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RECOMMENDATIG^%ft^% 
 
 ^^Slf^'' 
 
 From Rev. Samuel H. Cox, D. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 " Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 8, 1845. 
 " I have examined at some length the Chronological View of the 
 World, exhibiting the leading Events of Universal History, &c. &c. 
 &c, by I>aniel Haskel, A. M., a volume lately extant, and purporting 
 to be a manual for general use ; and am pleased with the performance. 
 So far as my scrutiny extends, I find the dates correct and well arranged, 
 as well as richly miscellaneous, and luminously methodical. It is digested 
 from authentic sources, and continued to the present time. As a vade- 
 mecum, or daily companion, for the man of general reading, or the pro- 
 fessional scholar, it will be found, I think, practical, valuable, and more 
 useful, than any compendium of the sort known to me. As such, I am 
 free and happy to give it my testimony and best wishes — that its deserts 
 may be crowned with an adequate patronage. Certainly it belongs to a 
 very important class of topics and interests in the walks of general litera- 
 ture — a class too much neglected even by the educated and the eminent. 
 
 " Samuel H. Cox." 
 
 From the New York Evangelist. 
 
 " This is a very ingenious and comprehensive work. The memory of 
 dates, the succession of nations, and names of eminent historic personages, 
 is greatly assisted by the arrangement of the chart, presenting a bird's-eye 
 view of the course of time, which, if once seen, can scarcely be forgotten. 
 It is undoubtedly a great auxiliary to the study of history and chronology, 
 and every student will feel grateful for the skilful arrangement, and the 
 accuracy and finish of its execution. 
 
 " The chart is accompanied with a volume," [A Chronological View 
 of the World, &c.,] " also of great .value. It is the labor of an accom- 
 plished scholar, and condenses an incredible amount of information, which 
 no intelligent reader can do without, in a small, convenient space ; and, 
 what is more, its accuracy is unquestionable." 
 
 From the New York Observer. 
 
 " This will be found to be a full and particular view of the events of 
 Universal History, and such a book as the scholar will always be pleased 
 to have at hand, for reference and review. Its value will be increased by 
 Strass's Stream of Time, an historical chart, exhibiting at one view the 
 various revolutions of nations and the course of empire, from the creation 
 to the present time. The book, though prepared to accompany this chart 
 of history, will be equally well fitted for separate use, and the whole will 
 greatly facilitate the acquisition of a knowledge of Universal History." 
 
 From the Journal of Commerce, N. Y. 
 
 " This work is adapted equally to refresh the memory of the adept in 
 Universal History, and to aid the student in pursuing his task. It forms 
 a valuable addition to the private library. It is a concise and yet full ex- 
 hibition of the whole subject, pleasingly illustrated by anecdote, and entirely 
 devoid of the tediousness of bare chronology." 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 From the Morning Courier and New York Enquirer. 
 "This work was prepared to accompany Strass's • Stream of Time, or 
 Chart of Universal History,' though it is equally well calculated for a sep- 
 arate use. The book contains a rich summary of the facts of history, 
 and will be exceedingly useful to the scholar for reference and review. It 
 is enlivened by many anecdotes and facts in detail, relieving the dryness 
 of a mere chronological table, and will be found a valuable aid in the 
 study of Universal History." 
 
 From Mr. N. C. Brooks, Principal of the High School, Baltimore, Mil 
 
 " I have examined the ' Chart of History and Chronology,' from the 
 German of Strass, and am pleased to give it my unqualified recommenda- 
 tion. I am acquainted with no other plan calculated to give a knowledge 
 of the great epochs, and events of history and chronology, in so short a 
 time. A copy should be in every family, academy, and school. To the 
 politician also, the divine, the man of letters, and the general reader, it 
 will be found of invaluable service. 
 
 " Respectfully yours, N. C. Brooks." 
 
 In the above views we agree with Mr. N. C. Brooks : 
 James O. Law, Mayor, 
 Rev. B. Waugh, 
 " T. Sargent, 
 " Benson Head, 
 
 " G. C. M. Roberts, M. D., J- Baltimore. 
 " Wm. Hamilton, 
 « I. P. Cook, 
 
 " Henry V. D. Johns, D. D., 
 Robert H. Archer, 
 
 Rev. Charles B. Dana, 
 
 " J. T. Johnson, 
 
 " Joshua N. Danforth, 
 Bernard Hooe, 
 C. S. Hallowell & Broth., 
 
 Alexandria Boarding School, 
 
 W.W. Seaton, Mayor, 
 Rev. W. Matthews, 
 
 " James Curley, 
 
 " T. Sewall, 
 
 " James Laurie, 
 
 " J. W. French, 
 
 " Wm. Hawley, 
 
 " H. Stringfellow, 
 
 " J. S. Bacon, 
 Thomas Sewall, M. D. 
 T. L. Smith, 
 Henry L. Ellsworth, 
 
 Rev. S. G. Gassaway, 
 
 " C. M. Butler, 
 
 " James M'Vean, > Georgetown. 
 
 " S. A Roszel, 
 H. A. Burr, 
 
 Alexandria- 
 
 <■ Washington. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE WORLD; 
 
 EXHIBITING THE 
 
 LEADING EVENTS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES 
 
 THE OBITUARY OF DISTINGUISHED MEN, AND THE 
 PERIODS IN WHICH THEY FLOURISHED ; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF 
 
 THE APPEARANCE OF COMETS, 
 
 AND A COMPLETE VIEW OF THE FALL OF METEORIC STONES, 
 
 IN ALL AGES 
 
 COLLECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE ARTICLE " CHRONOLOGY" IN THE 
 NEW EDINBURGH ENCYCLOPAEDIA, 
 
 EDITED BY SIR DAVID BREWSTER, LL.D., F.R.S. 
 WITH 
 
 AN ENLARGED VIEW OF IMPORTANT EVENTS, 
 
 PARTICULARLY IN REGARD TO AMERICAN HISTORY, 
 AND 
 
 A CONTINUATION TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 ©ollecteti from ^uttienttc Sourres. 
 
 BY DANIEL HASKEL, A.M., 
 
 it 
 
 1EDITOR OF M'CULLOCH'S UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER, AND AUTHOR OF THE ARTICLES 
 
 RELATING TO THE UNITED STATES, IN THE AMERICAN EDITION. 
 
 NEW tORK 
 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, 
 
 No. 86 CEDAR-STREET. 
 
 1847. 
 
1) 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, 
 
 By J. H. COLTON, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States Tor the 
 Southern District of New York. 
 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 This volume is intended to accompany and illustrate 
 Strass's Stream of Time or Chart, of Universal History, as 
 happily adapted to English literature, by Dr. Irving of Great 
 Britain. The illustration at the bottom of the chart will suf- 
 ficiently explain its use. It is a complete bird's-eye view of 
 Universal History, and by a careful inspection of it, will 
 convey a more complete view of the subject than can other- 
 wise be obtained in the same time. The following concise 
 work is chiefly taken, as the title indicates, from the article 
 Chronology, in Sir David Brewster's New Edinburgh Ency- 
 clopedia, a work of great and deserved reputation ; and like 
 all the articles in that work, it is very complete of its kind. 
 It contains a much more full view of the events of Universal 
 History than could be indicated in the body of the chart, and 
 will greatly aid the study of history by the use of it. The facts 
 recorded in this volume are exceedingly numerous and very 
 much compressed, and are not designed so much for con- 
 tinuous reading, as for reference and review. For continuous 
 reading there are numerous universal histories of all dimen- 
 sions, which can everywhere be obtained, but after such 
 reading, this more concise and comprehensive work will be 
 exceedingly useful for a review of the whole subject, and 
 even of itself will furnish an extensive view of Universal 
 History, and will greatly add to the value of the chart. 
 With regard to the additions to the work of Sir David Brew- 
 ster, the object has been, by enlarging many of the articles, 
 to present the subject somewhat more in detail, and to relieve 
 the dryness of a mere chronological table ; to add important 
 particulars not contained in the work from which it is taken, 
 particularly in regard to American history ; and to continue 
 the whole to the present time. The extent of this concise 
 work did not allow of doing this but in a limited form ; to 
 have done it fully, would have been to write a voluminous 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 history, which would have been inconsistent with the design, 
 and has been purposely avoided. 
 
 Professor F. Strass of Klosterbergen, Magdeburg, pub- 
 lished his Chart or Stream of Historv, together with an intro- 
 ductory pamphlet, for the purpose of affording instruction to 
 the corps of cadets at Berlin. Of this chart, what Dr. Priestley 
 says in his Lectures on History, respecting an older chart 
 originally compiled in France, and afterwards published in 
 England and in the United States, may be affirmed with 
 greater emphasis : ** This is properly a picture of all history, 
 and is made by such natural methods of expression, that it 
 renders visible to the eye, without reading, the whole figure 
 and dimensions of all history, general and particular ; and so 
 perfectly shows the origin, progress, extent, and duration, of 
 all kingdoms and states that ever existed, at one view, with 
 every circumstance of time and place, uniting chronology 
 and geography, that it not only, in the most agreeable man- 
 ner, refreshes the memory, without the fatigue of reading ; 
 but a novice in history may learn more from it by a mere 
 attentive inspection of a few hours, than he can acquire by 
 the reading of many weeks or months." The chart of Strass 
 is a much more complete work than that of which Dr. Priest- 
 ley, an eminently competent judge, made the above remarks. 
 Nothing needs to be added, but that when the names of dis- 
 tinguished persons are inserted in the book, the time in which 
 they flourished is denoted, and when the letters ob., (obiit,) 
 followed by a date are added, it denotes the time when they 
 died. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 COMPARATIVE CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 The following table will point out the relation between t\it 
 principal seras which are used in History. 
 
 The Creation of the World corresponds to 
 
 The year 4004 before Christ. 
 
 The year 710 of the Julian period 
 
 The year 3251 before the foundation of Rome. 
 
 The 1st year of the Olympiads corresponds to 
 
 The year 776 before Christ. 
 The year 3228 of the Creation of the World. 
 The year 23 before the foundation of Rome. 
 The year 3938 of the Julian Period. 
 
 The Foundation of Rome corresponds to 
 
 The year 753 before Christ. 
 The year 3251 of the Creation of the World 
 The year 4 of the 6th Olympiad. 
 The year 3961 of the Julian Period. 
 
 The vulgar, or Christian cera, corresponds to 
 
 The year 4004 of the Creation of the World. 
 The year 1 of the 195th Olympiad. 
 The year 753 of the foundation of Rome. 
 The year 4714 of the Julian Period. 
 
 The Hegira corresponds to 
 
 The year 622 of the Christian iEra. 
 The year 4626 of the Creation of the World. 
 The year 3 of the 348th Olympiad. 
 The year 1375 of the foundation of Rome. 
 The year 5336 of the Julian Perio* 
 
 1* 
 
I 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD 
 
 B.C. 
 
 4004. The world created near the autumnal equinox, on 
 Sunday, October 23.* 
 5872, according to the Septuagint. 
 4700, according to the Samaritan text. 
 Adam and Eve created on Friday, Oct. 28. — The 
 chronology here followed is that of the Hebrew 
 Scriptures, which is generally regarded as the most 
 correct. The difference between this and the Sa- 
 maritan text, and that of the Septuagint, relates only 
 to the different lengths assigned to the lives of some 
 of the patriarchs, and is productive of no change in 
 regard to other events. 
 
 4003. Cain born. 
 
 3875. Abel is murdered by Cain. 
 
 3874. Seth born. 
 
 3382. Enoch born ; — translated to heaven, 3017, set. 365. 
 
 3317. Methuselah born. He died at the age of 969. 
 
 2948. Noah born. He died at the age of 950. 
 
 2446. Shem born. He died at the age of 600. 
 
 Patriarchs before the Deluge. 
 
 Years. Years. 
 
 1. Adam lived 930, and begat Seth at the age of 130. 
 
 2. Seth " 912, " Enos " 105. 
 
 3. Enos " 905, " Cainan " 90. 
 
 4. Cainan " 910, " Mahalaleel 70. 
 
 5. Mahalaleel 895, " Jared " 65 
 
 6. Jared " 962, " Enoch " 162. 
 
 7. Enoch " 365, " Methuselah 65. 
 
 8. Methuselah 969, " Lamech " 187. 
 
 9. Lamech " 777, " Noah " 182. 
 10. Noah, at the period of the deluge, was aged 600. 
 
 The period of the deluge from the creation was 1656. 
 * According to Archbishop Usher's Annals of the Old and New Test 
 
8 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 2349. Noah entered the ark on Sunday, Nov. 30, and it be- 
 gan to rain on Sunday, Dec. 7. 
 
 2348. The deluge. On Wednesday, May 6, the ark rested 
 on mount Ararat. On Friday, Dec. 18, Noah left 
 the ark. — Incredulous persons have thought it impos- 
 sible that the ark should have contained a species of 
 all animals, and the provisions necessary for their 
 sustenance for a whole year. To this objection only 
 one remark can be made : namely, that the fact is 
 recorded, and the admeasurements of the ark are 
 designated in Holy Writ. This immense machine 
 was upwards of 150 fathoms in circumference, and 
 consequently four times more capacious than the 
 largest men-of-war, which contain crews of 700 or 
 800 men ; with as many troops, and provisions for 
 their support during a period of six months, being 
 further burdened with rigging, and more than 90 
 guns, with the necessary ammunition ; an immense 
 weight, which would appear almost incredible, had 
 we not ocular demonstration of the fact. Conse- 
 quently we have only to quadruple the weight in 
 question, in order to be convinced of the possibility 
 of maintaining in such a structure, for the period of 
 a year, eight individuals, with the animals which the 
 Almighty thought it expedient to rescue from the 
 deluge. It has been computed that all the animals 
 contained in the ark would not equal the bulk of 500 
 horses, and others make them equal to 400 oxen. 
 
 2247. The tower of Babel is built in the valley of Shinar by 
 Noah's posterity ; — the confusion of their languages, 
 and their dispersion among different nations. Differ- 
 ent opinions have been entertained as to the object for 
 which the tower of Babel was erected. That it was 
 designed to furnish a place of refuge in case of an- 
 other deluge, is a childish conceit. It was probably 
 designed, by its vast height, to serve as a land-mark 
 to guide any of the wandering tribes back who might 
 stray from the parent settlement, and thus to preserve 
 them as one great people ; but it proved the occasion 
 of their dispersion. 
 
 The sons of Noah — Shem, Ham, and Japhet — at the 
 dispersion founded various nations. Sbem and his 
 
OF THE WORLD 
 B.C. 
 
 descendants peopled a part of Asia, particularly 
 Persia, Assyria, the kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor, 
 Mesopotamia, and Syria ; Ham and his sons peopled 
 Arabia, Egypt, Lybia, and the land of Canaan ; Ja- 
 phet and his descendants proceeded to the west and 
 north, and from them originated the Scythians, the 
 Thracians, the Macedonians, and the Cymbrians. 
 The countries founded by the descendants of Japhet 
 have been significantly called the warehouse of na- 
 tions. 
 2237. About this time Noah is supposed to have left the re- 
 bellious portion of his offspring, and to have led a 
 colony of the more tractable into the east, where he, 
 or one of his successors, founded the Chinese mon- 
 archy. The early improvement and populousness of 
 the east, seems to favor this idea. Noah lived 350 
 years after the deluge, yet nothing is said of him in 
 the sacred record after the dispersion, which occur- 
 red 101 years after that event, but the time of his 
 death. 
 2234. Astronomical observations begun at Babylon, a regis- 
 ter of which was transmitted by Callisthenes to Aris- 
 totle for 1903 years, to the capture of that city by 
 Alexander in the year 331 B. C. 
 2221. Nimrod founds the Chaldean monarchy. — Nimrod was 
 the son of Cush, and the grandson of Ham, and is 
 called in the scripture, Belus. He first gained his 
 dominion by his skill and bravery in destroying wild 
 beasts, an important service in those days ; and he 
 improved his influence and power to found a king- 
 dom,' the seat of which was Babylon, on the Eu- 
 phrates, not far from the spot where the tower of Ba- 
 bel was built. This was called the first Assyrian 
 kingdom. 
 2205. The first imperial dynasty of China, called Kia, be- 
 gins. See Mem. Inscri.pt. torn, xviii. p. 220. 
 2188.. The kingdom of Egypt commences under Menes or 
 Misraim, which lasted for 1663 years, to the conquest 
 of Cambyses, in the year 525 B. C. — Egypt is one 
 of the most remarkable nations of antiquity ; distin- 
 guished for its populousness, its civilization, and its 
 improvements in the arts and sciences. The annual 
 
 H 
 
10 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 E. C. 
 
 overflowing of the Nile inundates the country, and 
 when it subsides leaves a deposite of rich mud on the 
 soil, rendering it exceedingly fertile. This fertility, 
 by rendering it easy to obtain subsistence, favored 
 the increase of population, and the ease and plenty 
 in which they lived gave leisure for the cultivation of 
 the arts and sciences. They excelled in geometry, 
 astronomy, and arithmetic. Geometry is believed to 
 have been found out in Egypt, and to have resulted 
 from the frequent setting out and admeasurement of 
 the lands, as the boundaries were obliterated by the 
 inundation of the Nile. They had considerable 
 knowledge of astronomy, had observed the motion of 
 the planets, they had divided the zodiac into 12 signs 
 of 30 degrees each, and had ascertained the precise 
 length of the year very near to the truth. The most 
 enlightened Greeks derived much of their knowledge 
 of the Egyptians by visiting that country and con- 
 versing with their priests, who were among the most 
 learned people of antiquity. This was particularly 
 true of Thales, Pythagoras, the early author of the 
 Copernican system, of Anaximander, Anaxagoras, 
 and of Plato and his scholars in after times. 
 
 2089. The kingdom of Sicyon established, which lasts 1000 
 years. 
 
 2059. The kingdom of Assyria begins. 
 
 1996. Abraham born. He died 1821 B. C, set. 175.— Abra- 
 ham was the tenth grand patriarch after the deluge. 
 
 Years. 
 
 1. Shem the father of Arphaxad lived 600. 
 
 2. 
 
 Arphaxad 
 
 u 
 
 Salah 
 
 it 
 
 438. 
 
 3. 
 
 Salah 
 
 tt 
 
 Heber 
 
 it 
 
 433. 
 
 4. 
 
 Heber 
 
 l( 
 
 Peleg 
 
 tt 
 
 464. 
 
 5. 
 
 Peleg 
 
 tt 
 
 Reu 
 
 tt 
 
 239. 
 
 6. 
 
 Reu 
 
 (( 
 
 Serug 
 
 a 
 
 239. 
 
 7. 
 
 Serug 
 
 tt 
 
 Nahor 
 
 ti 
 
 230. 
 
 8. 
 
 Nahor 
 
 ti 
 
 Terah 
 
 ti 
 
 148. 
 
 9. 
 0. 
 
 Terah 
 Abraham 
 
 u 
 
 Abraham 
 
 it 
 
 145. 
 175. 
 
 1897. Circumcision instituted. The cities of Sodom, &c. 
 destroyed. 
 
OF THE WOULD. 11 
 
 B. C. 
 
 1896. Isaac born. 
 
 1856. The kingdom of Argos begins. 
 
 1827. The 17th dynasty of the six shepherd kings in Egypt 
 begins, and continues 103 years. 
 
 1822. The letters invented by Memnon, the Egyptian. 
 
 1796. The reign of Ogyges begins. 
 
 1766. The second imperial dynasty of China, called Chang, 
 begins. 
 
 1764. The deluge of Ogyges, which laid waste Attica for 
 more than 200 years. 
 
 1759. Jacob goes to Haran, and marries the two daughters 
 of his uncle. 
 
 1728. Joseph sold into Egypt. 
 
 1718. Sparta built by Spartes. See Rollin. 
 
 1702. All the lands in Egypt sold to Joseph. 
 
 1689. Jacob predicts the coming of the Messiah, and dies 
 set. 147. 
 
 1635. Joseph foretells the egress of the Israelites from Egypt, 
 and dies set. 110, having been prsefect of Egypt for 
 80 years. 
 
 1615. The Ethiopians from the Indus settle near Egypt. 
 
 1582. The chronology of the Arundelian marbles begins, 
 when Cecrops is supposed to have come into Attica. 
 The chronicles known by the appellation of the 
 Parian or Arundelian marbles, are engraved in large 
 Greek capitals, and were discovered in the Isle of 
 Paros, one of the Cyclades, at the commencement of 
 the seventeenth century. They were conveyed to 
 England by the order of the Earl of Arundel, whose 
 grandson caused them to be deposited in the library 
 at Oxford. The chronicle was engraved in the year 
 264 before Christ ; it commences with the foundation 
 of Athens in 1582, and concludes in the year 364 
 B. C. This valuable remnant of antiquity has been 
 the means of rectifying many statements in the an- 
 cient history of Greece, as well as the heroic and 
 fabulous periods, &c. The marbles of Paros were 
 translated by Selden in 1628, and by Prideaux in 
 1676. 
 
 1575. Pharaoh orders all the children of the Israelites to be 
 drowned. 
 
 1571. Moses born. 
 
12 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 1570. Pyramids of Egypt built. — The Pyramids of Egypt, 
 the largest of which measures on one side 693 Eng- 
 lish feet in height, have been deservedly classed 
 among the wonders of the world. The superficial 
 content of the ground on which this pyramid stands 
 is 480,249 feet, or something more than 11 English 
 acres. The direct height of it is 481 feet, which is 
 about the height of the top of the cupola of St. Paul's 
 church in London. The three principal pyramids 
 are near the spot where Grand Cairo is now situated, 
 and near the site of ancient Memphis. The four 
 sides of the great pyramid are turned exactly to the 
 four cardinal points, and therefore show the true 
 meridian of that place. This proves that the meri 
 dian and poles of the earth have not shifted sine* 
 their erection, and evinces the considerable advance- 
 ment of astronomical observation and knowledge a' 
 that period. 
 
 1556. Cecrops, with a colony of Saites from Egypt, found* 
 Athens. 
 
 1546. About this period Scamander comes from Crete and 
 founds Troy. 
 
 1531. Moses visits the Israelites ; flies into Midian, and con 
 tinues there 40 years. 
 
 1503. The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly, placed by the 
 Arundelian marbles in 1521. 
 
 1500. First eruption of JEtna. See Collection Academique, 
 torn. vi. p. 489. 
 
 1497. The council of Amphictyons established. 
 
 1493. The Phoenician letters carried into Greece by Cadmus, 
 who built the citadel of Thebes. 
 
 1491. God appears in a burning bush to Moses, and sends 
 him into Egypt. Moses performs a number of mira- 
 cles in that country, and departs from the kingdom, 
 together with 600,000 Israelites, besides children ; 
 which completed the 430 years of sojourning. They 
 miraculously pass through the Red Sea, and come to 
 the desert of Sinai, where Moses receives from God, 
 and delivers to the people, the ten commandments, 
 and the other laws, and sets up the tabernacle, and 
 in it the ark of the covenant. 
 
 1485. The first ship that appeared in Greece, brought from 
 
OP THE WORLD. 13 
 
 B. C. 
 
 Egypt by Danaus. The pump supposed to have 
 been invented. 
 
 1480. Troy supposed to have been built by Dardanus. 
 
 1453. The first Olympic games celebrated at Elis. 
 
 1451. Moses dies, aet. 110. — The Israelites, after sojourning 
 in the wilderness forty years, are led by Joshua into 
 the land of Canaan, where they fix themselves, after 
 having subdued the natives. 
 
 1445. Joshua partitions the land of Canaan. 
 
 1426. Joshua dies at Timnath-Serah, set. 110. 
 
 1406. Minos gives laws to Crete. Iron found from the 
 burning of the woods of mount Ida in Crete. 
 
 1390. Benjamin almost destroyed by the other 11 tribes. 
 
 1383. Ceres taught the Athenians the arts of agriculture, 
 &c. 
 
 1356. The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens. 
 These constituted a great festival observed every 
 fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, and was the most cele- 
 brated of all the religious ceremonies of Greece. They 
 contained mysteries which it was considered sacri- 
 legious and highly dangerous to reveal. Both sexes 
 and all ages were initiated, and it was considered a 
 heinous crime to neglect this sacred part of their re- 
 ligion. This was one of the heaviest accusations 
 against Socrates when he was condemned to death. 
 They were abolished by Theodosius the Great, after 
 having subsisted about 1800 years — Each city of 
 Greece celebrated festivals, by means of which the 
 inhabitants were assembled ; but the Pythian or 
 Delphic games, the Isthmian, or those of Corinth, the 
 Nemean, and the Olympian, were the four grand fes- 
 tivities which collected all the population of Greece ; 
 and much importance was attached to their celebra- 
 tion ; and they were calculated to promote good fel- 
 lowship, and to unite the inhabitants of the several 
 states, as well as to subserve other purposes. They 
 were instituted at different times. 
 
 1344. The kingdom of Mycenae begins about this time, when 
 the kingdom of Argos was divided. 
 
 1326. The Isthmian games instituted by Sysiphus. 
 
 1325. The great Egyptian canicular year began on Satur- 
 day, July 20, and consisted of 1460 years. — As the 
 
 2 
 
14 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B.C. 
 
 inundation of the Nile was announced by the heliacal 
 rising of Sirius, which was made to correspond with 
 the beginning of the year, it was soon discovered 
 that the heliacal rising of this star advanced nearly 
 one day in four years, and that in the space of 1461 
 years it would complete a whole revolution, till it 
 again happened on the day originally fixed for the 
 commencement of the year. This period, which was 
 equal to 1460 Julian years, was called the great 
 Egyptian or Canicular year. — A star is said to rise 
 heliacal ly when it rises so near the sun's rising as to 
 be just visible before it. Sirius was called also 
 Canicula, or the Dog-star, and is in the constellation 
 of Canis Major, or the Great Dog, which is the 
 brightest in the heavens. The Egyptians observing 
 that the Nile began to swell at a particular rising of 
 this star, paid it divine honors, and named it Sirius ; 
 from Siris, one of the appellations of the Nile. 
 
 1307. The Olympic games instituted by Pelops. 
 
 1300. The Lupercalia instituted. 
 
 1285. Deborah defeats the Canaanites under Sisera. 
 
 1284. The Siculi pass out of Italy into Sicily ; according to 
 others, the first colony arrived in 1294, and a second 
 in 1264. 
 
 1263. The expedition of the Argonauts ; — according to oth- 
 ers, in 1225. About this time the Pythian games 
 were instituted by Adrastus. — The Argonautic expe- 
 dition was undertaken by some bold and adventurous 
 navigators who quitted Argos, under the conduct of 
 Jason, penetrated the Euxine sea and landed at 
 Colchis, on its eastern border. This place was a 
 depot for the merchandise transported from the In- 
 dies. 
 About this period or a little earlier flourished Sancho- 
 niathon, the Phoenician historian of Berytus, who 
 wrote the history of that nation, which conceived it- 
 self to be the most ancient in the world. The 
 Phoenicians were among the most civilized people 
 throughout the east, for it is to them we owe naviga- 
 tion, commerce, and the first principles of writing. 
 After the productions of Moses, those of Sanchonia- 
 thon are the most ancient extant, dating as far back 
 
OF THE WORLD. 15 
 
 B. C. 
 
 as 1440 years before the Christian sera, 500 years 
 before the union of the cities of Attica under 
 Theseus. Sanchoniathon's history was translated 
 into Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived 
 in the reign of Adrian, some few fragments of which 
 are handed down to us by Eusebius, &c. 
 
 1252. The city of Tyre built. 
 
 1245. Gideon routs the Midianites. 
 
 1243. Arcadians conducted by Evander into Italy. 
 
 1234. Theseus establishes a democracy in Attica, and re- 
 news the Isthmian games ; others say in 1231. 
 
 1233. Carthage built by a colony of Tyrians. 
 
 1225. The Theban war of the 7 heroes against Eteocles. 
 
 1222. The celebration of the Olympic games by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 1213. Helen carried off by Thpseus. 
 
 1198. Helen carried off by Paris ; others say in 1204. — 
 This event proved the origin of a war, in which all 
 the princes of Greece engaged against the city of 
 Troy. 
 
 1194. The Trojan war begins, and continues 10 years. — 
 Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and Argos, the brother 
 of Menelaus, whose wife Paris had carried off, was 
 appointed generalissimo of the confederated army ; 
 Menelaus commanding in person his Lacedaemonian 
 troops. The combined Grecian fleets, consisting of 
 1200 sail, and 102,000 combatants, united in the port 
 of Aulis, had long waited for a favorable wind, and 
 at length arrived on the coast of Troas, and began 
 the war. The Trojans were commanded by Hector, 
 and the Dardanians by iEneas. 
 
 1188. Jephtha, the 7th judge of Israel for 6 years, his rash 
 vow with respect to his daughter. 
 
 1184. Troy burned by the Greeks on the 11th of June, 408 
 years before the first olympiad. iEneas sails early 
 in autumn for Thrace. — The city, after ten years 
 siege, was taken by stratagem ; by means of a large 
 wooden horse, hollowed within and containing armed 
 men, who in the night gained access to the city, and 
 admitted their friends, and put everything to fire and 
 sword. The escape of iEneas and his voyagers un- 
 til he landed in Latium in Italy, of which he became 
 
16 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 king, constitutes the subject of the iEneid, the poem 
 of Virgil, so justly celebrated. 
 
 1182. The kingdom of the Latins begins under iEneas. 
 
 1179. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired 
 by the Lydians. 
 
 1176. Salamis in Cyprus built by Teucer. 
 
 1157. Eli the high priest, 11th judge of Israel for forty years. 
 
 1152. The city of Alba-Longa built by Ascanius. 
 
 1141. The temple of Ephesus, considered the most magnifi- 
 cent structure in the world, was burned down by 
 Erostratus. This temple was 425 feet long, and 200 
 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127 columns, 
 60 feet high, many of which were beautifully carved ; 
 the whole placed there by so many kings. It soon 
 rose from its ruins with increased splendor and mag- 
 nificence. 
 
 1136. Samson slays 3000 Philistines. 
 
 1124. The migration of the ^Eolian colonies. Thebes built 
 by the Boeotians. 
 
 1122. The third dynasty of China, called Tcheoo, begins. 
 
 1115. The mariner's compass said to be known in China. 
 
 1104. The Heraclidse return into Peloponnesus, and divide 
 it. The kingdom of Lacedaemon begins. That of 
 Mycense ends. 
 
 1088. The kingdom of Sicyon ends ; others say in 1130. 
 
 1070. Athens governed by archons. 
 
 1058. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired 
 by the Pelasgians. 
 
 1055. Saul kills himself on mount Gilboa. 
 
 1048. Jerusalem taken by David ; and made the seat of his 
 kingdom. 
 
 1044. The Ionian colonies migrate from Greece. 
 
 1023. Absalom rebels, and is killed by Joab. 
 
 1012. Solomon begins to build the temple. — He collected 
 immense riches for the purpose, from distant coun- 
 tries. Hiram, king of Tyre, his neighbor and ally, 
 assisted him with workmen and sailors. 
 
 1000. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired 
 by the Thracians, who hold it 19 years. 
 996. Solomon's fleet prepared in the Red Sea, and sent to 
 
 Ophir. 
 992. Solomon's palace finished. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 17 
 
 B. C. 
 
 986. Samos," in the island of the same name, and Utica, 
 built about this time. 
 
 975. The kingdoms of Judah and Israel divided. — This was 
 under Rehoboam, the son and successor of Solom >n. 
 Two tribes, only those of Judah and Benjamin, re- 
 mained faithful to him, and formed the kingdom of 
 Judah. The other ten tribes were henceforward de- 
 nominated the kingdom of Israel, over whom reigned 
 Jeroboam, formerly an officer in Solomon's court. 
 
 974 or 971. Sesac, king of Egypt, takes Jerusalem, and 
 plunders the temple. 
 
 926. Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, born. 
 
 916. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by 
 the Rhodians, who maintain it 23 years. 
 
 907. Homer wrote his poems and flourished. No less than 
 seven illustrious cities disputed for the glory of having 
 given birth to this most sublime of the poets. 
 
 900. The kingdom of Assyria ends. 
 
 896. Elijah the prophet taken up into heaven. 
 
 893. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by 
 the Phrygians. 
 
 884. Lycurgus, after travelling 10 years, establishes his 
 laws in Lacedsemon. — Lycurgus formed a body of 
 peculiar laws, which were calculated to form a singu- 
 lar people. He established a senate of 28 persons, 
 which maintained a just equilibrium between the 
 kings and the people. All distinction between the 
 people was destroyed, by an impartial division among 
 them of the land. Lycurgus banished luxury, and 
 encouraged only the useful arts. The use of money, 
 either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, and iron 
 money was substituted in its place. All the citizens 
 dined in common, and no one had greater claims to 
 luxury than another. Their intercourse with other 
 nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to 
 travel abroad. The youths were intrusted to the 
 public master as soon as they had attained their 
 seventh year, and their education was left to the wis- 
 dom of the laws. They were early taught to think, 
 and to answer in a short and laconic manner, and to 
 excel in repartee. They were instructed to steal, 
 provided it were done adroitly ; but if the theft was 
 2* 
 
 
18 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 discovered, they were severely punished. This was 
 done to prepare them for stratagem in war. His laws 
 were well fitted to rear a nation of soldiers, brave and 
 temperate ; but were calculated to destroy the amia- 
 ble domestic affections. The women were brave and 
 warlike, like the men, but had nothing of that soft- 
 ness and delicacy which are the greatest ornaments 
 of the female character, and their manners are said 
 to have been peculiarly loose. 
 The Olympic games restored at Elis. 
 
 872. The art of sculpture in marble said to be invented. 
 
 869. Scales and measures invented by Phidon, king of Ar- 
 gos, who also coined silver at i/Egirik. The city of 
 Carthage built by Dido ; others say it was enlarged 
 by her in 864. 
 
 868. The Cyprians acquire the maritime power of the Med- 
 iterranean. 
 
 839. The kingdom of Judah desolated by the army of Ha- 
 zael, king of Syria. 
 
 826. The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by 
 the Phoenicians. 
 
 820. Nineveh taken by Arbaces and Belesis ; Sardanapalus 
 burns himself to death. 
 
 814. Kingdom of Macedon begins, and continues 646 years, 
 till the battle of Pydna. 
 
 801. Capua, in Campania, built. 
 
 797. Kingdom of Lydia begins. 
 
 790. Amos the prophet flourished. He prophesied in 787. 
 
 787. The Egyptians acquire the maritime power of the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 786. The Corinthians invented ships called Triremes. 
 
 779. The race of kings terminated at Corinth, and was sue 
 ceeded by magistrates, called Prytanes, elected annu 
 ally. 
 
 (70. Phul invades the kingdom of Israel, and is bribed to 
 depart with 1000 talents. 
 
 760. Theopompus establishes the Ephori at Lacedsemon. 
 
 754. The decennial archons begin at Athens. The Mile- 
 sians acquire the maritime power of the Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 753. Rome built, according to Varro, April the 20th, or the 
 12th of the kalends of May. — Romulus laid the foun- 
 
OP THE WORLD. 19 
 
 B. C. 
 
 dation of Rome upon seven neighboring hills, and 
 though humble in its origin, it was destined at length 
 to become the proud mistress of the world. In order 
 speedily to increase the number of his subjects, he 
 afforded an asylum to all who sought a refuge under 
 nim, and collected around him a company of out- 
 laws, and granted the rights of the city to those whom 
 he conquered by force of arms. The neighboring 
 people having refused to ally themselves with the Ro- 
 mans in marriage, the latter adopted the expedient of 
 forcibly carrying off the daughters of the Sabines, 
 who had been led from curiosity to attend the cele- 
 bration of their public games. This act of violence 
 caused the Sabines, with other surrounding people, to 
 make war upon the Romans ; and the former having 
 gained possession of the fortress upon the Tarpeian 
 rock, which gave them great advantage, the Sabine 
 women, who seem to have been treated with respect 
 and kindness, and to have become attached to their 
 husbands, precipitated themselves between the con- 
 tending armies, and by their entreaties calmed the 
 rage of the combatants ; when it was agreed that 
 Romulus, and Tatius, the chief of the Sabines, should 
 reign jointly over Rome ; which they did for six 
 years. 
 
 750. The rape of the Sabines. 
 
 747. Union of the Romans and Sabines. The sera of Na- 
 bonassar begins. 
 
 743. The first war between the Messenians and Lacedaemo- 
 nians begins, and continues 19 years. 
 
 734. The Carians acquire the command of the Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 732. Syracuse built by a colony of Corinthians under 
 Archias ; others say in 758. 
 
 724. The first Messenian war ended by the capture of 
 Ithome, which subjected them to the Lacedaemoni- 
 ans. 
 
 722. The Chinese empire divided into principalities. Con- 
 fucius's history of China begins. 
 
 721. Samaria taken, after three years' siege. The first 
 eclipse of the moon on record, according to Ptolemy 
 March 19th, 3 hours 20' before midnight. 
 
20 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 720. The 2d and 3d eclipses of the moon on record ; the 2d 
 on March 5th, 50' before midnight; and the 3d on 
 September 1st, 4 hours 20' before midnight, according 
 to the meridian of Alexandria. 
 
 717. Unsuccessful siege of Tyre for about five years by Sal- 
 manaser, king of Assyria. 
 
 713. Gela in Sicily founded. Sennacherib's army destroyed 
 in one night by an angel, to the amount of 185,000 
 men. 
 
 709. The Salii, an order of priests, instituted by Numa. 
 
 708. Ecbatana built by Dejoces. 
 
 707. Tarentum built by the Parthenians, on being expelled 
 from Sparta. 
 
 703. Corcyra built by the Corinthians. 
 
 696. Isaiah sawn asunder by order of Manasses. 
 
 690. Holofernes besieged Bethulia, and killed by Judith. 
 
 686. Archilochus invented the Iambic verse. 
 
 685. The Messenian war continues from 685 to 671. 
 
 684. Athens governed by annual archons. Tyrtseus the poet 
 flourished. 
 
 683. The Lacedaemonians defeated by Aristomenes. 
 
 680. Assaradinus, king of Assyria, takes Babylon. The 
 chariot race instituted at the Olympic games. 
 
 678. Dejoces extends Media to the river Halys. 
 
 677. Manasseh, king of Judah, carried prisoner to Babylon. 
 
 676. The Lesbians acquire the command of the Mediter- 
 ranean, and retain it about 69 years. 
 
 675. The annual festivals of Carnia instituted at Sparta. 
 Terpander the poet the first victor. 
 
 673. Terpander added three strings to the lyre. Thaletas 
 of Gortynius, in Crete, the musician. 
 
 671. The second Messenian war finished, and the Messenians 
 driven from the Peloponnesus. 
 
 670. Alcman of Sardis, the lyric poet. 
 
 667. The combat between the Horatii and the Curiatii. Tul- 
 lius Hostilius, the 3d king of Rome, was chosen suc- 
 cessor of Numa, and carried on a vigorous war 
 against Alba, a neighboring city ; but as the belliger- 
 ent proceedings were productive only of the useless 
 extermination of the people on both sides, they agreed 
 to decide their differences by a combat which should 
 take place between three individuals chosen on either 
 
OF THE WORLD. 21 
 
 B. C. 
 
 side. The Romans in consequence elected three 
 brothers named the Horatii, and the Albani a like 
 number from the family called the Curiatii. Two of 
 the former, during the contest, fell mortally wounded, 
 while the third, who had escaped unhurt, pretended to 
 fly, and turning round at intervals upon his opponents 
 successively killed the Curiatii. Alba was destroyed 
 three years after, when the inhabitants established 
 themselves at Rome. 
 
 665. The city of Alba destroyed. The Messenians settled 
 in Italy. War between the Romans' and the Fi- 
 denates. 
 
 659. Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and 'retains 
 it for 30 years. 
 
 658. Byzantium built by a colony of Argives. Others place 
 the building of it in 670. 
 
 652. A shower of meteoric stones fell at Mount Alba. 
 
 651. A five years' war between the Romans and Sabines be- 
 gins. Cyrene in Africa founded. 
 
 648. The Thoth of the year of Nabonassar was on February 
 1st, having shifted 25 days in 100 years. Thoth was 
 the first month of the Egyptian year, and the length 
 of the solar year was determined by the heliacal rising 
 of S'rius or the Dog-star. This common year con- 
 sisted of 355 days, which being less th,an the truth 
 caused this difference to occur in 100 years. After- 
 wards they corrected this by causing every fourth 
 year to consist of 366 days, which is very near the 
 truth. (See article on year 1325.) 
 
 641. Amon, king of Judah, slain by his servants. 
 
 636. The Tartars defeat the Chinese with great slaughter. 
 
 631. War between the Romans, and the Fidenates and Sa- 
 bines, which continues for fifty years. 
 
 630. Cyrene built by Battus, who begins that kingdom. 
 
 629. The government of Corinth usurped by Periander. 
 
 627. Jeremiah the prophet flourished. 
 
 626. Zephaniah the prophst flourished. 
 
 625. The Pentateuch found by Hilkiah. 
 
 624. The Scythians invade Media, Lydia, &c. Draco, the 
 lawgiver, archon at Athens. 
 
 623. Draco establishes his laws at Athens. When he exer- 
 cised the office of archon he formed a code of laws 
 
22 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 for the use of the citizens, which, on account of their 
 seventy, were said to be written in blood. He pun- 
 ished all crimes with death, alleging that as the small- 
 est crimes deserved it, he could not find a more severe 
 punishment for the most atrocious. These laws were 
 at first enforced, but they were often neglected on ac- 
 count of their extreme severity, and Solon totally 
 abolished them, except that one which punished the 
 murderer with death. 
 
 621. War between the Lydians and Milesians, which con- 
 tinues 11 years. The fourth eclipse on record, which 
 was of the moon, on Saturday, April 22d, three hours 
 after midnight, according to the meridian of Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 610. Necho begins the canal between the Nile and the Red 
 Sea. 
 
 608. Josiah, king of Judah, killed at Megiddo by Pharaoh 
 Necho, king of Egypt. 
 
 607. Alcaeus the poet flourished. 
 
 606. Nineveh destroyed by the armies of Cyaxares and Na- 
 bopolassar. 
 
 605 or 605. The first captivity of the Jews. 
 
 604. The Phoenicians about this time sail from the Red Sea 
 round Africa, and return by the Mediterranean. 
 
 600. Sappho ihe lyric poetess flourished. 
 
 596. The Scythians expelled from upper Asia, by Cyaxares. 
 Epimenides of Crete, the first builder of temples in 
 Greece. 
 
 594. Solon, archon and lawgiver of Athens. He was ac- 
 counted one of the seven wise men of Greece. Ath- 
 ens was at this time in great disorder, and the citizens 
 looked to him to give them a body of laws. They 
 even offered to confer on him an arbitrary power, 
 which he declined. He divided the citizens into four 
 classes, the first three of which possessed property in 
 different degrees, while the fourth, which consisted of 
 the poor, was more numerous than the other three 
 united. The offices of the state were confined to the 
 rich ; but all important affairs were transacted in the 
 assembly of the people, such as making peace and 
 war, sending ambassadors to foreign countries, natu- 
 ralizing foreigners, &c, and in this assembly all the 
 
OF THE WORLD. 23 
 
 B. C. 
 
 citizens had an equal vote ; so that the power was 
 virtually in the hands of the people. As a check 
 upon this exorbitant power, he instituted a senate, 
 consisting at first of 400 persons, afterwards increased 
 to 500 and 600 ; by whom it was necessary that every 
 measure should be proposed before it could come be- 
 fore the popular assembly. He also reinstated the 
 court of Areopagus, which had before this time ex- 
 isted, but whose power had been abridged. This 
 court was selected from the wisest and best citizens, 
 and at first consisted of 9 judges, but was increased 
 to 31, and afterwards to 51 or many more persons. 
 They had the custody of the laws, and the charge of 
 executing them, the care of the public treasury, the 
 education of the youth, and were censors of the man- 
 ners of the people, and had the regulation of every 
 thing relating to religion. The particular laws of 
 Athens were mild, and calculated to protect the poor 
 against oppression by the rich ; and even their slaves 
 were treated with mildness and compassion. 
 Thales of Miletus. 
 
 593. Ezekiel the prophet flourished. 
 
 592. Anacharsis the Scythian flourished. 
 
 591. The Pythian games first celebrated at Delphi. 
 
 590. The Lydian war begins, and continues six years. 
 
 587. The city of Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar. 
 
 586. The temple of Jerusalem burned. 
 
 585. A battle upon the river Halys, between Cyaxares and 
 Halyattes, interrupted by an eclipse of the moon, 
 May the 28th, predicted by Thales. iEsop the my- 
 thologist flourished. 
 
 582. The Isthmian games restored. 
 
 580. Money first coined in Rome. 
 
 579. The Megarensian war. Stesichorus the poet flour- 
 ished. 
 
 572. Tyre taken by Nebuchadnezzar. 
 
 571. Apries, king of Egypt, dethroned by Nebuchadnez- 
 zar. 
 
 569. Daniel interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dreams, according 
 to Josephus. 
 
 568. The Nemsean games restored. Anaximander of Mile- 
 tus, and Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, nourished. 
 
24 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 566. The first census at Rome — 84,700 citizens. 
 
 562. The first comedy at Athens, acted upon a scaffold by 
 Susarion and Dolon. 
 
 560. Pisistratus usurped the tyranny of Athens, which he 
 recovered after expulsion in 557, and from which he 
 was again expelled in 556. 
 
 559. Daniel delivered his predictions. Cyrus ascended the 
 Persian throne. Daniel beheld in a dream the four 
 great empires : 1st, that of the Assyrians and Baby- 
 lonians ; 2d, the Persians under Cyrus ; 3d, the Greeks 
 under Alexander ; 4th, that of the Romans. 
 
 556. Anaximenes of Miletus flourished. 
 
 550. Cyrus king both of Media and Persia. The kingdom 
 of Lydia ended. Cyrus, by the death of his father 
 Cambyses, king of the Persians, and of Cyaxares II., 
 his father-in-law, king of the Medes, was placed at 
 the head of the most powerful empire that had evei 
 yet existed. He marched against Croesus, king of 
 Lydia, who was immensely rich, whom he defeated 
 and condemned him to be burned alive. When that 
 monarch ascended the fatal pile, he exclaimed, " So- 
 lon, Solon !" and upon Cyrus demanding an explana- 
 tion, he stated that this Grecian sage, when he visited 
 the king of Lydia, was asked by the latter whether 
 he did not think him a happy ?nan, who replied that no 
 being should think himself happy before death. Struck 
 with this remark on the instability of earthly posses- 
 sions, Cyrus 'spared his life, and made him governor 
 of a considerable province. 
 
 549. Theognis the poet flourished. The Pisistratidae burn 
 the temple of Apollo at Delphos. 
 
 548. Croesus crossing the Halys by an artificial bridge con- 
 trived by Thales, is routed by Cyrus. 
 
 539. The Phocseans settle in Gaul, and build Marseilles. 
 Pythagoras flourished. 
 
 538. Cyrus takes Babylon, and terminates the kingdom of 
 Babylon. After a long siege Cyrus at length became 
 master of Babylon, over which the impious Belshaz- 
 zar, son of Evilmerodach, reigned, who perished on 
 that occasion, according to the previous prediction of 
 Daniel, when he explained the meaning of the words 
 Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin, traced upon the wall 
 
OF THE WORLD. 25 
 
 B. C. 
 
 by an invisible hand, during an impious festival, at 
 which the king drank out of the sacred vessels which 
 had been carried away from the temple of Jerusalem. 
 
 537. Simonides of Cea, the poet, flourished. 
 
 536. Cyrus issues an edict for the return of the Jews and the 
 rebuilding of the temple, and he restored to them the 
 vessels of gold and silver which had been carried off 
 by Nebuchadnezzar. Thespis the inventor of tragedy 
 lived. 
 
 535. The first tragedy acted about this time at Athens, by 
 Thespis, in a wagon. According to the Arundelian 
 marbles, in 536. 
 
 532. Anacreon the poet flourished. 
 
 530. Cyrus marches against the Scythians. Cyrus attacked 
 the Massagetse and gained a complete victory ; during 
 which he killed with his own hand the son of their 
 Queen Thomyris. Irritated at not being able to sub- 
 due that princess, after having conquered so many 
 nations, Cyrus pursued the Massagetse into the defiles 
 of their mountains, where he fell into an ambuscade 
 and lost his life. His body was then carried to Tho- 
 myris, who commanded his head to be struck off, and 
 plunged into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaim- 
 ing at the same time, "Now surfeit thyself with blood, 
 for which thou hast so long thirsted" 
 
 527. Learning encouraged at Athens. A public library 
 first founded. War between the Romans and Sa- 
 bines. 
 
 526. Cambyses conquered Egypt. When at Thebes, he 
 caused all the temples to be pillaged and burnt ; and 
 out of the flames were saved 300 talents of gold, and 
 2,300 of silver, which he carried away, together with 
 the famous golden circle which had encompassed the 
 tomb of Ozymandias. He was the son of Cyrus the 
 Great, and was accidentally killed by a wound inflicted 
 by his own sword, when mounting his horse. — A comet 
 appeared in China, near Antares, or a Scorpionis, and 
 extended to the milky way. 
 
 523. The 5th lunar eclipse observed at Babylon, on Wednes- 
 day, July 16th, one hour before midnight, and more 
 than 6 digits eclipsed on the northern disk. 
 
 520. Confucius lived. The 2d edict to rebuild Jerusalem. 
 
 3 
 
26 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 519. A great earthquake in China. 
 
 515. The temple of Jerusalem finished, March 10. Five 
 years before, in the second year of the reign of Da- 
 rius, under the high priest Joshua, the Jews proceeded 
 in re-erecting the temple of Jerusalem, after an edict 
 to that effect had been published by the king of Persia. 
 Zerubbabel and Joshua were intrusted with the su- 
 perintendence of the works, while the laborers were 
 encouraged by the exhortations of the prophets 
 Haggai and Zechariah. The passover celebrated, 
 April 18. 
 
 512. Babylon revolts from Darius, but is recovered two years 
 after. On this occasion Zopyrus, one of the nobles 
 of his court, having voluntarily cut off his own ears 
 and nose, fled to the enemy, telling them that he had 
 received this treatment from his royal master, because 
 he had advised him to raise the siege, as the city was 
 impregnable. This was credited by the Babylonians, 
 and Zopyrus was appointed commander of all their 
 forces. When he had entirely gained their confidence 
 he betrayed the city into the hands of Darius, for 
 which he was liberally rewarded. 
 
 '310. The tyranny of the Pisistratidae abolished at Athens. 
 
 509. The consular government begins at Rome, on the expul- 
 sion of Tarquin and his family, Feb. 26. Tarquin 
 the Proud was the seventh and last king of Rome. 
 He murdered his father-in-law, and seized on the 
 kingdom, at the instigation of his wife Tullia, who 
 drove her chariot over the dead body of her father, in 
 haste to salute her husband as king. The crown 
 which Tarquin had obtained by violence he endeav- 
 ored to keep by a continuation of tyranny, and made 
 himself odious to the Romans. At length his son 
 Sextus, by dishonoring the virtuous Lucretia, who 
 killed herself in despair, roused the army to revolt. 
 While Tarquin was besieging the city of Ardea, the 
 senate condemned him and his posterity to perpetual 
 exile, by which royalty was abolished at Rome, after 
 having continued 244 years, under seven kings, and 
 one year of interregnum. 
 
B. C. 
 
 
 OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 753 
 
 Kings of Rome, 
 Romulus reigned, 
 
 years. 
 37 
 
 716 
 
 One year of interregnum, 
 
 1 
 
 715 
 672 
 
 Numa Pompilius, 
 Tullus Hostilius, 
 
 43 
 
 32 
 
 640 
 
 Ancus Martius, 
 
 24 
 
 616 
 
 578 
 
 Tarquin Priscus, 
 Servius Tullius, 
 
 38 
 44 
 
 534 
 
 Tarquin the Proud, 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 244 
 
 The regal government at Rome was replaced by two 
 consuls, whose functions continued but one year. The 
 two first were Lucius Junius Brutus, chief of the 
 conspiracy that dethroned Tarquin, and Lucius Tar- 
 quinius Collatinus, the husband of Lucretia, whom 
 the son of Tarquin had dishonored. 
 
 508. First alliance between Rome and Carthage. 
 
 507. The second census in Rome — 130,000 citizens. 
 
 506. Heraclitus the philosopher lived. Megabysus subdues 
 Thrace and Macedonia. War between the Romans 
 and Sabines. 
 
 505. Parmenides of Elea, the philosopher, lived. 
 
 504. Sardis burned by the Athenians, which occasioned the 
 invasion of Greece by the Persians. 
 
 502. The sixth lunar eclipse observed at Babylon, un Monday, 
 Nov. 19th, 24' before midnight — 3 digits eclipsed on 
 the south part of the disk. 
 
 498. The Ionians, after a revolt, subdued by ihe Persians, 
 and Miletus taken. 
 
 497. The Saturnalia instituted at Rome — 150,7u0 citizens. 
 
 495. Tarquin the Proud dies at Cuma. 
 
 494. War between the Romans and Sabines. 
 
 493. Tribunes created at Rome. The Athenians build the 
 port of Pirseus. 
 
 491. The kingdom of Syracuse usurped by Gelo. Coriola- 
 nus banished from Rome. The seventh lunar eclipse 
 observed at Babylon, on Wednesday, April 25th — 2 
 digits of the moon's south limb eclipsed. 
 
 490, The Persians defeated by Miltiades, at Marathon. Da- 
 
28 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 rius, the king of Persia, at this time was the most 
 powerful monarch in the world. He had taken of- 
 fence at the Athenians for their assisting the Grecian 
 colonies, in Asia Minor, in attempting to throw off the 
 Persian yoke, and he meditated the entire conquest of 
 Greece. He dispatched his son-in-law, Mardonius, 
 into Europe, who, with an army of 110,000 men, met 
 the Grecian army at Marathon, under the command 
 of Miltiades, who gained a complete victory and drove 
 the invaders to their ships. The loss of the Persians 
 in the celebrated battle of Marathon was 6,300, and 
 that of the Athenians only 192. 
 
 488. Coriolanus withdraws the Volsci from Rome. 
 
 487. Egypt rebels, and revolts from the Persians. 
 
 486. iEschylus first gains the prize of tragedy. 
 
 485. Cassius punished for usurping the sovereignty. The 
 Volsci and iEqui subdued. 
 
 484. Aristides banished from Athens. Xerxes recovers Egypt. 
 
 483. Quaestors first created at Rome. An eruption of 
 mount ^tna. 
 
 481. Xerxes begins his expedition against Greece. Accord- 
 ing to Herodotus, the number of fighting men in the 
 army of Xerxes was upwards of 2,000,000, and in- 
 cluding suttlers, slaves, and women, the whole multi- 
 tude exceeded 5,000,000. The Athenians, under the 
 command of Themistocles, took the lead in opposing 
 this force. But Leonidas, king of Sparta, with 300 
 Spartans, defended successfully for two days the nar- 
 row pass of Thermopylae, the only entrance into 
 southern Greece. A path was discovered by which 
 the enemy got in their rear, when their case becoming 
 desperate, they resolved to sell their lives at the dear- 
 est possible rate. They made terrible slaughter among 
 the Persians, but were at length all cut ofT to a man. 
 Athens was deserted and burned. A great naval 
 battle was soon after fought in the straits of Salamis, 
 between the Persian fleet of 1,200 galleys, and that of 
 the Greeks of 300 galleys, under the command of 
 Themistocles, in which the Persians were defeated, 
 and Xerxes fled precipitately to his own dominions, 
 leaving Mardonius with 300,000 Persians to finish the 
 conquest of Greece. See year 480. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 29 
 
 B.C. 
 
 480. The affair of Thermopylae finished, Aug. 7th. The 
 Persians defeated at Salamis in a sea-fight, Oct. 20th. 
 Pindar the lyric poet flourished, ob. 435, set. 86. A 
 comet appeared with a curved tail, according to Lu- 
 biniezki. 
 
 179. The Persians defeated at Platsea, Sept. 22d ; on which 
 day happened the naval battle of Mycale. War be- 
 tween the Romans and Hetrurians. Charon of Lamp, 
 sacus, the historian, lived. 
 
 477. The 300 Romans, of the name of Fabius, killed by the 
 Veientes near Cremona, July 17th. 
 
 476. Valerius triumphed over the Veientes and Sabines. 
 103,000 citizens in Rome. A great eruption of 
 mount iEtna. 
 
 471. Themistocles retires to Xerxes in Asia. 
 
 470. Cimon defeats the Persian fleet at Cyprus, and the army 
 near the river Eurymedon, in Pamphylia. An erup- 
 tion of mount iEtna. Anaxagoras of Clazomene, the 
 philosopher, ob. 420, set. 72. 
 
 469. An earthquake at Sparta. The Tuscans found Capua. 
 A comet appeared, according to Riccioli. 
 
 467. A meteoric stone, the size of a cart, fell at ^Egospota- 
 mos, in Thrace. Pliny assures us, that this stone was 
 preserved in his time ; and that another fell at Abydos, 
 and a third at Protidea. 
 
 466. The Syracusans recover their liberty. A comet ap- 
 peared for 75 days, according to Lubiniezki. 
 
 463. Egypt revolts from the Persians, but obtains the aid of 
 the Athenians. A great pestilence in Rome. Sopho 
 cles, the tragic poet, ob. 406, set. 91. 
 
 462. The Persians defeated by the Athenians in a naval en 
 gagement, in Egypt. 
 
 461. Earthquakes and numerous prodigies in Rome. 
 
 460. The third Messenian war with the Lacedsemonians be- 
 gins, and continues ten years. 
 
 459. The Athenians begin to exercise tyranny over the other 
 Grecian states. 
 
 458. Cincinnatus appointed dictator. War between the Co- 
 rinthians and Megareans. 
 
 456. The Athenians, deserted by the Egyptians, retire out of 
 Egypt by capitulation with the Persians. The ludi 
 secular es celebrated for the first time at Rome. 
 3* 
 
30 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 454. The Romans send deputies to Athens for a copy of So- 
 lon's laws. An eruption of iEtna. 
 
 453. Aristarchus the tragic poet flourished. 
 
 451. The decemvirs created at Rome, and the laws of the 
 twelve tables compiled and ratified. 
 
 450. Cimon triumphs over the Persians by sea and land. 
 Cimon took the isle of Cyprus, and Artaxerxes the 
 Persian monarch was compelled to ratify a disgraceful 
 peace with the Greeks ; engaging to restore to all the 
 Grecian cities in Asia their ancient freedom ; not to 
 approach the seacoast nearer than the distance of one 
 day's journey on horseback, and to send no large ves- 
 sels upon the Grecian seas between the islands of 
 Cyanese and Cheledonsea, on the coast of Lycia. Ci- 
 mon died in the isle of Cyprus, before the city of 
 Citium, now Chitti, which he was then besieging.-^ 
 Zaleucus, the lawgiver of Locri. 
 
 449. The decemvirs banished. The Persians make a shame- 
 ful peace with the Greeks. 
 
 448. The first sacred war about the temple of Delphi. Hel- 
 lanius, the historian, ob. 411, set. 85. 
 
 447. The Boeotians defeat the Athenians at Chseronea. 
 
 446. A thirty years' truce between the Athenians and Lace- 
 daemonians. Thucydides banished by the ostracism. 
 
 445. Herodotus reads his history in the council at Athens, 
 at the age of 39 years. Military tribunes created at 
 Rome. 
 
 444. The Athenians send a colony to Thurium in Italy, of 
 which number were Herodotus, Thucydides, and Ly- 
 sias. Empedocles of Agrigentum, the philosopher, 
 flourished. 
 
 443. Censors first created at Rome. 
 
 442. Universal peace. Euripides gained the prize of 
 tragedy at Athens, at the age of 43 years, ob. 407, 
 set. 78. 
 
 441. The battering ram, the testudo, and other military in- 
 struments, invented by Artemones of Clazomene. Pe- 
 ricles subdues Samos. A great famine at Rome. 
 
 440. Comedies prohibited at Athens. Phidias the sculptor 
 flourished, ob. 432. 
 
 439. War between Corinth and Corcyra. 
 
 437. Cratinus, the comic poet, ob. 431. 
 
OP THE WORLD. 31 
 
 B. C. 
 
 436. Malachi, the last of the prophets, delivered his predic- 
 tions. 
 
 435. The Romans take Fidense. The Corinthians defeated 
 by the Corey rians. Eupolis the comic poet lived, 
 ob. post. 415. 
 
 434. Aristophanes the comic poet, ob. post 389. 
 
 433. Temple of Apollo consecrated. A comet appeared in 
 China. 
 
 432. Metonic cycle begins. Meton ob. post 415. The Me- 
 tonic cycle, so called from its inventor, consists of 19 
 years, or more accurately, of 6940 days ; at the end 
 of which the times of the new moon fall on the same 
 days of the year, and the eclipses return in nearly 
 the same order. The reason of this is, that in 19 
 solar years there are 235 lunations, (with the differ- 
 ence of a few hours,) and very nearly one complete 
 revolution of the moon's nodes. The cycle was after- 
 wards corrected by Calippus. 
 
 431. Peloponnesian war begins, May 7, and lasts near 27 
 years. This war, which proved highly prejudicial to 
 the city of Athens, had it's origin in the pride of the 
 Athenians, and a refusal on the part of Pericles to 
 render an account of 7000 talents which had been 
 expended in the name of Greece, and the affront to 
 which the Lacedaemonian ambassadors were subjected 
 in being denied a hearing, and compelled, without 
 ceremony, to quit the territory of Athens. The Lace- 
 daemonians, under the command of Archidamus their 
 king, gained possession of the city of Plataea and 
 proceeded to Attica, which country they desolated ; 
 while the Athenians, on the other hand, ravaged the 
 coasts of Peloponnesus with a fleet of 100 vessels, 
 and some time afterwards obtained two naval victories 
 over the Lacedaemonians. At length the Spartans 
 under Lysander utterly defeated the Athenian fleet 
 at iEgos Potamos, and Athens was compelled to sub- 
 mit to humiliating terms of peace. Lysander abolished 
 the popular government at Athens, and substituted 
 thirty magistrates, which were called the thirty ty- 
 rants, who were expelled by Aristobulus and a band 
 of patriots, in the year 401. Euctemon the astrono- 
 mer flourished. A comet appeared, which continued 
 
32 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 visible for 60 days. See Lubiniezki and Hevelius, 
 
 the last of whom places it in 430. 
 430. The history of the Old Testament finishes about this 
 
 time. A plague at Athens for five years. 
 429. Socrates the philosopher flourished, ob. 400, set. 70. 
 428. Democritus of Abdera, ob. 361, set. 109. 
 427. Gorgias of Leontium, the orator, ob. 400, 33t. 108. 
 426. The plague breaks out at Athens a second time. Thu- 
 
 cydides the historian flourished, ob. about 391, set, 
 
 about 80. An eruption of Mount iEtna. 
 425. Hippocrates of Cos, the physician, ob. 361, set. 99. 
 424. Aristophanes' first comedy of the Clouds acted against 
 
 Socrates. 
 423. A truce between the Lacedsemonians and Athenians. 
 421. A peace of 50 years between the Lacedsemonians and 
 
 Athenians. 
 420. Alcibiades, the Athenian general, ob. 404, set. 46. 
 419. Protagoras of Abdera, the sophist, flourished. 
 418. The Lacedsemonians gain a signal victory over the 
 
 Argives and Mantineans. 
 416. The Agrarian law proposed at Rome. 
 415. Alcibiades accused at Athens. ParrKasius of Ephesus, 
 
 the painter. 
 414. Egypt revolts from the Persians. The second part of 
 
 the Peloponnesian war begins. A comet appeared. 
 413. An eclipse of the moon, Aug. 27, by which Nicias 
 
 was so terrified that he lost the Athenian army in 
 
 Sicily. 
 412. The Athenians are deserted by their allies. Lysias 
 
 the orator, ob. 378, set. 81. Four hundred persons 
 
 elected to the government of Athens. A comet ap- 
 peared in winter in the North. 
 411. A comet appeared. See Hevelius. 
 410. The Athenians defeat the Lacedsemonians at Cyzicum. 
 
 The history of Thucydides ends, and that of Xeno- 
 
 phon begins. The Carthaginians attack Sicily. A 
 
 comet appeared. See Riccioli. 
 408. The Romans defeat the Volsci. The Athenians seize 
 
 the Hellespont. 
 407. The Carthaginians renew their attack upon Sicily. 
 406. Agathon the comic poet flourished. 
 405. The Athenian fleet of 180 ships defeated at jEgos- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 33 
 
 E. C. 
 
 potamos by Lysander. Syracuse usurped by Dio- 
 nysius. Cebes the philosopher. 
 
 404. Lysander takes Athens, and finishes the Peloponnesian 
 war. Athens governed by 30 tyrants. Euclid of 
 Megara, the philosopher. 
 
 403. The Roman infantry first received pay. 
 
 402. Telestes, the dithyrambic poet, flourished. 
 
 401. Cyrus killed in an expedition against Artaxerxes. The 
 retreat of the 10,000 Greeks under Xenophon. The 
 30 tyrants expelled from Athens by Thrasybulus, and 
 the democratic government established. A comet 
 appeared. See Lubiniezki. 
 
 400. The Athenians put Socrates to death. The death of 
 Socrates forms one of the most lamentable and dis- 
 graceful things in Grecian history. He who was the 
 most correct of heathen philosophers and moralists, 
 was accused before the tribunal of 500 of having 
 spoken evil of the gods which his countrymen wor- 
 shipped, and of having made innovations in religion ; 
 and at the age of 70 years was condemned, by a ma- 
 jority of three voices, to drink hemlock, a deadly 
 poison. To his friends who lamented that he v/as 
 about to die innocent, he replied, " Would you have 
 me then die guilty ?" When the fatal day arrived, 
 he drank the hemlock presented to him by the execu- 
 tioner, with an unaltered countenance, and in a few 
 moments expired. But the fickle Athenians soon re- 
 pented of their rashness and injustice, and treated his 
 persecutors with deserved contempt. Xenophon the 
 philosopher, ob. 359, set. about 90. 
 
 399. The feast called Lectisternium instituted at Rome. 
 
 398. Military catapultas invented by Dionysius about this 
 time. Ctesias, the physician and historian, ob. after 
 384. Many prodigies are seen at Rome. 
 
 397. Dionysius of Syracuse declares war against the Cartha- 
 ginians. Zeuxis the painter flourished. 
 
 396. Antisthenes, called the Cynic philosopher. 
 
 395. The Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, 
 unite against the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 394. A sea-fight at Cnidus, between the Persians and Lacedae- 
 monians. The Corinthian war commences. Archy- 
 tus of Tarentum, the mathematician, ob. after 360. 
 
34 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 393. Argives take possession of Corinth. 
 
 390. The Romans defeated at the battle of Allia by the 
 Gauls, who marched to Rome, and burned it. The 
 Gauls under Brennus laid siege to Clusium, which, 
 imploring the assistance of Rome, Fabius was sent to 
 assist them. The Gauls then directed their march 
 to Rome, which filled the city with consternation. 
 Their aged, women, and children, sought refuge in 
 the surrounding towns, the men capable of bearing 
 arms shut themselves up in the Capitol, while 80 sen- 
 ators awaited the enemy seated in their curule chairs, 
 or ivory chairs of state, but were all slaughtered. 
 Rome was delivered up to the flames, and the Capitol 
 was besieged. The consul Manlius, advertised of the 
 approach of the enemy by the cackling of the sacred 
 geese, saved the Capitol ; but after a seven months' 
 siege, the Romans consented to pay to the Gauls one 
 thousand pounds' weight of gold. When it was being 
 weighed, the Romans complained that it was not 
 fairly weighed ; Brennus, insulting their calamity, 
 and indignant at the complaints of the vanquished, 
 threw his sword into the scale, and ordered them to 
 pile on until it was balanced. Camillus, forgetting 
 the ingratitude and injustice of his fellow-citizens, 
 who by means of false accusations had forced him 
 into exile, placed himself at the head of the Ardisei, 
 and attacking the Gauls with fury, is said to have 
 cut them off to a man, leaving not a soul to convey 
 the news of their defeat to their countrymen. 
 
 389. Plato's first travels into Sicily, ob. 348, set. 81. 
 
 388. Dionysius takes Rhegium. Philoxenus the dithyrambic 
 poet. 
 
 387. The peace of Antalcidas between the Lacedaemonians 
 and Persians. Rome contained 152,583 effective 
 men. Damon and Pythias, the Pythagorean philoso- 
 phers and friends. 
 
 385. The Cyprian war finished. 
 
 380. Isseus of Chalcis, the Athenian orator, ob. about 360. 
 
 378. Isocrates the rhetorician, ob. 388, set. 99. 
 
 377. The Lacedsemonians defeated in the naval battle at 
 Naxus, Sep. 20. 
 
 376. Artaxerxes makes peace with the Greeks. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 35 
 
 B. C. 
 
 374. The unsuccessful expedition of tne Persians under 
 Artaxerxes into Egypt. Philolaus the Pythagorean 
 philosopher. 
 
 373. A great earthquake in Peloponnesus. A comet appeared 
 in Greece in winter, near Orion. See Lubiniezki. 
 
 372. Diogenes, the Cynic philosopher, ob. 324, set. 90. 
 
 371. The Lacedaemonians defeated by the Thebans under 
 Epaminondas at the battle of Leuctra, July 8. A 
 comet appeared. 
 
 370. The Messenians return to Peloponnesus, after an exile 
 of about 300 years. 
 
 368. Eudoxus brought the sphere from Egypt into Greece, 
 ob. about 352, set. 53. 
 
 367. The populace at Rome succeed in making one of the 
 consuls a plebeian. 
 
 365. The Romans renew the custom of fixing the chrono- 
 logical nail in the temple of Jupiter, on the 13th of 
 Sept. Livy places it in 363. 
 
 363. Epaminondas killed at the battle of Mantinea. Aris- 
 tippus, junior, the Cyrenaic philosopher. 
 
 362. Revolt in Lesser Asia of several Persian governors 
 against Artaxerxes. 
 
 360. Philip defeats the Athenians at Methon. Plato's second 
 voyage into Sicily. 
 
 359. Philip gains a second battle over the Illyrians. Earth 
 quake at Rome, by which M. Curtius is swallowed up. 
 
 357. The second sacred war begins. Dionysius junior ex- 
 pelled Syracuse by Dion. Aristotle observed the 
 moon's transit over Mars, April 4. 
 
 356. A comet appeared. See Hevelius. 
 
 354. Dion put to death. Theopompus of Chios, the orator 
 and historian. A comet appeared, the tail of which 
 was successively elongated. 
 
 353. Philip defeats the Phocians in Thessaly. 
 
 352. Ephorus of Cumaa, the historian, flourished. 
 
 351. The Sidonians, besieged by the Persian army, burn 
 their city, and put themselves to death. The monu- 
 ment of Mausolus erected. 
 
 850. Egypt conquered by Ochus. 
 
 348. Philip concludes the sacred war after taking the cities of 
 the Phoceeans. Speusippus, the academic philosopher, 
 ob. 339. A comet appeared in Greece. See Lubiniezki. 
 
36 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B, \. 
 
 347. Dionysius recovers Syracuse. 
 
 345. Aristotle the philosopher flourished, ob. 322, set. 63. 
 
 343. War between the Romans and Samnites commences, 
 and continues 71 years. Timoleon restores the lib- 
 erty of Syracuse ; expels Dionysius, and establishes 
 a democracy. Protogenes of Rhodes, the painter, ob. 
 about 320. The Syracusan sera commenced. Philip 
 makes Thrace tributary. A plague at Rome. 
 
 341. A comet appeared near the equator, in Greece. See 
 Riccioli. 
 
 340. The Carthaginians defeated near Agrigentum by Timo- 
 leon, July 13. 
 
 339. Xenocrates, the academic philosopher, ob. 314, set. 82. 
 
 338. The Athenians defeated by Philip, &c, in the battle of 
 Chseronea, Aug. 2. 
 
 336. Philip killed by Pausanias. Philip having caused him- 
 self to be appointed general of the Grecian armies, 
 and caused them to decide to rise against the king of 
 Persia, repaired in person to witness the celebration 
 of the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra with the 
 king of Epirus, and was assassinated in the 47th year 
 of his age, by Pausanias, a young Macedonian, cap- 
 tain of his guard, in revenge of an act of injustice 
 done to himself. Philip was a great general, and 
 had received his military education under the great 
 Epaminondas at Thebes, whither he was sent as a 
 hostage in early life. He disciplined an army not 
 only for the conquest of Greece, but expressly for the 
 conquest of Persia. Of this army it was said, that 
 every soldier was fit for a subaltern ; every subaltern 
 for a captain ; and every captain for a commander- 
 in-chief. He was succeeded by his son Alexander, 
 at 20 years of age, who, without such an army pre- 
 pared to his hand, would not have been able to ac- 
 complish those immense conquests in Persia, which 
 have conferred on him the title of the Great. A comet 
 appeared in Greece, and was seen for 70 days. Stilpo 
 of Megara, the philosopher, ob. after 294. 
 
 335. Alexander enters Greece, destroys Thebes, but pre- 
 serves the house of Pindar. Demades, the Athenian 
 orator, ob. 322. 
 
 334. Alexander defeats the Persians on the Granicus, May 22. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 37 
 
 B. C. 
 
 Alexander set out for the conquest of Persia with an 
 army of 30,000 foot, 5000 horse, the sum of 70 tal- 
 ents, and provisions only for a single month. He 
 crossed the Hellespont ; and Darius Codomanus, the 
 king of Persia, resolved to crush at once this incon- 
 siderate youth, whom he met on the Granicus, a 
 small river of Phrygia, with 100,000 foot and 10,000 
 horse. The Greeks swam the river, their king leading 
 the van ; and attacking the astonished Persians, left 
 20,000 dead upon the field, while the Greeks lost 
 only 115 men. The whole Persian army was put to 
 flight. Alexander now sent home his fleet, leaving to 
 his army the sole alternative that they must subdue 
 Asia or perish. Apelles of Cos, the painter. 
 
 333. Alexander gains a second battle at Issus in October. 
 Prosecuting their course, the Greeks were attacked 
 by the Persians in a narrow valley of Cilicia, near 
 the town of Issus. The Persian host amounted to 
 400,000 men, but their situation was such that a 
 small part only could come into action, and they were 
 defeated with prodigious slaughter. The loss of the 
 Persians was 110,000, that of the Greeks was in- 
 considerable. The generosity of Alexander was 
 displayed after the battle of Issus in his kind at- 
 tention to his noble prisoners, the mother, wife, and 
 family of Darius. Calisthenes, the philosopher, ob. 
 328. 
 
 332. Alexander takes Tyre, Aug. 20 ; obtains possession of 
 Egypt, and builds Alexandria. Alexander bent his 
 course towards Tyre, whose inhabitants shut their 
 gates, and maintained a noble defence for seven months. 
 The city was at length taken by storm, and 8000 of 
 the inhabitants cruelly put to death. The taking of 
 Gaza opened Egypt to Alexander, and the whole 
 country submitted without opposition, as they were 
 impatient of the Persian yoke. A silly piece of vanity 
 led him across the scorching sands to the temple of 
 Jupiter Ammon, as he was desirous to be thought the 
 son of Jupiter, which caused his mother to write to 
 him in raillery, "not to set her and Juno by the ears." 
 He returned from this perilous and foolish enterprise, 
 and performed a more noble act by founding the city 
 
 4 
 
38 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 of Alexandria, which perpetuates his name. Dino- 
 crates the mathematician. 
 
 331. Darius defeated by Alexander in the battle of Arbela, Oct. 
 2, eleven days after a total eclipse of the moon. Having 
 returned from Egypt and crossed the Euphrates with 
 50,000 men, he fought the tremendous battle of Arbela. 
 The number of Persians engaged in this battle is stated 
 at 700,000, and their loss at 300,000, while Alexander 
 lost only about 500. This great battle decided the 
 fate of Persia, which now submitted to the conqueror, 
 and Darius was soon after murdered by one of his 
 satraps. 
 
 330. The cycle of Calippus commences from Darius's death, 
 July 1. iEschines the orator banished. 
 
 329. Hyperides, the Athenian orator, ob. 322. 
 
 328. Philetas of Cos, the poet and grammarian, ob. about 
 280. Alexander passed the mountain of Caucasus. 
 
 327. Alexander's expedition into India against Porus. 
 
 326. Lysippus the statuary flourished. 
 
 325. Menedemus of Eretria, ob. about 301, set. 74. Demos- 
 thenes banished from Athens, recalled in 23, and 
 died in 322, set. 60. 
 
 324. Crates of Thebes, the Cynic philosopher, ob. after 287. 
 
 323. Alexander dies, April 21, and his empire divided. Al- 
 exander before his death penetrated into India, and 
 defeated Porus, a sovereign of that country. He was 
 desirous of projecting further achievements, but his 
 soldiers, perceiving no end to their toils, refused to 
 proceed farther. He then returned with his army to 
 Persepolis, which he caused to be set on fire, in a fit 
 of phrensy. Thence proceeding to Babylon, he there 
 indulged himself in the greatest excesses, and died 
 suddenly of a fever brought on by excessive drinking, 
 in the 33d year of his age, and in the 13th year of 
 his reign. He is the most renowned hero of antiquity, 
 surpassing all others in the rapidity and extent of his 
 conquests. He possessed military talents of the highest 
 order, but his vanity was excessive, and his ambition 
 unbounded. He was fond of learning, frank and 
 generous in his disposition, and, in the early part of 
 his career, distinguished for self-government ; but at 
 length, intoxicated by success, he gave himself up to 
 
OF THE WORLD. 39 
 
 B. C. 
 
 excessive indulgence, and to acts of the most atrocious 
 cruelty and ingratitude. How different were his 
 character and fame from those of the American Wash- 
 ington ! Alexander named no successor, his family- 
 were successively all destroyed, and his kingdom was 
 at length divided into four parts under as many of his 
 principal officers : Macedonia under Cassander, Thrace 
 under Lysimachus, Syria under Seleucus, and Egypt 
 under Ptolemy Lagus. Alexander destroyed the Per- 
 sian monarchy after it had subsisted 206 years; and 
 the Macedonian kingdom which he founded, or rather 
 greatly extended, existed in its glory but a few shcgt 
 years, though it exceeded in extent all that had gone 
 before it. Praxiteles, the statuary, ob. after 288. 
 
 322. Antipater puts to death the Athenian orators, Demos- 
 thenes, Hyperides, and Demades. Theophrastus, the 
 peripatetic philosopher, ob. about 288, set. 85. 
 
 321. The Romans defeated by the Samnites. 
 
 320. Polysperchon proclaims general liberty to all the Greek 
 cities. Ptolemy carries 100,000 Jews captives into 
 Egypt. Menander, the inventor of the new comedy, 
 ob. 293, set. 52. 
 
 319. The Romans subdue the Samnites. 
 
 318. Phocion put to death by the Athenians. Cassander be- 
 comes master of Athens. 
 
 317. Agathocles usurps the government of Syracuse and 
 Sicily. Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens for 
 10 years; expelled from Athens in 307; ob. about 
 284. 
 
 315. Cassander rebuilt Thebes, and founded Cassandria. 
 Rhodes nearly destroyed by an inundation. 
 
 314. The cities of Peloponnesus recover their liberties. 
 Dinarchus, the Athenian orator, banished in 307. 
 
 313. Polemon, the academic philosopher, ob. 270. 
 
 312. Babylon taken by Seleucus. The sera of the Seleuci- 
 dse commences. Zeno of Cittium in Cyprus, the first 
 of the Sioic philosophers, ob. 264, set. 98. 
 
 310. The Carthaginians defeat Agathocles, July 22, who 
 carries the war into Africa ; during his passage the 
 sun was eclipsed, Aug. 15, 11 digits 10'. A comet 
 appeared in China. Crantor, the academic philoso- 
 pher, ob. before 270. 
 
40 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 308. The Samnites, Marsi, and Peligni defeated by Fabius. 
 Philemon, the comic poet, ob. about 274. 
 
 307. The oligarchy of Athens changed into a democra- 
 cy. 
 
 306. The successors of Alexander take the title of kings. 
 
 305. Megasthenes the historian. 
 
 304. Seleucus founded Antioch, Edessa, Laodicea, &c. 
 Pyrrho, the philosopher, ob. set. 99. 
 
 301. Antigonus defeated at the battle of Ipsus. 
 
 300. Euclid of Alexandria, the mathematician. 
 
 298. Arcesilaus the philosopher, founder of the middle Acad- 
 emy, ob. about 241, set. 73. 
 
 296. Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes. Epicurus 
 the philosopher, ob. 270, set. 72. 
 
 294. Timocharis of Alexandria observed, March 9th, 4 hours 
 before midnight, a conjunction of the moon with Spica 
 Virginis — ob. after 272. Rome contained 270,000 
 effective men. 
 
 293. The first sun-dial erected at Rome upon the temple of 
 Quirinus by Papirius Cursor. Erasistratus, the phy- 
 sician, ob. about 257. 
 
 292. Aristyllus of Alexandria, the astronomer. 
 
 291. Seleucus builds and peoples about 40 new cities in 
 Asia. 
 
 290. The Samnite war ended. Fabius introduces painting 
 into Rome. Bion Boristhenites, the philosopher, ob. 
 241. 
 
 288. Strato, the Peripatetic philosopher, ob. about 270. 
 
 287. The Athenians revolt from Demetrius Poliorcetes. 
 Zenodotus of Ephesus, the first librarian of Alexan- 
 dria, ob. about 245. 
 
 286. Macedon taken possession of by Lysimachus, and Pyr- 
 rhus expelled. 
 
 285. Dionysius, the astronomer of Alexandria, began his 
 sera on Monday, June 26th. He was the first who 
 found the exact solar year to consist of 365 d 5 h 49' — 
 ob. 241. 
 
 284. The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament sup- 
 posed to have been made. The pharos of Alexandria 
 built. Achsean republic founded. A great earth- 
 quake in the Hellespont and Chersonesus. The Gauls 
 defeat the Romans. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 41 
 
 B. C. 
 
 283. Sostratus of Cnidus, the architect. The college and 
 library of Alexandria founded. 
 
 282. Timocharis observed, Nov. 9th, 31 hours after mid- 
 night, a second conjunction of the moon with Spica 
 Virginis. Theocritus of Syracuse, the pastoral poet. 
 
 280. Pyrrhus assists the Tarentines in Italy. Aristarchus 
 of Samos, the astronomer, flourished. 
 
 279. Dionysius Heracleotes, the philosopher. Rome con- 
 tains 278,222 citizens. 
 
 278. An army of Gauls under Brennus cut to pieces near 
 the temple of Delphi. Philo, the dialectic philoso- 
 pher, ob. about 260. 
 
 277. Aratus of Tarsus, the astronomical poet. 
 
 276. Lycophron of Chalcis, the poet. 
 
 275. The Romans defeat Pyrrhus, who retires to Epirus. 
 Persseus, the Stoic philosopher. 
 
 272. The Romans defeat the Samnites and Tarentines. 
 Pyrrhus killed at the siege of Argos. Lycon, the 
 Peripatetic philosopher, ob. 226, set. 74. 
 
 269. Silver first coined at Rome. Crates, the Academic 
 philosopher, ob. about 250. 
 
 268. Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas. Berosus, the 
 Chaldean historian. 
 
 267. Ptolemy made a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. 
 Hermachus of Mitylene, the Epicurean. 
 
 265. Rome contains 292,226 citizens. 
 
 264. The first Punic war. The Arundelian marbles com- 
 posed. Cleanthes, the Stoic philosopher, ob. about 
 240, set. 80. 
 
 263. Homer, jun., the tragic poet. 
 
 262. The battle of Sardis. Timaeus of Sicily, the historian, 
 ob. set. 96. 
 
 261. The Romans attend to maritime affairs. — The Romans 
 felt the absolute necessity of possessing a fleet, when 
 a Carthaginian ship which happened to be wrecked 
 upon the Italian shore served them for a model ; and 
 in less than two years they became possessed of a 
 navy, consisting of 120 vessels, armed with iron 
 cramp hooks, for the purpose of boarding. The ves- 
 sels of this time were large galleys. 
 Manetho, the Egyptian historian. 
 
 260. The Carthaginians defeated at sea by the Romans.— 
 
 4* 
 
42 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 The consul Duilius gained the first naval victory over 
 the Carthaginians, now masters of the Mediterranean. 
 Callimachus of Cyrene, the poet, ob. about 244. 
 
 259. Zoilus the critic, called Homero-Mastix. 
 
 258. Duris of Samos, the historian. 
 
 257. Neanthes of Cyzicum, the orator and historian. 
 
 256. Regulus defeated and taken prisoner. — The Romans 
 equipped a fleet consisting of 330 ships, to oppose the 
 Carthaginians, who had a navy of 350 vessels ; the 
 latter being resolved to oppose the designs of the Ro- 
 mans on Africa. Regulus, whose fleet had combat- 
 ed with various success, at length gained a complete 
 victory. He then landed in Africa, and compelled 
 the Carthaginians to ratify a peace, the conditions of 
 which were extremely burdensome and humiliating to 
 the latter, while 27,000 prisoners who had been cap- 
 tured were sent to Rome. Soon after Regulus was 
 captured, with 5000 Romans, by Xanthippus, the 
 Lacedaemonian general, who had been invited by the 
 Carthaginians to assist them ; and 30,000 men were 
 left dead on the field of battle. The melancholy 
 news was conveyed to Rome by Regulus, who opposed 
 an exchange of prisoners, to negotiate which he had 
 been sent, with the promise to return if unsuccessful ; 
 and in order to keep his promise inviolate he did re- 
 turn, though he expected that it would be to suffer 
 death in dreadful tortures, which took place. 
 Antigonus lestores the liberty of Athens. Ctesibius, 
 the historian, ob. set. 104. 
 
 255. The fourth imperial dynasty of China begins. Sosibi- 
 us of Lacedaemon, the critic. 
 
 254. Hieronymus of Rhodes, the Peripatetic philosopher. 
 
 252. Rome contains 297,897 effective men. 
 
 251. Aratus joins the Achaean league. 
 
 250. The Parthians revolt from the Macedonians. 
 
 249. The Romans defeated by the Carthaginians in the na- 
 val battle of Drepanum. 
 
 348. Antigonus Carystius, the historian. 
 
 247. Jesus, the son of Sirach. A census at Rome — 251,212 
 citizens. 
 
 246. Ptolemy kills Laodice, and subdues great part of Syria. 
 Conon of Samos, the astronomer, ob. after 223. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 43 
 
 B. C. 
 
 245. Eratosthenes of Cyrene, librarian of Alexandria, ob. 
 
 194, set. 82. 
 243. The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus. Sphcerus, 
 
 the Stoic philosopher and historian. 
 242. The Carthaginians defeated. The first Punic war 
 
 ended. Apollonius of Perga, the geometer. 
 241. Agis, king of Sparta, is put to death, attempting to set- 
 tle an Agrarian law. 
 240. Plays acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus, 
 
 the first Roman dramatist. 
 239. Chrysippus, the Stoic philosopher, ob. 207, set. 73. 
 238. The Carthaginians terminate the Libyan war. Po- 
 
 lystratus, the Epicurean philosopher. 
 ^37. Hamilcar, with his son Hannibal, leads the Carthagini- 
 ans into Spain. Euphorion of Chalcis, the poet, ob. 
 
 about 220, set. 56. 
 236. The Tartars expelled from China. Archimedes of 
 
 Syracuse, the mathematician, ob. 212. 
 235. Rome being at peace with all nations, the temple of 
 
 Janus was shut the first time after Numa. Messala, 
 
 the Roman painter, ob. after 226. 
 234. The Sardinian war begins. Nsevius, the comic poet, 
 
 ob. 203. 
 231. The first divorce at Rome. Sardinia and Corsica con- 
 quered by the Romans. 
 230. Apollonius Rhodius, the poet and third librarian of 
 
 Alexandria. Eratostl^nes observed the obliquity of 
 
 the ecliptic to be 23° 5 V 20". 
 229. The Romans declare war against the Illyrians. 
 228. The Roman ambassadors first appear at Athens, Corinth, 
 
 &c. Philochorus of Athens, the historian, ob. 222. 
 226. Aristo Ceus, the philosopher, ob. about 183. 
 225. Cleomenes kills the Ephori, and restores the Agrarian 
 
 laws of Sparta. The Gauls defeated in Italy. Fa- 
 
 bius Pictor, the first Roman historian. 
 224. The Romans for the first time crossed the Po. The 
 
 Colossus of Rhodes overturned by an earthquake. 
 221. Phylarchus, the historian. 
 220. Rome contains 270,213 citizens. The social war in 
 
 Greece begins, and lasts 3 years. Plautus of Um- 
 
 bria, the comic poet, ob. 184. A comet appeared in 
 
 Aries, and was seen 22 days. 
 
44 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 219. Saguntum destroyed by Hannibal. — Hannibal, who 
 had accompanied his father Hamilcar into Spain in 
 the year 237, was educated in his father's camp, and 
 at nine years of age swore, on the altar of his coun- 
 try, eternal enmity to the Romans ; and at the age of 
 25 years succeeded his uncle Asdrubal in the com- 
 mand of Spain ; and after taking several other cities, 
 he iaid siege to Saguntum. Of this place, after a 
 siege of nine months, he obtained possession, or rather 
 of its ruins ; for its inhabitants, faithful to their alli- 
 ance with the Romans, raised an immense pile in the 
 centre of the public square, consisting of all their 
 most precious things, set it on fire, and precipitated 
 themselves into the flames, rather than to fall into the 
 hands of the Carthaginians. Those who escaped the 
 flames became victims of the sword. 
 The art of surgery introduced into Rome. 
 
 218. The second Punic war begins with Hannibal's passing 
 the Alps, and continues 17 years. 
 
 217. The Romans defeated at Thrasymene. 
 
 216. The Romans totally defeated at Cannae. — From the de- 
 struction of Saguntum, Hannibal led his army over 
 the Pyrenees and the Alps — a stupendous undertak- 
 ing ; and when he arrived in Italy, had 20,000 foot 
 and 6,000 horse. He gained four great victories : 
 those of the Tecinus, the Trebia, the Thrasymenus, 
 and of Cannse. The defeat at Cannas was the most 
 memorable that the Romans ever suffered ; more than 
 40,000 of their choice troops were left dead on the 
 field, and the city of Rome trembled for its safety. 
 Hannibal was the greatest general of his age, and he 
 especially displayed his great skill in this memorable 
 battle. Rome, however, was saved by the bravery 
 and caution of Fabius Maximus, to whom the Ameri- 
 can Washington has often been compared. He has 
 been called the American Fabius. 
 
 215. Evandar, the philosopher of the second Academy. 
 
 213. All the records in China destroyed by Shee-hoangtee. 
 Erroneously placed by many in 246. 
 
 212. Syracuse taken by Marcellus after a siege of 3 
 years. 
 
 210. Hermippus of Smyrna, the Peripatetic philosopher. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 45 
 
 B. C. 
 
 207. Claudius Nero defeats and kills Asdrubal. Zeno of 
 Tarsus, the Stoic philosopher. 
 
 205. Ennius of Calabria, the poet, brought to Rome by Cato 
 the quaestor. Sotion of Alexandria, the grammarian. 
 
 204. Scipio besieged Utica. A meteor in the form of a star 
 appeared. It extended from the east to the west 
 points of the horizon. See Lubinlezki. 
 
 203. Scipio in one day took the two camps of Asdrubal and 
 Syphax, killing 40,000 men, and taking 6,000 prison- 
 ers. These two generals assembled the remains of 
 their armies, and were defeated in a second combat ; 
 in consequence of which victories Publius Scipio be- 
 came master of various cities, and the senate of 
 Carthage was under the necessity of recalling Han- 
 nibal to Carthage. Hannibal exerted his utmost en- 
 deavors to obtain peace, but proved unsuccessful ; 
 when Scipio gave him battle on the plains of Zama, 
 and the former was completely overthrown, with the 
 loss of 40,000 men, having with the greatest difficul 
 ty provided for his own safety by flight. 
 
 202. The fifth imperial dynasty of China begins. Hannibal 
 defeated by Scipio at Zama, Oct. 19. A shower of 
 s meteoric stones fell in Italy. 
 
 201. Peace obtained by the Carthaginians, and the end of 
 the 2d Punic war. The Roman senate granted peace 
 to the Carthaginians upon very hard terms ; and 
 Syphax, king of Numidia, was sent to Rome in order 
 to grace the triumph of Scipio ; where that unfor- 
 tunate prince shortly after died in prison. For his 
 victories in Africa, the surname of Africanus was 
 conferred upon Scipio. 
 
 200. The first Macedonian war begins, and continues near 
 4 years. Aristophanes of Byzantium, the gramma- 
 rian, ob. set. 80. A comet appeared in Cancer. 
 
 198. Sidon taken by Antiochus after the battle of Panius. 
 Asclepiades Myrlianus, the grammarian. 
 
 197. The Romans send two praetors into Spain. Licinius 
 Tegula, the comic poet. 
 
 196. Caius Laelius, the Roman orator. A comet appeared. 
 See Hevelius and C&sius. 
 
 195. Aristonymus, the 4th librarian of Alexandria, ob. set. 
 77. 
 
46 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C 
 
 194. A comet appeared. A shower of meteoric stones fell 
 in Italy. Sparta and Hither Spain subdued by the 
 Romans. 
 
 193. Hyginus of Pergamus, philosopher of the second Acade- 
 my. 
 
 192. The war of Antiochus the Great with the Romans be- 
 gins, and continues 3 years. Rome contains 243,704 
 effective men. 
 
 191. Earthquakes were felt at Rome during 38 days. 
 
 190. Scipio defeats Antiochus in the battle of Magnesia. 
 
 189. The Romans make peace with Antiochus. 
 
 188. Philopsemen compels the Lacedsemonians to renounce 
 the laws of Lycurgus. 
 
 187. Antiochus defeated and killed in Media. Scipio Afri- 
 canus banished from Rome. 
 
 185. Diogenes of Babylon, the Stoic philosopher. 
 
 183. Philopsemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates, tyrant 
 of the Messenians. The Transalpine Gauls march 
 into Italy. A very large comet appeared, and 
 continued visible for 80 days. See Lubiniezki and 
 Hevelius. 
 
 182. The stars appeared in China in the day time. 
 
 181. The plague rages at Rome. 
 
 180. Demetrius is killed by his father Philip. Statius 
 Csecilius, the comic poet, ob. after 166. 
 
 179. Rome contains 273,244 effective men. Some books of 
 Numa found at Rome in a stone coffin, supposed by 
 Livy to be forged, and burned. 
 
 177. Agarthacides of Cnidus, the historian. 
 
 176. Heraclides, called Lembus, the historian. 
 
 175. A great earthquake in China. Pestilence at Rome. 
 
 174. A comet appeared. See Hevelius and Ccesius. 
 
 173. Ennius finishes the 12th book of his annals. Attalus 
 of Rhodes, the astronomer and grammarian. 
 
 172. A comet appeared in China in the east. See Hevelius. 
 Antiochus's first expedition in Egypt. 
 
 171. The 2d Macedonian war begins. Antiochus defeats 
 Ptolemy's generals. 
 
 170. Paper invented in China. Antiochus plunders the 
 temple of Jerusalem. An irruption of the Tartars 
 into China. 
 
 169. R,ome contains 212,805 citizens. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 47 
 
 B. C. 
 
 168. Perseus defeated by P. iEmilius at Pydna. An 
 eclipse of the moon happened the preceding night, 
 foretold by Gallas. A comet, or more probably, a 
 meteor, appeared. C. Sulpicius Gallus, the tribune, 
 and the 1st Roman astronomer. 
 
 167. The first library erected at Rome, consisting of books 
 brought from Macedon. 
 
 166. Terence of Carthage, the comic poet, ob. 159, set. 35. 
 His first play, Andria, acted at Rome. Apollonius 
 killed by Judas Maccabseus. A globe of fire (fax) 
 appeared. 
 
 165. Judas purified the temple of Jerusalem. An eruption 
 of iEtna. Crates Mallotes of Pergamus, called the 
 critic. A globe of fire appeared. 
 
 164. Rome contained 327,032 citizens. Polybius of Mega- 
 lopolis, the historian, ob. 124, set. 82. 
 
 163. The government of Judea under the Maccabees begins, 
 and continues 126 years. M. Pacuvius, the tragic 
 poet, ob. about 131, set. 90. 
 
 162. Hipparchus begins his astronomical observations at 
 Rhodes. Demetrius takes possession of Syria. 
 
 161. The philosophers and rhetoricians banished from 
 Rome. 
 
 160. Terence's last play, Adelphi, acted at the funeral 
 of P. jEmilius. Carneades of Cyrene, ob. 128, set. 
 90. 
 
 159. Clepsydrae invented by Scipio Nasica. 
 
 158. An irruption of the Tartars into China. Hipparchus 
 observed the autumnal equinox on Sunday, Septem- 
 ber 27, about mid-day. 
 
 157. A comet appeared in China in the 9th month. 
 
 156. Several temples of Pergamus plundered by Prusias, 
 king of Bithynia. Aristarchus of Alexandria, the 
 great grammarian, ob. set. 72. 
 
 154. A comet appeared. See Hevelius and Lubiniezld. 
 
 152. Andriscus, personating the son of Perseus, assumes the 
 government of Macedon. 
 
 150. Demetrius, king of Syria, killed by A. Balas. Aristo- 
 bulus of Alexandria, the Jew and Peripatetic philoso- 
 pher, ob. after 124. A very large comet appeared, 
 of the color of fire. It shone with intense light, and 
 appeared as large as the sun. 
 
48 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 149. The 3d Punic war commenced, and lasted three years. 
 Prusias put to death by Nicomedes. 
 
 148. Jonathan Maccabaeus defeats Apollonius in the battle of 
 Azotus, and takes that city and Ascalon. A comet 
 appeared in the north part of China, in the 4th 
 month. Satyrus the Peripatetic philosopher and his- 
 torian. 
 
 147. Rome contained 322,000 citizens. The Romans de- 
 clare war against the Achseans. 
 
 146. Carthage destroyed by P. Scipio, and Corinth by L. 
 Mummius. The Carthaginians having taken up 
 arms against Massanissa, king of Numidia, a friend 
 and ally of Rome, occasioned the third Punic war ; 
 at the conclusion of which, Carthage, renowned for 
 arts, opulence, and the extent of its dominion, was 
 plundered, and barbarously levelled to the ground. 
 The Carthaginians having delivered up their arms at 
 the demand of the Romans, the consuls, having re- 
 paired to the city and set fire to the Carthaginian fleet, 
 commanded the inhabitants to remove and establish 
 themselves at the distance of ten leagues from the 
 sea, when they became desperate, and set about re- 
 supplying themselves with arms, using their temples 
 for places of the manufacture, and the gold and silver to 
 supply the place of other metals ; even the females 
 sacrificed their hair to be manufactured into ropes. 
 The Romans were at first repulsed, and their fleet re- 
 duced to ashes. But the valor of Scipio and the 
 Romans at length prevailed, and Carthage, the proud 
 rival of Rome, was so completely destroyed, that no 
 ruins now mark the spot where Carthage once stood. 
 Scipio iEmilius, the son of Paulus iEmilius, and the 
 adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus, who achieved 
 this great victory, had the honor of a triumph at 
 Rome, and received the surname of Second Afri- 
 canus. 
 The same year the consul Mummius took possession 
 of Achaia, and burned the city of Corinth ; the gen- 
 eral council of Greece was suppressed, and the coun- 
 try was reduced to a Roman province under the name 
 of Achaia. 
 Thus in the space of one century, Thrace, Greece, Af- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 49 
 
 B. C. 
 
 rica, Syria, and all the kingdoms of Asia Minor, be- 
 came subject to Rome. This was the sera of the 
 dawn of luxury and taste at Rome, the natural fruit 
 of foreign wealth, and an acquaintance with foreign 
 manners. In the unequal distribution of this import 
 ed wealth, and the corruption of manners to which if 
 gave rise, and the venality and vices which it engen- 
 dered, we see the remote cause of the dissolution of 
 the Roman republic, which owed its prosperity to the 
 poverty, hardihood, and virtue which had character- 
 ized it in its rise. 
 Hipparchus observed the vernal equinox, March 24, at 
 mid-day. A remarkable comet appeared in Greece. 
 It continued visible for 23 days. 
 
 145. The Romans desolated Greece. 
 
 144. Tryphon murdered Jonathan and his brethren. Antip- 
 ater of Tarsus, the Stoic philosopher. A very bright 
 comet appeared in Capricorn, and was seen two 
 days. 
 
 143. A great earthquake in China. 
 
 142. Simon, the high priest, takes the castle of Jerusalem ; 
 repairs it, and rescues Judaea from the Syrian yoke. 
 
 141. The Numantian war begins, and lasts eight years. An 
 eclipse of the moon observed at Alexandria, on Tues- 
 day, Jan. 17, two hours before midnight. 
 
 140. Diodorus, the Peripatetic philosopher. 
 
 139. Lucius Accius, the tragic poet, flourished. 
 
 138. Panatius of Rhodes, the Stoic philosopher. 
 
 137. Ptolemy Physcon patronises the arts and sciences. 
 Nicander of Colophon, the physician and poet. 
 
 136. Scipio Africanus, &c, made an embassy into Egypt, 
 Syria, and Greece. Ctesibius of Alexandria, the 
 mathematician and inventor of hydraulic instruments. 
 A globe of fire appeared. 
 
 135. The history of the Apocrypha ends. A comet appeared 
 in the N. E. part of China, in autumn. The war of 
 the slaves begins in Sicily. 
 
 133. Numantia destroyed by Scipio. Attalus dies, and Per- 
 gamus is added to the Roman empire. Tiberius 
 Gracchus slain. 
 
 132. A comet appeared in Gemini, and continued visible for 
 83 days. 
 
 5 
 
50 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 130. Antiochus, king of Syria, defeated and killed. The 
 revival of learning in China. In 129 and 130, a very 
 large comet appeared. It was visible for 70 days, 
 and had a diurnal arc of 4 hours. 
 
 129. The temple on Gerizim destroyed by Hreanus. 
 
 128. Hipparchus observes the vernal equinox to be on Thurs- 
 day, March 23d, about sun-set, and afterwards the 
 star Regulus was 29° 50' from the summer solstitial 
 colure. Clitomachus of Carthage, philosopher of the 
 third Academy, ob. about 100. 
 
 127. Hipparchus, on May 2d, about sunrise, observed the sun 
 in 7° 35' g, the moon in 21° 40' }£, and their mean 
 distance to be 312° 32' — he observed Spica Virginis 
 6° W. of the autumnal equinoctial point. 
 
 124. Apollonius of Nysa, the Stoic philosopher. 
 
 123. Carthage rebuilt by order of the Roman senate. He- 
 rodicus, called Cratiteus, the grammarian. 
 
 122. A very large comet appeared. 
 
 121. A great eruption of iEtna. Caius Gracchus killed. 
 L. Cselius Antipater, the Roman historian. 
 
 120. A comet appeared in the eastern part of China. Castor 
 of Rhodes, the chronologer and historian. 
 
 119. Two comets appeared in China — one in spring, in the 
 N. E., and another in summer, in the N. W. A comet 
 appeared for 70 days. Menecrates of Nysa, the gram- 
 marian. 
 
 118. Narbonne built by a Roman colony. Dalmatia con- 
 quered by Metellus. 
 
 116. The government of Egypt assumed by Cleopatra. Lu- 
 cilius, the first Roman satirist, ob. 103, set. 46. 
 
 115. Apollodorus of Athens, the chronologer and gramma- 
 rian. 
 
 113. Marcus Antonius, sen., the Roman orator, ob. 87, est. 
 56. 
 
 112. The Jugurthine war begins, and lasts five years. 
 
 110. A comet appeared in China, in the autumn. Lucius 
 Crassus, the orator, ob. 91, set. 49. 
 
 109. Samaria taken by Hyrcanus. The Teutones and Cim- 
 bri attack and defeat Silanus. 
 
 108. The Romans defeated by the Cimbri. Athenion, the 
 Peripatetic philosopher, ob. about 95. 
 
 107. Cicero is born. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 51 
 
 B. C. 
 
 106. Ptolemy dethroned by Cleopatra. Jugurtha given up 
 
 to Marius. 
 104. The Cimbri and Teutones defeat the Romans, and kill 
 
 80,000 of them on the banks of the Rhone. 
 103. The Roman people obtain the power of electing the 
 
 prcetors. 
 102. The Teutones defeated by Marius at Aix — 200,000 
 
 killed, and 80,000 taken prisoners. 
 101. Marius and Catullus defeat the Cimbri, of whom 120,000 
 
 are killed, and 60,000 taken prisoners. 
 100. The Agrarian law revived by Saturninus. Julius Caesar 
 born. Philo, the philosopher of the third Academy. 
 
 99. The Romans conquer Lusitania. A globe of fire ap- 
 peared. 
 
 97. Ptolemy Appion dies, and leaves his kingdom to the Ro- 
 mans. Mesopotamia occupied by the Romans. 
 
 96. The king of Parthia sends ambassadors to China. 
 
 95. Charmidas, the philosopher of the third Academy. 
 
 94. Antiochus of Cyzicum, defeated by Seleucus. 
 
 93. Seleucus defeated by Antiochus the Pious. Apellicon 
 Teius, the proprietor of a famous library at Athens, 
 ob. about 86. An aurora borealis appeared. 
 
 91. The Social or Marsic war commences, and is finished 
 by Sylla in 88. L. Sisenna, the Roman historian. 
 
 90. A comet appeared in Virgo. Asclepiades of Prusias, 
 the physician, ob. after 63. 
 
 89. The Mithridatic war begun. Playfair places it in 94. 
 
 88. The civil war between Marius and Sylla begins, and 
 continues six years. In the war of the Romans 
 against Mithridates, king of Pontus, Sylla obtained 
 the command from the senate, and Marius was nom- 
 inated by the people, upon which the former marched 
 to Rome and took possession of the city, and Marius 
 was compelled to fly and secrete himself, and Sylla 
 caused him to be proclaimed the enemy of his coun- 
 try. During the protracted contests between these 
 partisans, 150,000 Roman citizens were slain. Alex- 
 ander Polyhistor, the grammarian and historian. 
 87. Photius Gallus, the first Latin rhetorician. A comet ap- 
 peared in the N. W. of China, in the spring. Others 
 place it in 84. 
 86. Athens taken by Sylla, who defeats Archelaus. 
 
52 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 85. Diotimus the Stoic philosopher, ob. after 83. Rome con- 
 tains 464,000 citizens. 
 
 84. Q. Valerius Antias, the Roman historian. Peace be- 
 tween Mithridates and Sylla. 
 
 83. Zeno of Sidon, the Epicurean philosopher. Sylla de- 
 stroyed the Capitol. 
 
 82. Sylla plunders the temple of Delphos — defeats Marius — 
 is created dictator. Quintus Hortensius, the Roman 
 orator, ob. 50, set. 63. 
 
 81. A. Lucius Archias, the poet. 
 
 80. Antipater of Sidon, the poet. 
 
 79. Sylla resigns the dictatorship. Possidonius of Apamea, 
 the Stoic philosopher and astronomer, ob. after 51, 
 83t. 84. 
 
 77. Geminus of Rhodes, the astronomer and mathematician. 
 
 76. Apollonius of Rhodes, the rhetorician. 
 
 75. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, dies and leaves his king- 
 dom to the Romans. Theodosius of Tripoli, the 
 mathematician. 
 
 73. The Servile war begins under Spartacus, &c. 
 
 71. Spartacus being defeated by Crassus, the Servile war 
 ends. Tyrannio, the grammarian, ob. after 56. 
 
 70. The censorship revived at Rome. M. Terentius Varro, 
 ob. 28, set. 88. Virgil born. 
 
 69. The Roman Capitol rebuilt. Rome contains 450,000 
 citizens. Lucullus defeats Mithridates. A comet 
 appeared in the west of China, in the spring. 
 
 68. Aristodemus of Crete, the grammarian. 
 
 67. Mithridates defeated by Pompey in Armenia. The war 
 of the Pirates. 
 
 66. Crete reduced to a Roman province. 
 
 65. The reign of the Seleucidae ends. And Syria reduced 
 to a Roman province. A very large comet appeared. 
 T. Lucretius Carus, ob. 54, set. 44. 
 
 64. Dionysius of Thrace, the grammarian. 
 
 63. Catiline's conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates 
 killed himself. Jerusalem taken by Pompey. 
 
 62. Antiochus, the philosopher of the third Academy. 
 
 61. L. Taruntius Spurina, the mathematician, ob. after 44. 
 
 60. A comet was observed by Possidonius, during an eclipse 
 of the sun. The first triumvirate between Pompey, 
 Csesar, and Crassus. Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 53 
 
 B. C. 
 
 being the most considerable men at Rome, a league 
 was formed between them for appropriating to them- 
 selves the whole power of the slate. This league 
 was denominated the First Triumvirate. They dis- 
 tributed among themselves the foreign provinces : 
 Pompey received Spain and Africa ; Crassus, Syria ) 
 and Caesar, Gaul, most of which was yet unconquered. 
 Pompey remained at Rome ; Crassus made war upon 
 the Parthians, and was killed in the year 53 ; and 
 Caesar, in eight brilliant campaigns, conquered Gaul 
 and a part of Britain. Catullus, the lyric poet, ob. 
 about 40, set. 46. 
 59. Andronicus of Rhodes, the Peripatetic philosopher. 
 58. Cicero banished by the intrigues of Clodius. 
 57. Cicero recalled from exile. Sallust, the historian, ex- 
 pelled from the senate in 50, ob. 35, aet. 51. 
 55. Caesar passes the Rhine, and defeats the Germans. Cae- 
 sar's first invasion of Britain. Ptolemy, king of 
 Egypt, restored. Pompey builds a stone theatre for 
 public amusements. 
 54. Caesar's second invasion of Britain. Timagenes of Alex- 
 andria, the historian and rhetorician. 
 53. Crassus killed, and his army defeated by the Parthians. 
 
 Cratippus, the Peripatetic philosopher. 
 52. Milo murders Clodius. 
 51. Gaul becomes a Roman province. 
 
 50. The civil war begins, Oct. 22d. Pompey and Caesai 
 became arrayed against each other, and the dominion 
 over the Roman empire was the splendid prize for 
 which they contended. On the side of Pompey, the 
 consuls, and senate, and aristocracy of Rome arrayed 
 themselves ; and Caesar enjoyed the high favor of his 
 troops, and great popularity with the citizens. Having 
 conquered Gaul, Caesar led his army to Rome. The 
 small river Rubicon was the boundary between Italy 
 and Cisalpine Gaul, and by passing this river Caesar 
 had no alternative but to conquer Rome, or die ; and 
 hence to pass the Rubicon has become a proverbial 
 expression for taking a bold and decisive step. Pom- 
 pey had not an army at Rome sufficient to cope with 
 that of Caesar ; and hence, together with the consuls, 
 senate, and grandees of Rome, he fled into Thes- 
 
 F»* 
 
54 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 saly. — Rome contains 320,000 citizens. A comet 
 appeared. 
 
 49. Csesar proclaimed dictator. A comet appeared in China. 
 Cornelius Nepos, ob. about 25. 
 
 48. The battle of Pharsalia, between Caesar and Pompey. 
 The forces of Caesar were 22,000 men, while those 
 of Pompey were 45,000 foot and 7,000 horse. But 
 the army of Caesar consisted of veterans, inured to the 
 fatigues and discipline of war, while those of Pompey, 
 with some good soldiers, contained many luxurious 
 young patricians who dreaded the loss of their beauty, 
 and therefore Caesar directed his troops to aim at their 
 faces, by which they were more easily discomfited. 
 Pompey was utterly defeated ; 15,000 were left dead 
 upon the field, and 24,000 surrendered as prisoners 
 of war, and he fled to Egypt, where he hoped to find 
 protection from its monarch ; but he was basely mur- 
 dered by the order of the Egyptian king. — Varro, the 
 poet. 
 
 47. A very large comet appeared. Julius Caesar retakes 
 Alexandria. The Alexandrian library destroyed. 
 
 46. The war of Africa. Cato kills himself at Utica. This 
 year, called the year of confusion, was corrected by 
 Sosigenes of Alexandria, and consisted of 15 months 
 and 445 days. 
 
 45. Battle of Munda. Caesar rebuilds Carthage and Corinth. 
 
 44. Caesar killed in the senate-house, aet. 56. Caesar was 
 assassinated in the open senate on the 15th of March, 
 by the conspirators, among whom was Brutus, who 
 had previously been pardoned by Caesar fox a revolt, 
 on seeing whom, he exclaimed, " And you too, Brutus, 
 my son," and fell pierced by twenty-three wounds. 
 Thus fell this mighty conqueror, after having fought 
 fifty pitched battles, in which were slain 1,192,000 
 men, and captured by assault more than 1,000 cities 
 and towns. Mark Antony delivered a funeral ora- 
 tion over his body, by which he excited the greatest 
 indignation against his murderers. — A comet appeared 
 in China, and at Rome, where it was observed for 
 seven days after Caesar's death. Diodorus Siculus, 
 the historian. 
 
 43. A shower of iron is said by Pliny to have fallen in Lu- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 55 
 
 B. C. 
 
 cania, the year preceding the defeat of Crassus. The 
 second triumvirate between Octavius, Antony, and 
 Lepidus. Cicero put to death, Dec. 7th. After the 
 death of Caesar, the Second Triumvirate was formed, 
 consisting of Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus. One 
 of their first acts was for each to give up even their 
 own friends who were obnoxious to the others, to pro- 
 scription and to death. Antony claimed that Cicero, 
 who had uttered severe censures against him, should 
 be given up to death, to which Octavius, who was his 
 friend, consented with some reluctance ; and each of 
 the others named some persons who were obnoxious to 
 them. Cicero was overtaken while attempting to flee, 
 his head was cut off and carried with his hands to 
 Antony. Fulvia, the wife of Antony, took the head 
 in her lap, spit upon it, and drawing out the tongue 
 pierced it several times with a bodkin. The head 
 and hands were fixed upon the rostra, which drew 
 tears from the virtuous citizens. 
 
 42. Cassius and Brutus defeated by Antony at Philippi. 
 
 41. A great famine at Rome. An earthquake in China. 
 Trogus Pompeius, the historian. 
 
 40. Antigonus occupies Jerusalem. Herod receives Judsea 
 from the Romans. Didymus, the scholiast. 
 
 39. Syria and Palestine recovered by the Romans. 
 
 38. The senate makes 67 praetors. 
 
 37. Pompey gained the empire of the sea. Sosius took Je- 
 rusalem and Herod. Antigonus put to death. 
 
 36. Sextus Pompeius defeated in Sicily. Lepidus degraded 
 from the triumvirate, and banished. Virgilius Maro, 
 ob. 19, set. 51. 
 
 34. Antony seizes Armenia. Marcus Manlius, the astro- 
 nomical poet. 
 
 33. Dioscorides, physician to Antony and Cleopatra. 
 
 32. A comet appeared in China. 
 
 31. The battle of Actium, Sept. 2d. Antony and Cleopatra 
 defeated. Antony had yielded himself up to a mad 
 passion for Cleopatra, and had espoused her, giving 
 her as a dowry Phoenicia, lower Syria, the island of 
 Cyprus, Cilicia, Arabia, and a portion of Judaea, and 
 caused her to be called queen of queens, and her son 
 Ptolemy, king of kings. The Roman senate, indig- 
 
56 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 nant at these fooleries, declared war against him, 
 when he retired with Cleopatra to Ephesus, at which 
 place he collected a fleet of 800 vessels, 200 of which 
 were furnished by Cleopatra, who persuaded him to 
 combat by sea, though his land forces were more nu- 
 merous than those of Octavius. The battle was fought 
 near the promontory of Actium, during which Cleopa- 
 tra fled with 60 of her ships ; when Antony, in de- 
 spair, followed her in one of his best vessels, and the 
 remaining part of his ships submitted to Octavius, 
 while his army, consisting of 19 legions, containing 
 12,000 horse, went over to the standard of the victor. 
 This battle terminated the commonwealth of Rome. 
 An earthquake in Judaea. Asinius Pollio, the orator 
 and historian, ob. A. D. 4, set. 80. 
 
 30. Alexandria taken by Octavius. Antony and Cleopatra 
 put themselves to death. Egypt reduced to a Roman 
 province. Antony destroyed himself by falling on his 
 own sword, and Cleopatra poisoned herself by an asp, 
 brought to her for the purpose, in a basket of figs. 
 Octavius intended to have led her in triumph to Rome. 
 The revenue of Rome was computed to amount at this 
 time to 400,000,000 pounds sterling. Strabo, the 
 geographer, ob. A. D. 25. In this and the following 
 year, a comet appeared in Libra, and was seen for 29 
 days. 
 
 29. Horatius Flaccus, ob. 8, set. 57. Caesar triumphed three 
 days in Rome. Temple of Janus shut. Rome con- 
 tains 4,101,017 citizens. 
 
 28. iEmilius Macer of Verona, the poet, ob. 16. 
 
 27. The title of Augustus and of emperor, for 10 years, con- 
 ferred upon Octavius, by a decree of the senate. The 
 Pantheon at Rome built. A great famine in Palestine. 
 S. Aurelius Propertius, the elegiac poet. A comet 
 appeared. See Hevelius. 
 
 25. The Egyptians adopt the Julian year, and fix their Thoth 
 to begin always on Aug. 29th. Titus Livius, ob. A. 
 D. 17, set. 76. 
 
 23. A large comet was seen this year. Antonius Musa, the 
 physician. 
 
 22. A great pestilence in Italy. 
 
 21. Augustus recalls Agrippa, and gives him Julia in mar- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 57 
 
 B. C. 
 
 riage. Tibullus, the elegiac poet, ob. about 19, 
 ast. 24. 
 
 20. Tiberius recovers the Roman ensigns from the Parthians. 
 Porus, king of India, solicits an alliance with Augus- 
 tus. Ovidius Naso banished to Tomi, A. D. 9, ob. 
 17, set. 59. 
 
 19. Rome at the meridian of its glory. Agrippa constructed 
 the aqueducts at Rome. The celebrated poet Virgil 
 died in the 51st year of his age, and by his will en- 
 joined that the jEneid should be burned, not having 
 put the finishing touches to that great work. Augus- 
 tus, however, countermanded the testamentary order 
 of the poet, for which posterity will thank him. 
 Herod, who at this period commanded the Jews, being 
 anxious to acquire their good- will, which he had for- 
 feited, proposed rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem 
 at his own charge, and in a manner more magnificent 
 than that of Solomon, which was assented to, and the 
 structure completed in the most sumptuous manner. 
 
 18. Augustus reduces the senate to 300, and afterwards limits 
 them to 600. 
 
 17. The Secular games revived. Varius and Tucca, critics 
 and editors of the yEneid. 
 
 16. Agrippa goes to Syria, and thence to Judaea. 
 
 15. The Rhaetians defeated by Drusus. M. Vitruvius Pollio, 
 the architect. 
 
 14. A great conflagration at Rome. 
 
 13. The office of Pontifex Maximus assumed by Augustus, 
 who burns 2,000 pontifical books, reserving those of 
 the Sibylline oracles. 
 
 12. A comet was seen for several days near Rome. Tibe- 
 rius conquers the Pannonians. Nicholas Damascenus, 
 the philosopher. Agrippa dies. 
 
 11. Drusus conquers several German nations. 
 
 10. The city of Caesarea built by Herod. 
 9. Drusus's expedition into Germany, where he dies, July 
 20th. C. Julius Hyginus, the grammarian and poet. 
 8. Augustus corrects the calendar. Rome and its suburbs 
 contain 4,233,000 citizens. Verrius Flaccus, the 
 grammarian, and tutor to Augustus's grandsons. 
 6. Tiberius, jealous of the two Caesars, retires to Rhodes. 
 5. Q. Varus appointed governor of Syria. A comet ap- 
 
58 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 B. C. 
 
 peared in China. Our Saviour born on Monday, 
 Dec. 25th, or Sept., four years before the common 
 sera. This is called the Vulgar JEra, because Diony- 
 sius the monk, who wrote about the year 526, being 
 desirous of adopting this mode of computation, com- 
 mitted an error of four years. He thought that Chiist 
 had been born under the consulate of Caius Caesar 
 and Lucius jEmilius Paul us, while it appears from 
 the most exact researches that he came into the world 
 four years and seven days previous. The mistake of 
 Dionysius, surnamed the Lesser, was, however, gen- 
 erally adopted, and has been uniformly adhered to 
 ever since. About this time the temple of Janus was 
 shut by Augustus, as an emblem of the universal 
 peace which then prevailed. This temple, which was 
 always open in time of war, was shut but three times 
 for more than 700 years ; and during that long period 
 of time, the Romans were continually engaged in war. 
 Cyrenius appointed governor of Judaea. Dionysius 
 of Halicarnassus, the historian. 
 
 4. An eclipse of the moon observed at Jerusalem, March 
 13th, middle 2 hours 45' after midnight. 
 
 2. Julia banished by Augustus. Dionysius, the geogra- 
 pher. 
 
 1. An interview between Caius Caesar and Tiberius. A 
 comet appeared. 
 
 First Century. 
 
 K. D. 
 
 1. C. Caesar makes peace with the Parthians. 
 
 2. Tiberius returns to Rome. L. Caesar dies. 
 
 3. C. Caesar dies. Cinna's conspiracy detected. 
 
 4. Leap year corrected. Phsedrus flourished. 
 
 6. A great famine at Rome. 
 
 7. Germanicus marches against the Pannonians. 
 
 8. Jesus Christ disputes in the temple. Asinius Galiius, 
 
 ob. 33. Germanicus, ob. 19, aet. 34. 
 
 9. The Romans subdue Dalmatia. Varus, then command- 
 
 ing on the banks of the Rhine, was deceived by Ar- 
 minius, general of the Cherusci, a people of Germany 
 who inhabited between the Weser and the Elbe, and 
 in a defile where he was incapable of fighting or of 
 
OF THE WORLD. 59 
 
 A. D. 
 
 retreating. The Romans in that disastrous affair lost 
 three legions and as many corps of cavalry, upon 
 which Varus in despair fell upon his own sword, 
 having received many wounds. The Cherusci took 
 possession of two eagles, a black and white standard, 
 which circumstance it is said gave rise to the present 
 German arms. This melancholy catastrophe spread 
 the greatest consternation throughout Rome, and it is 
 said that Augustus upon the occasion exclaimed in 
 accents of despair, "Varus, restore me my legions!" 
 All the citizens from the age of 25 to 35 years re- 
 ceived orders to proceed to Germany under the com- 
 mand of Tiberius ; who re-established discipline, but 
 contented himself with ravaging the borders of the 
 Rhine, fearful of risking his reputation by a general 
 engagement. Two years afterwards he was replaced 
 by Germanicus, and returned to Rome, where he en- 
 joyed three triumphs, and Augustus raised him to be his 
 associate in the empire, the consulate, and the tribune. 
 10. In this year or in the year 12, a comet was seen in 
 Aries for 32 days. The Romans defeated by Armin- 
 ius, a German general. 
 
 13. A comet appeared in China. 
 
 14. Rome contains 4,037,000 citizens. Augustus dies at 
 
 Nola, Aug. 19th, set. 76. When he experienced the 
 approaches of death, he said to his confidential at- 
 tendants, "Have I not played my part admirably? 
 The piece is finished : give your plaudits." In re- 
 ference to the beginning and end of his life, it has 
 been said, " It would have been good for mankind if 
 he had never been born or never had died." 
 
 15. Valleius Paterculus, ob. 31. 
 
 16. Mathematicians and magicians expelled from Rome. 
 
 17. Cappadocia reduced to a province. An earthquake de- 
 
 stroys 12 cities in Asia. Cornelius Celsus. 
 
 18. Tiberius built by Herod. 
 
 19. Jews banished from Rome. 
 
 21. Theatre of Pompey consumed by fire. A comet ap- 
 peared in China. 
 
 23. Valerius Maximus. 
 
 26. Tiberius goes to the island Caprsea. John the Baptist 
 begins his ministry. 
 
60 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 27. A conflagration at Rome. Pilate made governor of 
 Judaea. Jesus baptized by John. 
 
 32. Columella flourished. 
 
 33. Our Saviour Jesus Christ crucified on Friday, April 
 
 3d, at 3 o'clock P. M. Resurrection on Sunday, 
 April 5th. Ascension, Thursday, May 14th. 
 
 36. St. Paul converted. Vitellius, the new governor of 
 
 Syria, commanded Pontius Pilate to repair to Rome, 
 and justify himself from the numerous complaints 
 sent in, respecting his mal-administration ; when the 
 senate, having heard his defence, exiled him to Vienne, 
 a town of the Allobroges ; where he at length killed 
 himself in the year 39. 
 
 37. Tiberius dies after a reign of 23 years, set. 78. The 
 
 beginning of his reign seemed to promise tranquillity 
 to the world ; but his real character soon disclosed 
 itself. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, his cruelty 
 to his wife Julia, and his tyrannical oppression and 
 murder of many noble senators rendered him odious 
 to the people The mutiny of the armies in Pannonia 
 and Germany alarmed his fears, and led him to pay 
 great deference to the senate. The activity and valor 
 of Germanicus, one of his best generals, excited his 
 jealousy, and he is supposed to have been accessory 
 to his death in Antioch. Not only his relations and 
 friends were sacrificed to his ambition and cruelty, 
 but there was scarcely in Rome a single family that 
 did not reproach Tiberius for the loss of a father, a 
 brother, or a husband. He nominated as his suc- 
 cessor, Caius Caligula, who was accused of having 
 hastened his end by suffocating him. In the ISth year 
 of this monarch's reign Christ was crucified ; as if, as 
 Dr. Goldsmith says, the universal depravity of mankind 
 wanted no less a sacrifice than that of God himself to 
 reclaim them ! Shortly after his death, Pilate wrote 
 to Tiberius an account of his passion, resurrection, 
 and miracles ; upon which the emperor made a report 
 of the whole to the senate, desiring that Christ might 
 be accounted a god by the Romans. But the senate, 
 being displeased that the proposal had not come first 
 from themselves, refused to allow his apotheosis ; 
 alleging an ancient law which gave them the super- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 61 
 
 A. D. 
 
 intendence in all matters of religion. This fact is 
 referred to in the Apology for Christianity by Ter- 
 tullian, who would not have been likely to have done 
 it, if it could not have been verified by public docu- 
 ments. They even went so far as by an edict to 
 command that all Christians should leave the city ; 
 but Tiberius, by another edict, threatened death to all 
 such as should accuse them ; by which means they 
 continued unmolested during the rest of his reign. 
 
 39. A conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars. St. Mat- 
 
 thew, according to Blair, writes his gospel. Philo 
 Judeeus flourished. 
 
 40. The name of Christians given at Antioch. Petroniua 
 
 appointed governor of Syria. A comet appeared in 
 Gemini. 
 
 41. Caligula assassinated by Chereas. Caligula, the suc- 
 
 cessor of Tiberius, was little better than a madman, 
 notorious alike for his follies and his vices. During 
 the first eight months of his reign, Rome expected 
 universal prosperity, but he soon became wanton and 
 cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered 
 that the image of his own head be placed on the images 
 of the gods ; he committed incest with his three sis- 
 ters, and became such a monster of cruelty that he 
 even wished that the people of Rome had but one 
 neck, that he might cut it off with one blow. His 
 favorite horse was sumptuously accommodated in a 
 marble stable ; his horse and his wife were admitted 
 to the honors of the priesthood, and he crowned his 
 absurd fooleries by becoming a priest to himself. Of 
 all his vices his extreme prodigality was the most re- 
 markable ; the luxuries of former emperors were 
 simplicity itself, compared with those which he prac- 
 tised. His impieties were subordinate to his cruelties ; 
 he caused many distinguished citizens to be put to 
 death merely to possess himself their riches. Caligula 
 undertook a military expedition to Britain, but con- 
 tented himself with causing his troops to collect shells 
 upon the beach, and returned in triumph to Rome. 
 At length a deep-laid conspiracy, under the guidance 
 of Chereas, rids the world of this monster, by assassin 
 nating him in a bath, at the age of 25 years, having 
 
 6 
 
62 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 reigned a little more than three years and ten months. 
 Seneca says of him, that nature seems to have brought 
 him forth to show what was possible to be produced 
 from the greatest vice, supported by the greatest au- 
 thority. He was succeeded by Claudius his uncle. 
 He caused two registers, those of the sword and the 
 dagger to be burned, in which were enrolled the 
 names of those persons whom his predecessor had 
 destined to premature deaths. 
 
 43. Claudius's expedition into Britain. Claudius dispatched 
 
 his lieutenant Plautius to Britain for its subjugation, 
 who gained some advantages previously to his arrival 
 in person ; but after remaining 16 days, Claudius re- 
 turned to Rome, which he entered with the honors of 
 a triumph. 
 
 44. Peter imprisoned. James put to death. St. Mark, ac- 
 
 cording to Blair, wrote his gospel. 
 
 45. Vespasian's successful war in Britain. Vespasian and 
 
 Titus displayed singular valor and conduct under 
 Plautius, where they fought 30 successful battles, 
 took 20 towns, and made themselves masters of the 
 Isle of Wight, and thus reduced Britain to the condi- 
 tion of a Roman province. Pomponius Mela the ge- 
 ographer. 
 
 47. A new island appeared in the iEgean Sea. The secular 
 
 games celebrated at Rome. Caractacus the British 
 king. 
 
 48. A comet appeared. See Lubiniezki. 
 
 50. London built by the Romans about this time. 
 
 51. Caractacus carried in chains to Rome. He was king 
 
 of the Silures in South Wales, and for nine years 
 kept the Romans at bay, but was at length over- 
 powered by the Roman legions, and was led a pris- 
 oner to Rome ; and looking round with wonder at the 
 magnificence of the imperial city, he exclaimed, 
 " Alas, how is it possible that a people possessed of 
 such magnificence at home, could think of envying 
 Caractacus an humble cottage in Britain !''* He was 
 one of nature's noblemen, and was pardoned by 
 Claudius. A comet appeared. 
 
 52. The council of the apostles at Jerusalem. Astrologers 
 
 expelled Italy. Paul preaches at Athens. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 63 
 
 A. D. 
 
 54. In 54 or 56 a comet appeared in Cancer. It was visible 
 
 during 4 months, and moved from the north to the 
 east. Claudius dies, having been poisoned by his 
 wife Agrippina, the mother of Nero by a former 
 husband. She was apprehensive of death herself, 
 and wished to secure the elevation of her son. Nero 
 succeeds at the age of 17 years. At first he appeared 
 liberal and humane, and when called upon to sign a 
 death-warrant, exclaimed, " Would to heaven I had 
 never learned to write !" But at length signing 
 death-warrants became a mere pastime. 
 
 55. Caesar landed in Britain. Aug. 26, a comet appeared 
 
 in China. Paul preached at Ephesus. 
 
 56. Rotterdam built about this time. 
 
 57. A comet appeared in 57 or 58. Persius, ob. 62, set. 30. 
 
 59. Nero caused his mother Agrippina to be put to death. 
 
 Surveying her dead body he was heard to say, "that 
 he had never thought his mother so handsome." She 
 deserved on account of her own cruelty to suffer, but 
 not at his hands. Thus began a career of iniquity 
 such as the world has rarely seen beside, which has 
 caused his name to signify proverbially all that is ty- 
 rannical and cruel. Paul's defence before Felix. 
 
 60. A comet appeared at Rome, and in China. It was seen 
 
 for 6 months in great brilliancy. The Christian re- 
 ligion published in Britain. Paul's defence before 
 Festus. 
 
 61. Boadicea defeats the Romans, but soon after is conquered 
 
 by Suetonius. Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, whose 
 daughters had been ravished by the Romans, and 
 herself afflicted with stripes for remonstrating against 
 the outrage, rose against her oppressors, and with an 
 army of 230,000 men, attacked the Romans under 
 Suetonius, whom she routed, after having slain 70,000 
 persons. But the Romans afterwards avenged the 
 loss, by slaughtering 80,000 Britons, when Queen 
 Boadicea, in despair, poisoned herself. A comet ap- 
 peared. Petronius Arbiter, ob. about 66. 
 
 62. St. Paul sent in bonds to Rome. In 62 or 64 a comet 
 
 appeared. 
 
 63. A great earthquake in Asia. 
 
 64. A conflagration in Rome. The conflagration of Rome, 
 
64 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 by which more than two-thirds of the city was de- 
 stroyed, was believed to have taken place by Nero's 
 orders. A report was publicly circulated that he had 
 viewed it with pleasure from the top of a tower, sing- 
 ing a poem on the burning of Troy. He had looked 
 with uneasiness upon the irregularity of the city and 
 its narrow and crooked streets, and caused it to be re- 
 built in a manner which increased its beauty ; but 
 the conflagration had caused an immense loss of prop- 
 erty and great distress. To remove from himself the 
 odium of the execrable action of setting it on fire, he 
 charged it upon the Christians, who were becoming 
 considerably numerous in Rome, and thus commenced 
 the first general persecution of the Christians. Their 
 death and tortures were aggravated by cruel derision 
 and sport ; for they were either covered with the 
 skins of wild beasts and torn in pieces by devouring 
 dogs, or fastened to crosses, and wrapped up in com- 
 bustible garments, that when the daylight failed, they 
 might like torches dispel the darkness of the night. 
 For this tragical spectacle, Nero lent his own exten- 
 sive and beautiful gardens, erected since the burning 
 of the city, and exhibited at the same time the diver- 
 sions of the circus, sometimes driving a chariot in 
 person, and sometimes standing as a spectator, while 
 the shrieks of women burning to ashes supplied music 
 for his ears. 
 Quintus Curtius. 
 
 65. Prodigies seen at Jerusalem. Seneca, Lucan, and others 
 
 put to death. 
 
 66. Nero goes into Greece. The Jewish war begins in 
 
 May. A comet appeared. Pliny the historian, ob. 
 79. 
 
 67. St. Peter and St. Paul put to death about June 29th. 
 
 Vespasian defeats the Jews, and takes Josephus pris- 
 oner. 
 
 68. A comet appeared. Nero dies. The cruelties of Nero 
 
 excited the indignation of the whole Roman empire ; 
 he was declared by the senate an enemy of the state, 
 and condemned to be whipped to death with rods. 
 When about to be overtaken by his pursuers, he put 
 an end to his life by a dagger by the aid of his secre- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 65 
 
 A. D. 
 
 tary and freedman, at the age of 30 years, having 
 reigned 13 years and 8 months. 
 
 69. Galba put to death. Otho kills himself. A comet ap- 
 
 peared in Jerusalem. 
 
 70. Titus destroys Jerusalem, Saturday, Sept. 8. During 
 
 the siege no less than 1,100,000 persons perished; 
 Titus having used all possible persuasion to induce 
 the inhabitants to surrender, the city was taken by 
 assault. The general was desirous to preserve the 
 temple, a most magnificent structure; but as this 
 building was well fortified, and served as a citadel, 
 the soldiers set it on fire, nor was it found possible to 
 stop the conflagration, and the temple was burned to 
 the ground, and the prediction of the Saviour, that 
 not " one stone should be left upon another," was 
 literally fulfilled : a most improbable event when it 
 was uttered. The inhabitants were then sold by 
 auction, and Cesarea became the capital of the coun- 
 try. — The lands of Judsea sold by the Romans. A 
 comet appeared in Gemini. 
 
 71. Josephus, ob. 93, set. 56. 
 
 72. A comet appeared in Libra, and was seen for 40 days. 
 
 73. The philosophers expelled from Rome by Vespasian. A 
 
 comet appeared. Frontinus flourished. 
 
 74. The states of Achaia, Lycia, Samos, Thrace, &c, 
 
 formed into separate provinces. Silius Italicus, ob. 
 set. 75. 
 
 75. Vespasian dedicated a temple to Peace, in which he re- 
 
 placed the rich spoils taken from the temple at Jeru- 
 salem. A comet appeared in China. 
 
 76. A comet appeared. Asconius Pedianus, ob. set. 85. 
 
 77. A comet appeared in China. A great plague at Rome. 
 
 The Parthians revolt. 
 79. Vespasian dies, aged 69, in the tenth year of his reign ; 
 and was succeeded by his son Titus, who proved an 
 honor to human nature during the short period of his 
 reign ; as a proof of which he conceived that he had 
 lost a day, which was spent without any occasion 
 having presented itself of his doing good. Herculaneum 
 and Pompeii are buried by an eruption of Mount Ve- 
 suvius, Nov. 1. The mountain discharged such an 
 immense quantity of ashes and lava as completeh to 
 6* 
 
66 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 cover these cities, which have been exhumed in mod- 
 ern times, disclosing most curious remains of antiquity, 
 which the ashes have contributed to preserve. Upon 
 this occasion, the naturalist Pliny, approaching too 
 near in order to gratify his scientific curiosity, per- 
 ished. In 78 or 79, a comet appeared for 6 months. 
 
 80. The Capitol, Pantheon, &c, of Rome consumed by fire. 
 
 Titus builds the hot baths and amphitheatre. 
 
 81. A comet appears. Titus dies, aged 40, supposed to have 
 
 been poisoned by his brother Domitian, who delighted 
 in crimes as much as his deceased relative had gloried 
 in the practice of virtue. Domitian felt equal pleas- 
 ure in publicly shedding the blood of the Romans, and 
 in transfixing with a golden pin the bodies of flies in 
 his private apartment. Martial, ob. 104, set. 75. 
 
 82. Agricola reduces South Britain to a Roman province. 
 
 Domitian banishes all the philosophers from Rome. 
 Apollonius Tyanseus, ob. 97. 
 
 84. Valerius Flaccus flourished. 
 
 85. Britain discovered to be an island. 
 
 86. Domitian instituted the Capitoline games. Solinus. 
 
 88. The secular games celebrated. The Dacian war begins. 
 
 Epictetus the Stoic philosopher, ob. about 161. 
 
 89. Quintilian, ob. about 95. 
 
 90. Agrippa of Bithynia, the mathematician. 
 
 91. Statius of Naples, the poet, ob. 96. St. Clement I. 
 
 92. A vestal buried alive for prostitution. Agrippa observes 
 
 in Bithynia a conjunction of the moon with the Pleia- 
 des, Nov. 29, 5 h before midnight. St. Ignatius, ob. 
 108. 
 
 93. The empire of the Huns, in Tartary, destroyed by the 
 
 Chinese. Tacitus the historian, ob. after 99. John 
 banished to the island of Patmos. 
 
 95. The second persecution of the Christians under Domitian. 
 
 In this persecution 40,000 were supposed to have suf- 
 fered martyrdom. The apostle John was cast into a 
 caldron of boiling oil, from which however he came 
 forth unhurt, and was exiled to the island of Patmos, 
 one of the Cyclades, where he wrote the Apocalypse. 
 Juvenal, ob. 128. 
 
 96. Domitian put to death. Domitian, alarmed by omens 
 
 and astrological predictions, became apprehensive of 
 
OF THE WORLD. 67 
 
 A. D. 
 
 his own death ; and set down the names of various 
 illustrious persons whom his jealousy rendered sus- 
 picious, among whom was that of his wife Domitia, 
 all of whom were to be murdered. Happily his wife 
 became possessed of the fatal list, which she commu- 
 nicated to those whom it concerned, when it was 
 unanimously resolved that they would anticipate the 
 views of the emperor by sacrificing him, which they 
 successfully executed. This took place on the 8th 
 of September, when Domitian was 45 years of age, 
 having reigned nearly 15 years. He was succeeded 
 by Nerva, a man of great gentleness and humanity. 
 
 97. The evangelist John returns from exile ; ob. 99, set. 92. 
 
 98. Nerva dies a natural death, at the age of 65 years, 10 
 
 months, and 10 days, after a short reign of one year, 
 four months, and 8 days. He had named for his suc- 
 cessor Trajan, then governor of Germany. Menelaus, 
 the mathematician, observed at Rome a transit of the 
 moon over Spica Virginis, Jan. 11, 5 h after midnight. 
 
 99. Julius Severus governor of Britain. Trajan was pro- 
 
 claimed emperor by his troops at Cologne. He wrote 
 to the senate stating that he made Titus his model, 
 and the senate, impressed with such consolatory hope, 
 decreed to him the title, " Father of the Country." 
 His entrance into Rome was in the highest degree 
 condescending and gracious. Every age and sex, 
 says Pliny, flocked to witness his arrival ; even the 
 sick dragged their emaciated frames to feast their 
 eyes with a spectacle overpowering with joy. Some 
 exclaimed that they had lived long enough, having 
 beheld so excellent a prince at the head of the em- 
 pire ; while others conceived that it was a fresh in- 
 ducement to make them anxious for life. Mothers 
 felicitated their children in having to spend their lives 
 under a government whose only labor would consist 
 in striving to ensure their happiness. His wife Plo- 
 tina was equally condescending and kind. 
 
 Second Century. 
 
 102. Pliny, pro-consul in Bithynia, sends Trajan his account 
 of the Christians ; upon which he remarked, that no 
 
68 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 L. D. 
 
 proceedings against them were required, but that he 
 ought only to punish those who were disturbers of the 
 public tranquillity. 
 103. Dacia reduced to a Roman province. Trajan, in order 
 to attack the Dacians, built a bridge over the Danube,, 
 which consisted of 20 arches 520 fathoms long, which 
 is upwards of three times the width of the Thames at 
 London bridge, over which his troops readily passed. 
 The Dacian monarch put an end to his own life, and 
 Dacia was made a Roman province. Pliny junior. 
 
 105. A great earthquake in Asia and Greece. Dion Pru- 
 
 seeus flourished. 
 
 106. Trajan marches against the Parthians, &c. Philo 
 
 Byblius, ob. 133, set. 80. 
 
 107. The third persecution of the Christians under Trajan. 
 
 Trajan, though an excellent emperor, authorized the 
 third general persecution of the Christians, whom prob- 
 ably he knew only by the misrepresentations of their 
 enemies, and it is likely confounding them with the 
 Jews, who were ever ready for rebellion. This 
 persecution was carried on with great violence for 
 several years. 
 
 109. A comet appeared in China. Plutarch, ob. 119. 
 
 111. Suetonius the historian, ob. after 117. 
 
 114. Trajan erects his column at Rome. Trajan's pillar 
 was composed of 24 great pieces of marble, so curi- 
 ously cemented as to seem but one. Its height was 
 128 feet, about 12 feet in diameter at the bottom and 
 10 at the top. It has on the inside 185 steps for as- 
 cending to the top, and 40 windows for the admis- 
 sion of light. The whole pillar is incrusted with 
 marble, on which are represented, in bas-relievos, the 
 warlike exploits of the emperor, particularly in the 
 war with the Dacians. On the top was a colossal 
 statue. of Trajan holding in his right hand a sceptre, 
 and in his left a globe of gold, in which his ashes 
 were said to have been afterwards put ; but Eutro- 
 pius affirms that his ashes were deposited under the 
 pillar. It still remains, a proud monument of ancient 
 Rome. The statue of St. Peter has taken the place 
 of that of Trajan. A great earthquake in China. 
 jElian, ob. about 140, set. 40. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 69 
 
 A. D. 
 
 115. Trajan subdues Assyria. An earthquake at Antioch. 
 
 116. The Jews make an irruption into Egypt. L. Annseus 
 
 Florus. 
 
 117. Adrian marches into Britain. Trajan dies, and is 
 
 succeeded by Adrian. He was proclaimed emperor 
 by his troops, seconded by the empress Plotina, and 
 soon after confirmed by the senate. Theon, senior, 
 the astronomer of Smyrna. 
 
 118. The fourth persecution of the Christians under Adrian. 
 
 Quadratus, a disciple of the apostles, presented to h''m 
 an apology for the Christians. Having carefully ex- 
 amined it, the emperor wrote to Minucius Fundanus, 
 the pro- consul of Asia, ordering him not to put to 
 death any Christians, unless they should be convicted 
 of crimes other than the profession of Christianity. 
 
 120. Nicomedia and other cities destroyed by an earthquake. 
 
 121. Adrian builds a wall between Carlisle and Newcastle. 
 
 126. Adrian goes into Asia and Egypt for 7 years. 
 
 127. Aristides flourished. 
 
 128. In 128 or 130 a comet appeared in Aquarius and Ca 
 
 pricorn, and was seen 39 days. Csesarea and Nico. 
 polis destroyed by an earthquake. 
 
 130. Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem, and erects a temple to Ju- 
 
 piter. At Alexandria, Ptolemy observed Mars in 
 opposition, Dec. 14, 3 h P. M. 
 
 131. The Jews commence a second war. St.Polycarp, ob. 167. 
 
 132. Ptolemy observed the autumnal equinox, Sep. 25, 2 h 
 
 P. M. 
 
 133. An eclipse of the moon observed by Ptolemy at Alex- 
 
 andria, on Tuesday, May 6, ll h 45' P. M. He ob- 
 served Jupiter in 13° 15' 8, May 17, ll h P. M., 
 and Saturn in 9° 40' t , June 4, 4 h P. M. Ptolemy, 
 the mathematician, ob. 161. 
 
 134. Urbicus's wall was built between Edinburgh and the 
 
 Firth of Clyde. Marcion the heretic. Ptolemy ob- 
 served Venus in 11° 5' V3, Feb. 16, morning; and 
 Mercury in 20° 12' nj, Oct. 3, morning. 
 
 135. The Jewish war ends, and almost all the Jews banished 
 
 from Judsea. 
 
 136. The second great canicular year of the Egyptians be- 
 
 gins, July 20. Arrian, the historian and philosopher. 
 138. Adrian dies at Baiee in the 72d year of his age, having 
 
70 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 reigned 22 years, and was succeeded by Antoninus 
 Pius, eminent for his virtues and love of peace. But 
 though he passed no edict against the Christians, he 
 did not authoritatively put a stop to the persecutions 
 still carried on against them; but he afterwards wrote 
 to the governors of the provinces of Asia to desist from 
 the persecution of them. Ptolemy observed Regulus 
 in 2° 30' of this sign, and 32° 40' from the summer 
 solstice. 
 
 139. Justin Martyr writes his first Apology for the Chris- 
 
 tians, ob. 163. 
 
 140. Ptolemy observed Venus in 18° 30' H, and 47° 15', 
 
 from the mean place of the sun, July 18. Observed 
 the vernal equinox at Alexandria, March 22, about 1 
 o'clock afternoon. 
 
 141. A comet appeared in China. 
 
 144. Appian the historian. 
 
 145. Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians. 
 
 In 145 or 146 a comet was seen 6 days in Aquarius. 
 Polysenus. 
 
 146. The worship of Serapis introduced at Rome by the em- 
 
 peror, and his mysteries celebrated, May 6. Artemi- 
 dorus. 
 
 147. Apuleius flourished. 
 
 148. Justin the historian. 
 
 149. A comet appeared in China. Aulus Gellius, the gram- 
 
 marian. 
 
 151. Maximus Tyrius, ob. about 180. 
 
 152. An earthquake at Rhodes. An inundation of the Tiber, 
 
 &c. Antoninus stops the persecution against the 
 Christians. 
 
 153. Pausanias, ob. after 173. 
 156. Diophantus, ob. set. 84. 
 
 158. Lucian, ob. about 180, aet. 90. 
 
 159. The Bactrians and Indians submit to Antoninus. 
 
 160. A comet appeared. 
 
 161. Antoninus Pius dies on the 7th of March, aged 73 years, 
 
 5 months, and 16 days, having reigned 22 years and 
 six months. Marcus Aurelius, who had married his 
 daughter Faustina, succeeded him, in conjunction 
 with Verus, his adopted brother. Marcus Aure- 
 lius possessed the noblest qualifications and vir- 
 
OP THE WORLD. 71 
 
 A. D, 
 
 tues, but Verus, on the contrary, was ignoble and 
 vicious. 
 
 162. War with the Parthians continues three years. 
 
 163. The Christians persecuted under Marcus Aurelius An- 
 
 toninus, called by some the 4th. In this persecution 
 Christians were banished from their houses, reproached, 
 beaten, plundered, imprisoned, and stoned. Polycarp 
 suffered martyrdom. Galen, ob. 193, set. 70. 
 
 165. A comet appeared. 
 
 166. The Romans send ambassadors to China. 
 
 168. A plague over the known world. Athenagoras, ob. 
 
 177. 
 
 169. The war with the Marcomanni begins. 
 
 171. Montanus propagated his heresy. Tatian. 
 
 172. Athenseus of Naucratis, author of the DeipnosophisUz, 
 
 ob. about 194. 
 174. War with the Marcomanni, Vandals, &c, finished. 
 
 177. Another war with the Marcomanni, which lasts three 
 
 years. 
 
 178. Diogenes Laertius, ob. about 222. 
 
 180. Marcus Aurelius dies, set. 59, after having reigned 19 
 
 years and 10 days, nine years of which he shared the 
 throne with Verus ; and was succeeded by his son 
 Commodus, who pursued a course different from that 
 of his father, having been cruel and debauched. 
 
 181. Commodus makes peace with the Germans. A comet 
 
 appeared. 
 
 182. A comet appeared in China. St. Irenseus, ob. 202. 
 
 183. A violent war in Britain finished by Marcellus. 
 186. Julius Pollux, ob. set. 58. 
 
 188. The Capitol, &c. of Rome destroyed by lightning. A 
 
 comet appeared in China. 
 
 189. A plague at Rome. The Saracens defeat the Romans. 
 
 191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 
 
 192. Commodus is put to death, set. 31. A comet appeared. 
 
 193. Different persons usurp the empire on the death of 
 
 Pertinax. 
 
 194. Severus besieges Byzantium. 
 
 195. A comet appeared. 
 
 198. Albinus defeated by Severus. and killed at Lyons. 
 200. A shower of a substance which converted copper into 
 silver is said by Dion to have fallen for three days 
 
72 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 during the lifetime of Severus. Severus defeats the 
 Parthians. A comet appeared in China. 
 
 Third Century. 
 
 201. Papinianis, ob. 212. 
 
 202. The 5th persecution of the Christians, under Sept. 
 
 Severus, during which Tertullian had the courage to 
 write an apology for the Christians, addressed to the 
 emperor. " We fill," observes that writer, " your 
 cities and towns, your senate and your armies ; we 
 only abandon your temples and your theatres." In 
 Egypt, Leonidas, the father of Origen, suffered mar- 
 tyrdom. Ireneus, bishop of Lyons, suffered martyr, 
 dom in that city. A comet appeared at Rome. An 
 eruption of Vesuvius. 
 
 204. The secular games celebrated at Rome. A comet 
 
 appeared in China, and was seen several days. 
 
 205. An earthquake in Wales. 
 
 206. A comet appeared in China, near the polar star. Cle- 
 
 mens Alexandrinus. 
 
 207. Severus goes into Britain, and 50.000 of his troops die 
 
 of the plague. Minutius Felix. 
 
 209. Severus builds his wall across Britain of stone, in the 
 
 place of that erected of earth by Adrian, being 32 
 miles in length, from the Clyde to the Forth. This 
 wall divided the possessions of the Romans in Britain 
 southward, from those of the barbarians on the north. 
 
 210. Philostratus, ob. about 244. 
 
 211. Severus dies at York, set. 66, of grief for the ingratitude 
 
 of his son Caracalla, who conspired against his father 
 and intended to put him to death. Severus reigned 
 17 years and 8 months, and his remains were conveyed 
 to Rome for interment. He was succeeded by his 
 sons Caracalla and Geta. 
 
 212. A comet appeared in China. Christianity introduced 
 
 into Scotland. Caracalla kills his brother Geta, and 
 many others. 
 
 213. Oppian, ob. set. 30. 
 
 216. War between the Romans and Parthians. 
 
 '417. Caracalla killed by Maximus, set. 43. The Septuagint 
 
OF THE WORLD. 73 
 
 A. D. 
 
 found in a cask, where it had probably been secreted 
 by the persecuted Christians. 
 
 218. Maximus put to death by the soldiers. A cornet ap- 
 peared in China ; it went from east to west, and was 
 seen several days at Rome. 
 
 220. Julius Africanus, the chronologer. A comet appeared 
 in Pisces, and was seen for 18 days. 
 
 222. The Romans agree to pay an annual tribute to the 
 Goths to bribe them not to invade the empire. This 
 was under the reign of Alexander Severus, a virtuous 
 prince, who was murdered in 235, by a mutiny of the 
 army under Maximin, when he was only 26 years of 
 age. In the course of 50 years from the death of 
 Alexander Severus, there are reckoned more than 50 
 Caesars, who with that title, lawful or usurped, made 
 their appearance to contend for the imperial throne. 
 Proclaimed and then murdered by their soldiers, they 
 were the sport of fortune and of cruelty. The army 
 were exceedingly corrupt, and had learned that they 
 were the masters of the empire. 
 
 225. Mathematicians allowed to teach publicly at Rome. 
 
 226. Parthia becomes tributary to Persia. 
 
 229. The Arsacides terminate in Persia. Dion Cassius, the 
 historian. 
 
 231. Origen, ob. 254, 93t. 69. 
 
 232. Ammonius, the Christian and Platonic philosopher, be- 
 
 gins a school of Platonic philosophers at Alexandria, 
 ob. after 243. 
 
 233. The Persians defeated by the Romans with great 
 
 slaughter, at Tadmor. 
 
 235. The 6th persecution against the Christians, under Maxi- 
 
 minus, who commanded all Christians to be put to 
 death, under pretext of a conspiracy planned against 
 his life, and the consequence was, a slaughter of 4000 
 persons, which spread terror and desolation through 
 the Roman provinces. 
 
 236. Two comets appear in China. 
 
 237. The two Gordians killed in Africa. 
 
 238. Censorinus flourished. 
 
 241. The Franks first mentioned in history. Gregory Thau- 
 maturgus, ob. 266. 
 
 7 
 
74 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 242. Grordian makes a successful expedition against the Per- 
 sians. 
 
 244. Gordian is put to death. 
 
 245. Peace between the Romans and Persians. 
 
 247. The secular games celebrated at Rome. Herodian, 
 the historian. 
 
 249. The two Philips are killed ; one at Verona, the other 
 
 at Rome. 
 
 250. The seventh persecution of the Christians, under De- 
 
 cius. Decius no sooner possessed himself of the pur- 
 ple than he commanded the slaughter of the Christians, 
 when they were driven from their habitations, stripped 
 of their estates, and tormented with racks. This was 
 the most severe persecution that had been hitherto 
 known. 
 
 251. The Romans are defeated by the Goths at Maesia. St. 
 
 Cyprian, ob. 258. 
 
 252. The Romans become tributary to the Goths. Asia 
 
 invaded by the Scythians and Persians. A dreadful 
 pestilence over the Roman empire. 
 254. Plotinus, ob. 270, set. 66. A great eruption of ./Etna. 
 
 257. The 8th persecution of the Christians, under Valerian. 
 
 Both men and women suffered death, some by scourg- 
 ing, some by the sword, and some by fire. 
 
 258. The Roman empire is harassed by 30 tyrants. 
 
 260. Valerian flayed alive by Sapor, king of Persia. The 
 
 temple of Diana burnt. The Roman empire ravaged 
 by the Scythians. 
 
 261. A great plague raged in the Roman empire. Longi- 
 
 nus, ob. 273. 
 
 262. Earthquakes in Europe, Asia, and Africa ; and 3 days 
 
 of darkness. Paulus Samosatenus, bishop of Antioch, 
 deposed in 270. 
 264. Odenatus, king of Palmyra, governs the eastern em- 
 pire. 
 
 267. The Romans defeat the Scythians and Goths. 
 
 268. Gallienus is killed at Milan, set. 50. 
 
 269. Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000. Egypt 
 
 occupied by Zenobia. 
 272. The 9th persecution of the Christians, under Aurelian. 
 This was inconsiderable, compared with those already 
 mentioned. 
 
OF THE WORLD. (5 
 
 A. D. 
 
 273. Zenobia defeated by Aurelian, and Palmyra take>, 
 
 274. The temple of the Sun built at Rome. Dacia gi\e,n up 
 
 to the Barbarians by Aurelian. 
 
 275. Aurelian is killed near Byzantium. 
 
 276. Wines first made in Britain. Tacitus dies at Tarsus. 
 
 Porphyry, ob. about 304, set. 71. 
 
 277. Probus marches into Gaul. The Franks settle in Gaul. 
 
 A comet appeared in China. 
 280. The Persians defeated by Probus. 
 282. Probus is put to death at Sirmium. 
 
 284. The sera of Dioclesian begins Aug. 19, according to 
 
 the fixed Egyptian year, though his reign did not be- 
 gin till Sept. 17. He was about 40 years old when 
 he was elected to the empire. He owed his exalta- 
 tion entirely to his merit, having passed through all 
 the gradations of office, with sagacity, courage, and 
 success. Ambassadors sent to China by the Romans. 
 
 285. Arnobius flourished. 
 
 286. The empire attacked by northern nations, and several 
 
 provinces are usurped by tyrants. At this time the 
 northern hive, as it was called, poured down their 
 swarms of barbarians upon the Roman empire. When 
 the troops stationed on their borders to repress inva- 
 sion were at any time called away, they made inroads 
 upon the empire, and retreated when the troops re- 
 turned. In this manner the Scythians, Goths, Sar- 
 matians, Alani, Carsii, and Quadi came down in in- 
 credible numbers ; while every defeat seemed only to 
 increase their strength and perseverance. Thdse 
 northern nations were generally denominated barba- 
 rians, but in their conduct they displayed, probably, 
 less barbarity than the Romans. They had been 
 exasperated by repeated and cruel attacks from the 
 Romans, who seemed to regard it as a high crime 
 that they should refuse to be conquered, or that they 
 would not stay conquered. 
 
 287. Carausius proclaimed emperor in Britain. Maximinus 
 
 was named by Dioclesian at first Csesar, and after- 
 ward Augustus, when he became an equal partner in 
 the empire. Maximinus then proceeded to Gaul, and 
 gained numerous victories over the Germans, whom 
 he expelled from those territories. It was during this 
 
76 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 expedition that Mauricus, chief of the Theban legion, 
 which consisted chiefly of Christians, having received 
 the command of Maximinus to march against Geneva, 
 a Christian colony, the soldiers petitioned the emperor 
 that they might not be compelled to combat against 
 their Christian brethren. The legion was twice pun- 
 ished ; when it retired into the mountains of Valais, 
 where being invested by the other corps of the Roman 
 army, the whole legion devoted itself to death in sup- 
 port of the Christian faith, and was, with its com- 
 mander, exterminated on the spot. This noble con- 
 duct was probably interpreted by Maximinus as an 
 act of rebellion, and might have had its influence in 
 preparing the minds of Maximinus and Dioclesian for 
 that terrible persecution of the Christians which after- 
 wards took place. 
 
 289. A great comet visible for 20 days, in Mesopotamia. 
 
 Gregory and Hermogenes, lawyers. 
 
 290. The Gregorian and Hermogenian codices published. 
 
 291. The two emperors and the two Caesars march to defend 
 
 the four quarters of the empire. ^Elius Spartianus, 
 
 the historian. 
 293. Carausius killed by Alectus. The Franks expelled 
 
 from Batavia. 
 296. Britain recovered to the emperors after a ten years' 
 
 usurpation. Dioclesian besieges and takes Alexandria. 
 
 4 Fourth Century. 
 
 301. War between the Persians and Romans. Julius Capi- 
 tolinus. 
 
 303. The 10th persecution of the Christians, under Diocle- 
 sian. Dioclesian seems to have been instigated to this 
 persecution chiefly by his colleagues. In this dread- 
 ful persecution, which lasted 10 years, houses filled 
 with Christians were set on fire, and whole droves 
 were tied together with ropes, and driven into the sea. 
 Their sacred writings were burned, and they were 
 stripped of all public employments. It is related that 
 17,000 were slain in one month's time ; and that dur- 
 ing the continuance of this persecution, in the pro- 
 vince of Egypt alone, no less than 144,000 Christians 
 
OF THE WORLD. 77 
 
 A. D. 
 
 died by the violence of their persecutors ; Desides 
 700,000 that died through the fatigues of banishment, 
 or the public works to which they were condemned. 
 The Christians gave some occasion for their persecu- 
 tions by their animosities and strifes with each other. 
 Flavius Vopiscus. 
 
 304. Dioclesian and Maximianus resign the empire. Diocle- 
 
 sian and Maximianus, the two emperors, resigned their 
 dignities on the same day. They had made Constan- 
 tius Chlorus and Galerius, Caesars, who now took the 
 name of emperors. The friends of Dioclesian, and 
 particularly Maximianus, wished Dioclesian to resume 
 the purple, which Maximianus was also willing to do. 
 To these he replied, " If you could but see the pulse 
 which I raise in my garden, with my own hands, you 
 would never speak to me of the empire." Constantius 
 was virtuous, valiant, and merciful, and Galerius, 
 though brave, was brutal, incontinent, and cruel. 
 They divided the empire between them ; Constantius 
 was appointed to the western part, including Britain. 
 
 305. A comet appeared in China. Trebellius Pollio. 
 
 306. Constantius wages war against the Britons : dies July 
 
 25. He died at York, appointing his son Constantine 
 as his successor, who was proclaimed by the plaudits 
 of the soldiers. Maxentius was proclaimed emperor 
 at Rome by the pretorian bands. 
 
 307. A considerable part of Rome consumed by fire. iElius 
 
 Lampridius. In 307 or 308 a comet appeared. 
 
 308. Four emperors reigned at the same time. 
 
 309. The Christians persecuted in the East. 
 
 310. Britain divided into four governments by Constantine. 
 
 311. Lactantius flourished. 
 
 312. Maxentius killed in battle. Pestilence over the East. 
 
 On the march of Constantine to meet Maxentius, his 
 mind was in anxious suspense in regard to the ap- 
 proaching contest, and sent up ejaculations to heaven 
 to inspire him with wisdom in regard to the path which 
 he should pursue. A little before sunset he is said to 
 have seen in the heavens a pillar of light in the form 
 of a cross, having this inscription on it, " sv rouro vixu," 
 in this overcome. It is further stated that Christ ap- 
 peared to him in the following night, commanding him 
 
78 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 to adopt the image of the cross for his standard, and 
 to bear it in battle, which standard was called Laba- 
 rum, and was carried into battle by his troops. This 
 circumstance is said to have prompted the emperor to 
 embrace Christianity, and he became a distinguished 
 protector of Christians. Eusebius professes to have 
 derived the account which he relates, from the mouth 
 of Constantine himself. He gained a distinguished 
 victory over Maxentius, who, fleeing from him, was 
 drowned in crossing the Tiber. 
 
 313. The 10th persecution of the Christians terminated by 
 
 an edict of Constantine and Licinius. 
 
 314. A civil war between Constantine and Licinius. 
 
 315. Crucifixion abolished. 
 
 319. Constantine protects the Christians. 
 321. Sunday appointed to be observed. 
 
 323. Constantine obtains possession of the empire, and toler- 
 
 ates Christianity. 
 
 324. Licinius defeated and banished. Licinius, who was in- 
 
 vested with the purple, and married Constantia, the 
 sister of Constantine, became an enemy of the Chris- 
 tians, whom he banished from his household. He 
 made war upon Constantine and was defeated, but his 
 life was spared at the intercession of his wife. In 322 
 or 324 a comet appeared in Virgo. 
 
 325. The 1st general Council of Nice, from June 19, to Aug. 
 
 25, consists of 318 bishops. Arius, ob. 336. 
 
 326. Crispus put to death. The Christians persecuted by 
 
 the Parthians. Eusebius Pamphilius, ob. 342. 
 328. The seat of empire transferred from Rome to Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 330. Constantinople solemnly dedicated by Constantine to the 
 
 God of the Martyrs, giving it a name derived from his 
 own. A dreadful persecution in Persia, which lasted 
 40 years. 
 
 331. The heathen temples demolished by order of the em- 
 
 peror. St. Athanasius, ob. 371. 
 
 333. A great famine and pestilence in Syria. 
 
 334. 300,000 Sarmatians revolt, and are dispersed through 
 
 the empire. . 
 
 336. A very large comet appeared in China. 
 
 337. Constantine the Great dies, May 22, set. 66, leaving the 
 
OF THE WORLD. 79 
 
 A. D. 
 
 empire to his sons Constantinus, surnamed the younger, 
 Constans, and Constantius. Constantinus had Gaul 
 and all the territory beyond the Alps ; Constans be- 
 came master of Italy, Sicily, Africa, Illyria, Thrace, 
 Macedonia, and Greece ; and Constantius obtained 
 Thrace, Asia, the East, and Egypt. 
 
 340. Constantine, junior, killed at Aquileia. An earthquake 
 
 in the East. A large comet appeared in Aries, and 
 was seen 183 days. 
 
 341. Christianity propagated in Ethiopia by Frumentius. 
 
 St. Hilary, ob. 367, set. 80. 
 
 342. Jamblichus, ob. about 363. 
 
 344. Neocsesarea destroyed by an earthquake. 
 350. Constans killed in Spain, when Constantius became sole 
 emperor. 
 
 353. iElius Donatus, the grammarian. 
 
 354. Constantius puts Gallus to death. 
 
 356. Eutropius, the historian and sophist. 
 
 357. Six German kings defeated at Strasburg by Julian. 
 
 358. 150 cities in Greece and Asia destroyed by an earth- 
 
 quake. Libanius, the sophist. 
 
 359. Ammianus Marcellinus, ob. about 380. 
 
 361. Constantius dies at Tarsus, set. 45. He had before 
 
 made his son Julian, Csesar. Julian was made em- 
 peror by the Gauls, and Constantius made war against 
 him. He died at Tarsus in Cilicia, after he had 
 reigned 24 years. Gregory Nazianzen, ob. 389. 
 
 362. Themistius, the sophist, ob. about 386. 
 
 363. Julian in vain endeavors to rebuild the temple of Jeru- 
 
 salem ; and dies in an expedition into Persia. Un- 
 foreseen and even miraculous accidents, testified by 
 the Pagans themselves, forced him to abandon the 
 undertaking of attempting to rebuild the temple at 
 Jerusalem. He is called the apostate, from having 
 apostatized from Christianity. He persecuted the 
 Christians chiefly by treating them with ridicule and 
 contempt, forbidding them the study of classic litera- 
 ture, and denying them an appeal to courts of justice, 
 because their religion forbade them to contend. He 
 was greatly attached to heathen superstition and phi- 
 losophy. Aurelius Victor. A comet appeared. 
 
 364. The Roman emperors enacted laws against magicians. 
 
80 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Britain harassed by the Picts, Scots, and Saxons. 
 The Roman empire divided into two parts, called the 
 Eastern and Western empire. 
 370. Valens marched against the Persians. St. Basil, ob. 
 379, set. 51. A comet appeared in Aries, and was 
 seen 11 weeks. 
 
 372. Eunapius. 
 
 373. The Bible translated into the Gothic tongue. A comet 
 
 appeared in China. 
 
 374. St. Ambrose made bishop of Milan, ob. 397. 
 
 376. The Goths, expelled by the Huns, settle in Thrace. 
 
 377. A comet appeared. 
 
 378. Valens defeated by the Goths. The prerogatives of 
 
 the Roman see much enlarged. 
 
 379. The Lombards first leave Scandinavia, and defeat the 
 
 Vandals. Ausonius, ob. about 394. 
 
 380. A comet appeared in Libra. It was seen from May till 
 
 September, and was brighter than Venus. 
 
 381. The 2d general council of Constantinople. Macedonius, 
 
 the heretic. 
 383. The emperor Gratian defeated and killed. The Huns 
 
 ravaged Mesopotamia. Pappus of Alexandria, the 
 
 mathematician. A comet appeared. 
 385. Theon, jun. of Alexandria, the mathematician. 
 
 387. The Quinquennales celebrated by Arcadius. St. Je- 
 
 rome, ob. 420, set. 78. 
 
 388. The tyrant Maximus defeated and killed by Theodosius. 
 
 389. The first kings of the Lombards elected in Pannonia. 
 
 A comet appeared in Gemini, and was seen for 20 
 days. 
 
 390. A fiery column seen in the air for 30 days. 
 
 392. Prudentius. In 392 or 393 a large comet appeared ; 
 in 40 days it moved from Venus to the Great Bear. 
 
 394. Theodosius defeats Eugenius and Arbogastes. St. Au- 
 
 gustine, ob. 430, set. 76. A great earthquake felt in 
 many parts of Europe. A large comet appeared. 
 
 395. Theodosius the Great dies, set. 60, having reigned 16 
 
 years, when he was succeeded by his sons, Arcadius 
 and Honorius ; the former in the East and the latter 
 in the West, from which period the two empires were 
 uniformly separated. Previously, although several 
 emperors had ruled at the same time, they had acted 
 
OF THE WORLD. 8l 
 
 A. D. 
 
 as colleagues, associated in the government. The 
 administration of Theodosius was rendered respectable 
 to his enemies, as it had been beneficial to the Roman 
 people. 
 
 396. St. Chrysostom, ob. 407, set. 53. A comet appeared. 
 
 397. Claudian. 
 
 398. Heliodorus. 
 
 400. A large comet appeared in China. 
 
 Fifth Century. 
 
 401. Europe overrun by Alaric, king of the Goths. Sulpi- 
 
 cius Severus, the ecclesiastical historian, ob. 420. 
 
 402. The Avari obtain possession of Great Tartary after de- 
 
 feating the Huns. Anianus of Alexandria, the monk 
 and chronologer. 
 
 403. Stilicho defeats Alaric. Macrobius, ob. about 415. 
 
 404. An irruption of the Goths. Panodorus of Alexandria,, 
 
 the monk and chronologer. 
 
 405. John Stobseus. Stilicho defeats 200,000 Goths. A 
 
 very large comet appeared. 
 
 406. The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, spread into France by 
 
 a concession of Honorius. Pelagius, ob. about 430. 
 408. Christianity propagated in Persia. Hypatia, the ma- 
 thematician, and daughter of Theon, ob. 415. A 
 comet appeared during a solar eclipse. 
 
 410. Rome taken and plundered by Alaric. Servius, the 
 
 commentator on Virgil. A comet appeared. 
 
 411. Synesius, bishop of Cyrene, and Platonic philosopher. 
 
 412. The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain. The Ro- 
 
 mans, when pushing their conquests towards the N. 
 and E. of Europe, had compelled numerous tribes to 
 fly for refuge beyond the Rhine and the Danube, and 
 to seek an asylum in the immense forests of Germany. 
 In those fastnesses they had multiplied for three oi 
 four centuries, when the colossal hordes began to dis- 
 gorge themselves ; and assuming courage, attacked 
 the forts, as well as the armed bodies which defended 
 the streams, and penetrated into the Roman empire. 
 These tribes, however, were soon displaced by the 
 bands who flocked thither from the extremities of the 
 N. and E., driving them precipitately one upon an. 
 
82 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 other, when the Roman empire resembled an immense 
 valley, ravaged in all directions by an overflowing 
 and furious current, swallowing up every thing in its 
 impetuous and unrestrained torrent. It was reserved 
 for Christianity to allay the fury of those barbarous 
 conquerors, and to repair the horrors of their ravages, 
 which it did, although its early corruptions diminished 
 its salutary effects. Armenia divided between the 
 Persians and Romans. St. Cyril, bishop of Alexan- 
 dria, ob. 444. A comet was seen in Capricorn from 
 summer till the end of autumn. 
 
 413. The kingdom of the Burgundians begins in Alsace. 
 
 A comet was seen in Virgo for four months. 
 
 414. The Visigoths establish the kingdom of Thoulouse. 
 
 415. The Christians persecuted in Persia. 
 
 416. A meteoric stone fell in Constantinople. Orosius, the 
 
 historian. 
 
 417. The Goths extirpate the Alans. 
 
 418. A comet was seen from summer till September. 
 
 419. Many cities in Palestine destroyed by an earthquake. 
 
 Socrates, the ecclesiastical historian. 
 
 420. The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower 
 
 Rhine. China is divided into two empires. 
 
 421. The Salic law promulgated. Christianity persecuted 
 
 in Persia. 
 
 422. Thrace ravaged by the Huns. 
 
 423. John the Notary usurps the western empire. A comet 
 
 was seen for several days. 
 
 425. Theodosius establishes public schools at Constanti- 
 
 nople. 
 
 426. The Romans leave Britain. 
 
 427. The Romans recover Pannonia. Zosimus, the histo- 
 
 rian. 
 
 428. iEtius the Roman general defeated by the French. 
 
 431. The third general council of Ephesus. Nestorius, the 
 
 heretic bishop of Constantinople. 
 
 432. The Vandals occupy the Roman provinces in Af- 
 
 rica. 
 
 433. A great part of Constantinople consumed by fire. 
 
 434. A comet appeared. 
 
 435. Nestorianism prevails in the East. The Theodosian 
 
 codex published. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 83 
 
 A. D. 
 
 437. jEtius defeats the Goths. Cyril's cycle of 95 years 
 begins. The Christians first persecuted by the Van- 
 dals. Theodoret, bishop of Cyrus, ob. about 460. 
 
 439. Genseric takes Carthage ; and the kingdom of the 
 Vandals begins in Africa. Sozomen, the ecclesiasti- 
 cal historian, ob. 450. 
 
 441. The Roman territories invaded by the Huns, Persians, 
 
 and Saracens. 
 
 442. A comet appeared. 
 
 443. The Manichsean books burned at Rome. Olympiodo- 
 
 rus, the ecclesiastical historian. 
 
 446. The Britons complain to iEtius and the Romans, against 
 
 the incursions of the Scots and Picts. Their com- 
 plaint was couched in the following terms : " To 
 jEtius, thrice consul, the groans of the Britons : — The 
 barbarians drive us into the sea ; the sea throws us 
 back upon the swords of the barbarians ; so that no 
 resource remains for us, but the miserable choice of 
 being drowned or butchered. " All entreaties, how- 
 ever, were vain, so that perceiving they had nothing 
 further to expect from the Romans, they began to 
 consider what other nation might be called in to their 
 aid. In the mean time Honorius confirmed the inde- 
 pendence of Britain, and directed its inhabitants to 
 take care of their own safety. In this emergency 
 they had recourse to the Saxons. 
 
 447. Attila ravages Europe. 
 
 448. A comet appeared. 
 
 449. The Saxons arrive in Britain, and land in the isle of 
 
 Thanet. Heptarchy established in England. A 
 great famine in Italy. 
 
 450. Theodosius II. dies, set. 49. A comet appeared. 
 
 451. The fourth general council of Chalcedon. ^Etius de- 
 
 feats Attila. The Christians persecuted in Britain. 
 A comet appeared. Eutyches. 
 
 452. The city of Venice takes its rise about this time. 
 
 454. The Britons attempt in vain to expel the Saxons. The 
 
 Vandals occupy Sicily. 
 
 455. Rome taken by Genseric. 
 
 456. Theodoric defeats the Suevi. Prosper, ob. 460. 
 
 457. Hengist defeats Vortimer in the battle of Crayford, 
 
 Kent. 
 
84 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 458. A great earthquake at Antioch. The Chinese sail to 
 
 the north of California. 
 461. A fire in Constantinople. Peace between the emperor 
 
 Leo and the Goths. 
 
 463. The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius, 
 
 of Aquitaine. 
 
 464. The Vandals expelled from Sicily. 
 
 466. The Romans defeated the Goths. Rogation-day insti- 
 
 tuted. 
 
 467. The Romans defeat the Vandals. 
 
 468. The Romans driven by the Visigoths out of Spain. 
 
 469. Sidonius Apollinaris, ob. 482, set. 52. 
 472. A great eruption of Vesuvius. 
 
 474. Leo I. and Leo II. die. 
 
 475. Three hundred British nobles treacherously massacred 
 
 by Hengist. The Romans defeat the Saxons. Gela- 
 sius, of Cyzicum. 
 
 476. The kingdom of Italy begins. The western empire 
 
 ended. — Odoacer, king of the Heruli, marched into 
 Italy, and made himself master of Rome and Raven- 
 na, where Augustus was forced to abdicate ; and thus 
 terminated the Roman empire in the west ; after it 
 had flourished 307 years from the battle of Actium, 
 when the monarchy was established, and 1224 years 
 from the foundation of the city of Rome. 
 
 The decline and fall of that once magnificent empire, 
 may be reduced to one principal cause ; its ruin hav- 
 ing been the inevitable consequence of its greatness. 
 The extension of dominion relaxed the vigor of its 
 frame ; the vices of the conquered infected its victo- 
 rious legions, while foreign luxuries enervated its 
 leaders, and supplanted patriotic affection ; added to 
 which, the martial spirit of the Romans was pur- 
 posely debased by the emperors, who had every 
 thing to apprehend from its energies. Thus gradual- 
 ly weakened and enervated, the colossal fabric became 
 an easy prey to torrents of barbarians, inured to 
 danger, to rigorous climates, and spurred on by the 
 insatiable thirst of cupidity, who incessantly poured 
 down upon it, and finally accomplished its complete 
 overthrow. 
 
 A. dreadful fire in Constantinople, consuming the major 
 
OF THE WORLD. 85 
 
 A. D. 
 
 part of the city, with its sumptuous library, contain- 
 ing 120,000 volumes, among which were the poems of 
 Homer, written in letters of gold. 
 Odoacer refused the purple and the title of emperor, 
 contenting himself with that of king of Italy, and 
 established his court at Ravenna. 
 
 479. Peter, surnamed the Fuller, ob. 486. 
 
 480. An earthquake which lasts 40 days, destroys the great- 
 
 er part of Constantinople. 
 
 484. Christianity persecuted by Huneric king of the Van- 
 
 dals. 
 
 485. The Romans defeated at Soissons by Clovis. 
 
 487. The Saxons defeated by the Britons under Ambrosiug 
 and prince Arthur. 
 
 490. Odoacer defeated by Theodoric. 
 
 491. Ella founds the second Saxon kingdom of Sussex. 
 
 493. The kingdom of Italy transferred from the Heruli to the 
 
 Ostrogoths, by the capture of Ravenna. Malchus, 
 the sophist. 
 
 494. The Roman pontiff asserts his supremacy. 
 
 495. Timotheus Gazseus. 
 
 496. Clovis baptized, and Christianity received in France. — 
 
 Clotilda, the wife of Clovis, was a Christian by pro- 
 fession, and had, no doubt, solicited him to join her in 
 it. In a battle with the Germans, when his Franks 
 began to give way, he vowed, in case he obtained the 
 victory, he would adore the God of Clotilda, and im- 
 mediately the Germans began to give way, and were 
 completely routed. Faithful to his vow, he caused 
 himself to be instructed in Christianity, and was bap- 
 tized, with more than 3000 of his subjects ; and the 
 example was followed by a great part of his army. 
 Poland and Bohemia occupied by the Sclavonians. 
 
 497. The Isauric war closes. 
 
 499. Thrace ravaged by the Bulgarians. Fulgentius, ob, 
 
 529. 
 
 500. Syria and Phoenicia ravaged by the Saracens. 
 
 Sixth Century. 
 
 501. Anastasius makes peace with the Saracens. Gon- 
 
 debaud publishes his laws of the Burgundians. 
 
 8 
 
86 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 603. Cabades, king of Persia, destroys Anastasius's army. 
 The Pope resists the legal magistrate. 
 
 504. Christianity persecuted by the Vandals. The pandects 
 
 published. Magi prevail at Rome. 
 
 505. The Persian war ends. 
 
 506. The Theodosian code reformed and published by 
 
 Arien. 
 
 507. Alaric defeated and killed by Clovis, near Poitiers. 
 
 509. A great fire at Constantinople. Arabia and Pales- 
 
 tine invaded by the Saracens. Alcimus Avitus, ob. 
 523. 
 
 510. Paris becomes the capital of the French dominions. 
 
 511. A great insurrection at Constantinople. The Saxons 
 
 defeated in the battle of Badon-hill or Bath, by 
 Prince Arthur. 
 
 512. An eruption of Vesuvius. 
 
 513. Christianity embraced by the Persian and Saracen 
 
 kings. Boetius, the philosopher, ob. 524. 
 
 514. Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is 
 
 consumed by a burning mirror of Proclus. Cas- 
 sidorus, secretary to Theodoric, ob. 562, set. about 
 100. 
 
 516. Macedonia, Thessaly, &c. ravaged by the Getae. The 
 
 computation of time by the Christian aera intro- 
 duced by Dionysius the monk, called the Little, 
 ob. 540. 
 
 517. Five years drought and pestilence in Palestine. 
 
 518. Anastasius killed by lightning, aet. 88. 
 
 519. Prince Arthur defeated at Charford by Cerdic, which 
 
 begins the third Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 
 
 520. The Anglo-Saxons defeated at Bath by the Britons. 
 
 521. An earthquake at Corinth. Hesychius of Miletus. 
 
 522. The Moors defeat and kill Thrasamond, king of the 
 
 Vandals. 
 
 524. An earthquake in Cilicia. 
 
 525. Antioch destroyed by fire. Priscian, the gramma- 
 
 rian. 
 
 526. An earthquake at Antioch. 
 
 528. Belisarius marches against the Persians. 
 
 529. The code of Justinian published. The order of Bene- 
 
 dictine monks instituted. Tribonianus, the famous 
 lawyer. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 87 
 
 A. D. 
 
 532. A conspiracy at Constantinople. A great pestilence in 
 Ethiopia. The kingdom of Burgundy conquered by 
 Childebert and Clotaire. 
 
 533= The digest of Justinian published. — His name is im- 
 mortalized in history by the code of laws which, un- 
 der his direction, was selected by the ablest lawyers, 
 and to which the name of Justinian's Pandects and 
 Digests are given. 
 
 534. The kingdom of the Vandals finished by Belisarius, 
 
 who took Carthage. Procopius, the historian. 
 
 535. Belisarius gains Sicily. A comet seen in Sagittarius, 
 
 in December. 
 
 536. Belisarius takes Naples. The inhabitants of Con- 
 
 stantinople taught by two Indian monks to fabricate 
 silk. 
 
 537. Rome surrendered to Belisarius. — Belisarius was a 
 
 celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and effemi- 
 nate age, in the reign of Justinian, emperor of Con- 
 stantinople, renewed all the glorious victories, battles, 
 and triumphs, which had rendered the first Romans so 
 distinguished in the time of their republic. He was 
 treated with ingratitude by Justinian. 
 French coin begins to be current through the Roman 
 empire. Count Marcellinus, the chronologer. 
 
 539. Italy distressed with war, famine, and pestilence. The 
 
 city of Milan razed by the Goths. Theodobert takes 
 the camps of the Romans and Goths. 
 
 540. Vitiges taken by Belisarius in Ravenna. The Moors 
 
 defeat the Romans. The king of Persia destroys 
 Antioch. 
 
 541. Jornandes, the Gothic historian, ob. 552. 
 
 542. Prince Arthur murdered in Cornwall. Antioch re- 
 
 built. The Goths defeat the Romans on the Po. 
 
 543. Asia and Europe desolated by the plague. An earth- 
 
 quake of great extent, Sept. 6th. Totila, king of the 
 Goths, seizes Tuscany, Campania, Puteoli, Naples, &c. 
 
 544. The Persians defeat the Romans. 
 
 546. Totila takes and pillages Rome. Simplicius, the Peri- 
 patetic philosopher. 
 
 549. Rome fortified by Totila. 
 
 550. An earthquake in Palestine, Syria, &c. The state of 
 
 Poland formed by Leek. 
 
88 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 551. The manufacture of silk brought from India into 
 
 Europe. 
 
 552. The empire of the Avars in Great Tartary ends. An 
 
 earthquake in Greece, and a great commotion in the 
 sea. A great earthquake at Constantinople. The 
 fifth general council, or second of Constantinople, 
 held. 
 
 553. Totila defeated by Narses, and killed. — Narses, who 
 
 was able in council and successful in war, had the 
 honor of succeeding in command after the great Beli- 
 sarius, and of defeating Totila, the Gothic king, in a 
 decisive engagement, in which Totila was slain. 
 Totila was a brave and virtuous prince. The Gothic 
 kingdom in Italy, founded by Theodoric, was soon 
 destroyed. Theodoric and Totila may be compared 
 to the greatest generals of antiquity ; and the Gothic 
 nation, instead of being treated with contempt, de- 
 serves, in many respects, the greatest regard and 
 veneration. Narses, who had destroyed the Gothic 
 monarchy, governed the kingdom of Italy with great 
 ability for 13 years, having established the Exarchate 
 of Ravenna. 
 
 554. Narses defeats and kills Teia, king of the Goths. 
 
 556. A sedition of the Jews in Palestine. Civil wars in 
 
 France. Gildas, the historian, ob. 570. 
 
 557. A great earthquake at Rome, Constantinople, &c. 
 
 558. A plague in Europe, Asia, and Africa, which lasts near 
 
 50 years. 
 
 559. The Heptarchy began in England. 
 
 560. A comet appeared, and was observed for a year. 
 
 561. A conspiracy against Justinian. Belisarius disgraced, 
 
 but restored the next year. 
 563. Constantinople almost consumed by fire. 
 565. Pestilence in Italy, France, and Germany. Columbus 
 
 propagates Christianity among the Picts. Justinian 
 
 dies, set. 83. Agathias, the historian. 
 
 567. The kingdom of the Visigoths founded in Spain. 
 
 568. The Lombards, invited from Pannonia by Narses, found 
 
 a kingdom in Italy. 
 
 569. The Turks first mentioned in history. Exarchs sent 
 
 by the eastern emperors to Ravenna against the Lom- 
 bards. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 89 
 
 A. D. 
 
 572. The Persians declare war against Justin. Gregory of 
 
 Tours, ob. 595. 
 
 573. Part of Germany ravaged by the Avari. 
 
 574. The Persians invade and plunder Syria. 
 
 575. Civil wars in France. The first monastery founded in 
 
 Bavaria. 
 
 576. Chosroes defeated by Justin's army. 
 578. Justin II. dies. 
 
 580. Chosroes again defeated, and dies of grief. The city 
 
 of Antioch destroyed by an earthquake. 
 
 581. Latin ceased about this time to be spoken in Italy. 
 
 583. The Suevi in Spain subdued by the Visigoths. 
 
 584. The origin of fiefs in France. 
 
 587. An earthquake at Antioch. 
 
 588. The city of Paris destroyed by fire. 
 
 589. The Tiber inundates Rome. The provinces of China 
 
 united. Philippicus defeated the Persians. A comet 
 appeared. 
 
 590. Pestilence in Italy and France. The Avari defeat the 
 
 Romans. 
 
 592. Ceaulin defeated in the battle of Wanburgh. 
 
 593. The Avari expelled from Thrace. 
 
 594. Evagrius, the ecclesiastical historian. A comet ap- 
 
 peared. 
 
 595. Istria, Bohemia, and Poland, invaded by the Scla- 
 
 vonians. The Lombards besiege Rome, and ravage 
 Italy. 
 
 596. John, of Constantinople, assumes the title of universal 
 
 bishop. 
 
 597. Augustin arrives in England with 40 monks, who con- 
 
 verted the Saxons to Christianity. Augustin was 
 soon afterwards made archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 598. A truce between the Romans and Lombards. 
 
 599. A dreadful pestilence in Africa. A comet appears in 
 
 France. 
 
 600. Italy ravaged by the Sclavonians and Avari. 
 
 Seventh Century. 
 
 601. A comet was seen for several days. 
 
 602. Mauritius killed by Phocas. The Romans defeated by 
 
 the Lombards. 
 
 8* 
 
90 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 603. War between the Persians and Greeks. Secundus, 
 
 historian of the Lombards, ob. 615. 
 
 604. Chosroes defeats the Roman army. St. Paul's church 
 
 founded by Ethelbert, king of Kent. 
 
 605. Bells introduced into churches. The papal power be- 
 
 gins. 
 
 606. The court of chancery instituted in England. 
 
 609. Revolt of the Jews in Antioch, who massacre the 
 
 Christians. Isidorus Hispalenses, ob. 636. 
 
 610. Heraclius, after taking Constantinople, kills Phocas. 
 
 611. Westminster Abbey founded by Sibert, king of the 
 
 East Saxons. 
 
 612. Syria ravaged by the Saracens. Mahomet publishes 
 
 his Koran. Theophylactus Simocatta, the historian. 
 
 613. Clotaire reigns over all France. 
 
 614. Jerusalem taken by the Persians, who kill 90,000, and 
 
 carry off the cross of Christ. 
 
 615. The Persians overrun Africa, and take Alexandria. 
 
 616. Carthage taken and plundered by the Persians. The 
 
 Jews banished from France and Spain. 
 
 617. Edwin kills Ethelfred in the battle of Retford. John 
 
 of Alexandria, called Philoponus, the grammarian, 
 and commentator on Aristotle. 
 
 618. Constantinople taken and pillaged by the Avari. 
 
 6££. Heraclius defeats the Persians in a great battle. Ma- 
 hornet fled from Mecca to Medina, and the Hegira be- 
 gins on Friday, July 16th. The magistrates of Mecca, 
 where Mahomet disseminated his doctrines with too 
 much vehe^nence, conceived that he ought to be pun- 
 ished with death, as a disturber of the public tran- 
 quillity. Mahomet, however, evaded the fate that was 
 awarded to him, by escaping to Medina. From this 
 period the Arabians date their Hegira, or flight, which 
 is the Mahometan sera from which time is reckoned, 
 as among Christian nations it is from the birth of 
 Christ. Mahomet, ob. 63, set. 63. Heraclius dies, 
 641. 
 
 628. An academy founded at Canterbury. Chosroes killed 
 by his son. Chosroes becoming dangerously ill, in 
 Seleucia beyond the Tigris, whither he had been vigor- 
 ously pursued by the emperor, was desirous of placing 
 the crown upon the head of his youngest son Merda- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 91 
 
 A. D. 
 
 sas. Syroes, his eldest son, being made acquainted 
 with this circumstance, and supported by the nobility 
 of the kingdom, collected an army, and seizing upon 
 the person of his father, loaded him with chains, and 
 confined him to a subterraneous cavern which Chos- 
 roes had constructed for the reception of his treasures, 
 where he was treated with the utmost indignity, and 
 after witnessing the assassination of his favorite child, 
 Merdasas, and the rest of his progeny, was himself 
 shot to death with arrows. 
 
 632. The sera of Jesdegird commences, June 16th. 
 
 633. Edwin, king of Northumberland, killed in battle by 
 
 Penda, king of Mercia. A large comet appeared. 
 
 634. Damascus taken by the Saracens. Geo Pisides, the 
 
 poet and historian, ob. after 641. 
 
 635. The Saracens invade Egypt and Palestine. Pens 
 
 made from quills. 
 
 636. Christianity introduced into China. 
 
 637. Jerusalem taken by the Saracens. 
 
 640. The Saracens take Alexandria, and burn the library. — 
 This library was founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
 and contained an immense collection of books, which 
 the Saracens employed to heat the water in the pub- 
 lic baths of Alexandria, 4000 in number, for six 
 months. 
 
 644. Omar killed in the temple of Jerusalem. The univer- 
 sity of Cambridge founded by Sigebert, king of East 
 Anglia. 
 
 647. The Saracens make themselves masters of Africa. 
 
 648. Cyprus taken by the Saracens. 
 
 652. Persia becomes a part of the empire of the Caliphs. 
 
 653. The Saracens destroy the Colossus of Rhodes, ravage 
 
 Armenia, and defeat the Greeks at sea. The Danes 
 invade England. 
 
 659. The Saracens obtain peace of Constans, on condition 
 
 of paying him 100,000 crowns yearly. 
 
 660. Organs first used in churches. 
 
 663. The kingdom of Lombardy taken possession of by 
 Grimoald, duke of Beneventum. 
 
 668. Constans murdered in a bath. 
 
 669. Sicily ravaged by the Saracens. 
 
 671. The Saracens invade Syria, besiege Constantinople, &c. 
 
92 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 673. The Greeks defeat the Saracens, and disperse their 
 
 fleet. Callinicus, the mathematician. — The Saracens 
 again besieged Constantinople, but were defeated by 
 the imperial generals. Callinicus, an experienced 
 mathematician, destroyed the whole fleet by means of 
 an artificial fire which burned under water, and was 
 subsequently named the Greek or Gregorian fire. 
 
 674. Glass introduced into England by a Benedictine monk. 
 
 Others say in 663. 
 
 675. The Saracens attempting to land in Spain, are defeated 
 
 by Wamba. 
 
 676. The Saracens make a peace with Constantine, on pay- 
 
 ing an annual tribute. A comet appeared at Rome. 
 
 680. The sixth general council of Constantinople. 
 
 681. Pestilence in Saxony, and next year in Syria. 
 
 684. Egfrid invades Ireland, but is defeated. A comet ap- 
 
 peared at Rome in January. An eruption of Vesu- 
 vius. 
 
 685. Constantine V. dies. The Saxons completely subdue 
 
 the Britons. 
 690. Pepin engrosses the power of the French monarchy. — 
 Pepin was mayor of the palace of the French king. 
 The mayors of the palace were originally nothing 
 more than governors of the royal household, but in a 
 lapse of time became possessed of regal authority. 
 This change proved hereditary in the family of 
 Pepin. 
 
 694. A conspiracy of the Jews in Spain. Justinian II. ban- 
 
 ished with the loss of his nose. 
 
 695. Money first coined by the Arabians. 
 
 697. Christianity propagated in the eastern parts of France. 
 
 Leontius deposed. 
 
 698. Carthage taken by the Saracens, who expel the Ro- 
 
 mans from Africa. The Picts in Britain embrace 
 Christianity. Christianity introduced into Friesland. 
 The first prince of Poland elected, and Cracow built. 
 
 Eighth Century. 
 
 703. Justinian seizes Thrace, and marches to Constanti- 
 
 nople. 
 
 704. The Lombards reduced by intestine wars. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 93 
 
 The Bulgarians defeated by Justinian. 
 
 The Saracens invade the Roman territories. 
 
 Ina published the laws of the Saxons about this 
 time. 
 
 Philippicus puts Justinian to death. 
 
 The Saracens conquer Spain. — By the marriage of 
 Abdallah, the Moor, with the widow of the Gothic 
 king, the two nations were united in interest. 
 
 The Bulgarians ravage Thrace. 
 
 Charles Martel governs all France. 
 
 The Saracens unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople, 
 Charles Martel defeats king Chilperic. 
 
 Pelagio founds the kingdom of Asturias. 
 
 Boniface propagates Christianity in Germany. 
 
 Two edicts for demolishing images in churches. 
 
 Ina, king of Wessex, began the tax of Peter's pence. 
 
 Two comets appear this year, one before sunrise, the 
 other after sunset. 
 730. The emperor excommunicated by Pope Gregory. 
 732. The Saracens defeated near Tours by Charles Martel. 
 The Saracen general, Abdalrahman, ravaged France, 
 when Eudes, duke of Aquitaine, implored the assist- 
 ance of Charles Martel, upon which the latter as- 
 sembled the forces of his kingdom, and exterminated the 
 Saracens, killing their general, and 375,000 of their 
 men. Charles, by this victory, obtained the surname of 
 Martel or Hammer, from the signal manner in which 
 he had beaten the enemy in pieces. He was the son 
 of Pepin, and effectually stopped the progress of the 
 Saracens, who had overrun Spain. 
 
 735. Charles Martel occupies Aquitaine. 
 
 736. Leo destroys the images throughout his empire, and 
 
 persecutes the monks. 
 
 737. Joannes Damascenus, ob. 760. • 
 740. The duchy of Spoleto seized by the Lombards. Leo 
 
 III. dies, June 18. An earthquake at Constantino- 
 ple, &c. 
 
 743. Fredegaire, the French historian. 
 
 744. The monastery of Fulda in Germany founded. 
 746. A pestilence in Europe and Asia for three years. 
 748. The computation of years from the birth of Christ be- 
 gins to be used in histories from this time. 
 
94 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 749. The race of Abbas become caliphs of the Saracens, and 
 
 encourage learning. Many cities in Syria destroyed 
 by an earthquake. 
 
 750. The Merovingian race ends in France. 
 
 751. The sec ">nd -race of the French kings begins. 
 
 752. The Exarchs of Ravenna conquered by the Lom- 
 
 bards. 
 
 753. War between the Lombards and the pope. 
 
 754. Pepin aids the pope with a numerous army. The 
 
 kingdom of Cordova, in Spain, founded. 
 
 755. The temporal dominion of the pope commences. 
 757. The first organ sent by Constantine to France. 
 
 761. A comet appeared at Rome, and moved from east to 
 
 west. 
 
 762. Bagdad built by Almansor. The dead first buried in 
 
 towns. 
 
 763. A violent frost begins Oct. 1, and continues about 150 
 
 days. 
 766. Armenia and Asia ravaged by the Turks. 
 770. Constantine dissolves the eastern monasteries. 
 772. Charlemagne wages war against the Saxons. 
 
 774. The kingdom of the Lombards terminates. 
 
 775. Alcuinus flourished, ob. 804. 
 
 776. Nicephorus banished to the Chersonesus, in consequence 
 
 of a conspiracy against Leo IV. The Saxons re- 
 duced by Charlemagne. 
 
 778. Battle of Roncevaux. Learning restored in France by 
 Charlemagne. 
 
 781. Paulus Warnefridus, surnamed Diaconus, the historian, 
 ob. 801. 
 
 784. Charlemagne defeats Wittikind and the Saxons. 
 
 787. The Danes arrive in England. The seventh general 
 
 council, or second of Nice, begins Sept. 24. 
 
 788. Pleadings in courts of judicature are instituted. 
 
 790. An earthquake at Constantinople. 
 
 791. The Avari defeated in Pannonia by Charlemagne. 
 
 The Spaniards defeat the Moors with great slaughter. 
 
 792. An academy founded in Paris. Ethelbert murdered by 
 
 OfTa. Georgius the chronologer. 
 794. Charlemagne extirpates the Huns. 
 796. The pope sends legates to Charlemagne, to request him 
 
 to confirm his election. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 95 
 
 A. D. 
 
 797. Seventeen days of unusual darkness. The Moors de- 
 feated by Alphonso. Constantine dethroned and his 
 eyes put out by his mother Irene. 
 
 799. Majorca and Minorca taken by Constantine. 
 
 800. The temporal power of the popes abridged. Charle- 
 
 magne proclaimed emperor of the West.— Charle- 
 magne repaired to Rome, where he convoked the 
 nobles and bishops to examine the charges laid against 
 pope Leo ; the accusers were in consequence pro- 
 nounced calumniators and wicked, and condemned to 
 death, when the pope, fully justified, craved and ob- 
 tained their pardon. 
 On Christmas-day Charlemagne repaired to the church 
 of St. Peter, arrayed in patrician robes, when, during 
 the ceremony, as he inclined his person before the al- 
 tar, the pope advanced and placed the diadem on his 
 head, when the assembled multitude exclaimed, " Life 
 and victory to Charles Augustus, crowned by the 
 hand of God, great and pacific emperor of the Ro- 
 mans;" upon which the pope prostrated himself, and 
 offered homage to the monarch. Henceforth all the 
 coinage was struck with the effigies of the new Em- 
 peror of the West on one side, and that of St. Peter 
 on the other. 
 
 Ninth Century. 
 
 801. A great earthquake in France, Germany, and Ita- 
 
 ly- 
 
 802. Irene banished to Lesbos, Oct. 31.— Charlemagne sent 
 
 ambassadors to Constantinople to negotiate a treaty of 
 peace with the empress Irene, whom it was under- 
 stood he was desirous of espousing. The patrician 
 Nicephorus, in consequence, announced to the army 
 and the nobles of the empire, that they were on the 
 point of being subjected to the dominion of a foreign 
 prince ; upon which Nicephorus was entreated to as- 
 sume the government, and was proclaimed according- 
 ly. On the ensuing day Irene was banished to a 
 monastery, and soon after was exiled to the isle Les- 
 bos, where she shortly after died. 
 Joannes Damascenus, ob. about 846. 
 
96 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 807. A large spot was seen on the sun for eight days, 
 
 March 17. 
 
 808. The Normans make their first descent into France. 
 
 810. A civil war between Almamon and Alaminus. 
 
 811. Nicephorus killed by Crannus, king of the Bulgarians. 
 
 Eginhard, the historian, ob. 842, July 6th. 
 
 814. Leo orders images to be demolished. 
 
 815. An insurrection in Rome against the pope. 
 
 816. Learning encouraged by Almamon. — He was a great pa- 
 
 tron of sciences and letters, causing the best Greek works 
 to be translated into the Persian, and made, himself, ob- 
 servations on the sun. It was from this period that 
 Arabians or Saracens applied themselves to the study 
 of philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, 
 chemistry, &c. They engrossed most of the learn- 
 ing of the world during the middle ages. 
 
 817. Ecclesiastics exempted from military service. Lewis 
 
 divides his kingdom among his children. 
 
 819. A degree of latitude on the plains of Sinjar measured 
 
 by order of Almamon. 
 
 820. Leo V. killed in the temple at Constantinople. 
 
 822. Constantinople besieged by the Saracens ; but the Bul- 
 
 garians raise the siege. 
 
 823. The Saracens of Spain take possession of Crete, and 
 
 call it Candia. 
 
 826. Harold, king of Denmark, embraces the Christian re- 
 
 ligion, and is dethroned by his subjects. 
 
 827. The Saracens obtain possession of Sicily, Calabria, &c. 
 
 Bernard, count of Barcelona. 
 
 828. The several kingdoms of England united under Eg- 
 
 bert. — Egbert, king of Wessex, united all the other 
 provinces of Great Britain, under the title of king of 
 England, and thus put an end to the seven kingdoms 
 established by the Anglo-Saxons. In consequence of 
 there being no fixed rule of succession among the 
 Saxon kings, it had been the policy of those princes 
 to slaughter all the rivals of their intended successors. 
 On this account, and owing to the passion for celibacy 
 then in vogue, all the royal families had become 
 nearly extinct in the kingdoms of the Heptarchy ; 
 and in consequence, Egbert remained sole surviving 
 descendant of the Saxon conquerors of Britain. This 
 
OF THE WORLD. 97 
 
 A. D. 
 
 circumstance prompted him to attempt the subjugation 
 of the Heptarchy, which he completed ; and by his 
 victorious arms and virtuous policy, secured in his 
 person an entire dominion over the country, about 
 387 years after the first arrival of the Saxons in 
 Britain. 
 The kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon founded. 
 Rabanus Maurus, ob. 856. 
 
 829. Missionaries sent from France to Sweden. St. Mark's 
 at Venice built. 
 
 832. Painters banished from the eastern empire by Theophi- 
 lus, on account of his hatred of images. 
 
 837. A cornet appears in China and in Europe. 
 
 838. Kenneth defeats and extirpates the Picts. A comet ap- 
 
 peared in Scorpion on the 31st January, in the even- 
 ing. 
 
 839. A comet appeared in the Ram. 
 
 840. Lewis le- Debonnaire dies, set. 64. A comet ap- 
 
 peared. 
 
 841. Lotharius defeated at the battle of Fontenai. Albu- 
 
 masar, the Arabian astronomer. 
 
 842. Theophilus dies. Germany separated from the empire 
 
 of the Franks. In 841 or 842, a comet appeared in 
 Aquarius. 
 
 843. A partition of the French dominions among the three 
 
 brothers. Godescalchus, the heretic, ob. 870. 
 
 844. The king of Corduba defeated by the king of Spain. 
 
 A comet appeared above Venus. The Vandals de- 
 feated by the king of Germany. 
 
 845. Irruption of the Normans into Germany. Hincmarus, 
 
 archbishop of Rheims, ob. 882. 
 
 846. Rome besieged by the Saracens. 
 
 847. A great earthquake in Italy. 
 
 848. The Saracens defeat the Venetian fleet in Crotona Bay. 
 
 849. The pope's allies defeat the Saracen fleet. 
 
 850. Christianity propagated by Anscharius, in Denmark 
 
 and Sweden. 
 
 851. England invaded by the Normans. The Spanirds de- 
 
 feated by the Moors. Sardinia and Corsica ravaged 
 by the Saracens. 
 
 852. The English defeat the Danes at Okley, The Chris- 
 
 tians in Spain persecuted by the Moors. 
 
 9 
 
98 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 853. The Normans obtain possession of some cities in 
 France. 
 
 855. Lotharius retires to a monastery, and dies. 
 
 856. Coasts of Holland plundered by the Normans. An 
 
 earthquake over a great part of the world. 
 
 857. The Britons defeat the Scots. 
 
 859. Carriages used on the Adriatic during an intense frost. 
 
 Photius deposed in 886. 
 
 860. The schism of the Greeks begins. 
 
 861. Ruric, the first Russian prince, begins his reign. 
 
 862. Christianity propagated among the Sclavonians. 
 
 865. Civil war in the east among the Saracens. Italy rav- 
 
 aged by the Saracens. 
 
 866. Anastasius the librarian, ob. about 886. 
 
 867. The Danes conquer Northumberland. Christianity 
 
 propagated in Bulgaria. 
 
 868. Egypt throws off its dependence on the caliphs of Bag- 
 
 dad under Ahmed. A large comet appeared. 
 870. England ravaged by the Danes. 
 
 872. Clocks brought to Constantinople from Venice. Alfred 
 
 defeated by the Danes near Wilton. Charlemagne 
 wages war against the Saxons. 
 
 873. France desolated by locusts and pestilence. 
 
 874. Scotland invaded by the Danes. In 874 or 976 a large 
 
 red comet appeared. 
 
 875. A bearded comet appeared in France. 
 
 878. Alfred hides himself in the isle of Athelney ;. but soon 
 after drives the Danes from England. — This great 
 and excellent prince was engaged in opposing the 
 progress of the Danes, whom he defeated, and grant- 
 ed them peace on condition of their quitting the king- 
 dom. But these faithless robbers, having been rein- 
 forced, continued their depredations, and so terrified 
 the Saxons, that Alfred was obliged to conceal him- 
 self in the isle of Athelney. After remaining there 
 12 months in obscurity, a fortunate event enabled 
 him to defeat the Danes, and to reascend the throne. 
 He reconnoitred the Danish camp in the disguise of 
 a harper, fell upon them unprepared, and defeated 
 them with immense slaughter. The remainder of 
 their forces, with Guthrum their prince, embraced 
 
OF THE WORLD. 99 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Christianity, and were settled in Northumberland and 
 East Anglia. 
 Whether Alfred be considered in his public or private 
 character, he equally deserves to be ranked among 
 the greatest and best of monarchs. He found his 
 kingdom in the most, abject state to which anarchy, 
 domestic barbarity, and foreign hostility, could reduce 
 it ; and he brought it to a pitch of eminence surpass- 
 ing, in many respects, the situation of cotemporary 
 nations ; and well deserved the title of Alfred the 
 Great, securing the love and veneration with which 
 his memory has been held by every Englishman. 
 He established a regular militia, as well as a naval 
 force, by which he enabled his subjects to repel 
 foreign invasions. 
 
 879. Germany invaded by the Normans. Alfraganus the 
 
 Arabian astronomer. 
 
 880. France ravaged by the Normans. Sept 19th, A. M. 
 
 ll h 45', Albategni observes the obliquity of the eclip- 
 tic to be 23° 35'. Lewis and Carloman divide the 
 French monarchy. 
 
 881. The Normans defeated in a great battle by Lewis. 
 
 882. A comet appeared on the 13th Feb. Albategni Arac- 
 
 tus observes the aut. equinox at Aractus, Sept. 19th, 
 l h 15' after midnight: ob. about 888. 
 
 884. Reginon the historian, ob. 908. 
 
 885. Paris besieged by the Normans. 
 
 886. University of Oxford founded by Alfred. He estab- 
 
 lished schools and seminaries for instruction through- 
 out his dominions, and particularly encouraged learn- 
 ing by his own assiduity in the pursuit of knowledge. 
 During his life, which was not long, he not only 
 fought 65 battles in person, but, by a rigid distribu- 
 tion of his time, acquired more knowledge and wrote 
 more books than the generality of studious men 
 blessed with leisure. Fully aware that his subjects 
 were not susceptible of speculative instruction, he 
 conveyed his precepts in parables couched in easy 
 poesy, and was the best Saxon poet living. He trans- 
 lated Orosius's and Bede's histories, and Esop's Fables 
 from the Greek. He prompted his subjects to the 
 study of navigation, and encouraged them to extend 
 
100 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A.. D. 
 
 their commercial intercourse to remote countries. 
 The Scythians seize Croatia. Charles makes a dis- 
 graceful peace with the Normans. 
 
 888. Dominions of Charles le Gros divided into five king- 
 
 doms. 
 
 889. Greece ravaged by the Bulgarians. 
 
 890. France and the Low Countries ravaged by the Nor- 
 
 mans. Alfred divides England into counties, and 
 completes his code of laws. He divided England into 
 counties, hundreds, and tythings, and so exact was 
 his police, that historians affirm that he hung up, by 
 way of trial, golden bracelets by the highways, which 
 no man dared to touch. He declared "that it is just 
 the English should forever remain as free as their 
 own thoughts." 
 
 891. England again invaded by the Danes. The first land- 
 
 tax in England. A comet appeared in China. 
 
 895. The monastery of Cluny is founded. 
 
 896. Rome taken by Arnolph of Germany. 
 
 897. War between the Greeks and Bulgarians. A great 
 
 famine in Germany. John Asser the historian, ob. 
 
 899. Lombardy ravaged by the Hungarians. A comet ap- 
 
 peared in 898 or 899. 
 
 900. Arnolph dies, and is succeeded by his son Louis III. 
 
 Tenth Century. 
 
 901. Civil wars in France and Germany. 
 
 902. Himerius defeats the Saracens, and disperses their fleet. 
 
 A comet appeared with its tail to the east, and con- 
 tinued visible for 40 days. 
 
 903. France ravaged by the Normans. 
 
 904. The Hungarians ravage Italy. A frost of 120 days 
 
 begins at the end of the year. 
 
 905. Haron killed by Mahomet the Saracen general. A re- 
 
 markable comet appeared in China. 
 
 906. A very red comet appeared, and continued visible for 
 
 half a year. 
 908. The dynasty of the Fatimites begins in Africa. 
 
 910. War in England with the Danes,. lasts 12 years, 
 
 911. Leo VI. dies, June 11. 
 
OP THE WORLD 101 
 
 A. D. 
 
 912. The Normans established in France. The barbarians 
 
 who during the course of many years ravaged the 
 shores of England and a great part of the continent 
 of Europe, were called Normans by the French, and 
 Danes by the English. They were sanguinary and 
 cruel ; war was their element, and blood and plunder 
 their delight, and their religion was calculated to 
 nourish their sanguinary propensities. Their princi- 
 pal deity, Odin or Woden, was the patron of carnage 
 and slaughter. Rollo their general made Rouen the 
 depository for arms, and strongly fortified it. Charles 
 the Simple, believing that it would be useless to at- 
 tempt to drive out an enemy whose numbers were 
 daily increasing, made a treaty with Rollo, giving 
 him his daughter Grisella in marriage, on condition 
 that he should embrace Christianity. Rollo acceded 
 to it, and, faithful to his engagements, was baptized 
 by the name of Robert ; he received Normandy and 
 Brittany as the portion of his wife, and turned his 
 thoughts to the improvement of his provinces and the 
 happiness of his subjects. The Carlovingian em- 
 perors end in Louis III. 
 
 913. The crown of England seized by the Danes. A me- 
 
 teor with globes of fire appeared. 
 
 914. The Hungarians defeated by Conrad. The Saracens 
 
 defeated by Constantine's generals. 
 
 915. Saxony ravaged by the Hungarians. University of 
 
 Cambridge founded. 
 
 916. The Saracens in Spain defeated by Ordonno II., who 
 
 kills 70,000. 
 
 917. Constantinople besieged by the Bulgarians. 
 
 919. Phocas killed by Romanus, who is raised to the empire. 
 
 920. The Christians defeated by the Moors in Spain. 
 
 922. The Hungarians pillage Germany. Berenger defeated 
 
 by Rodolph at Placentia. 
 
 923. The Moors defeated in Spain. A comet appeared in 
 
 China. 
 
 924. Italy ravaged by the Hungarians. 
 
 929. Eudes de Cluni, ob. 942. 
 
 930. A comet appears in Cancer. 
 
 932. Arnolph of Bavaria defeated near Verona, by Hugh 
 king of Italy. 
 
 9* 
 
102 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 933. The Hungarians defeated in Germany. A frost of 120 
 days begins at the close of the year. 
 
 936. The Saracen empire partitioned into seven kingdoms. 
 
 937. Luitprand, the historian, ob. 970. 
 
 939. The Saracens defeated at Simanca by Ramirus king 
 of Spain. 
 
 941. Arithmetic brought into Europe. Athelstan, king of 
 
 England, in order to encourage commerce, enacted 
 that every merchant who had made three voyages to 
 the Mediterranean, or other distant parts, should be 
 admitted to the rank of a tJiane, or nobleman of the 
 first rank. 
 
 942. Naples seized by the eastern emperors. In 941 or 
 
 942, a comet appeared during 15 days of November. 
 
 944. A large globe of fire appeared. 
 
 945. France invaded by the Danes. 
 
 946. Edmund, king of England, assassinated at a feast given 
 
 to his nobles. He had made a law that when gangs 
 of robbers were taken, the eldest should be hanged 
 and the rest banished. At a festival, happening to 
 see Leolf, a notorious thief whom he had sentenced 
 to banishment, enter the hall where he was dining 
 and take his seat with the attendants, indignant at 
 such insolence, he commanded him to retire, which he 
 refused to do ; and Edmund seizing him by the hair, 
 the ruffian stabbed and killed him. Having none but 
 very young children, he was succeeded by his brother 
 Edred, the tenth monarch from the Saxon Heptarchy. 
 
 947. Alfarabius the Arabian astronomer. 
 
 950. Bohemia made tributary to Otho. 
 
 951. Berenger driven out of Italy by Otho. 
 
 953. Otho subdues the Hungarians in Bavaria, and com- 
 pels them to pay him tribute and to embrace Chris- 
 tianity. To counterbalance the power usurped by 
 the nobility, he increased the privileges of the clergy, 
 and invested them with counties and duchies. 
 
 957. The Sclavonians defeated in Saxony by Otho. Edwy, 
 king of England, was not 17 years old when he as- 
 cended the throne, possessing an engaging exterior 
 and many virtues. He was engaged in quarrels with 
 the monks, whose rancor neither his accomplish- 
 ments nor virtues could appease. Edwy had espoused 
 
OP THE WORLD. 103 
 
 A. D. 
 
 the beautiful princess Elgiva, of the royal line, being 
 within the reputed degrees of affinity prohibited by the 
 canon law. Dunstan, with Odo, Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, interfered, upbraiding the monarch and be- 
 stowing the most opprobrious epithets on his queen ; 
 to punish which the king demanded of Dunstan an 
 account of the treasures confided to him in the pre- 
 ceding reign. Dunstan, refusing to answer the de- 
 mand, was banished from the kingdom, which so en- 
 raged Otho that he pronounced a divorce between 
 Edwy and Elgiva ; and the king finding it in vain to 
 oppose the anathemas of the church, consented to a 
 separation from his beloved wife. Odo sent a band 
 of soldiers, who seized the queen, branded her on the 
 face with a hot iron, and sent her into exile in Ireland. 
 The queen, being cured of her wounds, which for a 
 time had defaced her beauty, returned to England to 
 join he* beloved lord, when, falling into the hands of 
 the emissaries of the bishop, they caused her to be 
 hamstrung, and she expired in a few days in excruci- 
 ating tortures. The monks fomented a revolt against 
 Edwy. Dunstan returned to England and assumed the 
 government for Edgar the king's brother. Edwy was 
 excommunicated, and forced to consent to a division 
 of the kingdom, and died soon after. Such was the 
 disastrous and almost irresistible power of the monks 
 in those days, even over monarchs. 
 
 958. War between the Normans and Saracens in Italv. 
 
 959. Italy pillaged by Berenger. The power of the monks 
 
 very great in England. Rhazes, the Arabian phy- 
 sician, ob. 1010, set. about 90. 
 
 960. Otho marches against the Vandals. 
 
 961. Candia recovered from the Saracens by Phocas. 
 
 962. A large comet appeared. 
 
 964. Italy united to the empire of Germany. Pope John 
 XII. abandoned the cause of Otho, emperor of Ger- 
 many, to espouse that of Adalbert ; when Otho crossed 
 the Alps, and made every thing fly before him. He 
 marched to Rome, which opened its gates, and took 
 anew the oath of fidelity ; after which the victor as- 
 sembled a council at Rome, in which he presided. 
 The pope was summoned before him, accused of 
 
104 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 terrible crimes, and refusing to appear and answer, was 
 deposed, and Leo VIII. was put in his place. Scarcely 
 was Otho gone when the Romans revolted against 
 him, and recalled John XII., forcing Leo to retire. 
 Otho retraced his steps immediately, took possession 
 of Rome, and severely punished the mutineers, exiled 
 the consuls, hung the tribunes, and had the prefect 
 scourged through the principal streets of Rome. 
 
 965. Geber the Arabian astronomer flourished. 
 
 966. Bulgaria invaded by Russia. 
 
 967. Cyprus and Antioch recovered from the Saracens by 
 
 Nicephorus. The emperor Otho sent to Nicephorus, 
 the emperor of the East, to demand Theopania his 
 daughter in marriage for his son Otho, whom he 
 caused to be crowned emperor at Rome. But the 
 escort, consisting of the principal courtiers who went 
 to receive the princess, were arrested and carried in 
 triumph to Constantinople. Placed by^some in 965. 
 
 968. A famine in Germany. Spain ravaged by the Nor* 
 
 mans. 
 
 969. Otho, jun., drives the Saracens from Italy. The Em- 
 
 peror of the West collected a powerful army, the 
 command of which was given to his son Otho. The 
 young prince marched against the Greeks, drove the 
 Saracens from Italy, and completely routed the army 
 of Nicephorus, Emperor of the East. He then caused 
 the noses of all his prisoners to be cut off, and in that 
 mutilated state to be sent back to Constantinople. On 
 beholding that spectacle, the people, the nobility, and 
 the army, uttered maledictions against Nicephorus, 
 whose former perfidy had caused the misfortune, on 
 which Nicephorus was assassinated by Zemisces, one 
 of the principal generals of the empire, aided by the 
 empress. Zemisces was then crowned emperor, and 
 his first step was to excuse himself to the Emperor 
 Otho, and to dispatch the princess Theopania, who 
 married young Otho soon after, and was crowned 
 empress. 
 #71. The Russians, Bulgarians, &c, defeated by Bardas. 
 
 975. A comet appeared in August, and continued visible 
 
 eight months. 
 
 976. Bardas usurps the eastern empire for ten years. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 105 
 
 A. D. 
 
 977. The Bohemians subdued by Otho. 
 
 978. Abbo the monk and astronomer, ob. 1003. 
 
 979. War between Otho and Lothaire. A comet appears in 
 
 Virgo. 
 
 980. Apulia and Calabria recovered by Basil and Constan- 
 
 tine, the emperors of Constantinople. 
 
 982. Albiranius, the Arabian geographer. Saxony ravaged 
 
 by the Vandals and Bohemians. A civil war in 
 Spain. 
 
 983. Venice distracted by violent commotions. 
 
 985. England and Scotland invaded by the Danes under 
 
 Sueno. 
 
 986. An earthquake in Greece. 
 
 987. The Carlovingian race terminates, and the third race 
 
 of kings begins in France. Louis V. was the last 
 king of his race, and was succeeded by Hugh Capet, 
 who was crowned at Rheims, and made Paris his 
 capital, which had ceased to be the royal residence 
 since the first race of the French kings. 
 
 988. Plague in Germany. 
 
 990. The Normans invade England. In the hope of check- 
 
 ing their ravages and encroachments, Ethelred, with 
 the concurrence of a national council, agreed to pay 
 24,000 pounds to the fierce invaders. This money 
 was called Danegeld ; and hence arose the first land- 
 tax in England. The invaders becoming acquainted 
 with the defenceless state of the island, were encour- 
 aged to renew their depredations afterwards. 
 
 991. The figures in arithmetic brought into Europe by the 
 
 Saracens from Arabia. Gerbert, afterwards Pope 
 Silvester II., ob. about 1003. 
 
 993. A great eruption of Vesuvius. 
 
 994. England invaded with a great army by the king of 
 
 Denmark, Sueno or Sweyn, who ravaged the country. 
 
 995. Almanzor defeats the Christians. 
 
 996. Otho III. declares the empire of Germany elective. 
 
 Hugh Capet dies, and is succeeded by his son Robert. 
 
 998. Almanzor defeated by the Christians. 
 
 1000. Basil routs the Bulgarians, and drives them from 
 Thessaly. In 999 or 1000 a large globe of fire ap- 
 peared. 
 
106 chronology 
 
 Eleventh Century. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1001. An insurrection against Otho in Rome. 
 
 1002. Otho III. dies at Paterno. The title of King of the 
 
 Romans assumed by the emperor Henry. Massa- 
 cre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13. Ethelred 
 ordered a general massacre of the Danes settled in 
 the kingdom, which was executed the same day. 
 Avicenna the Arabian physician, ob. 1050, set. 80. 
 
 1004. England invaded by Sueno. Sueno revenged this 
 
 cruel act by devastating England with fire and 
 sword, and at length divided the kingdom with Ed- 
 mund Ironside. A comet appears. 
 
 1005. The old churches begin to be rebuilt in a new style 
 
 of architecture. A comet seen for 13 days. 
 
 1006. A pestilence throughout Europe for three years. 
 
 1007. A great eruption of Vesuvius. 
 
 1009. A civil war among the Saracens in Spain. A large 
 
 comet appears at the end of May, and is seen during 
 four months. 
 
 1010. An earthquake at Constantinople. 
 
 1012. An annual tribute granted to the Danes by Ethelred. 
 
 1013. Sueno obtains possession of England. 
 
 1014. A violent storm, Sept. 18th, which inundated Flanders. 
 
 1015. The emperor of Germany receives an annual tribute 
 
 from the king of Poland. 
 
 1016. Edmund Ironside fought six battles in England, with 
 
 Canute II. of Denmark. After the death of Edmund, 
 the crown of England was given to Canute the Great, 
 by an assembly of the states held at Gloucester. 
 The children of Edmund were sent into Hungary ; 
 and Canute pacified Richard duke of Normandy, 
 who was preparing to protect the sons of Ethelred, 
 by espousing Emma his sister, the mother of the 
 young princes. He endeavored to conciliate the 
 affections of the English by the equity and mildness 
 of his administration ; and omitted no opportunity of 
 incorporating them with the Danes. He obtained 
 the reputation of being one of the greatest and most 
 powerful princes of his age. 
 
 1017. A large comet appears in Leo. 
 
OP THE WORLD. 107 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1018. The Normans first penetrate into Italy in a body. 
 
 1019. Bulgaria reduced to a Roman province. 
 
 1020. A dreadful pestilence in Saxony. 
 
 1022. A new species of music, under six notes, introduced 
 
 by Guy d'Arezzo or Aretino the monk. See Are 
 tino. 
 
 1023. Palestine ravaged by the caliph of Egypt, who plun 
 
 ders the temple of Jerusalem. 
 1028. Norway conquered by Canute. Constantine, empe 
 ror of the East, dies, set. 70, and is succeeded by 
 Romanus. 
 
 1030. Romanus defeated by the Saracens. Campanus of 
 
 Novarro, the astronomer. 
 
 1031. The Saracens driven out of Syria by Romanus, who 
 
 begins to build the temple at Jerusalem. Apulia 
 conquered by the Normans. 
 
 1032. The kingdom of Aries bequeathed to Conrad. 
 
 1033. A great eclipse of the sun observed, June 29. Glaber 
 
 the historian, ob. after 1045. 
 
 1035. The king of Sicily takes Capua from the pope. Com- 
 
 mencement of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. 
 Saxony ravaged by the Vandals. 
 
 1036. The kingdom of Norway begins. 
 
 1038. Famine and earthquake at Constantinople. The dy- 
 nasty of Omniades ends in Spain. 
 
 1040. Smyrna destroyed by an earthquake. Italy invaded 
 
 by the Saracens of Africa. Bohemia ravaged by the 
 Greeks. 
 
 1041. Hermanus the monk and mathematician. 
 
 1042. A comet appeared Oct. 6, moving from east to west. 
 
 1043. The Russians from Scythia land in Thrace. The 
 
 Turks obtain possession of Persia. 
 
 1046. Three usurping popes deposed by the council of Su- 
 trium. Henry defeats William of Normandy in 
 three battles. Franco the mathematician flourished. 
 
 1050. The Greek church separates from the Latin. 
 
 1052. Peter Damiani, ob. 1072. 
 
 1053. Pope Leo IX. taken prisoner by the Normans. Mi- 
 
 chael Cerularius, ob. 1058. 
 1055. Bagdad taken by the Turks, who overturn the empire 
 
 of the Caliphs. 
 1057. Michael deposed by Isaac Comnenus, who is pro- 
 
10S CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 claimed emperor of Constantinople. Geo. Cedrenus, 
 the historian. 
 
 1058. Saracens driven from Sicily by Robert Guiscard. 
 
 1059. Berenger, ob. 1088, set. 90. 
 
 1060. A great famine in Germany. 
 
 1061. Surnames appointed to be assumed in Scotland, by a 
 
 parliament held at Forfar. During this year arose 
 the celebrated faction between the Guelphs and 
 Ghibbelines, the former being partisans of the pope, 
 and the latter of the German emperors. 
 
 1062. A journey to Palestine undertaken by above 70,000 
 
 persons, who were either killed or made prisoners. 
 Michael Psellus the philosopher. 
 
 1063. The massacre of Goslar. 
 
 1064. A comet appeared during several months. 
 
 1065. The Turks take Jerusalem from the Saracens. 
 
 1066. A comet appeared in May, and followed the sun. It 
 
 continued visible 40 days. The conquest of Eng- 
 land by William the Bastard, duke of Normandy, 
 in the battle of Hastings, Oct. 14. Edward the 
 Confessor, of England, died on the 5th of January, 
 aged 65 years, and in the 26th year of his reign. 
 Having, with his wife, taken a mutual vow of chas- 
 tity, he died without issue, and was succeeded by 
 Harold, a powerful nobleman ; but he is said to 
 have nominated William duke of Normandy as his 
 successor. William the First, natural son of Robert 
 duke of Normandy, having heard that Harold had 
 mounted the throne of England, prepared to assert 
 his claim by force. He raised a powerful army, 
 and landed on the coast of Sussex, where, on the 
 14th of October, a sanguinary conflict ensued, during 
 which William had three horses killed under him, 
 and 15,000 Normans were slain ; while the loss of 
 the conquered was more considerable, among whom 
 was Harold, in whose person terminated the Saxon 
 race of kings in England, after it had lasted upwards 
 of 600 years. 
 William distributed the confiscated lands of the nobles 
 in England extensively to his Norman adherents, 
 and enacted a law that fire and lamp should be ex- 
 tinguished throughout his dominions at 8 o'clock, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 109 
 
 A. D. 
 
 when the curfew-hell was rung, the more effectually 
 to check conspiracies against him. The English 
 were also excluded from stations in the church, 
 which were filled by Normans. He moreover at- 
 tempted to abolish the English or Saxon language, 
 causing the Norman French to be the language of 
 the court, and that in which the proceedings of the 
 courts of justice were held. From this source many 
 of the French words, and particularly law-terms, in 
 the English language had their origin ; but William 
 found it less difficult to conquer the English nation 
 than to extirpate the Saxon language. 
 Edgar Atheling, the surviving heir of the Saxon line, 
 fled with his two sisters into Scotland, where Mar- 
 garet, one of them, married Malcolm III., lung of 
 that country, whose descendants afterwards inherited 
 the English throne. 
 
 1069. The Danes land in England, Sspt. 11. 
 
 1070. The feudal law introduced into England. The feudal 
 
 system is supposed to have originated in Lombardy, 
 in the 6th century. The lands were held by the 
 lords on condition of performing military service to 
 their sovereigns ; and the vassals held them under 
 their lords,with a like obligation of military service to 
 them, which contributed greatly to increase the power 
 of the lords, by which they became formidable to 
 their sovereign. The crusades contributed to break 
 up this arrangement. 
 
 1071. The Turks under Azun defeat Romanus, and take 
 
 him prisoner. A comet appeared for 25 days, and 
 moved from south to east. 
 
 1072. Sicily taken possession of by Roger. Surnames used 
 
 in England about this time. 
 
 1073. Marianas Scotus, ob. 1086. 
 
 1074. The king of Bohemia obliged to pay a tribute to the 
 
 Holy See. 
 
 1075. Henry IV. defeats the Saxons at Neustadt, in Thu- 
 
 ringia, June 9. 
 
 1076. Quarrel between Henry IV. and the pope. An earth- 
 
 quake in England. Asia Minor subdued by Soly- 
 man in 1074, now called Turkey. 
 
 1077. The emperor goes barefooted to the pope. 
 
 10 
 
110 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1079. Persian year reformed. Avicenna observes the ver- 
 
 nal equinox, March 14, P. M. 2 h 9'. Arzachel, the 
 Spanish astronomer. 
 
 1080. Domesday- book begins to be compiled, and was com- 
 
 pleted in 1036. Having secured the peace of his 
 realms, William completed the famous Domesday 
 Book, which is still preserved in the archives of the 
 Exchequer in England, constituting a curious his- 
 torical record of antiquity. It contained a complete 
 survey of all the lands in the kingdom, with an ac- 
 count of their extent, proprietors, tenures, and value, 
 distinguishing whether they are meadows, pasture, 
 arable lands, or woods. 
 To gratify his passion for hunting, the king laid waste 
 above 30 miles of country about Winchester, the 
 usual place of his residence, and called it New 
 Forest. 
 
 1081. Rome besieged by Henry. William of Spires, the 
 
 mathematician. 
 1083. Rome taken by Henry, June 2. 
 
 1085. Toledo wrested from the Saracens. 
 
 1086. Bruno founds the order of Carthusians. 
 
 1087. An expedition of the Christians against the Saracens 
 
 in Africa. France ravaged by William the Con- 
 queror. Suidas, author of the Greek Lexicon. 
 
 1088. Alphonso VI. wrests the northern part of Portugal 
 
 from the Saracens. 
 1039. Rosalinus of Compiegne, the head of the sect of Nomi- 
 nalists. 
 
 1090. The dynasty of Assassins begins in Irak, and continues 
 
 117 years. 
 
 1091. Joseph, king of Morocco, obtains possession of the do- 
 
 minions' of the Saracens in that kingdom. 
 
 1092. Peter, surnamed the Hermit. 
 
 1093. Conrad rebels against the Emperor Henry, his father. 
 
 1094. Sweden conquered by Margaret, and annexed to Den- 
 
 mark. 
 
 1095. Sigebert the historian, ob. 1113. 
 
 1096. The first crusade into Palestine. The crusades were 
 
 wars waged by Christian Europe, chiefly against 
 the Turks or Mahometans, for the recovery of Pa- 
 lestine out of their hands. The dominion of the 
 
OF THE WORLD. Ill 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Turks, a race of Tartars, rendered the resort of pil- 
 grims to the tomb of the Saviour vexatious, which 
 was sufficient in those superstitious times to rouse all 
 Europe for the deliverance of Jerusalem from the 
 infidels. The Roman pontiffs were the chief insti- 
 gators of these desperate adventures. There were 
 five or more expeditions of the kind, which, during 
 two centuries, drained Europe of much of its life- 
 blood and treasures. They failed entirely of their 
 ultimate object, though some of their results were 
 important. The first crusade, led by Peter the Her- 
 mit, consisted of a numerous multitude, men, women, 
 and children, but principally of warriors, said to 
 have been 80,000 in number. On their arrival at 
 Constantinople, they were reduced to one third of 
 their original number, and were defeated and most 
 of them destroyed by Solyman on the plains of Nice. 
 A comet appeared. Naples and Sicily taken by the 
 emperor. 
 
 1097. Nicsea taken by Godfrey of Boulogne. The Saracens 
 
 defeated by the Christians. A comet appeared dur- 
 ing the first eight davs of October. 
 
 1098. Antioch taken by Godfrey. Order of St. Benedict 
 
 instituted. 
 
 1099. Jerusalem taken by the crusaders, July 15. Godfrey 
 
 elected king of Jerusalem. Knights of St. John in- 
 stituted. Godfrey gains the battle of Ascalon. The 
 company of Peter the Hermit was followed by a 
 larger and better disciplined army, which amounted, 
 with its attendants, to 700,000, under the command 
 of Godfrey of Bouillon, and other distinguished 
 princes. They defeated a great army of their ene- 
 mies ; and after a most desperate assault, and 
 wading through the blood of more than 70,000 Ma- 
 hometans, Godfrey stood victorious on the walls of 
 Jerusalem. It was a remarkable fact, which could 
 not fail in those days of superstition to be noticed, 
 that on Good Friday, about three in the afternoon, the 
 day and hour of Christ's passion, Jerusalem was 
 conquered, and Godfrey was proclaimed its king, 
 which station he held but one year, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Baldwin, his brother. 
 
112 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1100. An earthquake in Sicily. William Rufus dies. On 
 
 the death of Rufus, who was never married, the suc- 
 cession would have devolved on Robert of Normandy, 
 but he was absent on a crusade to the Holy Land, 
 and therefore Henry the First, t'he third son of Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, ascended the English throne. 
 To consolidate his power by the union of the Norman 
 with the Saxon line of monarchs, he projected a 
 marriage with Matilda, daughter of Malcolm, king 
 of Scotland, and Margaret his wife, who was the 
 sister of Edgar Etheling. But she had taken the 
 veil and become a nun. By a council, however, she 
 was released from her vows, and their nuptials were 
 celebrated with great pomp and splendor. 
 
 Twelfth Century. 
 
 1101. A comet appeared in February. 
 
 1102. The Saracens defeated near Joppa by Baldwin. Wil- 
 
 liam, duke of Aquitaine, goes to Palestine with a 
 great army. A comet appeared during the fifteen 
 last days of October. 
 
 1103. Massacre of William's army at Constantinople. 
 
 1104. Baldwin defeats the Saracens, and takes Ptolemais. 
 
 1105. Normandy invaded by Henry, king of England. 
 
 1106. A large comet appeared. 
 
 1107. A comet appeared for forty days. 
 
 1108. Hungary rescued from German servitude. 
 
 1109. Joseph, king of Morocco, defeats the Spaniards in the 
 
 battle of the seven counts near Badajos. Tripoli 
 taken by the crusaders. 
 
 1110. Learning revived at Cambridge. Paper made of cot- 
 
 ton commonly used for writing. A comet appeared 
 from June 6th till December, with its tail turned to 
 the south. 
 
 1111. A comet appeared for a long time. 
 
 1113. War between France and England begins. 
 
 1114. Peter Abelard, ob. 1143, set. 63. 
 
 1115. A large comet appeared. 
 
 1117. An earthquake in Lombardy. Anna Comnena, the 
 
 historian. 
 
 1118. The order of Knights Templars instituted* 
 
OF THE WORLD. 113 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1119. Turks defeated at Antioch by Baldwin. Bohemia 
 
 formed into a kingdom. 
 
 1120. Prince William, with a number of English lords, 
 
 drowned in the English channel. 
 
 1121. The order of Premontre instituted. 
 
 1122. The Scythians defeated by John Comnenus. 
 
 1125. The Saracens overcome by Baldwin near Antioch. 
 Germany afflicted with the plague. 
 
 1127. The pope makes war upon Roger, duke of Sicily, who 
 is proclaimed king in the year 1130. 
 
 1130. Athelard, monk of Bath, the mathematician. 
 
 1132. The Cistertian monks exempted from tithes. St. Ber- 
 nard, ob. 1153. 
 
 1135. Beneventum, Capua, &c. taken by Roger, king of 
 
 Sicily, from the pope. A comet appears on the 8th 
 October. 
 
 1136. Averroes of Corduba, ob. 1206. 
 
 1137. The pandect of Justinian found in Amalfi. 
 
 1138. England invaded by the Scots, who are defeated. A 
 
 comet appears in China. 
 
 1139. A civil war in England. Alphonso, after defeating 
 
 five Saracen kings, and taking Lisbon, is proclaimed 
 king of Portugal. 
 
 1140. King Stephen taken prisoner at Lincoln, Feb. 2. • The 
 
 doctrine of Abelard condemned. The canon law 
 brought into England. William of Malmesbury, 
 the historian. 
 
 1141. Stephen begins to recover his kingdom. The dissen- 
 
 sions between the Guelphs and Ghibelines prevail. 
 Peter Lombard, ob. 1164. 
 
 1143. The Alkoran translated into Latin. 
 
 1144. The primacy of the church of Toledo confirmed. 
 
 1146. The dynasty of the Almoravides in Africa and Spain 
 
 succeeded by that of the Almohedes. The Empress 
 Matilda leaves England. 
 
 1147. The second crusade into the Holy Land by the preach- 
 
 ing of St. Bernard. 
 
 1148. Damascus unsuccessfully besieged by the Christians. 
 
 Conrad and Louis arrive at Jerusalem. Humenus, 
 the Egyptian astronomer. 
 
 1149. Henry of Anjou asserts his claim to the crown of Eng- 
 
 land. Greece ravaged by Roger VI. of Sicily. 
 10* 
 
114 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1150. The civil war revived at Bologna by Wernerus, who 
 
 died in 1190. 
 
 1151. The canon law composed by Gratian. 
 
 1152. Geoffrey of Monmouth. 
 
 1153. Treaty of Winchester, by which Stephen grants to 
 
 Henry the reversion of his kingdom. 
 
 1154. Damascus taken by Nouradin. Christianity intro- 
 
 duced into Finland. Al Edrisius, the Arabian geo- 
 grapher. 
 
 1156. The city of Moscow founded. 
 
 1157. An earthquake in Spain. Nouradin defeated near 
 
 Gennesareth by Baldwin. Finland conquered by 
 the Swedes. 
 
 1158. Frederic received the title of king of Bohemia at the 
 
 diet of Ratisbon. 
 
 1159. Commotions in Scotland. War between England and 
 
 France. The pope excommunicates the emperor. 
 John Tzetzes, the critic and historian, ob. about 
 1176. 
 
 1160. The order of Carmelites instituted. 
 
 1161. Eustathius, the commentator on Homer. 
 
 1162. The power of the crusaders declines in Palestine. 
 
 The emperor Frederic destroys Milan, but preserves 
 the churches. 
 
 1163. Raymond II. defeated by Nouradin. John of Salis- 
 
 bury, ob. 1187. 
 
 1164. The first king of Sardinia created by Frederic. A 
 
 contest between Henry of England and Becket. 
 The council of Clarendon, Jan. 25. 
 
 1165. Two comets, or one comet with two tails, appear in 
 
 Libra. 
 
 1166. Maimonides of Corduba, a learned Jew, ob. 1208. 
 
 1167. Rome taken possession of by Frederic. War between 
 
 England and France. Egypt invaded by the caliph 
 ! of Persia. Henry of Huntingdon. 
 
 1169. An interview at St. Denis between the kings of Eng- 
 
 land and France. 
 
 1170. Peace concluded between France and England. An 
 
 earthquake at Antioch. 
 
 1171. The island of Chio taken by the Venetians. The 
 
 dynasty of Fatimites ends in Egypt. 
 
 1172. Henry II. of England takes possession of Ireland. 
 
OP THE WORLD. 115 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1173. Catania destroyed by an earthquake. 
 
 1174. William acknowledges the kingdom of Scotland a 
 
 fief of the crown of England. 
 
 1176. Frederic defeated by the Milanese. Circuits estab- 
 
 lished in England. Zenghis-khan begins to reign. 
 
 1177. Saladin defeated by Baldwin before Jerusalem. 
 
 1178. A legate sent by the pope to Prester-John. 
 
 1179. Saladin defeats the crusaders. Becket's tomb in Eng- 
 
 land visited by the French king. The university of 
 Padua found. 
 
 1180. Glass commonly used in England. 
 
 1181. The laws of England digested by Glanville. 
 
 1182. Damascus taken by Saladin. 
 
 1183. The inhabitants of Berry massacre 7000 Albigenses. 
 
 Peter of Blois, the historian, ob. 1200. 
 
 1184. Andronicus murders the Latins in Constantinople. 
 
 1186. The Roman yoke thrown off by the Bulgarians. A 
 
 conjunction of all the planets happened on Sept. 
 16th, at sunrise, sun in n# 30°, Jupiter in — 2° 3', 
 Venus, in 3° 49', Saturn in 8° 6', Mercury in 4° 10', 
 Mars in 9° 8', tail of the Dragon 18 D 23' ^=. 
 
 1187. The kingdom of Jerusalem finished by the capture of 
 
 that city by Saladin, Oct. 2d. Saladin, the Saracen 
 monarch, was a great and generous prince. Having 
 made himself master of Syria, Arabia, Mesopotamia, 
 and Persia, he soon threatened Jerusalem, which 
 was weakened by dissension, as. it had been polluted 
 by the abominations of the crusaders. Jerusalem 
 surrendered at discretion to Saladin, who. instead o-f 
 imitating the cruelties which had formerly been per- 
 petrated by the Christians, treated them with great 
 humanity, dismissing great numbers of prisoners 
 without ransom, among whom was Guy de Lusignan, 
 their leader, after he had sworn never again to take 
 up arms againsj; him ; which oath, with the permis- 
 sion of the bishops, he afterwards violated, as they 
 did not hold to keeping faith with heretics. 
 
 1188. The third crusade fixed at the diet of Mayence. The 
 
 Saracens routed by the Dutch and Zealanders, 
 Mecklenburg held as a fief of the crown of Denmark. 
 
 1189. The kings of England and France go to the Holy 
 
 Land. Richard renounces his superiority over Scot- 
 
116 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 land. Philip Augustus of France, Richard I., sur- 
 named the lion-hearted, of England, and Frederic 
 Barbarossa of Germany, lead the crusaders. The 
 tw*o former were ambitious rivals, and quarrelled 
 by the way. The Christian army consisted of about 
 300,000 men, but their success was prevented by 
 their divisions and jealousies. They attacked Acre, 
 which, after a three years' siege, capitulated. Philip 
 Augustus, je-alous of Richard, and tired of the fruit- 
 less expedition, retired with the greater part of his 
 soldiers to France ; but Richard continued the con- 
 test with great valor and perseverance. After de- 
 feating Saladin, he concluded with him a truce of 
 three years, that he might return to Europe. Philip 
 Augustus was preparing to take advantage of his 
 rival's absence, who having been shipwrecked on his 
 return, and crossing Germany in the guise of a pil- 
 grim, was taken prisoner by the duke of Austria, 
 whom he had offended at the siege of Acre, and 
 was given up for a sum of money to the emperor 
 Henry VI., who kept him 15 months in prison, and 
 demanded and received 150 thousand marks of silver 
 for his ransom. The hero of the crusade was treated 
 as a freebooter ! 
 
 1190. Cilicia subdued by Frederic, who defeats the Sara- 
 
 cens. The Teutonic order of knights instituted at 
 Ptolemais. Others place it in 1164. 
 
 1191. Ptolemais taken by the Crusaders. 
 
 1192. Richard, king of England, made prisoner by the em- 
 
 peror Henry VI. Saladin defeated by Richard in 
 the battle of Ascalon. Roger de Hoveden, the his- 
 torian. 
 
 1195. Spain invaded by the Saracens from Africa, who de- 
 
 feat Alphonso, and kill 50,000 Spaniards. 
 
 1196. Naples and Sicily taken possession of by the emperor 
 
 Henry VI. 
 
 1197. Henry sends an army into Palestine. William of 
 
 Newburgh, the historian. 
 
 1198. The order of the Holy Trinity instituted. 
 
 1199. Peace between England and France. Companus, of 
 
 Lombardy, the astronomer. 
 
 1200. University of Salamanca founded by Alphonso IX. 
 
OP THE WORLD. 117 
 
 A. D. 
 
 William, king of Scotland, does homage at Lincoln 
 to the king of England, Nov. 21. A very large 
 comet appeared. It moved over 2 signs in 18 days. 
 
 Thirteenth Century. 
 
 1201. City of Riga founded. War between England and 
 
 France. 
 
 1202. Gervase of Canterbury, the historian. 
 
 1203. The 3d crusade under Boniface sets out from Venice, 
 
 and reaches Chalcedon 24th June. 
 
 1204. The Venetians and French take Constantinople. Nor- 
 
 mandy reunited to France. The Inquisition estab- 
 lished. 
 
 1205. The Bulgarians defeat Baldwin near Adrianople. 
 
 1207. Rouen and Falaise erected into corporations. 
 
 1208. The order of Fratres Minores established. The pope 
 
 excommunicates King John of England. The reign 
 of John, who succeeded his brother Richard, is infa- 
 mous in English history. He put to death prince 
 Arthur, who had the hereditary right to the crown, 
 which greatly offended the nation. He became in- 
 volved in a disastrous controversy with the pope, 
 who ordered the monks of Canterbury to elect their 
 primate without the king's permission. John, in a 
 passion, sent two knights to expel the monks from 
 their convent, and to take possession of their re- 
 venues. This caused the pontiff to lay the kingdom 
 under an interdict. The interdict was a terrible 
 power, by which the popes, in the middle ages, re- 
 duced individuals, and even whole kingdoms, to the 
 most abject submission to their power. When the 
 interdict was laid on a kingdom, all spiritual ser- 
 vices ceased ; the churches were shut up ; sacra- 
 ments were no longer administered ; no corpses were 
 buried with funeral rites ; and all the ministry of the 
 church, which was considered as the only channel 
 of salvation, was forbidden to be exercised. The 
 monarch was abhorred by his subjects, and aban- 
 doned by his attendants ; every thing wore the aspect 
 of the deepest distress, and the most immediate ap- 
 prehension of divine vengeance and indignation. 
 
118 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 John was thus compelled to make a degrading sub- 
 mission to the pope, which greatly offended his barons, 
 who took occasion to compel him to sign Magna 
 Charta, and of the New Forest, at Runnymede, be- 
 tween Windsor and Staines, by which the great 
 foundation of English liberty was laid. The pro- 
 visions of Magna Charta enjoined that one weight 
 and one measure should be used throughout the 
 kingdom ; — gave new encouragements to commerce 
 by the protection of foreign merchants ; — prohibited 
 all delay in the administration of justice ; — fixed the 
 court of Common Pleas at Westminster, that the par- 
 ties in a lawsuit might no longer be harassed with 
 following the king from place to place ; — established 
 annual circuits of judges; and confirmed the liber- 
 ties of all the cities and districts. It protected every 
 freeholder in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and 
 property. This was the first general opposition suc- 
 cessfully made against arbitrary power, and those 
 rights were acknowledged and established which the 
 English had enjoyed before the conquest. John 
 signed it with reluctance, retracted it, and called 
 upon the pope for protection ; and nothing but the 
 fear of an invasion from France reconciled him to it, 
 or induced the barons to continue their allegiance to 
 this faithless and. tyrannical monarch. 
 The power of the interdict was felt in other instances, 
 and in other kingdoms, which were thus placed un- 
 der the entire control of the Roman pontiffs. — (The 
 last attempt at its exercise was by Pius VII. against 
 Napoleon in 1809, but it was vain and inefficient, 
 as it is likely to be in all time to come.) 
 
 1209. The works of Aristotle, imported in 1209 from Con- 
 
 stantinople, are condemned by the council of Paris 
 in 1210. The silk manufacture imported into Venice 
 by Greek weavers. Ralph de Diceto, the historian. 
 
 1210. The Albigenses violently persecuted. The pope ex- 
 
 communicates the emperor Otho. 
 
 1211. Wales subdued by the king of England. Saxo-Gram- 
 
 maticus, the historian. 
 
 1212. The Moors signally defeated by the Christians at 
 
 Thoulouse, July 12. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 119 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1213. The king of England becomes the pope's vassal, 
 
 Walter of Coventry. 
 
 1214. War between the English and Scotch. Otho routed 
 
 by Philip near Bouvines. The Persians defeated 
 by the Turks. A comet appeared in March. 
 
 1215. The order of Dominicans instituted. A comet ap- 
 
 peared in March. The order of Knights-Hospitallers 
 founded. Magna Charta signed by King John, June 
 15th. 
 
 1216. Scotland excommunicated by the pope's nuncio. Pe- 
 
 ter de Courtenay imprisoned. Accorso, ob. 1229. 
 
 1217. Peace between the English and Scotch. The French 
 
 defeated in the battle of Lincoln. A comet in autumn 
 near the Crown. 
 
 1219. Damietta taken from the Saracens by the Christians. 
 
 1220. Astronomy and geography brought into Europe by 
 
 the Moors. 
 
 1221. The university of Padua enlarged. St. Anthony of 
 
 Padua, ob. 1231. 
 
 1222. A great earthquake in Germany. Damietta evacuated 
 
 by the Christians. 
 
 1223. The slaves in France franchised by Louis VIII. An 
 
 extraordinary comet appeared in Denmark. A comet 
 appeared in the East. John de Sacrobosco, a ma- 
 thematician of Halifax, in Yorkshire, ob. at Paris, 
 1244. 
 
 1226. The king of France, &c, leagues against the Albi- 
 
 genses. 
 
 1227. A general expedition from the different states of Eu- 
 
 rope to Palestine. The Tartars, under Zenghis- 
 khan, overrun the empire of the Saracens. 
 
 1228. University of Thoulouse founded. 
 
 1229. A treaty between the Christians and Saracens. A 
 
 conspiracy in Sweden. Alexander Halensis, ob. 1245. 
 
 1230. Denmark desolated by the plague. The Teutonic 
 
 knights subdue Prussia. Several persons murdered 
 in the university of Paris, in consequence of the dis- 
 putes about Aristotle. A comet appeared. 
 
 1231. The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Latin. 
 
 1232. William, bishop of Paris, ob. 1248. 
 
 1233. The Dominicans intrusted with the Inquisition. Order 
 
 of the knights of the Blessed Virgin instituted. 
 
120 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1234. Peter de Vignes, chancellor to Fred. II., ob. 1249. 
 1236. The Tartars first penetrate into Russia, Poland, &c. 
 
 1238. University of Vienna founded. The Tartars exact a 
 
 tribute from the Russians. A comet which moved 
 with great velocity. 
 
 1239. The Guelphs and Ghibelines continue to desolate Italy. 
 
 1240. The king of Denmark published a code of ancient 
 
 Cimbrian laws. Poland and Hungary invaded by 
 the Tartars. A large comet appeared east of the 
 Pole. 
 
 1241. The Swedes and Livonians defeated by the Russians 
 
 near Narva. The Hanseatic league formed. The 
 Hanseatic League was a celebrated confederacy of 
 cities on the coasts of the Baltic and the adjoining 
 countries. The first league was formed in 1239, 
 between Hamburgh, Minden, and many other towns, 
 to which Lubec soon after acceded : it was for the 
 purpose of mutual defence against foreign potentates, 
 especially the Danish king Waldemar, as well as 
 the neighboring nobles of Germany. The league 
 rapidly spread, and comprehended at one period 85 
 cities, divided into four provinces. It had four chief 
 foreign depots — at London, Bruges, Novogorod, and 
 Bergen. In the 14th and 15th centuries the league 
 became of high political importance, and made war 
 and peace as an independent sovereign power, but it 
 was never recognised by the German empire. Its 
 decay was gradual, and owing to the increased 
 protection given to commerce by the princes of the 
 several states in which these cities were situated, 
 rendering the alliance for mutual defence unneces- 
 sary. Tin mines discovered in Germany. A comet 
 in January, seen 30 days. Matthieu Paris the his- 
 torian, ob. 1259. 
 1242. A plague in France, Italy, and Greece. Grosteste, 
 bishop of Lincoln, ob. 1254. 
 
 1244. Jerusalem taken by the Kharismians, who defeat the 
 
 Christians. The order of the Celestines instituted. 
 
 1245. The general council of Lyons for renewing the cru- 
 
 sades. A large comet appeared. 
 1248. The 5th crusade under Lewis IX. This was the last 
 of the crusades undertaken against Palestine. In 
 
OF THE WORLD. 121 
 
 A. D. 
 
 the course of these fanatical expeditions, which con- 
 tinued for about two centuries, some of which were 
 against Christians in the Eastern empire, and issued 
 in the capture of Constantinople, and others against 
 the Albigenses and Waldenses in Europe; it is 
 estimated that two millions of Europeans were buried 
 in the East, and many who survived became blended 
 with the Mahometan population. Though these bar- 
 barous expeditions were productive of great misery, 
 they had a powerful and beneficial influence on the 
 manners and customs, the commerce, the literature, 
 and the religion of Christendom. They gave a se- 
 vere blow to the feudal system, and served to dimin- 
 ish the confidence of Europe in the promoters of 
 these undertakings, and to free the human mind 
 from the shackles of superstition. 
 
 1249. Damietta taken by Lewis IX., June 5. 
 
 1250. Lewis taken prisoner in Egypt. Cimabue revives 
 
 painting in Florence, ob. 1300. The Sorbonne 
 founded in Paris. 
 
 1251. Wales subdued, and Magna Charta confirmed. 
 
 1252. Alphonso of Spain found the sun's apogee in II 28 f 
 
 40'. Aibertus Magnus, ob. 1280, set. 75. 
 
 1253. The Alphonsine tables published. Linen first mado 
 
 in England. 
 
 1254. War between Denmark and Sweden. A comet seen 
 
 for several months. St. Thomas Aquinas, ob. 1274. 
 
 1255. A large comet appeared. 
 
 1256. The order of the Augustines established. 
 
 1257. St. Bonaventura, ob. 1274, set. 53. 
 
 1258. The capture of Bagdad by the Tartars terminates the 
 
 empire of the Saracens. Treaty of Barcelona. Re- 
 presentatives of the Commons of England present 
 for the first time in parliament. Blair places this in 
 1264. John de Joinvilie. 
 
 1259. Treaty of Abbeville. The Tartars invade Poland. Nas- 
 
 sar Eddin, the Persian astronomer and geographer. 
 
 1260. Alphonso of Spain orders all public records to be writ- 
 
 ten in the vulgar tongue, not in Latin ; and publishes 
 the code of laws called Las Partidas. 
 
 1261. Constantinople recovered from the French by tho 
 
 Greek emperors. Roger Bacon, ob. 1284, set. 78. 
 11 
 
t 
 
 122 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1263. The Hebrides invaded by the Norwegians. Civil 
 
 wars in England. 
 
 1264. Henry taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes. The 
 
 deputies of towns and boroughs summoned to parlia- 
 ment. (Playfair.) A comet with a long tail ap- 
 peared. 
 
 1265. The battle of Evesham in England, Aug. 4. 
 
 1266. The battle of Benevento, where Mainfroi is killed, 
 
 Feb. 26. Peace between Norway and Scotland. 
 
 1267. Police established at Paris about this time. 
 
 1268. Antioch taken by the Mussulmans. Conradin taken 
 
 at the battle of Celano, in Italy, and afterwards be- 
 headed, Aug. 29th. The Tartars invade China. 
 
 1269. Cozah Nasirodni observed the obliquity of the ecliptic 
 
 to be 23° 30'. 
 
 1270. Louis IX. embarks at Aigues-Mortes for Palestine. 
 
 Bulgaria reduced by the king of Hungary. The 
 Scots guard embodied in France. 
 
 1272. The academy of Florence founded. The orders of 
 
 Mendicants reduced to the Dominicans, Franciscans, 
 Carmelites, and Hermits of St. Augustin. 
 
 1273. The empire of Austria begins. Cheouching, in China, 
 
 observed the obliquity of the ecliptic to be 23° 33' 
 39". 
 
 1274. First treaty of commerce between England and Flan- 
 
 ders. 
 
 1275. Durandus, ob. 1296. 
 
 1277. The sultan of Egypt defeats the Tartars near Damas- 
 cus. 
 
 1279. Edward relinquishes his claim upon Normandy. The 
 
 mortmain act passed in England. Henry of Ghent, 
 ob. 1293, eet. 76. 
 
 1280. The Tartars defeated near Emessa by the sultan of 
 
 Egypt- 
 
 1281. Marienburg built by the Teutonic Knights. 
 
 1282. Ten thousand French massacred at the Sicilian ves- 
 
 pers, March 20. A great plague in Denmark. The 
 academy della Crusca founded. 
 
 1283. Wales subjugated, and unfted to England by Edward 
 
 I. During his residence with his wife in Wales, a 
 prince was born, who was afterwards Edward II. ; 
 and at his birth was called Edward Prince of Wales, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 123 
 
 A. D. 
 
 which has since been the title of the eldest son of the 
 kings of England. A new separation between the 
 Latin and Greek churches. Raymond Lully, ob. 
 1315, set. 80. 
 
 1285. Hungary ravaged by the Tartars. Alphonso of Ara- 
 
 gon deprives his uncle of Majorca. Jacobus de 
 Voragine, ob. 1298. 
 
 1286. Eric V., king of Denmark, assassinated near Vibourg. 
 
 A comet appeared with its tail to the east. 
 
 1287. A clock at Westminster about this time. The Tar- 
 
 tars penetrate into Poland. 
 
 1288. Tripoli taken by the sultan of Babylon. 
 
 1289. A great earthquake in Europe. Albert the mathema- 
 
 tician and Provencal poet. 
 
 1090. The Jews banished from England. University of 
 Lisbon founded. 
 
 1291. Syria conquered by the sultan of Babylon. Compe- 
 tition between Bruce and Baliol for the crown of 
 Scotland. The Turks take Ptolemais by assault. 
 The crusades terminate. John Duns, called Scotus, 
 ob. 1308, set. 43. 
 
 1293. From this year there is a regular succession of parlia- 
 
 ments in England. A comet appeared in summer. 
 
 1294. Parliaments established in Paris. 
 
 1296. A war between the English and Scotch. An intense 
 
 frost in Denmark. 
 
 1297. Edward carries off the coronation chair, and records 
 
 of Scotland. 
 
 1298. The Ottoman empire founded. A large comet ap- 
 
 peared. 
 
 1299. An earthquake in Germany. A comet appeared. A 
 
 monk of Pisa invents spectacles. Boniface VIII. 
 institutes the year of jubilee at Rome. Faenzas 
 earthenware invented. 
 
 1300. The Ottoman empire begins. Scotland invaded by 
 
 Edward. 
 
 Fourteenth Century. 
 
 1301. Philip excommunicated by the pope. A comet ap- 
 
 peared. Peter de Abano, ob. 1316, set. 66. 
 
 1302. The Tartars defeated near Damascus by the sultan 
 
124 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 of Egypt. The mariner's compass invented (or 
 improved) by Flavio. University of Avignon found- 
 ed. 
 
 1303. Three English armies defeated by the Scots in one 
 
 day, near Roslin. 
 
 1304. A comet visible for three months to the north. Dante, 
 
 ob. 1321, set. 56. 
 
 1306. The Jews banished from France. Edward invades 
 
 Scotland, which is defended by Bruce. Arnoldus 
 de Villa Nova, ob. 1340. 
 
 1307. Coals first used in England. The Swiss cantons 
 
 established. 
 
 1308. University of Lisbon removed to Coimbra. The seat 
 
 of the popes removed to Avignon for 70 years. 
 1310. Rhodes taken by the knights of St. John, who settle 
 there. 
 
 1312. The council of Vienna abolishes the order of Knights 
 
 Templars. University of Orleans founded. A comet 
 appeared. Durandus, ob. 1333. 
 
 1313. Molay, the grand master of the Templars, burned 
 
 alive at Paris, along with several of the knights. 
 
 1314. The cardinals set fire to the conclave, and separate. 
 
 The battle of Bannockburn, in which the English 
 are completely beaten by the Scots, July 25. 
 
 1315. Germany afflicted with famine and pestilence. The 
 
 Scots invade Ireland. A comet appeared in De- 
 cember, near the north pole. 
 
 1316. A comet appeared in February. This comet is not 
 
 mentioned either by Lubiniezki or Hevelius. 
 L317. Nicholas de Lyra, ob. 1340. 
 L318. A comet appeared in Cancer. A great famine in 
 
 Britain. 
 
 1319. University of Dublin founded. William Occam, ob. 
 
 1343. 
 
 1320. An earthquake in England. Gold coined in Europe. 
 
 1321. A civil war in England. 
 
 1322. The battle of Muldorf, at which Frederick III. was 
 
 taken prisoner. 
 
 1323. A truce of 13 vears between the English and Scotch. 
 
 A great eruption of jEtna. 
 1325. The first commercial treaty between England and 
 Venice. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 125 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1326. Queen Isabella brings an army into England against 
 
 her husband, Edward III. 
 
 1327. Edward II. deposed by the English parliament. 
 
 1329. Philip defeats the Flemings at the battle of Mount 
 
 Cassel. 
 
 1330. Gunpowder invented by a monk of Cologne. 
 
 1331. The city of Nice taken and plundered by the Turks. 
 
 The Teutonic knights settle in Prussia. The art of 
 weaving cloth introduced into York by two Brabant 
 weavers. 
 
 1332. Silesia seized upon by the king of Poland. The pope 
 
 charged with heresy. Nicephoras Gregoras the 
 astronomer and historian, ob. 1350. 
 
 1333. Gibraltar taken by the Moors. The Scots defeated 
 
 near Berwick, July 19. 
 
 1337. Edward III. makes war with France. He sets sail 
 
 with his army July 15. A comet appeared. 
 
 1338. The empire of Germany declared independent of the 
 
 pope. Edward makes war upon France. 
 
 1339. The academy of Pisa established. A comet appeared. 
 
 Denmark desolated by war, pestilence, and famine. 
 
 1340. Edward III. defeats the French in a naval battle near 
 
 Helvoetsluys, which leads to a peace of four years. 
 Copper money first used in Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 1341. The eastern empire usurped by Cantacuzenus for 17 
 
 years. A comet appeared in — in the spring. It 
 was first seen near Spica Virginis, moved through 5 
 degrees every day, and disappeared near SI. 
 
 1342. Powder used at the siege of Algiers. Edward's ex- 
 
 pedition to the Continent. The knights and bur- 
 gesses first assembled together in the same house of 
 the English parliament. 
 
 1343. Leontius Pilatus of Thessalonica, restorer of Greek 
 
 literature in Italy, flourished. 
 
 1344. Macham, an Englishman, discovers the Madeira isl- 
 
 ands. Gold coined in England. Poland invaded by 
 the Tartars. 
 
 1346. The battle of Cressy, Aug. 26. The English defeat 
 
 the Scots, and take David prisoner. 
 
 1347. A comet appeared in August, and was seen two months. 
 
 The plague ravages Europe, and is said to carry off 
 one fourth of the inhabitants. The admiralty court 
 11* 
 
126 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D 
 
 instituted. Calais taken by Edward, Aug. 4. After 
 the battle of Cressy, Edward III., to maintain him- 
 self in Picardy, found it necessary to gain possession 
 of Calais, and he marched against the town. The 
 besieged, under the command of John de Vienne, 
 defended themselves for eleven months with the 
 most heroic courage, but were at length forced to 
 sue for a capitulation. The English monarch de- 
 manded that they should yield at discretion, and 
 ultimately exacted that six of the leading inhabitants 
 of the place should present themselves before him 
 with ropes around their necks, bearing the keys of 
 the city. Five bold inhabitants of the city, with 
 Eustace de St. Pierre at their head, accordingly re- 
 paired to the English camp, and were on the point 
 of being beheaded, but were saved by the interces- 
 sion of Edward the Black Prince, the heroic son of 
 Edward. His mother also, the queen of Edward, 
 throwing herself at his feet, by her supplications dis- 
 armed his rage, and those noble hostages were dis- 
 missed without punishment. Edward the Black 
 Prince, a brave man, knew how to feel for those 
 whose only crime was an heroic resistance of inva- 
 sion. A code of laws published in Poland, and the 
 university of Cracow founded. Rienzi's usurpation 
 at Rome. 
 
 1348. The university of Prague founded. 
 
 1349. The order of the Garter instituted in England, April 
 
 23. A plague in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 
 and other parts of Europe. 
 
 1350. The Jubilee fixed to every fiftieth year. 
 
 1351. Wire invented at Nuremberg. 
 
 1352. First irruption of the Turks into Europe. 
 
 1353. Africa and Asia desolated by locusts. A comet ap- 
 
 peared, and moved from north to south. 
 
 1354. Francis Petrarch flourished, ob. 1374, set. 76. 
 
 1355. A conspiracy at Venice. Boccaccio, ob. 1376, set. 62. 
 
 1356. Battle of Poitiers, at which the French are defeated, 
 
 and King John taken prisoner, Sept. 19. Edward 
 the Black Prince, so called from the color of his 
 armor, with an army of 12,000 men, was sent into 
 France, and carried devastation into the heart of the 
 
OF THE WORLD. 127 
 
 A. D. 
 
 kingdom. John king of France took the field againsi 
 him with 60,000 men, and advanced towards Poitiers 
 with the design of surrounding him and cutting hin. 
 off at once. The French marched to the attack 
 through a lane, and the Black Prince with a small 
 force opposed them in front, while his main body 
 divided into two parts, one of which lay in ambus- 
 cade, poured down upon their lengthened flank, cut 
 them to pieces, and gained a complete victory. 
 John, with one of his sons, was taken, and was treated 
 by the Prince of Wales with a magnanimity equal 
 to his heroism. When he conducted his royal pris- 
 oner in triumph to London, amid the acclamations 
 of the people, he rode himself on a small palfrey on 
 his left hand, while John, on his right hand, was 
 mounted on a beautiful horse elegantly caparisoned. 
 John was at length sent back to France, having 
 promised a large sum for his ransom, which beinp- 
 unable to raise, he returned and surrendered him- 
 self a prisoner in London, with a remarkable regard 
 for good faith. He is also said to have been smitten 
 with a strong passion for the beautiful Countess of 
 Salisbury in England, which might have influenced 
 his return. He died soon after in London. An 
 earthquake in Germany. 
 
 1357. Great commotion in France. 
 
 1358. Tamerlane commences his reign in Persia. Treaty 
 
 of Calais signed, Oct. 24. 
 
 1359. Treaty of Bretagne, May 8. 
 
 1361. Matthew of Westminster, ob. about 1380. 
 
 1362. Law pleadings in England carried on in English in- 
 
 stead of French. Military order of Janizaries estab- 
 lished among the Turks. A comet appeared near 
 Venus. 
 
 1364. Battle of Cocherel, May 6, and of Avrai, Sept. 29. 
 
 1365. The universities of Geneva and of Vienna founded. 
 
 1366. Adrianople becomes the seat of the Turkish empire. 
 
 1367. The battle of Neiara in Spain, April 4. 
 
 1368. The battle of Montial, March 14. 
 
 1369. Wickliffe teaches the doctrine of the Reformation in 
 
 England, ob. 1385. John de WicklifFe was a pro- 
 fessor of divinity in the university of Oxford. He 
 
128 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 came out boldly against the errors of the church of 
 Rome, and has been denominated "the morning star 
 of the Reformation.'* He translated the Scriptures 
 from the Latin Vulgate into English ; was prose- 
 cuted for heresy, but being supported by several 
 noblemen, he escaped punishment. His followers 
 were called, by way of reproach, Lollards, a pious 
 sect which before originated in Germany. 
 1370. Chivalry flourished about this time. Chivalry con- 
 stitutes one of the most remarkable features of the 
 state of society in the European nations in the mid- 
 dle ages, and produced a wonderful influence upon 
 their opinions, habits, and manners. Its distinguish- 
 ing characteristics were a romantic spirit of adven- 
 ture, a love of arms and the rewards of valor, an 
 eagerness to succor the distressed and to redress 
 wrongs, high sentiments of honor and religion, and a 
 devoted and respectful attachment to the female sex. 
 It is supposed to have had its origin among the Gothic 
 nations and their descendants, and prevailed particu- 
 larly in France, Spain, and Germany. The Romans 
 never possessed those materials in character out of 
 which such an institution could be constructed ; 
 they had pride, but not that delicate sense of honor 
 which leads men to prize their own esteem more 
 than the applause of the world, and which is never 
 associated with meanness ; and particularly that 
 high regard to the female sex which considers them 
 as equals, and, from their feebleness and delicacy, 
 as the peculiar objects of protection and respect. It 
 existed in its greatest perfection in England in the 
 time of Edward III. 
 The sons of noblemen who were destined for chivalry, 
 entered at the age of seven years on their course of 
 education, in some castle, surrounded by noble ladies 
 and valiant knights, and the first impressions made 
 upon their minds were those of love, gallantry, honor, 
 and bravery. From 7 to 14 years, the appellation 
 given to these boys was page or varlet. At 14 they 
 received the title of esquire, and were authorized 
 to carry arms. On arriving at the age of 21, the 
 esquires, after a thorough examination in regard to 
 
OF THE WORLD. 129 
 
 A. D. 
 
 their qualifications, were admitted to the full honors 
 of knighthood. They were invested with the spurs, 
 sword, and other insignia of chivalry, and were dubbed 
 as knights by receiving the accolade, or a slight blow 
 on their shoulder or cheek, as an emblem of the last 
 affront which it was lawful for them to endure. 
 The knight then sallied forth in quest of adventures, 
 and was particularly authorized to challenge to single 
 combat all who refused to acknowledge the unparal- 
 leled beauty of the mistress to whom he had devoted 
 himself, called his lady-love. Kings and nobles 
 highly valued the honors of knighthood ; and on the 
 eve of a battle, the injunction was, "Let every one 
 think of his mistress." Jousts, tilts, and tournaments, 
 were splendid exhibitions of chivalry, on the occa- 
 sion of royal marriages, coronations, and after dis- 
 tinguished victories. They were attended by valiant 
 knights, noble barons, sovereign princes, and ladies 
 of the highest rank, and were indeed most magnifi- 
 cent celebrations. The institution of chivalry tended 
 to refine the manners of a barbarous age, to infuse 
 humanity into war, to promote a regard to truth and 
 justice, and especially to cherish a delicate and re- 
 spectful attention to the female sex, for which the 
 descendants of the Gothic nations have ever been 
 eminently distinguished. But the institution also 
 had its evils ; it nourished a martial spirit, and to its 
 fantastic notions of honor the modern practice of 
 duelling may be traced. It was interwoven with 
 the feudal system, and declined with it. 
 
 1371. The English fleet defeated by the French near Rochelle, 
 
 June 23. 
 
 1372. Earl of Pembroke defeated at sea by the Spanish ad- 
 
 miral, June 23. 
 
 1373. Cyprus taken by the Genoese. John Gower, the first 
 
 "English poet, ob. 1402. 
 
 1375. A peace of three years between France and England. 
 
 1376. John Froissart flourished, ob. 1400. John Froissart was 
 
 born at Valenciennes, about 1337. He is said to have 
 begun before the age of 20 to write the history of the 
 wars of his time. A disappointment in love, and a 
 desire to learn from their own mouths the achieve- 
 
130 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 ments of his contemporary warriors, induced him to 
 travel extensively. He first visited England, and 
 was for a considerable time secretary to Phillippa, 
 the queen of Edward III. Subsequently he was 
 patronised by Edward the Black Prince, and sev- 
 eral other illustrious characters. His chief work is 
 a history, which comprises what happened in France, 
 Spain, and England, from 1326 to 1400. He was 
 a poet as well as an historian. His delightful Chron- 
 icle of the middle a^es has been twice translated into 
 English, and recently reprinted in the city of New 
 York. 
 
 1377. England invaded by the French. The seat of the 
 
 popes transferred from Avignon to Rome. Clement 
 the seventh took up his residence at Avignon, where 
 he was nominated pope, although Urban the Sixth 
 had been recently elected at Rome, which gave rise 
 to the famous scliism of the West, which was with 
 immense difficulty subdued, after continuing 38 years, 
 and only terminated at the council of Constance. 
 Flanders inundated by the sea. Wickliffe's doctrine 
 condemned in England. 
 
 1378. The schism of double popes, which lasts 38 years. 
 
 Greenland discovered by a Venetian. 
 
 1379. Great dissensions in Flanders. 
 
 1381. Bills of exchange first used in England. Pestilence 
 
 in Germany. Watt Tyler's insurrection in the be- 
 ginning of July. 
 
 1382. The battle of Rosebeck in Flanders, Nov. 17. Hiera- 
 
 polis taken by the Turks. 
 
 1383. Cannon first used in the English service by the gov- 
 
 ernor of Calais. Abulfeda, the Arabian geographer, 
 died. 
 
 1384. Philip, Duke of Burgundy, succeeds to the earldom 
 
 of Flanders. The first navigation act in England. 
 War between the English and Scotch. 
 
 1385. Battle of Aljubaroba, at which the King of Castile is 
 
 routed by the King of Portugal, August 14. Ni- 
 cholas Flamel, ob. 1409. 
 
 1386. Constantinople taken by Andronicus Paleologus ; re- 
 
 taken by John and Manuel. The first company of 
 linen- weavers in England. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 131 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1387. Tamerlane subdues Georgia and Turkestan. 
 
 1388. Battle of Otterburn, at which the English are defeated 
 
 by the Scotch, July 31. Margaret of Denmark de- 
 feats the Swedes at Falcoping, Sept. 21. Union of 
 the Danish and Swedish crowns. 
 
 1390. The sacred war in Prussia. 
 
 1391. Cards invented for the amusement of the French king. 
 
 The English parliament abolishes the papal power. 
 Commotions in Scotland. 
 
 1392. Jews expelled from Germany. The Portuguese dis- 
 
 cover the Cape of Good Hope. Emanuel Chrysolo- 
 ras, ob. 1413, set. 60. 
 
 1393. The Turks ravage Wallachia, and defeat the Hunga- 
 
 rians. The doctrines of the Reformation propagated 
 in Bohemia by Huss and Jerome of Prague. 
 
 1394. The Jews expelled from France, Sept. 17. A comet 
 
 appeared in the evening, and moved from west to 
 north. 
 
 1395. The Christians, under Sigismund, defeated at Nicopo- 
 
 lis by Bajazet, Sept. 28, who also subdues the Bul- 
 garians. 
 
 1396. Geoffroy Chaucer, the English poet, ob. 1440. 
 
 1397. The union of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, at Cal- 
 
 mar. Owen Glendower, ob. about 1408. 
 
 1398. A rebellion in Ireland. Dukes created in Scotland. 
 
 Tamerlane penetrates into Hindostan. Intense frost 
 in Denmark. * 
 
 1399. Tamerlane takes Delhi, and afterwards takes No- 
 
 vogorod. 
 
 1400. War between the English and Scotch. Tamerlane, 
 
 with a great army, enters Asia Minor. A large 
 comet appears in February, moving towards the west. 
 
 Fifteenth Century. 
 
 1401. Italy invaded by the emperor Rupert, who is repulsed. 
 
 Tamerlane takes Bagdad, Aug. 9th. A very large 
 comet appeared. 
 
 1402. Battle of Angoria, at which Bajazet is defeated by 
 
 Tamerlane, and taken prisoner July 28th. Tamer- 
 lane, or Timur Beg, cham of the Tartars, became 
 formidable towards the end of the 14th century. He 
 
132 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 was the son of a shepherd, and raised himself by his 
 courage and prudence. He obtained many victories, 
 and boasted that he had three parts of the world un- 
 der his power. He subdued Persia, India, Syria, 
 and many other countries. Having conquered Ba- 
 jazet I., Sultan of the Turks, he exposed him in an 
 iron cage, (the fate which Bajazet had designed for 
 his adversary if he had been victor,) when the mor- 
 tified monarch dashed his head against the bars of 
 his prison and killed himself. Battle of Haledown 
 hill, May 7th, in which the Scottish forces were de- 
 feated. 
 1403. The battle of Shrewsbury, at which Hotspur is slain, 
 July 22d. A comet appeared in March with its tail 
 towards the north. 
 
 1405. Conspiracy of Archbishop of York against Henry sup- 
 
 pressed. Great guns first used at the siege of Ber- 
 wick. Famine and the plague in Denmark. Ca- 
 nary islands discovered by Bethencourt. 
 
 1406. A comet appeared. Leonard Aretino, secretary of 
 
 Florence, ob. 1443, set. 74. Brunus of Arezzo, 
 secretary of Florence. 
 
 1407. The kingdom of France laid under an interdict. A 
 
 comet appeared. Balthazar Cossa obtains possession 
 of Rome. 
 
 1408. A comet appeared. 
 
 1409. The council of Pisa commences March 25. 
 
 1410. Painting in oil color invented by John Van-eyck at 
 
 Bruges. A civil war in France. 
 
 1411. The university of St. Andrews founded. War be- 
 
 tween the pope and king Ladislaus. 
 
 1412. Algebra introduced into Europe from Arabia. 
 
 1414. The council of Constance commences, Nov. 16th. A 
 
 comet appeared. 
 
 1415. John Huss condemned and executed, July 6th. He 
 
 appeared at the council of Constance, under the safe 
 conduct of the emperor of Germany, but faith was 
 not to be kept with a heretic. He was condemned 
 and burned. His disciple, Jerome of Prague, a man 
 •)f superior abilities, had recanted ; but animated by 
 'he courage of John Huss, he retracted his recanta- 
 tion, and was shortly after also burned, blessing 
 
OF THE WORLD. 133 
 
 God. They were both disciples of WicklifFe, and had 
 testified against the corruptions of Popery. Their 
 death was avenged by Zisca, a Bohemian nobleman, 
 making war upon the Emperor Sigismund, who was 
 compelled to make peace with him. Zisca died of 
 the plague in 1424, and left directions, as it is said, 
 that a drum should be made of his dried skin for the 
 purpose of animating the reformers, and of appalling 
 their enemies. Normandy invaded by Henry of 
 England. Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 25th, at which 
 the French are routed by the English. 
 
 The French fleet defeated by the English at the mouth 
 of the Seine. Jerome of Prague dies. 
 
 Henry's second expedition into Normandy. Paper 
 made of linen rags invented. According to others, 
 about 1100. 
 
 The Armagnac faction massacred in Paris. Poggio, 
 the Florentine, ob. 1459, set. 80. 
 
 The treaty of Troyes signed, May 21. Madeira dis- 
 covered by the Portuguese. 
 
 The Duke of Clarence is killed at the battle of Beauge", 
 April 3. 
 
 The vulgar Christian sera introduced into Portugal. 
 
 Engraving on metal, and rolling press printing, in- 
 vented. Battle of Crevant, in which the French and 
 Scots are defeated by the English. 
 
 The English under the Duke of Bedford defeat the 
 French in the battle of Verneuil, Aug. 16. Flavius 
 Blondus, ob. 1463, set. 75. 
 
 An earthquake at Naples. A comet appeared. 
 
 The academy of Lou vain founded. Theodore Gaza, 
 ob. 1478, set. 90. 
 
 The siege of Orleans begins, Oct. 12, and continued 
 to May 12lh. Joan d'Arc, commonly called the 
 Maid of Orleans, presented herself before the king 
 of France, and stated that she was commissioned by 
 God to raise the siege of Orleans. This extraordi- 
 nary young woman was then not 18 years of age, 
 and introduced succours into the place, and finally 
 conducted Charles VII. to Rheims, where he was 
 crowned. After performing prodigies of valor, she 
 was at last betrayed into the hands of the English, 
 12 
 
134 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 who cruelly condemned her to the flames in Rouen, 
 June 14th, 1431. She suffered under the charge of 
 witchcraft. 
 1429. The battle of Herrings, Feb. 12th. Battle of Patay. 
 Francis Philelphus, ob. 1481, set. 83. 
 
 1431. A great earthquake at Lisbon. Henry, king of Eng- 
 
 land, crowned king of France. Geo. Trapezuntius, 
 ob. 1485, set. 90. 
 
 1432. A comet appeared. 
 
 1433. A very large comet appeared for three months. G. 
 
 Gemistius Pletho, ob. 1490, set. 100. 
 
 1434. A civil war in Sweden. Cosmo de Medici recalled 
 
 from exile. A comet appeared. 
 
 1435. The treaty of Arras between Charles II. and the duke 
 
 of Burgundy. A comet appeared. 
 
 1436. Paris retaken by the French, April 13th. Laurentius 
 
 Valla, ob. 1465, set. 50. 
 
 1437. An expedition of the Portuguese into Africa. Hun- 
 
 gary invaded by the Turks. Ulugh Beigh observed 
 the obliquitv of the ecliptic to be 23° 30' 17" : ob. 
 1449, set. 57. 
 
 1438. A shower of meteoric stones fell at Rou, near Burgos 
 
 in Spain. 
 
 1439. The Greek and Latin churches united. The Prag- 
 
 matic sanction settled in France. A comet appeared 
 in the east, with its tail turned to the south. 
 
 1440. The art of printing invented at Mentz. Several cities 
 
 contend for the honor of this invention ; those which 
 have the best claim are Haarlem and Mentz. Lau- 
 rence Coster of Haarlem practised the art with wooden 
 types, or engraved boards ; but the introduction of 
 moveable metal types, which was a grand improve- 
 ment, is attributed to Peter Schoeffer, the assistant, 
 and son-in-law of John Fust or Faust of Mentz. The 
 first edition of " Speculum Humana. Salvationist one 
 of the earliest productions of the press, was printed 
 about 1440, by Coster at Haarlem. But the cele- 
 brated " Mentz Bible without date," the first speci- 
 men with metal types, was executed by Guttemberg 
 and Fust, between the years 1450 and 1455. Then 
 followed " the Psalter" in 1457, by Fust and Schoef- 
 fer. Before the year 1500, there were printing 
 
OF THE WORLD. 135 
 
 A. D. 
 
 offices in upwards of 200 places, and in various 
 countries. William Caxton is generally regarded 
 as the first person who introduced the art in England. 
 At first the metal types were cut, but afterwards 
 they were cast in matrices, which was a still farther 
 improvement. John Guttemberg, ob. after 1460. 
 
 1441. Siege of Pontoise. John Faustus, ob. about 1466. 
 
 1442. The Turks invade Hungary. Peter Schceffer, ob. 
 
 after 1479. 
 
 1444. Battle of Varnes gained by the Turks. Famine in 
 Sweden. A comet appeared in Leo. Truce be- 
 tween France and England at Tours, June 1st. 
 Wesselus, ob. 1489, set. 70. 
 
 V445. A comet appeared. 
 
 1446. Inundation at Dort, April 17th, which drowns 100,000 
 
 persons. Frederick declares war against the Swiss. 
 
 1447. The Turks defeated by Scanderbeg in 22 battles, 
 
 during several years. 
 
 1448. The house of Oldenburgh begins to reign in Denmark, 
 
 in the person of Christiern I. The English defeated 
 by the Scotch at Sark. The crowns of Sweden and 
 Denmark disunited. Contests between the houses 
 of York and Lancaster. The Vatican founded at 
 Rome. 
 
 1449. War between England and France. Ulugh Beigh 
 
 killed by his sons. G. Purbachius, ob. 1462, set. 87. 
 
 1450. University of Glasgow founded by Bishop Turnbull. 
 
 Delft ware invented at Florence. A very large 
 comet appeared in summer, which eclipsed the moon, 
 and moved from east to west. The battle of Four- 
 migni, April 18. 
 
 1451. The English evacuate Rouen. War between Den- 
 
 mark and Sweden. iEneas Sylvius, Pius II., ob. 1464. 
 
 1452. Cardinal Bessarion, ob. 1472, sat. 77. 
 
 1453. The Turks take Constantinople, May 29th. Maho. 
 
 met II., the Turkish sultan, at the head of 300,000 
 men, took Constantinople, killed the emperor Con- 
 stantine, and terminated the empire of the Greeks, 
 after it had continued 2200 years from the founding 
 of Rome by Romulus. The learned Greeks were 
 obliged to seek refuge in Italy, and contributed to 
 the revival of learning in the west. The battle of 
 
136 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Castillon terminates the English government in 
 France, July 7. 
 
 1454. A conspiracy against the pope in Rome. The Prus- 
 
 sians and Poles wage war for twelve years against 
 the Teutonic knights. Thomas a Kempis, ob. 1471. 
 Two comets appear. 
 
 1455. The battle of St. Albans, May 3 lst. 
 
 1456. A great earthquake at Naples. The Turks repulsed 
 
 at the siege of Belgrade. A large comet appears. 
 
 1457. Glass first manufactured in England. A comet ap- 
 
 pears in June, in the 20th degree of Pisces. Joannes 
 Argyropulus, ob. 1480, set. 70. 
 
 1458. Corinth taken by the Turks. A sedition in England. 
 
 A comet appears in July below Taurus. 
 
 1459. Alphonso's first expedition into Africa. 
 
 1460. Battle of Northampton, July 19th. A large comet 
 
 appears. Battle of Wakefield, Dec. 31. Alum 
 mines discovered in Italy. Wood cuts invented. 
 
 1461. A comet appeared. King Edward defeats king Henry 
 
 at Towton, March 29th. Regiomontanus, ob. 1476, 
 set. 60. 
 
 1462. An expedition of the Turks into Wallachia. The 
 
 Vulgate Bible printed in 2 vols. Baptista Platina, 
 ob. 1481, set. 60. 
 
 1463. A comet appears. The plague rages in Saxony and 
 
 Thuringia. War between the Venetians and Turks. 
 Alphonso's second expedition into Africa. 
 
 1464. League against Louis XI. of France. Rodolph Agri- 
 
 cola, ob. 1485, set. 43. 
 
 1466. An early printed book, was Cicero de Officiis, in which 
 
 Greek characters were first occasionally found, which 
 were scarcely legible. 
 
 1467. Sheep first sent to Spain from England. A comet 
 
 appears above the Fishes. 
 
 1468. Two comets appear, one of which is seen 15 days in 
 
 the north, and the other 15 days in the west. War- 
 wick's conspiracy against Edward. Jos. Jovianus 
 Pontanus, ob. 1503, set. 70. 
 
 1469. Battle of Banbury, July 26th. Order of St. Michael 
 
 instituted in France. 
 
 1470. A comet appears on the 13th January. Battle of 
 
 Stamford, March 14. King Edward attainted. King 
 
OF THE WORLD. 137 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Henry VI. restored. Casts in plaster invented by 
 Verochio. 
 
 1471. A comet appears in autumn. Battle of Barnet, April 
 
 14. Edward restored. The battle of Tewksbury, 
 May 4th. Marsilius Ficinus, ob. 1499, set. 56. 
 
 1472. War between the Turks and Parthians. A comet 
 
 appeared. John Lascaris, ob. 1513, set. 90. 
 
 1473. Tiphernas introduced into France the study of the 
 
 Greek language. A comet appears in Cancer. 
 
 1474. The Portuguese discover the Cape de Verde islands. 
 
 Annius of Viterbo, ob. 1492. 
 
 1475. Constable de St. Paul beheaded. The treaty of 
 
 Amiens, Aug. 29. Poland and Hungary infested 
 with locusts. A comet appears in Libra. 
 
 1476. A comet appears in June. Ferdinand of Castile de- 
 
 feats the king of Portugal. George Merula, ob. 1494. 
 
 1477. Watches made at Nuremberg. Duke of Burgundy 
 
 defeated and killed at Nancy. A comet appears in 
 January. 
 
 1478. Laurence de Medici banished from Florence. Peace 
 
 between France and Castile, Nov. 9. Waltherus t 
 observed the vernal equinox in March 11, 8 h 15'. 
 
 1479. University of Upsal founded. Union of the kingdoms 
 
 of Castile and Aragon. 
 
 1480. Rhodes besieged by the Turks. 
 
 1481. A great famine in France. Savonarola, ob. 1498, 
 
 set. 46. 
 
 1482. The Portuguese discover the coast of Guinea. Jo. 
 
 Picus, of Mirandola, ob. 1494, set. 37. 
 
 1483. A conspiracy in England. Post horses and stages 
 
 established. 
 
 1484. Famine and the plague raged in Denmark. 
 
 1485. Battle of Bosworth, Aug. 22. The houses of York 
 
 and Lancaster united. Demetrius Chalcondyles, 
 ob. 1513. 
 
 1486. The Russians conquer the kingdom of Casan. An- 
 
 gelo Politian, ob. 1494, set. 46. 
 
 1487. The star-chamber instituted in England. Hermolaus 
 
 Barbarus, ob. 1493, set. 39. 
 
 1488. The battle of St. Aubin, June 28. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope discovered. 
 
 1489. Maps and sea charts introduced into England. Pia,- 
 
 12* 
 
138 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A.. D. 
 
 monds polished at Bruges. An earthquake at Con- 
 stantinople Cyprus ceded to the Venetians. 
 
 1490. Poetry begins to flourish in Germany. 
 
 1491. A comet appears in spring, during an eclipse of the 
 
 sun, towards the south. The study of the Greek 
 tongue introduced into England, by William Grocyn, 
 ob. 1522, set. 80. Baptista Mantuanus, ob. 1516, 
 set. 68. 
 
 1492. A comet appears in December, and is visible in the 
 
 evening for two months. Brittany reunited to 
 France. America discovered by Columbus, placed 
 by Blair in 1494. After he had been wearied by 
 long solicitations at other courts, Christopher Colum- 
 bus was taken under the patronage of Ferdinand and 
 Isabella of Spain, in which the latter has the chief 
 honor of encouraging the enterprise. He was fitted 
 out with three small vessels, two of which were with- 
 out decks, such as no man would now venture to 
 cross the Atlantic in, and a crew of ninety men, 
 with which he commenced the bold undertaking of 
 crossing the wide Atlantic, the extent of which was 
 unknown, and of finding land at the west, which he 
 supposed would be some part of India or China. 
 After numerous difficulties, the great question was 
 settled, by discovering, after a voyage of seventy 
 days, land which proved to be one of the Bahama 
 West India islands. He set sail from Palos in Spain 
 on the Mediterranean, and the time of his voyage, 
 from his departure from Gomera, the most westerly 
 of the Canary Islands, to the discovery of land was 
 thirty-five days, the longest time that any navigator 
 had been hitherto out of sight of land. This dis- 
 covery, considering its consequences, was undoubt- 
 edly the most important ever made by man, and has 
 materially changed the aspect and condition of the 
 world. Isle of St. Domingo discovered. Peace be- 
 tween Charles VIII. and Henry VI. Ferdinand ex- 
 pelled the Moors from Granada, after a possession of 
 above 800 years. A meteoric stone, of 260 pounds 
 weight, fell at Ensisheim, near Sturgau in Alsace, 
 November 7. 
 \4\& A. comet seen before and after passing its meridian. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 139 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Montserrat discovered. Jo. Reuchlin, surnamed 
 Capnio, introduces the Hebrew and Greek languages 
 into Germany, ob. 1521, set. 67. 
 
 1494. University of Aberdeen (King's College) founded -by 
 
 Bishop Elphinstone. Poyning's act passes in Ire- 
 land. 
 
 1495. Kingdom of Naples seized by the king of France. 
 
 Algebra taught by a friar at Venice. The diet of 
 Worms. The venereal disease brought into Europe. 
 
 1496. The Jews and Moors expelled from Portugal. John 
 
 Colet, ob. 1519, set. 53. 
 
 1497. Americus Vespucius discovers North America. Vas- 
 
 quez de Gama's expedition to the East Indies. 
 
 1498. Poland ravaged by the Wallachians, who carry off 
 
 100,000 prisoners, and sell them to the Turks. Alex- 
 ander ab Alexandra, ob. 1521, set. 50. 
 
 1499. A comet appears. War between the Venetians and 
 
 the Turks. Louis XII. takes possession of the Mi- 
 lanese. Dr. Thomas Lynacre, ob. 1524. 
 
 1500. A comet appears in April, and is seen below Capri- 
 
 corn for eighteen days. The Portuguese discover 
 Brazil. John Cabot discovers Florida. The empire 
 divided into six circles by Maximilian. Painting in 
 chiaro obscuro discovered. A great pestilence in 
 
 England. 
 
 Sixteenth Century. 
 
 1501. Inquisitorial tribunal established at Venice. The 
 
 kingdom of Naples seized by Louis of France and 
 Ferdinand of Castile. Aldus Manutius, ob. 1513. 
 
 1502. St. Helena discovered. Pomponatius of Mantua, ob. 
 
 1525, set. 63. Gonsalvo, ob. 1515, set. 72. 
 
 1503. The battle of Cerignole, April 28. Leonardo da 
 
 Vinci, ob. 1520, set. 75. Cardinal Ximenes, ob. 
 1517, set. 80. 
 
 1504. A comet appears. King Henry VII. built a chapel at 
 
 Westminster Abbey. Hats made at Paris. Gawin 
 Douglas, ob. 1521. 
 
 1505. Shillings first coined in England. Two comets ap- 
 
 peared. Albert Durer of Nuremberg, ob. 1528, 
 set. 57. 
 
140 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1506. A comet appears in August. Academy of Frankfort 
 
 on the Oder founded. Ceylon discovered. Nicholas 
 Machiavel, ob. 1529. 
 
 1507. The Genoese subdued by Louis. Madagascar dis- 
 
 covered by the Portuguese. Lewis Ariosto, ob. 
 1533. 
 
 1508. The league of Cambray against the Venetians signed, 
 
 Dec. 10. Budaeus of Paris, ob. 1540, set. 73. 
 
 1509. The Venetians defeated. The battle of Aignadel, 
 
 May 14. An earthquake at Constantinople, Sept. 
 14. 
 
 1510. About 1,200 meteoric stones, one of which weighed 
 
 120, and another 60 pounds, fell at Padua. The 
 pope grants to Ferdinand the investiture of Naples, 
 July 23. 
 
 1511. A large comet appears in Leo, in June and July. 
 
 The Spaniards conquer the island of Cuba. A 
 league against the French between the emperor, the 
 pope, and the Venetians, Oct. 4. Raphael, ob. 1520, 
 set. 37. 
 
 1512. A comet appears in March and April. The battle of 
 
 Ravenna, April 11. The river De la Plata discov- 
 ered. Etching on copper invented ; some place it 
 in 1459. Erasmus, ob. 1536, set. 70. 
 
 1513. War between England and Scotland. The battle of 
 
 Novarro, in which the Swiss defeat the French. Bat- 
 tle of the Spurs, Aug. 16. Battle of Flodden, be- 
 tween the Scotch and English, Sept. 9. Sannazarius 
 of Naples, ob. 1530. 
 
 1514. A comet appears in Leo, in Jan. and Feb. Cannon 
 
 bullets of stone still used. War between the Otto- 
 man empire and Persia. Polydore Virgil, ob. 1555, 
 set. 80. 
 
 1515. Copernicus observed the vernal equinox, March 11, 
 
 4 h 30' morn, at Fruemberg. He observed Spica 
 Virginis in sis= 17° 3' 2", and the sun's apogee in ££ 
 6° 40'. The first Polyglot Bible printed at Alcala. 
 Battle of Marignan between the French and Swiss, 
 Sept. 13 and 14. Ferdinand annexed the kingdom 
 of Navarre to that of Castile. Cornelius Agrippa, 
 ob. 1534. set. 48. 
 
 1516. A comet appears. The kingdom of Algiers seized bj 
 
OP THE WORLD. 141 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Barbarossa. War between the Persians and Turks. 
 Treaty of Noyon, Aug. 16. Francis Guiccardini, 
 ob. 1540, set. 58. 
 1517. A comet appears in Leo. Luther propagates the doc- 
 trines of the Reformation in Germany, ob. 1546, set. 
 63. Luther was born at Eisleben in Saxony, in 
 1483, of poor parents, but he received a learned 
 education, and became an Augustin friar, and re- 
 tiring to his monastery, he obtained great reputation 
 for piety and a love of knowledge. Happening to 
 find a copy of the Bible in the library of his monas- 
 tery, he applied himself to the study of it with dili- 
 gence ; and when Tetzel, a Dominican friar, came 
 to Wittemberg, employed by Leo X. for the sale of 
 indulgences, Luther published from the pulpit ninety- 
 five theses against him, in which he exposed the 
 abominations of this traffic. These theses spread 
 over Germany with astonishing rapidity, and they 
 were everywhere read with the greatest avidity ; 
 and all admired the boldness of the man who ven- 
 tured to attack the plenitude of the papal ' power. 
 Leo, fond of his ease, regarded the controversy be- 
 tween Luther and his opponents as a mere squabble 
 between two rival orders of monks ; but he soon dis- 
 covered his mistake. On the 21st of August, 1518, 
 he summoned Luther to appear at Rome within sixty 
 days, before the auditor of the chamber and the 
 inquisitor-general Prierias, who had written against 
 him, whom he empowered jointly to examine his 
 doctrines, and to decide concerning them. The pope 
 at length agreed to refer the matter to Cajetan, a 
 learned Dominican friar, his legate in Germany, be- 
 fore whom the bold reformer appeared, and refused 
 when called upon to retract his opinions, which he 
 believed to be true, and appealed to a general coun- 
 cil. At this time he had no thought of utterly se- 
 ceding from the Roman Catholic church or the pope. 
 Leo caused forty-one propositions to be extracted from 
 Luther's works, which he forbade to be read, and com- 
 manded all who possessed a copy of these works to 
 commit them to the flames. Luther was excommu- 
 nicated, pronounced a heretic, and delivered unto 
 
142 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Satan ; and all secular princes were required to 
 seize and punish the audacious heretic. But the re- 
 former was not dismayed ; in some cities the pope's 
 bull was treated with disrespect, and even trodden 
 under foot. Luther now began to pronounce the 
 pope to be the antichrist foretold in the scriptures. 
 Leo caused the works of Luther to be publicly 
 burned at Rome ; and the reformer, by way of re- 
 taliation, caused all the members of the university 
 of Wittemberg to be assembled, and in the presence 
 of an immense number of spectators, cast the volumes 
 of the canon law, together with the bull of excom- 
 munication into the flames, and his example was imi- 
 tated in several cities of Germany. This took place 
 on the 10th of December, 1520. A second bull of 
 the pope, on the 6th of the following month, expelled 
 Luther from the communion of the church. Luther 
 applied himself more assiduously to the study of the 
 scriptures, and was increasingly prepared to expose 
 the falsehood and abominations of the pope and 
 church of Rome. 
 The Turks terminate the kingdom of the Mamelukes 
 in Egypt. 
 
 1518. New Spain and the straits of Magellan discovered. 
 
 Zuinglius, ob. 1531. 
 
 1519. Francis I. and Charles V. claim the imperial throne. 
 
 Proportional compasses invented before this by L. 
 da Vinci. Cardinal Bembo of Venice, ob. 1547, 
 set. 68. 
 
 1520. A comet appears. War between Prussia and Poland. 
 
 Sweden and Denmark united. The confederacy of 
 the Holy Junta in Spain. Ludovicus Vives of Va- 
 lentia, ob. 1536. 
 
 1521. A large comet appears in April, between Cancer and 
 
 Leo. A league against Francis I. between the em- 
 peror and Henry VIII. The diet of Worms, April 
 17. The diet of Worms was held in January, 1521, 
 to which the different princes were invited, to con- 
 cert the most proper measures for checking the pro- 
 gress of the new and dangerous doctrines, which 
 threatened to overthrow the religion of their ances- 
 tors, and disturb the peace of Germany. An attempt 
 
OF THE WORLD. 14? 
 
 A. D. 
 
 to condemn Luther in his absence was frustrated by 
 a majority of the members of the diet. He had a 
 safe conduct from the emperor, but he had seen in 
 the case of John Huss and Jerome of Prague, how 
 poor a protection this was against the flames of mar- 
 tyrdom. He declared that if there were "as many 
 devils at the council to oppose him, as there were 
 tiles on the houses," he would not refuse to go ; and 
 he could not when present be induced to retract his 
 opinions ; and though he was suffered to depart un- 
 scathed, through the kind protection of his friends 
 among the princes, he was immediately after his de- 
 parture placed under the ban of the empire. 
 
 The university of Paris publicly condemned his sen- 
 timents, and Henry VIII. attempted to confute them r 
 from which circumstance the pope conferred on him 
 the title of " Defender of the Faith," which his 
 successors still wear, but not professedly as the 
 champions of popery. 
 
 At the same time that the Reformation was progress- 
 ing in Germany, it broke out in Switzerland under 
 Zuinglius. 
 
 It is a little remarkable that Luther, notwithstanding 
 the violence and power with which he was persecuted, 
 at last died a natural death. To this circumstance 
 the riyalship between Charles V. of Germany, and 
 Francis I. of France undoubtedly contributed. Each 
 wished to conciliate the states of Germany, some of 
 which strongly favored the Reformation. 
 
 Belgrade taken by the Turks, August. Copernicus 
 of Thorn, in Prussia, ob. 1543, set. 60. 
 
 1522. The island of Rhodes taken from the knights, by the 
 
 Turks, Dec. 25. The first voyage round the world, 
 by a ship of Magellan's squadron. Michael Angelo, 
 ob. 1564, aet. 89. 
 
 1523. Sweden and Denmark disunited. Paracelsus, ob. 
 
 1541, set. 48. 
 
 1524. Clement Marot, ob. 1544, set. 60. Queen Katharine 
 
 of England, ob. 1536, set. 50. 
 
 1525. The battle of Pavia, in which Francis I. was taken 
 
 prisoner, Feb. 24. Julio Romano, ob. 1546, set. 54. 
 Sir Thomas More, lord chancellor, ob. 1535. 
 
144 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1526. A comet appears from 23d Aug. to 7th Sept. Treaty 
 
 of Madrid, Jan. 14. The inquisition established in 
 Portugal. Lutheranism established in Denmark. 
 Paul Jovius, ob. 1552, set. 70. 
 
 1527. A large comet appears in Leo, on the 11th Aug. The 
 
 papal territories invaded by Charles V., and Rome 
 taken and plundered, May 6. Bermuda isles dis- 
 covered. Francis Rabelais, ob. 1553, set. 70. 
 
 1528. A comet appears in Pisces, on the 18th January. Po- 
 
 pery abolished in Sweden. Andrew Doria, ob. 1560, 
 set. 93. Olaus Magnus, ob. 1544. 
 
 1529. Four comets and an aurora borealis appear. The 
 
 diet of Spires, March 15, against the reformers, after 
 which they received the name of Protestants. At 
 the diet of Spires a decree was passed unfavorable 
 to the Lutherans, when John, elector of Branden- 
 burgh, and several other princes protested against it, 
 and were thence called Protestants. The diet or- 
 dained that the question between the parties should 
 remain unsettled until the calling of a general coun- 
 cil, and laid some restrictions upon the progress of 
 the new opinions, while the Protestants demanded the 
 immediate summoning of a lawful council. 
 The treaty of Cambray, Aug. 5. Vienna besieged by 
 the Turks, who are repulsed. J. Geo. Trissino, ob. 
 1550. 
 
 1530. A comet appeared from the 6th Aug. to the 13th Sept. 
 
 The diet of Augsburg, June 25. Union of the Prot- 
 estants at Smalcald, Dec. 22. The secretary of 
 state's office instituted in England. Spinning-wheel 
 invented by Jurgen of Brunswick. Martin Bucer, 
 ob. 1551, set. 60. 
 
 1531. Post-offices in England. A great earthquake at Lis- 
 
 bon. A comet appeared. Hieronymus Vida, ob. 
 1566. 
 
 1532. The court of session instituted in Scotland. Peace 
 
 between the emperor and German princes, July 23. 
 A comet appeared. Treaty of Nuremberg, Aug. 2. 
 Lilio Giraldi, ob. 1552, set. 74. 
 
 1533. Authority of the pope abolished in England. An in- 
 
 surrection of the Anabaptists in Westphalia. A 
 comet appeared. Ignatius Loyola, ob. 1556, set. 65. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 145 
 
 A. D. 
 
 .534. The kingdom of Tunis seized by Barbarossa. The 
 Reformation takes place in England, March 30. 
 The Reformation in England took its rise from the 
 wish of Henry VIII. to obtain a divorce from his 
 wife, Queen Catharine of Spain, who was the widow 
 of his elder brother, Arthur, the latter of whom lived 
 but a few months after their marriage. Henry ob- 
 tained a dispensation from the pope for the marriage ot 
 his brother's widow. But he began, in 1527, pro- 
 fessedly to entertain scruples of conscience on ac- 
 count of this marriage, his wife being within the 
 prohibited degrees of affinity, though he had been 
 eighteen years married to her and had several chil- 
 dren, all of whom died young, excepting Mary, after- 
 wards queen of England. His scruples of conscience 
 were doubtless greatly increased by the ardent at- 
 tachment which he had formed for Anne Boleyn, a 
 beautiful maid of honor to Queen Catharine, whom 
 he wished to make his wife, after having created her 
 marchioness of Pembroke. Catharine refused to 
 consent to a divorce, and the pope would not annul 
 the marriage. Henry married Anne Boleyn, and 
 the pope excommunicated the king. Henry, enraged 
 at this treatment, abolished the papal authority in 
 England, refused an annual tribute to the pope, or- 
 dered a dissolution of the monasteries, and seized on 
 their great wealth, obliged the clergy as well as oth- 
 ers to acknowledge him as the head of the church, 
 and threatened banishment or death to all who should 
 refuse obedience. Though Henry was not in prin- 
 ciple of the reformed religion, and wished himself 
 merely to occupy the place of pope in his own king- 
 dom, he was the instrument of breaking the power 
 of the papacy in England, and prepared the way for 
 better men than himself to effect an extensive re- 
 formation. 
 Julius Caesar Scaliger, ob. 1558, set. 75. Anne Boleyn, 
 queen of England, ob. 1536, being beheaded by com- 
 mand of Henry VIII., on a charge of unfaithfulness, 
 he having fixed his affections on Jane Seymour, a 
 beautiful maid of honor in the court of the queen, 
 whom he married the next day after Anne Boleyn 
 13 
 
146 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 was beheaded. She was afterwards the mother of 
 Edward VI., and died at his birth. 
 
 1535. The Reformation introduced into Ireland. Charles 
 
 V.'s expedition into Africa terminates, Aug. 14. 
 The society of the Jesuits formed. Archbishop 
 Cranmer, ob. 1556, aet. 67. Barbarossa, the Turk- 
 ish general, ob. 1547. 
 
 1536. Expedition of James, king of Scotland, into France. 
 
 A league against Charles V. between Solyman and 
 Francis. John Leland, ob. 1552. Jane Seymour, 
 queen of England, ob. 1537. 
 
 1537. A comet appeared in Taurus, in May, and was seen 
 
 three weeks. Fracostorius, ob. 1553, set. 71. 
 
 1538. A comet appeared in Pisces, from the 17th to the 21st 
 
 Jan. A treaty, which lasts four years, concluded at 
 Nice, between Charles and Francis, June 18. Peter 
 Aretino, ob. 1556, set. 65. 
 
 1539. A comet, moving in a retrograde direction, was seen 
 
 in Leo from the 6th to the 17th of May. A rebel- 
 lion at Ghent. The Bible printed in English. The 
 Cortes in Spain subverted by Charles V. 645 mon- 
 asteries, &c, suppressed in England and Wales. 
 John Sleidan, ob. 1456. Ann of Cleves, queen of 
 England, divorced 1540. 
 
 1540. A comet appeared. Sebastian Cabot discovers the 
 
 variation of the compass. The order of knights of 
 St. John abolished. The society of Jesuits estab- 
 lished. Robert Stephens, ob. 1559, set. 56. Catha- 
 rine Howard, queen of England, ob. 1542. She 
 was beheaded on the charge of infidelity, which was 
 not well proved but before marriage, which caused 
 the parliament to pass a law making it high treason 
 for a queen to impose herself as a virgin on the king, 
 when it was not true. This was the second queen 
 whom the king had caused to be beheaded. Of him 
 it was well said, "that he never spared a man in his 
 anger, or a woman in his lust." But he chose to be 
 wicked according to law, and where his passions were 
 not concerned he was often affectionate and kind. 
 He did not pursue the lawless course of Charles II., 
 )■ abounding with natural children, but he could abet 
 
 the repudiation and even death of a wife, when she 
 
OF THE WORLD. 147 
 
 A. D. 
 
 stood in the way of his marrying some new object 
 of his affections. 
 
 1541. A comet appeared. Solyman subjects Hungary. Al- 
 
 giers besieged by Charles, Oct. 21. Melancthon, ob. 
 1560, eet. 64. 
 
 1542. A comet was seen near Constantinople for forty days. 
 
 A treaty between Francis I. and Solyman against 
 Charles V. Japan discovered. Hieron. Wolfius, 
 ob. 1580, set. 64. Scotland invaded by the English, 
 who defeat the Scots at Solway Moss, Nov. 23. Ti- 
 tian Vecelli, ob. 1576, eet. 99. 
 
 1543. Mortars and iron cannon made in England. Iron 
 
 first cast in England. A league between Charles 
 V. and Henry, against Francis I. The academy of 
 Verona founded. California discovered. Pins in- 
 troduced from France into England. John Calvin, 
 ob. 1564, set. 55. Catharine Parr, queen of Eng- 
 land. She was the widow of Lord Latimer. The late 
 act had rendered the king too dangerous a lover for 
 any maiden ladies to think of encountering. With 
 him, suspicion was conviction, and accusation death. 
 Even Catharine Parr narrowly escaped decapitation 
 for her friendship to the Reformation. In the pre- 
 sence of Winchester, she had been urging her old 
 topic, the perfection of the Reformation, and after she 
 had retired, the king broke out into this expression: 
 " A good hearing it is, when women become such 
 clerks ! and a thing much to my comfort, to come in 
 rny old age to be taught by my wife." Winchester 
 did not fail to improve the opportunity of aggravating 
 the queen's insolence ; and after insinuating the dan- 
 ger of cherishing such a serpent in his bosom, ac- 
 cused her of treason based upon heresy. Upon 
 which the king was prevailed on to give a warrant 
 to draw up articles that would touch her life, and the 
 day and the hour were appointed when she was to be 
 seized. The queen accidentally discovered the de- 
 sign, and waited on the king, who received her kind- 
 ly, and purposely began a discourse about religion. 
 She answered, " that women by their creation at first 
 were made subject to men ; who being made after 
 the image of God, as the women were after their 
 
148 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. V. 
 
 image, ought to instruct their wives ; and that she 
 was much more to be taught by his majesty, who 
 was a prince of such excellent learning and wis- 
 dom." "Not so, by St. Mary," said the king, "you 
 are become a doctor, Kate, able to instruct us, and 
 not to be instructed by us." To which she replied, 
 " that he had much mistaken her freedom in arguing 
 with him, since she did it to engage him in discourse, 
 to amuse this painful time of his infirmity ; and that 
 she might receive profit by his learned conversation, 
 in which last point she had not missed her aim, al- 
 ways referring herself in these matters as she ought 
 to his majesty." " And is it so, sweetheart V said 
 the king, " then we are perfect friends again." On 
 the appointed day when she was to be taken to the 
 tower, being a fine day, the king walked in the gar- 
 den and sent for the queen. While they were to- 
 gether, the lord chancellor, who was ignorant of the 
 reconciliation, came with the guards. The king 
 stepped aside to him, and after a little discourse was 
 heard to call him knave. Ay, arrant knave, a fool, 
 a beast, and bid him presently avaunt out of his sight. 
 The queen, not knowing on what errand they came, 
 endeavored, with gentle words, to pacify the king's 
 anger. " Ah ! poor soul," said the king, " thou little 
 knowest how ill he deserves this at thy hand. On 
 my word, sweetheart, he has been towards thee an 
 arrant knave, and so let him go." Thus she proba- 
 bly saved her life, and surviving the king, he left 
 her at his decease, as a mark of his affection, a legacy 
 of £4,000 pounds, besides her jointure. This anec- 
 dote affords a good picture of the character of 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 1544. The Imperialists defeated by the French at the battle 
 
 of Cerisoles, April 11. The crown of Sweden de- 
 clared hereditary. Treaty of Crespi, between the 
 emperor and Francis I., Sept. 18. The reformed 
 religion tolerated in Sweden. Adrian Turnebus, ob. 
 1565, set. 53. 
 
 1545. A comet was seen in the west for several days. Nee- 
 
 dles first made in England. Disturbances in Scot- 
 land. The English defeated by the Scots at Ancram 
 
OF THE WORLD. 149 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Muir. The council of Trent begins, and lasts eigh- 
 teen years. Conrad Gesner, ob. 1565, set. 49. 
 
 1546. A league against the Protestants between the emperor 
 
 and the pope. Socinianism springs up in Italy. 
 Camerarius, ob. 1574, set. 75. 
 
 1547. A comet appeared. The elector of Saxony defeated 
 
 by the emperor at Muhlberg, April 24. Fiesque's 
 conspiracy in Genoa. The Scots defeated by the 
 English at Pinkney, Sept. 10. Jerome Cardan, ob. 
 1575, set. 75. 
 
 1548. War between the Persians and Turks. The interim 
 
 granted to the Protestants by Charles V. The Re- 
 formation advances in Poland. Jo. Genesius de Se- 
 pulveda, the restorer of learning in Spain, ob. 1572, 
 set. 81. 
 
 1550. The eldest sons of peers permitted to sit in the House 
 
 of Commons. Bank of Venice established. Iron 
 bullets first used in England. Stockings first knit 
 in Spain. 
 
 1551. A league against the emperor between Henry II. 
 
 and Maurice, duke of Saxony. Annibal Caro, ob. 
 1566. 
 
 1552. The treaty of Passau between Charles and the Pro- 
 
 testants, July 31. Books of astronomy and geome- 
 try destroyed in England as magical. Paul Manu- 
 tius, ob. 1574, set. 62. 
 
 1553. Queen Mary restores popery in England. Servetus 
 
 executed for heresy by the council of Geneva. 
 Edward VI. dies, July 6, set. 16. Cardinal Pole, ob. 
 1558. 
 
 1554. A comet appeared for several days with its tail turned 
 
 towards the east. The Low Countries invaded by 
 the French. The Russians subdue Astracan. Ma- 
 ry of England marries Philip of Spain. Castelve- 
 tro, ob. 1571, set. 66. 
 
 1555. A comet appeared. The peace of religion established 
 
 in Germany, Sept. 25. A league against the Span-, 
 iards between the king of France and the pope, Dec. 
 15. Frederick Commandin, ob. 1575, set. 66. 
 
 1556. A comet appeared. Corsica ravaged by the Turks, 
 
 Charles resigns his crown to Philip, Jan. 6. He was 
 tired of the grandeur of the world and the toils of 
 13* 
 
150 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 empire ; and having yielded up Spain to his son 
 Philip, and Germany to his brother Ferdinand, who 
 had already acquired the title of king of the Ro- 
 mans, he retired to a monastery in Estramadura, near 
 Portugal. 
 
 1557. A comet appeared in Sagittarius. Charles retires to 
 
 a monastery, Feb. 24. Glass first manufactured in 
 England. Battle of St. Quintin, at which the 
 French are defeated, Aug. 10. Onuphrius Pan- 
 vinius, ob. 1563, set. 39. 
 
 1558. A comet appeared in August, near Berenice's hair. 
 
 The French take Calais, Jan. 8. Queen Mary dies, 
 Nov. 17, after an inglorious reign of 5 years, 4 
 months, and 11 days, in the 43d year of her age, and 
 was succeeded by Elizabeth, her half-sister, the 
 daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn. Eliza- 
 beth had been trained in the school of adversity. 
 During the reign of her sister, she narrowly escaped 
 being put to death for her partiality to the Protest- 
 ants ; and Philip, the husband of Mary, though a 
 bigot, afforded her protection. After she ascended 
 the throne he offered her marriage, and promised to 
 obtain a dispensation from the pope for this purpose, 
 but she respectfully declined it. 
 
 At this period there was scarcely a chimney in any 
 house in England. Fires were kindled by the walls, 
 and the smoke found its way out at the roof, doors, or 
 windows ; the habitations were nothing but walling, 
 plastered over with clay ; the people reposed on 
 pallets of straw, and had a log of wood by way of a 
 pillow. How unlike the accommodations of the 
 present times ! Queen Elizabeth used to ride in 
 state on a pillion behind her chamberlain ; coaches 
 were then unknown. 
 
 The reformed religion authorized in England. Ron- 
 sard, ob. 1585, set. 61. 
 
 1559. Five large meteoric stones fell at Miscoz in Transyl- 
 
 vania. A comet appeared in June for some days. 
 The peace of Chateau-Cambresis. The tranquillity 
 of Europe restored. The queen regent of Scotland 
 persecutes the reformers. George Buchanan, ob. 
 1582, set. 76. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 151 
 
 A.. D. •* 
 
 L560. A comet appeared in Dec. for 28 days. The civil 
 wars in France begin by the conspiracy at Amboise. 
 Philip removes his court from Toledo to Madrid. A 
 treaty between Elizabeth and the Protestants in 
 Scotland, at Berwick, Feb. 27. Presbytery estab- 
 lished in Scotland. 
 
 1561. Queen Mary arrives in Scotland after an absence of 
 
 13 years. Livonia ceded to Poland. Louis Camo- 
 ens, ob. 1579, set. 50. 
 
 1562. Prince of Conde defeated at the battle of Dreux, Dec. 
 
 19. Peter Ramus, ob. 1572. 
 
 1563. War between Denmark and Sweden. The council of 
 
 Trent terminates, Dec. 4. Orleans besieged by the 
 duke of Guise, Feb. 6. The Escurial in Spain built. 
 Slave-trade carried on with England. Osorius, ob. 
 1580. 
 
 1564. A comet appeared on the 25th Feb. The beginning 
 
 of the year fixed to Jan. 1, in France. Peace be- 
 tween France and England, April 9. The first 
 coach made in England by Walter Rippon. See 
 Stowe's Summary^ p. 287. 
 
 1565. The revolt of the Low Countries. The Turks attack 
 
 Malta. Tintoret, ob. 1594, set. 82. 
 
 1566. Two comets appear. The 39 articles of the church 
 
 of England established. Hungary ravaged by the 
 Tartars. Theodore Beza, ob. 1605, set. 86. 
 
 1567. A comet appears. Queen Mary marries Bothwell, 
 
 May 15. Battle of St. Denis, Nov. 10. Disturb- 
 ances in Sweden. James Cujas, ob. 1590, set. 68. 
 
 1568. Queen Mary defeated in the battle of Glasgow, May 
 
 13 ; retires into England in the beginning of June, 
 and is imprisoned. The Moors in Spain revolt. 
 The reformed religion tolerated in the Low Coun- 
 tries. Three clockmakers came to England from 
 Delft. Ciaconius, ob. 1581, set. 56. 
 
 1569. A comet appeared in Capricorn on the 8th and 9th 
 
 November. The battle of Jarnac, May 13 ; of 
 Moncontour, Oct. 3. Pancirolus, ob. 1591. 
 
 1570. A league between Spain, Venice, and the Roman see, 
 
 against the Ottoman Porte. The peace of Germain- 
 en-Laye, in favor of the Huguenots, August 15. 
 Log-line used. Carol us Sigonius, ob. 1585, set. 60. 
 
152 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1571. The Turks take the isle of Cyprus. The Turks de- 
 
 feated at the battle of Lepanto, Oct. 7. Henry 
 Stephens, ob. 1598, set. 70. 
 
 1572. The massacre of the Protestants at Paris, Aug. 24. — 
 
 This vvas the famous massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
 in which Charles IX., instigated by his mother, and 
 the advice of many nobles of his court, ordered the 
 massacre of all the Protestants in the kingdom, on 
 the nights of the 24th and 25th of August. The 
 Protestants had been invited to Paris on the occasion 
 of the celebration of the marriage of Henry, king of 
 Navarre, with the sister of Charles IX. Charles 
 was himself accused of firing from a long arabesque, 
 being stationed at one of the windows of the Louvre, 
 overlooking the Seine, and thus murdering some of 
 his defenceless and fugitive subjects. Similar or- 
 ders, which had been dispatched throughout all 
 France, caused the massacre of more than 60,000 
 French Protestants, which would have been con- 
 siderably augmented, had not the governors of some 
 *owns refused to fulfil the bloody edict. But the 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew, so far from diminish- 
 ing the Protestants, rather increased them j they 
 ahut themselves up in their strongholds, and de- 
 fended themselves with desperation. 
 Cornelius Gemma observes a bright new star in Cas- 
 siopeia. Bodinus, ob. 1585. 
 
 1573. \Yar against the Protestants in France. Paul Vero- 
 
 nese, ob. 1588, set. 56. 
 
 1574. The Spaniards besiege Leyden. Sebastian of Portu- 
 
 gal's expedition against the Moors in Africa. Mon- 
 taigne, ob. 1592, <et. 59. 
 
 1575. University of Leyden founded. Russia ravaged by 
 
 the Turks. Francis Hotomanus, ob. 1590, set. 
 65. 
 
 1576. The Protestant religion permitted in France. A civil 
 
 war ensues. Palladio flourished. 
 
 1577. Drake circumnavigates the globe, and returns Nov. 3, 
 
 1580. A comet appeared. Janus Dousa, ob. 1604 r 
 set. 50. 
 
 1578. A large comet appeared in October. The first treaty 
 
 of alliance between England and the States Gene- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 153 
 
 A. D. 
 
 ral, Jan. 7. A long and bloody war between Persia 
 and the Ottoman Porte. Don Sebastian killed at the 
 battle of Alcasar, Aug. 4. Cardinal Baronius, ob. 
 1607, set. 69. 
 
 1579. The union of Utrecht, which begins the republic 
 
 of Holland, January 23. Riccoboni, ob. 1600, set. 
 58. 
 
 1580. The kingdom of Portugal seized by Philip of Spain 
 
 A comet appeared. Peter Pithou, ob. 1596. 
 
 1581. A meteoric stone of 39 pounds weight fell in Thu 
 
 ringia on the 26th July. University of Edinburgh 
 founded. An edict of the United Provinces against 
 Philip, July 26. Copper money introduced into 
 France. Joseph Scaliger, ob. 1609, set. 69. 
 
 1582. Pope Gregory reforms the Julian calendar. New 
 
 style introduced into Catholic countries, Oct. 5 being 
 reckoned Oct. 15. A comet appeared. Christopher 
 Clavius, ob. 1612, set. 75. 
 
 1583. A meteoric stone of 30 pounds weight fell at Rosa in 
 
 Lavadie in January. The first proposal of settling 
 a colony in America. Torquato Tasso, ob. 1595, 
 set. 51. 
 
 1584. Raleigh discovered Virginia. Cape Breton discovered* 
 
 William prince of Orange murdered at Delft, June 
 30. Edmund Spencer, ob. 1598. 
 
 1585. Carthagena taken by Drake. Greenland discovered. 
 
 The treaty of Nonsuch between England and the 
 States General, Aug. 10. A comet appeared. 
 
 1586. Babington's conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Cavendish's first voyage round the world. Tycho 
 Brahe, ob. 1601, set. 55. 
 
 1587. Queen Mary beheaded, Feb. 8. — Mary queen of 
 
 Scots being charged with having connived at and 
 forwarded Babington's conspiracy, was removed to 
 Fotheringay castle, in Northamptonshire, when it 
 was determined by Elizabeth's council that 40 of 
 the most illustrious persons in the realm, with five 
 judges, should sit in judgment upon Mary. On the 
 12th of October, 1586, the Queen of Scots learned 
 the charges alleged against her ; of which she 
 solemnly protested her innocence. On the 25th of 
 October, in the Star Chamber at Westminster, Mary 
 
1 54 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 was pronounced accessary to Babington's conspira- 
 cy, and to have imagined the death of Elizabeth. 
 On the 7th of February the Earls of Shrewsbury 
 and Kent arrived at Fotheringay castle, and com- 
 manded Mary to prepare for death by 8 o'clock the 
 following morning, the warrant for her execution be- 
 ing read aloud to her. At the appointed hour Mary, 
 with great calmness and magnanimity, repaired to 
 the spot appointed for her execution, placed her 
 head on the fatal block, and at the second stroke of 
 the executioner, her head was severed from hei 
 body. Such was the tragical death of the beautiful 
 Mary of Scotland, in the 45th year of her age, and 
 the 19th of her captivity. 
 
 This transaction has brought deserved odium on the 
 name of Elizabeth, who pretended that the warrant 
 for execution was intended to have lain dormant, and 
 she therefore threw the odium on her secretary, Da- 
 vison, who was in consequence tried, imprisoned, 
 and fined. 
 
 The battle of Coutras, Oct. 20. A hundred sail of 
 ships in the bay of Cadiz burned by Drake. 
 1588. The Spanish armada destroyed, July 27. — Philip II. 
 of Spain, to revenge the death of Mary queen of 
 Scots, and the assistance afforded by Elizabeth to 
 the inhabitants of the Low Countries in gaining their 
 independence of Spain, equipped a numerous fleet, 
 which he pompously denominated the Invincible 
 Armada, consisting of 450 large vessels, equipped at 
 a vast expense, by treasure which he had derived 
 from Peru and Mexico, for the invasion of England. 
 On arriving at the mouth of the Thames, that im- 
 mense naval equipment was in part dissipated by the 
 winds, and partly overpowered by the skilful ma- 
 noeuvres of Sir Francis Drake, and other distin- 
 guished British naval commanders. After a fight 
 of several days, a violent tempest overtook the 
 Spanish forces, after they had passed the Orkneys ; 
 and many of the ships were driven on the western 
 islands of Scotland, or on the coast of Ireland, so 
 so that not one half of them ever returned to Spain. 
 Such was the miserable and disgraceful conclusion 
 
OP THE WORLD. 155 
 
 A. D. 
 
 of an enterprise which had nearly exhausted the 
 revenues of Spain, and had long filled Europe with 
 anxiety or expectation. 
 First newspaper in England, dated July 28. The 
 duke of Guise, &c. assassinated. Duelling with 
 small swords introduced into England. Bombshells 
 invented at Venloo ; they were first thrown into the 
 city of Watchtendonch in Guelderland, and are said 
 to have been used at Naples in 1495. Henrico 
 Catharino Davila, ob. 1631, set. 55. 
 
 1589. A conspiracy, by Huntly, Crawford, &c. against 
 
 James, king of Scotland. Peace between the Turks 
 and Persians. Drake's expedition to Spain and 
 Portugal. Henry III. murdered by Clement, July 
 22. Justus Lipsius, ob. 1606, set. 58. 
 
 1590. A comet appeared. Telescopes invented by Jansen, a 
 
 spectacle-maker in Germany. An earthquake at 
 Vienna, Sept. 5. The art of weaving stockings in- 
 vented by Lee, of Cambridge. A slitting mill 
 erected at Dartford. The battle of Ivry, which 
 ruined the league, March 4. Stephen Pasquier, ob. 
 1615, set. 81. 
 
 1591. The university of Dublin founded. Tea first brought 
 
 into Europe. Mariana, ob. 1624, set. 87. 
 
 1592. Presbyterian church government established by act 
 
 of parliament in Scotland. Falkland isles dis- 
 covered. 
 
 1593. Marischal College, Aberdeen, founded by George, 
 
 Earl Marischal of Scotland. Both well's conspiracy 
 against king James. A comet appeared. A great 
 plague in London. Cardinal Perron, ob. 1618, 
 set. 63. 
 
 1594. Baron Napier invents logarithms, ob. 1617, set. 67. 
 
 The Jesuits banished from France, Dec. 19th. The 
 bank of England incorporated. Isaac Casaubon, 
 ob. 1614, set/55. 
 
 1595. Drake's expedition against the isthmus of Darien. 
 
 Discoveries in the Pacific Ocean made by Mendana 
 and Quiros. The Russians make the first discove- 
 ries in Siberia. Caribbee isles discovered. Shak- 
 speare, ob. 1616, set. 53. 
 
 1596. The Spaniards take Calais from the French. A great 
 
156 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 earthquake at Japan. The Spanish fleet defeated 
 by the English, and Cadiz taken. A treaty between 
 England, France, and Holland, against Spain, Oct. 
 31. A comet appeared. The Stella Mira in Collo 
 Ceti, observed by David Fabricius, Aug. 13th. An- 
 nibal Caracci, ob. 1609, aet. 40. 
 
 1597. A comet is seen from the 19th June till the 8th Au- 
 
 gust. Watches brought from Germany to England. 
 Hungary invaded by the Turks. Cervantes, ob. 
 1620, aet. 69. 
 
 1598. Tyrone's insurrection in Ireland. The edict of 
 
 Nantes issued in April. The peace of Vervins, 
 June 2d. President de Thou, ob. 1617, aet. 64. 
 
 1599. A comet appears. Sir H. Saville, ob. 1622, aet. 72. 
 
 1600. The Gowrie conspiracy. The English East India 
 
 company established. The battle of Newport, July 
 2d. A variable star in the neck of the Swan dis- 
 covered by Jansenius. England first obtains posses- 
 sion of St. Helena. William Camden, ob. 1632, 
 aet. 72. 
 
 Seventeenth Century. 
 
 1601. The siege of Ostend commences, June 25th. Ireland 
 
 invaded by the Spaniards, Sept. 21th. Francis Ba- 
 con, ob. 1626, aet. 66. 
 
 1602. A comet appears in Cygnus. Byron's conspiracy de- 
 
 tected. Decimal arithmetic invented at Bruges. 
 Father Paul Sarpi, ob. 1623, aet. 71. 
 
 1603. Manufactures of crystal established in France. Queen 
 
 Elizabeth dies, March 24th, aet. 70. Union of the 
 crowns of England and Scotland. — The earl of Es- 
 sex, who had been a great favorite with Elizabeth, 
 falling into disgrace, yielded himself up to the 
 sway of his violent passions and conspired against 
 her, which was discovered by the queen, who was 
 still more provoked by his saying " that she was 
 now grown an old woman, and become as crooked 
 in her mind as in her body." She could not endure 
 a reflection on her beauty, even at the age of 70. 
 It was the purpose of Essex to have seized on the 
 queen's person, and to have changed the govern- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 157 
 
 A. D. 
 
 ment. He was tried, and convicted of high-treason ; 
 and the queen very reluctantly signed the warrant 
 for his execution, which took place privately at the 
 tower, February 25th, 1601, in the 35th year of his 
 age. Elizabeth considered the fact of his not hav- 
 ing solicited her pardon as a proof of his obstinacy, 
 though she was deceived in regard to it. 
 
 A.fter the death of Essex, Elizabeth became a prey to 
 the most profound and incurable melancholy. She 
 fled all society, continuing alone and in the dark, 
 where she would be found buried in thought and 
 drowned in tears. It was the common opinion that 
 this was owing to the death of Essex, whose name 
 she never mentioned without tears, and frequently 
 reproached his obstinacy, as she would no doubt 
 have pardoned him on an humble supplication, which 
 the following anecdote will fully explain. 
 
 The countess of Nottingham on her death-bed desired 
 an audience of the queen, from whom Elizabeth as- 
 certained that a ring, which she had given to Essex 
 when in high favor, with the promise that if ,he ever 
 fell under her displeasure, on his remitting this to- 
 ken, he should be entitled to her protection, was sent 
 by Essex, but never delivered. The earl of Not- 
 tingham being an enemy of Essex, had forbidden his 
 wife to deliver the ring to Elizabeth. The countess 
 having made this disclosure, implored the queen's 
 forgiveness, when Elizabeth, starting up in an agony, 
 is said to have shaken the dying countess in her bed, 
 exclaiming with vehemence, u God may forgive you, 
 but I never can." From this period the melancholy 
 of the queen became more intense, and her decline 
 more rapid, and after naming James VI. of Scot- 
 land, the son of the unfortunate Mary, as her suc- 
 cessor, she fell into a lethargic slumber, and expired 
 without a struggle or convulsion, in the 70th year of 
 her age, and 45th of her reign, having been more 
 glorious as a sovereign than amiable as a woman. 
 During her reign, the militia who appeared at the 
 musters, amounted to 1,172,674. She left 42 ships 
 of war, of which only four carried 40 guns each ; 
 the whole number of cannon in the fleet amounting 
 14 
 
158 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 to 774. The nobility began to erect houses of brick 
 and stone. James VI. of Scotland, who succeeded 
 Elizabeth, became James I. of England, and the two 
 kingdoms have continued ever since united. Gru- 
 terus, ob. 1627, set. 67. 
 
 1604. Ostend taken by the Spaniards after a siege of three 
 
 years, Sept. 10. Peace between England and 
 Spain. The celebrated dispute between the Pope 
 and the Venetians. A French colony established in 
 Canada. Kepler discovers a new star near the right 
 foot of Serpentarius, in September, which disap- 
 peared in the space of a year. Malsherbes, ob. 
 1628, set. 76. 
 
 1605. The gunpowder plot, Nov. 5th. Coaches began to be 
 
 in common use in England. Marini, ob. 1625, aet. 
 56. 
 
 1606. A truce of twenty years between the empire and the 
 
 Ottoman Porte. — Virginia was divided, and by letters 
 patent the southern part was granted to Sir Thomas 
 Gates and others, called the London company ; the 
 northern part was granted to the Plymouth company, 
 April 10th. Papirius Masso, ob. 1611. 
 
 1607. A comet appeared. Hudson's Bay discovered. — Cap- 
 
 tain Newport arrived in Virginia and began the first 
 effectual settlement on the river Powhatan, since 
 called James river, and founded Jamestown, April 
 26. Boccalini. 
 
 1608. Colonies sent to Virginia from England. — Capt. John 
 
 Smith first explored Chesapeake bay. Quebec 
 founded by Samuel Champlain. Mr. Robinson's 
 congregation migrated from England to Holland. 
 
 1609. A truce between the Dutch and Spaniards. The 
 
 United Provinces acknowledged independent, March 
 30, O. S. Mr. Robinson's church removed to Ley- 
 den. Helvicus, ob. 1617, set. 36. 
 
 1610. The Turks defeated near Babylon by the Persians. 
 
 War between Russia and Poland. Thermometers 
 invented by Drebbel, a Dutchman. 900,000 Moors 
 banished out of Spain. Galileo first observed three 
 of Jupiter's satellites, Jan. 7. Galileo, ob. 1642, 
 set. 78. Harriot first observed the spots on the sun, 
 Dec. 8th. Andrew du Chesne, ob. 1640. Captain 
 
OF THE WORLD. 159 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Henry Hudson discovered the river Manhattan, 
 which bears his name. He also discovered the bay 
 in the north part of North America which was 
 named from him. His crew mutinied and set him 
 afloat in an open boat, and he perished. 
 
 1611. War between Sweden and Denmark. The order of 
 Baronets instituted in England, May 22d. An 
 earthquake at Constantinople : 200,000 persons died 
 there of the plague. Peace between the Persians 
 and the Turks. Champlain discovered, and named 
 Lake Champlain. Lopez de Vega, ob. 1635, eet. 
 72. 
 
 161g. The Poles defeated by the Russians in Muscovy. 
 The English attempt, without success, to discover a 
 northern passage to China. The French settle in 
 the island of Margna. Ben Jonson, ob. 1638. 
 
 1613. Peace between Sweden and Denmark. Rolfe married 
 
 Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, who being 
 instructed in Christianity, shortly after professed it, 
 and was baptized by the name of Rebecca. John 
 Kepler, ob. 1630. 
 
 1614. A British colony established in Virginia. Capt. Smith 
 
 made a fishing voyage to the north part of America, 
 made a chart of the coast, which he presented to 
 Prince Charles, afterwards Charles I., who gave the 
 country the name of New England. A new gov- 
 ernor from Amsterdam arriving at the settlement on 
 Hudson river, he refused the acknowledgment to 
 the English, stipulated by his predecessor, built a 
 fort on the south end of Manhattan island, where 
 New York now stands, and a fort and trading-house, 
 called Fort Orange, near where Albany is now 
 situated. 
 
 1615. Peace between the Imperialists and the Turks. The 
 
 Jews ordered to quit France. John Barclay, ob. 
 1621, set. 38. 
 
 1616. A civil war in France. Flushing restored by king 
 
 James to the Dutch. Cape Horn first sailed round. 
 Sir Robert Cotton, ob. 1631, set. 61. 
 
 1617. Peace between Russia and Sweden. Peace between 
 
 the house of Austria and the Venetians. Domini- 
 quino, ob. 1641, set. 60. 
 
160 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1618. Peace concluded between Russia and Poland. Two 
 
 comets appeared. A horrible conspiracy at Venice 
 detected. The battle of Ardeville between the Per- 
 sians and Turks. The Synod of Dort begins No- 
 vember 1, and continues till April 26, 1619. A great 
 pestilence, (perhaps the yellow fever,) destroyed 
 most of the Indians from Narraganset to Penobscot. 
 Fabri de Peiresc, ob. 1637, set. 57. 
 
 1619. The circulation of the blood discovered by Harvey, 
 
 ob. 1657, set. 80. Capt. Dermer, the first English- 
 man who sailed through Long Island sound and Hell- 
 gate. A war of thirty years begins in Germany, 
 Aug. 26. 
 
 1620. A mass of iron weighing 160 tolahs, fell from the 
 
 heavens in the Mogul territory, about 100 miles 
 south-east of Lahore. The English settle at Madras. 
 Copper money first used in England. Barbadoes 
 discovered. The imperialists defeat the Bohemians 
 at Prague, Oct. 30, O. S. Navarre united to France. 
 Coining with a die first used in England. The first 
 colonial assembly held in Virginia, June 19. Mr. 
 Robinson's congregation left Holland in the May- 
 flower of 180 tons burden, and the Speedwell of 60 
 tons, in July, and England in September, for Amer- 
 ica, and arrived at Plymouth, Mass., in November, 
 and landed Dec. 11th, O. S., which is Dec. 22d N. S., 
 from which latter the landing of the Pilgrims is dated, 
 and the anniversary of this great event is celebrated. 
 Guido Rheni, ob. 1642, set. 67. 
 
 1621. War between Spain and Holland renewed after a truce 
 
 of 12 years. Civil war with the Huguenots, lasts 9 
 years. War between Turkey and Poland. The 
 Dutch establish the settlement of Batavia. The fac- 
 tions of Whigs and Tories arise. Gaspar Barthius, 
 ob. 1648, set. 71. 
 
 1622. Heidelberg taken by the Emperor, and the library 
 
 sent to Rome, Sept. 16. Charter of New England 
 granted to the Duke of Lenox and others, or the 
 council of Plymouth, Nov. 23. Peter Paul Rubens, 
 ob. 1640, set. 63. 
 
 1623. The knights of Nova Scotia instituted. The English 
 
 factory at Amboyna massacred by the Dutch. Sir 
 
OF THE WORLD. Jgj 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Henry Spelman, ob. 1641. First settlement of New 
 Hampshire, at Little Harbor on Piscataqua river 
 near Portsmouth. 
 
 1624. The Dutch defeat the Spanish fleet near Lima. Bag- 
 
 dad besieged by the Turks, who are repulsed. The 
 first cattle brought into New England at Plymouth 
 by Edward Winslow. Cardinal Bentivoglio ob' 
 1644, tet. 65. s ' 
 
 1625. A pestilence in England. King James dies at Theo- 
 
 balds, March 27, set. 59. Dissensions between 
 Charles I. and the House of Commons. The first 
 English settlement in the West Indies. Breda taken 
 by the Spaniards. Peace between Ferdinand of 
 Hungary and the Sultan. John Meursius, ob. 1639 
 aet. 60. ' 
 
 1626. Peace between the Huguenots and the French king, 
 
 Feb. 5, N. S. War renewed the following year! 
 A league of the Protestant princes against the Em- 
 peror. Gerard John Vossius, ob. 1650, set. 73. 
 
 1627. A meteoric stone weighing 59 pounds, fell on Mount 
 
 Vaiser in Provence, on the 27th Nov. War between 
 England and France. Ericius Puteanus, ob. 1646 
 aet. 72. ' 
 
 1628. A meteoric stone weighing 24 pounds, fell at Hatford 
 
 in Berkshire, on the 9th April. Grant of Massa- 
 chusetts by the council of Plymouth, in England, 
 March 19. Persia invaded by the Turks. The* 
 Duke of Buckingham murdered, Aug. 23. Louis 
 XIII. takes Rochelle, Oct. 18, O. S. Quevedo, ob 
 1647. ' ' 
 
 1629. Parliament dissolved by Charles I. Nine members im 
 
 prisoned, Mar. 4. Charter from the crown confirming 
 the Plymouth grant, and erecting the Massachusetts 
 company into a corporation, May 4th. Peace be- 
 tween Denmark and Germany. A truce between 
 Poland and Sweden for 6 years, Sept. 5. O. S. Car- 
 olina granted to Sir Robert Heath, Oct.' 30th. Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus enters Germany. Peace between 
 England and France. Bahama isles discovered. 
 Inigo Jones, ob. 1651. 
 1630. Gazettes first published in Venice. Treaty of Stock- 
 holm between England and Sweden, May 31. War 
 14* 
 
162 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 between Germany and Spain. Poland invaded by 
 the Turks. Grotius, ob. 1645, set. 62. Charles- 
 town, Boston, Watertown, and Dorchester, settled by 
 Gov. Winthrop and others. 
 
 1631. A treaty between Sweden and France, Jan. 13, O. S. 
 
 The council of Plymouth granted lands to settlers 
 on Pemaquid river in Maine, Feb. 29. Some curi- 
 ous remains of an ancient settlement are now found 
 at this place. The Swedes defeat the Imperialists 
 at the battle of Leipsic, Aug. 28, O. S. The ver- 
 nier index first made known. Clocks and watches 
 generally used. Archbishop Usher, ob. 1655, set. 75. 
 
 1632. Patent of Connecticut from the Earl of Warwick, 
 
 March 19. First vessel built in Massachusetts, 
 called the " Blessing of the Bay," launched July 4. 
 Grant of Maryland to lord Baltimore, June 20. War 
 between Sweden and Denmark. Battle of Lutzen, 
 Nov. 6, O. S., where Gustavus Adolphus is killed. A 
 great eruption of Vesuvius. Antigua settled by the- 
 English. Gab. Naude, ob. 1653. 
 
 1633. Galileo condemned by the inquisition. The French 
 
 discovered Louisiana. Anthony Vandyck, ob. 1641, 
 set. 42. The Dutch built a fort on the west bank 
 of Connecticut river, in the present city of Hartford, 
 at a place still known as Dutch Point. 
 
 1634. War between Poland and Prussia. The Swedes de- 
 
 feated by the king of Hungary, at the battle of Nord- 
 lingen, Nov. 26, O. S. Wethersfield, the oldest town 
 in Connecticut, settled by people from Watertown, 
 Mass. John Selden, ob. 1654, set. 70. 
 
 1635. The French academy established at Paris. War be- 
 
 tween France and Spain. A treaty between Holland 
 and France, Feb. 8. Regular posts established in 
 Britain. Windsor, Conn., settled by people from 
 Dorchester. Hartford settled by Mr. Hooker and 
 his congregation from Newtown, now Cambridge, 
 Mass. Gassendi, ob. 1655, set. 66. 
 
 1636. A meteoric stone fell between Sagan and Dubrow in 
 
 Silesia, in March 8. A treaty between Louis XIII. 
 and the queen of Sweden, March 10, O. S. A truce 
 of 26 years between Sweden and Poland. The Im- 
 perialists defeated by the Swedes at Wistock, Oct. 4, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 163 
 
 A. D. 
 
 O. S. Roger Williams settled and named Provi- 
 dence, R. I. Renes Descartes, ob. 1650, set. 54. 
 
 1637. The Scots withdraw their allegiance from Charles I. 
 
 War between the Poles and the Cossacs in the 
 Ukraine. A league against Sweden between Spain 
 and Denmark. An insurrection of the Protestants 
 in Hungary. The prince of Orange takes Breda, 
 Sept 26, O. S. The Pequod Indians commit depre- 
 dations and are destroyed by Connecticut, May 26. 
 Famianus Strada, ob. 1649. 
 
 1638. Bagdad taken by the Turks, Jan. 6. Two battles of 
 
 Rheinfeld, Feb. 18 and 21, O. S. The solemn 
 league and covenant in Scotland. Rhode Island 
 settled by Mr. Coddington, March 24. New Haven 
 settled by Rev. John Davenport and Theophilus 
 Eaton the first governor, who have been styled the 
 " Moses and Aaron" of the colony, April. Harvard 
 College (now University) was founded at Newtown, 
 now Cambridge, and named after a liberal early 
 benefactor, Rev. John Harvard. Oliver Cromwell, 
 Sir Arthur Hazlerig, and John Hampden, were on 
 the point of embarking for America, to secure civil 
 and religious liberty, when they were prevented by 
 order of the king. If he could have foreseen the 
 events which were to follow, he would have been 
 glad to let them go. Petavius, ob. 1652, set. 69. 
 
 1639. The French defeated at Thionville by the Imperialists. 
 
 May 27, O. S. Horrox first observed a transit of 
 Venus over the sun's disk at Liverpool, Nov. 24, 
 O. S. 3 h 15' P. M. Voiture, ob. 1648. 
 
 1640. England invaded by the Scots, Aug. 20, O. S., who 
 
 take Newcastle. A conference between the English 
 and Scots commissioners at Rippon, Oct. 2. The 
 independence of Portugal recovered. The long 
 parliament in England met, Nov. 5. Balzac, ob. 
 1654. 
 
 1641. Maine granted to Sir F. Gorges. First printing press 
 
 in America established at Cambridge, Mass. Origi- 
 nal constitution of Connecticut established, Jan. 14. 
 Code of laws first established in Massachusetts. New 
 Hampshire united with Mass., April 14. Earl of 
 Strafford beheaded, May 12. The massacre of the 
 
164 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Protestants in Ireland, Oct. 23. Chillingworth, ob. 
 1644, set. 42. 
 
 1642. A meteoric stone, weighing 4 pounds, fell near Wood- 
 
 bridge in Suffolk, on the 4th of August. Peace be- 
 tween the Turks and the Imperialists. The Swedes 
 defeat the Imperialists at Leipsic, Oct. 3, O. S. 
 King Charles demands the five members, and the 
 civil war begins. His army defeated at Edgehill, 
 Oct. 23. The French defeated by the Imperialists 
 at Tutelingen, Nov. 15, O. S. Salmasius, ob. 1653. 
 
 1643. Bristol surrenders to prince Rupert, July 26. The 
 
 siege of Gloucester raised, Sept. 5. Charles de- 
 feated at the first battle of Newbury, Sept. 20. The 
 Tartars invade China. The royal academy of paint- 
 ing founded by Louis XIV. Barometers invented 
 by Torricelli. The prince of Conde defeats the 
 Spaniards at Rocroy, May 9, O. S. Waller's plot 
 in England detected, May 31. Confederation of 
 Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New 
 Haven, for defence. Nicholas Poussin, ob. 1656, 
 set. 62. 
 
 1644. The Tartars effect a revolution in China. The Im- 
 
 perialists defeated by the Swedes in Bohemia, Feb. 
 25, 0. S. The Earl of Warwick incorporated the 
 settlers of Providence, Newport, &c, March 14. 
 Cromwell defeats Charles I. at Marstonmoor, July 2. 
 Earl of Essex's army surrenders in Cornwall, Sept. 2. 
 The 2d battle of Newbury, Oct. 27. The Duke of 
 Orleans takes Gravelines, July 18, N. S. Mothe le 
 Vayer, ob. 1671. 
 
 1645. War between the Venetians and Turks. Charles I. 
 
 defeated at Naseby, June 14. The fate of Charles 
 and of the monarchy was decided at Naseby in 
 Northamptonshire. The royal army was command- 
 ed by the king in person, aided by prince Rupert ; 
 Fairfax, Cromwell, and Ireton, his son-in-law, com- 
 manded the Parliamentarians. The royalists, though 
 at first successful, were entirely driven off the field, 
 and a total route ensued, in which Charles lost his 
 artillery and baggage, and above five thousand men 
 fell into the hands of his enemies. In addition to the 
 spoils, the royal cabinet was seized, in which were 
 
OF THE WORLD. 165 
 
 A. D. 
 
 found copies of the monarch's letters to his queen, 
 which were subsequently read aloud in parliament, 
 and such of them were subsequently published as 
 were calculated to make him unpopular with the 
 people. Peace between Sweden and Denmark, 
 Aug. 3, O. S. The first code of Russian laws pub- 
 lished. Treves taken by Turenne. Duke de Roche- 
 foucault, ob. 1680, set. 68. 
 
 1646. A shower of rain, containing great quantities of sul- 
 
 phur, fell at Copenhagen. The Venetians defeated 
 by the Turks near Retimo, Oct. 9, O. S. Paul 
 Scarron, ob. 1660. 
 
 1647. A comet appears near Berenice's Hair. Charles I. 
 
 delivered up to the English commissioners by the Scots, 
 Jan. 30. Charles, closely pursued by his enemies, 
 and fearful of falling into the hands of his insolent 
 subjects, took the fatal resolution of surrendering 
 himself to the Scottish army, who, to their great dis- 
 grace, sold him to the English parliament for the 
 sum of 400,000 pounds sterling. Henry Hammond, 
 ob. 1660, set. 55. 
 
 1648. The peace of Munster between Holland and Spain, 
 
 Jan. 20, O. S. The Seven United Provinces de- 
 clared independent. The Imperialists defeated by 
 Turenne at Augsburg, April 7, O. S. The prince 
 of Conde defeats the archduke at Lens, Aug. 10, 
 O. S. Peace of Munster between France and the 
 emperor, Oct. 14, O. S. The peace of Osnaburgh 
 between Sweden and the emperor. Thomas Hobbes, 
 ob. 1679, set. 91. 
 
 1649. King Charles I. beheaded, Jan. 30, set. 49. Charles 
 
 having been removed to London, was arraigned be- 
 fore a regicide tribunal, composed of 133 members, 
 of whom scarcely 70 ever met together on the trial. 
 It was presided over by Bradshaw, a lawyer, and 
 consisted mostly of military men, devoted to Crom- 
 well, who was one of the judges. The deportmenl 
 of the king on the occasion was temperate and dig- 
 nified. He steadily refused to acknowledge the juris- 
 diction of the court, and bore with fortitude and gen- 
 tleness the insults and bitter reproaches which were 
 heaped upon him. After witnesses had been intro- 
 
166 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 duced to prove that the king had waged war against 
 the parliament, he was pronounced guilty of high 
 treason, and sentenced to be beheaded. The warrant 
 for his execution was signed by 59 of his judges. 
 The king spent the three days that intervened between 
 the sentence and its execution in the society of his 
 children, and in pious conversation with Dr. Juxton, 
 the existing bishop of London. On the fatal day he 
 ascended the scaffold with firmness and composure ; 
 and after justifying his conduct in the late war, he 
 laid his head upon the block, and at one blow it was 
 severed from his body, in the 49th year of his age, 
 and the 24th of his reign. Like all the Stuarts, he 
 seems to have had a high idea of the prerogatives of 
 royalty, and to have been a misguided man, whose 
 intentions were better than his judgment. The na- 
 tion was variously affected by his death ; the Scotch, 
 perhaps, troubled that they had, for a sum of money, 
 betrayed him to the parliament, were inclined to 
 acknowledge his son Charles II. as monarch ; but 
 the Parliament prevailed, and the Commonwealth 
 was established, of which Cromwell at length became 
 the head, as Protector. A civil war in Paris, which 
 is blockaded by the prince of Conde. A league be- 
 tween Denmark and the United Provinces. Galileo 
 first applied the pendulum to clocks; see 1656. 
 Samuel Bochart, ob. 1667. 
 
 1650. Battle of Dunbar, in which the Scots are defeated by 
 
 Cromwell, Sept. 3. Mezeray, ob. 1683, set. 73. 
 
 1651. Battle of Worcester, in which Cromwell defeats 
 
 Charles II., Sept. 3. The Venetians defeat the Turk- 
 ish fleet near Scio, June 12, O. S. The Poles defeat 
 300,000 Tartars, June 20. Dr. John Wallis, ob. 
 1703, set. 87. Archibald, marquis of Argyle, ob. 
 1661, set. 63. 
 
 1652. The war between the English and Dutch begins, 
 
 May 19. Naval battle between the English and 
 Dutch near Plymouth, Aug. 16. Van Tromp de- 
 feats the English fleet in the Downs, Nov. 29. Van 
 Tromp with 80 Dutch ships fell upon Blake with 40 
 English vessels in the Downs, when six of the latter 
 were taken and the rest forced into the Thames, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 167 
 
 A. D. 
 
 after which Van Tromp sailed through the channel 
 with a hirch-broom at the top-mast head, in token of 
 having sioept the British Channel. A comet appear- 
 ed. The Dutch establish a colony at the Cape of 
 Good Hope. J. Fred. Gronovius, ob. 1671, set. 58. 
 Chancellor Seguier, ob. 1672, set. 84. 
 
 1653. A naval engagement between the English and Dutch 
 
 on the coast of France, Feb. 18, in which the Eng- 
 glish were victorious, having destroyed 11 Dutch 
 men of war, and captured 30 merchantmen. They 
 achieved a second victory off North Foreland, June 3. 
 Cromwell dissolves Parliament, April 20. The Eng- 
 lish defeat the Dutch in a sea fight on the coast of 
 Flanders, June 3 ; and again near the Texel, July 
 29. Cromwell proclaimed protector, Dec. 16, ob. 
 1658, set. 60. Blaise Pascal, ob. 1662, set. 39. 
 
 1654. Peace between Holland and England, April 5. Air- 
 
 pump invented by Otto Guericke of Magdeburg. 
 John Milton, ob. 1674, set. 66. Admiral Blake, ob. 
 1657, set. 59. 
 
 1655. Admiral Penn takes Jamaica, May 7. Blake destroys 
 
 the Spanish galleons at Santa Cruz. The Venetians 
 defeat the Turks in a naval battle at the Dardanelles, 
 June 11, O. S. Huygens discovers the fourth satel- 
 lite of Saturn, March 25. Peace between England 
 and France, Oct. 25. War between Sweden and 
 Poland. Thomas Bartholin, ob. 1680, set. 64. 
 
 1656. Treaty between the king of Sweden and the elector of 
 
 Brandenburg, Jan. 11, O. S. England declares war 
 against Spain, Feb. 16. The Poles defeated by the 
 Swedes in three battles at Warsaw, July 18, 19, and 
 20, O. S. Pendulums said to have been applied to 
 clocks by Fromantil ; see 1649. Edmund Waller, 
 ob. 1687, set. 82. Marshal Turenne, ob. 1675, set. 64. 
 
 1657. War between Denmark and Sweden. A treaty be- 
 
 tween the king of Poland and the elector of Branden- 
 burg, Sept. 9, O. S. Peter Corneille, ob. 1684, 
 set. 78. 
 
 1658. A shower of sulphur fell in the duchy of Mansfield. 
 
 Turenne defeats the Spaniards, and takes Dunkirk, 
 June 17. Dunkirk delivered to the English. Hookes* 
 watch with a balance-spring invented. J. Baptista 
 
168 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Poquelin Moliere, ob. 1672. Admiral de Ruyter, 
 ob. 1676, set. 60. 
 
 1659. Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain, 
 
 Oct. 28, O. S. Du Cange, ob. 1685, set. 58. 
 
 1660. Peace between Denmark and Sweden, March 17, O. S. 
 
 The restoration of Charles II., May 29. Peace be- 
 tween Sweden, Poland, and the empire, May 3. 
 The king of Denmark declared absolute, and the 
 throne hereditary, Oct. 13, O. S. Algernon Syd- 
 ney, ob. 1683, set. 66. General Monk, duke of Al- 
 bemarle, ob. 1670, set. 62. 
 
 1661. A treaty between the Portuguese and Dutch. A 
 
 treaty of commerce between Great Britain and 
 Sweden, Oct. 21. The Portuguese cede Bombay to 
 England. A comet appeared. Franking letters 
 began ; abridged in 1764 and 1775. Sir John Mar- 
 sham, ob. 1685, set. 83. 
 
 1662. The Royal Society established, July 15. Dunkirk 
 
 restored to the French. Charles II. granted a char- 
 ter to Connecticut, incorporating New Haven with it, 
 April 23. Samuel Butler, ob. 1680, set. 68. 
 
 1663. Two meteoric stones, one weighing 200 and the other 
 
 300 pounds, fell at Verona. Gregorian telescopes 
 invented before this. Charles II. confirmed the char- 
 ter of Massachusetts by letter, June 28. Charter of 
 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, granted, 
 July 8. A great earthquake in Canada and New 
 England, Jan. 26. The grant of Carolina to the 
 Earl of Clarendon and 7 others, March 24. The 
 Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres 
 established. The Spaniards defeated by the Portu- 
 guese near Evora. Prussia declared independent 
 of Poland. Charles le Brun, ob. 1690, set. 71. 
 
 1664. War between the English and Dutch. Treaty of Pisa 
 
 between the king of France and the pope, Feb. 2, 
 O. S. The French defeat the Turks in Hungary, 
 July 22. Observatory at Paris founded. Battle of 
 St. Godard, July 22. The academy for sculpture 
 established in France, Aug. 31. A comet appeared. 
 New Haven consented to a union with Connecticut, 
 December. Lewis Maimbourg, ob. 1686, set. 77. 
 
 1665. War between England and France. A comet ap- 
 
 
OF THE WORLD. 169 
 
 A. D. 
 
 peared. The English defeat the Dutch in a naval 
 battle near Harwich, June 3. Rev. John Elliot's 
 Indian Bible completed and printed. New Nether- 
 lands taken from the Dutch and granted by patent to 
 the duke of York, March 12. The duke of York re- 
 leased to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, the 
 territory of New Jersey, June 24. Sir J. Yeamans 
 settled on the southern bank of Cape Fear river, with 
 a colony from Barbadoes. The plague raged in 
 London. The magic lantern invented by Kircher. 
 The Spaniards defeated by the Portuguese at Villa 
 Viciosa, June 7, O. S. Ralph Cudworth, ob. 1688, 
 set. 71. 
 
 1666. A comet was seen at Ceylon. A naval engagement 
 
 between the English and Dutch near Dunkirk, June 
 1, 4. The English defeat the Dutch fleet near the 
 Thames, July 25 and 26. A fire in London, which 
 extended to 600 streets, and burnt 13,200 houses, 
 Sept. 2. The English settle in Antigua. War de- 
 clared between England and Denmark. Academy 
 of sciences established in France. Giles Menage, 
 ob. 1692, set. 79. 
 
 1667. A commercial treaty between Britain and Spain, May 
 
 23. The treaty of Breda, July 31. War between 
 France and Spain. Charles de St. Evremond, ob. 
 1703, set. 90. 
 
 1668. A comet appeared on the 7th March in Aries. The 
 
 Newtonian telescope invented before this : it was ex- 
 hibited to the king on the 11th Jan., 1672. A treaty 
 of commerce between Britain and Holland, Feb. 17. 
 The triple alliance of Britain, Sweden, and Holland, 
 against France, Jan. 23. Peace between Portugal 
 and Spain, after 26 years of war, Feb. 3, O. S. 
 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, between Spain and France, 
 April 22, O. S. Massachusetts resumed the gov- 
 ernment of Maine. Benedict de Spinosa, ob. 1678, 
 set. 44. 
 
 1669. The Turks take Candia, Sept. 6, O. S. A treaty of 
 
 commerce between Britain and Savoy, Sept. 19. 
 Huygens, ob. 1695, set. 66. 
 
 1670. A treaty of commerce between Britain and Denmark, 
 
 July 11. Peace of Madrid, between Britain and 
 15 
 
170 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Spain, July 18. Hevelius discovered a new star, 
 July 15, which disappeared, and became visible in 
 1672. Sir Christopher Wren, ob. 1723, set. 91. 
 
 1671. Cassini discovers the sixth of Saturn's satellites in Oc- 
 
 tober. The colony, which, under Capt. Sayle, in 
 1670, had been settled at Port Royal, removed and 
 began a settlement on the bank of Ashley river, un- 
 der Sir J. Yeamans, which was called old Charleston. 
 Isaac Barrow, ob. 1677, as!. 47. 
 
 1672. A comet appears. The Cassegrainian telescope in- 
 
 vented before this. France declares war against Hol- 
 land, April 6. England declares war against Hol- 
 land, March 17. War between the Poles and Turks. 
 A league against France between the empire and 
 Holland, July 15, O. S. A severe naval battle be- 
 tween the English and Dutch in Solebay, May 28. 
 Louis XIV. subdues great part of Holland. The 
 prince of Orange made stadtholder, and J. de Witt 
 put to death, Au^. 12. Cassini discovers Saturn's 
 3d satellite. Sir W. Temple, ob. 1700, set. 72. ' 
 
 1673. The Dutch fleet defeated by that of the English and 
 
 French, May 28, June 14, and Aug. 11. The king 
 of France makes war upon Spain, Oct. 9, O. S. The 
 Poles defeat the Turks near Choczim, Oct. 31. Rene 
 Rapin, ob. 1687, set. 66. 
 
 1674. Treaty between Britain, Spain, and Holland, Feb. 19. 
 
 Sicily revolts from Spain. The battle of Leneff in 
 Flanders, Aug. 1, O. S. The French first settle in 
 the East Indies. Academy of Soissons established. 
 The Imperialists defeated at Ensheim by Turenne, 
 Sept. 24, O. S., at Mulhausen, Dec. 19, O. S., and 
 at Turkeim, Dec. 27, O. S. Treaty between Britain 
 and Holland, at London, Dec. 11. New York taken 
 by the Dutch in 1673, was restored, and confirmed 
 to the English by treaty. Dr. Thomas Sydenham, 
 ob. 1G89, oet. 66. 
 
 1675. War between Denmark and Sweden. Turenne passes 
 
 the Rhine, and is opposed by Montecucli. The Swedes 
 defeated by the Prussians at Fehrbellin, June 8, O. 
 S. Battle of Altenheim, July 22, O. S. Treaty be- 
 tween Britain and Holland at the Hague, Dec. 30. 
 Connecticut laws revised in 1672, were first printed 
 
OF THE WORLD. 171 
 
 A. D. 
 
 by Mr. Green at Cambridge, Mass. Robert Boyle, 
 ob. 1691, set. 65. 
 
 1676. Meteoric stones fell from a ball of fire into the sea, 
 
 S. S. W. of Leghorn, on the 21st of May. Carolina 
 planted by English merchants. The king of France 
 makes war upon Denmark, Aug. 28. The French 
 defeat the allied fleet at Palermo, May 23, O. S. 
 Indian war in New England, under the celebrated 
 Indian chief, King Philip, occurred, during which he 
 was killed, Aug. 12. The royal observatory at 
 Greenwich built. Samuel Puffendorf, ob. 1694, set. 
 63. 
 
 1677. Meteoric stones fell at Ermandorf, near Roosenhaven, 
 
 on the 28th May. The commercial treaty of St. 
 Germain, between Britain and France, Feb. 24th. 
 The prince of Orange defeated near Cassel by the 
 French, April 1, O. S. The Protestants revolt in 
 Hungary. A comet appeared. The Danes defeated 
 by the Swedes at Landscroon, Dec. 4, O. S. Carlo 
 Maratti, ob. 1713, set. 88. 
 
 1678. A singular darkness at noon, Jan. 12. Alliance of 
 
 Westminster, between Britain and Holland, March 3. 
 Peace of Nimeguen, between France and Holland, 
 July 31, O. S. Peace between .Frarms anH Sptein, 
 Sept. it. xne Tartars attack the Russians. A 
 comet appeared. The popish plot discovered by 
 Oaks, Sept. 6. Daniel George Morhoff, ob. 1691, 
 set. 53. 
 
 1679. The long parliament of England dissolved, Jan. 25. 
 
 The peace of Nimeguen, between Germany and 
 France, signed Jan. 26, O. S. Peace between Den- 
 mark and Sweden, Aug. 23, O. S. An engagement 
 between the English and Moors, which continued 11 
 days, at Tangier, Nov. 7. John de la Bruyere, ob. 
 1696, set. 57. 
 
 1680. Charles XL declared absolute. A comet appeared. 
 
 Lord Strafford beheaded. John de la Fontaine, ob. 
 1695, set. 74. 
 
 1681. A comet appeared. Dissensions between the king of 
 
 England and parliament. Penny post in London be- 
 gan ; established by government in 1711 ; postage 
 increased to 2d. in 1801. Charter of Pennsylvania 
 
172 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 granted to William Penn, March 4. Sir George 
 Mackenzie, ob. 1691, set. 53. James, duke of Mon- 
 mouth, ob. 1683, set. 36. 
 
 1682. A comet appears. Bouhours, ob. 1702, set. 74. Mar- 
 
 shal Sehomberg, ob. 1690. 
 
 1683. The Rye-house plot discovered, June 14. A comet 
 
 appeared. The Turks besiege Vienna. Lord Rus- 
 sel beheaded, July 21st. John Dryden, ob. 1701, 
 set. 70. 
 
 1684. A truce between France and Spain. The duke of 
 
 Lorraine defeats 150,000 Turks at Weitzen, June 
 17, O. S. A comet appeared. Cassini discovers the 
 1st and 2d satellites of Saturn, in March. First set- 
 tlement of Philadelphia, Oct. Charters of Massa- 
 chusetts and Rhode Island vacated. Racine, ob. 
 1699, set. 60. George Saville, marquis of Halifax, 
 ob. 1695, set. 62. 
 
 1685. Revocation of the edict of Nantz, Oct. 12, O. S., by 
 
 Louis XIV., by which the Protestants were violently 
 persecuted, and the king lost. 500,000 of his best 
 subjects. Commotions in England and Scotland. 
 Duke of Monmouth defeated at Sedgemore, July 6. 
 Charles II. dies, Feb. 6, set. 55. Vauban, ob. 1707, 
 
 set. 74. Boileau Despreaux, ob. 1711, set. 75. 
 
 1686. The Newtonian philosophy published. An omkacoy 
 
 to Louis XIV. from the king of Siam. Albany in- 
 corporated. First Episcopal church in Boston formed. 
 The grand alliance against France between Britain, 
 Germany, and Holland, May 12. A convention be- 
 tween Britain and Holland against France, Aug. 22. 
 The league of Augsburgh against France, July 11, 
 O. S. A comet appeared. Humphrey Prideaux, ob. 
 1724, set. 77. 
 
 1687. Telegraphs said to have been invented ; they seem to 
 
 have been proposed in 1663 by the marquis of Wor- 
 cester. The crown of Hungary declared hereditary 
 in the house of Austria. Sir Edmond Andros, who 
 had been appointed by the king governor-general over 
 New England, proceeded in October to Connecticut, 
 and arrived in Hartford with a company of troops 
 while the assembly was in session, and demanded a 
 surrender of the charter. While the principal offi- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 173 
 
 A. D. 
 
 cers of the government were debating with Andros 
 on the subject, and many people were collected, a 
 garment was suddenly thrown over the candles, by 
 which they were extinguished, and the charter, which 
 lay on the table, was seized by Mr. Wadsworth of 
 Hartford, conveyed away and secreted within a large 
 hollow oak, still standing before the ancient seat of 
 the Wyllis family, and is now celebrated as the 
 Charter Oak. From this concealment it at length 
 came forth, and, until long after the revolution, it 
 formed the only constitution of the government of 
 Connecticut, and it may now be seen in the archives 
 of the secretary of state of that commonwealth. 
 Graevius, ob. 1703. 
 
 1688. Smyrna destroyed by an earthquake, July 10. The 
 
 revolution in England begins, Nov. 5. France 
 makes war against Holland, Nov. 23, O. S. Ab- 
 dication of King James, who retires to France, Dec. 
 23. The Imperialists take Belgrade by assault. A 
 revolution in Siam. Peter Bayle, ob. 1706, aet. 59. 
 
 1689. K. William and Q. Mary proclaimed, Feb. 16. 
 James II., with an army, lands in Ireland. The 
 emperor declares war against France. France 
 makes war upon Spain and England. The French 
 fleet defeated at Bantry bay, May 1. The grand al- 
 liance between King William, the emperor, and the 
 states-general, May 12. King William defeated at 
 Killicrankie, July 27. Episcopacy abolished in 
 Scotland, July 22. Falkland islands discovered. 
 A treaty between China and Russia. Louis XIV. 
 declares war against Holland. The Imperialists de- 
 feat the Turks near Patochin, Aug 30 and Sept. 24. 
 A comet appeared. Andros was seized, deposed, and 
 sent to England for trial, which was avoided. John 
 Locke, ob. 1704, set. 70. 
 
 1690. Peace between the czar of Moscovy and the emperor 
 
 of China. The French, under Tourville, defeat the 
 English and Dutch in a naval battle off Beachy-head, 
 June 3D, O. S. Luxembourg defeats the allies at 
 Fleurus, June 21. King William defeats James II. 
 at the Boyne, July 1, O. S. First bills of credit is- 
 sued by Massachusetts. Schenectady was burned, 
 15* 
 
174 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 and the inhabitants slain or scattered, Feb. 8. Bishop 
 Stillingfleet, ob. 1699, set. 64. 
 
 1691. The congress at the Hague, Jan. Louis XIV. takes 
 
 Mons, March 30, O. S. The battle of Aghrim, in 
 Ireland, July 12. Termination of the war in Ire- 
 land by the surrender of Limerick, Oct. 3. The 
 Imperialists defeat the Turks. Aug. 9, O. S. A treaty 
 of union between Sweden and Denmark. 12,000 
 Irish Catholics transported to France. Archbishop 
 Tillotson, ob. 1694, set. 65. 
 
 1692. The English fleet defeats the French off La Hogue, 
 
 May 19. Namur besieged and taken bythe French, 
 May 25. Massacre of Glencoe, Jan. 31. The Eng- 
 lish defeated by Luxembourg, at Steinkirk, July 24. 
 Earthquakes in England and in Jamaica, Sept. 8. 
 Massachusetts obtained a new charter, by which 
 Plymouth was annexed to that colony. Bishop Bur- 
 net, ob. 1715, set. 72. 
 
 1693. Mild winter, in which vessels went to Albany in the 
 
 month of Feb. William and Mary college, in Vir- 
 ginia, founded. The English and the Dutch defeat- 
 ed by the French, in a sea-fight off Cape Vincent, 
 June 16. Order of St. Louis instituted. The al- 
 lies defeated by Luxembourg, at Landen, July 19. 
 Battle of Marsiglia, Sept. 24. Bossuet, ob. 1704, 
 set. 78. 
 
 1694. Bank of England incorporated. Huy taken, Sept. 18. 
 
 Messina destroyed by an earthquake. The Turks 
 defeated by the Poles at Niester, Sept. 26. Queen 
 Mary dies, Dec. 28, set. 33. Filicaia, ob. 1707, set. 
 65. Madame de Maintenon, ob. 1719, set. 84. 
 
 1695. A comet appeared at Macao, with a tail 40 degrees in 
 
 length. War between the Ottoman Porte and the 
 allies. Namur taken by the allies, July 25. The 
 duke of Savoy takes Casal, May. Malebranche, ob. 
 1715. 
 
 1696. Treaty of Turin between Louis XIV. and the duke 
 
 of Savoy. The Assassination plot discovered, July 
 14. Peter I. takes Azof, July 19. J. Dominique 
 Cassini, ob. 1712, set. 87. 
 
 1697. A meteoric stone fell in Switzerland, on the 16th 
 
 March. French take Carthagena, May 26. The 
 
OF THE WORLD. 175 
 
 A. I). 
 
 Turks defeated by the Imperialists, in the battle of 
 Zentha, Sept. 1. The peace of Ryswick, between 
 Britain, France, Holland, and Spain, Sept. 1 1 . Peace 
 between France and the empire, Oct. 20. Henry 
 Dodwell, ob. 1711, set. 70. John Lobieski dies. 
 
 1698. The Czar Peter travels into Holland, England, and 
 
 Germany. The first treaty of partition between 
 France, Britain, and Holland, signed Aug. 10. A 
 comet appears. Gronovius, ob. 1716, set. 71. Hein- 
 sius, ob. 1720, set. 79. 
 
 1699. Peace of Carlowitz, between Poland, Russia, Venice, 
 
 and Turkey, Jan 16. A comet appeared. The 
 Scots attempt an establishment on the coast of Darien. 
 A league against Sweden, between Denmark, Poland, 
 and Russia. The Dutch guards sent to Holland. 
 Bishop Lloyd, ob. 1717, set. 90. 
 
 1700. Meteoric stones fell near St. Jago, in Jamaica. The 
 
 Dutch and the German Protestants introduce the new 
 style. The crown of Spain transferred to the house 
 of Bourbon. A severe bill against the papists in 
 England. The treaty of Traventhod, between Den- 
 mark and Sweden, Aug. The Russians defeated by 
 the Swedes at Narva, Nov. 20. Thrashing ma- 
 chine, with flails, invented. Mad. Dacier, ob. 1720, 
 set. 69. 
 
 Eighteenth Century. 
 
 1701. The coronation of the first king of Prussia, Jan. 7. 
 
 Academy of sciences founded at Berlin. An alliance 
 against France, between Germany, England, Hol- 
 land, and Savoy, Sept. 7. A league against the al- 
 lies, between France, Spain, and Portugal. Yale 
 College founded at Saybrook, Connecticut. Sir Isaac 
 Newton, ob. 1727, set. 85. 
 
 1702. A comet appeared. War declared against France, in 
 
 England, Germany, and Holland, May 4. The Im- 
 perialists defeated by the French at Luzara, Aug. 4. 
 Landau surrenders to the Imperialists, Aug. 30. 
 Venloo surrendered to the allies, Sept. 25. The 
 French fleet destroyed by the English and Dutch in 
 the port of Vigo, Oct. 12. The French send colo- 
 
176 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 nies to the Mississippi. Naval battle between the 
 English and French in the West Indies, Aug. 19. 
 China ware made at Dresden. King William dies, 
 March 8, set. 52. He was the posthumous son of 
 William, prince of Orange, by Mary, eldest daugh- 
 ter of Charles I., and espoused his first cousin, 
 Princess Mary, eldest daughter of James II., and 
 left no issue. William and Mary, though not the 
 next in succession, acceded to the throne of England 
 by the choice of the parliament and people, on the 
 abdication, or rather flight, of James II., who lost 
 the throne by his tyranny, and attachment to the 
 Roman Catholic religion. In compliance with an 
 invitation from the chief men in England and Scot- 
 land, the prince from Holland, with a fleet of 500 
 sail, set out for England, with the avowed design of 
 restoring the church and state to their due rights ; 
 and he was supported by the whigs, and by many 
 whom James had considered his best friends, and 
 particularly by Anne his daughter, afterwards queen 
 of England, and Prince George of Denmark, her 
 husband. This was the eventful period in English 
 history, called the Revolution, in which the succes- 
 sion was confirmed in the prince and princess of 
 Orange ; a declaration of rights was annexed, which 
 defined the royal prerogative, and fixed on a firm 
 basis the liberties of the people of England. He 
 was succeeded by the Princess Anne of Denmark, 
 the eldest daughter of James II. — The charter of 
 Philadelphia granted, Oct. 25. The culture of silk 
 and cotton introduced about this time into Carolina. 
 Prince Eugene, ob. 1738, set. 73. Fenelon, ob. 
 1715, set. G4. 
 
 1703. Portugal joins the league against France and Spain, 
 
 May 5. Petersburg founded. A dreadful tempest 
 in England, Nov. 27. Leibnitz, ob. 1716, set. 70. 
 
 1704. Rice introduced into Carolina from Madagascar. 
 
 Deerfield, Mass., burned, and the inhabitants slain, 
 taken captives, or dispersed, Feb. 28. The Bavari- 
 ans defeated by Marlborough at Schellenburg, July 
 2. Admiral Rook takes Gibraltar, July 24. Battle 
 of Blenheim, in which the allies defeat the French, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 177 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Aug. 2. Narva taken by the czar of Muscovy, 
 Aug. 10. The English defeat the French fleet off 
 Malaga, Aug. 13. The allies take Landau, Nov. 
 23. Huet, ob. 1721, set. 91. 
 
 1705. The Spanish fleet defeated by the English off Gibral- 
 
 tar, March 21. Marlborough forces the French 
 lines in Brabant, July lb. The duke of Vendome 
 defeats Prince Eugene at Cassano, Aug. 5. Barce- 
 lona reduced by the English, Aug. 22. Sir Godfrey 
 Kneller, ob. 1723, 83t. 77. 
 
 1706. A meteoric stone weighing 72 pounds fell near Louisa, 
 
 in Macedonia, in January. The French defeated by 
 Marlborough, at Ramillies, May 12. Marlborough 
 takes Brussels, Louvaine, Bruges, Ghent, Ostend, 
 Menin, &c. The allies take Carthagena, June 13. 
 Union between England and Scotland, signed, July 
 20. P. Eugene defeats the French at Turin, Aug. 
 27. Peace between Poland and Sweden, Sept. 13. 
 The Spaniards discover the New Philippine Isles. 
 A comet appeared. John Flamstead, ob. 1723, set. 
 77. 
 
 1707. The French defeat the allies at Almanza, April 14. 
 
 Treaty between the emperor and Sweden, in April. 
 The kingdom of Naples seized by the emperor. A 
 conspiracy in Geneva. A comet appeared. And. 
 Dacier, ob. 1722, set. 71. 
 
 1708. Battle of Oudenarde, in which the French are defeated, 
 
 June 30. Sardinia taken by the allies, Aug. 4. 
 Minorca taken by Gen. Stanhope, Sept. 18. Lisle 
 surrenders to the allies, Oct. 12. Marlborough takes 
 Ghent, Dec. 30. Jo. Vincent Gravina, ob. 1718, 
 set. 50. 
 
 1709. Battle of Pultowa, in which the Swedes are defeated 
 
 by the Russians, June 27. Tournay taken by the 
 allies, July 30. The French defeated at Malplaquet, 
 Aug. 31. Mons taken by the allies, Oct. 21. Dr. 
 Bentley, ob. 1742, set. 80. Marshal Villars, ob. 
 1734, set. 82. 
 
 1710. The allies take Douay, June 15. The allies defeat 
 
 the Spaniards at Almenara, July 27, and at Sara- 
 gossa, Aug. 9. Port Royal taken by Gen. Nichol- 
 son, and its name changed to Annapolis, Oct. 2. The 
 
17$ CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 English defeated at Brihwega, by the duke of Ven- 
 dome, Dec. 9. Battle of Villa Viciosa, Dec. 10. 
 The Spaniards defeated by Staremberg. Bishop 
 Hare, ob. 1740, set. 70. R. Harley, earl of Oxford, 
 ob. 1724, set. 63. 
 
 1711. The duke de Noailles takes Girrone, Jan. 23. War 
 declared by the emperor of Russia against the Turks, 
 March 8 ; a battle between the Turks and Russians, 
 which lasts 3 days. Bouchain taken by Marlborough, 
 Sept. 13. Treaty of Pruth, between Peter the Great 
 and Achmet III. Addison, ob. 1719, set. 48. Lord 
 Bolingbroke, ob. 1751, set. 73. 
 
 1/12. Villars defeats the English at Denain, July 13, and 
 takes Douay, Sept. 8. Negotiations for peace at 
 Utrecht. The Tuscaroras attacked N. Carolina, 
 were defeated by Col. Barnwell, and migrated to the 
 five nations and formed a sixth tribe. Sir R. Steel, 
 ob. 1729. 
 
 IV 13. A comet appears. Peace of Utrecht between Britain 
 and Holland, Jan. 29. Peace between Russia and 
 Turkey. A treaty between Britain and Spain, March 
 26. Peace between Britain and France, between 
 France and the duke of Savoy, between Portugal 
 and France, between Prussia and France, April 11 ; 
 between France and the states-general, April 12 ; 
 between Britain and Spain, July 13. Iron began to 
 be manufactured in Virginia. Matthew Prior, ob. 
 1721, set. 57. 
 
 1714. Treaty of Rastadt and of Baden, in Switzerland, be- 
 
 tween Germany and France, March 6. Barcelona 
 and Cordova taken by the king of Spain. Treaty 
 of Baden between France, Germany, and Spain, 
 Sept. 7. War declared against Venice by the Turks, 
 Dec. 7. Q. Anne dies, and George I. succeeds to 
 the throne of Great Britain, Aug. 1. Francis Atter- 
 bury, bishop of Rochester, banished, 1723, ob. 1732, 
 set. 70. 
 
 1715. Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Portugal, Feb. 
 
 13. Morea subdued by the Turks. The barrier 
 treaty between Holland and Germany, Nov. 15. 
 The battle of Prestonpans, Nov. 13; Sheriff- muir, 
 Nov. 13. Prince Charles lands near Aberdeen, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 179 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Dec. 22. Louis XIV. dies, Aug. 21, set. 77. John 
 Hardouin, ob. 1729, set. 83. John, duke of Argyle, 
 ob. 1743, set. 61. 
 
 1716. Alliance between Britain and Holland, Feb. 6. The 
 
 rebellion in Scotland suppressed, April 26. Alliance 
 between Britain and Germany, May 25. War be- 
 tween Germany and Turkey. The Turks defeated 
 by P. Eugene, at Peterwaradin, July 25. John Le 
 Clerc, ob. 1736, set. 79. Philip, duke of Orleans, 
 regent of France, ob. 1723, set. 51. 
 
 1717. A comet appears. Peter the Great arrives in Paris. 
 
 Yale College was removed from Saybrook to New 
 Haven. The triple alliance between Britain, France, 
 and Holland, at the Hague, Dec. 24. Prince Eu- 
 gene defeats the Turks at Belgrade, kills 15,000 
 men, and takes 130 pieces of cannon. L'Enfant, 
 ob. 1728, 83t. 68. 
 
 1718. Charles XII. invades Norway. The English defeat 
 
 the Spaniards in a sea-fight, near Syracuse, July 31. 
 Treaty of Passarowitz, between the Germans, Vene- 
 tians, and Turks, July 21. Quadruple alliance be- 
 tween Germany, Britain, France, and Holland, Aug. 
 2. Britain makes war upon Spain, Dec. 22. A 
 comet appeared. Vertot, ob. 1735, set. 80. Earl 
 Macclesfield, ob. 1732, set. 66. 
 
 1719. Sicily evacuated by the Spanish troops. Peace be- 
 
 tween Britain and Spain, June 26. Peace between 
 Poland and Sweden ; between Hanover and Sweden, 
 Nov. 20. Battle of Franca Villa, June 9. The 
 Mississippi scheme at its height in France. Combi- 
 nation against the proprietary government of Caro- 
 lina, and a revolution effected. First Philadelphia 
 newspaper established. John Law, ob. 1729. set. 58. 
 Dr. Friend, ob. 1728, set. 53. Alberoni disgraced, 
 ob. 1752, set. 88. 
 
 1720. A league between England and Sweden, Jan. 21. 
 
 Peace between Sweden and Prussia, Jan. 21. South 
 Sea scheme begins April 7, and ends S?pt. 29. Peace 
 between Denmark and Sweden, June 3. A great 
 earthquake in China, June 11. The Mississippi 
 company in France dissolved, June 27. Pestilence 
 in France. Sardinia ceded to the duke of Savoy, 
 
180 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Aug. 7. Gov. Burnet arrived as governor of New 
 York. Montfaucon, ob. 1741, set. 86. 
 
 1721. A shower of sulphur fell in Brunswick, in October. 
 
 Peace between Britain and Spain, June 13. Alliance 
 between Britain, France, and Spain, June 13. Peace 
 between Sweden and Russia, Aug. 19. The small- 
 pox raged in Boston and the vicinity, and inocula- 
 tion first introduced by Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, with 
 great opposition. The aurora borealis, or northern 
 lights, which had disappeared for almost a century, 
 appeared in New England, Dec. 11. Dr. S.Clarke, 
 ob. 1729, set. 54. Sir R. Walpole, ob. 1745, set. 71. 
 
 1722. The English make peace with the Moors, Aug. 12. 
 
 A revolution in Persia, Oct. 12. The czar assumes 
 the title of Emperor of Russia. Roggewein makes 
 discoveries in the Pacific ocean. The Christians and 
 Jesuits expelled from China. Dr. Jonathan Swift, 
 ob. 1745, 8Bt. 78. 
 
 1723. Thirty-three meteoric stones fell near Plestowitz, in 
 
 Bohemia, on the 22d June. A comet appeared. Dr. 
 Edmund Halley, ob. 1742, set. 82. Duke of Marl- 
 borough dies, set. 73. 
 
 1724. Earthquake in Denmark. Persecution of the Protest- 
 
 ants in France. An academy of sciences established 
 at St. Petersburgh. Philip V. resigns his kingdom 
 to his son Lewis, Jan. 15. Fort Dummer, on Con- 
 necticut river, the first settlement in Vermont by 
 civilized men, made. John Albertus Fabricius, ob. 
 1736, set. 67. Duke de Riperda disgraced, 1726, ob. 
 1737. 
 
 1725. Treaty of Vienna, between the emperor and the king 
 
 of Spain, April 31. War between Persia and Tur- 
 key. Treaty of Hanover, between Britain, France, 
 and Prussia, against Germany and Spain, Sept. 3. 
 The first newspaper printed in New York, by Wil- 
 liam Bradford, called the New York Gazette. Dr. 
 John Arbuthnot, ob. 1735. Cardinal Fleury, ob. 
 1743, set. 90. 
 
 1726. An earthquake at Palermo, Aug. 21. Printing intro- 
 
 duced into Virginia, by William Parks. Boerhaave, 
 ob. 1738, set. 70. 
 
 1727. Treaty of Copenhagen, between Britain, Denmark, &c, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 181 
 
 A. D. 
 
 April 16. Peace between Turkey and Persia. Ab- 
 erration of the fixed stars discovered by Dr. Bradley. 
 Siege of Gibraltar begun by the Spaniards, May 20, 
 and continued till April, 1728. King George I. dies, 
 June 11, set. 68, having reigned 13 years. A dry 
 summer, followed by a violent earthquake, Oct. 20. 
 Dr. Chandler, ob. 1750, set. 83. Dr. Bradley, ob. 
 1762, set. 70. 
 
 1728. Treaty of Westminster, between Britain and Holland, 
 
 May 27. A colony of Danes passed into Greenland. 
 A great fire in Copenhagen. An earthquake in China, 
 September. A tempest in Carolina inundated the 
 lowlands, and drove the people into the upper rooms 
 of their houses, which was followed in Charleston 
 by a pestilential fever. Cotton Mather died at Bos- 
 ton, aged 65 years ; he was fellow of the Royal So- 
 ciety of London. Cardinal Polignac, ob. 1741, set. 
 80. Sir R. Temple, ob. 1749, eet. 74. 
 
 1729. A comet appeared. The treaty of Seville, between 
 
 Britain, France, and Spain, Nov. 9. Bishop Gibson, 
 ob. 1743, set. 79. 
 
 1730. War between Persia and Turkey. An earthquake in 
 
 China. A revolution at Constantinople, September. 
 The Persians, under Kouli-Khan, gain a signal vic- 
 tory over the Turks. The first newspaper printed 
 in Carolina. Carolina purchased of the proprietors 
 by the crown, and divided into two provinces, North 
 and South Carolina. Bishop Hoadly, ob. 1761, set. 
 85. 
 
 1731. A treaty between Britain and Germany, March 16. 
 
 A new treaty between Germany, Britain, and Spain, 
 July 22. Alliance between the electorates of Hano- 
 ver and Saxony, August. A great earthquake at 
 Naples. Alexander Pope, ob. 1741, set. 80. 
 
 1732. The Spanish fleet defeats the Moors on the coast of 
 
 Barbary, June 20. The Pragmatic sanction con- 
 firmed by the diet of the empire, Jan. 11. George 
 Washington born in Westmoreland co., Virginia, 
 Feb. 22, O. S. Pennsylvania contained 30,000 in 
 habitants; Maryland, 36,000 ; New Jersey, 47,000. 
 Rollin, ob. 1741, get. 80. 
 
 1733. Jesuits expelled from Paraguay, January. A war be 
 
 16 
 
l82 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 tween Germany and France. A treaty between 
 France, Spain, and Sardinia. Georgia settled under 
 Gen. James Oglethorpe, Feb. 1, atYamaeraw Bluff, 
 on Savannah river, which was called after the In- 
 dian name of the river, Savannah. Abbe du Bos, 
 ob. 1742, set. 72. 
 
 1734. A battle between the Turks and Persians. The Im- 
 
 perialists defeated by the French at Parma, June 18. 
 The French take Philipsburg, July 7. Dantzic sub- 
 mits to Augustus, July 10. The king of Sardinia 
 defeats the Imperialists at Guastalla, Sept. 19. A 
 commercial treaty between Britain and Russia, Dec. 
 2. Fontenelle,*ob. 1756, set. 100. W. Pulteney, 
 ob. 1764, set. 81. 
 
 1735. Alliance between Sweden and Denmark. The Turks 
 
 defeated by the Persians. Preliminaries of peace 
 between France and Austria, signed Oct. 3. Dr. 
 Sherlock, ob. 1761, set. 84. 
 
 1736. Peace between Austria and Spain. War between 
 
 Russia and Turkey. Kouli-Khan proclaimed king 
 of Persia, by the title of Shah Nadir, Sept. 29. La- 
 grange born, 25th June. Bishop Berkeley, ob. 1753, 
 set. 73. 
 
 1737. A comet appeared. The emperor, along with Russia, 
 
 makes war upon the Turks, July 2. A dreadful 
 hurricane at the mouth of the Ganges, Oct. 10. In- 
 surrection of the slaves in South Carolina. Colin 
 Maclaurin, ob. 1746, set. 48. Philip, earl of Hard- 
 wicke, ob. 1764, set. 74. 
 
 1738. The Russians invade the Crimea. Treaty of Vienna, 
 
 between the emperor and the king of France, Nov. 
 18. James Thomson, ob. 1748, set. 48. Lord Presi- 
 dent Forbes, ob. 1747, set. 62. 
 
 1739. Shah Nadir obtains possession of the empire of the 
 
 Moguls. Treaty between Britain and Denmark. A 
 comet appeared. The Russians defeat the Turks at 
 Choczim, Aug. 8. Peace between Germany and 
 Turkey, Aug. 21 ; between Russia and Turkey, 
 Nov. War between England and Spain declared, 
 Oct. 23. Porto-Bello taken by Vernon, Nov. 21. 
 Treaty of Versailles between France and Holland, 
 Dec. 21. Bishop Butler, ob. 1752, aet. 60. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 183 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1740. War between Hungary and Poland. Peace between 
 
 Persia and Turkey, Oct. The Emperor Charles VI. 
 dies, Oct. 9, which begins the general war in Ger- 
 many, that lasts 8 years. Henry Fielding, ob. 1754, 
 set. 48. Arthur Onslow, ob. 1768, set. 78. 
 
 1741. Prussians defeated by the Imperialists at the battle of 
 
 Molwitz, March 30. War between Russia and 
 Sweden. Carthagena taken by Vernon, June 19. 
 The Prussians seize Silesia, Oct. 20. Moravians 
 first settle in America at Bethlehem. The cele- 
 brated negro-plot for burning the city of New York 
 was detected ; two white persons were executed, one 
 of whom, a Roman Catholic priest, died, protesting 
 his innocence ; 14 negroes were burned at the stake, 
 18 were hanged, and 71 were transported. There 
 is reason to believe that a plot existed to burn the 
 city, but the fears of the people were unreasonably 
 excited. The city then contained 12,000 inhabitants, 
 one sixth of whom were slaves. Benjamin Franklin 
 issued the first number of his General Magazine and 
 Historical Chronicle, the first literary journal pub- 
 lished in the United States. Charles de Secondat 
 Baron Montesquieu, ob. 1755, set. 67. 
 
 1742. Two comets appeared. Battle of Czaslaw, between the 
 
 Austrians and Prussians, May 6. Peace between 
 Prussia and Austria. Prague besieged by the Aus- 
 trians, Aug. 16 to Dec. 16. Alliance between Bri- 
 tain and Prussia, Nov. 18. Dr. Stephen Hale, ob. 
 1761, set. 82. 
 
 1743. War between the Turks and Persians. The battle 
 
 of Campo Santo, Jan. 17. The allied army defeats 
 the French at the battle of Dettingen, June 16. Al- 
 liance between Britain and Russia, February. A 
 plague in Sicily, May. War between the British, 
 French, Austrians, and Hungarians. Peace be- 
 tween Russia and Sweden at Abo, Aug. 17. A 
 comet appeared. An alliance between Britain, Hun- 
 gary, &c, at Worms, Sept. 13. Alliance between 
 Britain and Russia, Dec. 11. The Library Com- 
 pany of Philadelphia incorporated ; it was formed in 
 1631, through the influence of Benjamin Franklin, 
 and was the first subscription library in the country. 
 
184 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 A large comet appeared in Dec. G. Frederick 
 Handel, ob. 1759, set. 56. 
 
 1744. A comet appeared. The attempt of the French to 
 
 invade Britain defeated, Feb. 24. Naval engage- 
 ment between the French and English fleets off Tou- 
 lon, Feb. 22. War between Britain and France. 
 War between Hungary and France, April 17. Sur- 
 render of Menin, June. The king of Prussia takes 
 Prague, Sept. 16. Friburg surrenders to the French, 
 Nov. 1. Commodore Anson completes his voyage 
 round the world. Henry Pelham, ob. 1754, set. 60. 
 
 1745. Quadruple alliance between Britain, Austria, Holland, 
 
 and Poland, Jan. 8. The Austrians defeat the French 
 at Pfaffenhofen, April 4. Battle of Fontenoy, April 
 30. Shah Nadir defeats the Turks at Erzerum, in 
 May. The Prussians defeat the Austrians at Strie- 
 gau, June 4. The French take Tournay, Ghent, 
 Bruges, Oudenarde, Dendermonde, Ostend, Newport, 
 and Aeth, between June 8 and Oct. 9. The Eng- 
 lish take Louisbourg and Cape Breton, June 6. The 
 rebellion in Scotland begins in July. The Austrians 
 defeated by the Prussians at Sohr, Sept. 19. Battle 
 of Prestonpans, Sept. 21. Treaty of Dresden, be- 
 tween Austria, Prussia, Poland, and Saxony, Dec. 
 25. The duke of Cumberland takes Carlisle, Dec. 
 30. Louisburg, " the Dunkirk of America," surren- 
 dered to New England troops, aided by an English 
 squadron, June 17. New England contains 1000 
 vessels exclusive of fishing craft. From the custom- 
 houses it was ascertained that in commerce, Boston 
 occupied the first place, Philadelphia the second, 
 New York the third, Charleston the fourth, Newport 
 the fifth, and Perth Amboy the sixth. Dr. Middleton, 
 ob. 1750, set. 67. Marshal Saxe, ob. 1750, set. 54. 
 
 1746. Battle of Falkirk, Jan. 17. Peace between Persia and 
 
 Turkey in January. Count Saxe takes Brussels, 
 Feb. 20, and soon after Antwerp. Battle of Cullo- 
 den, April 16. Alliance of Petersburg, between 
 Russia and Austria, May 22. The prince of Conti 
 takes Mons, July 10, and Charleroi, Aug. 2. Na- 
 raur taken by Count Clermont, Sept. 19. The allies 
 defeated by Saxe at Reucoux, Oct. 11. Lima de- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 185 
 
 A. D. 
 
 stroyed by an earthquake, Oct. 17. French expe- 
 dition under the Duke D'Anville, consisting of 40 
 ships of war and from 3000 to 4000 troops, menaced 
 New England, and signally failed by means of a 
 storm, contagious fever, and other disasters ; it was 
 considered by serious people as an instance of a re- 
 markable interposition of Providence in their favor. 
 The college of New Jersey, subsequently named 
 Nassau-Hall, was first established at Elizabethtown, 
 afterwards removed to Newark, and finally to Prince- 
 ton in 1757, where it became permanent. Jonathan 
 Dickinson, first president of New Jersey College, 
 died, in his 60th year. David Brainerd, missionary 
 to the Indians, died, in his 30th year. Hogarth, ob. 
 1764, aet. 67. Duke of Cumberland, ob. 1765, 
 set. 45. 
 
 1747. Anson and Warren defeat the French fleet, May 3. 
 
 A comet appeared. The prince of Orange elected 
 Stadtholder of the United Provinces, May 2. Alli- 
 ance of Stockholm, between Prussia, Poland, and 
 Sweden, May 29. Admiral Hawke defeats the 
 French fleet, Oct. 14. The French take Bergen-op- 
 Zoom, Sept. 5. Kouli Khan murdered. A revolu- 
 tion in Persia. James Cassini, ob. 1756, aet. 79. 
 Lord Anson, ob. 1762, aet. 62. 
 
 1748. Two comets appeared. The French take Maestricht, 
 
 May 7. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, between Britain, 
 France, Spain, Austria, Sardinia, and Holland, Oct. 
 7. Benjamin Robins, ob; 1751, aet. 44. Sir John 
 Barnard, ob. 1764, aet. 80. 
 
 1749. Nova Scotia colonized. A league against the Cor- 
 
 sairs of Algiers and Tunis, between the Pope, Vene- 
 tians, &c. Bennington, Vt., granted by Gov. Ben- 
 ning Wentworth, of N. H., which was followed by 
 other similar grants, for four or five years, since called 
 the New Hampshire grants. In these grants were 
 reserved one right of land containing about 380 acres 
 for the first settled minister ; one similar right as a 
 glebe for the support of an Episcopal minister, of the 
 Church of England, " as by law established ;" and 
 one right for the " Society for propagating the gospel 
 in foreign parts." The glebe in Vermont, and also 
 16* 
 
186 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 in New Hampshire, has been appropriated to the use 
 of schools, the U. S. court having decided that there 
 is no such thing in the country as the Church of 
 England, " as by law established." But the Society 
 for propagating the gospel in foreign parts since con- 
 veyed their right to the Episcopal church in Ver- 
 mont for the support of her ministry, and the court 
 of the United States put them in possession of this 
 right, and it now constitutes a fund for the support 
 of the Bishop of Vermont, and to aid in the support 
 of the Episcopal clergy of that state. This right of 
 land is found in many of the oldest and best town- 
 ships in the state of Vermont. The legislature had 
 already appropriated it to the use of schools ; and it 
 evinced the stern integrity and paramount authority 
 of the Supreme Court of the United States, that they 
 should confirm this grant to a foreign Society, which 
 should go to the support of a denomination who con- 
 stituted a small minority among the religious sects 
 of the state. The population of the English colonies 
 was this year, 1,046,000. La Place born, March 
 23. Bouguer, ob. 1758, set. 61. Philip, earl of 
 Chesterfield, ob. 1773, set. 79. 
 
 1750. A large meteoric stone fell on St. Peter's day at 
 
 Niort, near Constance in Normandy. Two shocks 
 of an earthquake in England, Feb. 8 and March 8. 
 An academy of sciences founded at Stockholm. 
 Treaty of commerce between Spain and Britain, 
 Oct. 5. Belidor, ob. 1761, set. 64. Earl of Ba- 
 thurst, ob. 1775, set. 91. 
 
 1751. Two meteoric stones, one weighing 71, and the other 
 
 16 pounds, fell in the district of Agram in Croatia. 
 Peace between Portugal and Spain. Pennsylvania 
 Hospital was established by act of the assembly, 
 Feb. 7. Frederic, prince of Wales, dies, March 20, 
 set. 44. Thomas Simpson, ob. 1761. 
 
 1752. Franklin discovers the identity between electricity 
 
 and lightning. The new style introduced into Bri- 
 tain, Sept. 3, reckoned the 14th. A tempest laid 
 Charleston under water, in Sept. The new style 
 was introduced into the colonies. From this time r 
 the new year, instead of beginning on the 25th of 
 
OF THE WORLD. 187 
 
 A. D. 
 
 March, commenced on the 1st of Jan. The new 
 style began on the 3d of September, now called the 
 14th, eleven days having been dropped. The new 
 style was thus slowly adopted, as it had originated 
 with Pope Gregory XIII. of Rome. La Caille, ob. 
 1762, set. 49. Franklin, ob. 1790, set. 85. 
 
 1753. Meteoric stones fell near Eichstadt in Germany in 
 
 January. Other two, one of 20, and another of 11 
 pounds weight, fell in Bresse-bock, in September ; 
 and a shower of stones fell on the 3d July, near Ta- 
 bor iu Bohemia. Major Washington, then in his 
 22d year, was sent by Gov. Dinwiddie of Va., to re- 
 monstrate against the encroachments of the French 
 at Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg. The British 
 Museum established by act of parliament. China 
 ware made at Chelsea. Dr. Edward Young, ob. 
 1765, set. 83. 
 
 1754. A dreadful eruption of Mtna,. A great earthquake at 
 
 Constantinople, &c, Sept. 2. The French surprised 
 and defeated by Col. Washington at the Great Mead- 
 ows. Col. Washington and his troops in Fort Neces- 
 sity, surrendered to the French, July 4. Dr. John 
 Leland, ob. 1766, set. 75. John duke of Bedford, 
 ob. 1771, set. 61. 
 
 1755. A meteoric stone fell in the country of Terra Nova T 
 
 weighing 7^ pounds. War between the Algerines 
 and Dutch, April 10. Quito destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, April 28. Braddock killed near Fort Du- 
 quesne, July 9. Gen. Braddock led a force against 
 the French at Fort Duquesne, and Col. Washington 
 was appointed his aid ; Braddock was defeated and 
 mortally wounded, and Washington displayed his 
 youthful prowess in conducting the retreat of the 
 shattered forces. A convention between Britain and 
 Russia, Sept. 30. Lisbon destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, Nov. 1. Dr. Birch, ob. 1766, set. 61. Ad- 
 miral Boscawen, ob. 1761, set. 50. 
 
 1756. Treaty between Britain and Prussia, Feb. 16. Eng- 
 
 land makes war upon France, May 17. A naval 
 engagement between the English and French off 
 Minorca, May 20. Minorca surrendered to the 
 French, June 28. Oswego taken, Aug. 14, by the 
 
188 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 French under M. Montcalm. The population of Con- 
 necticut, as returned to the assembly, was 130,611. 
 Dr. Robert Smith, ob. 1768, set. 79. William Pitt, 
 earl of Chatham, ob. 1778, est. 70. The Austrians 
 defeated at Lowoschutz, by the king of Prussia, 
 Oct. 1. 
 
 1757. Damien's conspiracy against the French king, Jan. 5. 
 
 The king of Prussia invades Bohemia. The king 
 of Prussia, defeats the Austrians at the battle of 
 Prague, May 6. The battle of Kollin, June 18, in 
 which the king of Prussia is repulsed by count Daun. 
 The battle of Plaissy, in the East Indies, June 23. 
 The battle of Hastenbeck, July 26, in which the 
 French defeat the allies. The French take Verdun, 
 Aug. 26, and Bremen, 3 days afterwards. The 
 convention of Closter-seven, Sept. 8. A comet ap- 
 peared. The battle of Rosbeck, Nov. 5, in which 
 the Prussians defeat the French and Austrians. 
 The Austrians defeat the Prussians near Breslaw, 
 Nov. 22. The Prussians defeat the Austrians at 
 Lessa, Dec. 5 ; take Breslaw, Dec. 21 ; and become 
 masters of Silesia. Archbishop Seeker, ob. 1768, 
 fet. 75. 
 
 1758. Minden reduced by Pr. Ferdinand, March 14. A 
 
 treaty between Britain and Prussia, April 11. The 
 English take Senegal, May 1. The French de- 
 feated by Pr. Ferdinand at Crevelt, June 23. The 
 English repulsed at Ticonderoga, July 8. The Eng- 
 lish take Louisburg, July 27, and Cherburg, Aug. 
 8. The Prussians defeated at Frankfort, Aug. 12, 
 and at Hoc' kirchen, Oct. 14, by the Austrians. 
 The Russians defeated by the Prussians, at Zorn- 
 dorf, Aug. 25. The allies defeated at Landwern- 
 hagen, Oct. 10. The Prussians raise the sieges of 
 Colberg, Neiss, Cosel, Torgau, Leipsic, and Dres- 
 den, in Oct. A treaty between Britain and Prussia, 
 Dec. 7. Gen. Abercrombie defeated at Ticonderoga 
 with great loss ; Lord Howe killed, July. Fort 
 Duquesne abandoned by the French and taken pos- 
 session of by the English, Nov. ; named Fort Pitt, 
 in honor of William Pitt. Jonathan Edwards, pre- 
 sident of the college of New Jersey, died in his 55th 
 
OF THE WORLD. 189 
 
 A. D. 
 
 year. P. Francis Courayer, ob. 1776, aet. 79. Gen- 
 eral Wolfe, ob. 1759, set. 33. 
 
 1759. A comet appeared. Ferdinand defeats the French at 
 
 Bergen, April 13. Ticonderoga and Crown Point 
 taken by the British. Fort Niagara reduced by Sir 
 W. Johnson, July 24. Battle of Minden, at which 
 the French are defeated, Aug. 1. The king of Prus- 
 sia defeats the Russians at Cunersdorf, August 12. 
 The Jesuits banished from Portugal, Sept. 3. Gene- 
 ral Wolfe defeats the French, and takes Quebec, 
 Sept. 17. The French fleet defeated by Boscawen 
 off Gibraltar, Aug. 18. The French fleet defeated 
 ofTBelleisle, Nov. 20. A comet appeared. Balbec 
 and Tripoli destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 5. A 
 comet appeared. Bishop Pearce, ob. 1774, set. 84. 
 Henry Fox, lord Holland, ob. 1774, set. 69. 
 
 1760. The French defeat the English at Quebec, April 28. 
 
 The French defeated by the allies at Lydorf, July 
 16, and at Warbourg, July 31. The Prussians de- 
 feated by the Austrians at Landshut, June 23. The 
 French defeat the allies at Corbach, July 10. The 
 Prussians defeat the Austrians at PfafFendorf, Aug. 
 15. The Prussians defeat the Austrians in Saxony, 
 Aug. 30, and at Torgau, Nov. 3. Niagara taken, 
 and Gen. Prideaux killed. The English obtain pos- 
 session of Canada, Sept. 8. Berlin plundered by 
 the Austrians and Russians, Oct. 9. Earthquakes 
 in Syria, Oct. 13. George II. dies, Oct. 25, set. 77. 
 Voltaire, ob. 1778, aet. 84. 
 
 1761. Col. Coote takes Pondicherry, Jan. 15. The French 
 
 defeat the Hanoverians, &c, near Grunberg, March 
 21. The English take Belleisle, June 7. The 
 French defeated at Kirchdenckern, July 15. A 
 league between France and Spain, Aug. 15. The 
 Russians defeated at Colberg, Sept. 16. King 
 George III. crowned, Sept. 22. Lord Lyttleton, ob. 
 1773, aet. 64. Charles Townshend, ob. 1767, a*. 42. 
 Samuel Davies, president of the college of New Jer- 
 sey, died, aged 37. 
 
 1762. War with Spain, Jan. 3. Martinique surrenders, 
 
 Feb. 4; Grenada, &c., March 4. Peace between 
 Prussia and Russia, March 5. War between Spain 
 
190 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 and Portugal, May 23. A comet appeared. War 
 declared by France and Spain against Portugal, June 
 20. The French defeated at Grabenstein, June 24. 
 A revolution in Russia, July 9. The English take 
 the Havana, August 12. Prince of Wales born, 
 Aug. 12. The Jesuits expelled from France in 
 August. The French defeat Prince Ferdinand at 
 Johannesberg, Aug. 30. A battle between the allies 
 and French at Bruchermuhl, Sept. 21. The Eng- 
 lish take Manilla, Oct. 6. Schweidnitz surrenders 
 to the Prussians, Oct. 9. The allies defeated by Pr. 
 Henry at Freyberg, Oct. 29. The allies besiege 
 and take Cassel, Nov. 1. Peace between Britain 
 and France, Nov. 3. The severest drought known 
 in America, in which there was no rain from May 
 to September. Condamine, ob. 1774, set. 74. 
 
 1763. The peace of Paris, between Britain, France, and 
 
 Spain, acceded to by Portugal, Feb. 10. The peace 
 of Hubersburg between Prussia and Hungary, Feb. 
 15. Peace between Prussia and Poland, Feb. 15. 
 This was the end of the " old French war," which 
 had been very troublesome to the colonies ; but it 
 had been very serviceable in accustoming them to 
 the fatigues and discipline of a camp, and in prepar- 
 ing them for the subsequent important struggles of 
 the Revolution. In the early part of the Revolu- 
 tionary war the United States had some experienced 
 generals, and the "old French war" was the school 
 in which they learned the art. Gen. Putnam was 
 well acquainted with many of the British officers, 
 ; with whom he had fought side by side. He had 
 
 occasional intercourse with them at Boston, before 
 hostilities commenced. Being once asked by them 
 if he did not believe that 5000 regular troops would 
 overrun and subdue the country? he replied, "that 
 leaving the men out of the question, the women would 
 beat all their brains out with their broomsticks and 
 ladles, before they had gotten half through the coun- 
 try." They early learned that he was as incorrupti- 
 ble as he was brave. Wedgewood's improvements 
 in pottery. 
 
 1764. A comet appeared. A treaty between Russia and 
 
OF THE WORLD. 191 
 
 A. D 
 
 Prussia, April 15. Stanislaus Poniatowsky elected 
 king of Poland, Sept. 6. Famine and the plague in 
 Italy. An earthquake at Lisbon, Dec. 26. Byron 
 makes discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. C. V. 
 Linne, ob. 1778, aet. 70. 
 
 1765. The regency bill passed, May 15. Bengal established 
 
 under the British government. Kentucky first set- 
 tled by Col. Daniel Boone. The stamp act receives 
 the royal assent, March 22, and occasioned great 
 commotion in the colonies. Pittsburg was laid out 
 on the plan of Philadelphia, on the Monongahela, at 
 the junction of the Alleghany river. It had been 
 extensively visited during the French war, and the 
 importance of the situation had become well known. 
 D. of Cumberland dies, Oct. 31. The Dauphin dies, 
 Dec. 20. Dr. Rutherford, ob. 1771. James Stuart, 
 the Pretender, dies. 
 
 1766. A meteoric stone fell in summer at Alboreti near Mo- 
 
 dena. A comet appeared. The stamp act in America 
 repealed, March 18. This repeal was accompa- 
 nied by a declaratory act, asserting the right of 
 parliament to bind the colonies in all cases whatso- 
 ever ; notwithstanding which the repeal excited great 
 joy, which was testified by the ringing of bells, by 
 fireworks, and festivals. In consequence of an in- 
 surrection in Spain, the king leaves Madrid, March 
 25. A comet appeared. A treaty of commerce be- 
 tween Britain and Russia, June 20. A great earth- 
 quake at Constantinople. The Jesuits banished 
 from Bohemia and Denmark. Dr. Franklin was 
 examined before the House of Commons on the 
 state of the colonies. David Hume, ob. 1776, 
 aet. 66. 
 
 1767. The Jesuits banished from Spain, Genoa, and Venice, 
 
 April 2. Martinique almost destroyed by an earth- 
 quake. Toleration of the Protestants in Poland, 
 Nov. 2. Wallis and Carteret make discoveries in 
 the Pacific ocean. An act of parliament laying a 
 duty on paper, glass, painters' colors, and on teas, 
 imported into the colonies, to be paid by them ; and 
 for quartering the soldiers of the British army sta- 
 tioned among them, on the inhabitants, excited much 
 
192 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 apprehension and alarm. Thomas Clap, president 
 of Yale College, died, in his 64th year. Jean Jacques 
 Rousseau, ob. 1778. 
 
 1768. A meteoric stone, weighing 7£ pounds, fell near Luce, 
 
 in the district of the Main, on the 13th September. 
 Another meteoric stone fell on the 20th Nov. at 
 Manerkerchen, near the Inn in Bavaria, weighing 
 38 pounds. The Royal Academy of Arts estab- 
 lished in London. The Turks make war upon 
 Russia. The Jesuits banished from Naples, Malta, 
 and Parma. Bougainville makes discoveries in the 
 Pacific Ocean. British troops arrived at Boston, and 
 took possession of the State-house, the council hav- 
 ing refused to provide barracks for them. Dart- 
 mouth College founded at Hanover, N. H. First 
 commencement in the college of Rhode Island ; 
 founded in Bristol in 1764, removed to Providence 
 in 1770. Edward Holyoke, president of Harvard 
 College, died, aged 80. David Garrick, ob. 1779, 
 set. 63. Robert lord Clive, ob. Nov. 22, 1774. 
 
 1769. Battles of Choczim, April 30, July 13, Sept. 17. The 
 
 Russian fleet enters the Mediterranean in Dec. 
 Paoli fled from Corsica, June 13, which was re- 
 duced. A comet appears. Thomas Gray, poet, ob. 
 July 30, 1771. 
 
 1770. The Turks defeated by the Russians, near the Pruth, 
 
 Aug. 1. An earthquake at St. Domingo. Bender 
 taken by storm, Sept. 28. A comet appears. The 
 "Boston massacre,'"' in which the inhabitants were 
 fired on by the British soldiery ; three were killed, 
 and five dangerously wounded, which excited great 
 commotion, March 5. The duties on goods imported 
 into America repealed, excepting that on tea. An 
 association formed not to drink tea, until this act 
 should be repealed. George Whitefield died at 
 Newburyport, Mass., in his 56th year. Benning 
 Wentworth, late governor of N. H., died at Ports- 
 mouth, in his 75th year. Oliver Goldsmith, ob. 
 April 14, 1774. Edward lord Hawke, ob. Oct. 17, 
 1781. 
 
 1771. About 500,000 Tourgouths emigrate from the border 
 
 of the Caspian, to the frontiers of China. Lord 
 
OP THE WORLD. 193 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Mayor of London committed to the Tower, March 
 27. The Russians burn the Turkish fleet, at Cisme, 
 Natolia, July 5. Two comets appear. Bishop 
 Warburton, ob. July 7, 1779. Lord Ashburton, ob. 
 Aug. 18, 1783. Dr. Smollet, ob. set. 61. 
 
 1772. A revolution in Denmark, and the queen imprisoned, 
 
 Jan. 17. Insurrection at Christianstadt, which 
 effects a revolution in Sweden, Aug. 13, and com- 
 pleted at Stockholm, Aug. 19. Poland partitioned 
 by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. A comet appears. 
 Samuel Johnson, president of King's College, N. Y., 
 died, aged 76. Dr. W. Hunter, anatomist, ob. 
 March 15, 1788. Sir George Saville, ob. Jan. 
 1784. 
 
 1773. A meteoric stone, weighing 9| pounds, fell at Sena in 
 
 Aragon on the 17th Nov. Cook makes discoveries 
 in the Pacific Ocean. The order of the Jesuits sup- 
 pressed by a papal bull, Aug. 25. Disturbances in 
 America begin at Boston, Dec. 18. Seventeen men, 
 disguised as Mohawk Indians, emptied the cargoes 
 of three tea ships, amounting to 342 chests, into the 
 sea. A comet appears. D'Alembert, ob. Oct. 27, 
 1783. Capt. Cook, ob. Feb. 14, 1779. 
 
 1774. Boston port- bill passed, March 31. Louis XV. dies 
 
 May 10, set. 64. Turkish army destroyed, June 20. 
 Peace between Russia and Turkey, July 21. The 
 ancient parliament of Paris restored, Nov. 12. A 
 comet appeared. The population of Connecticut, 
 by returns to the assembly, was 190,487 whites, 
 50,857 blacks, 1,363 Indians ; total 196,935. Bos- 
 ton port- bill, by which the port was closed. 
 
 The continental congress assembled at Philadelphia, 
 Sept. 4, who drew up a declaration of rights, and 
 resolved to petition the king, and address the people. 
 The number of inhabitants of Rhode Island, taken 
 by order of the assembly, x was 54,435 whites, 3,761 
 blacks, 1,482 Indians ; total 59,678. The census 
 of the colonies, exclusive of Georgia, was 3,026,678 
 souls. 
 
 L. Euler, ob. Sept. 1783. Charles Stuart, Pretender, 
 ob. March 3, 1788. 
 
 1775. Hostilities in America begin at Lexington, April 19. 
 
 17 
 
194 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 A detachment of 800 men, under Col. Smith and 
 Maj. Pitcairn, set out for Concord to destroy some 
 military stores lodged there ; but though the great- 
 est secrecy had been attempted, the news of their 
 march had preceded them, and the country was 
 alarmed by the ringing of church bells and the firing 
 of signal-guns. At Lexington, April 19th, 70 min- 
 ute men were assembled under arms near the meet- 
 ing-house. Maj. Pitcairn at the head of his battal- 
 lion called out to them, "Disperse, you rebels; 
 throw down your arms and disperse," which not 
 being obeyed, he advanced yet nearer, discharged 
 his pistol, and ordered his men to fire. Several of 
 the provincials fell, and the rest dispersed. Eight 
 Americans were killed ; three or four by the first 
 fire, others after they had retreated. The British 
 then proceeded to Concord, where they destroyed 
 considerable military stores ; but they were terribly 
 annoyed by the provincials on their return to Boston. 
 Of the Americans fifty men were killed and several 
 wounded ; of the British 65 were killed, and 186 
 were wounded. The spirit of the country was 
 roused, and Boston was soon surrounded by an army 
 of 20,000 men, mostly undisciplined militia, deter- 
 mined to preserve their freedom at the expense even 
 of their lives, if necessary. 
 Ticonderoga was taken by the militia under Col. 
 Ethan Allen, who summoned its commander to sur- 
 render, and the commander asking by whose author- 
 ity, Allen replied, " Of the great Jehovah and the 
 Continental Congress." Crown Point was taken by 
 Col. Seth Warner. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 
 The British, with 3000 men, attempted to drive 1000 
 Americans from their intrenchments on Breed's, 
 commonly called Bunker Hill, and with much diffi- 
 culty succeeded. The British loss in killed, wound- 
 ed, and missing, was 1050, of whom 226 were 
 killed, and among them 19 commissioned officers. 
 The American loss was 453, of whom 139 were 
 killed, and among them Gen. Joseph Warren, of 
 Boston. Gen. George Washington was chosen by 
 the American congress, commander-in-chief, who 
 
OF THE WORLD. 195 
 
 A. D. 
 
 arrived at Cambridge July 2. Gen. Montgomery, 
 after taking St. John's and Montreal, arrived at 
 Quebec, where he was joined by Col. Arnold, who 
 had penetrated with a detachment by the way of 
 Kennebec river through the wilderness. In the as- 
 sault on Quebec, Montgomery was killed, and a part 
 of the assailants surrendered. Sir William Howe 
 succeeded Gen. Gage in the command of the British 
 army. 
 St. John's taken by Montgomery, Nov. 2. Assault of 
 Quebec, Dec. 31. Dr. S. Johnson, ob. Dec. 13, 
 1784. 
 1776. General Howe leaves Boston, March 17. — The Amer- 
 icans fortified themselves on Dorchester heights, 
 which commanded the harbor of Boston, and obliged 
 the British to retire from the harbor and town, 
 March 17, and Gen. Washington entered Boston. 
 Canada was evacuated by Arnold, June 18. Con- 
 gress declares itself independent, July 4. This 
 great event took place 284 years after the discovery 
 of America by Columbus, 166 from the first effect- 
 ual settlement in Virginia, and 156 from the first 
 settlement of Plymouth, Mass., which were the 
 earliest English settlements in America. — Attack on 
 Charleston, June 28. Early in the summer, the 
 British, under admiral Sir Peter Parker, and Gene- 
 rals Clinton and Cornwallis, made an attack on 
 Charleston, S. C, and were repulsed with consider- 
 able loss. After the evacuation of Boston, Gen. 
 Washington proceeded to New York, which he sup- 
 posed would be the next object of attack. In June 
 the British force, after reinforcements, consisting of 
 35,000 men, appeared in the harbor of New York, 
 to whom Washington could oppose only 17,000 men, 
 chiefly militia, provided with few of the munitions 
 of war. — Battle on Long Island, Aug. 27. Gen. 
 Howe landed on the south side of Long Island, Aug. 
 22, near New Utrecht. Battle of Flatbush, Aug. 
 27, in which the Americans were defeated with 
 great loss, and Gen. Sullivan and lord Stirling were 
 made prisoners. The American loss in killed and 
 wounded was probably about 2000 ; the British loss 
 
196 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 in killed and wounded did not exceed 400. After 
 the disastrous battle of Flatbush, Washington re- 
 solved to retreat from Long Island, which he did in 
 a single night, Aug. 29, unobserved by the enemy, 
 who were not more than 600 yards distant from the 
 American army. In September the city of New 
 York was abandoned by the American army, and 
 taken possession of by the British. Soon after this 
 event, Capt. Nathan Hale, of the American army, 
 was executed as a spy by the British with great 
 cruelty. He was denied the attendance of a clergy- 
 man and the use of a Bible, and the letters to his 
 friends were destroyed, " that the rebels should not 
 know that they had a man in their army who could 
 die with so much firmness." He regretted that he 
 had but one life to lose for his country. This sad 
 event doubtless contributed afterwards to render the 
 case of the unfortunate Andre hopeless. — Washing- 
 ton crossed the Delaware Dec. 25, and the next 
 morning captured more than 900 Hessians at Tren- 
 ton. Their commander, Col. Rahl, was killed. 
 New York taken, Sept. 15, and Fort Washington, 
 Nov. 16. Rhode Island occupied, Dec. 8. Austria 
 grants religious toleration, and abolishes torture. 
 Bishop Lowth, ob. Nov. 1787. Dr. Adam Smith, 
 ob. 1790, set. 67. 
 1777. Washington, Jan. 2, proceeded to Princeton and de- 
 feated the British, who lost about 500 men. Lafay- 
 ette, aged about 20 years, arrived from France, and 
 was afterwards made a major-general in the Ameri- 
 can army. General Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga, 
 July 6. Gen. Howe lands in Chesapeake Bay, 
 Aug. 30. Battle on the Brandy wine, Sept. 11, be- 
 tween the British, commanded by Cornwallis, and 
 the Americans, under Washington. The Americans 
 lost 300 killed and 600 wounded, and several hun- 
 dred, chiefly the wounded, were made prisoners. 
 La Fayette was among the wounded. The British 
 lost 100 killed and 400 wounded. The British take 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 26. Battle of Germantown, 
 Oct. 4. Of the Americans 200 were killed, nearly 
 600 wounded, and 400 made prisoners. The British 
 
OF THE WORLD. 197 
 
 A. D. 
 
 had near 100 killed and 500 wounded. Surrender 
 of Gen. Burgoyne's army, Oct. 16. Gen. Burgoyne 
 having taken Crown Point and Ticonderoga, arrived 
 at Fort Edward on Hudson river July 30, having 
 been much annoyed on his march. His force was 
 7,173 of the best British troops ; the American army 
 did not exceed 5,000 men, but was continually in- 
 creasing. To destroy some provisions and stores 
 lodged at Bennington, Vt., a detachment of 600 men 
 under Col. Baum, which was reinforced by 500 men 
 under Col. Breyman, was sent to seize them. They 
 were met by Col. Starke, at the head of the New 
 Hampshire and Vermont militia, amounting to about 
 1,400 ; and they captured from the British 600 men, 
 4 brass field-pieces, 1000 stand of arms, and 900 
 swords. On the eve of the battle the brave Starke 
 is said to have addressed his men : " Fellow-soldiers, 
 I am not much accustomed to speech-making, but 
 there are the British, and we must beat them, or 
 Mary S'arke sleeps a widow to-night. " The loss of 
 the British was 700 men, in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners ; of the Americans, 100 in killed and 
 wounded. After some severe fighting between the 
 main bodies of the forces, the continental troops had 
 increased to 9,000 men, and the militia to about 
 4,000 men. A battle was fought at Stillwater, near 
 Saratoga, by the Americans under Gen. Gates, in 
 which the British, under Gen. Burgoyne, were de- 
 feated, and compelled to surrender their whole force 
 to the Americans, Oct. 17, to the amount of 5,752 
 men. There were also surrendered 5,000 stand of 
 arms, 400 sets of harness, a number of ammunition 
 wagons, &c. The surrender of Burgoyne diffused 
 joy over America, and laid the foundation for a 
 treaty of* alliance with France. Vermont, in con- 
 vention, declared itself an independent state. New 
 York had opposed their independence, and congress, 
 for fear of offending this important state, had not 
 dared to receive them as such. Though no state 
 was more cordial in their attachment to the Ameri- 
 can cause, or did more for it in proportion to their 
 strength ; the British hoped to detach Vermont from 
 
 17* 
 
198 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. O. 
 
 the American cause, and forbore to invade them for 
 this purpose ; and the wise heads of Vermont, with- 
 out committing themselves, cherished this delusion • 
 yet the Green Mountain boys were proverbial for 
 their patriotism and their bravery. John Hancock 
 resigned the presidency of the American congress, 
 having presided over it for two years, and Henry 
 Laurens was appointed in his place. BufTon, ob. 
 April 16, 1788. 
 
 1778. Treaty between France and America, Feb. 6. Evacu- 
 ation of Philadelphia, June 18. — The British evacu- 
 ate Philadelphia, June 18, and proceed towards New 
 York. Battle of Monmouth courthouse, between 
 Washington and Sir Henry Clinton. The British 
 were defeated in a hard-fought battle, and compelled 
 to retire with great loss, June 28. War between 
 Austria and Prussia, July 7. Battle between the 
 English and French fleets, July 27. Gen. Lee was 
 suspended, for disobedience to orders, for one year, 
 by a court-martial, and never afterwards joined the 
 army. The French fleet under D'Estaing arrived, 
 to assist the Americans. Wyoming, in Pa., con- 
 taining 1000 inhabitants, was captured by the tories 
 and Indians under Col. Butler, and the inhabitants 
 massacred, July. Rhode Island besieged, Aug. 9 
 to 30. Pondicherry taken, Oct. 17. French routed 
 at St. Lucia, Dec. 18. Savannah taken by the 
 British, Dec. 29. M. Diderot, ob. April, 1785. 
 
 1779 Meteoric stones fell at Pettiswood, in Westmeath, in 
 Ireland. Peace between the Prussians and Imperi- 
 alists, May 13. The French take St. Vincent's, 
 June 17. Naval engagement between Byron and 
 d'Estaing off Grenada, July 6. A dreadful erup- 
 tion of Vesuvius, Aug. 8. Gibraltar besieged by 
 the Spaniards in July. A comet appears. Norfolk, 
 Gosport, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, Va., burned. 
 Stony Point taken by the British in June. The 
 British capture and destroy military stores at Dan- 
 bury, and burn Fairfield and Norwalk, with some 
 loss. The American Gen. Wayne captured Stony 
 Point from the British, at the point of the bayonet, 
 July 15; and the garrison of 54.3 men were made 
 
 
Or THE WORLD. 199 
 
 A. D. 
 
 prisoners, and considerable military stores were 
 taken. The British had 63 men killed. Paul Joneg 
 captured the British frigate Serapis, of 44 guns, off 
 the coast of England, Sept. 23. Eleazer Wheelock, 
 first president of Dartmouth college, died, set. 69. 
 William Henry Drayton, of S. C, died in his 37th 
 year. 
 
 1780. Sir George Rodney takes 22 sail of Spanish ships, 
 
 Jan. 8, and engages Langara, Jan. 16, near Cape 
 Vincent. Naval battle between the English and 
 French, off Martinique, April 17. Charleston sur- 
 renders to the British, May 12. The French and 
 Spanish fleets take five British East Indiamen, and a 
 large fleet of West India ships, Aug. 9. Lord Corn- 
 wallis defeats the Americans at Camden, Aug. 16. 
 Charleston besieged and taken by the British, May 
 12. The Americans under Gen. Gates, were de- 
 feated by the British under Lord Cornwallis, Aug. 
 16. The Americans lost 48 officers, 78 subalterns, 
 and 604 rank and file. Baron de Kalb was mortal- 
 ly wounded, and soon died. The British lost 325, 
 of whom 65 were killed, 245 wounded, and 11 miss- 
 ing. The Americans lost their whole baggage and 
 artillery. Gen. Gates was superseded in the com- 
 mand of the south by Gen. Greene, and his conduct 
 in the battle of Camden was submitted to a court of 
 inquiry. Gen. Lee and Gen. Gates had been sus- 
 pected of a design to supplant Gen. Washington, 
 which they denied. They had now both fallen un- 
 der censure. Arnold treacherously agreed to deliver 
 up the strong fortress of West Point, and Maj. An- 
 dre, in arranging the business, was taken as a spy, 
 and was hung Oct. 2. Washington wished to ex- 
 change him for Arnold, which he could not effect. 
 Torture abolished in France, Aug. 25. A dreadful 
 hurricane in the Leeward islands, in Oct. War 
 with Holland, Dec. 20. A. comet appears. Sir W. 
 Blackstone, ob. set. 57. 
 
 1781. St. Eustatia taken by the British, Feb. 3, and re- 
 
 taken, Nov. 17. The Georgium Sidus discovered 
 by Dr. Herschel, 13th March. Cornwallis defeats 
 the Americans, at Guilford, March 15. Battle of 
 
200 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 the Dogger bank, between the English and Dutch 
 fleets, Aug. 5. Cornwallis's army surrenders to the 
 Americans, at Yorktovvn, Oct 19. Gen. Morgan de- 
 feated the British Col. Tarleton at Cowpens. The 
 British loss was 300 killed or wounded, and 500 
 taken prisoners, and considerable arms and military 
 stores were obtained. Battle of Guilford court- 
 house, in which Gen. Greene was defeated by Lord 
 Cornwallis. Battle of Eutau Springs, in which the 
 British lost 1,100 men, and the Americans 555. 
 Gen. Washington, at the head of the combined army 
 of Americans and French, amounting to 12,000 
 men, crossed Hudson river, and proceeded through 
 Philadelphia to Virginia, and besieged Yorktown, 
 occupied by Lord Cornwallis, Sept. 8. On the 19th 
 of Ootober, Cornwallis surrendered to the combined 
 force of the Americans and French, 7,073 prisoners, 
 exclusive of seamen. Arnold, sent by Sir Henry 
 Clinton, burned 60 dwelling-houses, 84 stores, and a 
 great amount of property, in New London, and cap- 
 tured Fort Griswold, in Groton, opposite, putting the 
 garrison to the sword after they had surrendered, 
 and returned to New York. Muslins made in Eng- 
 land. Two comets appear. 
 1782. The Spaniards take Minorca, Feb. 4. A battle be- 
 tween the English and French fleets near Trinco- 
 malee, Feb. 17. The French fleet under De Grasse, 
 defeated by Rodney, April 12. The Spaniards be- 
 sieged Gibraltar from 1780 to Sept. 13, 1782, when 
 their floating batteries were burnt by red-hot balls. 
 Charleston evacuated, Dec. 14. Connecticut con- 
 tained 209,150 inhabitants, as taken by order of the 
 assembly. Mary Washington, the mother of Gen. 
 George Washington, died at Fredericksburg, Va., 
 Aug. 25, aged 82 years. Washington had a pecu- 
 liar veneration for his mother ; and at the earliest 
 practicable opportunity after the surrender at York- 
 town, he visited her, and invited a number -of dis- 
 tinguished French officers to accompany him. They 
 arrived at her mansion at evening, and shortly after, 
 this venerable lady was introduced to them, leaning 
 on the arm of her son. They spent the former part 
 
OF THE WORLD. 201 
 
 A. D. 
 
 of the evening pleasantly together, and she retired 
 early, wishing them a good- night, and much happi- 
 ness in their interview, leaning on the arm of her 
 son. It would have been a fine scene for a painter. 
 The French officers were struck with the strong 
 good sense and dignified politeness of this lady of 
 the old school, and remarked among themselves that 
 it was no wonder that America produced great men, 
 since they had such mothers. Her tombstone has 
 the simple but eloquent inscription, " Mary, the 
 mother of Washington." And what greater eulogy 
 could a lady receive than that of having contributed, 
 by early discipline and instruction, to form the char- 
 acter of Washington? M. d'Anville, ob. set. 80. 
 Lord Kaimes, ob. set. 86. Metastasio, set. 84. D. 
 Bernoulli, set. 82. 
 
 1783. Preliminaries of peace between Britain, France, and 
 
 Spain, Jan. 20, and America declared independent. 
 Armistice between England and Holland, Feb. De- 
 finitive treaty, Sept. 8. Messina, &c. destroyed by 
 an earthquake, Feb. 5. A comet appears.. Great 
 Britain acknowledged the independence of the 
 United States, and preliminary articles of peace were 
 signed at Versailles, between the American and 
 British commissioners, Jan. 20. By official accounts 
 furnished to the British parliament, the number of 
 men who were killed or died during the American 
 war, was 43,633. The number of inhabitants in 
 Rhode Island, taken by order of the assembly this 
 year, was 51,897. The cessation of hostilities with 
 Great Britain was proclaimed to the American army 
 by Washington, April 19, which completed the eighth 
 year of the war. New York evacuated by the 
 British, and taken possession of by Washington, 
 Nov. 25. Washington separated from the army, 
 Dec. 4, and resigned his commission in person to 
 congress, at Annapolis, Dec. 23. Dickinson college, 
 at Carlisle, Pa., founded. William Alexander, earl 
 of Stirling, major-general in the American army, 
 died at Albany, aged 57 years. 
 
 1784. Peace ratified with America, March 24, and with 
 
 Holland, May 24. Archindschan, in Turkey, de- 
 
202 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 stroyed by an earthquake, and 12,000 inhabitants 
 buried in its ruins, July 18. Two comets appear. 
 Hartford, New Haven, New London, Norwich, and 
 Middletown, in Connecticut, were incorporated as 
 cities. The New York Chamber of Commerce in- 
 stituted. 
 
 1785. About 2,000 religious houses suppressed by the em- 
 peror of Germany. An earthquake in Calabria, 
 April 10. A severe frost in Germany, which lasted 
 115 days. A violent storm in France, Aug. 5, 
 which laid waste 131 villages and farms. Two 
 comets appear. John Adams, first ambassador of 
 the United States to the Court of Great Britain, was 
 received at Court, June 2. The king stated to him 
 that himself was the last man to consent to the inde- 
 pendence of the States ; but having done so, he 
 would be the last person to disturb the peace between 
 the two countries. Jonathan Trumbull, governor of 
 Connecticut, died at Lebanon, Ct., Aug. 17, in his 
 75th year. He was the efficient auxiliary of Wash- 
 ington. Maj. Gen. James Oglethorpe, founder of 
 Georgia, died in England, aged about 97 years. He 
 was the oldest general in British service ; and on the 
 return of Gen. Gage to England in 1775, he received 
 the offer of the chief command of the British army 
 in America, and professed his readiness to accept it, 
 if the ministry would authorize him to assure the 
 colonies that justice should be done to them ; but 
 this was a hard condition, and the command was 
 given to Sir William Howe. Dr. Matthew Stewart, 
 ob. set. 68. 
 
 1786. Torture abolished in Sweden. Cardinal Tourlone, 
 the high inquisitor at Rome, hung on a gibbet 50 
 feet high. Treaty of commerce with France, signed 
 Oct. 29. An earthquake in Scotland, and north of 
 England, Aug. 11. A plague in the Levant. A 
 comet appears. Rebellion in Massachusetts under 
 Daniel Shays. It originated in the difficulty of pay- 
 ing the taxes, and the scarcity of money after the 
 war. A convention of five states met at Annapolis, 
 to concert an amendment in the government respect- 
 ing the commerce and trade of the country, and the 
 
OF THE WORLD. 203 
 
 A. D. 
 
 provision of a revenue. Portland, Me., incorporated. 
 Harrisburg, Pa , founded. Printing commenced in 
 Lexington, Ky. Major-general Nathaniel Greene, 
 late of the United States army, died at his seat near 
 Savannah, Ga., aged 47 years. 
 
 1787. The settlers of Botany Bay first sailed from England, 
 
 March 21. Banks established in the East Indies. 
 Earthquake in New Spain, April 18. The Prus- 
 sians take Amsterdam, Oct. 9. France and Eng- 
 land agree to disarm, Oct. 9. Contest between the 
 king of France and parliament begins. Christiana 
 nearly destroyed by fire, April 9. The 2d and 4th 
 satellites of the Georgium Sidus discovered by Dr. 
 Herschel, Jan. 11. A comet appeared. Shay's re- 
 bellion continued, and was quelled by an armed 
 force under Gen. Lincoln, March 10. The consti- 
 tution of the United States formed by a convention 
 at Philadelphia, of which Gen. Washington was 
 president, and submitted to the states for their ratifi- 
 cation, Oct. 4. Bishop Lowth, ob. set. 77. 
 
 1788. War between Turkey, Germany, and Russia. Treaty 
 
 between Britain and Russia, Jan. 13. The United 
 States of Holland guaranty the stadtholdership to 
 the Prince of Orange, June 27. Russia makes war 
 upon Sweden, June 30. Choczim taken, Sept. 29. 
 Kirkwall nearly destroyed by the breaking down of 
 the dam-dikes, Oct. 4. Assembly of the French 
 notables, Nov. 6. Oczakow taken, Dec. 17. Island 
 of Formosa shakes off the Chinese yoke, and 10,000 
 Chinese massacred. William White consecrated in 
 London, bishop of Pennsylvania, and Samuel Prevost, 
 bishop of New York. Settlement of Ohio began at 
 Marietta, under Gen. Rufus Putnam. Baltimore 
 contained 1,959 houses. John Ledyard, the cele- 
 brated American traveller, died at Cairo, Egypt, in 
 his 38th year. The constitution proposed to the 
 people of the United States, was adopted by all the 
 states except North Carolina and Rhode Island, and 
 by them subsequently. 
 The following shows the ratification by the several 
 states in convention of the constitution of the United 
 States : 
 
204 
 
 X. D. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 Delaware, 
 Pennsylvania, 
 New Jersey, 
 Georgia, 
 Connecticut, 
 Massachusetts, 
 Maryland, 
 South Carolina, 
 N. Hampshire, 
 Virginia, 
 New York, 
 N. Carolina, 
 Rhode Island, 
 Vermont, 
 
 Dec. 3, 1787, 
 Dec. 3, 
 Dec. 19, 
 
 Jan. 2, 1788, 
 Jan. 9, 
 Feb. 6, 
 April 28, 
 May 23, 
 June 21, 
 June 25, 
 July 26, 
 Nov. 27, 1789, 
 May 29, 1790, 
 Jan. 10, 1791, 
 
 unanimously 
 
 46 to 23, 
 
 unanimously 
 
 unanimously 
 
 128 to 40, 
 
 187 to 168, 
 
 63 to 12, 
 
 149 to 73, 
 
 57 to 46, 
 
 89 to 79, 
 
 30 to 25, 
 
 193 to 75, 
 
 by a great 
 
 Majority. 
 
 23 
 
 88 
 19 
 51 
 76 
 11 
 10 
 
 5 
 118 
 
 2 
 major. 
 
 It is remarkable that in the states most jealous for 
 liberty, the constitution encountered the greatest op- 
 position. But opposition to it has long since ceased. 
 
 Two comets appear. 
 1789. Insurrections in France, March. States-General of 
 France assembled, May 5. The French fleet dis- 
 persed by a storm in Bantry-Bay, in an attempt upoij 
 Ireland, Jan. The French king makes concessions, 
 June 28. Revolution in France, which is declared 
 a republic, July 3. Bastille destroyed, July 14. 
 Insurrection in Brabant, Aug. 10. Meteoric stones 
 fell at Barbotan near Bordeaux, and killed a herds- 
 man and a bullock, on the 20th August. Bender 
 taken, Oct. 8. Surrender of Ghent, Nov. 23, and 
 of Brussels, Dec. 12. Earthquake in Tuscany, 
 which caused great devastation, Sept. 30. Dr. 
 Herschel discovers the 6th and 7th satellites of Sat- 
 urn. Washington was inaugurated as first president 
 of the United States, in the open gallery of the old 
 Federal Hall, in Wall street, N. Y., in the presence 
 of a great concourse of joyful citizens. Never did 
 a heartier shout proceed from the mouths of freemen, 
 than that which greeted the conclusion of the cere- 
 mony with " long live George Washington." Wash- 
 ington appointed Mr. Jefferson, Secretary of State ; 
 Col. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; General 
 Knox, Secretary of War ; Edmund Randolph, At- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 205 
 
 A. D. 
 
 torney-General ; John Jay, of New York, Chief 
 Justice of the United States ; John Rutledge, of S. C, 
 James Wilson, of Pa., William Cushing, of Mass., 
 Robert Harrison, of Md., and John Blair, of Va., 
 Associate Justices. President Washington made the 
 tour of New England, and everywhere received the 
 highest tokens of respect, Oct. Gen. Ethan Allen 
 died at Colchester, Vt., Feb. 13, aged 52 years. 
 
 1790. A great shower of meteoric stones fell in the south of 
 
 France, on the 24th of July. Assignats issued in 
 France, April 17. About 4,500 religious houses 
 suppressed in France. Titles of honor abolished 
 in France. Earthquake in Westmoreland, March 6. 
 Two comets appear. Presbyterian General Assem- 
 bly and Episcopal Convention first meet. National 
 debt funded. Gen. Harmar defeated by the Indians, 
 near Chillicothe. Tennessee erected into a territory. 
 District of Columbia ceded by Maryland and Vir- 
 ginia to the United States for the seat of the Federal 
 Government. Population of the United States by 
 the census, 3,929,326 ; of whom 695,655 were 
 slaves. Benjamin Franklin died at Philadelphia, 
 April 17, in his 85th year. Israel Putnam, late 
 major-general of the Revolutionary army, died 
 at Brooklyn, Ct., aged 72 years. James Bowdoin, 
 late governor of Mass., died at Boston, Nov. 6, in 
 his 64th year. Dr. Cullen, ob. set. 77. General 
 Roy, ob. Dr. Henry, ob. 
 
 1791. Political riot in Birmingham, July 14. The king, 
 
 queen, and royal family of France, attempting to 
 escape out of the kingdom, are brought back prison- 
 ers to Paris, June 21. Insurrection of 35,000 ne- 
 groes at St. Domingo, Sept. Protestants allowed to 
 have churches in France. Bangalore taken by 
 Cornwallis. Battle of Seringapatam. The French 
 defeated by the Austrians near Mons, April 30. At 
 Constantinople, 32,000 houses were destroyed by an 
 earthquake between March and July. Earthquake 
 in Scotland, in October ; in Sicily and Calabria, Oc- 
 tober ; at Lisbon, Nov. 27 ; at Zant, in the Adriatic, 
 December 2. City of Washington, in America, 
 founded. An act in favor of the Roman Catholics 
 
 18 
 
206 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 passed. Vermont admitted to the union, Feb. 18. 
 Gen. St. Clair defeated by the Miami Indians, and 
 retreated, with great loss, to Fort Washington, (now 
 Cincinnati.) The revenue this year was $4,771,000 ; 
 the exports were $19,000,000, and the imports 
 $20,000,000. Raleigh, N. C, founded as the future 
 capital of the state. The University of Vermont at 
 Burlington, and the University of Pennsylvania at 
 Philadelphia, founded. The United States Bank, 
 with a capital of $10,000,000, founded at Philadel- 
 phia. First spinning of cotton by water power, by 
 Samuel Slater, at Pawtucket, R. I. ; he had been 
 the pupil of Arkwright and Strutt, in England. 
 James Manning, first president of Rhode Island 
 college, died at Providence, July 29, in his 53d 
 year. Dr. Price, ob. set. 68. 
 
 1792. France declares itself a republic. Leopold, emperor 
 
 of Germany, poisoned, March 1. King of Sweden 
 assassinated, March 16. Earthquake in the coun- 
 ties of Bedford, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, 
 &c, March 2. The lake of Harentoren, which is 
 a mile in circuit, in Kerry, sinks into the ground, 
 March 25. The king of France renounces his 
 crown, Aug. 10, and is confined in the Temple. 
 Battle of Seringapatam between Tippoo and Lord 
 Cornwallis. The Austrians defeated at Longwy, 
 Aug. 14. The French defeated at Grand-pre, Sept. 
 10. Battle of Valory, French and Austrians, Sept. 
 20 ; of Menehould, French and Prussians, Oct. 2 ; 
 of Hanau, Oct. 27 ; of Bossu, Nov. 4 ; of Jemappe, 
 Nov. 6 ; of Thirlemont, Nov. 17. The French 
 take Liege. Kentucky admitted to the union, June 
 1. U. States mint established at Philadelphia. Hen- 
 ry Laurens, late president of congress, died in South 
 Carolina, in his 70th year. J. Smeaton, ob. 83t. 68. 
 Sir J. Reynolds, ob. set. 68. Sir R. Arkwright, ob. 
 
 1793. Holland invaded by the French. King of France 
 
 tried, Jan. 19, condemned, Jan. 20, and put to death 
 Jan. 22. A piece of land in Finland, 4000 square 
 ells in extent, sunk 15 fathoms in Feb. Queen be- 
 headed, Oct. 16. The English, Prussians, Austri- 
 ans, Sardinians, and Italian States, make war upon 
 
OF THE WORLD. 207 
 
 A. D. 
 
 France. Admiral Hood takes Toulon. Battle of 
 Hockheim, Austrians and French, Jan. 7 • of Alden- 
 hoven, Feb. 28 ; of Aix-la-Chapelle, Jan. 15 ; of 
 Tongres, March 4 ; of Jurvienden, March 18 ; of 
 Thirlemont, March 19 ; of Lovaine, March 22; of 
 Coblentz, April 1 ; of Cassel, April 7 ; of Tournay, 
 Austrians, English, and French, May 8 ; of St. 
 Amand, May 10 ; of Valennes, allies and French, 
 May 23 ; of Manheim, May 30 ; of Furnes, Dutch 
 and French, June 21, and Austrians and French, 
 June 26 ; of Villiers, July 18 ; of Cambray, Aug. 
 9 ; of Lincelles, Aug. 18 ; of Furnes, Aug. 21 ; of 
 Rexmond, Aug. 29; of Dunkirk, English and 
 French, Sept. 7; of Quesnoy, Sept. 11 ; of Lim- 
 bach, Austrians and French, Sept. 12; of Menin, 
 Sept. 15 ; of Toulon, English and French, Oct. 1 ; 
 of Weissenburg, Austrians and French. Oct. 14 ; 
 of Maubeuge, allies and the French, Oct. 16 ; of 
 Birlemont, Oct. 16 ; of Orchies, Oct. 20 ; of Wan- 
 zenaw, Oct. 25 ; of Landau, Nov. 29 ; of Toulon, 
 which surrenders to the French, Nov. 19; ofLe- 
 bach, Nov. 27 ; of Rousillon, Spaniards and French, 
 Dec. 11 ; of Perpignan, Dec. 20. The French 
 under Moreau take Ypres, June 17. Earthquake at 
 St. Domingo, April ; at Shaftesbury and Salisbury, 
 Sept. 29. Two comets appear. Gen. Washington 
 re-elected president, and John Adams vice-president, 
 of the United States. Washington issues a procla- 
 mation of neutrality. The French minister, Genet, 
 produces much disturbance, and is recalled by re- 
 quest of President Washington. Williams College, 
 Mass., founded. Entered the port of New York 
 683 foreign vessels, and 1381 coastwise. Yellow 
 fever prevailed in Philadelphia, of which 3645 per- 
 sons died. Exports of the U. States $26,000,000. 
 John Hancock, first president of the American con- 
 gress, died at Boston, aged 56 years. Roger Sher- 
 man, signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
 died July 23, aged 72 years. Congress lay a foun- 
 dation for the American navy, by authorizing the 
 building of 6 frigates, March 30. Principal Robert- 
 son, ob.. aet. 72. 
 
208 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1794. Twelve meteoric stones fell near Sienna in Tuscany, 
 on the 16th of June. Insurrection of the negroes at 
 St. Domingo. Slave trade abolished by the French, 
 Feb. 4. The French take Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 21. 
 Antwerp taken, July 24. Battle of Oppenheim, be- 
 tween the allies and French, Jan. 8; of Waterloo, 
 Jan. 23 ; of Werwick, March 1 ; of Bayonne, Span- 
 iards and French, March 19; of Perle, allies and 
 French, March 22 ; of Cateau, March 28 ; of Cra- 
 cow, Russians and Poles, April 4 ; of Durkheim, 
 allies and French, April 5 ; of Piedmont, Sardinians 
 and French, April 6 ; of Crombeck, allies and French, 
 April 14 ; of Arlon, April 17 ; of Warsaw, Russians 
 and Poles, April 21 ; of Landrecy, allies and French, 
 April 24 ; of Cambray, English and French, April 
 24 ; of Cateau, April 26 ; of Courtray, allies and 
 French, April 29 ; of Ostend, May 5 ; of Montes- 
 quan, Spaniards and French, May 1 ; of Aosta, Sar- 
 dinians and French, May 2 ; of Saorgia, May 8 ; of 
 Tournay, English and French, May 18 ; of Bouillon, 
 allies and French; of Tournay, May 22; ofLautern, 
 May 23 ; of Lithuania, Russians and Poles, June 3 ; 
 of Piliczke ; of Barcelona, Spaniards and French, 
 June 14; of Charleroi, Dutch and French, June 17; 
 of Cracow, Prussians and Poles ; of Aost, Sardinians 
 and French, June 26 ; of Puycerda, Spaniards and 
 French, June 26 ; of Manheim, allies and French, 
 July 12 ; of Fontarabia, Spaniards and French, Aug. 
 2; of Bellegarde, Spaniards and French, Aug. 26; 
 of valley of Leira, Sept. 8 ; of Maestricht, allies and 
 French, Sept. 18 ; of Clermont, Sept. 20 ; of Pied- 
 mont, Sept. 23 ; of Posnania, Prussians and Poles, 
 Sept. 24 ; of Milan, Sardinians and French, Sept. 
 31 ; of Emmerick, allies and French, Oct. 2 ; of 
 Warsaw, in which the Prussians totally defeat the 
 Poles, Oct. 12 ; of Druten, English and French, Oct. 
 20 ; ofPampeluna, Spaniards and French, Oct. 28; 
 of Nimuegen, allies and French, Nov. 4; of Sendo- 
 mir, Poles and Prussians, &c, Nov. 16; of Na- 
 varre, Spaniards and French, Nov. 25 ; of Mentz, 
 allies and French, Dec. 1. The French take Ber- 
 gen-op-zoom. Bois-le-duc, Breda, and Brussels taken. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 209 
 
 A. D. 
 
 The French take Charleroi, June 26 ; Cleves and 
 Landrecy, July 15. St. Lucia taken by the Eng- 
 lish. The French take Maestricht, Nov. 4. Na- 
 mur, by the French, July 13, and Treves. Tele- 
 graphs, invented in 1687, used by the French this 
 year. Lord Howe defeats the French fleet, and 
 takes 6 ships of war, June 1. Craton surrendered 
 to the Prussians, June 15. Dieppe burned by the 
 English, July 14. Martinique taken from the French, 
 March 23. Earthquake in Turkey, July 3, which 
 .destroyed three towns containing 10,000 inhabitants ; 
 also near Naples, June 13, which almost destroyed 
 the city of Torre-del-Greco. About 3000 persons 
 killed at Grenelle, near Paris, by an explosion of 
 powder mills, Sept. 3. 
 Whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania on account of a 
 duty on distilled spirits. William Bradford succeeds 
 Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. Gen. An- 
 thony Wayne defeated the North Western Indians 
 and compels them to sue for peace, Aug. 20. Treaty 
 of amity, commerce, and navigation, between Great 
 Britain and the United States signed in London, by 
 John Jay and the Earl of Grenville. Union Col- 
 lege at Schenectady, New York, and Greenville Col- 
 lege, Tennessee, founded. John Witherspoon, presi- 
 dent of the college of New Jersey, died Nov. 15, in 
 his 73d year. Richard Henry Lee, late president 
 of Congress, died in Westmoreland county, Va., 
 June 22, in his 63d year. Lavoisier, ob. set. 51. 
 Sir W. Jones, ob. set. 48. M. de Condorcet, ob. set. 
 51. Ed. Gibbon, ob. set. 57. 
 
 1795. A large meteoric stone fell near Wood Cottage in 
 Yorkshire, weighing 55 pounds, Dec. 13. Louis 
 XVII. of France dies in prison, June 8. Telegraphs 
 used by the English, June 26. French take posses- 
 sion of Amsterdam, Jan. 18. Stadtholder obliged to 
 retire to England. Warren Hastings, after a trial 
 of 7 years, acquitted, April 23. Battle on the Waal, 
 allies and French, Jan. 11 ; of Catalonia, March 5 ; 
 of Neve Munster, March 5 and 18 ; of Figuera, 
 
 i Spaniards defeated, April 5 ; of Piedmont, Pied- 
 
 montese defeated, April 12; of Pontas in Catalonia, 
 18* 
 
210 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 4.D. 
 
 French defeated, June 14; of Piedmont, French (Je- 
 feated, June 24, 27, and July 1 ; of Pampeluna, 
 French defeated, July 9 ; of Bilboa, Spaniards de- 
 feated, July 17; of Quiberon, emigrants defeated r 
 July 21 ; of Urutia, French defeated, July 30 ; of 
 Vittoria, Spaniards defeated, Aug. 14 ; of Piedmont, 
 Austrians defeated, Aug. 20; of La Pietra, French 
 defeated, Aug. 31 ; on the Lahn, French defeated,. 
 Sept. 19 ; of Manheim, Austrians defeated, Sept. 23 ; 
 French defeated at Piedmont, Oct. 1 ; on the Mayne 7 
 Oct. 11 ; at Mentz, Oct. 29; at Worms, Nov. 8*; at 
 Moselle, Nov. 22 ; at Deux Ponts, Nov. 28 ; and at 
 Alsentz, Dec. 8. Breda taken by the French. Briel 
 seized by them in January. The English take the 
 Cape of Good Hope in June. The French take 
 Dort, Jan. 10, and Dusseldorf, Sept. 6. Frankendal 
 retaken from the French, Nov. 12. Luxembourg 
 surrenders to the French, June 7. Malacca surren- 
 ders to the English, Aug. 17. Manheim retaken by 
 the Austrians, with 10,338 prisoners, and 4 generals, 
 Nov. 23. Sir E. PeDew takes 15 sail, and burns 7, 
 out of a fleet of 35 sail of transports, March 8. Ad- 
 miral Hotham defeats the French fleet, and takes 
 two ships of war, March 14. The Sceptre man of 
 war takes 11 Dutch East Indiamen, June 19. Lord 
 Bridport defeats the French fleet, June 25. Trinco- 
 malee taken by the English. The French take 
 Utrecht, Jan. 18. Poland partitioned between Rus- 
 sia, Austria, and Prussia, Nov. 25. Peace between 
 France and Prussia, and between France and Spain. 
 The arsenal, admiralty, &c, with nearly 50 streets 
 in Copenhagen, destroyed by fire, June 5. A dread- 
 ful eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. A comet appeared. 
 Oliver Wolcott succeeds Col. Hamilton as Secretary 
 of the Treasury; Timothy Pickering succeeds Gen. 
 Knox as Secretary of War. Connecticut establishes 
 a school fund to the amount of $1,200,000 from the 
 avails of the sale of the " Western Reserve," Ohio. 
 New York city had 36,000 freeholders. Richmond, 
 Va., contained 4,000 inhabitants. The exports of 
 Baltimore amount to $5,000,800. The first printing 
 press in Ohio established at Cincinnati. Bowdoiu 
 
OF THE WORLD. 211 
 
 A. D. 
 
 college at Brunswick, Me., chartered. Ezra Stiles, 
 president of Yale college, died at New Haven, Ct., 
 aged 68 years. 
 1796. A meteoric stone, of 10 pounds weight, fell in Portu- 
 gal, on the 19th Feb. On the 8th March, a meteoric 
 stone fell in Luzatia. Bamberg taken by the French, 
 Aug. 4. The Sardinians defeated by the French at 
 the battle of Piedmont, April 14. Battle of Lodi, 
 French and Austrians, May 11; of Mantua, May 
 29; of Wetzlaer, French defeated, June 4; near 
 Kirpen, French defeated, June 20. Austrians de- 
 feated by Jourdan, July 6 ; Archduke repulsed by 
 the French, July 8. Siege of Mantua raised, July 
 23. Austrians defeated by Jourdan, Aug. 11. Jour- 
 dan defeated by the archduke near Nuremberg, Aug. 
 18. French defeated by the Austrians, near Neu- 
 wied and Ambem Aug. 24. Jourdan defeated near 
 Munich, Sept. 11 ; near Limberg, Sept. 18; and at 
 Ishy on the Leek, Sept. 19. The French take Ben- 
 gau, Aug. 17. Bonaparte seizes Egypt, July 1. 
 Columbo surrenders to the English, June 12. Con- 
 stance seized by the French, Aug. 2. Demerara, 
 &c, surrendered to the English, April 23 ; and again 
 Sept. 23, 1803. The French take Florence, July ; 
 Franckfort, July; Goza, June 11 ; and Milan, May 
 18. Minorca surrenders to the English, Nov. 14. 
 The French take Munich, Aug. 25 ; and Nurem- 
 berg, July 9. Sir G. K. Elphinstone takes the Dulch 
 fleet in Saldana Bay, Aug. 19. Peace between France 
 and Naples ; the French and Sardinians ; England 
 and Spain. Catharine II. of Russia dies, Nov. 10. 
 A comet appeared. Tennessee admitted to the 
 Union. Washington delivered his farewell address 
 to the people of the United States, which is regarded 
 as a kind of national legacy. Albany, N. Y., con- 
 tains 700 dwellings and 6,021 inhabitants. Lynn, 
 Mass., exports annually 300,000 pairs of shoes. 
 Detroit delivered up by Great Britain to the United 
 States. Samuel Huntington, formerly president of 
 Congress, and governor of Connecticut, at his death, 
 died at Norwich, Ct., Jan. 8, in his 64th year. 
 David Rittenhouse, a distinguished astronomer and 
 
212 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Fellow of the Royal Society of London, died at 
 Philadelphia, June 26, in his 65th year, and was 
 buried under his observatory. Major General An- 
 thony Wayne of the Revolutionary war, died at 
 Presque Isle on Lake Erie, in his 52d year. Sam- 
 uel Seabury, bishop of Connecticut, died at New 
 London, in his 68th year. Amboyna seized by the 
 English, Nov. 28. Dr. Thomas Reid, ob. set. 87. 
 Dr. G. Campbell, ob. Anton. Ulloa, ob. set. 80. 
 James Macpherson, ob. set. 58. 
 1797. Bank of England refuses to pay in specie, Feb. 25. 
 The French invade Ireland. Mutiny on board the 
 fleet at Portsmouth, for advance of wages, &c, April 
 18, which subsided, May 10. Mutiny at the Nore, 
 which was quelled, June 10, when several of the 
 mutineers were executed. Revolution in Venice, 
 May 17. Battle between the Austrians and Bona- 
 parte, in Italy, Jan. 19 and 27, when the Austrians 
 were defeated. Bonaparte defeats the archduke, 
 April 1. The Austrians again defeated on the up- 
 per Rhine, May 7, when the French take Frankfort, 
 Kehl, &c. The French land a small force in South 
 Wales, Feb. 22. Ireland put under martial law, 
 May 19. The Spanish fleet defeated by Sir J. Jar- 
 vis, who takes four ships of war, Feb. 14. Admiral 
 Duncan defeats the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, when 
 two admirals and fifteen ships of war were captured 
 or destroyed, Oct. 11. Trinidad and four ships of 
 the line taken by the English. Trieste seized by 
 the French, but retaken by the Austrians, April 14. 
 Verona taken by the French, April 28. The repub- 
 lic of Venice abolished by the French. Treaty of 
 Campo Formio, between the French and Austrians, 
 signed Oct. 17. Newspapers first published at Con- 
 stantinople. An earthquake at Sumatra, by which 
 about 300 persons perished, Feb. 20. The country 
 between Santa Fe and Panama, and the cities of 
 Cuzco and Quito, with 40,000 inhabitants, destroyed 
 by an earthquake in Feb. Violent shocks were also 
 felt in the West Indies. St. Domingo declares itself 
 independent in Jan. The French seiz^ the Tyrol. 
 A comet appears. John Adams was chosen presi- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 213 
 
 A. D. 
 
 dent, and Thomas Jefferson vice-president of the 
 United States. Charles Cotesworth Pinkney not re- 
 ceived as ambassador to France, and spoliations on 
 American commerce commenced by the French. 
 Exports of the United States amount to $17,000,000. 
 There were 480 post-offices — revenue of the depart- 
 ment, $46,000. The frigate Constitution launched 
 at Boston, and the Constellation at Baltimore. Yel- 
 low fever in Philadelphia, of which 988 die. W. 
 Mason, ob., set. 72. Dr. James Hutton, ob. 
 1798. A meteoric stone, weighing 20 pounds, fell in the de- 
 partment of the Rhone, on the 12th March. Other 
 meteoric stones, one of which weighed 26 pounds, fell 
 in India, at Krakhest, on the north side of the river 
 Goomty, on the 19th Dec. Louis XVIII. retires to 
 Petersburg, April 3. The pope leaves Rome, which 
 is taken possession of by the French, Feb. 26. Rome 
 declared itself an independent republic. The pope 
 dies a captive, Sept. 1799. The French take Alex- 
 andria. Alexandria surrenders to the Austrians and 
 Russians, July 24, 1799. The French take Malta, 
 July 11. The Swiss troops defeated by the French, 
 and their independency abolished, Sept. 19. Battle 
 between the Irish rebels and the king's forces, at 
 Kilcullen, May 22. Battle in Connaught, where the 
 French aided the Irish rebels, and were all taken 
 prisoners, Sept. 7. The English destroy the basins, 
 gates, and sluices of the canal at Bruges, May 19. 
 The French seize Genoa. The French land at Kil- 
 lala bay, Aug. 22, 1,500 men, who surrender on 
 Sept. 7. Piedmont surrendered to the French, Dec. 
 6. Naval battle of Aboukir, in which the French 
 fleet of 17 sail of the line is totally defeated, and 9 
 of them taken, by Sir H. Nelson, Aug. 1. Sir J. B. 
 Warren defeats a French fleet of 9 sail, off the coast 
 of Ireland, and takes 5 of them, Oct. 12. War be- 
 tween France, Naples, and Sardinia, Nov. Earth- 
 quake at Sienna, by which 50 persons perished, May 
 25. The Turks declare war against France. Two 
 comets appear. Regular and provisional army or- 
 ganized, of which Washington was appointed lieu- 
 tenant-general and commander-in-chief. Transyl- 
 
214 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 vania university, at Lexington, Kentucky, founded. 
 The Encyclopaedia Briranniea, in 18 vols. 4to., pub- 
 lished by Thomas Dobson of Philadelphia ; the first 
 work of the kind issued in the United States. Jere- 
 my Belknap died in Boston, aged 54 years. 
 The small standing army and the small navy which 
 were produced during the administration of John 
 Adams, were regarded with great jealousy ; the army 
 was raised when the relations of the United States 
 with France threatened collision with that power, 
 and was disbanded when those relations ceased to be 
 threatening. The navy also was regarded by many 
 as a useless expense. Jefferson's system of gun- 
 boats had for its object only the defence of harbors, 
 and not at all the protection of commerce on the high 
 seas ; and the navy was never regarded with much 
 favor, until they had fought themselves into a high 
 standing by their signal successes in the last war 
 with Great Britain. T. Pennant, ob., set. 72. 
 1799. Corsica relinquished. Ancona surrenders to the Im- 
 perialists, Nov. 13. Battle between the French and 
 Neapolitans, near Naples, Jan. 18. The Archduke 
 Charles defeats the French, and takes 2,000 prison- 
 ers, March 14, 26, near Stockach. The French de- 
 feated near Verona, March 5, 25, and 26 ; and on 
 the 30th, and April 5. The French defeated by the 
 Austrians, April 19 and 20, near Cremona ; by the 
 Russians, near Milan, April 27, 11,000 killed and 
 taken prisoners ; near Cassano, April 27. Bonaparte 
 is repulsed at Acre by the Turks and Sir Sidney 
 Smith, April 16 ; defeated near the Adda, March 
 26, 31, and May 5; defeated by Suwarrovv, near 
 Alessandria, May 17; defeated at Zurich, with the 
 loss of 4,000 men, June 4 ; by Suwarrovv, June 19, 
 when the French lost 18,268 men. Tippoo Saib de- 
 feated and slain near Periapatam, in the East Indies, 
 by the English f3rces, May 4. Massena defeats the 
 Austrians nearCoire, May 7. The archduke defeats 
 Jourdan, April 2. Kray defeats the French under 
 Scherer, in Italy, April 18. Suwarrovv defeats the 
 French at the passage of the Adda, May 23. Bo- 
 naparte defeated before Acre, by Sir Sidney Smith, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 215 
 
 A. D. 
 
 May 27. Cardinal Ruffo defeats the French at Na- 
 ples, June 5. Suwarrow defeats Macdonald near 
 Parma, with the loss of 10,000 men and four gener- 
 als, July 12 ; Moreau, July 18 ; and Joubert, who 
 was slain at Novi, Aug. 15, along with 10,000 killed. 
 The French defeated near Tranto, June 19; near 
 Manheim, Aug. 12. The Imperialists defeated near 
 Zurich, Sept. 21. The French defeated near Men- 
 dovi, Nov. 6 ; near Philipsburgh, with the loss of 
 4,000 men, Dec. 3 ; near Coni, which surrenders to 
 the Austrians, Dec. 4. The Austrians defeated near 
 Genoa, Dec. 12. Corfu taken by the Russians, 
 March 3. St. Elmo surrenders to the Neapolitans, 
 July 12. Capua surrenders to the allies, July 26. 
 Mantua retaken by the Russians, July 28. The 
 French take Naples, June 21.; which is retaken by 
 Cardinal RufFo, July 10. The Dutch fleet in the 
 Texel surrenders to Admiral Mitchell, Auo-. 29. 
 Tortona taken by the French, July 5, and surren- 
 dered to the Imperialists, Aug. 11. Citadel of Turin 
 surrenders, May 17. Urbino surrendered to the Aus- 
 trians, July 10. Holland invaded by the English, 
 Aug. 27 ; abandoned by a convention, Oct. 19. Me- 
 teoric stones fell on the 5th April, near Baton Rouge, 
 on the Mississippi. Two comets appear. The small 
 American navy, during the partial collision with 
 France, gave presages of its future glory. The 
 American frigate Constellation of 36 guns, com- 
 manded by Capt. Truxton, captured the French 
 frigate Insurgent of 44 guns. The whole American 
 navy consisted this year of 42 vessels, carrying 950 
 guns, nor did public opinion favor its rapid increase, 
 though it had shown itself a potent instrument. Gen. 
 George Washington died at Mount Vernon, Va., 
 Dec. 14, after a short illness, aged 68 years. An 
 oration was delivered commemorative of the event, 
 before Congress, by appointment, by Major-general 
 Lee, and the people of the United States wore crape 
 on the left arm for the space of 30 days, and a mar- 
 ble monument to his memory was ordered to be 
 placed in the capitol ; funeral orations and cere- 
 monies were also attended at all the principal places 
 
216 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 through the country : the nation sincerely mourned 
 for him as for a father, and the homage of the world 
 has sanctioned the nation's tears. America had not 
 a second Washington to lose. His body still mould- 
 ers in the family vault at Mount Vernon, but he has 
 a memorial more durable than marble in the hearts 
 of the American people. Ch. Borda, ob., set. 64. 
 L. Galvani, ob., set. 55. Marmontel, ob. L. Spal- 
 lanzani, ob. 
 
 1800. Bonaparte's life attempted by an explosion of combus- 
 
 tibles, Dec. 24. Battle of Novi, Austrians and 
 rVench, Jan. 8; of Savona, in Italy, April 8; of 
 Veragio, April 10, the French defeated ; of Stock- 
 ach, May 1, the Austrians defeated; of Moskirch, 
 May 3, ditto ; of Marengo, 6,000 Austrians killed, 
 and 8,000 prisoners taken, June 21 : of Hohenlinden, 
 Austrians defeated, Nov. 3 ; on the Mincio, Dec. 25, 
 Austrians defeated. Genoa taken by the English 
 and Austrians in May, and surrendered to the French 
 in July. The French seize Tuscany. Union act 
 for Ireland passed, July 2. Batavia taken by the 
 English, Sept. 12. Earthquake at Constantinople, 
 Oct. 24. Curacoa taken by the English, Sept. 14. 
 Inundation at St. Domingo, which destroyed 1,400 
 persons, Oct. Northern confederacy against Eng- 
 land. The seat of government of the United States 
 was removed to Washington, named in honor of the 
 father of his country, and previously designated and 
 laid out as the seat of the capitol of the nation. By 
 the census of the United States taken this year, there 
 were found to be 5,305,482 inhabitants. Treaty 
 with France concluded by commissioners. The pro- 
 visional army disbanded by resolution of Congress, 
 May 13. Middlebury College, Vermont, incorpo- 
 rated. Kine pock inoculation introduced into Amer- 
 ica, by Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, of Cambridge, 
 Mass. Edward Rutledge, governor of South Caro- 
 lina, died, aged about 50 years. W. Cowper, ob., 
 aet. 69. Dr. Jos. Black, ob., set. 73. 
 
 Nineteenth Century. 
 
 1801. Jan. 1, planet Ceres discovered by Piazzi. Union with 
 
A. D. 
 
 OF THE WORLD. 217 
 
 Ireland carried into effect, Jan. 1. Aboukir surren- 
 ders to the English, March 18. French defeated by 
 the English at the battle of Rhamonia, in Egypt, 
 March 21. Cairo taken by the English and Turks, 
 June 21. Madeira surrenders to the English, July 
 25. Naples occupied by the French, April 8. Lord 
 Nelson takes and destroys the Danish fleet of 28 sail 
 off Copenhagen, Sept. 2. Defeat of the French fleet 
 near Cadiz, in which two 74's are burnt and one 
 taken, July 16. Peace between France and Austria, 
 Feb. 9. War between Portugal and Spain, Feb. 28. 
 Peace between France and Naples, March ; between 
 Spain and Portugal, June 10 ; between France and 
 Portugal, Sept. 29. The English take Alexandria, 
 Aug. 22. War between France and Turkey, Oct. 
 17. The Danish island, St. Bartholomew, taken by 
 the English, March 20. The first imperial parlia- 
 ment in England held in January. Northern con- 
 federacy against England dissolved by a British fleet. 
 The Danish island, St. Martins, taken by the Eng- 
 lish, March 24. Dolomieu, ob. A comet appears. 
 Thomas Jefferson chosen President, and Aaron Bun 
 Vice-president of the United States. A squadron 
 sent to the Mediterranean to protect the commerce 
 of the United States against the states of Barbary. 
 The exports of the United States were $93,000,000 ; 
 duties, $20,000,000; revenue, $12,945,000. The 
 Connecticut academy of arts and sciences incorpo- 
 rated. University of Georgia located at Athens. 
 There were exported from S. Carolina, 8,000,000 
 pounds of cotton, and 65,000 barrels of rice. There 
 were 200 newspapers printed in the United States, 
 17 of which were daily, and 146 weekly. Jonathan 
 Edwards, president of Union College, died in his 57th 
 year. Benedict Arnold, the daring traitor, died in 
 London. While in the American service, he was a 
 brave general, and his march through the wilderness 
 by the way of Kennebec river to Quebec, was a daring 
 exploit. Horse-flesh and dog-meat were dainties on 
 that route. It is remarkable that the British, after 
 all their tempting offers to the American officers to 
 go over to the royal cause, were successful but in 
 19 
 
218 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 this single instance. Said one, " 1 am not worth 
 purchasing, but such as I am the king of England 
 is not rich enough to buy me." While on a ma- 
 rauding expedition in Virginia, having taken captive 
 an American captain, Arnold asked him what his 
 countrymen would do with him if he should fall into 
 their hands 1 The officer replied, " They would cut 
 off your lame leg, and bury it with the honors of war, 
 and hang the remainder of your body on a gibbet." 
 Arnold was severely wounded in the leg in the at- 
 tack on Quebec. 
 
 1802. Sir R. Abercromby defeats the French before Alex- 
 
 andria, March 21, and died a few days after of his 
 wounds. Peace between England, France, Spain, 
 and Holland, March 27. The planet Pallas discov- 
 ered by Olbers, March 28. Foundation stone of the 
 London docks laid, June 26. West India docks 
 opened, Aug. 21. Crema, in Upper Hungary, nearly 
 destroyed by an earthquake, June 12. Stockholm 
 nearly destroyed by fire, Nov. 15. Stadtholder of 
 Holland renounced by the prince of Orange, in a 
 treaty with France, July. Life-boats invented by 
 Mr. Greathead, who was rewarded by parliament in 
 May. A comet appears. Louisiana ceded by Spain 
 to France. Ohio admitted to the Union, and then 
 was estimated to contain 76,000 inhabitants. Merino 
 sheep, 100 in number, imported from Spain by Col. 
 David Humphreys. Jefferson College, at Conons- 
 burg, Pa., incorporated. South Carolina College 
 founded at Columbia. Princeton College, in New 
 Jersey, burned. Washington city contained 4,350 
 inhabitants. John Ewing, provost of the university 
 of Pennsylvania, died in his 71st year. Dr. Dar- 
 win, ob. 
 
 1803. About 3,000 meteoric stones, the largest of which 
 
 weighed 17 pounds, fell at Aigle, in France, on the 
 26th of April. On the 5th of October, another 
 shower of stones fell at Avignon. On the 13th De- 
 cember another shower of stones fell at Messing, in 
 Bohemia. All the British in France detained pris- 
 oners of war, in May. Bonaparte makes offers to 
 Louis XVIII., to induce him to relinquish the crown 
 
OF THE WORLD. 219 
 
 A. D. 
 
 in his favor, Feb. 26. War between England and 
 France. Scindiah defeated by the English, Aug. 
 11. Demerara surrenders to the English, Sept. 23. 
 The French take Lubec, June. The English take 
 Tobago, June 30. Hanover occupied by the French, 
 June 14. A brilliant meteor, which rendered legi- 
 ble the writing on the signs at London, appeared at 
 half-past eight in the evening, Nov. 18. Louisiana 
 purchased of the French by the United States, for 
 $15,000,000. Commodore Preble, with an American 
 fleet, bombarded Tripoli. The frigate Philadelphia, 
 Capt. Bainbridge, struck on a rock in the harbor of 
 Tripoli, and was captured, with 300 prisoners. Ba- 
 con Academy, at Colchester, Conn., founded by a 
 donation of $35,000, and named from its founder. 
 Samuel Adams died at Boston, in his 82d year. 
 Samuel Hopkins died at Newport, R. I., aged 83 
 years. David Tappan died at Cambridge, aged 51 
 years. Dr. Beattie, ob., Eet. 68. 
 1804. A large meteoric stone fell at Possil, near Glasgow, 
 on the 5th April. Another meteoric stone fell at Apt, 
 in the department of Vaucluse, on the 6th October. 
 France formed into an empire, May 5, and Napoleon 
 Bonaparte crowned emperor, Dec. 2. A fleet of In- 
 diamen, under Captain Dance, drives off a squadron 
 of French ships of the line, Feb. 15. Goree taken 
 by the English, March 9. Earthquake in Holland, 
 which makes the chandeliers in Maaslin church vi- 
 brate two or three feet, January. The emperor of 
 Germany assumes the title of emperor of Austria, 
 Aug. 11. War between England and Spain, Dec. 
 14. The planet Juno discovered by Mr. Harding, 
 Sept. 1. A comet appears. Lieut. Stephen Deca- 
 tur, of the United States navy, recaptures and de- 
 stroys the frigate Philadelphia, in the harbor of 
 Tripoli, Feb. 1. Commodore Preble bombards Tri- 
 poli. Alexander Hamilton killed in a duel by Aaron 
 Burr, to the great regret of the American people, 
 July. The New York Historical Society founded. 
 Philip Schuyler died at Albany, in his 73d year. 
 Joseph Willard, president of Harvard College, died 
 
220 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 at Cambridge, in his 66th year. Dr. Priestley, ob., 
 set. 71. 
 1805, Letters of marque issued against Spain, Jan. 11. The 
 London wet docks opened, Jan. 31. A French 
 squadron from Rochefort levied contributions on some 
 of the West India islands, Feb. 21. Bonaparte as- 
 sumes the title of king of Italy, March 18. Holkar 
 defeated by the English at the battle of Bhurtpore, 
 April 2. Schimmelpenninck made grand pensionary 
 of the Dutch government, May 1. The Ligurian 
 republic united with France, May 25. Lord Mel- 
 ville impeached, June 26. Meteoric stones fell in 
 one of the squares of Constantinople, in the month of 
 June. Treaty between France and Naples, ratified 
 at Portici, Oct. 8. Marquis Cornwallis dies at 
 Ghauzepore, Oct. 5, set. 67. Battle of Guntzburg, 
 in which the French defeat the Austrians, Oct. 2. 
 Battle of Ulm, in which the French take the Aus- 
 trians prisoners, Oct. 19. Ulm surrendered by Gen- 
 eral Mack, with 30,000 men. The French defeat 
 the Austrians at Moelk, Nov. 10; at Loeben, Nov. 
 13; and at Diernstein, Nov. 14. The French take 
 Vienna, Nov. 13. The imperial palace of Schoen- 
 brunn taken by the French, Nov. 14. Presburg 
 taken by the French, Nov. 15. Battle of Tinter- 
 dorff, in which the French beat the Austrians and 
 Russians, Nov. 16. Battle of Austerlitz, in which 
 the Austrians and Russians are completely defeated 
 by the French, Dec. 2. Sir Robert Calder captures 
 two sail of Spanish ships, after an engagement of 
 four hours with the combined fleet off Ferrol. Bat- 
 tle of Trafalgar, in which Lord Nelson was killed, 
 after having nearly taken and destroyed the com- 
 bined fleets of France and Spain, Oct. 21. Sir R. 
 Strachan takes four French ships of the line off Cape 
 Ortegal, Nov. 4. Treaty of Presburg, between 
 France and Austria, Dec. 27. Treaty concluded 
 with Scindiah by General Lake, Nov. 22. Peace 
 with Holkar, Dec. 24. An earthquake at Eisen- 
 hartz, in Styria, July 24. An earthquake at Naples 
 and its vicinity, in which 20,000 lives are lost, July 
 26. A shock of an earthquake felt in many parts 
 
OF THE WORLD. 221 
 
 A. D. 
 
 of Rome, July 30. Two comets appear. Thomas 
 Jefferson chosen a second time president of the Uni- 
 ted States, and George Clinton chosen vice-president. 
 Gen. William Eaton concluded a favorable treaty 
 with the bashaw of Tunis, more honorable to the 
 United States than any Christian nation had obtained 
 before for a hundred years. Botanic gardens opened 
 at Cambridge, Mass., at New York, and at Charles- 
 ton, S. C. William Moultrie died at Charleston, S. 
 C, in his 75th year. 
 1806. Hanover occupied by the Prussians. Admiral Duck- 
 worth took and destroyed five French ships of the 
 line, in the bay of St. Domingo. Public funeral of 
 the Right Hon. William Pitt, (who died Jan. 23,) 
 Feb. 22. Two meteoric stones fell at Etienne and 
 Valence, on the 15th of March. French squadron, 
 under Linois, captured on its return from India, by 
 Sir J. B. Warren, March 13. Prince of Orange 
 dies, April 22. Trial of Lord Melville commences 
 in Westminster Hall, April 29. The island of Capri 
 taken by Sir Sidney Smith, April 22. A meteoric 
 stone falls at Basingstoke, Hants, on the 17th May. 
 Louis Bonaparte proclaimed king of Holland, at St. 
 Cloud, Paris, June 5. A resolution for the abolition 
 of the slave trade adopted, on the motion of Mr. Fox, 
 in the house of commons, June 10. A similar reso- 
 lution adopted, on the motion of Lord Grenville, in 
 the house of lords, June 24. Lord Melville acquit- 
 ted, June 12. The brilliant victory of Maida gained 
 by Sir John Stuart, over Gen. Regnier. Confedera 
 tion of the Rhine established, July 12. Gseta taken 
 by the French, July 13. Peace between France 
 and Russia, signed at Paris, by M. d'Oubril, the Rus- 
 sian ambassador, but not ratified by the emperor of 
 Russia, Aug. 13. Surrender of Buenos Ayres, &c, 
 to Major-general Beresford and Sir Home Popham, 
 July 28. Francis II. resigns the office of emperor 
 of Germany, Aug. 7. A manifesto against the gov- 
 ernment of France, published by the emperor of 
 Russia, Aug. 30. A tremendous hurricane at Do- 
 minico and Martinico, Sept. 9. Mr. Fox died, Sept. 
 13. Sir Samuel Hood, with the Centaur and Mon- 
 19* 
 
222 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 arch, captures four French frigates. Hostilities be- 
 tween the French and Prussians begin, by a skir- 
 mish near the bridge of Saalfeld, where Prince Fer- 
 dinand Louis, of Prussia, was slain, Oct. 10. Battle 
 of Jena, between the French and Prussians, in which 
 the latter were defeated with immense loss, Oct. 14. 
 Surrender of the corps of the Prussian army, under 
 Prince Hohenloe, to the French, under Murat, Oct. 
 21 ; the French take possession of Stettin and Cus- 
 trin. A proclamation of Bonaparte, offering inde- 
 pendence to the Poles, Nov. 3. The electors of Sax- 
 ony and Hesse accede to the confederation of the 
 Rhine, Nov. 6. The Prussian corps, under Blucher, 
 capitulate to the French, after a brave and skilful 
 retreat, Nov. 7. The French take Magdeburg, Nov. 
 7. The duke of Brunswick dies near Altona, of a 
 wound received in the battle of Jena, Nov. 9. The 
 French cross the Vistula, and occupy Prague, Dec. 
 5. Surrender of Thorn, Graudentz, Warsaw, &e. 
 Poland proclaimed independent. War between Rus- 
 sia and Turkey. Battle of Pultusk, Oct. 26. A 
 comet appears. Lewis and Clarke, under the direc- 
 tion of the American government, explore the Missouri 
 and Columbia rivers to the Pacific ocean. Washing- 
 ton College, Pa., and Cumberland College, Nashville, 
 Tenn., founded. Lehigh coal discovered, and first 
 used. Total eclipse of the sun, visible in the United 
 States, June 16. Treaty of amity and commerce 
 between Great Britain and the United States, signed 
 in London, by Monroe and Pinkney, not ratified by 
 the American government. Academy of fine arts in 
 Pennsylvania, instituted. Robert Mor/is, the great 
 revolutionary financier, died at Philadelphia, in his 
 72d year. Horatio Gates, late major-general in the 
 U. S. army, died at New York, April 10, in his 78th 
 year. Henry Knox, late major-general of the U. S. 
 army, and afterward secretary of war, died at Thom- 
 astown, Me., Oct. 25, aged 56 years. 
 1807. Monte Video taken by the British, Feb. 9. Battle of 
 Eylau, between the French and Russians, Feb. 17. 
 Unsuccessful expedition to the Dardanelles, Feb. 19. 
 A meteoric stone, of 160 pounds weight, fell in the 
 
OF THE WORLD. 223 
 
 A. D. 
 
 circle of Ichnow, in the government of Smolensko, 
 on the 13th March. The planet Vesta was discov- 
 ered by Dr. Olbers, on the 29th March. The British 
 army repulsed at Rosetta, April 4 and 24. The 
 Russians defeated by the French at the battle of 
 Friedland, June 14. Peace of Tilsit, between 
 France and Russia, signed June 25. Heligoland 
 taken by the British, July 4. The Spaniards re- 
 pulse the British troops under Gen. Whitelocke, a* 
 Buenos Ayres, July 6. Bombardment of Copenha- 
 gen, and the surrender of the Danish fleet, Sept. ?. 
 The prince regent of Portugal, accompanied by the 
 royal family, abandons his kingdom in consequence 
 of the advance of the French under Junot, and sails 
 for the Brazils, Nov. 29. Several meteoric stones, 
 weighing from 25 and 30, to 200 pounds, fell in the 
 state of Connecticut, on the 14th Dec. Attack on 
 the American frigate Chesapeake, by the British 
 ship of war Leopard, within the waters of the United 
 States, caused great excitement, and satisfaction was 
 demanded of the British government. British ves- 
 sels were interdicted in the American waters. Aaron 
 Burr was arrested for treason, tried, and acquitted. 
 British orders in council issued, Nov. 11. The Mi- 
 lan decree issued by Bonaparte, Dec. 17. A general 
 embargo laid by the American government, Dec. 22. 
 First successful steamboat on Hudson river. A 
 comet appeared from Sept. 25, to Jan. 30, 1808. 
 Oliver Ellsworth died, Nov. 26, in his 63d year. 
 Uriah Tracy died at Washington, July 19, in his 
 54th year. Commodore Edward Preble died, Aug. 
 25, in his 46th year. 
 1808. The French obtain possession of Rome, Feb. 2. War 
 between Russia and Sweden begins, Feb. 24. Chris- 
 tian VII. of Denmark, dies, March 13, and is suc- 
 ceeded by his son Frederick. King Charles abdi- 
 cates the Spanish throne in favor of his son Ferdi- 
 nand VII., March 19. The French army, com- 
 manded by Murat, enters Madrid, March 23. The 
 royal family of Spain arrive at Bayonne, April 24. 
 The king of Spain abdicates his crown in favor of 
 Bonaparte, May 5. Ferdinand VII. signs a renun- 
 
2^4 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 ciation of the Spanish crown, May 12. The royal 
 family of Spain sent from Bayonne into the interior 
 of France, May 13. Solano, the governor of Cadiz, 
 murdered by the populace, May 20. Meteoric stones, 
 weighing 4 and 5 pounds, fell near Stannern, a post 
 station in Moravia, on the 22d May. Two Spanish 
 deputies arrive in England to supplicate aid to the 
 Spanish patriots, June 9. The French fleet at Cadiz 
 surrenders to the Spaniards, June 14. Siege of Sa- 
 ragossa, June 14. Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed king 
 of Spain, at Bayonne, June 16. A British army of 
 12,000 men, under Sir A. Wellesley, sails for Por- 
 tugal from Cork, July 12. The French defeat the 
 Spaniards at Rio Seco, July 14. The French army, 
 under General Dupont, surrenders to the Spaniards, 
 July 20th. Revolution in Turkey, in which Mus- 
 tapha is defeated, July 28th. British army arrives 
 in Spain, Aug. 1, and defeats the French at the bat- 
 tle of Roleia, Aug. 17; and at the battle of Vimiera, 
 Aug. 21. Ferdinand VII. proclaimed king of Spain, 
 at Madrid, Aug. 24. Convention of Cintra, which 
 excites the greatest indignation in England, Aug. 30. 
 A French army, under Marshal Ney, enters Spain, 
 Sept. 3. A meteoric stone fell at Lissa, in Bohemia, 
 on the 3d Sept. A Spanish army of 10,000 men, 
 under the Marquis de Romana, escapes from Nyborg, 
 in Denmark, Aug. 11, and lands at Corunna, Sept. 
 30. Bonaparte meets the emperor of Russia at Er- 
 furth, Sept. 27. The Spanish armies, under Blake 
 and Castanos, defeated by the French, Nov. 10 and 23. 
 Madrid occupied by the French, Dec. 4. Andover 
 Theological Seminary opened. The importation of 
 slaves from Africa, ceased by law, Jan. 1. Bayonne 
 decree, April 17, declaring all American vessels lia- 
 ble to seizure. The translation of the Septuagint 
 into English, by Charles Thompson, late secretary 
 of Congress, published. Fisher Ames died at Ded- 
 ham, Mass., July 4, aged 50 years. John Dickinson 
 died at Wilmington, Del., at an advanced age. 
 180$ Peace between Britain and Turkey, Jan. 5. Battle of 
 Corunna, at which the French were defeated, and 
 Sir John Moore killed, Jan. 16. Duke of York ac- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 225 
 
 A. D. 
 
 cused of malversation, Feb. 1, and resigns the of- 
 fice of commander-in-chief, March 10. Drury-lane 
 theatre burnt, Feb. 24. Surrender of Saragossa, 
 March 5. Revolution in Sweden, and Gustavus IV. 
 deposed, March 13. Austria declares war upon 
 France, April 6. Lord Cochrane destroys the 
 French fleet in Basque Roads, April 12. The 
 French defeat the Austrians in the battles of Abens- 
 berg, Ratisbon, and Eckmuhl, April 20-23. Sir A. 
 Wellesley defeats the French at Oporto, May 11. 
 The French obtain possession of Vienna, May 13. 
 Battle of Aspern, or Esling, between the French and 
 Austrians, in which the Austrians had 20,602 killed 
 and wounded, May 21. Schill, the celebrated Prus- 
 sian officer, killed in Stralsund, May 31. The Aus- 
 trians completely defeated by the French at the bat- 
 tle of Wagram, July 5, 6. Suspension of hostilities 
 between France and Austria, July 12. Surrender 
 of Senegal to the British, July 20. Battle of Tala- 
 vera between the British and French, July 27. The 
 British troops, after landing in Walcheren, July 30, 
 take Middleburg, July 31, and Flushing, Aug. 15. 
 Peace between Russia and Sweden signed, Sept. 17. 
 Peace between France and Austria ratified, Oct. 15. 
 The 50th anniversary of the king's accession cele- 
 brated in every part of the kingdom, Oct. 25. Lord 
 Collingwood destroys three French ships of the line 
 bound from Toulon to Barcelona, off Cape St. Sebas- 
 tian, Oct. 25. Bonaparte divorces his wife, the Em- 
 press Josephine, Dec. 16. James Madison elected 
 President, and George Clinton, Vice-president of the 
 United States. The embargo was repealed, and fol- 
 lowed by a non-intercourse with Great Britain. Di- 
 plomatic intercourse between the United States and 
 Great Britain, ceased. Miami University, Ohio, 
 founded, by a grant of a township of land for its 
 support. 
 1810. Bonaparte relaxes the Berlin and Milan decrees, Jan. 
 4. A shower of meteoric stones fell in Caswell co., 
 North Carolina, Jan. 30. An earthquake at Malta, 
 Feb. 16. Amboyna and its dependencies surrender 
 to the British, Feb. 17. Guadaloupe taken by the 
 
226 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 British, March 5. Lord Collingwood dies, March 7. 
 Bonaparte marries the Princess Maria Louisa, daugh- 
 ter of the emperor of Austria, April 1. Great riots 
 in London, on the committal of Sir F. Burdett to the 
 Tower, April 9. Crown prince of Sweden dies, 
 April 29. American non-intercourse act repealed, 
 May 1. Mr. Windham dies, June 4. Riot in Stock* 
 holm, at the funeral of the crown prince, June 20. 
 Louis Bonaparte abdicates the throne of Holland, 
 July 1. The Isle of Bourbon surrenders to the 
 British, July 8. Holland annexed to the French 
 empire, July 9. Ciudad Rodrigo taken by the 
 French, July 10. A meteoric stone, weighing 7f 
 pounds, fell in the county of Tipperary, Ireland, 
 Aug. 10. An earthquake felt at St. Michael's, one 
 of the Azores, Aug. 12. Bernadotte chosen crown 
 prince of Sweden, Aug. 21. A small comet discov- 
 ered by M. Pons, 22d Aug. Lucien Bonaparte and 
 his family taken by the Pomona frigate, Aug. 23. 
 Almeyda surrenders to the French, Aug. 28. A 
 great eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Sept. 10. Bona- 
 parte issues a decree to burn all British merchandise, 
 Oct. 19. Princess Amelia dies, Nov. 2. Gustavus 
 Adolphus, the late king of Sweden, arrives at Yar- 
 mouth, Nov. 10. Three meteoric stones fell in the 
 department of the Loiret, Nov. 23. Rambouillet 
 decree of Napoleon orders all American vessels in 
 the ports of France to be seized. The French decrees 
 declared repealed, and intercourse with France re- 
 newed. The population, by the third census, was 
 7,239,903. Kentucky contained 406,511 inhabit- 
 ants ; Pittsburg, Pa., had 4,740 ; Philadelphia, 
 90,000. Benjamin Lincoln, major-general in the 
 revolutionary army, died. Charles Brockden Brown, 
 a distinguished novelist, died. Henry Cavendish, ob. 
 set. 78. 
 1811. Tortosa surrenders to the French, Jan. 1. Prince of 
 Wales appointed regent, Feb. 4. A meteoric stone, 
 of 15 pounds, fell in the village of Konleghowsk, in 
 the government of Tschernigoff, in. Russia, on the 
 1st March. Battle of Barrosa, in which the French 
 are defeated by the British under General Graham, 
 
OF THE WORLD. 227 
 
 A. D. 
 
 March 5. Anholt defended by a handful of British 
 sailors against the Danish flotilla, of 18 gunboats, and 
 4,000 men. Badajos surrenders to the French, March 
 10. A small comet discovered by Flauguergues, 
 25th March. The French defeated by Lord Wel- 
 lington, in the battle of Fuentes de Honores, May 5th. 
 General Beresford defeats the French under Soult, 
 in the battle of Albuera, May 16th. Action between 
 the American frigate the President, of 44 guns, com- 
 manded by Commodore Rodgers, and the British vessel 
 the Little Belt, of 18 guns, May 16th. Siege of 
 Badajos raised, June 11th. Marshal Suchet takes 
 Tarragona by assault, June 29th, and makes himself 
 master of Montserrat, July 24th. The settlement of 
 Batavia, the last colony of France, surrenders to the 
 British under Sir Samuel Auchmuty, Sept. 17th. 
 The Boulogne flotilla defeated by the Naiad frigate 
 in the presence of Bonaparte, Sept. 22d. General 
 Blake defeated by the French under Suchet, Oct. 
 25. In consequence of this victory Murviedro sur- 
 renders to the French, Oct. 27th. General Hill sur- 
 prises and routs the division of General Girard, Oct. 
 28th. A comet appears, Dec. 23d. The St. George 
 of 98 guns, and the Defence of 74 guns, stranded on 
 the coast of Jutland, and the whole of the crews, 
 amounting to 2,400 men, perished, Oct. 24. The 
 Hero of 74 guns, stranded on a sand bank off the 
 Texel, and the whole of her crew lost, Dec. 25. 
 General Blake defeated by the French near Valen- 
 cia, Dec. 26th. The British made reparation for the 
 attack upon the Chesapeake. Richmond theatre 
 burned, in which, out of 600 present, about 70 per- 
 sons perished, and among them George W. Smith, 
 the governor of Virginia. The frigate President, 
 Capt. Rodgers, attacked by the Little Belt, Capt. Bing- 
 ham, off Cape Charles, May 16 ; the Little Belt fires 
 first, and has 11 killed and 21 wounded ; only one 
 man on board of the President was wounded. Gen. 
 W. H. Harrison fought with the Indians the bloody 
 battle of Tippecanoe, on the Wabash river, in which 
 the Americans had 62 killed and 126 wounded, and 
 the Indians were defeated with still greater loss. 
 
2£8 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 John Henry discloses a plot of the governor of Can- 
 ada, Sir James Craig, to detach the New England 
 states from the confederacy, which was unsuccessful ; 
 for the disclosure he received of the government of 
 the United States $50,000. John Rodgers died 
 at New York, in the 84th year of his age, and the 
 63d of his ministry. 
 1812. The French defeated at Tariffa, by Colonel Skerret, 
 Jan. 1st. Lord Wellington takes Ciudad Rodrigo by 
 storm, Jan. 19th. Valencia surrenders to the French, 
 along with the army under General Blake, Feb. 6th. 
 A dreadful earthquake in the Caraccas, March 26th. 
 Bonaparte makes proposals for peace, which are re- 
 jected, April 17th. Badajos taken by Lord Welling- 
 ton, April 27th. Bonaparte sets out from Paris, to 
 take the command of the army against Russia, May 
 9th. Mr. Perceval shot in the lobby of the house of 
 commons, May 11th. U. States declare war against 
 Britain, June 19th. Joseph Bonaparte evacuates 
 Madrid, June 28th. Lord Wellington defeats the 
 French under Marmont, near Salamanca. Prelimi- 
 naries of peace signed between Britain, Russia, and 
 Sweden. Orders in council revoked, June 23d. 
 Revolution in Sicily, July 20th. Lord Wellington 
 enters Madrid, Aug. 12. Marshal Victor besieges 
 Riga, Aug. 13th. General Hull and the American 
 army taken prisoners by General Brock, Aug. 17. 
 Battle of Smolensko, between the French and Rus- 
 sians, Aug. 16. The British frigate Guerriere cap- 
 tured by the United States frigate Constitution, Aug. 
 19th. The Constitution, of 44 guns, was commanded 
 by Capt. Hull, and the Guerriere, of 38 guns, was 
 commanded by Capt. Dacres. The action lasted 25 
 minutes; the British had 15 killed and 64 wounded, 
 the Americans had 7 killed and 7 wounded. Battle 
 of Mojaisk, in which the victory is claimed both by 
 the French and Russians, Sept. 7. Soult raises 
 the siege of Cadiz, Aug. 25th. A great and san- 
 guinary battle fought at Borrodino, between the 
 French and Russians, in which the victory is claim- 
 ed by both sides, Sept. 7. The Russians burn Mos- 
 cow, which the French enter, Sept. 14. Lord Wei- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 229 
 
 A. D. 
 
 lington advances to Burgos, Sept. 21. The French 
 evacuate Moscow, and begin a disastrous retreat, 
 Oct. 19th. The British sloop of war Frolic, cap- 
 tured by the United States sloop of war Wasp, Oct. 
 18th. Lord Wellington raises the siege of Burgos, 
 Oct. 20th. Moscow re-occupied by the Russians,' 
 Oct. 22d. The British frigate Macedonian, captured 
 by the United States frigate United States, Oct. 25. 
 The United States, of 44 guns, was commanded by 
 Capt. Stephen Decatur, and the Macedonian, of 38 
 guns, was commanded by Capt. John S. Carden. 
 The action lasted 1 hour and 30 minutes ; the Mace- 
 donian had 36 killed and 68 wounded, and the Uni- 
 ted States had 5 killed and 7 wounded. Bonaparte, 
 after leaving his army at Smorgony, on the 25th 
 Nov., arrives in Paris on the 18th Dec. The French 
 defeated at the passage of the Beresina, Nov. 28th. 
 Wilna taken by the Russians, Dec. 10. The British 
 frigate Java captured by the United States frigate 
 Constitution, Dec. 29th. The Constitution, of. 44. 
 guns, was commanded by Capt. Bainbridge, and the 
 Java, commanded by Capt. Lambert, had 38 guns. 
 The action lasted 55 minutes ; the Java had 69 kill- 
 ed and 101 wounded, and the Constitution had 9 
 killed and 25 wounded. Battle of Queenston, in 
 which Gen. Van Rensselaer of the New York militia 
 attacked the British, commanded by Gen. Brock, who 
 was killed ; and Van Rensselaer, after an obstinate 
 battle, in which he had 60 killed and 100 wounded, 
 was taken prisoner, Oct. 13. 30,000 Prussians, un- 
 der General York, join the Russian army, Dec. 30. 
 The whole navy of the United States at this time con- 
 sisted of 10 frigates, 5 of which' were laid up in ordi- 
 nary, 10 sloops of war and smaller vessels, and 165 
 gunboats, only 60 of which were in commission. 
 Hamilton College founded. The theological semi- 
 nary at Princeton founded. George Clinton, vice- 
 president of the United States, died at Washington. 
 Roger Griswold, governor of Connecticut, died at Nor- 
 wich, aged 50 years. 
 1813. The Conservative Senate of France agree to place 
 350,000 men at the disposal of the minister of war, 
 20 
 
 i 
 
230 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Jan. 11. Battle of Frenchtown, on the river Raisin, 
 in which Gen. Winchester, with 35 officers and 487 
 non-commissioned officers and privates, surrendered 
 prisoners to the British and Indians under Col. Proc- 
 tor, Jan. 11. Chesapeake declared in a state of 
 blockade, Feb. 5. Ogdensburg taken by the British 
 and the public stores removed or destroyed, Feb. 22. 
 The British brig Peacock, of 18 guns, Capt. Peake, 
 captured by the United States sloop of war Hornet, 
 of 16 guns, Capt. Lawrence, after an action of 15 
 minutes. The Hornet had 1 killed, 3 drowned with 
 the prize. The Peacock had 112 prisoners taken 
 from the sinking wreck ; and the killed, and among 
 them the captain, sunk with the vessel, Feb. 24. 
 The house of commons agree, by a majority of 40, 
 in a house of 488, to go into a committee on the Ca- 
 tholic question, March 2. James Madison inaugu- 
 rated President, and El bridge Gerry Vice-president 
 of the United States, March 4. The Russians enter 
 Hamburg, March 8, and Berlin, March 10. The 
 Russians defeat the French at Lunenburg, under 
 Morand, who is slain, April 2. Sir John Murray 
 defeats the French under Suchet, at Castello, in 
 Spain, April 13. Thorn surrenders to the Russians, 
 April 16, and Spandau on the 18th April. York, 
 capital of Upper Canada, taken by the Americans 
 under Gen. Dearborn, in which Gen. Pike was killed 
 by an explosion of a magazine, April 27. Battle of 
 Lutzen, in which the victory is claimed both by the 
 French and the allies, May 2. Havre de Grace, 
 Md., burned by Admiral Cockburn, May 3. The 
 Roman Catholic bill lost at its third reading in the 
 house of commons, by a majority of 4, May 24. Fort 
 George and Fort Erie captured by the Americans, 
 May 27. The British attack Sacket's harbor, and 
 are repulsed, May 29. The United States frigate 
 Chesapeake, captured by the British frigate Shannon, 
 June 1st. The Chesapeake, of 36 guns, was com- 
 manded by Capt. Lawrence ; the Shannon, of 38 
 guns, was commanded by Capt. Broke. The Chesa- 
 peake lost its commander, who, mortally wounded, 
 exclaimed in his delirium, "Don't give up the ship." 
 
A. D. 
 
 OF THE WORLD. 231 
 
 The Chesapeake had 67 killed and 104 wounded. 
 The Shannon had 26 killed and 56 wounded. Capt. 
 Broke was knighted ; a distinction not commonly 
 conferred on the capturer of a single frigate of equal 
 force ; but it was the only instance of similar suc- 
 cess during the war. The British and Indians, 1,300 
 in number, repulsed at Lower Sandusky by Major 
 Croghan with 160 Americans, Aug. 2. The British 
 brig Boxer captured by the United States brig En- 
 terprise, Sept. 5th. The British squadron on Lake 
 Erie, commanded by Capt. Barclay, surrenders to 
 the American squadron under Commodore Perry. 
 The American squadron, under Capt. Oliver H. 
 Perry, consisted of 9 small vessels, carrying in the 
 whole 54 guns ; the British consisted of 6 larger ves- 
 sels, mounting in the whole 63 guns. The comple- 
 ment of men of the British exceeded that of the 
 Americans. The loss of the Americans was 27 kill- 
 ed and 96 wounded, Sept. 10. Commodore Perry 
 turned the scale of battle by leaving his flag-ship, 
 nearly a wreck, and proceeding in an open boat, 
 carrying his colors amidst a tremendous fire, to a 
 fresh ship. The United States brig Argus captured 
 by the British brig Pelican. Battle of the Thames, 
 in which the Americans, under Gen. Harrison, de- 
 feated the British and Indians under Gen. Proctor, 
 taking 601 men prisoners. The British had 12 regu- 
 lars and 33 Indians killed, and 22 regulars wounded. 
 The Indian chief Tecumseh was killed, probably by 
 Col. Johnson. Gen. Jackson, with 2,000 Tennessee 
 volunteers, attacks the Creek Indians and defeats 
 them with the loss of 300 warriors. The Americans 
 lost 15 killed and 80 wounded, Nov. 9. Gen. 
 McClure abandoned Fort George, and burned the 
 village of Newark, U. C, Dec. 10. This was used 
 by the British afterwards as a poor excuse for burn- 
 ing Washington, though it had been avenged imme- 
 diately by the burning of Buffalo, Black Rock, &c. 
 Bombay mission commenced by the A. B. C. F. M. 
 Benjamin Rush died at Philadelphia, aged 68. Ro- 
 bert R. Livingston died, in his 66th year. Theophi- 
 lus Parsons died, aged 63. 
 
232 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1814. Allies invaded France at different points ; after many 
 conflicts with various success, entered Paris, March 
 31. Bonaparte abdicated, April 11 ; embarked for 
 Elba, April 28. Louis XVIII. entered Paris, May 
 3. Ferdinand VII. entered Madrid, May 14. Peace 
 between France and the allies, May 30. France 
 reduced to her limits as they were in Jan. 1, 1792. 
 King of Spain suppressed the Cortes ; re-established 
 the inquisition, Jesuits' college, &c. Norway united 
 to Sweden, Aug. 14. Washington city taken by the 
 British, and the public buildings, library of congress^ 
 &c, burned; this Vandal act roused the spirit of the 
 nation. Messrs. Clay and Russel, commissioners, 
 sail from New York in the U. S. frigate John Adams 
 for Gottenburg, Feb. 25. Gen. Hull found guilty 
 by a court-martial and sentenced to be shot, March 
 28. The president approves the sentence and re- 
 mits the execution, April 25. Blockade of the whole 
 American coast proclaimed by Admiral Cochrane, 
 against which the president protests as an impossi- 
 bility, and calls upon neutral nations to disregard it. 
 Congress of Vienna, Sept. 26. Belgium united to 
 Holland. Hanover, a kingdom. The British sloop 
 of war L'Epervier, of 18 guns, Capt. Wales, cap- 
 tured by the U. S. sloop of war Peacock, of 18 guns, 
 Capt. Warrington, after an action of 42 minutes, in 
 which L'Epervier had 8 killed and 15 wounded, and 
 the Peacock only 2 wounded, April 29. Oswego 
 taken by 1,800 British, after a resistance of 2 days, 
 by 300 men under Lieut. Col. Michell. The British 
 had 19 killed and 75 wounded ; the Americans had 6 
 killed, 38 wounded, and 26 missing, May 6. The Bri- 
 tish Chstmplain squadron beaten off from the battery at 
 the mouth of Otter Creek. McDonough's squadron 
 was fitting up at Vergennes, 7 miles from the mouth 
 of Otter Creek. The object of the British was, 
 probably, after capturing this .battery, to sink the 
 hulk of a vessel in the channel, which would have 
 much obstructed the egress of McDonough's fleet, not 
 yet completed. The channel is narrow and crooked, 
 though deep. This small battery was served with 
 such spirit^ that the British were beateu off without 
 
OF THE WORLD. 233 
 
 A. D. 
 
 accomplishing their object, though the cannon of the 
 battery were nearly all dismounted. Capt. Pring, 
 the British commander, was severely reflected on, 
 after his return to Canada, which probably induced 
 him to fight his fine brig for 15 minutes after the 
 main vessel, the Confiance, had surrendered, at the 
 battle of Plattsburg. The Independence 74, launched 
 at Boston, June 22. The British sloop of war Rein- 
 deer, of 18 guns, Capt. Manners, captured by the 
 U. S. sloop of war Wasp, Capt. Blakeley, after an 
 action of 19 minutes. -The Reindeer had 25 killed 
 and 42 wounded, and the Wasp had 5 killed and 21 
 wounded, June 28. Fort Erie, with a garrison of 
 137 men, surrendered to Maj. Gen. Brown without 
 resistance. Battle of Chippewa, in which Gen. 
 Brown defeats the British under Gen. Riall, and 
 compels him to retreat to Fort George. The Ameri- 
 cans had 60 killed, 229 wounded, and 19 missing; 
 the British had 148 killed, 320 wounded, and 46 
 missing, July 5. Battle of Bridgewater, or Niagara 
 Falls, in which Gen. Brown attacked the British un- 
 der Gen. Drummond, and after a sanguinary en- 
 gagement, which lasted from 5 o'clock till midnight, 
 drove him from all his positions, stormed his batteries, 
 captured his artillery, and after keeping possession 
 of the field for 3 hours, the Americans returned to 
 their encampment without interruption. The Ameri- 
 cans had 171 killed, 572 wounded, among whom were 
 Generals Brown and Scott, and 117 missing. The 
 British admitted 84 killed, 559 wounded, 193 miss- 
 ing, and 43 prisoners. Among the wounded were 
 Generals Drummond and Riall, the latter made pris- 
 oner, July 25. Lord Gambier, Henry Goulbourn, 
 and William Adams, appointed by the British gov- 
 ernment commissioners to treat at Ghent. Stoning- 
 ton attacked by a British squadron under Commodore 
 Hardy, and repulsed by the militia. The British 
 fleet of 60 sail, under Admiral Cochrane, with a land 
 force of 6,000 men, under Gen. Ross, entered Chesa- 
 peake bay, and proceeded to the mouth of the Pa- 
 tuxent. Corrtmodore Barney blew up his flotilla of 
 gunboats in that river, and proceeded to join Gen. 
 20* 
 
234 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Winder, who had command of the district, with a 
 force, including the militia, of over 7,000 men. The 
 British advanced to the attack of Washington, and 
 the only successful resistance which they encoun- 
 tered, was that of Commodore Barney and his brave 
 sailors and marines, on the heights of Bladensburg, 
 who, though deserted by the militia, fought until they 
 were surrounded, and their commander wounded, and 
 they were compelled to surrender. On the evening 
 of Aug. 24, Gen. Ross entered the city at the head 
 of 800 men, burned the capitol, president's house, 
 and other public buildings, the library of congress 
 and public archives, and then retreated to their 
 ships. The nation was roused by this savage war- 
 fare, and the signal defeats of the British at Balti- 
 more, Plattsburg, and New Orleans were effected 
 under the stimulus of this Vandal outrage. The 
 British sloop of war Avon, of 18 guns, Capt. Arbuth- 
 not, sunk by the U. S. sloop of war Wasp, of 18 guns r 
 Capt. Blakeley, after an action of 46 minutes, in which 
 the Avon had 9 killed and 33 wounded, and the Wasp 
 had 2 killed and 1 wounded, Sept. 1. The British 
 squadron under Commodore Downie, on Lake Cham- 
 plain, attacked the American squadron under Com- 
 modore McDonough, in the harbor of Plattsburgh. 
 After a sanguinary contest of2h.20m~, the British 
 squadron, excepting the gunboats, was captured. 
 The American force was 86 guns, and the British 
 95 guns. The Americans had 52 killed and 58 
 wounded; the British had 84 killed and 110 wound- 
 ed. Commodore Downie had great confidence of 
 victory ; his flag-ship, the Confiance, was very pow- 
 erful, and her metal unusually heavy ; said a sail- 
 ing-master who was among the captured officers, 
 " There is not a frigate in the whole British navy, 
 which has a more powerful battery than that vessel. " 
 It is said that Commodore Downie remarked to his 
 men, when coming into battle. " I allow you 30 min- 
 utes to capture that fleet;" but before that time had 
 expired, he lay low in death, Sept. 11. Sir George 
 Prevost, who occupied Plattsburgh with 14,000 Bri- 
 tish troops, made a simultaneous attack on the land 
 
OF THE WORLD. 235 
 
 A. D. 
 
 on the American force, consisting of 1,500 regular 
 troops under Gen. Macomb, and 3,000 militia from 
 Vermont and New York, under Gen. Strong and 
 Gen. Mooers, in which they were unsuccessful. 
 There were several things in the battle of Platts- 
 burgh and of Lake Champlain, which deserve notice. 
 The battle took place in the forenoon on the sab- 
 bath. After the British squadron came in sight, 
 McDonough called together on board of his vessel 
 all the men of the squadron who could be spared 
 from duty, and had a fervent prayer offered to the 
 God of battles for success. Instead of being elated 
 by his victory, McDonough never appeared so sober 
 and considerate as after this great and eventful 
 battle. 
 In regard to the British land force, it was the largest 
 and best that had ever invaded the country, consist- 
 ing of 14,000 men who had fought in the Spanish 
 peninsula, and was led by Sir George Prevost, gov- 
 ernor of Canada, an able and experienced general, 
 who had something of the prudence and the bravery 
 of Washington. Before the downfall of Bonaparte, 
 the American war was considered a mere episode in 
 the great epic of the world • he had been indiffer- 
 ently supported, and by his prudence and general- 
 ship he had saved the Canadas. It was not to the 
 honor of Great Britain that this veteran general died 
 under arrest, and especially that his accuser was Sir 
 James Lucas Yeo, commander of the squadron on 
 Lake Ontario, whose naval tactics consisted in great 
 skill in running away, and but for which, Lake On- 
 tario, as well as Erie and Champlain, would have 
 had its general engagement. Sir George Prevost 
 died before his trial, and his death was probably 
 hastened by his mortification. He might have cap- 
 tured the American fort, but he would have lost 
 many men in doing it, and after the capture of the 
 fleet it could have answered no valuable purpose, 
 and he preferred a retreat, to offering a human sacri- 
 fice of several hundred men to wounded honor; and 
 for this he deserved approbation and not disgrace.— 
 The British probably supposed that there were as 
 
236 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 many as 20,000 American militia at Plattsburgh. 
 The gunboats of the British fleet made their escape. 
 The sabbath after the defeat, the officers and men 
 attended church, when the Hon. and Rev. Charles 
 Stewart, afterwards bishop of Quebec, then a mis- 
 sionary at St. Armand, in a sermon on the occasion, 
 reproved them for choosing the sabbath for the en- 
 gagement, remarking, that " nothing less than defeat 
 could have been expected, in attacking a pious man 
 at his devotions on the sabbath." 
 The battle of Baltimore, in which 5,000 British, led 
 by Gen. Ross, were repulsed, with the loss of their 
 commander and 46 killed and 295 wounded ; the 
 Americans had 40 killed and 200 wounded, and 49 
 taken prisoners, Sept. 12. Emboldened by his suc- 
 cess at Washington, Ross boasted that he would make 
 his winter-quarters in Baltimore ; but his winter- 
 quarters were amidst the clods of the valley. Fort 
 McHenry, which defends the harbor, was bombarded 
 by the whole British squadron, consisting of 16 ves- 
 sels; but they were foiled, and retired on the morn- 
 ing of Aug. 14. On the 18th of Nov., a powerful 
 fleet, consisting of 60 vessels with 8,000 troops, ar- 
 rived at the entrance of Lake Borgne, designed for 
 the attack of New Orleans. On the 2d of Dec, 
 Gen. Jackson, with the regular troops, arrived, and 
 was joined by large detachments from Tennessee and 
 Kentucky. Dec. 16, New Orleans was put under 
 martial law, and vigorous preparations were made 
 for its defence. Extensive works were erected 4 
 miles below the city, on the east bank of the Missis- 
 sippi. On the night of the 23d, they were violently 
 assaulted by Gen. Jackson, in which they lost 500 
 men in killed, wounded, and missing. On the night 
 of Dec. 31st, they attempted three times to storm the 
 American works, but were repulsed. Treaty of 
 peace concluded at Ghent, between the United States 
 and Great Britain, Dec. 24. Elbridge Gerry died 
 at Washington, aged 70. 
 1815. The troops on the west side' of the river struggled 
 with various success, but on the morning of Jan. 8, 
 the main body of the British, led by Gen. Packen- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 237 
 
 A. D. 
 
 ham, attempted to storm the American lines. Gen. 
 Packenham -was mortally wounded, as was Gen. 
 Gibbs, the second in command. At 8 o'clock, the 
 British retreated to their works, having lost 700 
 killed, 1,400 wounded, and 500 captured, making a 
 total of 2,600. The Americans, in this battle, lost 
 but 6 killed and 7 wounded ; a disparity unexam- 
 pled in the history of warfare, and Gen. Jackson was 
 too well satisfied with the result, to interrupt their 
 retreat. Congress of Vienna guarantied the integ- 
 rity of 22 Swiss cantons ; issued a manifesto against 
 Bonaparte on his return to France. Bonaparte left 
 Elba, Feb. 26 ; landed at Cannes, March 1 ; entered 
 Paris, March 21. Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, 
 bind themselves to bring 15,000 men each into the 
 field against Bonaparte, March 25. Murat attacked 
 the Austrians ; lost the battle of Tolentino, May 3, 
 and the kingdom of Naples, May 20. The three 
 legations restored to the pope, May 29. Bonaparte 
 left Paris to conflict with the allies, June 10. Battle 
 of Waterloo, June 18. Bonaparte abdicated in favor 
 of his son, June 24. The allies entered France. 
 Capitulation of Paris, July 3. Return of Louis 
 XVIII. to the capital, July 8. Bonaparte surrender- 
 ed himself to Capt. Maitland, of the British ship 
 Bellerophon, July 15. Ney and Labedoyere shot. 
 Holy Alliance concluded, Sept. 26. Bonaparte at 
 St. Helena, Oct. 26. Ionian republic established, 
 Nov. 5. New treaties, providing for the occupation 
 of France by foreign troops for five years, and fur- 
 ther contracting the French frontier, concluded be- 
 tween the allies and Louis XVIII., Nov. 20. Con- 
 gress of Vienna adjusted the boundary of states, 
 formerly dependent on the French empire ; fixed the 
 constitution of Germany. A treaty of amity between 
 his Britannic majesty and the United States of Ameri- 
 ca, ratified by the president of the U. S., Feb. 17. 
 U. S. frigate Constitution, captured the British sloops 
 of war Cyane and Levant, off Madeira. U. S. sloop 
 of war Hornet, Capt. Biddle, captured the British 
 brig Penguin, off Brazil. Massacre at Dartmoor 
 prison, of 7 killed and 60 wounded, disavowed by the 
 
238 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 British, and compensation made to the widows of the 
 sufferers. Commodores Decatur and Bainbridge 
 sent against Algiers ; captured 2 Algerine vessels, 
 and concluded an honorable peace, July 4. ■ Merri- 
 mac canal opened to Concord, N. H., from Boston, 
 June 23. David Ramsay died at Charleston, aged 
 66. Robert Fulton died, in his 50th year. Chaun- 
 cey Goodrich died at Hartford, Connecticut, in his 
 56th year. 
 
 L816. Majority of 37 in the house of commons against the 
 property tax, March 19. Princess of Wales married 
 to Prince Leopold, of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, May 2. 
 Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth, Aug. 
 27. Declaration of South American independence 
 issued at Buenos Ayres. Duke of Cambridge Gov. 
 Gen. of Hanover, Nov. 2. Distress, riots in Eng- 
 land, Spa-fields mob, Dec. 2. Indiana admitted to 
 the Union. A national bank established by congress, 
 with a capital of $35,000,000. American Bible So- 
 ciety founded at New York. The Hartford asylum 
 for teaching the deaf and dumb, the first of the kind 
 in the United States, founded. Large fire in New 
 York, loss, $200,000. Francis Asbury, bishop of 
 the Methodist Episcopal church, died, in his 71st year. 
 Nathan Strong died at Hartford, Ct. 
 
 1817. Habeas Corpus act suspended, March 7. Insurrection 
 at Nottingham. Convention between Louis XVIII. 
 and the pope ; privileges of the Gallican church se- 
 cured. Spain disturbed, and Portugal threatened 
 with popular tumults. Waterloo bridge opened, 
 June 18. Bolivar supreme chief of the government 
 of Venezuela. Death of the Princess Charlotte, to 
 the great grief of the nation, Nov. 6. Pindarri war 
 in India ; ended, Dec. 17. James Monroe inau- 
 gurated President, and Daniel D. Tompkins Vice- 
 president of the United States. Mississippi admitted 
 to the Union. The University of Virginia, with a 
 large fund, founded at Charlottesville. The Erie 
 canal was commenced, and the first excavation made, 
 July 4. Missions of the American Board to the 
 Cherokees, commenced at Brainerd, Tenn. Printing 
 commenced in English, and in Guess's Cherokee syl 
 
OF THE WORLD. 239 
 
 A. D. 
 
 labic alphabet. Timothy Dwight, president of Yale 
 College, died at New Haven, in his 65th year. 
 
 1818. Habeas Corpus suspension act repealed, Jan. 31. Ber- 
 
 nadotte, kino; of Sweden, Feb. 30. Censorship of 
 the press enforced by Louis XVIII. France, Spain, 
 and the Netherlands, agree to measures proposed by 
 England for the suppression of the slave trade. 
 Duke of Clarence married to the princess of Saxe- 
 Meiningen ; duke of Kent married to the princess of 
 Saxe-Coburg, July 13. A papal bull allowed the 
 benefices of Spain to remain two years vacant, and 
 yielded the revenues to the service of the govern- 
 ment, Aug. 12. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 
 29. Army of occupation withdrawn from France, 
 Oct. 9. Death of the British queen, Charlotte, Nov. 
 17. Illinois admitted to the Union. The college at 
 Waterville, Me., under the Baptists, was opened. 
 Massachusetts general hospital founded at Boston. 
 War with the Seminole Indians. Mission to the 
 Choctaws established. Arthur St. Clair, a lieutenant 
 under Gen. Wolfe, at Quebec, and afterwards Maj. 
 Gen. in the revolutionary army, died in his 84th 
 year. Caspar Wistar died, in his 57th year. Jo- 
 seph McKean, president of Bowdoin College, died, 
 aged 42 years. 
 
 1819. Southwark bridge opened, March 28. Princess Vic- 
 
 toria born, May 23. Radical reform meetings, June 
 23. Congress of Carlsbad, Aug. 1. Manchester 
 massacre, Aug. 16. Chili, Buenos Ayres, and Co- 
 lombia, de facto independent. The " Six Acts 5 ' 
 sanctioned by the British legislature. Spain cedes 
 the Floridas to the United States. New South Shet- 
 land discovered. Alabama admitted to the Union. 
 Arkansas erected into a territory. The first steam- 
 ship sailed for Europe in May. William Samuel 
 Johnson, late president, of Columbia College, which 
 he left in 1810, died in Stratford, Ct., aged 93 years. 
 Hugh Williamson died at New York, in his 85th 
 year. Caleb Strong died at Northampton, Mass., 
 aged 75 years. John Lanoxlon died at Portsmouth, 
 N. H., aged 79 years. Oliver Hazard Perry, the 
 hero of Lake Erie, died in the West Indies. 
 
240 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1820. Revolution in Spain ; constitution of 1812 proclaimed, 
 Jan. 1. Death of George III., Jan. 29. The king 
 of Spain swears to the constitution ; inquisition sup- 
 pressed, March 8. Expulsion of the Jesuits from 
 Russia, March 25. Revolution at Naples, May 15. 
 Carbonari constitutional junta in Portugal, Oct. 1. 
 Maine admitted to the Union as a separate state. 
 The population of the United States, by the census, 
 was 9,708,135. William Ellery died at Newport, 
 in his 90th year. Joseph Lathrop died at West 
 Springfield, in his 90th year. 
 
 182a. Revolution in Brazil, Jan. 1. Congress of Leyback. 
 Austrian army occupied Naples, Jan. 8. Disturb- 
 ances in Piedmont; the king resigned in favor of his 
 brother, April 10. Death of Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 May 5. Coronation of George IV., July 19. Aus- 
 trian troops occupied the kingdom of Sardinia, July 
 29. George IV. visits Dublin, Aug. 17, and Hano- 
 ver, Oct. 10. Catholic bill lost in the house of peers. 
 James Monroe inaugurated President, and Daniel D. 
 Tompkins Vice-president of the United States. Mis- 
 souri, the 24th state, admitted to the Union. The 
 Columbian College, under the Baptists, founded at 
 Washington, D. C. Presbyterian Theological Semi- 
 nary, at Auburn, founded. Liberia colony founded 
 in Africa, and the capital called Monrovia. Elias 
 Boudinot died, in his 82d year. Samuel Worcester, 
 secretary of the American Board of Foreign Missions, 
 died at Brainerd, an Indian town. 
 
 1822. The Greeks declare themselves free, Jan. 1. Prince 
 royal of Brazil, instituted a represen'ative govern- 
 ment, Feb. 16. Spanish Cortes meet at Madrid, 
 March 1. The Greeks victorious at Larissa, Salon- 
 ica, and Thermopylae. The king of Portugal swore 
 to the new constitution, Oct. 1. Brazil independent ; 
 the prince-regent proclaimed emperor, Oct. 12. Con- 
 gress of Verona, Oct. 20. Great distress in Ireland. 
 George IV. visits Scotland. Boston incorporated as 
 a city. Conspiracy of the negroes at Charleston, S. 
 C. : 35 were executed. Rees' Cyclopaedia in 41 vols. 
 4to., and 6 additional vols, of plates, reprinted at 
 Philadelphia. Eighty-nine steamboats were enrolled 
 
OF THE WORLD, 241 
 
 k. D. 
 
 at New Orleans, with a tonnage of over 18,000 tons. 
 William Pinkney died at Washington, in his 57th 
 year. Alexander Metcalf Fisher, the youthful pro- 
 fessor of natural philosophy in Yale College, was 
 cast away in the Albion, on the coast of Ireland, and 
 was lost, with the ill-fated crew of that vessel, aged 
 28. John Stark died at Manchester, N. H., in his 
 94th year. 
 
 1823. Mediation of the Holy Alliance rejected by the Cortes 
 
 of Spain, Jan. 9. Removal of Ferdinand to Seville, 
 thence to Cadiz, March 20. French army entered 
 Spain, April 7, and Madrid, May 23. The king of 
 Portugal suppressed the constitution, June 5. Cadiz 
 invested by the French, June 25. Guatemala pro- 
 claimed its independence, July 20. Battle of Tro- 
 cadero before Cadiz, Aug. 31. Riego taken, Sept. 
 15 ; executed at Madrid, Nov. 27. Proceedings of 
 the Cortes from March 7, 1820, annulled; end of the 
 Spanish revolution, Oct. 1. Mexican constitution 
 proclaimed, Oct. 4. The government of Great Bri- 
 tain sent consuls to the new states of South America. 
 10,000 barrels of flour were embarked on the Erie 
 canal, from Rochester, for New York and Albany ; 
 Oct. 8, the first boats passed. American mission 
 commenced at Beyroot, in Western Asia. John 
 Treadwell died, in his 78th year. Samuel Wyllys 
 died at Hartford, aged 84 years. Tapping Reeve 
 died at Litchfield, Ct., aged 78. 
 
 1824. The English troops defeated by the Ashantees, Jan. 
 
 21. Bolivar, dictator of Peru, Feb. 10. Lord Has- 
 tings, governor-general of India, declared war against 
 the Burmese, March 5. Capture of Rangoon, May 
 5. The Ashantees driven from Cape Coast Castle, 
 July 22. Charles X., king of France. Treaty be- 
 tween the United States and Colombia, Oct. 3. Pro- 
 visional government in Greece, Oct. 12. The Turks 
 evacuated Moldavia, Nov. 23. Mechanics' institu- 
 tions formed in England. Union of the Scotch dis- 
 senters. Catholic rent. A convention between 
 Great Britain and the United States, for the suppres- 
 sion of the slave trade, March 13. The boundary 
 between Russia and the United States, fixed at 54® 
 21 
 
242 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 40' N. lat., on the N. W. coast of America. Gen. 
 Lafayette visited the U. S. by invitation of congress, 
 and landed in New York, Aug. 13. Congress voted 
 him $200,000 in money, and a township of land, in 
 part for his services in the revolutionary war. 
 Berkshire Medical Institution at Pittsfield, founded. 
 Charles Thompson, formerly secretary of congress, 
 died, near Philadelphia, in his 95th year. 
 1825. Great Britain concluded a treaty of commerce with 
 the united provinces of Rio de la Plata, Feb. 2. 
 John Quincy Adams inaugurated as President, and 
 John C. Calhoun as Vice-president of the U. States. 
 Ibrahim Pasha invaded Greece, Feb. 26. Conven- 
 tion concluded between Russia and Great Britain, 
 for the freedom of navigation, commerce, and the 
 fishery on the Pacific ocean, and the northwest coast 
 of America, Feb. 28. Independence of St. Domingo 
 confirmed by France, April 17. Treaty between 
 Great Britain and Colombia, April 18. Ibrahim 
 Pasha defeated the Greeks near Forgi, April 19. 
 Treaty between Great Britain and Mexico, April 29. 
 Ports in the East Indies belonging to the Dutch, 
 opened to the ships of all nations, July 21. Resolu- 
 tion of the provisional government of Greece to have 
 recourse to the protection of England, July 24. 
 Treaty of commerce and navigation concluded be- 
 tween Great Britain and the Hanse-Towns, Sept. 26. 
 The Spaniards evacuated Mexico, Nov. 18. Death 
 of Alexander, emperor of Russia, Dec. 1. General 
 Campbell defeated the Burmese near Prome. Acts 
 against the Catholic association. Petitions against 
 the corn laws. Joint stock company mania ; commer- 
 cial distress ; failures. The 50th anniversary of the 
 battle of Bunker Hill celebrated in Boston, and the 
 corner-stone of the commemorative monument laid 
 by Gen. Lafayette, when an address was delivered 
 by Hon. Daniel Webster. Lafayette left the coun- 
 try for France, Sept. 7. Treaty with the Creeks 
 and the Osages, by which they were aided by the 
 United States in making improvements. The Stock- 
 bridge Indians settled at Green Bay. Ground broken 
 for tne Ohio canal on the Hocking summit by Gov. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 243 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Dewitt Clinton, July 4. The Farmington canal, from 
 New Haven to Northampton, begun. Amherst Col- 
 lege incorporated. Newton Baptist Theological 
 Seminary, founded. Charles Cotes worth Pinkney 
 died, in Charleston, S. C. John Brooks died at 
 Medford, Mass., in his 73d year. William Eustis 
 died at Boston, in his 72d year. Eli Whitney, in- 
 ventor of the cotton-gin, died at New Haven, aged 
 57 years. 
 1826. War between Brazil and Buenos Ayres, Jan. 3. 
 Bhurtpore stormed by the British troops under Lord 
 Combermere. Sir A. Campbell defeated the Bur- 
 mese near Malloun, Jan. 20. Surrender of Callao, 
 Jan. 23. Peru evacuated by the Spaniards. Treaty 
 of navigation between Great Britain and France, 
 Jan. 26. Death of John VI., emperor and king of 
 Portugal. Don Pedro granted the Portuguese a 
 charter ; confirmed the regency, April 26 ; abdica- 
 ted in favor of his daughter, Donna Maria da Gloria, 
 May 2. Treaty of navigation between Great Britain 
 and Sweden, May 19. Departure of the Ottoman 
 troops from Wallachia. Opening of the first con- 
 gress of the Bolivian republic, May 25. Landing 
 of the Greeks near Salonichi ; battle with Omer 
 Pasha, June 1. Importation of foreign silks into 
 Great Britain permitted, from June 5. Insurrection 
 of the Janisaries at Constantinople. New organiza- 
 tion of the Ottoman army. Defeat of the Janisa- 
 ries; suppression of the corps, June 14, 15, 16. 
 Convocation of a general congress in Chili, to form 
 a constitution, June 15. The national congress con- 
 stituted Chili a confederative state, July 11. Ashan- 
 tees defeated the English, Aug. 7. National assem- 
 bly of Greece called together in the isle of Paros, 
 July 14. Bolivar, president of Peru for life, July 
 19. Nicholas, emperor of Russia, crowned at Mos- 
 cow, Sept. 3. Russia declared war against Persia. 
 Colombian flag admitted into French ports, Sept. 28, 
 The infant, Don Miguel, takes the oath of fealty to 
 the Portuguese constitution at Vienna, Oct. 4. Lot- 
 teries ceased in England, Oct. 18. Treaty between 
 Great Britain and Brazil, for the abolition of the 
 
244 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 slave trade. The Portuguese rebels take Larnego; 
 Portugal entreated the assistance of Great Britain, 
 Dec. 3. English troops arrived at Lisbon, Dec. 25. 
 Treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation, be- 
 tween Denmark and the United States, concluded at 
 Washington, Oct. 14. A treaty for the same pur- 
 pose with Central America, concluded, Oct. 28. 
 Nashville made the capital of Tennessee. The 
 Home Missionary Society instituted in New York by 
 a convention from 13 states and territories. Tre- 
 mendous avalanches or slides in the White moun- 
 tains, N. EL, which occasioned great destruction. 
 On the 4th of July, John Adams died at Quincy, 
 Mass., in his 91st year; and Thomas Jefferson, at 
 Monticello, Va., in his 83d year. They aided, by 
 the most important services, in achieving American 
 independence. Jedidiah Morse, the veteran geogra- 
 pher, died at New Haven, June 9, in his 65th year. 
 1827. Death of the duke of York, Jan. 5. The duke of Wel- 
 lington appointed commander-in-chief, Jan. 22. Lord 
 Liverpool becomes incapable of transacting business, 
 Feb. 17. Subject of Catholic claims brought before 
 the house of commons, by Sir Francis Burdett; ma- 
 jority against concession, four, March 5, 6. Depart- 
 ure of the Hecla, Capt. Parry, from Deptford, on 
 the northern exploring expedition, March 25. Mr. 
 Canning appointed first lord of the treasury, April 
 10. Duke of Clarence, lord high admiral, April 17. 
 National guard of France disbanded by Charles X., 
 April 30. Unitarian marriage bill assented to, by 
 the house of peers, June 28. Resolution of the Bank 
 of England to discount bills at 4 per cent, July 5. 
 Death of Mr. Canning, Aug. 8. Lord Goderich ap- 
 pointed premier, Aug. 11. Duke of Portland presi- 
 dent of the council, Aug. 17. Return of Capt. Parry 
 from the northern expedition, Sept. 29. Battle of 
 Navarino, Oct. 20, in which the English, Russian, 
 and French fleets, destroy the Turkish fleet. French 
 chambers dissolved ; 76 new peers created, Nov. 5. 
 The Bank of Lisbon suspended its payments, Dec. 
 7. Several murders having been committed by the 
 Winnebago Indians, they submitted to give up the 
 
OF THE WORLD. 245 
 
 A. D. 
 
 murderers, and prevented a war upon them. A re- 
 volution in Peru overthrew all the institutions of 
 Bolivar. Rufus King, late minister to England, died. 
 Clapperton, the English traveller in Africa, died. 
 
 1828. Resignation of Lord Goderich, Jan. 8. Duke of Wel- 
 
 lington, premier. British troops withdrawn from 
 Portugal. Usurpation of Don Miguel. Finance 
 committee appointed, Feb. 15. Test and corpora- 
 tion acts repealed, Feb. 26. Law commission ap- 
 pointed, Feb. 29. Catholic relief bill rejected by the 
 upper house, Jan. 9 ; majority, 44. Mr. O'Connel, 
 a Catholic, elected M. P. for the county of Clare. 
 Catholic association. Brunswick clubs. London 
 University opened. Additional article to a conven- 
 tion between the United States of America and the 
 Hanseatic republics of Lubec, Bremen, and Ham- 
 burg, signed at Washington, June 4 ; a previous 
 convention had been signed, Dec. 20, 1827. A new 
 tariff passed, May 13, (since superseded.) Dewitt 
 Clinton, governor of New York, and the efficient pro- 
 moter of the Erie canal, died, Feb. 1 1 . Jacob Brown, 
 Maj. Gen. in the late American war, died. 
 
 1829. Settlement of the Catholic question recommended, in 
 
 a speech from the throne, Feb. 5. Catholic associa- 
 tion suppressed by act of parliament, March 5. Ca- 
 tholic relief bill receives the royal assent, April 13. 
 Irish forty shilling freeholders disfranchised. Agri- 
 cultural distress. Partial disturbances in England, 
 November and December. Peace between Russia 
 and Turkey, Sept. 14. Gen. Harrison recognised 
 at Bogota, as minister plenipotentiary of the United 
 States. Andrew Jackson chosen President, and John 
 C. Calhoun Vice-president of the United States. 
 Explosion of the magazine of the steamship Fulton, 
 at the navy-yard, Brooklyn, 26 persons killed. Navi- 
 gation opened on the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. 
 New Roman Catholic cathedral in Montreal, which 
 holds 10,000 people, opened. Timothy Pickering 
 died at Salem, Mass. John Jay, chief-justice of the 
 United States, died at Bedford. Sir Humphrey 
 Davy, the celebrated chemist, died at Geneva. John 
 M. Mason died at New York, aged 60. 
 21* 
 
246 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1830. Measures of reform proposed in the house of commons, 
 
 by the Marquis of Bland ford, Feb. 18 ; by Lord John 
 Russel, Feb. 23 ; by Mr. O'Connel, May 23, unsuc- 
 cessfully. Death of George IV., June 26, in his 68th 
 year. William IV., king of Great Britain. Revo- 
 lution of July, in France. Duke of Orleans becomes 
 " king of the French." Revolution in Belgium. 
 Riots in England ; great destruction of agricultural 
 produce. Reform associations and political unions 
 formed at Birmingham, &c. Duke of Wellington re- 
 signs, Nov. 16. Earl Grey, premier ; Mr. Brough- 
 am, lord high chancellor. Revolution of the 19th 
 Nov., in Poland. Algiers taken by the French, July 
 5. Prince Leopold declined the crown of Greece. 
 Bolivar resigned his civil and military offices. Vir- 
 ginia adopted a new constitution. Navigation of the 
 Black sea opened to American vessels. Bill for re 
 moving the Indians, passed the house of representa- 
 tives by a vote of 288 to 165. Celebration of the 
 second centennial anniversary of the settlement of 
 Boston, Mass., oration by Josiah Quincy, LL. D. 
 Queen of Portugal died, aged 54. John S. Ravens- 
 croft, bishop of N. C, died at Raleigh, aged 58. 
 Madame Letitia Bonaparte, mother of Napoleon, 
 died at Rome, aged 85. Isaac Parker, chief-justice 
 of the supreme court of Mass., died at Boston, aged 
 62. John H. Hobart, bishop of New York, died at 
 Auburn. 
 
 1831. Reform bill announced to the house of commons by 
 
 Lord John Russel, March 1 ; read a first time March 
 14 ; frustrated in committee, by a motion of General 
 Gascoyne ; parliament dissolved ; debated in a new 
 house of commons, from June 15 to Sept. 22, and 
 carried by a final majority of 109; rejected by the 
 peers, Oct. 7, by a majority of 41. Parliament pro- 
 rogued. Riots at Derby, Nottingham, and Bristol. 
 Prince Leopold accepted the crown of Belgium. 
 Warsaw surrendered to the Russians ; the Poles are 
 reduced to complete submission. Insurrection at 
 Lyons, Nov. Cholera Morbus broke out at Sunder- 
 land. King of the Netherlands makes his award 
 respecting the N. E. boundary of the United States, 
 
OF THE WORLD 247 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Jan. 10 ; unsatisfactory to both parties. The Uni- 
 ted States supreme court gave an opinion granting 
 an injunction to stay the proceedings of Georgia, 
 relative to the Cherokee lands. American Bible 
 Society distributed this year 270,000 Bibles and 
 Testaments ; receipts 125,316 dollars, 79 cents. 
 Three thousand temperance societies in the United 
 States, with 300,000 members. Fayetteville, N. C, 
 destroyed by fire. North Carolina state house, with 
 a statue of Washington, by Canova, destroyed by 
 fire. Butler, Trott, and Worcester, Christian mis- 
 sionaries, sentenced to four years imprisonment at 
 hard labor in the Georgia penitentiary, for residing 
 among the Cherokees, without taking the oath of al- 
 legiance to the State of Georgia, Sept. 16. The 
 board of commissioners approve of their conduct, 
 Oct. 22. Nat. Turner, ringleader in the insurrec- 
 tion of the slaves at Southampton, Va., taken and 
 executed, Nov. 11. Robert Hall died at Bristol, 
 Eng. Isaiah Thomas died at Worcester, Mass., a3t. 
 82. John Trumbull, author of McFino-al, died at 
 Detroit, Mich., aged 81. James Monroe, fifth Presi- 
 dent of the United States, died at New York, aged 
 73 ; 100,000 persons attended the funeral. John 
 H. Rice, President of the Union Theological Semi- 
 nary, died, aged 54. Samuel L. Mitchell died at 
 New York. Hannah Adams died at Brookline, 
 Mass., aged 76. 
 1832. The reform bill (introduced again into the house of 
 commons, Dec. 12, 1831) is debated until the 22d 
 March, and endangered in the house of peers by a 
 motion of Lord Lyndhurst, May 7. The ministers 
 resign. The house of commons and the country 
 present to the king addresses, expressing confidence 
 in the retired ministry. The duke of Wellington 
 attempts to form an administration— fails ; Earl 
 Grey and his colleagues are recalled, May 18. 
 Royal assent given to the reform bill, June 7, to the 
 Scotch, July 17, to the Irish, Aug. 7. Hereditary 
 peerage abolished in France. Prince Otho, of Ba- 
 varia, accepted the sovereignty of Greece, May 7. 
 Carlist and republican insurrection in Paris, June 
 
248 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 5, 6. The city is declared in a state of siege. The 
 diet of Frankfort published resolutions abridging the 
 liberties of Germany, June 28. Don Pedro, ex- 
 emperor of Brazil, landed at Oporto, July 9 ; civil, 
 war for the possession of Portugal. Death of young 
 Napoleon, (duke of Reichstadt,) July 22. The Uni- 
 ted States supreme court pronounced the imprison- 
 ment of the missionaries in Georgia unconstitu- 
 tional. The Creek Indians ceded to the United 
 States all their lands east of the Mississippi, April 5. 
 Bill for the relief of the surviving officers and sol- 
 diers of the revolution, passed by the American 
 congress, and signed by the president. The new 
 tariff act passed the house of representatives by a 
 vote of 132 to 65, and the senate by a vote of 32 to 
 16, and received the veto of President Jackson, and 
 failed of a two-thirds vote. The University of New 
 York organized, Sept. 26. Bishops consecrated at 
 New York for Vermont, New Jersey, Kentucky, 
 and Ohio. A convention in South Carolina declared 
 against the tariff, as unconstitutional and void, Nov. 
 19. President Jackson condemns their course, and 
 warns them not to proceed, Dec. 10. Gov. Haynes 
 of S. C, by a resolve of the legislature, issued a 
 proclamation in answer to that of President Jackson. 
 John C. Calhoun resigns the vice-presidency of the 
 United States, Dec. 28. Adam Clarke died in Eng- 
 land. Baron Cuvier died in France. Charles 
 Carrol, the last surviving signer of the Declaration 
 of Independence, died at Baltimore, Md., in his 96th 
 year. James Hillhouse, died at New Haven, Ct., 
 in his 79th year. 
 1833. Santa Anna entered the city of Mexico, Jan. 12. 
 O'Connel's national council met at Dublin ; 29 
 members of parliament present, Jan. 17. British 
 parliament met, and elected Charles Manners Sutton 
 speaker, by a vote of 241 to 31, Jan. 29. Otho I., 
 king of Greece, arrives at Napoli di Romania, and 
 assumes the government, Feb. 6. Earl Grey intro- 
 duced a bill into the house of lords, for the suppres- 
 sion of disturbances in Ireland, passed in the house 
 of lords, Feb. 21, and to a third reading in the house 
 
OF THE WORLD. 249 
 
 A. D. 
 
 of commons, by a vote of 346 to 86, March 29. 
 Mehemet Ali acknowledged by the Sultan governor 
 and actual sovereign of the country from the limits 
 of Asia Minor to the mouths of the Nile, and of 
 Crete, and the Holy Land, April 6. Slavery abol- 
 ished in the British colonies, and the sum of 
 20,000,000 pounds sterling appropriated, by way of 
 loan, to compensate the owners of slaves ; appren- 
 ticeship to continue for 12 years. Attack on Oporto 
 by the army of Don Miguel repelled with great 
 loss, July 24. Lisbon surrendered to the troops of 
 Don Pedro, July 24. Donna Maria recognised as 
 queen of Portugal by the English government, Aug. 
 15. The army of Don Miguel attacks Lisbon and 
 is repulsed, Sept. 5. Marquis Wellesley publicly 
 entered Dublin as lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Sept. 
 26. Ferdinand VII. died, and was succeeded by 
 the queen dowager as regent, until Isabella II. should 
 attain to the age of 18 years, Sept. 29. Don Miguel 
 repulsed before Lisbon after severe fighting, Oct. 10. 
 Capt. John Ross, after an absence of four years, in 
 search of a northwest passage, returned to England, 
 Oct. 18. A remarkable display of brilliant meteors, 
 before daylight in the morning, Nov. 13. The mis- 
 sionaries, imprisoned contrary to law in the Georgia 
 penitentiary, discharged, Jan. 14. New tariff bill 
 passed, and signed by the president, March 1. 
 Andrew Jackson inaugurated president, and Martin 
 Van Buren vice-president of the United States, 
 March 4. The buildings of the U. S. treasury de- 
 partment at Washington destroyed by fire, March 
 31. Corner-stone of Girard College laid at Phila- 
 delphia, July 4. Corner-stone of the New York 
 University laid, July 16. Hannah More died at 
 Clifton, England, aged 88. Alvan Hyde died at 
 Lee, Mass., Dec. 4. Alexander McLeod, died at 
 New York, Feb. 17, aged 58. Oliver Wolcott, 
 died at New York, June 1, aged 74. Commodore 
 Wm. Bainbridge, died in Philadelphia, July 27, in 
 his 60th year. 
 1834. A quadruple alliance between France, England, 
 Spain, and Portugal, to restore peace to the penin- 
 
250 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 sula, and to expel Don Carlos and Don Miguel from 
 it, entered into, April 22. Santarem, who had 
 been in possession of the troops of Don Miguel, hav- 
 ing been taken by the army of Queen Maria, the 
 forces of the former surrendered, and Don Miguel 
 and Don Carlos were delivered up by their own 
 men, May 27. Don Miguel embarks from Portugal 
 to Italy, June 1. Don Carlos of Spain arrives at 
 Portsmouth, England, June 17. Lord Grey resigns 
 the post of prime minister of England, and is suc- 
 ceeded by Lord Melbourne, July 9. The inquisi- 
 tion abolished in Spain, July 15. The slaves eman- 
 cipated in the British colonies, and a temporary 
 apprenticeship commenced, Aug. 1. A tremendous 
 eruption of Vesuvius commences, and continues 
 several days, destroying 1,500 houses and other 
 buildings, Aug. 18. The quadruple alliance took 
 further measures to sustain the queens of Spain and 
 Portugal on their thrones, Aug. 22. The Spanish 
 chamber of peers voted the perpetual exclusion of 
 Don Carlos and his heirs from the throne, Aug. 30. 
 Don Pedro, regent of Portugal, died, and the Cortes 
 declared Queen Donna Maria to have attained her 
 majority, and her reign to have commenced on the 
 20th, Sept. 24. Both houses of the British parlia- 
 ment destroyed by fire, Oct. 16. The Carlist gene- 
 ral obtains a victory over Queen Isabella's troops, 
 Oct. 18. The first reformed parliament dissolved 
 by proclamation of the king, Dec. 30. Castle of 
 St. Louis, at Quebec, the residence of the governor, 
 destroyed by fire, Jan. 25. The 7th report of the 
 American Temperance Society announced that there 
 were in the U. S. over 7000 societies, with more 
 than 1,250,000 members, and over 1000 American 
 temperance ships. Ursuline Convent or Nunnery 
 destroyed, at Charlestown, Mass., Aug. 11. Wil- 
 liam Wirt died at Washington city, Feb. 18, in his 
 62d year. Ebenezer Porter, president of Andover 
 Theological Seminary, died at Andover, Mass., 
 April 8, aged 62. John Marshall, chief-justice of 
 the United States, died at Philadelphia, July 6, aged 
 79 years. Samuel Slater, father of the American 
 
OF THE WORLD. 251 
 
 A. D. 
 
 cotton manufactures, died at Webster, Mass., April 
 20, aged 67. 
 1835. Marriage of Maria, queen of Portugal, to the duke of 
 Leuchtenberg, celebrated at Lisbon, Jan. 30. Fran- 
 cis II., emperor of Austria, died, in his 68th year. 
 Remarkable eruption of Vesuvius, March 13. Don 
 Augustus, husband of the queen of Portugal, died, 
 March 28, after a few days illness. Lord Mel- 
 bourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as prime minister 
 of England, April 18. Attempt to assassinate the 
 king of the French and his sons, by an infernal 
 machine ; several other persons killed, and 30 
 wounded, July 29. Nine hundred convents sup- 
 pressed in Spain, and their property applied to the 
 payment of the public debt, July 29. Celebration 
 of the Lutheran reformation, with much ceremony 
 for three days, at Geneva, Aug. 22. Emperor 
 Nicholas threatens to destroy Warsaw, on the least 
 appearance of revolt, Oct. 24. San Antonio sur- 
 rendered by the Mexicans to the Texans, with 24 
 pieces of cannon, 1900 rounds of powder, and other 
 military stores, Dec. 10. James Smithson bequeaths 
 100,000 pounds sterling to the United States to found 
 an " Institution for the diffusion of knowledge among 
 men. First passage through the whole length of 
 the Boston and Providence Railroad, made June 2d. 
 Dispute between Ohio and Michigan, respecting the 
 boundary line. Boston and Lowell Railroad com- 
 pleted and opened, June 27. Baltimore and Wash- 
 ington Railroad completed and opened for passengers, 
 Aug. 25. The construction of the New York and 
 Erie Railroad commenced, Nov. 7. A tremendous 
 fire broke out in New York, at 9 o'clock in the 
 evening of Dec. 16, and burned till 1 o'clock the 
 next day. It swept over between 30 and 40 acres 
 of ground, covered with the most valuable stores, 
 filled with rich merchandise, in the seat of the 
 greatest commercial transactions in the city. The 
 loss, according to the report of a committee, was as- 
 certained to be 17,115,692 dollars ; the merchandise 
 was estimated at 13,115,692 dollars ; the number of 
 buildings burned was 529, valued at 4,000,000 dol- 
 
252 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 lars. The Merchants' Exchange building, and the 
 South Dutch church, were burned. The great re- 
 sources of New York enabled its citizens to sustain 
 this immense loss with little interruption to business, 
 and few failures ; though its effects were felt in after 
 years. The city was immediately rebuilt, with ad- 
 ditional convenience and beauty. Thomas McCrie 
 died, at Edinburg, Aug. 5, aged 63. John Brinkley 
 died, at Dublin, Sept. 14, aged 72. David Hosack 
 died, at New York, Dec. 22, aged 66. 
 1836. Duke of Broglie as prime minister of France, suc- 
 ceeded by M. Thiers, Feb. 22. Railroad between 
 Brussels and Antwerp opened, May 3. The coro- 
 nation of Ferdinand, emperor of Austria, took place 
 at Prague, Sept. 7. A revolution at Lisbon obliged 
 the queen of Portugal to make oath to the constitu- 
 tion of 1820. Carlist army of 14,000 men defeated 
 by the army of the queen of Spain, with a total loss 
 in killed and prisoners of 1,274 persons, Sept. 21. 
 Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, son of the late 
 king of Holland, attempted a revolution at Strasburg, 
 and was defeated and arrested, Sept. 29. A charter 
 granted by the king of England to the London Uni- 
 versity, Dec. 1. The queen of Portugal abolished 
 the slave trade in her dominions, Dec. 10. Attempt 
 on the life of the French king ; assassins arrested, 
 Dec. 27. The " Methodist Book Concern" burned 
 in New York ; loss about $250,000, Feb. 29. Near 
 the banks of San Jacinto, in Texas, a victory was 
 gained over the Mexicans by the Texans under Gen. 
 Houston, in which the Mexicans had 1500 men, and 
 the Texans 783. The Mexican loss was 630 killed, 
 208 wounded, and 730 prisoners. Among the pris- 
 oners were Gen. Santa Anna, president of Mexico, 
 and Gen. Cos. The Texan loss was 2 killed, and 
 23 wounded, 6 mortally, April 21. The forbearance 
 of the Texans saved the life of Santa Anna, who 
 was afterwards released. Gen. Jessup announced 
 to the adjutant-general of the U. S. army the termi 
 nation of the war with the Creek Indians, July 4. 
 A meteoric stone fell in Norwich, Conn., July 28. 
 The Utica and Schenectady Railroad opened, Aug. 1. 
 
OF THE WORLD. 253 
 
 A. D. 
 
 The New York Bowery Theatre burned ; loss esti- 
 mated at 75,000 dollars, Sept. 22. United States 
 General Post Office and Patent Office burned ; the 
 latter containing 7000 models and 9000 drawings of 
 machines, patented, Dec. 15. Edward Livingston 
 died at Rhinebeck, N. Y., May 23d, in his 72d year. 
 James Madison, 4th president of the United States, 
 died at Montpelier, Orange county, Va., June 28th, 
 in his 86th year. John Prince died at Salem, June 
 7th, in his 85th year. William White, bishop of 
 the Episcopal church of Pennsylvania, died at Phila- 
 delphia, in his 89th year. Aaron Burr, late vice- 
 president of the United States, died at Staten Island, 
 N. Y., Sept. 14, in his 81st year. Asa Messer, late 
 president of Brown University, died at Providence, 
 R. I., in his 68th year. 
 1837. Michigan admitted to the Union, Jan. 26. The 
 royal palace at Naples burned, with its library, and 
 magnificent collection of paintings, Feb. 7. Th& 
 English and Spanish troops defeated by the Carlists, 
 with a total loss of about 1,000 men, March 15. 
 Munier, who attempted the life of the French king, 
 was banished, and an amnesty granted by the king 
 to a large number of political offenders who had 
 been imprisoned, April 26. A new constitution 
 proclaimed in Madrid, and signed by the cortes and 
 the queen, June 16. William IV., king of Eng- 
 land, died, June 20th, and is succeeded on the 21st 
 by Queen Victoria. Railroad from Manchester to 
 Liverpool opened, July 4. Espartero appointed 
 president of the council, in Spain, Aug. 18. Queen's 
 troops in Spain defeated by Don Carlos near Herrera, 
 with the loss of about 1000 men, Aug. 24. British 
 association for the promotion of science met at Liv- 
 erpool, Sept. 11. Roman Catholic archbishop of 
 Cologne deprived of his episcopal jurisdiction for 
 refusing to sanction the marriages between Catholics 
 and Protestants, unless it was agreed that the chil- 
 dren should be brought up in the religion of the 
 former, Nov. 15. St. Charles, in Canada, taken 
 from the insurgents by the regular British troops, 
 with a loss on the part of the Canadians of 200 
 
 22 
 
254 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 killed, over 300 wounded, and 30 prisoners, Nov. 
 25. Martial law proclaimed by the governor of 
 Canada in the district of Montreal, Dec. 5 ; and a 
 reward of 1000 pounds sterling offered for J. L. 
 Papineau, speaker of the house of assembly, Dec. 5. 
 The imperial palace at St. Petersburg, the largest 
 royal residence in Europe, which cost over 5,000,000 
 dollars, burned, Dec. 29. The American steamboat 
 Caroline, lying at Schlosser, in Niagara river, was 
 set on fire by the Canadians, and sent over the falls, 
 Dec. 30, which caused serious disturbance between 
 the American and British governments. Abiel 
 Holmes died at Cambridge, Mass., June 4, in his 
 74th year. Nathaniel Macon died, at Warren co., 
 N. C, June 29, aged 79. Edward D. Griffin, late 
 president of Williams College, Mass., died at New- 
 ark, N. J., Nov. 8, in his 68th year. 
 1838. Royal Exchange of London, opened in 1669, and then 
 cost 58,962 pounds sterling, was burned, and many 
 valuable papers destroyed, Jan. 10. All the ports in 
 Mexico declared in a state of blockade by the 
 French, April 16. Gen. Espartero routed the 
 Carlists in Spain, taking about 2,000 prisoners, 
 and considerable artillery and baggage, April 26. 
 Great Western and Syrius, steam-packets from 
 England, arrived at New York, April 23. Great 
 Western, on her second passage from Bristol to New 
 York, arrived in 14^ days, June 17. Coronation of 
 Queen Victoria celebrated with great splendor in 
 London, June 28. Entire emancipation of the negro 
 apprentices took place in Jamaica and other West 
 India islands, Aug. 1. Peace concluded between 
 Russia and Turkey, July 8. The pope forbade in- 
 fant schools in the papal states, Aug. 10. Queen 
 of Spain's troops defeated at Morella by the Carlists; 
 loss of the former 91 officers killed, and 2000 men 
 killed and wounded, Aug. 19. Coronation of the 
 emperor of Austria, as king of Venetian Lombardy, 
 celebrated with great splendor at Milan, Sept. 6. 
 Railway from London to Birmingham opened, Sept. 
 16 ; whole distance performed in 4 hours and 58 
 minutes. The troops of the queen of Spain defeated 
 
OF THE WORLD. 255 
 
 A. D. 
 
 at Mealla, with a loss of 3000 men, which gave the 
 Carlists the command of Lower Arragon, Oct. 1. 
 Lord Durham relinquishes the government of Cana- 
 da, and is succeeded by Sir John Colborne, Nov. 1. 
 The latter proclaimed martial law in the district of 
 Montreal, Nov. 4. President Van Buren, by procla- 
 mation, warned the citizens of the United States not 
 to engage in the Canadian rebellion, Jan. 5. Peace 
 between France and the Republic of Hayti, by the 
 payment by the latter of 60,000,000 francs, in in- 
 stalments, from 1838 to 1863, Feb. 1. Fatal duel 
 at Bladensburg, between Jonathan Cilly, of Maine, 
 and William C. Graves, of Ky., members of con- 
 gress, in which the former was killed, and the latter 
 soon after expelled from the house of represent- 
 atives, Feb. 24. A convention of 143 bank dele- 
 gates from 18 states, assembled at New York to 
 consider the resumption of specie payments, April 
 11. A meteoric shower in the evening, at Knoxville, 
 Ky., April 20. The U. S. exploring expedition, 
 Charles Wilkes commander-in-chief, sailed from 
 Hampton Roads, Aug. 19. The Mormons routed, 
 and driven from Missouri by the militia, under Gen. 
 Atchinson, Oct. 28. Riotous proceedings at the or- 
 ganization of the legislature of Pennsylvania, on 
 which occasion the militia were called out, Dec. 4. 
 John Jamieson died at Edinburgh, Scotland, July 12, 
 aged 80. Zachary Macaulay died in London, May 
 13, aged 70. Letitia Elizabeth McLean, (formerly 
 Miss Landon,) died at Cape Coast Castle, by incau- 
 tiously taking an over-dose of prussic acid, Oct. 15. 
 Nathaniel Bowditch, president of the American 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences, died at Boston, March 
 16, aged 65. James Gould died at Litchfield, Ct., 
 May 11, in his 68th year. John Rogers, senior 
 commander in the American navy, died at Phila- 
 delphia, Aug. 1, in the naval asylum. 
 1839. Treaty of peace concluded at Vera Cruz between 
 France and Mexico, March 9. Commissioner Lin 
 issued at Canton a proclamation against the opium 
 trade, March 18. Chartists in England produce 
 riots at Devizes and other places, April 1. Defini- 
 
256 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A, D. 
 
 tive treaty between Belgium and Holland, with the 
 consent of the five powers, concluded, April 19. 
 Serious riot at Birmingham, England, at a great 
 meeting of the Chartists, July 5, followed by similar 
 riots at the same place, July 15, causing great con- 
 fusion and alarm. The five great powers of Eng- 
 land, France, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, notify 
 the Turkish Sultan at Constantinople, that they had 
 undertaken to put an end to the war between Egypt 
 and Turkey, July 28. Don Carlos abandoned Spain 
 with his family, and several of his generals, and his 
 army laid down their arms. Maroto, one of the 
 Carlist generals, having entered into a treaty with 
 Espartero, the war in the Peninsula was closed, 
 Sept. 14. Riot of the Chartists, at Newport, Eng- 
 land, in which 10,000 men, from the mines and col- 
 lieries in the neighborhood, were defeated, and John 
 Frost, their leader, taken prisoner, Nov. 4. Pope 
 Gregory XVI. issues his bull against the slave trade, 
 Dec. 3. Herbert Marsh died at Peterborough, Eng- 
 land, May 1. Lord William Bentick died at Paris, 
 June 17, aged 68. Lady Hester Stanhope, the 
 eccentric niece of William Pitt, died in Syria, June 
 23, aged 64. Mahmoud II., sultan of Turkey, died 
 at Constantinople, July 1, in his 54th year. Timo- 
 thy Alden, first president of Meadville College, Pa., 
 died at Pittsburg, July 5, aged 68. Aaron Bancroft 
 died at Worcester, Aug. 19, aged 84. Nathaniel 
 Bowen, bishop of the Episcopal church of South 
 Carolina, died at Charleston, Aug. 25, in his 61st 
 year. Zerah Colburn, the celebrated mathematical 
 boy, who lost his powers of calculation in mature 
 life, died at Norwich, Vt., March 2d, in his 35th 
 year. Thomas Cooper, late president of South 
 Carolina College, died at Columbia, S. C, May 11, 
 in his 80th year. Wilbur Fisk, president of the 
 Wesleyan University, died at Middletown, Ct., Feb. 
 22, aged 46. Stephen Van Rensselaer, known as 
 the Patroon, died at Albany, Jan. 26th, in his 75th 
 year. William Sullivan died at Boston, Mass., Sept. 
 3d, aged 64. Matthew Carey died at Philadelphia s 
 
OF THE WORLD. 257 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Sept. 17, in his 80th year. William Dunlap died at 
 New York, Sept. 28, aged 74. 
 1840. The marriage of Queen Victoria, of England, to 
 Prince Albert, of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, solemnized at 
 the royal chapel of St. James, with great rejoicing 
 in England, Feb. 10. The French chamber of 
 deputies refused to discuss the bill providing a pro- 
 posed marriage portion for the duke de Nemours, 
 upon which the ministers resigned, Feb. 20. A 
 new French ministry formed, with M. Theirs at the 
 head, March 1. The British government demanded 
 reparation of the Chinese, and ordered that the ves- 
 sels of the emperor and of his subjects be held in 
 custody until it was made, April 3. Frederick 
 William III., king of Prussia, died, June 7, in the 
 70th year of his age, and the 43d of his reign. 
 Two pistols fired at Queen Victoria and Prince 
 Albert, while taking an airing in the royal gardens, 
 by an insane young man of the name of Oxford, 
 June 10. The steam packet ship Britannia, the 
 first of Samuel Cunard's line, arrived at Boston in 
 14 days 8 hours from Liverpool, July 18. The bill 
 uniting the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, 
 passed both houses of the British parliament and 
 received the royal assent, July 23. The steamship 
 Acadia arrived at Boston from Liverpool in 12 days 
 18 hours, the shortest passage then made, Aug. 17. 
 Blockade of the river and port of Canton, China, by 
 the English, July 2. City and island of Chusan, 
 belonging to China, captured by the British after a 
 slight resistance, Aug. 5. Prince Louis Napoleon, 
 son of the late king of Holland, made a rash attempt 
 upon the coast of France, and was taken prisoner 
 and confined in the castle of Ham, Aug. 6. The 
 town of Beyrout burned, and taken by the English 
 and Austrian fleet, Sept. 11. The Talavera, a ship 
 of 72 guns, and the Imogene, a frigate of 28 guns, 
 burned in the dockyard at Plymouth, England, Sept. 
 28. William I., king of the Netherlands, volunta- 
 rily abdicated his throne, and was succeeded by his 
 son, William II., Oct. 7. He retired with an im- 
 mense fortune, to marry the Ccuntess d'Oultrimont, 
 22* 
 
258 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. 0. 
 
 a Roman Catholic lady, whom he could not have 
 married as Protestant king of Holland. The army 
 of Ibrahim Pacha and Solyman Pacha defeated near 
 Beyrout, in Syria, by the Turkish and allied troops, 
 with a loss to the former of 7000 killed, wounded, 
 and prisoners, Oct. 10. The Queen-mother Christi- 
 na, regent of Spain, resigned, abdicated, and retired 
 to France^ Oct. 12. The steamship Acadia arrived 
 at Boston from Liverpool after the shortest passage 
 yet made, of 12 days 12 hours, Oct. 17. Napoleon 
 Bonaparte exhumed at St. Helena, Oct. 18, and his 
 remains brought to Paris and interred with great 
 pomp, Dec. 15. Thiers, as head of the French 
 ministry, resigned, and was succeeded by Marshal 
 Soult and Guizot, at the head of a new ministry, 
 Oct. 21. The strong fortress of St. Jean d'Acre, 
 the principal stronghold of Mehemet Ali in Syria, 
 taken by storm by the allied fleet of the English, 
 Turks, and Austrians ; the magazine, containing 
 500 barrels of powder, was blown up, burying 
 nearly 2000 soldiers in its ruins. Upwards of 2000 
 men were killed, more than 3000 taken prisoners, 
 and many wounded, Nov. 3. Of the allied fleet 
 only 23 were killed and 50 wounded. A commercial 
 treaty between Great Britain and Texas signed at 
 London, Nov. 14. An action at Kotriah, in Sinde, 
 between 4000 Beloochees, and 900 Sepoys, with 2 
 field-pieces, under Lieut. Col. Marshall ; 500 of the 
 former were slain, and 6 chiefs, with 132 followers 
 taken prisoners, Dec. 1. Several of the men of the 
 exploring expedition having been killed at Malolo, 
 in the Fejee Islands, Lieut. Wilkes attacked the 
 town and fort, which were burned ; the plantations 
 were laid waste, and 70 natives killed, July 25. 
 The remains of Gen. Hugh Mercer, mortally 
 wounded in the battle of Princeton, disinterred, and 
 re-interred at the Laurel Hill cemetery, at Phila- 
 delphia, Nov. 24. John Frederick Blumenbach 
 died, at Gottingen, Jan. 22, aged 88 years. Henry 
 William Matthew Olbers, the celebrated astronomer, 
 died at Bremen, March 2, in his 81st year. Lucien 
 Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, died at Viterbo, in 
 
OF THE WORLD. 259 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Italy, June 27, aged 66. John Thornton Kirkland, 
 late president of Harvard University, died at Boston, 
 April 26, in his 70th year. John Lowell died at 
 Boston, March 12th, in his 71st year. Rev. Benja- 
 min Wooster, died at Fairfield, Vt., March 19, aged 
 77. He commanded a volunteer company of his 
 parishioners at the siege of Plattsburg, and received 
 from Gov. Tompkins, of N. Y., the present of a 
 large pulpit Bible, with a complimentary letter. 
 1841. Provisional arrangement made between England and 
 China, in which the Chinese cede the island and 
 harbor of Hong Kong to the British crown ; an in- 
 demnity of 6,000,000 dollars— 1,000,000 payable 
 at once, and the remainder in equal annual instal- 
 ments, ending in 1846 ; direct official intercourse 
 between the two countries upon an equal footing; 
 the trade of the port of Canton to be opened within 
 ten days after the Chinese new year begins, and to 
 be carried on at Whampoa until further arrange- 
 ments are made, Jan. 20. Alexander McLeod, of 
 Upper Canada, was arrested in the State of New 
 York, for being engaged in burning the steamboat 
 Caroline, at Schlosser, and imprisoned, Jan. 27. 
 Marriage of the count of Nassau, (ex-king of the 
 Netherlands,) to the Countess d'Oultremont, cele- 
 brated at Berlin, Feb. 9. Under the act for uniting 
 the provinces of Canada, Lord Sydenham, governor- 
 general of British North America, took the oath of 
 office, Feb. 10. Foreign trade of Canton suspended, 
 and hostilities were renewed between the English 
 and the Chinese. Canton attacked, and after a 
 severe action, capitulated ; the Chinese agreeing to 
 pay 6,000,000 dollars in one week to ransom the 
 city ; and the Chinese troops, excepting those of the 
 province, to be within 6 days withdrawn 60 miles 
 into the interior ; and that all losses sustained by a 
 partial destruction of the factories should be paid, 
 May 21. The sum stipulated was actually paid. 
 Pacification of the East by an arrangement between 
 the sultan of Turkey, the pacha of Egypt, and the 
 five confederated powers, signed in London, July 13. 
 Lord Melbourne and his colleagues resigned as 
 
260 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 ministers in England, and Sir Robert Peel appointed 
 first lord of the treasury, Aug. 30. William Henry- 
 Harrison inaugurated as president, and John Tyler 
 as vice-president, of the United States, March 4. 
 The English steam-packet President, with 109 per- 
 sons, crew and passengers, sailed from New York, 
 and has never been heard from ; probably lost, 
 March 11. President Harrison died one month 
 after his inauguration, and John Tyler, vice-presi- 
 dent, succeeded as president, April 4. The 25th 
 anniversary of the American Bible society celebrated 
 in New York ; the receipts for the last year were 
 118,860 dollars, May 13. President Tyler pro- 
 claimed a day of fasting and prayer in consequence 
 of the death of William Henry Harrison, which 
 was observed, May 14. An extra session of con- 
 gress commenced, May 31. The steam packet 
 Columbia arrived at Boston from Liverpool, after 
 the short passage of 12 days 8 hours, June 16. 
 Bill to distribute among the several states the pro- 
 ceeds of the sales of the public lands, passed the 
 house of representatives by a vote of 116 to 108, 
 July 6. The supreme court of the state of New 
 York refused to discharge Alexander McLeod from 
 prison, and ordered that he be remanded to take his 
 trial according to law, July 12. The bill to estab- 
 lish a fiscal bank, passed by congress, Aug. 6, re- 
 ceived the veto of President Tyler, Aug. 16. The 
 bankrupt law, to go into operation Feb. 1, 1842, 
 passed both houses of congress, Aug. 18. The 
 jury by which Alexander McLeod was tried for 
 burning the steamboat Caroline, after an absence of 
 30 minutes, returned a verdict of not guilty, Oct. 
 18. Edward Nares, professor of history in Oxford 
 University, died at Beddenden, in Kent, England, 
 Aug. 20, aged 79. Sir Francis Chantrey, the cele- 
 brated sculptor, died in London, Nov. 25, aged 60. 
 Jasper Adams, late president of Charleston College, 
 died at Pendleton, S. C, Oct. 25. James Aber- 
 crombie, the oldest Episcopal clergyman in Phila- 
 delphia, died in that city, June 26, in his 84th year. 
 Philip P. Barbour, judge of the supreme court of the 
 
OF THE WORLD 26 J 
 
 A. D. 
 
 United States, died at Washington, D. C, Feb. 25, 
 aged about 60. John Breckenridge died in Ken- 
 tucky, Aug. 4. Nicholas Brown, the liberal bene- 
 factor of Brown University, named from him, died 
 at Providence, Sept. 27, aged 73. John Forsyth, 
 late secretary of state of the United States, died at 
 Washington, D. C, Oct. 22, aged 61. Maj. Gen. 
 Alexander Macomb, commander-in-chief of the U. 
 S. army, died at Washington, D. C, June 25, aged 
 59. Ezra Ripley, the oldest clergyman in Mass., 
 died at Concord, Sept. 21, in his 91st year. Thomas 
 L. Winthrop, president of the Mass. historical socie- 
 ty, died at Boston, Feb. 22, aged 81. 
 1842. An insurrection in Affghanistan, in which the British 
 envoy, Sir W. MacNaghten, and 6000 British 
 troops were massacred, Jan. 5. The income tax, 
 proposed in England by Sir Robert Peel, March 11. 
 Great fire in Hamburg, Germany, in which 2000 
 houses, embracing the finest part of the city, were 
 destroyed, and property to the amount of six millions 
 sterling, May 5, 6, 7. The queen of England shot 
 at, in a carriage with Prince Albert, by a young 
 man named John Francis, May 30. Another at- 
 tempt on the life of the queen of England, by a 
 youth named Bean, July 3. Serious disturbance in 
 the manufacturing districts in England, suppressed 
 by the military, killing 20 persons, and wounding 
 many others, Aug. 10. Treaty between England 
 and the United States respecting the N. E. boundary 
 of the United States, happily concluded between 
 Lord Ashburton and the Hon. Daniel Webster, at 
 Washington, Aug. 20. A great fire in Columbia, 
 S. C, destroying 29 buildings ; loss estimated at 
 150,000 dollars, April 12. A great disturbance at 
 Providence, in which the suffrage party attempted to 
 put down the charter of the state, and the govern- 
 ment established under it. A new governor, senate, 
 and house of representatives had been informally 
 chosen in their primary assemblies. A body of 
 armed men attempted to obtain possession of the 
 arsenal, but were repulsed by the military under 
 Gov. Samuel W. King ; and Mr. Dorr, the new 
 
262 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 governor, fled, May 18. The United States sloop 
 of war Vincennes, Charles Wilkes, Esq., com- 
 mander, of the exploring squadron, returned to New 
 York, after an absence of nearly four years, June 
 11. Another disturbance in Rhode Island, between 
 the charter and the suffrage parties. The ad- 
 herents of Thomas W. Dorr, about 700 in number, 
 took possession of a hill in Chepachet, with 5 pieces 
 of cannon. Martial law was proclaimed throughout 
 the state, and about 3000 militia were ordered out 
 to support the government. A great part of the 
 insurgents left the camp, and the hill was taken 
 without bloodshed. Throughout the disturbances, 
 only one man was killed, June 28. The steamer 
 Columbia arrived at Boston, from Liverpool, in the 
 short passage of 11 days 6 hours, June 28. The 
 Croton water in N. Y. city, was introduced into the 
 receiving reservoir, covering 35 acres, in 40th 
 street, July 4 ; but it was not distributed in pipes 
 over the city until the 14th of Oct. following. 
 From the dam in Croton river, 5 miles from Hudson 
 river, to the receiving reservoir, its length is 38 
 miles, conveyed in a covered aqueduct. The whole 
 cost will be about 12,000,000 dollars ; and the 
 minimum discharge of water at the dam in the 
 driest time, is computed to be 27 millions of gallons 
 every 24 hours, which would be sufficient for a pop- 
 ulation of a million and a half of inhabitants, or 
 nearly five times the present population of the city 
 of New York. When the river is full, it would 
 discharge about 60 millions of gallons every 24 
 hours. Bunker Hill monument, 220 feet high, was 
 finished, having been begun 17 years since ; during 
 half of which time the work had been suspended, 
 July 23. The tariff law, passed by both houses of 
 congress, was returned to the representatives with 
 the veto of President Tyler, Aug. 9. An official 
 announcement of the conclusion of the Florida war, 
 Aug. 14. Brigadier-general Henry Atkinson, of 
 the U. S. army, died at Jefferson barracks, near St. 
 Louis, Mo., June 20, aged about 60. James Bar- 
 bour died in Orange county, Va., aged 66. Benja- 
 
OF THE WORLD. 263 
 
 A.. D. 
 
 min Bussey died at Roxbury, Mass., Jan. 13, be- 
 queathing his property, estimated at 350,000 dollars, 
 to his widow and two other persons during their life, 
 and afterwards, one half to Harvard University, to 
 found an agricultural school on Bussey's farm, in 
 Roxbury ; the other half to the divinity and law 
 schools in the university. Amos Eaton died in 
 Troy, New York, May, aged 66. Calvin Goddard 
 died at Norwich, Ct., aged 73. Thaddeus Mason 
 Harris died at Boston, April 3, aged 73. Lyman 
 Law died at New London, Ct., Feb. 3, aged 71. 
 James Marsh, professor, and late president of the 
 university of Vermont, died at Burlington, Vt., 
 July 3, aged 47. Daniel Oliver, a distinguished 
 medical professor, died at Cambridge, Mass., June 
 1, in his 55th year. Elijah Paine, U. S. district 
 judge, died at Williamtown, Vt., April 21, aged 85. 
 Samuel L. Southard, died at Fredericksburg, Va., 
 June 26, aged 55. William Ellery Channing, died 
 at Bennington, Vt., Oct. 2, aged 62. John Dubois, 
 Roman Catholic bishop of New York, died, Dec. 20, 
 aged 78. 
 1843. A battle was fought in British India, between 2,800 
 British troops, under Sir Charles Napier, and 22,000 
 Beloochees, in which the latter were defeated, with a 
 loss of 5,000 men, Feb. 17. Lord George Paulet, 
 commanding the British frigate Carysport, compelled 
 a cession of the Sandwich Islands to the English 
 government, which was done under a protest, Feb. 
 25. The queen of England gave birth to her third 
 child, April 25. The insurgent party in Spain en- 
 tered Madrid in triumph, and appointed a provisional 
 guardian to the queen, July 26. The Sandwich 
 Islands, compelled by Lord G. Paulet to be ceded 
 to the British government, were ceded back to the 
 native prince, July 31. A revolution in Greece 
 compelled King Otho to dismiss his ministers, and 
 accept a constitutional form of government, Sept. 15. 
 A check given to " Irish agitation," by the arrest of 
 Mr. Daniel O'Connel and his son, on a charge of 
 conspiracy, and other misdemeanors, Oct. 14. They 
 were held to bail in the sum of 2000 pounds sterling. 
 
264 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 A French squadron under Admiral Du Petit Thours, 
 took possession, by force, of the Society Islands, de- 
 posing the native Queen Pomare, which was after- 
 wards disavowed by the French government, Nov. 9. 
 A great slide of earth took place from mount Ida, 
 Troy, N. Y., which killed 18 persons, and wounded 
 many others, Feb. 17. A great fire took place at 
 Newbern, N. C, in which over 100 buildings were 
 destroyed, April 18. A large part of the town of 
 Wilmington, N. C, burned ; about 200 buildings 
 destroyed, April 30. In Tallahasse, Florida, 250 
 buildings, being a great part of this infant city, de- 
 stroyed by fire, May 25. The completion of the 
 Bunker Hill monument celebrated at Boston, by over 
 50,000 persons ; an oration by Hon. Daniel Webster, 
 on the anniversary of the battle, June 17. A dis- 
 astrous fire at Fall River, Mass., destroying about 
 200 buildings in the heart of the village. Robert 
 Adrain, a distinguished mathematician, died at New 
 Brunswick, N. J., Aug. 10, aged 68. Washington 
 • Alston died at Cambridge, Mass., July 9, in his 64th 
 year. Alden Bradford died in Boston, Oct. 26, aged 
 78. Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, of the United 
 States coast survey, died at Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 
 aged 74. Edward P. Livingston died at Cleremont, 
 N. Y., Nov. 3, aged 63. Smith Thompson, judge 
 of the supreme court of the United States, died at 
 Poughkeepsie, Dec. 18, aged 76. John Trumbull, 
 the celebrated painter, died at N. Y., Nov. 10, aged 
 87. Commodore Isaac Hull died at Philadelphia, 
 Feb. 13, aged 68. Noah Webster died at New 
 Haven, Ct., May 28, in his 85th year. 
 1844. Daniel O'Connel and a few others, indicted for con- 
 spiracy, were found guilty, Feb. 12. A destructive 
 fire at Manchester, England, destroying a block of 
 warehouses, at an estimated loss of over 100,000 
 pounds sterling, March 30. Queen Victoria gives 
 birth to her fourth child, a son, Aug. 6. Tangier, 
 in Morocco, bombarded by a French squadron, un- 
 der the Prince de Joinville, and the fortifications 
 completely destroyed, Aug. 6. Mogadore, a town 
 on the sea coast of Morocco, bombarded by the 
 
OP THE WORLD. 265 
 
 A. D. 
 
 French squadron under the Prinee de Joinville ; the 
 fortifications ruined, and the town set on fire. A 
 few days before, a battle was fought between the 
 French under Gsn. Bugeaud, and the Moors, in 
 which the latter were defeated with a loss of 800 
 men, Aug. 15. By a decision of the house of lords, 
 judgment was given reversing the decision of the 
 court, and O'Connel and his associates set at liberty, 
 Sept. 4. Peace was concluded between France and 
 Morocco, in which all the demands of the former 
 were granted, Sept. 10. A terrible accident occur- 
 red on board the U. S. steamer Princeton, Capt. 
 Stockton, on the Potomao, with a large party of dis- 
 tinguished persons on board. The large gun of 
 wrought iron having been discharged the third time, 
 exploded, and killed instantly Mr. Upshur, secretary 
 of state, Mr. Gilmer, secretary of the treasury, 
 Commodore Kennon, chief of one of the naval 
 bureaus, Virgil Maxcy, late Charge* d' 'Affaires to the 
 Hague, Hon. David Gardiner, of New York, and 
 two or three domestics, besides wounding ten or 
 twelve of the crew. The president, and other mem- 
 bers of the cabinet, and many ladies on board, 
 escaped unhurt, Feb. 28. A tax bill passed by the 
 legislature of Pennsylvania and signed by the gov- 
 ernor, sufficient to pay the interest on the debt of the 
 state, and to restore its credit, became a law, April 
 29. Fearful riots took place in Philadelphia, origi- 
 nating in a controversy between the Native Ameri- 
 cans and the Irish. Three churches and 30 dwell- 
 ing-houses were burned, and 14 persons were killed 
 and about 40 wounded. The riots were put down 
 by the military, May 6-8. A fire in New Orleans, 
 destroying 200 buildings, and property to the amount 
 of 250,000 dollars, May 18. Joe Smith, the Mor- 
 mon prophet, and Hiram his brother, confined in 
 jail at Carthage, 111., were murdered by a mob of 
 100 persons in disguise, June 27. A renewal of the 
 riots in Philadelphia, attended with great excitement 
 and loss of life. A battle was fought between the 
 mob and the military, in which muskets and artillery 
 were used on both sides, and 40 or 50 persons were 
 
 23 
 
266 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 A. D. 
 
 killed or wounded. The governor of the state called 
 out 5000 militia and quelled the disturbance, July 
 7. Henry Baldwin, judge of the supreme court of* 
 the U. S., died at Philadelphia, April 21, aged 65. 
 Nicholas Biddle died near Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 
 aged 58. Abraham Bishop died at New Haven, Ct., 
 April 28, in his 82d year. Lucius Bolles, senior 
 secretary of the Baptist board of foreign missions, 
 died at Boston, Jan. 5, aged 64. Esek Cowen, judge 
 of the superior court of the state of New York, died 
 at Albany, Feb. 11, aged 56. Commodore Alexan- 
 der J. Dallas, U. S. N., died on board of the frigate 
 Constitution, at Callao, June 3, aged about 55. 
 Peter S. Duponceau died at Philadelphia, April 2, 
 aged 84. Levi Hedge died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 Jan. 3, aged 78. Asahel Nettleton died at East 
 Windsor, May 16, aged 60. William L. Stone died 
 at Saratoga Springs, Aug. 15, aged 52. 
 1845. Bill ibr the reduction of postage, passed Feb. 27, by a 
 vote 128 to 74. Bill for the annexation of Texas to 
 the United States, passed Feb. 27, by a vote of 120 
 to 98. Revolution in Mexico, in which Santa Anna 
 was overthrown as president, and banished from the 
 country for ten years, Feb. Florida was admit- 
 ted as a State in the iJnion, March 1st James 
 K. Polk was inaugurated as president, and George 
 M. Dallas as vice-president, of the United States, 
 March 4. Isaac C. Bates, senator from Massachu- 
 setts, died in Washington, March 16, aged 66. 
 Great fire at Pittsburgh, destroying 1200 buildings, 
 in the most valuable part of the city, April 10. 
 Two great fires at Quebec ; the first on the 28th of 
 May, and the second on the 28th of June ; in both, 
 3000 houses were consumed, and 20,000 persons 
 rendered houseless. Andrew Jackson, late presi- 
 dent of the United States, died at the Hermitage, 
 near Nashville, Tennessee, June 8, aged 78. Fu- 
 neral obsequies took place at New York, June 24th, 
 attended by an immense concourse of people, and a 
 eulogy was pronounced by Hon. Benjamin F. But- 
 ler, in front of the City Hall. July 19, at 3 o'clock 
 A. M., commenced the most disastrous fire which 
 
OF THE WORLD. 26? 
 
 A. D. 
 
 ever occurred in New-York, excepting the unex- 
 ampled conflagration of Dec, 1835, extending over 
 20 acres, in the south part of the city, east from 
 Broadway, destroying 268 buildings, many of them 
 valuable stores and splendid boarding houses. The 
 merchandise lost was valued at $2,000,000, and the 
 whole loss at $6,01)0,000 ; $4,439,000 of which was 
 covered by insurance. The Ocean-house, a large 
 boarding-house at Newport, R. I., was burned, Aug. 
 3. July 4th, the Convention of Texas accepts the 
 terms of " annexation" as proposed by thi U. S. 
 Congress. 25th, General Taylor arrives at St. 
 Josephs's Island with the U. S. " Army of Occupa- 
 tion," and soon after established his quarters at Corpus 
 Christi, on the west side of the Rio Nueces. Thus the 
 U. S., by the first act, assumes the Texan dispute with 
 Mexico, and by the second, (an actual invasion of 
 Mexico,) declares war per se against that Republic. 
 August 16th, the " Great Britain" Steamship, on her 
 first voyage across the Atlantic, arrives at New- 
 York. September 24th, Buenos Ayres placed under 
 blockade by the British and French '' mediating" 
 squadrons. Nov. 20th, destruction of the batteries 
 of the Vuelta de Obligado by the " mediators ," and 
 consequent opening of the Parana to commerce. 
 Dec. 5th, Texas admitted into the Union. 29th, An 
 act passed Congress to extend the laws of the U. S. 
 over Texas — and 31st, Texas constituted a collec- 
 tion district of the U. S. 
 1846. Jan. 1st, Revolution in Mexico ; the government of 
 Herrera expelled and Paredes proclaimed President. 
 Feb. 11th, Great battle on the Sutlej, in India, be- 
 tween the British and Sikh armies. 23d, Insurrec- 
 tion in Poland put down by the Russians. March 
 1st, Gen. Riche, President of Hayti. 28th, Gen. 
 Taylor with the U. S. troops encamps on the east 
 bank of the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras. April 
 27th, the U. S. Congress resolves to terminate the 
 " Joint occupation of Oregon." Le Compte shoots 
 at the K. of the French, for which, on the 8th June, 
 he was guillotined. May 3d, the Mexican batteries 
 at Matamoras are opened on the U. S. fortifications 
 
268 CHRONOLOGT 
 
 A. D, 
 
 on the opposite bank of the river ; the firing is con- 
 tinued for 7 days, and returned by the Americans 
 with vigor and effect. 8th, the first pitched battle 
 fought between the Mexicans and Americans at Palo 
 Alto. 9th, battle of " Resaca de la Palma." In 
 both these engagements the U. S. troops were vic- 
 torious. The force of Mexico was about 5,000, 
 that of the U. S. 2,100. In the two battles the 
 Americans had 48 killed, 126 wounded and 7 
 missing; the Mexican loss, killed, wounded and 
 missing, was about 1,700; besides which, large 
 quantities of baggage, artillery and ammunition were 
 captured. 12th, the war recognized by Congress — 
 $10,000,000 and 50,000 men granted for prosecuting 
 the war. 18th, General Taylor crosses the Rio 
 Grande and takes military possession of Matamoros. 
 — Vera Cruz placed under blockade by Commodore 
 Connor. 19th, Military stations established on the 
 route to Oregon, 25th, Princess Helena Augusta 
 Victoria, fifth child of Queen Victoria, born. 26th, 
 Prince Louis Napoleon escapes from the Castle of 
 Ham, where he had been confined for three years, 
 for a conspiracy to overthrow the reigning family of 
 France. June 1st, Pope Gregory XVI. dies. 12th r 
 St. John's, Newfoundland, destroyed by fire. 18th, 
 a treaty for the equitable division of " Oregon" rati- 
 fied by the U. S. Senate. 21st, Pope Pius IX. in- 
 augurated. 26th, Sir Robert Peel resigns and the 
 British Ministry is dissolved — Lord John Russell 
 succeeds to the Premiership. July 3d, U. S. Tariff 
 bill passes the House of Representatives. (95 to 44.) 
 6th, Monterey, California, surrenders to Commodore 
 Sloat. 9feh, Alexandria, D. C. retroceded to Virginia. 
 17th, Ratifications of the Oregon treaty exchanged 
 at London. 24th, Louis Bonaparte, ex-King of 
 Holland, died at Florence, ret. 67. 28th, U. S. Tariff 
 bill passed the Senate (28 to 27.) 29th, Louis 
 Philip, King of the French, shot at by Joseph 
 Henri. August 1st, Revolution in Mexico; Paredes 
 deposed and Santa Anna and the Constitution of 
 1824 proclaimed ; Salas constituted president pro 
 tempore, 6th, Wisconsin : an act passed Congress 
 
OF THE WORLD. 269 
 
 A. D. 
 
 authorizing this Territory to form a Constitution 
 and State Government. 10th, " Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution" established by act of (J. S. Congress — U. S. 
 Congress adjourns, having been in session 251- days. 
 17th, California proclaimed by Captain Stockton a 
 Territory of the U. S. 18th, General Kearney 
 takes peaceable possession of Santa Fe, and pro- 
 claims New Mexico a Territory of the U. S. — Santa 
 Anna returns from exile and lands at Vera Cruz.. 
 Sep. 19th, General Taylor arrives before Monterey, 
 and after a siege of three days (22d, 23d and 24th,) 
 compels the Mexicans under Ampudia to capitulate. 
 23d, the Planet Neptunus first seen by M. Galle at 
 Berlin in conformity with the computation of M. 
 Le Verrier. October 7th, Revolutionary movements 
 against the government of Portugal. 17th, great 
 floods on the Loire, which occasioned much loss of 
 life and property. 23d, Tobasco taken by Com. 
 Perry — 30th, Monclova by General Wool, and Nov. 
 14th, Tampico by Commodore Conner. Oct. — 
 Le Due de Montpensier, son of the King of the 
 French, married to the Infanta Luisa of Spain : on 
 which occasion a royal amnesty was granted to politi- 
 cal refugees, &,c. Nov. 26th, loss of the Steamboat 
 Atlantic on Fisher's Island. Dec. 1st, U. S. -Tariff 
 goes into operation — Cracow, the last remnant of 
 ancient Poland, is annexed to Austria — Iowa ad- 
 mitted. 25th, battle of Bracito in New Mexico — 
 The potatoe crop throughout Europe has extensively 
 failed, and produced famine and disease in many 
 districts, especially in Ireland and the Highlands of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Inventions in 1846. — Gun Cotton. 
 Deaths in 1846. — Henry Inman, artist, set. 44 — 
 Dudley Chase, Judge U. S. Supreme Court, set. 74 
 —Samuel Ringgold, U. S. Artillery, at " Palo Alto" 
 — Theodore Dwirrht, set. 81 — Alexander Barrow, 
 and Isaac C. Pennybacker, U. S. Senators — Andrea 
 Loudos, the Greek patriot, and one of the chiefs 
 who first raised the standard of Independence at 
 Patros, 1821. 
 1847 March 3d, Wisconsin admitted as a State of the 
 United States. 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
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 By J. M. Peck, John Messinger and A. J. Mathew- 
 
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 A CHRONOLOGICAL VIEWOF THE WORLD, 
 
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