,0 ■'■ ,<\^^ .nN^' - ^1^ ?- ■\^s «J 1^* "i^*' Mf'Orp'S /'im !t('Sti>n Wi II ui/hs' ]),>,( Chrc'f (('It or I'xdtletl /'ear BEING A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE MOST VALUABLE VARIETIES OF THE FXSAR, AVTJall, FBACH, PZ.XJM & CHERR'S', FOR BY ROBERT MANNING. TO WHICH 13 ADDED THE GOOSEBERRY, CURRANT, RASPBERRY, STRAWBERRV. AND THE GRAPE 5 WITH MODES OF CULTURE. HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 4 ^/ /] J ^VITII PI.ATES. -f 1 First Series for 1838. salem: published by ives & jewett. AND FOR SALE AT THE DIFFERENT BOOK-STORES AND SEED ESTABLISHMENTS IN NEW-ENGLAND. ~T838. r Eiitercil according to Act of Congress in the year 1838, Ht IVES &. JEWETT, In the Clerk's Office of the Diatrict Court of Rlasaachusetts SALEM OBSERVEK PRESS. tAV-^ ^ «? TABI.B or CON"TEI3"TS. Page. Desultory Rcniaiks .._------ 1 to 13 Root.— Soil.— MamiMs -------- 13 to l,"i I'runing ------ !.-> to 17 TranspKuiting.— Fircbli^Ut, &;c. ------ 17 lo '20 Exppr'unent in Spring .111(1 Fall Transplanting - - - - 21 Diseases. — Injurious Insects, &:c. - - - - - - 22 to 21 Grafting.— Season for cutting them, &c. - - - - - 21 to G'j Inoculation, or Budding -------- 20 to ~/ Cultivation of the Apple and Pear - - - - - - 27 to :30 Cultivation of tlie Peach - - - 31 ti) 3:> Cultivation of the Plum -------- 32 to 33 Cultivation of the Cherry .--•-.--- 34 Cultivation of the Currant and Gooseberry 34 lo 3!i Cultivation of the Isabella Grape - - - - - - 3G to 38 Cultivation of the Rasplierry - - 38 to 3!) Cultivation of the Strawberry ------- 39 to 4.'") ,50 varietLosoftlie Apple (See Index) 45 to C3 y[ u a Tear " ----- ti4 to 9t) ]5 c. u r,.a,,ii " ----- 97 to 101 20 " " Plum " - - ^- - - 101 to 107 14 " " Cherry " - 1F^ - - - 108 to 112 Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs - - - - - 113 to lU List of Scotcli Gooseberries - - - 11.3 to 1 li; Lindley, on tlie production of new varieties pf Fruit - - IIG to 118 s^ O' 'J^lic tlircciions for culture, Sec. and llic articles on tlieStrnwbciry, Currant, Ivaspbcrry, GooscL>ciry and Grape, together with the jilatcs, were furnished liv Mr. John HI. Ivk.s. DESUIiTORY REMARKS. The PoMOLocacAL Garden was commenced in 1823, with (lie de- sign of forming' a large collection of specimen trees of such varieties of foreign and native fruits, as were hardy enough to endure the inclemency of a northern winter. After a strict examination of the produce of those trees, carefull}' comparing the wood, the leaf and the fruit, with the lig- urcs and descriptions in the most popular works on Pomology, it was in- tended to select for permanent ctdtivation, those varieties which were at once fitted to the climate of iNew England, and of high merit in them- selves. In furtherance of this purpose, we have assiduously culletl from American catalogues all that we judged worthy of trial, and im- ported from tiie first European establishments, the fruits most in repute with the writers of their respective countries. We have never limited ourselves to one specimen, but have in every instance, procured trees of each name from many diflPercnt sources, in order the more surely to ar- rive at correct conclusions respecting their identity, as well as to multi- ply our means of estimating their comparative value. For tionations of scions we are indebted to the liberality of many gen- tlemen of our own country, who have imported choice fruits from Europe lor their own gardens; to the London Horticultural Society, and to the learned Doctor Van Mons, of Brussels, from whom we have received most of those new and admirable Pears which he has, for many years, produced on his own grounds, or obtained from the horticulturists of Belgium and Germany. We have also annually collected scions of all the new fruits of American origin, and propose to continue the collection C> DESUI.TORV REMARKS. both of these aiul of trees from the hest foreign and native sources. W'c shall suliject their produce to the same rigid scrutiny with the contents of the present vohnne ; and shall offer those which prove most valuatilc and hardy to nursery-men and amateurs, who will thus be enabled to obtain varieties of tried merit, without danger of the necessity of a re- newal, at a future period, after wailing inany years for the appearance of fruit. A supplement to this work will be puiilibhed at the close of every fruit season, describing each desirable kind which has been jjroved dur- ing the season. With the exception of Peaches, we recommend no fruit that will not ripen in any part of New England or New York, and in the southern part of Canada. Our selections have been made from nearly four hundred kinds, which we have raised yearly. E.xperience has taught us that many fruits, highly extolled by European writers, and doulnlcss of great excellence in their native soil, either perish or degen- erate in our colder regions ; and of tliese and all others which we have found in any respect improper for culiivalion, we design hereafter to publi-sh a catalogue. We do not claim for all the varieties herein enumerated, the distinc- tion of first rale fruits ; some are second rate, admitted in consideration of their size, licauiy and abundant bearing, though t'lieir flavour is not Uie most delirious. 'I'lie essential characteristics of a first rale tree are, health, vij;or, anil let lility ; those of a first rale fruit are, magnitude of j;ize, beaniy of shape and colour, and richness of flavour. Put a small number of fruits, uniting all these qualities, is known to horlicullural ;;cience throughout the world. Besides, in regard to the taste of a fruit, the judgment of individuals greatly varies; what one person would pro- nounce exi|uisite. might to another seem merely tolerable. In commen- /.ation, however, of the kinds described in this manual, we confidently tlecli're our conviction, that no possessor of any or all of them would willingly relin<]uish their culture for the ]!urposc of regrafting his trees with any other varieties. 'I'liere is one circumstance to which w." venlnrc to call die attention of our readers — that v^'hile some recent works on I'omology are compiled trom earlier authors, or from information derived at second-hand, the writers themselves seldom having the means of observation in their j>ower, we have in these pages described no specimen whicii we have no! r.c'.ealiv identified, bcvond a reasonable doubt of its genuineness. ftESULTOUY REMARKS. / Wc ofler ihesc notices morch' as matters of fact, viiliout cmbellishmciils. Kecording notliing tliat we have not ourselves witnessed, wc have cjuoled no synonims, and referred to llie authority of preceding writers no far- ther than to adopt the names by whicli the fruits are known in the cata- logue of the London Horticultural Society, the most complete work on this subject iiitherto oflercd to tlie public. The innumerable errors in the names of fruits, and the perplexity and disappointment arising from tliis cause, are inconceivable to any but a collector. It is very desisable that there should he some acknowledged standard^ to whose authority, in doubtful cases of this nature, we might appeal. Nurserymen and cultivators have generally deemed it a point too trifling for consideration. If a fruit was good, the name was sup- posed to be of no consequence. A better state of things is, however, beginning to prevail, especially in the United States, where a knowledge of the subject is widely diiiused, and a laudable solicitude is felt that catalogues should contain no varieties but vviiat are actually cultivated, and ascertained to be identically the kinds which their titles proclaim them to be. The invoices of trees from France frequently furnish instances of un- parallaled ignorance, or even fraud. We liave received from uiiat were considered the best establishments, large numbers yearly — on one occa- sion several hundred — all bearing new and high-sounding names, and the greater part of which were suffered to arrive at maturity ; but, with very few exceptions, the fruit was entirely worthless. There is a peculiar diiFiculiy in making a selection of choice Apples, because, in addition to the very numerous varieties already made known l>y the different Horticultural societies, and included in the nursery cata- logues, we are constantly receiving accessions from cultivators and col- lectors; and, in travelling through New England, we find in almost ev- ery town, and, indeed, on most farms, some valuable fruits, of local oiigiii, wliich have never been introduced to general notice. Still, we do not despair of succes-^ in our endeavors to collect the most desirable kinds, both native and foreign. A very large number of new pears has been introduced, and was ren- i general they have become worthless, and are no longer raised on standards, or in the open ground. We are more than compensated for tlicir loss by the new Flemish pears, introduced into the United States by the liberality of the London Horticultural Society, and of Doctor J. B. Xan Mons. 'I'hese new fruits have in most instan- ces fi'.hllkHl our highest expectations. There has also been a large accession to the number of fine Plums cultivated in Now England, both by introductions from Europe, and by new varieties of local origin. From. our collection of Plums, not yet proved, we have much to an- ticipate; wc earnestly hope to find among them fruits not only of great beauty and delicious flavour, but free from those fatal diseases which now disfigure and destroy the finest trees of this species. Wc have ol>tained fewer additions to the catalogue of Cherries than to that of any other fruit ; partly because the season for them is so short, that a few varieties sufiice for tiic interval from the first to the latest ripening ; and because we already j)ossessed a few fine sorts, which neither in their growth nor fruit partook in the smallest degree of the de- generacy of the old |)ears, and some other species; but principally, ut least this was our own case, from the difficulty of protecting them from the birds. The last season we had but lew perfect specimens, except the Bigarrcau. Wc expected to jirovc and bring into notice many new and valuable sorts, and our disappointment may be imagined at finding ourselves in every instance anticipated by these innocent depredators, b'uch has been the securiiy'they have felt in our grounds, and so great their increase, that not only Cherries, Gooseberries and Currants, but Apples, Pears and Plums have shared in their ravages, and given proof of their good taste, which invariably leads them to the finest fruit; and it may liecome a matter for serious consideration, whether in continuing our protection to them, wc do not risk tiie total loss ol' some of the most KS. degree of nictil ; sonic of high excellence, so vakiable that we regrcUcd tlicy sliould share the falc ol our whole collection of peaches, which, as we before observed, were destroyed by the late unfavorable seasons. We menlion these seminal proiiiictions only to show that our labours meet a speedy reward, and Ihat a person is seldom so advanced in life that he may not reasonably look for both requital and gratification in so laudalile a pursuit. But to a young man with the advantages of fortune and a familiarity with the modern languages, researches of this nature would open an incxhauslible source of enjoyment. He could scarcely be more honorably and usefully occupied than in collecting and identify- ing fruits, and introducing them to the notice of his countrymen; nor licttcr rewarded than in witnessing his anticipations, from year to year, continually realized and continually renewcil. The same ardour which characterises the colleelors of shells, birds and insects, would ])roduce, in Uorticullure, far more tielighlful and more noble results. A division of the pursuit, so that the attention of one person could be exclusively directed to one species of fruit, would probably greatly fa- cilitate the progress of investigation, and lead to many satisfactory con- clusions respecting the varieties most worlh\' of cultivation. If France lias produced her Duhainel, IJelgium her Van Mor.s, and England her 'I'hompson, is it unreasoiiable to seek among gentlemen of leisure and education in the I'nited Slates, for one, who following in the foolsteiJS of these illustrious men, wiili the advantage of the light derived from their researches, shall compensate for the long delay of the cx|ierimcntal gar- den, jiiomiscd iiy our own Horticultural tfocielj'. In speaking as we have, of llie annoyances sustained from birds, we are still fully persuailed that these plunderers, as ihoy are sometimes ealli:d, more than compensate for their occasional inroads U|)on our or- chards by their services in the spring, and also during their inculiation, ill destroying insects. We too ofien, jierhaps, notice the former.-while the laticr are remote, or not obtrusive. In early spring and during the breeding season, we see them every ii;inuie of ilie day in conliiiual jirogress, flying from the nest for a sup- pi v, and reluming on rapid uiiig with a grub, a callerpillar, or a small repiile. 'I'hc numbers caplnred by lliem in the course of these travels aie incredibly numcious, keeping under the increase of these races. \Vc liave seen the Ampclis, or Cherry l>inl, lliat remarkably silent and dove- DESULTOnV REr.IARKS. 11 like species, in great numbers early in llie spring, and also during tiic time of nidificalion upon our apple trees, when the canker worm was about half grown, destroying them in great numbers. It is also known to every observer of nature how extremely fond our common and famil- iar robin is of grubs, those insidious enemies to our garden crops, as well as the slimy slug which often infest our young pear trees ; and any individual who may have had the robin as a cage bird, is aware of the quantities of insects, or worms, he will devour in adaj'; and when we take into view the circumstance of these birds having usually two broods in a season of four each, it will give us at least some idea of the quantity of this peculiar food required for at least four months in each year. And although called plunderers, they are in fact benefactors like- wise, seeming to be appointed by nature as agents for keeping under tiie increase of these races. iVearly all our hard-billed or granivorous birds, are in spring and the early part of our summer decidedly insec- tivorous. " Public economy and utility," says one, "no less than hu- manity, plead for the protection of the feathered race ; and the wanton destruction of birds, so useful, beautiful, and amusing, if not treated as such by law, ought to be considered as a crime by every moral, feeling, and reflecting mind." SIOOM i^r I'RllTS. I; OO'J . MA N U R K 5 . Tun root bcirij^ ihc commencemont and foiiridatiori of Trees, its office is to collect and apply the food which forms and determines its f^rovvtli ; iieiice if the roots grow luxuriantly, ihe branches will also, — and the reverse. " It often happens," says Miller, "that the roots of trees are buried too deep in the j^round, wliich in a cold or moist soil is one of the ifreatest dis- advantages that can attend Fruits; — for the sap in the branches being by the warmth of the air put strongly into motion early in the spring, is exhausted in nourishing the blos- soms, and a part of it is perspired through the wood branches, so that its strength is lost be- fore the warmth can reach the shoots to put them into an equal motion in search of fresh nourishment, to supply the expenses of the branches, for want of which tlie blossoms faU > B ]4 BOOK OF FRUITS. off and decay." IMost trees will thrive if tliej have two feet in depth of good earth, espe- cially w hen their roots spread near- the siir- fiicc ; for whether that which supplies food for the Tree ho a black, jellow or brown loam, it can only be furnished within a cintain depth from the surface, or within the influence of the sun and air. Large roots, running deep and spreading wide, may be necessary to pro- duce large Timber Trees, but not Fruit Trees, for these are more proliiic w hen their roots arc much di\ided or fibrous, and kept near the surface of the soil. AVith regard to the man- ure for Fruit Trees, Bradley, IJitt and Miller, "consider the food of plants to be salts, which every species of earth contains within itself, and that according to the proportion of salts contained in each kind of soil or manure, will its prolificacy be." We are of opinion from the use which we have made of the sea marl or muscle bc^d, that it is on the whole the best manure, either for top dressing or shallow ploughing, of any substance in use among us, particularly wdien applied to light soils, ft is said by some, that salt is valuable only as a chemical agent, by destroying and hastening B-OOK OF FRUITS, 16 the decomposition of animal and vegetable substances, and hy its deliquescence in many instances increasing tiie fertility of soils. It is undoubtedly true, as said by Sir Humphrey Davy, that the great object in the application of manures should be, "to make it afford as much soluble matter as possible to the roots of the plant, and that in a slow and gradual man- ner, so that it may be entirely consumed in forming its sap and organized parts." Vege- table manures in general contain fibrous and insoluble matter, which must, says the same writer, "undergo chemical changes before they become the food of plants." If the situation or soil in which Fruit Trees arc placed, retains stagnant water, destructive to their healthy growth, drains must l)e made to carry it off, or means taken to prevent the roots from running into it. PRUiNlNG. It is rather difficult to give upon paper very explicit directions in this department of cul- ture, as many varieties of Fruit Trees re([uire different management : Peaches, cherries, and plums are always in the greatest vigor when 1G BOOK OF FRUITS. ihej are the least maimed by the knife, for when these trees have Large amputations, they are very subject to gum, and decay ; so that it is certainly the most prudent method care- fully to rub off all useless buds, w-hen thev are first produced,, and pinch othere where new shoots are wanted to supply vacancies. Fruit Trees in this latitude should not be pruned in the Fall or Winter, or before the sap is in motion, as they are at those times exceedingly apt to crack or canker. The proper season for jiruning we consider, is im- mediately upon the swelling of the buds, or expanding of the leaves, as at this time the sap being in vigorous motion, the wounds soon heal over. Every limb should be cut close to th(^ main stem, and if sawed off, should be then finished smoothly with a sharj) knife. If the limb is large, a composition of red ochre and tar should be spread upon the end to keep out moisture, &;c., or the composition here- after named. From the stronir and vigorous growth of Fruit Trees in our country, close pruning is less necessary here than in England, from whence we have derived most of our in- structions ; excessive pruning with us is apt BOOK OF FRUITS. 17 '{0 generate suckers from the limbs. Judicious pruning, however, will promote health and early fruitfulness. Trees differing, as they do in form, require very different treat- ment in pruning, Coxe, of New Jersey, says, *• those who can conveniently do it will find a !)enefit from forming the heads of their trees in the Nursery, the y«ar before they remove them — when transplanted, they will thrive more rapidly from not having been pruned at the time of removal." Every limb which crosses another should be taken off. In pruning apple and pear trees, the external branches should be every where rendered thin and pervious to the sun, TRANSPLAi\Tli\G. In the removal of trees, care is necessary to obtain as much of the roots as possible, and in re-setting, that none arc doubled back and dis- torted. Cutting off smootldy the end of each root that may be broken or cut by the spade, is indispensable, and all fibrous roots that are injured should also be cut close to the root upon which they are attached ; the root or stem should be pressed close down on the 18 BOOK OF FRUITS. soil, SO as to place the roots in a horizontal direction, and all of" them drawn out straight like a fan, or rays verging from a centre to a semicircle, and the soil thrown evenly over ; the tree should not be shaken after the earth is ])laced npon the roots, as is too generally j)ractiscd ; for when a tree is thus raised up, the small roots or fibres will be drawn out of their ])1aces, and when the stem is thrust down a£:ain, the roots beinii too weak to force their way back into the soil, will he doubled up, which often causes knobs, and throws out suckers ; neither will the earth require to be trodden down hard^ but gently; or if it be a dry or loose loamy soil, setting in y>uddle, w\\\iA\ is to water as you set it : — this List uK^thod is undoul)tedly the best, when an individual has time to attend to it, — it is a slower process, ('opious watering ajter a tree is set, is often very prejudicial, by wash- ing the soil from the roots. Fruit Trees should rarely be ])laced deeper in the ground than they originally stood in the Nursery. Pear trees bear their fruit on short buds, or spurs of one, two, three or more years irrou th, from the strongest branches ; and the BOOK OF FRUITS. 19 same spurs will continue to produce fruit for a great length of time ; but thej do not often produce fruit until they have a surface of l)ranches very large in proportion to the sa]) supplied by the roots. Thus we find that when pear trees arc planted in a deep, rich soil, they grow rapidly, and therefore require a number of years to bring them to a bearing state ; on the contrary, when growing in a light or dry shallow soil, they collect but a small quantity of sap, and require but a confin- ed surlace ^vhich is produced in a short time, and they arc consequently brought to a bear- ing state in a few years. AVherever canker or gum appears, the decayed or infected part must be cut entirely out, and some soot mois- tened and rubbed over the wound, or the com- position hereafter named. This will generally jnevent its spreading further, and save the branch. With regard to what is called Fire-hlli^Jit^ which occasionally effects the pear tree, during the months of June and July, causing the branch to turn black and its leaves to wither, and which may sometimes be caused by forcing or high manuring, or to the duration of the vari- 20 BOOK OF FRUITS. vXy (as natural trees arc schlom if ever attack- ed by it) we know of no better course than that wliicli we should pursue in the case of the black warts, or excresences upon the plum, which is, to cut off at once tlie Jiml) just below the affected part. If trees arc found to grow too luxuriantly, and to form only wood for years, even afte they are of sufficient size and age for the pro- duction of fruit, the earth sliouid be removed, Just before the frost sets in, and a propor- tion of the deepest growing roots cut off, thus checking its luMiriousncss, and rendering it more fruitfuL Tiiis {piestion is often asked, which is the best season for removing trees. Spring or Fall r llorticulturalists arc about equally divided, seme preferring one and some the other. A\e tliink in ordinary seasons, pro- vided it can be done early, that Spring is pref- erable, particularly for stone fruit and j^ears up- on quinces. Lindly, a popular English writer, says that " Trees cannot be removed from the Nursery too soon after the wood has become ripe, and the leaves fallen off; for between this time and tlie Winter many of them will make fresh roots, and be prepared to push forth their young shoots with much more vig- BOOK OF FRUITS. 21 or in the Spring." This will not apply to New Enghmd ; cold weather sets in too early after the fall of the leaf for this ever to take place, and we think it extremely doubtful that this can ever occur in the climate of England. The impression that fibres will form in the Autumn from newly set trees is common, but we have never witnessed it. The following experiments in Spring and Fall planting have been made at our Nurseries, viz : We receiv- ed from Albany in November, 1836, two hun- dred pear trees, grafted on free stocks, which were immediately set out ; and on the follow- ing night the ground was completely frozen. They all, with the exception of ten, leaved out the following Summer. In March of the next year, 1837, we re- ceived from France the same number of pears grafted upon quinces. When they arrived at Boston, the frost prevented our setting tiicm, and they were immediately taken to Newton, and placed in Mr Kenrick's Moss House. In the course of three or four weeks they were received at our grounds in North Salem, and set out. We lost but eiirht of these trees ; six of them bore fruit the same season. 22 BOOK OF FRUITS. DISEASES — INJUUIOL'3 INSECTS, &:C. The iiijui'us and dis(\!scs lo w hic!i f'suit tn^os are subject, arc oi'teu difHrult to be accounted for, and the various methods devised for tlieir correction so abundant, that tlie s])aec allotted in this small treatise will allow us to select l)ut a fvAv of those "which we think on the ^^ hole best. The following remedy is found to be the most effective in preventing further decay, and restoring a healthy vegetation, answering a double jRirpose, being also an excellent graft- ing com])osition. It is given thus : — Tr.ke one pound of j)itch, one ]>ound of rosin, half jiound bees\'\ ax, quarter j)ound lard, (juarter pound (urjientine, melted and mixed ; s};read evenly and ihin, with a brush upon soft kentish cap paper or strips of cotton clolh. This com])ound will resist the force of washing rains, frost, drying winds, and the influence of a changtuible atmos])here. Now pre])arc the tree ]>roperly for its a])})li- cation, by cutting auay all the dead, decayed, and injured })arts, till you come to sound Nvoodj leaving the surface verv smooth, and BOOK OF FRUITS. 2-} rounding off the edges of the bark with a sliarp drawing knife ; then lav the phister over the part cut away. In hollows of trees, you must scoop out all the rotten, loose, and dead parts, till jou come to the sound ^^ood, and then apply the composition as above. With regard to the destruction of blighting insects, the practice of burning weeds, wet straw, hay, &;c. to the windward of trees, particularly when sulphur is added, is probably as good a method as can be adopted. Wood ashes sprinkled upon the leaves of pear trees, infest- ed by the slimy slug, particularly if it is done during wet and drizzly weather, wo have found very effective in destroying them. The canker which destroys many of our fruit trees, is said by Scotch gardeners, to be owing to a stintiness that takes place in the trees from a bad sub-soil. With regard to the insects that infest trees, we consider the burer the most destructive. The Philadelphia Horticultural Society awarded to a Mr Snyder, the premi- um for the best assortment of fruits exhibited at their show. This man had been in the habit of placing ashes of anthracite coal about the roots of his fruit trees, and to this circum- 24 BOCK OF FRUITS. Stance he attributed their preservation from the attacks of insects. We know not, howev- er, a more effectual way of destroying this in- sidious insect, than by cutting them out. GRAFTING. Grafting is the taking of a shoot from one tree and inserting it into another, in such a manner, that both may unite closely and be- come one tree. These shoots are called sci- ons or grafts, and in the choice of them we observe the following directions. 1st. That they are shoots of the former year. 2d. Al- ways cut them from healthy, fruitful trees. 3d. Those are preferable which are taken from the lateral or horizontal, rather than from the strong perpendicular shoots. Grafts may be cut from the trees before the buds begin to swell, in February or March, or late in the Fall. They should be buried halt their length in the ground, or in a cool and dry cellar. The season for grafting must be regulated by the weather, which is so un- certain in our climate, that we think it better to defer the operation till the circulation of the sap is brisk, and the buds of the stocks are BOOK OF FRUITS. 25 putting forth their leaves. In a long contin- uance of dry wcatlier, grafts frequently fail of taking. This operation is generally more suc- cessful, if performed in a moist or cloudy day. Among the various methods of engrafting, the following we consider as successful as any described, viz : cleft or slit-grafting. It is performed on stocks from one to two inches in diameter. The head of the stock being carefully cut off in a sloping direction, a per- pendicular cleft or slit is to be made, about two inches deep towards the back of the slope, into which a wedge is to be driven, in order to keep it open for the admission of the scion ; the latter must now be cut in a per- pendicular direction, and in the form of a wedge, so as to fit the incision in the stock, in such a manner that the inner bark of both the stock and scion may meet exactly. It is then covered over with grafting clay, compos- ed of half cow-dung, free from litter, and fresh loam well incorporated, or the following com- position, which is made of equal parts of rosin, beeswax and tallow, or lard, melted and spread upon strips of brow^n paper or cloth. We have practised grafting under the bark in Spring, in the manner of budding with good c 26 ROOK OF FRUITS. success, applying in everj case the composi- tion in preference to the claj, BUDDIING, &LC. Inoculation or budding, is commonly prac- tised upon stone fruits, such as peaches, cher- ries, plums, &:c., and we think it preferable to^ grafting for nearly all kinds of fruit. The object in budding is the same as in grafting, and depends on the same principle ; all the difference between a bud and a scion being, that a bud is a shoot or scion in embryo. When grafting has been omitted, or has failed in Spring, budding comes in as an auxiliary in Summer. The season for budding is from the beginning of July to the middle of Au- gust, the criterion being the formation of buds- in the axil he of the leaf of the present year.. The best buds are those on the middle of a young shoot, not those at the lower end ; stocks for budding may in general be much smaller than for grafting, as the operation may be per- formed on the same year's shoot. The French enumerate twenty-three varieties of budding ; but the variety in general use with us is the following, called shield or T budding. It is thus performed : Select a smooth j)Lirt of the stock, rather from, than towards, the sun ; BOOK OF FRUITS. 27 ilien with the budding-knife make a horizon- tal cut across the bark, quite through to the iirm wood ; from the middle of this transverse cut, make a slit downward, an inch or more long, going also quite through to the wood. This done, proceed to cut out from the scion the bud, cutting ncarlj- halfway into the wood, then w ith th(5 thumb nail or point of the knife take out the wood, observing that the eye or germ of the bud remains perfect ; if not, and a litde hole appears in that part, it is imper- fect, or as gardeners express it, the bud has lost its root and another must be prepared. Many gardeners do not take out the wood, consider- ing it unnecessary, but insert the bud with the wood attached. With regard to the fu- ture treatment, see the article on the cultiva- tion of the Pear. x\PPLES. With regard to the transplanting, pruning, &c. of Apple Trees, the directions hereafter given in the article "Cultivation of the Pear," will generally apply to this fruit. CULTIVATION OF THE PEAR. Pears are propagated by grafting in the Spring, or budding late in Summer, either 28 BOOK or FRUITS. U]X)n the common pear stock, or upon the quince. The pear-stock is undoubtedly the best for those intended for open standards or orcliard planting, but the quince stocks (which have lor a long time been used by the French lor dwarfs or half-standards) occupy but lit- tle space in a garden, are productive, and the fruit they produce is frequently of a larg- er size than the same grown on pear stocks. Dubreiul recommends the quince stock lor clayey and light soils, and the free stock pear, for chalky and silecions soils. Grafting or budding pears upon the white thorn is some- times practised with success. The quince stock should be budded at or hduw the sur- face of tlie ground, when the bark will sepa- rate cntircJij from the wood, \\luch in this lat- itude takes }>l:u'e about the lastof July or early in August. The following Spring, when ihe bud com- mences pushing, cut tiic stock off to within three inches of the bud, and in the next seas- on finish or cut off the snng smoothly to the bud or shoot. In the third season, wiien the trees are removed to the situation in which thev are to remain for fruitino;, be careful to BOOK OF FRUITS. 29 re-set them at least one inch helow the inser- tion of the bud, as shown in the following cut of a trained tree. This cut of a dwarf tree is placed to show tlie position of the quince stock, when grafted or budded with tlie pear one inch below tlie surface of the soil. 30 BOOK OF FRUITS. Setting tlie stock one inch below the bud or scion, will preserve it from the cold in Winter and the insidious borer in Spring. In order to produce fruit early, the side shoots or spurs should be suffered to remain upon the whole extent of the tree, as thej will then generally form fruit buds upon each spur. These trees are admirably adapted for small gardens, occupying but little space, less ex- posed to high winds, affording greater security to heavy fruit. One of our best new Euro- pean Pears, the "Duchess of Angouleme," when grov»'n as a dwarf j)roduces a fine large fruit, l)ut small and greatly inferior when grown upon a standard. " When pears are grafted or budded on the wild species, apples upon crabs, and peaches upon peaches, the scion is, in regard to fertility, exactly in the same state as if it had not been grafted at all ; while on the other hand, a great increase of fertility is the result of grafting pears upon quinces, peaches upon plums, apples upon the thorn, and the like. In these cases the food absorb- ed from the earth by the root of the stock is communicated slowly to the scion." No other influence have we ever noticed exercised by the scion upon the stock. BOOK OF FRUITS. PEACHES. All the varieties of peaches are generally coiithiLied by budding, and new ones obtain- ed by planting the stones, which should be done as soon after they are separated from the pulp as possible. The plum is a good stock to engraft this fruit upon, particularly if wanted for dwarfs or trained to espaliers. Among the casualties to which these trees are subject, the worm, or grub, as we call it, is the most destructive. Its attacks ordinari- ly begin in the stem, near the surface of the earth ; and if not arrested, will soon reach the root, causing gum to exude from the wound. The following are some of the rem- edies resorted to for their destruction. 1st. The application of boiling water to the roots : 2d. A similar application of unslacked lime, about one quart to a tree of ordinary size. 3d. Removing the surface of the soil and substi- tuting tanner's bark. Removing the earth in the month of November and exposing tho roots to the action of frost during the Winter, as has been sometimes done, we should not recommend, as it would often prove fatal to 32 BOOK OF FRUITS. the tree. In tlie state of New Jersey, where this fruit is raised in great quantities, they adopt the following practice to destroy this in- sect. In the Spring, when the blossoms are out, they clear away the soil, so as to expose the root of the tree, to the depth of three inches ; then surround it witli straw about three feet long, applied lengthwise, so that it may have a covering one inch thick, which extends to the bottom of the hole, the butt- {;nds of the straw resting on the ground at the bottom; binding this round the tree with three ])ands, one near the top, one at the middle, and the third at the surface of the earth ; they then fill up the hole at the root with earth, and press it closely round the straw. By this process it is said that the i]y is prevented from depositing its egg within three feet of the root ; and al- though it may place the egg above that dis- tance, the worm travels so slow that it cannot reach the ground before frost, and therefore is killed before it is able to injure the tree. For Budding, &c. see the article under tiiat head. PLUMS. The plum tree flourishes best in a rich, sandy loam, neither too dry nor too moist. BOOK OF FRUITS. 33 A cold, wet, clayey soil, or a dry sandy situ- ation is not considered so lavorahle. They thrive best ia our neighborhood near the bor- ders of the sea, which we think is owing to their being in such situations not so sui)ject to the insect called Curculio, vvhich periorates and destroys the fruil; these insects are not so abundant here as in the vicinity of Bos- ton ; they are said to avoid the salt air. Salem, which may almost be called a pen- insula, being nearly surrounded by the sea^ has been for many years known to produce annually more fruit of this kind than any other city or town in the State. Plum trees are also liable to be attacked by an insect \vhich causes large black bundles or warts to be formed on the limbs, but as there are sev- eral varieties which are said to be exempted from this disease, we hope to find among up- wards of one hundred kinds we have receiv- ed Irom different sources, a desirable variety which may be always free from this destruc- tive insect, and which we may describe here- after. BOOK OF FRUITS. CHERRIES. Cherries, like stone fruit in genera], are usually produeecl by budding, seldom by graft- ing ; if by the latter process, we think it should be done early in the Spring, particularly if by split, grafting. Grafting under the bark can be done later and with more certainty of tak- ing. Budding in July or August, we should decidedly prefer. With regard to this fruit, as is the case with strawberries, various opin- ions exist as to the most desirable sorts for culture. The black Tartarian and the Grid- ley Bigarreau or apj)Ie cherry, are highly prized as Black Hearts. The white Bigar- reau and the Napoleon as \\hite hearts, are probably as productive, and desirable, as any we ])ave as yet seen. CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY. These are easily raised from cuttings, j)ro- vided you have moist soil, by putting them into the ground immediately upon the falling of the leaf, when the shoots of the Summer are ^\t11 ripened, or very early in the follow- BOOK OF FRUITS. 35 ing Spring; the part inserted into the ground should be cut across a bud, and then set from three to five inches deep, according to the na- ture of the soil and situation, being careful to rub off all the buds below the surface ; they should not be suffered to push near the ground, but as buds appear they must also be taken off, training them as dwarfs or half standards. Both currants and gooseberries bear their fruit on the last year's shoots, and on sliort natural studs or spurs. The gooseberry will continue to bear on the same buds or spurs for many years, particularly if the branches are kept open and free for the admission of the sun and air. To have large and fine fruit from the currant and gooseberry, they should be trained to resemble a well formed tree in miniature ; the ground near the bushes should be well manured, particularly the last named fruit. The gooseberry requires a rich loam, free from weeds. Early in the Spring, spade carefully around the roots, turning the soil well over ; prune them by cutting out every worn out, decayed or irregular branch ; let none be permitted to grow across each other ; cut out all the superabundant, lateral shoots 36 BOOK OF niUITS. of t!)c last siinimrr, on i\w old wood nenr the p^rouml, Oil!}" ictainiiig hero and t'r.erc one in vacant j)arts, to ibrni successiona! I)earers, and to supply tho places of unfruitrul l)r;nichcs. Cossciicrrics arc liable to mildew, if placed in a confined situation^ ihey want a Iree, o])en exposure. The varieties of this fruit -.nv very exten- sive, and of various colors, white, gioen, } cl- low, red, and dirk purp!(\ They differ much in (|ualitv ; some of tiie Iarii,est fruited kinds havinii; a thick skin, are (it only for cookinj^', while others are fnu; for the table. In sclect- inu" from the cataloiiues, \\\) siiould send for thos(;, without regdrd to names, uhich have been tested by the nursery-man, and proved to be the l)est llavored. (HIAPE. The ripening of foreign grapes in the open air, in the climate of New England, is very uncertain; and the necessity of covering (hem in Winter will undoubtedly j)revent their gen- eral culture. The editor of the Magazine of Horticulture, Mr. Hovey, justly says, " that the cultivation of foreign grapes in the open BOOK OF FRUITS. 37 air, must, we think, except in cities, be gen- erally given up. For three or four years past scarcely a crop has ripened." Among the varieties of native grapes, we should not recommend the Catawba, although consider- ed by Mr. Adhim, " to be worth all others as j ci wine grape ;" still its lateness is a great ob- jection, it never having ripened with us. We should decidedly prefer the Isabella. This line native grape was introduced into New York about sixteen years since, by Mrs. Isa- bella Gibbs, from South Carolina, and was named Isabella by William Prince, Esq., of Flushing, L. I. The vine is extraordina- ry for the vigor of its growth and great productiveness. A single vine, in 1820, produced eight bushels. It is a late fruit, and in a shady situation or upon an open trellis rarely if ever ripens its berries. It should be trained to a wall, fence, or out-building, where it can receive the sun's rays jiearly the whole day, at least from its rising till three in the afternoon. This vine w^ants no protec- tion in Winter, and the best season for prun- ing, we consider early in April. They may be increased by layers or cuttings. D 38 BOOK OF FRUITS. AltliOLigh grape vines arc generally pruned ill the Fall, which may be the best season for the foreign grape, we still, from our own ex- perience with the Isabella, decidedly prefer the Spring for this variety. Pruning vines in the Spring is often objected to from fear of their bleeding. This, however, rarely takes place, pro- vided it is performed early in April, and the sec- tion which is laid bare be presented to the sun's rays, which will almost invariably close up the sap vessels; they should, therefore, be cut from the ontsidc, inward, in an oblique direc- tion. RASPBERRIES, The white and red Antwerp are the two most 0 river water ; if vrcll water, it should be ex- posed to the sua some time. A bed planted from any good variety in full bearing, ^^\\\, thus treated, always insure a good crop. Ear- ly in September is the best time to plant, choosing the first made runner plants, or some offsets for immediate bearing. The runners will come in, the second and third season." No. 1. Early Harvest. This is the earliest apple -worthy of culti- vation : the form is flat, of medium size ; the skin when perfectly ripe, is of a beautifully bright straw color; the flesh tender and spright- ly ; if gathered before they are fully ripe, it has too much acidity. The finest fruits are those which drop ripe from the tree ; the branches make very acute angles, by which it is readily distingiiished from most other trees in the orchard ; it bears young — ripe in July and AuiiTist. 46 BOOK OF FRUITS. No. 2. Early Bough. Tliis is a large handsome apple, the form sometimes oblong-, the skin a pale yellow, of- ten with a bright red tinge, the flesh sweet and tender ; it is a good bearer, and deserves extensive cultivation. Ripe in August. No. 3. American Red Juneating. This apple is of medium size, oblong ; the skin is a beautiful red, slightly streaked and mixed with yellow ; the flesh is rich, spright- ly and good ; the tree is of upright growth ; it bears well and ripens in August. Although it bears the name of American Red Juneating, we have strong doubts of its having origina- ted in this country ; wo think it may be the striped Juneating of Ronald. No. 4. Summer Queen. A large oblong ap])le, striped with red on a }elIow ground ; the flesh is yellow, \ery high llavored, and excellent. The tree is of vigor- ous growth, a great bearer. Ripe in August. No. 5. Early Red Margaret. A middle sized apple ; the shape round, somewhat flat ; the skin a greenish yellow, BOOK OF FRUITS. 47 Striped with dark red ; the flesh white, juicy, and agreeable ; it bears early and abundantly. Ripe the middle of August. No. 6. Summer Rose. A very beautiful and excellent fruit ; the size is moderate ; the form round ; the skin yellow, striped, and mottled with red ; the flesh is sweet, juicy, and fine. Ripe in Au- gust. A great bearer. No. 7. Summer Pearmain. This apple is of medium size, the form ob- long and very regular ; the skin a dark red, striped wdth a small proportion of yellow ,' the flesh very tender and good, juice not abun- dant. It is one of our finest Summer apples ; bears abundantly ; and ripens in August and September. No. 8. Ramhour cVete. This apple is of large size and flat form ; the skin light red, striped with yellow ; the flesh is firm, rich and sprightly ; the trees as- sume a spreading form of vigorous growth and great productiveness. Ripe in September, 48 BOOK OF FRUITS. No. 9. Fall Harvey. TJiis is a large and handsome fruit, the shape flat with broad ribs extending from the sten) to the eye ; the skin sometimes a clear briglit yellow, but mostly a light yellow, occa- sionally with a bright red cheek ; the flesh yellow, firm, rich and high flavored ; it is much cuhivated in Essex county, Mass., where it may have originated. It is without ques- tion the finest Fall and early Winter apple. A good bearer, and deserving extensive cisltiva- tion. No. 10. Drap iVor. A large flat apple, of a bright, but pale yel- low color, covered all over with small black pips, (never with a red check;) the flesh is ten- der, very light and pleasant ; the growth of the tree is large and spreading ; it l)ears w^ell and should be found in every good collection. Ripe in September and October. This is the Drap d'or of Cox and Ronald, but not of Du- hameL No. 11. Hawthorndean. This fruit is of medium size ; of a flat and very regular form, and remarkably hand- BOOK OF FRUITS. 49 some ; skin of a pale yellow, nearly white, with a brilliant red on the side exposed to the sun ; the flesh white, very juicy, but not high flavored. It bears very young and most abun- dantly every year ; it is one of the best mar- ket fruits in the fall "and early winter months. No. 12. Williams'' Favourite Red. This apple originated in Roxbury, Mass. : it is of medium size, oblong form ; the skin a bright and deep red ; the flavour pleasant and agreeable. It is a good bearer and a most beautiful fruit — ripening in August. No. 13. Benoni. This fine and beautiful apple Was introduc- ed to notice by E. M. Richards, Esq. of Ded- ham. It is of medium size, form round and regular ; the flesh yellow, high flavoured and excellent ; — it bears well ; ripens in July and August ; and should be found in every good collection. No. 14. Red Doctor Apple. A large and handsome fruit, of a flat form ; striped and clouded with red on a yellow ■**■ 50 BOOK or FRUITS. ground ; the flesh is tender, breaking and high flavoured. It bears well, and ripens from October to December. No. 15. B oxford. This apple was first cultivated in Boxford, Essex County, where it may have originated. The size is middling, form round, skin striped with red and yellow ; the flesh yellow, rich and good. Ripens in the fall months, and is thought to be a fine apple. No. 16. Red Astracan. This beautiful apple is of medium size, of a round and rather flat form ; the skin is dark red covered with a thick bloom like a plum ; the flesh is white, tender and good, some- what acid ; it keeps but a short time after being gathered, but the beauty of the fruit and its early and great bearing render it de- sirable in every collection, especially if intend- ed for the market. Rij)e in August. No. 17. Oslin. This apple is of medium size, the form flat and regular, the skin a bright yellow with BOOK OF FRUITS. 51 some dark clouded spots ; the flesh firm, of a brisk and high flavour. It bears young and most abundandy, and ripens in September. No. 18. Kilham Hill. Originated on the farm of Doctor Kilham, in Wenham, Essex county, Mass. ; the size is sometimes large, the form round, a little oblong; the skin yellow, striped with red ; the flesh is yellow and high flavored, but soon becomes dry ; it bears young and constantly, and ripens from September to November. The tree is of a spreading but not regular form, and may be known by small warts or protuberances on the bark. No. 19. Ly scorn. This apple originated in Southborough, Mass. ; it is of medium size, rather oblong, and very regular ; the skin dull red with greenish yellow. The flesh is not high fla- vored, but of a peculiarly mild and agreeable taste. It bears well ; ripens in October, and will sometimes keep till January. No. 20. Porter. Originated on the farm of the Rev. Samuel Ol BOOK OF FRUITS, Porter, in Sherburne, Mass. The fruit is sometimes large, the shape oblong, pointed at the blossom end ; the skin of a bright yellow ; often with a blush of red on the sunny side ; the flesh fine, sprightly and agreeable. It bears well, ripens in September and October, and is a most beautiful fruit, either for the market or private garden. No. 21. Duchess of Oldenburg. A valuable and handsome apple, said to be of Russian origin. The size is middling, form round and rather flat ; skin of a beautiful yel- low, striped with red ; flavour very pleasant and good. It bears well, and ripens in Sep- tember and October, No. 22. Yellow Ligestrie. A beautiful apple, raised by Mr. Kuight, President of the London Horticultural Society. The size is small, form round and regular ; the skiii of a golden yellow, v/ith some black spots; the flesh yellow, firm and delicate. It is an abundant bearer, and ripens in October. No. 23. Red Ingestrie. This apple is of medium size, of a round BOOK OF FRUITS. 63 form ; the skin bright yellow, tinged and strip- ed with red on the side exposed to the sun ; the flesh very rich, high flavoured and juicy. It bears well and ripens in October. No. 24. Franklin Golden Pippen. This apple is supposed to be of American origin ; it is of middle size, the form oval and very regular; the skin of rather a dark yellow, without a blush, but sprinkled with dark col- ored specks ; the flesh yellow, tender and very agreeable to the taste. The tree grows well, is of an upright form, and the fruit is ripe in October and November. No. 25. Kerry Pippin. Fruit of medium size ; the form oblong, flat- tened at the eye and stalk ; the skin a bright yellow, striped and marbled with red ; the flesh tender and high flavored. This is a most beautiful variety ; it bears well; and rip- ens in September and October. No. 26. Gravenstein. Fruit large ; the form for the most part ob- long, sometimes flat ; the skin of a light yel- 04f BOOK OF FRUITS. low, striped and beautifully mottled with red ; flesh very fine, with a brisk high flavoured juice. This is one of the most valuable apples, ripen- ing in October, and keeping good several months. The tree is of a strong and healthy growth and upright form. No. 27. Rlhstone Pippin. Fruit sometimes large, of a flat form ; the skin is a mixture of russet and yellow, with dull red on the side exposed to the sun ; the flesh very yellow and firm, with a sharp, rich flavour ; the tree is of a spreading but not very regular form ; it bears well, and ripens in the fall and early winter months. No. 28. Golden Russet, The origin of this apple is unknown ; it ap- pears to have been first cultivated in Essex County, Mass. ; the fruit is of medium size, round, rather oblong, and of a regular form ; the skin is a smooth yellow russet ; flesh re- markably tender, spicy and high flavoured. The tree is very uprigiit and handsome in its growth ; bears abundantly ; and is a valuable fruit, ripening in October, November and December. BOOK OF FRUITS. 55 No. 29. Blue Peannain. This fruit is large, the form round, the skin red, striped and mottled with darker red, and covered with a bloom like a plum ; the flesh mild and agreeable. This is a most excellent variety. Ripe in October, and keeping till February. No. 30. Red Quarenden. Fruit of medium size, of a flat form ; skin a very dark red ; flesh white, juicy and of a pleasant flavour. Ripe in October and No- vember. No. 31. Wine Apple. Fruit large, round, sometimes oblong ; the skin a bright red, striped with a little yellow, with russet round the stock ; the flesh rich and pleasant ; the form of the tree is spread- ing ; it bears young and abundantly, and rip- ens in the autumn and early winter months. No. 32. Fameuse. Fruit middle size ; of a flat form, skin light, yellow and green, mixt with pale red and dark red blotches on the side exposed to the sun ; 5G BOOK OF FRUITS. ilesli remarkably white, tender, juicy and good. This is a very handsome a])ple. The tree bears well, and the fruit ripens from October to De- cember. No. 3.3. Mcnagere. This apple is said to be of CJerman origin ; it is the largest apple we have seen ; the form flat in shape like a large English turnip ; the skin of a light yellow ; the flesh pleasant, but more adapted to the kitchen than the dessert. It bears well trained as a dwarf, and ripens from October to February. No. 34. Rhode Island Greening. This is a well known and favourite apple ; the size is large, the shape round, flat at the end ; the color, when ripe, a greenish yellow ; the flesh yellow, tender, juicy and rich. The growth of the tree is vigorous and spreading. It bears well, and ripens from November to February. No. S^. Lovett Sweet. This apple originated on the farm of Mr. Lovett, of Beverly, Essex County, Mass. ; it BOOK OF FKUITS. 5/ is of medium size, the form round ; the skin, wlien ripe, a light yellow ; the flesh rich, sweet and good. It is highly prized as a winter fruit. No. 36. Murphy. This apple in appearance resembles the Blue Pearmain ; the shape is more oblong, the size not so large ; the skin light red, streaked and mottled with blotches of darker red ; the flesh wdiite, tender and good. It is in use from November to February. Raised from seed, by ]\Ir David Murphy, of Salem, Mass. No. 37. Ortley Pippcn. The size sometimes large ; the form, oblong ; the skin, when ripe, a bright yellow, with a little red on the side next the sun ; the flesh yellow, breaking and high flavoured, in this respect, approaching to the taste of the Newton pippen more than any other apple. The tree assumes a handsome, spreading form, bears well, and the fruit ripens from December to March. 68 BOOK OF FRUITS. No. 38. Newtown Spitzenhurg, The size is large ; the form round and regular ; the skin a dark red, striped, streaked with shades of dull red ; the flesh yellow, rich and high flavoured. A most beautiful and valuable apple ; in perfection from October till February. No. 39. niiite Winter Cahille. This is one of the most celebrated French dessert apples ; the size is large, the form flat, with ribs extending from the stem to the eye ; the skin, when ripe, of a bright yellow, sometimes with a blush of pale red ; the flesh white, tender and ])lcasant, without being high flavored. It is an abundant ])earer, and the fruit ripens from November to March. No. 40. Pen nocks. This is a large apple ; the form round, rather oblong ; the skin a dull red, slightly streaked with yellow ; the flesh yellow, sweet and ten- der ; good for the table and excellent for bak- ing. The tree grows to a large size, and forms an open spreading head. It bears well every year, and is in use during the winter months. BOOK OF FRUITS- 69 No. 41. Baldwin. This fine apple, so well known in New England, hardly needs a description. It is of medium size ; the form round, the skin mostly of a brilliant red, with some indistinct yellow streaks ; in some situations a large proportion of yellow ; the flesh is very fine, crisp, juicy and rich ; it bears abundantly every other year ; keeps well through the winter, and although so common, it will bear comparison with the finest of the new varieties. No. 42. Lady Apple. The size is small, the form flat, the skin at maturity is a bright yellow, with a brilliant red cheek, and very smooth ; the flesh white, breaking, mild and agreeable, but not high flavoured. The beautiful appearance of this little apple renders it worthy of cultivation. The tree is of more upright growth than any other apple tree in the orchard ; it grows to a large size before it produces fruit ; it then bears well, and is in use from January till March. 60 BOOK OF FRUITS. No. 43. Bellflower. This is a large and beautiful apple ; the form is very oblong, tapering to the eye ; the skin a bright yellow, sometimes without any red, but for the most part the side exposed to the sun has a bright red cheek; the flesh is rich, tender and sprightly ; before perfectly ripe it has too much acidity. It bears well, though not abundantly, every year, and ripens in October, and keeps^ till February ; it is a valuable market fruit. The growth of the tree is large and spreading, and if not trained high, the branches will reach the ground when loaded with fruit. No. 44. Swaar. This is a hrge apple, the form round, somewdiat flat ; the skin is very smooth, of a light yellowish green, without any red ; the flesh is juicy and well flavoured, but not rich. The tree is of spreading and vigourous growth ; bears great crops. The fruit ripens from December to March. No. 45. Danvers Whiter Sweet. This apple is of medium size, the form a BOOK OF FRUITS. 61 little oblong, tapering to the eye ; the skin smooth, of a light yellow, sometimes with a tinge of red ; the tlesh firm, juicy and sweet. The tree is a great bearer, of rapid growth, and is worthy of extensive cultivation. It is in use during the whole winter. No. 46. Pickman Pippcn. This apple is sometimes large, the form round, the skin a light yellow, spotted with black points ; the flesh hard, juicy and good for the table, and excellent for the kitchen, having, when cooked, a most agreeable acid. The tree is of an upright growth, bears abun- dant crops, and the fruit ripens from Decem- ber to March. No. 47. Mela Carla. This apple is of medium size and round form, the skin is of a light yellow, with a bright red cheek next the sun ; the flesh white, tender and good, but not rich. It is a good bearer, and ripens from October to March. In our climate this apple is not so good as in its native country, (Italy.) It is, notwithstand- ing, worthy of cultivation. G2 BOOK OF FRUITS, No. 48. Roxburij Russet. This apple is well known, and extensively cultivated in New England ; it is of medium size, round, and flat at the ends ; the skin of a fine yellow russet, often mixed with dull red ; the flesh white, rich and juicy, with a very pleasant acid. It bears well, and can be brought to market later in the spring than any other good table apple. No. 49. Huhbardston Nonsuch. This apple is large, the form round, some- what oblong ; the skin is red mixed with a small portion of yellow, streaked and blotched with dark red ; the flesh yellow, juicy, and of excellent flavour. The tree is of vigorous growth, a great bearer, and worthy of exten- sive cultivation. In use from January to March. No. 50. Minister. This fine apple originated in Rowley, Mass. The size is large, the form oblong like the Bellflower, tapering to the eye, with broad ridges .the whole length of the fruit ; the skin a light greenish yellow, striped with bright BOOK OF FRUITS. 63 red, but the red seldom extends to the eye ; flesh yellow, light, high flavoured and excel- lent. This is one of the very finest apples which New England has produced. It ripens from November to February, and deserves a place in every collection of fruits, however small. This apple received its present name from the circumstance of the late Rev. Dr. Spring, of Newbury port, having purchased the first fruit brought to market. No. 51. Green Sweet. This apple is of small size, round, and rather flat ; the skin at maturity is a dull green, approaching to yellow ; the flesh very sweet and good. It is in use during the win- ter months, and can be brought to market la- ter in the spring than any other sweet apple. Much cultivated in the north part of Essex county, Mass. 64 BOOK OF FRUITS. peahs. No. 1. Amire Joannct. This fruit is small, form oblong ; the skin, when ripe, is light yellow, with a small portion of red ; the flesh white, and when not overripe, juicy and good. It ripens in July, about ten days before the Petit Muscat, to which it is superior in size and flavor. The head of the tree is open, with a few long and hanging branches. No. 2. Petit Muscat. This pear ripens immediately after the a- bove ; the size is small ; the form round, a little oblong ; the skin mostly of a clear yel- low, with a little dull red ; the flesh pleasant and musky, without being high flavoured. The tree grows to a large size, with long and hanging limbs, jtroducing its fruit in clusters and most abundantly. No. 3. Madeleine. This is the first good pear, which ripens; imme- diately following the Petit Muscat ; the size is BOOK OF FRUITS. 65 rather small ; in rich land they grow large ; the skin, when ripe, is light green approach- ing to a yellow, sometimes a tinge of dull red on the side exposed to the sun ; the flesh white, juicy and pleasant with a most agreea- ble acid. Ripe the end of July and first part of August ; it bears well every year, and from its open head requires but little pruning. No. 4. Bloodgood. This pear was first brought into notice by the late James Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island ; the size is large, the form nearly oval, the skin a dull yellow, covered with dark rus- set spots ; the flesh tender, melting and pleas- ant. It comes very early into bearing, and produces abundant crops every year. Ripe in August. No. 5. Rousselette Hatif. This is a small pear, with a long curved neck ; the stem is long and fleshy, in most cases appearing to be a continuation of the fruit; the skin yellow with brownish russet on the side next the sun ; the flesh very fine, rich and high flavoured when eaten ripe from the F* 66 BOOK OF FRUITS. tree ; the branches are long, the head of the tree very open, and the produce most extraor- dinary. It ripens about the middle of August. No. 6. Skinless. This pear is of small size, of a long shape, round at the blossom end, tapering to an ob- tuse })oint at the stem ; the skin is smooth and very thin ; the color when ripe is a light yel- low, with a slight tinge of red ; the flesh juicy, crisp, sweet and very good. The tree produ- ces well, and the fruit ripens in August. No. 7. Summer Rose. A pear of medium size ; the form flat, re- sembling an apple, with a long stem inserted in a roundish hollow ; the skin is dull yellow, spotted with russet, and mixed with a large proportion of brownish red ; the flesh, white, juicy and sweet, with a high and very pecu- liar flavor. The appearance of the tree is that of a large spreading apple tree ; it grows to a large size before producing fruit ; it is then very productive. Ripe in August. No. 8. Sum7ner FrankreaL This very line pear is of medium size, the BOOK OF FRUITS. 67 shape oblong, thickest about one third from the eye, sometimes flat like a Bergamot. The skin when fully ripe a light yellow ; flesh melting, rich and excellent. It is a great and early bearer, ripening in September. No. 9. JVilliams^ Bon Chretien. [■fee plate Xo. 1.] This fruit is very large ; the shape long, round and full, both at the eye and stem, which is short and large ; the skin when fully ripe yellow, with faint red next the sun ; flesh white, melting and good. The character of this pear is very high ; the tree is of a strong and vigorous growth, bears very young, and yields most extraordinary crops every year. Ripe in August and September. No. 10. Jnlieune. This pear resembles the St. Michael's, but is much smaller, except on very rich land ; the size is generally small ; the skin light yel- low, sometimes with bright red next the sun ; the flesh rich, juicy and melting. The tree comes early into bearing, produces abundantly, and is in use from the middle of August to the middle of September ; ripening gradually in (38 BOOK OF FRUITS. the house, which renders it very desirable (or a market fruit. No. 1 1 . Dcarboni^s Seedling. This fine and beautiful pear originated at Brinley Place, Roxbury, the seat of the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. The fruit is of medium size, round at the crown, diminishing to the stem, around which is a circle of bright rus- set ; the skin is smooth, of a light yellow col- our ; the flesh delicate, melting and fine fla- voured, equal to any other pear of the same season. The growth of the tree is healthy and vigorous. It bears well, and the fruic ripens in August. No. 12. Ciawford. This pear is very extensively cultivated in Scotland ; it is of middle size, round at the eye, diminishing to the stem, and very regular and uniform in its appearance ; the skin is en- tirely of a light yellow ; the flesh Juicy, tender and good. It bears young, and ripens in Au- gust. No. 13. Honeij. This tree was procured from Messrs. Wm. BOOK OF FRUITS. 69 Prince & Sons, of Flushing ; but as there are two pears bearing this name, one European, the other American, it is uncertain to which the specimen belonged ; in size and shape it resembles the Seckle ; the skin is yellow, with a large portion of dull red ; the flesh sweet, juicy and good. The tree bears young, and when more advanced promises to bo a great bearer. Ripe in September. No. 14. Citron de S'lrentz. This tree was procured from Messrs. Bau- mans, of Bollwiller ; iii size, shape, colour, taste and time of ripening, it resembles the Crawford. No. 15. Roussdetie de Rheims, This pear is of medium size, the form is oval, blunt at the stem : the skin yellow, with much dull red on the side next the sun ; the flesh isbreaking andline, with a very high musk flavour ; it is best when eaten ripe from the tree. The tree attains a large size heforc bearing ; but when more advanced produces an abundant crop. Ripe in September. 70 BOOK OF FRUITS. No. 16. Summer Thorn. This pear is oblong, of medium size, the skin^smooth, and when ripe of a light green; the flesh melting, juicy and of a very peculiarly ])leasant flavour. It bears well, and ripens in September. No. 17. WiUiams' Earhj. This new pear originated on the farm of Mr. Williams, in Roxbury, Mass. It is of middle si/e, turbinate form, the skinlight yel- low with a red cheek next the sun ; the flesh melting, sugary and fin(\ The tree promises to be a great bearer. Ripe in September. No. 18. ]\dce Franche. This pear in good ground is sometimes large, the form almost fiat, a liitle extended ; the skin dull, greenish yellow and dull red ; the flesh Juicy, rich and ])lcasant. The tree bears young, is very productive, and the fruit ripens in September. No. 19. Chair a Dame. This pear is of medium size, obovate, the stem is short and fleshy, obliquely inserted un- BOOK OF FRUITS. 71 der some irregular bunches or protuberances ; tlie skin is a dull yellow, mixed with russet and a small portion of red ; the flesh is crisp, coarse grained, and sugary. The tree is of vigorous growth, and appears to be a good bearer. Ripe in September. No. 20. Green Pear of Yair. This pear is of medium size ; the form full at the crown, diminishing gradually to the stem; the skin is smooth, and when fully ripe of a light green ; the flesh melting, very juicy and good. A great bearer. Ripening in Sep- tember. No. 21. St. Ghislain. This superior pear is one of the new Flem- ish varieties ; it is of medium size ; the shape rather oblong ; the skin at maturity is a pale yellow ; the flesh juicy, melting and very de- licious. The tree is vigorous, and bears good crops every year. One of the finest of pears, and should be found in every good col- lection. Ripening in September and October. No. 22. Ciishins:. A native fruit from Hingham, Mass. The 72 BOOK OF FRUITS. size in rich ground is large ; the form oblong, diminishing from the eye to an obtuse point at the stem ; the skin when ripe smooth, of a light yellow, sometimes with dull red on the side exposed to the sun ; the flesh white, melting, sprightly and good. It comes early into bearing, produces well, and the fruit rip- ens the last of September. No. 23. Rosticzer. This tree was received from the Messrs. Baumans, of Bollwiller. Tlie fruit is of me- dium size, oblong and pointed at the stem, the skin covered with light yellow russet ; the flesh melting, high flavoured and delicious. It ripens about tlie first of October, and so far as we could judge from the first specimens, is decidedly a first rate fruit. No. 24. Jackmaii's Melting. This tree was received from the Messrs. Youngs, of Epsom, England ; it produced its first fruit in 1837 ; the name is no doubt er- roneous, as it is not noticed in the catalogue of the London Hort. Society, or in any other work of authority. The fruit is large and BOOK OF FRUITS. 73 very long, tlie stem short, the skin entirely of a dark red ; the flesh juicy and good, but not rich ; it is remarkable for its beauty, promises to bear well, and ripens the last of September. No. 25, Scckle. This \vell known and excellent pear is of small size on poor land ; the form is regular, round at the blossom end, diminishins; gradu- ally to an obtuse point at the stem ; the skin often yellow with a brownish red cheek, sometimes entirely covered with greenish rus- set ; the flesh melting and of most exquisite flavour ; the growth of the tree is slow, witii great and unusual symmetry. It produces abundant crops ; but in order to obtain fruit of large size, the ground should be rich and the tree pruned witli a more open head, than is generally thought necessary. Ripens grad- ually in the house from the middle of Septem- ber to the last of October. No. 26. Jalousie, This pear is rather above the medium size ; the form round and large at the blossom end, diminishing rapidly tea point at the stem; G t4 BOOK OF FRUITS. the skin is smooth, and entirely covered with a cinnamon russet ; the flesh white and melt- ing, very pleasant and good. The tree bears well, and the fruit is in use during the whole month of October. No. 27. Johonnot. Originated in the garden of the late George 8. Johonnot, Esq. of Salem. The fruit is of medium size, of a roundish and very unequal form ; a little extended, the skin thin, the colour a dull yellow, with a large portion of dull brown and indistinct russet ; the flesh is very fine, melting and delicious. The tree is not vigorous ; it bears Vvell, and is in perfec- tion from the middle of September to the middle of October. No. 28. Andrews. This fruit sometimes attains a kirge size, the form is oblong, tapering gently from the blos- som end to the stem ; the skin when at maturity is a yellowish green, often with a dull red cheek; the flesh melting, juicy and high flavoured ; it is a most valuable pear, producing its fruit early and abundantly. The tree is not of very BOOK OF FRUITS. 75 vigorous growth. Ripe in September and October. No. 29. Autumn Superb. This is a large pear, full and round at the €je, diminishing to a point at the stem ; the skin is yellow mixed with dull red ; the flesh melting and good, but not very high flavoured. It bears joung and the fruit ripens in October. It was originally introduced from France, and received its present name in this country. No. 30. Belle Lucrative, The tree which produces this fine fruit, was received from the Messrs. Young, of Epsom, England. The size is large, the form round at the blossom end, tapering gradually to the stem ; the skin, when ripe, is a pale yellow, sometimes with a little dull red next the sun ; the flesh is melting, sweet, juicy and fine fla- voured. It bears well. Ripens in Septem- ber and October, and is worthy of a place among the choicest selections. No. 31. Belle et Bonne. These trees have been received from vari- 76 BOOK OF FRUITS. ous sources, as the Belle de Bruxellcs ; the fruit is large and round, the skin yellow, some- times with a little blush on the side exposed to the sun ; the llesh very sweet, rich and good. The tree is very vigorous in its growth ; does not bear till it has attained a large size ; it is then verj Iraitful. Kipe in October. No. 32. Lono; Green. This is one oi" the best of the old varieties ; its form is very long ; skin at maturity a light green ; the flesh is w hite, melting and fine fla- voured. The tree is of vigorous growth, bears well, and the fruit ripens in September and Octoljer. No. 30. IJcnrij Fourlh. This pear is of small size, the form very ir- regular, oblong ; the skin of a dull yellow, mixed with brown and green ; flesh yellow, gritty. Juicy and melting, with a high and somewhat r(nnarkable flavor. It ])ears young and abundantly, and ripens in September, No. 34. Bcurre Van Mamm, This is one of the new Flemish pears ; it is BOOK OF FRUITS. 77 of medium size, the form oblong, the skin of a ])right yellow, sometimes with a tinge of red ; the flesh melting, juicy and hue. It is an early and great bearer, and in perfection about the last of September. No. 35. Capsheaf. The origin of this pear is unknown ; it is much cultivated near Providence, R. I., where it may have originated. The size is small ; the form almost round ; the skin a light cin- namon russet ; the flesh white, melting and juicy, with a pleasant but not high flavour. It bears well, and the fruit ripens in October. No. 36. Siuyass Vergalieu. This tree was received from the late Mr. Parmentier, of Brooklyn, L. I. ; as we do not find the name in any European author, it was probably adopted in this country. The fruit is large, form oblong, some specimens nearly round ; the skin smooth, of a light yellow with a little red on the side next the sun ; the flesh rich, juicy and high flavoured. It appears to require a warm sun to have it in its greatest perfection ; it bears young, yields large crops 78 BOOK OF FRUITS. of fair fruit every year, and is wortliy of ex- tensive cultivation. Ripe in October. No. 37. Ihaihcoic. This native pear is large on rich land ; the form is long, round at the blossom end, and full at the stalk ; the skin almost always of a light yellow, seldom a tinge of red ; the flesh melting, rich and well flavored. The growth of the tree is handsome and vigorous. It pro- duces abundant crops, aiid ripens in Septem- ber and October. No. 38. Harvard. This pear originated in Cambridge, Mass. ; the size is large, the form oblong, contracted in the middle, diminishing to an ol)tuse point to the stem, which is inserted in a small cav- ity ; the skin is of a dull russety yellow, some- times nearly covered with brownish rc^d ; the flesh white, juicy and fine, but subject to rot at the core, which is its only defect. The tree is uncommonly strong and upright in its growth ; it attains a large size before produc- \ ing fruit ; it is then a great bearer. Ripe in September and October. BOOK OF FRUITS. 79 No. 39. Naumkeag. This is a seedling from the garden of the late G. S. Johonnot, Esq., of Salem ; the wood and leaf of the tree resemble those of the Brown Bcurre. The fruit is large, form oval, rather oblong, full and round both at the blos- som end and at the stem ; the skin a jcllow russet, with much dull brown mixed with russet; flesh juicy, melting and good, with rather too much astringencj. A great bear- er, — ripening in October. No. 10. Raymond. A new fruit, which originated on the farm of Doctor Joseph Wight, of Raymond, Me. It is sometimes large, but generally of a me- dium size, the shape of the St. Michael's ; the skin yellow with some dull red and russet on the side exposed to the sun ; the flesh melt- ing, rich and high flavoured, equal to any pear of the same season. The tree is slow and crooked in its growth, but produces well, and the fruit ripens in September and October. No. 41. Bvffum. This pear originated in Rhode Island ; the 80 BOOK OF FRUITS. size is large, the form nearly oatiI, the skill yellow mixed with russet and l)rownish red next the sun ; the flesh melting and good, but not first rate. The tree is very u])right and strong in its growth ; a great bearer, and an exeellent market fruit. Ripe in September. No. 42. Beurre Bosc. One of tlic new Flemish pears ; the form is verv h)ng, the skin of a light einnamon russet; the flesh white, juiey, melting and good. It JDoars abundantly, and ripens in October and November. No. 43. Golden Bucrre of Bilboa. This tree was imported from Bilboa, by Mr. Hooper, of Marblehead ; the original name is unknown ; in size and shape it re- sembles the Doyenne Gris, but the skin is of a lighter russet ; the flesh is melting, rich and of fine flavour ; it promises to be a good bear- er. Ripens in October. No, 44. IVashingion. A native fruit from New Jersey, of medi- um size ; the form is oval, the skin of a light BOOK OF FRUITS. 81 yellow, covered with small brown spots, some- times a slight tinge of red ; the flesh melting and excellent, with an unusual flavour. The tree grows vigorously, bears v.ell, and the fruit ripens in September. A beautiful and good pear, worthy of cultivation. No. 45. Gansels Bcrgamot. This has been placed among the old pears ; it is only comparatively so, having been raised in 1768 ; as yet it shows no indication of de- cay, such as we see in many of the linest old pears. It has the reputation of being a bad bearer, but in the gardens in Salem it pro- duces good crops. The fruit is of medium size, the form nearly round, the colour a dull brown ; flesh white, melting and fine flavour- ed. Ripe in October. No. 46. Cahot. This j)ear was produced from seed by Jos- eph S. Ca])ot, Esq., of Salem ; the original tree, after producing the flrst specimen of fruit, was destroyed by the cold winter of 1831 ; we were so fortunate as to preserve a scion, from which we obtained, fruit the last 82 BOOK OF FRUITS. season, 1837. It is of medium size, of a round form, a little extended ; the skin a light yellow russet, with a small portion of brown- ish red ; the flesh white, melting and fine fla- vored. It is deeidedly a first rate fruit, and worthy of extensive cultivation ; the tree is of a strong and healthy growth, ])ears well, and is in perfection during the whole month of October. No. 47. Popc^s Quaker. The origin of this \iqp,y is uncertain ; it ap- pears to have been first cultivated bj- a Mr. Pope, a nurseryman near New York ; the fruit is of medium size, oblong pear shaped, the skin ejitirely covered with yellow russet ; the flesh white, melting and good, but not high flavoured ; the tree is productive. The fruit ripens in October. No. 48. Bo?i Chretien Fondanie. This is one of the new Flemish pears ; fruit rather hn-ge, form regular, ova! ; the skin a vellowish "reen, mixed with brown and vel- low specks ; the ilesh yellow, rich and melt- ing ; the tree produced fruit tlie first time, the BOOK OF FRUITS. 83 last season, 1837, and promises to be a first rate fruit. Ripe in October. No. 49, Princess of Oranse. One of the new Flemish pears. In size and form this fruit resembles the St. Micha- el's; the skin is an orange russet, mixed with dull red ; the flesh white, melting and good, but not first rate. Ripe in October. The scions of this pear were originally received from the London Horticultural Society, but a distinguished cultivator of fruit from Belgium, thinks it cannot be the Princess of Orange of Van Mons. No. 50. Cumberland. A native fruit from Cumberland, R. I. ; the size is large, the form oblong, round and large at the blossom end, tapering to an obtuse point at the stem ; the skin of an orange col- our, with bright red next the sun ; the flesh melting, juicy and good, nearly first rate. Ripe in October and November. The tree is of vigorous growth, and bears abundantly. No. 51. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Fruit large oblong, pear shape ; skin yel- 84 BOOK OF FRUITS. lowisli green, mixed with brownish red riext the sun; the desh melting, rich and good. It produced its first fruit the last season, and gives every indication of being a first rate pear, and good bearer. Ripe in September and October. No. 52. Reine des Poires. This is a large pear ; the form o})tuscly py- ramidal ; the skin a dull yellow mixed with red, and red on the side exposed to the sun; the iiesh crisp, pleasant and good, but not high flavoured , it bears young, and is very productive. Bipe in October. The tree has a great resemblance to that of the Easter Beurre. No. 5^. Peirc. This tree was presented to mc by Mr. Carr, of the Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila- delphia, where the fruit originated. The first specimens were produced the last season, 1837. The size is large, the form long, round at the eye, and tapering to an obtuse point at the stem ; the skin is a dull yellow, mixed with greenish russet ; the flesh melting, juicy, BOOK OF FRUITS. 85 and very delicious. Ripe in October and No- vember. It is a pear of tiie very first rank, and should be extensively cultivated. No. 54. Frederic of IVurtemberg. This is one of the new Flemish pears, and has been cultivated under the erroneous name of the Capiaumont. The size is large, round and full at the blossom end, tapering rapidly to a point at the stem, which is short and placed on the summit ; the skin a bright yellow, with a brilliant red cheek next the sun ; the flesh yellow, melting, rich and excellent. The tree grows vigorously, bears young and abun- dantly, and the apperirance of the fruit is beau- tiful. Ripe in September and October. No. 55. Urbaniste^ One of the new Flemish pears, the size and form is somewhat like the St. Michael's, round and full at the eye, diminishing gradually to an obtuse point at the skin, which is inserted in a shallow round cavity ; skin light green, nearly yellow, with small spots of dull russet ; flesh white, melting and fine. The tree is of handsome form and grows vigorously ; does H 80 BOOK OF FRUITS, *• not bear jouiig, but is productive after it lias attained a proper size. Of all the new Euro- pean pears, this is the best substitute for the old favorite, St. Michael's, Ripe in October and November. No. 56, Wilkinson. A native pear from Cumberland, R. J. ; the size in rich ground is large, the form oblong, round at the blossom end, and at the stem ; the skin yellow, seldom (on pear stocks) any red ; the flesh white, juicy and melting, with a fine and delicious flavour. The tree bears young, is very fruitful, and in perfection dur- ing the months of October and November. If grafted on the quince it is smaller, more pro- lific, higher flavoured, and a brighter red cheek, than if grafted on the pear stock. No. 57. Bergamotte cPJutomne. This pear is of medium size, the form round, a little lengthened towards the stem, which is short and inserted in a small cavity ; the skin when ripe is a dusky yellow, thickly sprinkled with greyish spots ; the flesh breaking, ten- der, juicy and sweet. It is a good fruit, an BOOK OF FRUITS. 87 early and great bearer, ripening gradually in October ; distinct from the Autumn Berga- mot described by Cox, and figured in the Po- mological Magazine. No. 58. Niipoleon. One of the new Flemish pears ; the size is large, the form long, round at the blossom end, contracted in the middle, obtuse at the stem which is short ; the skin at maturity is a yel- lowish green ; flesh melting and fine, with an unusual quantity of juice ; in some soils a lit- tle too astringent ; tree healthy and strong, bears well, and the fruit ripens in October. No. 59. Marie Louise. This is also one of the new Flemish pears ; the size is large, the form long, tapering from the middle to the eye and stem ; the skin is a dusky yellow, soQietimes with a large portion of cinamon russet ; the flesh white, melting, Juicy and very delicious ; the tree grows crook- ed, and the leaves are small and generally hollowed like the bowl of a spoon ; it is equal to any other pear of the season, European or American. Ripe in October and November, 38 BOOK OF FRUITS. No. 60. Fulton. This pear originated on the farm of Mrs. Fulton, Topsham, Me. ; the size is small, the form nearly round, a little lengthened, the skin entirely covered with dark russet ; the flesh white, melting, juicy and well flavoured ; the tree bears well, and the fruit ripens gradually in the house, in October and November. No. 61. Bleeker^s Meadoiv. A native fruit from New York ; the size is small, the form round, somewhat flat ; the skin, when fully ripe, is yellow ; the flesh yel- low, melting, juicy and very high flavoured. The growth of the tree is vigorous ; it does not bear young, but as it increases in size it bears well. A flue delicious pear, ripening iii October and November. No. 62. Div. This flne pear originated in the garden of Mrs. Dix, in Boston ; the size is large, oblong, tapering gently from the blossom end to the stem, which is short ; the skin, when ripe, is yellow, sometimes with a blush of red on the side exposed to the sun ; the flesh melting, BOOK OF FRUITS. 89 jiiicy and very rich, with a higli and most , agreeable flavour ; in perfection during the months of October and November ; the tree is of slow growth, the wood small and thorny ; it grows to a large size before bearing ; it then produces plentifully. No. 63. Duchesse d^Angouleme. One of the new European pears ; the size is very largo, oblong, round at the blossom ends, tapering gradually to an obtuse point at the stem with a knobby and uneven surface ; the skin greenisli yellow, spotted with small russet points ; the flesh very rich, melting and high flavoured. It is a good pear on stand- ards in rich ground, larger and better on the quince, trained low ; it is very productive. Ripe in October and November. No. 6k MoorfoivVs Egg, of Boston. A pear of medium size, oval form ; the skin light green, mixed with russet and brown next the sun ; t!ie flesh tender, juicy and good ; tree of vigorous growth, and ripens in November. This we think cannot be the pear of the same name cultivated in England and Scotland. 90 BOOK OF FRUITS. No. Go. Deurre Diel. One of the best of the new Flemish ])cars ; the size is very large, tapering gradiiallj from the middle to both the eye and stem, where it is full and thick ; the skin when ripe of an orange colour, with small russet spots; the llesh white, sugary, rich and delicious ; the tree is of a crooked, but strong and healthy growth : it bears well, and the fruit ripens in November and December. No. m. Sjlvanche Vcrtc. The pear which we cultivate by this name resembles the Beurre Diel, in size, shape, col- our, flavour, and time of ripening ; the growth of the tree is also similar, at least we can per- ceive no difference. We see by the 2d Edi- tion of the London Hort. Society's Catalogue, that this pear had not then been proved in their garden. No. 67. Bourgmcstre, of Boston. A pear of large size, very long, round at the blossom end, tapering gently to a point at the stem, which is short and fleshy at its junction with the fruit ; the skin greenish yellow, (on BOOK OF FRUITS. 91 a quince stock it has a bright red cheek ;) the flesh juicy and pretty good, but not rich. Ripe from November to January. This is not the Bourgmestre of the London Hort. Society's Catalogue. We were inclined to discontinue its cultivation, but its abundant bearing, great size, and beautiful appearance, the two last seasons, have induced us to continue it for further investigation. No. 68. Nciiioivn Jergalicu. Wo should judge by the name that this pear originated on Long Island ; it is of large size, round at the blossom end, tapering to a point at the stem, which is short ; the skin of a })ale yellow, seldom with a tinge of red ; the flesh is sweet, rather dry, not highly prized as a ta- ble fruit, but excellent for baking. It ripens in the early winter months, and its produc- tiveness renders it desirable in an orchard. The tree is crooked and strong in its growth, forming a large spreading head like that of an apple tree. No. 69. Fig Pear of Naples. The scions of this pear were received from 02 BOOK OF FRUITS. the London Horticultural Society. In then' cataloiTue it is described as fust rate ; the fruit is of large size, form oval, skin a dark brown, with a mixture of red; fiesh melting, juicy and good ; it is wry productive, and bears voung. ]\i|)e in NovemJ)er and Decem- ber. No. 70. fVinter Nelis. One of the new Flemish pears ; the size and form is somewhat like the Seckle ; the skin a greenish yellow, covered with dark spots ; in some seasons they have a large por- tion of dull russet : the flesh yellow, melting, sweet, and very high Havoiired ; a very fine pear, ripening during the months of December, January and February. No. 71. Passe CoJmar. This is also one of the m^w Flemish pears ; the size is large, the form round and full at the blossom end, contracting suddenly to the stem, which is about an inch long, and plant- ed in a small and oblique cavity ; the flesh is yellow, melting, sweet and excellent. The growth of the tree is vigorous, without any BOOK OF FRUITS. 93 symmetry ; its produce very great ; it is a fa- vourite, and deserves to be so. We have had them in eatinii from October to Februarv. No. 72. Surpasse St. Germain. Introduced into England from Flanders, by the late John Braddick, Esq. It is of medi- um size, round at t!ie crown, tapering to the stem, which is obliquely planted ; it is of very irregular form ; the skin is rough, yellow mix- ed with dull brown ; the flesh coarse grained, sugary and high flavoured ; it produces abun- dantly, and the fruit ripens in December and January. No. 73. Lewis. This pear originated on the farm of Mr. John Lewis, Roxbury, JMass. The size is small, the form round, a little oblong ; the skin, when ripe, a greenish yellow ; the flesh white, melting, juicy and good. The tree is of the most rapid growth ; a great and con- stant bearer. The fruit ripens from Novem- ber to February. No. 74. Prince''s St. Germain. Produced from seed at the Nursery of W. 94 BOOK OF FRUITS. Prince & Sons, at Flushing, L. I. The frair is of medium size ; in form sometimes 'ike the old St. Germain ; the skin yellow, with ])atches of russet, and a dull red cheek on the side exposed to the sua ; the fiesh is melting and t>"ood, but not esteemed a first rate fruit ; its abundant bearinir, and its rinenins; gradu- ally in the house during- the winter, renders it a very valuable market fruit. No. 75. Glout Morceau. A new Flemish pear ; the size is sometimes large, the form rather oblong, round at the crown, diminishing suddenly to the stalk, which is inserted ia an oblique cavity ; the skin is a dull green, nearly yellow wlieii ripe, mixed with russet blotches ; the llesh white, juicy and excellent ; the growth of the tree is crooked and bending ; it produces well, and tiie fruit ri])ens gradually from December to February. The French nurserymen still con- tinue the cultivation of this pear imder the name of the Beurre d'Aremberg. No. 7v^). Kchasscric. Tliis is one of ilje old French table pears ; ^^,fti ; ^ .:&:'^ ■: f?'*- ' , •V;-. .,^ ' y ■ ■ i' ; > A %:^ luiytei /inir/ff t'lun BOOK OF FRUIT3. 95 tlie size is small, of oval form ; the skin, at maturity, a greenish yellow ; the flesh melt- ing, juicy and sugary. It is a good bearer, and a favourite winter pear, ripening from December to March. No. 77. Beurre d^yirembcrg. A new Flemish pear ; in good ground it is usually of a large size ; the form oblong, thick at the crown and stalk ; the skin when ripe a dark yellow mixed with russet specks ; the flesh white, melting, rich and sweet. It is in eating during the winter months, and has the reputation of being one of the most valuable table pears. No. 78. Easter Beurre. [Sr-e plate No. 2.] The size of this pear is large ; of an oval form ; the skin, when ripe, is dark yellow, covered with russet spots ; the flesh yellow, meltins; and hio;h flavoured. It bears abun- dant crops, grafted either on the pear or quince ; keeps till May, and is the most valu- able late winter pear yet known. No. 79. Catillac. This is one of the old French baking pears ; 96 BOOK OF FRUITS. it is very large, flat and round at the crown, diminishing rapidly to the stalk, which is an inch in length, obliquely inserted ; the skin of a light green, nearly yellow when ripe ; the flesh hard and suitable for baking from No- vember till April ; — very productive. No. oO. Black Pear of JVurcester. Fruit large, oblong ; skin rough, covered with dull russet ; the flesh hard and coarse, suitable for leaking during the winter and spring ; it produces abundantly ; the branches of the tree, when loaded with fruit, bend to the ground like the weeping willow. No. 81. Pound Pear. This is one of the largest pears ; its origin unknown, but supposed to be European ; the form oblong ; some of the pears are thickest in the middle, tapering to the crown and stem ; the flesh coarse and astringent. It is a great bearer, and the best winter baking pear, being one of the most profitable fruits for the mar- ket. The extensive cultivation of Nos. 79, 80, and 81, in large orchards, would produce greater and surer income, for the capital em- ployed, than any other investment. BOOK OF FRUITS. 97 PEACHES. No. 1. Early Ann. This is a small round fruit, with a greenish white skin ; flesh melting and good. The tree does not attain a large size ; a freestone, ripe in August. No. 2. Early Royal George. The size is large, the form round, the skin of a bright yellow, with a large portion of deep red on the side exposed to the sun , the flesh melting and delicious ; it is a great bear- er, and one of the most superior peaches we have ever raised ; a freestone, ripe in August. No. 3. Red Rareripe. This is a large freestone peach ; form near- ly round ; the skin of a very bright yellow, with a light red cheek ; the flesh very rich and excellent. Ripe in August. No. 4. White Rareripe. This peach is of large size, the form some- what oblong, the skin a pale yellow, nearly I 98 BOOK OF FRUITS. white; flesh white, juicy and of fine flavom'. Ripe in August. No. 5. Red and Yellow Rareripe. A large round freestone peach ; the skin of a deep orange yellow, with a dark red cheek ; the flesh deep yellow, rich, sweet and luscious. The tree is an abundant bearer ; and a most valuable peach — ripening in August. No. 6. Grosse Mignonne. This a large, round and most beautiful free- stone peach ; the skin deep yellow, with a brownish red check next the sun ; flesh light yellow, fine and delicious. A peach of the highest character. Ripe in August. No. 7. Red Cheek Melacoton. A large freestone peach, of an oblong shape, the skin of an orange yellow, with a dark red cheek ; flesh yellow, melting and rich. Ripe in September. No. 8. Malta. This peach is of a large size ; form round, rather flat at the stem ; the skin a light green, BOOK OF FRUITS, 99 mottled and blotched on the sunny side with dull red ; the flesh greenish yellow, red next the stone, with a most superior flavour ; a freestone peach. Ripe in September. No. 9. President. A large and most superior freestone peach ; the form roundish oblong ; the skin pale yel- low with a bright red cheek ; the surface cov- ered with small red spots, which give it a rich and beautiful appearance ; the flesh white and high flavoured ; one of the best of peaches. Ripe in September. No. 10. Belle de Vitnj. This peach is of large size ; tlic form round, a little oblong ; the skin a dull yellow and red ; the flesh melting, juicy and excellent ; between a freestone and clingstone. Ripe in September. No. 11. White Blossom. Of medium size, oblong ; the skin a very light yellow, nearly white ; the flesh white, melting and extremely juicy, with a most agreeable acidity. Ripe in September, We 100 BOOK OF FRUITS. have found this a hardy peach, and most certain bearer in our chmate. We have for several years reproduced them from tlie stone. The blossoms are clear white, and the young wood resembles that of the willow tree. No. 12. Orange Freestone. This peach is of medium size ; the form round ; the skin a deep orange yellow ; flesh yellow and sweet, but rather dry ; a beautiful and good fruit. Ripe in September. No. 13. Congress Clingstone. The size is large, form round ; skin yellow and bright red ; flesh rich and excellent. Ripe in September. No. 14. Ohhnhon Clingstone. Large, round and rather flat ; skin whitish yel- low, with a bright red cheek, beautifully spot- ted with red dots. Of all the clingstone peaches this is the most delicious ; a great bearer, ripening its fruit gradually in Septem- ber. We have cultivated this peach, and the Catharine and old Newington, and could never perceive any difference in the fruit or trees. *^\ , '.K V Vi^Q M^uue's Inth £pStn, Ci'i'S (ichJi'ii Dll'p P/ Li III BOOK OF FRUITS. 101 No. 15. Heath Clin^^slonc. Fruit large, oblong ; skin of a delicate cream colour, sometimes with a faint blush on the sunny side ; flesh rich, very juicy and fine fla- voured. Ripe in October, and we have eaten them produced in our own orchard in the highest perfection, on Thanksgiving Day, November 30th. The Nectarine and the Apricot, so nearly allied to the Peach, we should not recommend for cultivation upon standards, but inoculated upon the plum stock, and trained as Espaliers upon walls or fences, they often produce fine fruit, particularly the Apricot. pi.ums. No. 1. Italian Damask. Fruit of medium size, round ; skin dark blue, nearly black ; stem half an inch long, in- serted in a small round cavity ; flesh yellow, Juicy and high flavoured. A freestone, a great bearer, and one of the best early plums. Ripe in August. 102 BOOK OF FRUITS. No. 2. Morocco. A fine and very productive variety ; the size is rather small, nearly round ; the skin d dark pur])le, covered with a blue bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy and good. A clingstone — ripening in August. No. 3, Prince''s Imperial Gage. Originated at the Nursery of Wm. Prince & Sons, Flushing, N. Y. Fruit nearly as large as the yellow egg plum ; of an oval form ; when fully ripe the skin is yellow, with streaks of bright yellow and green indistinctly seen ; the flesh rich and sweet. The most produc- tive and profltable of all the plums. Ripe in August. No. 4. BrevoorVs Purple JVashington. Produced from the stone of Bolmar's Wash- ington, by Mr. Brevoort, of New York. Fruit of large size ; form round, and nearly oval ; skin dark blue, covered with a blue bloom ; the flesh sweet and good. A freestone, ripen- ing in September. The tree is of vigorous growth and very productive. BOOK OF FRUITS. 103 No. 5. Orleans. This is a well known and prodtictivc plum ; the fruit is sometimes large ; the form round ; the skin dark, approaching to a purple, with a thin blue bloom ; the llesh 3'ellovv, firm and good, with some astringencj near the stone, from which the flesh separates. Ripe in Au- gust. No. G. KirJc's Plum. Fruit large, round ; skin dark purple, cov- ered with a dense bloom, which adheres hrm- \y to the skin ; flesh yellow, juicy and rich. A very productive freestone plum — ripening in August. No. 7. Pur pie Gage. Fruit of medium size, nearly round, a little flattened at the ends ; skin of a violet colour, with a light blue bloom ; the flesh greenish, rich and high flavoured. A first rate freestone plum ; a great bearer. Ripe in August. No. 8. Large Long Blue. The origin of this fine plum is uncertain ; the tree which produced the specimens was 104 COOK OF FRUITS. procured from the Narsery of the Messrs. Laiidreth, Pliiladelpliia. The size is hirge ; the form oval, very long ; the skin blue, near- ly black, covered with a thick bloom ; the llesli yellow, rich and excellent ; it hangs a long time on the tree, ripening gradually, and is Avell adapted to the market, bearing carriage better than most other plums. It is a great bearer ; a freestone. i\ipe in September. No. 9. Green Garrc. o The fniest of all plums ; of medium size, round ; the skin a greenish yellow, when very ripe nearly yello^v, mottled with red near the stcnn ; flesh sugary and of delicious flavour. In our own exposed grounds, and in grass, it bears al)undant crops, not being subject to rot like many fine plums. A freestone, ripening in August and September. No. 10. Bkckcr's Gage. Produced from seed by the Rev. Mr. Bleek- er, of Albany, N. Y. The form oval, nearly round ; skin a dark yellow, ^vith dark red spots and blotches ; the flesh is rich and ex- cellent. A great bearer. Ripe in September. BOOK OF FRUITS. 105 No. II. Cooper'' s Plum. Produced from a stone of the Orleans, by Mr. Joseph Cooper, of New-Jersey ; the size is very hirge, round, a little oblong ; the skin a dark purple ; flesh greenish yellow, rich and good. It ripens in September ; produces abundant crops ; but is very subject to rot at the period of ripening. No. 12. Elfrey, This is a plum of small size and oval form ; the skin dark blue ; the flesh dry, firm and of fine flavour. The trees produce abundantly. A freestone — ripening in September. No. 13. German Prune. Fruit of medium size ; form oval, dimin- ishing towards the stem ; the skin purple with a blue bloom ; the flesh rich, sweet and delicious. It produces abundantly ; it begins to ripen in Au.gust, and can be eaten from the tree for a month or more. No. 14. Duane\'^ Purple. This is a plum of an extraordinary size ; the form round; the skin a dark purple; lOG BOOK OF FRUITS. flesh sweet and good. The origin of this j)h]in is uncertain ; it ripens in September, and has t!ie reputation of being a fuie fruit. No. 1.5. Bingham. Fruit large ; the form oval ; skin a bright } cllow, spotted and blotched with red ; the llesh yellow, rich and delicious. A cling- stone — ripening in .September. No. 1(3. 1 Fas hi no: ton. This very superior Plum originivted in New- York ; the size is very large ; form oval ; skin an orange yellow, speckh^d with red ; the llesh yeHow, sweet and excelhMit ; highly <\ste(Mn(,'d as a first rat(! phun. liipe in Sep- tember. No. 17. Italian Prune. The size is large; form oblong; t!ie skin dark j)urple, covered wiih a bloom ; ilesli greenish yello^v, firm, dry and fine. It bears well, and the fruit ripens in September and October. No. IG. Diamond. Tills new plum originated in England : it BOOK OF FRUITS. 107 is of the largest size, oblong ; the skin purple, nearly black, covered with a thick bloom ; the flesh firm and good, but not rich ; the i tree is of raj)id growth — an extraordinary bearer. The fruit ripens in September. No. 19. Blue Imperatrice. Fruit of medium size ; shape oblong, tap- ering to the stem ; the skin a dark purple, covered with a light bluish bloom ; the flesh yellowish green, firm, rich and sweet. A clingstone. A great bearer. It hangs on the tree a long time, and is in use in October and November. No. 20. Coe's Golden Drop. [See plate No. 3. J This beautiful new plum is of large size ; the form is oval, with unequal sides ; the skin a golden yellow, spotted with rich red points and small blotches, on the sunny side ; the flesh yellow, sweet and delicious. A clingstone — an abundant bearer. Ripening gradually in September, October and Novem- ber. Of all the late plums this is decidedly the best and the tnost profitable which can be cultivated. 108 BOOK OF FRL1T9. No. 1. Miujduke. Truit of medium size, round ; tlie skin when fully ripe very dark red ; the flesh tender, juicy and good. It is very productive, and the fruit ripens the last of June. No. 2. Davcnport''s. This fine cherry originated on the farm of Mr. Davenport, in Dorchester, Mass. ; the fruit is large, skin bright red ; the flesh firm and of excellent flavour. It is an early and most extraordinary bearer. Fruit ripe early in July. No. 3. Black Tartarian. [Sec plate No. ■!.] One of the finest and most productive cher- ries ; the size is large, heart shaped, the col- our when fully ripe is black ; flesh dark red, tender and of superior flavour. Ripe early in July. No. 4. Napoleon Bigarreau. The tree of this variety is remarkable for Iliarh- '/: nlill'hii' I'i'i'i'iy BOOK OF FRUITS. 109 • the vigor and beauty of its growth ; the leaves are large and smooth. It is a fine large white cherry, ripening in July. As they have just come into bearing upon small trees, we cannot as yet say how productive they may be. No. 5. Black Heart. A well known and favourite cherry, of me- dium size, the skin when at maturity is black ; flesh dark red, tender and of fine flavour. Ripe in July. Very productive. We seldom see this cherry brought to market perfectly ripe ; when suffered to remain on the tree till they have acquired their proper colour, they are very superior. No. 6. Florence. This cherry resembles the white Bigarreau ; but is a little more oblong ; the flesh more tender, and ripens a few days earlier ; very fine and productive. No. 7. Elton. A new and very fine cherry, raised by Mr. Knight, President of the London Horticultur- al Society ; it is of medium size, long heart J 11') BOOK OF FRUITS. sha|)e ; of a beautiful cream colour, marbled with bright red next the sun ; flesh rich and excellent. It is ripe about the first of July, and promises when the tree has attained a proper size, to be a great bearer. No. 8. White Bioarreau. o One of the largest and finest cherries ; the form obtuse, heart shaped ; skin pale yellow, with a bright red cheek ; flesh very firm, juicy, sweet and fine flavoured. Ripe in July. This cherry has the reputation of being a bad bear- er. In our orchard it bears abundantly, and owing to the hardness of its flesh, is not liable to injury from birds ; on this account it is hii^hlv deserving of cultivation. No. 9. Black Eagle. This is a new cherry ; the size is sometimes large, shape nearly that of the black heart ; skin a very dark purple ; flesh tender, of su- perior flavour ; the young trees bear well. Ripe in July. No. 10. Gridlcy. Originated on the farm of Mr. Gridlcy, in BOOK OF FRUITS. Ill Roxbury, Mass. Fruit of medium size, nearly round ; skin black ; flesh firm, rather dry, of good flavour, and a most abundant bearer. Ripe in July. No. 11. Downer. This fine cherry originated in tlie garden of Samuel Downer, Esq. in Dorchester ; it is a large, round cherry, of a light red colour ; flesh firm and of a fine sprightly flavour. It ripens in July, and is very productive. No. 12. LcbJ'ljmi'P}'" The size is large ; heart shape, rather flat ; the skin a shining dark red ; flesh tender, juicy and good. It is a great bearer. Ripti late in July. No. 13. Wliite Mazzard. A new fruit, which originated in the Po- mological Garden, from a stone of the White Bigarreau ; it is of the size, form and colour of the Elton ; the tree is of a handsome and upright growth, and bears well. Ripe in August. 112 BOOK OF FRUITS. No. Ik Plumstone Morello. This is the larircst and finest of the acid cherries ; the skin is very dark red, when ful- ly ripe it is nearly black ; liesh dark red and of a sharp, rich and agreeable flavour. A great bearer ; it remains late on the tree in a sound state. orcn»»''^i ^* BOOK OF FRUITS. llo The Cataloirues sent out from the different Nurseries in our country contain many Trees and Shrubs which are in fact not suitable for New-England culture, as our winters are so severe that they are often killed to tiio ground ; — such are the Rhus cotinus or Veni- tian Sumache, the Ailanthus or Tree of Hea- ven, Osage Orange and frequently the Catal- pa ; — we have therefore selected the following list, of those which can be recommended as hardy and will stand our winters unprotected, commencing with Large Ornamental Trees — Class 1. Abele, or Silver Leaf — White Ash — Button Wood — Horse Chesnut — Weeping Willow — Butternut — Scotch Larch — Do. Elm — Lime, or Linden — American Larch — Common Lo- cust — Honey do. or o thorn'd Acacia — Scarlet maple — Sugar do. — Black and Red Spruce? Silver or Balsam Fir — (both Evergreens) — Li- riodendron, or Tulip Tree — European Syca- more — Striped leaved Sycamore. J* 114 BOOK OF FRUITS. Small Ornamental Trees — Class 2. Siberian Red and Yellow Crab — Curled Mountain Ash — Weeping do. — Double Flow- ering Cherry — Snow Drop or Fringe Tree — Franklinia — Kentucky Coffee Tree — Labur- num — Double Flowering Peach — Shepardia, or Buffalo Berry. Shrubs, Vines and Trees of Low Groivih — Class 3. Rose Acacia — Double Flowering Almond — Altheas, (the Double White excepted) — Caly- canthus (Carolina Alspice) — Caucassian Ho- neysuckle — Missouri Fragrant Currant — Cor- nelian Cherry, (Cornus) — Tartarian Honey- suckle — English Fly do. (Vine) — Fragrant Monthly do. (Vine) — Scarled Trumpet do. (Vine) — Privit or Prim — Persian Lilac — Japan Quince or Pyrus Japonica — Snow Ball or Guelder Rose — Tree Pcconias, various kinds — Japan Globe Flower (blossoms twice in the season) — Snowberry : and nearly all the varieties of Rose, with the exception of the Chinese Monthly Roses, (so called,) which require protection during the winter. BOOK OF FRUITS. 115 In the article already given upon this fruit we recommended sending for those (without regard to names) "which have been tested by the Nurseryman and proved to be the best flavoured." The following list of good kinds of the Scotch and Lancanshire varieties, from a grower of this fruit, we subjoin on his au- thority. Red Fruit. Small Sorts. Red Champagne — Rough Red — Scotch Best Jam. Larger Sorts. Boardman's — Keen's Seed- ling — Leigh's Rifleman — Farrow's Roaring Lion — Red Warrington. White Fruit. Stnall Sorts. White Crystal — White Cham- pagne — Early White — White Honey. Larger Sorts. Woodward's Whitesmith — Wellington's Glory — Taylor's Bright Venus — Coleworth's White Lion — Saunders' Chesh- ire Lass. Yellow Fruit. Small Sorts. Yellow Champagne — Early Sulphur — Rumbullion-Hepburn Yellow Aston. Larore Sorts. Dixon's Golden Yellow. iig book of fruits. Grecn Fruit. Small Sorts. Early Green Hairy — Hcp- hiirii Green Prolific — Glenten Green — Pit- niaston Green Gage. Larger Sorts. Collier's Jolly Angler — Edwards' Jollv Tar. In closing this first manual, we here subjoin an extract from Lindley, one of the most cel- ebrated modern writers on Pomology, on tiic method of producing new varieties of fruit. H(; says, — " The power of procuring intermediate va- rieties by the intermixture of the pollen and stigma of two different parents is, however, that which most deserves consideration. We all know that hybrid plants are constantly pro- duced in every garden, and that improvements of the most remarkable kind are yearly occur- ring in consequence. Experiments are, how- ever, it may be supposed, sometimes made without the operator being exactly aware of either of the precise nature of the action to which he is trusting for success, or of the lim- its within which his experiments should be confined. BOOK OF FRUITS. 117 *' Cross fertilization is effected, as every one knows, by the action of the pollen of one plant upon the stigma of another. The na- ture of this action is highly curious. Pollen consists of extremely minute hollow balls or bodies; their cavity is filled with fluid, in which swim particles of a figure varying from spherical to oblong, and having an apparently spontaneous motion. The stigma is compos- ed of very lax tissue, the intercellular passages of which have a greater diameter than the moving particles of the pollen. " When a grain of pollen comes in contact with the stigma, it bursts and discharges its contents among the lax tissue upon which it has fallen. The moving particles descend through the tissue of the style, until one, or sometimes more, of them finds its way, by routes specially destined by nature for this service, into a little opening in the integu- ments of the ovulum or young seed. Once deposited there, the particle swells, increases gradually in size, separates into radicle and cotyledons, and finally becomes the embryo, — that part which is to give birth, when the seed is sown, to a new individual. \ 18 BOOK OF FRUITS. '• Such being the; mode in which tiie pollen influences the stigma and subsequently the seed, a practical consequence of great impor- tance necessarily follows, viz. that in all cases of cross fertilization the new variety will take chiefly after its polliniferous or male parent; and that at the same time it will acquire some of the constitutional peculiarities of its mother. " Thus, the male parent of the Downton Strawl)erry was the Old Black, the female a kind of Scarlet ; in Coe's Golden Drop Plum, the father was the Yellow Magnum Bonum, the mother the Green Gage ; and in the Elton Cherry the AVliite Heart was the male parent, and the CJraffion the female. *' The limits ^\'ithin which experiments of this kind must l)e confined are, however, narrow. It seems that cross fertilization will not take })lace at all, or very rarely, between difierent s[)ecies, unless these species are nearly related to each other ; aiid that the offspring of the two distinct species is itself sterile, or if it ])ossesses the power of multiplying itself by seed, its progeny returns back to the state of one or other of its parents." IHDES, Amrricnn Red Jime.iting Boxforil Baldwin Blue Permaia Bellrtower Benoni Drap D'Or Puchcss of Oldpnliiinj Daiivers Winter cjwiict Early Harvest P'arly Bough Early Red Mar!;arct Fall Harvey Franklin Goldtn Pippen Fanieuse Gravenstein Golden llusset Green Sweet Hawthorndean Hubbardston Nonsuch Kilham Hill Kerry Pippt-n Lady Apple Lyscom i-iovett Sweet Mela Caria Autumn Superb Andrews Amire Joannet Beurre D'Areiiibcrj Beurre Bosc Beurre, Easter Beurra, Golden of Bilbo3 Beurre Van Marum Beurre Dicl Bonrsmestre, of Boston Bergamotte D'Automnc Blood good Bon Chretien Fondante Belle Lucrative Belle et Bonne BulTuni Bleeker's Meadow Black Pear of Worcester Chair A'Datne Capsheaf APPLES. Page. Pags. 46 Menagero 5(5 50 Murphy 57 59 Blinister Cvi 55 Newtown Ppitzenburg .'.!? en Oslin 50 49 Ortley Pippen 67 48 PortoV 51 53 Pennockg 58 (■0 Pickman Pippen 61 45 Red Ingestrie 5& 4(; Rainbour l>'Ete 47 41. Red Astraran 50 48 Rliode Islan Yellow Ingestrie iU Gl PEARS. 75 Cabot ei T4 Cumberland 83 (;4 Crawford 68 95 Citron do Sirentz (.9 80 Gushing 71 95 Catillac 95 80 Dearborn's Seedling 68 7<) Dix 88 90 Duchesse D'Angouleme 89 90 Echasserie 94 86 Easter Beurre 95 65 Fig Pear of Naples 91 82 Frederic of Wurteniberg 83 75 Fulton 83 75 Green Pear of Yair 71 79 Gansels Bergamot 81 88 (ilout Morceau 94 9.; Golden Beurre of Bilboa 80 70 Harvard 7b 77 Ileathcots 7d I-rjo INDEX. I'l;, wts. riif,'!-. Ilnlll-)' (M lrHl 7;i ri.iin rniiiiii VI i K,-in'7 Siiii,i,„-|- l-'rani- Ri-ill Cli M uwl'i i;^!:, Ill' lloi'lim is:l ■J. 70 Naiiiiilir.i;' 711 ,Sl. (;|iihI;,iii 71 ^l.|ll.l^,,rl k7 Svlvaii, lie V<-ili; •lit Ni'vvlduli Vc-r';:ilini !H i;rl>aiii.<'ialiir.' 11)7 <;itiiiaii riiiiii- iir, liiiH',M,il'i< I'liipl.- VVaHliiii;,'l( 11 III-! llali^ aiiiaHk nil lllr.K.T'H Car"- ■ Ill Italian I'liiii,- lor, lUutihMH iiii; Klill's I'lllMl 111:1 r,icv (;,,iiiiii Driip 107 l.air'' l.,i"!' Itlii,' 10:1 <;>>i,|ii r'>< riiiiii IDA M„t,„-,„ lO-J IIiiiiih^'m I'liiplu lir, Orl.-aiis 10:1 lliaiii 1 loi: Pllipl,- f.iV^I- 10:1 lOlln-y 10., I'l III, ,-"h liiipiMial Ca>;u 111'.) (ijiaii (iltf.'!" 10 1 VV.-ihIiiii{;Ii)ii lui; (•III'.llltll',S. Illai k 'I'liilanan lOH Criill.-v no Itlai k lliMrl IIMI l.ali- Diilo- III IUa,'k i:a<:l BV THE CO.rTIilBUTW.yS OF PR^'lCTIC^iL FAUMEHU, A.VD EXPEHl- E.\CED JKUilCULTURlHTS. OXiice, Ko. 3i, NoitSi Marliet Street, Boston, Mass. The YANKEE FARMER is a weekly publication, of eiglit pages, devoted to Agriculture, on a largo quarto sheet. The price is two dollars per nnnun), pnj'able within sixty days from the time of subscribing ; and every sixth copy will bo allow- ed to jrentl>?nien wiio procure us five subscribers, and remit the money in advance. A volume will contain 41 (j pages quarto, and be furnished with a copious index and title page. It is tiie cheap- est agricultural paper in New England, containing more reading than S.jOO pages duidecimo. Almost every man cultivates a spot of earth, and wiiether it be a large or small one, he should learn the best productions, the best methods of culture, and the latest improvement in tools and machines. Those who are not cultivators will find mucii in the Farmer that will be interesting and useful. Articles on Rural and Domestic Economy, Arts, Trades, &c. will frequently come home to the business and promote the inter- est of every rellucting person. The Price Current of Country Produce, and a weekly report of the sales at Brighton Market, will be published in the Farmer. [EJ" Subscriptions must be sent by mail to CHARLiES F. B0SS02?, Publislicr, 31, A'yrlA Market. Street, Boston, Mass. NO. 9, ^lERCIlAiNTs' ROW BOSTON. SEEDSMEN AND FLORISTS, Offer at wholesale and retail, one of the most extensive as- sortments of GARDEN, GRASS, FIELD, and FLOWER SEICD, to be found in New England. Having long been en- giged in the cultivation of plants and the raising of seed, tbey can warrant every article, true to its name and of the best quality. Sucli as Spiing W'hoat, Spring Rye, Barley, Buckwheat, Mangel VVurtzel, Ruta Baga, Sugar Beet, Mulberry Seed, Dut- lon Corn, &c. &c. In the selection of these articles, H. & Co. give the most particular attention, and purchasers may rely upon procuring the most approved kinds, and of genuine quality. CRJLSS SISISDS. Herds Grass, Red Top, Noithern and Southern Clover, White Dutch (Clover, Lucerne, Orchard, Rye, and Dew Grass, Millet, Ac. at wholesale and letail. GJkRDX:ir SEEDS. The great variety of vegetable seeds renders it impossible to enumerate them in an advertisemer>t. In addition to all the old and approved kinds, they annually receive from the first seeds- men in Europe, every thing that is new or rate. The following are among those ot more recent introduction :— C'c'ilu ^'lllli I'cas (eaily) I Bailf) 's CJiaiit Red t'clf ry (iroone's Siipcrti Dwarf Blue | do do Wliite do Kail)' Warwick Peas | Early Vanack Cabbage TIuOVrHB. SEEDS. 4 00 kinds of Annual and Perennial FLOWER SEEDS, embracing- all Ihe most choice and beautiful ; ]'2 varieties of Superb Donble German Asters; 10 do. of double dwarf Larkspurs ; G do. of Zumiis, &c. Ac. all raised by themselves, and warranted to be the most beautiful in cultivation. I'ackaires of 20 kinds liandsoniely put up for ^l. 100 elegant varieties in one package, $4. hicluding 2 00 varieties of Camellias ; 40 of Erica's or Heaths, Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Geraniums, &.c. ; Hardy Pe- rennial Flowering Plants, (^-c. A large collection ot the most splendid DAI1LL\S, Bulbous Flower Roots, ^ c. ^c- FE.UIT AWD O^N^^sflH^TA.It TREES, Grape Vines, Gooseberries, Strawberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb Roots, 4c- BOOKS on Gardening, Botany, Agriculture, ic [HJ* DEALERS and others supplied on accommodating terms, with every variety of Garden Seeds, by tiie pound, bushel, or ounce; or if required, in koxf.s, neatlj' put up in papers, and labelled with the name and all the particulars of cultivation. 0= A liberal discount made from the retail prices. H. & CO. publish the MAGAZINE OF HORTICUL- TURE, volume IV of which cominenced on Jan. 1, I'^i'S. — Monthly, at )^'?, per year. CAr.-v.i.ocL Ks may be had on application. ' ,/" Orders for anj kind of Seeds, Plants, or Trees, directed to HOVEY iV Co. JKo. 9, Merchants' Row, Boslon, will nieet witii prompt attention, and be faitlifull3' executed. — Plants packed ko as to go safely to any part of the country. (^0 ieq ©i\miEiiss®sj^'^ •\VIIOLE?ALK AND RETAIL FLUSHING Lc I. KEV/ YORK. ALWAYS ON UAMI, A I. ART.]' A?S0RT:MKNT OF AGRICULTURAL, KITC[1E?>I GARDEN AND FLOWER S S3 ^ B S , of the greatest variety, and at reduced prices. ALSO, A iar MO.^T r.XTKNSIVE VARIETY OF T!:E J'lNEST SORTS, INCEUIUNC; TtlE CELriJUATEU Also— Apples, Cherries, Peaches, Fiuin.s, Nectarines, Apricots, .'UiU'-inds, Quinces, Grape Vines, Currants, Raspberries, Fine i:i!ported Lancashire Gooseberries. MULBERRIES FOR SILK, at a liberal discount, by the hundred or thousand, including the Chinese, or Morus Multi- caulis. [D= All orders left with IVES S,^ JKVvETT, at fheir BMi Seed Stoue, 103 Esses Street, will be duly attended to. fO" CATALOGUES gratis, on appUratiuii. SALEM WILLIAM H. CHASE, AT THE CHAMBERS OVER HIS HARD-WARE STORE, ] 3G ESSEX OPPOSITE CENTRAL STREET, HAS CONSTANTLY ON HAND, AN ASSORTMENT OF C Howard's Cast Iron Ploughs J. & J. Sylvester's do do Ploug-h Castings, Corn Shellers Willis' improved Seed Sower, Green's Patent Straw Cutterj Willis' do do Common hand do Lead Pipe, Cast Iron Pumps, Copper do Wood do Gault'a Patent Churns, Shaker and common Churns, Manure and Hay Forks, Farwell's Scvthes Colby's do Patent and common Snaiths, Wilder and Eddy's Rakes, Grindstone Rollers Corn Mills, Paint do Cast Steel Shovels, Iron do Garden Tools of all kinda. Cast Iron Boilers, Cast Steel Hogs, Together with a great variety of other Agricultural and Horti- cultural TOOLS, which ',viU be sold on the most favorable tern«s. Any description of AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS that may be wanted, will ba procured at short notice from the manu- facturers. Saleb, 3d MONTH, 5tb, 1833. 683 'i -^ .,x\- l- II LIBRARY OF CONGRESS DDDmi71t>S4