal., and here he at- tended school until he reached the age of sixteen, learning the English language. Ambitious to do for himself, he soon found work on the Pierce ranch in Solano county, a property comprising thousands of acres, where he labored for about seven years, meanwhile acquainting himself with the different phases of the work and learning the country and its customs. He left this employment to join his brother Thomas on the old homestead in Eldorado county, as his father at that time needed them on the farm, and he remained there until after his father's demise. It was in 1888 that he located in Sacramento and bought out a restaurant ; in the following year his brother Thomas pur- chased an interest in the business, and their interests have since been conducted under the name of Schad Brothers. Their place became popular and dependable and was continued at No. 309 K street with increasing success for twelve years. Subsequently they maintained a similar place at No. 424 K street, on the present site of the large department store of Weinstock & Lubin. The latter place was con- ducted for eight years, and in the meantime Isidor Schad purchased and operated the Fashion stables. He has always been a lover of the horse, and although the stable has been sold he still keeps a few fine specimens. During his years of business activity Mr. Schad has worked steadily to bring his varied interests to the point of prosperity. 540 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY and in 1908, with the satisfaction of having won a hard-fought battle, the brothers retired from the restaurant business in order to devote their time to the development and reclamation of their land on Sher- man island and to looking after their large real estate holdings in Sacramento. Besides the interests above mentioned, Mr. Schad and his brother i)urchased a half interest in the St. Francis hotel, which they still own and wliicli is proving a profitable investment. Mr. Schad is serving his eighth year as a trustee and secretary of Eeclamation District No. 341, on Sherman island, having been a landowner on the island since the project was started to reclaim the ten thousand acres. He also owns land in and is trustee of District No. 1002, where the owners are reclaiming seven thousand acres of land twenty miles south of Sacramento. A Eepublican in politics, Mr. Schad is one of the most public-spirited and zealous citizens in the city. In fraternal circles he unites with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, in which he is most popular. Mr. Schad was married to Augusta Grossherr, a native daughter of Sacramento, where they make their home, among many sincere friends, who ever find a most hospitable welcome at their home. His onlv child is named Eleanor. THOMAS SCHAD The name of Schad is one that is very popular and well known in the city of Sacramento, members of that family having been as- sociated with its business life for a quarter of a century or more, and always exhibiting characteristics that have been trustworthy, honor- able and persevering. Thomas Schad and his brother Isidor have united their interests in this city to such an extent that the}^ are gen- erally known as the Schad Brothers, and as such are proprietors of the well-known St. Francis hotel here, which is one of the largest hotel buildings in the city. Like his brother, Thomas Schad is a native of Solothurn, Switzer- land, having been born there June 4, 1866. He was quite young when, in 1871, he was brought by his parents, Jacob and Ida Schad, to Eldo- rado county, Cal., where he grew to manhood, attending the local pub- lic schools and afterwards helping his father on the homestead in that county. It was after his ])arents' death that he came to Sacramento and became interested with his brother in business and real estate operations. He has become most successful, owning a large amount of real estate and being partner with his brother in the ownership of the large ranch on Sherman island. After nineteen years of deter- mined effort in the conduct of the Palace restaurant, in which they HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 541 were successful, the brothers purchased a half interest in the St. Francis hotel, which is also proving a successful venture. The latter interest does not consume all of Mr. Schad's time, for he is also actively interested in the improvement of the real estate which he owns with his brother, including the reclamation of a ranch in District No. 1002 south of Sacramento. For his wife Thomas Schad chose Daisy Hunger, formerly of Placerville, and they have one child, Thomas Schad, Jr., who is a student at the Christian Brothers college in Sacramento. Mr. Schad is a stanch Republican in his political views, taking a deep interest in the cause and welfare of his community and country, and giving of his time and means whenever needed. He is an active member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. ■ It is fitting to add that the St. Francis hotel, which the Schad Brothers own and of which Thomas Schad is the manager, is modern and up-to-date in every particular, equipped with all convenience for the comfort of their guests, and situated in a very central and beauti- ful part of the city. SIDNEY GILL THORP The associations of childhood and youth were such as to famil- iarize Mr. Thorp with machinery of all kinds, for he passed his early life in the great manufacturing town of Manchester, England, where he was born December 6, 1883, and where for a long period representatives of the name had been identified with the avocations that brought fame and prosperity to the city. He was the only son of John and Ann (Harding) Thorp, natives of Yorkshire and Cheshire respectively. From his earliest recollections he was inter- ested in the operation and control of machinery and as soon as he had completed the studies of the city schools he began to serve an apprenticeship to the machinist's trade. Under the direction of the firm that made the original t^qie of a certain kind of cotton-spinning machinery, he studied the intricacies of the occupation and acquired considerable efficiency as a workman. To complete the trade, how- ever, required an apprenticeship of seven years and he was eager to come to America; therefore at the expiration of five years he relin- quished his connection with the firm and cast in his destiny with the far west, coming in 1903 to Sacramento, where he has since re- sided. During the first four years of his association with this city he was employed in the machine shop of the Southern Pacific Rail- road and later he spent two years as a draughtsman with the same company. 542 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY In the meantime a desire to acquire a knowledge of some other occupation bad been formulated in tbe mind of Mr. Tborp, who in December of 1909 retired from tbe railroad service and allied liimself witb tbe Weinstock-Lubin Company, proprietors of one of tbe largest department stores of Northern California. For a time he held tbe position of floorwalker. In order that he might famil- iarize himself witb the art of salesmanship be later served in various retail departments and with accurate precision studied the different stocks. When qualified for greater responsibilities be was promoted to be assistant superintendent of the establishment and in this posi- tion be has a general supervision of all of the employes in the establishment. In business he is proving himself to be efficient, intel- ligent and capable, attentive to tbe smallest details, yet grasping in their entirety tbe largest plans made by the company for the development of the concern. An unfailing courtesy and attention to the wishes of customers characterize him, while a progressive temperament leads him to promote tbe latest improvements adopted in tbe business world. Not only is be progressive and popular in commercial circles, but socially he also has a high standing and as a member of tbe Sutter Club bis name has been associated with prom- inent civic enterprises and select social functions of tbe capital city. Tbe marriage of Sidney G. Thorp was solemnized in Grace Pro- €atbedral, San Francisco, by Bishop Nicholls, January 11, 1911, and united him witb Miss Ethel Gillett, a graduate of the Leland Stanford University and one of tbe most popular and promising young ladies in Sacramento. Mrs. Tborp is a daughter of Hon. James Norris Gillett, who was born at Viroqua, Wis., September 20, 1860, came to California in 1884 and settled at Eureka. From 1897 to 1899 he represented the Eureka district as state senator. During 1902 be was elected to congress and at Washington bis service was so effectively beneficial to the state of California that be was re-elected, bis second term ending in 1906. The next year witnessed bis election on tbe Republican ticket as governor of Cali- fornia and be continued as chief executive until 1911, meanwhile devoting considerable attention to the securing of tbe Panama Expo- sition for San Francisco and also aiding to secure an appropriation of $18,000,000 to construct the state highway from tbe Oregon bor- der to the boundaries of Mexico. Since tbe expiration of bis term as governor he has devoted bis attention largely to the preparation for what promises to be tbe greatest exposition tbe world has ever known, besides looking after his varied interests, making bis home in Oakland. Mr. and Mrs. Tborp are members of St. Paul's Epis- copal Church and not only lend their influence and support to tbe philanthropies of tbe congregation, but to all worthy movements for the betterment of tbe conditions of tbe citizens of their adopted city. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 545 GEORGE WASHINGTON PIIPPLE Well known in Sacramento as the proprietor of the Superior Garage, George W. Hippie has acquaintances in all parts of the civil- ized world, and has had an experience in some respects unique. He was born in St. Paul, Minn., August 3, 1877, and spent his childhood at Glencoe, that state, and in the public schools of that town he received his education. After leaving school he was for three years a hotel clerk in Minnesota and Iowa, and later was identified for some time with the business interests of his sister, becoming her manager after the death of her husband. On both continents she was known as "Papinta" the Fire Dancer. For eight years he traveled with her wherever she booked, all over the civilized world, and re- mained with her until her death. She appeared in the leading theaters in America and on the Eastern continents. For thirty- two consecutive weeks she appeared at Hammerstein's, New York, which was a longer engagement than that of any other artist in her line. She was billed sometimes as the Myrriad Dancer and was the first dancer to use electrical effects. She died in Germany November 21, 1907, while on one of her professional tours. After his sister's death Mr. Hippie returned to Contra Costa county, Cal., where she had owned a valuable stock ranch of one hundred and sixty acres and which she had bequeathed to him. For two years he carried on the ranch, which was devoted to the breeding of thorough- bred horses, but subsequently he sold both ranch and stock. It was in the fall of 1910 that he established the enterprise of which he is now the owner, known as the Superior Garage and located at Nos. 1209-1215 J street, Sacramento, where he transacts a general garage and auto-vehicle business. His establishment is one of the best known and one of the largest in Northern California and under his popular yet conservative management his business is constantly increasing. The garage is 80x160 feet in dimensions, and is thoroughly equipped in every particular. Mr. Hippie is distributing agent for the Marion automobile, and has the agency of this make of car in eleven counties in California. In his political s:^Tnpathies Mr. Hippie is a Republican. Frater- nally he affiliates with Alamo Lodge No. 122, F. & A. M., of Walnut Creek, and he is also identified with Martinez Chapter No. 31, R. A. M., and Onward Lodge No. 106, K. of P., of Oak Park. 546 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY DAVID AHERN The Celtic origin of tlie family appears not only in the name of Mr. Ahern, but also in the cheerful energy, the genial tact and the physical alertness with which he fills the responsible office of county sheriff. However, while claiming Ireland as the home of his ancestors and Sacramento as the center of his personal business activities as well as his home from boyhood, he is a native of an old southern city that wielded a wide influence in the prosperous era prior to the Civil war. The imperishable memories of childhood cluster around the Old Dominion and the then flourishing city of Richmond, where he was born September 22, 1859, being a son of John and Katharine Ahern. The family had been established in the new world by the father, who, born in county Cork in 1830, left Ireland in early life and crossed the ocean to America, where he hoped to find better op- portunities for advancement. For some years he was employed in the Tredical Iron Works in Virginia and made Richmond his home, but in 1864 he came via Panama to California and settled at Sacra- mento. For many years, indeed, almost until his demise in 1900, he engaged in construction work along the lines of the Southern Pacific Railroad. After having attended public school between the years of six and thirteen, David Ahern then turned his attention to the learning of a trade and the earning of a livelihood. As an apprentice he learned the trade of a horse-shoer under John Doyle, with whom he continued for thirteen years, meanwhile developing into a skilled and capable blacksmith. When finally he left the old shop it was to embark in blacksmithing for himself and from that time up to the present he has continued at the head of a large shop of his own. The demands of the slio}) have been constant. The necessity of earning a livelihood and the desire to accumulate something for old age kept him at unceasing toil until finally he allowed public affairs to interest him, thus creating a fortunate diversion in his life of hard work. During 189o-94 he served acceptably as fire commissioner. From 1906 until January, 1911, he represented the first district as a member of the county board of supervisors, having been elected on the Demo- cratic ticket. The satisfaction afforded to the people through the loyal, clean and conscientious service of Mr. Ahern in the office of supervisor led to the mention of his name as a candidate for the shrievalty by his intimate friends, Init was fought by the bosses of both ]iarties. In spite of this, however, he received the nomination in the Demo- cratic convention and although the county is nominally twenty-five HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 547 hundred Republican, he received a majority of one thousand, the fight being won on his record as a public official. Since his election he has given his time to the exacting duties of sheriff, in which he has proved to be a strict upholder of the law, an impartial administrator of justice and a successful guardian of the peace. Various organizations have had the benefit of his mem- bership, included among these being the Sacramento Turners, Elks, Eagles and the Young Men's Institute. By his union with Miss Mar- garet 'Toole of Sacramento, solemnized December 22, 1891, he has an only daughter, Kathaleen, who is a graduate of the Sacramento high school, and is popular among the younger social circles. PHILIP SCHELD To those who but casually observe the mere fact of success the life of Philip Scheld reads like a romance, but the student of human nature readily detects that there is less romance in his career than tireless industry and persistent application. It is the testimony of his friends that his large degree of success comes from personal application to the duty in hand. Step by step with the most labor- ious energy he rose from a position of commercial insignificance to a high standing among the business men and the bankers of Sacra- mento. It has been his interesting experience to witness the devel- opment of the capital city. Here he first landed during the latter part of March, 1850; here he spent infrequent intervals of labor dur- ing the pioneer era; and here, still in the pioneer period of the '50s, he identified himself with the brewery business that by his own industry and sagacity brought him a fortune. Here later he rose to an influential position among the bankers and in 1901 was elected president of the Sacramento Bank, whose early growth he had pro- moted through his wise services as a director. The town of Giessen in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, is the native place of Philip Scheld, and October 13, 1827, the date of his birth into the home of John and Kate Scheld. For several successive generations the heads of the Scheld family had followed the wheelwright's trade and this likewise remained the life occupation of John Scheld, but in addition he conducted a small farm. From the age of six until he was fourteen Philip Scheld at- tended the government school of his home town and after leaving school he helped his father on the farm. June 4, 1845, he and his brother, Henry, took passage on the sailing vessel, Neptune, at Bremen and on the 11th of the next month thev landed at Philadel- 548 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY phia, where Henry worked as a cabinet-maker and Philip found employment in a bakery for several years, later going to Baltimore. News of the discovery of gold in California caused Henry Scheld to join a party of twenty-four young emigrants, who came west via New Orleans, Monterey, Durango and Mazatlan, thence by sailing vessel to San Francisco. For years he engaged in mining, but afterward settled in Eureka and became one of the most successful business men of that town. Shortly after he landed in the west he sent a letter to his brother, Philip, in Baltimore, advising him to come immediately and the advice was taken without delay. To this step Mr. Scheld attributes much of his good fortune, for the west pre- sented opportunities that were not possible to residents of the east. February 4, 1850, he left Baltimore on the steamer Philadelphia, and proceeded to Panama. His personal effects were conveyed across the isthmus on the back of a mule, but he was obliged to walk the greater part of the distance. On the west coast of the isthmus he took passage on the ship California, which cast anchor in the harbor of San Francisco on the 24th of March. From that city he paid $16 for the river trip of one and one-half days on the steamer Hart- ford to Sacramento, whence he traveled with a team of four oxen to Coloma, Eldorado county. Meanwhile his brother had left that place and no one knew his whereabouts, but by chance they met several weeks later at Volcano, where a company was attempting to flume out Volcano Bar. With another young emigrant, Daniel Troy, as a partner, Mr. Scheld contracted to do the baking for a hotel at Coloma, but they soon found the proprietor was in an unfortunate financial condition. In the end they were obliged to take the hotel as their only wages. There they continued Imsiness until the need of larger quarters obliged them to build a larger house. Later they erected the Sierra Nevada hotel, which is still running. All of the supplies for the hotel were purchased in Sacramento and hauled to Coloma by wagon. On the day of the great fire he was buying in Sacramento as usual, but had started on his return trip before the fire broke out, so that he did not leai-n of the disaster until the next day. Shortly after- ward he sold his interest in the hotel and removed to Sacramento, where he underwent the hardships incident to the great flood of 1852. For a time he engaged in teaming between Sacramento and the mines, but finally, in 1853, he bought a brewery on East M street, rebuilt the plant and developed the Sacramento Brewery, which is one of the most profitable properties of the kind in the state. The marriage of Philip Scheld took place April 7, 1858, and united him with Miss Margaret Fritz, who had settled in Sacra- mento during the lu'ovious year. She was a native of Germany and was born near Mayence on the Rhine. The only child of their union, Adolph, is a prominent citizen of Sacramento and a director in the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 549 Sacramento Bank. Since 1857 Philip Scheld has been identilied with ihe Turn Verein. In 1863 he joined Confidence Company No. 2, Volunteer Fire Department of Sacramento, and when the need of volunteer work no longer existed he became a member of the Ex- empt Firemen. Besides his large interests in and around Sacra- mento, he invested heavily in Southern California property and still has valuable holdings in Los Angeles county. For thirty-three years or more he has been a stockholder and director in the Sacramento Bank and when W. P. Coleman passed away in 1901 he was chosen to succeed to the responsible ottice of president. Notwithstanding his advanced years he still maintains an active interest in the man- agement of the bank, which benefits constantly by his wise counsel and shrewd insight into affairs. EDGAR M. SHEEHAN The president of the Sacramento Valley winery is one of the native sons of the capital city whose rising success furnishes evi- dence as to local possibilities and as to his own inherent qualities of mind. The twentieth century has marked an advance in the instal- lation of new industries and the expansion of old-established plants. Out from a past of commercial lethargy has arisen a present of activity. Growth is the keynote of present upbuilding and the creed for future development. The winery takes rank among the recent accessions to the business life of the city, having been organized in May of 1910 by Mr. Sheehan, who has been the only manager as well as the first president of the concern. With an excellent location, a conservative management and a necessary amount of capital, future development is certain. There is therefore every reason to believe that the winery will develop into one of the most successful plants of the kind in this portion of the state. As the name indicates, the Sheehan family comes of Celtic an- cestry. The first representative in California, T. W. Sheehan, was born in Countv Cork, Ireland, in 1844, and at a very early age crossed the ocean to Maine, where he found emplo^Tuent at Augusta. From that city he left in 1862 for service as a soldier in the Union army. With his regiment he participated in a number of fierce battles and remained at the front until after peace had been declared. After he had received an honorable discharge from the army he came to California in 1866 and settled in Sacramento, where he secured em- ployment as a carriage-painter. Later he served as a deputv sheriff until 1871, when he engaged as a bookkeeper with the Sacramento 550 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Union, a popular daily of the capital city. Worth and fidelity won recognition in the newspaper office and he was promoted to be manager, which responsible position he filled until his retirement from all business activities in 1905. The following year occurred his death. During early manhood he had married Mollie F. Lynch, a native of New York. Among their family of five children Edgar M., born in January of 1871, was first in order of birth. As a boy he attended the public schools and completed his studies in the high school in 1888, when he entered into business affairs. A valuable experience while connected with the Sacramento Union came to Mr. Sheehan through his service as a reporter on the daily and a contributor to the editorial department. After a time he was delegated to travel for the paper and still later he was given a position in the business department. Through these various positions he gained much valuable information not only concerning the operation of a great daily, but also in regard to general business matters. In 1904 he accepted a place with the California winery as head of the publicity department, but resigned the ensuing year from that department in order to enter upon the more important duties of general manager and vice-president. In an official capacity his service was most helpful to the business and in addition the expe- rience enabled him to successfully organize the Sacramento Valley winery, which he manages with notable skill and comprehensive alertness. The environment of boyhood, the influences of the home and the relations to the church, were such as to cause Mr. Sheehan to identify himself with the Roman Catholic faith in his very early life and from that time to the present he has been devoted to the cause, generous to its philanthropies and loyal to its doctrines. His wife was formerly Miss Virginia Milne, whom he married in Sacra- mento April 25, 1908. In political views he holds to Republican principles and gives his ballot to the nominees of that party. The Sons of Veterans have numbered him among the active members of their post in Sacramento, while his social and fraternal relations have been further enlarged through an influential connection with the Sutter Club. WILHELM R. H. SCHEUNERT With the experience acquired through residence in Germany, the land of his birth, and in America, the chosen home of maturity, Mr. Scheunert gives his preference to the land of the free and par- ticularly is he devoted to the great western country. As the chosen HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 551 place of bis home aud the center of his business activities, be cher- ishes the utmost loyalty to Northern California, with whose pro- gress he has been familiar for a long period. Although now more than sixty years of age he retains much of the physical alertness and all of the mental acumen characteristic of earlier life. Not only is he probably one of the oldest commercial travelers in this part of the state, but in addition he ranks as one of the most successful. In the line of his specialty he has built up a large trade in Northern California and Nevada. By so doing he has enlarged the business of the wholesale cigar factory in Sacramento, where his brother, Emil, remains to superintend the city trade. Through a lifetime of exceptional activity Wilhelm Scheunert, Sr., held a prominent position among the business men of Zduny, a town of Prussia, not far distant from the borders of Russia. Not only did he own and ojjerate a flour mill in the village, but in addition he managed other important enterprises and also served efficiently as city trustee, being indeed a citizen of such prominence that his demise was mourned as a public loss. His wife, Wilhelmina. also resided in Zduny until her death. Their son, Wilhelm R. H., was born in Prussia November 10, 1849, and attended the national schools of Germany, as well as private institutions of learning in his native kingdom. Following the usual custom of the country he was sent to serve in the army. It was at the time of the Franco- Prussian war and he therefore saw service not only in camp, but also on the battle-field. During 1870-71 he was honorably discharged with the commission of sergeant. Almost immediately after his return home from the wars Mr. Scheunert began to make preparations to emigrate to the new world. Without any means except sufficient for traveling expenses, he started on the long ocean trip to New York City and this was fol- lowed by the journey across the continent to San Francisco, where he found employment. In a few months he came to Sacramento and secured work as a barber. Eighteen months later he went to Virginia City, Nev., and embarked in the cigar business, but in 1875, after the big fire, he removed his business headquarters to Sacramento, the center of all subsequent activities* on his part. Since 1876 he has been identified continuously with the cigar business as a manufacturer and jobber. He organized the business as Scheunert Bros., Inc. With him in business is his brother, Emil, born in Prussia in May of 1858, educated in Germany and California, and employed for a time in a dry-goods house that specialized in ladies' furnishings. For several years he engaged extensively in farm pur- suits in Mexico, but owing to the yellow fever he was forced to leave that country. After a visit of a few months at his old German home he returned to Mexico to close out his affairs and then joined his brother in Sacramento, where since he has engaged in the cigar 552 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY business. Fraternally lie holds membership with various organ- izations, including the various degrees of Masonry up to the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. The older brother has been connected prom- inently with the Knights of Pythias as well as other societies. In 1878 he was united in marriage with Miss Emma Goepel, daughter of Herman Goepel, who in the early days was a well-known resident of Sacramento. JOHN LESKER PATTERSON Within three miles of Folsom lies the well improved fruit farm which has been the home of Mr. Patterson for a considerable period and which through his well-directed efforts has acquired a reputation for productiveness and profitable operation. In coming to Orangevale, for such is the name of the district, he first made a visit of inspection from his Nebraska home and later removed to the property he still owns. Continued identification with the locality increases his faith in the soil and his devotion to the higher development of the community. While he has inspected many other parts of the state and at one time remained for two years in San Joaquin county, he believes Sacra- mento county to be the peer of all and the center of a vast horticul- tural section whose possibilities as yet are only partly appreciated. Of Pennsylvanian birth and parentage, John L. Patterson was born at Uniontown, Fayette county, February 14, 1859, and at the age of eleven years, in 1870, he accompanied his parents to Iowa, set- tling upon raw land in Madison county. While helping his father he was also given fair schooling, and not only completed the grammar grade, but also attended a high school and later took a course of study in the Baptist college at Pella. For a time he engaged in teaching school. During young manhood, in 1884, he removed to Nebraska and settled at Kearney, Buffalo county, where he bought and still owns residence property. While still in Iowa he had learned the trade of a stationary engineer and knowledge of the occupation enabled him to 'operate an engine with success for five years. He also taught in the Kearney Industrial school for six years. During the period of his residence at Kearney Mr. Patterson met and married Miss Adelaide Stout, who was born and reared in New York state; her death occurred in 1903 and her body was interred in Folsom cemetery. Surviving her are the two daughters born of the union, Irma and Ona, who are attending the local schools. The family came to California during 1897 and settled at Orangevale, wliere Mr. Patterson had bought property on a previous trip to the west. The place had been planted to fruit trees, but there were no HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 555 other improvements. His first task was the building of a substantial house. Later other improvements were made and adjacent property was purchased, until now he owns sixty acres, all in fruit. Six and one-half acres are in oranges, seven acres in prunes and the balance in pears, almonds, olives and grapes. From 1898 until 1900 he acted as superintendent of a ranch of two thousand acres and meanwhile made his home on the property, which is situated in San Joaquin county, but in 1900 he resigned the position in order to take up the personal supervision of his Orangevale ranch. In addition to im- proving this property he has bought and sold real estate and has promoted many enterprises for the benefit of the locality. A move- ment which received his early and constant support was that looking ioward the starting of a bank, and it was characteristic of him that he should be among the first to subscribe to the capital stock. Since then he has continued a stockholder in the Bank of Folsom and now serves as a member of the board of directors. He is president of the Orangevale Water Company, which is installing a new system of piping to supply water for irrigation and domestic use in the colony. The present wife of Mr. Patterson, whom he married in 1905, was Mrs. Nora (Raper) Gibbons, who was born in Placer county and reared in Colusa county. She was educated in Pierce Christian col- lege at College City, graduating in 1887 with the degree of B. S. Her parents were Robert and Frances (Allen) Raper, who crossed the plains in 1864 and settled in Colusa county. The father is now living in Orangevale, but the mother died in 1909. After her graduation Miss Raper became the wife of 0. J. Gibbons, and of that marriage three children were born, as follows: Aris, of Oakland; Robert L., a graduate of the State Agricultural school at Davis and now horticul- tural inspector of Sacramento county, and Ruth, who is attending high school in Sacramento. Politically, Mr. Patterson believes in Repub- lican principles, and is progressive in his tendencies. Ever since young manhood he has been interested in educational progress and no one in his district maintains a closer affiliation with such work than does Mr, Patterson, who believes that the public schools are the most important factors in our national development. He and his wife are active members of the Orangevale Grange, of which he is past master and Mrs. Patterson treasurer, and these progressive organizations they have not only promoted, but they have also organized them whenever possible. While living in Nebraska Mr. Patterson became associated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows at Kearney of which he is past grand, and he is also past chief patriarch of the encampment, as well as a member of the Uniform rank of the order, in Nebraska. Mrs. Patterson is president of the Orangevale W. C. T. U. 55(1 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY JAMES RUTTER A study of the lives and activities of the pioneers of Sacramento county discloses no name more worthy of honorable mention than that of the late James Rutter, who was identified with California as a per- manent resident from the year 1852 until his death. An early acT quired knowledge of the trade of carpenter proved helpful to him after he left his native country and crossed the ocean to the United States, for this occupation and kindred pursuits enabled him to be self-supporting from the first. Notwithstanding the fact that he had reached an age justifying his complete retirement from all business cares and the further fact that he had accumulated a competency through his arduous undertakings in the past, he continued to the last actively interested in all life's activities, personally overseeing his varied enterprises and showing the same persevering energy char- acteristic of him during earlier years. Descended from a long line of Anglo-Saxon ancestors, and himself a native of Cornwall, England, James Rutter was born August 15, 1827, and received such advantages as English free schools afforded. As he came toward manhood and studied conditions at home he saw no prospects for the future, and the depressing conditions of labor in his native land led him to seek the better opportunities of the new world, where he landed in New York City May 15, 1849. It was not his intention to remain in the eastern metropolis, and he soon took his way westward to Buffalo. There he boarded a lake vessel bound for Chicago. On his arrival in that then insignificant city he found conditions unattractive and the demand for workmen small, so he pro- ceeded to St. Louis, where he found temporary emplo;sTnent. Next he filled a ])Osition in Quincy, 111., and from there removed to Galena in 1851. The following year he came across the plains by ox-teams, ac- companied by his young wife (this being their bridal tour), the trip consuming the entire summer, but fortunately bringing no accidents or disasters. In Octol)er, 1851, he was married in Galena, 111., to Miss Thomasine Penberthy, a native of Cornwall, England. She was reared in England and when eighteen years old, in 1848, came with her parents to Galena, 111. Of this union three children were born, only one of whom is living. She is Agnes E., the wife of L. M. Landsborough of Florin. They have five children, Thomas R., Leon- ard B., Amy L. (Mrs. McCraney), William Lloyd and Georgia I. For a period of six years after his arrival in California and his taking up of active labors Mr. Rutter followed the carpenter's trade in the city of Sacramento. During 1858 he removed to Florin, a small village southeast of the capital city, and here he made his home until his death, meanwhile becoming the owner of one hundred and eighty HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 557 acres of valuable land and improving a homestead attractive in ap- pearance and productive in returns. To him belongs the distinction of having planted the first vineyard in Sacramento county. He further has the distinction of having shipped the first raisins out of the county and sent the first grapes to the eastern markets. Years ago, when methods of irrigation were crude, he put in the first pump- ing plant in the entire state and this same undertaking, which was watched by the citizens with considerable skepticism, proved so satis- factory that others soon followed his example. In making new de- partures in agriculture or horticulture he indeed proved a pioneer. Fond of experimenting, he made a special study in early daj^s of the soil, the climate and the crops best suited thereto. Some of his ex- periments cost him considerable sums and yet proved impracticable, but so many of them were successful that in the end he reaped large returns from his new undertakings. Nor was the work helpful to himself alone. Other pioneers, studying his methods, imitated his plan of cultivation and found in him an authority concerning hor- ticultural subjects. Thus he acquired prominence unsought. In his desire to promote the welfare of the country he gave freely of time, means and influence, and in his declining days he reaped the rich re- ward of years of self-sacrifice and intelligent endeavor. HUGH J. SMILEY On the other side of the world, in Australia, in the city of Mel- bourne, Hugh J. Smiley, long of Sacramento, was born November 25, 1858, a son of Rankin and Catherine Smiley. His parents went from England to Australia in 1857. His father attained eminence there in politics and long held the office of Immigration-General, and now lives in London ; . his mother has been dead many years. The son was educated in public and private schools in Australia and in 1882 came to the United States and located in San Diego, where he was for a year in the real estate business with his uncle. From San Diego he went to San Francisco and identified himself with the interests of another uncle who was in the stock business. In 1884 he came to Sacramento and entered the plumbing shop of the South- ern Pacific Railroad, where he learned the plumber's trade. He was then placed in charge of the air-brake department of the coast di- vision with headquarters in San Francisco. After having been in the employ of that corporation for twelve years, he devoted two years to the installation of the water system in the Tesler coal mines near Livermore, Cal. Then he engaged in the plumbing business 558 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY in Sacramento, buying a fine property on the lower Stockton road at its intersection with Cypress avenne, where he erected a home and a shop. He now owns four houses in this neighborhood, some prop- erty near Stockton and sixty acres of land in Mexico. In 1892 Mr. Smiley married Miss Ada L. Fassett of Sacramento county, daughter of the Hon. Louis H. Fassett, of Sacramento county, who filled the office of supervisor two terms and represented his dis- trict one term in the ('alifornia Assembly. They have one son. Earl B., born September 19, 1891, a graduate of the Sacramento high scliool, who is associated with his father in business. Mr. Smiley affiliates with the Eagles, the Odd Fellows, the Grange and the Fraternal Union of America, and Mrs. Smiley and their son are members of the Baptist Church. JOHN F. COOPER Romance often found its way into the privations and perils expe- rienced by the pioneers of the west and it was not lacking from life's activities with Mr. Cooper as boy, youth and man, nor has its pleasant glow wholly faded from the gold-tinted horizon of his memories as, retired from the strenuous tasks of former years, he finds leisure to reflect upon the past and enjoy its many interesting recollections. From the far-distant past there come to him memories of the family home at Lexington, Ky., where the father, Archibald H. Cooper, M. D., engaged in the practice of medicine for a considerable period and where his own birth had occurred December 17, 1840. Genealogical records indicated that the family had been established in America during the colonial era and descended from English ancestors, but the American representatives fought on the side of the colonies during the Revolution. Their devotion to the country has been imitated by every generation of descendants and patriotism is a family char- acteristic. The Kentucky doctor had established a home of his own during early manhood and had chosen as his wife Miss Elizabeth A. Mc- intosh, a native of Kentucky, descended from Scotch and English progenitors and like himself a representative of a Revolutionary fam- ily. Her death occurred in 1854, two years after her arrival in Cali- fornia. One of her sons had died of cholera while they were crossing the plains and that boy, Louis, lies in an unknown grave. Another son, David, a soldier in the Civil war and in the Indian struggles along the western coast, died in Sacramento in 1901 and was buried with Grand Army honors. A daughter, Laura, died in 1907 and her hus- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 561 band, George F. Nourse, passed away the following year. Shortly after the discovery of gold in California the children of this family had seen their father and uncle depart for the west and later re- ceived word that they had started stores at Mud Springs and Dia- mond Springs, to both of which places they had given their names. Deciding that he would remain in the west the doctor sent his brother-in-law, John Mcintosh, back to Kentucky to bring the balance of the family across the plains. A large company of emigrants was gathered together. Twenty-seven wagons were required for the people and supplies. The boy of twelve years, John F. Cooper, rode the entire distance on a little white mule and he vividly recalls the hardships of the journey, the dangers from cholera, the perils from Indian and Mormon outbreaks and the countless vicissitudes marking such an expedition. The party was unusually fortunate and after a quick trip of three and one-half months arrived safely in California August 27, 1852. The majority of the relatives took up residence in Colusa county, but John F. Cooper's family made their headquarters at Sacramento. His second memorable experience was while serving as cabin-boy on board the ship. Witchcraft, from San Francisco to New York by way of the Horn. At New York he shipped for return passage on the clipper Swordfish. Upon his return to the west he collected fares on the steamer Clinton, plying between Oakland and San Francisco. While at Stockton in 1854 the young lad was fortunate in winning the friendship of Prof. W. L. Wright, head of the department of mathematics in Yale College. The older man took an interest in the self-reliant youth and aided him in his efforts to secure an education. Nor was this the extent of his benefactions. He had previously bought the Rough and Ready Island ranch and at his death he willed one-half of the estate to young Cooper, who thus found it possible to attend the Benicia high school for three years and later completed his educa- tion in the Sacramento schools. Meanwhile he learned the trade of a printer and worked in every department of the business with the Sacramento Bee and Repnbliean. A life-long fondness cherished for music found expression when he took up its study under Professors Winter and Mansfeldt. Under their superior instruction he became proficient in ])oth vocal and instrumental music. The organization of the Philharmonic Society was largely the result of his energetic efforts and for many years he was honored with its presidency. Besides hav- ing charge of music in the Sacramento public schools, he was organist of the Methodist Episcopal Church for eight years, held a similar position in the Presbyterian Church for twelve years and at the Jewish Synagogue for seven years. One of the results of his efforts was the formation of the Sacramento chorus of one hundred and fifty voices which were added to the San Francisco chorus of fifteen hun- 562 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY • dred voices for the Camilo Urso Concert under the leadership of Carl Zerahn. After over thirty-five years as proprietor of a music store on J street, Sacramento, in 1893 Mr. Cooper sold these interests. As evi- dence of his influence in nnisical circles it may be stated that his suc- cessors incorporated the business under the title of the Cooper Music Company, the name being considered one of the valuable assets of the house. Since he relinquished his associations with musical affairs Mr. Cooper has bought and improved a number of fruit farms, but these he has sold from time to time. In former years he owned interests in mines in Mexico, California and Nevada. For a time he made his headquarters in San Francisco, where with his brother-in-law, George F. Nourse, he started the Overland Freight and Transfer Company in 1873. The company collected freight for the railroads and shipped to Australia, China, Japan and other foreigii points. Even up to the present the business is still flourishing, but Mr. Cooper sold his interest and returned to Sacramento because the San Francisco climate proved unpleasant to him. Through his personal efforts the Capitol Sacra- mento Transfer, Van and Storage Company was incorporated in 1899 and in 1902 he purchased his partner's interests, thereupon becom- ing sole proprietor of the concern. While he still manages the busi- ness he has practically retired from business cares, and he has also retired from the fraternal activities that once engrossed much of his time, for in former years he was an active member of the Knights of Pythias, Improved Order of Red Men, Foresters of America, Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows, and other organizations. The marriage of Mr. Cooper and Miss Joanna Powelson, a native of Philadelphia, Pa., was solemnized in Sacramento October 19, 1869. Mrs. Cooper is the daughter of a California pioneer who died while still in young manhood. Afterward her mother became the wife of Captain Cunningham, a Mississippi river captain of the early days, but later until his death a cai^tain on a Sacramento river steamboat. When a girl Mrs. Cooper studied music under Mulder Fabri, a world- famous instructor. No expense was spared in the cultivation of her rich soprano voice and she became one of the most popular soloists in Sacramento. Her two daughters. Misses Laura and Ruby Cooper, are also accomplished musicians and prominent in musical, literary, golf, tennis and other club affairs of the city. LOUIS IT. STEWART It may be said that the entire life of Louis H. Stewart, the man- ager of the Sacramento branch of the Central California canneries, has been passed in or near a fruit cannery. Born in Healdsburg, "^ =4 \ ^ HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 565 Sonoma county, during the year 1868, he was the son of Joseph E. and Harriette (Fiero) Stewart, and in this vale of fruitage and bloom known as the Valley of the Sotoyome, he practically finished his school days and childhood at seventeen, and was prepared for work. He found his first job in T. S. Merchant's fruit canneries in that place, and held it for five years, a portion, or the latter portion of that period being the foreman of the establishment. In 1890 he was employed with Miller & Hotchkiss, fruit canners and packers, also in Healdsburg, and he remained in that place until 1894. His next change was to Geyserville of that county, a warm-belted fruit region, where he took charge of the Walden & Co. fruit canneries until 1901. He then removed to Sacramento, became foreman in the Sacramento branch of the Central California canneries, and two years after was appointed manager. Mr. Stewart is as successful as a manager as he was as a fore- man. The same care in detail and the same faithfulness in all the obligations that ever burden the business man receive his closest attention. Under his direction are three hundred and fifty people busy handling their part of the great pack of fruit that passes through those canneries every season. He was married in San Francisco February 22, 1893, to Miss Effie "Willis, and their chil- dren are Freda, Norma, Charlotte and Willis. The family have a pleasant home at No. 1228 street. Fraternally the father is an Odd Fellow and in religion is a Baptist, two characteristics believed in the west to make for the best citizenship. Also, he is Repub- lican in his politics, but this does not detract from his civic perfec- tions, as he aids all movements for the upbuilding of the city, where his business interests are centered. JOHN STUDARUS About the middle of the nineteenth century John Studarus left his native place in St. Gall, Switzerland, and crossed the ocean to the United States, settling in West Virginia, where he married Marv Reich. On their farm in Hancock county, that state, a son, John, Jr., was born April 12, 1852. No part of the world at that time so deeplv engrossed the attention of men as did California, and the Swiss family soon determined to cross the continent to the unknown regions of the west. The necessities of such a long journey were loaded in a wagon, and with an ox-team for motive power the ''prairie schooner" slowly bore the family across the vast expanse of unsettled country until finally the destination was reached in safety. The trip had con- 566 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY sumed inoie than six months of the year 1853, and they located in Eldorado county, continuing there until 1855. Settlement was then made near Perkins, Sacramento county, the father eventually acquir- ing title to vast tracts of raw land near Mills Station. He proved a successful farmer and horticulturist, and his ranch became valuable with the passing of the years. Believing tlie soil and climate favored horticultural efforts, he experimented with the raising of fruit and was one of the pioneers in that industry in the whole valley. Both parents died on the old home place. Nine children were born of their marriage, and all but one are living in California. The eldest of the children, Mrs. J. Broder, of Folsom, crossed the plains to this state. John Studarus was next to the oldest of the parental family, and the old homestead in Sacramento county has been familiar to him from his earliest childhood years. Upon it he learned needed lessons in agriculture and from it he was sent during the winter months to the country school of the district, where he received a fair education. After he reached the age of twenty-two he began working on ranches, and during two years saved $900 from his wages. At the expiration of that time he turned his attention to the shipping of cobblestones to Sacramento and found that business quite profitable. Later he bought two hundred and fifty acres near Mills, and for four years he de- voted himself to the improvement of the place. Coming from there into the village of Mills, he bought five acres of ground and established a mercantile business, besides which he built and conducted a hotel. For years he has served as postmaster of Mills, and always has sup- ported Republican principles. The erection of a large business house in 1911 has given Mr. Studarus excellent advantages for the management of his mercantile establishment, and, by a division into different rooms, he has an abundance of space for the care of the mail and the other duties de- volving u])on a postmaster. On the completion of the new store and before it had been stocked with merchandise, the owner gave a ball and lianquet, to which he invited the people of the entire country. A free entertainment was given, and the guests came from miles in every direction. Many of the guests were young people whose only desire was the enjoyment of the banquet, but there were also present not a few of the older people, some of whom had been acquainted with Mr. Studarus since his boyhood years and had enjoyed his friendship through all the intervening era. Fraternally he has been connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows since 1885. His marriage took place at Mills December 25, 1879, and united him with Miss Sine Lauridson, who was born and reared in Denmark. They became the parents of four sons, but one of these, John, Jr., died when only two years of age. Howard passed away in 1909, at the age of nineteen years, when he had just completed the high school course in Sacra- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 567 mento. Lawrence, a young man of excellent education, is now em- ployed in Seattle. Henry, a graduate of Heald's Business college, San Francisco, who is married and lives at Mills, assists his father in the management of the business. BENJAMIN WELCH The earliest period in which cognizance can be had concerning the Welch family found them identified with Yorkshire, England, and genealogical records show that they became transplanted in the north of Ireland, where several successive generations lived and labored. Prior to the first struggle with England they crossed the ocean to the settlements along the Atlantic coast. The first representative of the name in New England was James Welch, a brave soldier in the Revolutionary war and a man whose noble attributes of charac- ter gave to his descendants an inheritance of incalculable yalue. Among his children was a son, James, who followed the sea and acquired ample means through the persistency of his efforts and the sagacity of his judgment. By marriage he became connected with one of the most ancient families of New England, his wife, Lucinda Brackett, having traced her ancestry to Scotch forbears who settled along the Atlantic coast as early as 1636. The Brackett family was closely related to George Cleves, the famous pioneer of the city of Portland, Me., and an early settler whose vision of the future was prophetic. On Peaks Island in Casco bay near Portland, Me., Benjamin Welch was born in August, 1827, a grandson of James Welch, the Revolutionary soldier. At the age of sixteen he began to work in the Portland" Locomotive and Car shops, a plant engaged in build- ing motive power for the Atlantic & St. Lawrence Railroad (after- ward known as the Grand Trunk). For five years he served an apprenticeship or worked for wages in the shops under the super- intendency of Horace Felton and John Sparrow. In the spring of 1852 he came to California via Greytown and the Nicaragua river. The ship on which he sailed north cast anchor at San Francisco on the 26tli of March and he found employment in that city. March 4, 1855, he left San Francisco for the Kern river mining district and also visited mines in the San Joaquin and Bear valleys. Next he entered the employ of the Sacramento Valley Railroad Company as a car-builder and for seven years he remained with them, mainly at their Folsom shop. Later he assisted in the construction of the San Jose road and made his headquarters at Seventeen-Mile house. 568 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Through a personal friend, T. D. Judah, chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad, Mr. Welch was engaged by Mr. Pluntington as car master and general superintendent of construction. The first shop which he built was 20x150 feet in dimensions and gave employ- ment to six men during the first year. With additions 130x130 this shop was used until 1867, when a shop 60x200 feet was erected. The next year a building was constructed 90x230 feet, with an L 90x40 feet, which was soon followed by another, 100x200, and the round- house. At a cost of $2400 he built in 1865 his famous snow-plow, which was in successful use for many years. Another of his im- portant tasks was the reconstruction of the American river bridge which had been destroyed by fire. During 1869 he completed the invention of a framer and tenon machine, which saved much time and labor in the construction of cars. The tourist car, which later came into general use throughout the world, was constructed in 1870 after his plans, the original models and later improvements having been exhibited at the Railroad Exposition in Chicago held during 1884. The Pullman Company adopted the models and carried on the manufacture of the cars. Mr. Welch continued for years at the head of the shop employing about two thousand workmen and when finally he retired to private life it was with the highest reputation for success in his chosen field of activity. In connection with railroad affairs Mr. Welch held many posi- tions of honor and trust. For many years, beginning in 1870, he was a member of the Car Builders' Association. The committee on brakes, of which he was a member, held a session at Burlington, Iowa, that continued for thirty days in 1886, then met again the following year. Among the most staunch of his friends in railroad circles was A. J. Stephens, master mechanic and superintendent of motive power. Other railroad men of high ability reposed in him the fullest confidence and he enjoyed intimate personal relations with many of the master spirits in railroad development of that day and generation. To friends and workmen as well he has been known for years as Uncle Ben, a familiar title that was given him in rec- ognition of his kindly spirit, friendly nature and generous helpful- ness. Early in manhood he became a Mason, identifying himself successively with Union Lodge No. 58, F. & A. M. ; Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M. ; Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., and Sacramento Council No. 1. The benevolent principles of the order received exemplification in his own philanthropic temperament. The marriage of Benjamin Welch occurred January 4, 1860, and united him with Mrs. Ellen Marsh, nee Boobar, a native of Maine. Their union was blessed with four sons who attained years of ma- turity, namely: George Henry, Walter Hatch, Frank Cummings and Benjamin Bradford. The eldest of these, George H., was born in Sacramento August 5, 1861, and received his education in the public HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 571 schools of Howes Academy. During 1881 he began to work in the car-builders' department of the Southern Pacific Railroad and there learned the trade. From 1886 until 1888 he acted as assistant fore- man of the same department in Los Angeles, after which he served for four years as a car-builder in the Oakland division. During 1892 he was transferred to Ogden, Utah, as assistant foreman of the car- builders' department, from which place in 1894 he was transferred to y/adsworth, Nev., as foreman of the same department. October 7, 1895, he returned to Sacramento and since then has held the re- sponsible position of gang foreman in the car-building department. Through his long association with the Southern Pacific Railroad he has proved trustworthy, intelligent and capable and has added pres- tige to an honored family name. The Masonic order, whose ennobling principles appealed strongly to the elder Welch, also has the active co-operation of George H. Welch, who is an influential member of the blue lodge and a faithful exponent of the philanthropic creed of the fraternity. In addition, he has been actively connected with the Knights of Pythias. Politic- ally he has given steadfast allegiance to Republican principles. ^ In religion he is of the Protestant faith and a contributor to various church enterprises. By his marriage, September 9, 1884, to Miss Small of Oakland, he is the father of three children. The eldest son, Edward N., is now proprietor of a garage in Sacramento. The other son, Ben, is ten years the junior of his brother and is now a student in the Sacramento" schools. The only daughter, Helen, is the wife of Frank McCormick, and resides in Sacramento. ISIDOR COHEN Adventurous experiences in many localities came to an end with the permanent settlement of Mr. Cohen in Sacramento, which place had won his liking during previous brief sojourns and thus became the eventual inducement affecting his decision to establish here a permanent business headquarters. Like the majority of the German people, his talents have led him into different lines of merchandising and in his youthful years, when he had no capital whatever, he earned a livelihood through the strenuous existence of a peddler. Through all of his changes of residence and his variations in forms of work, he has retained his deep devotion to the Jewish religion and his love for the race of which he is a member. This does not prevent him from being a true and loyal citizen of his adopted country. His in- terest in national issues is constant and his belief in Republican prm- 572 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO (X)UNTY ciples leads him to support that party in all national campaigns. Near the city of Posen, Germany, Mr. C^ohen was horn April 17, 1843, heing a son of S. and Sarah Cohen, whose residence in the father- land continued until death. His early educational opportunities were small indeed, for the necessity of self-support forced him to leave school to take up occupative lahors. The trade which he learned, that of a baker, occupied him until he left Germany at the age of seventeen and came via Hull, England, to America, settling in New York City and securing work as a baker. Next he took up peddling and thus earned enough to pay his passage to California in 1863, when he traveled via Nicaragua and there took the Moses Taylor to San Francisco and thence came to Sacramento. As a peddler he visited the i)rincipal mining camps of P]ldorado county. In about six weeks he returned to San Francisco, where for one year he sold fruit at the Metropolitan theatre. Ui)on his return to Sacramento he bought a cigar and fruit store, but this he sold at the expiration of about twelve months, returning thereupon to New York City via Panama and resuming business pursuits there with a partner. A year later he removed to Williamsburg, N. Y., where for two years he carried on a store. Next he engaged in merchandising in Chicago, 111., after which he was similarly occupied successively at Silver City, Idaho, for six montlis, and then located in Virginia City, Nev. A few months later he was burned out in the big fire of 1875 with a total loss, after which, in January, 1876, he became a permanent resident of Sacra- mento and began anew. As an assistant in the establishment owned by his brother, Ben- jamin Cohen, a dealer in carpets and oil cloth, Mr. Cohen remained for nine years, meanwhile saving his earnings so tliat finally he was able to buy out a cigar store on J between Fifth and Sixth streets. Two years after he had bought the business he disposed of it and spent three inonths in Euro])ean travel. Upon his return to Sacra- mento he ])ouglit from Edward Busch the present cigar store at No. 326 J street, and at this place he since has conducted a jobbing and retail business in cigars and tobacco. In all of his travels and liis sojourns in various ])arts of the country he has retained his devotion to the tenets of the Golden Rule, and has been a liberal and active contributor to various charities, both private and institutional. Fra- ternally he is connected with the Elks, the B. B.'s and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, while in politics he is a staunch Republican and a patriotic sup])orter of the institutions of his adopted country. There is no ostentation, no attempted dis])lay or show in the acts of Isidor (^ohen. By hard la))()r and close attention to his own busi- ness, he lias a('(|uir('(l a modest fortune. The s])irit of true, gen- uine ))hilantlir()))y seems to have been born iu him. His dee]) interest in the welfare of the ])Oor little orphans has made him a central figure in the bestowal of ])ermanent charity for the care of the helpless HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 573 orphan children of this commnnity. The Orphans' Home is largely indebted to his beneficent acts for its existence. He established com- fortable quarters for the boys at the earliest stage, and later founded an orchard, and garden, where the older boys and girls might learn the art of agriculture ; also provided choice cows for their dairy. The expense of conducting each and all of these is borne by Mr. Cohen. Recently he conceived and put into execution the idea of having those orphans old enough to work, cultivate the gardens and orchards, and after the products necessary for the use of the home, the surplus should be sold and the proceeds credited to the producers on their own account. These amounts are given to the producers in proportion to their earnings, and placed in a savings bank to the credit of each. The first statement of accounts showed that ten or twelve had bank accounts ranging from $5 to $20 each. There is no man in this com- munity who has a more charitable heart than Mr. Cohen, who now devotes his entire income to pure and unselfish charity. PETER A. FITZGERALD On our Independence Day, in 1865, Peter A. Fitzgerald, who was to become an American citizen, a leader in American enterprise and a director of American thought, was born in Ireland. He was educated in Ireland, Scotland, England and France. He came to the United States in 1888 and, locating in San Francisco, took up educational work, teaching special branches to private pupils. Later he taught in the Christian Brothers college at Oakland one year and in the Chris- tian Brothers college at Sacramento one year. In the period 1891- 1901 he was a clerk in the freight department of the Southern Pacific railroad at Sacramento. Then he was called to the management of the California winery, with which he was employed one year. Later he was for five years with the John Breuner Company and then for one year with the Ruhstaller brewery as traveling agent. Resigning that position, he was for several months in 1908 in business in Tono- pah, Nev. Later he became the owner and is the editor and publisher of the Yolo Independent, a weekly newspaper, in Sacramento. The Yolo Independeut was started in 1895, and has been published as a weekly paper ever since, devoted to the interests of Yolo county. Mr. Fitzgerald edits the paper on strictly independent lines, taking up measures of reform, progress and all methods for the advancement of the moral, educational and commercial importance of the com- munity. The lady who became Mr. Fitzgerald's wife June 26, 1898, was 574 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Miss Mollie F. Walsh, a native of Ireland, who came to Sacramento in 1887. She has borne her husband two children, Gerald and Ger- aldine. Politically Mr. Fitzgerald is an independent ; he affiliates with the Royal Arch chapter, and he and his family are communicants of the Catholic church. Devoting his time exclusively to newspaper work, Mr. Fitzgerald is in a position to give his public spirit full swaj', and there is no good work for the uplift and benefit of his community that he does not aid with his time, means and influence. WILLIAM BARTON BRADFORD A study of the Bradford genealogy indicates that the family were identified with the pioneer element in every portion of our country. Beginning near the shores of the Atlantic they followed the westward drift of migration and always were to be found in the vanguard of civilization, developing land, building up villages and aiding in the transformation of forest or prairie into regions of productivity and scenic charm. Some remote ancestor had erected a mill on one of the Connecticut streams and around it were built a few houses, thus starting a hamlet known as Bradford Mills, but later called merely by the title of Bradford. There occurred the birth of George Brad- ford in 1790 and there he early learned lessons of endurance of hard- ship and self-reliance in labor. The location and period alike pre- cluded educational opportunities, yet he was fortunate enough to attend a neighboring school for some years prior to the age of thirteen. After that his information was gained solely by experience, reading and observation. When the great valley of the Mississippi was in the infancy of its development George Bradford traveled along much of its length and studied its possibilities. Settling in New Orleans he began to operate keel boats on the river and for some five years continued to do a freighting business with his small crafts. At the expiration of that period he disposed of his interests in tlie south and settled at Wasliington, Daviess county, Ind., where he soon acquired varied com- mercial connections. For a time he owned a mill. The distilling business also engaged his attention. Mercantile pursuits contributed to the variety of his occupations, while the ownership and cultivation of land kept him in close touch with the most important occupation of the county. While living at Washington he met and married Miss Mary Bruce, a native of Mason, Ky. During 1856 he followed his sons to California and after having made the trip via Panama to San V -^ -^ ^ ^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 577 Francisco he proceeded to Sacramento, where he made his home until his death. Born in Washington, Ind., February 10, 1826, William Barton Bradford spent the years of boyhood in attendance upon the country schools of the period and in helping with the work on the home farm. Possibly he might have settled on an Indiana farm and passed his entire life in that state had it not been for the discovery of gold in California. As soon as he had heard the exciting tales brought by messengers from the far-distant mines he decided to come to the west and the year 1849 found him en route for Panama, whence he came to San Francisco. His first experience as a miner occurred at Geor- gia's bar on the American river in 1850 and proved not especially encouraging. An unprofitable summer in the mines was followed by return to San Francisco and a trip on the ocean from there to Port- land, Ore., where he remained for one year, returning in the fall of 1851 via the Oregon trail to Sacramento, where he bought a team and engaged in the hauling business with his brother, James B.. for eighteen months, with headquarters at Diamond Springs. An experience of six years in the teaming business was followed by the removal of Mr. Bradford to Yankee Jim's, but later he came- back to Sacramento and bought a livery barn on Eighth and K streets. His ventures had proved so successful that when he resumed mining he had a large sum with which to work. However, an experience in the mines at Last Chance proved so disastrous that he lost $45,000 within eighteen months. It was then necessary to start anew. Dissolv- ing a long-continued partnership with his brother he bought one hun- dred and sixty acres in the fall of 1859. During the following year he bought a team, drove to Aurora and engaged in the general mer- cantile business for three years. Following 1864, however, he resided continuously on the ranch which he bought in 1859 and which lies near Bruceville, Sacramento county, operating it until his death, August 17, 1912. A specialty was made of the grape industry, one hundred and twenty acres being in vineyard and the balance of the ranch, forty acres, in pasture. To an unusual degree he met with success in the development of his vineyard and the sale of the annual product. The reputation of his grapes extended throughout the surrounding country and the crop always commanded the highest market prices. The first wife of Mr. Bradford was Jennie Smith, a native of Minnesota and his faithful helpmate from their marriage in 1872 until her death in 1900. Later he was united with Mrs. Amanda (Hall) Utter, a native of Newport, Ind., and a woman of attractive qualities of heart and mind. She was a widow of Dowty Utter, with whom she crossed the plains in an overland stage in 1860 to Sacramento county. Mr. Utter engaged in farming near Franklin, this county, and here he passed away in 1870. Four children were born of this marriage. As earlv as 1849 Mr. Bradford was initiated into Masonry and he was 578 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY one of the very oldest members of the blue lodge in his county. Dur- ing* young manhood he voted with the Republican ])arty. At the time of the Civil war he was an ardent admirer of Abraham Lincoln, whom he twice supported in presidential elections. He continued to vote the Re])ublican ticket until 1896, when his views concerning the silver question led him to cast his ballot for William Jennings Bryan. Re- ligious movements had his generous support and enthusiastic interest. From the year 1880 lie was connected with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he gave to the denomination his zealous co-operation and the influence of his consistent character and upright life. Mrs. Brad- ford has been no less interested in religious progress and advancement than was he, and by her life and benefactions continues to bear testi- mony of her faith and interest in the work of the Church. PLEAS G. MIKLE With the development of that progressive suburb of Sacramento known as Oak Park the name of Pleas G. Mikle is intimately associ- ated. To him belongs the distinction of having bought the first prop- erty west of Thirty-fifth street, of having erected the first brick build- ing in the suburb and of having operated the first hotel or restaurant in the place. Tlie association with the new addition, begun in the incipiency of the movement, has continued up to the present time and has brought him some discouragements but also many successes. The only heavy loss which he has ex])erienced since coming here was in connection with the destruction of his hotel property by fire August 13, 1911. At the same time the catastrophe destroyed his moving- picture theater in an adjacent building. The loss of .$15,000 would have discouraged many a man to the point of complete retirement from business, but Mr. Mikle was not so easily disheartened. Without even a momentary hesitation he decided to rebuild and to invest $15,000 in a fireproof theater, for he believed no location would prove more advantageous for such a building than the one in which already he had met with both success and losses. In view of the fact that Mr. Mikle has made his own way in the world from the age of eleven years, his jiresent high standing fur- nishes silent testimony as to his energy and capability. His parents, Martin B. and Delia (Marcum) Mikle, died many years ago, and after he had spent the first eleven xears of his life on the farm in Wayne county, Ky., where he was born, he started out to earn his own liveli- hood. Without education or friends or means, he had many discour- aging experiences in youth. Life to liim ))resented few joys. The HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 579 burden of toil fell upon him at an age when the majority of lads are attending school or enjoying wholesome recreations, but it was his lot to drift from farm to farm, working at first for board and cloth- ing. After a time he learned the blacksmith's trade and this he followed for two years with the street car company of St. Louis. After coming to California in 1890 he made brief sojourns in San Diego and San Francisco and then spent twelve years in the black- smith department of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in Sac- ramento, resigning that position in order that he might identify him- self with the new addition of Oak Park. Here he operated a hotel for twelve years, until it burned to the ground in 1911, and here he has identified himself closely with all movements for the local up- building. In addition to his property at this point he owns real estate in other parts of Sacramento. In fraternal relations he has been a worker with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Politically he votes with the Democratic ticket in national elections, but in local campaigns he supports the best men, irrespective of their partisan views. The new Mikle theater has a frontage of one hundred and twenty feet on Thirty-fifth street. Oak Park, and while erected mainly for the exhibition of moving pictures, it also is provided with facilities for vaudeville. Competent critics pronounce this theater to be one of the safest playhouses in California. Absolutely fireproof from the ground up, it has the further advantage of being provided with exits six feet wide on both sides of the building, as well as in the rear, while there are also exits from the front of the theater. The operat- ing box from which the pictures are thrown is a model of fireproof construction. It is made of reinforced concrete lined with hollow til- ing, and is built with every precaution for the safety of the patrons of the theater. The mechanism is so perfected that the slightest spark of flame will close the operating doors, thus smothering the flames completely in the box. AH of the wiring is laid in conduits, which does away with the danger of fire from grounded electric sparks. A complete fire equipment is also on hand, ready at an instant's notice to provide for any emergency. The color scheme of the interior of the theater is dark red and green, with wainscoting of a beautiful blue tint. More than five hun- dred chairs of handsome design, built with steel uprights, were pro- vided, these being the latest improved opera type, noiseless, ample and comfortal)le. In opening the theater the management purchased two of the finest motion picture machines on the market. These are known as the Motiograph and are of the latest 1912 models, project- ing pictures that practically are perfect. The machine is fitted with automatic shutters that close at the first sign of fire, a feature that adds greatly to their expense, but is abundantly comiiensated for by the feeling of security possible to ]iatrons. The stage is of ample 580 HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY height and width to render possible the production of vandeville or even of stock pieces, while dressing rooms on either side of the stage and retiring parlors for the patrons of the theater complete the luxurious equipment of the new and popular playhouse. J. P. DARGITZ Varied enterprises have engaged the versatile talents of J, P. Dargitz at different periods of his useful and honorable career, but since his removal to Sacramento during 1910 he has devoted himself almost wholly to three very important movements, viz. : the organization and upbuilding of the California Almond Growers' Exchange, which he served three years as secretary and manager ; the California Cured Fruit Exchange, organized in December, 1912 ; and the Sacramento Clay Products Company. The latter is the successor of the Silica Brick Company, which was organized in 1910 and which he served as secre- tary and as director and which expended more than $100,000 in the task of construction and preparation for the opening of their immense plant. In 1912 they organized the Sacramento Clay Products Com- pany, which took over the entire Silica Brick plant and of which Mr. Dargitz became vice-president and director. Among the various manufacturing institutions of this city the Sacramento Clay Products Company is one which promises very large results in the future development of the city and contiguous territory. About two years were devoted to construction work on the parent plant at a vast expense, in order that the finest possible facilities and most modern equipment might be provided for its successful operation. The fac- tory now employs a large force of men and is turning out front (or face) lirick and fire brick, as well as hollow building blocks and partition tiling. With a modern plant and a desirable location from the standpoint of superior quality of clay and easy access to markets, the company has every prospect for a gratif;\ang growth. The reduced price at which the superior output can be furnished to builders and contractors in Sacramento will have a positive and large influence upon the permanent character of all future building operations in the capital city. Nor is the Sacramento Clay Products Company more important in its chosen field of endeavor than the California Almond Growers' Exchange in its special enterprises, and both owe much of their favor- able promise to Mr. Dargitz. The latter organization was incorporated during Mav of 1910 and has its principal office at Nos. 425-426 Ochsner Building, Sacramento. Co-operative in purpose, its aim is to increase HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 583 production and development as well as to secure the more satisfactory preparation of almonds for the markets. Before the company was established the almond marketing for California growers had been conducted largelj^ through the dried fruit packing houses of San Francisco, who used this as a side line and frequently for the purpose of making friends among the trade, whom they could induce thereby to purchase large quantities of dried fruit. These packers secured the ahnonds ready for market from the grower and then after adding more or less profit for themselves, paid brokers to sell the almonds to the wholesale trade of the country. The wholesale trade or jobbers in turn distributed to the retailers and the retailers finally sold to the consumers. A large portion of the cost to the consumer was made up of profits to various people, through whose hands the almonds passed after they left the grower and before they reached the consumer. The markets also were juggled so that the price was unstable and not uncommonly growers would receive from ten to twenty per cent difference in price for the same grade and quantity of almond on the same day, because they happened to live on different sides of the same county road and were not equally posted as to what the buyer wanted to do. The speculative feature of the business was therefore equally detrimental to the grower, the trade and the con- sumer, and this is probably one of the reasons which has helped to make the organization a vital force in the community prosperity. At present sixteen districts of the principal almond growing sec- tions of the state are organized and these are tied together in a mar- keting organization known as the California Almond Growers' Ex- change. The president of this concern for three years, B. F. Walton, of Yuba City, is one of the oldest farmers and best-known business men of the state. He was succeeded as president by George W. Pierce, of Davis, a prominent orchardist. The manager, J. P. Dargitz, has devoted a number of years to a study of the almond question from a standpoint of the markets as well as from its productive features. As a result of his study he has become a local authority on the subject. During 1910 the exchange controlled thirtj^-five per cent of the crop of the state and by this means was enabled to steady the market, also had a very large effect in maintaining prices and establishing a solid foundation for the future of the business. For 1911 the exchange handled at least fifty per cent of the crop of the state. The output was marketable promj^tly and the growers received the highest prices ever obtained, while the good will of the trade was secured. In 1912 the largest crop of al- monds the state ever produced was marketed at satisfactory figures and was sold in forty-eight hours. The business has been handled sagaciously, so as to please the trade as well as the growers. T. C. Tucker, the efficient sales manager, under Mr. Dargitz, has made two trips throughout the country and as far as New York, introducing the business and bringing the trade in touch with the producing end of the 584 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY almond industry. His experience with the ('alifornia Fruit Growers' Ex change in Chicago and with the California Fruit Exchange in Cali- fornia, before coming to the Almond Growers' Exchange, has given him a general grasp of the field and situation, and he naturally succeeded to the management in December, 1912, when Mr. Dargitz retired. The work of this organization has stimulated almond planting until the nurseries of the state are not able to supply the desired trees in sufficient quantity for ]ilanting and the future of the industry prom- ises very bright indeed. In November, 1912, the producers of dried fruits in California were being forced to sell their products at less than cost or not able to sell at all. With the success of the almond growers before them they naturally turned to J. P. Dargitz to help them out and at their urgent solicitation he left the Almond Growers' Exchange December 1, 1912, and became manager of the California Cured Fruit Exchange, just organizing. Its success in the few months since has been amazing to all interested and it bids fair to prove one of the greatest movements for the benefit of the producers of dried fruit ever started in California. The manager of the Exchange is a member of an old eastern family and was born in Mansfield, Ohio, September 8, 1859, being a son of Marion and Tabitha J. (Mykrantz) Dargitz. During early boyhood he was a pupil in the public school at Ashland, Ohio, but in 1870 the family removed to Clarence, Iowa, and until 1876 he was a student in the grammar and high schools of that place. Afterward he taught for five years in Union county, Iowa. Leaving the schoolroom for the railroad business, he became an agent on the Iowa division of the Chicago, Burling-ton & Quincy Railroad and afterward was promoted to be traveling auditor. The life of a railroad man, however, soon proved unsatisfactory and he determined to seek a different field of activity. Going to Chicago, he matriculated in the Chicago Homeo- pathic Medical College and after four years of study was graduated in 1889 with the degree of M. D. and an excellent standing. For three years he i)racticed medicine at Wellsville, Allegany county, N. Y., after which he removed to Waukesha, Wis., and conducted a homeo])athic sanitarium. During 1893 he removed to the Pecos valley of New Mexico and not only practiced medicine, but also bought land which he developed into a fine farm. In leisure hours he devoted himself to a correspondence course in Bible study. The greater climatic and other advantages offered by California led Mr. Dargitz to this state in 1896 and here he taught school, prac- ticed medicine and preached the Gospel in Modoc county for eighteen months. Afterward he devoted himself exclusively to ministerial work for a time and served as pastor of the Christian Church at Lakeport, Lake county, until 1900, when he resigned the charge in order to enter the state work of the church as an evangelist. During 1904 he retired from active ministerial and evangelical labors in ..^i!i^ak«£lc:&iU&:^ ' ^t^^^tA^ ^- ^. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 587 order to take up colonization activities. His attention had been drawn to the _sii]ierior cjualities of the soil in the San Joaquin valle}^ and he had bought eight hundred acres near Acampo. There he established the Christian colony and devoted his attention to making known the attractions of the location to eastern people, desirous of engaging in horticultural work in California. When he severed his connection with the colony in 1910, it was for the purpose of removing to Sacra- mento and devoting himself to the upbuilding of the almond industry, also to the promotion of the Silica Brick Company. In politics he is a Republican of the progressive type. His marriage occurred May 25, 1881, and united him with Miss Clara McDuffie, a native of Union county, Iowa, where the ceremony was performed. They are the parents of three children, of whom only the youngest, Miss Doro- thy, remains at home. The eldest, Mrs. Florence Botts, resides at the Christian colony, where the family own valuable landed interests. The only son, Jesse L., also has a family home and fruit orchard in the colonv. HARRY A. NAUMAN Identified with the business interests of Sacramento since 1889, and recognized as one of the leading men of affairs in the city, Mr. Nauman came to the west in 1886 after a brief period of clerkship in large cities further toward the east. From the first he found much in Sacramento to interest him. The location of the place he considered exceptionally favorable, and in opportunities it compared so favorably with other places of his temporary sojourn that he determined to make his permanent home in the city. Since then he has witnessed its growth and contributed to its upbuilding. As a man of business, familar with commercial enterprises and progressive in temperament, he has exercised an influence among associates and has won the esteem of those with whom he has had business dealings. Born in Manheim, Lancaster county. Pa., August 23, 1864, Harry A. Nauman is a son of Peter and Elizabeth (Reiff) Nauman and descends from an old family of colonial prominence and German stock. His advantages were those otfered by the public schools of Pennsyl- vania. During 1882 he started out to earn his own way in the world and since then he has depended solely upon his own efforts. For two years he held a clerkship in Pittsburg, Pa., then in 1884 went to Kansas City, Mo., where he clerked in a dry goods store until 1885. Later he spent a year in Denver, Colo., as a clerk in a dry goods store. Coming further west, he settled temporarily in San Francisco and 34 588 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY earned his livelihood as a salesman in a furniture store. Eighteen months were spent in San Francisco and a similar period in Stockton, Cal., where he also enga.^ed as a salesman. Upon his arrival in Sac- ramento during- 1889 he found emplojniient as salesman in the furni- ture store of Ingram & Bird, with whom he continued for fourteen years, meanwhile winning a host of warm friends through his uni- form courtesy and acconnnodating disposition. When he finally re- signed as salesman it was for the purpose of starting in business for himself, and the firm of Bath & Nauman soon became well-known undertakers of Sacramento, where they continued until 1909 in a profitable partnership. Since then Mr. Nauman has been alone in business, his undertaking parlors being located at No. 1811 G street. The marriage of Mr. Nauman and Miss Clara Ault was solem- nized in Lebanon, Pa., August 18, 1892. They are the parents of three children. The daughter, Clara, is a graduate of the Sacramento high school. The sons, Harry A., Jr., and C. Wesley, are now students in the local schools. Politically, Mr. Nauman votes with the Republican party and supports its principles with characteristic earnestness. From 1905 until 1909 he held office as city trustee, representing the Seventh ward. His fraternal associations are numerous and include membership in the Odd Fellows lodge and encampment, the Knights of Pythias, Improved Order of Red Men, Moose, Foresters of Amer- ica and Ancient Order of United Workmen, in each of which, with the exception of the encampment, he is past officer. With his family he holds membership with the Central Methodist Episcopal church. JOSEPH W. JOHNSON Historical records indicate the early identification of the Johnson family with the American colonies and the long association of the name with New England. With the spirit of expansion characteristic of the nineteenth century the generations then resident in the east became scattered throughout the entire country, and one worthv mem- ber of the family exchanged the stern and rigorous climate of Maine for the balmy breezes of the southland. In him were the necessary requisites of the pioneer, physical fortitude in hardships, rugged health, tireless energy and an abilitv to adapt himself to any outward circumstance. As a bov he had been familiar with scenes along the Kennebec river near the city of Augusta, Me., and he was born at Hallowell, February 22, 1817, son of Samuel Johnson, who was a native of Scotland and served under Gen. Andrew Jackson throughout the Seminole war. He married Miss Moody, also a native of Scotland, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 589 and they became tlie parents of Joseph W. Johnson. With the en- thusiasm of youth he had left the scenes of early years and had sought the then undeveloped state of Arkansas, where he had settled in Hempstead county, near Washington. There he met and married Miss Pauline K. Fontaine, a native of that state, born January 21, 1824. The young couple settled on a farm and took up agriculture in the primitive manner in which it then was conducted. Into their humble farm home came children to bless with their presence and brighten with their hopes. Death, too, came into the home and took an infant son, Michael J. Two children comprised the family when in 1852 the journey across the plains was begun. One of these, born November 8, 1848, near Washington, Ark., became one of the most successful educators of Sacramento, and forms the subject of this article. The other, Hon. Mat F. Johnson, at one time held the office of superior judge of Sacramento county. The journey across the plains required six months and was filled with hardships. Not only was there a scarcity of feed for the ox- teams, but the travelers themselves were on short rations. To add to the difficulties, Indians in the neighborhood of the expedition threat- ened the lives of the emigrants. With a feeling of deep gratitude the family at last found themselves safeh^ under shelter in Los An- geles. They selected a location at El Monte, twelve miles from Los Angeles, where they remained from the fall of 1852 until the fall of 1856, meanwhile engaging in farming and stock raising. The father was a man of deep religious spirit and splendid education for his day. For years he did not limit his attention to agriculture, but preached the Gospel as opportunity afforded, and taught school in many local- ities. After leaving El Monte he made a brief sojourn at Watson- ville, Santa Cruz county, and in 1858 settled in Sonoma county, whence the following year he removed to a farm at Cacheville, Yolo county. The flood of 1862 caused him heavy losses in stock. During 1861 he taught school in Colusa county. The same occupation engaged much of his attention throughout his remaining years. During the latter part of 1869 he began to teach in Sonoma county. Next he taught in Lake county. Returning in 1871 to Sonoma county, he taught at Fulton until shortly before his death, which occurred April 16, 1879. His wife passed away November 7, 1874. Besides their son who died in Arkansas, they lost two other sons, John Llewellyn having died at Franklin, Sacramento county, at the age of two years. Charles lived to maturity, and at the time of his demise, November 27, 1899, he was manager of a mercantile business at Portland, Ore., where his wife and three children still make their home.- The sons still living are honored and successful. Julian, who was born at El Monte, is prin- cipal of the Sutter grammar school in Sacramento; George, born at Watsonville, Santa Cruz county, has charge of the bonded warehouse at St. Helena, Napa county, and Edward, born in Sonoma county, is 590 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY connected with a telephone company in Oregon, having his head- quarters at Porthmd. Upon the completion of the studies taught in Sonoma college, a Presbyterian institution of learning, Joseph W. Johnson entered upon educational work, to which he since has devoted his life and in which he has met with signal recognition. For a time he taught in Point Pleasant school district, for two years he was connected with the schools of Modoc county, and for four years he had charge of the schools of Cloverdale, Sonoma county, after which he was engaged to teach in Sacramento. Since June of 1879 he has been principal of the Harkness school. His long retention in the position furnishes ample testimony as to the efficient character of his services and his devotion to educational work in this city. He possesses the rare qual- ity of imparting knowledge clearly, easily and effectively, so that those who study under him are mentally enriched by his ability as an instructor. Among other teachers, as well as among the patrons of the school, his standing is the highest and his reputation the most enduring. Aside from his duties in school he has found leisure for association with a number of organizations of note, among these being the Sequoia Camp of Woodmen of the World, Columbus Chapter of the Eastern Star, Sacramento Lodge No. 40, F. & A. M., Capital Lodge No. 87, I. 0. 0. F., and he is past noble grand member of Occi- dental Encampment No. 42, I. 0. 0. F., having been chief patriarch, and is a member of Confidence Lodge No. 78, K. of P. and is past chan- cellor commander. The marriage of Professor Johnson took place June 13, 1872, and united him with Miss Belle Campbell, who was born in Pettis county, Mo., and who died December 7, 1909. There were two daughters in the family, of whom Miss Belle, a member of the Saturday club and a popular society woman, now presides over her father's home. The other daughter, Edna Pauline, married H. Taubner Goethe, a farmer and stock-raiser living in Napa county, where he owns four hundred acres of choice land. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Goethe consists of two children, Edna Elefa and Taubner Johnson. FRANCIS R. McKENZIE The immediate subject of this notice is manager of Henry's Law and Collection Company, at No. 606 I street, Sacramento, Cal., one of the oldest and most reliable institutions of its kind in the city. Francis R. McKenzie was born at London, Ontario, Canada, July 14, 1880. His father, Roderick McKenzie, was a pioneer there, and rep- >^<^-^^.^ HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 593 resented one of tlie old and honored families of that province; and bis mother, Jane (Simmons) McKenzie, was descended from ancestors of high social and business standing. In the public school and high school of his native city, Mr. Mc- Kenzie was carefully educated. His first venture into business life was in connection with the enterprise of one of the leading wholesale clothing concerns of London, and his career at Sacramento dates from the year 1899. In the year last mentioned Mr. McKenzie be- came identified with Henry's Law and Collection Company, for the management of which he showed a peculiar adaptability that early marked him for the success he has achieved. In 1909 he purchased the business, and since then has been the sole owner. In 1906 he married Miss Annie Davies, of Florin, Sacramento county. Frater- nallv he affiliates with the Elks. WILLIAM LADD WILLIS William Ladd Willis was born in New York City, the son of Charles T. and Jane S. Willis. One great-grandfather, on his father's side, was L^man Hall, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and the other, who lived at Newton, N. J., spent his for- tune in raising and equipping a troop of horse for the patriot army, and was a friend of General Washington. The latter passed through Newton on his way north in 1779 and stopped to take dinner with his friend. It happened that it was the time of christening the son of his host, and Washington became one of the sponsors, and the boy was named George Washing-ton Willis. The mother of the subject of this sketch was the daughter of one of the early merchant princes of New York, Thomas S. Walsh. Charles T. Willis died when his son was seven years old, and the family moved to Unionville, N. Y., where the son grew to manhood. His school education was gained at various academic institutions and at Troy (N. Y.) university. In the winter of 1860-61 he embarked in wholesale business in New York City, but the Ci\dl war breaking out in the spring the general dejiression of business and the failure of many western firms to whom his firm had extended credit, forced him to close up his business at a heavy loss. He embarked in various lines for some years, and in 1871 came to Sacramento county, where he engaged in farming near Elk Grove, and teaching, until 1892. He then became a member of the editorial staff of the Ttecord-TJniou, and continued the association for thirteen years. In 1879 he was tendered an appointment on the county board of education, of which he re- 594 HISTORY OF' SACEAMENTO COUNTY mained a member for twenty-three years, or until his removal to Auburn, where he resided for nearly two years and then returned to Sacramento, this city having been his home ever since. In 1886 Mr. Willis was selected by the state board of education to compile the state speller, which had been in use in the schools for twenty years. He also assisted in the compilation of the first set of state readers. In the past four years he has been connected with the Carraichael Company in the real estate business. In 1872 he married Mrs. Emily Haines of Middletown, N. Y., by whom he had three chil- dren, Mrs. Jennie L. Brothers, now of Berkeley; Mrs. Clair Morrill, of Suisun, and William B. Willis of New York, an architect in the office of McKim, Mead & White. JOSEPH EDWARD WALKER The city of Sacramento numbers among its prosperous and enterprising citizens Joseph Edward Walker, whose place of busi- ness, located at Nos. 1018-20-22 Fifth street, is one of the most flour- ishing places in the city today. He is the son of John L. Walker, a native of New York City, who early moved to Calumet, Mich., where Joseph E. was born. John L. Walker was for seventeen years a timber contractor for the Calumet & Hecla Copper Company, at Calumet, Mich., whither he had removed, and at the end of that period he went to Neihart, Mont., where he was the timber contractor for different coal com- panies in the state. He is now living retired in Sacramento, his wife having died in Montana. Before her marriage she was Agnes Mosher, whose birth occurred in Montreal, and to her union with John L. Walker there was born a family of eight children, of whom Joseph E. was the fifth in order of birth. On November 25, 1883, Joseph Edward Walker was born in Calumet, Mich., whence he removed with his parents to Neihart, Mont. After completing the course in the public schools he learned the trade of baker in Neihart, going from there to Arizona, where he followed the trade of baker and cook, and for one year was with the Greene Consolidated Copper Company, at Cananea, Mex., in this capacity. From there he went to Los Angeles about 1902, hold- ing positions with several of the leading hotels and cafes there. Next he was chef in Eureka, Cal., until the rush to Goldfield, Nev., when he decided to remove thither, and opened a restaurant in the new camp. Such was his success there that he later ran two bus! nesses of this kind, also having restaurants at Manliattan, Ely and Wonder. It was in 1908 that he finallv located in Sacramento HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 595 as bis permanent place of residence, and starting the restaurant which he called the Gilt Edge Cafe in the old Newburgh mill on Fifth street, he built up a most prosperous business, selling it out a 3^ear later at a good profit. This place has been remodeled into a business place from the old mill place, but it remained for Mr. Walker to use his energy and excellent taste in fitting it for a cafe, such as he finally owned. After selling this place he opened the Bon Ton Cafe on K street, which proved a profitable undertaking, and a year later he sold it for $12,000, this in itself indicating the exceptional ability Mr. Walker had for conducting and building up a business of this sort. Since New Year's Day, 1912, he has con- ducted the Walker's Cafe, having remodeled the building on Fifth street, where it is located, and by placing new fixtures and giving it the finishing touches which only an experienced hand like Mr. Walker's could accomplish, he enjoys most satisfactory returns. It is now the largest cafe in the city, giving proof of his close applica- tion to the details of the work and his unusually clever executive ability. He has profited by his more than ten years' experience in this line of work in many progressive cities in the country, and was quick to see the opportunity of a fruitful field for his labors in the city of Sacramento. Mr. Walker's first marriage occurred in Eureka, Cal., when he married Miss Kittie McGrath, a native of Eureka. Her death oc- curred twenty months after her marriage in Goldfield, Nev. In July, 1908, he married in Ely, Nev., Miss Carrie Rindahl, born in Michi- gan, and to this union has been born one child, Naomi. Mrs. Walker is a popular member of the Ladies of the Maccabees, while her husband unites with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and also the Order of Eagles. A staunch Republican in political principle, he is actively interested in all civic movements for the advancement of the general welfare, and as the successful and progressive pro- prietor of his most profitable business fills the place of a patriotic citizen. GEORGE MOORE TAVERNER The president of the Bank of Elk Grove, who also enjoys the distinction of having been one of the original promoters and founders of this prosperous institution, claims identification with the Native Sons of the Golden West by reason of his lifelong association with Sacramento county, where his birth occurred January 23, 1877, in the liome of Thomas Moore and Esther Ann Tavernor. The Anglo- Saxon lineage of the familv is indicated bv the genealogical records. 596 HISTORY OF 8ACEAMENT0 COUNTY wbicli furnish authentic proof concerning the identification of many successive generations with England. The shire of Devon was the native phice of Thomas Tavernei and April 5, 1833, the date of his birth. English schools afforded him fair educational opportunities and prepared him for the task of self-support. While his kindred were content to remain amid scenes familiar to their entire lives, his own aspirations turned toward America and in 1850 he crossed the ocean to the new world, locating first in St. Thomas, Ontario. Only a few years had passed since the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia and the tide of emigration still flowed toward the Pacific coast in great volume. Induced to join the pioneers of the west, he came via the Horn to San Francisco in 1852 and thence to Sac- ramento county, where he settled at Elk Grove. The sturd}', persevering nature of the young Englishman was dis|)layed in his determination to acquire land. Although he came without moneyed capital, his was the no less powerful capital rep- resented by a determined ambition and willing hands. The wages of his work as a rancher were frugally saved. Little by little he accumulated a small sum of money. This was invested in raw land. From that small beginning he rose to a })osition among the largest land-owners in Sacramento county, where at the time of his death, January 10, 1893, he held the title to twenty-eight hundred acres. The unusual success won l)y his ])ersistent efforts proved his fine qualities of mind and his energy of character. Throughout all of his life he adhered to the doctrines of the Church of Phigland, in which faith he had been reared in the home land. Politically he voted the Re])ublican ticket after he l)ecame a citizen of the United States. Deeply interested in Masonry, he held membership with Elk Grove Lodge, Sacramento Chai)ter and Council, also the Sacramento Com- mandery, K. T., and for years he was a leading worker among the Masons of Sacramento county and a generous contributor to the philan- thro]iies of the order. The marriage of Thomas Taverner took place in Sacramento in 1873 and united him with Miss Esther Ann Hirst, a native of Lan- cashire, England, by whom he became the father of four children. The two daughters are Mrs. C. V. Upton, of Elk Grove, and Mrs. C. L. Bader, of Sacramento. One son, John T., is now in Nevada, while the other son, George M., has spent his entire life in and near Elk Grove, having in early life engaged with his father in the rais- ing of sheep, which he followed alone after the death of that parent. Eventually he disposed of his flocks and October 24, 1910, effected the organization of the Bank of Elk Grove with a capital stock of $25,000, a considerable ])ortion of which is held by himself. As a financier he is keen and capable, progressive yet duly cautious, and the institution of which he is the head has proved a distinct help to the commercial development of the town. Ever since attaining HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 597 his majority he has voted with the Republican party. For some years he has been prominent in Elk Grove Parlor of Native Sons, in which now he officiates as past president. Like his father, he is an admirer of Masonic principles and a contributor to the philan- thropies of the order, in which he ranks high among the members of Elk Grove Lodge, No. 173, F. & A. M., of which he is past master, Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., Sacramento Council No. 1, Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., Isaac Davis Lodge of Per- fection No. 4, A. & A. S. R., and is also a member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. JOHN L. WOODS Genealogical records indicate a long and honorable citizenship of the Woods family in Maryland, where descendants of the original settler still are to be found prominent in business and active in public affairs. Several branches of the family have been transplanted from the early eastern headquarters into various portions of the west, and one of these branches is worthily represented by John L. Woods, an honored pioneer of California. It has been his privilege to witness the development of the west since the year 1852, when he first came, a boy of ten years, from his native city of Baltimore in company with his |)arents. He recalls the appearance of Sacramento in 1852, prior to the fire and the great flood, and as he contrasts its aspect then with its present beauty and its substantial construction he realizes afresh the magnitude of the transformation wrought by the intelligence and enterprise of the citizens. When he was sent to the schools he found them occupying buildings poorly constructed and illy equipped, while the method of instruction was far inferior to that of the present century. It will therefore be seen that he had few advantages from an educational standpoint, yet he impresses a stranger as a man of broad information and varied knowledge. His father, John Lee Woods, who was born in Baltimore in 1816, had enjoyed excellent ad- vantages in tluit cultured city, but when he exchanged a city home for frontier existence he was unable to prevent his family from under- going hardships and privations, with few of the advantages his am- bitious spirit craved for them. AVhen he died in 1897, at the age of eighty-two, it was witli the realization that the removal to the west had proved to the distinct advantage of the famil>' in their ultimate enjoyment of the great prosperity that came to the country. His wife passed away in 1896, at the age of eighty-three years. Although a blacksmith bv trade, John L. Woods devoted much of 598 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY his active life to mining, and he has worked in the mines of California, Colorado, Montana and Alaska, meanwhile experiencing many hard- ships and at times incurring actual danger from the hostility of the Indians. This was particularly the case while he mined in Montana during 1866, at which time the enmity and the attacks of the savages reached their climax. Considerations of health led him to discontinue mining many years ago, but he still owns an interest in a very valu- able mine at Grass Valley. Upon leaving the mines and coming to Sacramento in 1886, he embarked in the mercantile business on Fourth street and continued in the same place for five years. Upon selling out the business he began to manufacture cider, and for twenty- two years he conducted a large business in that line, meanwhile fur- nishing the most of the cider sold in San Francisco. It was his custom to sell to wholesale firms, which entailed less annoyance than small sales to retailers. While he still owns the business, he no longer gives it his personal attention, having practically retired from all active cares. During 1872 he married Miss Mary Higgins, who was born in Ireland and died in California. Of their five children the sole survivor is Mary, the wife of Robert E. O'Neal and the mother of one son, Robert Lee O'Neal. His second marriage took place in 1891 and united him with Mrs. Josephine C. Lewis, who was born in New York and accompanied her parents to California at an early age ; her father, Michael Van Norman, died in February of 1897, while her mother, at the age of eighty-nine, is still living. In her family there are five generations now living, while Mr. Woods proudly claims four generations on his own side. As he has been devoted to his family and true to his friends, so also he has been loyal to the commonwealth of his adoption and the land of his birth. At the opening of the Civil war in 1861 he offered his services to the Union, and was ac- cepted at Auburn, Cal., where his name was enrolled as a private in a California regiment of volunteer infantry. The regiment was not called to the east, hence saw only little of active service. Upon the organization of the Grand Army of the Republic he became interested in its philanthropies and patriotic enterprises and for years he has been prominent in Sumner Post No. 3, of which he served as com- mander at one time. Fraternally he has been a member of the For- esters and an officer in the local camp. JAMES ALLEN WILDER The honor of lifelong identification with California and the dis- tinction of influential association with the agricultural interests of Sacramento countv mav be claimed bv James Allen Wilder. In ad- HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 599 dition, he is proud of the fact that his father, Benjamin Wilder, was one of the pioneers of that memorable year of 1849. The family of the mother, who bore the maiden name of Elitha C. Donnor and who was born in Spring-field, 111., October 11, 1832, was even more early in its efforts to reach the coast, and the sad fate of their expedition aroused a wave of sjonpath}^ throughout the entire world. They had started for the coast in 1846, when Mrs. Wilder was a girl of fourteen. Unfortunately, delays prevented them from completing the journey ere cold weather commenced. They were confronted by the fear of being obliged to spend the winter on the east side of the mountains. Their alternative was the attempt to cross the Sierras. They chose the latter, and most of the party perished in the snows of the moun- tains, but this young girl was one of the survivors who, almost starved and well-nigh exhausted, reached the American settlements on the 12th of March, 1847. She had been snowed up in the Sierras for months. During 1854 she became the wife of Benjamin Wilder, who was born in Ehode Island March 27, 1821, descended from colonial residents of New England. The schools of Ehode Island and those of Springfield, Ohio, af- forded Benjamin Wilder exceptional advantages for that day, and when only seventeen he was able to successfully teach school, which work he pursued for the ensuing five years. At the age of twenty- two he traveled south to New Orleans and secured employment as a bookkeeper, but in 1848 he returned to Springfield, Ohio. The news concerning the discovery of gold in California caused a change in his plans, and he forthwith began to prepare for a trip to the coast. From 1849 until 1852 he worked in the mines, and then for two years he ran an old-fashioned stage coach out from Sacramento to Jackson, Amador county. During 1855 he began to be interested in the stock business and in 1856 he bought a Spanish grant comprising five thou- sand two hundred and twenty acres, but unfortunately he lost the place in 1861, all being wrested from his possession with the excep- tion of one section of land. Discouraged by his ill luck, he returned to the mines, where he remained about ten years. Again, in 1872, he resumed agricultural pursuits, and this time he settled in Franklin district, Sacramento county, where he engaged in raising grain and stock until the infirmities of age necessitated his withdrawal from active labors. His death occurred in 1898 at the old homestead. His wife still continues to reside at the old family home, having been a resident of California for sixty-six years. During the sojourn of the family at Camp Pocahontas, a mining camp in Eldorado county, James Allen Wilder was born March 25, 1862. As a boy he lived at Placerville, the same county, and attended the public schools. When his father settled on a farm he began to assist him in the cultivation of the land and the care of the stock. Eventually he was trusted with greater responsibilities and long before 600 HISTORY OJ^^ SACRAMENTO COUNTY his father's demise he had relieved him of the greater share of the heavy tasks on the farm. Since the death of his father he has con- tinned farming operations for himself, owning two hundred and fifty head of cattle as well as other stock, besides which he is also running his mother's place of four hundred and eighty acres of land. Sep- tember 6, 1911, he was united in marriage with Mrs. Ora Mary Bryant, who was born at Fort Scott, Kan., and has made California her home since 1890. Upon the farm he has made improvements as needed, and the property now ranks as one of the best-improved in the vicinity of Bruceville. Having worked with steadfast devotion on the farm, he has had no leisure for participation in public affairs, and has taken no part in the same aside from voting the Republican ticket. The only fraternity in which he has become an active member, the Knights of Pythias, receives his cordial co-operation in benevolent and civic enterprises. LLOYD G. WARREN In view of the fact that he is still at the beginning of what prom- ises to be an exceptionally useful career, the success that already has rewarded the purposeful and intelligent efforts of Mr. Warren easily places him among the most efficient business men of Sacramento, where as president and manager of the Warren Lumber Company he holds a leading association with a growing commercial concern of the capital city. It has been a matter of surprised comment among new acquaintances to observe in him a most accurate judgment as to the relative merits of different qualities of liTmber and a keen discrimina- tion in the making of })urcliases for his yards. Such qualifications as he possesses would lead to eventual success in practically every line of enterprise, but indicate especial adaptation for his chosen calling, in the pursuance of which he is winning the confidence of customers and the regard of other men of business. The Warren family was established in the west many years ago and claims identification with commonwealth activities from the period of pioneer privations and hardships. Mr. Warren himself is a native of San Francisco and was born April 23, 1890, into the home of Samuel I. Warren, an industrious workinginan of the western metrop- olis. The religious associations of the family governed the education of the son, who was instructed not only in common branches of study, but also in the history and doctrines of the Roman Catholic church, and he has been a lifelong member of that denomination. After he had completed the coui-so of study in St. Ignatius college he began to earn his own livelihood, securing employment in 1906 with the Bel- ^^^^««/ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 635 manhood. In 1897 he went to Alaska, where he lived a strenuous and adventurous life through five memorable years. Then returning to California, he settled down to farming on his ranch near Walnut Grove. In Sacramento in 1905 he married Miss Lillian Campbell, a native of Placer county, Cal., daughter of David Campbell, who is now deceased, and his wife, Mary J. (Wiley), who still resides in Auburn. Two children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Thisby: George C. and Mary Jane, aged in 1913 six years and four years respectivel}^ In everything pertaining to the public welfare of his community Mr. Thisby is deeply concerned. While he is not active as a politician he has been elected trustee of Georgiana school dis- trict and is trustee of Reclamation district No. 556. His home- stead is a fine ranch of two hundred and twenty-one acres, highly improved in every respect and devoted to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Mr. Thisby was made a Mason in Franklin Lodge No. 143 and is a member of Isleton Lodge No. 108, I. 0. 0. F., of which he is past grand. In politics he is a Republican. JOSEPH SANER For many jenrs, and indeed from the time of his immigration to the new world until his death, Mr. Saner was identified with the dairy and ranch interests of Sacramento count}". Such was his frugality, such his tireless perseverance and such his native shrewdness that ultimately he acquired large holdings in ranch lands. Not a little of his success was due to the sterling good sense and practical co-opera- tion of his wife, who since being left a widow has carried forward the enterprises begun by her husband and has proved the possession of fine business qualifications as well as an intimate and thorough knowledge of every detail connected with ranching. The plans which he laid with the hopeful spirit of middle age she is carrjdng forward to completion and in these impoitant tasks she has enjoyed the will- ing aid of her children, the eldest of whom have reached an age which renders genuine helpfulness possible, while the youngest are able to assist in the lighter tasks of the ranch. There were not only kindred aspirations and harmonious tem- peraments to unite Mr. and Mrs. Saner in a happy wedded life, but in addition they shared an affection for the same native country and the same childhood associations. Familar to their early days were the lofty peaks of the Alps and the simple beauty of the lakes which give to Switzerland an abiding majesty of landscape. Mr. Saner was born in Canton Solothurn, Switzerland, March 23, 1860, while the 36 636 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY birth of Mrs. Saner occurred September 24, 1865, her maiden name having been Mary Bisig. Both had few educational advantages, but began to labor for self-support while yet quite young. Both cherished longings for the liberty of America, and both crossed the ocean in 1883, coming direct from New York City to California and settling in Sacramento county. Mrs. Saner saw the United States for the first time on the 25th of April, 1883, and on the 9th of March, 1887, became tlie wife of Mr. Saner, who had been employed at dairying for the four i)receding years. The young couple took up agricultural pursuits on a rented tract, owned by Mr. Harvey, and there they worked frugally, industriously and efficiently for four years. As a result of their efforts they were able to buy a place of their own. In 1901 they purchased the Steele ranch of four hundred and fifteen acres located on Dry creek, and three years later, in 1904, they added to their holdings by the pur- chase of the Davis tract of three hundred acres. Still later one hun- dred and eight 3^-two acres were bought, making nearly one thousand acres, all of which Mr. Saner managed with recognized thrift and intelligence. In the management of the broad acres his wife, since his death, October 14, 1908, has been as efficient as was he, and her capable mind and willing hands insure profitable returns from the cultivation of the land. Eight children came to bless their union, namely: Frieda, born December 8, 1888; Ameli, August 4, 1890; Joseph, April 15, 1893; Eobert, May 18, 1895; Lillie, April 3, 1897; Harry, May 29, 1898; William, November 28, 1899, and Evelina, De- cember 8, 1903. Many sorrows have come to Mrs. Saner, and her life has had its share of troulile, but none was more difficult to bear than the tragic death of her youngest child, Evelina, who was lost in the destruction of their home by fire, October 27, 1905. With supreme courage she has borne this terrible bereavement and with firm Chris- tian heroism she has triumphed over disaster and distress, so that she presents to all the example of a cheerful life and an industrious, optimistic temperament. WILLIAM A. LANGLEY The bicycle and motorcycle trade now engages talent and capital no less notewortliy than those demanded by the automobile trade, with which it is allied. Prominent in this line in Sacramento is William A. Langloy, No. 1025. Tenth street. Mr. T^angley was born in Alding- ton, Mass., April 9, 1873, a son of Herman A. and Eosette Langley, and while yet quite young was taken by his parents to Astoria, Ore., HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 637 and there lie attended the public school until he was fourteen years of age. Then, young as he was, he went to Shoal Water Bay, Wash., and was for four years employed in a lumber mill. This brings his life story down to 1891, in which year he came to California and, locating at Lodi, engaged in the bicycle trade, operating a store there till 1900, when he came to Sacramento. Here he has continued in the same line, having the sole agency for the Excelsior autocycle and the Pierce motorcycle. The machines handled by Mr. Langley are considered as good as any iu the market, and so thoroughly does he understand their con- struction and operation that, having the confidence of the buying public, he is able to sell them against any and all competition. A feature of his business is the repairing of bicycles and motorcycles. In his repair department he employs only skilled workmen, and his materials are as good as can be obtained, while his charges are as reasonable as are consistent with good service and the adequate profit essential to the success and permanency of au}^ business of whatever character. On May 10, 1902, Mr. Langley married Miss Ellen V. Price of Sacramento. He is credited by those who know him well with the possession of an admirable public spirit which so influences him as to make him a liberal and helpful citizen, alive to the best interests of the community. In his ]iolitical affiliation he is a Eepublican. HEEBEET EDWAED YAEDLEY During the long period of his identification with his present line of business Mr. Yardley has developed an undertaking establish- ment that stands in the very front rank of institutions of the kind in Sacramento. When in 1893 he purchased the undertaking business of Clark & Booth and assumed the management of the place of which he remains the proprietor, he was brought into associations different from those of former business connections, but he proved equal to all emergencies and soon acquired a comprehensive knowledge of every detail. Personal qualifications admirably adapt him for suc- cessful business pursuits. Tactful in manner, accommodating in disposition, quick in decision and sagacious in judgment, he belongs to that class of citizens whose presence has been most beneficial to the advancement of the capital city along lines of permanent progress. The honor of being a member of the Native Sons of the Golden West comes to Mr. Yardley through his birth in Yolo county, where his parents, James and Elizabeth Yardley, had established a home on the then frontier. The death of both of the parents in their early 638 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY maturity left the son, who was born in January of 1868, an orphan ere he was old enough to fully comprehend the great loss incident to such a bereavement. An aunt, Mrs. W. H. Wright, residing in Sacramento, took him into her home and sent him to the grammar school and later to the high school, so that he was prepared for the responsibilities of self-support. When only fifteen years of age he secured a clerkship in the drug store owned by Frederick Kolliker, and for ten years he continued in the same establishment, meanwhile receiving merited promotion from time to time. When finally he resigned his connection with the establishment it was for the pur- pose of starting a drug store of his own, and that business he con- ducted on Eighth and J streets until 1893, when he sold out and entered the undertaking business. With his wife, who was Miss Russia Lubeck, and whom he married in Auburn, this state, in 1896, Mr. Yardley occupies a posi- tion of accepted prominence in the social circles of Sacramento. Various organizations, fostered by the most cultured citizens of the town, have received his co-operation and intelligent aid. Notwith- standing the pressure of business duties he always has taken the leisure necessary for a study of national issues and political condi- tions. In general elections he gives his support to the Republican party. The Elks and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows receive his hearty assistance in their progressive projects for fraternal up- building, while socially he belongs to the Sutter club. An expert marksman and fond of hunting as a recreation, he enjoys the pastime in company with other members of the Glide Gun club. Perhaps no organization has enlisted his sympathetic co-operation in larger de- gree than Masonry. For years he has been a disciple of the order, a participant in its philanthropies and a believer in its uplifting principles of brotherhood. Beginning with the blue lodge, he rose through the various degrees until he became associated with the Knights Templar and Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and as such he maintains a leading part in Masonic affairs in his home city. Mr. Yardley is a man of wide enterprise, giving generously of his time and means toward every enterprise that has for its object the upbuilding of his. adopted city, in which he has achieved a marked degree of success in his individual as well as public undertakings that he has fostered. THOMAS EMORY BRICKELL The well-known Oak Park real estate man whose name appears above is a brother of Jerome F. Brickell and has lived in Sacramento since 1906. He was born in Niles, Mich., a son of Thomas Jefferson HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 641 and Elizabeth Brickell, was educated in public schools and was grad- uated from the Niles high school in 1877. After leaving school he was for a time an assistant to his father. When he was only nine- teen years old he came to California and located at Truckee, where he was for three and a half years manager of a general store. From Truckee Mr. Brickell went to Spokane, Wash., where he lived twenty-five years, variously employed, but always busy and prosperous. He operated one farm seven years and was secretary and treasurer of the Fidelity Mortgage Company of Spokane ten years. When he came to Sacramento in 1906 he helped his brother incorporate the Oak Park Realty Company. Politically he is a Democrat and at different times in Washington and California has been offered important public offices which he has refused to accept, yet while his personal ambitions have impelled him to this course he has been active and influential in political work. Since 1880 he has been identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and for a time he affiliated with the Modern Woodmen. He is a helpful mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal church. As a citizen he is public- spirited to a degree that makes him very useful to his community. It is probable that he inherits some of his rather remarkable busi- ness ability from ancestors who made their mark on civilization of their time and locality. Miss Clara Vincent became Mr. Brickell 's wife pnd they have had three children, two of whom survive : Harry, of San Francisco, and Lilah E., at home ; the oldest child, Emory, who was chief clerk in one of the departments of the Southern Pacific railroad, having died aa:ed twentv-four vears. ROBERT RARER As a rancher for many years in Colusa county and later as a horti- culturist in Sacramento county, Mr. Raper has gained a thorough knowledge of the soil in this section of the state and also of its adaptability to varied products. Himself a pioneer of the '60s, hav- ing crossed the plains a number of years prior to the spanning of the continent by the first railroad system, he has witnessed the progress made by the west during the past one-half century, nor has his own part in the slow work of agricultural evolution been insignificant or unworthy of honorable mention. On the other hand, he was one of the large number of patient tillers of the soil without whose intelli- gent efforts and imwearied industry the present degree of prosperity could not have been reached. While Illinois was vet a frontier state and the large steamers on 642 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the Mississippi formed the principal means of transportation for the people of the north and south, Robert Raper was born in Fayette county, January 3, 1839, and was reared in Hancock county. The educational advantages which he enjoyed were excellent for those days. Later he enlarged his fund of information through close read- ing and self-culture. Early in manhood he established a home of his own, being united in marriage April 18, 1861, with Miss Caroline F. Allen, a native of Henry county, Iowa. The young couple began housekeei)ing on a farm, but soon they began to be interested in re- ports concerning California, and it was not long before they decided to seek a home in the far west. During the summer of 1864 they traveled across the plains with a wagon and mules and notwithstand- ing the hostility of the Indians they reached their destination without delays or attacks. Shortly after his arrival in Colusa county Mr. Raper rented a tract of raw land on which he raised wheat and barley. Later he bought four hundred and twenty acres of unimproved land and this he cultivated for a number of years. When he disposed of that place he purchased three hundred and twenty acres, which he cultivated for several years. Meanwhile he l)egan to realize the need of better educational advantages for his children, and desiring to live where he could send them to first-class schools, he sold his country home, moved to College City, bought a lot and built a residence. For about twelve years he engaged in farming near the town, but continued meanwhile to occupy the village home until the children had com- pleted their studies. The World's Fair attracted Mr. and Mrs. Raper to Chicago dur- ing the summer of 1893, and they enjoyed the splendid exhibits from their own state, as well as from other parts of the country and other regions of the world. Desiring to see something of the east, they traveled on to New England and found much to interest them there. After they had visited several of the most important eastern cities they spent some time among old friends in Iowa and Illinois, thence coming back to California, which seemed more desirable than ever before as a place of residence. Their enjoyment of the east did not lessen their affection for the home of their choice. Prior to that trip they had sold out in Colusa county and bought ten acres at Orangevale, three miles from Folsom, Sacramento county, which tract he had planted to apricots, almonds and prunes. On his return from Chicago and the other cities of his visitations, Mr. Raper built a substantial house on the place and made other improvements. Shortly afterward he bought two adjacent tracts, thus giving him forty acres altogether, of which ten acres are in Tokay grapes. Another tract is utilized for hay and pasture. The only son of Mr. Raper is 0. L. Raper, a prosperous farmer of Glenn county. The eldest daughter, Nora M., is the wife of J. L. Pat- HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 643 terson, a promineut rancher of the Orangevale district. The second daughter, Jennie G., is Mrs. G. C. Clare, of Mendocino county, and the youngest, Lou, is the wife of W. T. Eddy, who at this writing carries on the Raper ranch. The wife and mother passed away December 15, 1909, leaving to her loved ones the memory of a kindly heart ever ready to succor those in need and willing hands ever ready to minister to the wants of her family. The uplifting teachings of Christianity were exemplified in her daily acts of kindness and words of love. Mr. Rai)er also has been a consistent believer in the Gospel and a devoted member of the Christian church. As a member of the school board for thirteen years he worked effectively to promote educational inter- ests. Politically he has been identified with the Republican party, but in principle he always has been an ardent Prohibitionist and has dis- played his belief in the cause of temperance both by precept and example. ANDREW YOUNGER In an environment far different from that to which in maturity and age he has been accustomed Andrew Younger passed the years of his early life. Born at King Horn, Fifeshire, Scotland, June 27, 1826, he grew to manhood in his native shire, against whose rugged shores beat the ever-restless waves of the North Sea. Familiar to his ])oyish eyes was the sight of sailing craft moored in some quiet harbor and the presence of sailors and fishermen in the small sea- ports of the shire. However he might be fascinated by tales of the sea, he did not choose the life of a sailor, but after he had attended school for a few years and had gained a knowledge of the common branches he began an apprenticeship to the trade of blacksmith. The trade mastered, he became a journeyman and worked for wages in his native land. At the age of thirty years he came to the United States, accompanied by his young wife, and together they began the difficult task of identifying themselves with a country whose customs and methods of business were radically different from those of their own Scotland. Some years after they crossed the ocean his brother, William, also emigrated from Scotland and settled in Illinois. Agri- culture remained his occupation, and in 1909, after a ]H'osperous ex- perience as a farmer, he passed away at his home in Woodford county, 111., where he had resided during practically all of his as- sociation with the new world. An experience of seventeen years as a l)lacksmith at Peoria, 111., gave Andrew Younger a reputation for efficient work and honorable citizenship. The failure of his health led to the suggestion that he 644 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY remove to California. Accordingly, he disposed of his interests in Peoria and came to Sacramento, where for one summer he worked in the blacksmith shop of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. Next he followed his trade in San Francisco with various firms. In 1880 Stephen Uren sent for him to come to Sacramento and take a position as assistant foreman in the Southern Pacific blacksmith shop. Returning hither he entered upon the duties of the position, which he continued to fill until his retirement from all occupational activities. As a workman he was efficient, painstaking and trustworthy. His long retention in the one position is indicative of his recognized ability. Since his retirement in 1900, at the age of seventy-four years, he has spent his winters at his comfortable home, No. 1427 Gr street, Sacra- mento, while in the summer he visits in Portland, Ore., with his eldest son, who is superintendent of the railway motive power at that point. Fraternally he holds membership with Union Lodge, F. & A. M., in Sacramento, and formerly he was actively associated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. AVhile inclined to be independent in politics in local campaigns, he usually votes the Republican ticket in national elections, and is proud of the fact that the first ballot he ever cast in the United States was in favor of Abraham Lincoln for president. This was during his residence in Peoria and at the time of Lincoln's first election as executive. In his old Scotch home he was reared in Presbyterian doctrines and always he has been in deep sympathy with the work of that denomination. Before leaving Scotland for the new world Mr. Younger mar- ried Marguerite Smith Hamer, a native of England. They became the parents of five children, one of whom, a daughter, died in infancy. The eldest son, Thomas W., resides in Portland. The second son, Andrew, Jr., is a teacher of pattern-making in Cogswell college, San Francisco, and the youngest son, Joseph H., is employed in the book-binding department of the state printing office at Sacramento. Mrs. Marguerite Long, the only daughter who survived to maturity, is a graduate of the Sacramento high school and is a teacher in the Sacramento public schools. In her family there are five children, namely : Andrew, of the United States navy, now stationed in China ; Hiram, of Sacramento; Russell, also serving in the navy; Marian, wife of E. W. Stebbins, a mining engineer of Oakland, and Jessie, who is the wife of Hamlinton Hawley, a banker of Oakland. JOHN N. LARKIN An honored pioneer whose first identification with California dated back to the '50s, John N. Larkin left the impress of his force- ful personality and keen mind upon the annals of Sacramento county. HISTOEY OF SACKAMENTO COUNTY 645 Througli the influence of his efforts as a newspaper editor and pub lisher he accomplished much in behalf of the permanent upbuilding of the community in which he held citizenship. Indeed, it would be possible to mention very few names more intimately associated with early history than was his own/ and certainly no resident was more loyal than he to the county and the commonwealth. His entire per- sonal influence and also his editorial position were used to advance the prosperity of the west. As a writer he was clear and forcible. His meaning was never obscured by complicated expressions, but was made intelligible to all. In wit he was pungent and in humor respons- ive, yet his editorials were not caustic, acrimonious or unkind; on the other land, his writings usually expressed his own hearty and com- panionable nature and gave visible evidence of a disposition so genial as to attract the admiration of all, from the aged pioneer to the lad just out of school. John N. Larkin was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 11, 1840, and in 1855 came for the first time to Sacramento, where an older brother, Henry, was at the time a part owner of the Sacramento Union. When the birthday number of this paper was published March 19, 1911, commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the publication, Mr. Larkin contributed the following article in relation to the early history of the well-known periodical: ''My first introduction to the Sacramento Union was during the first week in May, 1855, when I faced the 'case' to receive my first instruc- tion in type-setting. The publishers and proprietors of the Union were James Anthony, Paul Morrill and Henry Larkin (the latter a brother of the writer), under the firm name of James Anthony & Co. They were all in harness at that time, Anthony as bookkeeper, Mor- rill doing the 'make-up' and Larkin working at the case. They em- ployed the best writers on the coast, and the paper soon became a power in the state, the people having confidence in its honesty and integrity. The office was at that time on J street between Front and Second, and what was then the counting room is now used by a produce firm as a storage for potatoes, onions and other truck. "In December, 1859, I left for my home in New York, arriving there on Christmas morning. The year 1864 again found me in Sacramento and I found the Union in its new home on Third street. The journal had by this time become known throughout the country, its fearless attacks on corporate power attracting much interest throughout the entire Union. Its influence in the state was certainly phenomenal. Through its efforts Newton Booth was nominated and elected chief executive of the state, despite the desperate efforts of the Central Pacific railroad to defeat him. The battle between the railroad company and the Union was a bitter one, and a paper called the Daihf Becord was placed in the field in an effort to crush the Union. The effort was a failure, and the only way to quiet the Union 646 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY was to purchase the plant outright, for its editorial columns were not for sale. This the company did, and the paper was combined with the railroad journal and appeared thereafter as the Record- Union, many of the old-timers frequently referring to it as the 'Wrecked-Union,' and the hybrid heading remained until a new management tore off the barnacle and restored its old and respected name. The name looks good and sounds good to the last of the Mohicans of the tribe of 1855, and may its life be a long and pros- perous one." During the early years of his residence in the west Mr. Larkin tried mining without success and he therefore devoted his attention principally to his trade, being foreman in the composing rooms of the Bancroft Book Company in San Francisco for several years, also filling a similar position with the San Francisco Post and the Sacra- mento Union. Early in 1875 the men who owned the Union sold out, and Mr. Larkin then decided to embark in the newspaper business for himself. On the 8th of March he published the first number of the Sacramento Evening Herald, but this paper was discontinued at the expiration of four months. Next he started the Sunday Leader, which for several years in the '80s was the official county paper and profited from the public advertising. The Weekly Leader was personally superintended by Mr. Larkin until shortly before his death, when his son, William H., succeeded to the management. Through all of his mature years he was a stanch Republican, but with the exception of a term as clerk of the police court he never accepted political honors. When Sacramento was a village and he was young, he was considered one of the best amateur minstrels in the west and sustained a high reputation as a song and dance artist. However, it was as a pro- moter and organizer of manly sports that he will be remembered best by lovers of those relaxations which tend to build sturdy men and keep them sound. He organized and for a long time managed the Alta baseball team, the superior of any team on the coast in the days when a free fight was a fitting close to every game. Until the days when he was last stricken he occupied a particular seat in the grandstand when league games were on, freely criticising the plays, and comparing the artists with those of old who blazed the way. Few men in the city had more warm personal friends than he pos- sessed. The newspaper writers of the city always were ready to rally to his assistance when he announced a special edition, and it was only a few years before his death when one of those s])ecials contained an article from each member of the reportorial staff of both daily papers. After an illness of almost three months resulting from a para- lytic stroke, John N. Larkin passed away May 22, 1911, at the family residence, No. 1021 Twenty-second street. The funeral was held under the ausjiices of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, to HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 647 which he had belonged for years, and interment was made in the city cemetery. City Justice W. A. Anderson, whose acquaintance with Mr. Larkin dated back further than that of anyone else in Sacra- mento, adjourned the police court as a last testimonial of respect for his old friend, who had once served as a clerk of that court. In referring to the passing of his old-time friend Mr. Anderson offered this tribute: ''John Larkin was a remarkable character. Forty years ago, when the call of Abraham Lincoln came for more troops after the disastrous battle of Bull Run, John Larkin was one of the men that answered the call: 'Yes, Father Abraham, we are coming, five hundred thousand strong.' I, too, was one of those who ran'' away from college and enlisted in the service. John Larkin was part of the history of Sacramento, where he has always borne a splendid reputation. Of course, he had those peculiar traits of character that we denominate crankism, but I think sometimes that crankism is akin to genius. Many years ago he founded the Leader, and it has re- flected his own individual ideas. It is a pity that a man so useful should be stricken down, but he lived more than his allotted time of three score and ten (a year over that) ; still, he is a man who will be missed in this community. My associations with him always have been of a friendly, social and very intimate character." Surviving Mr. Larkin are his widow, formerly Miss Sallie Fern, and a son, William H., and daughter, Florence E. The son was born in Sacramento December 17. 1866, and attended school here and in San Francisco and Oakland. For three years he clerked in the law office of Henry E. Highton of San Francisco, after which he learned the printer's trade. From that time he was associated with his father, whom he succeeded as publisher of the Leader and man- ager of the job office with its modern equipment and valuable plant. During 1902 he married Miss Jeannette Cantrell, of Yolo county, and they are the parents of two daughters, Mary Louise (born in 1904) and Jeannette Josephine (born in 1907). Mrs. Larkin is a member of the Tuesday and Saturday clubs, while Mr. Larkin is identified with the Masons, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Improved Order of Red Men, Native Sons of the Golden West and Fraternal Broth- erhood, while in addition both he and his wife have been connected prominently with the local lodge of Rebekahs. GEORGE W. HOTCHKISS George W. Hotchkiss, the subject of this sketch, was born in New Haven, Conn., October 16, 1831. He came to California in the ship Susan G. Owens, arriving in San Francisco October 8, 1849. 648 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY He came to Sacramento as a clerk for Scranton & Smith, who had brought from the east a house frame and stock of goods for a gen- eral store. They erected the second permanent hnilding in the city near Third and J streets. They paid $500 a thousand feet for lumber to complete their store, and young Hotchkiss acted as both clerk and cook. In speaking of his experiences he says: "I think it was the last part of December, 1849, that I went one morning to the slough four or five hundred feet back of the store to get a pail of water, and found the water just cutting through the bank, and, yelling for help, I tried to scrape enough mud with my foot to hold the water back, but had to run for the store, where all floor goods were at once placed on the counter, and within an hour or two the water washed the under side of the floor. This was the big flood of '49 and '50, when the water stood eight feet deep a couple of blocks to the south of us. For a month or more all our travel was by whale boat. As the waters receded teams tried to enter the streets, until in March there were at least a dozen teams of oxen and many horses, which it was impossible to save after they mired, that died and dried up in their tracks." In July, 1850, Mr. Hotchkiss went to the mines and set up a tent store, doing well in it, but his father's letters telling of failing health made him homesick, and there was also "the girl I left behind me" writing letters saying she would be glad to see him. He took passage for Panama in the bark St. Mary's, walked across the Isth- mus and caught the steamer Folsom for Havana, assisting during the trip in burying twenty-eight of his fellow passengers who died of cholera. For twenty years he was a member of the Western Asso- ciation of California Pioneers, which disbanded in 1911, when only fifteen members were left, with an average age of eighty-seven years. He is now secretary-treasurer of the Illinois Lumber Dealers' Associa- tion, at Chicago. ELISHA SAMPLE DRIVER Born in Indiana April 18, 1829, E. S. Driver of Antelope, Sacra- mento county, was the son of John and Abigail (Mills) Driver. De- prived of the love and guidance of his parents when he was scarcely more than a babe, he was taken into the home of an uncle and treated as one of the family until 1886, when he was about seven years old. He then went to Henry county, Iowa, and there made his home with an uncle until 1850. At that time he was lured to California by ac- counts of fortunes made by gold seekers who had come hither, and on March 25, 1850, he started from Iowa with an ox-team and provisions '^J:^ \fK/lA.^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 661 his membership of the Sutter club of Sacramento, at the same time retaining his membership of the Jonathan club of Los Angeles. In addition he holds membership with the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. Personally he represents the ideal type of western business man, alert, keen and vigorous, quick to discern an opportunity and equally eager to grasp the same, a progressive citizen and true patriot, mani- festing in every public measure the spirit which has made California great and which is bringing to her men of action and of thought the regard of the world. JILES SANFORD BOGGESS During the colonial period of our national history the Boggess family became identified with the upbuilding of the south, and in the early part of the nineteenth century there was a distinguished state senator of Georgia who bore the name of Ahaz Jefferson Boggess. In addition to his service in the state assembly he filled other offices, in- cluding that of sheriff. He was also an officer in the Mexican war and a prominent man in public affairs, filling many positions of responsi- bility. At the time of his death he was serving as state comptroller. The Civil war was then in progress and during the discharge of his duties as a state official he contracted typhoid fever, which terminated fatally. Afterwards his widow. Marguerite, came to California and made her home with her children in Sacramento until her death, which occurred at the residence of James Holland, corner of Eighteenth and G streets. Among their descendants one of the most distinguished was a grandson, J. Holland Laidler, who was killed in the Philippines, and in whose honor the Spanish war camp of Sacramento received its name. At the old family mansion at Carrollton, Carroll county, Ga., Jiles Sanford Boggess was l)orn March 26, 1853. When the Civil war began he was old enough to realize its sufferings and to undergo its hard- ships, but not large enough to bear arms for his native commonwealth. Its disastrous results long lingered in his mind, the wreck of the fam- ily fortune, the loss of estates, the suffering of privations and the starting out anew when at last the war had ended. He earned a live- lihood by operating a sawmill, but in the fall of 1876 he sold the mill and came to California. April 12, 1876, he had been united in mar- riage with Miss Martha Whittle, a native of Carrollton, Ga., and a woman of gentle, self-sacrificing disposition, noble in character and tender in devotion to her family. The young couple arrived in Sacra- mento in 1876 and began housekeeping here, while Mr. Boggess earned 662 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY a livelihood by lighting the gas and oil street lamps. During 1878 he relinquished that position and moved to a ranch in San Joaquin county, where he remained for six years. Upon selling out he took his wife east and south and spent a year in travel. On their return to Sacra- mento he engaged in the grocery business for two years and later for three years he acted as superintendent of the James McNasson ranch of fourteen hundred acres. Coming to Oak Park in 1890, Mr. Boggess erected the fifth house in the suburb and his death occurred at his Oak Park home. No. 3318 Orange street, September 6, 1910, For four years he had been a mem- ber of the firm of Tinnon & Boggess. Meanwhile he also was a local leader in the Democratic party and for ten years had served as . a member of the county central committee, also for eight years attended every county and state convention of his party. For a period of four years he served as road overseer under Morris Brooks and for two terms he was deputy constable under C. B. Lightfoot, later filling the office of constable for sixteen years. With all of his family he held membership in the Oak Park Baptist Church. Fraternally he held membership in the Improved Order of Red Men. Surviving him are his wife and four children, three children having preceded him in death. Those living are, Ahaz C, Adelia, Marguerite, and Herbert Gardner. All continue to reside in Oak Park, where the older son resides with his mother and continues his father's business, and the younger son is identified with a brother-in-law in the contracting busi- ness. One who knew Mr. Boggess well and honored him deeply said of his passing: "His was a noble, generous nature. He had an eye that could see distress and a heart that was constantly attuned to relieve it. He did not leave much of this world's material goods, but left a wealth of kind, noble and generous deeds that will live long in the memories of those who knew him. He did not believe in keep- ing the alabaster boxes of his love and kindness sealed up until . his friends were dead. He believed that the man who scatters the flowers of sympathy and affection in the pathway of his fellowmen, who lets into the dark places of life the sunshine of human sympathy and happiness is walking the right path of life. There was a daily beauty about his life that won every heart. In temperament he was mild and conciliatory. Tie gained confidence when he seemed least to seek it." In his family Mr. Boggess . was devotion itself. The happiest hours of his life were passed in the society of wife and children. Nothing pleased him more than to bestow upon them some appre- ciated gift. In their joys and personal affairs he maintained an un- ceasing interest. His older son, after completing his studies in the Sacramento high school and the University of California, became an assistant to him in his business, gained a thorough knowledge of the same and was able to succeed him at the time of his demise. The HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 663 younger son also was given first-class educational advantages and aided in his preparation for the responsibilities of life. The daughters became accomplished Christian women, active workers in the Oak Park Baptist Church, and their sincere characters prove the value of wise parental training as well as the influence of an honorable ancestry, Adelia is the wife of Frederick G. Rees, D.D.S., who was born at The Dalles, Ore., March 10, 1882, the son of a pioneer Baptist min- ister at one time quite well-known throughout the west. Orphaned at an early age, he made his home with grandparents at Loyalton, Sierra county, Cal. After two years in the Loyalton high school he entered the San Francisco College of Physicians and Surgeons, where he took the regular dental course, graduating in 1904. Since then he has engaged in professional work with the exception of eighteen months in the gold fields of Nevada. For six months he practiced at Loyalton, but desirous of a larger sphere for professional work in 1906 he came to Sacramento, where he has since had his office in Oak Park. Decem- ber 23, 1906, he married Miss Adelia Boggess, by whom he has two children, namely: Jiles Denton, who was born November 16, 1907; and Frederick Lewis, December 17, 1909. Fraternally he is con- nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias, while in religion he is of the Baptist faith. William M. Kennedy, who married Marguerite Boggess, was born on Prince Edward Island, Canada, November 22, 1877, and at the age of seventeen went to Boston, where he learned and followed the trade of carpenter. Desirous of broadening his education he attended school in Boston and also took a night course in study in architecture, graduating with a high standing in that profession. From Boston he traveled west to Spokane and after six months in that city traveled south to California, where he has since made his home in Sacramento. For a time he engaged in carpentering, but in 1906 he began to take contracts and now he ranks among the leading men of his occupation in the entire county. In addition to having contracts for houses in Oak Park, Davisville, Sacramento and other places, he has recently had a contract for a $43,000 building for Louis Schindler opposite the postofifice. Another recent contract was for the elegant residence of P. Roeman on the Upper Stockton road. Several fine bridges for the county were erected by him and he also had the contract for the Oak Park postoffice. While giving close attention to the details of his work, he does not neglect any duty that falls upon a public-si^rited citizen. Although not a partisan, he is loyal in citizenship and well posted regarding national problems. Upon the death of his father- in-law he filled out his unexpired term as constable and for four years 664 PIISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY he also acted as deputy constable in Oak Park. In fraternal relations he holds membership with the Improved Order of Red Men and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. His only living child, Wilma, was born in September of 1910. Another child died in infancy, these hav- ing been born of his union, February 18, 1906, with Marguerite Bog- gess. With his wife he is an earnest communicant of the Oak Park Baptist Church and a liberal contributor to its maintenance, while Mrs. Kennedy is also very active in the work of the Rebekahs of Oak Park. CLARENCE M. GRIFFETH The manufacture of ice cream and butter is conducted now along scientific lines, and there is no man in the business in Northern Cali- fornia who is more progressive or more determined to do the very best in his field of labor that can be done than Clarence M, Griffeth, whose establishment, built up from a small beginning, is located at No. 2008 N street, Sacramento. Born in Sacramento July 13, 1884, Mr. Griffeth was educated in the public school and at a modern business college, and then for ten years was employed by his father, M. B. Griff eth, in the latter 's grocery at Seventeenth and M streets. Early in 1910, with his father and mother, he began his present enterprise in a 10x12 room at the rear of his father's store, with no machinery but an ordinary crank freezer which he operated by hand. In three months he had a com- mercial freezer and a motor, and in April, 1911, moved to his present commodious quarters, where he has the most up-to-date plant of its kind in the city, making and selling on an average four hundred and fifty gallons of ice cream daily. In October, 1911, Mr. Griffeth began the manufacture of creamery butter. In order to excel in this branch of his enterprise he took a special course in butter-making at the California state dairy farm at Davisville, which included special instruction in the handling of cream. He is now contemplating the enlargement of his place of busi- ness and the introduction of very material improvements, in order to meet the steadily increasing demand for his ice cream and butter. Although he gives the greater part of his time to the manufacturing business, he is also interested in his father's grocery business. September 17, 1905, Mr. Griffeth married Miss Mabel Lynan of Sacramento. He is a member of the Native Sons of the Golden West. As a business man he is i:)ublie-spirited and progressive, having at heart the best interests of the community. 9^Ja.cMu^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 667 JOHN F. BEDWELL In Poinsett county, Ark., at Crowley Ridge, John F. Bedwell was liorn March 14, 1868. His father, Samuel K., a man of good abilities and a millwright by trade, built the first flour mill at Memphis, Tenn., and other pioneer mills of diiferent kinds in that vicinity. In 1871 the family moved to Fulton county. Ark., where the mechanic turned farmer and lived until April, 1908, when he died. His wife, formerly Eveline Lampkins of Tennessee, bore him six children, of whom our subject was the youngest. When John F. Bedwell was eleven years of age he left home to paddle his own canoe, going to Newport, Ark., where he worked on a farm two years. Then, at the age of thirteen, in 1881, he came to the Pacific coast and located in Los Angeles, where he found emplo^Tnent in a nursery at which he busied hiinself until he was sixteen. After that he was a fireman in the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, and as such worked on trains between Los Angeles and Bakersfield and Los Angeles and Barstow two years and between Los Angeles and Colton one year. Then he resigned his position to go into the real estate business, and he and his partner put on sale one of the first tracts exploited at Pasadena. For eight years he operated successfully, buying and selling land in large and small parcels, for himself and others; then he disposed of his in- terests in Los Angeles and vicinity and went to Arizona. He car- ried on business in various parts of that state until 1900, when he went to San Francisco and was for four years a salesman in a music store. After that he was similarly employed in Sacra- mento two years. January 1, 1907, he opened a real estate office in Sacramento, and in 1909 John F. Fleisher became his partner in the handling of large holdings in Sacramento, Placer and Sut- ter counties. Their offices are at No. 704 J street, Sacramento, and at Pleasant Grove, Sutter county, and in their undertakings they are meeting with merited and unusual success. The present Mrs. Bedwell was in maidenhood Lucy Jones, a native of Sacramento. By a former marriage Mr. Bedwell has three children, as follows: Edna, Mrs. Melliken, of Fresno; William Wilbur, em- ployed on the transport Sheridan, plying between San Francisco and Japan, and Irvin F., who is serving in the United States navy. 668 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 0. IT. MILLEll As a factor in loeal material and eommereial upbuilding the Sacramento Valley Devel()])ment Association under tlie secretarial supervision of 0. H. Miller has wielded a permanent influence and exercised a beneficial effect. Great as were the achievements of the pioneers in the orioinal settlement of the locality, it was reserved for the progressive minds of the jDresent generation to secure the greatest local advancement and upon the foundation of past ac- complishments to erect the superstructure of twentieth century pros- perity. Possibly few men have been more helpful in their efforts and certainly no one has displayed more i^ersistent application than Mr. Miller, who as secretary of the association named and also in the capacity of a private citizen has been instrumental in securing a betterment of conditions in the valley. The Miller family was identified with the very early history of Chicago. The records show that John Miller was instrumental in securing the incorporation of the city of Chicago during the year 1833. Afterward for years he there engaged in extensive business enterprises. Among his children was a son, Capt. Tobias Charles Miller, a native of Chicago and a graduate of Knox college at Gales- burg, 111. To him came the distinction of being chosen as a member of the first government exploring expedition sent into the west under the auspices of the department of the interior. Although only six- teen years of age at the time, he endured the hardshi]3s of the long- trip across the plains with uncomplaining fortitude and proved a distinct help in the compilation of important data as well as in the blazing of a path for future emigrants. Four times he crossed the plains with emigrant or government expeditions, and his knowledge of the west was exhaustive. Shortly after the opening of the Civil war Tobias Charles Miller enlisted as a private in the (Chicago Board of Trade Battery of Fly- ing Artillery, and for three years he served at the front with his regiment, taking part in many notable engagements, among them the battle of Gettysburg. As a result of a bursting shell he was seriously wounded at Gettysburg, after which he was commissioned captain in recognition of meritorious services. At the time of the assassination of President Lincoln he was stationed at Nashville, Tenn., as a mem- ber of the staff of his cousin. Gen. John F. Miller, who at that time was in charge of troo})s in Tennessee. At the ex])iration of the war he was chosen the first United States marshal in Tennessee, with headquarters at Nashville, and for some years continued in that office. Later he served by apiiointment as United States internal revenue collector. Before he retired from office ho bad become inter- HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 669 ested in the lumber business in the south. Abont 1882 he came to California and settled in Contra Costa county. For many years he was one of California's foremost citizens, serving in the constitu- tional convention and also as United States senator from this state. His death occurred August 13, 1898. While living in the south Captain Miller had married at Nash- ville in 1868 Miss Malona Hanks, a native of Ohio and a very near relative of Nancy Hanks, the mother of Abraham Lincoln. Prior to her marriage she had engaged in teaching school for a number of years. Of her four children, the eldest, John Grant Miller, born June 21, 1870, is a resident of Contra Costa county and has charge of the old homestead of one hundred and fifty acres. The youngest son, Orson H., was born at Twinsburg, Summit county, Ohio, August 20, 1882, and has been a resident of California from his earliest recollections. During boyhood he attended the schools of Clayton, Contra Costa county, and Berkeley. After starting out in the news- paper business he was connected successively with the Berkeley Gazette, Chico Enterprise and the Marysville xippeal, the last-named being one of the oldest newspapers in the whole state. Since 1906 he has devoted his attention to the secretaryship of the Sacramento Valley Development Association. In fraternal affairs he holds mem- bership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. March 8, 1903, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary E. Douglass of Berkeley. Two children were born of this union, Frances Euth on January 15, 1907, and Eobert Lincoln on March 7, 1912. HEEBEET F. SMITH That successful wood and coal dealer of Sacramento, H. F. Smith, whose place of business is at No. 2814 J street, was born in San Francisco March 8, 1877, a son of Harry and Ann (Beaver) Smith. His father is living in San Francisco, but his mother lias passed away. Mr. Smith gained his early education in Santa Cruz and later attended school in Sacramento. For a time after laying aside his books he was variously employed. At length he secured a position witli the California Fruit Canning Association, which he retained for some years. After that he went into the service of the California Winery, for which concern he traveled five years. Then as a member of the grocery firm of Hart & Smith he had two years' experience in the l)ranch of commerce indicated. His present en- terprise was undertaken in October, 1911, and has been prosecuted thus far with e-reat success. 670 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY June 5, 1906, Mr. Smith married Amia E. Rudech, of Sacra- mento, who has borne him two children, Gregory B., March. 14, 1907, and Ellen Beatrice, October 20, 1910. May 7, 1898, Mr. Smith enlisted in Company F, Sixth Regiment, California Volunteer Infantry, and served one year in the military operations in which our government was then engaged. In politics he is independent; he is a member of the United Commercial Trav- elers Association, No. 140, of Sacramento; and he and his family are communicants of the Catholic Church. RYAN & CIPPA A thorough knowledge of the mndertaking business and an intelli- gent supervision of the details connected therewith characterize the well-known firm of Ryan &• Cippa. Formerly located at Nos. 1017 and 1019 Fourth street, Sacramento, in 1913 they located in their present commodious quarters at No. 1214 K street. In addition to being well located the parlors are elegantly furnished and the chapel is large and well suited for its purpose. Since forming the co-partner- ship Messrs. Ryan and Cippa have gained a growing prestige in the commercial circles of the city. Henry P. Ryan, the senior member of the firm, was born February 23, 1870, in Sacramento, where his father, Thomas P. Ryan, engaged in business from 1860 until 1908. The public schools and business college of the city enabled him to secure excellent educational advantages, but at a very early age he left school in order to learn the rudiments of the printer's trade. In the composing room of the Sacramento Bee he learned to set type and later acquired a knowledge of other departments of the occupa- tion, remaining with the same paper for a period of twenty years. His identification with the nndertaking business began in 1906, when he embarked in business with William Crowell. At the expiration of two years he purchased the interest owned by his partner and then continued alone until 1910, when the partnership of Ryan & Cippa was formed. April 19, 1892, H. P. Ryan was united in marriage with Miss Mary Wetzel, of Sacramento, and they are the parents of three sons, Henry M., Thomas J., and Charles A., the two eldest of whom are now working as printers with the Sacramento Bee. For years Mr. Ryan has been actively identified with the Typographical Union. The Native Sons of the Golden West number him among their inter- ested members. Other organizations to which he belongs are the Young Men's Institute, the Knights of Columbus and the U. P. E. C. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 673 In religion lie is in sympathy with Roman Catholic doctrines and has been a generous contributor to the work of the church. The junior member of the firm, Fred T. Cippa, is likewise a native son of Sacramento, his birth having occurred here May 20, 1874. His father, Thomas Cippa, came to America via Australia from his native Switzerland and after landing in San Francisco in the spring of 1866 proceeded direct to Sacramento. At the time of his arrival in this city he was eighteen years of age. Beginning entirely without means he worked his way forward to a substantial degree of success. On the Marysville road seven miles from Sacramento he owned a ranch of one thousand acres, where he not only tilled the soil and raised grain, but in addition made a specialty of the dairy in- dustry. It was in 1866 that he became a resident of this county and during the next forty years he was prosperously connected with gen- eral agriculture in the locality, meanwhile having the co-operation of his family in the acquisition of substantial success. After he came here ke remained single for some years and then was united in mar- riage, becoming the father of eight children, of whom Fred T. is the second eldest. Farm pursuits and attendance at school filled the youthful years of Fred T. Cippa, but upon attaining his majority he started out to earn his own way in the world. For three and one-half years he worked at the 1)utcher's trade with Friend & Long. Next he began 10 learn the undertaking business with Clark & Booth and continued with them for a short time. His next position was in the employ of W. F. Gormley, an undertaker, with whom he remained for eight and one-half years. During seven years of this period he served as deputy county coroner. His present business relations with Mr. Ryan were formed in 1910 and have been both enjoyable and profitable. Like Mr. Ryan, he is identified with the Native Sons of the Golden West and like him also he holds membership with the Young Men's Insti- tute and Knights of Columbus, while in addition he is connected with the Fraternal Brotherhood. For three years he served in Company E, California National Guard, and at the time of the great fire in San Francisco he was stationed with Troop B in that city for one month. WILLIAM A. STRAND Thorough knowledge of the electrical business acquired by a long experience while in the employ of others abundantly qualified Mr. Strand for the capable management of like affairs when he began for himself independently. Since he embarked in business in 674 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Sacramento he has enjoyed a. steady but rapid progress until now the establishment of which he is sole proprietor ranks among the largest of its kind in all of Northern California, having the trade not only of people in Sacramento, but also of many residents of adjacent conmiunities. Three different departments unite to form the business, one of these being the sale of electrical supplies, another being the furnishing of special designs in fixtures, while the third is the taking of contracts for the wiring of residences and business blocks, for motors, or anything pertaining to electricity. Very soon after the discovery of gold in California a youth from Stockholm, Sweden, crossed the ocean to America and united Ms destiny with those of other pioneers of the vast and undeveloped west. This young man, by name William Alfred Strand, possessed the rugged constitution and sterling mental attributes necessary to life in a frontier comnumity, and he became w^ell known in San Fran- cisco, where for years he carried on a general mercantile store. While he did not acquire great wealth, he was prospered in his business undertakings and at the same time he won the friendship of those with whom he had commercial relations. Some years after he left his native land and settled in California he married a young lady of Swedish birth. He passed away in San Francisco, and she is now residing in Alameda. They became the parents of six chil- dren, four of whom are now living. The son who bears his father's name is a native of San Fran- cisco and was born October 27, 1880. Upon the completion of his schooling he secured employment at any occupation promising an honorable livelihood and it was not until shortly afterward that he entered the business in which his interests since have been centered. This was the starting to learn the electrical trade in the plant of the Edison Light and Power Company, of San Francisco. For four years he continued with that concern and then, when eighteen years old, started an. electrical business in the same city, known as the Golden Gate Electrical Company, which he conducted with sig nal success for three years. On February 16, 1900, he was united in marriage with Miss Addie Giovanni, a resident of San Francisco. The wedding tour of the young couple consisted of a trip to Oregon, where Mr. Strand had secured a position as su]ierintendent of con- struction of new telephone lines in a logging camp twenty-five miles from Portland. At that camp, w4iich was known as Lacenta, he re- mained for two years and meanwhile, October 29, 1901, his daughter, Violet, was l)orn. After returning from that place to San Francisco he was engaged for one year as foreman for the Snell electrical works. Coming to Sacramento about 1903 Mr. Strand became asso(iat(Ml with Scott, Lyman & Stack as foreman and for four years he con- tinued in the same capacity, eventually resigning in order that he HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 675 might embark in business for himself. October 8, 1907, the firm of Strand & Vining opened an electrical store at No. 609 J street, Sacramento. The quarters were small, but amply large enough for the insignificant business of those days. In 1908 the junior m^ember sold out his interest to Mr. Strand, who soon afterward moved to larger and better quarters at No. 524 Oak avenue, and still later into the present new building, which was built for him at No. 1012-14 Sixth street, meanwhile carrying on a growing trade and winning the confidence of all with whom he has dealings. It is the concensus of opinion that he has the most complete and up-to-date displav-rooms of efectrical fixtures that may be seen on the Pacific coast, and also, that he is the largest contractor in his line of business in the Sac- ramento valley. Notwithstanding the pressure of business demands he has found leisure to keep posted concerning politics and gives his support to the Republican party in all general elections. With his family he is an attendant upon the services of the German Lutheran Church and contributes to the maintenance of the same. Besides their daughter he and his wife have a son, Alfred AVilliam, who was born in Sacramento August 29, 1905. In fraternal rela- tions Mr. Strand holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Improved Order of Red Men, the National Union and the Loyal Order of Moose, while Mrs. Strand has been promi- nently associated with the Rebekahs and the Ladies Auxiliarv of the Foresters and the Druids, in which latter she officiates as past president. Mr. Strand is also an active member of the Chamber of Commerce. HERMAN RYDBERG The old and honoralile trade of mirror-making is one requiring peculiar skill and experience and only those succeed in it who have given it careful and patient study. One of the successful mirror- makers of California is Herman Rydberg, No. 2116 Fourth street, Sacramento. Mr. Rydberg was born in Smaalan, Sweden, May 16, 1869, and was there educated and initiated into the mysteries of mirror-making. When he was eighteen years old he went to Aus- tralia, where he worked at his trade until 1906. From Australia he came to San Francisco and engaged in business on his own account. After eighteen months' successful experience there, he came to Sac- ramento and established a place for the manufacture of mirrors at First and I streets under the name of the Sacramento Mirror and Glass Beveling works. In April, 1911, he moved his establishment to Fourth and U streets, where he erected a fine factory, covering a 676 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ground space of 30x80 feet, fitted up with new machinery and all essentials for the successful manufacture of fine mirrors and the accurate beveling and artistic decoration of glass. His business gives constant employment to four men. March 26, 1909, Mr. Rydberg married Miss Lucy Smith, a native of Scotland, who had come to Sacramento. They have a son, George, who was born March 27, 1910. Politically Mr. Rydberg is a Re- publican; he affiliates with the Masons and the Fraternal Brother- hood, and he and Mrs. Rydberg are attendants upon the services of the German Lutheran church, toward the maintenance of the varied interests of which they are liberal contributors. ROBERT ARMSTRONG A genuine love of plants and a pronounced ability in their prop- agation, as well as an intuitive perception of artistic effects, ad- mirably qualified Mr. Armstrong for his chosen occupation of landscape gardener. The striking success of his efforts as evidenced in grounds which he laid out in different parts of the United States proves that he possesses natural qualifications for the work. Such is his ability and such his judgment of the ensemble that, with the first study of grounds and environments, he is prepared to render a prompt and correct opinion as to the location of drives and walks, the planting of shrubbery and trees, and the choice of flowers for the attainment of the most beautiful and picturesque results. As the architect of buildings must study the relation of his proposed structure to its environment, so the architect of landscape effects must use the nicest discrimination, the keenest judgment of harmony in colors and the most sagacious faculties of observation in order that the grounds and gardens may form an appropriate setting for their environment ; and such has been the aim of Mr. Armstrong in all of his responsible tasks contributory to the beautifying of our country. Of English parentage and ancestry, Mr. Armstrong was born in Cumberland, in the north of England, June 23, 1860, and received a public school and academic education. Immediately after his graduation from Evans Academy in 1876 he was apprenticed to the nursery business with Little & Balltayne, one of the largest firms of the kind in Cumberland. Under capable oversight he learned every detail in regard to plant life and the culture of flowers, so that when he completed his trade and left the nursery in 1882 it was with a full pre]iaration for successful activities. As a journeyman nurseryman he was employed at Edinburgh, Scotland, until March of 1884, when ^r^^^^ ^^C.;;;^ ^'-t*-^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 679 he crossed the ocean to America and settled temporarily in Boston. For a few months he was employed in laying out grounds and caring for the gardens owned by C. Johnston, a wealthy merchant of that city. During July of the same year he went to Newport, R. I., where he became superintendent of the grounds and gardens surrounding the magnificent mansion of August Belmont. Upon resigning from that position in September of 1886 he went to New York City and secured an excellent . position as manager of the plant department with the J. M. Hodgson Floral Company on Fifth avenue, where he continued until 1891. Coming from the east to California in 1891, Mr. Armstrong en- gaged with Timothy Hopkins, the florist of Menlo Park, as superin- tendent and manager. For five years he filled the position with recognized aliility and when he left it was to go to Fernwood as super- intendent of the W. J. Dingee estate. Remaining at that place until 1901, he then went to Santa Barbara and laid out grounds for the residence of numerous millionaires, including I. G. Waterman, T. C. Underbill, James Murphy, E. C. Driver and John Davidson. In 1904, as manager for the Abbott Kinney Company, he was engaged to draw the plans for the beach town of Venice. During 1906 he had the contract for laying out the Athletic grounds at Hollywood and the Arroyo Seco at Pasadena. After a. number of years of successful activity in Southern California he moved to Oakland during 1910 and was given charge of planting and developing the holdings of the Oakland Water Company near Piedmont, Alameda county. During May of 1911 he came to Sacramento, where he officiated as landscape gardener at the capitol grounds from May 15 to August 15 and since the latter date he has acted as general manager of the Eastlawn cemetery and conservatories. The marriage of Mr. Armstrong occurred in Cumberland, Eng- land, in June of 1882, just before his removal to Scotland and united him with Miss Martha Heward. They became the parents of five children. One of the daughters, Lillian, is Mrs. Owens, of Chester, England, and the other, Mrs. Amy White, is living in Los Angeles. The eldest son, John, a capable young man, is chief clerk in the East- lawn conservatory store at Sacramento. Thomas is an electrician with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company at Sacramento. The young- est, Heward, is a student in the schools of Cumberland, England. Since becoming a citizen of the United States Mr. Armstrong has voted with the Republican party. Fraternally he was made a Mason m Doylestown Lodge No. 245, Doylestown, Pa., is a member of Corinthian Chapter No. 51, Santa Barbara; Los Angeles Commaudery No. 9, K. T., and a member of Aahme's Temple, N. M. S., Oakland. 680 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ALFRED BORCHARD There crossed the ocean to the United States during the year 1887 an enterprising German named August Borchard, who, accom- panied by his wife, Louise, sought the larger opportunities offered by the new world and established a temporary home in the city of Erie, Pa., remaining there for two years. Their family comprised two children, but of these Alfred is the sole survivor, the other having been taken from the home by death when quite young. During the year 1889 the family made the long journey across the continent to San Francisco and bought a home in the western metropolis, from which point for years August Borchard traveled on the road as a commer- cial salesman. Later his business interests took him to Alaska and he was a traveling salesman in that country for four years, returning thence to San Francisco, and during 1910 established his home and business headquarters at Sacramento. In this city he is a partner of his son in the Sacramento Inlaid Floor Company. In addition he owns an interest in the Inlaid Floor Company of San Francisco, a leading concern of its kind and in no wise connected with the newer institu- tion in the capital city. During his long residence in California Mr. Borchard has formed a wide circle of acquaintances throughout the state. As a man of fine mind, unusual business qualifications and hon- orable principles of action, he has won and retained the confidence of commercial associates, while he has been equally popular in the orders of Moose and Foresters. His wife, a woman of culture, is a leading member of the Sacramento Lodge of Rebekahs and the Saturday club. Born in Mecklenburg, Germany, in the year 1885, Alfred Borchard received the advantages of a thorough English education in the schools of San Francisco, and he had the further benefit of a course in a busi- ness college. After leaving the college he began to study the drafting business, but a year later turned his attention to cabinet work and interior finishings. For some years he worked under contractors, and later began to take contracts of his own. During June of 1911 he joined his father at Sacramento and formed the partnership now known as the Sacramento Inlaid Floor Company. A factory for the making of inlaid floors was established on Fifteenth between L and M streets. Business was started without delay. The product manufac- tured met with immediate popularity. The prospects were so bright that the firm was obliged to seek larger quarters, and is now located at No. 2413 I. Much of the favorable prospects for the business is due to the energy of the younger member, who supplements the cau tion and conservative policy of the senior member by his own prog- ressive plans and enterprising activities, the two thus working together harmoniously and profitably. In fraternal connections he holds mem- (^a^. -^ • 'I^^L^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 683 bersliip with the Improved Order of Red Men. The Home Products league has in him a well-informed member and progressive leader. February 22, 1909, he was united in marriage with Miss Mabel Sam- uels of San Francisco. They are the parents of a daughter, Dorothy, born in San Francisco December 14, 1909. Mrs. Borchard has been a resident of California throughout her entire life, and is the owner of a tract in Humboldt county called Shelter Grove, The ocean place comprises three hundred and sixty acres and forms a natural harbor that is said to be one of the very best along the entire coast. FRANK C. CROKE Indications of the commercial insight possessed by Mr. Croke are furnished abundantly by the position which, unaided by extran- eous circumstances or advantageous environment, he has won for himself at the very outset of his business career. Perhaps the most favorable circumstance in his early life of preparation and training was the fact that his father, Thomas Croke, had engaged in the furni- ture business for a considerable period and taught him not only to detect the most minute differences in qualities of lumber, but also trained him in the art of salesmanship and the foundation principles of the calling. Thus he started out in the employ of others, fortified with an excellent vocational training, a thorough high-school educa- tion and a course at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Supple- menting these important elements in business progress with personal tact, sagacity and energy, he has been able to engage in his chosen calling with an ever growing success. The childhood memories of Mr. Croke cluster around the home of his parents, Thomas and Margaret Croke, in the city of Denver, Colo,, where he was born May 25, 1884, and where he early learned the lessons of honor and integrity that formed the basis of later business connections. After he had graduated from the high school in 1899 he assisted his father in the furniture business as a salesman, remaining in that position until 1905, when he started out for him- self. Going to Seattle, Wash., he engaged with the Century Furniture Com]3any as a salesman. At the expiration of two years he resigned his position and made a trip of exploration through Alaska, where he spent one year, principally engaged in mining. Upon his return to the United States he settled in San Francisco and became salesman with the Harry J, Moore Furniture Company, From that city in 1908 he came to Sacramento as manager of the Campbell Furniture Com- pany and for about three years he continued in the same position, but 38 684 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY during September of 1911 he acquired the business, incorporating it as the Frank C. Croke Furniture Co., of which he is president and manager. Since then he has devoted his attention to the building up and maintenance of a complete stock of house furnishings, being located at No. 413 K street, besides having three large warehouses for surplus stock and duplicate goods. The business has grown from the nucleus established in 1850 by John Campbell. Business enter- prises interest Mr. Croke more deeply and appeal to him more strongly than political affairs and he therefore has given preference to the former, taking no part indeed in partisan matters and voting independently at general elections. By his marriage he became united with Miss Katharine McLaughlin, of Denver, Colo., September 27, 1905, and they have won a large circle of friends in the society of Sacramento since they came to this city to make their home. JOHN A. PIERCE Any mention of the progressive, far-visioned men who have as- sisted in the development of Orangevale could not fail to include the name of John A. Pierce, who has been a resident of the district since 1897 and meanwhile has brought under splendid improvement two fruit ranches, one of which he now owns and occupies, the other having been sold some years since. In coming to the Sacramento valley he not only found an opportunit}' for financial advancement, but also was enabled to escape the rigorous climate of his native land. It is therefore a source of constant satisfaction to him that in early life he left Canada for the States and later was induced to seek a home near the sunset sea. His success is a tribute to his own native abilities unaided by influence or means or even education, for he was a member of a family in humble circumstances and it was impossible for him to secure the advantages of a high school education. However, habits of close reading have enabled him to acquire a fund of information not always possessed by college graduates. In the capital city of Prince Edward county, Ontario, the town of Pictou, Mr. Pierce was born September 13, 1867, and at an early age he came to the United States in the hope of improving his circumstances. For some time he held a position at Joliet, 111., and while working there he was married, January 15, 1894, to Miss Maude Irwin, who was born in Canada and passed the years of early life in the same neighborhood where lived her future husband. The young couple were not satisfied with the prospects afforded by a continuance of day wages in Illinois and they resolved to seek a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 685 location in California. During 1897 they came to Sacramento county and shortly afterward purchased ten acres at Orangevale. The land contained a few unimportant improvements, but its later con- dition resulted almost wholly from his incessant labors. After he had improved the tract he bought ten acres adjoining and planted the new purchase in fruit trees, making altogether a splendid prop- erty which he ultimately sold at a neat advance. After he had disposed of his first ranch Mr. Pierce bought ten acres where he now resides. Here he planted oranges, prunes and grapes, selecting first-class varieties of each. The vines and trees are now in thrifty bearing condition and return to their owner a gratifying interest on his investment. In addition to the home place he owns twenty acres of adjacent land, all of which is under cultivation to fruit trees. During 1907 he erected one of the most substantial residences in Orangevale, this being a commodious two-story house containing all of the modern improvements and furnished with a simple elegance reflecting the refined tastes of the family. On the' ranch there is also a packing house with modern equipment, and Mr. Pierce also has erected other outbuildings, all of which are neat and well-kept, making of the place one of the best improved in the entire district. Besides this property he owns three residence lots in the city of Sacramento. In the family of Mr. Pierce there are five children, Arthur C, Irwin J., Charles L., Kenneth and Marguerite. The family holds membership with the Folsom Presbyterian church and contribute generously to its maintenance. Political affairs do not interest Mr. Pierce, who, however, keeps posted upon all national problems. During campaigns he supports those whom he regards as the best men, regardless of their party views. Personally he has no desire for official honors, and the only time he ever consented to serve in a public position was some years since, when his deep interest in educational affairs led him to consent to serve as a member of the school board. In that office he labored for the upbuilding of the local schools. In fraternal connections he holds membership with the subordinate lodge of Odd Fellows at Folsom, also is a Master Mason and a member of Folsom Lodge No. 64, F. & A. M., while with his wife he participates in the activities of the Eastern Star chapter in that place. DAVID FRANKLIN FOX, D. V. S. In his chosen occupational activities as veterinarian Dr. Fox has gained a reputation that is not limited to his home city of Sacramento, but extends throughout the state. The accuracy of this statement 686 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY appears in liis identification since January of 1899 with the state board of veterinary examiners, which position brings to him weighty responsibilities as well as a wide reputation among the members of his profession. Many honors have been conferred upon him in recog- nition of his efficiency and skill in veterinary work. The California State Veterinary Medical Association on three different occasions se- lected him as president and in that capacity he proved an accurate parliamentarian, a tactful leader and a consistent exponent of all that is most progressive in veterinary surgery. Other honors have been conferred upon him, not only in the state society, but also in the American Veterinary Medical Association, of which for years he has been an active and interested member, serving as member of the executive committee, and for three years has been resident secretary for California and is first vice-president of the Association of Veter- inary Faculties and Examining Boards of North America. Descended from an old family of southern lineage. Dr. Fox was born near Delphi, Ind., October 5, 1864, and is the son of Jacob J. and Sarah (Dillman) Fox, natives respectively of Maryland and In- diana. During boyhood he was a pupil in graded schools in In- diana. He can scarcely recall a time when he was not interested in stock and especially in horses. Even in early youth he showed a decided skill in veterinary science and this led him to devote himself to the work as a life occupation. In order to secure the very best possible opportunities he took a course of study in the Chicago Veterinary Col- lege, from which he was graduated in 1891 with a high standing for thoroughness and efficiency. Coming west immediately after his grad- uation he began to practice in Salinas, Monterey county, Cal., but at the expiration of two years he removed to Sacramento and here he since has been located. Since 1904 he has owned and occupied a val- uable property at No. 1415 J street, where he has a frontage of thirty- one feet and a depth of one hundred and sixty feet. On this property he has erected a three-story brick office building, a portion of which he occupies for his own offices. In connection with this he has a veter- inary hospital, where he gives care and treatment to animals brought to him. Along other lines besides those directly connected with his occu- pation Dr. Fox has been prominent and active. September 30, 1905, he received an appointment from the then adjutant-general, Hon. J. B. Lauck, as Veterinarian to the First Squadron Cavalry, National Guard of California, and at the expiration of three years of ser- vice he was again appointed to the position. Although never a seeker after office, he staunchly supports Eepublican principles by ballot and influence. Fraternally he holds membership with Sac- ramento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., also Union Lodge No. 58, F. & A. M., and Naomi Chapter, 0. E. S., and since 1892 he has been connected prominently with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 'Sb J^WW ^^-cJ^AevT^St^ HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 689 having served as delegate to the grand lodge of Odd Fellows, and also receiving all the other honors within the power of the local lodge to bestow. During 1892 he was united in marriage with Mrs. Laura (Brown) Flood, of Knights Landing, this state, a lady of education and culture, a popular member of the Tuesday Club, likewise a leading- worker in the lodge of Rebekahs and the local chapter of the Fja stern Star. HENRY ECKHARDT The period from 1833 to 1853, representing the first twenty years in the life of Henry Eckhardt, was passed uneventfully by him in his native land of Germany, where he received such advantages as the public schools offered at the time and also gained a thorough knowl- edge of the trade of a gunsmith. At the expiration of his apprentice- ship he began to work as a journeyman. The openings available for future occupational labors in Germany were not alluring; therefore he sought the opportunities of America and never afterward did he have reason to regret the decision that gave him citizenship in this country. Immediately after crossing the ocean he went to Columbus, Ohio, and found employment at his trade. There he married and there his wife died at the age of twenty-two years. Two children were born of that union, namely : William H., now a resident of San Francisco; and Katherine, now the widow of James McNiff. After the death of his first wife he married Miss Minnie Huber, who resided during girlhood at St. Joseph, Mo., and died at Sacramento in 1875, leaving no children. From 1870 until his retirement from business in 1896 Mr. Eck- hardt carried on a gun store in Sacramento, where he had a host of friends in comjnercial circles. In his chosen occupation he had no superior in the city. His knowledge of fire-arms of all kinds was thorough and his advice was sought daily even by skilled marksmen and experienced hunters, all of whom united in testif^ang as to his broad information along these lines. Retiring from business largely on account of ill health, he went abroad with his family and spent some time in Europe in the hope of deriving physical benefit there- from. His death occurred in Sacramento March 13, 1909, and was recognized as a distinct loss to the citizenship of the place. In the early part of his identification with Sacramento he had been one of the leading members of the Turn Verein and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In the city of Sacramento, March 5, 1876, occurred the marriage of Henrv Eckhardt and Fredericka Huber, a sister of his second wife. 690 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY One son came to bless their union, Harry Frederick, who was born October 14, 1881, and received the best educational advantages oifered by his native city, besides attending Heald's Business College in San Francisco until his graduation from the institution. During 1898 he went abroad with his parents and traveled for a year on the continent. After his return to California he matriculated in the department of pharmacy at the University of California, where he remained until his graduation. Afterward he took the complete course of study in the Pennsylvania College of Pharmacy, the oldest institution of its kind in the United States. Upon leaving the Philadelphia institution after his graduation he returned to Sacramento and secured a posi- tion in a drug store, where he had charge of the department of phar- macy. Later he worked in other coast cities as a pharmacist. More recently he purchased one hundred and fourteen acres of fruit land six miles from Dixon, Solano county, fifty acres of the tract having been ])lanted to fruit of different varieties and the whole forming an investment both practicable and profitable. To assist him in the care of the ranch his uncle, Conrad Huber, has removed with his family from Nebraska and will establish a permanent home in the west, thereby giving to the j^oung owner capable assistance in the many responsibilities incident to the care and cultivation of the large acreage in fruit trees. Fraternally he has been actively connected with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. While living in San Francisco temporarily he became a member of Parlor No. 1, Native Sons of the Golden West, in that city. Mrs. Eckhardt owns an elegant and attractive residence at No. 1817 M street, Sacramento, as well as business property at Nos. 523-525 K street, and is numbered among the popular women of the city, having a host of friends among the people in whose midst she has lived for many years. Aside from her brother Conrad, no member of her family resides in the west; one sister, Carrie, who is the widow of Louis Hafner and formerly made her home in Sacramento, now is living in Germany, while another sister, Lena, Mrs. Nicholas Kief rider, is a resident .of the city of Philadelphia, SIDNEY S. ALBRIGHT An important business has been developed within the past few years through the energetic and intelligent etforts of Mr. Albright, who although a resident of Sacramento since the summer of 1903 did not embark in business for himself until six years later. The business which he selected was the one with which he was the most familiar and in which he had received skilled instruction during a HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 691 sojourn in various large eastern cities, viz : the painting of car- riages and automobiles. Adopting a conservative policy he started in business in small quarters on Twenty-fourth street, engaging in carriage, wagon and automobile building and repairing, as well as trimming and painting, but the trade grew with unexpected rapidity and to provide accommodations for the vehicles in his charge he was forced to double his ground space and also to utilize two floors instead of one. With the enlarged space he is now able to- store all cars and carriages given to him for painting, and he thus has the facilities desired for prompt and satisfactory work in the line of his specialty. Prior to his removal to the west Mr. Albright had lived for some 3^ears at South Bend, Ind., but he is a native of Crawford county, Ohio, and was born near Bucyrus. His father, who still resides in Ohio, was in former years a man of considerable promi- nence and as early as 1876 he built flour mills at Berwick, Seneca county, and Holgate, Henry county, which he operated under his personal supervision for a long period of successful business effort. The family is an honored old family of the east and traces its his- tory back to the colonial period. Several generations were identified with the material upbuilding of Pennsylvania. In a small village of that state, Jacob Albright, a great-uncle of Sidney S., established a congregation and erected an edifice known for years as the Al bright Church. The building still stands and is now used by the Evangelical denomination in its religious services. At the age of sixteen years Sidney S. Albright began to learn the trade of a carriage-painter. From that time to the present he has allowed no outside matters to turn his attention from his chosen occupation. It was always his ambition to learn the trade under the most competent workmen and he therefore considered himself fortunate in serving an apprenticeship in shops famed for the quality of their work. At different times he was employed at his trade in Dayton, Ohio, and Jackson, Mich., as well as New York City, where he had advantages of an exceptional nature along the line of the trade. For six years he was engaged as foreman of the Studebaker paint shop in South Bend, Ind., and from there he re- moved to California, where for six years he was employed as fore- man of the painting department of the carriage shop owned by A. Meister & Sons, finally resigning the position in order that he might begin in business for himself. While living at South Bend, Ind., Mr. Albright there married Miss Verna Bench in Noveml)er of 1898, Mrs. Albright being the daughter of a man prominent in public affairs and widely known in Michigan. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Albright consists of two children, Howard S. and Jewell Verne, ten and six years of age respectively. The familv attend the services of the Christian 692 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY Science Church in Sacramento, in which Mr. Albright is a member of the board of directors. Long a thoughtful student of religion, he has found in this clmrch the doctrines that accord with his per- sonal views and he gives to its upbuilding the most devoted etfort and most generous assistance. At no time has he been active in politics nor a seeker after official honors, but he keeps well informed regarding national problems and gives the Eepublican party the influence of his ballot in all general and local elections. LOUIS F. BEEUNEE The president of the John Breuner Co., Louis F. Brenner, of Sacramento, Cal.. was born in the city of Saci^amento, state of Cali- fornia, on the 15th day of August, 1869. He is the son of John and Katharine (Keuchler) Breuner, both natives of the Fatherland. John Breuner came to the United States in 1849, and to California in 1852, locating at Sacramento, where he established the well- known furniture firm of John Breuner Co. It is difficult to point to a better instance of what may be accomplished by perseverance and principle than is presented in the history of John Breuner, who, in spite of the many serious and discouraging obstacles encountered in the way of fire and floods, rebuilt his store which now stands as a commendable monument to his undaunted and honest business methods. Jolm. Breuner was a leader in his profession, and his genial disposition held tlie respect of the entire community until ins death in 1890. It was in the public schools of Sacramento that Louis F. Breuner was educated. He was compelled to leave school at the early age of eighteen years on account of the impaired health of his father, which caused much responsibility of the latter 's extensive furniture interests to fall upon the young shoulders of Louis and his In-other John, Jr. When the father passed away the sons continued the business under the name of Jolm Breuner. A few years later, through the untiring and energetic efforts of Louis and John, Jr., a magnificent building was built, which now stands as an orna- ment to the city of Sacramento. The business was greatly enlarged by the addition of new departments, ranking the firm as a strictly house furnishing estn])lisliment and one of the largest on the Pacific coast. ijouis F. Breuner is a man of honorable and progressive char- acter, numl)ering his friends by the hundreds, not alone in his own town and state, but the eastern states as well, where his business HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 693 interests take him yearly. He has always taken a keen interest in the development and prosperity of the city and is one of the leaders in any movement proposed for the good of the community at large. Being the inciunbent of high positions of different kinds, Mr. Brenner has been in the public eye practically all his life. Mr. Brenner has been closely affiliated with Masonic work for the past fifteen years, being a Knight Templar and a life member of the Shrine. He has been a member of the Grand Commandery of the Knights Templar of the state of California, for ten years and over, having been elected in April, 1910, to the highest office of the Grand Commandery, that of Grand Commander of the State, which he held for one year. He has the distinction of being one of the youngest men to hold this position, such honors in the past having fallen to the lot of men in older years. Mr. Brenner was the youngest man called to the presidency of the Chamber of Commerce, which office he held with signal ability during the period of 1900-2. He is past president of Sunset Parlor of the Native Sons of the Golden West, with which order he has been identified since becoming of age. He is an Elk, Woodman of the World, and a member of the Sutter Club of Sacramento and the Union League and Olympia Clubs of San Francisco. On June 14, 1893, Mr. Brenner married in Cincinnati, Ohio, Clara F. L. Schmidt, a native of that city. They have five sons. STEPHEN JOSEPH EOONEY The genealogical records of the Eooney family lead back to Ire- land, where, August 14, 1826, John Eooney was born to the union of John and Ann (Garland) Eooney, lifelong residents of the Emer- ald isle. In a large family he was the youngest child, and the death of his father leaving the family in discouraging financial condition was the cause of his early inurement to labor. From his childhood days he has been familiar with hard work, and even now, although far beyond the usual period of activity, he has not allowed himself to lead a life of ease and indolence. At the age of twenty-one years he sailed from Liverpool to New York, where he landed without special incident. From there he i)roceeded to Boston, near which citj'', at Eoxbury, he visited a sister, Mrs. Mary Hoey. Two months later he joined a brother, Peter, in Alabama. November 20, 1849, he sailed from New Orleans for Chagres, Panama. From the Isthmus he proceeded up the Pacific ocean to San Francisco, where he landed January 27, 1850. On the 2d of February he arrived in Sacramento. 694 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY It had been the intention of Mr. Rooney to engage in mining, and he lost no time in hastening to the camps indicated by current rumor to be the most flattering in prospects. For nine months he remained at Georgetown, Eldorado county, and there he met with exceptional success. About that time a friend from Alabama, John Hopper by name, obtained from him and his partner, Mr. Smith, the sum of $10,000 without security. The money soon was lost, and the two men thus involved in the loss were forced finally to take as total reimbursement the equity in one hundred and sixty acres in Sacramento county. On the land they sowed a crop of barley that brought them almost $10,000, so that much to their surprise they lost nothing by their unfortunate loan. The Alabama mine in Eldorado county, owned by Mr. Rooney, yielded as much as $800 per day, and by 1853 he had netted $25,000. With that surprising amount to his credit, it was natural that he decided to establish a home of his own. Returning to Alabama in 1853 he married Miss Mary Clark, who was born in Ireland and came to the United States in 1850 with her mother. The family of John and Mary (Clark) Rooney included four sons and one daughter. The eldest, John, Jr., died February 4, 1885, at the age of twenty-four years. Peter W. married Mary Powers. Stephen J., of this review, is next in order. James married Miss Mary Brown of Sacramento and they have eight children. The only daughter, Mary, is the wife of Thomas O'Neil of Sacramento. The father, who died in this county, was widely known among the early settlers of the county. Prior to the Civil war he supported Stephen A. Douglas, but in 1864 he voted for Abraham Lincoln for president, believing the hope of the country to rest in that great statesman and patriot. After 1868 he regularly voted the Democratic ticket at all elections. At the homestead on the Coloma road, five miles from Sacra- mento, occurred the birth of Stephen Joseph Rooney and there he passed the imeventful years of childhood. After having completed the grammar school studies he entered Sacramento institute and later was a student at St. Mary's college in San Francisco. Interested in agriculture, he gave his mature years to the raising of farm products and the growing of hops. At one time he served as deputy under Sheriff O'Neil of Sacramento county. In common with the other members of his family he cherished a devoted allegiance to the Roman Catholic church. November 23, 1887, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Tackney, a native of the county and the daughter of John and Maria Tackney, natives respectively of Canada and Ireland. From an early day the family lived in California, where Mr. Tackney followed the occupation of a hotel keeper. There are three living children in the Tackney family, namely: Mrs. Rooney, residing at No. 1114 Twenty-fifth street, Sacramento; Mrs. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 695 A. Westlake, also of Sacramento, and Charles. Mrs. Rooney is the mother of three children, viz. : William J., born February 12, 1889 ; Stephen J., Jr., September 18, 1891, and Margaret, Angust 3, 1893. The daughter is an accomplished musician and teaches that art in the capital cit}^ During the excitement caused by the discovery of gold in the north Stephen Joseph Rooney determined to go to Alaska and at- tempt to regain a fortune his father had recently lost. With that ardent hope he followed his brother and Lee Brown to the gold fields in 1898. When he had landed at Skagway he assumed charge of a pack-train between that harbor and Lake Bennett. However, from the very outset misfortune seems to have marked him for her own. A number of valuable pack animals had been lost with the steamship Corona. A quantity of forage and provisions was lost in another vessel which went down. Finally, when his high hopes had begun to sink beneath the weight of repeated reverses, he fell ill with spinal meningitis and died far from the loved ones at home. The body was brought back to California by his brother and was interred in a local cemetery, amid expressions of deep regret on the part of his host of early friends, all of whom united in deploring the demise of this popular citizen and in tendering to his family their' most sincere sympathies in their bereavement. Since his death Mrs. Rooney has continued to reside in Sacramento, where she has en- gaged in raising hops, having met with a fair degree of success. STEPHEN WILLIAMS HAYNIE For many years Stephen Williams Haynie was perhaps as well known in Sacramento and its tributary territory as any man who traveled in and out of that city. He was born in Virginia in 1834 and died in Sacramento August 1, 1910, in his seventy-sixth year. In 1846, when he was a lad of twelve, he went to Baltimore, Md., where he remained until 1850, when he made his first trip to California. He returned east three years later and remained until 1868, when he came again to California, this time locating at Sacramento, where except for brief absences he passed the remainder of his life. By trade he was a ship carpenter, but during the Civil war he was in the employ of the national government and for seven years he was a traveling representative of the Sacramento Bee, one of the best- known newspapers in California. He had also some practical ex- ]:>erience in ranching. In 1856 Mr. Haynie married Miss Margaret A. Hall, who was 696 HISTORY Ob' SACRAMENTO COUNTY born on board a vessel en voyage from England to the United States, of parents who were descended from old English families. She bore her husband three children, one of whom has passed away. Those living are Millard F. llaynie and Mrs. Annie B. Fickett, who live in Sacramento and afford her much comfort in her declining years. GEORGE PHILIP HARTMANN To many of the early settlers of Sacramento the name of George Philip Hartmann was known as the synonym for all that was pa- tient in industry, purposeful in action, honorable in business and patriotic in citizenship. An identification with Sacramento cov- ering only a little less than one-half century brought him into as- sociation with the pioneers of the city and gave him an intimate knowledge of the measures and civic projects that ultimately brought their return in permanent prosperity. Although he came to America with little knowledge of the language and even less knowledge of the customs of the people, out of adversity and poverty he struggled forward to competence and success. Nor was he the sole member of his family who gave of his time and influence to the country of his adoption, for he had a brother, Frank, who crossed the ocean during early youth and became a soldier of the Union army, fight- ing for the stars and stripes. Descended from pure Teutonic ancestry unmingled with alien races, George Philip Hartmann was born in the city of Darmstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, January 1, 1828, and received excel- lent educational advantages in that prosperous German city. Upon starting out to make his own way in life, crossing the ocean to America, he settled in St. Louis, Mo., about 1850 and there secured employment at his trade of a butcher. However, the west was then appealing to young men by reason of its great mines and other possibilities and in 1852 he joined an expedition that came across the plains to Sacramento. After one unfruitful year in the mines he located permanei,itly in Sacramento and here engaged in the butcher business. For thirty years he conducted a shop of his own, having his place of business at No. 418 K street, the present site of the large department store owned by Weinstock, Lubin & Co. Meanwhile he established his home at No. 2229 P street in 1892 and here his death occurred August 12, 1898, thus bringing to a close a long and honorable identification with his adopted city. The marriage of George Philip Hartmann and Christine Nehr- bass was solemnized September 27, 1864, in San Francisco. Mrs. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 699 Hartmann was born near Mentz, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany. At the age of nine years she left Darmstadt for America in company with her parents, Wendell and Christine (Fischer) Nehrbass. For a brief period before coming to California they sojourned in Buffalo, N. Y., then a town of insignificant proportions and the market town of a near-by tribe of Indians. When twenty-two years of age, in 1859, she came to California via the Isthmus of Panama, and after her marriage began housekeeping in Sacramento, where now she continues to reside in the home acquired by Mr. Hartmann many years ago. One of her brothers, Jacob Nehrbass, is still a resident of Sacramento, where for many years he was connected with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. It was the privilege of Mr. and Mrs. Hartmann to assist in promoting the organization of the German Lutheran Church in Sacramento and they had the honor of being its oldest members, as they also were among its most generous contributors. Not only religious but other enterprises received the kindly aid of Mr. Hartmann, who possessed a gen- erous heart and the most philanthropic impulses toward those in need. As far as possible he contributed to all movements of un- questioned importance in the development of the city and the ex- pansion of its interests. Various fraternities received his active co-operation, including the Improved Order of Red Men, the Ex- empt Firemen and the Chosen Friends. FRED LeROY martin Dependent upon its progressive citizens is the permanent ad- vancement of any community and particularly of such as conserve the business interests of a prosperous farming region while at the same time serving their commonwealth as the seat of legislation. Lacking the natural advantages which give to some western cities popularity as beach resorts and to others prominence as ports of entry for the ships bearing the commerce of the world, the capital city of California nevertheless possesses its own claim to pre-emin- ence among the great towns west of the Rockies, and far from its least important claim is that of attracting to its commercial and financial leadership men of honor, ability and intelligence, men of intense loyalty to civic progress and displaying a patriotic spirit without which no community attains a lasting prosperity. It is not too much to state that the identification of Fred LeRoy Martin has been helpful to the commercial and financial growth of Sacramento, with whose business enterprises lie maintained a long 700 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY association aucl to whose banking affairs he has devoted his atten- tion more recently. A long residence in the capital city has given him broad ideas concerning its possibilities and an underlying as- surance as to its future importance. Since the age of ten years he has made his home in Sacramento, hence his belief in local develop- ment is not the result of sentiments spasmodically formed, but of knowledge absorbed through close observation and personal experi- ence. Of eastern lineage, he was born in Syracuse, N. Y., September 25, 1868, and at the age of ten years came to Sacramento in company with his mother. The grammar and high schools of Sacramento, which then as now held a wide reputation for thoroughness of instruction, gave to Fred LeRoy Martin the advantages of an intimate acquaintance with the studies that form the basis of all true education. After he had completed the high school course he entered upon business affairs. At the age of seventeen years he became identified as a clerk with the firm of Thomson, Diggs & Co., wholesale dealers in hardware, and for twenty-one years he continued with the same company, meantime rising from a clerkship to a position of trust and re- sponsibility. During the long period of his association with the hardware establishment he became prominent in civic enterprises and also founded a home of his own, his marriage April 29, 1902, uniting him with Miss Henrietta Schammel of San Francisco. The same period of business activit}^ was interrupted by an active service of nine months as captain of the signal corps in the Spanish-American war, his position giving him charge of all the signal work along the Pacific coast. The connection of Captain Martin with banking affairs in Sac- ramento began during the year 1909, when he was elected president of the Capital Banking and Trust Company, holding that position until it became a national bank. He now holds the position of as- sistant cashier of the California National bank. A sound, conserv- ative policy, aloof from merely speculative ventures and guided by keen perceptive qualities, has been his chief characteristic as a banker and has given him the confidence of depositors demanding the utmost safety for their moneys. With business and financial matters demanding his entire time, he has not identified himself with public affairs nor has he enjoyed a leisure sufficient for active participation in politics, yet he has maintained a large circle of friends in every circle of society and has held prominent connection with the well- known Sutter club of Sacramento, also has engaged in fraternal work with the local lodge of Odd Fellows and is a leading member of the organization of Spanish-American War Veterans. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 701 HENEY SCHNETZ For several generations in the past America lias been the land toward which many aspiring young Germans have turned their eyes in eager lopging, and hither among many thousands of emigrants came Henry Schnetz at the very opening of manhood's activities, a youth scarcely twenty-one years of age, unfamiliar with the English language or with American customs, almost wholly without means, yet fortunate in having a rugged constitution and a thorough knowl- edge of a trade. There ensued for him years of indefatigable exer- tion in the acquisition of a competency and eventually he suffered in health, from the prolonged continuance of his arduous labors. A vacation from work being considered necessary for the benefit of his health, he left California, accompanied by his wife and son, and en- joyed an European tour of eight months, during which time he re- visited the scenes of childhood and the home where his father and mother had spent their last days. Descended from an old Teutonic family, Henry Schnetz was born in Germany May 2, 1862, and received 'the advantages of the excellent schools of his native land. At the age of fourteen he left school and began to learn the baker's trade in the bakery owned and operated by his father, Carl Schnetz, who was an expert in the occupation and enjoyed a local reputation for skill in the prepara- tion of food products. Upon the completion of his apprenticeship he went to Heidelberg and secured work as a baker, remaining there for three years. During 1883 he crossed the ocean to the United States and for two years worked in New York City, where in June, 1885, he crossed the continent to San Francisco. In that city and in Oakland he found employment at his trade. Upon coming to Sacra- mento in October of 1885 he secured work in a bakery, where he continued until 1888. Eeturning to San Francisco he first worked for others and then opened a bakery of his own. At the expiration of three years he sold his interest in the business to a partner. When again establishing his business headquarters at Sacra- mento in 1892 Mr. Schnetz bought an interest in the Pioneer bakery, and subsequently he bought his jDartner's interest, thereby be- coming the sole proprietor. This' bakery is the oldest in the city, having been established at the present location, No. 124 J street, in 1849. The business developed into one of profit and its management brought him a fair degree of success. At this writing emplo}^uent is furnished to twenty persons and three wagons are in constant use for the delivery of orders to customers. With the failure of his health, which necessitated a lessening of his labors, Mr. Schnetz sold an interest in the bakerv to his brother. Otto Schnetz, who since 702 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY then lias been associated with liiin as a partner. January 11, 1896, he was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Probst, a native of Kentucky, but reared and educated in Santa Clara county. Their only son, Earl, born March 10, 1900, is now a student in the schools of Sacramento. The family are earnest members of the Roman Catholic church and Mr. Schnetz has been a generous contributor to its maintenance. Since becoming a citizen of our country he has supported Rei^ublican principles in national elections, but in local campaigns gives his allegiance to the best men regardless of politics. After coming to California he entered into fraternal activities and now holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Improved Order of Red Men. HENRY DEHN Significant service to the material upbuilding of Sacramento has been characteristic of Mr. Dehn during the long period of his identi- fication with the city. Dating his arrival here as well as his first per- manent location upon American soil from September 2nd of the Cen- tennial year, he came hither direct from Germany, where he was born March 10, 1858, and where preceding generations of the family had lived as far back as the genealogy can be traced. From the first period of his association with the capital city he was prescient of its possi- bilities for growth and development. While earning a livelihood through an association of ten years with the old Sacramento brewery and during the early '80s also serving as secretary of the Sacramento Brewers' Association until that organization disbanded, he did not fail to keep posted concerning the local property valuations and the de- velopment of the building business. When the eastern part of the city was still a marsh he bought the block between J and K streets, extending from Twenty-eighth to Twenty-ninth. The tract appeared entirely worthless and of course was purchased at a low figure. Cov- ered by a slough, its main use had been to furnish a place for the town boys to swim. By putting in over ten thousand yards of dirt he con- verted the block into one of the finest business and residence localities of the eastern district of Sacramento. Here for a time was located the first electric-car barn of the city, here the first electric car was put to- gether and from here it began its regular rounds of travel. The old building still stands on his premises, but has not been used for street car purposes for many years. After relinquishing the position in the brewery Mr. Dehn gave his attention to the taking of contracts and he is now one of the oldest HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 705 contractors of Northern California. Many of liis contracts have been for street work and the building of city sewers. As the Sacramento foreman for the San Francisco Street Improvement Company, he had charge of the building of the first macadam road on K street. Many other important im[)rovements were made under his supervision. Per- haps no one is more familiar than he with the condition of Sacramento streets, sewer work and building business, and it may be stated as a fact generally known that all work done under his oversight has proved substantial and permanent. When he first became a citizen of the United States he entered into local politics and rendered efficient assistance to the Democratic party in Sacramento, but his ambitions did not lead liim into office-seeking and at no time has he sought official honors from his fellow-citizens. Of his original holdings he has sold a portion, but still owns one-fourth of a block of the original purchase, besides which he has one-fourth block facing Sutter's Fort on Twenty-eighth street. On this property stood the first printing- office in Sacramento, also here, facing the alley, once stood the first hospital of the town. The story is told that in the early mining days a miner was brought to this hospital who had $40,000 in gold-dust. While delirious he escaped from attendants, carried his bags of gold outside and buried the treasure, which has never been found to this day, although different parties have dug for the gold and for some time a dredger also was operated in the vain hope of locating the hidden wealth. When mining was still a very prominent industry it was the custom of miners to come from the mines with their sacks of gold and gamble at Sutter's Fort. Some of the dust would be dropped to the ground and often Mr. Dehn secured the sweepings, which amounted to more than at first thought would be supposed. Remem- bering the conditions of the country at the time of his arrival and noting the remarkable change brought about by slow degrees, he has been a witness to advancing prosperity and has contributed his own quota to the steady advancement of the city. FRANK GREGORY It is characteristic of the native-born sons of California that they maintain an intelligent association with all movements for the per- manent upbuilding of the state, and in tliis respect Mr. Gregory vies with others who boast a lifelong identification with the connnonwealth. By reason of his residence in Sacramento, where he was born Febru- ary 22, 1867, and where he has remained throughout his entire life, his interest in the capital city is particularlv keen. Perhaps few 39 706 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY men in the town are better posted than he concerning measures for the advancement of the city and county, projects for the making of necessary improvements and plans for the building of structures necessary to every community in the transaction of its public business and the care of its dependent or criminal element. The family of which he is a member has been very prominent in Sacramento, his brother, Hon. Eugene J. Gregory, having filled the office of mayor, while their father, Julius, a pioneer of the city, held an influential position in its business circles for many years. Attendance at night schools as well as the regular classes of the public schools gave Frank Gregory fair educational advantages in the .vears of youth. After leaving school he assisted his father in the details of the business, but since 1907 he has been associated with the office of county clerk as deputy. After the appointment of E. F. Pfund, the present incumbent of the office of county clerk, Mr. Gregory was retained as deputy, a fact which testifies eloquently as to the recognition given to his faithful services. Besides serving as deputy since 1907, he also has been assigned to the dut}^ of acting clerk of the board of supervisors of Sacramento county for the same period. The years from 1908 to 1911 were most important in the history of Sacramento county, for during that period bonds were issued to the amount of almost $1,500,000, and contracts for construction were let on bids, which embraced the construction of the new county jail, the new courthouse, new roads and new permanent bridges. The immense amount of construction work begun and the large amount of bonds issued indicate the overwhelming volume of business transacted in the office of the county board of supervisors. It is, in- deed, stated authoritatively that the amount of work accomplished during the service of Mr. Gregory as deputy has more than doubled that of any previous period in the county history or any previous record made l^y other deputies. Such a statement in itself proves the energy with which he has attended to his duties and the speed with which he has prosecuted his work, while his accuracy is attested by the fact tliat few mistakes have ever been found in any book of the office, notwitlistanding the large volume of the records made. The work, indeed, is practically faultless, and indicates that the office has in its dei)uty a man of dispatch and accuracy, a worker of rare quali- fications as well as practical common sense. In addition to his other enterprises, he served for five years as secretary of the State Anti- Debris Association, a society organized for the purpose of keeping clean and o]:)en the rivers where hydraulic mining was in constant operation. The Chamber of Commerce numbers him among its mem- bers and his identification therewith has been used to promote the commercial prosperity of Sacramento. In fraternal matters he holds membership with the Eagles and blue lodge of Masons, and he is also a member of the Sacramento Athletic club. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 709 JAMES MANGAN A native son of California and of Sacramento, James Mangan was born May 18, 1865. His father, Peter Mangan, married Miss Kate Hennesy, who came from Ireland to California when she was quite young and with three sisters located in this city. The elder Mangan came to California in the pioneer days and located in Sacramento, where he was a blacksmith and a veterinarian. He was interested in local politics and met with success as a business man. He passed away in 1880, and his son, after leaving the public school, learned the blacksmith's and horseshoer's trade under the instruction of Harry Bennett of Sacramento, and he has followed that vocation to the present time. After leaving Mr. Bennett he was employed as horse- shoer on Haggin grant, and later for David Ahern in the same capacity, and he continued there until he started a shoeing shop in San Francisco. A year later he returned to Sacramento and bought an interest in an old shoeing shop with John Wizel. This was located on Ninth street, and he continued doing business at this location for four years, at which time he sold out in order to buy out Winters & Morgan at No. 1228 J street, which has been his place of business since. He makes a specialty of the shoeing of horses. In his political affilia- tions he is a Democrat and he was recently the nominee of his party for the office of city trustee to represent the Eighth ward. In the pri- mary election in 1912 he was unanimously nominated as the Demo- cratic candidate for supervisor for the Third Supervisorial district of Sacramento. He is a member of the Master Horseshoers' Association, and he and his family are communicants of the Catholic church. His mother is his housekeeper; his brothers Frank and Peter Mangan are connected with the Sacramento fire department; Mary, his eldest sis- ter, married T. L. Enright of this city; his sister Martha is the wife of Charles Nichols of Sacramento, and Belle, his youngest sister, is a member of his household. As a whole, the immigrants coming to the United States have met with success, and with few exceptions, compared to our whole popula- tion, the offspring of these immigrants have been exceedingly suc- cessful. This fact is well illustrated in Mr. Mangan 's career. He is a skillful mechanic, a man of enterprise and progressive ideas and a public-spirited citizen who loyally does his part in the promotion of the general good. MANUEL S. SILVA, M. D. Successful identification with the medical profession individu- alizes the personal history of Dr. Silva and gives the prestige of progressive prominence to his citizenship in Sacramento, where he 710 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY is recognized as a pbysieiaii of talent and as a gentleman possessing the highest culture and attainments. Not alone may it be said con- cerning- him that almost the whole of his professional career has been passed in the capital city, but it may be added further that much of his life in childhood and youth was passed here, this place having been the environment of early memories. The culture of institutions at other points was added to his mental equipment, for he was af- forded exceptional educational advantages in the Santa Clara val- ley and in San Francisco. The period of infancy and indeed up to the age of fourteen years was passed by him under the care of his parents in the kingdom of Portugal, where he completed the local high school course. Indeed, practically all of the later scenes painted on memory's walls are associated with Northern California, and his devotion to this region presents another example of that high type of loyalty characteristic of those who proudly claim themselves to be lifelong residents of the commonwealth beside the sunset sea. Born June 19, 1868, in Pico, Azores Islands, where his parents, Manuel L. and Rosa Silva, had temporarily established a home. Dr. Silva descends from a long line of Portuguese ancestors. The family was founded in the new world by his father, a man of great enter- prise and indomitable courage, who, originally attracted to California during the '50s by reason of the discovery of gold, remained to em- bark in farm pursuits in Yolo county, where ranching was yet in a primitive condition of development and the possibilities of agricul- ture entirely unknown. The locality presented a remarkable contrast to that of his early years, which had been spent on the Azores Islands off the coast of JPortugal, in his native town of Pico. With char- acteristic adaptability of temperament he entered into harmonious relations with the people around his new home, studied the soil until he had acquired a thorough knowledge of its needs in cultivation and prospered to a degree fully merited by toil and enterprise. From 1868 until 1882 he engaged in business in Portugal, where he pur- chased ocean ships adapted to the carrjdng of general merchandise and with such cargoes he traveled to the Azores Islands, disposing of the goods and then returning to the mainland for new purchases. When he returned to California in 1882 he retained his interest in the Portuguese vessels, but gave personal attention to the development of a ranch near Freeport, Sacramento county, remaining on the Cali- fornia farm until 1886, when he returned to Portugal for the purpose of giving undivided attention to the management of his ships and merchandise. Since then he has been active and successful in the same business. The return of the family to Portugal made no change in the edu- cational program outlined for the son, who continued a student in local schools and the Christian Brothers college until 1885 and then spent a year in St. Mary's college, Oakland, after which he became a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 711 student in the Santa Clara college near San Jose, where his classical education was finished, graduating with -the degree of A. B. Later he took up the study of medicine in the California Medical college at San Francisco, from which institution lie was graduated in 1897 with the degree of M. D. and an excellent standing. While apparently well qualified for i)rofessional work, he felt his limitations to such an extent that he took a post-graduate course in the College of Phys- icians and Surgeons in San Francisco. His degree came from that institution in 1901, and since then, with the exception of three years in San Jose, he has engaged in practice at Sacramento, where he ranks among the most distinguished and efficient physicians of the city. The marriage of Dr. Silva and Miss Mary Vieira was solemnized in Santa Clara, this state, in October of 1892, and has heen blessed with three children. Manuel, the eldest, now a bright youth of fifteen years, is a student in the Sacramento high school. The younger children, Joe and Agnes, are pupils in the Sisters convent on Third and streets. The family are earnest supporters of the work main- tained by the Roman Catholic church and Dr. Silva has been a leader locally among the Knights of Columbus. In addition he has associated himself with the Druids, Eagles and Fraternal Brother- hood. Stanch in allegiance to the Republican party, his devotion, although intense, is less conspicuous than his sturdy loyalty to the nation and his deep affection for the commonwealth. JOHN H. WENTZ A comprehension of the baffling intricacies connected with finan- cial affairs forms a conspicuous attribute of Mr. Wentz, who in be- coming identified with the banking business has entered a field of activity for which his natural tastes as well as his mental training admirably qualify him. While his residence in Folsom and his identi- fication with the substantial institution known as the Bank of Folsom cover a comparatively brief period only, already he has established himself among the permanent, progressive citizenship of the thriving town and also has acquired an enviable reputation for skilled finan- ciering. The confidence of business men has been with the bank from the first and the list of depositors grows with assured steadiness. Since the organization, during the autumn of 1910, of the Bank of Folsom it has been under the personal supervision of Mr. Wentz as cashier and manager, while Isaac Henkle has officiated in the capacity of president. The directors include a number of sagacious business 712 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY men, who guide the investments and guard the safety of the loans witli intelligent judgment. In studying the personal history of Mr. Wentz we find that he traces his lineage to Germany. His father, Capt. Abial Livingston Wentz, was born in Ohio and moved to Iowa, settling in Burlington, where he entered into railroad work. At the beginning of the Civil war he enlisted as a private in the Twenty-fifth Iowa Infantry, which he accompanied to the front, taking part in numerous engagements of great importance to the final results. After the expiration of his first enlistment he re-enlisted in the Twenty-ninth Iowa Volunteer Infantry. In recognition of his valor in battle he was promoted and commissioned captain of his company and served in that capacity until the close of the war, when he was honorably dis- charged. Returning to Burlington, he entered the employ of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad and with them rose to be a conductor, which position he filled until he met death in a rail- road accident. For years he had been identified with the subor- dinate lodge of Odd Fellows in Burlington, being Noble Grand of "Washington Lodge, No. 1, that order, at the time of his death; and he was also a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. He was known throughout that city as an upright man, a patriotic citizen and an efficient railroad official. He is survived by his wife, who in maidenhood was Ida Elizabeth Grennough, and she still makes her home in Burlington. In his native city of Burlington the excellent public schools af- forded John H. Wentz fair educational advantages in both the or- dinary branches and in a commercial course, and later he had the further advantage of pursuing his studies in Drake University at Des Moines. These opportunities did not come to him unsought and undesired, but were the direct result of his own efforts. From the age of eleven years he had been self-supporting and thus he learned self-reliance, determination and perseverance in the great school of experience. For a considerable period of his young manhood he was employed by Swift & Co., in their offices at Chicago, St. Louis and Omaha. While in the real estate business in Des Moines, Iowa, he was married at Mount Ayr, Ringgold county, Iowa, on August 9, 1902, to Miss Edna Pearl Roby, a native of Mount Ayr. They have an only son, John Roby Wentz. The family came to Cali- fornia in 1904, and bought property at Sacramento, where Mr. Wentz later engaged in the real estate business, also being interested in the promotion of the Sacramento Trust Company. It was in 1910 that he organized and established the Bank of Folsom, which he has since managed with characteristic fidelity, genuine intelligence and keen foresight. The increase and development of the bank's business has been most gratifying to the stockholders, and the com- munity as well, and it is undoubtedly destined to fill a longfelt want HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 715 and to aid very materially in the upbuilding as well as adding pres- tige to the commercial worth of Folsom, which it would have been impossible to acquire without its influence. THOMAS LEWIS Starting out in life as a Welsh collier boy, working twelve hours a day, for six pennies, away down deep in the coal mines, and rising from this lowly occupation to an inventor, manufacturer and bene- factor to the people of this great state, is the story of the man whose name heads this article, whom destiny has put in a place of prom- inence among the enterprising citizens of Sacramento. He was born at W^rexham, Denbighshire, North Wales. An ocean and many thou- sand miles were between the boy and his destiny, but inevitably they would meet, and it happened in 1881, when Thomas Lewis came to Sacramento. The parents of Thomas Lewis were John and Ruth (Roberts) Lewis. They were not rich in this world's goods, but they were rich in love for their boy and did for him what they could to the end that his way through life might be less rugged than the one they had found. He would necessarily have to labor, but labor under fair con- ditions would be good for him, and they were determined that he should be able to labor with his head as well as with his hands. Ac- cordingly, they sent him to school, where he got a glimpse of things beyond the dull horizon of his daily life. It should be noted that not all the boys of his acquaintance were thus favored in that time and place. As a boy of seven he had to go to work in a mine as a door boy, and thus he was employed until 1875. At this time he and a partner were working in the bottom of a six hundred-foot shaft, cleaning out the sump; here an accident happened that was a hair- breadth escape. A six-foot steel rail used as a balance on the engine became detached and fell down the perpendicular shaft, but fortun- ately it entered the side of the shaft above and away from them and buried itself in the rock. When told of their narrow esca]ie they thought it over and the next day started for New York. Mr. Lewis had heard much of America, where all ])eople were free and where poor people might become independent by honest work and wise planning and careful saving. He had often dreamed of going to that far-off land of promise, and so his dream came true. He traveled in the east, working at landscape gardening until 1880, his companion being Joseph Fardo, a Quaker landscape gardener, and then thev went to British Columbia and Alsaka. After a year spent 716 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY there he came to California and settled iu Sacramento in 1881. Some of the ideas he had imbibed in his brief schooling had remained and certain of them had been developed by his experience with the world. Not successful in finding employment at his trade, his attention was directed to the profits to be made at digging sewers and cesspools, and sewers and cesspools were even more essential to everyday life than winding paths and banks of bloom, and — was he not in America to make his way, was he not here to do the best that he could? That is what he did until he could do better. To some the yielding to such necessity would have been tragic. He did not look at it in that way. So he took the chance that offered and he has prospered. Later he turned to the manufacture of fertilizers and chicken food, and this venture also has been successful. He has not forgotten the joys of landscape gardening. His taste for the beautiful in nature is as fine as ever it was, and he may return to that work, but he is doing so well and building up such a hne business that it is a credit to himself and the city. His manufacturing plant is located one and a half miles southwest of Sacramento, where he makes the Tom Lewis fertilizer, which is shipped all over California. This product is the result of twenty years of study and experimenting, and wherever it is used the fruit produced is superior in size, flavor and quality to that raised by other commercial fertilizers, and the value can best be recognized when one is told that he sold twenty-five tons to Morrows, who are interested in the Armour Packing Company. C. M. Phinney, who has used his fertilizer on his orange and olive groves in Fair Oaks for two years, in a letter of recommendation states that the fertilizer is superior to any other he has experimented with, and that the first year's use yielded him an orange crop fifty per cent greater than in any previous year. A seedling walnut, planted eight years ago, by the use of the fertilizer has grown to very large })roportions. It has branches spreading a radius of forty feet, is about thirty-five feet in height and is now bearing a large crop of walnuts. Mr. Lewis is un(iuestional)ly a great benefactor to the horticulturists and floricnl-' turists of California, and his product is doing more to build up the farming and fruit interest of the state than any other single article. In his ])oIitical ideas Mr. Lewis is independent, trusting all parties as far as he can, trusting none of them too far. He is a Methodist, helpful to all of the varied interests of his cosmopolitan and demo- cratic church. lie has uiai-ried twice, and by his first marriage has a son, John Lewis, who is a plasterer. His present wife was formerly Miss Nora Wilson, a native of Nebo, Pike county, 111., daughter of Austin and Lucretia Wilson, who came to Sacramento, where the father was a builder. The nuirriage occurred in 1905 in Sacramento, and two children were born to them, Bethvl and Anna. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 717 EICHARD TIMM It took Richard Tiinni, the present proprietor of the California Planing Mill, sitnated at the corner of Second and Q streets, Sac- ramento, years to finish his wanderings and settle down to business. Bnt he did it and he is none the worse for wear. He was born in Altona, Holstein, Germany, Jannary 3, 1864, one of the sons of the household of William and Matilda Timm, prominent citizens of that sturdy old German state. Children are schooled in Germany and schooled hard, and the boy Richard had his work in the public schools and afterwards in the gymnasium laid out for him till he was eighteen years old. Then he took a medical course at the University at Kiel and he was ready for the New World and its adventures. Naturally he went as far west as he could on the American conti- nent, and in the California mines around Placer county he dug and shoveled and washed for almost two years. His next appearance was in Los Angeles, where he filled an engagement as bookkeeper for Helman, Haas & Co., wholesale grocers. Here he remained for three years, and another year, spent in Mexico as a correspondent in an office, made four years spent in the south before he returned to the upper portion of the state. Once more in Placer county, near Lincoln, Mr. Timm was a rancher, industriously plowing and growing, when the Klondike discoveries in the north claimed his attention, and Mr. Timm figura- tively left his plowshare in the mold and stampeded for Alaska. Over the steep, icy Chilcoot he climbed and for a year he dug and froze for the dull yellow nuggets. In May, 1898, he was back in California. Volunteering for the Spanish war, he served in the regular army, being assigned to Battery A of the Third U. S. Artillery. In 1899 he was mustered out, there being no prosper of any further skirmishes with Spain, and the discharged soldier re- turned to Lincoln, Placer county. For two years he was again on the old ranch, hard at work but ambitious to enter larger interests. In 1901 he worked at the planing mill of Braunton & Robertson in Sacramento, remaining at this place for seven years; in fact, he stuck to it till he became the owner of the establishment. Then he changed its title to the California Planing Mill. His travels are over, and with the same industry and care for the details of business that marked his work as an employe of the mill, he is working as a proprietor and manager, and meeting success. An event which while he labored so steadily in the mill during his apprenticeslii]) was his marriage, which auspicious event took place June 8, 1905, in Oakland, and the other party to the compact was Miss Caroline 718 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Pulcifer. They have one daughter, Ernestine, aged five years, who makes glad their capital city home. Mr. Timm takes great interest in public affairs around him and makes his influence felt for the right. He is a Republican of the Insurgent type, believing first in the people and the politicians ai'- terwards* if necessary to believe in them at all. He is a member of the Humane Society, of the Home Products League, the Retail Merchants Association, and is also a Spanish- American War Veteran. JOHN RILEY On the old Riley homestead, on the American river, John Riley, son of Patrick Riley, was born May 30, 1855. His father crossed the plains in 1849 and arrived at the San Joaquin grant in the spring of 1850. He engaged in farming and followed that occupation and team- ing until his retirement from active life in 1870. He died in 1879. His teaming business took him to Forest Hill, Jackson and Placerville, the last-named locality then being known as Hangtown. Indians were at times somewhat troublesome in those days, but Patrick Riley had an Indian friend, Patricia, who, unknown to him, followed him to and fro as he made trips through the country, sometimes hunting near him in order to protect him if he should fall into danger. Mary Burke, who married Patrick Riley and became the mother of John Riley, came to California with her two brothers, Patrick and Thomas Burke, cross- ing the Isthmus of Panama on a mule. In the early days of Sacra- mento she worked as a servant for Dr. Ball several years, receiving a wage of $100 a month. She bore her husband five children, three of whom are living. In the prosecution of his farming operations the father usually employed about a dozen Indians and during harvest about fifty. He never had any trouble with them, but some of his neighbors had fights with some of them, and on one occasion, when defeated red men were crossing the river in retreat, several were killed. At the early age of thirteen years, in 1868, John Riley took up the battle of life for himself. In various capacities he was associated with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company for a time, and later was a conductor on the Market and Valencia street horse car line for two years. Then for two years he was in the employ of H. S. Kirk, drug- gist, after which, in 1881, he purchased the grocery of Jacob Wagner at Tenth and E streets, and in November, 1910, he moved to Nos. 421-423 Tenth street, into a building which he still owns. Kate Webster, Mr. Riley's first wife, bore him three children, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 721 John Francis, Herbert J. and Hazel, and she died in 1897. In 1899 Mr. Riley married Mamie McBride, and they have children named Alethea and Beatrice. The family are members of the congregation of the Cathedral. Mr. Riley, vvhose father immigrated to America from Ireland, has demonstrated the success of men of Irish blood in the handling of American affairs. WILLIAM F. RICHARDS, D. D. S. The history of the Richards family extends back through many generations of English history and indicates their long identifica- tion with the mining industry in Cornwall. A century or more has passed away since Charles Richards began to work as a miner, and throughout all of his industrious existence he followed that occupa- tion, together with the occupancy and cultivation of a small farm in his native shire. After Mm came his son, John, born at the old homestead August 20, 1826, and early trained to a knowledge of farming as well as to familiarity with work in the mines of lead, tin, copper and silver that to this day abound in Cornwall, bringing large profits to their owners. During 1845 he left the old home for the unknown possibilities of the new world, and while fortune came to him later in unstinted measure it was not his happy fate to again behold the land of his birth. His father, Charles, however, con- tinued there until death, as did his mother, who bore the maiden name of Honor Warner and was a member of an ancient Cornish family. Upon landing in the new world and seeking a place of employ- ment, John Richards went to the lead mines of Southern Wisconsin, at Shullsburg, seventeen miles from Galena, 111., and there he earned a livelihood by the most arduous of labor. When news came of the discovery of gold in California he immediately determined to come to the west. With three fellow-miners and six ox-teams he started for the Eldorado of his hopes. At St. Joseph, Mo., they were joined by three other young men, each of whom owned one team of oxen. The party left St. Joseph April 7, 1849, on their long journey, which came to a safe conclusion at Dutch Flat on the 9th of September. The young men at once began to prospect and mine. Within six weeks Mr. Richards had taken out $5000 in gold, one single nugget having brought him $252. During 1851 he returned east, and November 17 of the same year he married Miss Elizabeth Mitchell, who was liorn January si, 1830, being the daughter of Joseph Mitchell, a farmer of Lafayette county. Wis. During this 722 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY trip lie invested considerable money in cattle and these he drove across the plains in 1853, with the assistance of seven men. Shortly after his second arrival in the west Mr. Richards pur- chased the squatter's right of a Mr. McHenry for $1500, but after- ward he relin(|uished the claim upon the advice of John P. Rhodes. The land was included in the Mexican grant to the Sheldon ranch, and Mr. Gunn, the administrator of the Sheldon estate, obtained judgments against other claimants, so that Mr. Richards preferred to relinquish rather than contest the matter in expensive litigation. In 1855 he bought about five huncired acres of the same estate, which he held for many years. In addition he took up about one thousand acres of government land. About two hundred and fifty acres of his ranch was bottom land on the Cosumnes, peculiarly rich in its soil, but subject to the disasters of occasional overflows. Not only did he raise general farm crops and large herds of stock, but he also made a specialty of the fruit business and on his land planted trees of almost every variety of fruit. For years he retained large mining interests, including profitable quartz mines in Amador county. On two occasions he and his wife returned east for protracted visits, the first trip occurring in 1869 and the second during the World's Columbian ex])osition at Chicago in 1893. His death occurred in October of 1896, and two years later his wife also passed away. There were ten children in the Richards family, but two died in infancy, and Lizzie Viola was also taken from the home when still young. The eldest child, Ellen Alfrena, married Lafayette Miller, but died in 1910. The second child, Emily Jane, is the wife of Alexander Milne, a rancher and dair^i^nan in Sacramento county. The third daughter, Annie Sophia, became the wife of Henry Band of San Francisco, now deceased. The two sons are Charles Joseph and John Lincoln. Mary Hattie is the wife of E. A. Piatt. William Freeman Richards, born December 22, 1870, on the home farm in Sacramento county near the village of Sheldon, is the youngest member of the family circle. After he had completed the studies of the common schools he entered the revenue service, but later re- signed the position in order that he might take up the study of dentistry in Nortliwestern university, Chicago, 111. When he had completed the regular course and had received the degree of D. D. S., he returned to Sacramento, where he at once bought one-half interest in the business of Dr. T. B. Reid. Early in 1904 he took over the remaining interest held by Dr. Reid, and since then he has continued alone. The political views of Dr. Richards bring him into active sym- pathy with the Republican party. Fraternally he is a Mason of the Scottish Rite degree and is also a member of the Benevolent Pro- tective Order of Elks. In the line of his profession he is a member of the Sacramento A^allcv Dental association and the State Dental HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 723 association. His family comprises his wife and their only child, Leland Jerome, born September 16, 1903. Prior to her marriage November 1, 1902, Mrs. Richards was Miss Clara Kruttschnitt, a native daughter of Sacramento. Possessing excellent educational qualifications and the highest culture, she naturally occupies a prom- inent position in the most select society of Sacramento. The family of which she is a member has been prominent in many lines of busi- ness enterprise, and her first cousin, Julius Kruttschnitt, is director of maintenance and means with the Harriman (Southern Pacific) railroad svstem. HERMAN BRAUER Iowa has furnished to California many citizens of worth and prominence who have ably done their part in the work of development that has made this state famous throughout the world. It was at Muscatine that Herman Brauer was born July 18, 1870, son of a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church and grandson, in the paternal line, of a preacher of more primitive times. In May, 1884, Mr. Brauer 's father. Rev. Herman Brauer, came to Pasadena, which was the center of his labors as state district superintendent. He was prominent in church work until his death, which occurred in July, 1900. Herman was educated in the public schools and in a business college, and early entered active life as an employe in a furniture store, the well-known establishment of N. P. Cole of San Francisco, in the service of which he rose from a humble beginning to positions of responsibility. In March, 1897, he was called into the business of the John Breuner Company, with which he has since been continuously connected and of which he is the present superintendent. In the busi- ness of the two stores of this concern he has been a factor fifteen years or longer, eleven years in San Francisco and upwards of four years in Sacramento. September 5, 1901, Mr. Brauer married Miss E. Schuler, a daughter of Fred and Amelia Schuler, of Oakland, Cal. Mr. and Mrs. Schuler have since returned to their native land and now live in Stuttgart. Mrs. Brauer died October 27, 1910, leaving three children, Dorothea, born July 3, 1896 ; Hermine, born July 10, 1898, and Her- man, born November 27, 1900. Mr. Brauer finds time from his busi- ness affairs to devote to social and religious affiliations and the labors of love which they entail. He is a member of the Masonic order, of the National Union and of the Woodmen, and is an active member of 724 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the Methodist church and assistant superintendent of his Sunday school. These and other worthy objects benefit by his generosity, and his public spirit renders him an admirable citizen, useful in every relation with his fellow men. THOMAS JEFFERSON MEALER This enterprising and progressive citizen of Walnut Grove, Sacramento county, who is now serving his fellow citizens in his second term as justice of the peace of Georgiana township, was born near Franklin, this county, October 12, 1868, the son of Jef- ferson Mealer, who came across the plains to Sacramento county, with an ox-team outfit, with the jDioneers of 1850, and lived here until 1904, when he died. Such education as was available to him Thomas J. Mealer ac- quired in public schools near his boyhood home. From his child- hood he was interested in horses and as a young man he handled and broke them witli great success, and he still follows this busi- ness to a large extent. In 1884 he moved to Santa Clara county, but after some years returned to Sacramento county and in 1907 bought one hundred and seventeen acres of land on Andrus Island which he devotes to fruit and vegetable raising, making a specialty of asparagus and nutmeg melons, besides giving some attention to the raising of horses for the market. Near Lodi, in 1895 Mr. Mealer was first married to Margaret M. Davies, a native of Salt Lake City, the daughter of William T. and Mentha Davies of Gait, this county. They had two children; Loyal D. is a student in the Sacramento high school, Darrell T., in the class 1913 Walnut Grove school. Mrs. Mealer died in 1908, and in Rio Vista, August 25, 1904, Mr. Mealer married Mary S. See- horn, a native of Virginia, who was brought to California in her childhood. Her father, Russell C. Seehorn, was a teacher in A^irginia and a farmer in California, now eighty-one years of age. Mr. Mealer is a member of the Elk Grove Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons and of the Onisbo Chapter, Order of Eastern Star, of Courtland; Isleton Lodge No. 108, I. O. 0. F.; Occidental Encampment, Sacramento; and Canton No. 1, Patriarch Militant in Sacramento, while he and his wife are members of the Rebekah Lodge of Isleton. His sons are both interested in wireless telegraphy and have a station on the ranch. In everything that pertains to the general advance- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 727 ment and development of the community Mr. Mealer is deeply in- terested and his generous support of many measures for the benefit of his community and county has amply demonstrated his public spirit. Mrs. Mealer is a member of Rio Vista Chapter, 0. E. S. CHARLES AUGUSTUS YOERK The first representative of the Yoerk family in the new world crossed the ocean during the year 1832 and became a pioneer of Ohio, where he and his wife improved a homestead and remained until their death. While they brought with them to America the greater number of their children, there was one son, Christopher Frederick, the father of our subject, who had entered the German army prior to their departure and it was therefore impossible for him to accompam^ them. After he had completed his term of service and received his honorable discharge he married a young German girl and settled in Wurtemberg, where for many years he followed the butcher's trade. A spirit of intense loyalty to his community led him to accept civic positions and for fifty years he served his city continuously in some official capacity. At the end of his long and honorable service the city presented him with a diploma. When he passed away at the age of ninety-two years there was a universal expression of gratitude for his faithful labors as a citizen and a general appreciation of his sterling attributes of character. Born in Wurtemberg, Germany, August 24, 1833, Charles Augus- tus Yoerk received the advantages of the excellent schools of his native land. At the age of twenty years, in 1853, he crossed the ocean to the United States and settled at Philadelphia, where he secured employment at $6 per month in a meat market. For four years he followed the butcher's trade in Philadelphia. Ambitious to try his fortunes in the then unknown west, he gave up his position in the east and came by the Isthmus of Panama to San Francisco, where he landed at the end of an uneventful trip of five weeks. From San Francisco he soon came to S.acramento, April 1, 1857, and secured employment at the butcher's trade, remaining for seven months. Dur- ing the great gold rush to Eraser river in 1858 he went to Victoria, British Columbia, where it was estimated that thirty thousand men spent the following winter. Because of an uprising among the In- dians, and having lost his money and even his boots, he remained in Victoria, and seeing the possibilities along the line of his trade, put up a tent and began to make sausage. That work kept him busy until the miners began to disperse and came by boat, sleigh and horseback 728 HISTORY OF ' SACRAMENTO COUNTY to Portland. Thence tliey traveled by wagon to Corvallis, Benton county, Ore,, where he engaged in the butcher business, but he soon returned by horseback to Sacramento, where he and Mr. Schwartz carried on a meat business for three years. Upon disposing of his interest to his partner, Mr. Yoerk re- turned to Philadel])hia, where, June 22, 1862, he married Miss Mar garet Lentz. About tlie same time he opened a market in that city, but a year later lie sold out and returned to the Pacific coast by steamer, accompanied by his family. Late in 1864 he embarked in the butcher's business with Louis B. Mohr, and the connection has continued up to the present time, the firm meanwhile having greatly enlarged its business, with a corresponding increase in the returns. Subsequently they incorporated the Mohr & Yoerk Packing Company and erected the Mohr & Yoerk building on K and Eleventh streets, which covers a space of 80x160 feet and is five stories high. Two corporations were later formed from the firm, the Mohr & Yoerk Company and the real estate business of Mohr & Yoerk Realty Com- ]iany. Three of the sons of Mr. Yoerk are stockholders and directors in the companies, and the two eldest, Fred C. and George P., have the management of the meat market in their charge. Tiio youngest son, August, is manager of Hall, Lewis & Co., of Sacramento. The eldest daughter, Carrie R., resides with her mother. The younger daughter, Louise, married Eugene Neuhaus, a teacher of painting in the University of California. The eldest son, Fred C, was born in Sacramento May 23, 1865, and married Miss Uzilla Hand of North San Juan. From boyhood he has been familiar with the butcher's trade, and he still gives of his energy and time to the business so suc- cessfully established many years ago. Fraternally he is identified with the Woodmen of the World and Elks and also belongs to the Native Sons of the Golden West. In religion he holds membership with the German Lutheran church, and his parents, as well as the other members of the family, likewise adhere to that faith. Ever since the father became a voting citizen of the United States he had upheld Republican principles and that party received his ballot in local and general elections. Fraternally he was identified with the Masons for many years. To his adoi)ted country he proved a true, loyal citizen, to the state of his adoption he was especially devoted, believing California's resources to equal those of the most favored sec- tions of the entire world, while the possibilities of the commonwealth in his estimation were beyond the vision of even the most optimistic. His demise occurred August 18, 1912, at the age of seventy-nine, remov- ing from their midst one of Sacramento's most valued citizens. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 729 HON. HUGH McELEOY LaEUE Altliougli death lias stilled the voice and terminated the forceful activities of Hon. Hugh McElroy LaEue, it will be long ere his in- fluence will be lost in the county of Yolo and long too ere the power of his personality shall cease to be an effective factor in the local upbuilding. Every line of advancement felt the impetus of his splen- did mind and energetic spirit, and, while he was a pioneer of 1849 and very active in the early settlement of the west, he undoubtedly will be less remembered by his accomplishments during that era than by his activities of a later date. The ranch near Davis which is now owned by his heirs and the nucleus of which he acquired as early as 1866, comprises two thousand and sixty acres, of which one thousand are under cultivation to barley, wheat and oats. All the grains produce well in this soil and at times the barley has averaged as high as thirty- five sacks to the acre. Fift}^ acres are in almonds and two hundred and twenty acres in wine grapes form the largest vineyard in the entire county,producing from six to seven tons per acre. Under a contract for ten years the vineyard products are shipped to the Cali- fornia Wine Association. In grapes of the white variety there are the Burger and the Green Hungarian, while of the reds there are the Alicante Bouschet, Caragnan, Serene, Beclan, Charbono and Mon- deuse. As an illustration of what may be grown on the rich soil of the ranch, and indeed upon any ranch in Yolo county if properly cared for, it may be stated that the LaEue ranch has the following trees in full bear- ing: almonds, walnuts, oranges, lemons, figs, persimmons, pomegran- ates, olives, pears, peaches, apples, apricots, plums and prunes. Every acre of the tract is under an irrigation ditch and there is also a private pumping plant operated by an engine of sixty-horse power. Eighty head of horses and mules are required in the sowing of seed, harvesting of crops and ploughing of the ground, and such is the quality of the soil that it can be ploughed one day after a heavy rain. Ever since the original owner of the property brought an importa- tion of jacks from Kentucky there have been fine mules raised on the ranch, about forty having been the number for the past season. A specialty is made of Holstein cattle and about two hundred and fifty head of hogs are raised annually, besides which considerable atten- tion is also given to horses. For eighteen years Jacob Stihl has acted as efficient overseer of the ranch, while the eldest son of the owner, Jacob Eugene LaEue, was retained as manager until his death in January, 1906, since which time another son, Calhoun Lee LaEue, has filled the position of superintendent with intelligence and sagacity. Tracing the genealogy of the LaEue family it is ascertained 40 730 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY that they were so i)rominent in Kentucky that the connty in which they lived was named in their honor and Hodgenville, the county-seat, was named for tlie maternal grandfather of H. M. LaRue. Near this same town Abraham Lincoln was born on a farm owned by Mr. LaRue 's grandmother. In the neighboring county of Hardin, same state, Hugh McElroy LaRue was born August 12, 1830, being a son of Jacob Hodgen and Sarah Cummings (McElroy) LaRue. At the age of nine years he accomjianied the family to Missouri and settled in Lewis county near the Mississippi river. It was not long before he ])egan to talk about going west. The mysterious unknown regions beyond the plains seemed to exercise a fascination over his mind. In 1849, before news of the discovery of gold had reached the neighbor- hood, he joined an expedition of emigrants under the command of V. A. Sublette and Dr. Conduitt. They crossed the Missouri river at Boonville and left Independence on the 29th of April, journeying along the Platte river and through South Pass, thence via Sublette's cut-oif and the Oregon trail. In the short distance of thirty miles they crossed the Truckee river twenty-seven times. On the 12th of August they arrived at the Bear river mines near Steep Hollow. For six weeks the young prospector remained in that locality, but later he mined at Grass valley and Deer creek. With others he built one of the first cabins at Oleta, Amador county, and worked the first mines. In those days Oleta was known as Fiddletown, the name originat- ing in the fact that some violin-])layers from Arkansas passed the long and wet winter season at their favorite recreation and the first sound heard by the approaching travelers was that of the fiddle. From that cam)) Mr. LaRue went to AVillow Springs, four miles west of Drytown, where he carried on a small restaurant until early in March. During the spring of 1850 he made a trading expedition to Shasta and sold groceries from his wagon to merchants and miners. Flour brought forty cents per pound, pork, ham, sugar, coffee, potatoes and rice from $1 to $1.25 per pound and whisky and brandy about $8 a gallon. After a second trip to Shasta in June, same year, he came to Sacra- mento and l)egan to work as a blacksmith and wagon-maker. The cholera epidemic of that year made it necessary for him to seek other em]iloyment. Renting a j^art of rancho del Paso on the Norris grant, lie engaged in raising vegetables and later embarked in grain-farming. As early as 1857 he planted an orchard of seventy-five acres, the first large one in tlie valley and one of the first that was irrigated. The floods of 1861-62 damaged the orchard and the failure of Mr. Norris following shortly afterward, he bought the orchards, but the floods of 1868 entirely destroyed the work of the i^revious decade. As early as 1866 Mr. LaRue had purchased nine hundred acres in Y^olo county and to this he added until the ranch contained more than two thousand acres. After the floods of 1868 he sold his interest in the rancho del Paso and gave his time to the Yolo county pro]ierty, HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 731 but made Ms home in Sacramento in order that his children might ha\'e the advantages offered by the city schools. When the wine in- dustry was still in its infancy he became interested in vineyards and planted one hundred acres to grapes. Other improvements were made, some of which already have been mentioned, while others, equally important, are beyond the limits of this space to present in detail. When advancing years rendered active work less desirable, he turned over to his sons the care of the large property, and retired to private life, with a record of having raised crops for more than fifty consecutive years in California. His agricultural experiences centered in the counties of Colusa, Yolo, Napa and Sacramento. During 1858 Mr. LaEue married Miss Elizabeth Marion, daughter of Thomas Lizenby, a pioneer of Lewis county, Mo., and also of Colusa county, Cal. Mrs. LaEue was a half-sister of Eev. William M. Eush, D.D., of the Missouri conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, also of Hon. John A. Eush, at one time state senator from Colusa county and later attorney-general of Arizona. Mr. and Mrs. LaEue were the parents of four sons and one daughter, Jacob Eugene (who died in January of 1906), Calhoun Lee, Hugh McElrov, Jr., John Eush and Marie Virginia (who died in 1888). During 1856 Mr. La- Eue became a member of the Sacramento Society of California .Pio- neers, of which he served as president several times. As master of the Sacramento Grange he was prominent in another organization l)roniinent in its day. For years he was a member of Sacramento Lodge No. 49, F. & A. M., and also affiliated with the clmpter. For years one of the leading Democrats of his locality, Mr. LaEue never lost his interest in public affairs and when he passed from earth, December 12, 1906, not only his party, but the state as well, lost a patriotic sui3}3orter and loyal i^romoter. During 1857 the Democrats elected him sheriff of Sacramento county by a majority of eight votes, but when the election was contested he lost the office. When" again he became a candidate in 1873 he was elected by a large majority^ Dur- ing the sessions of 1883 and 1884 he was a member of the lower house of the' state legislature and served as speaker. As representative from the second congressional district, in 1879, he served as a mem- ber of the state constitutional convention. While in the legislature he sup])orted the bill ]n'oviding for the erection of an exposition build- ing for the State Agricultural Association, also su]iported tlie revision of the general railroad laws, the county government act, the bill re- organizing the senatorial and assembly districts and the laws relating to taxes. During 1888 he was the Democratic candidate for senator and ran ahead of his ticket, but was not elected. From 1867 until his death in 1906 Mr. LaEue was identified with the State Agricultural Association. Three times (1879-1880 and 1882) he was chosen president of the orsranization. After 1882 he was a member of its board of directors. During the expositions he acted as 732 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY superiutendeut of the pavilion. While president of the board, also while speaker of the assembly, he was an ex-oliicio member of the board of regents of the California iState University at l^erkeley. lie was National Chief of Viticulture at the Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in lay 3. Elected railroad commissioner from JNorthern California in 1894, he served as president of the board for four years, besides holding other ofdcial positions. With his demise another pioneer passed from the scenes of his successful industry. Another link joining the present with the past was burst asunder and another name was added to those Qf the illustrious immortals recorded in the annals of the state. EDWARD LEAL Da ROZA In all fields of labor the men who lead are those who have been fitted by experience for their peculiar offices and it is a refuted theory that chance plays a part in the progress of those who would attain influence and prosperity among their fellows. One of the most able leaders in industrial circles of Sacramento county is E. L. Da Roza, who for the past four years has served as manager of the Elk Grove Winery, which forms a portion of his father's estate. A native of the Island of St. George, Portugal, Jose L. Da Roza left his home country for America at the age of seventeen years, arriving in New Bedford, Mass. Proceeding to Sacramento, Cal., in 1881 he became an employe in the service of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, but after five years decided to enter a more lucrative as well as a more agreeable occupation and to that end investigated a business opportunity in Elk Grove, with the result that he became associated with John Nevis, who operated a winery in that section. For nine years he served his employer faithfully, paying strict attention to his duties, at the same time learning every detail of the business. In 1895, having concluded to remain permanently in the field wherein he had become an expert, he purchased the interest of Mr. Nevis, undertaking the control of the plant with immediate success, and until his death, in December, 1909, actively conducted his affairs with the assistance of his son. His wife, Amelia (Vierra) Da Roza, a woman of courageous nature and rare devotion, was a native of Portugal. She became the mother of seven children, as fol- lows: Mabel, Ida, Edward, John, Joseph, Frank and Clarence. The family suffered a deep loss in the death of the wife and mother in 1894. The third oldest of the children in the parental family, Edward L. Da Roza, was born in Elk Grove, Cal., October 27, 1891. After a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 733 preliminary course in the schools of his home section he became a student in the schools of San Francisco, two years later, however, returning to Elk Grove and completing his studies in the high school of this place, from which he graduated in 1908. He then accepted a position as bookkeeper in his father's office, and by patient application and intense interest in all matters pertaining to the success of the enterprise became an important factor in the business, and after his father's death he was made manager, fulfilling his duties with ability and tactful leadership. Fortunate indeed was the circumstance which led the young man to become associated with the business, for a year later the responsibility of his father's interests devolved upon him. Rising to the occasion with quiet confidence in his own powers and a sincere desire to control affairs to the best of his ability, however, his faithfulness to his work continued worthy of the highest com- mendation. In his service are eighteen men, all of whom bear hearty good will toward their employer, and inasmuch as the capacity of the plant is a million gallons annually, it may be readily understood that its management requires the utmost care and good judgment. The winery is complete with a full line of machinery, including two steam engines and boilers, two large stills, a crusher with a capacity of thirty- five tons per hour, and is admirably located on an eleven hundred foot spur from the Southern Pacific Railroad. In connection with the winery there is a ranch of one hundred and eighty acres, one hundred acres being in vineyard. In addition to the grapes supplied from their own vineyard they buy about five thousand tons of grapes to supply the demand. It is interesting to note that the elder Mr. Da Roza doubled the business after he bought it, and since his death the busi- ness has been doubled again. A branch house is maintained on Beach street, New York City, and a large trade is supplied to the Hawaiian Islands. Mr. Da Roza is a member of Elk Grove Parlor No. 41, N. S. G. W., Sacramento Chapter No. 42, R. A. M., and is also affiliated with Elk Grove Court No. 103, Foresters of America. Progressive and public spirited, he maintains a deep interest in civic affairs and is widely known as a man of generous principles and unswerving honor. CAPT. WILLIAM M. JENKS When Illinois was still in the incipiency of its development from a frontier region to a cultured commonwealth an eastern family became identified with LaSalle county. The head of the house- hold, Livingston Jenks, was a native of Rhode Island, but at a 7:U HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY very early age lie liad migrated to Pennsylvania, where lie married Miss Sallie Bullington, a native of that state. While making their home in Warren Center, Bradford county. Pa., a son, William Morgan, was born February 20, 1834. Two years later, in 1836, the family loaded their household effects in tlie primitive vehicles coimnon to tliat period and traveled across the country to Illinois, taking up a government claim at Vermillionville, LaSalle county. The father was a man of considerable ability and not only trans- formed his claim into a productive farm, but in addition he con- ducted a small country store and also for thirty years served as justice of the peace of his township. After lives of usefulness and honor he and his wife entered upon eternal rest many years ago. Captain Jenks is a lineal descendant of Gov. Joseph Jenks of Rhode Island. An eager desire to obtain an education characterized the youth of William M. Jenks. His own persevering etforts made possible academic advantages. Later he studied law and during 1857 was admitted to practice before the supreme court of Illinois. For a long period he engaged in general practice in Chicago and Mor- rison, Whiteside county, 111., whence he removed to Pawnee Rock, Barton county, Kans., in 1876, hoping to recuperate his strength by a change of climate and by outdoor em])loyment. During the four years of this residence in that state he gave his attention al- most wholly to agricultural pursuits. Upon his return to Chicago he resumed professional work and also became associated with a brother in the real-estate business, helping him in investments that later made a fortune for the brother. Since June of 1888 Captain Jenks has made his home in Sacra- mento, where he was admitted to the bar of California about a year after his arrival and since then has been a meml)er of the State Bar Association. However, it was only for a few years that he engaged in ])rofessional activities. For some time he acted as secretary of a corporation engaged in the manufacture of grape baskets. In addition for several years he was secretary of the nursery firm of C. W. Reed & Co., and managed the papers necessary to secure in- corporation for the concern, whose largest stockholder, C. W. Reed, was his brother-in-law. As a citizen he has been progressive, de- voted to the welfare of CUUifornia and intensely loyal in his al- legiance to the nation. When the Civil War began he immediately oifered his services to the Union and May 24, 1861, enlisted in Com- pany G, Thirteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered into the service as first lieutenant. In recognition of his meritorious conduct he was connnissioned captain of his company on August 10, 1863. Although he participated in all of the engage- ments of his regiment he was injured only once and that proved to be a mere flesh wound. In the Siege of \'icksburg he was stand- HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 735 ing l)y the side of a tliirteen-incli mortar when it exploded and the concussion caused the bursting of one of his ear drums. As a re- sult of the accident he became slightly deaf, and as a consequence he gave up his ])rofession. At the expiration of his time he was honorably discharged, June 18, 1864, with his regiment, and he returned to his Illinois home. For thirteen years he served as chaplain of Sumner Post No. 3, G. A. R., at Sacramento, and he has long been prominent in the local work of the Grand Army of the Republic. A few months after his return home from the war Captain Jenks established domestic ties, being united February 1, 1865, with Miss Mary E. Allison, a native of Vincent, Pa., but from early child- hood a resident of Mount Carroll, 111. She was a member of the first graduating class of Mount Carroll Seminary. For years her father. Rev. J. V. Allison, was a minister in the Baptist denomina- tion until his death, which occurred at Pawnee Rock, Kans., at the age of seventy-five years. The deepest bereavement in the lives of Captain and Mrs. Jenks came in the loss of seven of their eight children when they were j^et young. The sole survivor, James Wal- lace Jenks, born in Chicago, 111., July 23, 1882, followed in the footsteps of his father in giving his services to his country in time of need. Volunteering in the Spanish-American war, he enlisted July 27, 1900, in the United States Marine Corps at Sacramento, ])eing assigned to the navy yard at Vallejo. Three months later he was ordered to the Philippine Islands and saw service on the Oregon and Solace and the Island of Guam. On account of an injury received while in the service he was given his honorable dis- charge at Vallejo, August 29, 1903, when he returned to Sacra- mento and became associated with his father in the nursery busi- ness under the firm title of W. M. Jenks & Son. By his marriage with Miss Mary A. Crabbe, a native daughter of Sacramento, James W. Jenks has one son, William Morgan, named in honor of his grandfather. Among the people of Sacramento Captain Jenks has an enviable reputation for character, integrity and intelligence. For years he has officiated as a deacon in the First Baptist Church of Sacramento and in other departments of the church work he also has been helpful and prominent. LEONARD M. LIMBAUGH The father of Leonard M. Limbaugh, James B. LimbaugJi, was born in Missouri and crossed the plains with ox teams among the gold seekers of 1849. For five or six years he lived in San Fran- cisco, then came to Brannan Island, where he lived out the re- 736 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY mainder of his days. His first employment in California was as a miner, but it was not long before he took up government land and began to raise and handle stock. His wife, who before her mar- riage was Eliza Jane Craib, was a native of Canada. She died leaving seven children, all living in California except a daughter in Philadelphia, Pa. Leonard M. Limbaugh, a resident of Andrus Island, was born in San Francisco March 30, 1862, and during his boyhood was taken by his parents to Brannan Island. After receiving a public school edu- cation he became a clerk in a general merchandise store at Isleton, remaining there five years. Four years after his marriage he turned his attention to farming and has followed this occupation ever since. Four years ago he bought one hundred acres of land on Andrus Island opposite Ryde, where he has since lived, devoting himself to the raising of fruit, vegetables, alfalfa and stock. The marriage of L. M. Limbaugh occurred in 1886 and united him with Sallie Poage, a native of LaGrange, Mo., the daughter of Julius and Sallie (Hatton) Poage. Five sons have been born of this marriage, as follows: Edwin J., Harold B., Eugene B., Thomas A. and Albert N., all of whom have been or still are students in the schools of Sacramento county. Born in Kentucky in 1825, Julius Poage came to California in 1875 and settled on Andrus Island, which was his home until death. His wife, formerly Sallie Neal Hatton, was born in Missouri and died in Sacramento. Mr. Limbaugh has been a member of the board of school trus- tees and the board of election. In politics he is a Democrat. Mrs. Limbaugh is a member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church in Sacramento, JOHN MARION HARLOW The once prominent rancher and business man whose long familiar name is given above was born in Illinois, January 24, 1849, and died on his California farm in June, 1899, aged about fifty years. His father long held the office of public administrator of Sacramento county, but he and his wife have been dead many years and their names have passed into local history to be listed with those of pioneers. Mr. Harlow was fifteen years old when he was brought with the re- mainder of father's family from their old Eastern home to California His education, which was begun in public schools in the Prairie state, was finished here and he associated himself with his father in the lat- ter 's ranching operations and remained with him until he was twenty- four vears old. Then he married Miss Susie M. Bagnall, a native of AA.~ y^^xaz:&?^ yj/l/i/f 1^1/^^^-*-l^^^^,h^,7-^^J^^erfection marks the exhibits of the Hod- son studios in Sacramento and Oakland. The consensus of opinion on the part of competent judges indicates that Mr. Hodson possesses ability as a photographer far above the average. An innate knowledge of proportion, an instantaneous comprehension of artistic outlines and a highly developed appreciation of graceful poses form characteristics admirably qualifying him for success in art. These qualities, while justly belonging to him through inheritance from a gifted father, have been so developed and perfected through study and experience that they have brought him professional prominence and local pres- tige, combining to give him a reputation which has been onlinnced through his ease of manner and affability of demeanor. 768 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY When it is mentioned that Mr. Hodson has been actively iden- tiiiod with Sacramento Parlor No. 3, N. S. G. W., it will be recog- nized that the success of his work reflects added credit upon his native commonwealth. Oakland is his native city and July 22, 1875, the date of his birth, his father having been J. E. Ilodson, a native of Illinois and from youth a photographer of eminent skill. As early as 1872 the elder Mr. Hodson established a studio in Sacramento. At different times he had art galleries in various bay cities. Eventu- ally in 1894 he established his studio in San Francisco, where for a few years he limited his attention strictly to photography, but the development of his genius led him into the field of portraiture and he since has become a popular portrait painter of the exposi- tion city. At the age of five years Burton M, Hodson accompanied his par- ents to Sacramento and here he was sent to the primary school, later to the grammar and then to the high schools. He can scarcely recall a time when he was uninterested in photography. The science appealed to him in early years. The difficult process incident to pro- ducing a finished picture appealed to his interest. Having made a life study of the science he is eminently qualified for successful work in all of its specialties. Eeading and research have broadened his knowledge of art, while practical experience has developed his in- born tastes until now he occupies a rank of unquestioned prominence among the photographers of Sacramento and Oakland. From boy- hood he has devoted himself to his profession. Politics has not di- verted his attention from his art. Fraternal interests, limited to membership with the Native Sons and the Sacramento Lodge of Elks, have not been allowed to infringe upon his constant devotion to his chosen calling, and it is to this persistent devotion, supple- menting intelligence, affal3ility and refinement, that he owes his growing success. Sharing with him in the good-will of acquaintances is his wife, who prior to their marriage in 1908 in her native city of Sacramento, was Miss Lillian May Nelson, member of an old and honored family of the capital city. AUGUST KAUFMAN Industry and integrity were the foundation stones upon which the late August Kaufman erected the superstructure of an honorable existence, devoted to the welfare of wife and children, and to the discharge of duties devolving upon him as a citizen of his adopted country. With the exception of the first eleven years of his life, which HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 769 were passed in his native Grermany, he was identified with the United States throughout all of his busy career. Loyal and patriotic in the highest degree, he maintained a peculiarly deep devotion for the west, which was the scene of his mature efforts and his permanent suc- cesses. Although in early life he had learned the trades of butcher and blacksmith, and had followed both of these occupations for a time, he gained prosperity through the tilling of the soil, and it was by diligence as a farmer that he acquired the valuable estate left to his heirs. Upon crossing the ocean in company with his mother when eleven years of age and settling at Boonville, Mo., August Kaufman entered the public schools in order to acquire a knowledge of the English language and the education necessary for life's activities. After he had completed the grammar course be began to assist his step-father in the butcher business and thus gained a thorough knowledge of the trade. At the age of twenty-one he came to California and settled in Sacramento, but after a time removed to Woodland, Yolo county. Later he established himself in business in Plainfield, where he in- vented and patented a plow. During 1876 he was united in marriage with Miss Minnie Krinki, a native of Germany, born January 2, 1852, but from childhood a resident of the United States. The family lived for some years in Ohio, near Belmont, and two of her brothers still reside in that state. Four years before the family came to the western coast her father, Charles Krinki, left Ohio and sought the oppor- tunities of California. When finally he had established himself on a firm financial footing in this state he sent for his family, who came by ship, one brother dying during the course of the voyage. At that time Mrs. Kaufman was a young lady of eighteen and she settled at Woodland, living there and at Davisville until the time of her marriage, which was solemnized in Sacramento. The united and unwearied efforts of Mr. and Mrs. Kaufman resulted in the acquisition of a comfortable home and a well-improved farm at Plainfield. Later they also bought four hundred and fifty- two acres in Capay. Had his life been spared to a good old age un- doubtedly a greater prosperity would have crowned his efforts, but when he lacked just two months of fifty years death removed him from the sphere of his activities. Later his widow was married to Emil Kirch, who passed away in 1907. Although bearing a different name, he was a brother of Mr. Kaufman, the difference being due to the fact that he was reared in the home of a grandfather and was given his name. For years he was identified with the Ancient Order of United Workmen in San Francisco. Both brothers were brought up in the German Lutheran faith and always remained firm believers in its doctrines. For years the family have been connected with that denomination in Sacramento. The widow still owns and occupies the comfortable familv residence at No. 2511 F street, but her children 770 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY have left the old homestead to take up the activities of life and to establish homes of their own. Of the eight children comprising the famil}' all but one are still living, namely: Mrs. Rosa Grover, of San Francisco; Jessie, who married William Born of Sacramento and has three cliildren; Lillian, who married Frank S. Schoenbackler, also of Sacramento, and has three children; Minnie, Mrs. Julius Haller, of Sacramento, who is the mother of two children; Emma, Mrs. Wolga- mott, who died in 1905, leaving two children, and Albert and Emil, both of Sacramento. Mrs. Kaufman now leases the ranch of three hundred and twenty acres purchased through her unremitting labors and keen judgment. LOUIS D. EHRET The family name borne by Mr. Ehret indicates Teutonic an- cestry, but he himself claims a lifelong identification with California, to whose welfare he is devoted with an enthusiasm and loyalty char- acteristic of his affectionate regard for the commonwealth of his nativity. The fortunate possession of the western qualities of pluck, energy and determination, grafted upon the foundation stock of thrift, economy and patience characteristic of the German race, has en- abled him to push his way forward in his chosen calling and has brought to him a high reputation therein. Indeed, as chief engineer of the Sacramento water works, he not only has made an enviable record among those directly connected with the plant itself, but he has risen to a position of distinct importance as one of the most capable engineers in the entire valley, where it is asserted by well- informed men that he has few superiors in the efficient discharge of occupational duties. During the sojourn of his parents, Joseph and Pauline Ehret, at one of the mining towns of Tuolumne county, Louis D. Ehret was born at Columbia, April 1, 1879, but his childhood memories cluster around the city of his present residence, for the family removed hither during the year 1881, and his education was secured in the excellent schools of the place, while his later acquisition of the trade of a machinist dates from an apprenticeship in the Southern Pacific rail- road shops in this city. His father, who was of German parentage and nativity, received the advantages offered by the excellent schools of the country and at the age of fourteen gave up his studies in order to begin an apjDrenticeship to the trade of cabinet-maker. At the expiration of his time he followed the trade as a journeyman in Ger- man vilhiges, but soon becoming dissatisfied with prospects in his native land he determined to seek the op])ortnnities of the new world. HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 771 At tlie age of twenty-one years lie crossed the ocean to New York City and there boarded a ship bound for San Francisco via the Horn. The port of his destination remained his headquarters for a brief period, but soon he became interested in mining and for some time worked in various camps with more or less success. After he estab- lished a home in Tuolumne county in 1877 he still retained his mining interests and engaged actively in the occupation in local mines. When he came to Sacramento in 1881 he entered into pursuits connected with his early life and engaged as a cabinet-maker in the shops of the Southern Pacific Eailroad Company, in whose employ he re- mained until his demise, at the age of seventy-three years. The Southern Pacific shops, with which his father was connected during the latter period of his life, furnished Louis D. Ehret with employment during the period of his apprenticeship to the trade of a machinist. On the completion of his time he began to follow the trade at Mare Island, where he continued in the employ of the government for three years, meanwhile doing considerable work as an engineer. Upon his return to Sacramento he secured a position in the Buffalo brewery as a machinist and engineer. The satisfactory nature of his services was indicated by his long retention in the employ of the company. When he resigned in April of 1910 it was to accept an appointment as chief engineer of the city water works under the administration of Mayor Beard. Since then he has devoted his time and attention to the duties of the office, which he fills with character- istic energy and capability. The demands of his various positions have been so numerous and important that he has enjoyed little leisure for participation in public affairs and his connection with politics extends no further than the casting of a Republican ballot at general elections. He was made a Mason in Tehama Lodge No. 3, F. & A. M., of which he is past master, is a member of Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., and was exalted a Sir Knight in Sacra- mento Commandery No. 2, K. T. By his union with Miss Agnes Druck, which was solemnized October 12, 1904, in Sacramento, he is the father of a daughter and son, Grladvs M. and Louis D., Jr. WILLIAM E. GRANT The proprietor of Hotel Clayton claims Sacramento as his birth- place as well as the chosen home of his maturity. While at times the interests of business have required his presence temporarily in other parts of the west, always h-e has considered Sacramento as his home and headquarters. In entering the hotel business he selected 772 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the capital city as the seat of his operations and chose the Hotel Clayton, a new and modern building with first-class accommodations, as his special center of activity. The management of the place proves the energy and sagacity of the proprietor, whose courtesy and Chesterfieldian polish supplement a keen business ability and indicate his adaptability for that difficult undertaking, the successful operation of a modern caravansary. The Clayton is a commodious building with one hundred rooms, equipped with modern conveniences and supplied with every requisite for the comfort of the guests, who after having been entertained here once are ready to return should business or pleasure bring them back to Sacramento. In this city Mr. Grant was born September 9, 1866, being a son of George Robert and Mary Helen (Van Arden) Grant, natives of New York state. As early as 1862 the father became a pioneer of the Sacramento valley, and from that time until his death, which oc- curred June 19, 1889, he followed general farming, meanwhile ac- cumulating large tracts of unimproved land in Placer and Sutter counties. Since his death the wife and mother has resided in Sacra- mento and now makes her home with her son, William E. Of her other children all are living except George Robert, Jr., who died in 1894. The remaining members of the family are as follows: Mrs. Mildred Pierce, a widow; Sarah 0., the widow of the late Robert F razee, who for twenty years or more was connected with the Sac- ramento police force; Julia A., the widow of Leroy L. Crocker, a fruit-grower in Placer county, who at his demise left a large estate in that county as well as holdings elsewhere; Henrietta, wife of C. W. Earle, of Los Angeles; William E., and Ada, a resident of Berkeley, this state. After he had completed the usual course of educational training Mr. Grant became a traveling salesman and in that capacity gained a broad knowledge of the west. For several years he was connected with the Wood-Curtis Company as manager of their Reno branch, and afterward he held the position of vice-president of the McMillan- Gordon Company for four years, resigning in order to devote his attention to the hotel business. Ever since attaining his majority he has voted the Republican ticket at all general elections. Fraternally he has been a local leader in Masonry and has risen to Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. With his wife, who was Miss Matilda Andrews, and his daughter, Miss Viola M., a popular student in the high school, he has a host of warm personal friends among the people of Sacramento. In his devotion to Masonry he shows the zeal and intelligence which have brought into national prominence his uncle, Hon. IT. B. Grant, of Louisville, Ky., widely known as the author of the Masonic Code, Templars' Tactics and other manuals used in the order; also known as the head of the command that won the com- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 773 petitive drills at both of tlie San Francisco conclaves, the remark- able tactical skill displayed by the command having been achieved through the earnest efforts of their commander. JEREMIAH CxlRROLL Many successive generations of the Carroll family lived and died in Ireland. Notwithstanding the intense struggle to earn from the soil the barest necessities of existence they exhibited a tenacious de- votion to their native land. The patriotism characteristic of the true Celt was in their blood. The cheerful humor of the race showed itself in the optimism which enabled them to rise above the darkest blows of fate. There came a time, however, when a young man de- termined to avail himself of the opportunity offered by America. Crossing the ocean to Massachusetts he there learned the trade of a stone-cutter. After a sojourn of some years in the old Bay state, where he married, he returned to Ireland in 1859 and followed farm- ing. A son was born in county Cork November 29, 1860, and to him was given the name of the father, Jeremiah. The infant was only one month old when the family came to America and settled in Massachusetts, where again the stone-cutter found employment at his chosen occupation. Another removal was made in the year 1866, at which time California was selected as the destination and Sacramento as the site of the future home. For a considerable period the father worked for others, but meanwhile he carefully hoarded his frugal savings and thus was enabled in 1878 to embark in business for him- self. For two years he had his place of business on Sixth street be- tween J and K. From there he removed to No. 808 K street, where he carried on business for eight years. During 1888 he moved to Tenth and S streets, where he had his headquarters for eight years. When finally the infirmities of age rendered further work unadvisable he retired to private life, but remained a resident of Sacramento until his death, which occurred in 1903. As a youth in the old country he had been a devoted Catholic and he gave steadfast allegiance to that church throughout the balance of his life. The family of Jeremiah Carroll, Sr., and wife, the latter of whom died two years prior to the demise of her husband, comprised five children, of whom two daughters are now deceased and two daughters still survive, namely: Mary, who is the wife of D. J. Considine, of Sacramento, and Margaret. The only son in the family, Jeremiah, Jr., received his education in the grammar and high schools of Sacra- mento. "When quite youno- he began to learn the trade of stone-cutting under Devine Bros., of Sacramento. After he had been with them for three years his father took up the same line of business and he 774 HIISTOEY UF ISACRAMENTO COUNTY entered his employ, remaining in the same position for eleven years. His next venture was the opening of a stone quarry in Placer county, Cal., and this he operated for a number of years. Upon returning to Sacramento he secured employment with the state as superintendent of stone work on the cajjitol park, and for eighteen months he en- gaged in the construction work on stairways. When the contract had been completed he returned to Placer county and resumed the operation of the quarry, also taking contracts for stone work. At the expiration of three busy years he left Placer county and went to Cascade Locks, on the Columbia river, where for two years he was retained as foreman for the Day Construction Company in the con- struction of the locks for the canal. With the completion of that responsible task in 1895 he returned to Sacramento and here he has since engaged in business for himself, first having his headquarters at No. 1902 Tenth street and after the death of his father removing to his present location, No. 2431 Tenth street, where he has one of the most modern marble-cutting plants in all of Northern California. From early manhood Mr. Carroll has been interested in public affairs and active in politics as a member of the Democratic party. When only twenty-three years of age he was chosen as secretary of the Democratic central committee and since then he has frequently aided the local progress of his preferred political organization. Reared in the Roman Catholic faith, he always has been sincere in his allegiance to the church and generous in his offerings to its main- tenance. His wedding was the first solemnized in the Sacramento Cathedral after its completion and he and his family have been especially interested in that church, not only for this reason, but also because of their large circle of friends in the congregation and their earnest devotion to its missionary and charitable enterprises. The marriage to which reference has been made occurred August 18, 1889, the bride being Miss Catherine O'Keefe, of Prairie City, Sacramento county, daughter of Michael and Mary O'Keefe, natives of Ireland. His wife died in 1893, leaving three children, and he suffered a further deep bereavement in the loss of one of their daughters, Mary, wlio died at the age of three years. The surviving daughter, Catherine, is employed in one of the large department stores of Sacramento, and the son, Charles, is an employe of Baker & Hamilton, a wholesale firm of this citv. AMOS LUTHER BOWSHER The courage that had aided him in early life to face without dismay or tremor the dense ranks of gallant southern soldiers on more than sixtv battlefields enabled him in more mature years to fill HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 775 the difficult position of engineer and to meet its dangers, seen and unseen, with trained intelligence and quick decision. But in all the vicissitudes of his adventurous career perhaps at no time was he in greater danger of instant death than on the occasion of his trip, November 1, 1903, as engineer on the first section of train No. 16, known as the Oregon express. At the Tehama bridge on the Sacra- mento river there was a high trestle approach, the view of which was cut oif by reason of dense timber, so that until a sharp curve was made close to the trestle it was completely hidden from view. Early in the morning of the ill-fated day the train was making its usual run at the customary speed, and the trestle was shown to be on fire as it came into the vision of the startled engineer. With the quick- ness of a trained mind he made an emergency application of the brakes, reversed his engine and sanded the rail. The engine left the rail at the burning portion of the trestle and safely crossed and stood upright just beyond, carrying the engineer to life and safety. The tender and two cars went down, and the fireman, caught under the tender, was killed. The cars caught fire from the burning trestle. The pitch gas tanks exploded, thus adding to the fierceness of the conflagration. Three of the cars, a mail, baggage car and empty coach, were burned before the second section could pull the rear por- tion, consisting- of sleepers, back to a place of safety. The wreck and scene presented to all who viewed it the most convincing evi- dence that had anything but an unusually good stop been made a larger portion of the train, if not all of it, would have shared the fate of the three head cars and many of the sleeping passengers would have shared the fate of the unfortunate fireman. This veteran of the Civil war and skilled engineer, who now in his retirement from active labors receives a pension from the United States government and from the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, was born at Adelphi, Ross county, Ohio, February 4, 1841, and re- ceived a common school education. Immediately after the opening of the Civil war he enlisted at Columbus, Ohio, with the First United States cavalry, and served during the entire period of the struggle, meanwhile taking a brave part in more than sixty battles. When peace had been declared he was honorably discharged, and on the 10th of September, 1865, he was mustered out of the service. At once he came via Panama to California and established his headquarters in Sacramento. From that time until 1883 he was engaged in telegra]')h construction work for the Central Pacific Railroad Company, being foreman of a gang for much of the time and superintending the construction of lines all along the coast. During 1883 he became a fireman, and in 1884 was promoted to be engineer, which position he held on the Southern Pacific railroad until March of 1911. when he was honorably retired on account of advancing years. For many years he has been associated with the Locomotive Engineers, and his 776 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY interest in tlie order did not cease with his retirement from active work. Fraternally he holds membership with the Concord Lodge, F. & A. M., in Sacramento. During 18/2 he married Miss Delia Cas- sidy, and of their union four children were born. The sons, Joseph and Robert, are engineers with the Southern Pacific company, the former being on the Coast division. The older daughter, Mary, is the wife of Charles Johnson, and lives in Sacramento. The youngest member of the family circle, Laura, resides with her parents at No. 1615 Seventh street, Sacramento, and shares with them the good will and esteem of associates. FRED J. BISHOP An identification with the horticultural interests of Sacramento county beginning during the spring of 1901 and continuing up to the present time has given Mr. Bishop a very favorable impression con- cerning the possibilities of this section and particularly concerning the opportunities afforded by the district of Fair Oaks. There are few places in the settlement more favorably located and none more productive than the one which he owns and operates. This is due not particularly to superiority of soil, although that is rich and fer- tile, but especially to the care and cultivation exercised by the owner, who follows scientific methods in the supervision of the land, the care of the trees and the developing of the fruit. A desire to possess on the ranch a residence worthy of the land and indicative of its value caused him to erect a two-story house with all the modern improvements, and this building, recently completed and tastefully furnished, now ranks among the finest in the neighborhood. The entire life of Mr. Bishop prior to his removal to California was spent in Kane county, 111., where he was born December 15, 1858, where he grew to manhood on a farm and where he received such ad- vantages as country schools afforded. After he had attained maturity he chose agriculture for his occupation and became interested in the cultivation of land not far from the old homestead. For a consider- able period he engaged in the raising of grain and stock and also made a specialty of the dairy business. Meanwhile he had estab- lished domestic ties, selecting for his wife Miss Annie Forrdrescher, who was born in Elgin, 111., of German parentage, and who possesses the sterling qualities of mind and heart that contributed not a little to their success. They became the parents of five children, namely: Henry, Frank, Fred, Charlotte and Dorothy. All are at home ex- HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 777 cepting Frank, who is married and rents a place not far from the ranch of his parents. A desire to escape the rigorous winters characteristic of Northern Illinois led Mr. Bishop to dispose of his farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Kane county and forthwith he brought his family to California. The presence of his brother, Percy, at Fair Oaks led him to investigate conditions at this settlement, and he was so favorably impressed that he acquired property during the spring of 1901. This first purchase, which continues to be his home and the scene of his extensive horticultural enterprises, comprises fortj^-one acres under cultivation to peaches, almonds, oranges and olives. Much of the acreage is now in thrifty bearing condition and the young trees will soon reach an age where they will add materially to the annual in- come from the place. The crops are marketed through the Fair Oaks Fruit Company, in which Mr. Bishop is a stockholder and which he has assisted in making one of the most important business enter- prises of the district. Far-reaching activities and beneficent influences have character- ized the life of Mr. Bishop, whose loyal devotion to his adopted com- munity and commonwealth forms one of his leading attributes. Al- though never losing an affectionate regard for the home of his birth and the scenes of his early labors, he is a true Californian in spirit, and by developing his own place he has aided in the upbuilding of the district, which he has seen undergo a great change in appearance through the efforts of energetic land-owners. The prospects of the successful cultivation of fruit ranches convince him of the perman- ence of the prosperity of the region and this, supplementing a genial climate, proves to him that he made no mistake in the choice of his location. All movements for the general welfare receive his co- operation and support and the same may be said of his citizenship in Illinois, where he served with efficiency as a road commissioner in Kane county, besides being president of the school board of his dis- trict and afterward for nine vears the clerk of the district schools. WILLIAM AUGUST MEYEE The fact that Mr. Meyer scarcely yet has reached the prime of life is not inconsistent with the statement that he has devoted twenty years of painstaking study to the profession of an optician. When only fourteen, in the year 1892, he was apprenticed to a prominent member of the craft in San Francisco, and under that skilled optician. L. A. Berteling, he studied with a persistence and intelligence that inevitably brought satisfactory results. Everv detail of the business 778 liilSTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY was learned with a sincerity and earnestness indicative of high aspira- tions. As is the case in every trade or profession where attention to details is made the creed, so with him in his intelligent and pur- poseful studies of the science of optics. While it is a very difficult task to acquire a thorough knowledge of the business (for no work entails greater responsibilities than that of examining eyes and fitting glasses), many competent judges have asserted that he is unsur- passed in his .specialty and all agree that his judgment is authorita- tive in questions relating to his chosen calling. The distinction of being a native-born Calif ornian belongs to Mr. Meyer, whose birth occurred in the city of San Francisco March 18, 1878, and who is a son of John N. and Sophie M. Meyer. When he had conqjleted the studies of the grammar school he began to study under Mr. Berteling in the vacation seasons, but in addition he took up high school studies and at the age of eighteen was graduated with a high standing from the San Francisco schools. After he had ac quired a thorough knowledge of optics he began to earn his liveli- hood through the pursuance of the specialty, and in 1899 he came to Sacramento to act as manager for the Chinn-Berretta Optical Com- pany, in whose employ he remained for five years. A desire to em- bark in business for himself led him to relinquish a position both congenial and profitable. Since then he has carried on a store at No. 903 K street, Sacramento, besides which. May 18, 1911, he opened an establishment in Stockton, both of these being popular and well ])atronize(l by people of the two communities. The marriage of Mr. Meyer and Miss Ruby H. Brown was solemnized in Sacramento December 3, 1901, and has been blessed with two children, a daughter, Margaret, and a son, William August, Jr. The family hold membership with the Episcopal church and maintain a deep interest in religious movements, as well as in all enterprises for the upbuilding of the city and the welfare of its peo- ple. The Republican party has received the allegiance of Mr. Meyer in national and local elections. The Native Sons of the Golden West have numbered him among their members in their Sacramento parlor, and in addition he has enjoyed fraternal relations with the Elks, in which he officiates as past exalted ruler of the Sacramento Lodge No. 6. He is a member of the Sutter club and is past president of the California State Association of Opticiatis. HUGH MAULDIN An inheritance of the chivalrous traits characteristic of a long line of southern ancestors has given to Mr. Mauldin a personality reflecting the qualities of his gallant forefathers, while his almost HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 779 lifelong association with the west has endowed him with the physical and mental attributes inbreathed with the air and sunshine of the Pacific coast. Supplementing other qualifications are the sagacious business judgment, the keen commercial sense and the quick compre- hension of detail that presage success in any avenue of labor; and to the possession of these traits may be attributed much of his rise in the jewelry business in San Francisco, while the same qualities have assisted him in the profitable management of his personal holdings since his return to Sacramento, where now he devotes his entire at- tention to the oversight of his property interests. The founder of the Mauldin family in California was Benjamin Francis Mauldin, who was born in Cecil county, Md., May 26, 1813, and received a fair education in that locality, where, May 5, 1845, he was united in marriage with Miss Millicent R. Brown, a daughter of Hugh Brown, one of the defenders of Baltimore. Their son, Hugh, was born at the family home in Cecil county February 9, 1848, and the second son, Lopez, was born in the same county during September of 1849. Mr. Mauldin joined General Lopez' filibustering expedition to Cu])a, was dubbed colonel, and made his escape back to New Orleans and then up the Mississippi river. During 1850 he came to California by way of Panama and after landing at San Francisco in the month of July proceeded to Sacramento on the bark Winthrop. He was much pleased with the country, and the same fall returned to Maryland, in 1851 bringing his family and settling in Sacramento. Later he took up land and embarked in ranching pursuits. ^ For a considerable period he devoted his attention closely to ranching, but during 1867 he leased his farm and removed to the city of Sacra- mento, where he interested himself in real estate and political enter- prises. When somewhat advanced in years, but still very active in business, he died while on a trip to Montana, June 10, 1882. Through all of his life he had been loyal to the doctrines of the Methodist Episcopal church and to the principles of the Democratic party. He was a member of the Territorial Society of California Pioneers. His son, Lopez, who also settled in Sacramento, entered the government service as a mail carrier and continued in that capacity until his death, which occurred June 12, 1894. The third son, Brown, born in Sacramento in 1852, still makes his home in his native city. After having completed the studies of the Sacramento granmiar and high schools, Hugh Mauldin went to San Francisco and secured employment with the jewelry house of John W. Tucker. From a humble position he rose to be a trusted salesman and eventually was chosen manager of the establishment, which position he was filling at the time of his final resignation May 1, 1883. He then engaged in the manufacture of jewelry in San Francisco and later opened a jewelrv store in Los Angeles. His place of business in the Bryson block was considered the finest of its kind in the state. Subsequently 43 780 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY lie returned to San Francisco, the headquarters of his jewelry opera- tions, and there continued until 1894, when he returned to Sacramento to look after two large property interests, and has since made this his home. With his wife, formerly Miss Eve Gaylord, whom he mar- ried in San Francisco December 15, 1880, he has a host of warm per- sonal friends among the most select social circles of Sacramento. Like his mother, he cherishes a deep devotion for the doctrines of the Methodist Episcopal denomination, and like his father he upholds Democratic tenets with his influence and ballot. STEPHEN S. DAY New England has contributed much to the good citizenship of the Pacific coast. This contribution has been both direct and indirect, and, taken all in all, it has been almost incalculable, both in its extent and its influence. One of its direct contributions in a purely per- sonal and individual way is Stephen S. Day, of Sacramento, who was born at North Hampton, Mass., August 2, 1868. He was educated in the i3ublic and high schools of his native city, graduating from the latter in 1886. Then he acted on a well-formed determination to go west, and made his way to Omaha, Neb., where he entered the establishment of Crane Company, who handle steam and plumbing supplies, acting as stock clerk. His aptitude for business was recog- nized by ]iis promotion to the sales department. In 1893 he was trans- ferred to their main otlfice at Chicago, where he had a successful career, as a salesman till 1903. From then until 1910 he was in charge of the company's agency at Sacramento. In September, that year, the house established a branch to supersede its agency, and Mr. Day was made its manager. Under his supervision they built the present building, 86x150 feet, on the corner of Front and M streets, consisting of two stories, and the company occupy the entire building. The leading products of the concern, recognized throughout the United States as the best of their kind, are valves and fittings of their own manufacture, and they are extensive jobbers of a general line of steam and plumbing supplies. In Sacramento, September 1, 1908, Mr. Day married Miss Minnie Schaw, who was born in Australia, but came to Sacramento, Cal., when a child. He is a member of the Sutter and Sacramento clubs, and has been a director of the Sacramento Chamber of Chamber since its re-organization. In his religious alliance he is a Conirregationalist, and in his political allegiance he is a Republican. While he is not an active politician in the now nearly obsolete sense of the phrase, HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 781 he is an active politician of the new school— that, not of the office- seeker, but of the thinker and voter who considers his duty to his fellow men illy discharged if he does not plan for their welfare and vote to promote their best interests. It is such a public spirit as has been suggested that makes the modern business man a success and a good citizen, and Mr. Day is that to the greatest extent. JOHN L. MAYDEN Three generations of the Mayden familv are at present identified with Northern California, the first of these being represented bv John Mayden, the founder of the name in the west and a man of energy and mtelligence, who came to the coast country prior to the building of the first trans-continental railroad. A native of Indiana, born Novem- ber 5, 1843, he received such advantages as the schools of his locality and day afforded. These were small indeed in comparison with the advantages now offered to the young, but he has supplemented them by observation and reading, so that he is now a man of broad general information. During 1865, at the age of about twenty-two vears, he came to California via Panama and settled in Amador county, near Plymouth, where for a long period he owned extensive mining in- terests. ^ Since his retirement in 1893 from mining operations he has lived quietly but happily at his old homestead, where he and his wife, Mrs. Mary (Thomas) Mayden, reared their family and passed manv years of pur|)oseful activity. It was during the residence of the family at Drytown, a mining town in Amador county, that John L. Mayden was born January 28, 1875, and his earliest memories cluster around the village of Plymouth.' Later the family lived again at Drytown and there he attended the public schools. After he had completed the regular public school course he attended the business college at Stockton for one year and there prepared for commercial activities, graduating in 1891. At the age of seventeen years, in 1892, he came to Sacramento and secured employment as a bill clerk with Baker & Hamilton, dealers in carriages and farming imi^lements. His work was so intelligent and the results so satisfactorv that the firm retained him in their employ, but recog- nized his abilitv by promoting him until finally they appointed him department manager, in which position he served for five years, on December 25, 1911, being made general manager, and he is now filling the ]ilace with characteristic energy and capabilitv. The business of the Sacramento house extends all over Northern California, Southern Oregon and Nevada. Fraternally he is identified with the Woodmen 782 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of the AVorld and the National Union, while in politics he votes with the Eepiiblican party. In Sacramento, November 28, 1898, occurred his marriage to Miss Ella Darrow Hatch, a native daughter of this city. They are the parents of two daughters, Helen Molter and Eleanor. CHARLES M. BECKWITH To many the attainment of material prosperity proves a severe temptation to relax the vigilance previously exercised over the na- tural inclination to enter upon a wordlj'^ career and place in the back- ground the finer virtues, chief among which is altruism. To Mr. Beckwith, however, the struggle for a place among the most influential members of the legal profession in Sacramento served as an impetus to further arouse his sympathies for mankind in general and his de- termination to do all in his power to disentangle the legal problems of those who appealed to him, his chief concern being not the financial reward he might receive, but the true service he might render. Mr. Beckwith is a native son, his birth having occurred June 28, 1863, in Woodbridge, San Joaquin county, where he received his pre- liminary education. Later, he attended both private and public schools in Lodi, after which he entered Oberlin college, Oberlin, Ohio, graduating in 1884. His father, F. Marion Beckwith, was born in 1830, in Mentor, Ohio, and immigrated to California in 1849 in com- pany with his brother, DeWitt Beckwith, and other colonists, many of whom desired to enter the mines of Eldorado county rather than re- sume their former occupations, believing that the gold fields offered the shortest route to wealth. Many, however, soon abandoned the role of Argonaut, and, satisfied that the west held many opportunities for those who possessed perseverance, settled in various sections. Upon his arrival in California, Mr. Beckwith proceeded at once to San Joaquin county, where he combined mining and farming with fair success until his death in January, 1863. Five months after his father's death, Charles Beckwith was born, his mother, formerly Miss Betsey L. Quiggle, of Hampden, Ohio, exerting every effort thence- forward in the interests of her child. Until he was seven years old he received the benefits derived from the atmosphere of love and tenderness created by his loving mother, but her death at that time caused him to go to his uncle, Byron D. Beckwith, at Lodi, Cal., who reared him to manhood, guiding him through his formative and educa- tional period until he reached the age of twenty-one. His influence left a deep imprint on the boy, who developed a nature of rare truth and sjTupathy, and it is the ambition inspired by this uncle's love and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 78.? devotion, his careful training and self-sacrifice, to which he owes his success in after life — the inspiration gained from his noble life and worthy example. Upon his return to San Joaquin county after his course at Oberlin college, Charles M. Beckwith worked at various occupations for a year, going thence to Tulare county, where he en- gaged in farming and stock raising. Two years later, having decided to enter the legal profession, he took up the study of law in Stockton, soliciting insurance during his spare time. Having completed his course, he was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of California at Sacramento, November 14, 1893, and immediately established him- self there in business, building up a practice of importance. He has not only a large clientele among the substantial citizens of the county, but also in various counties of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. Mr. Beckwith 's first marriage occurred in Sacramento, November 22, 1895, uniting him with Mrs. Annie M. (Ross) Hurd of Sacramento, who passed away December 31, 1907, leaving a son by her former marriage, Horatio Hurd, of Sacramento. On October 31, 1908, he married Miss Bess M. Blake, whose birth occurred in New Hamp- shire, and whose father, C. W. Blake, makes his home with them. Mrs. Beckwith is in full sympathy with her husband's interests and aids him immeasurabh^ by her tact and comradeship. He was made a Mason in 1884 in Woodbridge Lodge No. 131, F. & A. M., of Wood- bridge, retaining his membership in the lodge where his father and uncle were members. By his prompt, decisive action and excellent judgment he has won the esteem of many friends and associates, who predict for him a future commensurate with his unquestioned ability. F. S. PECK The educational advantages of the east supplemented by uni- versity training in Germany afforded Mr. Peck exceptional oppor- tunities in youth, and of these he was not dilatory in acquisition, the result being that he gained a breadth of cosmopolitan culture that easily places him among the most courteous and polished gentlemen of Sacramento as well as one of the most popular members of the exclusive Sutter club. While he has been a resident of California since 1900 and meanwhile has gained the warm friendship of many commercial enterprises of Sacramento, his birth and parentage unite him with the cultured classes of the east. Into the home of Frank A. and Elizabeth R. Peck, at Syracuse, N. Y., he was born December 1, 1877, and all of his earliest recollections cluster around that influential 784 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY eastern city. Primarily educated in its schools, he later spent a period of stud}^ at Andover, Essex county, Mass. At the age of fourteen years he was sent abroad to study, hrst being entered as a student in a private school at Freiburg, Germany, and later taking up a uni- versity course in an historic German institution. Upon his return to the United States, in 1896, at the age of about nineteen years, he became interested with a brother in the manufacture of china at Syracuse, N. Y., where he acquired an interest in the business and continued for several years. Disposing of his stock in the concern in 190U, Mr. Peck removed from New York to California and settled in Tehama county, where he became interested in the buying and selling of land and the handling of real estate. During 1902 he removed to Sacramento and entered iuto association with the W. P. Coleman Company as manager of their country land dei)artment. In that responsible position he proved capable and efficient, but his tastes led him iuto other lines of enter- prise, so that he resigned at the expiration of two years in order to engage in the general insurance business. As agent for various old- line companies he acquired a wide influence in his line, but in 1906, having decided to specialize, he disposed of the life and fire depart- ments, since which he has confined his attention to the building up of a large business in accident and liability insurance. To this phase of protection, hitherto all too neglected, he has given much time and study, and his efforts to interest others have been so successful that already a large proportion of the citizens of Sacramento have availed themselves of this class of insurance. Although well qualified by na- tural endowments and educational attainments to represent the people in offices of trust, his tastes have led him to keep aloof from partisan affairs, and he takes no part in politics aside from being an ardent devotee to Republican principles. In religious belief he is of the Christian Science faith. Fraternally he holds membership with the Elks. It was not until some time after he came to Sacramento that he established a home of his own, his marriage to Miss Maud Shafer liaving occurred July 1, 1908, and uniting him with a young lady pop- ular in the most select circles of society in the capital city. OTTO J. KOCH One of the native sons of Sacramento who are achieving success in the city of their birth is Otto J. Koch, the well-known hop buyer, whose friends are many and whose business acquaintance is • co-ex- tensive with the best part of Central California. Mr. Koch was born HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 785 November 2, 1876, a son of Anton and Marie (Carrow) Koch, who came to Sacramento in 1859. When he reached school age he was sent to the local schools and continued nntil he was seventeen, when he was well fitted educationally to take up the task of self-support. Dur- ing the ensuing two years he was employed on his father's ranch, and at nineteen he secured a clerkship in the office of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company at Sacramento, and was continued in that relation seven years, during which period he established himself firmly in the good opinion of his superiors. Leaving the employment of the Southern Pacific Railroad Com- pany, Mr. Koch engaged in farming and raising hops at West Sacra- mento, Yolo county. He now has five ranches leased, covering about five hundred acres, of which about a hundred and sixteen acres are in hop fields. Aside from growing hops he is a dealer in that com- modity, buying in Sacramento and Yolo counties for large eastern houses in the trade. He made such a success of this business that he may be said to have formed a permanent connection with it, and his oi^erations have brought him in contact with hop men throughout a wide territory, where he has won a reputation for honesty and fair dealing that commend him to all intelligent growers. The amount of his business annually, could it be here stated in the figures that cannot lie, would be found to reach a large sum. It is increasing from year to year as he grows more and more successful in his specialty. In his social affiliations Mr. Koch is an Odd Fellow and an Elk, and in his political sentiment he is a stanch Republican. He married, at Sacramento, October 15, 1903, Miss Margaret Hansen, who was born in Dallas, Texas. To them have been born three children, Gladys, a child of seven, who is attending the public school; Helen, five years, and Marian, who was two years of age on her last birthdav. ALEXANDER WYLIE MORRISON In point of years of active service Mr. Morrison has the distinc- tion of being the oldest hotel clerk on the entire Pacific coast. Coming to the west in young manhood, accident turned him into the hotel business,^ and the subsequent success of his efforts proved that he was admirably qualified for the occupation in which chance or destiny had placed him. To the traveling public he is known as a genial, tactful clerk and a companionable man whose interest in his guests impels him to do everything possible to enhance their comfort during the period of their sojourn at his hostelrv. As mav be imagined of 786 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY one wJio has been connected with the same hotel for forty-four years, his circle of acquaintances is wide, and it may be further added that his friends are as numerous as his acquaintances, for all who have once come within the sphere of his cordial interest and his intelligent, courteous attentions consider themselves his friends and well-wishers. His personal tact and gentlemanly l)earing are largely responsible for the continued popularity of the Western hotel, and when finally on New Year's of 1901 he purchased a one-half interest in this leading inn of Sacramento there were a host of patrons to step forward with timely congratulations and hearty wishes for continued prosperity. The Morrison ancestry is traced back to Scotland, whence some of the name were forced to flee to Ireland during the religious perse- cutions in their home land. Several generations lived and labored in the north of Ireland, and there James Morrison was born at Maguire's Bridge in county Fermanagh. Early in life he migrated to Canada and settled in tlie i^rovince of Ontario, where he met and married Miss Abigail Higginson, a native of Lisburn, near the city of Belfast, Ireland, but from young girlhood a resident of Canada. The young couple settled at Boyd's Bridge in the township of Mountain, where a son, Alexander Wylie, was born December 15, 1846. Altogether their family numbered ten children, and seven of these are still living. During the year 1856 the father bought one of the finest farms in Ontario, this comprising a tract on the St. Lawrence river long known as the Col. James McDonald homestead. On that well-im^^roved farm the children passed the happy years of early life and from there they started out to earn their own livelihood in the world of affairs. After having completed the studies of the grammar school at Iro- quois, Dundas county, Canada, and after subsequently, September 7, 1867, receiving a diploma from the Toronto Commercial college, Mr. Morrison, in January, 1868, sailed from New York en route to Sail Francisco. Immediately upon his arrival he sought and found em- ployment in the American Exchange hotel, where he remained for ten months. A desire to visit relatives led him to resign liis ])osition and return to Canada, but he found himself dissatisfied amid the once loved surroundings. The spirit of the west had called to him and he was not content elsewhere. As he was about to start back to resume his old position in San Francisco, he was asked by a friend, Mrs. Haitley, to stop over in Sacramento and see her son, Walter Haitley, in that city. He came over the route on one of the first overland trains in 1869, and in accordance with the promise made to her stopped in Sacramento on Saturday and looked up the friend. N. D. Thayer, of the Western hotel, importuned him to become his clerk, and on Monday he accepted the position in the Western hotel and never since then has he sought another position or considered a change of em- plo>mient. During 1880 he was united in marriage with Miss Mattie HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 787 Martha Jones, of Sacramento, daughter of a one-time famous sea captain and descended from Welsh ancestry. In fraternal relations he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. FRANK A. LAFFERTY As the successor of his father in an important and well-known business Mr. Lafferty has become associated with commercial activ- ities in Sacramento, where for a long period he has owned and man- aged a livery and boarding stable located at No. 1510-14 J street. Until the death of his father and for some time afterward the busi- ness was conducted under the firm title of J. A. Lafferty & Son, while the management of the stables differed little from that of the present time, although recently special attention has been given to the main- tenance of pleasure vehicles suitable for excursion and tally-ho par- ties. No stable in the city surpasses this establishment in the elegance of its outfits and the beauty of its teams, nor does any excel it in the possession of a modern structure equipped with every facility for the expeditious and thorough dispatch of work. The building, indeed, represents a style of architecture admirably suited to the west, and affords visible evidence of the proprietor's wisdom in harmonizing the structure with the environment. Membership in the Native Sons of the Golden West (in which he has been very active as president and influential worker) comes to Mr. Lafferty by virtue of his nativity in California, where his birth occurred at Colfax, Placer county, June 30, 1871, in the home of John Allen and Mary J. Lafferty. His father, who was born in Des Moines, Iowa, April 27, 1845, was brought to the west by his parents in 1850 and entered the primary room of the school at Iowa Hill. Later he com])leted the studies of the grammar school. When he started out to earn his own way in the world he took up teaming and for a short time followed the occupation at Colfax. Next he was employed as a brakeman with the Sacramento Valley Railroad Company. Later he drove a stage out of Colfax to various i^oints until 1872, when he re- moved to Sacramento and embarked in the teaming business. From that beginning he drifted into the livery trade and established a large patronage, continuing at the head of the stables until his death in 1904, when he was succeeded by his son, the latter having been identi- fied with the work ever since he left school and thus being thoroughly familiar with all of its details. Besides his membership with the Native Sons previously mentioned, he is associated with the Elks and the 788 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In politics he votes with the Republican party. His marriage took place in Sacramento November 22, 1897, and united him with Miss Emma Schwartz, who was born in Sacramento, being a daughter of Benjamin Schwartz. They are the parents of two daughters, Beatrice and Frances, both of whom are pupils in the city schools. CHARLES 0. GEIGER This well-known citizen of Sacramento, Cal., was born of German parentage at Allegheny, Pa., in 1875, being the son of William and Ernestine (Ploss) Geiger. His father was a carpenter by trade be- fore he came to America and found emplojTiient at it during his active years in this country. In 1878 he brought his family to Sacra- mento. Of his nine children, six are living. C. C. Geiger was edu- cated in public schools and at Atkinson's business college, in Sacra- mento. During his school days he was employed in the mailing room of the Sacramento Bee, and in 1893 he was employed by Scheunert Brothers, wholesale dealers in cigars, as a bookkeeper, and has re- tained the position to the present time. This is one of the reputable business concerns of Sacramento, and Mr. Geiger 's position is one of confidence and responsibility. November 5, 1902, Mr. Geiger married Mabel Laing, of Sacra- mento, who has borne him two children, Jeanette, August 22, 1906, and Marian, February 2, 1911. A Republican in politics, Mr. Geiger affiliates fraternally with the Elks and the Foresters. Mrs. Geiger is a communicant of the German Lutheran church. The family is pop- ular socially, and Mr. Geiger has in many ways demonstrated his pub- lic spirit. GEORGE H. CLARK This is essentially the time of the self-made man. Time was when self-made men were born in log houses and made their way to fame and to fortune without education except as they were able to obtain a little, crude and unclassified, through the reading of mis- cellaneous books of Ilobson's choice by the light of pitch-pine torches stuck in the ground beside them. Now the self-made man sets out along the devious way of business life with more education, but he has to encounter greater obstacles and more determined competition. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 789 He has no recollection of a log domicile, but his goal is a brownstone one Sacramento has many men of both classes, the old and the new. Among the latter is George H. CUark, who is forging ahead to eminence in the field of building, the visible evidence of the growth of everv city. Born in Stockton, Cal., in December, 1880, his education was begun m the public schools of his native city and continued in high school in San Mateo county, where he was duly graduated in 1899. Then he matriculated at Stanford university and was graduated therefrom, with the degree of A. B., with the class of 1904. " It was a business life rather than a professional life that Mr. Clark chose for himself. Coming to Sacramento he found employment with the Clark & Henry Construction Company as manager. Later he went in a similar capacity to the Sacramento Cement Company, dealers in building material, rock, lath and other merchandise in the line, and has been so successful and so useful to the enterprise that his connection with it is by all his friends regarded as permanent. The captaincy of the football team of 1904 at Stanford universitv fell to Mr. Clark. He is a member of the University club and of the Sutter club. The Republican party commands his political allegiance. He married Miss Esther Numan of Stockton, Cal., in Julv, 1905, and they have a son and a daughter, William R. and Katharine. HON. ALDEN ANDERSON Few men have been associated more actively and none more hon- orably with the financial and political history of Northern California than Hon. Alden Anderson, president of the Capital National bank of Sacramento, president of the Redding National bank at Redding, this state, vice-president of the Red Bluff (Cal.) National bank, and presi- dent of the Central California Traction Company, owners and oper- ators of the traction line between Sacramento, Lodi and Stockton. Wide has been the influence exerted by him in the banking circles of his ])ortion of the state and varied as have been his commercial connections, they have been equalled by his intimate identification with the public life of the commonwealth and by his patriotic partici- pation in movements for the permanent upbuilding of his community. From the year 1902, which marked his advent into Sacramento's com- mercial life, up to the present time, his vigorous mind has been felt continually as an important factor in civic progress, his public-spirited labors have promoted the community welfare and his life has become a 790 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY part of Sacramento that will find an enduring place in the annals of local history. A native of Pennsylvania, Mr, Anderson Was born in Meadville, Crawford county, in October of 1867, while his parents were at their old home on a visit. The family have been identified with the west ever since the thrilling period of mining adventures, had an honorable identification with the east through several successive generations, and genealogical records indicate their patriotism and progressive devo- tion to the country. His father, J. Z. Anderson, was born in Mead- ville, Crawford county, Pa., September 30, 1829. At the time news came concerning the discovery of gold in California he was at the threshold of manhood, eager for adventure and ambitious to see something of the world. Immediately there sprang into his mind a determination to seek the gold mines, but it was not practicable for him to make the journey until 1852, at which time he left the scenes of happy youth for the untried conditions of the undeveloped west. An uneventful journey via Nicaragua found its safe termination in the gold fields of Northern California, where the young Pennsyl- vanian endeavored in vain to find the hoped-for fortune. Despairing of quickly gained wealth, in 1851 he turned his attention to ranching and settled in Solano county, where he placed a large tract of land under cultivation. Shortly before the birth of their son, Alden, he and his wife removed to San Jose, and from that time until his demise in 1897 he was interested in the raising of fruit and in the packing business. During the forty-five years of his residence in California he had witnessed remarkable changes and, as a patient, purposeful pioneer, he had contributed to the work of advancement by his per- sonal efforts. Cities had sprung up, as by magic; vast tracts of un- inviting lands had been transformed into productive ranches or re- munerative fruit farms ; railroads had superseded the old-fashioned stage-coaches and the freighting vehicles drawn by mules or oxen. Out of the crude environment of the frontier had arisen a common- wealth great in resources, ambitious in purpose and rich in a citizen- ship of unsurpassed loyalty. With such educational advantages as were afforded by the pub- lic schools and the University of the Pacific, Alclen Anderson began to earn his own livelihood at a very early age, his first occupation being that of an assistant in the fruit business conducted by his father. During 1886 he went to Suisun City, Solano county, and embarked in the fruit industry for himself, later drifting from the growing of fruit into the shipping of the same. From that place he came to Sacramento in 1902, and afterward disposed of his interests in Solano county at intervals as opportunity offered. From his arrival in the capital city until the year 1908 he acted as vice-president of the Capital National Banking and Trust Company. Wlien he disposed of his stock in that concern he removed to San Francisco, where, until HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 791 July 1, 1909, lie lield office as vice-president of the Anglo-London Paris National bank, and later until February of 1911 served by appoint- ment as superintendent of the banks of California. A pleasant and protracted continental tour, which afforded him an appreciated opportunity to enjoy the scenery and historical at- tractions of Europe, Asia and Africa, was followed by the return of Mr. Anderson to Sacramento December 1, 1911, at which time he purchased the Capital Banking and Trust Company, and of this in- stitution, under its present title of Capital National bank, he officiates as jjresident. The concern has a reputation for reliability and high principles of honor. The conservative spirit of its president appears in the caution exercised for the protection of its depositors, yet he supplements caution with progressive principles, so that he lends timely aid to worthy commercial projects. His place in the banking circles of Northern California is one of assured influence and in- creasing responsibility. In addition to the organization of this popular institution of Sacramento, he helped to organize banks at Red Bluif and Redding and acts as vice-president of one and president of the other, besides being a director in both, as well as a member of the directorate of his city concern. As president of the company building the electric line from Sacramento to Stockton he has aided an enter- prise of the greatest importance to the permanent upbuilding of the rich agricultural region through which it passes. In addition, he holds the office of president of the Sacramento Hotel Company, and is con- nected officially or as a stockholder with other organizations important to the municipal growth. His home is graciously presided over by the lady whom he married at Rockville, CaL, March 2, 1893, and who was Miss Carrie L. Baldwin. There is one daughter in the family, Miss Kathryn, now a student in the state university at Berkeley. Any account of the life activities of Mr. Anderson would be in- complete were no mention to be made of his association with the political history of the commonwealth. When only thirty years of age he began to serve his fellow-citizens in positions of honor and trust, and in every position accepted by him he gave the weight of his ripened counsel, keen intelligence and discriminating judgment. Elected to the assembly in 1897-99 and 1901, he soon became a force in the legislature. Measures for the benefit of his district received his stanch support, nor was he less earnest in the promotion of all move- ments for the welfare of the entire state. The possession of superior talents and the devotion displayed toward the state led to his selec- tion as speaker of the house in 1899, and he filled that difficult post with the same tact and ability displayed in every relation of public life. A still higher honor awaited him in 1902, when he was elected lieutenant-governor of California, and he filled that eminent position for four years, retiring with the good will of the party he had served with such fidelitv and distinction. It would seem impossible for a 792 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY citizen having so many duties in public office, in business connections and in banking circles, to enter with any activity into fraternal and social circles, but Mr. Anderson has not allowed his existence to be dwarfed into a tedious round of irksome cares. On the other hand, he has enjoyed society with the saiue enthusiasm characteristic of his identification with the other opportunities of life, and at different times he has been a leading member of the Bohemian, Pacific Union and Family clubs and Union League, all of San Francisco, and the Sutter club of Sacramento, also the Woodmen and the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. Practical philanthropy, whether exercised privately or through the medium of fraternal organizations, receives his stead- fast support, and movements inaugurated and inspired by a desire to help the needy, to encourage the depressed or to uplift the fallen, have benefited by his sagacious counsel and sympathetic participation. FRANK X. WIESENHOFER The intimacy resulting from a lifelong identification with the city of Sacramento enabled Mr. Wiesenhofer to appreciate the pos- sibilities and understand the advantages offered by this part of Cali- fornia. Himself an energetic and capable young business man, he devoted his abilities to the perfecting of titles and the bringing down of abstracts. The office in which he learned the business and with which he was so long connected has the distinction of being the oldest title and abstract company in California- and is the successor of other firms that were for years active in these specialties. Many interesting maps may be seen in the office, the oldest of these being a publication of 1854, which has the distinction of being the first official map of the county. The family name indicates the Teutonic origin of the present American representatives, and Frank X., who was born in Sacra- mento April 19, 1878, was a member of the second generation resident in the new world. His father, Frank X. Wiesenhofer, Sr., was born and reared in Germany, and married Miss Anna Stumpf, likewise a native of that country. After he had crossed the ocean he settled in the east and secured employment at his trade of cabinet-nmker. At one time he owned a manufacturing plant in Columbus, Ohio, but a lack of success led him to look for a more attractive environment, and during 1870 he came to California, settling in Sacramento. Here his son and namesake received a fair education in public and private schools and at an early age began to earn his own livelihood as a newsboy, from the age of eight years working in the abstract office HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 793 delivering tlie daily transfer reports. After he had completed his sehoohng he entered the office of Buckley & Gerber, and ever since, until death, had been identified with the abstract and title business as a specialist. The attorneys in the city gave him credit for having the most thorough knowledge of titles of local property and the abstracts m the county, and those he prepared proved most satisfactorv in even the smallest details. The marriage of Frank X. Wiesenhofer was solemnized in Sacra- mento July 31, 1909, and united him with Miss Minnie James, a native of Nevada county, Cal., daughter of William and Anna (Brock) James. William James was born near North Wales and was a mining man in Nevada county. He was a Mason of the Knight Templar degree at Nevada City. Mrs. James was born in Nevada City, Cal, daughter of Thomas Brock, a native of England and a pioneer of Calif o'lmia, coming via Panama. In the James family were two children ; besides Mrs. Wiesenhofer is a son, William D. James, of Sacramento. The mother makes her home at the old family residence, No. 2530 M street. Two children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Wiesenhofer, Frank X., Jr., and Mildred Louise. From the time he attained his majority Mr. Wiesen- hofer was a stanch supporter of Republican principles and voted the party ticket at both local and general elections. While not caring for office himself, he believed it to be the duty of citizens to keep posted concerning the problems of the nation and the commonwealth, and accordingly was found to be well-posted in all measures of general importance. The Benevolent Protective Order of Elks had the benefit of his active co-operation in matters relative to the welfare of the local lodge and the maintenance of its charities. Mr. Wiesenhofer passed away in Sacramento November 6, 1912, and was interred in East Lawn cemetery with honors of the local lodge of Elks. Mrs. Wiesenhofer is a member of Naomi Chapter No. 36, O. E. S. Mr.' Wiesenhofer was very charitable and always ready to give aid to the needy and less fortunate ; each year he sent gifts to the orphanage, and his giving was ever quiet and unostentatious. DANIEL H. CARROLL Lifelong identification with his native citv of Sacramento has developed in Mr. C^nrroll a depth of loyalty to its welfare not easilv coniprehended by one less familiar with the true patriotism invariablv exhibited by native Californians. With .iustice he also might maintain considerable pride in his lineage, for he belongs to an ancient and honored race that lived and labored in the lowland of Scotland for 794 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY several successive generations, the family having been residents of the city of Glasgow at the time of the birth of his father, J. J. Carroll, in 1845. At an early age the latter crossed the ocean from Scotland to America and proceeded west to California, with his mother, arriv- ing at Sacramento, January 23, 1850, when he joined his father, who arrived in California in November, 1848. He attended the schools of Sacramento, and upon starting out to earn his own livelihood secured a position as a clerk in the police court and from that he was pro- moted to be an officer on the police force. When eventually he re- signed from the force he became connected with the paint department of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in Sacramento. While still filling a position as painter he died in December of 1892. He had not accumulated much wealth nor had he attained to any great degree of prominence, yet in his own modest, unassuming way he had been successful and his prestige as citizen, neighbor and officer was a valuable factor in his popularity. Daniel H. Carroll was born January 21, 1874, and attended the Sacramento public and high schools, graduating from the latter in 1890. For six years he served an apprenticeship to the trade of fresco painting and meanwhile acquired unusual skill in the work. At the expiration of the six j^ears he engaged as foreman of the paint shop of the Southern Pacific Railroad. In that responsible position he continued successfully until March of 1911, when the board of super- visors appointed him county claim clerk and he then resigned the foremanship in order to devote his entire attention to official duties. In the midst of many duties he has retained his warm interest in the public welfare of the city, whose local charities and enterprises have the benefit of his generous contributions. Fraternally he holds mem- bership with the Elks and in politics he is independent. ELWOOD J. WOODBURN Among the most prosperous commercial men of Sacramento is Mr. Woodburn who, for years conducted a wholesale liquor house at No. 417 K street and who, as a progressive citizen, conscientious in his efforts to contribute his quota toward the development of the community, has won the commendation of his associates. James Woodburn, father of Elwood J., was a native of New Hampshire, and enjoyed cousinship with Horace Greeley, famous in the world of literature and philosophy. In 1852 he immigrated to Amador county, Cal., with his family and later removed to Humboldt count}', where he engaged in the hotel business and mining with HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 795 success. On disposing of his interests lie located in Sacramento, having secured a position as salesman with Powers & Henderson. Afterwards, he became associated with E. L. Billings, liquor dealer at No. 417 K street, taking over the business upon the death of the latter and successfully conducting his duties until 1901, when he passed away at his home. His wife, formerly Ann Wolfolk, a native of Missouri, survived him but five years, her death occurring in 1906. Of their six children, three are living: Elwood J., born in Sacra- mento, January 9, 1881; Charles G., of Alameda; and Mrs. Dora B. (Woodburn) Duden, who now resides in Los Angeles, Cal. Upon completion of his public school course, Elwood J. Wood- burn entered the University of California, graduating high in the class of 1902, and having decided to learn the business in which his father had been so long engaged, immediately became identified with it, devoting himself faithfully to every phase of the work presented to him. Upon the death of his father, he took full charge of affairs, his wise judgment and careful attention to details enabling him to meet with continued success. Mr. Woodburn was united in marriage in Berkeley, with Miss Eugenia Mouser, of Sacramento, the bond between them becoming still more precious upon the birth of their son James Tryon. By virtue of his college career, Mr. Woodburn enjoys member- ship in the Sacramento University Club in which he takes an active interest, and is widely known as a young man of excellent business ability and congenial personality. FREDERICK F. THOMSON Frederick F. Thomson came to Sacramento from Richmond, Chittenden county, Vt., ten miles from Burlington. His father, Corey Thomson, who was an owner of land holdings, died in 1908, aged ninety years, and his wife, who was over ninety-five years at the time of her death, passed away in 1910. She was a descendant of John Fay, a heroic soldier at the Battle of Bennington, whose story has been told in Revolutionary annals. Her father, John Fa\\ was a captain in the war of 1812 and his grand-uncle, Samuel Thomson, was the founder of the Thomsonian system of medicine and was an extensive writer on materia medica. There were five children in the family of the parents, of whom only Frederick F. and Herbert R. are living. The latter is identified as a stockholder in the Thomson, Diggs Company. He came to Sac- ramento several years later than did his brother. Frederick F. was 44 796 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY born October 21, 1847, in Jericho, Vt. Like many young men of his day and place, he tanght during the winters and worked on the farm in the summer. It is too cold in a Vermont winter for outdoor work, consequently the young men have some time for schooling. The farms are so poor that all the farmers must work all summer to get a harvest. California is a paradise compared with the eastern states. When Mr, Thomson arrived in Sacramento, in 1872, he went to the Whitcomb ranch and worked for his uncle, John Whitcomb, for about a year, then taught school in Sacramento until 1877. He was employed in San Francisco by the Frank Brothers, an agricul- tural implement firm, and was sent by that company to open a branch store in Sacramento with R. L. Holman, at the corner of Second and J streets. He remained here two years when the firm became Hol- man, Stanton and Company, and after fours years under this manage- ment, Frederick and Herbert Thomson bought out Mr. Holman. In 1900 the Thomson Brothers bought out Mr. Stanton and incorporated, taking in the Diggs Implement and Vehicle Company. The title is now The Thomson, Diggs Company, and in 1911 the}^ built a large warehouse on Third and R streets, 160x160 feet in dimensions and four stories high, and here they have their offices. Located on both the Southern Pacific and Western Pacific Railroads, they have a large warehouse on Third street opposite their new building. Mr. Thom- son is the president and is very active in the management. Frederick F. Thomson was married to Miss Sarah Anderson of Franklin, Sacramento county, and their children are Evehni E., who is now the wife of George F. Fetherston, the latter the bookkeeper in the Boston Machine Shop at Oroville; Edith, wife of C. L. Mason, the hardware buyer of Thomson, Diggs Company; Fred F., Jr., an assistant in the office of the company; and Roxana, who died at the age of three years. Mr. Thomson is one of the pioneers in Odd Fellowship, having been an active member of that order for thirty- five years. He is an earnest believer in the doctrines of Christian Science and has been reader in the church of that faith for several vears. JAMES L. EMIGH Californians native born are in all parts of the state demonstrat- ing their patriotism by leading in the race for business supremacy — that natural and worthy competition of man with man which fructi- fies in the general weal. James L. Emigh of Sacramento is of this class, and as successful as any if we consider all things which make for 'and modify worldly success. He was born in Rio Vista, Solano HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 797 county Cal., November 25, 1876, and attended the public school there till he was fourteen 3^ears of age. Afterward he was a student at the Oakland high school, and then entered Heald's Business College from which he graduated in 1893. Prepared then to enter upon a business career he became bookkeeper for E. I. Upham Company, continuing in that position with the successors of the company, Bird & Dinkelspeil, general merchants in Collinsville, and was thus employed until 1900. In the year 1900 Mr. Emigh went to Suisun City, Cal., and bought the James Kerns hardware store, which he eventually consolidated with the Suisun Implement Company, of which he was vice-presi- dent and assistant manager till 1910, when he sold his interests and removed to Sacramento, where in that year he went into business with his brother under the firm name of Emigh Hardware Company. They handled a general line of hardware and builders' supplies, a venture in which he prospered as well as he did in his former ones. In July, 1912, they consolidated with the Capital Hardware Company and incorporated Emigh, Winchell, Cline Company, of which Mr. Emigh is vice-president and manager. They are now located at No. 308-10-12 J street, the former location of the Thomson, Diggs Com- pany. The business has been enlarged and they handle a full line of agricultural implements, as well as heavy and shelf hardware. Fours floors are occupied by the firm in a building 60x160 feet in size. Mr. Emigh was made a Mason in Rio Vista Lodge No. 208, F. & A. M., is a member of Solano Chapter No. 43, R. A. M., Vacaville Commandery No. 38, K. T., and Islam Temple, N. M. S., San Fran- cisco. He married at Rio Vista December 1, 1897, Miss Harriette M. Church, a native daughter of Rio Vista, and three children have come to them: James L. and Albert T., twins, and Colby S. Wherever he has lived Mr. Emigh has taken a really helpful interest in all that has pertained to the general welfare of the people with whom his lot has been cast. In a way public spirit is indirect self-interest, but there are so many men who do not recognize this fact that the burden on tliose who do' is heavier than it ought to be. Mr. Emigh is one who has never sought to escape that burden, and usually he has not stopped to consider whether he was to be the gainer even indirectly. CLAY AY. EMIGH A resident of Sacramento and a member of Simset Parlor, N. S. G. W., by virtue of his birth in Rio Vista, Solano county, December 21, 1881, Clay W. Emigh is realizing the popular idea of the enterprising 798 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY citizen laboring not alone for his personal and family advancement, but for the best interests of his fellowmen and for the general good. His parents were Thomas P. and Rachel Emigh, and they believed in education as a basis for success in America. Consequently they sent their younger son to the public and high schools at Oakland, after completing which he entered Heald's Business College, from which efficient institution he was graduated in 1900. At Suisun City, as a clerk in his brother James L. Emigh 's store, Mr. Emigh began his business career. He remained there, obtaining a wide knowledge of the hardware trade, till 1904, then came to Sac- ramento and accepted a position as salesman with the wholesale hard- ware house of Miller & Enright, which he served faithfully and suc- cessfully till 1908. Next we find him in San Francisco, a salesman in the employ of George H. Tay Company. There he advanced well in his chosen field and in 1910 he came to Sacramento to become the partner of his brother, James L. Emigh, doing business under the name of the Emigh Hardware Company, carrying builders' supplies in addition to hardware. In his present business he has been success- ful beyond his expectations, and his brother attributes the prosperity of their house not a little to Clay W. Emigh 's trained ability as a salesman and his indomitable devotion to their common interests. In 1912 the brothers joined forces with the Capital Hardware Company under the new incorporation of Emigh, Winchell, Cline Company, of which Mr. Emigh is a director and in charge of the builders' hard- ware department. They now have the most extensive hardware establishment in Sacramento county, if not in the whole of Northern California. The Republican party includes Mr. Emigh among its most de- voted members. He was made a Mason in Tehama Lodge No. 3, F. & A. M. In December, 1904, he married at Suisun Miss Grace Oliver, who was a native daughter of that place. He finds time from his business to consider public questions and public measures, has a clear understanding of the needs of the people at large, economic- ally and politically, and gives himself patriotically to such service as comes to his hand with the promise that by accepting and discharg- ing it he may do something toward the promotion of the public welfare. BURTON F. HULINGS The possibilities available to a man of energy and determination, notwithstanding a handicap of poverty and orphanhood, are revealed in the substantial degree of success and civic prominence of Burton HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 799 F. Hillings, a leading representative of tlie realty interests of the Sacramento valley and one of the young business men whose pro- gressive spirit and intelligent energy are promoting the local welfare. His early years were entirely deprived of advantages with the exception of such as he made for himself by his own force of will and painstaking industry. Born at Hamilton, Ohio, January 31, 1871, he lost his father and mother by death when he was only six year's of age. On that account the struggle to secure a livelihood was particularly trying. His first work was the carrying of news- papers and in this he did so well that he was able to earn his way through school. With little to encourage him, he nevertheless did not permit himself to become depressed or disheartened. The bound- less optimism of youth helped him through many a difficult struggle and enabled him to eventually make a place for himself in the world of affairs. An eastern experience as a railroad employe enabled Mr. Hulings to secure similar employment when he came west to San Francisco in 1900, at which time he entered the passenger department of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Later he was sent to the capital city to represent the Sacramento Valley Development Association and after- ward went to Oregon to represent the railroad company at the Port- land Exposition. Upon his return to San Francisco he continued in the railroad office in that city until after the great fire, when he came to Sacramento and here he since has engaged in the real-estate business. His special sphere of activity has been in the development of tracts at Orangevale and Fair Oaks, while since October of 1911 he has had a general supervision of the entire improvement of the Hagen grant, taking charge of the planting of fruit orchards and orange groves for non-residents. At the St. Nicholas hotel in San Francisco, September 4, 1901, occurred the marriage of Burton F. Hulings and Miss Dora Calder. There are two daughters of the union, Doris, born in Alameda, and Minota, born in San Francisco. Mrs. Hulings is a daughter of Wil- liam and Mary Calder, now of Orangevale, and at one time prominent members of the theatrical profession. Mrs. Calder, who descends from an old English family, has been a popular actress on both sides of the Atlantic ocean, while Mr. Calder not only rose to fame as a theatrical star, but also succeeded as a manager and had charge of the first European tour of Buffalo Bill (Colonel Cody). The Calder family has lived at different times in New York City, London and other leading cities of the world, their choice of a location being necessarily "governed by the demands upon them in their pro- fessional work. " Eventually, after having risen to prominence liy his masterlv delineation of Rip Van Winkle and other legendary char- acters, Mr. Calder retired from all professional work and bought a home at Orangevale, where he is now engaged in the raising of 800 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY fruit. No citizen of the colony has been more helpful in its develop- ment than Mr. Calder and his standing in the community is the highest. In his tireless efforts to secure a betterment of conditions at Orangevale he has had the enthusiastic assistance of Mr. Hulings, who himself is not only loyal and patriotic, but also sagacious in plans and capable in counsel. Although not a partisan he gave con- stant service during the campaign of Governor Johnson and is him- self a staunch Democrat of the progressive type. Fraternally he is connected with the Golden Gate Lodge, F. & A. M., of San Francisco. Through his arduous and untiring efforts a right of way was secured for the trolley service which it is planned to extend from Sacramento to Lake Tahoe and which will be operated under the name of the Sacramento and Sierra Railroad. In religion he is an Episcopalian and a believer in the creed of the denomination, a supporter of its charities and a contributor to its missionarv movements. ALBERT MEISTER John Meister, the father of the subject of this sketch and the pioneer dairyman of the Capital City, was born in Switzerland, April 17, 1820. He attended the excellent public schools of that education- loving republic, and was brought up on a farm, thus laying the foundation for the life-success that came to him in this country. He immigrated to the United States, eventually coming across the plains, arriving in Sacramento in September, 1852. After a short period in the mines he returned to the city and went to work in a dairy. In two years he was a partner, and soon after became owner of the business. His brother Jacob arriving from the old country bought a share in the establishment and this pair of industrious men carried on the business for twenty years. It was originally located near the site of the old Sutter's Fort. In 1876 the brothers dis- solved partnership, Jacob retiring. Mrs. John Meister was Miss Pauline Herr, a native of Baden, Germany. She died in 1872, leaving four children, viz: Albert; An- nie, now the wife of G. H. Luchsinger, of San Francisco ; Pauline, of Sacramento, and Louisa, wife of Dr. W. J. Taylor of this city. John Meister 's second wife was Miss Arelia Wirth, whom he married in 1876. He retired from business in 1900, and died at his home in Sacra- mento April 13, 1911. Albert Meister, who succeeded his father in the fine dairy busi- ness, also succeeds the elder in the business ability that made the Capital Dairy from its beginning one of the finest establishments of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 801 the kind in the state. It is stocked largely with Holstein cattle, the milk supplied by three hundred and twenty-five cows the year around. The depot and distributing point is located at No. 315 Sixteenth street, while the herd is kept on the farm near Elvas which com- prises three hundred and fifty acres. Here the fields of alfalfa are irrigated by means of a pumping plant, and Mr. Meister also en- gages in horticulture on this tract. He superintends the business of the dairy personally, and it is a source of gratification to him to be able to lead in the industry he has chosen for his life work. He has lived all his life in Sacramento, is a typical Californian and deeply interested in the welfare of the Golden State. Fraternally he is an Elk and a Scottish Rite Mason, Knight Templar and a Shriner. FREDERICK BARTLETT FANCHER The migration of Frederick B. Fancher of Sacramento from the east towards the west is an interesting one. One peculiarity of this big trek is that at every point on the trail there was something eventful. He made his start in Orleans county, N. Y., his birthplace, in 1852, and his next place of appearance is the state of Michigan, with the date along in 1865. There he was educated, passing through the State Normal School at Ypsilanti. He was in Chicago in 1871, just before the big fire, and was engaged in fire underwriting. He was kept exceedingly busy for several years, as one in this occupa- tion in that locality would likely be. In 1881 he was in North Dakota, where he followed farming. He not only handled his own farm but undertook the management of several thousand acres of land for eastern parties. He organized and was made the president of a strong local insurance company, and continued in that office for six years. During the same period he was president of the board of trustees of the North Dakota Hospital for the Insane. In 1889 Mr. Fancher was elected a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, was chosen president of that body when it met and much credit is due its presiding officer for the excellent constitution it gave North Dakota.. In 1894 he was nominated by the Republican State Con- vention for the office of Commissioner of Insurance, and was elected and on the expiration of his term he was re-elected. But the crown- ing honor of Mr. Fancher 's Dakota political life came when the State Republican Convention of that state in 1898 unanimously nomi- nated him for governor. He threw himself into the campaign with his customary fervor and was elected to that high office with a large majority. His administration was clean and the public interests were 802 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY conserved during his official term. He was renominated for the office, and under such favorable auspices that he would have been re-elected, if his health liad not broken down. Chief Executive of one of the Dakotas is not an easy job and Governor Fancher was not physically equal to it. He declined to accept the renomination, se- lected his successor, and retired from public life, after twenty years of hard work in the upbuilding of the territory and state. Mr. Fancher 's next and last appearance was in Sacramento, where he is secretary and treasurer of the American Cash Store. This was several years ago and since that time he has persisted in his determination to remain out of politics. The Lincoln-Roose- velt organization desired him to make the run for mayor of Sacra- mento, but Mr. Fancher declined, and his private business fully occupies his time and mind. The ex-governor of North Dakota has other qualities besides those mentioned. He is considered the premier toastmaster of the Capital, a fluent after-dinner speaker, and is hailed where good-fellowship reigns. His response to the toast "The Ladies," at the Commandery some years ago, is still remembered. Mr. Fancher married, January 1, 1909, Miss Clemma Buck of Minneapolis, Minn. His Masonic affiliations are advanced and ex- ceedingly fraternal. He has taken the thirty-second degree, is Past Eminent Commander of Wihaha Commandery, K. T., of James- town, N. D., and is a member of Blue Lodge, Royal Arch and Con- sistorv of Scottish Rite. GEORGE P. SELLINGER Possessed of the qualities of perseverance and industry inlierent in the Teutonic race, Mr. Sellinger has made an unqualified success of his well-directed life, good management and unswerving honor having distinguished his smallest effort. A native of California, his birth having occurred July 6, 1863, in Sacramento, where he makes his home today, Mr. Sellinger is the only living child of Charles and Mary (Simmons) Sellinger, who were united in marriage in Decemlier, 1859, in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father, Charles Sellinger, was born in Baden Baden, Germany, December 20, 1831, and, ac- cording to the custom in the homeland, left public school at the age of fourteen, liecoming an apprentice to a baker. Two years later, imbued with a desire to start life in America, glowing reports of which filled his young mind, he set sail. Arriving in New York City, with the dogged determination which characterized his after life, he searched for a situation and found it in a meat market, his services proving so valuable that he was induced to remain with his em- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 803 plovers during the succeeding five years. In 1853 he went to Cin- cinnati, Ohio, where he became a hotel cook, but a year later he engaged in the liquor business, meeting with fair success. In 1856 he disposed of his interests and emigrated to San Francisco, where for three years he served as a hotel cook, resigning this position to establish a butcher shop in Sacramento. In 1864 he opened a hotel and successfully conducted it until 1879; upon the sale of this hotel he engaged in the manufacture of ice. Later, as the agent of the Union Ice Company, he engaged in the wholesale and retail trade of ice until 1904, when he sold this business to his son and retired from active labor. Until the age of fifteen years George Sellinger attended public school, and upon relinquishing his studies he became a clerk in a meat market, faithfully performing his duties for four years. In 1882 he entered upon the life of a Texas ranger, but after two years on the plains returned to his native city and became associated with his father in the ice, coal and feed business, on Third between J and K streets; but in 1891 they changed their location to the present place at No. 521 I street, and he is now the owner and manager. Mr. Sellinger was married August 4, 1883, to Miss Annie Fay, of Sacramento, and to their union four children were born: Ethel, who in 1910 graduated from Miss Head's School, Berkeley, Cal.; Charles, who is attending Boone's College, Berkeley; Madeline, and George, Jr., who are attending Sacramento high school. Mr. Sellinger is one of the best known citizens of Sacramento and is a man of keen business ability and generous principles. Fra- ternally, he is identified with Sacramento Parlor No. 3, N. S. G. W., Sacramento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., and Sacramento Court No. 12, F. of A. He is a staunch Republican, intelligently interested in all ])olitical movements. DR. MARION F. AND MRS. SARAH E. CLAYTON The city of Sacramento and indeed the entire surrounding coun- try owes so much to the ability and influence of Dr. Marion F. Clayton and his estimable wife, Mrs. Sarah E., that it would be difficult to enumerate their wonderful accomplishments here for the benefit of the residents and especially the children of this part of the country. Their benevolence, their charitable, imselfish labors^ to secure better conditions in the homes and hospitals, their untiring effort toward furthering the interests of all hygienic movements, were the means of bringing about a wonderful improvement, and their memories shall be ever held in high regard by all who were 804 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY recipients of these benefactions. A suitable monument has been erected by their loving children to their memory, but it was not necessary that this material thing should be done to hold them dearly, for their work and its excellent results is one of the most fitting monuments they could have. The life of Dr. Clayton is filled with interesting events, for his experiences were many, and his coming to a new country opened up a newer and larger field of work than one of his profession is accustomed to handle. Born in Knox county, Ohio, in 1826, he spent his early days in Crawford county, that state, receiving his elementary education there. He matriculated at the Eclectic Medical College, in Cincinnati, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1855, and began active practice in northeastern Indiana, where he remained for about four years. Reports were constantly being brought from the west, and eager to see a new country, equipped with his profes- sional knowledge to aid him in securing a position in the working- world there, he came overland with ox and horse teams in 1859. It was a hard, long trip, and during his travels he had many oppor- tunities to practice his profession, as there was much sickness and necessity for his services. He suffered many trials, not the least of which was the death of his horse when he was two hundred miles from human habitation, thus being forced to tramp the remainder of the journey, and on September 15, 1859, he arrived at Placerville, bare- foot, almost naked and nearly starved. Dr. Clayton immediately found a great deal of work to do. His first patient was a man suffering from a gunsliot wound, whom he found in a very precarious condition, but through his skill as a sur- geon he saved his life, and this was the foundation of his wide and most successful career in this section of the country. After eight laborious years at Placerville, Dr. Clayton removed to Sacramento and opened an office on J street between Fifth and Sixth streets, which place he occupied for two years, rendering valuable service to the citizens there. In January, 1870, Mrs. Clayton and their four children came from the east, and the doctor about this time pur- chased the Pacific Water Cure and Health Institute, which was sit- uated at the corner of Seventh and L streets and was at that time a beautiful home, surrounded by shade trees, and fitted in every way for the care of the sick. This establishment was most excellently equip])ed with every modern appliance for the purpose, being ar- ranged for the giving of Turkish, Russian, electric and medicated water and vapor baths. This institute the doctor operated for many years, until his death, and he met with gratifying success, as he had the benefit of his many years' professional experience, and the ex- ceptional natural power to administer to the sick. When the State Eclectic Medical Society was organized Dr. Clay- ton was one of the promoters, and served as its president and vice- HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 805 president several terms. Fov three years lie was a member of the State Eclectic Board of Medical Examiners, being its chairman for two years. He was a strong prohibitionist, and dnring the campaign of 1888 was a member of the state executive committee of the Prohibition party. He owned considerable land in Eldorado county, which proved a good investment. Mrs. Sarah E. Clayton, wife of Dr. M. F., was a most suitable wife and helpmeet for such a worthy man. Her career has been quite as full of experiences which tended toward the welfare of the sick and unfortunate as was his, and there are many of her achievements which are today the material evidences of her unfailing eifort to give of the best that was in her, and her unselfishness and thoughtfulness will never be forgotten by many who received from her generous heart and hand. Born December 7, 1826, in Delaware, she was of Welsh and English extraction, her parents being Rev. John T. and Harriette Davis. Rev. John T. Davis was born in Wales, and was a Methodist minister in Ohio, his service in the ministry covering a period of fifty years. Mrs. Clayton's family removed from Dela- ware to Ohio in 1830, finally settling in Bncyrus, Crawford county. From 1846 to 1851 she taught school, at which time she was married to Dr. Marion F. Clayton, and they were the parents of four chil- dren: Hattie C, wife of A. J. Gardiner, of Sacramento; Mrs. Clara M. Crawford; Frank W., of Seattle; and Willis M., deceased. The last named, Willis M., was accidentally killed while in London, Eng- land, in 1881. During the Civil war Dr. ^Y. H. Davis, brother of Mrs. Clayton, went to the front as surgeon in an Iowa regiment, and his death occurred at Pittsburgh Landing in 1862. Mrs. Clayton was the secretary of the Sanitary Commission at Fostoria, Ohio, for five years, and she considers that period the most important and pos- sibly the most useful of her life, as the duty then of a sanitary commissioner was as constant and as arduous as that of the soldier on the battlefield. Soon after her arrival in Sacramento, in 1870, she found the old county hospital at the corner of Tenth and L streets to be a very unsanitary place, poorly supplied with con- veniences of any sort for the inmates, and badly in need of attention in many ways. She persuaded the supervisors with the influence of the press to build a new hospital three miles east of the city, and upon its completion Dr. G. A. White was made its superintendent. She then appealed to the citizens of the city for reading matter, and so generous was the response that in a short time the institution had a large and valuable library for their new hospital. Among the books donated was a Greek Bible two centuries old, and this rare volume was probably the most valuable book given. It is a most unfortunate fact to relate that the new building was burned soon after completion, and the entire contents destroyed. 806 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY This was, however, only one of tlie many invaluable accom- plislnnents of Mrs. Clayton. As one of the managers of the Protest- ant Orphan AsyJum of Sacramento, in 1873, it was her duty to look after the children who had been taken out of the home on trial, pending adoption. She served as director of the board of this asylum for fifteen years, and in her capacity as manager had many difficulties to encounter, but she was thoroughly capable of handling the matter at hand, and going before the legislature, procured several laws governing this work. By her earnest endeavor she soon had an almost perfect system established, by which the homeless wards were found comfortable and permanent homes with worthy people, and the law of the land assisted in the work. With others she after- ward founded the Sacramento Foundlings flome, now the Sacramento Children's Home, of which she was a director at the time of her death,, on October 28, 1911. Too much cannot be said in praise of such a woman whose entire life had been given to help others, and whose every thought had lieen to comfort the sick and help the needy. No problem too hard for her to solve, no task too hard to undertake, if it was to benefit deserving ones she was ready to make the attempt. It may well be said of her: Well done, thou faithful servant ! Mrs. Clayton was an ardent worker in the First M. E. Church, on Sixth street, and it was from this religious home that she was conveyed to her last resting place. Her husband had preceded her to the grave, having passed away April 28, 1892, mourned by many friends. In 1910 their daughter, Mrs. Hattie C. Gardiner and her husband. A; J. Gardiner, erected in Sacramento on the site of their old home, the Hotel Clayton, in honor of her father and mother. It is a five-story reinforced concrete and brick structure, with steel frame, and built on concrete pile foundation, and is elaborately fin- ished in every detail. It is considered l)y builders the best building in the citv and one of the most artistically constructed. CHARLES C. PERKINS Lifelong identification with Sacramento county binds Mr. Per- kins intimately with this ])ortion of the state. The earliest memories of life are with him associated with a small village named in honor of his father, for years its leading business man and one of the largest property owners. The family name still is linked with this suburban town, for since the death Of the honored i^ioneer his son, Charles C, has succeeded him in the management of the business HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 807 enterprises and in the development of properties at this point. Close as have been the ties to bind him to the village, yet he has found leisure for other activities and has entered into commercial associa- tions with the city of Sacramento, where he is known as the president of a large and growing general store on J street. Inheriting from his father the qualities of energy, business acumen and foresight, he is prepared to meet the manifold emergencies that arise in com- mercial circles and to surmount the obstacles that throw their gloomy shadows over the path to success. Years ago, when the world became excited over the discovery of gold in California, there was a young man named Thomas C. Perkins, a native of Massachusetts, who joined the hosts of Argo- nauts seeking fortune beside the sunset sea. Early in the year 1850 he left Galena, 111., with an expedition bound for the coast and at the end of a tedious although uneventful journey he found himself at the famous mines of the west. For a time he devoted his attention to mining, but he soon came to realize that there was greater promise in the land than in the mines; accordingly he entered a large tract of land from the government. For years he engaged in placing the tract under cultivation and making it productive. As people came into the neighborhood he saw the necessity of a general store and therefore became interested in such a business. The settlement, which is five miles from Sacramento, is named Perkins in his honor and here he died in January of 1901, four years before the demise of his wife; the latter was a native of New York state, but came to California in childhood and here formed the acquaintance of Mr. Perkins. Their union resulted in the birth of seven children, but Charles C. is the sole survivor of the entire family. Since the death of his father he has been owner and manager of the Perkins store, started in 1882. In addition he is president of a large mercantile company known as Perkins & Co., incorporated in March of 1907 with himself as manager and president, and J. A. Haitz as secretary and treasurer. Although a leading and ])rosperous business man and the son of a citizen actively associated with public affairs, Mr. Perkins has never interested himself in politics and prefers to hold himself aloof from all partisan matters. However, his interest in educational mat- ters is so great that he consented to serve as a director of the Sacramento schools and during his four years of service in the office he was characterized by devotion to the work, knowledge of its needs and a desire to increase the usefulness of the city schools. Frater- nally he has been a leading local worker in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and also has been very prominent in Masonry, being a member of the blue lodge and Knights Templar commandery in Sacramento, the Scottish Rite and Consistory, also Islam Temple at San Francisco, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. 808 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY IRA C. BOSS The distinction of having been the founder of one of the most important and prosperous business enterprises of San Francisco and Sacramento belongs to Mr. Boss, who as president and manager of the Ransome Concrete Company has been instrumental in the promotion of an industry invaluable in the material development of his own home city of Sacramento. It may not be amiss to mention, as indicative of the character of the company's work, some of their contracts in this city, viz: the hotels Sacramento, Land, Sequoia, Bismarck, Argus, all well-known and substantial hostelries catering to the comfort of many guests; the News Publishing Building, and the California National Bank building, both of which structures are unusually sub- stantial in design as well as attractive in architecture; the Western Pacific depot and shops; twenty residences at Colonial Heights; the residence and business block of Frederick Cox; and the United Farm Lands building, also the Farmers & Mechanics Bank building. This list, which by no means represents the entire extent of their con- tracts in the capital city, is sufficient to indicate their variety and importance. At San Francisco the company erected the Columbia theatre, the Chamberlain building, the wing on the Southern Pacific hospital, the Portola theatre and the Polk Street Market building. At other points there have been building operations of great magni- tude, including the cotton mills at Oakland, the court house at Placerville and the First National Bank of Contra Costa. The gentleman to whose intelligent supervision may be attrib- uted the distinct success attendant upon the progress of the company claims California as his native commonwealth. Born in Oakland in December of 1877 and a son of M. P. and Laura (G-allagher) Boss, he was given the best advantages afforded by the means of the family and the schools of the state. During 1890 he completed his course of study in the public schools and entered Belmont Academy, from wdiich he was graduated in 1895. The winter term of 1895-96 found him a student in the department of mechanical engineering at the University of California, where he laid the foundation of the engineering knowledge so indispensable to his later business activi- ties. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American war he volunteered in the service and became a member of Company I of the Fourteenth United States Infantry, in which he continued until 1899. Upon retiring from the army he went to Mexico and became a superin- tendent in construction work, going from there to New York City at the expiration of two years and engaging in business as a consult- ing engineer for eight months. Nevada furnished him with his next field of business activity and until 1905 he remained in charge of HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 809 construction work on two mills at Goldfield and Tonopah. Next he had charge of the construction of mills at Gladstone and Howards- ville, San Juan county, Colo. Returning to New York City in 1906, he formed an association with the Ransome-Smith Co., as superin- tendent of their construction work, and in their interests he came to California during May of 1907, soon afterward organizing at San Francisco the Ransome Concrete Company, of which he has been president and manager. When the office of the company was moved, to Sacramento he established a residence in this city, where he now ranks among the leading members of the Chamber of Commerce and one of the most enthusiastic promoters of enterprises for civic de- velopment. His marriage in New York City July 16, 1904, united him with Miss Kate Ransome, by whom he has a daughter, Katha- rine. Various organizations number him among their members, among them being the Sutter and University Clubs of Sacramento, the Claremont Country Club of Oakland and the Construction Club of San Francisco. While he has not identified himself with political affairs and takes no part in them aside from voting the Republican ticket at national elections, his knowledge of governmental problems is thorough and his opinions represent the result of thoughtful read- ing, keen faculties of observation and a cultured mind. WILLIAM M. AHERN It would be scarcely possible to overestimate the importance and the magnitude of the duties devolving upon the chief of police in a city whose commercial and legislative activities, handled by men of wealth and conspicuous success, attract to the civic environment thousands whose sojourn is of brief duration, but whose welfare must be wisely guarded by the sleepless vigilance of those upholding the majesty of the law. The fact that Mr. Ahern has made good as chief of police indicates the possession of certain fundamental attri- butes, unbounded energy, sagacious discrimination, an industry that never fails and a courage that never falters. Combined with his energy he possesses the tact and good humor characteristic of the Celtic race and these qualities bring him a host of friends outside of the immediate circle of his business associates. Into the home of John and Mary Ahern in Passage East, County Waterford, Ireland, William M. Ahern was born November 10, 1861, and from that same home he started out when the time came for him to earn his own way in the world. John Ahern was head constable of the constabulary at Waterford, holding the position until he was 810 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY pensioned. When a young lad William M. attended the Christian Brothers school, but after he was thirteen years of age he earned his own livelihood and had little leisure for study. Taking up the trade of a lithographer, he spent five years as an apprentice to that business and afterward worked as a journeyman lithographer, being employed for two years at Dublin, Ireland, and for a similar period in London, England, where he became proficient in the trade. He came to California in May, 1884, his brother Thomas Ahern having arrived here a few years previous and written letters back home which interested his brother in the Golden West and encouraged him to make the trip. Thomas Ahern is now superintendent of the coast division of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. When he landed in this country he came at once to Sacramento, Cal., and spent three months as a lithographer with Crocker & Co., of San Francisco, and then engaged with the Southern Pacific Railroad and soon became foreman of a construction crew at Sacramento. But in 1892 he resigned this work to become an officer under John B. Rogers, chief of the police of Sacramento. A service of two years as an officer proved the adaptability of Mr. Ahern to such work. However, he did not continue after 1894, but then resigned in order to enter the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad as a special agent. In that position he proved diligent, resourceful and trustworthy and he filled the same post continuously until he resigned to enter the service of the city of Sacramento, having been appointed chief of police January 29, 1910, by Mayor Beard. While an officer with the railroad mention should be made of Mr. Ahern 's work in concluding the final prosecution of Brady, the companion of Browning, who was killed by Sheriff Bogard of Tehama county. Brady and Browning were desperate train robbers who held up the Southern Pacific and robbed the Wells Fargo strong- box, obtaining in all $73,000. The robbery occurred at a sheep camp crossing, between Davisville and Sacramento. Chief Ahern comes by his ability as a successful officer of the peace naturally, as his father served thirty-six years as a police officer and head of the department in his home county. Shortly after he accepted the chief's office he showed a familiarity with every detail, which proved his quickness of comprehension and accuracy of judgment, and from the outset of his official duties he has been diligent in the work, resolute in action and firm in decision. While strong in his devotion to the Republican party his selection for the position was not a political measure, but came in recognition of his inherent worth and his fitness for the position. Ever since he came to this country he has made Sacramento his home and in this city in February of 1908 he was united in marriage with Miss Ethel Morrison, by whom he has a son, Frederick Morrison Ahern. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 811 MONTFORT K. GROWELL The conservative financial policy exercised by the banking insti- tutions of Sacramento laid the foundation for all past prosperity as it will prove the stepping stone for all future growth. Perhaps no concern has been more cautious in avoidance of speculative in- vestments or more sagacious in loans and certainly none has been more successful in the management of a growing business than has the Farmers & Mechanics Savings Bank, an institution that for almost a quarter of a century has contributed to the business in- terests of the community, encouraged the development of new indus- tries, promoted tlie growth of old enterprises and fostered among its depositors a spirit of saving a portion of their incomes in order that the proverbial "rainy day" may not come upon them unawares. The cashier of this influential institution is a native Calif orni an, devoted to the great west, loyal to the welfare of the commonwealth and particularly interested in the fair valley that lies tributary to the capital city. He matriculated in the University of California, class of 1906, and in June, 1910, became cashier of the Farmers & Mechanics Savings Bank. The bank, whose growth is largely due to the ' executive ability of its officers, has had the good fortune to retain in the presidency George W. Peltier, who also acts as vice-president of the California National Bank of Sacramento. With characteristic energy and sagacious foresight the directors of the institution have decided to erect, at a cost of $250,000, a bank and office building on the corner of Oak avenue and Eighth street between J and K streets, a location admirably adapted for their purpose as well as for the general office uses to which it will be devoted. The structure will be equipped with every modern convenience and will contain every improvement which the architecture of the twentieth century can suggest. CHARLES J. YOUNG The possession of versatile ability is indicated by the different enterprises that have engaged the attention of Charles J. Young since he entered the field of practical commercial activities. It is the proud claim of California that no commonwealth can surpass our own state in the enterprise, energy and intelligence manifested by native-born sons, and such a list if complete could not fail to include 45 812 HISTOKY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY tlie name of Charles J. Young, now of Sacramento, bnt formerly a citizen of San Francisco. The title of colonel is frequently bestowed upon him b}^ acquaintances and comes from the fact that he held the rank of lieutenant-colonel on the staff of the commander-in-chief, having been promoted to that commission from a captaincy in the National Guard. A lifelong identification witli California, dating back to his birth at San Francisco May 23, 1866, into the home of David and Josephine Young, gives to Charles J. Young a profound knowledge of the state, a thorough acquaintance with its resources, a loyal devotion to its prosperity and an earnest desire to advance its interests. After he had attended the grammar and high schools between the ages of six and seventeen years, he began to make his own way in the business world. At first he found employment with Hill & Kilgore, stock brokers of San Francisco, and he acted as their cashier and book- keeper until 1884, when he embarked in the commission business for himseJf. Notwithstanding his youth he was quite successful in the venture. From 1889 until 1892 he held a responsible position as recei\'ing teller with the Tallant Banking Company and in that im- portant post he proved his possession of fine mental endowments. An attractive offer came to Mr. Young in 1892, which took liim away from San Francisco and caused him to make his headquarters at Grass Valley, this state, where he acted as assistant secretary of the Union Hill group of mines until 1900, and in 1902 he accepted a position as cashier in the bank of Weisbein Bros. After filling this responsible post for two years he resigned during 1904 in order to become manager of the Consumers' Ice & Cold Storage Company at Saera.mento. The position he now holds, far from being a mere sinecure, entails greater duties than many would suppose, yet every detail has been guarded by his careful oversight, every step of pro- gress has been made with sagacity and every plan has been devel- oped with cautious judgment, thus securing for the company the greatest possible results, while at the same time giving to the resident manager a high reputation for business judgment and far- seeing discrimination. So closely has his attention been given to business affairs that he has had no leisure for participation in public affairs and gives no time to politics aside from voting a Republican ticket at all elections. The attractive home which he has established in Sacramento is presided over by Mrs. Young, a lady of culture and gracious hospitality, and a native Calif ornian, born in Grass Valley, who prior to her marriage in January of 1900 made her home there. Both hold a high position in the social circles of the capital city and their residence here is regarded as a distinct advantage to the influ- ences contributorv to the general welfare. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 813 O. HAEOLD COPE The magnitude of the realty transactions in Sacramento nec- essarily indicates great activity on the part of the real-estate firms of the city and among these the Cope Eeal Estate Company, of which Mr. Cope acts as president and manager, handles its considerable quota of business, bringing together buyers and sellers in deals large or small, negotiating for properties, and otherwise carrying forward the varied enterprises associated with the realty business. In addi- tion to the organization and management of this concern Mr. Cope during June of 1909 organized the Sacramento Mutual Investment Company, of which since he has officiated as a director. Another position which engages a portion of his time and attention is the Del Paso Heights, Incorporated, of which he acts as president and which has a capital stock of $25,000. From this it will be seen that his activities are far-reaching and as varied as his mental endow- ments. One of the organizations to which Mr. Cope belongs is the Native Sons of the Golden West, this association resulting from his nativity in California. Marysville is the place of his birth and December 18, 1888, the date thereof, his parents having been Charles H. and Agnes (Bowen) Cope. Descended from an old eastern famih^, Charles H. Cope was born at Colerain, Ohio, January 3, 1851, and received his education at that place, where he learned the trade of a miller in young manhood. Coming to California in 1877, he settled at Marysville and secured work in the Buckeye flour mill, remaining there as miller until 1900, when he came to Sacramento. For the next eight years he held the position of miller with the Pioneer Mill- ing Company, but in 1908 he resigned the position in order to remove to Oakdale, Stanislaus county, where now he manages the manufacture of flour for the Oakdale Milling Company. After having attended the public and high schools of Marys- ville until the completion of their ]')rescribed studies, Mr. Cojie took a commercial course in the Sacramento high school, from which in 1907 he was graduated. His first employment was that of bookkeeper for the Earl Fruit Company in Sacramento, but after six months he left that concern and entered the real-estate office of Charles T. Hill as a bookkeeper and collector. During 1909 he engaged with the real-estate and insurance firm of Kleinsorge & Heilbron as manager and salesman. June 7, 1910, he organized the Cope Eeal Estate Company, which has since successfully conducted a growing business in the capital city. While devoting his attention quite closely to his varied business interests, he does not neglect his duties of citizen- ship, but keeps posted concerning national issues as well as concern- 814 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ing all enterprises for the material benefit of Ms home city. He is president of the Riverside Improvement Clnb, the object of which is the advancement of Riverside district in Sacramento. The Pro- gressive party receives his ballot in all general elections. His interest in politics is not that of a partisan and he has never been a candidate for any office, although well qualified for such work, should his in- clinations direct him to any participation in public atfairs. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church and a contributor to many of the movements for the upbuilding of the church and the broadening influences of Christianity. In fraternal relations he holds member- ship with the Modern Woodmen of America. In 1912 he organized the Riverside Country Club, of which he was selected president. This is a social club of about one hundred and seventy-five members, which erected their own club house on the banks of the Sacramento river. In Sacramento, December 22, 1909, Mr. Cope was united in marriage with Miss Ethel Gladys Hampton, of this city, and they are the parents of a daughter, Mildred Ethel. WILLIAM D. LAWTON An intimate association of thirty years with the business devel- opment of Sacramento has given to Mr. Lawton a comprehensive knowledge of property valuations in and near the capital city, also of commercial enterprises contributing to the local development and civic measures devoted to the general welfare. It would be difficult to find a citizen more loyal than he to the city of his adoption; its interests he has made his own, its welfare is ever dear to his heart and its progress is a theme of never-ceasing importance to him. To such loyal citizens the city owes its steady development in all that gives lasting value to its influence. That his citizenship has been appreciated appears in the statement that he was chosen president of the first board of trustees under the new charter of 1893 and at one time also was honored with being elected a director of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce, in these positions giving evidence of earnest loyalty to civic growth and intelligent understanding of municipal problems. He was instrumental as early as 1892 in the building of the first macadamized street in Sacramento, which was the inception for macadam and asphalt streets there, and in 1894-95, when he was president of the board of trustees, the cement sidewalks were built, thus starting permanent work in that line. He was zealous in working for the interest of the city at all times, and it HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 815 was entirely tliroiigli his efforts that the city water works were saved to the city instead of passing into the hands of a private corporation. Descended from an old eastern family and himself a native of Lyons, N. Y., William D. Lawton has been a citizen of California ever since the year 1873 and therefore has given the intelligent ser- vice of manhood to the commonwealth of his adoption. Four years after his arrival in the west he was united in marriage with Miss Emma Grimshaw, of Sacramento, the daughter of a prominent pio- neer family originally from Illinois; after coming to California her father, "William R. Grimshaw, was for years identified with Captain Sutter and Sam Brannan and his participation in early history had a direct hearing upon subsequent progress. For little less than ten years after coming to the west Mr. Lawton engaged in the manu- facturing business in San Francisco, but during 1882 he established his home in Sacramento, and here he has resided ever since. Practically ever since he came to the state he has been interested in mining to some extent. On several occasions he was engaged as an engineer in mines in this state and Nevada and while thus employed he bought personal interests in' a number of promis- ing claims. In addition to holding shares of stock in mines he has controlling water interests at a point in Southern Nevada and by means of his own private water system he supplies an abundance of water for irrigating and domestic purposes, as well as for the treatment of ores. He is devoting much time to real-estate and investments in the Sacramento vallev. FREDERICK W. KIESEL As a factor in the financial aifairs and commercial development of Sacramento the California National Bank occupies no secondary place. During the long period of its existence it has won and re- tained the confidence of a large army of depositors and has consid- ered the interests of customers with a loyalty unquestioned and a sagacity unexcelled. No small measure of the steady growth of the institution is due to the intelligent supervision and splendid judg- ment of the cashier, Frederick W. Kiesel, who combines keen dis- crimination with conservative caution and progressiveness with painstaking forethought. The elements entering into his character form the ideal type for banker and financier and to their exercise is due his present standing in the banking circles of the city. About midway between Head river bay and Cache lake lies the railroad town of Corinne, a village of some prominence in northern 816 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Utah, and there it was that Frederick W. Kiesel was born February 11, 1874, into the home of F. J. and Julia Kiesel, pioneer residents of that section of the country. An excellent primary education was obtained in private schools, which further enlarged his training through the high-school studies. During the autumn of 1892 he en- tered Harvard College, where he continued in the regular course until 1894, meanwhile enjoying the manifold advantages conferred by at- tendance in that ancient and honored institution. Shortly after he had left Harvard he returned to the west and settled at Sacramento, where he gave his attention to promoting the organization of the California winery. Being the principal stockholder in the business he became likewise its president until he sold his interest in the business. The association of Mr. Kiesel with the California National Bank began April 1, 1898, when he entered the institution as a bookkeeper and later, in recognition of his superior qualifications, he was pro- moted to be cashier. This office he since has filled with recognized ability and foresight. For some years after his arrival in Sacra- mento he remained a bachelor, but on the 18th of December, 1901, he was united in marriage with Miss Jane Birdsall, one of the promi- nent and popular young ladies in Sacramento society. They are the parents of two daughters and one son, Corinne, born in 1907 ; Phyllis, whose birth occurred in 1910, and Robert Allan, born in 1911. It has not been the desire of Mr. Kiesel to enter upon political activi- ties or to seek public offices. Indeed, he has steadfastly refused to take any part in politics whatever aside from the voting of a Re]niblican ticket in national and local elections. Nevertheless, he is interested in every movement for the general advancement and particularly in those measures having for their object the permanent welfare of Sacramento. In fraternal affairs besides his connection with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks he has been active in Masonry and holds membership in the Washington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., also Sacramento Council and Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., and is also a Scottish Rite Mason of the thirt^^-second degree, and member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. He is a director in the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce, and is secretarv of the Sutter Club. WILLIAM KINKADE LINDSAY, M. D. Since 1909 Dr. W. K. Lindsay has been city physician, health officer and secretary of the board of health of Sacramento. He was born at Sheldon, Sacramento county, September 4, 1877, and when HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 817 he was thirteen rears old the family moved into the city and for six years he attended the public schools. He then took a fonr-year course in the Universitv of California and was graduated from the medical department in 1901 with the degree of M. D. He began his medical practice in Courtland, but five years afterwards moved to Sacramento, where he has since practiced his profession, ^^hen the new charter for Sacramento was adopted in July, 1912, the board of health was abolished, but he was continued in office as health othcer and citv physician. He has been very active ever since his gradua- tion in advocating measures for the prevention of contagious diseases and the complete stamping out of the same. In 1907 he was ap- 73ointed as special inspector by the board of health of Sacramento, and in this wav he became well and favorably known. On the resig- nation of Dr. H. L. Nichols, who desired to retire. Dr. Lindsay was appointed health officer in January, 1909, since when he has filled that important office. The summer of 1912 was strenuous because of the concerted movement to eradicate rabies which was prevalent among all canines, several persons having suffered injury from bites, and the board of health found it necessary to give them the Pasteur treatment. Then came the infantile paralysis scare, but by rigifl quarantine the disease was abated and finally wiped out. The father and grandfather of the doctor, both named William K Lindsav, crossed the plains in 1851 with ox-teams and Settled on the Cosumne river. They were dairymen and farmers on a large scale The grandfather owned two thousand acres ot tme, tertiie soil; 'he was a supervisor of the county of Sacramento for a number of vears and resigned the office in 1859. Dr. Lindsay's father mar^ ried in 1876 Miss Maria A. Tuttle, who was born m New York, bne had come to California from the state of New York in 1870 and had taught school until her marriage. They were the parents of five chil- dren, namelv: AYilliam K. is the subject of this vexiew. James Albert is now a practicing dentist in Sacramento. Helen Salome is the wife of James H. Hayes, traffic manager of the Pacific Fruit Exchange. Landon Sanders was a farmer on the Homestead Tract and wa^ accidentallv drowned in 1907; the family still own eight hundred and eighty acres of farm and dairy land m this tract. Elmira Ann, the voungest in the family, died m infancy. Dr William K. Lindsav married Etha Mae Walker, daughter of Henrv C. Walker, formerly a prominent business man m Detroit, Mich., but who had come to this state for his health. The du dren of this marriao-e are: Almira Maude, born June 2, 1902; William Kinkade, born December 2, 1904; and Walker Henderson, born Jan- uarv 28, 1906. Naturally Dr. Lindsay is broadly interested m all public questions both in and out of his profession. He is a memDer of the Sacramento Society for Medical Improvement, a member or the State Medical Society and also of the American Medical Asso- 818 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY elation and the Northern Distriot Medical Sooiety. In fraternity he is a Scottish Rite Mason, a past district deputy .s:rand president of the Native Sons of the Golden West, and a past president of Conrt- land Parlor No. 106 of that order. With Mrs. Lindsay he is an active member of the Eastern Star and of the Cono-res'ational Chnrch. EDWARD HAYNES An official position whose duties were assumed as the result of a vacancy caused by death has given Mr. Haynes an opportunity to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of the most modern methods connected with municipal bookkeeping, as he had previously become familiar with every detail connected with commercial bookkeeping while assisting his father in an eastern mercantile establishment. That he has justified the wisdom of his selection and vindicated the choice of the mayor is amply proved by the excellence of his official record and the care with which he has discharged every duty devolv- ing upon the city auditor and assessor since he was appointed deputy January *8, 1906. Among those familiar with- such work his books are said to be models of accuracy and system and the results of his labors will com])are favorably with those of his most ca]iable predecessors. Michigan is the native commonwealth of Edward Haynes, who was born in Onondaga, Ingham county. May 21, 1862, and is a son of Ephraim P. and Alsey A. (Earll) Haynes, both natives of New York state. At about six years of age he entered the primary depart- ment of the pul)lic schools and each year found him one grade higher until 1877, when having completed the regular course of study he turned his attention to commercial pursuits. As a bookkeeper in a general mercantile store conducted by his father he gained a thor- ough knowledge of every detail connected with accounts and was well qualified for further responsibilities of the same nature. During October of 1882 he came to California and settled first in Dunnigan, Yolo county, where he worked in various capacities, taking any em- ployment that offered an honorable livelihood. At the expiration of four years he came to Sacramento and secured a i^osition as brakeman on the Southern Pacific Railroad. On account of his effi- ciency he was promoted in 1891 to the position of conductor on the road with headquarters at Sacramento and he continued with the railway until January, 1906, when the city auditor, Fred W. Carey, appointed him his deputy. On the death of Mr. Carey he was ap- pointed his successor by Ma>T)r Beard on September 1, 1910, and in HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 819 November, 1911, be was elected to tbe otJQce, being tbe nominee of both parties. Since bis original appointment be bas given bis time and tbougbt wbolly to tbe duties connected witb tbe office. Tbe marriage of Mr. Haynes and Miss Olive Masters was sol- emnized in San Francisco October 2, 1901, and tbey at once estab- lisbed a bome in Sacramento, wbere tbey bave continued to reside, meanwbile winning tbe friendsbip of all witb wbom tbey bave bad social or business relations. For many years Mr. Haynes was con- nected actively witb Sierra Division No. 195, Order of Eailway Con- ductors, and after be bad ceased to bave any relation witb tbe road be still retained an bonorary membersbip witb tbe division. Wbile be bas not been a partisan nor a politician, be maintains stanncb convictions in regard to governmental issues and gives bis support to tbe Eepublican party. Besides bolding membersbip witb tbe Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows in tbeir Eldorado Lodge No. 8, be bas been very prominent in Masonry as a member of Tebama Lodge No. 3, F. & A. M., Sacramento Cbapter No. 3, E. A. M., Sacramento Council, No. 1, Sacramento Commanderv, No. 2, K. T., and Islam Temple, N. M. S. CHAELES W. ANDEESON Tbe capable supervision of the present cbief is bringing the gratification of satisfactory returns to tbe fire department of Sacra- mento. Ambitious to develop a plant worthy of the municipality, he bas devoted every energy with intense eagerness to the securing of needed improvements. The capable labors of his predecessors in office bave been supplemented bv his own arduous and unremitting application to tbe management of the department. Tbe results of his efforts are apparent in the increased efficiency of the plant. There are manv people in the city who assert that the position has never had an incumbent more energetic, more sagacious and more trust- worthy than is Mr. Anderson, who with justice may feel proud of tbe ap]ireciation given to his work in the city's behalf. Tbe county of Sacramento has been the lifelong bome of Mr. Anderson, and his father, Hartford Anderson, held a prominent place among the pioneer residents in the vicinity of Folsom. His brother. Judge W. A. Anderson, of Sacramento, also crossed the plains witb the father in 1849. Charles W. Anderson's birth occurred Julv 5, 1867. As a bov be bad the advantage of instruction under Professor Blanchard in the public schools. Leaving school in 1882 he secured work as a laborer on a ranch near Folsom, where he remained for one year. Next he undertook to learn the blacksmith's trade, but at the expiration of six months his health became impaired and he was forced to relinquish all activities. An enforced idleness of vsix months. 820 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY during which time he remained with his father, enabled him to re- gain his former strength. As soon as able to work he learned the trade of a tinsmith and afterward followed it as a journeyman until 1887, when he became an apprentice in the state printing office at Sacramento. Seven years were spent in that office, the period sub- sequent to his apprenticeship being spent in regular work for wages. Upon his return to Folsom in 1894 Mr. Anderson engaged as a tinsmith for Brown & Yaeger, but that place he resigned in 1895, when lie returned to Sacramento and entered the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company as a tinsmith. When he resigned that post in August of 1910 it was in order that he might accept the responsible duties as chief of the fire department, to which he had been appointed by Mayor Beard. In entering his new tasks he showed the energy, tact, and determination characteristic of him in previous business associations, and his service up to the present time has been marked by the steady growth of the department and its continued immediate response to all alarms. Not only has the chief proved a resourceful fire-fighter, but in addition he makes many sug- gestions as to prevention of fires and watches closely all of the extra hazardous fire risks, believing that no service is of greater value to any municipality than the prevention of such serious catastrophes. The marriage of Mr. Anderson and Miss Louisa Meyer took place at Folsom,' Sacramento county, August 16, 1893, and has been blessed with two children, Carl W. and Ruth Louisa, both of whom have received superior educational advantages in the high schools of Sac- ramento. The Republican party has received the consistent and steadfast support of Mr. Anderson ever since he attained his ma- jority and cast his first ballot. Fraternally he not only has main- tained an active connection with the Loyal Order of Moose, but also has been a prominent local worker in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and is past noble grand of Eldorado Lodge No. 8. Both of these fraternities receive his generous assistance in their charitable undertakings and he has further given helpful aid to general mea- sures for the common good. He is also a member of the Pacific Coast Association of Fire Chiefs. His interest in the welfare and progress of his native county is particularly keen. In his opinion no movement is too arduous, no enterprise too great for local support provided the prosperity of the community thereby is enhanced. CLARENCE C. CUFF From the earliest ages the science of architecture has fascinated men of broad mental vision. The monuments and cathedrals that have stood in massive grandeur for centuries untold bear witness to HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 821 the desire of mau to express his aspirations and visions in stone or marble. At no time, however, has the profession risen to such prominence as in the history of the twentieth century, whose re- markable commercial development demands artistic yet substantial architecture as the expression of its character. Noteworthy among the architects who are formulating and developing the cities of the present day, mention belongs to Clarence C. Cuff, member of the firm of Cuff & Diggs, architects who for some years successfully have, engaged in their chosen profession in Sacramento, meanwhile design- ing and planning a number of the finest structures in this part of the state. Of Canadian birth and ancestry, Clarence C, son of H. W. and Mary Cuff, was born in the city of Toronto January 15, 1871. The excellent schools of Toronto furnished him with the best grammar- school advantages and he continued his studies until he was fifteen years of age, when he discontinued school work for the occupation in which he was destined to make a subsequent success. The prelimi- nary study of architecture was carried on with an architect of To- ronto, whose instruction guided him wisely and thoroughly through the formulative period of his researches. Later he had the advan- tage of three years of study in the Toronto School of Architecture, from which he was graduated with a high standing. Immediately after completing his course of study he went to Buffalo, N. Y., and entered the office of an architect, with whom he remained five years. Later he was employed by architects in different parts of the United States and thus gained a thorough conception of favorite styles of architecture in the various localities. While following his profession in New York City he there married in September of 1904 Miss Louise Schuster, a cultured woman of eastern birth and thorough education. After his arrival in the west during 1905 Mr. Cuff engaged with an architect in San Francisco for one year, after which he came to Sacramento and for two years held a position in the office of the state architect. Later he formed his present partnership with M. I. Diggs and under their capable alliance the substantial grammar- school at Marysville has been erected, the Diepenbrock theatre pre- sents an added attraction for lovers of dramatic art in Sacramento, the Travelers Hotel of Sacramento and the Eldorado county court- house at Placerville have been built, the California Hospital at Sac- ramento is accepted as a model of the kind, the warehouse of Thom- son, Diggs Company forms an addition to the business part of the city, and the residences of D. W. Carmichael, C. B. Dewees^ and Senator M. Diggs stand as monuments to the originality and skill of the architects. Since he crossed from Canada into our own country Mr. Cuff has made a study of national problems and has given his allegiance to the Republican party. He is a member of the Knights 822 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of Columbus and professionally is an active member of the Archi- tectural League of Sacramento and an associate member of the Am- erican institute of Architects. THOMAS W. O'NEIL The associations of a lifetime bound Mr. O'Neil closely to Sac- ramento coimty. While the interests of business took him tem- porarily to other parts of California he always considered himself a citizen of his native county and never lost his intense loyalty and affectionate devotion to this section of the state. In return he re- ceived the admiring respect of an unusually large circle of acquaint- ances. It is given to few to possess the friendship of all, yet it may be said of Mr. O'Neil, notwithstanding his activity in politics and his frankness in expressing his opinion concerning public ques- tions, that even his political opposers bore him no ill will, but on the contrary reposed the highest confidence in his honor, integrity and patriotic loyalty. Born at Folsom, Sacramento county, August 4, 1855, Mr. O'Neil began to learn the trade of frescoing at an early age and for seven years he followed the occupation in San Francisco and San Jose, always, however, retaining his home in Sacramento county. During 1876 he began to work at his trade in Sacramento, where he made a specialty of frescoing, decorating interiors and treating wall finish. By the exercise of good business judgment and artistic skill he estab- lished a reputation in his chosen line and was reckoned one of the most successful frescoers in this part of the state. During 1887 he married the daughter of the late John Rooney of Brighton (now called Perkins), Sacramento county, and at the time of his demise he left to mourn him his devoted wife, also two daughters and five sons, the eldest of whom was not yet seventeen. From boyhood Mr. O'Neil took an active part in politics. For many years he was a local Democratic leader and a member of the county and state central committees. As sheriff in 1893-94 he estab- lished a reputation for fearlessness. During his term every industry in the city and county was paralyzed by the A. R. IT. strike and the city was under martial law. Another important affair connected with his official service was the suppression of gambling in the county. When the chief of police and local officers stated they could not suppress gambling in the city, he stepped in. declared that gam- bling must stop and saw to it that not another deal was made while he acted as sheriff. Although a staimch Democrat he was chosen HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 823 by President McKinley to act as census marshal for Northern Cali- fornia. When the Union Building and Loan Association went into the hands of a receiver he was chosen by Judge Hughes for that position. Under his oversight chaos was reduced to order, justice was secured for all concerned and the litigation was about com- pleted in every detail at the time of his death. After he retired from the sheriff's office he engaged in the hop business, but a de- cline occurred in the price about that time and hops were scarcely worth the gathering, so that his accumulations in a lifetime of en- ergy and labor were swept away in a legitimate enterprise. As organizer Mr. O'Neil was connected with Sacramento Par- lor No. 3, N. S. G. W., and he was also prominent in the United Commercial Travelers' Association. As a member of the firm of M. Cronan & Co., of Sacramento, he traveled throughout Northern California and during one of his trips he was seized with a heart attack at Colfax, Placer county, March 12, 1905. In a few hours he passed away. The remains were brought back to the bereaved family and interment was made in the Sacramento cemetery. Uni- versal regret was expressed that a man of such sterling qualities should be taken while yet in the prime of manhood. Many trib- utes were paid to his memory by those who had known and hon- ored him for years. From one of these testimonials we quote as follows : "Only those whose privilege it was to enjoy a personal ac- quaintance with the late T. W. O'Neil appreciate the noble quali- ities of the man. It is doubtful whether the unexpected death of any other man in the city of Sacramento would have elicited more sincere expression of sorrow. Tom O'Neil was a true man in ev- ery one of life's manifold relationships. He loved his family and was devoted to his friends, while toward those who differed with him in the affairs that called his attention, political or personal, his generous heart could cherish no antagonism. All his life was free and open. He never knowingly oppressed a human being. In his great heart there was no place for resentment, yet he was indomitable in defense of his opinions and like a man faced vicis- situdes with courageous resolution. It happened to him that the course of his career led him sometimes into politics, but Tom O'Neil never lost his self-esteem, his natural love of truth, his friendly devotion in all the manipulation of that strange game where men rarely scruple if failure is the alternative. Tom O 'Neil's sincerity never forsook him. Under every circumstance his com- pass was set by the stars and he pursued the ri^id reckoning, lead where it might. The death of such a man and so true a friend comes as a personal loss to the humble writer of these lines, as it does to every man who knew him well enough to appreciate him at his worth. He was too noble to be base, too conscientious to de- 824 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ceive, too loyal to dissimulate. Upon his brow God set the seal of truth, in his heart no taint of dishonor could abide. And the world will revolve and the days go on and on, and you will be forgot- ten, Tom, but not by those who languish now in tears for love of you, nor yet by this penman, nor by the large number of others who, from knowing you, called you friend." Mrs. O'Neil, who survives her husband, now fills the office of county superintendent of schools, having been elected to the of- fice in 1906 and re-elected in 1910. She is the daughter of the late John Rooney and a sister of James and Peter Rooney. Her father was born in County Louth, Ireland, and came to the United States in 1847, when twenty-one years of age, landing in New Y^ork, whence he proceeded to Boston. Next he went south to Kings county, Ala. November 20, 1849, he started for California via Panama and landed in San Francisco on the 27th of January, then coming to Sacramento February 2 following. For nine months he worked in the mines of Georgetown, Eldorado county. His min- ing ventures were so remarkably successful that by 1852 he had netted $25,000, but years later financial reverses came to him and swept much of his splendid property into ruin. In 1852 he be- gan farming, and purchasing six hundred and ten acres of raw land near what is now Perkins, Sacramento county, he followed agriculture and stock raising on that place. About 1881 he began hop raising and developed what was said to be the largest hop-field in the entire world. In 1853 he married Mary Clark, a native of the same county in Ireland. For years they presided over a home where hospitality was unbounded. No weary traveler ever sought food or slielter there in vain. No guest ever visited the spacious country home but was refreshed in spirit and made the ])etter for the sunshine of Mrs. Rooney 's presence. When financial troubles came Mr. Rooney saw his wide pos- sessions leave him to satisfy the demands of the mortgage-holders. But John Rooney and his wife were made of sterner stuff than those who surrender to the caprices of fortune. lie was ever the same rugged, stalwart character, strong in his friendships, un- shaken in his ])rinciples, while Mrs. Rooney remained his ever-de- voted helpmate. Early in life John Rooney was a Douglas Demo- crat. In 1864 he supported Abraham Lincoln. After 1868 he was identified with the Democratic party. In local conventions he was a leader. -''But the years crept on John Rooney and mellowed his life into a peacefulness that sought no more clashing with the world. The ambition which fired him on in the days of his splen- did youth and manhood was gone, and John Rooney gave u]i life as bravely as he had lived it." When within a few months of seventj^-seven years of age he died at the home of his son, James, HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 825 where he had been temporarily sojourning. To the memory of de- scendants he left the priceless heritage of an honorable hfe, de- voted to the welfare of loved ones and to the service of the com- monwealth which he proudly called his home. ALDEN W. CAMPBELL A typical American of the best class is a fitting description of Aklen W. Campbell of Sacramento, who has reached a high place in public esteem as an architect and an artist along professional lines. Mr. Campbell was born in Boulder, Colo., in 1875, a son of William R. and Lvdia R. (Wilson) Campbell, natives respect- ively of Canada and of Michigan. In 1877 William R. Campbell brought his family to California and locating in Sacramento went into "the planing-mill business and built up a large factory which supplied an extensive demand for builder's materials. When his parents brought him to Sacramento, Alden W. Camp- bell was about two years old. He was educated in public schools and in night schools and took special courses with the Interna- tional Correspondence Schools of Scranton, Pa., receiving his ^ di- ploma in complete architecture. While he was studying in the night school, to hasten his preparation to enter his chosen fielcl of labor, he participated in several architectural-drawing competitions and won several medals offered by the State Architectural Society. The first was awarded him in 1894 and he was the recipient of oth- ers in 1895, 1896, 1899, 1900 and 1902. When he was sixteen years old he entered upon a three years' term of employment with that vet- eran California builder, Silas Carle, whose operations extended throughout the state. Later in the employ of the Sacramento Plan- ing Mills he gained in two years an intimate practical knowledge of woodworking and interior finish. In 1897-1902 he was in the civil service department in the post-office building, and in his spare time he devoted himself to professional study and prepared plans for fine residences in Sacramento, among them being residences for Dr. Hart, Henry Nicolaus, Jr., A. L. Crane, Walter L. Rennie and Peter Roemer, also for T. G. Schraeiser of Davis and F. E. Gil- more of Red Bluff. He is now established in his own office at Thir- ty-fourth and J streets, and has drawn plans for numerous fine houses and apartment buildings; he has on file important contracts for execution in the near future. He is a member of San Fran- cisco Chapter of the American Institute of Architects and is a mem- ber of the Sacramento Architectural League. 826 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Mr. Campbell was married in Sacramento November 27th, 1906, to Miss Ellen Klotz, who was born in this city and was a gradu- ate of the Sacramento high school. She was a teacher in the public schools for several years. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell are the parents of three children, Eleanor, William and Dudley. Mr. Campbell was made a Mason in Washington Lodge No. 14, F. & A. M., and is also a thirtieth degree Scottish Rite member. He is a past patron of Columbus Chapter, No. 117, 0. E. S., of which Mrs. Campbell is a member, and he is also a member of Capital Lodge No. 87, I. 0. 0. F. Both he and his wife are numbered in the membership of Capitol City Re- bekali Lodge No. 160, and he is a member of Court Capital, F. of A. Mrs. Campbell is member of the Native Daughters of the Golden West. Active in the East Sacramento Improvement Club, where he has large property interests and where his beauiful residence is located, Mr. Campbell has served the club as president and has been very instrumental in fostering movements for the building up and beautifying of that section of the state capital. He was a member of a committee of thirty that carried to victory the an- nexing of the suburbs, thus changing the population from forty- five hundred to seven thousand. He is an active member of Sacra- mento Chamber of Commerce. He is Republican in his politics and his geniality and public spirit make him popular with his fellow citizens of all classes. COL. HENRY I. SEYMOUR Among native C^alifornians who have forged to the front in the business field of Sacramento there is none more deserving of men- tion in a work of this character than Henry I. Seymour of the Buf- falo brewery and of other enterprises of importance and of prom- ise. Mr. Seymour was born in Sacramento July 25, 1861, son of Henry 0. and Elizabeth (Osborn) Seymour, both of whom were na- tives of New York state. The father came around the Cape in a sailing vessel in 1854 and followed farming. At the time of his death he was a member of the Board of Supervisors and had been chairman of that body. His death occurred in 1876. Mrs. Sey- mour had made the trip to the west in 1852, and she passed away in 1910. Educated in the public schools Henry I. Se^^nour was gradu- ated from high school in 1878. His first experience in business was as an employe in the freight department of the Southern Pacific Rail- road Company. He early demonstrated that he had in him the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 827 energy from which successful men of affairs are developed, and his advancement was rapid. For ten years he was in the service of that corporation, then in 1890 he entered the employ of the Buffalo Brewing Company as a bookkeeper, and in that capacity he labored faithfully and most efficiently five years. So devoted had he been to the interests of the concern, so well had he informed himself in the intricacies of its affairs, that he was called to the higher respon- sibility of its management, and since then he has been influential in shaping its course and directing the carrying out of its policies. The company began business in 1890, with a capacity of twenty- five thousand barrels. It had been incorporated in 1888, and its original board of directors was constituted as follows: Ex-Gov- ernor Newton Booth, J. R. Watson of the Southern Pacific Rail- road Company, H. H. Grau, Adolph Heilbron, W. E. Gerber, Frank Ruhstaller, Sr., Louis Nicolaus, Frederick Cox and Samuel Lavens- ton. Of this board only three survive. Mr. Grau, the original manager, retired in 1895. The present capacity of the plant is so very much greater than that of the early days of the company that the output exceeds one hundred thousand barrels and ranks on a par in production and quality with any brewery in California. For four years Mr. Seymour was active as a director and vice- president of the Chamber of Commerce, and from time to time he has been identified, directly or indirectly, with various interests of the city. About 1885 he became a member of Company E, Firsi Artillery, National Guards. From a private he rose to the office of captain in the next three years. In 1895 he was placed on the re- tired list, remaining there until 1900, when he was elected colonel of the Second Infantry Regiment, N. G. C, serving in that capacity until 1910, when he was again placed on the retired list. As colonel of the Second Infantry he served in San Francisco during the fire of 1906. He is a member of Sacramento Lodge No. 6, B. "p. 0. E., and of Sunset Parlor No. 26, N. S. G. W. The Sutter Club num- bers him among its members, and he has served on its board of trustees. Mr. SejTnour was married in Napa county in 1887 to Miss Grace Brownlee, who was a native daughter of Napa county and a graduate of Perry's Seminary of Sacramento. They are the par- ents of two children, Donald and Doris. In many ways Mr. Sey- mour has demonstrated his public spirit, and there are few move- ments inaugurated which give promise of benefiting any consid- erable number of his fellow citizens that do not receive his cordial and generous support. 46 828 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY GEORGE C. SELLON Rare indeed is it to find two generations of native Californians actively identified with business affairs and contributing useful service to the world of progress. Such is the record of the Sellon family, three successive generations of whom have contributed to the development of the state since the discovery of gold and one (repre- senting the third generation) now holds a prominent position among the men of affairs in Sacramento. This influential citizen was born in the city of San Francisco February 9, 1881, received a grammar school education in Sacramento and attended the Chicago high school, from which he was graduated in 1900. His father, L. J. Sellon, was born in Marysville, Cal., in September of 1850, and is a son of Judge Sellon, a Forty-niner and a pioneer of honored memory. Upon start- ing out to make his own way in the world, L. J. Sellon became a rail- way mail clerk and later rose to the superintendency of the mail route between Sacramento and Ogden, Utah, meanwhile making his home in the former city. During 1891 he resigned from the road in order to enter the employ of the Postal Telegraph Company at Sac- ramento, where he acted as operator. The company in 1894 trans- ferred him to Chicago as chief of the night wire. Notwithstanding his life of strenuous exertion and constant labor, he is still active, forceful and successful, and has not been obliged to relinquish the responsibilities so capably discharged for many years. It was the privilege of George C. Sellon to enjoy excellent educa- tional advantages and at the same time to observe carefully the archi- tecture popular in the three cities familiar to his youth. From boy- hood he displayed an interest in the building business and thought- fully studied all designs novel in style as well as substantial in effect. As he observed and noted these with care, he began to draw designs of his own and after he entered an achitect's office in Chicago he gave his attention wholly to developing his natural tastes for such work. From 1904 to 1906 he engaged in business for himself in Chi- cago and his experience in that city has proved of the greatest service to his subsequent efforts. A brief period of work at San Francisco was followed by the re- turn of Mr. Sellon to Sacramento in May of 1907, at which time he accepted an appointment as state architect from Governor Gillett. During the three years of his service in the employ of the common- wealth he designed many important structures, including the State Normal at San Jose, the State Hospital at Agnew, the state peniten- tiary at San Quentin, the California building at the Alaska-Yukon exposition and the Administration building at the Sonoma State HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 829 Home. Since his retirement from the state employ he has engaged in business for himself and has designed many buildings of note, among them being the Sacramento hotel, the American cash store, the Sacramento News Publishing building, the Hagelstein building, the structures to be seen on the state fair grounds and the Inverness building. To one so deeply interested in his chosen calling politics makes little appeal, and we find that Mr. Sellon refuses to take any part in public affairs aside from voting the Republican ticket. Elec- tive offices do not fascinate him and the career of a statesman pos- sesses for him no charm, although later years, with their professional successes and business prosperity, may lead him into avenues of public service for which now he has no desire. The Sutter club and blue lodge, as well as the Scottish Rite Masons number him among their members, and professionally he is a member of the San Fran- cisco Chapter, American Institute of Architects. While living in Chi- cago he formed the acquaintance of Miss Margaret Hughes and they were united in marriage June 29, 1904, afterward residing in that city until their removal to the west. They are the parents of a sou and daughter, Walter C. and Virginia. GEORGE W. BOSTWICK In and around Sacramento there is no better known authority on brick than is the gentleman whose name is above, and his expert advice is frequently called for by manufacturers in different parts of the United States. George W. Bostwick is a native of Michigan, born in Saginaw, He attended public and high school, then engaged with a local furniture company. In 1891 he entered the music busi- ness, first in the retail line, then later as a manufacturer. For nine years he held the position of general manager for the Waldo Manu- facturing Company of Saginaw, which position he filled with ability until January, 1905, when he assumed the management of the U. S. Brick corporation's plant at Michigan City, Ind. This position he occupied until June, 1910, when he moved to California and be- came superintendent for the Monterey Brick and Stone Companv, at Monterey, and in September of the same year moved the plant to Sacramento, where the name was changed to the Sacramento Sand- stone Brick Company. Mr. Bostwick now occupies the position of secretary and man- ager of this companv. The concern is making facing brick and art stone, and the products are second to none in existence, having passed the specifications of the United States government and been 830 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tested out by the University of California, also by the state engin- eering department. The brick is now in evidence in some of Sacra- mento's finest buildings, also in San Francisco and other points throughout the state. The present enviable position occupied by this company is en- tirely owing to Mr. Bostwick's expert knowledge of the art of making- sandstone brick, as he was one of the first men in this country to engage in its manufacture, though the industry is an old one in Germany and some other of the older countries. Mr. Bostwiek was married in 1895 to Miss A. Glover of Bay City, Mich., and four interesting children are making life worth while around his home. J. BERNHARD KLUNE A native of Hanover, Germany, born May 31, 1849, son of J. D. and Mary Klune, this well known and popular jeweler of Sacramento came to the United States in 1868 and has proven himself such an adopted son as his chosen country may well be proud of. He had attended public and then private schools in his native land until he was fourteen years of age, and the following four years he had in- dustriously and determinedly devoted to an acquisition of a knowledge of the jeweler's trade. That knowledge he gained by actual work under skilled and well-informed masters who saw to it that he was not neglected in any feature of their ancient and beautiful handicraft. Consequently, at nineteen, he was well fitted for the career he had chosen, and his experience has demonstrated that he made no mistake in choosing Sacramento as a field for his endeavors toward success. Soon after his arrival in America he settled at Sacramento, where he was employed as a watchmaker by his uncle until 1879. He then embarked in the jewelry business for himself, and his success is well known to all observing citizens of Sacramento. His business pros- pered almost from the outset and was enlarged from time to time until in 1907 it was found necessary to incorporate it, which measure brought it prominently before the public under the style of Klune & Floberg. Mr. Klune was elected president of the company, and he has been its general manager, planning its business and directing the steady advancement which has brought it into the front rank of con- cerns of its kind in California. He is a member of Washington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., Sacramento Chapter No. 3, R. A. M., Sac- ramento Commandery No, 2, K. T., and is also a Scottish Rite thirty- second degree Mason and member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 831 Francisco. In addition, he affiliates with the Elks, the Foresters and the Maccabees. In reli.^ion he is a Lutheran, in politics a Repub- lican He married in Sacramento, May 2, 1879, Miss Emma Rave, and they had one child, Bernhard R., who passed away aged thirty- two vears. A. S. HOPKINS Genealogical records indicate that the Hopkins family came originally from Wales, but has 1)een identified with American history ever since the historic landing of the Mayflower. The early repre- sentatives in the new world endured all the hardships incident to the upbuilding of a colony on the stern and rockbound shore of New England. From the first they were loyal to the land of their adop- tion. Intense patriotism characterized each generation, and when the struggle with the mother country was about to break forth Stephen Hopkins signed the Declaration of Independence, becoming thereby one of the "patriots whose lives were in constant jeopardy until the final attainment of peace. • During the first half of the nineteenth century S. F. Hopkms was an influential business man of Vermont, where he married Har- riet Austin and where he owned for years a mercantile estabhshment at Cambridge, Lamoille county. Among his children was a son, A. S., who was born at Cambridge March 21, 1837, and received a fair edu- cation at Georgia, Franklin county, same state. When sixteen years of age he began to teach school at Cambridge and later followed the same occupation at Grand Isle, Grand Isle county. The tide of mi- gration was drifting toward the west and attracting the sons of New England from its unfertile soil to the rich lands on the frontier. During 1854 Mr. Hopkins joined others moving to Illinois and set- tled at Crete, a suburb of Chicago, where he taught school for four years. With a desire to see more of the vast and unsettled west he traveled by wagon to Kansas and participated in many of the skir- mishes that marked the exciting period prior to the Civil war. When the Rebellion finally began Mr. Hopkins had returned to Vermont and was working in a bookstore at Burlington. There he enlisted at the first call of 1861 for volunteers for three months^ His regiment, the First Vermont Infantry, was ordered to Newport News/Va., and took part in the sanguinary battle of Big Bethel. At the expiration of his time he was honorably discharged and returned to Vermont. The next important event in his life was his removal to California in 1862, when he traveled on the ship Ariel to the Isthmus 832 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY of Panama and thence proceeded up the Pacific ocean to San Fran- cisco, where he hmded on the 30th of June. Proceeding to Marin county, he bought a tract of land and engaged in the dairy business, but in 1863 disposed of the property. Next we find him in the Forest City district, where he had varied interests in mines, a saw-mill and a dairy, but finally he gave up all of these activities and turned his attention to teaching school in Solano, county. The same occupation took him to Bloomfield, Sonoma county. During 1865 he became a member of the Maine Prairie Eifles in Solano and was chosen first lieutenant of the organization. During 1866 and 1867 he served as justice of the peace. Coming to Sacramento February 4, 1868, Mr. Hopkins married, April 17 of the same year, JMiss Harriet Hewes, daughter of Jonathan Hewes of Vermont, and a descendant of Cyrus Hewes, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Mr. and Mrs. Hopkins became the parents of three children, Stephen I., Grace E. and William. After he came to the capital city Mr. Hopkins carried on a news-stand and bookstore for ten years, selling out in 1878 to W. A. and C. S. Hough- ton. Afterward he embarked in the wood and willow-ware business with U. C. Billingsby, who in 1886 was succeeded by E. C. Hopkins, a brother of the senior partner. The firm established a growing trade and maintained the confidence of a large number of customers, who recognized and appreciated their honorable business dealings and sterling integrity of character. On the organization of the board of trade Mr. Hopkins was chosen a director. In 1886, upon the organization of the Sacramento Improvement Association, he became a director, as he had been a promoter of the new concern, and his connection continued as a permanent contribution to the work. The first Immigration Society, organized in 1878, chose him as its president. When it was sep- arated into the Central and Northern Society he was retained as president from 1880 until 1882. In politics he voted with the Eepub- lican party from the time he attained his majority until his death, which occurred April 28, 1891. When the county supervisor, J. A. Mason, died in 1876 Mr. Hopkins was chosen to finish the unexpired term. In addition he served as a school trustee until 1888. For five years he was a director of the free library. Fraternally he held membership with Eureka Lodge No. 4, I. 0. 0. F., and was past president of the Veterans' Society of Odd Fellows. In addition he was a member of Sacramento Lodge No. 80, A. 0. U. AV., and Unity Lodge No. 2088, K. of H., besides which he held in memory his service as a Union soldier through congenial meetings with his fel- low-members of Sumner Post No. 3, G. A. E. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 833 EDMUND CLEMENT ATKINSON Foremost in the city of his adoption, and prominent in the state's educational history, stands the name of Edmund Clement Atkinson, who for half a century devoted his lifetime efforts to the instruction and character building of youth. In a farmhouse in the far-off state of Maine, in the year 1837, the subject of this sketch was born, the youngest of a family of eight children. In his early youth he labored in the logging camps of the Pine Tree state and acquired the means wherewith to secure an edu- cation at Waterville college, now Colby university, from which he later received the degree of A. M. He entered Comer's Commercial college in Boston in the early '60s, and after graduation was offered a position as instructor in that institution. In 1866, in company with a fellow teacher, A. L. Reed, now of Suisun, he immigrated to Wis- consin and established a chain of commercial colleges in Janesville and Oshkosh in that state, and in Rockford, 111. Coming to California and settling in Sacramento early in 1873, he established Atkinson's Sacramento Business college, the first com- mercial school in the Sacramento valley, which was successfully con- ducted by him up to the time of his death, March 21, 1911, and is still in successful operation. During his nearly forty years of edu- cational work in Sacramento he stamped the indelible impress of his powerful and upright character upon the minds of thousands of pupils, man}^ of whom are prominent in the business world of today. He attained to great and state-wide eminence in the Masonic fratern- ity, where his rare qualities of mind were admired and beloved by the members of that order, by whom he' was selected to be the grand master of the grand lodge of the state of California, and elevated to the thirtv-third degree of the Scottish Rite. DAVID LUBIN A history of Sacramento county would not be complete without mention of David Lubin, who stands today among the benefactors of the world and more directly of the farmer. Coming from his native country in Europe, he began his career in this country as an apprentice as a jewelry polisher in North Attleboro, Mass. In 1867 he drifted to California and thence to Arizona, where he worked in a lumber yard and as a cowboy. Returning to San Francisco, he worked in Gray & Co.'s jewelry factory and afterwards, returning east, became a commercial traveler for a lamp manufacturing firm. 834 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY In 1874 he came back to Sacramento and started in lousiness as a member of the firm of Weinstock, Lnbin & Co., in which he remained an active partner for many years. A number of years ag'o Mr. Lnbin withdrew from active work in the firm and devoted himself to an idea which he had conceived, of benefiting liis fellow men. The idea is embodied in what he terms "the single nnmerical statement." Observing that the farmer was at the mercy of the middleman and speculators, who fixed the price which he received for his wheat, regardless of the world's supply for the year, he formulated and perfected a plan for ascertaining the exact supply of wheat produced in the various wheat-producing coun- tries of the world. He became an enthusiast in the propagation of his idea and has devoted years to carrying it out, visiting foreign countries and importuning the governments to establish departments for collecting and exchanging crop data, through a central organiza- tion. Asa prophet is not without honor save in his own country, Mr. Lubin was forced to meet with discouragement after discouragement at Washington, but finally succeeded in overcoming the opposition and being appointed to represent this country at the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome. For it was in King Victor Eman- uel of Italy that Mr. Lubin first found a willing ear and a mind quick to grasp his idea and appreciate its importance to the world. He built a palace for the use of the institute, and endowed it with £12,000 a year, or $60,000. It stands on an eminence in a lovely s])ot of the beautiful Villa Borghese, and there Mr. Lubin resides and car- ries on his life work. There in 1905 the delegations from the various powers gathered and signed a convention to create the institute, but not till 1910 did Mr. Lubin see the culmination of his hopes, wlien the first single numerical statement of six nations was published, and in August, the following month, data from eleven nations followed. In 1912 fifty nations provided the necessary data, Russia being the last one to join, after long and repeated solicitation by Mr. Lubin. The principal wheat-growing countries are now all represented, and the farmer today can now know the total crop prospects or output of ninety-five per cent of the land in the world and ninety-eight per cent of the world's population — a practical world's summary. He has all the information formerly possessed by the middleman and the speculator, who can no more exploit his ignorance, to his own ad- vantage and the detriment of the producer. The nations are con- tributing liberally to the su]i])ort of the institute. Returns are now being gathered for other crops and products as well as the cereals, and the work of the institute is expanding in many other directions also. It is a work of building up and making life easier, and the results of Mr. Lubin 's ^persistence and enthusiasm will live long after him. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 835 GEOEGE McDOUGAL George McDougal was a prominent character in the days of the founding of Sacramento city. He was a brother of "I, John," the second governor of California, and came here from Indiana in 1848, and, joining Fremont's battalion, was with it in the campaign in Southern California. After his return to San Francisco, he became prominent there, and after gold was discovered joined the rush of prospectors and had some exciting experiences in the mines. As narrated elsewhere, shortly after the survej^ of Sacramento was com- pleted, he secured a lease from Sutter of a portion of the river front for a ferry, at a point below the entrance to Sutter slough. With his partner. Judge Blackburn of Santa Cruz, he opened the first store in the place, bringing up a store ship and anchoring it near the foot of I street. When Captain Sutter's son arrived, however, and the father transferred to him an interest in the city, a debate soon arose between him and McDougal as to the latter 's rights under the lease, McDougal claiming that he was entitled to several hundred feet of the front. The court decided in favor of Sutter, McDougal became dissatisfied with the place and determined to "extinguish the pros- pects" of the new city and to move to Sutterville. He removed all his goods to that place, and departed to the east, leaving his brother John in charge of the store. John then issued immense placards, an- nouncing that the firm had determined to lead in the competition, and would therefore sell goods "at cost and freight," adding a verbal assurance that, if necessary to obtain patronage under that combina- tion, they would sell the .goods at first cost. The merchants at the fort combined, however, and by a well-laid scheme forced McDougal & Co. to close up business. George wandered from the east into Utah, New Mexico and the adjacent territories, and reports of his death finally reached the coast. A brother in the east administered on his estate, and all trace of George was lost for years. Finally Captain Brown, of the ram Stonewall, was going through the Straits of Magellan, on his way to Japan, when some Patagonian chiefs came on board. Among them was a "hirsute, squalid, weather-tanned and very tattooed man," who proved to be none other than "Colonel George McDougal," who had journeyed through Central America and various countries of South America, and was now prospecting at a solitary station in the Straits, called Sandy Point, having become the chief of an Indian tribe. McDougal was a. giant in size and had always been so stately and handsome that he had been called "Lord George McDougal." Cap- tain Brown said that after he had been shaved, cleaned up and dressed in good clothes, McDougal was the handsomest and most dis- 836 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tinguished man lie had ever seen. McDougal sobbed and cried when told of his family, but refused to remain on board or go with the ship, as he had a valuable mine which he was developing with the aid of the Indians. He promised, however, that he would proceed further north as soon as possible and would go home, and when Captain Brown afterwards met him in Valparaiso, he succeeded in sending him home. HIRAM W. JOHNSON Hiram W. Johnson, present governor of California, was born in Sacramento September 2, 1866, the son of Grove L. Johnson and his wife, nee Miss Anne de Monfridy. He was educated in the public schools of this city, and graduated from the high school at the age of seventeen. He studied law in the office of his father during the following year, and at the age of eighteen entered the University of California in the class of '88. He soon became recognized as a leader from his aggressive disposition and it is stated that the students used to say that ''a freshman is boss of the whole university." He was pitcher of the college nine in his day and his son, Hiram, Jr., became its catcher. Reared in a political atmosphere, it is not surprising that he mixed in the interclass politics of the university and attained a commanding position. He was elected editor of the "Blue and Gold" in his junior year, but did not enter upon the duties of the office. Cupid had marked him for his own, and in his twentieth year he left the university to marry Miss McNeal, daughter of Archibald McNeal, a Sacramento pioneer. By her he has two sons, Hiram W. Johnson, Jr., and Archibald McNeal Johnson. After his marriage Mr. Johnson entered his father's law office, and with his elder In'other, Albert M. Johnson, entered into partner- ship with his father. The partnership did hot endure long, however, on account of political differences, and the brothers set up a separate office. He plunged into politics as a practical reformer, and became a frequent delegate to city, county and state conventions of the Re- publican party, twice splitting the Sacramento delegation on the issue of railroad domination. He and his brother made and won a sen- sational campaign against heavy odds and won the election of George H. Clark for mayor of the city. He moved to San Francisco in 1902, with his brother, and they opened a law office. Albert died about a year later, and Hiram continued to practice alone. He was engaged in the ''graft prosecutions" for a time, but withdrew from the prose- cution to make Langdon's campaign for district attorney. "When HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 837 Heney was shot, however, he took up Heney's work, and was suc- cessful in convicting Abe Ruef. In 1910 Mr. Johnson was nominated as the progressive Repub- lican for governor, and won by a handsome plurality. In 1912 he was nominated at the convention of the Progressive party to run on the ticket for vice-president with Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated, winning, however, eleven of the thirteen electors for California. His aggressive nature is still prominent and through his influence a num- ber of radical reforms in state affairs have been inaugurated. MARTIN HALLORAN ' The honor of forty-tw^o years of continuous identification with the Southern Pacific yards at Sacramento belongs to Mr. Halloran, who entered the employ of the company July 9, 1869, and continued with intervening promotions until February 1, 1911, when he was placed upon the pension list of the organization he had served so long and so well. From a very humble, unimportant job at a switch he was promoted through various positions to be general yardmaster, and as such he served for thirty-three years, meanwhile making an ab- solutely clean record for efficiency, trustworthiness and successful yard supervision. Among railroad men he has enjoyed a wide ac- quaintance, particularly among the officials at the California terminals of the road. An expression of tlie esteem in which they held him appeared in a letter sent him by H. W. Sheridan, superintendent of the Sacrarnento division. Under date of February 3, 1911, the note assured him of the general recognition of his faithful service and the continued good-will of the company which had so long received the benefit of his industrious application. The life record of Mr. Halloran indicates what it is within the power of unaided efforts to accomplish, for he had no means and lit- tle education to assist him in securing a start in the world. The family was ham])ered by poverty and the early life of the young Irish lad was filled with hardships, not the least of these being a long sep- aration from his parents. In county Kerry, Ireland, against whose broken coast line dash the mighty waves of the^ Atlantic ocean, Mar- tin Halloran was born November 12, 1844, and there he passed the years of childhood. Early in 1851 his father and mother came to the United States, accompanied by three sons, these being the eldest of their six children. The three youngest sons were left with their grand- parents in Ireland, while the parents settled in Toledo, Ohio, and en- deavored to secure a livelihood for themselves and the children with them. At first thev encountered manv difficulties and suffered many 838 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY privations, but from poorly-paid day labor tlie father rose by suc- cessive steps until he was chosen city assessor of Toledo. At last it became possible to send for the youngest children and thus re-unite the family. Friends emigrating from Ireland brought the lads with them. Martin, the eldest of the three, was almost fifteen at the time. The father went from Toledo to New York City to meet the ship, but found the passengers had debarked and it was necessary to go to Fourth avenue and Forty-second street. Being a stranger, he had some difficulty in finding the place. While searching for the house he met a German who was in business in the neighbor- hood. An inquiry brought out the fact that the German had seen the boys, and when told by the father that they had been separated for almost nine years he followed, anxious to witness the meeting. After the lads had been found and the first joy of the reunion was over, the father started with them for Toledo, where all the neighbors gathered to join with the family in a celebration honoring* the event. Immediately after his arrival in Toledo a search for employment was made by Martin Halloran, and he secured work in a nursery. After a year he began in a railroad freight house at the age of sixteen. Later he was promoted to be a brakeman on the Wabash between Fort Wayne, Ind., and Toledo. From Ohio he went to Chicago and secured work as a brakeman on the Chicago & Alton railroad, being first on the run from Bloomington to Chicago, and later from Bloom- ington to Alton, 111. From the freight service he was promoted to a passenger route. At the time of the second inauguration of Presi- dent Lincoln he carried many delegates on his train and thus became familiar with the faces of many of the leading statesmen of that period. Returning to Toledo at the close of the war, he resumed work as a switchman on the old Cleveland & Toledo railroad. At the expiration of four and one-half years he resigned his position, went to New York City, took passage for the Isthmus June 1, 1869, crossed at Aspinwall, then sailed up the Pacific, and on the 25th of June landed at San Francisco. For a few days he worked in a harvest field. On the 2d of July he came to Sacramento and made applica- tion for a switchman's job. Through the influence of Mr. McCray he was given a position July 9, and had the distinction of being the third man to move cars in the Sacramento yards. There were then only three men employed, but at the time of his retirement one hun- dred and twenty flagmen and switchmen were given steady work. Investing some of his earnings in property, Mr. Halloran still owns six lots and houses in Sacramento, and he recently sold a ranch of two hundred and forty-three acres eight miles from this city. The land was sold at a considerable increase over the purchase price, and represented an excellent investment for him. With his wife and daughter. Miss Lizzie L., he resides at No. 1218 D street, where he HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 839 owns a comfortable home. Prior to lier marriage in 1872 Mrs. Hal- loran was Miss Mary O'Connor and lived in San Francisco. She had come to California via Panama, landing in San Francisco May 12, 1868. The family are devoted members of the Roman Catholic church and Mr. Halloran has been actively connected with the Knights of Columbus. In addition he is a charter member of the Foresters in Sacramento. Upon attaining his majority he adopted the prin- ciples of the Democratic party. While still adhering to that organ- ization in national elections, he does not follow party lines in local affairs, but votes for the men whom he considers best qualified to promote the welfare of the people and the upbuilding of the city. THOMAS BERTRAM HALL Those who are familiar with Captain Hall's association with the commercial advancement of Sacramento, those who had watched with keen interest his rapid rise from an humble position in an important wholesale house to the executive management of its entire field of enterprise, and those who recognized his keen, silent, unobtrusive but powerful contribution to civic prosperity, all united in bearing testi- mony to his ability, intelligence and patriotism. From the year 1869, the date of his permanent settlement in Sacramento, until his demise, which occurred in July, 1910, he was a contributor to movements for civic development, and by his high ideals of citizenship, acute powers of discrimination, recognized leadership and unceasing activity in the promulgation of progressive projects he won and retained the con- fidence of the people, particularly of that honored class of early set- tlers who were contemporaries of him and his colleagues in the sub- stantial and permanent upbuilding of the city. Born in Illinois January 4, 1853, Captain Hall entertained no recollections of the place of his birth, for he was only a few months old when his father, Richard Hall, brought the family to California and settled in Sacramento. Richard Hall was for some time em- ployed as a workman in the building of the Folsom & Placerville railroad, the first in the entire state. Receiving no pay for his long and difficult work, he became indignant and determined to return to Illinois. Accompanied by his family he went to San Francisco and boarded the steamer Yankee Blade, on which he sailed down the Pacific ocean. When off the coast from Santa Barbara the ship was wrecked and the entire family had a narrow escape from death. For- tunately, however, they were rescued and brought to shore, and they 840 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY then returned to Sacramento. Shortly afterward he bought a farm in Sacramento county, but in 1856 he removed to Solano county and took up a tract of raw farm land, giving his attention for years to the transformation of the property into a productive ranch. After having completed the studies in the schools at Silveyville, Solano county, and later having taken a course of study in Heald's Business college of San Francisco, Thomas Bertram Hall returned to Sacramento in 1869 to establish himself in business. He was then sixteen years of age and his first work was as porter in the wholesale grocery of Milliken Brothers. His rise was almost spectacular. Within seven years the original members of the firm had retired and he himself had become the principal man in the business. The firm of Hall, Luhrs & Co., which began its existence with Mr. Hall as president, and continued without change in name or ownership up to the time of his death, has held a rank for years as one of the most successful wholesale grocery establishments in the entire state. In 1885 Mr. Hall joined Company E of the California National Guard, and soon he was elected captain of Company G, serving as such for ten years, when he resigned in order that others might enjoy the honor which he had himself highly appreciated. It is indicative of his character that he declined the commission with such generous forethought. While he made it his practice to decline official positions. Captain Hall had served the state in an official capacity. Twice he was urged to become a candidate for mayor, one such occasion being in 1907, when Clinton L. White finally became the Republican nominee and won the race. At that time Captain Hall was a member of the city Republican central committee. He was credited with being the chief supporter of Benjamin F. Catlett for city trustee from the Sixth ward, after an exciting campaign against R. E. Callahan, then presi- dent of the city board. On various occasions Mr. Hall served as dele- gate to state and other conventions of the Republican party. Under Governor J. H. Budd he served as a member of the board of auditors to the state commissioner of public works, remaining on that board until Governor H. T. Gage superseded it with a new organization. Later Mr. Hall refused a similar position tenderd him by Governor Gillett, but later on accepted the position under Governor Pardee, on his earnest solicitation. For years he was a member of the Sacra- mento Chamber of Commerce. As a member of its citizens' com- mittee he assisted in securing the Western Pacific railroad shops for Sacramento. He acted as one of the freeholders and assisted in the framing of the city charter. Scores of movements for the general welfare, particularly the campaign to secure pure water for the city, received his capable assistance. From the inception of the Orange- vale Company he officiated as its president, drew the plans and .was HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 841 a prime mover in launching the gigantic work of subdivision, which is now transforming the Sacramento valley from a vast grain-field into many small farms. The opening of the Orangevale tract was a pioneer step in the important enterprise tending toward diversified farming, which rapidly is populating the heart of California. He was very active in the State Agricultural Society and was requested to accept a place as director, but he declined the honor, giving them, however, every assistance in his power. He owned a large farm at Marysville, devoted to dairying, and was a breeder of Holstein cattle. In Sacramento, March 25, 1876, occurred the marriage of Thomas Bertram Hall and Selina Agnes Govan, the latter born in Phila- delphia, Pa. They became the parents of three children. The oldest daughter, Edna Bernice, died at the age of five years. The son. Ward E. Hall, is cashier of Hall, Luhrs & Co. The youngest daugh- ter, Ethel Blanche, Mrs. Warren S. Reed, resides with her mother. Mr. Hall also is survived by two sisters, namely: Mrs. Edward Le- moine, of Melrose, and Mrs. Daniel Goe, of Hyampom, Trinity county. The family residence is an attractive place at No. 1031 street, ac- quired by Captain Hall during the early years of his successful busi- nees career and occupied by him and his wife thereafter. On July 2, 1910, he died suddenly from heart failure, when apparently he had been enjoying a very satisfactory^ convalescence after an oi)eration and a long illness. Interment was made in the city cemetery under the auspices of Washington Lodge, F. & A. M., and Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., in which he had officiated as eminent commander. He was also a member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. While his life had contained little of the spectacular, it was nevertheless noteworthy, and his death was a distinct loss to the citizenship of Sacramento. As a member of that patriotic, loyal band of men who in the early days began the building of the city with a view to solidarity, he is entitled to an honored place in local annals and to the grateful remembrance of the generations that shall enjoy the fruits of his labors. VINCENT CALLIGORI The brief histor}^ of this enterprising citizen of Sacramento is one that, could it be given in full, would well illustrate the value of close application to business if one would, without capital, achieve a noteworthy business success. Mr. Calligori was born at Jackson, Amador county, Cal., July 25, 1878, a son of Peter and Annie Calli- gori, and was sent to the public schools near home until he was 842 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY eigliteen years old. Laying aside tlie school books which had for years been his beloved dail}" companions, the youth now came to Sac- ramento to seek success and fortune among strangers. He found employment with the ('a])ital Paste Company and was soon advanced till he was acce})tably lilling the position of paste-maker. Thus em- ployed until 1901, he then became half owner of the business, and has been since then the general manager. This rise in the business world was achieved only with hard and persistent labor and a careful and tireless study of the enterprise and all the conditions under which it was being pushed further and still further to the front with each passing year. At this time it takes rank with the leading factories of its kind on the coast, manufacturing for the trade more than twenty kinds of macaroni and paste products, which are in increasing de- mand among discriminating consumers. Mr. Calligori is also a partner in and manager of the Capital Feed Company, dealers in hay, grain, flour and mill feed, doing a wholesale and retail business. A Republican, faithful to the traditions and aims of his party, Mr. Calligori is deeply interested in Sacramento and its general prosperity and progress, and as opportunity offers he invariably aids to the extent of his ability such measures as promise to result in good to his fellow citizens. He is a member of Excelsior Parlor No. 31, N. S. Gr. W., proud of the California nativity that made him eligible to membership and helpful to all of the interests of the order. THOMAS JOHN COY^LE The records of Coyle genealogy indicate the identification of the family with Ireland back to a period where authentic history becomes merged into tradition. When the new world began to attract many of their race to its unknown possibilities they followed the tide of emigration across the ocean and one branch became established near the rock-bound shores of New Brunswick. In that province, near the city of St. John's, Thomas John Coyle was born in 1856, and from there he came to California at the age of nine years, accompamang his parents, an industrious and honorable Irish couple, who long since have passed away. Owing to the scarcity of schools in that period and the poverty of the family it was not possible for him to enjoy the abundant educational advantages given to the young people of the present century, but in spite of his deprivations in that respect he became the possessor of broad information acquired through reading and observation. In the great school of experience he proved an apt HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 843 pupil, and as a result he gained a breadth of knowledge not always acquired through collegiate instruction. His early years gave him much of adventure and privation. The laborious tasks incident to a freighting business earned him a livelihood for some years and he also drove a stage through mining districts not then reached by any railroad. As the years passed he witnessed the slow but steady de- velopment of the state; he saw the first railroads built through some of the mining regions, and he witnessed the upbuilding of large cities and the transformation of broad prairies into profitable ranches. Upon eventually retiring from business cares he came to Sacra- mento, purchased property, established his home and here, in 1905, five years later, occurred his death. In his passing from earth he left many hearts to mourn him and to reflect with pleasure upon his upright character. His benevolent disposition and kind heart are remembered by those to whom by example he indicated an existence of loyal citizenship. In 1886 Mr. Coyle married Elizabeth Krenkel, a native of Sonora, Cal. Her father, Bernard F. Krenkel, was born in Germany, and died in California, where her mother now lives, the latter being- rugged notwithstanding her eighty-nine busy and active years. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Coyle comprised eleven children, and eight of these are still living, namely: Thomas J., Jr., Nellie E., Francis J., Morris E., Joseph C, Charles G., Albert B. and Dorothea R., all of whom have the honor of claiming California as their native com- monwealth. Since the death of Mr. Coyle the family have continued to reside in Sacramento. Having spent her entire life in the state, Mrs. Coyle is familiar with its history and peculiarly solicitous con- cerning its advancement, for she possesses the true and loyal spirit noticeable in every native daughter, and she has reared her family to share her enthusiastic faith in the commonwealth. ALFRED DALTON, Jr. The varying experiences that enter into every well-rounded career have fallen to the lot of Mr. Dalton since the time when, an energetic lad of thirteen, he departed from the shelter of the home- roof and took up for himself the struggle necessary to the earning of a livelihood. The loss of educational advantages and the lack of parental encouragement were partially recompensed by the increased self-reliance resultant from the personal encounter with the world of 844 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY affairs. His privilege it has been to travel extensively through the west, to see mnch of this portion of the world and thus to gain the information that makes of him a broad-minded citizen ever striving to promote the welfare of his native commonwealth. The village of Benicia in Solano county is Mr. Dalton's native place, and October 21, 1858, the date of his birth. His father, Alfred Dalton, Sr., is a pioneer of 1850 in California and a very early settler of Benicia, where for over forty years he has officiated as a member of the school board and was largely instrumental in the building of the high school. When only thirteen years of age Alfred, Jr., began to learn the printer's trade in the composing room of the Benicia Tribune under the then proprietors, Messrs. Linthicum and Hopkins. When the paper was moved to Dixon, Solano county, he went there also, but a year later left and removed to San Francisco, where he found work in the job office of B. F. Sterritt & Co., the oldest job office in the city. Later he finished the printer's trade in the employ of the Chronicle at San Francisco. During the excitement at the Caribou mines in British Columbia about 1878 Mr. Dalton went to that country and spent some time pros- pecting and mining, but did not meet with any good fortune. Upon his return to Benicia he secured employment with the New Era. Two years later he bought out the paper and for twelve years he con- tinued to publish a weekly sheet at that place. Afterward he re- moved to Martinez, Contra Costa county, where he purchased and for five 3'ears published the News. About that time the country began to be excited by reports from the Klondike gold fields and he became- anxious to try his luck in Alaska, so he sold out his interests and left California. While on the steamer en route to the north some of the passengers fell ill with the smallpox and all on the ship were quar- antined for two weeks. Eventually they were put ashore at Egg- island, a barren rise of land off the coast of Alaska. After hard- ships innumerable Mr. Dalton reached Nome, but owing to the law- less conditions which prevailed he made little headway financially during the year of his sojourn at Nome. On his return to California he remained for a short time at Benicia, after which he entered the state printing office at Sacramento. The study of law, which he had taken up while still in the newspaper business, took his attention for some years, and August 28, 1905, he was admitted to practice at the bar of the state. Since his admission to practice he has been un- usually successful. As a speaker he is fluent, logical and forceful. The marriage of Mr. Dalton united him with Miss Hannah New- mark, of Benicia, who is an earnest member of the Episcopal church and past matron of Silver Gate Chapter, 0. E. S. She is a daughter of Dr. Valentine Newmark, deceased. Mr. Dalton is a member of HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 845 Benicia Lodge No. 5, F. & A. M., also Benicia Chapter, E. A. M. He is one of the older members of the Native Sons, being past presi- dent of Benicia and Martinez parlors, and at present a member of Sutter Fort parlor. He is also past chancellor of Benicia Lodge No. 99, K. P. No. 1 Veterans' Knights of Pythias, of Sacramento, the only lodge of its kind in the entire world, nmnbers him among its members. Through his efforts as promoter and first president a company was organized, known as the Sacramento Labor Temple Association, which bought property on the corner of Eighth and I streets and erected a substantial structure of five stories for the ex- clusive use of all labor unions and kindred organizations. As at- torney for the company he managed every legal phase of the work, and in addition he attended to the financing of the enterprise, which in itself was no small undertaking. For some years he has served as secretary of the organization, and this, together with his work as attorney, makes him still a leading factor in the management of the company's holdings. Mr. Dalton is the father of three children: Valentine, a struc- tural steel architect in the employ of the J. G. White Construction Company; Hazel Florence, stenographer for C. K. McClatchy, and Alfred Percival, an automobile machinist. JAMES STEACHAN A descendant of sturdy, thrifty and canny Scotch parents, James Strachan was born in Glasgow, and was brought by his parents to the United States in 1884, when about twelve years of age. His education was begun in his native land and was continued in the pub- he schools of Chicago, 111., in which city the family located. Young Strachan learned his trade of upholsterer in the Pullman shops at Pullman, 111., and then traveled in various states until 1895, when his parents and their children came to California and made a new home in Sacramento. There he found work at his trade in the Southern Pacific shops and labored profitably ten years, saving money with a view to going into business for himself whenever a good opportunity should offer. Plis ambition was realized in 1906, when he opened up a business of his own at Eleventh and J streets, and there he i)ros- pered for two years, when his place was burned out, and he re- opened at No. 1301 J street. Here he has ever since carried on a suc- cessful business in furniture and upholstery. 846 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY On November 16, 1898, Mr. Strachan's fortunes for life were united with those of Miss Celia Ryan, sister of the late Frank D. Ryan, a well-known Californian, once a candidate for election to represent his district in our national congress and long in the public service as clerk of the California senate and legislature, and daughter of John C. Ryan, long prominent as a contractor and for many years city trustee. The elder Ryan, of Irish extraction, came to California in 1849 among the pioneers, and almost at once gained recognition as a leader in business and in politics. Mr. and Mrs. Strachan have three children, John R., born in Augiist, 1899, and Hugh and "Winni- fred, twins, born in March, 1907. Mr. Strachan is a Republican in his political views. Socially he affiliates with the Woodmen of the World and the Caledonians. C. ALLISON TELFER The era during which accurate genealogical records were lost in the midst of traditional lore found the Telfer family tilling the soil of Scotland, where their broad tracts in the highlands and their large flocks of sheep gave indication of their prominence. When religious persecutions arose their devotion to their creed as well as their high standing in the country endangered their lives. For that reason they crossed over to Ireland, took up land and started anew amid the less encouraging conditions presented by the Emerald Isle. Hoping to better their condition in the new world, representatives of a later generation crossed the ocean to America and settled on the bleak hills of Nova Scotia, where a scanty livelihood was secured by the tilling of the soil. Of Nova Scotian birth, C. Allison Telfer became familiar with agricultural conditions in that country through the difficult experi- ences of boyhood labor. The rugged coast, the stern climate and the barren hills, although not without a wild beauty of their own, ren- dered the task of earning a livelihood so devoid of pleasure that he determined to seek another location. With that object in view he moved to Massachusetts and settled in the vicinity of Boston, where, finding agricultural efforts little less toilsome than in his native peninsula, he turned his attention to the lumber business. In the search for more satisfactory climatic conditions he came to Califor- nia in 1889 and during October of that year arrived at Fresno, where he secured a position with the Fresno National bank. Two years later, in recognition of his ability, he was promoted to the office of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 847 cashier, and for eleven years he continued in the same position, filling it with such tact, sagacity and intelligence that universal regret was expressed among depositors when ill-health forced him to resign in 1902. The physical need for outdoor exercise led him into the ir- rigation business and for some time he took charge of the systems near Fresno, after which for four years he engaged in the raisin business in that valley. The resi3onsibilities connected with the management and secre- taryship of the California State Agricultural Society, to which posi- tion he had been elected, led Mr. Telfer to remove to Sacramento in April of 1911, and since then he has managed the society headquarters in the capital city, from which point he works through the entire state in the interests of agricultural progress. He is a firm believer in California as an agricultural center, finding the soil and climate much better adapted to such work than the soil and climate with which he became familiar in early life. While living in the east he was united in marriage in 1884 with Miss Evoline Bennett, a native of Beverly, Mass., and a descendant of one of the prominent old families of Revolutionary fame. They are the parents of two chil- dren, namely: Abbie, who was born July 2, 1888, and Gerard, whose birth occurred at Fresno October 5, 1894. The family have a high social standing in Sacramento and likewise number many friends among the people of Fresno, their former place of residence. The Republican party has received the support of Mr. Telfer ever since he became a voting citizen and his support has been given to move- ments for the progress of the party. In fraternal relations he is connected with the Woodmen of America and the Benevolent Pro- tective Order of Elks. JOHN LAWTON Very few of the old settlers still living in Sacramento county can claim an identification therewith covering a longer period than marks the useful citizenship of John Lawton, one of the honored pioneers of Folsom and still a resident of the locality which he saw in 1851 for the first time. Many have been the changes witnessed during his long association with the west. He has seen the then young state develop into one of the greatest commonwealths of which the Union may boast. He has seen towns spring up with incredible rapidity and ranches bring of their increase for the support of the people 848 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY and the prosperity of the country. The wilderness he has seen to bloom as a rose and the desert made fertile by the modern develop- ments of irrigation. Nor has he only seen this, but, more important still, he has borne his quota in all the task of advancement and with other public-spirited pioneers he may say "All of which I saw and part of which I was." The early memories of John Lawton cluster around scenes far different from those of his later years. Born in Dover, Me., Decem- ber 9, 1827, he was familiar from infancy with the woods and lakes of Piscataquis county and often wandered along the stream of that name, finding in forest and river many a lesson of great import never learned in the public schools. He was thus a learner both in school from printed text-books and out-of-doors from that great teacher. Nature, whose lessons may be early learned and always appreciated. As a teacher for one term he found an early use for his wide fund of information, while as a farmer he became familiar with the agri- cultural conditions of Maine, the right care of the soil, the most profitable crops and the general mode of correct cultivation of lands. However, he was not satisfied to remain in that state, and during young manhood joined the throng of emigrants to the west, coming via New York City and Panama and then on the steamer Gold Hunter, landing in San Francisco in June, 1851. Thence he came to the vicinity of Folsom, where he engaged in mining for six years with fair suc- cess. The village of Ashland on the north side of the American river, opposite the present town of Folsom, was the scene of an important business enterprise on the part of Mr. Lawton, who in 1859 opened a grocery at that point. For a long period he carried on general merchandising, and it was not until 1900 that he eventually retired from such activities. The old store building is still standing intact. Since he gave up his business he has devoted his time to the care of his properties, he and his wife now owning more than seven hun- dred acres in Sacramento and Placer counties, some of which is well improved, while a part is yet in the raw state of nature. When he married in San Francisco, May 16, 1868, it is worthy of note that he and his bride, who was Mary A. Kittredge, began housekeeping at the same location where they now reside. Mrs. Lawton was a native of Waterville, Me., and had engaged in teaching for a time prior to her marriage, while since coming to Sacramento county she has been an active force for good, a contributor to local movements and especially warm in her allegiance to educational progress. In politics Mr. Lawton always has been a loyal Republican, prog- ressive in his tendencies, optimistic in his faith in the future of our country and well informed regarding public affairs, yet never willing HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 849 to hold office or to accept political responsibilities. For years lie has been prominent in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, belonging to Folsoni Lodge No. 62, in which he has served throngh the chairs and is past grand, besides having represented the lodge in the office of district deputy and in the encampment, where he is past chief patriarch. His long and nseful life has been given to the upbuilding of his town and county and he and his wife have a wide circle of friends, not only among the old settlers, but among those of the younger generation who appreciate the extent of our indebtedness to the pioneers for the present general well-being and the growing prosperity. EDWARD S. JONES Western men who have spent years in the acquisition of expert knowledge concerning heating and lighting plants have stated, with a unanimity of opinion that bears valuable testimony as to its ac- curacy, that few men possess a more thorough knowledge of the building and operation of gas plants than does Edward S. Jones, now the superintendent of the gas works at Sacramento. Although still a young man, scarcely yet in the prime of manhood's usefulness, he has already risen to prominence in his chosen occupation, and he has enjoyed a long experience that enhances the value of his services to any company. In point of years of identification with Sacramento he is practically a newcomer, but in point of work ac- complished for the benefit of the city, few of the older residents of the place can equal his record. His has been a service of practical helpfulness in one of the most important departments of public utilities. Mr. Jones belongs to an old eastern family and was born in Bos- ton, Mass., in April, 1886, but at the age of four years he was brought to California by his parents, E. C. and Mary (Stratton) Jones, who settled in San Francisco. As a boy he was characterized by re- tentiveness of memory and mental acumen. His studies were learned with ease, and he advanced so rapidly in school that during the spring of 1900 he was graduated with a high standing. Immediately afterward he entered the California School of Mechanical Arts at San Francisco, where he studied with enthusiasm and unceasing devotion until, at the completion of the regular course, in 1905, he received a diploma from the institution. Immediately afterward he became a surveyor in the construction department of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, and besides filling that position he also acted 850 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY as timekeeper. During 1906 the company transferred liim to their branch at Martin's Station, San Francisco, where he served with re- markable efficiency as assistant superintendent. From 1907 until 1910 he served as foreman of the street mains of San Francisco, but during July of the latter year he was promoted and transferred to his present place at Sacramento. In September following his trans- fer to Sacramento he was married in Los Angeles to Miss Allene Brooks of that city. While not displaying any partisanship in politi- cal matters, he has decided preferences along these lines, and is in hearty sympathy with Rei)ul)lican i^rinciples. Fraternally he holds membership with the Improved Order of Red Men. JULIUS S. JACOBS So much of his life has been passed within sight of some of the western mountains and within sound of the busy hum of western in- dustry that Mr. Jacobs feels himself to be a ty]iical Californian in everything except the accident of birth. The vast resources of our commonwealth have awakened his admiration. The business possi- bilities he believes to be unsurpassed by those of any section of the United States. The climate offers further inducements to residential permanency. All in all, the country possesses exceptional charm, and he has not been dilatory in recognizing its attractions. Since he was brought to the coast during his early childhood he has resided in Y^olo and Sacramento counties, has received their educational ad- vantages, enjoyed the friendship of many of their most worthy citi- zens and has become an im]H)rtant factor in commercial affairs in the village of Folsom, where he has his home. A number of successive generations of the Jacobs family lived in New Y^ork City. Samuel Jacobs, who was born in the eastern metropolis, received his education there and entered into its business circles. Through diligent application and energetic mastery of busi- ness details he rose in the commercial world until he was widely known and res]ieeted as the head of an extensive wholesale house. The failure of his health caused him to retire from the many activ- ities that had engaged his attention. Accompanied by his wife and son, Julius S., he came to California in 1884, in the ho])e of being physically benefited by the change. However, the hope was not des- tined to be fulfilled, and in that year, 1884, his death left the family alone on the western coast. Friends had given them of help and sym])athy in their bereavement, and they had become attached to their surroundings. No return was made to the east, and Mrs. Jacobs HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 851 still resides in Sacramento. She was a native of New York, and bore the maiden name of Anna Gratz. From New York City, where he was born April 2, 1882,. Julius S. Jacobs was brought to California at the age of two years. His early recollections are of Yolo county, where he attended the Wood- land grammar and high school. At the age of seventeen years he completed the course of high school study and took up the task of earning a livelihood. Various occupations have since then engaged his attention. For seven years he held an important position as clerk to one of the justices of the supreme court. Of recent years he has acted as manager of the grocery business owned by Senator Philip C. Cohn, of Folsom. In this responsible post he has proved efficient and trustworthy, resourceful and energetic. Among the business men of Folsom his standing is high, and his credit is excellent in the banking institutions of the country. Wherever he is known, there he is also honored and esteemed. By his marriage, December 27, 1906, to Miss Dora Fannie Cohn (who is the daughter of Senator P. C. Cohn, she being a native of Sacramento county), he has two daugh- ters, Alice and Dorothy. Politically he votes with the Republican partv. In fraternal connections he holds membership with Sacra- mento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., Washington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., in Sacramento, the Knights of Pythias and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows at Folsom and the Eagles at Sacramento. Among the members of all of these organizations, as among the peo- ple in business circles, he has an established reputation for trust- worthiness and honesty as well as for the kindred business qualifica- tions that ensure commercial progress. FRANK J. RUHSTALLER The present manager of the Sacramento Brewing Company rep- resents an old and honored family of Switzerland. The ancestral home was in the beautiful valley lying lietween the lake of Luzerne and Zurich lake, and the thriving city of Einseideln remained the headquarters of several successive generations of the family. In that town lived and labored Frank and Josepha (Ochsner) Ruhstaller, the former a hat-maker during early manhood, but later an indus- trious follower of the occupation of dairying, which was a leading industry in the locality. Among their children was a son who bore his father's name and whose birth occurred at Einseideln November 8, 1847. After he had completed the studies of the conunon schools 852 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY he served an apprenticeship to the brewer's trade in Canton Berne. During July of 1862 he boarded a steamer at Havre, and at the close of an uneventful voyage landed in New York, whence he proceeded to Louisville, Ky., where he worked in the Falls City brewery. In a short time he crossed the Ohio river to New Albany, Ind., where he was made foreman in the Reising brewery before he was eighteen years of age. Resignation from that position in Indiana was followed by a short period of employment at Louisville, from which city, in 1865, Mr. Ruhstaller came to California via New York and Panama. About the 24th of August he landed at San Francisco, came thence to Sac- ramento and began to work in the City brewery; six weeks later he was made foreman. After a year as foreman he entered the employ of the Pacific brewery. Later he bought an interest in the Sutterville brewery, where he carried on a partnership with Joseph Bechler for seven months until the high water forced all work to cease. Returning to the Pacific brewery, he resumed his connection with George Ochs until the latter sold to Louis Knauer, and he then worked for the new owner two years. For one-half year he operated the St. Louis brewery with Fritz Futterer and Henry Alt- peter. Next he drove a wagon for the Pacific brewery for two years, after which he was made foreman. Learning in 1873 of the illness of his father, Mr. Ruhstaller went back to the old Swiss home, but found that his aged parents had passed away during his own homeward journey. August of 1873 found him starting back to California. Soon after his arrival in Sacramento he opened a place of business opposite the Metropolitan theater, and there he continued until he bought the City brewery in November, 1881. This brewery had been established about 1859 by Mr. Hilbert and AVilliam Borchers. When Ililbert died, in March of 1865, his interest was bought by Charles Schwartz, and he in turn retired from the firm in about 1887. When Mr. Ruhstaller secured control the plant was operated by horse-power and had a capacity of fifteen barrels a day, but he increased the daily capacity to sixty- five barrels and at the same time maintained the reputation previously acquired for fine quality of the product. In 1867 Mr. Ruhstaller became a member of the Sacramento Hussars and from 1878 to 1882 he held a connnission as ca])tain. At the April shoot of 1889 in the Foresters' Gun Club he won the gold medal. Elected an honorary member of the Sacramento Rifle Club, he gave to the club the cannon presented by General Sutter to the Swiss Rifle Club. While a salute was being fired with the cannon a serious accident occurred, A. Klebe's arm being blown off. The cannon was thereupon buried and $1800 collected for the victim of the unfortunate accident. A prized souvenir in the possession of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 853 Captain Ruhstaller was the flag presented, with an address by Governor Bigler, in 1854, to the Swiss Rifle Club by the members of the Schntzen Club of Canton Zurich, Switzerland. The marriage of this pioneer of Sacramento occurred in this city on Christmas Day of 1870 and united him with Miss Charlotte Oeste, who was born in Germany, but crossed the ocean at an early age and grew to womanhood in Milwaukee. Of their children Otto, Wilhelmina and Charlotte died in childhood and six attained ma- turity, Anna, Frank J., Minnie, David, August, and Charlotte. Dur- ing 1868 Captain Ruhstaller became a member of Schiller Lodge, No. 105, I. 0. 0. F.; later he identified himself with Tehama Lodge, F. & A. M., the Sacramento Turn-Verein, Sons of Herman and the Verein- Eintracht. His eldest son, Frank J., was born in Sacramento, No- vember 5, 1872, and attended the city schools from the age of six until fifteen, after which he served an apprenticeship to the brewing business with his father. For seven months in the year 1891 he engaged as brewer with the Fredericksburg brewery of San Jose, after which he resumed work in Sacramento, During 1893 he at- tended the Chicago Brewing Institute and at the expiration of six months was graduated, whereupon he returned to Sacramento and became brewer in his father's plant. Since 1906 he has been manager of the Sacramento Brewing Company. By men competent to judge he is considered one of the most experienced and capable representatives of his trade in the city. When at leisure from the many duties connected with his responsible position he finds enjoy- ment in the society of his friends and in the companionship of his wife, who prior to their marriage, on November 22, 1899, was Miss Alice M. Root; he finds further pleasure as well as means of help- fulness through his identification with various leading fraternities and social organizations of the city, among them the Masons, Elks, Turn-Verein and the Sutter Club. HON. JOSEPH STEFFENS To some extent a review of the life of Mr. Steffens presents a commercial history of Sacramento during the past forty or more years. In that long era of steadfast development no movement of civic importance lacked the appreciative support of his keen mind. No progressive project, trembling in the balance of civic doubt and indecision, failed to secure the co-operation of his resolute and dauntless spirit. Even his own weighty business enterprises with their long train of attendant responsibilities were not allowed to 854 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY narrow his influence with their cumulative cares or to lessen the loyalty of his citizenshi}). Even when he withdrew from connner- cial enterprises, he did not relinquish his participation in local pro- gress. Always in an unostentatious and unobtrusive but positive manner he was a contributor to the advancement of city, county and commonwealth. Native sons of Sacramento wdio have reached middle age as citizens of this connnunity cannot recall a time when his name was not familiar to them or when it did not stand for uprightness of character and sincerity of citizenship. Although a resident of the United States from the period of his earliest recollections, Mr. Steffens was of Canadian birth and parentage and was born in York, province of Ontario, January 15, 1837, being a son of Joseph and Mary A. (Graham) Steffens. As early as 1840 the family removed from Canada to Illinois and settled among the frontier farmers in Carroll county, where they labored diligently to transfo^rm a tract of government land into a productive and profitable farm. Into this difficult task every member of the family was called, hence the young lad became familiar with hard work in early life. However, not being naturally robust in health or rugged in constitution, it became evident that he would not be able to engage actively in agriculture. This seemed a mis- fortune, for in that jjeriod of our country's history farming was the principal occupation and was also considered the most profitable. As in many careers what seems a handicap proves a blessing in disgiiise, so it was with him ; the inability to stand the physical strain incident to farming caused him to turn his attention to busi- ness and thus his life work allied him with enterprises suited to his tastes, talent and temperament. After having com]ileted the regular course of study in the Rock River Seminary and the Inisiness course of Bell's Commercial College in Chicago, for several terms Mr. Stetfens taught school. From 1859 until 1862 he clerked with G. M. Clayton & Brother, of Freeport, 111., and in that ]>osition he gained a thorough knowledge of paints and oils. Meanwhile having heard much concerning the climate and opportunities of California, he resigned his position and during the spring of 1862 started across the plains with Levi Carter, of Stockton. On the 9tli of September he arrived in San Francisco. There he became bookkeeper with Fuller & Heather, dealers in paints and oils. Soon demonstrating the value of his services, his original salary of $50 per month was increased from time to time. Upon the consolidation of the firm with Cameron, Whittier & Co., under the title of Whittier, Fuller & Co., he remained with the new con- cern, which eventually became the leading firm in its line in the west. The stores owned by Fuller & Heather in San Francisco and Sacra- mento were acquired by tlieir successors and the headquarters of HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 855 the new firm were established at the corner of Fourth and Pine streets, San Francisco, where the young clerk remained for one year. Eecognition of his remarkable business ability and thorough knowledge of paints and oils caused the officials of the company to appoint Mr. Stelfens manager of the Sacramento house in 1869 and to admit him in 1874 as a member of the firm, after which he was placed in control of the financial affairs of the concern in this part of the state. It was largely through his intelligent and intense devo- tion to the business that the house gained a position second to none in its specialty, and he continued his intimate identification with the developing enterprises until long after the necessity for strenuous labor had ceased. Meantime he had attained prominence in the citizenship of Sacramento. In December of 1882, he was elected president of the Sacramento Board of Trade and in that office he had charge of the publication of the annual reviews. These he com- piled and edited, thus giving permanent form to statistics of great value. When the board was merged into the Chamber of Commerce he continued to serve as president and his resignation in 1904 ended a long and honorable service as the head of a most important organization. As a member of the Sacramento Improvement Associa- tion and as a director of the California Museum Association he was closely connected with two important enterprises of great value to the community. For a number of years he acted as a member of the board of directors of the state hospital at Stockton and his resignation deprived the directorate of one of its most helpful mem- bers. After he had resigned all other positions, he still consented, however, to serve as a director of the California State Bank of Sacramento and made that institution his business headquarters. With the exception of casting a Eepublican ballot at all elec- tions Mr. Steffens was strenuously opposed to any participation in politics. The uncertainties and vexations of partisan affairs re- pelled him, presenting as they did an unattractive contrast to com- mercial enterprises. Although he kept posted concerning national problems, he declined any offers of nominations for himself with steadfast persistence and the only time when his fellow-citizens ]jre- vailed upon him to become a candidate was in 1884, when he per- mitted the party leaders to nominate him for mayor on the Eepubli- can ticket. Although not a politician he possessed gifts as a public speaker and writer, but preferred to devote these addresses and writings to other matters than politics. When the last spike was driven at Ash- land, Ore., he delivered the address of the occasion, as he did also at Placerville on the completion of the Southern Pacific Eailway. At the Margaret E. Crocker flower festival he was also the principal orator. His series of letters to the Record-Union during his journey of twelve thousand miles through the United States attracted wide attention and 856 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY many of the predictions as to the future of the country which he then made have become a reality, indicating the accuracy of his forecasts. The marriage of Mr. Steffens and Miss E. Louisa Symes, of Hobo- ken, N. J., was solemnized in San Francisco January 15, 1865. Their only son, Lincoln Steffens, is one of the most prominent writers in the entire country and through his articles on municipal corruption and state governments, his name has become a household word. The three daughters are : Louise, the wife of A. H. Suggett, of San Francisco ; Lottie, the wife of J. J. Hollister, of Santa Barbara county ; and Laura, who is an assistant in the State Library. Mr. Steffens' demise occurred January 31, 1912, his wife having passed away August 15, 1910. Thus Sacramento was bereft of another of her useful citizens and upbuilders. FRANKLIN H. SARGENT The possibilities connected with the development of a tract of fruit land brought Mr. Sargent to Fair Oaks during the year 1901. It was not, however, until some years later that he was able to establish a permanent home on the land he had then purchased. Meanwhile the trees on the tract were being cared for carefully and scientifically, the land was kept under cultivation and every facility afforded for the satisfactory growth of the fruit until the bud had developed into the ripened product ready for the market or the table. On the tract that he purchased in 1901 a house had been partly constructed and some trees had been planted. With personal energy he finished the work of tree-planting and house-building and started the improvements that now make the place one of the most valuable in the district. Franklin H. Sargent was born April 10, 1851, at Searsport, Me., where he was educated in the public schools, and he then worked his way through the Castine (Me.) Normal school and Scofield's Com- mercial College in Providence, R. I., where he was graduated. Having followed the trades of brick and stone mason and plasterer in his east- ern home, Mr. Sargent resumed employment at these occupations upon coming West, as, until his tract came into bearing, he could not secure a livelihood from its cultivation. San Francisco offered a fine field for his trades and accordingly he went to that city, secured work first as a mason and plasterer, but later as a contractor and builder. For seven years he continued in San Francisco and Berkeley, and meanwhile he established an enviable reputation for skilled workmanship. During the entire period of his residence in the western metropolis he had kept in touch with his Fair Oaks tract and had seen that the trees received HISTORY OF SACKAMENTO COUNTY 857 due attention as needed. Finally, in 1909 returning to Sacramento county, he took up work at Ms trade here and at the same time per- sonally cultivated the little farm. Of the ten acres, five are in peach trees of the Philips cling variety, which bore a valuable and large crop for the season of 1911; the balance is in oranges, olives and almonds. Gratifying as has been the work of the past, the promise for the future is greater, and the owner has every rer.son to feel proud of his attrac- tive home place. The residence which Mr. Sargent has improved and enlarged forms a valuable accession to the fine country homes of the county. Provided with an abundant supply of hot and cold water, equipped with excellent lavatory accommodations, and lighted by electricity, its improvements are thoroughly up-to-date and its conveniences are conducive to the comfort of the occupants. Mrs. Sargent, who became the wife of this progressive horticulturist at Fair Oaks in 1902, is a woman of culture and refinement, a native of Jamestown, N. Y., where she was the re- cipient of collegiate advantages. By his former marriage, Mr. Sargent has a son, H. P., who resides at Fair Oaks and is serving as deputy county clerk of Sacramento county ; by his marriage to Adella B. Buck- ley, a native of Fair Oaks, he has one son, Franklin Buckley Sargent, who is a prime favorite with the paternal grandfather. In politics Mr. Sargent has voted the Eepublican ticket ever since he became a voter and, while always refusing official honors, he has not failed to support friends who are candidates, giving freely of his time and influence to promote their cause. While still a resident of Maine he was initiated into the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and served through the chairs of the local lodge, in which he rose to be past grand. In addition he was connected with the Encampment and served in its offices including that of chief patriarch. The Knights of Pythias also had the benefit of his intelligent identification for many years and the local lodge chose him to serve in various important capacities, including that of Chancellor Commander. JOSEPH F. AZEVEDO It is an established fact that the man of courage and tenacity of purpose, who governs his actions by conservative judgment, uner- ringly i^rogresses toward success, no matter what his start in life. In Mr. Azevedo, who is now identified with the Sacramento Valley Bank and Trust Company, is found a type of citizen who early realizes the value of a definite aim, as well as true and honorable principles, and who forges ahead regardless of discouragements or divers opin- ions as to his wisdom in carrying out his plans. 858 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Althongli a native of Terceira, one of the Azore Islands, his birth having occurred therein March 6, 1886, Mr. Azevedo has spent his life in the United States from the time he was about two years old. His parents, Manuel J. and Maria (Pexioto) Azevedo, were also na- tives of the Azores. Manuel J. Azevedo came to California in 1854 and engaged in mining, later following vegetable farming and freight- ing his produce to Virginia City. He returned to his old home to retire from active life, but the charms of California liad won him and he came back to Sacramento county in 1887. Ranching at Free- port for a time he then became interested in the Eagle Winery at 1517 Eighteenth street, Sacramento, successfully conducting a large business until his death in 1909. Joseph F. Azevedo supplemented his public school education by a course in St. Mary's College, Oakland, and upon his graduation in 1905 secured a situation as messenger in the service of the Fort Sutter bank. By virtue of his innate truthfulness and courtesy, he soon established himself in the eyes of his employers as a lad worthy of the highest confidence, and accordingly received promotion from time to time, having reached the position of cashier ere he relinquished his duties May 15, 1911, to assume his present position of assistant cashier of the Sacramento Valley Bank and Trust Co., which he has conducted with characteristic skill and devotion to detail. On August 28, 1909, Mr. Azevedo married Miss Ida Nuttall, whose father, Levi Nuttall, for many years was associated with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, serving in the repair depart- ment of the shops at Sacramento. Mr. Azevedo is an active member of Sacramento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., as well as the local Council, Knights of Columbus, and as a young man of energetic, congenial personality and broad, in- tensive measures is regarded as one of Sacramento's most progres- sive citizens. THOMAS VEAL BICKLE The early memories of Thomas V. Bickle cluster around scenes in Cornwall, England, his native country and the home of ances- tors for generations uncounted. The qualities that have given force and virility to the Anglo-Saxon race appear in his own char- acter and have brought him a gratifying degree of material success as well as a reputation for remarkable skill as a pharmacist. It was his good fortune to enjoy excellent advantages in his home land and in addition to having a thorough classical training he also had HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 859 exceptional opi)ortiinities as a student in tlie Westminster College of Pharmacy, in London, from which he was graduated with the class of 1895, with the degree of M. P. S. Although the family did not occupy a position of wealth they possessed high social stand- ing and consideral)lo means, so that he had opportunities for travel and culture not open to all. His father, Thomas Bickle, Sr., was an Englishman of high standing in Masonry and a leading member of the order in the country. For some time he occupied the posi- tion of instructor to the present King of England, then stationed as midshipman on the boat, Britannia, at Dartmouth. After having been engaged as a pharmacist in England for a number of years in 1905 Thomas Bickle came to the United States and later traveled considerably throughout the continent on a tour of inspection. During this period of travel he remained in Colorado for three months. The year 1906 found him a newcomer in Sacra- mento, where his excellent credentials secured for him a business position on the very day of his arrival. The firm that was his first employer retained his services for two years, after which in 1908 he associated himself with P. F. McMorry. The death of the latter in October of the same year caused the establishment to be put on sale by the estate and he immediately purchased the same, since which time he has conducted the pharmacy on the same prin- ciples of integrity, skill and accuracy that gave to the store its early enviable reputation. The store is located at No. 529 K street and numbers among its regular patrons a large proportion of the leading residents of the city. About a year before leaving England the marriage of Mr. Bickle was solemnized in Devonshire and united him with Miss Minnie Rowe, a native of England and the daughter of a leading- farmer of Devon. Since becoming a resident of the west Mr. Bickle has entered into the activities of the Foresters of America, while prior to his departure from England he long had been influential in the Masonic Order. It was his happy fortune to be identified with the United Grand Lodge -of England during the period when the late King Edward of England, then Prince of Wales, held office as grand master. Besides this fortunate early experience in Masonry Mr. Bickle has maintained a later interest in the order and gives his influence toward the philanthropies that characterize its history. In addition he has been interested in and identified with the Sons of St. George. 48 860 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ROBERT N. BRAMHALL, M. D. The district of Fair Oaks lias in Dr. Braniliali an honored mem- ber of the medical profession and a successful practitioner of the science, who since coming to this locality as a permanent resident in 11)0:2 has identilied himself closely with all the activities of the community, has contributed to the development of the fruit industry and has promoted enterprises for the material, educational and professional advancement of Sacramento county. His residence, with its beautiful setting of lawn and trees and its attractive loca- tion on a slight eminence, is regarded as one of the most substantial and convenient in the entire district. Thoroughly modern in all of its appointments, it is utilized not only for a home but also for an office. Surrounding the neat two-story residence are two and one-half acres almost wholly studded with native oaks. Dr. Bramhall was born in Abingdon, Va., March 18, 1878, and removed with his parents to Chicago when he was six years of age. His fine mental endowments came to him as an inheritance from his father, Col. Frank J. Bramhall, a man of unusual ability, born, reared and educated in New York City, a graduate of one of the law schools of the metropolis and for years an attorney of that great city. An appointment as collector of internal revenue for a district in Virginia caused him to remove to that state and there he remained for some time discharging the duties connected with the office. Later he filled a like position in Tennessee. When he resigned therefrom he removed to Chicago, where he was engaged in business. Ultimately he removed to California and was among the first to select a tract at Fair Oaks, where he cleared the land and i)lanted fruit trees. The last years of his eventful life were quietly ])assed at his home in Oakland, this state. During the residence of the family in Chicago Robert N. Bram- hall received a classical education and also completed a course in ele.ctrical engineering, following that occupation for only a short time. Always he had been attracted by the science of materia medica, and he abandoned engineering to take up the study of thera- ])eutics, which he prosecuted in the medical department of North- western University. On the completion of the regular course in 1902 the degree of M. D. was conferred upon him by the faculty. Inmiediately afterward he came to California and joined his father at Fair Oaks, where he has since devoted his' attention to the prac- tice of his profession and has built up an extensive patronage ex- tending over the entire settlement and for miles around. Tlie family of Dr. Bramhall comprises his wife and daughter. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 861 Elinor Eugenia. His marriage was solemnized in Chicago July 15. 1902, and united Mm with Miss Emma E. Smith, who was born in Iowa, but grew to womanhood in Chicago and received a classical education in the city of Boston. Descended from an old family of New England, she comes of distinguished lineage, her grand- father, Eev. Samuel Francis Smith, D. D., having been the author of the national h^Tun, America. From childhood she has been an adherent of the Baptist denomination and a contributor to its benev- olent and missionary movements. The family have a high social standing at Fair Oaks and enjoy to the highest degree the confidence of acquaintances. The Doctor's life is indeed a busy existence. As a relaxation from his professional duties he finds pleasure in looking after his orange and olive grove, which covers fifteen acres in Fair Oaks Colony. These manifold duties do not prevent him from dis- charging with fidelity every duty as a citizen and every responsi- bility as a neighbor, and he is always found to be a firm supporter of every principle of justice in civic and social atfairs. EDWAED SHEEBUENE BEOWN For twenty years a successful commercial man of Sacramento, Mr. Brown has exemplified throughout his career the qualities of manly ambition and wise judgment and in his practical interest in civic affairs has justly won a place among the most influential and highly respected citizens of his community. Born October 24, 1869, in Sacramento, Mr. Brown is fully ac- quainted with the vast improvements which have taken place since that period, both in his home city and through the state in- general, and although he has visited niany attractive and beautiful sections of the United States, enjoys the conviction that California exceeds tli^m all, not alone in climate, but in resources as well. His father, John E. Brown, whose birth occurred in Brownville, N. Y., in 1833, attended West Point as a youth, and in the role of civil engineer came to California in 1860 to assist in the original survey of the Central Pacific Eailroad between Sacramento and Eeno. Afterward he was advance agent during the construction of the road until December, 1868, when he resi.gned to engage in the life insurance business in Sacramento. He became special agent for the North- western Life Insurance Company of Milwaukee, Wis., and for a number of years filled that office, when he again entered the employ of the Central Pacific Eailroad as agent and continued with the 862 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY company until his death, which occurred in Sacramento February 7, 1884. Mr. Brown was prominent among the Masons, Redmen and Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and at his death was buried with Masonic honors. His wife, to whom he was united in marriage in tlie old Congregational Church on Sixth street in Sacramento, was formerly Miss Elizabeth MacMillan, born in Buffalo, N. Y., daughter of Hugh and Ann (Miller) MacMillan, natives of New York. Hugh MacMillan was a successful shipbuilder by trade. Mrs. Brown, who was widely beloved for her womanly sweetness and sympathy, passed away in January, 1902, after a life of great devotion to her husband and three children. John Jacob Brown, the paternal grandfather of Edward S., occupied a prominent position throughout the war of 1812, having organized a company of which he became captain, later serving as general, and then, owing to his ability and devotion to duty, was appointed to the office of commander in chief of the United States army, faithfully performing his duties until his death in 1827. At the age of fourteen, shortly after his father's death, Edward Sherburne Brown was forced to leave his studies, in which, however, owing to his concentrative ability, he had made rapid progress. He secured a position in the wholesale establishment of Lyon & Curtis. Five years later he transferred his services to Curtis Brothers & Company, and in 1892, in partnership with William M. Henderson and Charles E. Flye, under the firm name of Henderson, Brown & Flje, opened a wholesale fruit and produce store at Second and J streets ; later Mr. Flye sold his interest to his associates, and in 1900, Mr. Henderson having withdrawn from the company, the firm was incorporated under the name of the Ennis-Brown Company, with Mr. Brown as president and Scott F. Ennis as secretary and treasurer. The company is now located at Front and J streets, now a prominent wholesale district. The old Pioneer Mill on the water front, formerly occupied by H. G. Smith & Co., has been used as a bean warehouse, and has large cleaning machinery. Thoroughly fa- miliar with the work in which he has been so long engaged, Mr. Brown is considered an expert in that line, and his progressive methods are highly commended by his fellow citizens. He married in July, 1898, Lucy Elizabeth Purinton, a native of California, and to them have been born two sons and two daughters, viz. : Kenneth A., Dorothy E., Edward S. and Virginia Anna. Mr. Brown is an active member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, of the Sutter Club and the Chamber of Commerce. Active in local politics, he maintains a deep interest in all matters pertaining to the develop- ment and improvement of the city and is conceded to be a man of broad, generous principles and well-directed energy. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 863 AARON B. REYNOLDS It was in 1901 that this successful lawyer came to Sacramento, and the admirable career that he has since made has brought him the congratulations of a wide circle of acquaintances. Aaron B. Reynolds was born in Fort Jones, Cal., July 28, 1878, a son of Isaac and Clara (Barr) Reynolds, pioneers of Siskiyou county. He at- tended the public school and the Siskiyou county high school and was graduated from the latter in 1898. He then entered the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where he was graduated with the degree of LL. B. in 1901. Almost immediately after leaving college Mr. Reynolds came to Sacramento and was admitted to practice at the bar of the supreme court and of the lesser courts. He entered at once upon the active practice of his profession, and has appeared in several cases of note which are a part of the judicial history of the county and the state. In all of these, as well as in many less important cases, he has been very successful, not necessarily winning all of them, but accomplish- ing" in all of them all that it was reasonably possible for any lawyer to achieve. His clientele, now large, is constantly widening, and as the years pass matters of greater and still greater import are en- trusted to him. His advice is sought not alone by those who seek litigation, but by wise and careful men who would avoid it, and, once given, it is found to be sound and based on the true fundamental principles of the law. His birth within the borders of California made Mr. Reynolds eligible to membership in the Native Sons of the Golden West, an organization in which he is deeply interested and which he advances by every means at his command. He preserves college memories by affiliation with the University club. In politics he is independent. He married, at Sacramento, February 8, 1905, Miss Beryl Patrick, and they have a daughter, Beth, now six years old. JOHN QUINCY BROWN A career of more than ordinary usefulness marked the busy life of John Quincy Brown, Sr., who served the city of Sacramento as mayor from 1881 to 1887, and had also filled the position of county recorder, public administrator, levee commissioner and other official positions which demanded the time and attention of a conscientious, painstaking citizen such as he. His birth occurred in Breckenridge, Ky., in 1829 and in 1850 he made his way to California, dying in the year 1892, at which time he was serving as member of the board of 864 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY trustees of the Napa State Hospital. His father, William B. C. Brown, grandfather of our subject, was a large planter in the Blue Grass State, extensively interested in tobacco growing. When John Quiney Brown, Sr., first came to this state from Kentucky, crossing the plains, he remained at Placerville for a time, but seeking a broader field for his activities he found it in Sacramento. His first employment here was in the wholesale store of Senator Stanford's brother. Shortly after coming here he married Miss Anna Mary Williams, the daughter of Joel P. Williams, a prominent mining man of that period. They had two children, John Quiney and a girl who died at the age of six years. John Q. Brown was born in Sacramento. Much of his boyhood was taken up studying in the city schools, and he also attended the St. Augustine Episcopal Military Academy at Benicia and the Golden Gate Academy at Oakland. After graduating from the University of California with the degree of Ph. B., he joined his father who was then general manager of the Capital Gas Company, and acted as assistant manager. During the years he was with the company he served in different positions. From 1892 to 1897 he was assistant clerk of the Board of Supervisors in San Francisco. He graduated from the Hastings College of the Law in 1901, with the LL. B. degree, and went to Kansas City, where he remained five years. November 28, 1888, he married Miss Jessie Brown, daughter of Dr. J. T. Brown of that city. Their two children are Harry Edgar, born December 24, 1889, a graduate of Stanford University, and John Quiney Brown, Jr., born March 17, 1897, and not attending Hastings College of the Law. In 1896 Mr. Brown returned with his family to Sacramento. He joined Eugene Wachhorst, the present district attorney of Sacramento county, and at this date is deputy district attorney. Both Mr. and Mrs. Brown are popular club people in their home city. He is a member and is president of the University Club, and is also a member of the Sutter Club. Mrs. Brown holds member- ships in the Tuesday and Saturday Clubs. EGBERT ALFRED BROWN The west has become endeared to Mr. Brown through the associa- tions of a lifetime. Born in the state of Nevada, reared in Oregon and identified with California ever since early manhood, he repre- sents all that is progressive, resourceful and alert in the vast region west of the Rockies. Mental attainments conspicuously rich HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 865 and social qualities pre-eminently attractive have brought him in- fluence in local affairs and esijecially in the order of Masons, whose organization he has served with tact as past master of the blue lodge, past high priest of the Royal Arch chapter and past thrice illustrious master in the council, meantime utilizing these offices as avenues for the exercise of generous philanthropies and the other worthy measures that form the unwritten creed of the order. The family residence was at Virginia City, Nev., for some years and during that time occurred the birth of Egbert Alfred Brown, September 20, 1878. In very early life he was taken to Oregon by his parents and there he attended the common schools, completing his education in text-books, although since then he has been a con- stant reader and thoughtful observer, thereby greatly broadening his fund of information. When in 1895 he accompanied his mother to Sacramento he secured employment as clerk in a department store and continued there for some time. During 1898 he entered the California State Bank as an office assistant, beginning in the institu- tion at the lowest salary and in the most humble capacity of any of the employes. However, he soon proved his worth and rose by gradual promotions to the position of assistant cashier. When the bank surrendered its charter and became merged into the present institution, the California National Bank, he remained as a trusted employe and still holds the position of assistant cashier. The comfortable home of Mr. Brown is brightened by the pres- ence of his three children, Eleanor, Phoebe and Oliver. His wife, who was Miss Pearl Jackson, is a native daughter of California and a member of an honored pioneer family of Sacramento. Her father, Oliver Jackson, for many years held the office of chief of police in Sacramento. Mr. Brown's grandfather, George Bruce, for a long- period acted as landlord of the Bruce house in this city. As early as 1852 he crossed the plains accompanied by his young wife and settled in Sacramento, whose gradual growth he helped to promote by his own energetic and capable business efforts. In the annals of the city his name holds a place of prominence as that of a loyal ])ioneer. Supplementing the labors which gave him prominence in the frontier era, his grandson, Egbert A. Brown, supports the meas- ures which he believes to be best adapted to the permanent welfare of the community and in politics gives steadfast allegiance to the Republican party, while fraternally he has membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in addition to his identification with the Masons previously mentioned. The Episcopal Church re- ceives his generous support in its maintenance and charitable efforts and for years he has been one of its communicants in the Sacra- mento parish. 866 HISTOKY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY JOSEPH I. BRUNSCHWILER An association with the banking business that has been of comparatively brief duration nevertheless by its success proves the admirable adaptability of Mr. Brunschwiler to such activities. When he became a clerk in the California National Bank not many years ago he assumed his comparatively unimportant duties with a zeal and intensity that won prompt recognition. Various promotions were accorded him in quick succession and in January of 1911 he became assistant cashier, a responsible position which he now fills with tact, intelligence and dispatch, displaying the same earnest de- votion to the welfare of the bank and the interests of its depositors that characterized him in less important functions. The confidence of customers has been won and retained through his painstaking attentiveness to even the smallest details and his intelligent mastery of the most important financial problems. It is a matter of pride with Mr. Brunschwiler that he can claim California as his native commonwealth and San Francisco as the eity of his birth, his parents, Joseph A. and Caroline Brunschwiler, having been residents of the western metropolis when he was born May 3, 1879. The schools of the city afforded him fair educational advantages; at the age of fourteen years he became a student in St. Ignatius College and continued in that institution until 1897, when he was graduated with an excellent standing. Afterward he spent two years at Lick Polytechnic, where he took special studies. About 1899 he became an office employe of Hale Bros., in their large dry-goods establishment at San Francisco, and he continued in the same place until 1904, meanwhile proving an accurate accountant and intelligent assistant. An offer of a position as cashier with Hale Bros., in Sacramento, led him to this city, where he held an important position with the firm until April 18, 1906, resigning at that time in order to enter the banking business. He is still in the prime of his mental powers and physical activity, so that many years of successful connection with financial interests may be pre- dicted for him. A few years after his arrival in Sacramento and the year after his entrance into banking clerical work, Mr. Brunschwiler estab- lished a home of his own in this city, his marriage in September of 1907 uniting him with Miss Mildred Hunt. Two children now grace their home, Mildred and Cyril, both sturdy native Califor- nians who have brought nnich joy into his household. While Mr. Brunschwiler 1ms not disjilayed partisanship in politics, he is known as a stanch believer in Re])ul)lican princi])les and as a consistent su])- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 867 porter of men and measnres pledged to the npbuilding of the party. The Sntter Club claims him among its active members. Being a firm believer in the fnture prosperity of Sacramento, it has been his policy to promote civic projects to the fullest extent possible, and in every question of expansion he is to be found on the side of progress and advancement. GEORGE SPENCER BULLOCK The significance of lifelong identification with California ap- pears in the loyalty uniformly exhibited by the native sons of the commonwealth. Patriotic devotion to the land of his birth forms one of the chief attributes in the character of George Spencer Bul- lock, the son of an honored pioneer and himself a native of Yolo county, where his earliest recollections are associated with sights and scenes around the then insignificant village of Woodland. The Hesperian College, which in 1861, his father had assisted in found- ing, afforded him the advantages of a classical education and later he completed a commercial course in the Woodland Business College, of which he is a graduate. Availing himself of these excellent edu- cational opportunities, he laid the foundation of a broad fund of in- formation and by habits of continued studiousness and close obser- vation he has become the possessor of a high degree of culture. To some extent he lias specialized in the acquisition of knowledge, being particularly interested in financial problems and in monetary mat- ters. From early manhood he has been connected with the banking business, first at Woodland, where he clerked in a bank for two years, and later in Sacramento, where he entered the national bank established by D. 0. Mills and from a clerkship won his way to the position of ])aying teller. After twenty years of service he re- signed this position in November, 1911, to fill the offices of director and cashier of the Citizens Bank of Oak Park to which he had been elected. After six months with this firm he again resigned, having been elected assistant cashier of the Fort Sutter National Bank, the duties of which office he assumed in May, 1912. It may be predicted that future years will witness a steady advance in his prominence in banking circles, for he possesses the keen insight, fine discrimination, conservative judgment and unfailing tact that almost invariably bring success to men in every line of activity. Some years ago he purchased the old homestead of five hundred and ninety acres on Grand Island from the estate, and this he has now under process of perpetual reclamation. The tract is devoted to the 868 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY raising of grain, alfalfa and garden produce. Aside from a grow- ing prestige in financial circles he devotes some of his leisure hours to the activities of the Sutter Club and the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. Under Governor Gillett he was appointed a member of the board of commissioners of Sutter's Fort and at the expira- tion of his first term he was again appointed to the position by the same executive. In studying the lineage of the Bullock family we find that they are of English stock and southern associations. As early as 1830 Thomas and Agnes (Ware) Bullock (the latter of Scotch-Welsh descent) removed from Kentucky, their native commonwealth, and settled in Illinois, taking up a large tract of raw land in Woodford county near the county-seat of Eureka. He was one of the first settlers in his locality, and he named the county Woodford from his native county in the Blue Grass state. From there Mr. Bullock went to the front to assist in subduing the savages during the progress of the Black Hawk war. Both he and his wife continued to make their home in Woodford county until they died. Of their nine children James P., the third in order of birth, was born in Woodford county, Ky., May 24, 1829. During boyhood he attended country schools in Illinois. Later he matriculated in a Presbyterian college near Han- nibal, Mo., and continued his studies there until he was graduated at the age of twenty. It was his father's ambition that he should become a physician and accordingly he was sent to Palmyra, Mo., to begin the study of medicine, but the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia changed all of his plans and caused him to relinquish all intention of becoming a professional man. Having no money to pay for the trip to California lie began to teach school and thus se- cured the necessary funds, so that early in 1850 he crossed the plains with an expedition of Argonauts. When he arrived in Sacra- mento in July he had only seventy-five cents in his possession. How- ever, be was strong and willing, hence a lack of capital did not dis- courage him in the least. The first job he found was that of cutting eordwood on L and M streets in Sacramento. Next he engaged in teaming and freighting to the mountains. While thus engaged he went on a trip to Downieville, Sierra county, became interested in the ]ilace, and later opened a butcher shop there. During the fall of 1852 he located on the Sacramento river in Sutter county, taking up a claim on what he supposed to be government land, but when he discovered it to be a grant he removed to Yolo county. During Fel)ruary of 1858 he bought five hundred and ninety acres fifteen miles northeast of Woodland, on Grand Island, and there he en- gaged in stock-raising and general farming. As assessor of Yolo county James P. Bullock served from 1864 to 1870 and the tact with which he discharged the responsibilities HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 869 of the position won foi' liim many friends. During 1870 he was elected sheriff of Yolo county by a large majority, and at the expira- tion of his first term he was honored by re-election to the office. Meanwhile he had established his home in Woodland and had built a substantial residence on Court street. After having served as sheriff for two terms he retired to private life and resumed the management of his farm, also superintended the Colonel Hagar land grant in Yolo county, which he had managed in previous years. After having been an invalid for five years he passed away Sep- tember 25, 1888. He was buried in Woodland cemetery with Masonic honors under the auspices of the Knights Templar. Politically he always voted with the Democratic party. For years he served as a trustee in the Christian Church and was one of its most influential workers in Woodland. His wife likewise was prominent in the activ- ities of that church and she was also for years a leading worker in the Woodland Chapter of the Eastern Star. The marriage of James P. Bullock and Mary Jane Powell took place in Sutter county November 9, 1854. Six children were born of their union, namely: Agnes, Mrs. C. F. Thomas, of Woodland; George Spencer, whose name introduces this articles ; Lela ; Fred, proprietor of the Bullock clothing store in Woodland; Mrs. Mary Nelson de Merritt, and Mrs. Helen Fregidgo. During 1902 Mrs. Bullock and those of her family yet at home removed to Oakland, but later became residents of San Francisco and she is now living in that city, retaining, however, her property interests in Yolo county. Her father, Jeremiah Powell, was the son of a Virginian, of Scotch descent, who served in the Revolutionary war as a boy and long afterward gave further service to his country during the war of 1812. This ^"irginian patriot spent many years of his later life in developing land in Kentuck}^, where Jeremiah Powell was born and reared and whence he removed to Missouri during the original settlement of that state. During the summer of 1853 Jeremiah Powell and Capt. Levi Blunt crossed the plains with five hundred head of cattle. In the expedition were Mrs. Powell and three children. At Downieville they were met by James Powell, a brother of Jeremiah, and with him the journey was completed on horseback to Sacramento. Taking up land in Colusa county Jeremiah Powell began to raise stock, but he later discovered the land to be a grant, hence he removed to Kellogg 's slough near Colusa, where he bought a tract of raw land. The development of the farm was a difficult task and occupied the remaining years of his busy existence. On that farm he died in 1887 at the age of eighty years. Fraternally he was a Mason, in politics a Democrat, and in religion a member of the Christian church. His first marriage united him with Amanda Noe, a native 870 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY of Kentucky, her father, George Noe, having' removed to that state from Virginia and later making another move to Missouri, where he died. The second wife of Mr. Powell was Priscilla Ferguson, a native of Virginia. In April of 1900 she passed away at the age of ninety-four. Mrs. Bullock is now the sole survivor of the Powell family, her elder brother, George Spencer, having died in Mexico, while the younger brother, Charles Shelton, passed away at the old homestead in the vicinitv of Colusa. GUY W. BUTLEE The untiring perseverance and determined will characteristic of the English race form noticeable attributes of the character of Mr. Butler, while his American nativity is indicated by his resistless energy that knows no weariness. Success to him has come solely through the exercise of his inherent qualities. Extraneous circum- stances have not contributed to his aid in the forward struggle. Orphaned by the death of his father when he was quite young, forced to make for himself every opportunity to advance, and handicapped by lack of thorough educational advantages, he never- theless rose out of obscurity into prominence and out of poverty into prosperity. When therefore any mention is made of the deserving citizens of Folsom his name stands foremost in the list. Several generations of the Butler family have made their homes in America. Eichard T. Butler, who was born at Liverpool, Eng- land, in 1854, came across the ocean about 1861 in company with his parents and settled in Iowa. During early years he attended school and also learned the machinist's trade. In his chosen occu- pation he became unusually skillful. Pew excelled him in expert- ness with machinery or with tools. For a considerable period he followed his trade at Marshalltown, Iowa, where he married Miss Flora Fagg, a native of Iowa, and where their son, Guy W., was born October 16, 1883. From Iowa he removed to Albuquerque, N. Mex., where he died in 1889. Up to the time of his demise and for a long period he had ])een engaged as master mechanic for the Santa Fe Eailroad. Through skilled workmanship he gained a high reputation among other employes and also with the officials of the road. After he had i^assed away his widow came to California and settled in San Francisco, where she continues to make her home. The various removals of the family and the death of the father, upon whom had rested the burden of the support of wife arid chil- HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 871 dren, prevented Guy W. Butler from acquiring the education which he desired, but habits of reading and observation partially have atoned for his early deprivations. At the age of fourteen years he left school to earn his own livelihood. In a very humble capacity he secured employment in a clothing store in Sacramento. Chance indicated his life occupation, but none could have been better adapted to his natural tastes and unexpressed preferences. After he had worked for a long period in the employ of others he began to desire a business of his own. That purpose brought him to Folsom, where he arrived November 7, 1907, and where he has since resided. By diligent application he has built up a clothing busi- ness that is known for miles in every direction. The honorable business principles of the proprietor have won the confidence of customers. It has been his aim to treat every customer with such honesty and square dealing that they repay his efforts by becoming regular patrons of the store. The demands of business keep him closely occupied and leave no leisure for participation in politics, but he is a liberal Republican and a well-informed man. Various fraternities have received his allegiance and helpful co-operation, the leading organizations of his association being the Eagles and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. ANDREW CARLAW The ancient, semi-artistic trade of the stone-cutter has engaged the attention of many men of talent and of business ability, who have left to the world a lasting record of their achievements as builders and decorators. These reflections are inspired by a mental review of the successful career of Andrew Carlaw, of Tenth and R streets, Sacramento. -Jt was in Maddiston, Stirling county, Scotland, that Mr. Carlaw was born. After having acquired a practical education in such public schools as were available to him in the vicinity of his boy- hood home, he learned stone-cutting under the instruction of a competent old-country master, and he worked at it in his native land until 1881. Then he came to the United States, which he believed would afford him a better field for his activities than was o]")eu to him at home, and settled in Sacramento. Soon, in partnership with his brother, he established a stone-yard in a convenient locality, and they carried on a successful business in the handling of general stone until October, 1898, when his brother died; since then Andrew 872 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY Carlaw has been manag-er of the enterprise. He has increased the business and is well and favorably known thronghout the somewhat extensive territory which he reaches with his trade. In his political views Mr. Carlaw is a Republican. Well-in- formed upon the political issues of the day and their bearing on our economic conditions, he believes that the best solution of many of the people's troubles will be found in the outcome of the work of that party, and to it, its men and its measures he yields most loyal allegiance. In his social affiliations he is a Mason and an Odd Fellow. WILL J. CARRAGHAR The high degree of intelligence displayed by the members of the Sacramento bar has received wide recognition and deservedly so, for it is an accepted fact that the attorneys of this city stand unsurpassed for thorough knowledge of the law, conscientious study of jurisjDrudence and familiarity with even the smallest details connected with the successful practice of the profession. While in point of years Will J. Carraghar ranks among the youngest mem- bers of the bar, in point of professional information and mental capacity his rank is among the highest, and already he is winning the recognition which his talents abundantly justify. The spacious quarters in the Nicolaus building which he has occupied since August 1, 1911, afford him a central location and at the same time offer the appointments so valuable to dispatch in modern profes- sional enterprises. It has been the good fortune of Mr. Carraghar to enjoy identifi- cation with Sacramento throughout his entire life. Educated in its schools, familiar with its advantages, cognizant of its opportuni- ties and acquainted with its incomparable citizenship, he presents a type of ]n'esent-day progress and of twentieth-century patriotism. His father, Edward J., member of the firm of Buckmann & Carraghar, is one of the proprietors of an exclusive and elegant restaurant in Sacramento and also for ten years or more has been prominently identified with civic affairs as trustee from the ninth ward. During his active participation in public affairs he served for ten years as chairman of the finance and judiciary committee. In political views he favors the Democratic principles and his son likewise gives allegiance to the same party. After having completed the studies of the public schools u]) to the ninth grade Will J. Carraghar entered the Christian Brothers HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 873 College on K street, Sacramento, where he completed a four-year course. Next he became a student in St. Mary's College at Oakland, this state, from which he was graduated in 1907 with a high stand- ing. Immediately afterward he began to study law with Judge C, E. McLaughlin and continued his readings under the late Judge DeVine of Sacramento. At the age of twenty-two he was admitted to the bar and immediately beg^.n the practice of his profession for himself. Already he has won a high standing among the attorneys of the city and the promise of a growing success gives favorable indication of his future prominence in the law. Throughout all of his life he has been a believer in the doctrines of the Eoman Catholic Church and his contributions to religious undertakings are generous. The Knights of Columbus, a popular fraternal organization, has the benefit of his active identification, while socially he holds mem- bership with the University Club and the Sacramento County Bar Association. His marriage took place October 19, 1907, and united him with Miss Irma Scott, daughter of Jed M. Scott (member of the firm of Scott & Gilbert, manufacturing druggists of San Francisco) and a great granddaughter of Josiah Johnson, one of the pioneer railroad builders of California. Three daughters bless the union, Helen Mary, Irma Margaret and Catherine Ellen. DANIEL EOGEES CATE Possessed of remarkable concentrative ability and unswerving ambition, Mr. Cate has met with unqualified success in his chosen profession and as a member of the prominent engineering com- pany of Phinney, Cate & Marshall, Forum Building, Sacramento, contributes largely toward the favorable outcome of the projects undertaken by that firm. Mr. Cate was born November 17, 1880, in Quincy, Cal., where he received a public school education, early evidencing a decided inclina- tion for the vocation which he entered later. His father, Daniel Eog- ers Cate, Sr., a native of New Hampshire, emigrated to California in 1850 and for a time mined with fair success in Plumas and Sierra counties, later acquiring in Plumas county, several hundred acres upon which he engaged in general farming and raised vegetables, disposing of his garden products at a good ])rofit in the mining cam])s. He married Miss Hannah Loring, a native of Maine, and to their union were born five children, all of whom reside in Calif or- 874 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY nia. Since the death of her husband in November, 1900, Mrs. Cate has continued to make her home in Quincy. Mr. Cate studied civil engineering in the field actively engaged with a corps, and later secured a situation in the surveying depart- ment of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. In 1907 he be- came associated with Cassius Phinney, who at that time served as county surveyor of Sacramento county. Later with U. S. Mar shall he established their present offices, their work chiefly em- bracing plans and specifications for reclamation and irrigation proj ects, municipal improvements, water works, sewerage and street sys- tems, hydro-electric work, land surveying and sub-divisions. December 23, 1903, Mr. Cate was united in marriage with Miss Cora A. AVasson, whose birth occurred in Forest Hill, Placer county, and whose father, C. H. Wasson, is a pioneer and well known min- ing man of Placer county. Mr. and Mrs. Cate have three children : Ronald Marshall, Claire Mary and Daniel, Jr., and in their plans and hopes for their little ones the parents find happiness far exceeding their highest dreams. In the line of his profession Mr. Cate is an associate member of the American Society of Civil En- gineers. Fraternally he is a member of Quincy Parlor No. 131, N. S. G. W., and in his enthusiastic and practical aid toward aU civic movements, he facilitates as well as encourages the labor of his fellow citizens who recognize in him a man of exemplary and con- scientious principles. WILLIAM CHAPLIN It was at Leicester, England, that "William Chaplin was born December IG, 1866, a son of the Rev. William Chaplin, a preacher of the Methodist Episcopal church in England for sixty years, who passed to his reward in 1899. The mother, Emma Chaplin, was a native of Leicester, England. Of her twelve children ten are liv- ing. Fannie is the wife of Warren Jessup Potter of Leicester, England, a bridge builder and prominent in a political way. Will- iam came to the United States twenty-six years ago and located in Philadelphia, Pa., where he opened a butcher shop and built up a business which was one of the best of its kind in the city, he having thirty-two butchers in his employ and eight wagons deliv- ering meat to the wholesale trade. In considering the importance of this enterprise it should be borne in mind that it was not that of a great corporation but of an individual owner. In 1904, owing to the condition of his health, Mr. Chaplin sold HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 875 Ms business to a corporation of which he was president and man- ager two years. In 1906 he came to California and established a meat market on Highland avenue in Hollywood, next to the Holly- wood Hotel. He was very successful there and had a practical monopoly of the local meat trade during a period of five years, at the expiration of which he sold out and went to Jergens, Cal.. where he owned extensive mining interests. Eventually he took up his residence in Sacramento and soon concerned himself with amusement enterprises at Oak Park, where he successfully managed a well remembered venture for two years. In December, 1911, he acquired the lease of the new and modern Mikle Theatre, which he turned over to his son, Jack Chaplin, who is now the manager. While he lived in Philadelphia Mr. Chaplin was active in poli- tics, and at a meeting of voters, which he called in his ward, he organized the city party which is still in existence. He served on the school board in Philadelphia three years and was instrumental in the advancement of street paving in some parts of the city. The woman who became Mr. Chaplin's wife was Miss Emma Marvin of Leicester, England, and their children were born as fol- lows : Thomas in 1885 ; Katie in 1888 ; and Jack in 1890. Thomas is chief engineer at the Hollywood Hotel, having fitted himself to fill such a position by a course of study in the International Cor- respondence School in Scranton, Pa. The silk loom now in use throughout the world was invented in England by Mr. Chaplin's paternal grandfather. Mr. Chaplin owns a fine residence and several valuable lots in Oak Park, and is un- wearying in his jn'omotion of the growth and prosperity of that part of the city. He is insistent in his demand for the square deal in politics, in business and in every relation of life. Fraternally he affiliates with the Masonic order, holding membership in the Blue Lodge and in the Royal Arch chapter. ARCHIE WILLIAM CLIFTON The career of this successful dealer in furniture and house-fur- nishings at Oak Park, Sacramento, Cal., is that of the self-made man and as such it will be found interesting. Archie William Clif- ton was a native Californian, born in Amador county, September 4, 1877, a son of Thomas Joseph and Alice Nevada (Simmons) Clifton, natives respectively of Ohio and Nevada. The mother, whose parents came from Pennsylvania, passed away in Amador county in No- vember, 1911. 49 876 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY It was in the public school that Archie William Clifton acquired his education. After that for some years he was variously em- ployed in coast towns whose geography ranged from Grant's Pass, Ore., to Los Angeles, Cal. He had been reared on a farm and care- fully instructed l)y his father in agricultural aifairs, but farming was not congenial and he gave it up, after which he became inter- ested in learning the furniture business with the John Breuner Com- pany of Sacramento. He silent three years in that house and for the next two years was in the emi)loy of the Home Furniture Com- pany, after which he was given the management of the latter's branch store at Oak Park, assuming his duties January 1, 1910. Six months later he bought the establishment and is now engaged in the general house-furnishing business. His place of business is well located, his stock is kept up-to-date and his geniality and hon- est methods are doing much to increase his business popularity. June 1, 1907, Mr. Clifton married Miss Jennie Solomonson, of lone, Cal., the daughter of a rancher of that vicinity. They have two children, Henry and Morris Clifton. Mr. Clifton is independent in politics, and is an energetic, patriotic man of nnich public spirit. BENJAMIN L. SISSON Of that sturdy Empire State ancestry which has contributed so richly to the citizenship not only of the Pacific coast country but of the entire old and new west, Benjamin L. Sisson, cashier and secretary of the American Fish Company of Sacramento, was born in Oakdale, Stanislaus county, Cal., December 27, 1878, a son of Benjamin Haight and Ida (Simmons) Sisson, both of New York state nativity. In their native state they married, remaining there till 1850, when they made the long, tedious and perilous journey to California and settled at Oakdale, where the husband and father was for a score of years engaged in the transfer business. In the public school at Oakdale Benjamin L. Sisson gained a primary education, to which he has added by observation and ex- tensive reading until he is one of the well informed men of the cir- cle in which he moves. After leaving the grammar school he be- came a clerk in a general merchandise store in the town of his birth. So ably and so faithfully did he devote himself to the in- terests of his employers that he was gradually advanced from posi- tion to position until he was made cashier. That responsible place he resigned in 1905 to come to Sacramento, where he entered the HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 877 service of Mr. Morgan, president of the Owl Transfer Company and of the American Fish Company. With the company first mentioned he labored a year, then was transferred to the office of the Ameri- can Fish Company. There he was started in 1906 as assistant book- keeper, and his rise to be cashier and secretary of the concern has been rapid and those who know him best know that his promotion has been worthily won and well deserved. By marriage, Mr. Sisson united his fortunes with those of Miss Ella May Bach of Knight's Ferry, Stanislaus county. Their mar- riage was celebrated May 8, 1900, and they have an interesting lit- tle daughter, Marjorie, born October 30, 1909. Mr. Sisson is an Odd Fellow, high in the councils of his order. Mrs. Sisson is iden- tified with the Order of the Eastern Star and with the Native Daughters. Her father, who was a prominent farmer and stockman, was both a Mason and an Odd Fellow. CHARLES H. CROCKER There are many young men who upon the threshold of life's ac- tivities pause with irresolute steps, uncertain as to future labors, undecided as to business or professional preferences, and unwitting as to their own capabilities. Such, however, was not the experi- ence of Mr. Crocker, who notwithstanding the handicap of limited educational opportunities and lack of means to continue his studies made an early resolution to fit himself for the profession of the law. From the time the determination was made he devoted every en- ergy to the acquisition of a law education. No effort was neg- lected that would promote the task of preparation. As a conse- quence of his singleness of purpose he achieved the anticipated results, entered upon his chosen life work and now has a high standing at the bar of Northern California, achieving a purpose- ful career through his own force of will and his trained mental faculties. While not among the earliest settlers of California the Crocker family has been identified with the west for thirty-five years or more. William C. Crocker, a native of Redruth, county of Cornwall, Eng- land, and a miner by occupation, had been employed in various eastern mines ])rior to his removal to the coast and while follow- ing his chosen occupation at Galena, 111., his son, Charles H., was born in that city September 15, 1870. In 1876 William C. Crocker came to the Pacific coast with a view to permanent settlement. For a tune prior to the above date he sojourned at Virginia City, Nev., 878 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY and was connected with the introduction of the Burleigh drilling machine on the Comstock lode. While he was working in the quick- silver mines in Santa Clara county, CaL, he sent for his family (consisting of wife, daughter and son), and on the 1st of October, 1877, they arrived in Sacramento, from which place they immedi- ately proceeded to Santa Clara county. During 1880 the family established a home on Sheep Ranch in Calaveras county, CaL, where they remained for four years, thence going to Jackson, Amador county, where the father engaged in mining pursuits until his death, February 11, 1904. His wife, in maidenhood Grace Roberts, also a native of Cornwall, and a school teacher by profes- sion, died in Sacramento September 10, 1912. Their family com- prised seven children, of whom Charles H. is the eldest. In 1877, at the age of seven years, he came to California with his mother and received his education in the schools of this state. When only seventeen years of age Charles H. Crocker became interested in the study of law and thereafter, although the neces- sity of earning a livelihood interrupted his studies, he did not lose sight of his ambitious purposes. For a time he taught school in Amador county. In 1892 he was appointed deputy county clerk of Amador county, which position he filled for sixteen months. Mean- while he carried on his studies during leisure hours. Originally a student with Eagan & Rust, the leading law firm of Amador county, he later studied under E. C. Farnsworth (then the district attorney of Amador county, now practicing in Visalia), and also had the advantage of study under J. J. Paulsell, of Stockton. In 1893 he was admitted to practice in the supreme court and in 1901 he was also admitted to the United States district court. Taking up a permanent residence in Sacramento during 1909, he has since won a high standing among the attorneys in the capital city. Prior to his removal to this place he had his office in Amador county, but his wide range of practice included several counties and meanwhile he also maintained an active part in politics as a leading local worker in the Republican party. May 2, 1903, he was united in marriaare with Miss Ellen Curnow, of San Jose. ANDREW ANDERSON The early recollections of Mr. Anderson are associated pleas- antly with the pros]oerous city of Ribe, Ijang on the banks of the stream of the same name not far from the point where the tumultu- ous waves of the North Sea dash against the isolated coast of Den- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 879 mark. That same thrifty town of Ribe is his native place, and he was born March 7, 1859, son of Nelson and Annie M. Anderson, lifelong residents of the Danish kingdom. While the associations of his childhood were principally Scandinavian, there was some in- termingling with representatives of the Teutonic race, for quite near the Ribe was the province of Schleswig-Holstein, whose orig- inal Danish residents had been replaced to some extent by German farmers. There were excellent national schools at Ribe and in them he acquired a fair knowledge of the three R's, but at the age of fourteen he discontinued the study of text-books for the compli- cated processes incident to acquiring a knowledge of a trade. The calling to which he served an apprenticeship was that of cabinet- maker and in it he gained considerable skill under the capable over- sight of skilled masters of the craft. Crossing the ocean to the United States during 1881 at the age of twenty-two years Mr. Anderson settled temporarily in Boston, Mass., where he secured employment as a cabinet-maker. In 1883 he came west as far as Milwaukee, Wis., and there spent six months as an employe in cabinet-making. From that city he proceeded to California and settled in Sacramento, where he entered the Southern Pacific Railroad shops as a cabinet-maker. Eleven busy years were spent in those shops and afterward he spent one year in the planing mill operated by Pierson, Amson & Burnett. Next he engaged as a cabinet-maker in the planting mill conducted by Christopher Sutter. At the expiration of two years he resigned that position and began to take building contracts, which business he conducted with fair success during the next ten years. Eventu- ally he discontinued the taking ' of contracts in order to engage again in the planing-mill business, and since then he has operated a mill that furnishes employment to twelve experienced men. Evi- dence of his right reputation as a cabinet-maker appears in the fact that leading citizens, in erecting fine residences, have looked to him for suggestions along that line and have bought material from his mill. In addition to providing material for many resi- dences, he furnished that used in the German Lutheran Church of this city. Upon becoming a citizen of the United States and having studied the Republican form of government as exercised in our country, Mr. Anderson affiliated himself with the Republican party, and ever since he has been stanch in his advocacy of its principles. Reared in the Lutheran faith and confirmed in that denomination during early years, he still retains an earnest and faithful devo- tion to its doctrines. Fraternally he holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and also has been prominently connected with the organization Dania in Sacramento, being now 880 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY a trustee of the lodge. At the time of his removal to California he was unmarried, his union to Fredericka Joraas having been solem- nized in tliis city April 13, 1886. They are the parents of four chil- dren. The eldest, Miss Alma, is a talented musician and teaches that art in Sacramento. The Misses Freda and Edith are at home, the former a graduate of Howe's Business College and the latter being now a high-school student. The only son, Alf. C, is attend- ing tlie iniblic schools of this city. HENRY C. KEYES Among the men who have accomplished much in the develop- ment of Sacramento and environs, is Mr. Keyes, organizer, secre- tary and manager of the Sacramento Natural Gas Company, who, in all his labors, has evidenced an executive ability and far-reaching business judgment unexcelled by his associates. Born in London, Ontario, Canada, May 12, 1852, Mr. Keyes re- ceived his education in the schools of his native section and at an early age displayed the perseverance and high ambition which have characterized his career. His father, Henry Keyes, a native of London and a well-known writer of ability, contributing articles chiefly on the Canadian Northw^est to different magazines, owned and operated a fine farm near London for many years and actively conducted his duties until he reached an advanced age, his stir- ring poem on the Northwest having been published after he en- tered his eighty-third year. His wife, formerly Martha Taylor, was a woman of exceptional culture and shared every joy and sor- row of her husband and children with the spirit of abnegation char- acteristic of the true wife and mother. In 1868 Henry Keyes left Canada for the States, joining a surveying party as rodman on the Alabama & Chattanooga, now the Alabama & Great Southern Railroad, with whom he worked for two years. Subsequently he secured a situation in the service of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company, running out of Chicago, and he remained with them until 1876, when he came to Placer count}', C*al., and spent three years in following mining, at the end of that time locating in Stockton, where he started in the real estate business. So well did he succeed in this venture that for twenty years he conducted a real estate and insurance busi- ness there and also organized the Citizens Natural Gas Company of Stockton, the affairs of which he managed for fifteen years. In HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 881 1896 lie started the organization of the Sacramento Natural Gas Co., and in 1899 he located his residence here. He developed natural gas in Sacramento City and nine wells have been put down by the company, which is incorporated with a capital stock of $500,000. It has fifty-five miles of gas mains and is conceded to be one of the most perfectly constructed and controlled systems of its char- acter in the state. Mr. Keyes is affiliated with Charity Lodge No. 6, I. 0. O. F., of Stockton. He is a member of Morning Star Lodge No. 68, F. & A. M., of Stockton Chapter No. 8, R. A. M., and the Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T. He is also a member of all the Scottish Rite bodies of Sacramento up to the thirty-second degree, and is a member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco. Socially he is a member of the Sutter Club, his comprehensive knowledge of all public matters of interest playing no inconsiderable part in liis popularity among his associates. MOSES NIXON KIMBALL It has been well said that the human soul that has never been gauged is like the shining piece of iron ere it is subjected to the tempering process essential to its conversion into invulnerable steel, and certain it is that he who has passed through the crucible of experience without the loss of his finer qualities or of his faith in humanity, is worthy of the highest esteem of his fellowmen. In the varied career of Mr. Kimball, president of the well known firm of Kiml)all-Upson Co., who are conducting one of the largest sport- ing goods stores in the West, all the trials and disillusionments in- evitable to a man of his courageous spirit and principles of right and honor have been present, yet it is the testimony of all who know him well that his attitude toward mankind is most generous and his oi)timism regarding life one of his leading characteristics. Born in Council Bluffs, Iowa, June 23, 1862, Mr. Kimball was the fourth eldest child of a family of fourteen born to Caleb and Frances (Nixon) Kimball, natives of Pennsylvania, and among the early settlers of Iowa. Mr. Kimball is a thorough American, de- sended from the first Puritan settlers of .Massachusetts. No question as to the validity of his claim to membership in the organization of the Sons of the Revolution could arise, since the direct ancestors of both his father and mother served in the war 882 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY for Independence. On the paternal side, his great-grandfather, Jacob Kimball, while yet a mere boy, was among the first to en- list in a division formed in Salem, Mass., while among his moth- er's illustrious progenitors were both Col. Ethan Allen, distin- guished in history not only because of his wonderful service in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga, but in numerous other engagements, as well, and John Nixon, president of the first Continental Con- gress which convened in May, 1775, at Philadelphia. Mr. Kimball received his early education in the public schools of Iowa and served an apprenticeship under his father, who fol- lowed the vocation of contractor and builder. In 1883 he left his home in Council Bluffs to locate in Stockton, Cal., where he re- sumed his studies for four years in Clark's Commercial College and Normal Institute, graduating from both departments in 1887, after which he came to Sacramento, where he was offered a situa- tion in the Bainbridge Business College, serving efficiently two years prior to entering into a real estate partnership with Charles F. Gardner, who at that time was receiver of the United States Land Office at Sacramento. A year later, in 1891, Mr. Kimball engaged in business for himself at 705 J street, purchasing a bicycle stock, supplemented by a small line of sporting goods, and in 1893, having in the interim taken Mr. L. S. Upson into the company he trans- ferred the business to the building on the corner of Seventh and J streets, where, the new bank of D. O. Mills now stands. During the succeeding ten years, they continued their trade upon this site, and in 1903, upon the incorporation of the firm as Kimball-Upson Co., moved to 609-611 K street, where they are still located. Leaving the care of his interests in Sacramento in capable hands, Mr. Kimball spent most of the eleven years from 1897 to 1908 in Alaska, where he was engaged in mining and speculating, during this time spending seven or eight winters in the frigid north meeting the adventures, hardships, fortunes and misfortunes in- cident to the nortliland. Since 1908 he has resided in Sacramento, having resumed his old work in his business house. On Decem- ber 16, 1903, he was united in marriage with Miss Clara Miller, a native of Georgetown, Cal., whose parents, John H. and Ellen (Spencer) Miller, natives of California, were among the earliest set- lers of this state. Mr. Kimball is a member of the Arctic Brother- hood, the Pioneers of Alaska, and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and he maintains a wide interest in both civic and national developments, his special attention centering in his home section which he is most generous in supporting. His wife is widely known for her tact and culture and lends her assistance in many impor- tant movements, sharing also her husband's varied interests. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 883 HON. EUGENE ARAM This prominent lawyer of Sacramento, if not the oldest, is one of the oldest native sons of California, of American born parents, having been born at Monterey, now within the borders of the state, more than two years before California was admitted to the Union. The day of his birth, January 26, 1848, was two days after the dis- covery of gold in Eldorado county, and he was one month old when the treaty of peace was concluded with Mexico. He was of the third generation removed from Yorkshire, England, where his grandfather, Matthias Aram, was born, destined to become tJie founder of the family in America, for he came to New York and during the war of 1812 was drillmaster of United States troops. Capt. Joseph Aram, father of Eugene, was born in the state of New York and came with a party of emigrants across the plains in 1846, while the Mexican war was in progress. In the mountain foothills they were met by soldiers sent by Fremont to protect them from the rapacity of roving bands of Spaniards. Camping at Sutter's Fort, they were escorted by soldiers to Santa Clara, where Fremont com- missioned Joseph Aram a captain and gave him charge of the fort at Santa Clara Mission, where he remained until the end of the war, participating in the battle of Santa Clara and later building a fort at Monterey. Eventually he was elected a member of the first constitutional convention of California of 1849, and of the first state legislature. He was a pioneer nurseryman at San Jose and raised fruit there until his death, which occurred in June, 1898, when he was eighty-eight years old. His wife, Sarah M. (Wright) Aram, died in 1872. She was a pioneer in California and a descendant of early English settlers in this country. Her primitive American ancestor was one of three English brothers, one of whom was the ancestor of Governor Silas Wright of New York. She was born in Ver- mont, married in New York, and accompanied her husband in the historic overland journey which brought him to honor on the Pa- cific coast. She was the discoverer of gold on the south fork of the Yuba, October, 1846, but word came from Sutter's Fort to hurry through on account of the war, and they all rushed on to Fort Sut- ter. It was two years before Marshall made his discovery and great strike in 1848, and this same place on the south Yuba proved afterward to be very rich. Of their family of five children born to Mr. and Mrs. Aram two are living, Mrs! Sarah M. Cool of Los Angeles, and Eugene Aram. It was in the public schools of San Jose that Mr. Aram ob- tained his primary education. He was graduated from the Univer- sity of the Pacific in 1870, with the A. B. degree, and soon after- 884 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ward took up the study of law with Judge D. S. Payne, then county judge of Santa Clara county, and was admitted to the bar in 1873. For some years he practiced his profession at San Jose, but in the early '80s went to Arizona and in 1885 was elected a member of the territorial legislature. Returning to California he resumed his practice in the state at Woodland, Yolo county, and in 1894 was elected senator to represent the Sixth Senatorial District, compris- ing Yuba, Sutter and Yolo counties, and served during the sessions 1895-97. A little later he located in Sacramento, where he has since practiced his profession. He was a partner of the late Gen. A. L. Hart until the latter 's death. He gives his attention to general practice and has numbered among his clients some of the most prom- inent men and concerns in the state. Politically he is a strong Re- publican and has been a delegate to various state and county con- ventions, and in Yolo county he was a member of the County Cen- tral Committee. During his senatorial term he had charge of the appropriation of $300,000 for the improvement of the Sacramento river, the first appropriation for that purpose. In 1875 Mr, Aram married Miss Lizzie Jasper, of Yuba county, and she died in 1892. Fraternally he affiliates with the Elks. Some- thing more should be said in this connection of Captain Joseph Aram, Senator Aram's father. He and members of his overland party of 1846 had "known members of the Donner party before the latter had left for the West. The leaders of both parties had agreed to meet on Green river and make the rest of the journey in com- pany. The Donner party made slow progress and, a meeting not being effected, came on by way of the Hastings cut-off. By advice of Kit Carson the Aram party came on l)y way of Fort Hall, and when it reached the Truckee river was told by Indians that the Don- ner party was a long" way back and it would be useless to wait for them. Aram and his party crossed the mountains and arrived at Sutter F'ort early in October, 1846. The Donner party arrived at Donner Lake and was snowed in and lost. WALTER THEODORE FOSTER The intimate ties of ancestral and personal identification with England were severed when the Foster family became established in the United States during the early half of the nineteenth century. With the head of the household came his family, which included a son, John, then eight years of age. Reared amid frontier conditions in Missouri, he became associated with genei-al farm ]Hirsuits in HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 885 Pike county, that state, where his parents remained until their deaths; but he, with the adventurous spirit of the pioneer, sought newer lands in tlie far west. Establishing- himself near Capay, Yolo county, he bought a small tract of land and later added to his pos- sessions from time to time until he had the title to about two thou- sand acres of raw land. A portion of this has been sold, but he still owns fourteen hundred acres, rei)resenting the energetic efforts of his lifetime. Retired from active labors, he and his wife reside in Berkeley, where they are surrounded by the comforts rendered pos- sible by their own laborious and long-continued efforts. Among the seven children comprising the family of John Fos- ter there was a son, Walter Theodore, whose birth occurred at Woodland, Yolo county, Cal., in September, 1872, and whose edu- cation was secured in the i)ublic schools of that county, the Pierce Christian College at College City, Colusa county, and a business college from which he was graduated in 1892. His marriage, Sep- tember 8, 1893, united him with Miss Maggie Kirtland, and they settled on a farm in Yolo county. For a time he leased fifteen hun- dred acres owned by the Bank of Woodland and while acting as foreman for that institution he also became the personal owner of three hundred and twenty acres of valuable land in Yolo county. For a time he operated lioth his own property and that of the bank, but at the expiration of twelve years he began devoting himself exclusively to his own tract. Two years later he came to Sacra- mento and settled in Oak Park in Octol^er, 1906, since which time it has been taken into the incorporation of Sacramento, but at that time was outside of the corporate limits. Coming to Oak Park in 1906, Mr. Foster was a member of the real-estate firm of Becker & Foster until 1908 and since the latter year he has conducted real estate activities alone, hav- ing his office on the corner of Thirty-fifth and Cypress streets. When he first became a resident of the suburb he bought for $800 a tract 40x75 feet in dimensions and on this site he erected a two-story modern office and store building, for which after its completion he was offered $25,000. Opposite the block he owns another corner, which likewise has become very valuable. Recently he paid $12,000 for a location near his office Iniilding, and here he is now erecting a modern fireproof moving-picture theatre, containing all the latest ideas in such buildings and leased for three years to C. E. Hoff- man, of Reno. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Foster consists of four children, namely: Lester, Grace, Meryl and Ruth. The son is not only a student in school, but also successfully superintends the insurance business in charge of his father. In politics Mr. Foster has been a lifelong adherent of the Democratic party and a stanch supporter of its principles. Although enjoying the opportunity of holding of- 886 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY fice lie has never aspired to such jjositions, his tastes inclining him rather toward business pursuits. In fraternal relations he is con- nected with the Eagles and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. From early life he has been a believer in the doctrines of the Chris- tian Church and has identified himself with its missionary and char- itable movements. No one has more faith than he in the future of the Sacramento valley and the expansion of a Greater Sacramento, enjoying all the advantages and conferring all the opportunities within the power of a capital city that is progressive, prosperous and far-reaching in its activities. WILLIAM R. GORE On a slight elevation overlooking the beautiful valley to the south a visitor to the Fair Oaks district notes with admiration the attractive residence owned and occupied by Mr. Gore, who in se- lecting the location bore in mind the need of a soil adapted to his specialties in fruit, but at the same time did not fail to note the advantages of the eminence as the site of a modern country home. Adjacent to the residence are the three fruit ranches wliich have come under his ownership and to which he devotes considerable at- tention, personally directing their management and overseeing the harvesting of the fruit. In the main, however, he has given his time to business ])ursuits. For a time after his arrival in Fair Oaks he conducted a general mercantile establishment and in this he still owns an interest, although no longer its proprietor. Recently he has been interested in the management of the lumber business which he has bought and now manages with the same keen comprehensive energy characteristic of him in every commercial association. The birth of this influential citizen occurred in Clark county, Ohio, November 18, 1858. At an early age he was taken to Illinois by his parents, who settled on a farm in Sangamon county near the city of Springfield. There he passed the years of youth and received a common-school education, supplemented by attendance at the Spring- field high school. Immediately after com])leting his studies he began to learn the profession of a pharmacist, in which lie soon acquired proficiency. For some twenty years he carried on a drug store at Mechanicsburg, 111., near Springfield, and meanwhile he devoted his leisure hours to the supervision of a valuable farm of one hun- dred and sixty acres which he had bought with the profits of the business. At Mechanicslnirg he was also a local leader of the Demo- cratic party and a well-known politician, serving as a delegate to HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 887 numerous conventious and influencing the decisions of many as- semblies of local party men. The only office which he consented to hold was that of assessor, but he aided his friends in their candi- dacies and kept himself thoroughly posted in regard to all impor- tant political measures. Having made visits to California in 1896 and '98 and having purchased property in Fair Oaks in 1896, Mr. Gore located perma- ently in California in the year 1900. Settling at Fair Oaks, he iden- tified himself with the district by the purchase of a tract which he has since developed and still owns. His activities have been varied, for he has been a fruit rancher, merchant and owner of a lumber yard. In addition he promoted the organization of the Fair Oaks Bank, bought stock in the concern and now serves as one of the di- rectors. A further proof of his devotion to the community is given in his zealous promotion of the Fair Oaks Fruit Company, in which he was one of the first to buy stock and to which he has tendered time as well as means with a firm faith in its importance to the com- munity. Indeed, every enterprise of value to the town has felt the impetus of his energy and sagacity and he even has found leisure to promote numerous commercial ventures outside of Fair Oaks, for while this place naturally receives the principal share of his time, thought and investments, he posseses the broad patriotic spirit that foresees the general prosperity of the commonwealth and desires to aid in its permanent up-building. Sharing with him in the good-will of the community are his wife, a woman of culture, and his daugh- ter. Miss Hortense S., who is a graduate of Mills College. The only other child in the family, Flutie, died during infancy. Prior to their marriage, which was solemnized at Springfield, 111., December 6, 1882, Mrs. Gore bore the name of Miss Lizzie McDaniel. The fam- ily of which she was a member bore a part in the early upbuilding of Sangamon county, where she was born and where during girl- hood she received the educational training, afterwards graduating from St. Mary's College at Knoxville, which forms the foundation of her broad fund of general information and her wide scope of men- tal attainments. WILLIAM GEARY Perhaps no occupation presents more difficulties to the amateur or imposes greater responsibilities upon the expert than that of phar- macy. The fact that, during a very long and close identification with the drug business, Mr. Geary has met with exceptional sue cess in the work proves his natural qualifications of accuracv, in- 888 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY telligence and trustworthiness. When he left school, scarcely more than a boy, it was for the purpose of studying the drug business, and as the years passed he displa.yed an increasing knowledge of the occupation. From that he rose by thrift and energy into a finan- cial association with an old-established drug establishment, and •eventually he acquired a large interest in a western house. When it is remembered that he began without means or influence and rose from a humble station into prominence and business success, it will be realized that lie ])ossesses abilities of a high order, and such indeed is his reputation throughout the country tributary to the city of Sacramento. It was during 1881 that Mr. Geary first became a resident of Sacramento, where later he achieved business success of a high order. For a long period prior to his removal to the west he had been identified with Canada and the eastern states, but his residence in our own state has covered so many years that he is now a typical Californian, loyal to the progress of the commonwealth, interested in any movement for the general welfare and a contributor to proj- ects of permanent value to the people. Of Canadian birth, he was born in London, C^anada, in March of 1837, and received his educa- tion in the schools of that city, but at the age of fifteen left school in order to learn the drug business. When nineteen years old he went to Philadelphia, Pa., and secured employment with a large drug firm. As a traveling salesman for that house he visited the prinei])al cities of the east and gained a comprehensive knowledge of all that section of country. The west, however, proved so much more alluring to him than the older-settled east that in 1862 he be- came a resident of San Francisco, where he made his home for al- most twenty years, meanwhile being connected with a wholesale drug firm. Upon coming to Sacramento and assuming the manage- ment of the wholesale drug house of H. C. Kirk & Co., he became a partner in the business, the title of which was thereupon changed to Kirk, Geary S: Company. Since then he has built up one of the most important drug bouses of its kind in the state, and he has es- tablished a wholesale trade whose customers com]irise retail deal- ers throughout (California, Nevada and Southern Oregon. EDWARD H. GERBER The intimate identification of an honored pioneer family with the interests of Northern California finds expression in the mani- fold activities engaging the attention of Edward H. Gerber, a life- long resident of the state and a native son of Sacramento. Belong- HISTOBY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ing to the vonnger generation whose task it is to develop the weighty interests secured by their fathers, he has been wholly exempt from the privations of the pioneer era and from the vicissitudes incident to a frontier environment. His has been an enjoyment of twentieth- century advantages, an appreciation of present-day opportunities and a familiarity with the culture and refinement typical of every portion of the state in the present period of development; at the same time, with these advantages, he has faced great responsibili- ties, all of which he has met and discharged with tact, energy and forcefulness of purpose. A son of W. E. and Hattie (Lyon) Gerber, the former from Buffalo, N. Y., and the latter from Boston, Mass., Edward H. Ger- ber was born March 25, 1883, and received his early education in Sacramento, after which he attended St. Matthews College at San Mateo until the completion of the regular curriculum of "that insti- tution. With his entrance into the business world there began an association of some duration with a firm of wholesale hop dealers m San Francisco. In the interests of their business he traveled in Europe for two years and on his return to the United States re- mained in New York City for some time as superintendent of their branch office there. Returning to California he became interested m general ranching and had the supervision of extensive tracts of land and herds of stock. An organization of which he acts as presi- dent and which has its offices at the California National Bank, Sac- ramento, is incorporated under the title of the Tehama Investment Company. This company has laid out and built up the town of Ger- ber, Tehama county, a point planned by the Southern Pacific Rail- road Company as a division center with passenger and freight connections from Red Bluff. Mr. Gerber is a director in the California National Bank and is vice-president of the Farmers' and Mechan- ics' Savings Bank. In addition he is the owner of the Buckley- Gerber Abstract and Title Company, one of the oldest concerns of the kind in the entire state. Varied as are his business interests and comprehensive as are his activities, he nevertheless finds leisure for participation in social functions and with his wife enjoys a popularity as broad as the cii'cle of his acquaintances. The' Bo- hemian Club of San Francisco and the Sutter Club have his name enrolled among their members. The Masonic order also has the benefit of his identification with its measures, particularlv those relating to the work of Washington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., in which he has been a member for some years, fli's marriage, Sep- tember 8, 1908, united him with Miss Gertrude Whitaker, of' Gait, daughter of the late Andrew Whitaker, a citizen whose wealth and fine personal qualities brought him into prominence throuo-hout his section of the state. 890 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY FERDINAND KOHLER An almost imiversal progressive tendenc}' in business circles and an expansion of commercial affairs commensurate with local development have been noticeable in the history of Sacramento dur- ing the opening years of the twentieth century. One of the very few exceptions to the otherwise universal rule of expansion has been the history of the milling industry, which has been injuriously af- fected by the lessened wheat acreage in Northern California. The land having proved adapted to crops exceedingly remunerative in value has been taken from its original cultivation in grain and has been devoted to more profitable uses. As a result many mills have discontinued business and of those still in operation the Phoenix is one of the few that shows a constantly increasing patronage. The cause of this prosperity is not difficult to ascertain. It is a result of superior business management and the securing of a product of un- surpassed quality. The secretary and treasurer of the Phoenix flouring mill is a native of Germany, but has made America his home since 1872 and at the expiration of two years in Montana he came to Sacramento in 1874, since which time he has risen to prominence among the business men of the city. The firm of George Schroth & Co. pur- chased the mill in 1881 and incorporated the business under the name of the Phoenix Milling Co. in 1892. The original president was George Schroth, who died in 1902. Ferdinand Kohler, who was the first secretary and treasurer, has continued in the office up to the present time and has given his time closely to the upbuilding of the business. The first directors were J. G. and W. C. Schroth and J. H. Arnold, in addition to the president and secretary. The com- pany met with a severe loss in 1885, when the plant burned to the ground, but in rebuilding a more substantial structure was erected and more modern equipment provided, so that every facility has been secured for the attainment of satisfactory results. The fact that the company has agents and warehouses at Placer- ville, Chico and Oakland proves the importance of its business and the expansion of its interests. The output averages three hundred and fifty barrels per day, twenty-five tons of rolled barley and twenty tons of other mill feed. The reputation of the mill has been greatly enhanced by the manufacture of their famous specialty. White Rose wheat flakes, a favorite cereal among the people of Northern Cali- fornia and a product whose superior quality has resulted in an enormous sale in every locality where introduced. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 891 WILLIAM F. GORMLEY The county of Fermanagh, around whose history there cluster legends of romance and tales of tragedy, formed the environment familiar to the childhood days of William F. Gormley, who was born in the village of Irvinestown, March 5, 1862, and belonged to an old famih^ in the north of Ireland. Memories of those early years, as they mingle with the interesting activities of maturity, form a pleasant background to life's bright picture of earnest purpose and manly action. The first eventful change in the family affairs came in 1871 with the departure of the father, Thomas Gormley, from the old Irish home. For years he had worked in Fermanagh as a mill- wright and pattern-maker and his removal to California was the result of a contract to look after the mining interests left by Will- iam Hughes, one of the pioneers of Eldorado county at a camp known as Georgia Slide and who had some years previous been struck by a large rock in the mine and received fatal injuries. The following year the mother with their two sons and one daughter followed him to America and joined him in Eldorado county. It was in 1874 that the family came to Sacramento, where the father entered the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad shops as a machinist and later was pattern-maker. He is now making his home in Sacramento, his wife, Mary Ann Gormley, having passed away November 2, 1903. William F. Gormley was but twelve years old when his parents brought him to Sacramento, and he entered the city schools to complete his studies. During 1877 he became an ap- prentice in a bookbinding estalilishment and at the expiration of his time he continued at his trade in the state printing office, where he remained for a ]ieriod of nine years altogether. When the state established a bindery in 1886 he secured a position there in a very humble capacity and at low wages. Although at that time he voted the Democratic ticket while the head of the department, A. J. John- ston, was an ardent Re]mblican, owing to his efficiency in the busi- ness he rose to be assistant foreman and the difference of his politi- cal views with those of his superiors was not allowed to jeopardize his position. Eventually, when he was assistant, he tendered his resignation in order to enter other lines of business. The undertaking business which he still conducts was estab- lished by Mr. Gormley October 1, 1897, and later he erected the sub- stantial structure at No. 914 Eighth street, where he established a public morgue, the first in the county. Elected coroner in 1902, he was re-elected to the office at the expiration of his term four years later and during 1910 he was chosen for the third term, which he now fills. During February of 1911 he purchased the former 50 892 HISTOEY OF SACBAMENTO COUNTY home of Grove L. Johnson, father of the present governor of Cali- fornia, which is located at No. 720 H street. Through various im- provements and enlargements he has built up one of the finest es- tablishments of its kind in the northern part of the state and to add to the convenience of his equipment he recently purchased an automobile ambulance. During the period of his association with the bookbinding business he attended the convention of the Inter- national Brotherhood of Bookbinders at Buffalo, N. Y., in May of 1895 and in that session he received the honor of election as vice- president. For one term he held office as president of the Feder- ated Trades Council. With the honored Bishop, Thomas Grace, acting as officiating clergyman, the marriage of William F. Gormley and Mamie E. Fogarty was solemnized January 8, 1896. They are the parents of three children, namely: William Manogue, born February 1, 1897; Thomas Grace, March 27, 1898; and Mary Frances, August 20, 1901. Mrs. Gormley is a member of a pioneer family and is a niece of Rt. Rev. Patrick Manogue, remembered with affection as the first bishop of the Sacramento diocese, embracing all of Northern California and Western Nevada. With his family Mr, Gormley holds membership in the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament at Sacramento. That prominent and successful Roman Catholic fraternity, the Knights of Columbus, has in him a loyal and generous member. Recognition of his ability has come in his selection to serve as grand knight of the local council. He is a member of the local branch of Catholic Knights of America, of which he has served as both secretary and president. In 1895 he was honored by being chosen by the state convention as representative from California to the National Convention of the Catholic Knights of America at Omaha, Neb., and his influence was apparent in many of the measures adopted by the assembly. BERNHARDT P. KOCH With the inheritance of a name indicative of his Teutonic an- cestry Mr. Koch also inherited the national characteristics of thrift, industry and unwearied perseverance; and although he came to the new world in young manhood and identified himself thoroughly with the interests of his ado]^ted country, he never lost the attri- butes of character which are found in the German race the world over. In the German town, where his birth had occurred in 1857, it was his good fortune to attend the national schools, which prepared him for the responsibilities of life and enabled him to conduct his HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 893 own business affairs with accuracy and promptness. After lie had left school he learned the trade of tailor, and this he followed for some years in his home land. Meanwhile he had heard much con- cerning the opportunities offered by the new world and finally he decided to cast in his fortunes with those of the people beyond the sea; accordingly he bade farewell to old friends and relatives, took passage on a ship bound for New York and landed in due time in the metropolis of the new world, where he found employment with- out delay. After a time he removed to Pennsylvania and there in August of 1887 he was united in marriage with Miss Engla Yahm, who like himself claimed Germany as her native land. Their union was one whose mutual happiness and helpfulness was broken only by his death in May, 1896, ere yet old age had claimed him for its own and while the future had seemed to offer many more years of usefulness in his chosen work. Subsequent to the demise of Mr. Koch his widow and children came to California and settled in Sacramento, where now they re- side at No. 3211 W street. There were four children in the family and all of them were born in Pennsylvania, where the eldest of the four died at an early age. The three now living are with their mother in Sacramento, where the older son, Harry B., is employed by the California Wine Company, and the only daughter, Elsie, acts as stenographer and typist for one of the leading business firms. The youngest child, Karl W., is a student in the Sacramento high school. HARRY WORTHINGTON LEONARD Just south of the city of Sacramento lies the old Leonard home- stead, which originally embracing one hundred and thirty acres has been reduced by various sales of small tracts, so that the place still owned by the family now contains only eighteen acres. Years ago the ranch was the home of a large family, for x\lbert and Caroline (Merrill) Leonard were the parents of eleven children and all but one of these attained maturity and still survive. A native of Massa- chusetts the father came to Cahfornia on a sailing vessel around Cape Horn in 1849, and almost immediately upon arriving in this state located in Sacramento, where he was associated in different business enterprises, becoming well and favorably known, and here he remained imtil his death, which occurred in 1891, when he was sixt3^-five years old. He was one of the first real estate dealers in Sacramento, and for thirty years was interested in that enterprise. The mother was born in Illinois, and crossed the plains in 1849. Her 894 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY death occurred January 8, 1912. Harry Wortliington, the youngest child born to them, first saw the light of day in Sacramento July 7, 1877. His education was obtained in the public schools, after which he entered the Southern Pacific Railroad shop as an appren- tice coppersmith. ('Ompleting this he spent about eleven years in the shops and in 1907 accepted the ap])ointnient of superintendent and secretary of the I. 0. 0. F. Lawn Cemetery, which position he has filled ever since. The cemetery was established and platted in 1906, since which time there has been a constant effort to de- velop the natural beauties. An attractive entrance has been planned and trees have been planted which, with the aid of well-kept lawns and flowers, will supplement the natural charm of the spot, making of the cemetery one of the most beautiful in the state. Mr. Leonard was united in marriage, March 9, 1904, with Miss Ella. Jones, member of a well-known family of the capital city. The local prominence of Mr. Leonard as a worker in the Republican party led to his selection for the office of public administrator, to which he was elected in November of 1910 and which he still fills with discrimination and painstaking attention to details. From young manhood he has been actively connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and for seven years he served as secretary of Eldorado Lodge No. 8, Sacramento, besides which for one term he officiated as district deputy. He is clerk of the Canton, Uniform Rank, I. 0. 0. F. ARTHUR H. LINDSAY The secretary and manager of the Pacific Grocery and Produce Company belongs to that noteworthy circle of Californians who achieve a fair degree of success along any line of endeavor. By birth he is eligil)le to membership with the Native Sons of the Golden West, for he claims Siskiyou county as his earliest home and the center of his youthful activities. Born May 11, 1873, he was a mem- ber of a pioneer family and himself grew to manhood in the midst of a frontier environment, for Siskiyou responded to the uplifting influences of increasing population with less rapidity than other portions of the state. Naturally, therefore, the occupations of the frontier were the first to interest him and we find him buying and selling cattle, raising stock on the broad ranges of the north country and following the uncertain life of a miner. From the cattle indus- try he gradually drifted into the butcher business and at an early age he was familiar with every detail incident to that occupation. For a considerable period the headquarters of Mr. Lindsay were HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 895 at Fort Jones, which stands at the confluence of two small streams that merge eventually into the Klamath river. A sense of isolation is inspired by the long distance from the railroad and by the over- hanging peaks of the Salmon mountains. Realizing that a more central location would afford him better commercial advantages, Mr. •Lindsay closed out his interests in Siskiyou county and remoA^ed far- ther south, arriving at Sacramento July 30, 1907. Here he purchased an interest in and assisted in the incorporation of an old-established business, formerly known as D. Deirson & Co., and made popular through a long experience covering twenty-five busy years. The business was incorporated with C. F." Dosch as president and A. H. Lindsay as secretary and manager and the latter has since been the managing head of the important and growing business. Recently large quarters were secured in the new general market on J street, where the firm occupies the entire west side of the market as well as commodious floor space in the center. For thirty years J. P. Murphy, better known as "Panama" Murphy, of baseball fame, has been with this firm and its predecessors and meanwhile he has gained tlie reputation of being the best game and produce man in the entire state. Upon coming to Sacramento and entering into business for himself Mr. Lindsay was unmarried, but on Christmas day of the following year he established domestic ties, being then united with Miss Ethel Tilton, a cultured young lady of Sacramento, born and reared here, also educated in the local schools. The Tilton family holds a place among the influential pioneers of Sacramento and her father for twenty-five years has been connected actively with Baker & Hamilton, wholesale dealers in hardware and agriculture imple- ments. While Mr. Lindsay possesses to an unusual degree the qualities that win and retain friends in social circles, he has been devoted so closely to business affairs that social functions and political conventions have lacked his genial presence and helpful encouragement. Nor has he identified himself with any of the fraternities with the exception of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, whose camp at Sacramento has the benefit of his generous con- tributions and cordial co-operation in all progressive work. PETER F. DONNELLY The discovery of gold was the immediate cause of the removal of the Donnelly family to the west and since then their identification with the material upbuilding of Sacramento county has been perma- 896 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY nent and important. Three successive generations have resided at Folsom, the original Argonaut, Henry F., representing the first generation, while his children and grandchildren continue the family identification with this section of Sacramento county. All have been characterized by a patriotic devotion to the local welfare, a pride of citizenship in this great commonwealth, a personal associa-. tion with important commercial affairs and a decided individual interest in mining activities. A genuine degree of success has re- warded their painstaking efforts and they have become well known in their chosen place of residence. Not only was Henry F. Donnelly a native of Paterson, N. J., but liis wife, who bore the maiden name of Katie McKernan, likewise claimed that city as the place of her birth. Upon coming to California immediately after hearing of the discovery of gold, this pioneer began to prospect and mine and he never lost his interest in such work, although later he gave his attention almost wholly to ranching in Sacramento county and at one time owned the Natoma grant. Over the broad range his large herd of cattle roamed throughout much of the year, and when the round-ups came and those ready for market were sold he usually received a neat sum to repay him for the care of the stock. He died in 1877 while yet in middle life. His widow was later married to Mr. Foster, and she now resides in Sacramento. Peter F. Donnelly, son of Henry F., was born at Folsom, Sacra- mento county, October 22, 1875, and at the age of six entered the Folsom primary department of the public school. Later he studied in the grammar school, but at the age of thirteen he discontinued his studies and took up the task of self-support. Ever since his father's death Mr. Donnelly carried on a livery and teaming business in connection with his brother, and besides owning this stable he was also proprietor of the Folsom hotel. These he conducted until 1912, since which time he has leased them. He owns other valuable property interests, and in addition to devoting considerable time to the care of these various holdings he is also serving as constable of Folsom. Prior to 1905, and since then, he has served as deputy, in all six years, during which time he made some important arrests, among them being the Natoma high-graders. At this writing he is engaged in mining, owning and working some gravel mines that hold out especially fascinating inducements. Throughout all of his life he has been identified with the Roman Catholic Church and his contributions to its maintenance and charities have been large. The Republican party has received his ballot ever since he attained his majority. His marriage took place April 8, 1901, and united him with Miss Mollie Scott, who was born in Iowa, but has spent her life principally in the west. Of this union there are three sons, Henry, James and Peter, to whom the father hopes to give HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 897 every educational advantage possible and every opportunity to pre- pare with thoroughness for life's responsibilities. In fraternal rela- tions he is connected with the Eagles, the U. P. E. C. and the Native Sons of the Golden West. JACOB J. FISCHER As one of the members of the Sacramento broom factory Mr. Fischer retains an intimate identification with one of the well-known industries in Sacramento. Long experience in the work admirably qualifies him for the accurate discharge of all duties connected with his responsible position. Although not an elderly man, but still in the prime of mature activities, he has given more than one-quarter of a century to work at the one trade and meanwhile he has acquired a thorough -knowledge of the industry. Up-to-date machinery has been introduced, and the output has been increased. While a portion of the raw material comes from Illinois, much is bought in California and largely grown in Sacramento county on the river of the same name, in the district lying north of Knight's Landing. The special product is the house broom of ordinary size but superior quality and in addition there is manufactured every other kind of broom for which any demand exists. Himself a native of Marietta, Ohio, born December 5, 1865, Jacob J. Fischer comes of Teutonic parentage. When they were young his parents, William and Catherine Fischer, came across the ocean from Germany and settled at Marietta, Ohio, where the former followed the trade of boot and shoemaking. While yet in the old country he had served an apprenticeship to the trade and his unusual expertness was recognized l)y a large circle of customers. Throughout practically all of his active life he followed the same occupation, quietly and successfully continuing his work until his death at the old Ohio home about 1894. His widow still continues to reside in Ohio. Of their five sons William is a lawyer in Rainier, Ore.; Frederick is engaged in the ministry and has a charge at Zanesville, Ohio ; Edward is a business man of Rockford, 111.; whil-e Herman carries on a grocery business in Indianapolis, Ind. The fifth, Jacoli J., likewise has been successful in his life efforts and by his high standing and enviable reputation adds in-estige to an honored family name. The financial condition of the parents did not permit idleness on the part of the sons and we find that Jacob J. Fischer was a mere lad when he began to earn a livelihood through enqiloyment on farms and through work at the broom-maker's trade. The latter he acquired familiarity with when very young and always liked the work, so that 898 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY he naturally drifted into it as a permanent occupation. Seeking em- ployment in various jjarts of the country he continued as a journey- man for some time. During early manhood he became interested in the west and decided to come hither, but he made the journey a means of self-support and of education. Work at the trade enabled him to earn his own way through the country, and he was thus able to gain an excellent knowledge of various sections of the United States. Dui'ing June of 1899 lie arrived in Sacramento and here he promptly found a position with the Columbia Company, in whose employ he remained, meanwhile by various promotions reaching the position of manager. Continuing until October, 1912, he resigned and with three partners started the Sacramento Broom Factory at No. 1715 Fifteenth street. Of his two children the older daughter, Delia, married Roy Walthers and resides in San Francisco ; the younger daughter, May, is at home. Fraternally Mr. Fischer is associated with the Druids, Knights of Pythias, Improved Order of Red Men and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In national elections he votes with the Republican party, but in local cam]^aigns he gives his influence to those whom he regards as best qualified to represent the people, irrespective of their political ties. ALFRED GILBERT FOLGER Shortly before his death during the latter part of the eighteenth century the illustrious philosopher and statesman. Dr. Benjamin Franklin, presented to his namesake and relative, Benjamin Franklin Folger, of Nantucket, a medallion head as a token of affection and remembrance. This souvenir, which presents an excellent likeness of the noted doctor, is now in the possession of Alfred Gilbert Folger, a grandson of the original owner and himself a claimant to kinship with the statesman through the latter 's mother, who was a member of the Folger family of Massachusetts. In addition to his relationship to one of America's most noted men, he also is a descendant of a Forty-niner, his grandfather, Hosmer P. Osborn, Im^'ing come to the west immediately after hearing of the discovery of gold, and many years afterward this honored old settler served as president of the Pioneer Society of Sacramento. Born in the city of Sacramento April 4, 1854, Alfred Gilbert Folger is a son of Benjamin F. and Juliana (Osborn) Folger. A fair education received in the local schools afforded him preparation for HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 899 the activities of business. Upon starting out for himself he em- barked in the stock industry and for two years owned and man- aged a large flock of sheep in the northern part of the state. After he had disposed of the sheep he turned his attention to general farming and for six years he tilled the soil in Placer county. A later experience of one year in the mercantile business was fol- lowed by his association in 1890 with the People's Saving Bank of Sacramento. At fir.st he held a position as teller and bookkeeper, but in a short time he was made assistant cashier. Upon the resignation of the cashier, George W. Lorenz, in 1906 Mr. Folger was selected to fill the vacancy. Largely as the result of his far-seeing business judgment, the bank decided to purchase the site on the corner of Eighth and J streets. On this unexcelled location the finest bank building in Sacramento was erected at a cost of $275,000. The struc- ture contains seven floors, the first of which is fitted with the elegant appointments of a modern bank and is utilized entirely by the bank- ing institution for its own large business, while the upper stories are rented as offices. The marriage of Mr. Folger took place in Sacramento, December 12, 1877, and united him with Miss Ella A. Gallup, a lifelong resident of Sacramento and a descendant of Eevolutionary ancestors. Her parents, Josiah and Julia A. Gallup, were pioneers of the west. Mr. Gallup, who could speak the Chinese language with fluency and was a man of wide intelligence, held a high position among the early settlers of the state. Until his death, which occurred in 1859, he engaged extensively in raising and buying mules to be utilized for transportation ]nirposes, a business of great importance owing to the fact that no railroad had as yet been built into the valley. The only daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Folger is Miss Julia Ardel Folger, l)orn October 31, 1890, and educated in Mills College near Oakland. Both Mr. and Mrs. Folger are prominent in the most exclusive circles of Sacramento society, Mrs. Folger being one of the leading members of the Tuesday Club, while he is past president of the Sunset Parlor, Native Sons of the Golden West. He was made a Mason in Wash- ington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., is member of Sacramento Chapter No. 3, E. A. M., Sacramento Council No. 1, E. & S. M., Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., and is a member of Islam Temple, N. M. S. of San Francisco. The Sutter Club numbers him among its members, and he is also a member of the Junior Society of California Pioneers. The Eepublican party has received his ballot ever since he attained his majority and he has been stanch in the support of the principles which he believes to best conserve the permanent progress of our connuonwealth and countrv. 900 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY RICHARD C. IRVINE The twentieth century has been marked by the inauguration and rise of many public-spirited projects, few of which possess greater value or promise greater benefit than the good-roads movement. As a pioneer worker in the developing of the roads R. C. Irvine gained local prominence many years ago, when the movement was yet in its infancy. Consistently advocating permanence in roads, from the first he opposed the temporary quality and unsatisfactory nature of such work as was done on the roads, but gave the pressure of his influence toward better highway's as a precursor to better farms and larger profits to the farmers. Before automobiles had come into' common use and their owners had united to advocate a more satis- factory highway, he had attracted attention through his persistent efforts to interest property-owners in such work. It has been his privilege to see a marked advance and a deepened interest in the movement, but he believes the work already accomplished is only the predecessor of greater efforts in the years to come. Taking up a consideration of Mr. Irvine's personal history, it may be stated that he was born in Jefferson City, Mo., February 5, 1846, a son of Capt. Alexander and Lou Anne Irvine, of that state. His father raised a company which was assigned to the regiment of Colonel Donovan for service in the Mexican war, and he served as captain. Wounded in the first engagement of his company, he started for the Paso Robles Springs, CaL, but after a few weeks became so ill that he was obliged to turn back. Nevertheless, in 1850, Captain Irvine piloted a train across the plains to California, where the family made their home. Richard C. Irvine for some years at- tended the public schools of St. Louis, Mo., but in 1859 he accompanied the family to California and settled in Eldorado county, where he continued his studies in the public schools. In 1862 he secured a clerkship in the general mercantile business in his home county and continued in the same position until his removal in 1870 to Sacra- mento, where he engaged as clerk with R. Stone & Co., wholesale saddlers. Later he was promoted to a salesmanship for the company. When they first sold out in 1881 to A. A. Van Voorhies & Co., Mr. Irvine bought stock in the new concern and continued a partner in the business until January of 1891, when he sold out his interest. After a period of service as county assessor from 1891 to 1895 Mr. Irvine was appointed by Governor Budd as a member of the bureau of highways, the executive's attention having been drawn to him through his intense interest in every phase of the good-roads movement. During 1896 he resigned the position to take charge of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 901 a large wholesale saddlery in Los Angeles. After a year in Southern California he returned to Sacramento and took charge of the Capital Soap Company until 1898. From that time until 1903 he served as deputy to the city street superintendent, after which he was manager of the Wilson Manufacturing Company. His first appointment as city superintendent of streets came to him in January, 1906, and for two years he filled the position with scrupulous fidelity, resigning in January of 1908 to serve as general inspector over country roads, which office had been tendered him by the county board of super- visors. At the expiration of a term of two years he was again ap- pointed city superintendent of streets and continued to fill the "position with marked intelligence and industrious application. The marriage of Mr. Irvine and Miss Adelaide Wells took place in Sacramento in March of 1881 and they have since been popular in society functions, also contributors to the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, with which they are identified. Always stanch in his allegiance to the Democratic party, Mr. Irvine is yet broad in his views and concedes to other voters the same choice of nominees and measures which he demands for himself. A man of genial disposition and companionable nature, he finds pleasure in social and fraternal activities and is one of the founders of the McNeil Club of Sacra- mento. In addition he has been a leading local worker in the Ancient Order of United Workmen, Knights of Honor, Loyal Order of Moose and the Masonic Order, in which he has taken many degrees, including that of Knight Templars and Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. R. McELWAINE Noteworthy among the industrial plants of Sacramento mav be mentioned the one founded by Mr. McElwaine and promoted through his intelligent, capable efforts as secretary and treasurer. This organization, incorporated under the title of the Sacramento Pump Manufacturing and Supply Company, is a somewhat recent acquisi- tion to the commercial institutions of the capital city, but already it has proved its value to the locality and has given promise of im- portant future development. The plant is located at No. 1800 R street, where machine work of all kinds and also foundry work mav be done expeditiously and with thoroughness. With H. L Seymour as president and with other capable business men and engineers con- nected with the foundry and machine shop, all contracts receive prompt attention and the business is promoted by sagacious super- 902 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY vision. A specialty is made of centrifugal i)iinips for all purposes, also of refrigerating plant sii])plios and in tliese lines the firm has established a wide and excellent reputation. A son of W. J. McElwaine, for many years a citizen of Northern California, R. McElwaine was born March 19, 1874, in the mining town of Oroville, in Butte county, so that he is eligible to member- ship with the Native Sons of the Golden West. At an early age he accompanied the family from Butte county to Solano county, where he attended the grammar school at Dixon and later became a student in the Dixon highschool. Upon the completion of the studies in local schools he began to earn his own livelihood, but there remained with him a desire for further educational advantages, and to gratify this ambition he entered the Leland Stanford University in 1896, continuing a student in that institution for two years. From 1898 until 1900 he was connected with the United States navy in the transport service. Upon his return to Dixon he acquired land near that village and became interested in farming, which occuy:)ation en- gaged his attention until December, 1910, the time of his removal to Sacramento. In this city he helped to organize the company of which he since has been secretary and treasurer and whose success he has promoted by personal efforts. Ever since attaining his ma- jority he has voted with the Democratic party and has maintained a warm interest in public affairs, although he has not solicited official honors for himself, nor has he exhibited partisan spirit in local issues. In fraternal relations he holds membership with the Masons and the Kniii'hts of Pvthias. CASSIUS M. PHINNEY The secret of success in all undertakings is to be found not alone in faithfulness to duty, but, as well, in the power to maintain through all situations a well defined, individual purpose; for rarely does failure reward the man who believes in his hopes and accords them the i)atience and energy essential to their fruition. Ambitious from boyhood to become a successful business man, and sup])lement- ing his yearnings by strong, concentrative effort, the ])rosperity of Mr. Pliinney has been fully merited and in his work as a member of the well known engineering firm of Phinney, Cafe and Marshall, who maintain offices in the Forum Building, Sacramento, he has justified the highest confidence of his associates. A native of Mahaska county, Iowa, his birth having occurred there, August 9, 1865, Cassius M. Phinney moved to Nebraska with his ])arents, John B. and Mary (Steward) Phinney, of Ohio. He HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 903 received his education in York and Tliayer counties, Nebr., applying himself to his studies with such diligence that he was enabled to graduate at an early age. Upon completing the high school course he entered the engineering corps of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad and studied surveying with them for two years. Then for about two years he was county surveyor at Lincoln, and in 1887 came to Sacramento, where he secured a situation as assistant city engineer, serving faithfully during the succeeding nineteen years. In 1906 he was elected county surveyor, taking the office in January, 1907, and conducting this office one term, after which he became associated with Cate & Marshall, the latter of whom served as city engineer of Roseville, Cal., and by means of their united skill, they succeeded in establishing an excellent business, embracing particu- larly plans for reclamation and irrigation enterprises, street work and sub-divisions. Mr. Phinney's mother passed away in Seattle, Wash., in 1904, and his sister Carrie and his father share his well appointed home. His elder brother, H. S. Phinney, resides in Seattle, Wash., where he is well known as a successful fruit commission man, and save for occasional visits to California, thus far prefers the North as a perma- nent domicile. Mr. Phinney is an active member of Sequoia Camp No. 104, M. W. A., Sacramento Lodge No. 6, B. P. 0. E., and is an associate member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the home offices of which last named organization are located in New York City, and by his exemj^lary conduct and deep interest in public affairs is recognized as a citizen of remarkable integrity and the highest worth. SOLOMON RUNYON The genealogy of the Runyon family is traced back to French ancestors, but several successive generations of the name have been identified with American history. Michael Runyon and wife, the latter of American birth but English parentage, lived upon a })lanta- tion in Kentucky until their demise when advanced in years. Their son, Armstead, was born and reared in the Blue Grass state, whence he removed to Preble county, Ohio, and then became a pioneer of Will county. 111., during a period so early in the development of the Mississippi valley that Chicago was still a frontier trading post and the rich agricultural section of Northern Illinois wholly undevel- oped and sj^arsely inhabited. During young manhood he had married Anna Hornbacker, who was born in Ohio of German or Pennsylvania- 904 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Dutch stock, and with her energetic assistance he had earned a liveli- hood from a tract of unimproved and undeveloped land. Fond of the frontier, a pioneer in every sense of that word, he found his highest enjoyment in the strenuous labors incident to such an existence, and when he heard of the discovery of gold in California he was as eager to join the procession of Argonauts as though he himself had been a stalwart youth in his teens. With his sons, 0. R., A. N. and Solo- mon, he left Illinois early in the spring of 1849 and followed the usual route of migration across the plains, arriving safely at Sacra- mento during the middle of September. It was his privilege to wit- ness the memorable era of early Californian development, the rapid accession to the population, the admission of the state into the .Union, the growth in wealth from mines and of prosperity from the early expansion of agricultural interests, and with his own past experience amid frontier conditions he was in a position to understand and appreciate the environment of the period as well as the prospects for future development. His death occurred in Santa Rosa, where he had spent the last days of his useful existence. Upon the frontier farm in Will county. 111., where for years Armstead and Anna Runyon labored to earn for the family the neces- sities of existence, their son, Solomon, was born November 27, 1827. The neighborhood had not developed a public-school sj^stem and he had scant opportunity for acquiring an education, but he learned to read and write and to keep accounts in a primitive manner. The broad knowledge of his later years was wholly self-acquired. Re- maining on the home farm and working for his father until he was twenty-one, he afterward took up the battle of life for himself. When he came to California during 1849 he began to work in the mines, and for two years he pursued the exciting life of a seeker after gold, but the results did not justify further continuance. Accordingly he resumed the occupation which in Illinois had en- gaged his attention. During 1852 he entered one hundred and sixty acres of state land near Schoolcraft, Solano county, and there he settled, spending the next few years in the improvement of the property. Septeml^er 15, 1859, he bought a ranch twenty-four miles below Sacramento on the- river of that name, and there he took up agricultural activities with such success that in 1868 he was able to replace the old home with a modern mansion, which for years ranked as the most elegant residence on the river. After he had remained a bachelor until middle life Mr. Runyon established a home of his own, being united in marriage, July 23, 1863, with Miss Adaline Bloom, who was born in Missouri and arrived in California September 12, 1850, having been brought across the plains by her parents, William H. Harrison and Delilah Bloom. The only child of her marriage was a daughter, Ora, born January HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 905 18, 1875, and educated in Mills College, Oakland. Her demise occurred November 18, 1905. The landed possessions of Mr. Eunyon were enlarged by the purchase, December 13, 1871, of one hundred and fifty-five acres at the head of Andrus island five miles down the river from the old homestead. August 21, 1881, he purchased an adjacent tract of two hundred and eighty-six acres, so that he had in one body four hundred and forty-one acres of rich land. Other acquisitions of property made him one of the largest land owners of the entire valley and much of this vast acreage was planted in fruit trees, so that he ranked among the most extensive orchardists of the locality. In addition he owned considerable property in Sacra- mento and San Francisco. The landed possessions of Mr. Eunyon and the management of the same did not represent the limit of the varied activities of his useful career. Assisting in the incorporation of the California Trans- portation Company, he afterward retained a large amount of stock in the concern and served upon its directorate. For years he was interested in the Sacramento street railway and was one of six men who bought the farm that is now Oak Park, laid out the townsite, and built a residence as a model; and this was virtually the starting of that prosperous suburb of Sacramento. In order to promote through- out the west an interest in the growing of fruit he identified himself with the State Board of Horticulture, which he served as treasurer at one time and in which he was a member of great influence, his recognized success as an orchardist giving him prestige among those who were seeking to give to horticulture its rightful position near the head of the profitable occupations of the west. Honored among the pioneers of the state, respected by the rising generation cognizant of his successful supervision of large enterprises, a leader in the charities of the Knights Templar and the Masons of the thirty-second degree, Mr. Eunyon was regarded as one of the most influential men of the Sacramento valley, and his death, which occurred May 23, 1896, was regarded as a calamity to the interests of his community. However, with a sagacity equal to his own, his wife took up the supervision of the vast estate of twenty-eight hun- dred acres, divided into six ranches, and she has given intelligent and successful oversight to the important holdings, which are largely devoted to the growing of fruit and vegetables, the raising of grain and alfalfa and the care of dairy products. On two of her ranches she makes a specialty" of growing asparagus, having over two hun- dred and fifty acres in that product, and is one of the largest aspara- gus beds in the state. Markets in San Francisco and also local canneries are supplied from these beds. In order to ascertain the condition of every ranch and the needs of the crops, she makes frequent trips to the tracts and gives personal attention to the same. 906 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Her success is a matter of general observation. While owning and occupying one of the finest residences in Sacramento, situated at No. 1801 H street, and holding a position among the society leaders of the capital city, she has not limited lier life to home and society, but has endeavored to aid in the greater interests of the entire valley. For years she has made a specialty of reclamation work. On this subject she is regarded as an authority in the Sacramento valley. Her long study of reclamation and her broad knowledge of the local conditions caused her to be selected as a member of the com- mission that is studying a feasible plan for the opening of the mouth of the Sacramento river. She is a frequent attendant at the meet- ings of the National Rivers and Harbor Congress and enjoys the distinction of being its only lady member in the United States, besides having the further honor of occupying a high place in the councils of that important organization. She is a member of the Rebekahs and the Onisbo Chapter No. 164, 0. E. S, of Sacramento, and is past grand treasurer of the Chapter, 0. E. S. of California, FRANK MEYER The unknown possibilities of the great coast country formed tlie attraction that allured Frank Meyer when a young man of twenty years from the older commonwealth of Missouri to the growing, pro- gressive state of California, where with the exception of a few years spent in St. Louis he has since remained, identifying himself with the development of Sacramento and taking the part of a loyal citizen in all of the more important movements of the era. In his removal to the west he found conditions radically different from those in his native environment of St. Charles, Mo., where he was born June 10, 1856, and where his parents, Anton and Katharine Meyer, had borne the part in pioneer upbuilding that he himself assumed in his early residence in the capital city of our western commonwealth. The family, while possessing the higliest principles of honor and integrity, accumulated little of this world's goods and could gi\'e him few educational advantages, nor could they aid him in the important task of securing a start in the business world; hence what lie is and what he has, represents self-sacrificing, intelli- gent and persevering efforts of the man himself. As i)reviously stated, Frank Meyer was twenty years of age when in 1876 he came to Sacramento for the first time. Here he secured a clerkship in a grocery and continued for three years, mean- while laying the foundation of warm friendships, many of which con- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 907 tinue to the present day. Returning to Missouri in 1879 he became a grocery clerk in that city, where he remained for three years. His permanent residence in Sacramento dates from 1882, when he entered a grocery owned l)y John Belhner. At first his wages were very small and his work unimportant, Init as time passed he was given greater responsibilities and as a clerk proved his trustworthi- ness and ability. After nine years with the same grocer he left the store in order to. take up other lines of work. As manager for T. J. Clunie, owner of the Clunie opera house and Metropolitan theatre, he held a position of importance and responsibility. Abun- dant testimony as to the satisfactory nature of his services appears in the statement that he was retained by Mr. Clunie until the death of the latter, since which time he has been manager of the various holdings of Mrs. Clunie in Sacramento, including, also the manage- ment of the hotel which she inherited upon the death of her husband. While his attention is given closely to his business duties, he does not neglect civic reponsibilities, but contributes of time and influence to measures for the general welfare, and in politics he takes a warm interest as a member of the Democratic party. Throughout his en- tire life he has been an adherent of the Roman Catholic Church and a generous contributor to its charities. During May of 1908 he was united in marriage with Mrs. Henrietta (Harrington) Bedell, of Sacramento, but a native of Colusa, who by her former marriage was the mother of two children, Milton and Edwin. ANDREW MIKULICH The proprietor of the Peerless cafe in Sacramento has so thor- oughly imbibed American principles of thrift, energy and resource- fulness that he easily might win recognition as a native of our coun- try, if not indeed of California itself, but a residence of thirty years in the United States has not caused him to lose a feeling of loyal devotion to Austria, the land of his birth and the home of his parents, Martin and Kate Mikulich. Memory affectionately recalls the scenes of his boyhood, the occurrences of youth and the friends with whom he worked and played at the old home in Fiume, where he was born November 21, 1865. From an early age he was familiar with the sea, for the city of Fiume lies at the head of the small bay of the same name and it in turn forms an arm of the Adriatic sea. The people living along the shores of this beautiful body of water were accustomed to the sights and sounds of the sea, to the crafts lazily floating across the blue sea, the vessels moored in the 908 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY harbors of Trieste, Ravenna, or other important ports, and to the vision of the sea-kissed city of Venice whose canals were gay with their swift-speeding gondolas. Upon leaving forever behind him the pleasant associations and picturesque environment of the Austrian coast and crossing the Atlantic ocean to the New World in 1882, Mr. Mikulich was pre- pared for the future by a fair education in the free schools of Austria and by a rugged constitution qualifying him for patient en- durance in labor. After he had landed in Philadelphia he secured employment as a sailor. During 1885 he went as far west as Chicago, where he worked in a restaurant for three years. In 1888 he went south to New Orleans, La., and there found work in a restau- rant. The next move brought him to San Francisco in 1889 and from there in 1891 he came to Sacramento, where he has since made his home and has engaged in the restaurant business. In this city, June 30, 1903, he married Miss Lena Arnold. Here, after one year as an employe in a restaurant, he embarked in business for himself. When he sold out the business he became manager of the Southern Pacific Railroad restaurant. During 1902 he opened a res- taurant at No. 1010 Seventh street, but four years later he moved to his next location. No. 720 K street, and on April 25, 1912, he opened his present beautiful place which he had built himself. It is located at No. 1117 Ninth street and is a palace of mirrors set in mahogany, the furniture all being of that same wood. The mezzanine floor for ladies' parties is furnished in old gold and ivory, the whole presenting an etfect so exquisite and magnificent as to earn it the place of leading cafe in the vicinity and among the finest in the state. It is known as the Peerless cafe and is strictly a first-class restau- rant that receives a large share of the public patronage. The care exercised in the management of the business has left Mr. Mikulicli little leisure for participation in political affairs, but he upholds Republican princii:>les and keeps posted concerning national issues. Fraternally he is a popular member of the Foresters, Moose, Flks and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. GEORGE H. TOWNSEND The resistless tide of emigration that has swept over the coun- try since the develo]iment of the west first commenced has caused many changes in the population, so that the majority of men spend the busy period of maturity far removed from the scenes of their cliildhood. But not so with Mr. Townsend, whose enviable privilege HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 909 it has been to spend the years of manhood's activities upon the same farm associated with his earliest memories. Unallured by the call to other localities, he has been content to remain at the old homestead and to continue the work of cultivating the land whose first furrows were turned by his father during the era of pioneer development. With progressive tendencies he has made the place more productive and its annual returns larger through his interests in stock of all kinds and his identification with other forms of agri- cultural labor. In studying the record of the Townsend family we find that remote ancestors came to this country having had a part in the material upbuilding of Maine, when Elisha Baker Townsend was born in the city of Portland. There also he was reared and during young manhood he there married Eachel Hodgkins, likewise a native of Maine. Attracted by reports concerning the possibilities of the west, during the spring of 1853 he and his young wife left New England for California and at the end of their long journey they arrived in Sacramento county. He entered government land at Mormon Island, Sacramento county, cleared the tract, turned the first furrows in the virgin soil and gradually brought the ranch under improvement. For about twenty-five years he engaged in the dairy business on this i'anch. In addition for some time he carried on a meat market in Folsom, fattening the stock on his ranch and later utilizing them for the needs of the butcher shop. After a busy life, whose success was up to the measure of his expectations, he died in 1898 at the old homestead. From his natal day, September 15, 1875, George H. Townsend has had the same surroundings except as the improvements associated with modern civilization were made on the ranch. The neighboring schools enabled him to acquire a fair education. Early experience on the farm gave him a thorough knowledge of the tilling of the soil and the raising of stock. In addition he learned the details of the meat business while working at the Folsom meat market. When he succeeded to the management of the ranch he at once turned his entire attention to its care and cultivation. Under his keen oversight the three hundred acres, located about three miles northeast of Folsom, present an appearance of thriff and productiveness. Cattle, horses, hogs and sheep may be seen in the pastures and the yearly output of stock forms a valuable addition to the income of the owner, who further engages in the dairy business with success and also raises grain, hay and vegetables for the local markets. A part of this ranch is under irrigation from the Natomas ditch. A farmer of great energy and wise judgment, he is making a success of his work and has proved his ada])tability to agricultural pursuits. The marriage of Mr. Townsend took place at Folsom March 27, 910 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 1901, and united him with Miss Annie M. Russler, who was born, reared and educated at Clarksville, this state. Mr. and Mrs. Town- send are the parents of three children now living, namely: George B., Anna E. and Lavern. The political views of Mr. Townsend are in harmony with the platform of the Republican party. While voting the party ticket with consistent regularity he has always refused to consider official honors and has never been a candidate for any of the local offices. By virtue of his nativity he is eligible to member- ship with the Native Sons of the Golden West and we find him identi- fied with Folsom Parlor No. 83, in which he has held all of the offices and for years has served as secretary. In addition, since 1905 he has been honored with the secretaryship of the Folsom Aerie of Eagles. Not only in Folsom, but also throughout the entire east end of the county, he is known and honored as a progressive rancher and a citizen whose upright character entitles him to the respect and confidence of the people. WILLIAM J. WEISMAN Of that energetic and progressive blood that makes the German- American a good citizen in whatever community his lot may be cast, the well-known bookbinder of Sacramento whose name gives prominence to this page was born August 3, 1876, a son of Charles F. and Henrietta (Moffelt) Weisman, natives of the Fatherland of history and of song. His father came to the United States when a young man and served a while by enlistment in a New York regiment that did gallant duty in the Civil War. After the close of that memorable experience he came to California, making the overland journey with oxen, and arrived after about five months arduous travel in Sacramento. There he met and married Henrietta Moffelt, who in 1864 had come alone across the ocean to America and, after remaining some time in New York, had come on to California. To this worthy people were born four children, of whom William J. is the only one living in Sacramento county. Two of them live in Berkeley, Cal., and the remaining one died young. Educated to the useful life he planned for himself Mr. Weisman acquired his training in the public schools of Sacramento. After laying down his text-books he apprenticed himself to E. W. Bruen- ning, of Sacramento, to learn the bookbinder's trade, and labored in his establishment six years. Those were six years of honest HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 911 and earnest endeavor, devoted to gaining knowledge both funda- mental and in detail that would be essential to a successful career in the field that the young man had determined to enter. The succeeding eight years he passed busily in the binding department of the state library. Then for four years he was in the cigar and tobacco trade. But no success in any other department of endeavor could be so dear to him as even moderate prosperity as a book- binder, and he purchased the Sacramento Bookbindery, at No. 309 J street, which he has conducted with increasing success to the present time. His plant is modern in every detail, fitted with up-to-date machinery and appliances and capable of turning out fine work in large quantities. He makes a specialty of the manu- facture of loose-leaf office devices and other record supplies which have come in demand during recent years, and as a business man and as a citizen is notably progressive. He builds not alone for himself but for the community, for he believes that the good fortune of one is in a measure the good fortune of all. In his political convictions he is Republican, and on his party ticket he was nominated for city collector in 1906, but was defeated at the polls. He married Miss Alice Collins, daughter of Wilkie Collins of Sacramento, Sep- tember 28, 1904. Mr. and Mrs. Weisman are popular in the circles in which they move and their home is noted for its hearty hospitality. He is identified with the Elks, with the Native Sons, with the Eagles and with the Foresters of America. Of Sacramento Parlor No. 3, N. S. G. W., he is a past president, and in the Foresters has served as chief ranger. HENRY F. G. WULFF Teutonic ancestry is indicated in the name of Wulff. The founder of the family in the United States was one Henry Wulff, who came to the new world at the age of sixteen years. Prior to emigration he had served an apprenticeship to the trade of cabinet-maker and later he also gained a thorough knowledge of the occupation of a millwright. A desire to avoid the military service obligatory upon him if he remained in his native land caused him to seek a new home across the seas and for some time he worked at his trades in St. Louis, Mo., but as early as 1850 he crossed the plains to California and ventured into mining with a fair degree of success. Returning to the east via Panama he married Miss Caroline Lehnke and established a home in St. Louis, where occurred the birth of his eldest child, Henry F. G., January 31, 1854. During the spring of the same year the family made the long journey across the plains 912 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY and at the expiration of one-half year landed in Placerville, Eldo- rado county, when the son was nine months old. For years identified with mining interests, Henry Wulff did not limit his energies to that occupation, but acquired varied interests in the west. He had the contract to build the first quartz mill at Placerville. Removing to his ranch in 1859, he took up the stock business on a large scale and at one time controlled a ranch of one thousand acres at Green Valley. Some of the land was acquired under the homestead laws and some by purchase, but the whole was im- proved through his industrious efforts and" represented the results of his sagacious management. After years of active identification with the development of the west he died on his ranch in 1886 and his widow still remains at the old homestead. In December of 1911 she celel)rated the seventy-fifth anniversary of her birth. Of her ten sons and four daughters there now survive five sons and all of the daughters. After having completed the studies of the Placerville public schools and also for a time having clerked in a Sacramento grocery, in 1873 Henry F. G. Wulff attended evening classes at Heald's Business College at San Francisco, from which he graduated in 1874, and in the meantime he earned his livelihood by clerking in a grocery store in the daytime. For one year he was employed in the coining room of the mint, and after resigning this position he went to Virginia City, Nov., continuing there until June, 1879, when he was appointed United States ganger in the Internal revenue officer for the Sacramento district. For nineteen years and three months he was identified with the Internal revenue office, meanwhile acting as chief deputy of the local department for ten years. While thus engaged he drew every check paid out for the construction of the new postoffice, the check in payment for the ground being the only one not drawn by him personally. When he had resigned as chief of the department he embarked in the real-estate business, during 1898 becoming a member of the firm of Kromer, Wiseman & Wulff. The retirement of the senior member of the firm in 1901 caused a change to the present title of Wiseman- Wulff Co. In addition to carrying on a general real estate, loan and insurance business, the firm has pioneered sub-division work in Sacramento. Among their most important tasks was the improving of eleven thousand acres at Knight's Landing, Yolo county, forming the Fair ranch at one time owned by the senator of that name. Under the name of the Sacramento Farms Co. they purchased this bottom land, which is as fertile as the far-famed valley of the Nile. On reclamation work here $350,000 has been spent, the results of the expenditure appearing in the first crop (1911) raised after the work had been completed, when six thousand acres yielded more than HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 913 eighty thousand sacks of grain. Mr. Wulff has been secretary of the company since its organization. By marriage of Mr. Wulff to Miss Louisa Galvin a son, Albert H., was born, who is now connected with a wholesale grocery business in Sacramento. After the death of his first wife Mr. Wulff married Miss Elizabeth Stelter May 2, 1888, and thus became connected with one of the old and honored pioneer families of Sacramento county, her father, Frederick Stelter, having been a resident here since 1860. Of the second marriage there are three children, namely: Fred L., who is identified with his father in the real-estate business; Ramona and Horace B., who are students in school. The family attend the Lutheran Church. In politics Mr. Wulff stands stanchly by the principles of the Republican party and in 1911 he was its candidate for trustee from the ninth ward. For years he has been prominent among the Odd Fellows, -belonging to Eldorado Lodge No. 8 and Occidental Encampment No. 42, and in 1910 he occupied the office of grand patriarch of the Grand Encampment of California. In the capacity of grand representative he attended the Sovereign Grand Lodge in September of 1911, held at Indianapolis, Ind., to which important gathering delegates were sent from lodges in every part of the world. His tact and counsel have been most helpful to the local advancement of lodge work and thus to the general prosperity of the order. WILLARD WARNER Legion is the name of the men who, coming to Sacramento in early life, have achieved here a gratifying degree of material success without the prestige of an influential family name and without the aid of capital in their first personal enterprises. It is proof of the opportunities afforded by the capital city that these men, with few exceptions, have risen out of obscurity into civic prominence and individual prosperity, contributing in their personal achieve- ments to the advancement of the community selected as their perma- nent place of residence. Not the least noteworthy among these progressive, prosperous business men may be mentioned Willard Warner, who by an apparent chance became identified with the business to which he has given whole-hearted and effective at- tention. When he came to Sacramento and sought a means of liveli- hood, the fact that he had a previous experience in a laundry establishment made it possible for him to secure work as driver of a laundry wagon, and from that beginning he rose through suc- cessive steps until finally he was chosen secretary and manager 914 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of the Cascade laundr}^, one of the well-known industrial plants of the city and an organization that has built up an immense business through careful attention to the needs and desires of customers. Born in Fulton, N. Y., January 4, 1865, Willard Warner was taken to Iowa at an early age by his parents, Josej^h W. and Harriette Warner, who settled at Clear Lake near the shores of one of the most beautiful bodies of water in the northern part of the state. On the shores of the lake there had been started a small hamlet, which since has developed into a popular summer resort. The little school of this village gave him his early educa- tional opportunities and afterward he carried on his studies at Luverne, Rock county, in the southwestern part of Minnesota. At the age of fifteen years he removed to Washington and for two 3^ears attended the Seattle high school, later securing employ- ment in a laundry of the same city. During the year of 1885 he came to Sacramento and secured work as a wagon-driver with the American laundry. A gratifying otfer from the Union Laundry Company caused Mr. Warner to leave the other firm in 1899, after which he acted as manager of the Union until 1903, when a consolidation was eifected of a number of plants under the title of the Cascade Laundry Company. Of this he since has acted as secretary and manager. Employment is furnished to one hundred persons and a general laundry business is conducted, customers being largely people of Sacramento, although there is a growing patronage from other towns. In addition to the management of this impor- tant business, with its increasing responsibilities and constant need of intelligent oversight and tact, Mr. Warner * holds the office of treasurer in the California Expert Cleaners' Company, which was organized largely through his personal efforts and as a result of his realization of the growing need, for such an industry. The Sacramento Laundry Club also has the benefit of his active co- operation and wide knowledge of the business. With the mani- fold cares connected with his special work, he has not been able to participate in politics aside from casting a Republican ballot at all national elections. One of his favorite forms of recreation has brought him into prominence among the members of the Sacra- mento Bowling Club, whose most expert players confess to his superior skill. For some years he has been identified with the Loyal Order of Moose. His marriage took place in Seattle, Wash., May 19, 1890, and united him with Miss Flora Rich, by whom he has three children, namely: Eugene, who is em]iloyed as bookkeeper at the Cascade Laundry; Philo, who is a student in St. Francis convent; and Adeline, who is attending the Sacramento ])ul)li(' schools. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 915 WILLIAM S. WATSON, M. D. The lineage of the Watson family is traced to the nobility of England and afterward the family was established in the United States. The historical annals of Great Britain indicate that for more than thirty-five years Sir Thomas Watson, M. D., held the honored place as physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria. Dr. Watson of Sacramento is the son of William Watson, who was a brother of Sir Thomas Watson and was a man of classical education, and the highest culture, a graduate of the noted university at Cambridge, and for years connected with a Philadelphia college as instructor in higher mathematics and classics. While identified with the educational interests of that eastern city he was united in marriage with Miss Priscilla Price, who traced her ancestry to Scotland but claimed Philadelphia as her home city. Later they established a residence in Indiana for a brief period and were associated with the pioneer educational development and social de- velopment of that then frontier state; while there the birth of their son, William S., occurred in September of 1853. Inheriting from his parents a degree of intellectuality, as well as a keen ambition to acquire knowledge, his progress through the lower schools of learning was swift and while yet a mere lad he matriculated in Bellevue Hospital Medical College of New York City. At the expiration of the regular course of lectures he was graduated with the class of 1870, with the degree of M. D. Two years later he embarked in practice in Central Illinois, but his talents demanded a different field of professional labor and in pursuance of his ambitious plans to specialize in medical work he went to the Hudson river district of New York. For a long period he resided at Fishkill on Hudson and Matteawan, Dutchess county, and New York City, the changes of headquarters being made by reason of professional demands or business activities. The achievements of Dr. Watson in the realm of medicine during his long residence in the east reflects a permanent lustre upon his professional reputation. For fourteen years he conducted as sole i^roprietor the River View Sanitarium near the banks of the Hudson in Dutchess county. The institution was founded and maintained for the treatment of nervous and mental troubles. Later on lie associated himself with William T. Jenkins, M. D., a former health officer of New York City, in the founding of a charitable hospital for the care and treatment of those unfortunates who were ill and penniless. Such work, although not financially remunerative, had its rich reward in the consciousness of promo 916 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ting a needed and beneficent philanthropy. It was during the period of his residence in Central Illinois that Dr. Watson was married and there his only son, "William Martin Watson, was born. He is now engaged as a bank and corporation attorney and is one of the leading professional men of New York City, where likewise he is prominent in society and in civic affairs. Coming to Sacramento in 1908, Dr. Watson opened an office at No. 501 K street, but later removed to the new Nicolaus building, where now he occupies a modern suite, provided with all up-to-date appliances. In the midst of a successful professional career he found leisure in the east to identify himself with progressive civic movements. Not only did he serve with the greatest efficiency as mayor of Mattea- wan, but twelve years later he was elected to the same position at Fish- kill on Hudson and was the incumbent of the mayor's chair at the time of selling his sanitarium, which was in 1900. He is a member of Beacon Lodge No. 283, F. & A. M., and Highland Chapter No. 83 R. A. M. at Newburgh on Hudson. Professional associations enlist his co-operation and wise assistance. Besides being connected with the Sacramento County Medical Association and the California State Medical Association, likewise the French Society of Electro- Therapy, he is a charter member of the American Electro Therapeutic Association. For twenty years he served as examiner of lunacy for the state of New York and for four years he has acted in the same capacity for the State of California. During his many years of medical research work,, he has written many articles for the medical and lay press, upon current topics, recently on the cause for the increase of the insane, treatment of the insane and educational matters, etc. DAVID E. WILEY Genealogical records show that several generations of the Wiley family lived and labored in Maryland, their principal place of residence having been Harford county, whence their descen- dants scattered into many portions of the United States. The ancestral mansion stood at Norrisville, a small town lying near to the state line of Pennsylvania, near also to the placid waters of the Susquehanna river and not far distant from the Chesapeake bay. There occurred the birth of David E. Wiley June 20, 1858, and there in 1825 the eyes of his father, Hon. David Wile}^, first opened to the light. The latter had been the recipient of fair advantages in the select scliools common to the early half of the nineteenth century and, although he limited his attention to farming and stock-raising. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 917 lie not only attained prominence in that occupation, but also be- came a leader in civic affairs, in business enterprises and in pro- gressive projects for the welfare of his commonwealth. In recog- nition of his noteworthy achievements and genuine talents for the public service he was chosen as a member of the Maryland as- sembly in 1881 and 1883 and at the time of his death, February 27, 1887, he was still very prominent in the state. As a farmer he was progressive. In the stock business he aimed to raise only the best grades. No finer herd than his might be found in all of Harford county. To him belonged the distinction of sending the first carload of cattle ever shipped to England, while he constantly bought and sold in the markets of the eastern cities. During early manhood he married Mary S. Terril, who was born at Norrisville, Md., and died there in June of 1865, while still in the prime of womanhood. The schools of Norrisville were excellent in their standard of training and in their discipline. Hence David E. Wiley had ad- vantages superior to those possible to many of that period. When he left school at the age of eighteen he secured emploj^ment in a mercantile establishment in his home town and there he remained for twelve years. Meanwhile from 1882 to 1884 he served as justice of the peace in his home township. Coming to California in 1888 he entered the mint and remained an employe of the government until 1904, when he resigned to devote his whole attention to a store at Folsom, which he had bought in 190.3. After having en- gaged in merchandising for seven years he sold out in 1910. Since then he has acted as agent for several old-line insurance companies and also has carried on a cigar business. While still a resident of Maryland he was united in marriage, September 24, 1884, with Miss Edith May, a member of an old Maryland family and a woman of culture and education. In addition to his family resi- dence Mr. Wiley owns another dwelling-house in Folsom. Through- out all of his life he has favored Democratic principles and at all elections he supports the regular party nominees. In fraternal rela- tions he holds membership with the blue lodge of Masons, the Knights of Pythias, the Eagles, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Rebekahs, to which last-named his wife also be- lonars. ISAAC HINKLE The quiet round of important duties discharged with painstaking care has filled the life of Mr. Hinkle since he left his Indiana home for the greater opportunities offered by the far west. An apparent chance brought him into the work for which nature had qualified 918 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY him and ever since his removal to this state more than thirty years ago he has been identified with the irrigation industry. Perhaps few men are more conversant than he with this business whose value to the development of the west cannot be overestimated. That his knowledge is appreciated by others is proved by the fact that since 1882 lie has acted as su]:>orintendent of the North Fork Ditch Com- pany. Although the ditch has changed ownership a number of times he has been retained through all the various managements, besides which he has acted as superintendent for all outside water. Born in Howard county, Ind., April 9, 1855, Isaac Hinkle was the son of Henry and Hester (Brock) Hinkle, natives of Ohio and Tennessee respectively, and who were farmers in Howard county, Ind. Having been reared on the farm, such education as he pos- sesses was acquired in the public schools which he attended only three months a year. Such success as he has won (and it is by no means unimportant) comes from his determined but unassisted ap- plication. During 1881 he came from Indiana to California and settled at Auburn, where he at once began to work for the North Fork Ditch Company. The corporation recognized his worth and promoted him to be superintendent the following year, when he took charge of a section of the ditch at Folsom. The business being located in this village he established a home here and has since lived in the town, whose prosperity he has promoted, whose growth he has fostered and whose real-estate interests he has developed through the buying and selling of land. In the capacity of agent he has handled a great deal of property and at this writing owns three hundred and sixty acres of valuable land on the Auburn road near Folsom, where he is engaged in fruit and stock raising, besides which he has a number of building lots on the same road across the American river, and on one of these he has erected a substantial resi- dence for his own home. Upon the organization of the Bank of Folsom in 1910 Mr. Hinkle was one of the original subscribers and assisted in the promotion of the new enterprise with customary zeal and sagacity. The honor of being chosen the president on its organization came to him, and his identification with the concern was made more complete through his service as a member of the board of direc- tors. When he came west he was a single man, but four years later he started a home of his own, being united in 1885 with Miss Jessie Brown, who was born and reared in Tennessee, received an excellent education there, and after coming to the west engaged in teaching prior to her marriage. Three children blessed their union, but the only daughter, Fjthel May, died at the age of nine months and the younger son, Allen, passed away at the age of two years. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 919 leaving but one survivor in the family, Henry J., who is now married and a resident of Folsom. In national campaigns Mr. Hinkle gives his support to the Democratic party. Locally he is independent and favors the men whom he deems best qualified to represent the people irrespective of their party views. At no time in his life has he sought official honors and the only public position he has ever consented to fill is that of member of the Folsom board of education, in which post he has given time and influence toward the upbuilding of the schools. Having been deprived of higher educational advantages in his youth, he has been especially solicitous that the children of his home town should receive every desired opportunity to fit them- selves for life's responsibilities. Religion enters with harmonious rhythm to perfect a rounded character and both he and his wife have found pleasure and help in their relations with the Methodist Episcopal Church. Both enjoy their membership in the Rebekah Lodge No. 166, at Folsom, while in addition Mr. Hinkle has been prominent and active in the general work of the Odd Fellows. Shortly after his arrival in the west he joined Auburn Lodge No. 7, I. 0. 0. F., in which he has served through the chairs and is past grand. After coming to his present location he identified himself with Folsom Encampment No. 24, I. 0. 0. F., in which he filled all of the chairs, being past chief patriarch at the time of this writing. GEORGE KEACH As an illustration of the commercial opportunities afforded by Sacramento and also as an index to the ability of the man himself, mention belongs to the record established and the reputation achieved by George Keach in the commercial history of the capital city. When first he arrived here it was a poor workman with his kit of tools, a journeyman who had followed the trade of an upholsterer in various parts of the country and who had been attracted to the great west by reason of the glowing reports. In the busy years that have since brought their changes, their opportunities and their suc- cesses, he has found the climate healthful, the people congenial and the business openings equal to his own ability, so that he has no reason to regret the decision that brought him to the coast country and made him a business man in Sacramento. In studying the Keach family history we find that William and Melinda Jane Keach were married in Indiana and died at Logansport, that state, the former in 1884 and the latter a vear later. For 920 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY twenty years lie had engaged in the furnitnre business in Chicago, where both before and after the great fire he was an influential busi- ness man and a public-spirited citizen. His son, Greorge, was born at Logansport, Ind., October 23, 18G3, and was graduated from the high school of that city in 1882. He was one of a large family, the majority of whom reside in the east, although one of his brothers, William Henry, a pioneer investor in property at Butte, Mont., still makes his home at that place and is now one of its most wealthy retired real-estate operators. After a sojourn of two years in Northern Michigan and Wisconsin George Keacli came to Helena, Mont., and thence to Denver, Colo., where he was engaged in the furniture business for two years. Later he was engaged in mining in Larimer county, Colo., for about four years, next coming to Sacramento in 1896, and later traveling through Nevada with his kit of tools. On his return to Sacramento the same year he secured employment with a local furniture store, where he remained for eight years. At the expiration of that time he opened a small repair shop at No. 1003 K street, where also he carried a small line of furniture. A few months afterward, January 1, 1907, he removed to larger quarters at No. 1003 J street and No. 923 Tenth street. At that location he built up a large trade; he incorporated the Home Furniture Company, with himself as president and manager and his wife secretary and treasurer. His principal aid in winning the confidence of patrons was his unwavering- honesty. In even the smallest sale he always has been scrupulously honest and customers have come to realize that they may depend upon the straightforvrard expression of his opinion. No sales have been made under false impressions and no goods are allowed to be sent out from the estab- lishment under a misrepresentation. As a consequence of this accuracy and integrity of business management the proprietor has built up a wide reputation and now he receives orders from almost every part of Northern California. In January of 1912, upon the completion of the modern fireproof structure on Ninth between K and L streets, one of the finest buildings in the Sacramento valley, he removed to that location, where he has leased thirty-six thousand square feet, including one-half of the entire ground floor and the entire three floors above. In addition to the trade with private families the proprietor has furnished various hotels throughout, also a number of apartment houses in Sacramento, and on several occasions he has bought the lease to new apartment houses, which he had furnished . complete and then sold the lease. The marriage of Mr. Keach took place in Sacramento September 22, 1904, and united him with Miss Nora Jacox, formerly of Flint, Mich., and the daughter of a retired farmer. The only surviving child of the union is Adalaide iVllene, born September 21, 1905. The son. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 921 Howard, died at the age of nine months. Mrs. Keach is a member of the Saturday Club and holds membership with the Baptist Church, to the work of which Mr. Keach has contributed with characteristic generosity. Various organizations have received the benefit of his active co-operation, including the Fraternal Brotherhood, Moose, Modern Woodmen of America and Woodmen of the World, also the Knights of P^-fhias and the Improved Order of Red Men, in which latter he has passed through all of the chairs. He is an active member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Retail Merchants' Asso- ciation and the Pacific Coast Advertising Club. In citizenship he has been progressive, promoting the advancement of his adopted city by every influence within his power and supporting all enterprises which he believes for the permanent welfare of the people. The measure of his prosperity is well deserved, for it has resulted from industry and the exercise of business ability. His tireless energy and resolute spirit have carried to completion large business under- takings and have given to him a position of prominence among Sacra- mento's distinguished men of affairs. WILLIAM D. MORRILL An identification with California during the eventful era of the '50s gave to Mr. Morrill a thorough knowledge of the crude, unde- veloped conditions that eventually were replaced by a cultured citi- zenship and a prosperous commercial environment. Although it was not his privilege to survive until the accomplishments of the great aims of the pioneers were realized he contributed his quota thereto and when his earth life came to an end in 1885 at the age of fifty years, there were not wanting friends to bear testimony to the integrity of his character nor old settlers to witness concerning his helpfulness in the strenuous tasks devolving upon the pioneers in their loyal and patriotic attempts to raise the standard of citizenship in their adopted commonwealth. Before coming to the west in 1851 at the age of sixteen he had seen much of the east and had enjoyed the excellent advantages of the Boston schools, as well as a brief attendance in the schools of Pittsburg. He was, however, a native of Van Diemen's Land, Australia, and was born in 1835 during the residence of the family there while his father held the position of American consul. It was not until he was almost twelve years of age that the family returned to Pittsburg and in 1849 his father joined the vast throng of gold-seekers leaving the Atlantic coast for the then unknown regions 922 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of the far west. Early iu life he learned the trade of boiler maker and in 1869 he had the honor of putting together the first train that started for the east over the newly completed system of the Southern Pacific Company. From the first he was interested in all move- ments for the upbuilding of the state and gave liberally of his time to promote progressive projects. The marriage of William D. Morrill in 1864 united him with Mary IT. Pulaski, who was born in Galveston, Tex., and now resides at No. 1529 E street, Sacramento. Five children came to bless their union, but they suffered a deep bereavement in the early demise of three of these, the only survivors being Jessie and William H., both of whom are married and living in Sacramento. As early as 1852 Mrs. Morrill was brought to California by the family and afterward she attended scliool in Sacramento, where her father, August Pulaski, opened the first harness shop and for years carried on a large trade along the line of his chosen occupation. It was said that he was an expert in the manufacture of harness and few of the men of his day and locality could compete with him in the line of his specialty. As a citizen he was quiet but progressive, unostentatious but liberal, and in all measures for the civic welfare he stood on the side of progress and development. At one time he owned many acres within the limits of Sacramento, a part of the tract covering the present site of Eighth and J streets, but he disposed of the property before it had become val- uable. Three of his famih^, all of them being daughters, continue to make their home in Sacramento, among them Mrs, Morrill, who has witnessed the slow but sure growth of the capital city, has kept posted concerning its advancement and recalls with pride the remarkable transformation wrought in its aspect since she first saw it as an insignificant village with a transient and undevoted population, form- ing a striking contrast to the progress and patriotism noticeable in the twentieth centurv. NIRON LUCE A radical change from the environment of his early life came to Mr. Luce with his removal from Maine to California. As a boy at Farmington, Me., where he was born in 1836, he had become familiar with conditions existent in the far northeast regions of our country. The impressions made upon his plastic mind in youth were never forgotten, although they were dimmed by later and more pleasurable experiences in the agricultural activities of the west. The rigorous climate of Maine and the unpromising soil, with the forests of pine trees and the multitude of streams, imparted to the inhabitants HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 923 in their isolation something of like attributes, for they exhibited a dauntlessness of courage in trial, a fixedness of purpose in adversity and a resolution of character in business associations that brought them success notwithstanding the discouraging conditions under which they often labored. Seeking an environment more favorable for permanent residence and profitable labor, Mr. Luce left Maine at the age of nineteen and made the long voyage to California by way of the Isthmus of Panama. Immediately after his arrival in the west he settled in Placer county and became identified with the ranching interests of that region. In order to secure a start he homesteaded one hundred and sixt}' acres of raw land. This he brought under cultivation and improved with buildings. It was his far-seeing judgment that an investment in land would prove profitable eventually. Acting upon that theory he began to buy out squatters' claims. For this purpose he incurred a heavy debt, but he planned his enterprises in such a manner that he always was ready to meet the interest when due. With the increase in valuation of the land his financial standing became assured and he entered into the gratifying reward of his early foresight. At his death, December 16, 1901, he left to his family a splendid estate of fifteen hundred and twenty acres in Placer county, on which he had raised profitably both stock and grain. The widow, finding the care of so large a tract of great burden, finally disposed of the ranch and in 1910 established a residence in Sacramento, where at No. 1613 Eighteenth street she is now surrounded by all the comforts of life. It was not until a considerable period had elapsed subsequent to his location in California that Mr. Luce formed home ties, his marriage in 1867 uniting him with Miss Lottie Wheeler, a native of Maine, and the daughter of a minister who served in the Baptist denomination throughout the entire period of his useful and consecrated maturity. Eventually Mrs. Wheeler came to California and settled in Placer count}^, where she died at an advanced age. Three children blessed the union of Mr. and Mrs. Luce, but they had the heaviest bereave- ment of their wedded life to endure when their only son was taken from the home by death. The older daughter, Effie, was educated in Placer county and is now the wife of G. A. Wessing, of Sutter county. The other daughter. Miss Ida, who resides with her mother, is a woman of culture, qualified by nature and by education to enjoy the advantages connected with a residence in the capital city. The welfare of his family was always close to the heart of Mr. Luce. For them he lal)ored with patient industry and for them he accumu- lated his large acreage of land, in order that he might leave them beyond the reach of material want or financial struggle, and in his last days it afforded him gratification to realize that his efforts in their behalf had been crowned with such abundant success. As a citizen 52 924 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY he was loyal to the interests of his county, a believer in Republican principles and a stanch supporter of the party, but not a politician in the usual sense of that word, his desire being to promote the com- mon good of the i)eople and to iwaul all partisan activities. MRS. ANNA SMITH It has been the privilege of Mrs. Smith to witness remarkable changes in the appearance, condition and population of the west since the time when she first arrived in California sixty years ago. The excitement caused by the discovery of gold had not yet faded before the more important enterprises pertaining to the upbuilding of the great western empire. The entire trip from her native commonwealth of Ohio, where she was born near Columbus in 1835 and where she had been reared, made an indelible impression upon the mind of the young girl of seventeen, and she recalls the interesting fact that, after disembarking from the ship at the Isthmus of Panama, she was put on the back of a mule for transportation across to the Pacific ocean, whence she sailed up to San Francisco on the ship Blond in 1852. Arriving at Sacramento she found a small village of rude shacks and tents, crowded with a populace whose principal topic of conversation was that of mining and whose favorite vice was gambling. Prices of all commodities were high and the cost of living, an interesting- theme of conversation in the present era of the world, offered a problem as serious to the poor of that period as to those of the twentieth century. Even the smallest articles brought a quarter instead of a nickel as they would in the present day,' while no one seemed to recall that pennies were in existence. A church stood on K street at that time and there the young girl became the wife of John White, a native of England, and a pioneer of substantial traits of character. The following year, 1853, was made memorable to the couple, not only by reason of the birth of their first child, John A., at the family home on the corner of Third and ,0 streets, Sacramento, but also because of the disastrous flood and even more calamitous fire of that season. When the eldest child was three years of age the family removed to Folsoni and there remained for a considerable period. Besides the child mentioned four others were born to the couple, but only two of the entire number now survive, those being John A., of Sacra- mento, and Emma, Mrs. Lowrey, of San Fi'ancisco. Mr. White, who was an interested worker in the blue lodge of Masonry and a con- tributor to movements for the public welfare, was dee]^ly mourned HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 925 when he passed away in 1861, but he left to the community the example of disinterested service as a pioneer and a true champion of his adopted country. During 1890 his widow was united in mar- riage with Daniel Smith, a native of Scotland, who was a physician in Sacramento county. His death in 1902 left Mrs. Smith once again alone, but with the companionship of her surviving children to gladden her declining days. In her quiet home at No. 723 Seventh street, Sacramento, surrounded by the comforts made possible by years of energetic work and cheered by the friendship of other pioneer women of the city, she passes the twilight of her useful existence in tranquil contentment. STEPHEN UREN For more than one-half century Mr. Uren has been identified with the development of the Sacramento valley and during the whole of this long period he has been a resident of the city of Sacramento, where he is still living, now retired from the heavy responsibilities of his younger years. Of English birth, he was born in Cornwall Sep- tember 10, 1837, and was the son of William and Bathsheba (Sincock) Uren, the former a blacksmith and machinist by trade and for many years employed as foreman in a large shop in Cornwall. It was there that the son learned all the details connected with blacksmithing. When he crossed the ocean in 1857 he was well qualified to earn a livelihood at his occupation. For almost one year he was employed in the copper mining district of Ontonagon county, Mich., from which place he returned to New York City for the purpose of starting to California. The steamer Constitution conveyed him to Aspiuwall. After he had crossed the isthmus he resumed the voyage on the steamer Golden Gate, which cast anchor in San Francisco October 15, 1858. Coming from the coast city to Sacramento county, he worked for two years at his trade near Folsom, then spent a year in the mines of Eldorado county. After working for several months in Virginia City, Nev., he returned to Sacramento, and here he since has made his home. After a period of employment on the. capitol building Mr. Uren secured employment as a blacksmith, December 20, 1866, in the shops of the Southern Pacific Railroad. September 7, 1871, he was promoted to be assistant foreman under A. F. La Sholles. May 1, :J'^76, he was promoted to the position of foreman in the blacksmith shop, succeeding George Genshlea. The rolling mills also were under the direction of Mr. Uren and the first bar was rolled out in Julv of 926 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1881 under his supervision. For the year 1888 eleven thousand tons of material were turned out by the mill and during November five hun- dred men were employed in the rolling mill and the blacksmith depart- ment. The heaviest steamboat forgings ever made on the Pacific coast (including those for the ship Piedmont) were manufactured under the direction of Mr. Uren, whose success with such tasks was a matter of common knowledge to the workers in the shops. The efficiency of the department under his charge was greatly increased through the introduction of Mr. Uren's own inventions. Several of these may be enumerated. April 27, 1880, he patented a device for forming car-links, which previously had been made by hand. The new process reduced the cost about one-third. October 6, 1885, he patented a process for the manufacture of nuts at the rate of one per minute, superseding the old method which required one-half hour for each nut. December 1, 1885, he patented a wrought-iron brake-shoe, which possesses an advantage over the cast-iron shoe in the ratio of five to one and which is now in great demand by railroads in every part of the United States. May 28, 1889, a slot attachment to a bolt-heading machine, which has the distinction of being the only device in existence that will simultaneously head a bolt and slot the key; this is conceded to be one of his most important inventions. Another patent is on a method utilizing scrap cast-steel, which is composed into ingots and rolled down into bar steel. May 27, 1890, he patented a spike-making mechanism. His latest patent, that for reverberating heating furnaces, bears date of October 6, 1903. By reason of advancing years he retired from the shops September 30, 1907. Since 1881 he has made his home in a residence that he built on the corner of Thirteenth and Gr streets and in 1911 he erected an attractive four-flat building adjacent to his own house. Honored in many movements, he was especially prominent in the Master Black- smiths' Association and during 1893 he served as chairman of the committee that effected the organization at Chicago. Three years later he was chosen president and ever since then he has been active in the order, often serving as committee member or as official, and doing all within his power to promote its usefulness. The marriage of Mr, Uren took place in Sacramento September 9, 1865, and united him with Miss Mary Walch, who was born in Ire- land August 12, 1844, and came to California in May, 1863. Four sons and three daughters came to bless the union, namely: William Stephen, born June 18, 1866; Edward, March 31, 1868;' Mary G., March 22, 1871; Stephen J., August 2, 1873; Walter, December 6, 1876; Grace Ella, November 24, 1879 ; and Nellie Maude, March 6, 1882. The eldest son, now employed as assistant chief clerk in the motive power department of the Southern Pacific Company, married Miss Anna McDonald, a native of Toronto, Canada, and they are the parents HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 927 of two daughters, namely: Gertrude M. E., March 30, 1902; and Marjorie, October 26, 1909. The older daughter was born in Sacra- mento and the younger in San Francisco. William S. is a native of Sacramento and his brothers and sisters likewise claim the capital city as their native place. The second son, Edward, learned the machin- ist's trade in the railroad shops at Sacramento and while living here patented a rotary engine. During 1892 he was married at Oak- land to Miss Lulu Crompton, by whom he became the father of two daughters, viz. : Nell, born in Portland, Ore., August 9, 1893 ; and Ruth, born in San Francisco March 20, 1895. The elder of these two girls, Nell, was reared in the home of her grandfather, Stephen Uren, and has received excellent advantages in the Sacramento schools. The eldest daughter of Stephen and Mary Uren was given her mother's name and October 25, 1891, became the wife of L. P. Kerner, who was born in San Francisco April 20, 1865, and is now connected with a real-estate firm in that city. Mr. and Mrs. Kerner are the parents of four children, namely: Harry, born in San Francisco Sep- tember 24, 1892; Louis, March 3, 1896; Gertrude, March 29, 1899; and Frances, April 6, 1907. The third son of Stephen and Mary Uren was given his father's name and is now first assistant foreman of the blacksmith shop and rolling mills of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company at Sacramento. For a wife he chose Miss Annie Theresa Burke, who was born in Sacramento July 29, 1878. They have three children, viz. : Raymond Stephen, born November 9, 1900 ; Cleta Mary, February 2, 1902, and William Donald, March 26, 1912, all natives of Sacramento. The youngest son of Mr. and Mrs. Uren was taken from them by death. Walter Uren received a fair education in the grammar- schools and later learned the machinists' trade in the Southern Pacific shops at Sacramento, thence going to San Francisco, where he died November 4, 1905. Interment was made in the Eastlawn cemetery of Sacramento. The second daughter, Grace Ella, be- came the wife of Alfred Schaden, who was born in Sacramento April 21, 1878, received a fair education in the city schools and now engages in the grocery business in Sacramento. There are two chil- dren in the Schaden family, namely: Harold Alfred, born September 22, 1907; and Claire, October 30, 1910. The youngest member of the Uren family, Nellie Maude, was married June 14, 1905, to Hazard Snowden Williamson, who was born in Walla Walla, Wash., July 25, 1878, and is now conducting at San Francisco one of the largest candy factories on the western coast. They have two children, Dorothea Marie, born September 20, 1906, and Ursula Jane, November 26, 1911. 928 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY CHARLES E. WENTZEL The manager of the Sutter Photo-Engraving Company of Sacra- mento, Cal., is Charles E. Wentzel, a native of Cincinnati, Ohio, born November 16, 1862. After finishing his studies in public schools of his native city, he was for two years a student in the high school. He then learned the photo-engraving business and when he had mastered it was for some time employed in prominent photo-engraving estab- lishments in Cincinnati and Chicago. In the meantime he made several trips to the Pacific coast, which he first visited in 1895, and it was in 1904 that he first located in this state, for a time being employed in San Francisco. The history of the Sutter Photo-Engraving Company dates from February, 1906, when the Howes Electrotype & Engraving Company was organized and incorporated. Ten months after it began business, Mr. Wentzel acquired an interest in it and it was reorganized under its present name with Charles E. Wentzel as vice j^resident and manager. The plant and processes of this concern are kept thoroughly up-to- date; it turns out an excellent grade of engraving and electrot^s^ing, having just installed a new electrotyping plant, and it is enabled to turn out a class of work equal to any in the large cities of the east. In July, 1889, Mr. Wentzel married Miss Catherine Houtz, of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, and they have a daughter, Anna, who was born in 1903. Mrs. Wentzel, who is a lady of much culture and of great social popularity, is a member of the Tuesday club. CHARLES LOTHHAMMER This musician, once well known in Sacramento and vicinitj^ was born in Germany and died in Sacramento in August, 1885. He was in his time a leader among local musicians, was prominent as a Turner and long affiliated with Schiller Lodge, I. 0. 0. F. Frank, honest, outspoken, in all his aspirations friendly and helpful, he was beloved by all who knew him. Early in his life Mr. Lothhammer enlisted as a musician in the band of the Third Regular Volunteer Infantry and at the expiration of his term he re-enlisted at Watertown, N. Y. He was captured and taken prisoner. Afterward he was exchanged, his health shattered, and he received his honorable discharge. After his discharge from the service he located in Sacramento and soon attained a high place HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 929 iu his profession. He married Mary Clara Clark, who survives him. Her father, Casper Kloth, who was born in Hanover, was married there to Gertrude Ferseu. He brought his family to the United States, they later coming as pioneers to California, where they died. Mrs. Lothhammer bore her husband a daughter, Gertrude Frances. Since her husband died she has made her home in Sacramento, where she has lived since childhood. PHILIP WISE The proud i)rivilege of claiming Sacramento county as his native place belonged to Mr. Wise. Nor was he less fortunate in being able to boast of a lifelong identification with this same portion of the state, for he was born at Walnut Grove, Sacramento county, Cal., October 18, 1857, son of Joseph and Nancy J. (Pliipps) Wise. The parents crossed the plains in the '50s. The son of a pioneer who had been attracted to the west by the discovery of gold and who, disappointed in his hopes of finding a fortune in the mines, had settled down to ranching pursuits on a large tract of raw land, it was the fate of Philip Wise as a boy to undergo all the hardships incident to existence in an undevelo]:)ed farming country of unknown possibilities. Schools were few in that period of our history. The sparsely settled country regions forbade any permanent educational work. Whatever education he received, it was largely through his unaided application to books and his own desire to obtain the knowledge necessary for the business affairs of life. When attendance at school was possible he availed himself of such opportunities and at other times he assisted in ranch work, thereby gaining a diversified knowledge of agriculture most helpful to him in his life work as a farmer. After years of successful effort in the agricultural districts of Sacramento county in 1896, at the age of thirty-nine years, death terminated his earthly activities. The marriage of Mr. Wise had been solemnized in Freeport, June 24, 1885, uniting him with Miss Mary L. Beach, who was born at Freeport, Sacramento county, and is a daughter of the late Julius C. Beach, an Ohioan who came to the west during the memorable year of 1849, afterward identifying himself with the pioneers of Sac- ramento county. Mr. Beach returned east and was married in October, 1855, to Mary E. Davis, who was born in Pittsburg, Pa., and they came by way of Panama to his home in Sacramento county, where they resided until death took them. They were the parents of a son and five daughters. Mrs. Wise was the fourth eldest of her parents' fam- 930 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ily; she received her education in the public schools of Sacramento county and is a well-informed woman, keeping abreast of the times and being- especially conversant with the early history of our count}^ She has witnessed the gradual development into the prosperity and progress characteristic of the present era. While giving patriotic support to movements for the civic growth and county welfare, her time since her marriage has been devoted chiefly to her family, whose happiness is ever uppermost in her thoughts. Her first deep bereavement came in the death of her son, Joseph Clinton, a bright boy of four years, and later she was bereaved by the untimel}^ passing of her husband. Three children are now living, the eldest of whom, Carol M., is the wife of Milo E. Dye, of Walnut Grrove, Sacramento county, and they have one child. Grove Ernest, born October 9, 1907. The others, Mabel E. and Philip E., remain with their mother, and all are a source of blessing, joy and comfort to her. 0. F. WASHBURN From Maine to Califoi'uia is the width of a continent, but these states are two points in the life of 0. F. Washburn, of Sacramento. He was born in Kennebec county. Me., November 25, 1849, on the farm on which his father, Abisha Washburn, was born and reared. He is related to the well-known Washburn family which furnished governors for Maine, Massachusetts, Wisconsin and Illinois. When a young man Mr. Washburn went to Portland, Me., and engaged in the wholesale grocery business. In May, 1876, he was married to an old schoolmate. Miss Ray Williams. Their wedding trip to the Centennial Fair at Philadelphia was really the first lap of their immigration westward, for after doing the wonders of the great one-hundred-year exposition they left for California, coming by the way of the Isthmus of Panama, and located in Los Angeles, where they remained for several years. Then, after two years spent in connection with the wholesale grocery business in San Francisco, he opened the American Cash Store in Stockton, which was success- fully conducted under the firm name of Parmalee & Washburn. After selling out his interest in the business to Mr. Parmalee Mr. Wash- burn came to Sacramento in 1885 and established the American Cash Store at No. 915 K street. After two years the business was moved to a larger store in the Clunie building, on the corner of Eighth and K streets, where it soon developed into the first store in its line in the citv. In 1901 Ex-Governor Fancher became associated and the cor- HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 931 poration was formed of whicli Mr. Washburn is president and Mr. Fanclier secretary and treasurer. The quarters again becoming too small, in 1909 Mr. Washburn and Mr. Fancher built a three-story brick building with an eighty-foot frontage for the company. The various departments include grocery, market, delicatessen, bakery and hard- ware, and the sixty-seven people and seventeen delivery wagons are not one too many for the daily work of this big establishment. Mr. and Mrs. Washburn became the parents of two children, one of whom, Virginia, died at the age of seventeen; the other daughter, Alice, was married August 17, 1904, to George B. Lorenz, who is identified with the People's Savings Bank, and they have two children, Robert Washburn, born June 22, 1905, and Edith Virginia, born October 25, 1911. Mrs. Washburn has also done her share of the firm's work and contributed considerably to the success it is today. She was the confidential bookkeeper for ten years and her practical oversight of the affairs of the establishment has been invaluable. She is prominent in the club life of her home place. Mr. Washburn can trace his familv line back to the Pilgrim Fathers and the Mavflower. ADOLPH WALKE One of the leading grocers of Sacramento and one of the most extensive dealers in poultry, eggs and butter in Sacramento valley, is Adolph Walke, No. 920 J street. Mr. Walke was born in Germany and was there educated. He came to Sacramento in 1891 and identified himself with the business of D. Dierssen, in the old Pacific market. After two years' experience in that connection he entered the grocery and produce business in a small way and has since built it up to large proportions. Originally he started at No. 1208 J street, after which he bought the stock of Walters and Dunbar and later the Heilbron stock at No. 703-05 J street. There he did business six years and then moved to his ])resent quarters, the location of which is mentioned above, and made very extensive improvements in the building and its appointments. He now has one of the most up-to-date and attractive groceries in the city. In 1899 Mr. Walke married Miss Myrtle Smith of Sacramento, daughter of H. B. and Phoebe Smith. Their children, Charles, Delphine, Adolph and Heilbron, are attending school in their native city. Mr. Walker has given too close attention to his business to be at all active in politics, but he has well defined opinions on all economic questions and takes a public-spirited interest in the advancement of the city and county. 932 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY GEORGE WASHINGTON CAVITT The arduous labors connected with the improvement and culti- vation of a ranch occupied the time of Mr. Cavitt throughout almost the entire period from his arrival in California during 1865 until his death, January 24, 1907. His birth occurred in Rush county, Ind., in 1832, and some years later, in 1845, his jjarents removed from there to Iowa, where they engaged in farming pursuits until 1864. In that year he started for California, and settling in Sacramento county he eventually became the owner of eighty acres of ground. In that long era of agricultural and commercial upbuilding he witnessed the transformation of the commonwealth from a broad expanse of unde- velo])ed and sparsely settled land into a region of prosperity and even wealth. In the difficult task of improvement he bore an honorable share. To the labors of such indefatigable pioneers may be attributed the ])resent high standing of the entire state. Beginning to till the virgin soil ere yet a furrow had been turned in it and keeping up the labor of cultivation long after bare tracts had been transformed into finely improved ranches, he contributed his quota to the general agricultural prosperity and proved beyond question the adaptability of the soil to many important crops now grown with profit. Wlien he came across the plains at the close of the Civil war rapid transpor- tation was unknown. Large expeditions of emigrants were organized as a means of protection against the assaults of Indians. Oxen were utilized as motive power and supplies were conveyed in the old- fashioned "prairie schooner," in which also rode all the women and children together with the least rugged of the men, while others of the men acted as cattle-drivers or guards. Immediately after his arrival Mr. Cavitt took up land at Antelope, Sacramento county, and there he passed his remaining years busily engaged in general ranch pursuits on his eighty-acre ranch, situated two miles southeast of Antelo]ie and fifteen and a half miles from the city of Sacramento. Mr. (Cavitt was married Fel)ruary 28, 1856, to Rebecca J. Perkins, a native of Virginia, who survived him for a few years, passing away May 8, 1911. Pour children came to bless their union and crown their last days with affectionate devotion. One of the sons now resides in San Francisco ; the other son and one of the daughters remain at the old homestead and superintend the eighty acres of almond trees, finding both pleasure and profit in the thrifty manage- ment of the finely improved ranch. The children were born as fol- lows: William c] November 30, 1856; Thomas T., September 20, 1858; Ida Bell, January 30, 1860; and Eva T., April 10, 1867. Mrs. Eva T. Stackbouse, who likewise owns an interest in the old home ranch, but makes her home in Sacramento, passed the uneventful HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 933 years of childhood upon that farm and attended the country schools. When she left the homestead it was as the wife of Nathan Stackhouse and they became the parents of four children. The deepest sorrow that has come to the family has been the loss of two daughters, one of them, Hattie M., when a lovely young lady of twenty-two years, and the other, Mildred, when a loved child of only four years. George Alvin Stackhouse resides with his mother in Sacramento. The other surviving child, Effie A., born in Alameda county and educated in Sacramento, is now the wife of A. C. Moore, a native of Maine. A daughter, Angela Moore, blesses their union and represents the third generation in descent from that honored old pioneer, George Wash- ington Cavitt. Could he now speak it would be to endeavor to inspire in the hearts of the rising generations a deep affection for their native commonwealth and an unselfish loyalty toward its progress, inasmuch as a region, matchless in fertility and climate, with^'com- mercial prospects limited only by the energy of its people, forms a monument to the privations of the pioneers as well as the business sagacity of the citizens of the twentieth centurv. FRANK M. DERBY A residence in the west beginning at the age of five years and continuing up to tlie present time qualifies Mr.' Derby for accurate judgment concerning the possibilities of the region and the oppor- tunities it affords to young men of energy. Having spent so much of his life in California he cherishes for the state an appreciation impos- sible to be understood by a newcomer, but directly resultant from his faith in the country and his knowledge of its resources. Of his native commonwealth of Pennsylvania he entertains only vague and indistinct recollections. Born at Greenville, that state, February 1, 1877, he is a son of Daniel B. Derby, for many years a prominent nurseryman at Oakland, but more recently a horticulturist at Vaca- ville, and he is also a brother of Charles M. Derby, manager of the Natoma Mining and Dredging Company. Educated in the grannnar and higli schools of Oakland and in a business college of that city, Frank M. Derby enjoyed the advantages which materially assist in the preparation for life's activities. After leaving school he assisted his father in horticultural pursuits at Vacaville for a number of years, but later he came to Natoma, Sacra- mento county, joining his brother at this place. Since then he lias officiated as superintendent and manager of the orchard and packing house of the Natoma Mining and Dredging Company, also as manager 934 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of the water system, and recently he became a stockholder in the company, whose officials repose the fullest confidence in his ability to fill his ini})ortant position. Under his snj^ervision there is a large force of men on the ranches, in the orchards and vineyards, in the packing house and with the water system, and the immense amount of work accomplished proves the energy and industry of the workmen. The marriage of Frank M. Derby took place in Sacramento and united him, May 23, 1911, with Miss Corinne Bell, who was born and reared in San Francisco and received a classical education in the best schools of that city. The family residence is a pleasant and comfortable home on Alder creek near the packing house and there Mr. and Mrs. Derby welcome their friends with gracious and un- failing hospitality. JOHN DONAHUE The ciuiet round of daily duties does not form necessarily a narrow, eventless existence. The life of John Donahue, while it con- tained no thrilling events and no exciting experiences, yet held much that was heroic and sincere and successful. So different were the conditions of his early life from those of the twentieth century that the young people who embarked on the slow sailers for the new world had little hope of ever again seeing their native land or the friends of their youth. It required, therefore, not a little courage for Mr. Donahue to break all the tender ties of kinship and affection when in 1859 he followed the example set by many thousands of Irish lads in days gone by and sought a livelihood in America. At the time of his departure from his native county of Tyrone he was about twenty-five years of age (having been born in 1834). Little he had to assist him in the stern battle of life except a brave heart and a pair of willing hands. Of education he had little and of money he had even less, but in spite of his handicap he never lacked employment nor did he ever undergo the painful trial of an appeal to others for aid. Always he remained the same self-reliant, industrious, quiet and persevering man, and the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, his employers practically from the time of his arrival in Sacramento in 1859 up to the date of his death, October 1, 1894, profited by his conscientious labors and sincere devotion to duty. After landing in Philadelphia he had come direct to California and here he spent the remainder of his life, being so pleased with the country that he had no desire to seek a home or a livelihood elsewhere. For many years Eliza (Mcllhatton) Donahue has occupied the family residence at No. 2319 K street, Sacramento, and this property HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 935 she still owns, caring for the place personally and making of it an attractive and comfortable home. Of Irish birth and ancestry, she was born in County Antrim and was a farmer's daughter. Her father never left the home of his birth, but continued to till the soil of a small farm in County Antrim and by diligent industry earned a livelihood for those dependent upon him; he also was the road sur- veyor of county highways. His death occurred at the old home in 1874. Mrs. Donahue was born October 26, 1838, and came to the United States in 1860, -landing in New York City. Thence she jour- neyed on to St. Louis, where she lived until 1867. From St. Louis she came to California and settled in Sacramento county, where Feb- ruary 15, 1870, she became the wife of John Donahue. Five children blessed their union, namely: Henry, Ruth, John, Eveline and Hugh. Henry and John are painters by trade, while Hugh follows the occu- pation of mining. It has been the privilege of Mrs. Donahue to wit- ness much of the growth and development of Sacramento. Since she first saw the capital city forty-five years ago there have been many changes in its appearance. The business streets have been improved with substantial structures and in the residence district there is abundant evidence of the thrift of the permanent residents. Into her own pleasant home she has welcomed many of the pioneers of the community and always she has had a hospitable welcome for all, whether old or young, who seek her cheerful society or depend upon her practical sjTiipathy. JAMES FRANKLIN ELLIOTT With the exception of his first fourteen years Mr. Elliott could claim a lifelong citizenship in California. At the time of his arrival in 1851 the country was filled with gold-seekers. The spirit of devel- opment had seized the newly-admitted state, the youngest child of the great Union, and he himself became immediately loyal to his chosen home, stanchly devoted to the welfare of his adopted commonwealth. The surroundings were radically different from those of his native Pennsylvania, where he was born in 1837 and where he had gained a knowledge of the three R's in the country schools of the day. The loneliness caused by such a complete change of environment was in- creased by the severing of family ties, for his parents never came to the west and he found himself forced into the struggle for a livelihood without parental counsel or encouragement. The fact that he attained a competency before age rendered further efforts impracticable speaks volumes for his energy and patient perseverance. In all of his actions he was governed by high ideals. His was the far-seeing discrimina- 936 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY tion, the sagacity of judgmeut and the honesty of purpose that are consijicnous attributes of our noblest citizens. Tliough of eastern birth, in everything else he was a typical Californian, hospitable and energetic. The spirit of western enterprise was a prominent ingre- dient in his nature. AVhile he gained considerable success as a farmer and business man, he also gained that which he valued far more, the respect and confidence of his fellow-citizens. During the first period of his residence in the state he had seen much of hardship and priva- tion, but he had carefully hoarded his wages as a day laborer, thus becoming able to take up land in Yolo county. "When he sold that tract he purchased land on the river in 1874 and there engaged in general ranching for eight years, after which selling the property he removed to Sacramento. There in 1904 he passed away, mourned by his family and by his large circle of acquaintances of pioneer days, who realized appreciatively his integrity as a man and his worth as a citizen. When about thirty years of age Mr. Elliott established a home of his own. February 27, 1867, occurred his marriage to Alameda J. Johnston, a native of Ohio and the daughter of John and Fidelia (Tyler) Johnston, natives of Ohio and New York, respectively. While her parents came to the west earl}^ in the '50s it was thought wise to leave her behind with relatives and on that account she was separated from the immediate famil3^ for some time. For years Mr. Johnston held an honored position among the pioneers of Sutter county and his acquaintanceship extended through all that section of the country, where he was universally honored as a man of fine prin- ciples and great industry. When advanced in years he died in that county. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Elliott consisted of eight chil- dren, of whom the eldest, Frank, passed away in 1906. Another mem- ber of the family died in early years. The six now living are named as follows : Minnie W., Mrs. Reece Murphy ; Evelyn Mary, Mrs. Augus- tus Hall; Edgar Elmer, of Sacramento; George E., who is now living in Modoc county; Bertha L. and Maude, who reside with their mother at No. 1513 Eighteenth street, Sacramento. WILLARD A. FAIRFIELD It was at Fort Wayne, Ind., that Willard A. Fairfield was born November 12, 1854. He was educated in public schools, and after his graduation from the high school was employed there at farm labor until he was twenty-two years old. He then went to Golden, Colo., and entered the Colorado State School of Mines, from which he was graduated as a mining engineer in 1881. From that time until 1891, IIISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 937 during a period of ten years, he was kept busy examining mines and reporting on mining property in Colorado. Meanwhile, in 1889, he returned to Fort Wayne, Ind., and opened a real-estate office and engaged in the sale of stock. For several years he was successful in these lines and especially so in the stock department of his business. Then he came to Sacramento, Cal., and made a careful survey from his professional point of view of the Sacramento valley in particular and in a general way of the whole state. Going back east he remained for a short time, but reappeared in Sacramento March 26, 1910, and acquired the interest of J. F. Brickell in the Oak Park Eealty Com- pany, of which he is now president, engaging in a general real-estate and brokerage business. On December 4, 1894, Mr. Fairfield married Miss Ella M. Bar- rows, of La Grange, Inch, daughter of an early settler and prominent farmer of that section of the state and one of the leading men of that city until his death, which occurred when he had reached the advanced age of ninety-four years. Mr. and Mrs. Fairfield have three children : Mabel Ruthi born July 10, 1897; Paul B., born March 10, 1899, and Howard I., born March 27, 1902. As a business man Mr. Fairfield is successful beyond many in his line. As a citizen he undertakes in a public-spirited way to do his duty as a consistent Democrat. Fraternally he affiliates with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He has long been helpfully iden- tified with the Congregational Church. JOHN FARREN With his aspirations directed beyond the mere struggle for a daily livelihood and turned toward the acquisition of a competency, John Farren passed an exceedingly busy life in his adopted city of Sacramento. When eventually in 1909 death summoned him from the quiet little home which he and his capable wife had occupied for many years, he passed into the grateful peace justly earned by the honorable and industrious citizen. Unselfish toil had sanctified his existence and kindly good humor had cheered his intercourse with his fellowmen. Acquaintances unite in attributing to him the possession of the wit and optimism that characterize the Celtic race. Although it was not possible for him to secure an education in his native Ireland, nor did any good fortune come his way through early life, by dint of industry and frugality he made a place for himself in his own chosen circle of society and had a host of friends among the other pioneers of Sacra- mento county, where he had made his home from an early day. 938 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY The lady with whom John Farren was united in 1896 and whose devotion cheered his last days was, at the time of their marriage, the widow of William Mehary, a native of Ireland and a pioneer of Cali- fornia. She likewise was of Celtic blood and claimed the Emerald Isle as her native home, but, her parents having died when she was very small, she was brought to the United States in 1850 by one of her brothers, settling first in New York, where all of her kindred still remain. When first she came to California she bore up bravely against the depression of homesickness and isolation from relatives, but as her circle of acquaintances enlarged and as she found more to admire in the vast country beside the sunset sea she became a devoted champion of its progress. Especially is she interested in Sacramento, which she has seen develop from an insignificant western town into a pros- perous and progressive city, worthy of the great commonwealth whose capital it is. For more than forty years she has lived in the town and for a quarter of a century she has owned and occupied the resi- dence at No. 523 M street, where surrounded by an environment grown dear through long associations she is passing into life's twilight forti- fied by a deep Christian faith, cheered by the good will of the pioneers who still survive and crowned by a realization of an existence un- selfishly devoted to the welfare of others. Were it not for the warm friendship of so many old friends her days would be lonely, for hus- band and near relatives are gone, and with her departure from the east long ago she passed out of intimate touch with the kindred there, but the friends in Sacramento minister to her comfort and see that she is surrounded by those evidences of affection so precious to all who have passed out of youth. STEPHEN FOSTER Genealogical records indicate that the Foster family was iden- tified with Great Britain back to a period where historical accuracy becomes lost in legendary tradition. England was the native country of Stephen Foster and August 23, 1852, the date of his birth. It was in that country also that he received his education, which was limited to the study of the common branches, yet sufficiently thorough to enable him to transact all business matters with accuracy and dispatch. As he grew to manhood he heard much concerning the opportunities offered by California and as soon as the way became clear for him to do so he migrated to the Pacific coast country, settling first in Sacra- mento. From that time until his death, which occurred December 8, 1902, at the age of fifty years, he remained a resident of the Sacra- mento valley, and was a useful, honorable and industrious citizen, HISTORY OP SACRAMENTO COUNTY 939 belonging to that class of men whose citizenship possesses permanent value to the community with which they identify themselves. The marriage of Mr. Foster was solemnized June 17, 1886, and united him with Mrs. Kate (McKernan) Donnelly, of Folsom, 'cal, the widow of Henry Donnelly, a native of Ireland, but for vears a useful citizen of Folsom, where he died in 1877, at the age of forty- eight years. Six children were born to the union of Mr. and Mrs. Donnelly, but only three of these survive. The eldest, James Henry Donnelly, born November 21, 1868, received a common-school educa- tion m Folsom and is now serving his third term as representative from the fourth district of Sacramento countv on the board of county supervisors, where he has proved most helpful in promoting measures for the permanent upbuilding of his district. The only survivino- daughter, Mary Donnelly, is the wife of H. ^Y. Hall, of Sacramento" The younger son, Peter F. Donnelly, still resides in his native village of Folsom, where he is proprietor of an hotel and also holds the office of village constable. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs Foster was blessed with two children. The daughter. Pearl F., married Albert Arnold, of Sacramento, and is the mother of one son. Reuben S., who is unmarried, resides with his mother at No. 2125 E street Sacra- mento. ' The ancestry of Mrs. Foster had headquarters on the Emerald Isle. Her father, the late James McKernan, was a native of Ireland whence he crossed the ocean to the United States during 1844 He was at the time a stalwart youth, physically robust and capable of long endurance m any task, but entirely without means or friends After his marriage he remained in the east for some vears, but havino- heard much concerning the vast resources of California he came hither m 1856 to test the opportunities of the new countrv In 1858 he was joined by his wife and children, among the latter being Kate who was born m Paterson, N. J. The mother died at Folsom 'in 1873 and the father survived until March of 1886. For over thirty years Mrs. Foster was engaged in the hotel and ivery business in Folsom. In 1903 she built the Enterprise Hotel a large briclv' building modern in every particular, and the largest and best building in that city. She also built up the Donnellv liverV stable the largest establishment of the kind in the place. All of this she accomphshed by her own industry and business abilitv, building the enterprises up from the profits ofi the business. She also built manv residences m Folsom and it was stated that she erected more buildings there than any other individual. However, in June of 1910 she became a resident of Sacramento, where she has a large circle of friends among the honored pioneers of the city. For vears Mr. Foster was an interested worker in the Workmen and the Independent Order of Odd i^^ellows and she also became prominent in Fedora Rebekah Lodge No. 940 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 166 of Folsom, of wliieli she is a charter member and a past officer. She contributes liberally to its charitable measures and also aids all movements for the helping of the needy and the relief of the dis- tressed. HUNTER W. S. SHANNON Among those who have taken up their residence in Sacramento in recent years is H. AV. S. Shannon, who since 1907 has been actively engaged in the real estate business in this city. His success may be attributed not alone to his ability to rightly judge of land values and to a foresight as to future development, but rather to his innate integrity and unvarying straightforwardness in all of his relations with patrons. It has always been a rule with him to make no assertion in favor of a property which he cannot vouch for and he never advises a purchase in which he himself does not see an honest value. These underlying principles of upright dealing have brought Mr. Shannon the splendid reputation which he bears throughout the Sacramento valley. Mr. Shannon was born in Sydney, Australia, November 17, 1876, and is the son of Thomas and Martha (Prentice) Shannon, both na- tives of Australia, their parents being natives of England. The ma- ternal grandfather, who was a captain in the English army and par- ticipated in the Crimean war, traced his family line back to the English Stuarts. Thomas Shannon was a prominent and influential citizen in the colony in which he made his home, and for many years was Alder- man of Ulmarra, his native town. He was also judge of the agricul- tural shows, a position which in that country carries with it large honors. He is still a resident of that country and is now shire coun- cillor for Sherwood. H. W. S. Shannon received good educational advantages in the schools of Sydney, and after completing his schooling he was associ- ated in business with his father. Later he engaged in business inde- pendently, dealing in livestock and land, continuing this until deter- mining to come to California. This he did in 1907, landing at San Francisco, and from there he came the same year to Sacramento, which ever since has been the scene of his real estate operations. Among the many properties which he has handled may be mentioned the following: the Los Molinas lands, the Patterson lands, the Oakley homestead and the Oakley tract, and he is now engaged in subdivid- ing the Kildonan Oaks tract, on the line of the California Traction Company's Railroad, about fourteen miles east of Sacramento. In Sacramento Mr. Shannon was united in marriage, August 23, 1910, with Miss Floretta Woodward, a native of California, and HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 941 thej have one daughter, Lucile. As might be expected of a man of Mr. Shannon's enterprise and public spirit he is a member of the chamber of commerce, and is actively interested in any project that has at heart the welfare of community, city or state. Fraternally he is identified with the Odd Fellows, Mrs. Shannon being a member of the Eastern Star, and both are members of the Episcopal Church. BERNARD FROMMER In our commerce and industries, from the railroad builder to the bank president, our foreign-born citizens have shown excellent quali- ties, and this is especially true of the natives of Austria. Bernard Frommer was born in Kra Kow, Austria, and landed in New York City in 1884, coming to San Francisco from there in 1888, and was for several years thereafter employed along mercantile lines. He came to Sacramento in 1895 and in that year and in 1896 was em- ployed as salesman in one of the stores of that city. Then he opened a small furnishing store for men on K street and two years later opened his present clothing store at 301-303 K street, in a fine business building of which he is now the owner. As a progressive merchant and man of commercial achievment he has made a record that might well be envied by any business man in California. His beginning was comparatively small and represented very little capital, but by close application to business and by his splendid judgment and financ- ing he has been very successful and built up a large trade. He has amassed a comfortable fortune, being the owner of much valuable real estate, one of his choice holdings being at the corner of Eleventh and K streets. On this, in 1912, Mr. Frommer erected the Frommer Building which is a credit to the city as well as himself. It is a four story structure of Roman pressed brick with terra cotta finish, and it is the concensus of opinion that it is the most modern and up-to-date building in construction and architecture of any in the city. He took a very active part in the building of the Hotel Sacramento, of which he is a large stockholder. To some extent Mr. Frommer may be said to have inherited his peculiar business ability from his father, who was a successful merchant in Austria. He is a member of the Retail Merchants Associa- tion of Sacramento and of the local Chamber of Commerce, is identi- fied with the Jewish Congregational church and is active in various charitable societies. As a business man he is public-spirited and helpful to all worthy interests. His parents died in Austria some 942 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY years ago and he has a sister living in the old family home. He has been as successful in his real estate as in his commercial ventures and those who know him best know that his success has been honorably achieved. All in all, he is one of the notable upbuilders of Sacra- mento. JAMES GOULDEN A long identification with the industrial development of Cali- fornia qualified James Goulden among the most progressive citizens of the state. In Quebec, Canada, he was born in 1853, and he died at his home in Sacramento, CaL, May 6, 1909. He was quite a young man when he settled near Truckee, Nevada county, CaL, and there eventually he became interested in the lumber trade, with which he was connected twenty-eight years. In 1895 he took up his residence in Sacramento, and from that time until his death was chief inspector for the Southern Pacific Eailroad Company. In 1883 Mr. Goulden married Laura McCullough, a native of Cass county, Ind., who had come with her parents across the plains with ox-teams to Cali- fornia in 1854. They landed at Dutch Flat in October that year. Socially Mr. Goulden affiliated with the Masonic order, in which he had taken high degrees, and with the Knights of Pythias. In railroad and commercial circles he was known as a man of much ability and of highest integrity and efficiency, and when he passed away his removal was regretted as that of one whose place it would be hard to fill. As a citizen he was public spirited and helpful to an unusual degree, never withholding his encouragement and support from any measure which in his opinion promised to benefit any considerable number of his fellow citizens. Since her husband's death Mrs. Goulden has lived at her home at 1006 G street. By her first marriage, to Joseph Hilton, who died in Truckee, she had two children, G. W. Hilton, who is with the Southern Pacific Eailroad, and Henrietta May, now Mrs. Easton, of Truckee, Cal. GUS LAVENSON Indicative of the genuine business ability and purposeful energy of Mr. Lavenson is the important commercial concern established by his unaided efforts and built up to its present magnitude through his sagacious supervision. It was during 1877 that he opened a small HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 943 shoe store on the corner of Fifth and J streets, Sacramento. He was young and without capital, but what he lacked in means he possessed in enthusiasm and determination. Even more important than this, he had excellent taste in selecting shoes and accurate judgment as to the wants and needs of customers, so that from the first he won the confidence of his patrons. To assist him at the start he had one man, an experienced cobbler, who took charge of repair work and also assisted in waiting on the trade. The twenty-three years of his occupancy of the same quarters were years of growth and slow but steady development, bringing the ultimate necessity of enlarged accommodations for customers and for the stock of shoes. Therefore in 1900 he removed to the corner of K and Seventh streets, where now he has twenty-two assistants to aid him in the management of the business. With this large force he is able to care for "customers promptly, while the splendid equipment and modern conveniences of the new establishment give him one of the finest shoe stores in the entire state. Born in Germany, December 27, 1852, Mr. Lavenson came to the United States with his parents when he was thirteen years old, settling in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he attended the public and high schools until he was sixteen years of age. Mr. Lavenson has made Sacramento his home since May of 1869, having been one of the very first to come across the continent over the newly completed Central Pacific Railroad. Five years before this an older brother had come to California, where for a time he engaged in the mercantile business at Rocklin, Placer county, but more recently he has made his home in Portland, Ore. An uncle, Samuel Lavenson, a prominent pioneer of California, for years was a member of the firm of Lock & Lavenson, dealers in carpets and manufacturers of mattresses; this business was established during 1850 and has a reputation of being one of the very oldest in Northern California. After his arrival in Sacramento a search for employment brought Gus Lavenson to the firm of Peyser & Lyons, on the corner of Seventh and J streets, where he secured work as an errand boy. His worth was soon proved. By various promotions he won his way to a rank among the head men in the store, where he remained for seven years, resigning in order to emliark in business for himself. In his specialty he is well informed, posted concerning every change in style of shoe or leather, courteous among his customers and painstaking in his efforts to meet their wishes ; with such qualities as these success comes in the nature of things. The conduct of the business, however, does not represent the limit of his activities, for during recent years he has been treasurer of the Sacramento River Farms Company, an organiz- ation incorporated in March of 1908 with the following-named officers; Clinton L. White, president; Herman T. Silvius, vice-presi- 944 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY dent; H. F. G. Wulff, secretary; and Gus Lavenson, treasurer. About the time of their incorporation the company acquired con- siderable property from Virginia Vanderbilt, a member of the famous New York City family of that name. They now own eleven thousand acres of rich bottom land in the Sacramento valley and also a part of the town site at Knight's Landing. In order to protect their fertile land from overflow and render it available for remunerative culti- vation, the}' have expended more than $600,000 in improvements and have built more than fifteen miles of levee. There is every reason to believe that the hopes of the projectors will reach a gratifying- fruition. The marriage of Mr. Lavenson took place in Sacramento April 10, 1881, and united him with Miss Flora Goldman, a native of New York state, but from girlhood a resident of the capital city, where she is now a ]u-ominent member of the Tuesday and Saturday Clubs. Her parents, both now deceased, were Simon and Clara (Bien) Goldman, the former one of the well-known business men of Sacramento during the pioneer period. Mr. and Mrs. Lavenson are the parents of two daughters, Claire and Selma Rose. Both are leaders in athletic recreations in the capital city and are especially prominent as expert swimmers. Nor are they less capable as equestriennes. It is said by competent judges that they have in the west few superiors in either art. During the summer of 1911 they accompanied a party on a twelve days ' trip through the Yosemite valley and during eight days of that time they were continuously in saddle, making four hundred miles on horseback with ease and speed, and returning home un- wearied bv the strenuous nature of the excursion. HARRY G. KREBS The commercial activities of Sacramento find an able represen- tative in Harry G. Krebs, who as a native son of the capital city and as a lifelong resident thereof has acquired a breadth of infor- mation regarding local resources that is equalled by few and perhaps surpassed by none. The business to which he has given the larger share of his time and which he has developed from insignificance into popularity has a high standing among the establishments of the city. A large stock of paints and of wall paper is kept on hand, the sale of these being increased by the fact that the owner also takes con- tracts for exterior painting and interior decorating. It is the aim of the proprietor to kee]) in stock a complete assortment of paints and the very latest styles of papers and preparations for interior finishing. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 945 Tlirough being strictly up-to-date in the stock carried and strictly honorable in the methods of conducting business he has won the con- fidence of a large circle of patrons. A member of an old family of California and himself a native of Sacramento, born June 9, 1880, Harry G. Krebs was a son of Charles H. and Charlotte Krebs. He received a public-school education in this city, and since leaving school he has devoted his attention to business pursuits. On March 18, 1909, the business, which had been established in 1854 by his father, Charles H. Krebs, and named after him, was incorporated as C. H. Krebs & Co., the officers being, Mrs. Charlotte Krebs, president, F. H. Krebs, vice-president, Harry Gr. Krebs, treasurer, and Mrs. Alice Avery, secretary. Besides the paint and wall-paper store he has other interests. At' this writing he serves as a director in the Del Paso Heights Land Companv, which owns adjacent to the city a large tract acquired for subdivision purposes. In addition he is interested in the Camelia Investment Company, Incorporated, which buys and sells real estate and transacts a large business in the line of its specialty. The officers of the company are as follows : A. E. Goddard, president ; Harry G. Krebs, vice-president; and Leroy Bray, secretary. The marriage of Harry G. Krebs took place January 15, 1908, and united him with Miss Lillis Swanston, daughter of George Swanston, a wholesale butcher and well-known citizen of Sacramento. There is one son, Harry Swanston Krebs, whose birth occurred March 24, 1909. The Native Sons of the Golden West have in Mr. Krebs an interested worker. In addition he holds membership with Union Lodge No. 58, F. & A. M., Sacramento Chapter No. 3, E. A. M., Sacramento Council No. 1, E. & S. M., Sacramento Commandery No. 2, K. T., Isaac Davis Lodge of Perfection No. 3, in the capital citv, and Islam Temple, N. M. S. in San Francisco. Another influential member of the same family is Franklin H., brother of Harry G. Krebs. Born August 12, 1865, he received a public-school education in Sacramento, where also he attended Atkinson's Business College. For a long period he has been engaged in business in his native city. His marriage took place in Erie^ Pa., November 2, 1897, and united him with Miss Hattie E. Avery, by whom he is the father of three children, namely : Charles Ilenrv," born July 23, 1902; Charlotte L., August 31, 1904; and Katherine Alice, October 20, 1907. For years he has been an active worker in the German Lutheran Church, whose every department has felt the impetus of his energetic assistance and whose choir particularly has enjoyed the benefit of his talented participation. The Republican party has received his ballot in all national elections occurring since he attained his majority, and he has kept posted concerning national issues by a close study of current papers and magazines. Like many 946 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY other sons of the state, he has found pleasure in active participation with the social functions and civic projects under the auspices of the local parlor, Native Sons of the Golden West. FRED T. KITT The childhood memories of Mr. Kitt are associated with the southeastern part of Nebraska, where he was born December 29, 1876, in the village of Arago near the western banks of the Missouri river. His parents, Joseph and Selina Kitt, were representatives of the sjDlendid pioneer element that entered into the material upbuilding of that state, and the family throughout the entire period of their indenti- fication with the United States has been characterized by the courage- ous, industrious qualities that have transformed the dense forests and the vast prairies into fertile farms and prosperous communities. The schools of his locality were equal to those of the period in any part of the country and afforded him fair advantages, which later were increased by an attendance of one year in a business college located at Lincoln, Neb. When the time came for him to enter the ranks of business men he secured emploA^nent as a traveling salesman and in his chosen work he met with considerable success as a rejire- sentative of a number of specialty houses out of Chicago and Council Blutfs. Meanwhile he had become interested in the study of electricity and had mastered the principles of the science. During 1901 he removed west as far as Denver, Colo., where he found employment as an electrical engineer. Upon his arrival in Sacramento during the year 1904 Mr. Kitt was given a position with the Sacramento Electric, Gas and Railway Company, in their electrical engineering department, continuing in diiferent capacities until his resignation, which occurred March 1, 1909. His object in resigning had been to specialize on electric vehicles. He was first to introduce that type of car into Sacramento, by taking the agency for the Columbus electric automobile; later he became Sacramento representative of the Detroit Electric vehicles. During the three years he has been in business he has placed approximately one hundred electric vehicles in the ca])ital city, which indicates his success as a salesman as well as the recognized values of his cars. In February of 1910 he erected a one-story modern brick garage and salesroom, equipped with all facilities for the management of a growing business. In order to provide facilities for the cars and storage of electric vehicles he erected, during the summer and autumn of 1910, a substantial four-storv reinforced concrete addition atfording HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO • COUNTY 947 abundant space for the needs of the next few years. The office, garage and laboratory are located at Nos. 1910-i4 Capitol avenue,' or M street, an excellent location for such purposes. In addition to the maintenance of a line of electric vehicles, storage batteries for all purposes are kept to supply the needs of the trade, and the garage is a popular headquarters for all users of electric cars. Political questions receive their due consideration from Mr. Kitt, who, however, displays no partisan preferences and maintains an independent attitude in his personal views. As a citizen he contributes to movements for the upbuilding of the community and the develop- ment of its business interests. His marriage took place in Los Angeles September 1, 1904, and united him with Miss Agnes Donovan, of Denver, Colo. They are the parents of two sons, Frederick T., Jr.' wjio was born April 18, 1910, and Phillip John,who was born February 17, 1912. The family are earnest members of the Roman Catholic Church and Mr. Kitt is also affiliated with its leading fraternitv, the Knights of Columbus. WILLIAM EMIL GERBER Those who are acquainted with the career and character of "William Emil Gerber of Sacramento, merchant, financier and honored luiblic functionary, know how active he has been in the building up of the city of liis adoption, but of late years he has been forced to relinquish the duties which have proved too severe a strain upon him and he has disposed of his large holdings in different companies, the management of which has proved too great a tax upon him. His efforts toward the development of conditions generally in Sacra- mento have won him many appreciative friends here and he is known as one of the leading public-spirited citizens of the citv. Mr. Gerber was born in Buffalo, N. Y., September 8, 1852, a descendant of old German families. His parents, Pantalion and Sybilla (Gerber) Gerber, came from Germany to the United States in 1844. In 1860 they came via Panama and arriving in California, established a Iiome in Sacramento. Mr. Gerber was a butcher and conducted a wholesale trade in his line until in 1878, when he died. He was succeeded in business by his three sons, John, Henrv and Louis Gerber. When he was brought to California by his parents William E. Gerber was eight years old. He attended the public schools in Sacramento and in 1866 went back to Buffalo to become a student in the St. Louis Academy. He studied German eighteen months, was later graduated from a business college in Buffalo and in 1869 948 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY returned to California. For a year and a half afterward he ^vas a clerk in a grocery store. In 1870 he bought a half interest in a business establishment of that character in Sacramento and continued in the grocery trade seven years, building up a large and lucrative enterprise which he sold in 1877. In the year last mentioned Mr. Gerber was elected County Auditor and Recorder of Sacramento county and filled the position so creditably that he was re-elected in 1879, 1881 and 1883, filling the office four consecutive terms, until June, 1885. In the latter year he was elected assistant cashier of the California State Bank and in 1894 he was elevated to the cashiership, which he resigned in 1901 in order to devote himself exclusively to private business enterprises. He was elected director and vice-president of the bank, which was converted into a national bank under the title of the California National Bank, and later he was elected president. He has from time to time concerned himself in various commercial and industrial interests in the state, having been president of the Earl Fruit Company of California for a period of ten years. He has been the secretary and director of the Buffalo Brewing Company since its organization in 1889 ; was president of the Folsom Development Company, one of the largest enterprises of its class in the state for seven years, until it was sold; and stockholder and director in numerous other well known concerns. December 21, 1881, Mr. Gerber married Hattie A. Lyon, daughter of Edward Lyon, who came from Vermont to the Pacific coast in 1860 and was for many years a leading merchant in Sacramento. Fraternally Mr. Gerber is a Mason of the Knights Templar degree and a life member of Islam Temple, N. M. S., of San Francisco; he is also a member of Capitol Lodge, I. 0. 0. F. He is an active Republican and had often served his party as delegate to county and state conventions. In 1901 he was appointed state fish commissioner by Governor Gage and in 1903 was reappointed by Governor Pardee. He has for many years been identified with the upbuilding and progress of Sacramento, assisting every good work for the benefit of the community and promoting enterprises that have been factors in the growth and development of the city. Mrs. Gerber is interested in charitable work in Sacramento. Their marriage was blessed by five children : Edward H. is a director of the California National Bank, and is interested in various enterprises in the state. Annie is the wife of W. Leslie Comyn of San Francisco. Irma is Mrs. George A. Starkweather of Sacramento. Harriett resides with her parents. William E., Jr. is attending school at Lawrenceville, N. J. Mr. Gerber is a member of the vSutter Club of Sacramento, the Pacific Union Club and the Union League Club of San Francisco. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 949 JOHN B. HICKS The self-made man is in evidence in California as manifestlj- as in any part of this country of self-made men. Sacramento has as many men of this class as any city in the state, population consid- ered, and of the younger ones few are better or more favorably known than the one whose name is the title to this brief notice. Mr. Hicks was born at Watseka, 111., December 2, 1869, a son of James V. Hicks and a grandson of John J. Hicks. His father and his grand- father and their families had come to the coast in 1874 and located in San Diego county, where they had turned their attention profit- ably to sheep-raising, their operations covering extensive tracts of land and giving employment to many men in different ways. It was in the public schools of San Diego county that the imme- diate subject of this sketch gained a practical primary education. His more advanced education has been obtained by hard and some- times discouraging study and observation in the school of experi- ence. His first active participation in the battle for life was as a farmer. Later he became identified with the hotel business, and it was by a five years' experience as a hotel clerk in San Francisco that he gained that knowledge of men and their ways that has stood him in such good stead in his subsequent business career. In 1898 he became connected with the transfer business of John F. Cooper and the Walrath Brothers, in which he later became half owner. The enterprise of which he is now manager is known as the Capital Sac- ramento Transfer, Van and Storage Company, and it is one of the largest of its class in Northern California. This companv is dulv incorporated under the state law. Maud L. King became the wife of Mr. Hicks April 16, 1902, and they have a daughter named Ruth, who was born Mav 12, 1903. Mrs. Hicks was the daughter of William and Sarah A. King of Sacramento. Her father came to California in 1850 and mined several years with varying success. For twenty-five years he was identified with Yolo county and some of its well known interests. He passed away in Sacramento in 1900. In everything pertaining to the advancement of his adopted city Mr. Hicks^ has taken an earnest and helpful interest. While he has not figured as an active politician he has ably done his part in such political work as has appealed to his sense of iniblic duty. In 1912 he was prevailed upon by influential citizens of the Third ward of Sacramento to accept the nomination of his party for the office of trustee. He is a York rite Mason, a Shriner, an Odd Fellow, a Woodman of the World, and a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and in some of these orders he has been raised to important office. Mr. and Mrs. Hicks are com- 950 HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY municants of the Presbyterian cliurcli, active in the work of that religious body and generous in support of its varied interests. In the matter of investment Mr. Hicks has been as wise as he has been enterprising. Firmly believing in the safety as well as profit of land investments he has become possessed of real estate, notably of a tract of forty acres on the Riverside road, five miles from the Sacramento cit)^ line. His public spirit impels him to do all in his power to advance the best interests of his community and his state, and there are few reasonable demands on his patriotism to which he does not respond with cheerful liberality. EDWARD GILLESPIE, Sr. About one-half century of identification with the material up- building of the city and county of Sacramento gave to Mr. Gillespie an intimate knowledge of local resources and possibilities and also brought to him the warm regard of other pioneers, who, with him- self, were truly loyal to the locality of their adoption. In his char- acter no phase stood out more prominently than his affectionate de- votion to the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, in which faith he had been reared at the old Irish home. Never for a uioment of his long life did he swerve from his allegiance to the religion of his choice and for more than forty years he rented a pew in the Sacra- mento house of worship. From this place he was seldom absent on occasions when services were held and his presence was expected. "When finally in July of 1907 his life on earth came to an end he was consoled in his last moments by the prayers of the church and he entered into everlasting rest with the Christian's bright hope of happiness. Descended from a long line of Celtic ancestry, humble in sta- tion but honorable in character, Edward Gillespie was born in county Donegal, Ireland, in 1829, and had such meager schooling as was possible in that locality and at that time. Hoping to find in the new world greater o})portunities than awaited him in his na- tive land, he crossed the ocean at an early age and secured employ- ment in the mines of Pennsylvania. Some years after the discov- ery of gold he followed the tide of emigration to the Pacific coast and secured emplo\aiient as a miner, but later settled in Sacramento county and here resided for fifty years or more, until the close of his industrious and useful life. For thirty-five years he remained in the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad and was a trust- worthy, intelligent and honored assistant of that company. Fond HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 951 of his work, his home and his church, the latter part of his life re- flected in results the wise training and the sterling principles im- planted in his heart during the boyhood days in Ireland. During 1895 Edward Gillespie was united in marriage with Mrs Margaret (Dugan) Monson, a native of Ireland and the daughter of parents who were lifelong residents of the Emerald Isle. When still a very young girl she became the wife of John Monson, a native of Germany, but a pioneer of California, where he died in San Fran- cisco prior to 1890. Surviving him, besides the widow, there were two children. The daughter, Viola Monson, is now the wife of Joseph Davy and lives in Sacramento. The son, John Monson, Jr., who received a thorough education, entered the government service dur- ing young manhood and was stationed in China for three years, but since 1908 he has been engaged as a vice-consul in India. The only child of the second marriage, Edward Gillespie, Jr., born in 1896 IS now a student in the C^hristian Brothers College at Sacramento^ where he is receiving a thorough training for the future responsi- bilities of business affairs. MRS. ANNA G. GARDNER Before the first trans-continental line of railway had been brouo-ht to completion and thus welded the west with the east by links of steel Mrs. Anna Gardner came to California with her parents and settled m Sacramento. Among the pictures on memory's walls none IS clearer to her mind than those associated with the long trip from the eastern home of the family to the then unknown and sparsely set- tled regions of tlie west. The plastic minds of youth readilv absorb and long retain incidents of importance, and the young girl who ex- perienced a most delightful trip via the Isthmus of Panama has never torgotten those interesting events, although she since has passed out o± youth into the afternoon of life's busy dav and now has an honored place among the elderly matrons of Sacramento, whose growth she has witnessed for a period of more than forty vears. Her father, Daniel Sloat, for years made his home in New York Citv, where she was born; her mother was a native of Kentuckv and descended from southern ancestry but New York City was her home from childhood Almost immediately after his arrival in Sacramento the father secured employment with the Southern Pacific Railroad Companv and con- tinued with them for a long period, but eventuallv returned to the east and there died. After having been spared to a ripe old age the mother passed away in 1901 at Oakland, this state. The first grammar-school ever conducted in Sacramento was 952 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY attended by Mrs. Gardner. In 1871, while she was still a young girl, she became the wife of Daniel Gardner, long a resident of Sacramento. Four children were born of the union and of these two sons are now living. The elder, Benjamin W., is a native of Sacramento and has spent his entire life in this city, with the exception of the period of his active service in the Spanish- American war ; in his family there are four children, born of his union with Miss Clara Schondobie, a young lady of Sacramento. The younger son, Elmer E., likewise a native of the capital city, has a responsible position as manager of the Pacific States Telephone Company at Modesto, and is fraternally very active in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, also holds honorary membership with the Eebekahs. In the latter organization Mrs. Gardner for years has been a successful worker and her selection as past noble grand, also as the incumbent of other offices of trust and honor, indicate the respect entertained for her excutive ability and wise leadership by the members of the order in Sacramento. JOSEPH F. HUMMEL More than one-quarter of a century has brought its transforming revolutions into the annals of California since Joseph F. Hummel laid aside the burdens of existence and entered into eternal rest, but long as has been the period since his departure, his memory lingers green and fresh in the minds of the pioneers who knew him and in the hearts of his family, among whom his vacant chair nevermore can be filled. He belonged to that sturdy class of pioneers to whom we owe the early development of the state and whose tireless labors and patriotic devotion laid a broad and solid foundation for later sub- stantial development. When gold was discovered in California he was at the threshold of maturity and well qualified by rugged constitu- tion and tireless energy for the arduous tasks incident upon westward emigration. Born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1819, he inherited the forcef.ul qualities associated with Teutonic blood and, while he lacked educational advantages, for this deprivation there was a recompense in faculties of keen observation and careful reading of current literature. Mr. Hummel came to Philadelphia when a young man and there remained until 1852, when he came to California via Panama. Upon his arrival in the west, a stranger unfamiliar with the language or customs of the i)eople, Mr. Hummel found San Francisco a city of tents, filled with a cosmopolitan throng allured hither by the discovery of gold. With characteristic energy he found a place for HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 953 himself and embarked in business. Finding the conditions encourag- ing and the future assured in 1856 he returned to Philadelphia and there in June, 1856, occurred his marriage to Miss Louisa D. Wetzel, a native of Metzingen, Wurtemberg, Germany, who before her marriage was an instructor in the art department at "Luthe" in Philadelphia. In 1857 the couple came to California, where Mr. Hummel had a comfortable residence in Sutter near Kearney, but he soon located in Sacramento and here they found a place suitable for housekeeping, thus beginning their long identification with the citizenship of the capital city. During 1858 Mr. Hummel opened a shoe store in Sacramento, on J street between Third and Fourth streets, after- wards locating on Fifth and J streets, where he continued to operate until his death, which occurred in 1876. His widow makes her home at No. 1619 L street and has many warm friends among the people of the city where for more than fifty years she has lived and labored. When yet a young girl in the home of her childhood she acquired a thorough knowledge of embroidery and afterward she kept up an interest in the skilled handiwork of the day, so that slie became recognized as one of the most expert needlewomen in Sacramento, where for years she gave instructions in embroidery with gratifying success. Of her five children three are still living. Agnes is with John Breuner Co. and Emma is at the head of the art department of Weinstock & Lubin Co., while the son, Herman H., resides in San Francisco and is connected with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company in that city. JOHN W. JOHNSTON A seeming misfortune in the life of Mr. Johnston, when ill health forced him to relinquish a splendid professional practice in a most desirable location and seek a change of climate, proved to possess a recompense of no small value. The practice of law in Sacramento has brought him into prominence throughout the northern part of the state and, while enjoying the benefits accruing from restored health, he also receives gratifying returns from his practice, so that he has no reason to regret the apparent handicap occasioned from the removal. Since coming to Sacramento in 1899 he has built up an important clientele and during the past seven or more years he has been associated with Hon. Grove L. Johnson in professional work. Among the thousands of Union soldiers whom Ohio furnished to protect the stars and stripes during the Civil war not the least conspicuous was Henry Johnston, a volunteer for three months at the opening of the Rebellion, then a re-enlisted veteran for the entire remainder of the struggle. Eventually he received an honorable 954 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY discharge after peace had been declared. When he had entered the army he left at home a wife and children, among the latter being John W., who was born in Pike connty, Ohio, in 1857. The wife, who bore the maiden name of Louisa Slaughter, was a native of Ohio of southern family and had among her relatives a distinguished general, Slaughter, of the Confederate army. During the fall of 1865 the family removed to Missouri and settled at Kirksville, Adair county. The son, at that time a lad of eight years, received his education almost wholly in Kirksville and in 1881 he was admitted to the bar. Two years later he was elected city attorney of Kirksville and for a period of three consecutive terms he served satisfactorily in that capacity. Before the third term had expired he was elected prosecut- ing attorney of Adair county and for two terms he filled that office with conspicuous zeal and tireless energy. When his long period of official service had been completed Mr. Johnston removed to Nebraska and opened an office at Omaha, where immediately he rose to professional prominence. During 1894 he was elected to represent Douglas county in the Nebraska state legislature and during his term he promoted the interests of his home city to the extent of his ability. The legislature of which he was a member elected Hon. John M. Thurston to the United States senate. The exciting and long continued campaign, however, seriously im- paired the health of Mr. Johnston and developed throat troubles that did not yield to ordinary treatment. A change of climate was advised and he therefore came to California during 1896, settling at Ukiah, Mendocino county, where he engaged in the practice of law for three years, then removing to the capital city, his present headquarters. While still making his home in Missouri Mr. Johnston married Miss Juliet M. Hollaway, a native of that state and a descendant through her mother of the illustrious Lee family of Virginia. One of her cousins at present is serving his second term as a judge of the supreme court of Montana. Mr. and Mrs. Johnston are the parents of five children. The eldest, Thomas D. Johnston, the present district attorney of Contra Costa county, represented that county in the California state legislature during the sessions of 1905-06, 1908-09 and 1912-13. Volney C, the second son, resides in Sacramento. The three youngest children are Pauline, a graduate of King's Conserva- tory of Music in San Jose ; Lucille, a student in a business college ; and J. Willard, who remains with his parents at the family home. No. 1010 F street. The broad and congenial fraternal relations of Mr. Johnston have included membership with the Ancient Order of Druids, the Woodmen of the World, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Masonic Order, all of which at various time have benefited by his professional knowledge, tactful spirit and unwavering adherence to the highest principles of honor. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 955 GEORGE HOOK The life of that once well-known Californian, George Hook, for- merly of Contra Costa county, spanned the period of thirty years, from 1851 to 1880. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, was there reared and educated and from there came, a young man, to California. It was at Placerville and in Contra Costa county that he passed most of his active life and in the latter place he died, sincerely mourned by a wide circle of acquaintances. In 1874 Mr. Hook married Miss Mary Green, a native of San Bernardino, Cal., whose father in 1849, when nineteen years of age, left Ohio and crossed the plains to California. Mrs. Green, a native of England and now a resident of Sacramento, remembers all of the details of the eventful journey on the overland trail. Mrs. Hook bore her husband a son and a daughter, Henry and Sarah C. Hook. The former is married and lives at Roseville, Cal., and Sarah is a member of her mother's household. JOHN REESE As secretary and manager of the Florin Supply Company, Florin, Cal., for the past ten years, Mr. Reese has displayed the good management and business foresight which have distinguished his entire career, the increasing prosperity and firm condition of his organization bearing witness to the good judgment of his associates in placing him in charge of its affairs. A man of exemplary principles and quiet, magnetic personality, he has met life with both optimism and power, and retains, in spite of varied opinions on all sides, an individual discrimination in all matters which come to his attention. A native of Utah, his birth having occurred in Payson, January 9, 1856, Mr. Reese came to Sacramento, Cal., four years later with his ]3arents, John and Elizabeth (Anthony) Reese, natives of Wales. During his youth he displayed a power of concentration and studious temperament that stood him in good stead, enabling him to advance rapidly, and he graduated at the age of eighteen. Choosing an out- door life he took up farming, varied by occasional carpentry, and after conducting these pursuits with fair success until 1898, he turned his attention to a new field, becoming salesman for the Florin Fruit Growers' Association, a position which took him through the north- west. After two years, during which period he proved many times his exceptional worth and firmness of character, he was placed in charge of the Sacramento office, resigning in 1902 to become manager of the Farmers' Mercantile Company at Florin, and upon the purchase 54 956 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY of the latter concern by tlie Florin Supply Company, was unanimously chosen secretary and manager. From time to time he added to his stock holdings and now owns a large interest in the business. Mr. Reese was married November 23, 1873, in Sacramento, to Miss Addie Shaler, whose birth occurred in Sacramento and whose parents, Thomas and Adelia Shaler, were early settlers of Sacramento county. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Reese numbered nine children, as follows: Lester, now book-keeper in the othce conducted by his father; Mabel, Mrs. Milton Browning of Sacramento; Myrtle, post- mistress at Florin; Llewelyn, now a successful stenographer in Sacramento; Howard, who died November 7, 1911; David, clerking for the Florin Su])i)ly Co.; Winifred, attending the Sacramento high school; Mildred, and Melvin, all of whom have in no wise dis- appointed the hopes of their parents, who realize that they are partic- ularly blessed in their ambitous children. As a Republican Mr. Reese is deeply interested in political developments and prompt to lend his influence as an elector to party candidates. He served as deputy sheriff under his lu'other David Reese and is now under the present sheriff. He maintains a thorough understanding of all matters relating to the public good and as a member of Florin Lodge No. 364, I. 0. 0. F., of which he is Past Grand, and as a member of Rebekah Lodge No. 20, is enabled to keep in touch with the needs of humanity, his standard of life em- bracine- nothing less than the Golden Rule. JOSEPH C. HOBRECHT The conservative opinion of those whose long experience entitles them to an expression of their impartial, accurate judgment indicates that Mr. Hobrecht has attained to a position of marked prominence among the electrical specialists of California. In identifying himself with the electrical business he chose by an apparent accident of fate the occupation for which nature admirably had qualified him. His success indeed comes from his natural ability in the line of his s])ecialty; this ability, supplemented by education and study, has been developed until it secures for him recognition among men of his occupation throughout the entire west. When he opened his store in Sacramento, at No. 1012 Tenth street, on the 20th of Sei-)tember, 1909, it was with a thorough knowledge of his own qualifications for the management of such a business, which includes the exhibition and sale of exclusive designs in lighting fixtures. Not only are these designs • HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 957 original with liiiiiself, but mam' of them are so beautiful as to attract wide attention and convince the observer of the artistic skill of the designer. Born in Germany April 21, 1876, Joseph C. Hobrecht was a very small child when brought to the United States by his parents, Lawrence and Theresa Hobrecht. After landing in New York City the family traveled as far west as Nebraska and settled in Omaha, where the father, a skilled mechanic, secured employment at his trade. During 1903 he joined the other members of the family who had preceded him to California and settled in San Francisco, where he still lives, now being retired from occupational tasks that engrossed his earlier years. In the family there are eight children, all of whom are still living. One of the number, Philip J., is associated with his brother, Joseph C, in the ownership of the business at Sacramento and has si3ent considerable time in this city during recent years. An education acquired in the public schools of Omaha and the Creighton institution in the same city qualified Mr. Hobrecht for the duties of the business world. In early life he assisted his father in a machine shop and thus acquired a comprehensive knowledge of such work, becoming indeed a skilled mechanic. For eight years he con- tinued in that occupation. Going to Montana he started to work as an electrician, and continued to operate a plant in that city for some time. During the year 1900 he came to Sacramento, where he worked in the employ of the Ba}' Counties Power Company for eighteen months. On leaving that position he entered the employ of the Electrical Suppy Company, with whom he continued for seven years or until he had determined to engage in the electrical business for himself. In February of 1911 he was united in marriage with Mrs. Lillian (McCarthy) Hanford, of Sacramento, daughter of Patrick McCarthy, a pioneer of Eldorado county. Both Mr. and Mrs. Plobrecht are earnest members of the Roman Catholic church and he is identified prominently with the Knights of Columbus, a well-known organization under the auspices of that denomination. His fraternal activities are further enlarged through membership with the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. When the city of Sacramento decided to install ornamental elec- troliers in the district bounded by I-J and L-M alleys and Front and Twelfth streets, embracing a section three blocks wide and one mile long, competition was sought from the leading electrical firms of the entire country. Designs were submitted from firms in New York City and Canton, Ohio, as well as numerous firms in San Francisco, San Jose and Oakland, but it was reserved for Mr. Hobrecht to be the successful winner in the great contest. His design was adopted by the Retail Merchants' Association of Sacramento, approved by the city trustees, and endorsed bv the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce, 958 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY the J Street Improvement Association, the Eealty Board, the Home Products' League and the Jobbers' Association. The first contract called for four hundred and sixty-four electroliers and these were manufactured in Sacramento (the contract is now about completed), so that the city may claim with pride that the artistic electroliers are a product of home skill, representing the inventive ingenuity of the designer and the mechanical skill of the manufacturer. ELTON DENNIS SHAEPE Genealogical records indicate the identification of the Sharpe family with the history of England from a period so remote that authentic annals become merged into traditional lore. Some years before the opening of the Civil war a young Englishman, Samuel J. SharjDe, sought the opportunities which he believed to exist in the new world. Among the pioneers of Iowa he became interested in general agricultural pursuits and also followed the trade of a carpenter. With loyal devotion to the country of his adoption he offered his services to the Union immediately after war had been de- clared. Being accepted as a volunteer, he went to the front with Company G of the Ninth Iowa Infantry. For a period of four years, or until the close of the Eebellion, he remained in active service and meanwhile took part in thirty-two battles, among them being Gettys- burg and other history-making engagements. Notwithstanding his active participation in such a large number of fierce contests he was injured only once and that proved to be a mere flesh-wound. During the progress of the war he had the satisfaction of casting his ballot for Abraham Lincoln at the time of the second election of that illustrious statesman. Upon exchanging the accoutrements of war for the tranquil pur- suits of peace Samuel J. Sharpe engaged at his trade of a carpenter at Canon City, Colo., besides which he followed general- farming. About 1887 he became a pioneer fruit-grower in the Walla Walla valley of Washington and later he became interested in agricultural and horticultural enterprises near Mabton, Wash., a thriving little village in the Yakima valle}^ On his ranch there he passed away in 1904 and since then his wife has made her home with their son, Elton Dennis. The latter was born at Canon City, Colo., January 21, 1871, and by dint of his own determination acquired an excellent education. From his earliest recollections he was ambitious to acquire knowledge and studious in temperament. After he had completed the regular high school course he attended an academy at Milton, Ore., and after- ward spent several years in Union College at Lincoln, Neb., from HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 959 wliicli institution lie was graduated in 1895 with a high standing. Possessing the bent of mind that finds its highest enjoyment in educational activities, it was but natural that Professor Sharpe should have entered upon pedagogical labors when the time came for him to select his life work. From his earliest identification with the profession of educator he was successful and particularly so in the instruction of young men and young women. Those who earnestly and sincerely are preparing for the responsibilities of the future awaken his sympathy and arouse his deepest interest. To aid them in their noble endeavors he always has felt to be one of the greatest privileges that life can offer the vast army of teachers. Not only does he possess the desire, but in addition he possesses the ability to develop the mind and bring out the latent energies of the soul. In every sphere of mental training his co-operation proves beneficial to the student earnestly seeking to solve some of life's great mysteries. As an illustration of the splendid leadership of which Professor Sharpe is capable it may be stated that at Lodi, Cal., he founded a normal school and built up an institution having an attendance of two hundred and fifty. However, the task proved too much for his health and nervous prostration resulted, which obliged him to resign the presidency of the school in the spring of 1910. Afterwards he spent one year with a brother at Mabton, Wash., and meanwhile en- joyed a gradual restoration to complete health. Upon his return to California, Professor Sharpe opened the Westsonian Normal College of Arts and Sciences during February, 1912, this being a training school for those who wish to secure training in arts and sciences. The school has ten departments operating, all of which have experi- enced success. It occupies one floor of the new Siller building on Ninth street between K and L streets, and has been elegantly fitted and substantially prepared for its specific use. Mrs. Sharpe, who prior to her marriage December 25, 1898, was Miss Sylvia Compton of Boise, Idaho, has proved a most able assistant to her husband and the two co-operate to secure the most gratifying results in the in- struction of each student. Music and art have their special depart- ments. There will also be afforded training for mechanical trades. It is the aim to develop professional and technical departments, also a research department for the study of astronomy and archaeology, and already the Professor has made arrangements with the Astro- nomical Association of Great Britain for co-operation in the securing of literature and in other movements for the upbuilding of the science. It is also his intention to conduct, under the auspices of the school, a series of illustrated lectures throughout the state, and indeed into every part of the west as far as practicable, showing the material resources and the commercial and educational advantages offered by the great Sacramento vallev. 960 PIISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY SAMUEL BROOKS SLIGHT More tliau one-Lalf century of identification with the history of Sacramento county, covering the period between his birth October 19, 1858, and demise January 27, 1910, gave Mr. Slight a broad and com- ])re]iensive knowledge of this portion of the west, while extensive travels into other regions made him conversant with the magnitude of the undeveloped resources of our commonwealth. He was proud of the fact that he could claim California as his native state and proud also that his parents were among the goodly tlirong of emigrants to whose dauntle-ss courage was due the original American occupancy of ancient Spanish and Indian ]ia1)itations. No fortune ever rewarded the eiforts of the industrious pioneer couple, but they gained that whicli is more to be desired, the esteem of all associates and the deepest affection of their family. Without any financial aid from them and without even the advantages of a good education, their son whose name introduces this article won his way to a substantial degree of success and in the span of life's brief but busy day accumulated a neat competency for his wife and children. His start in the earning of a livelihood was made through an apprenticeship to the trade of a carriage-maker, which later he followed as a journeyman and finally became a salesman in the same line of business. 'I'he marriage of Samuel Brooks Slight, in Sacramento in 1888, united him with Miss Josie Wittenlirock, a native of Sacramento county, and the daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Wittenbrock, of Germany, who came to tlie west during the eventful era of the '50s, establishiug a liome in Sacramento county and remaining there until death. Mr. and Mrs. Slight became the parents of three children. Their only daughter is now the wife of J. A. Holland and resides in Sacramento. The sons are Henry Cyril and Bertram, the elder of whom, while still making his home with his mother in the comfortable city residence, devotes much of his time to the care of her ranch. The ranch is on a part of the Haggin grant about four miles east of the city. This consists of forty-five acres devoted to hop culture, a business with which Mr. Slight became familiar and in which he was considered an authority. Notwithstanding the demands of business affairs, he found leisure for the oversight of the ranch and by his per- sonal efforts made the ])lace profitable as an investment. Certain of the fraternal organizations received his especial aid, among them being the Elks and the Eagles, and for years he also took a warm interest in the Nati\e Sons of the Golden West, his membership being with the parlor in the capital city. In public affairs he took little part, yet he was a loyal citizen, progressive in principle and favoring all HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 961 improvements of permanent value to tlie city. Official honors did not appeal to liim, for his tastes led him to find his highest happiness in his home and among his personal friends, rather than in the turmoil of partisan polities. By his own unaided efforts he accumulated a competency and left to his family an estate representing years of thoughtful, intelligent and arduous a]^plication to business affairs. HARRY AY. ADAMS One of the most prominent men in the commercial world along the Pacific coast and one who has devoted careful study of freight rates throughout the United States to the extent that he lias procured many improvements in conditions in that department, is Harry AV. Adams, who fills the important position of traffic manager of the Pioneer Fruit Co., at Sacramento, Cal. The life of Mr. Adams has been a reverse of the usual order of procedure of the active California citizen, for he was born on the Pacific coast and went East as a child, instead of being born in the East and coming to the West. His father, who was a major in the United States army, devoted practically his whole life to military service and passed away some years ago. Plarry ^\. Adams first saw the light of day in San Francisco, on July 10, 1861. but after a few years in the East, he finally re- turned to the coast and his native city. He attended the ])u])lic schools and upon leaving his studies liecame variously employed for a few years, then going to Salt Lake City, to become clerk in the Union Pacific Railroad office there, and he soon advanced to the position of assistant general freight agent, which he held for a number of years. After that he was connected with the freight departments of the Union Pacific, Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. and Texas Pacific Railway Co., and came to be known as one of the best informed freight and traffic agents in the entire West. Eventually he was induced by Mr. Bills to come to Sacramento, and acce])t the position of traffic manager of the Pioneer Fruit Co., which he is holding at the present time with that efficiency and trustworthiness for which he is known among the business people in that line of work. By careful observation and studying the freight rates throughout the country he was instrumental in reducing the rate to the Atlantic seaboard from $1.45 to $1.15, and a corres|)onding reduction to points west, and this accomplishment has been the means of saving for the farmer many hard-earned dollars. Mr. Adams' company ships fruit all over the United States, and from time to time sends large consignments to foreign ]iorts. 962 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY which necessitates clever manipulation of the shipments and a thor- ough knowledge of the best arrangement and order of shipping, Mr. Adams is a member of the San Francisco Transportation Club and the Sntter Clnb of Sacramento. He affiliates fraternally with the Masons, having attained to the thirty-second degree, Scot- tish Eite, and is also identified with the Order of the Eastern Star. In 1890 he married Miss Lula Hollada}^ a native of Illinois, who is a lady of culture, interested in charitable work and a member of the Tuesday Club of Sacramento. She is identified with the Order of Eastern Star and is one of the Past Grand officers of the Grand Chapter of California. ALPHONSE AENOLD In the German province of Alsace-Lorraine, Alphonse Arnold was born December 11, 1858, a descendant of many generations of European ancestors of high character and worthy achievement. He was educated in public schools in his native land and in 1884 came across the Atlantic to America, landing in New York in August. From the eastern metropolis he went to the Southwest, locating at San Antonio, Texas, where he remained till in 1887, working as a cooper, he having acquired a knowledge of that trade in the old country. From San Antonio he came west to San Francisco, where he was employed in a cooperage about fifteen months, and thence he came to Napa county, in June, 1888. There he worked for wages till, eventually, he established a cooper's shop at St. Helena, which he managed with success during the ensuing eight years. Disposing of the St. Helena interests of A. Arnold & Company, he came to Sacramento and took charge of the cooperage shop oper- ated by John Ochsner. In April, 1903, he bought the shop, then located at No. 816 Second street. May 1, 1904, he moved the en- terprise to the site at No. 320 E street, which it has since occupied and where he has made one of the latter-day business successes of that part of the city. While he was living in Texas, Mr. Arnold married, January 17, 1885, Pelagia Burgunder, wlio died April 25, 1905, leaving a son, Louis, born March 25, 1892, who is now acquiring a knowledge of the cooper's trade imder his father's careful instruction. Self- made in the best sense of the term, Mr. Arnold is in all things thor- oughly up to date. His cooperage establishment is perhaps the best plant of its kind in Northern California. He is a member of the Druids, helpful to all the interests of the order, and is a devoted and generous adherent to the Catholic church. In many ways he has demonstrated his characteristic public spirit. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 963 HAEEISON BENNETT Long and honorable service in the Civil War gives distinction to the life history of Mr. Bennett and entitles him to the gratitude of all trne patriots. When he was a yonng man, with his education uncompleted and his life plans only vaguely outlined, the hidden depth of his patriotic spirit was revealed by his instant desire to offer his services to the Union at the outbreak of the Eebellion. It was thought at the time that the trouble could be quelled in a very brief period, therefore he was accepted for three months beginning May 1, 1861. His original service was as a private in Company B, First Michigan Infantry. Later he re-enlisted as sergeant in Com- pany G of the same regiment which was assigned to the army of the Potomac, where one year later he was promoted to hospital steward. Among his engagements were the first battle of Bull Eun, the Peninsular campaign, the battle of Gettysburg, the second contest at Bull Eun, Fredericksburg and the Wilderness. From time to time he was promoted and held the commission of first lieu- tenant when he was discharged at Louisville, Ky., July 9, 1865, after his third enlistment, being mustered out of the service by rea- son of the close of the war. The Bennett family is of old eastern ancestry. Isaac B., a native of Wayne county, N. Y., grew to manhood in that part of the state and there married Sibyl La Due, who was of French and German parentage. The young couple left their friends and relatives and sought the cheap lands of the northwest with the intention of cre- ating a home on the frontier. For some time they lived in Lena- wee county, Mich., where their son, Harrison, was born August 1, 1841. From the land in Lenawee county the father cleared off the heavy timber; he then built a cabin home, placed the virgin soil under cultivation, and eventually became prosperous. He sold this place and l^ought a farm in Jackson township, Jackson county, and there spent the remaining years of his useful existence. His wife survived him, dying at the advanced age of eighty-six. WJien an aged woman, but well preserved physically and mentally, she came to Sacramento and enjoyed a visit with her son, Harrison, returning to Michigan to pass her closing years. After the close of his long army service and a subsequent visit among relatives in Michigan, Mr. Bennett went to Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he took a course of study in the Eastman Business Col- lege. Immediately after his graduation he took passage on a ship for Panama, thence crossed to the Pacific side and traveled by steam- er to San Francisco, where he remained for three years. In 1868 he came to Sacramento, where he has since resided. For one vear 964 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY he clerked in a drug-store and later lie was retained as bookkeeper for R. Stone & Co. During 1875 he entered the Sacramento Sav- ings Bank as teller and continued with that institution until 1910, when he resigned and retired on a pension. His identification with the bank covered a long period of years and reflected great credit upon his fidelity, trustworthiness, intelligence and wise judgment. The first marriage of Mr. Bennett was solemnized at Sacra- mento in 1875 and united him with Miss Emma Allen, who was born in New York City and received her education in the schools of that metropolis. Very shortly after her marriage she died at the family residence in Sacramento. During 1877 Mr. Bennett was united with Mrs. Lizzie Lardner, the widow of Frank Lardner. His only son, Willie, died at the age of two years. The only daughter, Sibyl, is the wife of Presley Johnson and the mother of two chil- dren, Beth and Edloe. The Grand Array of the Republic always has received the interested co-operation of Mr. Bennett, who, since 1873 has served as quartermaster of Sumner Post No. 3, at Sacra- mento, and also was honored by election as its commander. In 1910 he was appointed Assistant Adjutant General of the Department of California and Nevada, serving one term. He is also a member of the California Commandery Military order of the Loyal Legion. The old comfortable family home at No. 714 Seventh Street, Sacra- mento, was erected from plans and specifications designed by Mr. Bennett, who also aided in the work of construction and decoration, being handy with tools and a natural mechanic. Many of his leisure hours during business associations were devoted to the improve- ment of the grounds and the care of the home, and since his re- tirement from the bank he has no task more enjoyalile than the oversight of the place and the cultivation of the trees and flowers that adorn the grounds. Since then he has purchased a home at 530 Twenty-first Street, where he now resides. During his long residence in the city he has proved the value of his citizenship and his worth as a man of most exemplary habits, of tried integrity and the highest principles of honor. PETER BOHL At a period when the vast regions west of the Mississip]n val- ley were yet very sparsely settled and the lands near the Pacific coast were held in large grants by representatives of the Spanish nobility, the Bohl family lived upon a small farm near Georgetown, Ohio, and the father, George Bohl, frequently hauled tanbark to HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 965 tlie tannery owned by liis intimate personal friend, the father of Ulysses S. Grant. There were five sons and three daughters in the parental family and three of the eight are still living, namely: Frederick, who at the age of more tlian ninety years makes his home near Peoria, 111. ; Mrs. Sarah Ludwig, of Moweaqua, Shelby county, III.; and Peter, who was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 23, 1830, and whose advantages were so meagre that he maj' be called a self- educated and self-made man. AVhen news came concerning the discovery of gold in California the older brother, Frederick, made an immediate resolution to seek his fortune in the west. Accompanied by his young wife he started across the plains with a party of emigrants. Scarcely more than one-half of the long journey had been accomplished when Indians attacked the emigrants and stole the horses belonging to Mr. Bohl. Fortunately his wife had some jewelry and silverware with her and these she sold in order to raise enough for the purchase of another team. It had been their intention to go direct to California, but circumstances forced them to alter their plans and they went to Oregon first, arriving tliere with nothing but a gun and a dog. Fish- ing and hunting not only afforded them a scanty ^ subsistence, but enabled them to earn a little money and with this Mr. Bohl went on to California, leaving his wife in Portland, Ore. Upon his ar- rival in Sacramento he started a small bakery. With the first money earned he sent for his wife. In the meantime his younger brother, Peter, had taken the gold fever and had come to Califor- nia. By way of Panama he came to San Francisco from Peoria, 111., where he had been working for two and one half years, in the meantime saving all the money he could to pay for the expensive trip. Starting for the coast in January of 1853 Peter Bohl arrived in Sacramento not long after the subsidence of the disastrous fire and flood of that year, without a dime and in debt $150, but with plenty of pluck and a courage and determination to succeed. Imme- diately he began to work in his brother's bakery. The trade was phenomenal. It was impossible to count the money they received and so they put it in sacks, which they weighed and concealed under the counter. The front door had no lock and it was kept closed by means of a large squash. Notwithstanding the great risk thus taken, the proprietors of the liakery never lost anything except one-half a cake, whicli was taken by a man who pushed the door oi)en and en- tered when no one was in the shop. After he had worked in the bakery for some time Mr. Bohl attracted the attention of Mr. Wright, who operated the Central hay and feed yard, and he gave him a lease of the business without any capital. Six months and twelve days later, when the emigrants began to arrive, he was paid $2000 for 966 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY the lease by a Mr. Cone. Although he had been in the state for comparatively a very short time, the young business man now had $3000 and with it he bought one-half interest in a building on Tenth and J streets. For a time his brother owned the other half interest, but this he also acquired later and he still owns this now valuable corner. During 1856 he bought his brother's interest in the bakery, which he conducted for eight years. Afterward with Will- iam Hedrick he conducted a grocery and grain business for five years, this being at the time when Ben Crocker was buying grain for the Southern Pacific Railroad. Upon a return from visiting in the east Mr. Bohl in 1871 be- came identified with William P. Coleman in the real estate busi- ness, and their pleasant and profitable association continued until the death of Mr. Coleman thirty years later. At this writing Mr. Bohl holds office as vice-president and is a director of the J. C. Carly Company, a large real-estate and insurance firm. In ad- dition he acts as director of the Sacramento Building and Loan As- sociation, also as a director of the California State Bank. He still gives personal attention to the management of his valuable prop- erty interests and to the development of the city along the lines of commercial, social and educational progress. Particularly has his interest in education been constant and deep. Appreciating the ad- vantage of an education through his own deprivation thereof, he has done all within his power to promote the schools of the state and has been especially helpful in his identification with the University of the Pacific at San Jose, which he served as a trustee for twenty years with the greatest caiDability. In politics he supports the best man regardless of politics, although in national issues he favors the Re- publican platform of principles. For forty-five years he has been identified with the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Sacra- mento and meanwhile he has promoted many church enterprises, among them the building of the splendid edifice now occupied by the congregation. During 1855 he married Miss Julia Hauck and after her death he was again married, being united in 1907 with Mrs. Agnes M. Juergenson of Sacramento. His first wife was a na- tive of Germany and received an unusually thorough education, becoming a woman of culture and refinement. Her father was a man of prominence and held the princijial nnmicipal office in the city where he lived. During his occu]iancy of his high position he entertained officers of the emperor and distinguished men from every part of Germany, as well as from other parts of Europe, so that his daughter from her earliest recollections enjoyed advan- tages of an unusual order in social contact with people of distinc- tion. Of her marriage there were three children born, but one died at an earlv as-e. The two survivors are daughters, Amelia C. (a HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 967 musician of prominence), and Laura (wife of Edward Plucker, of Sacramento). The family has a wide acquaintance in Sacramento and enjoys the friendship of people of culture and influence. ALFRED J. BROWN What lies within the power of a resolute purpose to accomplish for itself appears in a record of the activities of Alfred J. Brown, one of Sacramento's successful business men, a citizen who has risen steadily in material affairs notwithstanding the handicap of adversity that orphanage threw over the years of his youth. Born November 26, 1866, he is a son of the late Thomas Brown, for years a valued employe of the Waltham Watch Company, but later con- nected with the Cornell Watch Company at Grand Crossing, a sub- urb of Chicago, 111. When the latter corporation established a branch factory at San Francisco, he was sent west to superintend the new plant and remained in charge of the same until the death of Mr. Ralston, which was followed by the failure of the company. When forty-five years of age he died in San Francisco, having for some time survived his wife, who passed away when only thirty- four years of age. The schools of Vacaville, Solano county, and of San Joaquin county gave to Alfred J. Brown the benefits of a primary educa- tion, but the necessity of self-support obliged him at the age of ten years to earn his own livelihood. For a time he worked for board and clothes as an assistant on a ranch near Ripon, San Joa- quin county. Later he received wages as his work increased in value. When he had saved a small sum beyond his ordinary needs he came to Sacramento and took a course of study in the business college, after which he secured employment with the Capital Pack- ing Company. Leaving that firm at the expiration of one year, he entered the employ of W. S. Kendall & Co., money brokers, of Sac- ramento. His next position was that of bookkeeper with L. L. Lewis & Co., owners of the pioneer hardware store in Sacramento. Eventually he associated himself with the John Brenner Company, one of the largest firms in Northern California. Beginning as a bookkeeper he soon proved his worth as an assistant and secured several promotions from time to time, until in the year 1902 he was chosen financial manager and for many years was secretary of the large establishment. Mr. Brown owns an attractive residence on Sutter Terrace which has been beautified through his own tasteful efforts, supple- mented by the artistic co-operation of his capable wife, formerly 968 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Miss Ella Ruth Brown, who prior to their marriage was a leader among* the young- people of the capital city, as she has since been prominent with the older estalilished social circles of the place. In fraternal matters Mr. Brown for years has been an active worker in the blue lodge of Masonry, while he has further enlarged his fraternal relationships through co-operation witli the Woodmen of the World and the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. Mr. Brown owes much of his success in business to the high standard he has adopted in all his business relations, all his dealings being guided by honesty and integrity of purpose. When it is recalled that he received no extraneous aid in struggling against adverse circum- stances and that he fought his own way forward to success, it is realized that great credit is due him for the tenacity of purpose that inspired his actions and the determination of will that enabled him to wrest victory from what with some others so often results in defeat. The city with whose success his own is associated re- ceives his loyal support in all measures for its permanent upbuild- ing and owes its rising progress to the patriotic devotion of its large corps of citizens who, like Mr. Brown, cherish for its insti- tutions the deepest affection and most profound respect. MOSES S. WAHRHAFTIG The subject of the sketch was born about 1860 in the town of Kovel, government of Volhynia, Russia. His father was the chief rabbi of the town and died before Moses was ten years old. For some time it was the ambition of his mother and others who cared for his education that he should ultimately occupy his father's position. Fate, however, decreed otherwise. One of his guardians was a regularly admitted legal practitioner and prepared him for the practice of law. In 1882 M. S. Wahrhaftig came to the United States, and after a few weeks' stay in New York arrived in California, where he has resided ever since with the exception of about a year spent in Ore- gon. Ignorant of the English language, and without means, he was obliged for some time to eke out an existence by manual labor, especially on farms, for which he acquired quite a taste. We thus find him in his early career riding a hay-mower or rake, as well as walking behind a plow. Among his other occu])ations were as- saying and printing. To the latter art he contributed most of his first ten years' residence in the metropolis of California. He was initiated into the San Francisco T\q30gTa|)hical T^nion in 1890, but HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 969 mvas.o„ of locusts in 1891 caused eousiderabir aire to hh W •auch, aud It l,eca.ne necessary for him to fall back on the prnfer's case for earmug a livelihood for himself and the folks on the i^„h officT'of (•an'X"'"' 'rrr ^"^-^ "^^ -'*-' in the prSi omees ot Caiiaghen and Anderson, State Printing Office A T Johnstons pnntmg office aud others until about IsM wLen ' tlfe S.ea railroad stnke took place. He then conceived th; Wea that Zt'^T^:' "''"; '°"" '" l"'"^^^^^' i" Sacramento, and The S rur,i,t:d\,raX"t^:tovLb^!. sr ^^r^-^ Z:r^j'l^ ^ ^^'-«; California HS\"^piotr"a:rrn LLwp':i;:sit:Ttih; ':j^. t rs^t^n/r- Co.H ofT\T' f'^ Wahrhaftig was admitted b\tIe°Su;Teme cZts of tt ;.' °^ California to the practice of law in a^ e court^s of the state and later on in the federal courts. Judo'e T law omees. It did not take long before he acquired a lucrative nrac ice and ever increasing clientele. He has Lver left Sacramento" where he ,s now located in the Nicolaus Buildino- Hi ilfes^i; has not rendered him exclusive. From time to hue he cont lutes wihtwi^vsrrr .^"^'^^-""- ->- ^i-rt stcrde s an ot winch he takes a very active interest In October, 1908, Mr. 1\'ahrliaftig married Mis=! Trnia R T . then a teacher in the puWic schools of'sacrai^e'to "ount^vrand-p w' E E L V T'V- "' ^'*"""' '"'''''■ She is the dau.ht i of has^e^;H;s:ens:\:ri'Tn:.:Ligr"- ""'' -™^--"« -- LINCOLN P. WILLIAMS P AraUams'com'itr,,!*.-;'- "f/"™-^' (T^-"'""^) Williams, Lincoln Frac CO A'3d 7 18,?? 17^ Sacramento county, was born in San eancat: f^ t '^^.^i;:':^ ^^^^- ^l:^ /— the bookbinder's trade and in isfts .0 ^ S -^ leaiuecl iiaae and m 1888 came to Sacramento and liad 970 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY charge as foreman of the state bindery, which is connected with the State Printer's Office, continuing in this capacity until January, 1903, when he assumed the duties of his present office. The first ballot Mr. Williams cast was for Republican candidates and he has been an active worker for the success of the Republican party ever since. In recognition not only of his qualifications for the oflice, but also of his services as a stanch supporter of his party in its measures and principles, he was in 1902 nominated in the county convention for the office of county auditor and was duly elected in the fall of that year to serve for a term of four years, 1903-07. At the close of this term he was renominated and re-elected for a sec- ond term of four years, 1907-11, when he was renominated and re- elected as his own successor once more. His official conduct has elicited tributes to his efficiency, fidelity and promptness, and aside from being a faithful public servant he is also a genial, companion- able gentleman and a dependable friend. To the honor of being a native born citizen of California Mr. Williams adds the distinction of being an able and popular official and one of the best-known men in Sacramento county, where, ex- cept for a few brief absences, he has lived his active years thus far. While he has not won great wealth or fame, he has won honor in his own country. Quietly, contentedly and usefully he has pursued his daily walk as an efficient and honorable public official and as a citi- zen of the highest principles. As county auditor he has labored in- defatigably in the performance of his duties, with an earnest desire to win not only the commendation of his own party, but that of his jDolitical opponents of whatever belief. The marriage of Mr. Williams, in San Francisco April 21, 1891, united him with Miss Ollie C. Smith, of Sacramento, the recipient of excellent educational advantages and a lady of the highest cul- ture. The family which she represents is of pioneer stock, her father being Leonard C. Smith, who was one of the early business men of Sacramento. WILLIS A. MACKINDER This popular insurance man, auctioneer, ex-editor and publisher, who is known throughout Northern California, is a native of l^oung America, Washington county, Wis., and was born March 18, 1861. In 1869, when he was about eight years old, his parents located in Sonoma county, Cal., and later they moved to St. Helena, Napa county. For five years Mr. Mackinder was editor and publisher of HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 971 the St. Helena Star, selling the paper to engage in the real-estate business, in which he prospered until November 1, 1909, when he left St. Helena and came to Sacramento, where he has been inter- ested in the same line up to the present time and has turned some notable deals. For some years Mr. Mackinder has given attention to general auctioneering, selling merchandise, personal property and real es- tate, and is one of the most successful in his line in Northern Cali- fornia. His office is with the Fred J. Johns Co., No. 1023 Ninth Street. As a citizen he is public spirited to an unusual degree, hav- ing at heart the advancement of his city and county and assisting to the extent of his ability every movement which in his opinion promises to benefit the general public. HUGH M. STRACHAN The changing experiences that have come into his existence in a larger measure than into the lives of many have given to Mr. Strachan a knowledge of different parts of the world and, being a man of keen mind and careful observation, he has accumulated a broad and valuable fund of general information. Although scarcely eight years of age when he left his native Scotland, where he was born September 2, 1875, he recalls vividly many events associated with that country and remembers the scenes of picturesque and rugged beauty in the vicinity of the old home. After he came to the new world he had the advantages of the schools of Pullman, 111., and Detroit, Mich., and while acquiring a thorough education he also was learning much con- cerning the great middle-west region of America. Subsequent expe- riences in California filled him with a deep affection for this great state, the chosen home of his maturity. In addition he has enjoyed varied experiences as a traveler on the Pacific ocean and an employe of the United States government on the Philippine Islands, with whose material and political condition he has become thoroughly con- versant. Immediately after the immigration of the family to America in 1883 the father, Hugh Strachan, entered the employ of the Pullman Palace Car Company in a suburb of Chicago. For three years he continued with the same firm, after which he removed to Detroit, Mich, to enter their shops at that point. The year 1895 found him a new- comer in Sacramento, where he entered the motive power department of the Southern Pacific Railroad, having continued with them ever since. Meanwhile the son, Hugh M., had finished his education in 972 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Detroit, Midi., and had entered the service of the Southern Pacific Railroad as clerk in the motive power department, where he remained until 1898. This position with its fair prospects for the. future he re- linquished in order that he might volunteer for the war with Spain, enlisting- in the Eighteenth Company, U. S. V. Signal Corps. Ordered to the Philippine Islands early in 1898 he remained there from July of that year to October of the following year, also participating i,n the stirring events leading up to the capture of the second largest island in the group. Upon his return to the United States in October of 1899 he continued in the government employ, but was transferred to the position of ganger, continuing as such from 1899 to 1906. During the following year he served as dei)uty collector of internal revenue for the state of Nevada. The head ofifices were in Sacramento and the office in this city was given jurisdiction over the Nevada office in Reno. October 15, 1910, he was promoted to the position of cashier of the internal revenue office and since then has been stationed at Sacramento, where he makes his home with his parents. His association with the government service has reflected great credit upon himself and has evidenced the possession of tact, education and precision of judgment in the many details over which he has control. While never exhibiting any partisanship in his views, he upholds Republican principles and never fails to cast a ballot for the party nominees in all elective con- tests. The Sutter Club of Sacramento has his name enrolled among its active members and he also takes an interested part in the activ- ities of the Episcopal Church of his home city. FRANK C. MILLER The thorough educational preparation afforded by an eastern university and the invaluable experience gained by identification with construction work with eastern railroads admirably qualified Mr. Miller for successful prosecution of the tasks connected with engineer- ing and surveying when in 1902 he became a citizen of Sacramento and thus began a congenial association with the west. The office of county surveyor which he now fills does not represent the limit of his capable contribution to local advancement, for in addition he has been a helpful factor in railway construction work and by successful labors here has added to the prestige of an eastern reputation previously established. Since he was elected surveyor and entered upon official duties, in January of 1911, lie has devoted his attention to the work of the office, where he has introduced modern conveniences along sur- veying lines as well as in systematic routine of accounting. A member of a family established in the central west during the era of frontier development and himself a native of Romney, Ind., HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 973 Frank C. Miller received an excellent education in the public and Mgli schools of Franklin county, after which he engaged in teaching in that county for two years. With the earnings of this period of leaching he was able to attend the Ohio State University at Columbus, where he took the regular course in civil engineering and in 1893 was graduated with a high standing. The first position secured after graduation was that of rodman with the Big Four Railroad Company, in whose employ he remained for one year. Next he engaged for six months on construction work for the Cleveland, Loraine & Wheeling Railroad Company. From that position he went to the Columbus, Sandusky & Hocking Railroad, where he worked as assistant chief engineer until December of 1899. From that time until he came to California in 1902 he was connected with the Chicago & Alton Rail- road as engineer in the maintenance of way department. Upon coming to California and establishing headquarters at Sac- ramento, Mr. Miller for five years held the position of resident engi- neer for the Sacramento division of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, having charge of the department of maintenance and con- struction. Then for a time he engaged in work independently. He later filled with characteristic ability the position of chief engineer with the Central Traction Company, had charge of the construction work of that road, and is still holding that position with the company. While thus engaged he was elected county surveyor in November, 1910, during his service also having charge of the construction of the Sacramento Terminal Railway and the Vallejo Northern Railway in Sacramento. He is now in charge of the construction of the Oakland, Antioch & Eastern Railroad, running from Sacramento to Suisun Bay. The wife of Mr. Miller was before her marriage Miss Julia Throckmorton, of Lafayette, Ind. Two daughters have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Miller, Helen and Frances. Though in sympathy with all religious movements, Mr. Miller is identified with the Congregational church. With intense devotion to the work of his choice, he has had little leisure for participation in public affairs, and takes no part in politics aside from voting the Republican ticket at all elections. He was made a Mason in Tehama Lodge, No. 3, F. & A. M., and is also a member of the Order of Moose. CRADDOC MEREDITH An organization well known in the commercial circles of Sacra- mento, the American Fish Company has developed and now manages a business extending into every part of the United States and even across the Atlantic ocean into Germany. The success of the enter- 974 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY prise is due to the energy and capability of the manager, Mr. Meredith, who assisted in the promotion of the concern, was largely instrumental in effecting its organization, acquired a one-half interest with Mr. Mor- gan as his partner, and eventually acquired the holdings of the other member of the firm, thereafter forming a stock company and incorporat- ing under the laws of the state of California. The original officers of the company are as follows: Walter Mack, of San Francisco, president; Craddoc Meredith, of Sacramento, vice-president ; D. Cushman, of San Francisco, secretary; and B. L. Sisson, of Sacramento, treasurer. One hundred and twenty-five fishermen are employed by the company on the rivers of the west and the entire outfit of fishing boats is owned by the concern itself, so that large sums have been invested in the equipment, but the results have fully justified the magnitude of the original expense. The manager of this prosperous business enterprise has been connected with fish interests for twenty years and therefore possesses the broad experience indispensable to the successful supervision of such a concern. He is a native of Iowa and was born in Des Moines January 20, 1871, being a son of Zoro B. Meredith, one of the first as well as one of the leading coal operators of that state during early days. It was he who shipped the first carload of coal that ever left Des Moines, the destination of the shipment being Council Bluffs, Iowa. Under the auspices of the Union Pacific Railroad Company he opened coal mines at Rock Springs, Wyom., and there he continued to manage large interests until 1893, when he was accidentally killed in the mines. All of his ten children are still living and they are widely scattered, some being as far south as Mexico, while others have been interested in the mines of Alaska. The wife and mother, now a resident of Port Angeles, Wash., was among the first women in the United States privileged to cast a presidential ballot, for she made her home in Wyoming at the time that equal suffrage laws were given to that state and it is now nearly forty years since she first enjoyed the franchise privilege. For twenty-one years the family had their home in Rock Springs, Wyom., and there Craddoc Meredith received such educational advan- tages as fell to his lot. He was only three years old when the family became residents of Wyoming and at the age of twelve it was his choice to start working in the mines. He continued this until he was fifteen years old, and from then until he was nineteen he rode the range, gaining valuable experience thereby. He then went as far east as Chicago, where he entered the employ of Booth & Co., fish merchants. After he had learned the details of the business as carried on there, he resigned at the end of a year and removed to the Puget Sound country. For a time he worked in Seattle, where he acquired a knowledge of the fish business as there conducted. The vear 1894 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 975 found liim in San Francisco, where for four years lie was employed by the American Union Fish Company. Coming to Sacramento in December of 1899, he has since been identified with the business inter- ests of the capital city. Besides his business in this city he is inter- ested in many different fish companies all over the Pacific Coast, many of which he assisted in organizing. In 1911 he conceived the idea of and organized the Pacific National Fire Insurance Company with a capital of $1,000,000, he being a director and treasurer. Being founded and run on broad business principles the business of the company has had a rapid progress and is already on a firm financial basis. In addition to the interests enumerated he is serving as president of the Home Products League and is a member of the executive board of the Merchants' Association. He has been active in the Sacramento Athletic Association, while fraternally he holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. During 1893 he was united in marriage with Miss Mabel Allen, of Rock Springs, Wyom., a woman of culture and a leading member of the Rebekahs lodge in Sacramento, as well as a contributor to the movements for the general advancement of the city. The Meredith family consists of two children, of whom Lolo was born in 1894 and Venus B. in 1897, and both are being given the best advantages which the schools of Sacramento afford. GEORGE A. BURNS The business interests of Sacramento have an efficient representa- tive in the person of George A. Burns, who has the distinction of being a native-born son of the city as well as one of its influential and progressive men of commerce. Identified with the community through- out all of his life, he received his excellent education in the local schools, gained his first knowledge of business in local work and for years has been numbered among its men of business, having at a very early age entered into the retail wood and coal business at No. 2231 N street. For a long period he continued at the same location, but eventually he disposed of the yards, after which he embarked in the wholesale coal and wood business, which he now conducts with systematic supervision and intelligent oversight. The general com- mercial activities of the city have been fostered by his loyal support and his reputation is that of a progressive and honorable citizen, patriotic in thought and capable in action. While himself a native of Sacramento, where he was born January 18, 1876, George A. Burns descends from a long line of Celtic ancestry and is a son of Joseph and Sarah Burns, the former born and reared on the old Emerald Isle. The conditions in Ireland were such as to 976 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY preclude any hope of successful effort and Joseph Burns therefore was led to cast in his destinies with those of the new world, particularly with those of the vast undeveloped west. When he crossed the Atlantic in 1853 he came on via Panama to California, landing from a vessel in the harbor of San Francisco, from which point he proceeded to the mines, then the center of great activity. At the time of the great excitement concerning gold discoveries on the Fraser river he went to that section of the country, where he prospected until 1854. Later he went to Nevada and became interested in mining near Warsaw. As early as 1856 he became a resident of Sacramento and began to take contracts for putting in sewers, grading streets and building street railways. From that time until his death in 1893 he ranked among the most influential and prominent contractors in the city. When about fourteen years of age George A. Burns left school and became self-supporting, since which time he has made his own way in the world. For a time he was employed to assist his father in street and railroad construction work and soon he gained a thorough knowledge of that line of business, so that while yet a mere youth he did considerable work on his own responsibility. During November of 1897 he opened a wood and coal yard on N street and this he conducted for almost fourteen years, fmally selling in May of 1911. Since then he has engaged in a wholesale business along the same lines, having his place of business at Thirtieth and R streets, where he keeps on hand large quantities of fuel for sale to retailers at reason- able prices. In the midst of many business cares he has found leisure for participation in the local activities of the Democratic party and in the fraternal enterprises of the Elks and the Native Sons of the (rolden West, in both of which he has been quite prominent. April 14, 1894, he married Miss Sadie Bradshaw, of Sacramento. One child blesses their union, a daughter, Josephine, now a pupil in the Sisters' convent. The family are earnest members of the Roman Catholic Church. HON. FREDERICK COX Any narrative of the pioneer experiences of Mr. Cox in California would present a recapitulation more or less complete of the hardships and privations endured b.v all early settlers who, like himself, had been allured to the west through visions of its unknown opportunities. In contrast with the majority of the emigrants, he did not seek the gold mines. Fascinating as seemed the occupation, he did not blind his judgment to the fact that of the thousands who sought the hidden wealth of the country few found what they longed for with such keen anticipation. To hiui there seemed more of safety although less of HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 977 allurement to the old business regime and he therefore sought em- ployment in town. While at first there seemed little material return from his efforts, eventually he gained a competency. Retiring from commercial activities he gave his time to the enjoyment of social inter- course with his family and friends and to the maintenance of an intelli- gent interest in all public affairs. When in 1906 death terminated his earthly labors, there was brought to an honorable end an association of considerably more than fifty years with the great state of California and an intimate identification with many movements for the perma- nent welfare of the people. A strong, helpful character passed into eternity, a character that had irradiated a beneficial influence upon the community and had proved the governing element of a long career. Descended from an honorable Anglo-Saxon ancestry, Frederick Cox was born in Somersetshire, England, in 1828, and during boyhood accompanied members of the family to the United States.- After six months in New York City, removal was made to Milwaukee, Wis., where the father secured work as a buyer and bookkeeper for a whole- sale and retail meat firm. As soon as he heard of the discovery of gold in California the young man desired to start for the west, but lack of funds deterred him until the spring of 1850. Meanwhile he had worked regularly and saved his earnings, so that he had ample for the expenses of the trip. With a party of six he started across the plains and crossed the Missouri river at the present site of Omaha, then called Winter Quarters because the Mormons had spent a winter there during their removal to Utah. The little expedition had the good fortune to secure a guide-book published by the Mormons, which contained full particulars concerning the route. It was thus possible for them to reach Salt Lake without any delay or difficulty, but they were less fortunate from that place to their destination. The guide- book for that part of the journey was inaccurate and unreliable. How- ever, they were able to reach Eldorado county in the autumn of the year and at Ringgold they separated, first pitching their tent in the middle of the street and investing their entire capital, $7, in a banquet of beefsteak, molasses and bread. The members of the party with the exception of Mr. (\:>x had practically exhausted their funds by the time they left Salt Lake, so he had been forced to pay the expenses of all for a time, but at the banquet, when called upon for a talk, he de- livered the first oration of his life when he tersely told his comrades it was now ''Everyone for himself and the devil for the hindmost." It being the desire of all but Mr. Cox to engage in mining the six men betook themselves to the store of Sargent Bros., and being granted a limited credit procured the necessary tools and started out in search of gold. Not caring to accompany them, Mr. Cox hired out to a butcher in Ringgold at $250 per month. After two months he bought the business, which he conducted for nine months. Upon selling out he proceeded to the Carson river in Nevada and with a 978 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY partner engaged in buying horses and cattle from immigrants. These were tlien fattened and bronght over the mountains to California, where they were sold at a fair profit. During the fall of 1851 Mr. Cox started a meat market at Salmon Falls, Eldorado county, which at the time was one of the liveliest mining camps in the state. With Charles Bonstell as a jiartuer he remained tliere until the spring of 1852, when he moved to Shingle Springs, in the same county. At first he con- ducted a meat market alone, but later he sold an interest to C. W. Clarke, and they carried on the business for two years, selling out at a fair profit. Afterward they spent six months in the east buying stock and on their return in the fall of 1854 they opened a meat market at Grass Valley, Nevada county. Later they sold the business in order to give their entire attention to the handling of stock. As their herds increased and lands became scarce in the vicinity of Sacramento they found themselves obliged to seek ranges elsewhere. By successive purchases they acquired vast tracts in the counties of Sutter, Yuba, Tulare, Kern and San Luis Obispo, and over those broad acres the cattle roamed in large herds. While gaining prominence in business and acquiring a reputation for never having failed in any enterprise, Mr. Cox also wielded a wide influence in the Democratic ])arty. As the nominee of his party he was elected state senator in 1882 and served through two regular and two special sessions, after which he declined further nomination, although he was the choice of the Democrats of the district. On three different occasions he was appointed a member of the state board of agriculture and in that capacity he proved efficient, intelligent and patriotic, working strenuously and incessantly for the promotion of the farming interests of the state. During November of 1857 he mar- ried Miss Jennie A. Iloldridge, of Eldorado county, who was born in Cortland county, N. Y., and who survives him, remaining at the family residence. No. 2020 T street, which he had erected after his retirement from l)usiness. They were the ])arents of two sons and three daughters, of whom one son and a daughter died in childhood, while the other son, Crawford, was killed by the explosion of a gas engine. The surviving members of the family are Mrs. Jennie Peltier and Mrs. John E. Short, l)oth residents of Sacramento. OTTO RAIFF As a whole the immigrants coming to the United States have made good, and, with few exceptions compared to the whole mass, the offspring of these inunigrants have made exceedingly good. Otto HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 979 Raiff was born in Germany in 1862 and was educated in the public schools there. When he was fourteen years old he was apprenticed to the sheet metal worker's trade, which he mastered and followed there until he was twenty-one years old. Then, in company with his brother, August, he came to the United States and located in Dayton, Ohio. There he remained about five years, when, in 1887, he came west to Sacramento. Soon after his arrival he found em- ployment at his trade with H. G. Hayes, with whom he remained about a year. In 1888 he transferred his services to Carlow and Miller, for whom he worked diligently until 1904, giving sixteen years of faithful devotion to their business. In the year last mentioned he took an interest in the concern with H. J. Miller and 0. J. Edlar and has since been identified with them in an enterprise which has grown to be one of the largest of its kind in the northern part of the state, having filled many important contracts for plumbing and sheet metal work and having others of equal importance which Mr. Raiff and his asso- ciates plan to undertake in the near future. February 28. 1891, Mr. Raiff married, at Sacramento, Miss Annie Debrunner, a native of Switzerland, and they have one child, Varna, born December 8, 1901. Fraternally Mr. Raiff affiliates with the Owls and with the Turners' societies. JAMES T. CHRISTIAN, M. D. Greater than all other fields of labor in its opportunities for the exposition of the finer qualities of the human soul, the medical world has proven the crucible for many a wavering character, further refining and strengthening those who are by nature of worthy principles and lofty ideals. Of a thoughtful and humane temperament, patient and sympathetic to a marked degree, is Dr. Christian, who has practiced in Gait and vicinity four years. He has demonstrated thoroughly his innate power in his work, his magnetic personality playing no inconsiderable part in his success. Born November 17, 1878, in Lockeford, San Joaquin county, Cal., he was the son of James L. and Martha (Givens) Christian, natives of Kentucky. The father came to California in 1852 via the Nicaragua route, and was a pioneer in Sacramento and San Joaquin counties. Upon completing his public school course, James T. Cliristian attended AVoodbridge College for four years, and in 1899 entered Cooper Medical College at San Francisco, never, throughout his years of study, relinquishing the great purpose which guided him. Shortly after receiving his degree in 1902, he was appointed house 980 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY physician for the Southern Pacific Hospital in San Francisco, and after three years of faithful service resigned his jDosition to take np his profession in Tuolumne county, Cal., where he remained until his removal to Gait. Dr. Christian was married in Goldfield, Nev., December 21, 1906, to Miss Edith Leeshurg-, of Whiting, Kans., and to their union were born James L. and Samuel H., both of whom are splendid, sturdy children. In 1911 was completed the new residence of the family, which is one of the most modern in this vicinity. A member of both the California State and American Medical Associations, Dr. Christian is recognized by his colleagues as a man whose future success is assured, owing to his keen judgment and untiring energy, combined with absolute integrity and regard for others. Fraternally, he is allied with Gait Lodge, F. & A. M., Pine Tree Lodge, No. 131, I. 0. 0. F., of Tuolumne, and Gait Parlor, N. S. G. W., and he maintains also a deep interest in all civic mat- ters worthv of consideration. ARCHIBALD M. CAMERON Among Sacramento's prominent business men is A. M. Cameron, who is best known as president of the Sacramento Laundry. Born in Dundee, Scotland, October 13, 1876, he is the son of William and Belle (Low) Cameron, the former of whom was a railroad man and passed away in Dundee. The mother is now Mrs. A. J. Holcombe, M. D., of Los Angeles. When a young boy Mr. Cameron came to America, located near Winnemucca, Nev., and lived with his grand- parents, Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Scott, on a cattle ranch. In 1884 they removed to Sacramento, Cal., where for several years he attended the public schools and then a business college. At the age of fifteen he went to work for the Sunset Telephone Co. as a messenger and afterward served that company as night operater. Subsequently for several years he was employed by A. Walker, a produce and grocery merchant, serving as clerk, and then for three years was a driver for the Union Laundry. In 1903 Mr. Cameron with several others organized the Sacramento Laundry, located at the corner of Front and streets, and the venture has been successful from the start. Mr. Cameron is president of the company. During the first year they ran three wagons and each year have added to their delivering facilities until they are now the owners of twelve wagons. In 1909, in connection with their laundry, they started the Sacramento Sanitary Cleaners branch. Throughout the vicinity, within a radius HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 981 of a hundred miles from the city, they have twelve laundry agencies, and their business is constantly growing. On December 10, 1896, Mr. Cameron was married in Sacramento to Miss Abbie S. A. Conrad, a native of Washington, Yolo county, Cal., and the daughter of George H. Conrad, the latter an old settler of the state. Mr. Cameron is a member of the Presbyterian church, and fraternally unites with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knio-hts of Maccabees. VACTOR T. CHAMBERS A comparatively brief period has been sufficient to prove that in placing a branch of the Gorham-Revere Rubber Company, No, 917 Sixth street, in Sacramento it has met a decided need in the material progress of the capital city. As a general rubber store, carrying almost anything that is made of rubber, it is the first of its kind. While it is essentially a factory branch and dealing almost entirely with dealers and jobbers, it yet has a retail end which includes auto tires and auto sundries. This branch of the Gorham-Revere Rubber Company keeps a comparatively large stock of rubber hose, belting, both rubber and leather, and packings for factories, railroad shops and agricultural purposes, in fact, anything in the mechanical line of rubber goods for which there is a common call. It carries also drug sundries, oil clothing, rainproof overcoats and cravenettes, rubber boots and shoes. A complete vulcanizing and tire repair plant is also maintained and operated by William M. Rigdon, an expert in this line who has had a large experience in tire factories. The manager of this branch, Vactor T. Chambers, of whom a slight biography will follow, is a descendant from an old Southern family and himself the inheritor of qualities that gave the race prominence in the original development of Kentucky. He was born at Covington, that state, April 1, 1886, and had the good fortune to enjoy the excellent educational advantages offered by that cultured southern city. The information thus acquired was supplemented by study in the Cincinnati University. The educational training gained in that institution has been broadened through habits of careful reading and close observation, so that he is the possessor of a com- prehensive knowledge valuable in business, in society and in public aifairs. Upon leaving the university he was connected with a brokerage business, but after eighteen months he turned his attention to other activities. For one vear as manager and for a similar 982 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY period as receiver, he was connected with the Harrison Water and Light Company, of Harrison, Ohio, from wliich city in 1907 he came to California. A connection of several months with the advertising- department of the Sacramento Bee formed the first business associations of Mr. Chambers in the west and later for one year he served as assistant secretary of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce under the secretary, A. L. Crane, After severing his connections with that de]:>artment he became identified with the growth of the Sacramento Builders' Supply Company, a recent but valuable acquisition to the important industries of the city, of which he was assistant manager until April, 1912, when he resigned to establish the Sacramento branch of the Gorham-Revere Rubber Company. While giving liis attention to the business with intelligent and unflagging devotion Mr, Chambers has not held aloof from the social opportunities which the capital city affords. On the other hand he is both prominent and popular in the most select social circles and occupies a leading place in the activities of the University, Sutter and Sacramento Country Clubs, while his skill in tennis has brought him into leadership among the members of the East Side and the McKinley Park Tennis Clubs. In addition he retains membership with the Sigma Chi Fraternitv of the Cincinnati ITniversitv. CHARLES J. ELLIS The staple productions of the Sacramento valley are of a nature so diversified and an aggregate so enormous tliat to properly handle and shi]^ the output demands freight facilities the equal of those furnished by the railroads to any other portion of the great west. No less is it incumbent ui^on railroad officials to place the manage- ment of the work in this section with an agent thoroughly familiar with every detail. The appointment of Charles J. Ellis as freight agent at Sacramento was, therefore, a recognition of his abilities on the part of officials of the Southern Pacific Railroad, with which he had been long and honorably associated in other capacities. Natural ability supplemented by fine educational advantages, qualifies him for important responsibilities and enables him to ])rotect the interests of the shippers, while at the same time advancing the general business of the railroad. Into the home of Charles and Emma Ellis at Burlington, Iowa, Charles J. Ellis was born in May of 1850. His early recollections cluster around Burlington, then an important river to^vn with large HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 983 shipping interests. After he had received his primary schooling there he was sent to England in 1862 and entered the " Mechanics ' Institute at Leeds, where he carried on the regular course of study for two years. Later he was a student in a business college at Leeds for six months. Upon his return to America he secured a clerkship in the office of an architect at Burlington and there he continued for six years, meanwhile mastering the details of architecture and fitting himself for the profession. However, the work was not wholly to his liking and he did not select it as a permanent occupation in life. After a year as a clerk in the office of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad he spent a similar period as cashier for the Empire fast freight line. Upon coming to California in 1874 and identif^dng himself with the interests of the state Mr. Ellis secured employment as draftsman m the office of an architect in San Francisco, but six months later he resigned the position in order to enter upon railroad activities with the Southern Pacific Company. Indicative of his fitness for such work is the fact that he was retained as cashier for eleven years and then, in recognition of his able service in the interests of the railroad, was in 1889 promoted to be freight agent at Sacramento, a position that he has since filled with tact, discretion and intelligence. In the midst of his diversified duties as agent he has found leisure for active co-operation with the blue lodge of Masonry and for participa- tion in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, as well as for association with the genial memberslii]^ of the Sutter Club. The Republican party has received his earnest support in all elections and he has kept well-posted concerning movements affecting the national prosperity. After he came to the west he was married at San Fran- cisco in May of 1881 to Miss Mary Bradford, bv whom he is the father of two sons. The elder, Charles C, holds "a clerkship in the California National Bank; and the younger son, Chester Bradford, is a student in the Universitv of California. CHARLES M. DERBY Several successive generations of the Derby family lived and labored in the east. The first of the name to seek a permanent home on the Pacific coast was Daniel B. Derby, a native of New York state and for a number of years engaged in business in Pennsvlvania. Accompanied by his wife, Ella (Hammon) Derby, and their three children he left Pennsylvania for California early in the '80s and settled at Oakland. With characteristic energv he devoted himself 984 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY to the nurser}" business with such ardor, zeal and intelligence that he became widely known for the quality of the stock in his fields. From the main office at Oakland he shipped young stock to every part of the state, as well as to Oregon, Washington and Idaho. Skill and integrity enabled him to build up an enviable reputation as a nurseryman. The secret of his success was the scrupulous exactness with which he superintended every detail. Later however he turned to other pursuits, removed to Vacaville, Solano county, and bought land which he developed into fine fruit orchards. To some extent he has drifted back to his former work. Many of his early patrons still depend upon him to furnish them with young trees for their orchards and ranches. Notwithstanding his long and active business career he is still busily occupied with the care of his orchard business and shows no trace of weariness of body or mind. During the residence of the family at Greenville, Pa., Charles M. Derby was born September 8, 1878, moving to California with his parents in the early '80s. The memories of early childhood clustered around Oakland and Vacaville, Solano count}", where in turn he graduated from grammar, high school and business college, in addition to completing a course in engineering. Upon starting out upon a career, he chose to identify himself with the gold dredging industry, which was then in its infancy and accepted employment in that occupation at Oroville, Butte county, Cal. He soon acquired practical knowledge of that business and later served a number of years as superintendent and manager of various companies operating in Butte, Yuba, Calaveras, and Sacramento counties. In January, 1909, he became a stockholder in Natomas Consolidated of California, a $25,000,000 corporation engaged principally in gold dredging and land development, and since that time has been manager of the company's business at Natoma, Sacramento county, where he has active charge of its extensive gold dredging operations, employing a total of several hundred men. The officials of the company recognize in him a careful business man and efficient executive. In 1910 Mr. Derby assisted in the organization of the Bank of Folsom, at Folsom, Sacramento county, becoming a director of the bank at the time of its opening for business in November of that year and continuing to the present in that capacity. On November 18, 1903, Charles M. Derbyand Miss Ethel V. Elder of Marysville, Yuba county, were united in marriage at Sacramento. Two years later a son was born to them in Calaveras county, and after living to be nearly three and one half years old was suddenly taken away in a most unfortunate accident on November 15, 1908, while the family were residing at Natoma. A daughter was born to them on August 7, 1910, and at this time is the only child of the household. While giving his time and attention almost exclusively to the duties of his position, Mr. Derby has found time to identify himself HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 985 with other local enterprises and is prosperous and public spirited. He is a member of the Scottish Rite Masons of Sacramento, rising to membership in Islam Temple, A. A. 0. N. M. S., at San Francisco, and is actively identified with the philanthropies of Masonry as his principal lodge affiliation. FRANCIS GIBSON Upon the occasion of the jubilee parade in commemoration of the annexation to Sacramento of the growing suburb of Oak Park a gray-haired gentleman of about seventy-five years was observed in the line of march, easily and tirelessly pushing a decorated wheel- barrow loaded down with flowers and vegetables taken from his own garden in Oak Park and raised by his own personal work. At the various stops along the line of the parade he regaled the onlookers with impromptu speeches, exhibiting his display of home-grown products as the result of the labor of a man advanced in years as a forcible illustration of the possibilities lying before men young in years but his equal in determination, industry and painstaking application. To one and all he declared that a long residence had convinced him of the greatness of Sacramento and its possibilities for future growth. The celebration occurred October 21, 1911, and on the 15th of November the annexation jubilee committee awarded him a handsome silver loving cup, appropriately engraved, as a permanent testimonial to the originality and success of his entry. This California pioneer of 1858 is a native of England, born January 17, 1837, and at the age of twelve years came to America with his parents, who made a brief sojourn at Fultonville in the Mohawk valley of New York and then removed to the province of Ontario, Canada, settling at Ingersoll not far from the shore of Lake Erie. At the age of twenty-one years the young man left home to make his own way in the world and proceeded via Panama to California, where he settled in Sutter county near the Sacramento river. The years that followed were filled with agricultural activities as well as the management of a warehouse business and a cheese factory. To him, in partnership with Mr, Baldwin, belongs the distinction of having made the first cheese in Sutter county. As a dair;^mian he was pro- gressive, resourceful and sagacious, and the returns from his dairy investments were well merited. In addition he made a specialty of the poultry industry and for years had from one to two thousand turkeys on his ranch. Movements for the agricultural upbuilding of the region received his judicious support. No pioneer was more progressive than he and none more industrious. Through his own 986 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY unaided efforts he acquired the title to about thirteen hunderd acres of ranch land in Sutter county. Over these broad acres roamed his large herds of stock and his fine milch cows. Until advancing years taught him the need of lessened activities he was one of the foremost farmers of the entire county, always busy and usually successful in his ventures. As he studied the country and became more familiar with its possibilities his own devotion to the country increased and he has formed the oi)inion, as a result of long experience, that no commonwealth surpasses our own in the vastness of its resources and the magnitude of its opportunities. During 1867 Mr. Gibson married Mrs. Esther Bennett, who was born in England and died in California in 1883. The two children of the union have also passed away, Fred dying at the age of eleven years and George when a child of five. After the death of his first wife he married her sister, Mrs. Zelina Prosser, of Sacramento, whose death occurred in 1904, leaving him alone and without any relatives (except by marriage) in the United States. Twice he has returned to Canada to renew the friendships of youth and to visit his two brothers, one of whom, Hon. Joseph Gibson, has become a man of prominence, frequently addressing the Canadian parliament and otherwise identifying himself with public issues. Retiring from agri- cultural pursuits in 1900 Mr. Gibson came to Sacramento and has since bought and sold considerable property at Oak Park, where he now resides at No. 3219 Fourth avenue. After becoming a citizen of the United States he gave his allegiance to the Republican party. Twice he had the privilege of voting for Abraham Lincoln for presi- dent and he still continues to cast his vote in favor of the men and measures advocated by his party. CHARLES WILLIAM GODARD The distinction of being a pioneer does not belong to Mr. Godard, yet when it is stated that he has been identified with the development and business history of Sacramento for more than thirty years it will be realized at once that he is no recent acquisition to the city's ranks nor unfamiliar with the commercial development of the past. The family of which he is a member claims old southern ancestry and became established in Missouri during the period of frontier environ- ment. His oivn early recollections belong to that state, for he was born in Clinton county in January of 1862 and is a son of H. L. and Frances Godard. As soon as old enough he was sent to school and there studied the common branches until he had completed the course HISTOBY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 987 stipulated for the grammar grade, after which he entered the high school. At the age of fourteen years he left school and thereafter he earned his own way in the world. In the midst of many hardships and privations he developed self-reliance and became accustomed to depend upon his own native resources through the most trying dis- couragements. The trade which attracted the early attention of Mr. Grodard as offering a means of livelihood was the occupation of a blacksmith, and he served an apprenticeship that began when he was fourteen! As soon as he had served his time he began to work as a journe^nnan and soon acquired a local reputation for skill as a horse-shoer. How- ever, he was still a mere lad not yet out of his teens when he left Missouri and sought the opportunities of California, settling at Sacra- mento, where for one year he was employed by Wheeler & Nixon in their horse-shoeing shop. Then he opened up a shop of his own and this he continued to manage until 1900, when he sold to other parties. Meanwhile he has proved himself to be skilled in all departments of blacksmithing and especially proficient in the shoeing of horses. The business with which Mr. Godard became identified in October of 1903 and which has engaged his attention from that time to the present, forms one of the well-known amusement ventures for which the city has gained a wide reputation. As proprietor and owner of three theaters, known as the Liberty, Majestic and Acme Theaters, he has developed the use of moving pictures for entertainment, amuse- ment and education. Some of the films exhibited in his theaters are ex- ceptionally fine and have attracted admiring comment from critics, while all have been selected with experienced judgment and artistic appreciation. In politics Mr. Godard votes with the Republican party. Fraternally he holds membership with the Elks, Eagles, Knights of Pythias and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. For a long period after his location in Sacramento he remained a bachelor, but eventually he established domestic ties, his marriage December 5, 1906, uniting him with Miss May Burges, of Sacramento. They are the parents of one daughter, Margaret. CHAELES H. GRAHAM For many years a favorable and well-known baseball plaver on the Atlantic as well, as the Pacific coast, Charles H. Graham' won the friendship of many followers of that athletic sport, but owing to pres- sure of his personal affairs relinquished that professional field to devote his time to his business in Sacramento. He was born in Santa Clara, Cal.,- April 24, 1878, his parents being P. J. and Catharine 988 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Graham. Attending- the public schools until he was fifteen, he then entered Santa Clara College, and g^radnated in 1898 with the degree of A. B. lie then taught in the institution for two 3'ears. Being fond of athletic sports he became a skillful baseball player and his first work as a professional was in 1900, when he played with the Pueblo team of the western league. During the season of 1901 he was with the San Francisco team as catcher, and for the seasons of 1902 and 1903 was catcher and manager of the Sacramento club. During 1904 and 1905 he was catcher with the Tacoma aggregation, and for 1906- was catcher with the Boston club, in 1907 returning to Sacramento as pro- prietor of the Sacramento club. Since this time he has continued as manager of this club, having played as catcher until 1910, when he retired as a player. In 1910 Mr. Graham became engaged in the automobile business under the firm name of Graham-Lamus Co., exclusive dealers in Baker electric automobiles. He built a garage at No. 1217 Seventh street, it being an L with an outlet on L street; this garage is solely for the care and charging of electric cars. On November 25, 1903, he married Miss Clara Black of Sacramento, and they have three chil- dren, Clara, Charles and Robert. Fraternally he holds membership with the Elks, Knights of Columbus, and the Fort Sutter Parlor, N. S. G. W. He is a member of the Catholic church, and in politics his affiliations are with the Democratic party. GEORGE GREEN Modern civilization with its complexities of public service and its intricacies of commercial enterprises gives an important place to the duties of special agent. Comparatively few have the mental equipment and the i^hysical endurance qualifying ■ them for tasks so difficult and responsibilities so weighty as those connected with such work, and it affords abundant evidence as to the ability of Mr. Green when the statement is made that he ranks as the peer of any of the western representatives of his chosen occupation. In logical reasoning, quick- ness of comprehension, keenness in securing evidence and patience in ])roving the same, he possesses qualifications for efficient detective service and long experience along the line of his specialty has developed his native gifts in such a manner as to indicate that his choice of an occu]^ation was wisely made. Through a residence in Sacramento covering a ]ieriod of twenty- five or more years Mr. Green has won and retained the esteem of a large circle of acquaintances, all of whom bear testimonv concern- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 989 ing his capable services in special police and detective work. A son of William and Sarali Green, he was born in the city of New York March 24, 1863, but at a very early* age accompanied the family to California, settling in San Francisco, where he attended the grammar and high schools nntil fourteen years of age. After that he took np the task of self-support. Independent and resolute by nature, he found it no difficult task to earn a livelihood. Having always been fond of horses and able to manage even the most fiery of animals, he secured employment as a trainer and traveled through- out various parts of the state in that capacity. Upon establishing his headquarters in Sacramento during the year 1887 Mr. Green entered the police service as an officer. A year later he was chosen to engage in special police work and in "that line he continued as a city employe until 1906, when he became an assistant special agent for the Southern Pacific Railroad and during 1909 received promotion to his present position as special agent for the same road. The difficult and delicate nature of his business causes him to refrain from political activity and he takes no part in politics aside from voting the Republican "ticket, although he is well qualified for public service and official responsibilities. Nor has he, aside from membership with the Eagles, any association with fraternal organizations. During July of 1888 he was united in marriage with Miss Louise Gonnet, a native of Sacramento, and they have resided here ever since and now own and occupv a comfortable home at No. 3504 Seventh avenue. Oak Park, this citv. M. W. GRIFFIN Among the^ stanch-hearted ones who made the perilous water journey to California, crossing the isthmus in canoes pushed by native boatmen and concluding their journey mule-back toward the landing of the steamer Isthmus, Captain Harris commanding, which was to be the means of transportation in the last stage of an ad- venturesome journey, were Mr. and Mrs. M. W. Griffin, descendants of old families in their native Ireland. While at college Mr. Griffin had become interested in America and had suddenly changed his life plans and set sail for New Orleans, where he identified himself with the coffee and cotton business. His marriage to his childhood playmate followed soon after her arrival in New Orleans. Mrs. Griffin was a member of the famous Fitzgerald and McDonnell fam- ilies, the latter one of the most ancient in the west of Ireland. Though their life was care free and happy, they heard and responded 990 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY to the call of the Golden West. With them were twelve young Kentuckians who were their companions on the dangerous Chagres river trip, with its yelling and fighting native boatmen. Becoming faint-hearted as thej' approached the steamer, tossing on the bosom of the Pacific, they besought the Griffins to return with them to home and friends. But this was in vain, for Marshall's great dis- covery, coupled with tales of the sunny land where flowers never die, made them ignore the dangers of the deep. So, with a tear for their friends and a smile for the future, they embarked on the Isthmus. For a time all went well, but suddenly the ship sprung a leak and twenty-four hours of peril followed; but this was soon forgotten under the lure of the land of the Golden West, and the steamer sailed through the Golden Gate April 16, 1853. After a year's residence in San Francisco the Griffins stopped at what of Sacramento then existed and then pushed on to the gold mines, where all had faith that "Gold was got in pan and pot. Soup-tureen or ladle, Basket, bird-cage or what not, Even to a cradle." In the spring of 1869 they located permanently in Sacramento, which then contained few imposing buildings. A stately capitol charmed the eye, but the glory of its park was wanting. Historic Sutter Fort, a ruin, was then far out in the country; today, a spot both interesting and sacred, it is surrounded by beautiful homes. Instead of the majestic Cathedral with its cross-tipped spire, was old St. Rose, several feet below the grade, and in admiring the splendid govern- ment building which occupies the old St. Rose location, the little low postoffice at Fourth and K streets seems but a dream. Mining interests both in California and Nevada always held Mr. Griffin's attention^ for he was a true pioneer, but he engaged for some years in the hotel business in Placer and Eldorado counties and became a prominent and public-spirited citizen of that section. On settling in Sacramento, he gave up his hotel interests and identi- fied himself with the shipping department of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. His two elder sons, John F. and Edward Emmett Griffin, rarely gifted young men, employed in the San Francisco offices of the same company, died in young manhood, and their passing proved his own death blow. Though he was in the midst of his labors and of his usefulness, he was unable to rally from the shock that he had received, and his life went out on a February day in 1894. Surviving him are Mrs. M. (Fitzgerald) Griffin, an honored mother, her son Franklin A. Griffin, a well known lawyer, accomplished musician, executive secretary to Governor Hiram W. Johnson and past president of Stanford Parlor, N. S. G. W. ; Miss HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 991 Mary G. Griffin, teacher and talented musician; and Miss Lizzie M. Griffin, vice-principal of the Mary J. Watson grammar school, composer, and organist of the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament. One grandson, Gerald Griffin, notary public for San Francisco and prominent in real estate circles, lives in that city. JOSEPH WILLIAM AxNFGRAVE For more than a quarter of a century agricultural enterprises in Sacramento county have engaged the intelligent attention of Joseph William Angrave, who is regarded as one of the most experienced farmers and capable stock-raisers in the vicinity of Gait. A lifelong identification with this county proved helpful to him when he started out to earn his own way in the world. While during the early years of his business activity he had different interests successively in town and country, eventually he settled upon his present place and here he has been content to remain, receiving from his resourceful industries a goodly income each year. The tilling of the soil, con- ducted skillfully and wisely, has been a leading element in his pros- perity, but he has also found the stock industry profitable and through specializing in cattle he has established a wide reputation for skill and success. The earliest recollections of Joseph William Angrave cluster around a house that stood on the corner of Tenth and J streets in the city of Sacramento. There his birth occurred June 21, 1861. His ])arents, Joseph and Jane (Davis) Angrave, were natives of Lancashire, England, the former born in 1827 and the latter in 1829. Married in their native shire during the year 1856. they came to the United States three years later and after landing in New York City proceeded direct to California, settling in Sacramento. In the capital city he opened up a business on J street between Ninth and Tenth and there he continued in business up to the time of his death in 1872. For many years afterward his widow remained at^ the old home, where her closing days were made happy by the friendship of a large circle of old acquaintances and by the affection- ate ministrations of her children. July 6, 1894, she passed from her earthly home into the mysteries of eternity. Between the years of six and ten Joseph William Angrave at- tended the public schools of Sacramento. Afterward he was a pupil in the Grant school district, five miles from Gait, and at the age of sixteen he entered a business college at Sacramento, where he completed the regular commercial course. At the expiration of a 992 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY year in that institution he returned to the farm. Eventually he began for himself in San Joaquin county and bought a ranch near Elliott, where he ultimately owned twelve hundred acres. After ten years on a farm there he rented it and returned to the vicinity of Gait and bought live hundred acres of grain land. This he later sold. From 1880 to 1883 he was proprietor of a livery barn, but in the year last-named he resumed agricultural pursuits, to which he since has devoted his undivided attention. He still owns two ranches near Gait, one of three hundred and" sixty and the other two hundred and fifty-two acres, devoted to dairying. Political affairs have never been allowed to divert his mind from his chosen occu- pation, but he keeps posted concerning national questions and gives his support to the Republican party. In fraternal relations he holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. December 24, 1893, he was united in marriage with Miss Loreua Jeannette Wooster, who was born in San Francisco, the daughter of John M. and Jeannette (Clough) Wooster, natives of New York state. They came to California in 1849. Mr. and Mrs. Angrave have three children, namely: Verna, William Wooster, and Joseph Marshall. The eldest child is now a student in the high school, while the sons are pupils in the grammar-schools and all are enjoying the ad- vantages of careful preparation for the activities of life. HARRY W. BAKER It was in Alexandria, Pa., that the well known realty dealer of Sacramento whose name is above was born March 2, 1863, and there he gained his primary education in the public schools of the town and took more advanced courses in Juniata College. He devoted five years to theological study, one and a half years in Pennsylvania and three and a half years in California, and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church at Pleasanton, Cal., in April, 1892. He was in regular work for fifteen years, during which time he was at Hastings, Pa., and at Biggs, AYilliams, Forest Hill, Oak Park and Livermore, Cal. Active as a member of the California conference, he still does local ministerial work. Lately he devotes his attention to real estate operations in Sacramento and at Oak Park, the latter section being the center of his operations chiefly. His place of business is located at No. 2825 Thirty-fifth street, Sacramento, and he unites with these duties those of notary ])ublic. Mr. Baker married in 1894 Belle S. Summers, the wedding taking place as San Jose. Their residence is at No. 3515 Cypress HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 993 avenue, Sacramento. They have had five children, of whom George R., Henry Glazier, May E. and Genevieve are attending the public schools. Dwight E. died at the age of eleven years. Mr. Baker has taken much interest in social and beneficial societies and he is chancellor commander of Confidence Lodge No. 78, K. P. of Sacra- mento, a member of Livermore Lodge No. 219, I. 0. 0. F., and the Mount Diablo Encampment I. 0. 0. F., of Pleasanton. He is actively interested in commercial and civic welfare and is a member of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce as well as the Oak Park Business Men's Association, of which latter he serves as treasurer. A man of public spirit he takes an active part in all movements for the good of the citizens of Sacramento and which in his belief promise to benefit the people at large. SPENCER BARFOOT Destiny brought to Mr. Barfoot an identification with and a knowl- edge of three centuries. Concerning these he has only vague and indistinct memories of the first, England, where he was born in 1834 and whence he was taken to Canada at an age ere he had been trained to habits of close observation. When seven years old he began his sojourn in Canada and there he passed the years of boyhood and youth, there he married Miss Ellen Jordan, and there he took upon himself the responsibilities incident to the maintenance of a family. The third and last country of his residence and the land of his permanent citizenship was the United States, where he engaged in farming near Whitewater, Wis., and devoted the years of his strengih and activity to the securing of a competency. During his residence there he accomplished much for the benefit of the community, for in his citizenship he avoided selfishness but labored for the general welfare of all. By experience he became thoroughly conversant with the best methods of conducting a farm. Intelligent oversight was res]^onsible for the uniformly excellent crops that he secured from the cultivation of the soil. Eventually, desiring to enter upon an old age of comfort and relaxation from farm cares, he disposed of Iiis property in Wisconsin and with his wife removed to Sacramento in 1903, joining some of their family in this city, where six years later he was deeply bereaved by the death of his wife, the devoted counselor of his days of labor and the beloved companion of his later years of tranquil retirement. There were nine children in the family of Spencer and Ellen Barfoot and all are living except a son, Frederick. They are named 994 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY as follows: John, Frank, Will, Ebenezer, Earl R., Morley, Archie and Grace. Fair common-school educations were given to the sons and daughter in their childhood and they have become substan- tial citizens of their chosen communities. All are married with the exception of Earl R. and Archie and they reside with their father at No. 3716 Magnolia street. The latter son is employed by the Southern Pacific Company, while Earl R., who came to California during 1895 and for four years remained in the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, after a subsequent visit at the old Wisconsin home, returned to embark in the hardware business in Sacramento. About 1911 he became interested in the poultry business and since then he has become a specialist with pure-bred chickens. While he favors Republican principles in national issues, he gives his support in local campaigns to the men whom he considers best qualified for the offices in question. With his father and brother he contributes toward the maintenance of worthy civic enterprises and exhibits a public spirit that never has been questioned. It is to the citizenship of such patriotic and progressive men that Sacramento is indebted for her past progress and present standing. HON. CHARLES B. BILLS From the huml)le tasks that fall to the lot of the boy raised on a New York state farm, to the weighty responsibilities associated with the management of a large commercial enterprise, the develop- ment of the personal interests of Mr. Bills has resulted from his unceasing industry, unwearied perseverance and untiring energy, qualities that almost invariably bring to their fortunate possessor a certain degree of material success. As boy and youth he learned the difficult task of saving the small wages possible to unskilled labor; as a man he was ready to invest these small savings in a manner suggested by his own discriminating foresight, so that he laid the foundation of his own ultimate prosperity by personal efforts and sagacious judgment. Since the autumn of 1894 he has been a resident of C^alifornia and has engaged in the buying and selling of fruit, an industry in wliich he has had long experience and thorough training. Into the home of D. F. and Marietta Bills at Ithaca, N. Y., Charles B. Bills was born May 5, 1863. At the age of six he was sent to the public school and by regular promotions he rose to the grammar department, which he completed at the age of thirteen. Not having the means necessarv to carrv on high-school studies he HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 995 began to work on farms by the day and continued in the employ of strangers until 1884, when at the age of twenty-one years he rented his father's farm. Upon the death of his father in 1891 and the settlement of the estate, he closed ont his interests in the east and settled in Chicago, where he found employment with a fruit commission house, that of Porter Bros. Co., with whom he continued as a laborer until the spring of 1893, when he was promoted to be a traveling salesman. In the interests of the company he came to California in the fall of 1894 and assumed charge of the branch of the business at San Jose, continuing there until 1901, when he was transferred to San Francisco and given charge of the coast branches owned by the company. The failure of the firm in 1905 ended his long connection with their interests. Upon his arrival in Sacramento in 1905 Mr. Bills entered en- thusiastically into the work of organizing the Pioneer Fruit Com- pany and since then he has served as the president of the concern. During the first year of the company's existence seven hundred cars of fruit were shipped, but so rapid has been its growth that in 1910 forty-two hundred cars were shipped to the general markets of the world. To manage these large and growing interests a keen intelli- gence is necessary, nor are determination, energy and industry less essential, and we find that Mr. Bills possesses all of these qualities in large measure. To their exercise may be attributed his high degree of success. While living in Chicago Mr. Bills formed the acquaintance of Miss Ella C. Carman, a resident of that city. After their marriage, March 19, 1895, they established a home in San Jose, later in San Francisco and eventually became citizens of Sacramento, where they own a beautiful home at No. 2609 M street. They are the parents of two children. The daughter, Florence, has received ex- cellent educational advantages in a private school. The son, Robert C, is a pupil in the high school of Sacramento. The family holds membership with the Protestant Episcopal church and Mr. Bills has been honored with the office of trustee of the northern diocese of that denomination. For some years he has been an active member in the local camp of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. Politically he votes with the Repul)lican party in both general and local elections. Recognizing his qualifications for the public service, his party chose him as nominee for state senator a few years after his removal to Sacramento and he was duly elected in the fall of 1908, serving the regular sessions of 1909-11 and the special session of 1911. During his term he was Chairman of the Agricultural, Horticultural and Trees and Vines and member of the Finance, Public Buildings, Good Roads and Hospitals and Asylums. At the expiration of his term he had won a high reputation not 996 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY only among members of the legislature, but also among the peo- ple of the district and though his renomination was asked for, not only by his own party but by business men from the other party, he refused to be a candidate for renomination. This clearly indicates his diligence as an official, his trustworthiness- as a representative and his prominence as a citizen. GEORGE II. CUTTER The president of the California Fruit Exchange ranks among the most experienced and progressive fruit-growers in the valley of the Sacramento and in his official capacity he is giving to other horti- culturists the benefit of his practical experience with deciduous fruits. For a period of twelve years, beginning in 1898 and continuing until 1910, he held the office of horticultural commissioner. His efficient discharge of official duties was a matter of general comment and prepared the way for later association with kindred activities. With keen patriotic devotion he devotes himself to the horticultural up- building of his native commonwealth. It has been his steadfast endeavor to promote the fruit industry in the state, to secure better conditions, to correct evils and to raise the kind of fruit adapted to a particular locality. Any progress made in the industry is a cause of gratification not only to him, but to all interested in the business. Descended from remote English ancestry and from Revolutionary stock, George H. Cutter was born in San Francisco November 22, 1863, and is a son of R. S. and Jennie E. Cutter, the former a native of Jefferson county, N. H., and the latter born in Belfast, Me. As early as 1853 the father accompanied an expedition of Argonauts to California, where for some time he engaged in mining with indif- ferent success. Coming to Sacramento county in 1869 he took up land and began to develop a farm, but his death four years later prevented the carrying out of his plans for agricultural success. His widow still survives. Of their five children the third, George H., i-eceived his education in public schools and at Atkinson's Busi- ness College. Upon leaving school he engaged in farming and always has been more or less interested in that occupation or allied activities. In Sacramento, December 28, 1892, he married Miss Carrie M. Curtis, a native of Sacramento and a daughter of William Curtis, one of the earliest settlers in the Sacramento valley. Mr. and Mrs. Cutter have one son, Curtis Harold. At the time when his father-in-law, William Curtis, held the office of county supervisor, Mr. Cutter was ajipointed road master HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 997 and for eigiit years had charge of the building of roads, meanwhile constructing the first macadam road in the entire county. During the years 1894-95 he served as deputy assessor and from 1898 to 1910, as previously stated, he filled the office of horticultural com- missioner with great efficiency. Upon the organization of the Cali- fornia Fruit Exchange he became a stockholder and director and now fills the office of president, discharging the manifold duties of the position with executive ability and unflagging zeal. Together with his brother he has added acreage to the old homestead and acquired large interests in other properties in the state. Mr. Cutter is also a public spirited citizen aiding those measures having for their object the permanent upbuilding not only of the city, but the whole of the Sacramento Vallev. W. WALTER BASSETT Those who have known and observed with interest the career of the native sons of California are impressed with their intelligence, their marked ability and increased prominence in both business and public affairs. The opportunities atforded by the Great West brought them a degree of individual prestige, and the localities identified with their labors have benefited thereby. W. Walter Bassett was born in the city of Sacramento; its schools gave him exceptional educational advantages. His first business position was that of assistant to the city surveyor. Later he found employment with the old-established firm of Adams-McNeill Company, and he continued in their service for several years, finally resigning the position as traveling salesman for that company. He then became associated with Sparrow Smith, and the Capital Bank- ing & Trust Company was organized, of which he became cashier, and one of its directors. In 1911 the commercial department of the bank was nationalized under the name of The Capital National Bank; he is now cashier of this bank also. He is also one of the re-organizers and a director of the Citizens Bank of Oak Park. While devoting his time ta^banking business Mr. Bassett has shown his interest in municipal affairs, serving as a director of the Chamber of Commerce, and he was at the same time, from 1906 to 1911, its treasurer. For some time he has been interested in the Consumers Ice & Cold Storage Company, and is its vice-president. Fraternal associations enlist his interest and assistance. He is treasurer of the local Aerie of Eagles, and has been honored by election as their state treasurer. Mr. Bassett is a member of the Masonic order, to whose principles he zealously adheres, and by his 998 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY contribution aids philanthropic movements. He is a Republican and gives loyal allegiance to that party. Though not personally identi- fied with any religious denomination, he is ready to contribute to movements that insure the religious advancement of the city. WARREN E. DOAN The discovery of gold was the immediate cause of the identifica- tion of the Doan family with California, the year 1853 having wit- nessed the arrival in the west of Riley R. Doan, a native of Lyman, Ohio, and a mechanic by trade. While still very young he had gained considerable experience as a millwright and after he settled at Shingle Springs, Cal., he followed that occupation, but after removing to other parts of the state he followed various other means of liveli- hood, as opportunity was offered. From 1864 until 1868 he engaged in mining at and near Austin, Nev. Upon his return to California in 1868 he became interested in mining at Colfax, Placer county, but two years later he transferred his headquarters to Eldorado county and secured employment in the Baltic mill. During the period of his connection with that mill he invented and patented a steam wagon and upon his removal to Sacramento in 1874 he began to manufacture these wagons, in which line of business he remained actively engaged until 1885. From that year until 1898 he engaged in mining with J. H. Roberts at Harrison Gulch, Shasta county, this state, but his ventures brought him little material success and in the year last-named he decided to relinquish his mining interests for the more sure but less fascinating occupation of ranching. Re- moving to Elmira, Solano county, he bought a tract of land, developed a farm and gave his attention to the management of the property until his death, which occurred in August of 1903, fifty years after his arrival in the state. During that long period it had been his privilege to witness a remarkable change in the aspect of the country. No longer was a cosmopolitan throng of miners the principal sight to be seen upon the streets of the little frontier towns. Instead, there was a cultured class of citizens whose prosperity gave evidence of the advantages afforded by residence in the western cities. The country had many thrifty villages and well-improved farms, in striking contrast to its appearance at the time of his arrival in the pioneer era of western history. Among the children of Riley R. and Sarah C. Doan there was a son, Warren E., born at Portland, Ore., March 8, 1862, and educated in the public schools of Sacramento. Leaving school in 1878 he HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 999 te?es?J in W .' ownhvehhood, but meanwhile he had become in- he a aui ed ev,wr' Cu ''Z^^'f^''' '" ^^''^ ^^ ^'"^^tant practice o^uried n 188 w, , '" ^'''* ^^l'^"™^^ i" '^""rt reporting sZer or court of FM V"" aPP«"ited to report on a case in the supeuoi court of Eldorado county. The success of the transcrint ms lite woik Returning- to Sacramento he secured a position as deputy official reporter of the superior court under Mr Davis In the spring of 1883 he resigned from court service to acceMa cZpanyld":r;rr" ""' ^r" Huntington-Hopkins mZll HoXr in 18S-, t ^^^Tf ^ P"^' ^^ S^^-' general satisfaction, ^owevei, m l88o he accepted an opportunity to engage with Mr Davis m general court reporting, after which he carried on a stenographic office until 1889. Prom that year until Janua^v of 189? he served by appointment as official court reporter of Placer county When he resigned and returned to Sacramento, it was for the pur' oTt of'sif "'■ '1 ^>'P°"r-t - °ffi"al reporter of the su^e^io" comt of Sacramento county, in which trustworthv post he has given umversal satisfaction, having indeed won a reputat on as one of the most expert reporters in the entire state. The most inSca^e he hrsTxh-f-f ,'^'"V'%'"^ '^*'" '""' *° -P--' -tisfactorUv and he has exiub ted in his typewritten reports an absolute accuracv quick comprehension and keen intelligence that, comired with lis unusual speed as a stenographer, gives him an enviaWe reputation among the jurists and attorneys of the district. Fraternalh he ^^ S' Odd' F°e,/'" ^*^J^"'g'^t^ of Pythi- and Independnt Order of Odd Fellows. In Yolo county, this state, October 17 1883 oc :rrn\'rcZrNo° '''"/"*'•' ^- ^°™-^' ^'^«>' -.e'tL'Sens ot an only chic], Norman E., a young man of ability, who since tl7^^ T'r/' '"'^ • "' '''"'=^*'°" ^* *•>« Leland Stanforf UmversUv LOUIS ELKUS Without considering whether or not thev are fitted for a hio-ber : rittter'in'^h:"' T'"' '^.^ '"'''' ^°*™^*^rove. During 1851 he was united in marriage with Miss Cor- delia Merrill, a native of Ohio and a daughter of Isaac Merrill, an honored pioneer of California. It was during the eventful year of 1849 that the Merrill family crossed the plains to the gold mines. The trip occupied seven months and was filled with dangers and hardships, but found a safe termination in little more than the time ordinarily required for such an arduous enterprise. For years Mr. Merrill made his home in Sacramento countv and at his death in 1870 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1011 many tributes of praise were bestowed upon his memorv bv the pio- neers who long had labored at his side in the upbuilding of the com- munity and commonwealth. Eventually giving up ranching pursuits and disposing of some of his landed estate, Mr. Leonard embarked in the real estate and insurance business, which enterprises took up his time and attention throughout the remainder of his useful career and until his death in 1892. Meanwhile he also had been a local leader in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and a participant of the meetings of the Associa- tion of California Pioneers at Sacramento. No movement for the ad- vancement of the county failed of his support. It was one of his chief joys in life to witness the steady and permanent growth of the state to which he had come prior to its admission into the Union, which always had received his unfailing loyal devotion and in which he had risen from poverty to independence, from obscurity into local promi- nence. There were fifteen children born of his marriage, but five of these died at an early age. The ten own living are as follows : Mrs. Alice Scott, of Fresno ; Carrie, who resides in Philadelphia ; Benjamin and Charles, both of whom are industrious and capable citizens of Sacramento; Jessie, who is married and makes her home in the capi- tal city; Irene, Joseph, Albert, John A. and Harry W. Until her demise, January 6, 1912, the widowed mother made her home at the family residence. No. 3520 Seventh avenue, where she was surrounded by the comforts accumulated by the wise management and frugality of earlier years and where she enjoyed the affectionate ministrations of her children and the warm esteem of old acquaintances. L. HENRY The gentleman mentioned above, a lawyer and a theatrical mana- ger, who has had wide experience in business life, was born in Dela- ware City, Del., attended the public schools of Washington, D. C, graduating at seventeen, and then entered the Columbia Law Uni' versify, from which he was graduated in his twenty-first year with the degree of A. B. It was at Leadville, Colo., that Mr. Henry began his active life, and it was as chief clerk in the United States land office there that he made his initial bow to the world of business. Besides attending to the duties of his office he practiced land law at Leadville until 1884. Then began the activity in the field of theatricals that has made his name known in certain circles from coast to coast. Coming to Sacramento, he became treasurer of the Metropolitan theater. In 1012 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1893, when it was destroyed by fire, he went to San Francisco, where he was called as assistant to C. P. Hall of the Bush Street Theater. Later he entered into a partnership with Mr, Giesea as lessee of five theaters located respectively in San Jose, Stockton, Sacramento, Oak- land and San Francisco, all of which the firm is operating success- fully at this time. Mr. Henry spends most of his time in Sacramento as manager of the Clunie theater. , The wide acquaintance which has come to Mr. Henry in the trans- action of his business has been augmented and its friendships have been cemented by his membership in the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, he being a charter brother in San Jose Lodge No. 522. Politically he has always voted with and exerted his influence in behalf of the Republican party. FRANK 0. HUTTON A native son of the state, Mr. Hutton was born in Solano county November 11, 1874, and there his boyhood and youth were passed. The achievements of maturity bring him into touch with Sacramento county, for it was here that he began to learn the light and power business, here he began at the very bottom of the ladder of success and here he gradually acquired such a thorough comprehension of electricity and such a practical experience with its uses that he rose to a position of influence and responsibility in the specialty' now in- dispensable to the permanent progress of every city and village. The discovery of gold in California proved the lode-star that attracted Frederick Hutton hither from his native town of Perry, Wyoming county, N. Y., where he had received a common-school edu- cation and had already entered upon the task of earning a livelihood. During the summer of 1852 he crossed the plains with a company of Argonauts whose powers of endurance were as great as their hopes were high. Upon arriving in the state he began to mine at Dutch Flat and also engaged in general merchandising. For a considerable period he remained unmarried, but after a time he was united with Miss Charlotte dinger, who was born and reared in Wisconsin. They were residents of Vacaville for many years and there his death oc- curred in 1898. Later the widow removed to Dixon, where in 1904 her useful existence came to an end. Their son, Frank 0., had been educated in the Vacaville schools and had been trained to habits of self-reliance, industry and intelligent energ^^, which formed almost his sole capital in the world of affairs. Upon coming to Sacramento in 1896 Mr. Hutton secured employ- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1013 ment as a helper at the plant of the Electric Light and Power Com- pany. From the lowliest position in the concern he worked his way forward to a post of trust. During 1906 he came to Folsom as fore- man of the Folsom power house of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, which owns adequate water power for the operation of the heavy machinery. Since coming to Folsom he has assisted in the organization of the Folsom Bank, becoming one of the original sub- scribers. The growth of the bank has proved a helpful factor in the material development of the place. The marriage of Frank 0. Hutton took place at Vacaville, Cal., October 25, 1895, and united him with Miss Myrtle Collins, who was born, reared and educated at that place, being a daughter of W. L. Collins, now a resident of Sacramento. Four children were born of the union, but the eldest, Kenneth, was taken from the home by death when he was only three years of age. The surviving children are Charlotte, William and Jacques. Mr. Hutton has maintained an independence of thought and ballot throughout his maturity and has voted for the men whom he considers best qualified to represent the people, irrespective of their views upon national problems. For some years he has been actively associated with the Fraternal Brotherhood. Movements for the material development of Folsom receive his stanch support and the town has in him and his wife honored residents whose presence promotes the moral, educational and material upbuilding of the communitv. CHARI.es HORACE ELDRED Although he had no recollection of any home except in California, having lived in this state from the age of six months until his death, Mr. Eldred was a native of Michigan, born during the year 1855. After he had completed a course of study in a business college he became an assistant to his father, Horace Eldred, in the hotel busi- ness. For years he actively promoted the success of the State House Hotel, a popular hostelry of the capital city. In addition he was connected with the state railroad commission's office for a time. Poli- tics received a due share of his attention and he voted the Republican ticket, but he never sought official honors or participated in partisan contests. Aside from his identification with the Ancient Order of United Workmen he had no connection with fraternities, preferring to occupy his leisure hours with domestic enjoyment, personal recrea- tion and social intercourse. The marriage of Mr. Eldred in 1882 united him with Miss Edith ]014 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Connell, a native of Sacramento county, now residing at No. 1317" Seventli street. With her are her two children, Ahna and Horace, Jr., the latter an electrician by occn]nition. Mi's. Eldred is a member of an old and lionoralile family of Sacramento. To this city in the pioneer era came her ])arents, William and Katherine (Dailey) Con- nell, natives respectixely of Scotland and Ireland, and a couple pos- sessing true worth of character as well as patriotic devotion to the land of their adoption. It was the sad lot of Mrs. Eldred to lose her father, mother and husband about the same time, leaving to her and her children the memory of their sincere lives, unwavering integ- rity, honorable ]irinciples and fixedness of ]mri>ose in industry and well-doing. HON. JOSEPH ADAMS FILCHER Ten years or more before the trans-continental railroad had brought the east and west into direct connection an Iowa family made the tedious journey across the plains with a "prairie schooner" drawn by ox-teams. Accompanying the expedition was a lad of about twelve years, Joseph A. Filcher, who was born in Burlington, Iowa, August 3, 1846, and to whom the trip presented less of hardship than of opportunity. AVith all the enthusiasm of early life he hel]:>ed to drive stock the entire distance. Whether enduring the heat of the desert summer or threading a narrow pass through the moun- tains, he was alike hopeful with the optimism which blesses youth and energetic with the i)atient industry of those who have been trained to endurance of hard work. When he first saw Sacramento in 1859 the city was in the infancy of its history and presented the crudities inseparable from frontier civilization. Shortly after coming west he settled with his ])arents on a farm near Marysville and there he worked for some years to bring the land under cultivation and develop a productive farm. Meanwhile it had not been possible for him to secure an education and he was ambitious to advance in the world. As soon as he could be spared from the ])arental home he started out to earn his own way and to secure an education. Nor were his efforts in ymn, for he worked his way through the State Normal and became a man of wide information. The acquisition of a thorough education qualified Mr. Filcher for the work of a school-teacher and this profession he followed dur- ing early manhood, after which for twenty years he was owner and publisher of the Placer Herald at Auburn, Placer county. It is said that this is the oldest newspaper in existence in the entire state. HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1015 The press which he used was the first ever brought into the state, Samuel Brannan having brought it from New York to San Francisco on a vessel around the Horn. When its days of usefulness were ended it was placed in the Golden Gate mission in Golden Gate park, where it now is on exhibition. The marriage of Mr. Filcher in 1873 united him with Miss Clara Tinkham, a native of Maine. They are the parents of three children now living. George W., who resides in San Francisco, is connected with the railway mail service. Ralph E., of Chicago, is extensively interested in the real estate business and in colonization work. Irma married Pierre Meyers and lives in Sacramento. For years Mr. Filcher has been well known among the Democrats of the state. At the time of Cleveland's second election as president he was chosen a presidential elector. When the electoral college held its meeting he was selected as a messenger to carry the returns to Washington. During 1878-79 he served as a memlier of the state constitutional convention. Beginning in 1883 he held the office of state senator for four years and meantime gave to his district the most con- scientious of service. A candidate in 1888 for state railroad com- missioner, he was defeated by only a very small majority. Upon the election of Mr. Hendricks as secretary of state of California Mr. Filcher was selected to complete his unexpired term as state prison director and in that responsible post gave faithful service as well as universal satisfaction. For eleven years he was manager of the state board of trade. Later for five or more years he held a position as secretary of the State Agricultural Society, from which post he was promoted to his present office as manager of exhibits. Fraternally he has been very prominent in the Improved Order of Red Men and has held every state office within the power of that organization to confer, including that of representative to the national convention for two terms. Largely through his tact- ful efforts as a leader in the California Editorial Association, of which he served two terms as president, the national convention of 1903 was brought to San Francisco and the success of that gathering- is a matter of state history. Perhaps in none of his manifold activities has Mr. Filcher been more successful than in his labors as representative of Cali- fornia as commissioner to national and international expositions. He was appointed sole commissioner by Governor Budd to the Cotton States Exposition held at Atlanta, Ga., in 1895, and to this he gave intelligent service in the interests of California. Two years later he represented the state at the International Horticultural Exposi- tion in Hamburg, Germany. In 1900 he was commissioner to the World's Exposition held in Paris and the following year he acted in the same capacity at the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, N. 1016 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Y. During 1904 lie gave his attention as state commissioner to the California section at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, held in St. Louis. He was president of the Commissioners Association at Portland and at Seattle and was vice-president of Commissioners Association at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. The remarkable success attending his work caused him to be chosen state commis- sioner to the Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland in 1905 and the Alaska- Yukon Exposition at Seattle in 1909. In 1911 he began to work actively in behalf of the Panama Canal Exposition to be held at San Francisco in 1915 and made a tour of the state in order to secure the participation of all the counties to the fullest extent possible. Skilled in detail, comprehensive in information, widely ac- quainted with business leaders of the United States and Europe, more experienced possibly than any exposition worker in the entire country, he is admirably qualified to bring such movements to a successful issue and to till with honor any position conferred upon him in connection with their management. In April, 1912, while actively engaged in the above enterprise, he was nominated, without solicitation on his part, for candidate as city commissioner under Sacramento's new charter, being one of ten nominated from thirty-five candidates, and on May 18, 1912, he received the second highest vote of the ten, the honor bringing with it a four-year term, and subsequently he was assigned by his associates to the position of commissioner of finance. Resigning his position with the State Agricultural Society and the Panama-Pacific International Expo- sition, he assumed the duties of his office July 1, 1912. At the age of twelve years he reached Sacramento, having ridden horseback across the plains, and barefooted he drove his father's herd of cattle. He ended his journey on the road running along side of the present plaza, in front of the city hall, September 6, 1859. Since that time he has accomplished much for his city and state, and now holds the strings of the purse of the city on which he first cast his eyes fifty-three years ago. JOHN A. GERBER, Jr. A native of California, Mr. Gerber was born in Sacramento, September 2, 1874, and attended the city public and high schools until he was nineteen years old. Then for three years he studied materia medica with the Merrill-Washburn drug house, and after that till 1901 he read medicine and surgery under the preceptorship of Dr. Cartwright. He did not finish his professional studies and HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1017 engage in the practice of medicine, however, but turned his attention to a business career instead. From 1901 to 1903, when he sold out that interest, he was proprietor of a meat market, after which he was driver for the Cascade Laundr}^ until 1908. It was in 1908 that Mr. Gerber established himself in the steam dyeing and cleaning business, an undertaking which has proved successful, his place of business being at the corner of Tenth and I streets, Sacramento. In politics a Democrat, in religion a Lutheran, Mr. Gerber is in all things and in all relations of life a helpful and generous citizen. He married Miss Edna Coppersmith, of Sacra- mento, September 4, 1902, and they have two children, Marion and Ruth, who are students in the public schools. JAMES H. DONNELLY The diversified enterprises engaging the attention of Mr. Don- nelly point to breadth of mind and largeness of vision as among his leading attributes. When he was elected supervisor from the fourth district in Sacramento county in November, 1904, and re-elected in 1908, the people recognizing his high order of ability and appreciat- ing his acceptable service in former local offices, looked with expec- tancy to a promising record on the county board. Nor have they been disappointed in their hopes, for he has proved sagacious in council, public-spirited in devotion to the county, loyal to its de- velopment, progressive in plans and prompt in action. Worthily filling the office of supervisor, in so doing he has made an enviable reputation for himself and at the same time promoted the perma- nent welfare of the county. That he can claim Sacramento as his native county is a source of pride to Mr. Donnelly, who was born at Folsom November 21, 1868, and is a son of Henry and Kate Donnelly. From six to thirteen years of age he attended school at Folsom, "but the necessity of earn- ing a livelihood cut short his schooldays and induced him to work in the stables of the Natoma Vineyard Company, where he remained about eighteen months. Later he took charge of a livery stable owned by his mother and at the same time he became interested in mining, but afterward he gave up these occupations to engage in fruit raising. The year 1904 found him a newcomer in Sacramento, where he organized the firm of Wright & Donnelly and established the general livery and boarding business known as the Wilson's Stables that has built up an extensive trade in the city. 1018 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY The constant activities of l)usiness pursuits and tlie duties of supervisor do not preclude Mr. Donnelly from further interests, for we find in addition that lie holds office as president of the Folsom Investment Company that built the Hotel Bismarck in Sacramento. In politics he has given stanch allegiance to the Republican party and has aided local affairs with his time and influence. For sixteen years he served as deputy assessor and constable at Folsom and his faithful service there laid the foundation for the larger services as a meml)er of the board of supervisors. While living at Folsom he was married to Miss Susie Woodward in April of 1894. They are the i)arents of four children, namely: Eleanor, Gladys, Susie M. and James H., Jr., all of whom are being given the best educational advantages afforded by the excellent schools of Sacramento. The fraternal connections of Mr. Donnelly bring him into active mem- bership with the Eagles, Elks, Woodmen of the World and the Native Sons of the Golden AVest. EDWARD M. COFFIN An identification with the labors of a mechanical engineer dating back to the early period of his youth and continuing with several interruptions but with increasing importance up to the present time, marks Mr. Cofifin as one of those fortunate mortals who made no mistake in the choice of an occupation and who reaps the reward of long and arduous study in his intelligent mastery of technical prob- lems in engineering. It was his fortunate experience to enjoy excellent educational advantages in the east. Travel and habits of close observation have broadened his sphere of knowledge, until now he is considered one of the well-informed men of the city. Nor is his information limited to the sphere of occupational activities. On the contrary, it is broad and touches upon subjects representing every range of thought, bearing also the stamp of the highest culture. The early recollections of Mr. Cofifin cluster around Albany, the cai^ital city of New York and one of the beautiful residence towns of the state. There he was born in January of 1867 and there he became the reci]^ient of careful and moderately thorough mental training. New York state is noted for the advanced position it has taken in educational development and he was able therefore to obtain not only high-school advantages, but also specialized learning. At the age of sixteen years he went to Syracuse, in the same state, and in that city he remained until 1892, meanwhile acquiring a thorough HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1019 knowledge of mechanical engineering. When he left Syracuse it was to remove to the Pacific coast. Attracted by the charm of the Santa Clara valley, he chose a location there and established a home, whose presiding genius, his bride, had been Miss Carrie Nyce, of Lincoln, Neb. They were married in her home city in August of 1892 and are the parents of two children, Ruth and Frank, both of whom are being given the advantages so essential to any thorough preparation for the realities of life. Five years of close attention to the fruit-growing industry in the Santa Clara valley brought their share of financial returns to Mr. Coffin, but he found himself eager to return to his chosen task of engineering. Accordingly he disposed of his fruit ranch and removed to San Francisco, where he engaged in business activities along the line of his chosen calling. During 1907 he came to Sacramento to act as superintendent of the mechanical department of a Cali- fornia corporation. Two years later he was honored by election to the office of secretary, which position he now holds. People who are conversant with engineering affairs state that he ranks among the experts of the profession, while his possession of diversified talents is indicated by the fact that he successfully fills executive positions and directs the duties of the secretaryship with intelligent precision and accurate system. Political affairs interest him as they interest all loyal citizens and he favors any movement having for its object the permanent advancement of Sacramento. The Republican party receives his ballot in both general and local elections. Fratern- ally he holds membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and contributes to the maintenance of the local lodge. GEORGE BOCK Born in Vienna, Austria, October 16, 1870, George Bock, the popular tailor of Sacramento, was brought by his parents to Phila- delphia, Pa. in 1878 and there he passed through the grammar school and soon acquired a knowledge of the tailor's trade. In 1889 he came to San Francisco. After working at his trade there for about nine months he took up his residence in Sacramento, where he was employed at his trade five months. Then he went back to Philadelphia, but remained a short time only, as in 1891 he returned to Sacramento and soon thereafter opened a tailoring establishment at Sixth and J streets. He continued at that location until Augaist, 1911, when he removed to his present commodious quarters at No. 919 K 1020 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY street. He is recognized as one of Sacramento's foremost business men and one of the most artistic tailors in Northern California. At the time of the San Francisco disaster he was chairman of the Masonic board of relief. He has been a Mason since 1902 and was master of AVashington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., at the time of the earthquake and has held various other offices in that body. He is also a member of the Royal Ai-ch Chapter and is widely known as a thirty-second degree Mason. He also affiliates with the Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows and with the Benevolent and Pro- tective Order of Elks. His family are communicants of the Episcopal church. April 24, 189-1, Mr. Bock married in Sacramento Miss Lulu Yager, daughter of a California ])ioneer who consumed six months making the journey across the plains. Mr. Yager died in 1881. It is a matter of history that the grandfather, Peter Yager, started the first brewery in Sacramento. Mrs. Bock has borne her husband two children, Miriam, attending the Sacramento high school, and George, a student in public schools. WILLIAM BECKMAN The increasing financial and business prosperity of Sacramento finds a striking illustration in the magnificent structure erected by the People's Savings Bank and utilized not only as the headquarters of their own large concern, but also in its upper stories for office imr])oses. Men who are familiar with all the leading banks of the Pacific coast assert that in its interior equipment and elegance of ai)i)ointments the new structure has no superiors. Not only is it the tallest business building in Sacramento, but in addition it ranks as the best in the Sacramento valley, and no one who has studied its architecture and design fails to accord to its projectors the heart- iest admiration. Much of the credit for the success of the enter- prise is given to the president of the bank, William Beckman, who not only took a leading part in the organization of the concern more than thirty years ago, but in addition has moulded its financial policy, sha])ed its conservative course of procedure and so wisely guarded its investments that the institution proudly boasts a record of having never lost a loan. Although by ])arentage and nativity an easterner (for he was born in Herkimer county, N. Y., December 19, 1832) Mr. Beckman is a typical westerner in his habits of thought, plans of action and temperament of mind. This comes somewhat from his business HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1021 training in Chicago, whither he went at an early age and where he earned his livelihood as an employe in a business house until he was led to identify himself with the unknown possibilities of the Pacific coast. The year 1851 found him a newcomer in Sacra- mento, where the following year he embarked in business. During 1858 he removed to a farm in Sacramento county and for fifteen years he engaged in agricultural pursuits at Florin. Attaining promi- nence in the county, for six years he efficiently served as a member of the board of supervisors. During 1875 he became the Republican nominee for state treasurer, but suffered defeat with the balance of the ticket. Later his services to his district received recognition in his election in 1891 as a member of the state railroad commission, where he continued for four years. Under the tactful and enterprising leadership of Mr. Beckman, who had become well known in many avenues of activity throughout the west, the People's Savings Bank was organized and opened for business in July of 1879. Long residence in the valley had given him a thorough knowledge of the soil, people and conditions, so that he possessed exceptional advantages for the banking business. His reputation as a successful man of affairs and captain of industry won for the bank a general prestige and a confidence which guaranteed its success. Associated with him in the founding of the institution was John L. Huntoon, now vice-president and a member of the board of directors. The cashier, A. G. Folger, has been connected with the bank for twenty-one years and entered upon the duties of his ]3resent position during 1896, since which time he also has been made a member of the board of directors, whose other members are the president and vice-president, also George W. Lorenz and J. J. Keegan. The monthly report of the bank October 6, 1912, showed total resources of $4,513,593.32, with deposits of $3,920,155. The capital of the bank is $155,852.90 and the surplus and undivided profits $62,450.77. About tliirty-two years after the establishment of the bank it removed from its early location on the corner of Fourth and J to the new building on the corner of Fiighth and J streets, in the heart of the city's newer financial and business district, four blocks above the old headquarters. The new bank, erected at a cost of over $275,000, comprises a building of seven stories witli steel frame, enclosed by reinforced concrete walls, which are faced with white terra cotta. The architectural design is strikingly handsome, with a heavy base of two stories, a rounded front corner and a wide projection cornice of artistic terra cotta. The six floors above the banking quarters are divided into fifty-four office rooms, handsomely finished and equipped in the most modern way, witli artistic lighting fixtures, mahogany woodwork and steam lieat. The concrete office 1022 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY floors are covered with battleshi]) lineoleum and the corridors with marble tiling. Two fast elevators serve the npper floors. The entire first floor is occupied by the bank. The arrangement and equipment of the bank represent the ability of the architect, Henry H. Meyers, of San Francisco, in conjunction with the officers of the institution. The result is a well-arranged banking house. The marble entrance, with its artistic bronze doors at the corner, opens into a lobby which occupies most of the length of two sides of the room. On one side the lobby terminates at Presi- dent Beckman's cosy office and on the other side at a beautifully furnished ladies' parlor. Along all four walls runs a wainscoting of French variegated marble with harmonious borders. The counter, which faces two sides of the room, with a curve opposite the entrance, is of variegated marble from Africa, set in panels, with ap- propriate base and cornice. The counter screen is of bronze grill work in which are set several tellers' wickets. The bronze electric lighting fixtures were made according to special designs and add to the beauty of the interior. The rich ceiling, designed in octagonal gold- decorated plaster panels, adds to the impression of elegance. Along the lobby walls are mahognay settees with leather upholstering and all of the other furniture is of mahogany. The working space behind the counter is designed to afford the maximum of con- venient room and is equipped with modern devices for banking. There are two large fireproof and burglar-proof vaults, each pro- vided with twelve-ton steel doors fitted with time locks. One of the vaults is designed for safe deposit boxes, of which fifteen hundred already have been installed, with ample accommodations for one thousand more. Booths are also provided for patrons of the safety deposit department. In fact, every modern banking convenience is to be found in this institution, whose directors have the gratification of knowing that they have furnished to the capital city its finest business block and that for years the}^ have provided the entire valley with a banking institution sound in policy and sagacious in investments, guarding the interests of its depositors with capable foresight and promoting the excellent financial standing of the entire locality by its own long and honorable record. R. M. BETTENS A son of Philip and Clara Bettens, R. M. Bettens was born at Vevay, Ind., May 10, 1874, and there he was reared until he was about thirteen years old, acquiring his primary education in the HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 1023 public schools. Then lie was brought to California by his parents, who settled at Escondido in 1887, and it was in the high school there that the succeeding two years were passed. In 1889 young Bettens began his business career as a clerk in a general merchandise store, where he was employed, with increasing responsibilities and increasing earnings, five years. Subsequently, with his brother, Albert, as a partner, he took up hotel work at Byron Springs. There they remained until 1901, when they leased the St. James Hotel at San Jose, Cal., catering to the public suc- cessfully, with increasing knowledge of and liking for the business, until July, 1909, when they took over under lease the Sacramento Hotel, at Sacramento. Since then they have successfully operated both hotels. Their management of these two fine public houses has been of such a character as to commend them very approvingly to the traveling and wheeling people of Northern California, and it is probable that no hotel man in this part of the state is more widely or more favorably known than is Mr. Bettens. It may be added that his acquaintance has been extended and made permanent by his helpful membership of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. LAES PETEE ANDEESON In 1847 Lars Peter Anderson, now of Sacramento, Cal., was born in Skaane, Sweden. His father, a lifelong sailor, became owner and captain of a coasting vessel which he commanded to the end of his life. Lars Peter was educated in public schools in his native land and at an early age learned the painting and decorating trade, which he has followed with increasing success until the present time. He came to the United States in 1871 and located in Sacramento and his first work here was in the painting room of the repair shops of the Southern Pacific Eailroad Company. He was soon given charge of the department and worked there two years, then was for some time employed by various persons and concerns until he went into business for himself. For thirty-seven consecutive years he has been at the head of his own enterprise. He has filled contracts for the painting of the State Capitol, the Hales, Weinstock and Lubin resi- dences, the Sutter Club, California National Bank and many other large buildings which rank with the best ever completed in Sacra- mento. He long has had a partner in his brother, Ludwig Ander- son, who arrived in Sacramento from Sweden March 1, 1881, and after working for him a time acquired a half interest in the business. 1024 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY In 1878 Mr. Anderson married Miss Hannah Matson, a native of Sweden, who came to America with her uncle in 1870. Her father was a large farmer and became active and prominent in politics in Sweden, having been several times elected sheriff of Blekinge Ian. Mr. and Mrs, Anderson have two children. George, the elder, who lives in Sacramento, is prominent in musical circles, having studied in Boston, Mass., four years and achieved success as a teacher of the piano; he is now in the piano business in Sacramento. He married Miss Jeanette Baldwin, of Cleveland, Ohio. Elsie, the younger child, lives in Sacramento. Their mother died in September, 1902. Mr. Anderson is a member of tlie Master Painters' Association, takes a public-spirited interest in the affairs of the city and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. GEORGE WILLIAM CABLES Widely known throughout Sacramento as a man of conscientious principles and devotion to his duties as a citizen, Mr. Caples is num- bered among the most trusted employees of the Elk Grove Vineyard Association, and by virtue of his unswerving honor and kindly man- ner fully merits the esteem with which he is regarded by his associates. Mr. Caples was the sixth child of Dr. James and Mary J. (Walker) Caples, natives of Ohio and Kentucky respectively, who came to California in 1849 across the plains with ox-teams. They returned east to Illinois via Panama and in 1853 again came across the plains, this time with a drove of horses, and since then they have resided in Sacramento county, he being now eighty-nine years old, while the mother is eighty-five. George W. Caples was born November 16, 1859, nine miles south of Folsom, Cal., and received his educational training in the ]niblic schools of that town. After completing his studies he engaged in farming, but upon being appointed postmaster of the city of Folsom in 1889, he discontinued personal attention to his agi'icultural interests, opening an insurance office in connection with his official duties. He capably managed both departments of work until 1891, when he resigned the postmastership to accept a posi- tion as foreman for the American River Land and Lumber Co., now known as the Eldorado Lumber Company. Meantime he journeyed to Detroit, Mich., wliere he became a student in Pernin Institute, com- pleted a general business course, and returned then to the west. He established a shorthand school in Carson City, Nev., which he con- ducted for several years, and in 1900 located in Elk Grove, Cal. He filled an appointment as farmer at the county hospital for about five HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1025 years, leaving the service in 1906 to take his jn-esent situation with the Elk Grove Vineyard Association. June 17, 1885, Mr. Caples was united in marriage with Miss Mary Crossette, the ceremony taking place in Auburn, Cal., and to their union four children were born : William Crossette, now on the battle- shi]) Wilmington; Isabelle Virginia, Mary Ethel and James Cecil. Mrs. Caples was a native of Folsom, and daughter of William and Mary C. (Hodgdon) Crossette, natives of Massachusetts, her father being a pioneer of 1849. She received her education in Perry's Semi- nary at Sacramento, where owing to her thoughtful attention to her studies she won a high place among her classmates. Despite many discouragements and trials, Mr. Caples has never lost the optimistic spirit which has been one of his chief charac- teristics, and although his financial condition does not admit of lux- uries, for which indeed the family do not yearn, being fully satisfied in their love for each other and the true comfort which they enjoy, feels himself rich in his blessings and regards as a priceless treasure the honor in which he is held bv his wide circle of friends. WILLIAM R. GALLUP Above is the name of an honored pioneer and in his day a lead- ing business man of Sacramento. Born at Stonington, Conn., May 19, 1828, William R. Gallup passed most of his active life in Cali- fornia and died while busy at his ranch in Yolo county January 8, 1906. Pie was of old New England ancestry which came of Revolu- tionary stock and the names of his forefathers were made prominent in the early history of our country and have been handed down as those of patriots and soldiers. The originator of the Gallup family in America was Capt. John Gallup, who came from Parish of Mastern, County of Dorset, England, to Massachusetts in 1630 on the Mary and John. Mr. Gallup is also a lineal descendant of Major John Mason, born in England about 1600, who was a lieutenant in the Eng- lish army and served under Lord Halifax in the Netherlands. lie came to America in 1630, served in the early Indian wars of Massa- chusetts as a major and finally settled at Dorchester, Mass. It was in 1853 that Mr. Galluj) came to California by way of the Isthmus of Panama, accomjianied by several persons from and near his former home, and all looked forward to the adventure into strange lands and new and memorable experiences. In the absence of railroads freight- ing was a leading business in the new state, and it was to that that Mr. 1026 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY Gallup gave his attention. In 1863, nearly ten years after his arrival, he returned east and on May 3, 1864, he married Miss Eliza Morgan, who was born in Ledyard, Conn. She is a lineal descendant of Elder William Brewster, a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620. Eeturning via Panama with his young wife, he settled down in Sacra- mento and began acquiring real estate. One of his purchases was ground which included the present site of the Sacramento Bee build- ing, on which he built and made his home till 1901. Then the exten- sion of the business district had made the land too valuable for residence purposes and the locality less pleasant as a home neigh- borhood than it had been, and Mr. Gallup bought a fine house at No. 1521 I street, which is still included in his estate. For many years from 1862 he was extensively engaged in sheep-raising in Yolo county, his two ranches being located near Woodland, but he maintained his home at Sacramento, where his numerous important interests cen- tered. Since his death Mrs. Gallup has continued the farming and stock business started by her husband fifty years ago. Two daughters were born to Mr. Gallup and they were named Ida M. and Effa M. The latter married J. D. Lord of Sacramento, who is manager of the extensive Gallup real estate holdings in Yolo county. The wife of this pioneer, mother of the daughters just referred to, has been an almost lifelong member of the Baptist Church, in the work of which he always took a generously helpful interest. In his political affiliations he was a Eepublican, but he was never active in political work, preferring the tranquility of his pleasant home to any honors that might have come to him in a public career. At the same time he was so ])ublic-s]nrited that there were few movements looking to the general good that did not command his co-operation in one way or another. He was a worthy citizen in every way and built up and improved his flocks and farm lands in Yolo county. He was literary, well posted and informed on all general topics as well as history, and was much appreciated by his old friends and acquaint- ances for his conversational ability and his many acts of kindness and charitv. LUDWIG ANDEESON It was in Skaane, Sweden, that Ludwig Anderson was born in 1861. He came to America, arriving March 1, 1881, made his way to Sacrauiento, Cal., and worked for his brother, a contractor of paint- ing and decorating, until 1890, having learned his trade in the land of his birth. In the year last mentioned he acquired an interest in the business, which is now one of the most iuiportant of its kind HISTDEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 1027 in Northern California. The firm has put through large contracts on the State Capitol, California National Bank, Weinstock, Lubin and Hales residences, Sutter Club, and other conspicuous buildings as well as fine residences in Sacramento and San Francisco, and its plans for the near future contemplate operations more extensive than those of any other establishment of its kind in this part of the country. In 1885 Mr. Anderson married Hilda Erickson, of Auburn, Placer county, Cal., daughter of L. E. and Bertha Erickson. Her father was an extensive rancher at Lincoln, Cal., and died in 1881; her mother survives, aged seventy-three years, a member of the house- iiold of her daughter, Mrs. George C Daniels, of Lincoln. Mrs. Ander- son has borne her husband children named Stella C, Hedwig J., Evelyn S. (Mrs. Humphrey of San Francisco), Helen L. and Con- stance, all of whom, with the exception of Mrs. Humphrey, are mem- bers of their parents' household. Mr. Anderson affiliates with the Foresters. He and his wife are members of the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Sacramento and are active in its work. She is past president of the Ladies' Aid Society and has held offices in other organizations connected with the church. Two of their chil- dren have remarkable music abilitv and will receive musical educations. PATRICK HENRY MURPHY The pioneer type, with its sturdy fearlessness, its touch of romance and its suggestion of conquest, is one to be noted with ad- luiration as the visible expression of a national environment that never again can be witnessed. Every era brings its men and its opportunities, but perhaps no greater men will ever be produced than those who bravely faced the dangers of the deserts, penetrated the pathless forests and by their dauntless energy pushed the benefits of civilization still further toward the setting sun. As the pioneers of California one by one enter upon their last long journey across the desert of death and set sail upon the shoreless sea of eternity, there is called afresh to mind the service which they rendered to their coun- try and their commonwealth, and appreciation wells afresh into the patriotic heart. Not the least conspicuous among the surviving pioneers of Sacra- mento county is Patrick Henry Murphy, who first landed in the capital city on October 13, 1854. Born in St. Louis, Mo., in June, 1838, he there grew up, and in 1854 joined a company of St. Louis men, among them Isaac Lankershim and Mike Wiles, and crossed the plains with a large expedition with an ox-team train and five hun- 1028 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY dred cattle. This was a memorable year, for the Indians at tliat time were warlike, bnt by exercising the ntmost diplomacy they evaded several controversies and ]n'obable massacre, and after a journey of six months and two days the train dispersed on the Cosumne river, and Mr. Mnrphy came on to Sacramento, where he found employ- ment in a hotel. Later he worked in vSan Francisco, but soon returned to Sacramento and then secured a position in the Brighton flour and grist mill on the American river. For two years he worked in the mill at monthly wages. His next venture was the purchase of two hundred acres with a crop on the ground and a small house suit- able for a frontier home. In an unexpected manner his identification with that ranch brought him misfortune. While sleeping in his bed one night he was shot by negro robbers, the ball passing through the board wall of his cabin. The two thieves made their escape, but were afterward cajjtured and sent to the penitentiary for fifteen years. He was so seriously wounded in both arms that he was completely disabled for one year and, in fact, was left crippled for life. Unable to work, the young farmer relinquished his holdings and returned to St. Louis, where he visited at the old home for a year or more. During 1862, in Fayette county. 111., he was united in marriage with Miss Mary A. Gibbs, who was born in Ohio and died in California in 1871. Upon his return to the west Mr. Murphy pre- empted one hundred and sixty acres in Sacramento county and at once commenced the difficult task of clearing the property. Later he ]nirchased eighty acres so situated tliat it could be brought into the home place as one farm, which gives him two hundred and forty acres in this ranch. The land lies within a mile of Perkins and is im])r()ved with a substantial residence and convenient farm liuildings. A ])um])ing ]:>lant furnishes an abundance of water for irrigation and for domestic use. The value of the place is greatly enhanced by the vineyard and fruit orchard covering fifty acres, with grapes, cherries, prunes, peaches, pears and berries in fine bearing condition. Having an o])i)ortunity to increase his holdings in 1885 Mr. Murphy bought a i)artly improved tract of four hundred and fifty acres on the Cosumne river, this county, of which tract he now has over one hundred acres in hops. The balance of the ranch is utilized for i)astures, alfalfa meadows and grain. The ranch was occupied and managed by the oldest son, Arthur D. Murphy, who with his family made his home there until it was leased out. On both places a spe- cialty is made of the stock industry and the stock raised and sold includes high-grade Shorthorn cattle and ]mre-bred Poland-China hogs. Ever since the organization of the California state fair, a period of forty-nine years. Mr. Murphy has been an exhibitor of stock, machin- ery and fruit, and at the fair of 1911 his exhibits won the same admiration and attention thev have received during the entire ]ieriod HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1029 of his association with the work. There is not another man in the state who has been such a steady exhibitor for so many years as he, and he has won innumerable prizes and gold medals in different lines. Nor is his interest in horticulture less than his identification with the stock business and for some years he has been a stockholder and director in the Florin Fruit Growers' Association situated at Florin. Of his first marriage Mr. Murph^v has three children living, Arthur D., Clara McDonald and Ralph I. The daughter is a success- ful teacher in the Sacramento county schools, Arthur D. is farming his own place and the younger son acts as manager of the Cosumne ranch. October 7, 1875, Mr. Murphy married Miss Carrie R. Jackman, who was born and reared in New Hampshire, removed thence to Iowa, and from there came to California during young womanhood. Five children are living of this union, namely: William C, employed in the Sacramento street-car service; Harry L., who is married and resides at the old homestead; Corda L., who holds a responsible posi- tion in the mercantile house of C. C. Perkins at Perkins; Elmer H., an expert chemist employed in the laboratory of the Union Sugar- beet Company; and George A., a farmer near Perkins. Although Mr. Murphy cast his first Presidential ballot for Stephen A. Douglas, for years he has been identified with the Re- publican party. In 1864 he supported Abraham Lincoln and since then he has never failed to cast a straight Republican ticket at every Presidential election. Frequently he has been selected as delegate to county and state conventions. In local elections he supports the men whom he considers best qualified to serve the people, irrespec- tive of their ])olitical views. For four years he served as a justice of the peace and he also has served as school trustee. As early as 1869 he became connected with the subordinate lodge of Odd Fellows and all but one of his sons also joined the order. No citi- zen surpasses him in loyal devotion to his township and county. It has been his privilege to witness the steady growth of this locality and the awakening appreciation of its soil and climate. Doubtless no one takes greater pride than does he in the constant progress of the district, the increasing returns from the scientific cultivation of its ranches, the growing business of the little towns and the ])atri- otic spirit manifested by the entire citizenship. THOMAS TINGE Y ("RAVEN GREGORY Residence, San Francisco; office, Alaska Commercial Building, San Francisco. Born October 4, 1878, in Suisun, California. Son of Judge John M. and Evelyn Tingey (Craven) Gregory. Married to Ger- 1030 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY trucle Martin, April 15, 1903. Graduated from Stanford University in 1899 and took post-graduate work until 1901 in the Stanford Law School. Admitted to the bar of California in 1901, and commenced the practice of his profession, associated with his father in Solano county, and was elected district attorney of that county in 1901, con- tinuing until 1906. Moved to San Francisco in 1909, and continues in the active practice of his profession. President of the Vallejo and Northern Railroad Company and the Sacramento and Woodland Rail- road Companj^ Member of the Bohemian, Olympic, The Family, Com- mercial and Commonwealth Clubs of San Francisco, the Sutter Club of Sacramento, the Masonic Fraternity, Beta Theta college fraternity and Knights Templar. Democrat. EDWARD FRANKLIN PFUND An identification with the city of Sacramento beginning at the age of sixteen years and continuing up to the present time gives to Mr. Pfund a comprehensive knowledge of community resources, of natural advantages and of future possibilities; resultant from such knowledge we find him to be a firm believer in the riches of the valley that boasts the capital city for its center. Destiny dis- guised as Chance directed his energies toward pursuits for which he was well qualified by nature. His painstaking accuracy and sys- tematic management of detail work enabled him to make good as an assistant in the office of the county clerk William B. Hamilton, where he became an employe the first Monday in January, 1893, and where he has continued to the present writing. After he had proved his mastery of every detail connected with the records he was ap- pointed chief deputy and continued in that capacity until the death of the county clerk, March 14, 1911, when he was appointed to the office. As Mr. Pfund 's name indicates he descends from German an- cestry. He claims, however, our own country as his native land, having been born December 11, 1859, at Yandalia, 111., where his father, John P. Pfund, engaged for some years in the manufacture of confectionery and later carried on a lumber business. Prior to his immigration to the United States in 1832 the father had lived in Germany, where as the youngest in a family of four sons he was exempt from service in the German army through the fact that the three eldest brothers had given their time to military duties as re- quired by the government of their country. When he crossed the ocean he was young, active and capable, and his subsequent life was HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1031 one of industry and persevering, intelligent management. During young manhood he married Juliana Vennewitz, who was born and reared in Germany, her father, a prosperous business man of that country, having furnished horses and supplies to the army without compensation. The mother of Edward F. Pfund had a sister, Mrs. Lippe, whose husband, a man of large wealth, owned a number of merchant ships and engaged extensively in the buying and selling of grain in Germany. When sixteen years of age Edward F. Pfund came to California in company with his parents and settled at Sacramento, where for two years he attended the grammar school. The family had com- prised seven children, but two of the sons are deceased and the two daughters also died in early life, so that three sons are the only living representatives of the family. The three reside in Sacramento, where William H. is connected with a grocery business, and Bar- told G., who formerly engaged in business in Chicago, 111., with I. P. Farnham, now has business relations with a prominent Sacramento dry-goods house. Edward Franklin, who was fifth in order of birth among the seven children, is the second of the three survivors, and was married April 30, 1884, to Miss Mattie E. Knisley, born in Eldorado, Cal. The only child of the union, Edwina V., born July 5, 1894, is a graduate of the Sacramento high-school, class of 1912. After having clerked for twelve years in a clothing store owned by Charles Robin and having risen meantime to an important posi- tion in the establishment, Edward F. Pfund was obliged to dis- continue all work on account of ill health. For several years he was unable to attend to business duties, but as soon as he had regained his health he began his identification with the county clerk's office and since then has been able to work steadily and constantly without detriment to his physical condition. In political views he votes with the Republican party. Fraternally he belongs to Washington Lodge No. 20, F. & A. M., also Eureka Lodge No. 4, I. 0. 0. F., and Sacramento Court No, 12, Foresters of America. As a citizen he is public-spirited, as an official trustworthy, as a friend sincere, furnishing indeed the type of character needed in the citizenship of the community and in the official business of the county. SIMON PROUTY Destiny gave to Simon Prouty an identification with the early upbuilding of the two great states of Iowa and California. Born in Southern Ohio, he was a small lad when in 1847 the family removed to 1032 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Iowa and settled among the pioneers of Jasper county. The entire journey was made in the tedious and primitive manner common to the period, for not only was there not even one railroad in the whole state of Iowa, but very few had been built in any portion of the country. Arriving near the site of the present flourishing city of Iowa City, which then had only six log houses, the father, Anson Prouty, took up a quarter section of government land, the present site of Newton, and a part of this he subsequently sold to the supervisors of Jasper county as the site of the village that became the county seat. Not long after his settlement in Iowa he took the contract to carry the first mail between Fort Des Moines and Iowa City. Simon, then thirteen years of age, was selected for the work. The task was indeed one of the greatest difficulty and it speaks volumes for the resolution and courage of the lad that he was willing to undertake the long journeys in the midst of such dangers and hardships. The nearest houses were eighteen miles apart. There were few trees and across the open prairies howled the bitter wind and snow as if fighting against man's advance from the older settlements of the east. Forty miles a day on horseback for three days in succession along the lonely road three feet deep in snow, then three days on the return trip, with Sunday spent at home. It was seldom that he met any other traveler in those stormy rides. Twice he was taken from his horse unconscious with cold and with ears, hands and feet frozen stiff. Notwithstanding these arduous experiences he continued the trips until there was no longer any further need of his services. When eighteen years of age Simon Prouty married Miss Jane Newton, member of a prominent Iowa family in whose honor the city of Newton was named. Immediately after his marriage he and his young wife started for California, in company with his father and mother and the other members of his family. As early as February of 1851, with three wagons loaded with supplies of all kinds necessary for such a trip, and with a goodly sum of money, the party began its journey across the plains. It had been their fear that they would sutTer attacks from the Indians, but in some way they gained the good- will of the savages, who allowed them to pass without molestation. They crossed the river at the present site of Omaha, then void of any settlement whatever. Shortly afterward cholera broke out among the emigrants and Anson Prouty fell a victim of the dread disease. His body was wrapped in a sheet and laid in the ground by his three sons, Simon, Will and Columbus. With all the loneliness of a deep bereavement the family proceeded on their journey and un.der the guardianship of the eldest son, Simon, they arrived safely at Stock- ton, Cal., about the 1st of September. For a time after their arrival they continued to cam]) in their wagons. It was the good fortune of Simon Prouty to hnve a mother who HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 1033 was a woman of education and remarkable intelligence. Although he attended school only six months during all the years of his boyhood, he became well informed, for she taught him reading and writing and instructed him in the making of accounts and in all arithmetical problems connected with ordinary business affairs. The younger ■ children, sheltered by his protecting oversight, were given some schooling, but they too found the counsel and instruction of their mother most vital to their intellectual advancement. Not only was Mrs. Prouty a woman of education, but she also had a large endow- ment of common sense, so that she grasped the necessities of their environment in the west and proved equal to every emergency. Wild berries were plentiful, so she made pies from the fruit gathered by the children. In addition she made vinegar and with this concocted a mock lemon pie that proved- popular among the incoming emigrants. All of the pies were sold at $1 each, while biscuits she sold at twenty- five cents a dozen and bread at twenty-five cents a loaf. The income was increased by the washing of shirts at twenty-five cents each. With the income from her tireless labor and with the aid of her son, Simon, she was able to keep the children together until they were grown and meanwhile she took up a tract of government land. About this time Simon Prouty became ambitious to rent land, out he had no seed and no horses, nor any money with which to buy the necessary equipment. Determining to buy a team on credit if possible, he took some lunch in a water bucket and walked twenty miles to a horse dealer, who refused to sell on credit. The dealer's wife, seeing that the young man was weary from the walk, invited him to eat and sleep at their home, an invitation which he most gratefully accepted. Meanwhile she talked privately with the dealer and per- suaded him to encourage the would-be farmer. In the morning the dealer told him, ''I will furnish you one horse if the horse-trader ten miles away will furnish you with another." So the young man walked the ten miles and found the second dealer, who exclaimed after hearing his story: "AVell, by Gosh! Walked thirty miles! Got a wife already, eh? And a mother and five brothers and sisters to support. Well, by Gosh! Yes, Siree, you can have a horse and I'll give you a set of harness. Now eat some dinner and then you just ride back to that fellow down the road and tell him to give you the horse he agreed to, or, by Gosh, I'll lick the d— 1 out of him." The first dealer did not refuse to hold to his bargain, so the young man, with a team and some land, was able to buy seed on credit, also to borrow tools. Crops lu'ouglit a high |3rice that vear and he cleared $3,000. Throughout all tliis ]:>eriod of pioneer effort the entire family had occu|)ied the same small cabin, but now Simon Prouty and his young wife decided tliat thev wanted a home of their own. Again 1034 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY his limeli was packed in the water bucket, hut this time he walked ten miles to a cottonwood grove and chopped down saplings. Finding a long, hollow log, he ran a burning bush into each end to see if there was a snake inside, built a brush fire at one end to scare away the bears, crept into the log feet first and slept there three nights. As his brothers were using the family wagon in a job of hauling, he bor- rowed a vehicle in town and with his wife drove back to the cotton- wood grove, where the young couple loaded the trees and returned with the materials for their little house. This day they ever afterward recalled as one of the happiest of their lives. It was a genuine delight to work for a new home, even if it was to be but the crudest of cabins. When the building had been put up and tliey moved in, they cooked at the chimney of stone, built their own bedsteads with poles driven into the ground, sat on boxes and ate from boards resting on poles driven into the ground. To a young couple of the twentieth century this would seem privation and hardship most trying, but they were supremely happy, for they had learned that happiness comes from within, not from without. Popular among the young people, they were invited to every dance for thirty miles around and when one of these grand events was announced Simon Prouty always bought a new jDair of overalls, so that he might appear as well dressed as the other young men of the period. In this primitive home two children were born. The two youngest children were born in the later and more comfortable home of the family. The elder daughter, Hattie, is the widow of Andrew Whitaker and lives at Gait, Sacramento county. W. H. is a resident of Sacra- mento. The younger daughter is the widow of Joseph Connor of Gait, and Edgar M. is living in Lodi, this state. Mr. Prouty was always exceedingly kind and helpful to those in need and one of his kindnesses proved to be bread cast upon the waters which did not return unto him void. While he was still struggling against debt and bravely trying to get ahead financially, a sick Chinaman rode up late one afternoon and asked for water. Mr. Prouty took him off the horse and doctored him with such remedies as the cabin contained, while Mrs. Prouty cared for him as though he were a friend. For some time he was very ill, but with their care and attention in two weeks he recovered. Sitting by the chimney light one evening he re- marked : "I think so we all be partner. Be very good ; make money. I think so you good lady, good man. I like stay your house long time. You no got money. I catch plenty cash. We make partner. Buy hog, sell plenty hog for Chinamen up mountains and lady be all same partner." Thereupon he drew a belt from under his clothes, emptied it on the table, counted out $6,000 in gold, pushed it over to Mrs. Prouty and said, "You takee cash. We all be partner. Buy plenty hog. Makee money." The Chinaman built himself a hut and stayed HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1035 with them six years. Meanwhile they controlled the hog trade of Sacramento and the mines for a hundred miles in every direction, eventually clearing $10,000 for each of the partners. The family grieved as for a relative when the Chinaman, rich and prosperous, returned to his native land. For years the little children would cry for him to come back, for he had nursed and cared for them with the deepest aifection. It was a frequent remark of Mr. Prouty after- wards that the Chinaman was the only honest partner he ever had, and he dates his subsequent prosperity from the odd chance tha>t brought him needed money and help at the crucial period of his agricultural operations. The development of a tine farm of six hundred acres, the raising of fine stock and the building of first-class residence and barns kept Mr. Prouty very busy for years, and when finally j^rosperity had come, he lost his wife, who had so long and bravely shared his hardships and discouragements. Three years afterward in 1891 he married Miss Carol Crouse, of San Francisco, a lady of excellent education and cultured refinement. Subsequent to his retirement from farming he engaged in the wholesale commission business in San Francisco, but there his well-known generosity was taken advantage of and the business did not prove successful. Aften ten years in San Francisco he returned to Sacramento to live, later his wife spent two years in travel, visiting his old homes in Ohio and Iowa, and enjoying a tour throughout the east. Upon returning to California he was visiting at Gait when he ran to catch a train and the over-exertion brought on heart trouble, from which he died. Since his demise Mrs. Prouty has continued to reside at the family home, No. 918 Twenty- second street, Sacramento. During early years he had been an active worker in the Blue Lodge of Masons. The Unitarian Church of Sacramento had in him a frequent attendant at the services and a generous contributor to its charities. After a long and unusually active career he passed into eternity, beloved by a wide circle of friends, honored as a man of the highest integrity and as a pioneer of the gi'eatest aid to the early upbuilding of the state. GEORGE A. PHINNEY Both as one of the oldest and as one of the most prosperous organizations of its kind in Northern California the firm of A. A. Van Voorhies & Co. holds an established position among the foremost business concerns of Sacramento. The records show that the business was established as early as 1850 under the title of R. Stone & Co. and continued to enjoy a steady growth from decade to decade. The 59 ' ' 1036 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY demands of tlie business were of such magnitude that in 1891 letters of incorporation were secured and since then the present firm has engaged in business as a cor^^oration, the president being George A. Phinney, who first became identified with the establishment November 11, 1886, and since then has become familiar with every phase of the work. A business of large volume has been built up and in the firm's specialties of horse collars, harness and saddles they are considered to have no superiors in the west, where they are manufacturers and wholesalers. The present place of residence of Mr. Phinney is far removed from the bleak regions familiar to his early years, for he is a native of Maine, born in Franklin county, December 7, 1855, and his childhood memories cluster around the pine woods and rock-bound shores of that locality. The years of youth were uneventfully passed in country schools and in the home of his parents, Jonas and Mary A. (Crafts) Phinney. When he had completed the studies of the district schools he left for Massachusetts and secured employment in a whip factory at Westfield. Two years later, with the savings of this period of work, he was able to enter Eastman's Business College at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he finished the commercial course. Going next to New York City in 1874 he secured a position as bookkeeper with a firm dealing in grain and there he remained until July of 1876, when he returned to Massachusetts. Associating himself with a wholesale firm in Westfield he became a traveling salesman and in that capacity visited the principal points of commercial importance throughout the whole country. For a time his territory embraced all of the region west of the Missouri river. Upon discontinuing his connection as traveling salesman in 1882 Mr. Phinney aided in organizing the Standard Whip Company, a firm that still exists, although he sold his stock in the concern many years ago. August 31, 1885, he was united in marriage with Miss Kate Louise Van Voorhies, daughter of A. A. and Hattie A^an Voorhies. Thus other interests came into his life besides those of New England and he was therefore induced to come to California in 1886, since which time he has made Sacramento his home and has devoted his time to the upbuilding of the wholesale manufacturing plant of A. A. Van Voorhies & Co. His eldest son, A. Van Voorhies Phinney, now vice-president of the company, is a young man of exceptional ability and is a graduate of the University of California with the class of 1908. Mrs. Kate Louise Phinney died when her youngest son, George A., was only four montlis old, and he was only spared to the age of seven years. The only daughter of the union is Clare, now Mrs. C. B. McKee, of Sacramento. The second marriage of Mr. Phinney was solemnized November 30, 1894, and united him with Miss Jessie L. Dayton, daughter of Jerry and Mary Dayton. The three children of the second marriage are Jerrv Davton, Ruth Rosalie and Jessie Lee. HISTORY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 1037 WILLIAM HARRISON PROUTY The well-known citizen of Sacramento whose name heads this notice is a native Californian and a son of a pioneer. He was born January 18, 1859, at Dry Creek, Amador county, the son of Simon and Jane (Newton) Prouty, the former from Ohio, the latter from Iowa. Simon Prouty crossed the plains in 1852, by such primitive means as were then available, and settled in Amador county, where he achieved success as a farmer. He died in 1909, his wife in 1891. The son attended public school and thus gained a practical education that well fitted him for business life. When he left school it was to take up employment in the merchandising establishment of Brewster & Company, of Gait, Sacramento county. There he was busy and studious, gaining a practical knowledge of the work in hand, and when his employers sold out their store he was able to take a better position as bookkeeper in the office of an important interest at Truckee, Nevada county. So successful was he there that after he had held that position two years he was made manager, in which responsible capacity he served with efficiency and credit three years. Resigning his duties at Truckee, he came to Sacramento to identify himself with the state printing office, then in charge of his brother-in-law, A. J. Johnston. For seven years he was a bookkeeper, then became manager of the stationery department of a stationery store and printing house on J street. After six years' successful experience there he connected him- self with the establishment of George Z. Wait & Co., with whom he has been employed continuously since August, 1907. On June 27, 1883, Mr. Prouty married Miss Belle Johnston, sister of A. J. Johnston above mentioned. Their home is one of quiet ele- gance, known for its unostentatious hospitality. Mr. Prouty has not been active in political work, but has done his best as a citizen to conserve the best interests of the greatest number of his fellow townsmen, and besides has taken a deep and an intelligent interest in the public affairs of the state aud nation. In 1912 he was prevailed upon to accept the nomination of his party as city trustee to represent the Fourth ward of Sacramento. He is helpfully identified with sev- eral social and beneficial organizations, being a Mason, identified with the Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery and Shrine, aud takes an in- terest in other societies of various aims and purposes. Mrs. Prouty is a communicant of the Presbyterian Church and a member of the Tuesday Club of Sacramento. In all things she is a most worthy helpnieet to her enterprising husband and they are both popular in the circles in which thev move. 1038 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY JOHN H. SAWYER A self-made mau in every sense of the word was John H. Sawyer, whose death occurred Janury 6, 1901, at his home in Gait, Cal., de- priving the community of one of its most dependable and best loved citizens. In the face of the many trials which beset his career, he clung to his ideals and ambitions with an intensity of purpose well worthy of the emulation of many members of our present generation, who decline to maintain the patience and fortitude so essential to true success in life and, amid advantages far greater than those pre- sented to our forefathers, slip through existence without understanding the meaning of altruism or appreciating the blessed privilege of labor. A native of Tuffinboro, Vt., Mr. Sawyer's birth occurred February 5, 1828, and during the first fourteen years of his life he remained with his parents, Joseph and Abagail (Hall) Sawyer, natives of Vermont. At the age of ten he abandoned his studies through necessity and became an apprentice to a carpenter, leaving home four years later to take up his trade in Boston, Mass. Until 1850 he remained in that city, fairly successful in his work, and during the same year he settled in Wisconsin; after remaining there for two years, in 1852 he came to Gait, Sacramento county, Cal., crossing the plains with ox teams. Until 1856 he worked at his trade, establishing himself in the community as a man of high principles and unfailing industry. When he was able to establish domestic ties he returned to Wisconsin, to claim the girl he had loved and waited for throughout his residence in the west, their marriage occurring November 4, 1856. The bride. Miss Jennie Newcomb, was born near Albany, N. Y., the daughter of Samuel E., who settled in Wisconsin, and later on located in Sacra- mento county. Mrs. Sawyer received her education in New York state and was widely known as a woman of exceptional culture and gener- ous sympathies. After locating in Gait, Cal., Mr. Sawyer again took up his work, satisfied and happy in the thought of the great purpose which actuated his every effort. In connection with his building pur- suits he carried on ranching, meeting with fair success. To the union of Mr. and Mrs. Sawyer seven children were born : Frank M., whose birth occurred April 5, 1858, in Wisconsin, and who is now a practicing veterinary surgeon in Bakersfield, Cal.; Millie, who died in San Francisco; Silvia, who was born in 1864 and who died at the age of nineteen; John, who died in infancy; Wallace, born in Gait, January 8, 1868; Jean, who died at the age of twenty-nine years ; and Tom J., whose birth, June 7, 1879, occurred in Gait, where he is now engaged in the general mercantile business with his brother Wallace, under the firm name of Sawyer Brothers. Mr. Sawyer was an active member of Phoenix Lodge No. 239, HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1039 I. 0. 0. F., and the Ancient Order United Workmen for many years. He was a Republican of strong and progressive principles and endeav- ored to lend all aid in his power to the advancement of his partv and to the general welfare of his fellowmen. His wife, who died in' 1906, shared both his joys and his sorrows with a true heart and a calm,' sweet mind, her companionship proving all and more than in his youth he had anticipated. ALFRED SCHADEN For many years the Schadens, father and son, have been identified with the grocery business in Sacramento, where the former built up an extensive trade as early as the 70s and upon his retirement was succeeded by his son, one of the present partners in the prosperous establishment. The genealogical records of the family indicate the lifelong residence of Henry and Anna (Winters) Schaden in the province of Hanover, Germany, whence the former went forth to the duties of a seafaring existence, serving for a long period as a cook on great ocean vessels of his day. In the family of Henry Schaden there was a son, Arend, who was born in Hanover October 9, 1845, and who in childhood listened with the keenest interest to his father's tales of voyage to distant ports. Thus was roused within him an ambition to see something of the world and scarcely had he left school at the age of fourteen years before he shipped from Bremerhaven to New Orleans. The Civil war had just opened and the ship experienced the delays incident to such a condition of affairs. After having been detained on a bar for ninety-five days, the vessel was the last to leave New Orleans after the blockade had been established by the Union fleet. After having returned to Bremerhaven on the same ship the young seaman accompanied the vessel to Guttenberg, thence to Cape Town, Africa, and from there to Rangoon, India, thence returning to Germany by way of St. Helena's Island. Meanwhile having been made steward on the ship, he made a voyage to Akyab, East Indies. Upon his return to Bremen he was appointed light sailor, with little less than the wages of first-class seamen, on a vessel commanded by Captain Thiernau and shortly afterward accompanied the vessel to the United States, where, liking the country and having wearied of the sea, he determined to settle. Looking about him for emplo>mient in the city of New York, he was successful in securing a clerksliip in the grocery store of J. Brummerhop, on the corner of East Broadway and Rutgers. That position he retained until he decided to come to California. On November 28, 1868, he sailed from New York for 1040 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Panama. Having crossed the Isthmus, he continued the voyage to San Francisco and there landed on Christmas day. The next day he came to Sacramento and on the 1st of January he entered the employ of his uncle, Herman Winters. During October of 1870 he formed a partnership with S. D. Fuller under the firm name of Schaden & Fuller. At the expiration of five years he purchased the interest of his partner in the grocery business. Five years later he moved across the street to the location with which his name is especially linked. From 1880 until his retirement in 1910 he continued at the same place and meanwhile established an enviable reputation for sagacious judgment, discrimination as a buyer, and the most honorable dealings with all customers. Not only among the earlier settlers of Sacramento, but also with the present generation, he has a high standing as a business man and citizen. For years he was very active in the Knights of Honor, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows a^d the Improved Tribe of Red Men. The marriage of Arend Schaden occurred in Sacramento March 8, 1874, and united him with Miss Ameta Sanders, a native of Bremen, Germany. They became the parents of four children, namely : Alfred, who was born in Sacramento April 21, 1878, attended the public schools until sixteen years of age, then engaged for two years as bookkeeper with Holln-ook, Merrill & Stetson, of Sacramento, and since that time has been associated with the retail grocery business founded by his father; Anna Gesine, Arend Otto and John Henry, of whom the two last-named sons died in early life. The surviving son has been prominently identified with Sunset Parlor, N. S. G. W., in which he now holds the rank of past president. Reared in the faith of the German Lutheran Church, he adheres to its doctrines and supports its missionary movements. In politics he maintains an independent attitude and considers the merits of candidates rather than their claims. During May of 1900 he was united in marriage with Miss Grace Uren, of Sacramento, and two children bless their union, Harold Alfred and Clara Helen. HON. ARCHIBALD YELL It has been the privilege of Mr. Yell to acquire a thorough knowledge concerning certain ])arts of Northern California through residence therein and the practical, personal information thus gained has proved of the highest value to him, enabling him to understand the merits of each section and to rightly estimate its possibilities for future development. Included among the localities of his former association are Sonoma county, where his sojourn was of brief dura- tion; Mendocino county, where he held official positions-; Kings county. HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 1041 where he built up au important clientele during his residence ; and the cities of San Francisco and Sacramento, with the latter of which he has been identified for a period sufficiently long to enable him to rightly value its advantages and conservatively estimate its prospects for large prosperity. Of southern family and colonial lineage, Mr. Yell was born at Fayetteville, Ark., in May of 1859 and is a son of DeWitt Clinton and Katharine (Smith) Yell, and the grandson of Col. Archibald Yell, who was Governor of Arkansas and afterward Colonel in the Mexican war, being killed in the battle of Buena Vista. For some time Mr. Yell was a pupil in a private school of Nashville, Tenn., but at the age of thirteen he completed the studies of that institution, after which he took the regular course of study in the University of Nashville and was admitted to the bar of the district court in 1877. In that same year, having decided to locate in the west, he came at once to San Francisco, and from there proceeded to Sonoma county, where for one year he studied law under Judge Thomas. At the expiration of his period of study he engaged in practice in the justice and county courts of Mendocino county, where after two years of general practice he was elected district attorney. During his service of three years he returned to Tennessee and was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of that state. On his return to Mendocino county he resumed service as district attorney, to which office he was elected for the second time in 188,3, remaining in the position until 1887,when he was honored by election as state senator from Mendocino and Lake counties. Four years were devoted to official duties and afterward he practiced law in San Francisco for three years, next opening an office at Hanford, Kings county, where he remained for four years. As attorney in Sacramento, whither he came in the year 1898, Mr. Yell engaged in practice with Mr. Aram for twelve months and later practiced alone until 1900, when he received an appointment as deputy district attorney. Two years were spent in that pos- ition when he was appointed warden of the state prison at Fol- som, serving four years and three months, after which he again resumed his practice in Sacramento, forming a partnership with A. M. Seymour, thus entering upon a congenial and profitable relation that has continued up to the present time. While making- his headquarters in Mendocino county he formed the acquaintance of Miss Lucile Estes and after their marriage in November of 1883 they established a home in the county where she had been reared and educated. In the various places of his residence he has been connected prominently with the Masonic Order, being a Mason of the Knight Templar degree; he has also held active relations with the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. He is a member of the State Bar Association and is chairman of the grievance committee. 1042 IIISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY H. S. BONTE A busy and useful career has characterized the life of H. S. Bonte, who has followed the vocation of surveyor and civil engineer with signal success. He is a native of Sacramento, the son of Charles C. and Anna H. Bonte, the father having been born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1857. It was in his native city that Charles C. Bonte received his education, attending the public schools, and in 1873 he accompanied his parents to Sacramento, where they made their home. He was a student at Augustin College at Benicia until 1877, returning then to Sacramento to become a clerk in the motive power depart- ment of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, with whom he worked for many years and eventually became superintendent of that department. This position he held until 1903, when he was trans- ferred to San Francisco to become assistant general superintendent oi motive power of the Pacific system of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, and he is at present serving in that capacity. H. S. Bonte received his early education in the public schools of Sacramento and was graduated from the high school in 1901. He then became a student at Stanford University, until 1906, giving close attention to his s})ecial liranch and becoming thoroughly grounded in the theories of his chosen work. Naturally gifted in the solving of the many problems which confront the. civil engineer he early proved his fitness for that special work, and in 1906, 1907 and 1908 was in charge of a preliminary survey for the hydraulic system of the Guggenheims, with headquarters at Dawson City, Alaska. In 1908 he went to Aberdeen, Wash., in the capacity of locating-engineer for the Union Pacific Railroad, and in the following year returned to Sacramento to become chief engineer for the Vallejo Northern Rail- way Company, in which position he has ever since served with marked success. Mr. Bonte was married at Oakland, February 3, 1908, to Miss Warfield, and they have a son, John Warfield. A Re]^ublican in politics, Mr. Bonte takes a patriotic view of all questions of national policy, and his interest in local matters is ever for the welfare of the citizens of his native citv. CHARLES A. FICAL A mechanical oi)erator of no mean ability is Charles A. Fical, the present proprietor of the flourishing garage on M street, between Nineteenth and Twentieth streets, in whose sho]^s the most ex]iert HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 1043 repairing and automobile work of all kinds is done. At an early age he began to pick up a knowledge of machinery, and he has followed the work of a mechanical engineer throughout his active business life. He was born in Sacramento, October 28, 1868, son of Jacob and Mary Fical, who came to California in 1861, crossing the plains and experiencing a hard six-months' journey. They settled in Sacramento, where Jacob Fical opened a blacksmith shop which he continued to operate until his death, in 1867. He had prepared to retire from his shop, and at his death was the owner of a beautifully cultivated place of one hundred and sixty acres in Florin, and here his widow and their three children lived for many years. Mrs. Fical is still living, as are her two sons, Byron, now Snaking his home in Oregon, and Charles A. Minnie, the only daughter, died some time ago, a^'ged fifteen years. Until twenty years old Charles A. Fical attended school and worked on the ranch near the city, during all of which time he interested himself in the engineer's trade. The handling of stationary and traction engines alike attracted him and he soon took up that trade as his regular work. For nine years he ran a single traction engine, and then for a little over seventeen years he was employed as engineer at the county hospital. Subsequentlv he went into partnership with J. L. Latourrette in the plumbing,' gas engine and tinning business, which after twelve years he relinquished to embark m Ins automobile garage enterprise, and he is now meeting with the most gratifying success in this endeavor. He is an authoritv on the subject of automobiles, and holds the esteem of all his associates. Mr. Fical was married to Annie Sofia Treganza, of Sheldon, Sacramento county, and they are the parents of two children, Howard Ames, who is in business with his father, and Cora Frances, who is attending the high school. Fraternally Mr. Fical is a Mason, a member of the Eed Men, Native Sons and the Grangers, and Mrs. Fical also is a member of the last named order. For seven vears he was chief engineer of the t^ity Volunteer Fire Department, ' and his loyalty to his city has impelled him to fill other positions of trust and honor in the capital city which has insured for him the gratitude and respect of the entire communitv. FEANCIS WILLIAM FEATT Throughout a period covering almost sixty years the life of Francis William Fratt rendered useful and significant service to the material development of California, his helpful activities ceasing 1044 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY only with his final departure from the scenes familiar to maturity. It was his high privilege to witness the remarkable advancement made by the west from the era of gold discovery until the twentieth century had brought its matchless progress into the world. Co- incident with that advancement was his own rise to influence and local distinction. Many were the changes that entered into his personal history from the far-distant days when as a boy in his native city of Albany, N. Y., he met at scliool a lad named Leland Stanford, whose name later became inseparably interwoven with the development of the western country. Later, while crossing the plains with horses and oxen in a large expedition, he formed the acquaintance of Charles AY. Coil, for many years one of the most distinguished citizens of Woodland. Shortly after his arrival in the Sacramento valley he began to be interested in the cattle industry. For years he engaged in the business upon a very large scale, making Sacramento his head- quarters. Large enterprises brought large returns. The fruits of his labors were evidenced by increasing possessions. For years he paid taxes upon broad tracts of farming land. During the early days he owned the Tomes grant in Tehama county, but during 1879 he sold it to Mr. Blossom and invested the returns in other property, mainly city real estate. In the latter part of his life, after he had relinquished his extensive stock interests, he devoted considerable attention to the care and improvement of his real estate in Sacramento, where he erected the Fratt building at No. 200 K street, the Union hotel and the Orleans hotel. In 1908 he erected a magnificent residence at No. 15.11 P street. Amid the beautiful surroundings of Park View Place, with all the luxuries of life, ministered to by a devoted wife and blessed by the admiration and respect of hosts of friends, he passed the twilight of a useful existence and thence September 16, 1909, he entered into the rest of eternity. The political views of Mr. Fratt brought him into hearty accord with Democratic principles. Fraternally he held membership with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In his marriage, which was solemnized at Sacramento October 31, 1879, he was especially fortunate, for his wife was a young lady not only of fine family and excellent education, but also of gentle character and attractive personal endowments. Born in Plattsburg, Clinton county, N. Y., she was a daughter of Harvey Bromley, sheriff of that county. After having completed the studies of the Plattsburg academy, Miss Cornelia E. Bromley came to California in 1868. The recent building of the railroad enabled her to travel a considerable portion of the distance by train. The balance of the journey was made by stage. From young girlhood she has been a sincere member of the Congre- gational Church. Philanthropic by nature, solicitous to aid the un- fortunate, she was particularly helpful as a member of the board of HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1045 trustees of the orphan asylum (later known as the orphanage), her service in that organization covering a period of twenty-seven years. Aiding Mrs. Clayton, Mrs. Huntoon and Mrs. Mandeville, she estab- lished the Sacramento Children's Home and served from its organiza- tion as a member of the board. She was the first to solicit subscrip- tions for the erection of a suitable building on the corner of Ninth and X streets. At this writing she acts as vice-president of the home. For twenty-two successive years she entertained the children from the Home on the 4th of July for an all-day pleasure excursion, besides giving them entertainments and treats on other holidays. In addition to her other philanthropies she has given distinct civic service through her judicious labors as a member of the Sacramento board of park commissioners. CHARLES D. LEVERING The horticultural possibilities of the Fair Oaks district have been tested thoroughly and successfully by Mr. Levering since first he came to this locality. Recently he completed one of the finest residences in tlie district, a two-story frame building fitted with every modern convenience, arranged so as to reflect the refined tastes of its owners. The attractive appearance of the house is heightened through its excellent location on a well-chosen natural building site which affords a fine view of the entire settlement. A study of the life of C. D. Levering shows that he belongs to an honored pioneer family of the east and was born at Sparta, Wis., September 15, 1861. At an early age he accompanied his parents to Iowa and settled upon a tract of raw farming land in Polk ccounty, where he received a common-school education and learned the rudiments of agriculture. His opportunities were very meagre. Indeed, what he has and what he is may be attributed to his own determination, energy and sagacity, rather than to any special advantages surrounding his boyhood. When he started out to earn his own way in the world he took up the lumber business and for about three years he engaged in that work in Iowa, his home and his headquarters being at Wiota, Cass county, during the period of his interests in that industry. At the time of the celebrated opening of Oklahoma to settlers in April of 1889 Mr. Levering was in the territory and experienced all of the excitement incident to the famous rush. Later he pur- chased a claim of one hundred and sixty acres near Omega, King- fisher countv. It was no slight task to clear and improve tlie 1046 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY property, but eventually lie had transformed the raw acreage into a valuable farm provided with all the appurtenances to modern agriculture. The raising of stock proved his principal source of income and he became widely known as a dealer in pure-bred Poland-China hogs. Other stock was to be found on his place, but his s]")ecialty for years continued to be hogs of the breed named. Not long after he had commenced the improvement of the farm Mr. Levering brought a bride to the new home. Returning to Cass county, Iowa, he there married February 20, 1893, Miss Eva Bur- nette, who was born, reared and educated in that county and there engaged in teaching school for a few years. Her health was un- favorably affected by the Oklahoma climate and it therefore seemed wise to seek another location. On three different occasions Mr. Levering visited California and inspected various parts of the state with a view to removal hither. On one of these trips he bought raw land at Fair Oaks. The timber was cleared from the ground through his own sturdy labors, the brush also was removed, the first furrows turned in the soil and the land brought under cultiva- tion. Since he brought the family here in 1905 he has labored in- cessantly and judiciously on the place and has developed a fruit farm of exceptional value and attractiveness. Besides the home place of ten acres, situated in close proximity to the ])lant of the Fair Oaks Fruit Company, he owns another tract of twenty-five acres. He has })]anted ten acres to orange trees and ten acres to almonds and is bringing the entire acreage under profitable im- provement. Close attention to his own affairs has not prevented Mr. Lever- ing from identifying himself with many of the movements for the general prosperity. When first a bank began to be agitated as a needed institution for the town he joined in the movement and sub- scribed for a number of shares of the capital stock. When the concern became a substantial fact and business was begun, he was chosen a member of the board of directors. Likewise he bought stock in tlie Fair Oaks Fruit Company at the inception of that enterprise and to its board of directors he also was chosen, since which time he has been associated with the successful manage- ment of this influential concern. Interested in educational matters, he has given his children excellent advantages. The son, Roy, is now a student at Oakland, where he studies civil engineering. The older daughter, Fay, attends the Sacramento high school, and the younger. Fern, is a student in the Fair Oaks schools. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church and generous con- tributors to its maintenance. Stanch in his allegiance to the Demo- cratic party and well informed in ])olitics, Mr. Levering never has sought or filled official ]iositions. During the period of his resi- HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1047 dence at Wiota, Iowa, he became connected with the Odd Fellows and held all of the offices, including that of past grand, in the Wiota lodge. About the same time he became a Knight of Pythias and in it also he served through the chairs, finally being chosen past grand chancellor of the local lodge. As a citizen he has been pro- gressive and loyal and has given his support to those enterprises which he believes tend to advance the welfare of the people. J. HAYES FISHER, M. D. The medical fraternity in Sacramento has a worthy represent- ative in Dr. J. Hayes Fisher, who was born November 14, 1880, in Red Cloud, Webster county. Neb., the son of Mason A. and Jennie M. (Rasmussen) Fisher. The father, who was a builder by trade, followed this calling in Sacramento and here Ms earth life came to a close Sei3tember 4, 1912. The early boyhood years of Dr. Fisher were passed in the vicinity of his birthplace and he received his primary education in the schools of Red Cloud and Grand Island, Neb. He was fifteen years of age when the family removed to California and settled in Sacramento, and here he continued his studies. After his graduation from the Sacra- mento high school in 1901 he became the druggist at the Sacramento County Hospital and in March of the following year he began the study of medicine in the Hahnemann Medical College of the Pacific at San Francisco. Completing successfully his course of study he was graduated May 19, 1905, with the degree of M. D. At the time of the San Francisco disaster he was resident physician in the city and county hospital of that city, performing the duties of first assistant in that institution. It was on August 23, 1906, that he returned to Sacramento and opened an office at No. 716 J street, continuing there until his removal to his present quarters in the Ochsner Building April 1, 1907. In 1903, while in medical college, he matriculated at the Pacific Optical College in San Francisco, and was graduated from that institution as an -optometrist the same year and in his practice he finds much to do along that specialty. In 1905 Dr. Fisher was president of Phi Alpha Sigina Society and in 1904 was editor of the Periscope, his college paper, and during his senior year, 1905, was president of the student body. He was one of the organizers of the Sacramento Valley Homeopathic Medical Association and served as its secretarv for three vears, or until his 1048 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY resignation, and he is still a member of the California State Home- opathic Medical Society. Fraternally Dr. Fisher affiliates with the Woodmen of the World ; Red Jacket Tribe No. 28, I. 0. R. M. ; the Maccabees; the Fraternal Brotherhood; and the Foresters of America. In the Red Men's tribe of which he is a member he holds the office of medicine man, and is medical examiner in the other organizations mentioned. Politically he is a Republican but has never aspired to any office and usually votes for worthy candidates, regardless of their party affiliations. As a citizen he is public spirited and helpful to all local interests which promise good to the greatest number. Professionally he is popular and held in the highest repute and his large practice testifies to his ability in the profession which he has chosen for his life work. RALPH HILL MUDDOX Among the most prosperous and highly esteemed business men of Sacramento, whose efforts along the lines of progress have been conspicuous in business life is Ralph Hill Muddox, who now fills a position of honor in more than one flourishing business house in this city. He is a native of Sacramento, having been born on the family homestead at Twenty-sixth and J streets, opposite old Fort Sutter, on July 9, 1876, and is the son of George A. and Isabelle (Bundock) Muddox, the former a native of London, Eng- land, and the latter of Chelmsford, England. The father, George A. Muddox, was a potter by trade and upon his arrival in America came as far west as Illinois, where he set- tled, engaging in the manufacture of pottery ware in the city of Alton. In 1872 he came to California, and locating in Sacramento, estal^lished a pottery business which he continued until his death. The mother is still making her home in Sacramento. Ralph H. Muddox was educated in the public schools and at the Atkinson Business College, from which latter he was gradu- ated at the age of twent^^-one, at which time he embarked in the contracting and building trade and followed it for twelve years with marked success. Having learned the manufacture of pottery and cement work when but a lad he became experienced in this line of work, and accordingly decided to resume that work. His ter- razzo and cement manufacturing plant which is situated on Twen- ty-ninth street, between K and L streets, is the center of a thriv- ing business which takes much of his attention and has proved a ;judicious investment and a financial success. Other business inter- HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1049 ests than this concern command Mr. Muddox's abilities. He is secretary of the Isleton Asparagus Company, which has one hun- dred and fifty acres in asparagus, and he is also a stockholder in the Sacramento Olive Company, one of the largest olive orchards in Northern California. Mr. Muddox has proved himself to be a public-spirited, con- scientious and progressive citizen in every sense of the word. He affiliates with the Native Sons of the Golden West and was for some time active in the Order of Eagles. In politics he is a Re- publican and is inclined to vote independently, favoring the man best suited for the position. On December 15, 1903, he was married to Miss Marian Russell, of San Luis Obispo county, Cal., daughter of D. A. Russell, then a lawyer at San Luis Obispo and later at Bakersfield, but who is now living retired from active cares and re- sp-onsibilities. In 1903 Mr. Muddox made a four-months' tour of Europe, touching at different points of interest in England and on the continent, meanwhile visiting the old homes of his father and mother in England. Mr. and Mrs. Muddox attend the St. Paul's Episcopal Church. CASPER V. SCHNEIDER A son of Charles Joseph and Katherine Schneider, Casper V. Schneider was born in Germany February 16, 1875, and was quite young when the family sought a home in America. During 1880 his parents settled in Omaha, Neb., and there he was sent \o the parish schools of the Roman Catholic Church until he reached the age of fifteen, when he began to earn his own livelihood. As an apprentice and helper he entered the shop of the Western Electric Company and there learned all branches of the business, later be- coming foreman of the repair shop. In the various positions which he held with that company he proved efficient, anxious to learn and quick to grasp any new idea in the business. Upon resigning in 1897 he removed to California and settled in Sacramento, where he entered the employ of the Electrical Supply Company. At the ex- piration of one year he bought an interest in the business. Dur- ing 1903 the company was incorporated and he was chosen presi- dent, since which he has built up an important and prosperous trade in the manufacture and jobbing of electrical supplies and the wir- ing of buildings for gas and electricity. From boyhood Mr. Schneider has been devoted to the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church and more recently he has become ac- tively identified with the Young Men's Institute and the Knights of 1050 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY Columbus. The German Order of Red Men and the S^^cramento Turn ers also number him amoni>' their members, as does the local camp. Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. He is independent in politics but keeps well posted concerning all national problems, and supports such men and such measures of each party as seem to him to be best adapted to the advancement of the commonwealth and the country. For some years after he came to California he remained single, but February 4, 1903, he was united in marriage in Yolo county with Miss Pauline Sclimeister, and they came to Sacramento, establishing a permanent home in this city and winning the friendship of a large circle of ac(juaintances. They are the ]:>arents of three children, So]>hie, Lawrence and Virgil. FREDERICK S. WALTON The Walton family traces its lineage to honored colonial settlers of the east and numerous successive generations left the impress of forceful personalities upon the history of New England, where there yet continues a goodly representation of the name, although with the expansion of the country's population and resources to the west there has been a corresponding migration of its members from old settled regions to the new country. Born June 21, 1870, in Boston, Mr. Walton enjoyed in j^^outh the splendid educational advantages offered by that historic town, while in the home of his parents, Harrison C. and Abbie Ann Walton, he received the example of true courtesy to all and the highest refinement of manner. Upon his graduation from the Boston high school in 1886 he faced the future with a youth's bright hope of success and for the attainment of such a desired result he was qualified by birth, breeding and education. The means of the family enabled him to gratify a longing for travel and his first long voyage brought him around the Horn to San Francisco, where he entered into special service for the government as a member of the United States navy, stationed for one year aboard the Albatross. Later he spent one year in travel, mainly in Australia. Mr. AYalton returned home and took up occupative employment, engaging as a bill clerk with the American Express Company for two 5^ears. Next we find him upon the plains of South Dakota, where for one year he served as a member of the Eighth Cavalry, U. S. A,, and upon his retirement from the army he remained in the Dakotas to carry on mining enterprises. The year 1897 found him in Portland, Ore,, where he organized the Quaker Medicine Company and became manager of the business, in which he owned one-half of the stock. For eleven years he continued in the same position. HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1051 Under Ins expert supervision the business of the company developed greatly and its reputation was established throughout the west. A favorable opening caused him to remove to Los Angeles in 1908 and there he became general manager for the Dr. Parker Painless Dentistry Company. During August of 1910 he came to Sacramento and organized the dental firm of Walton- Way, Incorporated, of which he is now president and which under his experienced super- vision has reached a high degree of professional prestige and finan- cial success. Modern improvements and devices of every kind suited to professional use may be found in the operating rooms, while the reception and consulting rooms are attractive and elegant! The success of the enterprise is due to the initiative and sagacious judgment of its founder, who in addition to this important association still retains his large interest in the Quaker Medicine Companv. Fraternally he holds membership with the Elks. The home which he has established in Sacramento enjoys the hospitable ministrations of Mrs. Walton, formerly Miss Edith Dacre Chapman, whom he married August 1, 1909, in Huston, Tex., and who is well qualified by native abilities and educational advantages to fill an important social position in the cultured circles of the capital city. T. J. 'KELLY Left fatherless at the age of four years and forced to become self-supporting at an age when the majority of boys are enjo^^ng educational advantages and athletic sports, Mr. 'Kelly developed qualities of self-reliance and industrious application that have been of the greatest value to him throughout all of his life. With no one to advise him, he early developed the quality of independent reason- ing and thus has always studied out in his own wav personal problems public questions and national issues. Of recent "vears he has given much attention to the fact that twelve millions in 'cash annuallv^goes out of California into the hands of the eastern life insurance companies, thus building up the east at the expense of the people of the west. It is now his ambition to keep at least a small portion of this immense sum in our own home state and with that object in view he acts as the Northern California agent for the Occidental Life Insurance Company, an organization having its headquarters in Los Angeles, where it has a reputation for substantial growth and excellent financial status. Mr. 'Kelly comes of southern ancestry and was born April 17, 60 1052 HISTOEY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1867, in Vernon eoimtv, Mo., where his father, a native of Tennes- see, died during middle age. The mother survived him for many 5^ears and finally settled in California, where in 1911 she died at Redlands. There are seven children in the ]mrental family and of these all but one are residents of California. Formerly the home of the family was in New Mexico, where at one time T. J. and his brothers had one thousand head of cattle on the range. As early as 1882 he began work in the mines of that then territory, but after eighteen months he relinquished that occupation and turned to other enterprises. For two years he was employed in the car- shops at Doming, N. M., after which he went on the road as a brakeman with the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and eighteen months later was promoted to be conductor. Upon coming to California and settling at Redlands in December of 1890, Mr. 'Kelly bought a tract of land and began the improve- ment of the ranch, which eighteen months later he sold to a brother. Thereupon he returned to the employ of the Southern Pacific Company and had his headquarters at Tucson, Ariz. At the expiration of two 3'ears he again resigned from railroad work, this time to enter the Wesleyan University at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, where he studied during the year of 1893-94, meanwhile giving con- siderable attention also to religious work. Upon his return to Arizona he was given a position on the Santa Fe road as a conductor and as such continued for seven years, with headquarters at Winslow. During the spring of 1902 he became identified with the life insurance business for the first time. For one year he represented the New York Life Insurance Company and it was during this period that he began to study the question of the immense financial drain upon western states through the sending of millions annually to eastern companies. Not being in s^^npathy with the principle, he decided to give his support to western companies and for that reason he left the New York Life in order to represent the Conservative Ijife Insurance Company of California. At the same time he engaged in religious and temperance work among the railroad men and was instrumental in getting hundreds of men to pledge abstinence from drink. When he came to Sacramento for the first time in 1905 and saw the prospects of the valley for future prosperity, he resigned from railroad missionary work and became identified solely with insurance and real estate. The marriage of Mr. 'Kelly and Miss Ethel Farmer, of Spring- field, Mo., was solemnized May 5, 1897, and has been blessed by three daughters, namely: Ella, born in Arizona March 27, 1898; Madeline, born in Arizona June 8, 1900; and Marjorie, whose birth occurred in Sacramento October 15, 1911. The family are connected with the Christian Science Church of Sacramento, in which Mr. O 'Kelly HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY 1053 serves as an usher. In former years he was very active in the Order of Railroad Conductors and his name is still enrolled in the organi- zation, while in addition he has been an influential factor in the blue lodge of Masonry at Sacramento. In young manhood he gave active allegiance to the Republican party and willingly aided all movements for the advancement of that organization, but a later and closer study of national issues caused him to transfer his allegiance to the Socialist party, in whose ranks he since has been enthusiastic and interested. As a citizen he is progressive and loyal, aiding with generosity measures for the permanent benefit of Sacramento and devoted with whole-hearted s\^npathy to the welfare of the com- monwealth. AUGUSTIN E. COOLOT Among the pioneer families of Sacramento that have taken a very important and influential part in the commerical and social affairs of the city, mention should be made of the Coolot family. The founder of the family in California was Anthony Coolot, an Austrian by birth, but after 1850 a resident of the United States. Born November 19, 1821, he received a superior education in various European cities, after which he spent some time in Algeria, his residence there bringing him into close association with the French people of that country, so much so in fact that he was always taken for a Frenchman himself. Becoming imbued with a desire to come to the United States he crossed the ocean and first settled in New York City, but the locatic^ did not prove congenial on account of his associations with people of the south. Going to New Orleans he secured employment as clerk in a large glass and crockery establish- ment, in which business he had served an apprenticeship in Europe. From New Orleans he set out on a tedious but uneventful trip around the Horn on the Yankee Blade, which In-ought the young- man to the harbor of San Francisco during the year 1854 and from the coast he proceeded to Sacramento, thence went to Nevada county and began to mine near Moore's Flat. The mines, however, did not produce profitable returns and at the expiration of six months he returned to Sacramento, where he secured a position in a glass and crockery store. For two years he remained with the establishment, but then resigned in order to embark in the general variety and notion business, in which line of endeavor he met with excellent results. Subsequently he embarked in the wholesale cigar and tobacco business, which he carried on until his death in 1900. ' 1054 HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY Mr. Coolot went througli tlie fires and floods of the early days. It should he stated tliat previous to the fire he had erected a hrick building- at No. 812 J street and it was this structure that arrested the progress of the fire of 1862 and helped to save a portion of the city. He was a staunch supporter and friend of Sacramento and when the attempt was made to remove the city to Sutterville he fought the attempt, and though he received flattering offers, notliing would induce him to desert the city of his adoption, in which he had such abiding faith. He was one of the original subscribers and stockholders of the Central Pacific Eailroad and always a liberal supporter of enterprises that he deemed for the betterment of the people and the building up of the city. He was a ready and willing taxpayer and was very enterprising and public spirited, although very modest and unassuming, and all of his donations and charities were accomplished in an unostentatious manner. After he became a naturalized citizen he voted at general elections, but never allied himself with any political party, being independent in his attitude toward national issues and governmental problems. Throughout his entire life he remained a loval adherent of the Eoman Catholic Church. Mr. C^oolot was married in Sacramento in July, 1861, to Margaretha Sommer, a native of Bavaria who had come to California by way of Panama in 1860. She became the mother of three children, two of whom were daughters, Mary Antoinetta, deceased ; and Mrs. Clara Louise Diepenbrock, one of the cultured women of Sacramento. The only son, Augustin E., was born in the year 1867 and to him were given the most select educational advantages the city of Sacramento then afforded. From 1876 until 1885 he attended the Sacramento Institute conducted by the Christian Brothers. Upon the completion of his course of study he began to assist his father in the cigar and tobacco business, and continued in the establishment until his death. Meanwhile, upon the death of its founder in 1900, the company was incorporated with Augustin E. Coolot president and Mr. Diepenbrock vice-president. For two years, until the dissolution of the company, the business was conducted as a corporation. Eemoving to San Francisco in 1902 Mr. Coolot embarked in business in that city, but the great fire of 1906 wiped out the busi- ness. Thereupon he returned to Sacramento and organized the Aristo Mineral Water & Siphon Water Company, which has main- tained a prosperous development and a steady growth. In this concern he fills the office of treasurer. As a business man he has displayed much of the keen discrimination, untiring energy and resourceful ability that brought success to his father. Unlike him, however, he has taken a warm interest in public affairs as a member HISTOEY OF SACEAMENTO COUNTY 1055 of the Eepublican party and a stanch believer in its value to the country. His marriage took place in Sacramento January 8, 1902, and united him with Miss Eebecca Maude Elliott. The only child born of the union died in infancy. The family are generous contri- butors to the Eoman Catholic Church and Mr. Coolot has been a sincere believer in its doctrines throughout life, having been reared in that faith. The Young Men's Institute of Sacramento has his name enrolled in its membership and he is also influential in the local work of the Benevolent Order of Elks. EDGAE H. BELLMEE John Bellmer, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born near Bremen, Germany, May 11, 1833, and was fifteen years old when he landed in New York, When about twenty he started out on his travels again. He sailed on the bark Catharine Augusta bound for Australia, but his vessel calling at Eio Janeiro, sailed right into the yellow fever, and before she could get out of the infested port half of her passengers died. Mr. Bellmer, like the others, was glad to get anywhere, consequently when he found himself in the clipper ship High Flyer sailing around Cape Horn and bound for California instead of Australia, he was satisfied. He landed in San Francisco in September, 1853, and made his way into the mines, but four years later found him in Sacramento in the grocery business, and he re- mained in that city till his death April 4, 1899. In the fall of 1871 Mr. Bellmer was elected county treasurer, and was again elected to that office in the fall of 1873. He was long an active member of the Sacramento Turn-Verein and held the offices of president and secretary for many terms. He was also prominent in the Odd Fellow fraternity, having been a past grand master of that order. Mr. Bellmer was married January 18, 1860, in Sacramento, to Miss Mary Grady, of New London, Conn. They had twelve children, five of whom are living, namely : Mrs. Carrie L. Miller of Sacramento ; Mrs. W. B. Morrill of San Francisco; W. F. Bellmer, in retail liquor trade, Sacramento ; F. E. Bellmer, head-marker, Sacramento Laundry ; and Edgar H. Bellmer, secretary of Sacramento Laundry. Edgar H. Bellmer was born in Sacramento, June 25, 1883, and kept pretty close to the city schools till he was seventeen years old, when he clerked in his father's grocery store. Clerking and book- keeping in the Southern Pacific Eailroad store department and other offices occupied several more years, after which he bought an interest in the Sacramento Laundry and was elected the secretary of that insti- tution, which position he has ably filled for the last five years. On December 11, 1907, Mr. Bellmer was married to Miss M. E. Sprague of Eoseville, and they have two children, Alice L. and Edgar H., Jr. Fraternallv he is a member of the Native Sons of the Golden West. 1056 HISTORY OF SACRAMENTO COUNTY ADAM B. KESSLER The prominent dealer in hardware and house fnrnishin,i>- .i>oods of Oak Park, Sacramento, whose name is above, was born at Williams- town, Clay county, Ind., November 25, 1869, a son of Doui>las and Mary Kessler. His parents lived originally near Columbus, Ohio. His father taught school until after the death of his wife in 1887, then he farmed for some years and eventually passed away in 1906. After completing his school education A. B. Kessler did farm work until the spring of 1891, when he went to Livingston, Mont. There he worked as a carpenter until he contracted a fever which necessitated his leaving the town. During the ensuing five years he followed carpen- tering and did railroad and mining work from place to place until he located in Anaconda, Mont,, where at length he found employment with the Montana Meat Company, which retained his services three years. During the next two years he was in the employ of the Montana Laundry Company at Butte. After that he bought ten acres of land at Orangevale, Cal., and operated a fruit farm and vineyard until 1909, when he sold the place. Early in the following year he entered the service of the Oak Park Lumber Company, but after a few months became a salesman in the E. A. Pierce hardware store. It was not long before he bought the stock of that concern, to which he has since added to complete the line and put in house furnishing goods, crockery and silverware. By fair treatment of his customers, as well as by the application of good business ability, he has built up a good trade which is constantly increasing. January 14, 1904, Mr. Kessler married Miss Jessie R. Pierce of Sacramento, daughter of a pioneer at Fair Oaks and Orangevale, who has retired from active life and is living with his son, E. A. Pierce, a contractor. Mrs. Kessler has borne her husband four children : Ruth, Joseph Pierce, Dorothy, and Viola M. She is a member of the Mothers' Club of Highland Park, the family are communicants of the Baptist Church, and Mr. Kessler affiliates with the Knights of Pythias. As a citizen he is conspicuously public-spirited and progressive.