Class _3Ll£l_X£J9 BnnV . H £,4 Copyright N?. C2EBUGHI DEPOSHfc MANUAL OF AMERICAN CITIZEN:, SHIP GEORGE WASHINGTON The "Father of His Country" — Commander-in-Chief in the War of the Revolution. First President of the Re- public. Chief Author of the Independence of the United States. Born February 22, 1732. Died December 14, 1799. X A MANUAL OF AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP THINGS EVERY AMERICAN SHOULD KNOW BY EDWIN NOAH HARDY, Ph.D. AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY PARK AVENUE AND FORTIETH STREET NEW YORK Copyright, 1919 By American Tract Society JON 24iyj9 ©CI.A515980 % , FOREWORD We are confident this Manual meets a long-felt need. Not only our foreign-born population, but also vast numbers of our American-born citizens, have no clear and definite knowledge as to what it really means to be a true and high-minded Amer- ican citizen, and, as a consequence, do not understand and appreciate their obligations to the country of adoption or birth. The facts are both briefly and comprehensively stated. They embrace our country's dis- covery and geography, its climate and set- tlement, its vast resources in minerals and agriculture. The Manual tells us of the for- mation of the colonies, and their struggle for independence, and the founding of a na- tion. It further informs us as to the gov- ernment of the United States and its offi- cials, and how its laws are administered. It also tells us of marriage and the home, Foreword and the relation between parents and chil- dren. We are informed what it means to have a good character, and how to establish and develop it, and that the longing in the heart and soul of man after the Eternal is the basis of religion, the Church and the Sacraments and of all that lifts man into spiritual communion with his Creator and Father. The Golden Rule is forcibly set forth, and it is shown that its fulfilment will usher in " an ideal social order with equal rights, complete justice and happiness for all men in all stations of life." The author has not only performed excel- lent work, but rendered a very exceptional service in a field that has been long waiting for such harvesting. We believe the Man- ual ought to be on the table in the living room of every home, and used as a text- book in our schools and colleges. Judson Swift. PART I AMERICA Here is the Nation God has builded by our hands. What shall we do with it? Who is there who does not stand ready at all times to act in her behalf in a spirit of devoted and disinterested pa- triotism? We are yet in the youth and the first consciousness of our power. The day of our coun- try's life is still but in its fresh morning. Let us lift up our eyes to the great tracts of life yet to be conquered in the interest of righteous peace. Come, let us renew our allegiance to America, con- serve her strength in its purity, make her chief among those who serve mankind, self -reverenced, self-commanding, mistress of all forces of quiet counsel, strong above all others in good-will and the might of invincible justice and right. Woodrow Wilson. A MANUAL OF AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP CHAPTER I GEOGRAPHY America is the most wonderful country in the world, and every one who lives here ought to know something about it. Many call it " God's Country,' ' and with good reason. 1. Why Is the United States Called America? The whole western continent was called America in 1507 in honor of the Italian dis- coverer, Amerigo Vespucci ; more recently the name America has been applied to the United States. 2. What Are the Boundaries of the United States? The main body of the United States ex- tends across the North American Continent from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the 3 4 A Manual of American Citizenship Pacific Ocean on the west, and from Canada and the Great Lakes on the north to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. 3. What Other Countries Belong to the United States? Alaska, Porto Rico, the Hawaiian Islands, the Panama Canal Zone, and several islands of the Pacific Ocean. The United States also governs the Philippine Islands. 4. What Is the Size of the United States? The area of the mainland of the United States is 3,032,049 square miles; with Alaska and the other dependencies, 3,690,822 square miles. 5. What Is the Climate of the United States? Because of its vast area and because of the wet and dry seasons of the Pacific Coast, America offers the greatest variation in cli- mate. 6. What Are the Mineral Resources of the United States? It is the richest country in the world in mineral resources. It produces 60 per cent. Geography of the copper of the world, 72 per cent, of the oil, 42 per cent, of the iron, 37 per cent, of the coal, 26 per cent, of the silver, 20 per cent, of the gold. 7. What Are the Food Resources of the United States? Its farms and ranches could nearly supply the world with bread, fruit and meat. It pro- duces 75 per cent, of the corn of the world and 25 per cent, of the wheat. It is now pro- ducing almost every food product to be found anywhere. 8. What Are Some of the Other Resources of the United States? The United States has half a billion acres of timber land. It produces 70 per cent, of the cotton and much of the wool of the world, has immense fisheries, and is the greatest sugar-producing country. 9. What Natural Power Has the United States? Almost limitless deposits of coal, oil and gas, plenty of wood and timber, and immeas- urable water power to change the raw ma- 6 A Manual of American Citizenship terial into the finished product for the use of man. 10. Are All the Resources of the United States Developed? The vast resources of the United States are now only partially developed, offering the greatest possible opportunities to her indus- trious and ambitious citizens. There are mil- lions of acres of land now held by the Govern- ment, great desert regions to be reclaimed by public irrigation, besides hundreds of thou- sands of acres of land for sale at a nominal price. CHAPTER II DISCOVERY OF AMERICA For thousands of years the American con- tinent was unknown to the civilized world. Why ? Many believe that God hid this coun- try with its wonderful resources and oppor- tunities until men knew how to rightly use civil and religious liberty, that in America might be produced the noblest type of man- hood and womanhood and a great democratic Christian nation — truly " God's country.' ' 1. When Was America Discovered? America was discovered October 12, 1492, by Christopher Columbus. Raising the Span- ish flag and setting up the Cross, he took pos- session of the new country for Christ and Spain. * 2. Who Was Christopher Columbus? An Italian sailor born in Genoa, 1445. He was very poor but ambitious. He believed the world was round and that India could be reached by sailing west. 7 8 A Manual of American Citizenship 3. What Did People Think of Columbus? Almost every one laughed at him and thought him insane or a fool. It was eight- een years before he found friends in King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, who aided him. 4. Did Columbus Really Reach America? He landed probably on one of the Bahama Islands, but thought it was India. 5. Was the Country Inhabited? Yes. It was inhabited by Red Men whom Columbus called Indians because he thought the country was India. They were savages, warring among themselves and living largely by hunting and fishing. 6. How Did the Europeans Treat the In- dians? At first kindly, then with great injustice, often robbing them of their land and driving them from their hunting grounds. 7. Are There Many Indians Now? There are now about 350,000 Indians in the United States — about as many as when the Discovery of America 9 country was discovered. Many of these In- dians are respected citizens. 8. Were There Other Discoverers of Amer- ica? Yes. John Cabot, an Englishman, discov- ered North America in 1497. Amerigo Ves- pucci, an Italian, discovered Central Amer- ica in 1497. Vasco Balboa, a Spaniard, from the top of a mountain in Panama saw the Pacific Ocean in 1513. Jacques Cartier, a Frenchman, discovered the St. Lawrence in 1535. Fernando De Soto, discovered the Mis- sissippi in 1542. 9. What Countries Sent Explorers to Amer- ica? All the great countries of Europe: Eng- land, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Hol- land. 10. In 1600 What American Possessions Did These Countries Hold? England held most of the Atlantic sea-coast. France held Canada and the Great Lakes. Spain held South and Central America, Mex- ico and the Mississippi Valley. CHAPTER in THE SETTLEMENT OF AMERICA Aorair. ~r raise a sue-sti:::: ^Tiy was the United States settled by God-fearing, home- loving, liberty-seeking men? Out of many nations only such men became the permanent settlers of America. God hid this conntary an ] settled it by those who honored Him, that this might be the greatest free. Christian Re- public in the worl 1. Bow Soon After Its Discovery Was America Settled? I: ~as n:re than a century before there a a permanent settlement in Amen : 2. When Was the First English Settlement : The first English settlement was made at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. by a little band of 105 people consisting of families, with Cap- tain John Smith as their fearless leader. 10 The Settlement of America 11 3. What Was the First Dutch Settlement? In 1609 Henry Hudson discovered the Hud- son River, and immediately the Dutch began the settlement of New Amsterdam. 4. How Long Did the Dutch Control New York? Until 1664, when the English gained con- trol of New Amsterdam and changed the name to New York. 5. Who Were the Pilgrims and Where Did They Settle? They were English Christians who because of the persecutions in England at that time emigrated to America in the Mayfloiver and landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, December 20, 1620. 6. What Was the Mayflower Covenant? It was a written covenant of freedom drawn up by these Pilgrims on board the Mayflower. This is one of the great historical documents of the world. 7. Who Were the Puritans? The Puritans were ardent English patriots and Christians who came to America that they 12 A Manual of American Citizenship might enjoy civil and religious liberty and began a settlement in Massachusetts in 1628. 8. When and by Whom Were Other Settle- ments Made? Louisiana was settled by Frenchmen in 1630 ; Delaware by Swedes in 1638 ; Pennsyl- vania by English Quakers in 1682 ; Texas by Spaniards in 1692; and other portions by these and various other nationalities in later years. 9. Would It Not Appear, Then, That All Americans Are Foreigners Either by Birth or Descent? Certainly : but a true American ceases to be a foreigner as soon as he is naturalized ; that is, when he adopts the principles of the Re- public and obeys its laws. CHAPTER IV THE COLONIAL PERIOD The period 1682-1776 is known as " the colonial period/' because during that time the settlements were governed as separate colonies of the English crown. Thus for a century the colonists, enjoying great freedom, were learning how to govern themselves in local and state affairs. 1. What Were the Colonial Wars? For nearly the whole of this period France and England were at war. In 1757, at Que- bec, the English were victorious and Canada became subject to England. 2. What Effect Did These Wars Have upon the Colonists? The colonies became united. The colonists fought against the French and Indians, and learned how to fight. The wars developed strong military leaders and thus prepared the colonists for the great struggle for Independ- ence. 13 14 A Manual of American Citizenship 3. How Were the Colonies Governed? Two of the colonies, Connecticut and Rhode Island, had royal charters and were very inde- pendent Massachusetts had a charter and special rights, but was ruled by a Governor chosen by the King. Seven of the colonies had Governors without charters. The rest were ruled by proprietors who originally owned the land. 4. Were the Colonies Free to Govern Them- selves? With the possible exception of Maryland the people of the colonies enjoyed great free- dom in the management of local affairs. 5. What Kind of a Government Did the Colonists Establish? At first a pure democracy. Nearly all the males of 21 years of age enjoyed equal rights. 6. Who Made the Local Laws? The voters at the town meeting. Officers were chosen by vote to execute the laws and to explain their meaning. The Colonial Period 15 7. What Happened as the Towns Grew (Larger? As the towns increased in size and number certain powers of the voter were delegated to chosen representatives who acted for them. 8. What Was the County Organization? A group of near-by towns formed a county organization to make laws and regulations which would promote the common welfare. 9. Was There Representative Government in the Colonies? Each of the colonies had a representative or- ganization, much like the State Government of to-day. 10. What Was the Colonial Federation? It was a loose union of the thirteen colonies for the common welfare of all. CHAPTER V THE WAR OF INDEPEND- ENCE 1. When Was the War of Independence? Beginning in 1775 between England and America, the War of Independence lasted seven years and ended with the Independence of America. 2. What Caused the War of Independence? The restriction of personal and political liberties of the colonists by the autocratic power of the English Government. 3. What Were Some of These Restrictions? " Taxation without Representation/' " The Stamp Act," restriction of trade, and many others. 4. What Did the Colonies Do to Secure Re- dress? They petitioned the King and Parliament, but to no avail. They threatened, but that did 16 The War of Independence 17 no good, and as the last resort they took up arms. 5. What Was the Declaration of Independ- ence? It was a public document proclaiming the independence of the thirteen English Colonies in America and stating the reasons why the colonies would no longer endure English rule. 6. When Was the Declaration of Independ- ence Made? The Declaration of Independence was drawn up in Philadelphia and proclaimed July 4, 1776. 7. How Was the War of Independence Ended? By the Treaty of Peace signed in Paris, Sep- tember 3, 1783. 8. What Did the Treaty of Peace Secure? Great Britain recognized the independence of the colonies, then known as the Thirteen Sovereign States. By the treaty all the terri- tory from the Atlantic to the Mississippi was ceded to the States. 18 A Manual of American Citizenship 9. What Was the Significance of the Decla- ration of Independence? It is believed to be the world's greatest his- torical document on human rights and free- dom. The Introduction and Conclusion of the Declaration of Independence. " When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opin- ions of mankind requires that they should de- clare the causes which impel them to the separation." " We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain un- alienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are insti- tuted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that when- ever any form of government becomes destruc- The War of Independence 19 tive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and institute new gov- ernment, laying its foundation on such prin- ciples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suf- fer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invari- ably the same objects, evinces a design to re- duce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such gov- ernment, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government.' ' . . . 11 We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the 20 A Manual of American Citizenship good people of these Colonies, solemnly pub- lish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and inde- pendent States; that they are (absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and inde- pendent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." CHAPTER VI THE FOUNDING OF THE NATION Thus far we have noted the clear signs that God was directing the discovery and settle- ment of America. For the founding of Amer- ica God raised up great leaders with a won- derful vision of a free Christian nation. We hold that in America He is working out a great plan for the good of all mankind. 1. What Was One of the Great Results of the War of Independence? The thirteen Colonial States became a nation. 2. Was the Nation Founded at Once? No. It was thirteen years after the Decla- ration of Independence before there was an American nation. 3. What Caused the Delay? The colonies feared the loss of some of their local rights and liberties. 21 22 A Manual of American Citizenship 4. What Were the First Steps Toward the Founding of the Nation? In 1777 Congress formulated a loose plan of national government which was called a " Federation of States/' 5. Was This Plan Successful? No. The people soon saw that if they would enjoy real freedom, perfect unity, peace and prosperity, they must have a strong, cen- tral, representative government. 6. What Great Convention Was Called? A national convention of representatives of the colonies was called in Philadelphia in 1781 to organize the new government. 7. What Did This Convention Do? After the most serious thought the Conven- tion drafted the Constitution and submitted it to the State legislatures for ratification. 8. When Was the Constitution Adopted Establishing the United States of America? In 1789 nine of the Colonial States ratified the Constitution, and the United States of America was established. The Founding of the Nation 23 9. What Was the Constitution? The Constitution was the supreme, perma- nent Law of the United States. 10. What Was the Preamble of the Consti- tution? c< We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States of America.' ' 11. Can the Constitution of the United States Be Changed? The Constitution can be amended by the vote of the people through Congress and rati- fication by the State legislatures. 12. Has the Constitution Been Amended? The makers of the Constitution were so wise that in one hundred and thirty years but eighteen changes have been made. 24* A Manual of American Citizenship 13. How Many States Were There at First? When the Constitution was adopted there were thirteen States and less than four million people in the United States. 14. How Many States Are There Now? There are forty-eight States and about one hundred and ten million people in the United States, and with the Philippine Islands about one hundred and twenty millions. 15. Has the United States Prospered under the Constitution? The United States is the wealthiest nation in the world and one of the strongest and is a leader among the nations in all things which concern the highest welfare of all the people. CHAPTER VII THE AMERICAN FLAG The American Flag is the most beautiful and significant flag in the world. It is the flag of a free people, representing all the struggles and the sacrifices for civil and re- ligious liberty in the past, all the high ideals and principles for which America now stands, and it is the pledge of the continuance of these liberties and a larger enjoyment of them in the future. 1. What Is Our National Flag? Our flag is the emblem of the nation and symbolizes that for which the nation stands. 2. When and Where Was the First Ameri- can Flag Unfurled? January 2, 1776, at Cambridge, Massachu- setts, by George Washington when he took command of the American Army. 3. Was This the Stars and Stripes? No. It was a flag without stars, English crosses taking their place. 25 26 A Manual of American Citizenship 4. Who Designed the Flag as Now Used? Betsey Boss, of Philadelphia, in 1776. 5. When Was the American Flag Adopted by Congress? June 14, 1777, Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes as the national flag, with seven red stripes, six white stripes, and a blue field with thirteen white stars. 6. For What Did the Stars and Stripes Stand? The thirteen stars and stripes represented the Union of the thirteen sovereign Colonial States. 7. What Changes Were Later Made in the Flag? In 1818 it was enacted by Congress that the thirteen stripes should remain the same, but that a new star should be added to the flag with the admission of every new State in the Union. 8. What is the Meaning of the Colors of the Flag? The red signifies courage and sacrifice : the white signifies purity and nobility of charac- The American Flag &7 ter : the blue signifies loyalty to our flag, our country, and our God. 9. What is the Pledge to the Flag? 1 1 I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands ; one nation, in- divisible, with liberty and justice to all. ' ' 10. By What Other Name is the Flag Known? The American Flag is often called " Old Glory.' ' CHAPTER VIII OUR NATIONAL SONGS America is very fortunate in its patriotic songs. They express, with love of country, high religious sentiment. A. Our National Flag-Song. 1. What is the American Flag-Song? The American Flag-song is " The Star- Spangled Banner." 2. Who Wrote the Star-Spangled Banner? Francis Scott Key composed " The Star- Spangled Banner," September 14, 1814. 3. What Incident Caused the Writing of the Flag-Song? The author, a prisoner on a British battle- ship, witnessed the night attack on Fort Mc- Henry, and was inspired to write the song when he saw the Stars and Stripes still float- ing over the Fort at daybreak. 28 ' Our National Songs 29 THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER By Francis Scott Key Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming ? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gal- lantly streaming ; And the rockets' red glare, the bombs burst- ing in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave 'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? On that shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o 'er the tower- ing steep, As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now dis- closes ! 30 A Manual of American Citizenship Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream ; 'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner; oh, long may- it wave 'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! And where are the foes who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's con- fusion A home and a country should leave us no more? Their blood has washed out their foul foot- steps' pollution; No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave ; And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph doth wave 'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. Oh, thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Our National Songs 31 Between their loved homes and the war's deso- lation ! Blest with victory and peace, may the Heaven- rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and pre- served us a nation ! Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto, " In God is our trust !" And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave 'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! B. Our National Hymn. 1. What is the National Hymn of the United States? The National Hymn of the United States is 11 America." 2. When and by Whom Was It Written? It was written in 1832 by Rev. Samuel F. Smith. 3. What is the Tune Used? The melody ascribed to Henry Carey (1732) 32 A Manual of American Citizenship is identical with the English National Anthem, " Gk)d save the King," and is popular in France and elsewhere. 4. What Characterizes Both the Flag-Song and the National Hymn? The strong religious sentiment of America, " In God we trust." THE NATIONAL ANTHEM AMERICA My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing; Land where my fathers died, Land of the Pilgrims' pride, From every mountain-side Let freedom ring. My chosen country — thee, Land of the noble, free — Thy name I love; I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills, My heart with rapture thrills Like that above. Our National Songs 33 Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom's song; Let mortal tongues awake, Let all that breathe partake, Let rocks their silence break, — The sound prolong. Our fathers' God, to Thee, Author of liberty, To Thee we sing ; Long may our land be bright "With freedom's holy light, — Protect us by Thy might, Great God, our King. CHAPTER IX THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES The Government of the United States is a Democratic Republic, " A government of the people, by the people, for the people.' ? The people are sovereign and rule. 1. What Are the Three Great Divisions of the Government? (a) The Legislative, which makes the Laws. (b) The Executive, which enforces the Laws. (c) The Judicial, which interprets the Laws. A. The Legislative Department. 1. What is the Law-making Department? Congress is the law-making department of the United States. 2. Of How Many Branches is it Com- posed? There are two branches. The Senate and the House of Representatives. 34 The Government of the United States 35 3. How Many Senators Are There? Two Senators from each State elected for six years by voters of that State. 4. What Are the Qualifications of a United States Senator? A Senator must be not less than thirty years of age, nine years a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the State from which chosen. 5. Who Presides Over the Senate? The Vice-President. 6. What Are the Special Powers of the Senate? The Senate may approve or reject ap- pointments made by the President ; approve or reject treaties with foreign countries; try impeachments of United States Offi- cials. 7. How Are United States Congressional Representatives Chosen? United States Representatives are elected for two years by vote of the people of each Congressional district and are apportioned to each State on the basis of population. 36 A Manual of American Citizenship 8. What Are the Qualifications of a United States Representative? A Representative must be not less than twenty-five years of age, seven years a citi- zen of the United States, and a resident of the State from which chosen. 9. What Are the Special Powers of the House of Representatives? It may choose its speaker from its own members ; initiate bills for raising revenue ; impeach United States Officials. 10. What Are Some of the General Powers of Congress? Congress makes the laws of the United States; may levy and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises; regulate commerce with foreign nations ; coin money ; establish postoffices; declare war and maintain and support an army and navy; provide uni- form laws of naturalization. 11. When Does Congress Meet? Congress meets in regular session on the first Monday of December each year or at the call of the President in Special session. The Government of the United States 37 B. The Executive Department. 1. Who is the Chief Executive of the United States? The President. 2. How is the President Elected? The President is elected for four years by electors, equal in number to the Senators and Representatives of each State in Con- gress, and chosen by the voters of the State. 3. What Are the Qualifications of the President? The President of the United States must be not less than thirty-five years of age, a native-born citizen of the United States, and must have lived at least fourteen years in the United States. 4. What Are the Powers and Duties of the President? The President appoints, with approval of the Senate, Cabinet Secretaries, Ambassa- dors, Postmasters, United States Marshals and Judges; makes treaties with foreign countries by and with the consent of the Senate; approves or vetoes bills passed by 38 A Manual of American Citizenship Congress; may pardon criminals in the United States prisons; may convene or ad- journ Congress; is the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy. 5. How is the Vice-President of the United States Elected? The Vice-President is elected the same as the President and must have the same qualifications. 6. Who Succeeds the President if He Should Die, Be Disabled or Removed from Office? The Vice-President, and after him the Secretary of State. 7. What is the President's Term of Office Usually Called? The President's term of office is usually called " The Administration. " 8. How is the Administrative or Execu- tive Branch of the National Govern- ment Divided? The Executive Department is divided into ten departments with a Secretary at the The Government of the United States 39 head of each, chosen by the President by the approval of the Senate, who may be re- moved by the President at his will. 9. What Do These Ten Secretaries Form? The President's Cabinet. 10. What Are the Functions of the Ten State Departments and Secretaries? (a) The Secretary of State and his de- partment deal with international affairs. (b) The Secretary of the Treasury and his department deal with money affairs, the banks and the collection of duties. (c) The Attorney-General and the De- partment of Justice take charge of legal affairs in which the United States may be concerned. (d) The Secretary of the Interior and his department has charge of the internal af- fairs of the nation — Indian affairs, patents, pensions, public lands, education. (e) The Postmaster General and his de- partment manage the national mail service. (f ) The Secretary of the Navy and his department deal with the Navy and naval affairs. 40 A Manual of American Citizenship (g) The Secretary of War and his de- partment deal with the Army and military affairs. (h) The Secretary of Agriculture and his department deal with the agricultural inter- ests of the nation. (i) The Secretary of Commerce and his department deal with commercial affairs. (j) The Secretary of Labor and his de- partment deal with industrial relations and immigration. C. The Judicial Department. 1. What is the Purpose of the Judicial De- partment of the Government? The Judicial department interprets and de- cides upon the laws of the country. 2. What is the Highest Court in the United States? The Supreme Court which sits in Wash- ington, D. C. Its decisions are final. 3. How Many Judges of the Supreme Court Are There? A Chief Justice and eight associates are The Government of the United States 41 appointed for life by the President with the consent of the Senate. 4. What Other United States Courts Are Associated with the Supreme Court? There are nine Circuit Courts of Appeals, each presided over by a Justice of the Su- preme Court. 5. What United States Court Issues Natu- ralization Papers? The United States is divided into one hun- dred and one districts, each with a District Court which issues naturalization papers. 6. How Are the Judges of the United States Courts Appointed? They are all appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. CHAPTER X THE WARS OF THE UNITED S T A TE S The history of the United States can be remembered by associating it with important events and persons. American wars have been waged for the protection of citizens in their rights, and not for conquest. 1. What Was the Revolutionary War? The English colonies revolted from England in 1775 because they felt that they were un- justly governed. The war which followed was called the "War of the Revolution. It lasted from 1775 to 1782 and resulted in free- ing the colonies from English rule. (a) What Prominent Americans Took Part in the War of Independence and the Establishment of the Na- tion? George "Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, Robert Morris, Benjamin 42 The Wars of the United States 43 Franklin, John Hancock, Alexander Hamil- ton, Patrick Henry. (b) What Prominent European Pa- triots Aided the Colonies in the War of Independence? Lafayette, Pulaski, Kosciusko, Baron Steuben. 2. What Was the War of 1812? The refusal of England to recognize the in- dependence of the United States led to the second war with England from 1812 to 1814. (a) What was the Monroe Doctrine? The Monroe Doctrine was a declaration made soon after the War of 1812, that any foreign Power seeking to acquire territory in either North or South America would be considered unfriendly to the United States. 3. What Was the Mexican War? A war with Mexico was fought in 1846- 1848 because of trouble which arose over the State of Texas becoming a part of the United States, 44 A Manual of American Citizenship 4. What Was the Civil War? A war between the Northern and Southern States from 1861 to 1865. The war was caused by the claim of the Southern States that they could leave the United States at will. The claim was made because of a difference of opinion between North and South over the question of Negro Slavery. (a) What Was the Result of the Civil War? The Civil War resulted in the reunion of North and South and ended Negro Slavery in the United States. (b) Who Were the Prominent Generals of the Civil War? Grant, Meade, Sherman, Sheridan, Mc- Clellan for the North; Lee, Jackson, two Johnsons, Gordon, Early for the South. (c) Who Was the President of the United States? Abraham Lincoln. (d) What Were Lincoln's Two Great Historical Documents? The Proclamation of Emancipation free- The Wars of the United States 45 ing the Negroes from slavery and his ad- dress at the dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg. THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS By Abraham Lincoln Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here .gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — we cannot consecrate — we cannot hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather 46 A Manual of American Citizenship to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. 5. What Was the Spanish War? The Spanish War was caused by Spanish misrule in Cuba in 1898. As a result of this war Cuba became an independent republic, and the United States secured Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands. 6. What Was the World War? A war between autocracy and democracy beginning August 4, 1914, when Germany at- tempted the overthrow of democracy and the conquest of the world for the privileged classes. ABRAHAM LINCOLN The Savior of Our Country. Commander-in-Chief in Civil War. President 1861-1865. Born February 12, 1809. Died April 14, 1865. 47 The Wars of the United States 49 (a) When Did the United States Declare War With the Central Powers? War was declared April 6, 1917. (b) What Was the Immediate Result of this Declaration of War? All lovers of liberty and democracy throughout the world were fired with new courage. (c) What Was the Final Result of the Entrance of the United States into the War? Our Country with her great wealth and resources and her army of 4,000,000 men made possible for the allies a complete vic- tory for democracy and world-peace. CHAPTER XI HOW HAS THE UNITED STATES INCREASED HER TERRITORY? Although the United States has waged no wars of conquest, yet she has greatly increased her territory in the course of time. 1. When Was the Louisiana Territory Added? The territory from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains was purchased from France in 1803. 2. When Was Florida Added? In 1819, by purchase from Spain. 3. When Was Texas Added? In 1846, by annexation. 4. When Was the Oregon Territory Added? In 1846 the great Northwest was added by boundary settlement with Great Britain. 50 1 y s i Y k Increased Territory 51 5. When Was the California Territory Added? In 1847 and 1858, by purchase from Spain. 6. When Was Alaska Added? In 1867, by purchase from Russia. 7. When Were the Hawaiian Islands Added? In 1898, by annexation. 8. When Were Porto Rico and the Philip- pine Islands Added? In 1898, ceded from Spain. 9. When Was the Panama Canal Zone Added? In 1909, by purchase. 10. How Much Have These Additions Increased the Size of the United States? The United States has now four times the area she possessed in 1800. AMERICAN HOLIDAYS The people of the United States keep many holidays, but only those are here noted which 52 A Manual of American Citizenship m V) » iH OS b- « OS t> H OS©OHH •^<«tf*oioio«oao aoooaooooooooooooooo iHi-lT-lrH»HiHrHiHiHH I I I I I I I I I J 10 OS oooo oooo tt COfc-HC OS OS© c ooooosc I I I OS CO t- aocsa oooooo I I I was co OOiH OSOSO» ft o GO W ft M OQ B fl ri pi fl.g.g .2 ,S.S« s a fl « fl.gfl.g 53j.f3.S2 VUOOCScS «3 c6«30VV©©c«3©e8 iiiiiiilLtfisfSflliiiiiiiil ol> © © © ©© *irir ©jrr © © © © © © © © © © « pi pi fl.2 e3 c3 cQ ■*= O © c c3 ss pi a § p. p. p. a © © © © d o ta - © cS ,td d d 1^1 Am . Ph h b © © S 8 a S^ £s,§ g-Ss 5 r % ©^ § je •§ d «£3 § §S 2 fl rt - 2 ° * d s .3." pi e3 £ e8*e PJ 03 • ►Z© 6 * p !g3|5§ slur ; g.d ©to P-p &-s a © o g r? P> g,d *h © Increased Territory 53 are set apart by national authority or gener- ally observed. 1. January 1 New Year's Day 2. February 12 Lincoln's Birthday 3. February 22 Washington's Birthday 4. May 30 Memorial Day 5. July 4 Independence Day 6. September, first Monday after the first Sunday Labor Day 7. October 12 Columbus Day 8. November, last Thursday Thanksgiving Day 9. December 25 Christmas Day Postal Rules and Regulations 1. First-Class Matter. (a) Letters, manuscripts and anything sealed, two cents for each ounce or fraction anywhere in the United States and to Guam, Hawaii, Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, Tu- tuila, the Canal Zone and to Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and the Republic of Panama. The same rates apply to letters to Germany, Great Britain and Ireland. (b) Postal cards one cent. 54 A Manual of American Citizenship 2. Second-Class Matter. Newspapers and periodicals one cent for each four ounces or fraction. (This is largely for publishers' use.) 3. Third-Class Matter. Miscellaneous matter, in unsealed packages, one cent for each two ounces or fraction. 4. Special Delivery Letters. Ten cents in addition to regular postage secures immediate delivery of the letter within the carrier-delivery limit of the city of free delivery or within one mile of any other United States Postoffice. 5. Registration of Letters. Eegistration provides for safe transmission and correct delivery. Registered letters go to every postoffice in the world. The registry fee is ten cents in addition to the regular rate. 6. Parcel Post. Parcel post rates are subject to weight and distance. The rate is very low and can be ascertained at any postoffice. Increased Territory 55 The Weights and Measures Used in the United States Long Measure 12 inches=l foot 3 f eet=l yard 1760 yards (5,280 feet)=l mile 1 inch=.025 metre 1 foot=.30 metre 1 yard=.91 metre 1 mile=1.61 kilometres Square Measure 144 square inclies=l square foot 9 square feet=l square yard 4840 square yards=l acre 640 acres=l square mile 1 square fook=.09 square metre 1 square yard=.84 square metre 1 acre=4046.71 square metres 1 acre=.407 hectar 1 square mile=2.50 square kilometres Cubic Measure 1728 cubic inches=l cubic foot 27 cubic feet=l cubic yard 1 cubic foot=.028 cubic metre 1 cubic yard=.76 cubic metre 56 A Manual of American Citizenship Dry Measure 2 pints=l quart 8 quarts=l peck 4 pecks=l bushel 1 pint=.55 litre 1 quart^^l.l litres 1 peck=8.8 litres 1 bushel=35 litres Liquid Measure 4 gills=l pint 2 pints=l quart 4 quarts=l gallon 31% gallons=l barrel 2 barrels=l hogshead 1 p int=. 47 litre 1 quart=.95 litre 1 gallon=3.8 litres 1 barrel=1.19 hektolitres Weight 16 ounces=l pound 2,000 pounds=l ton 1 ounce=28 grains 1 pound=.45 kilogram 1 ton=.91 metric ton PART II THE AMERICAN CITIZEN There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. We have room for but one flag, the American Flag, and this ex- cludes the red flag, which symbolizes all wars against liberty and civilization, just as much as it excludes any foreign flag of a nation to which we are hostile. We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language, for we in- tend to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American nationality, and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding-house; and we have room for but one soul loyalty and that is loyalty to the American people. Theodore Roosevelt. THEODORE ROOSEVELT Typical American Virile, versatile, masterful President Born October 27, 1858. Died January 14, 1919. 59 CHAPTER I THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENSHIP In the United States the citizen is not a subject but a sovereign. In other countries the citizen is subject to laws and regulations which he has had no part in making. His rights and duties are determined by the privi- leged few who are in power. In the United States the rights and duties of the citizen are determined by the people, of whom he is one. 1. Does the Declaration of Independence Recognize the Natural Rights of Man? Yes. " We hold these truths to be self-evi- dent, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain in- alienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." 2. What is the Meaning of These Inalien- able Rights? That there are certain rights which belong to every man, are God-given, are born with 61 62 A Manual of American Citizenship him, and cannot be taken from him without injustice. 3. What Are Governments For? The Declaration of Independence says: 14 To secure these rights, governments are in- stituted among men, deriving their just pow- ers from the consent of the governed. ' ' 4. What Has the Constitution to Say About Men's Rights? Its very purpose is to " establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our pos- terity. ' ' 5. For What Do Our Flag and Country Stand? For the protection and enlargement of the civil and religious liberties of all the people. 6. Does the Government Protect the Rights of Her Citizens? Most of the laws of the nation deal directly or indirectly with the rights of her citizens and their mutual relations. Rights and Duties of Citizenship 63 7. Are Man's Religious Rights Protected? There is- no established religion in the United States, and every citizen is free to choose his own religious belief and to live in accord with it so long as he does not interfere with the religious liberty of others. 8. How Long and How Far Will the United States Protect the Rights of Her Citi- zens? As long as they remain citizens of the United States, no matter where they may hap- pen to be. 9. What is Implied by These Rights? Corresponding duties. We must respect the rights of others if we expect them to re- spect our rights. 10. How Are Rights and Duties Related? " Liberty is the power by which man can do what does not interfere with the rights of another. Its basis is nature; its standard is justice ; its protection is law ; its moral maxim : Do not unto others what you do not wish they should do unto you." 64 A Manual of American Citizenship 11. How Did Christ Define Duty? " Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them." 12. What Are the Duties of an American Citizen? To respect the rights of others and to pro- mote the welfare of all the people. 13. How Should the Citizen Use His Priv- ilege to Vote? He should know as much as possible about the persons to be elected and the issues to be decided, and then vote as his conscience directs. 14. What is the Citizen's Duty Respecting Law? He should obey it himself and secure its en- forcement as far as possible by all. 15. What is the Citizen's Duty Respecting Language? He should use the English language in- telligently and try to teach others to do the same. Rights and Duties of Citizenship 65 16. What Should the Citizen Know About His Country? He should know something about its size and resources; about its history and develop- ment; about its struggles for freedom; about God's help in shaping the nation; and much about citizenship and American ideals. 17. What Are the Greatest Perils to Ameri- can Citizenship? Ignorance, superstition, greed, low ideals, sin. CHAPTER II THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES Greater personal, civil and religious liberty is enjoyed in America than anywhere else in the world. The people are given the greatest possible freedom so long as what they do does not interfere with the rights and liberties of other people. The rights and liberties and welfare of all the people must be protected to insure the liberties of each one. 1. What Are United States Laws? The laws are rules and regulations made by the people to protect their civil and religious rights and liberties and the welfare of each and all. 2. Why Should the Law Be Respected? Because in the judgment of all the people these laws are the best means of protecting the liberties of each person. 66 The Laws of the United States 67 3. Who Makes These Laws and How May They Be Changed? The people make and may change these laws through representatives whom they elect by vote. 4. Why Are Laws Necessary? To define the rights and liberties of the people and because there are some who are not disposed to honor the rights of others. 5. How Are the Laws Enforced? The people through the Government choose certain men as sheriffs, policemen and others to enforce the law. 6. Why Do We Call the Law-Breaker a Criminal? Because the free people of the nation con- sider it a crime for one person to interfere with the rights of another person. 7. What is Done to the Person Who Breaks the Laws? He is arrested by an officer of the law. 68 A Manual of American Citizenship 8. Is the Person Arrested Considered Guilty? No. Every person is considered innocent till proven guilty. 9. What Does the Law Provide for the Ar- rested Man? A fair trial before judge or jury to establish his innocence or guilt. 10. What is the Result of the Trial? A decision by judge or jury concerning the guilt of the person tried, which either frees the accused or imposes a penalty for breaking the law. 11. What is the Nature of the Penalty for Breaking the Law? The penalty is a loss of some of the law- breaker's own liberties: a fine, or imprison- ment, to prevent the continuance of the disre- gard of the rights of others. 12. Is This All the Government Does? No. It tries to change the criminal into a true and loyal citizen, so that he may enjoy his own freedom by respecting the rights of others. CHAPTER III SOME LAWS EVERY ONE SHOULD KNOW 1. What is the Crime against the Franchise? It is a crime to secure naturalization papers through fraud or to sell one's vote for money or other reward. 2. What is the Crime Respecting Lotteries? It is a crime to have anything to do with lotteries or the buying or selling of lottery tickets. 3. What is the Crime against the Flag? It is a crime to show disrespect to the flag or to use it for advertising purposes. 4. What is the Crime Respecting the Care of Dumb Animals? All acts of cruelty to animals are severely punished. 5. What is the Crime of Bigamy? Any person who, having a husband or wife 69 70 A Manual of American Citizenship living, marries another person, is guilty of the crime of bigamy. 6. What is the Crime of Desertion? It is a crime for a man to abandon his fam- ily or to fail to provide for them. 7. What is the Crime of Blackmail? It is a crime to make, send, or deliver any threatening letter to another to gain money or any other advantage. 8. What is the Crime against Chastity? No one can violate personal purity or the sanctity of the family relation without being guilty of crime. 9. What is the Crime Respecting the Sab- bath? The founders of this Republic were God- fearing men and honored the Sabbath as a Day of Rest ; the law forbids the performance of unnecessary labor on that day. 10. What Does the Lav/ Require Respecting the Family? Every marriage, birth, and death must be duly reported to the proper civil authorities and recorded by them. CHAPTER IV THE NATURALIZATION OF THE ALIEN Our Country was one of the first to hold that a man has a right to choose his citizen- ship. Every one who intends to live here should become a citizen of the United States. 1. Into What Two Classes Are the People of the United States Divided? Into aliens and citizens. 2. Who Are Aliens? Citizens of another country who live in the United States. 3. Who Are Citizens? (a) Every person born in the United States. (b) Every citizen of another country who is naturalized in accordance with the laws of the United States. 4. What is Naturalization? Naturalization is the process by which a 71 72 A Manual of American Citizenship citizen of another country becomes a citizen of the United States. 5. Who Can Be Naturalized? Citizens of all countries excepting China, Japan, Korea, Siam, and India who comply with the National and State regulations. 6. What is the Process of Naturalization? The alien must secure two papers from a Federal or State Court before he can become a "citizen of the United States. 7. What is the " Declaration of Intention "? It is the first paper required. The appli- cant must give, under oath, his or her full name, the name of the ship and date of ar- rival, and must state the intention to become a citizen. It costs one dollar and is good for seven years. 8. What is the Second Paper? After two years, and before the end of seven years from the date of the first paper, the alien may apply for his or her second paper. The Naturalization of the Alien 73 9. What Are the Requirements for the Sec- ond Paper? Five years' continuous residence in the United States and one year's continuous resi- dence in the State; two witnesses, who are citizens and have known the petitioner for five years previous to petition must appear when the petition is filed. The cost of the petition is four dollars. 10. What Further Requirements Are Neces- sary? The applicant must be of good moral char- acter; must not believe in polygamy or anar- chy; must renounce allegiance to all other Governments; must intend to live in the United States and must speak the English lan- guage and be able to write his or her own name. 11. What is the Final Step? An examination in court, within ninety days of the filing of the petition, as to the appli- cant's knowledge of American Citizenship and the history and government of the United States, and the taking of the oath of allegiance. 74 A Manual of American Citizenship 12. How Are Women Naturalized? Unmarried women twenty-one years of age and over and widows may take out natural- ization papers in the same way as men. The wife of the naturalized alien becomes a citizen by that act. 13. What Are Some of the Advantages of Becoming a Citizen of the United States? The right to vote and hold office: the wife and minor children residing in this country become citizens: it secures certain property advantages and guarantees the protection of the citizen at home and abroad by the Gov- ernment of the United States. 14. What Does the Alien Secure by Nat- uralization? Citizenship in a free country and a chance to give his best to make this the greatest and best nation in the world. 15. How Should Citizenship in the United States Be Valued? As a high honor and a sacred trust. The Naturalization of the Alien 75 16. Must the New Citizens Give Up Their Language and Old Customs? It is essential that they know English, hut the more of other languages they know the better. The United States wants everything good in the customs and life of those who settle among us. 17. What is the Law of Allegiance to the United States? " I hereby declare, on oath, that I abso- lutely and entirely renounce and adjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, and particu- larly to the of of whom I have hitherto been a subject ; that I will sup- port and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all ene- mies, foreign and domestic, and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same. ' ' CHAPTER V THE CITIZEN'S SHARE IN GOVERNMENT Ours is a government of the people ; so each citizen has a definite share in it. America is just what the people make it. 1. What is the Smallest Unit in the Ameri- can System of Government? The town, ward, or borough which safe- guards the local interests of the people. The town government is almost a pure democracy. Matters of public interest are decided by vote of the citizens. 2. What is the Second Unit of Local Gov- ernment? The county, which deals with matters con- cerning a group of towns. 3. What is the Third and Larger Unit of Government? The State, which is made up of the counties 70 The Citizen's Share in Government 77 of a definite district and deals with the larger rights and liberties of the people. 4. What Are the Three Branches of State Government? (a) The Executive Department, which ad- ministers and enforces the law. The highest office is that of the Governor. (b) The Legislative Department, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives, which makes the laws. (c) The Judicial Department, which in- terprets the laws. 5. What is the Largest Unit of Government in the United States? The Federal Government at "Washington, D. C. The President is its chief official. 6. How Are the Officials of the Government Chosen? By vote of the people, who delegate their power to chosen representatives. 7. What is Required for the Best Govern- ment? The election of honest, intelligent, trust- worthy representatives. 78 A Manual of American Citizenship 8. How Can the Election of Such Men Be Secured? By the citizens who vote only for the best man. PART III THE AMERICAN HOME The majesty and the strength of our Nation is in the homes of the American people. The homes of the people; let us keep them pure and independ- ent, and all will be well with the Republic. Let us in frugal industry make them self-sustaining. Let us make them homes of refinement in which we shall teach our daughters that modesty and pa- tience and gentleness are the charms of woman. Let us make them temples of liberty, and teach our sons that an honest conscience is every man's first political law; and that no splendor can rob him and no force justify the surrender of the simplest right of a free and independent citizen. And above all, let us honor God in our avocations — anchor them close in His love, build His altars above our hearthstones, uphold them in the simple faith of our fathers, and crown them with the Bible — that book of books in which all the ways of life are made straight and the mystery of death is made plain. The home is the source of our na- tional life. Henry TP. Grady. CHAPTER I THE HOME-LIFE America is a land of homes. The home life of the people is one of the most interesting phases of American history. In the colonial home and the home on the frontier is repre- sented the best of everything in State, Church, and society. The beginnings of most of our American industries were in the home. It is, next to the Church, the most important insti- tution of the nation, and every effort should be made not only to preserve its purity but to increase its influence. 1. What is the Home? It is the permanent dwelling-place of the family made sacred by love. 2. What Makes Possible a True Home? Love, mutual helpfulness, and right living. 3. What Should the Home Be? It should be the brightest and best place on earth for the members of the family. 81 82 A Marmal of American Citizenship 4. Is a Happy Home Dependent on Riches? No. The best things of home-life cannot be purchased with money. 5. What Should the Home Do? It should create influences which will make it easy to resist evil, to do right, and to make the most of one's self. 6. What is the Greatest Service the Home Can Render? To make religion a definite and practical power for each member of the family. 7. How Can the Home Help the Commun- ity? It can train the children to be first-class citizens. 8. How Does the Home-Life Train for Cit- izenship? In the intimate relations of the home are learned the first lessons of law, order, love, co- operation, and respect for the rights of others. CHAPTER II THE FAMILY 1. What is the Family? The family is the unit of society and con- sists of a husband, wife, and children. 2. What is the Importance of the Family? It is, next to the Church, the most impor- tant institution in the world. 3. Why is the Family so Important? Because it is the source of human life, and out of it all other institutions arise. 4. How Do the Standards of the Home Af- fect the Standards of Society? The moral standards of society rarely rise higher than the standards of the home. 5. What is Marriage? Marriage is an ordinance of both Church and State by which one man and one woman are legally united for life. 83 84 A Manual of American Citizenship 6. What Does Marriage Secure? A home-life in which children are reared and fitted for the largest life here and here- after. 7. How Much Do Church and State Value the Marriage Relation? The marriage is considered a most sacred and binding obligation, and both Church and State consider the person who violates the marriage vow a criminal. 8. How Will True Parents Treat Their Children? With the thought that they are dealing with immortal souls and that the eternal destiny of the child is largely committed to them. 9. What Will Be the Result of This Con- viction? It will cause the parents to guard most carefully and stimulate the moral and spirit- ual development of their children. 10. What is the Parents' Greatest Joy? To watch their children's growth into noble Christian manhood and womanhood. The Family 85 11. For This End What Helps Should Be Sought? Parents should avail themselves of all the helps of Church and State, and especially of divine guidance through prayer. CHAPTER III THE CHILD IN THE HOME 1. What is the Finest Work in the World? The work of training a child into noble Christian manhood or womanhood, fitted for life here and hereafter. 2. Why is the Care of the Child So Impor- tant? Because the influences of the home in child- hood largely determine the after life. 3. What is the Proof of This? That children usually accept the religion, the political party, the language, ideals and practices of their parents. 4. What is the Effect of Example? Children are imitators; they are influenced more by what their parents are and do than by what they say. 5. Why Are the Influences of the Home So Powerful? Parents have possession of the child at the time when life is most easily moulded. 86 The Child in the Home 87 6. Why is This? God honors parentage by conferring this privilege and the corresponding responsi- bility of shaping the destiny of the rising gen- eration. 7. What Should Parents Secure for Their Children? Good health, a trained mind, and a Chris- tian character. CHAPTER IV GOOD HEALTH 1. Why is Good Health So Important? Because one cannot do his best work, help others, or enjoy life without it. 2. What is Essential to Good Health? A proper care of the body. 3. What Kind of Food is Required? Plenty of wholesome, nourishing, well- cooked food. "Wilted or decayed fruit or vegetables, tainted fish or meat, and poorly cooked food injure the health. 4. What Kind of Drink is Required? Plenty of pure water. Milk is most nour- ishing. Intoxicating drinks are injurious. 5. What Are Other Essentials of Good Health? Exercise, rest and sleep, and plenty of fresh air. 88 Good Health 89 6. What Has Cleanliness to Do with Health? Frequent baths, a clean bed, clean clothes, clean food and drink, and a clean house pre- vent disease, promote health, and increase the joy of living. 7. In Case of Common Sickness What is Needed? The attention and care of the mother first of all. 8. What Has Been Provided for the Parent? Free dispensaries and medical advice. 9. What Should Be Done in Case of Serious Sickness? Call a regular physician, a day nurse, or send the sick one to the hospital. 10. What Should Be Avoided? Quack doctors, quack medicine, and adver- tised " medical institutes." 11. What Do the Cities Provide for Recrea- tion? Public parks, playgrounds, bath-houses. CHAPTER V EDUCATION 1. What Does the Government Do for the Intelligence of the People? It provides the best free public schools in the world. 2. Does the Government Require School At- tendance? The Government in most States requires parents to send their children to school till they are fourteen years of age. 3. Does it Provide Education beyond that Age? The Government provides free high schools and in many States furnishes College educa- tion without tuition; so that every ambitious boy or girl can secure a liberal education if desired. 4. What Other Provisions Are Made for Education? There are evening schools, home and corre- spondence classes for all ages and conditions. 90 Education 91 5. How Do Churches and Societies Help? The Young Men's and Young Woman's Christian Associations, Churches and Social Settlements, and many clubs and organiza- tions are always ready to help those who are willing to help themselves. 6. Are There Still Other Agencies? There are libraries, art galleries, public reading rooms, which can be freely used. 7. Is There Any Other Provision? Yes; America also provides schools for manual training. Any youth can learn a trade which will enable him to earn an honest living. 8. What is the American Ideal Respecting Education? The best possible intellectual training for every citizen. CHAPTER VI CHARACTER 1. What is the Most Important Work of the Home? The formation of Christian character. 2. What is Character? Character is what a person really is in the sight of God. 3. What is the Difference Between Char- acter and Reputation? Character is what a man is: reputation is what people think he is. 4. What is the Basis of a Good Character? It is the endeavor to do right, and to keep right with one's higher self, with others, and with God. 5. How Does the Home-Life Develop Char- acter? The habits of life are largely formed in childhood and habits mould the character. 92 Character 93 6. What Truth Should Be Taught the Child About Himself? That in him there is a higher and a lower nature and that he should always do that which strengthens the best in himself, and that conscience is his guide. 7. What Should the Child Be Taught in Re- spect to Others? To honor the rights of others, which is duty ; and to maintain his own rights, which is liberty. 8. What Should the Child Be Taught in Re- spect to God? That to be right with God is the most impor- tant thing in life, and that God is always ready to help those who try to do right. 9. What Helps the Child, or Any One to Get Right and to Keep Right With God? Daily prayer and the reading of the Bible and Church attendance. Every child should be taught these things in the home. 94< A Manual of American Citizenship 10. What Has Character to Do with Hap- piness? No one is really happy who is consciously doing wrong. 11. What Has Religion to Do with Success? No one can make the best of himself or ac- complish the highest in life without making his relation to God the most important thing. CHAPTER VII THE HOME AND THE NEIGHBORHOOD 1. What is the Relation of the Home to the Neighborhood? Every home shares with other homes the privileges and the responsibilities of the neigh- borhood. 2. What is Essential to the Relation Be- tween These Homes? A clear understanding of rights and duties. 3. What Are One's Rights? Liberties which others should respect. 4. What Are One's Duties? Obligations to secure for others their per- sonal rights. 5. What is the True Relationship? One of mutual interest and helpfulness. 95 96 A Manual of American Citizenship 6. How Can Each Home Help the Neigh- borhood? By making 1 its own surroundings clean and attractive and by creating local pride in the community. CHAPTER VIII SOME THINGS EVERY FAMILY SHOULD DO 1. Should Every Family Have a Bank Ac- count? Every family should deposit a part of its income in a savings bank. 2. Should the Child Be Taught to Save? Every child should be encouraged to save money and start a personal bank account. 3. How Should Investments Be Made? With greatest care. It is better to be safe and sure than to speculate. 4. What Should Be the Attitude Toward the Government? That of pride in America, upholding the Government and respecting its laws. 97 98 A Manual of American Citizenship 5. What Should Be the Treatment of Those Who Speak Against Marriage, the Home, the Church, or the State? They are enemies to happiness and pros- perity and should be treated as such. 6. How Important is the Use of the English Language? As rapidly as possible every foreign-speak- ing person should learn to use English. The Government demands it, and it is to the per- sonal advantage of every person to use it. PART IV THE AMERICAN CHRISTIAN Let it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of re- fined education on minds of peculiar structure, rea- son and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of re- ligious principle. From Washington's Farewell Address. CHAPTER I GOD AND HIS UNIVERSE There are certain great questions which arise in the mind of every thinking person. Is there a God ? Does He care for us ? What is Life? Does death end all? Why is there trouble in the world? What is Religion? What is the Church for? Is there help through prayer? These are questions which directly affect human happiness, success and usefulness. And further, one's answers to these questions largely determine one's value as an American Citizen. 1. What Are the Two Views of God and the Universe? (a) That there is no God and that every- things happens by chance. (b) That there is a personal God who made and governs the universe and all things con- nected with it. > 101 102 A Manual of American Citizenship 2. Why is it Impossible to Believe in a Godless Universe? It is unreasonable, every intelligent person knows there is a Divine Power. 3. What Does the Belief in a Personal God Imply? That He made the earth for His own glory and for the dwelling-place of man. 4. What Kind of a Man Meets the Divine Requirements? One who believes in and takes the Lord Jesus Christ as his Saviour and becomes more and more like Him. 5. What is God's Relation to Man and the Universe? He rules in love and justice to make the world beautiful and man free, intelligent, and happy. 6. Where Are the Revelations of God Made? (a) In nature. (b) In the human conscience. (c) In the Bible. CHAPTER II THE BIBLE 1. What is the Bible? The Bible is God's Word, written by men inspired by Him to teach the world what God is and how He deals with men, and how men knowing and obeying Him may live the largest, best, and happiest life here and here- after. 2. What Are the Two Divisions of the Bi- ble? The Old Testament of 39 books and the New Testament of 27 books. 3. Who Wrote the Bible and How Long Did it Take? There were many writers and it took more than a thousand years to write it. 4. What Great Lesson Does the Old Testa- ment Teach? That there is but one true and living God, and that He has a plan for men and nations. 103 104 A Manual of American Citizenship 5. What is the Purpose of the New Testa- ment? To tell the world about the life and mis- sion of the Lord Jesus Christ and about the beginnings of the Christian Church. 6. What Does the New Testament Teach About the Life of the Lord Jesus Christ? That the Lord Jesus Christ was divine, and by His life gave to the world the perfect ideal of life. 7. What Was the Mission of the Lord Jesus Christ? To uplift and save the world. (a) By revealing the character of God as our Heavenly Father. (b) By revealing the possibilities of man as the child of God. (c) By revealing how through Christ the world might be saved and brought into right relations with God. 8. What Does President Wilson Say of the Bible? * i It is the one supreme source of revelation, J5S?" OUR PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON President 1913- Born Dec. 28. 1856. 105 The Bible 107 the revelation of the meaning of life, the na- ture of God, and the spiritual nature and needs of men. It is the only guide of life which really leads the spirit in the way of peace and salvation. If men could but be made to know it intimately and for what it really is, we should have secured both indi- vidual and social regeneration. The Bible is the Word of Life. I beg you to read it and find out for yourself.' ' CHAPTER III MAN 1. What Do the Bible and Christ Teach About Man? That he is a child of God and made in the image of his Creator. 2. Are All Men True Sons? No. Some lose their birthright by refus- ing to acknowledge God as Father and to do what He wishes. 3. Has God a Plan for Every One? Yes. There is a definite plan for each per- son in the Gospel of Christ. 4. What is the Nature of God's Plan for Each Person? Something better and more joyous than any- thing one could do for himself. 5. Does God Compel Us to Obey His Will? No. He gives us freedom to obey or dis- obey Him as we please. 108 Man 109 6. What is the Result of Disobeying God? It always means in the end loss, unhappi- ness, suffering and spiritual death, that is, exile from God. 7. What Does the Bible Call This Disobed- ience? Sin. 8. What Does Sin Do? It separates us from God, and makes impos- sible the enjoyment of His presence or associa- tion with those who love and obey Him. 9. What Do Christ and the Bible Teach About Death and the Immortal Life? That the body of man dies but that the soul has endless existence. 10. What is Taught About Life After Death? That it is a life of activity and joy and love greater and better than anything known here, prepared for those who are true and obedient children of God. 11. Will This Enjoyment Be Shared by All? No. The Bible, Christ, and reason teach 110 A Manual of American Citizenship that continuance in sin makes impossible the enjoyment of Heaven. 12. Shall We Know Our Friends in Heaven? Yes. The immortal life begins on earth. It preserves our personal identity, memory, and love. CHAPTER IV RELIGION 1. What is Religion? True religion is the union of the human soul with God. 2. Are All People Religious? No intelligent person can live long without craving to be at peace with God; but some foolishly stifle the desire. 3. What is the Value of Religion to the Hu- man Soul? True religion is the highest expression of human life, and no one can live at his best without the development of his religious na- ture. 4. Does God Make the Complete Plan of Our Life Plain to Us? Only as we endeavor, step by step to obey Him. ill CHAPTER V SIN AND TEMPTATION 1. What is Sin? It is doing wrong or failing to do right. It is the breaking of a law designed for our good and the good of all. 2. How Do We Know a Thing is Wrong? In many ways, but especially by our con- science. 3. Is Sin Punished? Always the sinner will suffer for his sin here or hereafter. 4. How Can One Escape From Sin? By repentance, confession, and the accept- ance of the Lord Jesus Christ. 5. What is Temptation? Anything which leads to sin. 6. Is the Temptation a Sin? It is the yielding to the temptation and not the temptation which is sin. 112 Sin and Temptation 113 7. Why Are We Tempted? To test us and to make us strong through resistance. 8. How Can One Overcome Temptation? By seeking God's help and acting upon it. CHAPTER VI THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 1. What is a Christian Church? A company of Christians organized for work, worship, and the common welfare. 2. What Are the Two Great Purposes of the Church? (a) To strengthen one another in service, faith, and life. (b) To make Christ known to the world. 3. Why Should Christians Unite With the Church? For the help they will receive ; for the good they can do ; and because God requires them to confess Him before men. 4. Who is the Supreme and Only Head of the Church? The Lord Jesus Christ. 5. Who Alone Can Forgive Us Our Sin? God, through the Lord Jesus Christ. 114 The Christian Church 115 6. What is the Supreme Authority as to Doctrine in the Christian Church? The Bible. 7. What Are the Two Sacraments of the Christian Church? Baptism and the Lord's Supper. 8. What is Christian Baptism? A sacrament or ordinance of the Christian Church, instituted by Christ as an initiatory rite, consisting in the immersion of the person in water, or in the application of water to the person by affusion or by sprinkling, by an au- thorized administrator, " in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost/ ' 9. What is the Lord's Supper? A sacrament, or an ordinance, instituted by Christ for observance by His followers, and consisting in the blessing or consecration of bread and wine and the subsequent eating and drinking of the sacred elements. 116 A Manual of American Citizenship 10. Why Should the Lord's Supper Be Ob- served? Because Christ commanded it, because we love and honor Him, and because it is a source of spiritual blessing to every one who partakes of it. CHAPTER VII PRAYER 1. What is Prayer? It is talking, or communing with God. 2. What is the Basis of Belief in Prayer? If God is our Father — if we are His chil- dren and share with Him in His great purpose — then prayer is most reasonable. 3. In Whose Name Should We Pray? In the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. 4. What Did Christ Teach About Prayer? 1 ' Ask and ye shall receive ; seek and ye shall find ; knock and it shall be opened unto you. ' ' 5. What Was Christ's Practice? He was much in prayer, especially in hours of need, and was greatly strengthened by it. 6. For What Should Men Pray? We may take everything that interests us to God in prayer, but we should especially pray 117 118 A Manual of American Citizenship that we may be kept from sin, and made strong to do our duty. 7. What is the Model Prayer? Our Lord's Prayer. 8. Does God Answer? Yes. But not always just when and as we seek, yet always in the way which is best for us. CHAPTER VIII GOD 1. What Do the Bible and Christ Teach Us About God? That God is a Spirit, infinite, eternal, all- powerful and unchangeable. 2. What Do the Bible and Christ Teach About God's Relation to Man? That He is our Father and that we are made in His image. 3. Are There More Gods Than One? There is but one true and living God. 4. How Has God Revealed Himself to the World? In three persons, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit — yet in substance but one God. 5. Who is the Lord Jesus Christ? The Son of God who became man to make God known to the world and to save men from sin and its consequences. 119 120 A Manual of American Citizenship 6. Where Was Christ Born? In Bethlehem of Judea. 7. What Kind of a Deatn Did He Die? He was crucified. 8. What Took Place After His Death? He victoriously arose from the dead. 9. What Did He Establish? His Church and Kingdom. 10. What is to Be the Future of His Church? Christ and the Bible foretell the time when the principles of Christ shall everywhere pre- vail and every one acknowledge Him to be King of kings and Lord of lords. 11. What Did Christ Say Was the First and Great Commandment? ' ' Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength/' 12. What Did Christ Say Was the Second Commandment ? ' c Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. ' ' God 121 13. What Did Christ Say Was His New Commandment ? " Love one another as I have loved you." 14. What Did Christ Say Was the Golden Rule? ' l All things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, even so do ye also unto them." 15. What Would Take Place if These Four Great Rules of Christ Were Obeyed? They would solve all the great problems of life. 16. What Did Jesus Promise His Disciples? :i I will pray the Father, and He shall give you another Comforter, that He may be with you for ever, even the Spirit of Truth. 17. What Does Christ Say About the Spirit's Presence? " He abideth with you, and shall be in you." 18. What Does the Holy Spirit Tell Us? The Spirit through our spirits assures us that we are the children of God. 122 A Manual of American Citizenship 19. What Does the Holy Spirit Do for Us? The Spirit guides us into all the truth. 20. What is Said of Those Who Follow the Guidance of the Holy Spirit? 11 As many as are led by the Spirit of God they are the children of God." 21. What Will the Holy Spirit Do for Us? He will give us power to do all that God re- quires of us. 22. How Does the Holy Spirit Work in Us? In many ways ; — a pure conscience is the Voice of God in us. 23. What is the Result of the Co-operation of the Holy Spirit With Our Spirits? The fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, kindness, goodness, faithful- ness, meekness, self-control. CHAPTER IX THE CHRISTIAN LIFE 1. What is a Christian? A Christian is one who has accepted Christ as his Saviour and who tries to live as Christ would have him live. 2. How Does One Become a Christian? By believing in Christ, confessing allegiance to Him, and by living the Christian life. 3. Why Should Every One Be a Christian? Because it is the highest and noblest kind of life. Because through union with Christ power is given to men to overcome the world. Because it is the only way by which a man can be saved from his sins and so secure eternal life. 4. Does the Christian Have to Give Up Many Things? Yes. But nothing that does not savor of sin. The Christian does not have to give up a 123 124 A Manual of American Citizenship single thing which he would not willingly give up if he knew what was best for him. 5. What is the Guide-Book to the Christian Life? The Bible, which should be read daily. 6. What is Another Great Aid in Living the Christian Life? Prayer to begin and end the day and prayer often between. 7. How Does the Church Aid in Living the Christian Life? Through worship, service and fellowship with other Christians. 8. What is the Greatest Aid in Living the Christian Life? The abiding presence of the Holy Spirit. CHAPTEE X CHRISTIANITY AND DEMOCRACY 1. What is the Attitude of the Bible Toward Democracy? It is the great Charter of Human Freedom. 2. What Has Been the Effect of the Bible on National Life? It has always worked in harmony with the interests of civil and religious liberty. 3. What Does Christianity Involve? It involves a complete democracy of life. 4. What Has Been One of the Great Results of the Spread of Christianity? It has been the extension of privilege from the few to the many. 5. What Will Be One of the Final Results of the Spread of Christianity? An ideal social order with equal rights, com- 125 126 A Manual of American Citizenship plete justice, and happiness for all men in all stations of life. 6. Why Should Every One Be Interested in the Spread of Christianity? Because Christianity is the most powerful force in the world against selfishness, greed, and autocracy. 7. Why Should Every One Work for the Spread of Christianity? Because it is the only power in the world which will successfully preserve and increase civil and religious liberty. 8. What Alone Will Save the World? Education cannot save the world. Wealth cannot save the world. Culture cannot save the world. A better man is the only force which can save the world, and the only power that makes the best man is that which comes from God through the Lord Jesus Christ. THE TEN COMMANDMENTS I. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. II. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing Christianity and Democracy 127 that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me ; and showing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my command- ments. III. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain: for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. IV. Kemember the Sabbath-day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labor, and do all thy work : but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God : in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daugh- ter, thy man-servant, nor thy maid-servant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day ; wherefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath-day, and hallowed it. V. Honor thy father and thy mother; that 128 A Manual of American Citizenship thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. VI. Thou shalt not kill. VII. Thou shalt not commit adultery. VIII. Thou shalt not steal. IX. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. X. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his man-servant, nor his maid-serv- ant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbor's. Exod. 20 : 3-17. THE SUM OF THE TEN COMMANDMENTS Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great com- mandment. And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. On these two commandments, hang all the law and the prophets. Matt. 22 : 37-40. THE LORD'S PRAYER Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Christianity and Democracy 129 Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation; But deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen. THE CREED I believe in God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth: And in Jesus Christ his only Son, our Lord ; who was con- ceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried; the third day he rose from the dead ; he ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty; from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead. I believe in the Holy Ghost ; the holy Catho- lic Church ; the communion of saints ; the for- giveness of sins ; the resurrection of the body ; and the life everlasting. Amen. LB0'19