WISCONSIN STATE PLUMBING T H 6165 W&A5 1116 CODE ^ Issued by the STATE BOARD OF HEALTH MADISON, WIS. 1916 ClassJLj Book_. &£_ RULES AND REGULATIONS of the Wisconsin State Board of Health Governing the Construction, Installation and Inspection of Plumbing and Drainage LICENSING OF PLUMBERS Second Edition, 1916 State of Wisconsin STATE BOARD OF HEALTH MEMBERS: W. F. Whyte, M. D., President. Watertown E. S. Hayes, M. D., Eau Claire C. H. Sutherland, M. D., Janesville H. A. Meilike, M. D., Clintonville Otho Fiedler, M. D., Sheboygan J. M. Furstman, M. D., La Crosse C. A. Harper, M. D., State Health Officer, Madison. L. W. Hutchcroft, Statistician, Madison COMMITTEE OF PLUMBING EXAMINERS: J. E. Robertson, Milwaukee W. G. Kirchoffer, Madison Herman E. Heine, Milwaukee Frank R. King, State Plumbing Inspector, Madison Jno. H. Owens, Assistant Inspector Robert E. Hasselkus, Assistant Inspector Eugene Morse, Assistant Inspector All official communications should be directed to the State Board of Health, Plumbing Division, Madison, Wis. D. of D. l21 CONTENTS Page Plumbing Law Chapter 731 5 Explanations of the Law and Rules governing Examina- tions 11 Explanation of Terms 18 Classification of Buildings 21 Sewers and Drains 23 Soil, Waste and Vent Pipes 24 Quality and Weight of Materials 29 Traps and Clean-outs 36 Joints and Connections 40 Surface and Rain Water Connections 42 Miscellaneous Provisions... 43 Catch Basins, Sumps and Ejectors 45 Floor Drains and Fixture Wastes 47 Fixtures 50 Repairs, and Reconstruction 52 Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Plants 53 Septic and Biological Tanks 53 Inspection and Tests 61 Sanitation 64 Calculations 65 Don'ts to Plumbers 72 Suggestions to the Public 74 Suggestions to Local Inspectors 77 Industrial Commission Appendix 78 General Orders on Sanitation for Places of Employment Issued by the Industrial Commission 78 Sanitary Provisions from State Building Code 82 Sketches 87 Index to Code Page 137 [3] The Rules and Regulations herewith presented and known as the STATE PLUMBING CODE were adopted by the STATE BOARD OF HEALTH on April 6, 1914, and published in the official state paper as required by law on April 10, 1914, amended January 20, 1916, and amendments published in the official state paper as required by law on February 2, 1916. Under the provisions of section 959-55a-2, chapter 731, Laws of 1913, these Rules and Regula- tions have the force of law. Lack of knowledge of the provisions of this Code will not be accepted as an excuse for noncompliance with its requirements. A copy of the Law or Code may be obtained at any time upon application to the State Board of Health. It is essential and required that adequate information be given when requesting assistance in designing or constructing plumbing, water supply, or sewage disposal systems. This can be done best by a rough pencil sketch adequately showing the situation. (See information sketch No. 30.) The state plumb- ing inspectors will make such inspections of plumbing as may seem necessary. Requests for state inspections and communica- tions should be addressed to the STATE BOARD OF HEALTH, Plumbing Division, Madison, Wisconsin. [4J PLUMBING LAW CHAPTER 731, LAWS OF 1913. Laws relating to the licensing of plumbers, the supervision and inspection of plumbing and the adoption and enforcement of a plumbing code. Section 1. Sections 959—53, 959—54, 959—55, 959—56, 959 — 59 and 959 — 59m of the statutes are repealed. Journeyman Plumber. Section 2. There are added to the statutes six new sections and a new subsection to read. Sec- tion 959 — 53. 1. (a) A journeyman plumber is hereby de- fined to be any person other than a master plumber, who, as his principal occupation is engaged in the practical installation of plumbing. Master Plumber, (b) A master plumber is hereby defined to be any person skilled in the planning, superintending and the practical installation of plumbing and familiar with the laws, rules and regulations governing the same. Plumbing Contractor, (c) A plumbing contractor is hereby defined to be any person, firm or corporation engaged in the business of installing plumbing in connection with the dealing in and selling of plumbing materials and supplies. Where Licensed. 2. In any city of this state except cities of the fourth class having a population of five thousand or less, no person shall engage in or work at the business of a master plumber or journeyman plumber, and no person, firm or corporation shall engage in or work at the business of a plumbing contractor, unless licensed so to do by the state board of health in the manner herein provided. 3. The state board of health is hereby authorized and em- powered to grant and issue licenses and permits to master plumbers, journeyman plumbers, and plumbing contractors as hereinafter provided for. Licenses. Section 959 — 54. Any person desiring to engage in or work at the business of a journeyman plumber or master plumber in this state shall apply to the state board of health for a license and be by said board examined as to his fitness for such work either as a journeyman plumber or as a master plumber as the case may be. Any person, firm or corporation desiring to engage in or work at the business of a plumbing contractor in this state shall apply to the state board of health and be by said board first duly licensed to engage in such work. Every plumbing contractor shall be required at all times to have a licensed master plumber in charge of installing plumbing as a condition for the continuance of his or its license as such. Plumbing Examiners. Section 959 — 55. 1. The state board of health shall, within sixty days after the passage and publication of this act,. appoint, and shall have power to remove, three plumbing examiners, of whom one shall be a master plumber, one shall be a journeyman plumber and one shall be a member or an employee of the state board of health, to be known as the committee of examiners for the examining of journeyman and master plumbers as to their qualifications and fitness to be entitled to licenses to engage in the work of master plumbers and journeyman plumbers herein provided for. Such examiners shall be exempt from the provisions of sections 990—1 to 990—32 of the statutes. The state board of health shall have power and authority and it shall be its duty to pre- scribe, amend and enforce rules and regulations for the examina- tion and licensing of journeyman and master plumbers and the licensing of plumbing contractors consistent with this act. Expenses of Examiners. 2. Each member of said commit- tee of examiners, except a regular employee or the secretary of the state board of health, shall receive a compensation of ten dollars per day and expenses for each day in which such member is actually engaged in attendance upon the meetings of the committee, to be audited and paid out of the general fund of the state treasury and charged against the appropriation ac- count of the state board of health to carry into effect the pro- visions of sections 959 — 53 to 959 — 58, inclusive, of the statutes. Examinations. 3. The licenses of journeyman and master plumbers provided for in section 959 — 53 of the statutes shall be issued by the state board of health upon evidences, as shown by the examination, of the fitness of the applicant for the busi- ness or practice of a master plumber or a journeyman plumber as the case may be. Plumbing contractors shall be licensed without examination as to qualifications and fitness to engage in the practical installation of plumbing. Revocation of Licenses. 4. The state board of health shall have power to revoke any journeyman or master plumber's license if same was obtained through error or fraud, or if the recipient thereof is shown to be grossly incompetent, and for a second wilful violation of any rules and regulations prescribed by the state board of health; the state board of health shall also have power to revoke any plumbing contractor's license, if the owner thereof shall be guilty of a second wilful violation of any rule or regulation prescribed by the state board of health; provided, that before any license shall be revoked, the holder thereof shall have notice, in writing, enumerating the charges, and at a specified date named therein, not less than five days after the service of such notice, be given a hearing by said board and have an opportunity to produce testimony in his behalf. The state board of health shall have power to appoint, by an order in writing, its secretary or any competent person to take testimony, who shall have power to administer oaths, issue subpoenas and compel the attendance of witnesses, and the decision of the state board of health shall be based on its examination of all testimony and records. Any person whose license has been revoked may, after the expiration of one year from the date of such revocation apply for a new license. Licenses without Examination. Section 959— 55a. 1. All persons at the time of the passage and publication of this act engaged in the plumbing business in this state, either as master plumbers or journeyman plumbers or plumbing contractors shall be respectively licensed as such by the state board of health without examination, upon the payment to the state board of health of the license fee hereinafter provided. No person who desires to engage in the business or practice of plumbing, either as a master plumber or a journeyman plumber, after the passage and publication of this act, shall be granted a license until he has passed a satisfactory examination. Before any applicant shall be permitted to take such examination, he shall pay to the state board of health the examination fee as herein provided for. Rules and Regulations. 2. The state board of health shall prescribe and shall have power to amend the rules and regula- tions governing plumbing, drainage, sewerage and plumbing ventilation in connection with all buildings in this state and may prescribe minimum standards which shall be uniform throughout the state. This act shall not be construed to deny the right to any local governing body having jurisdiction to adopt and enforce additional rules and regulations relating to plumbing, drainage, sewerage and plumbing ventilation not inconsistent with the provisions of this act or the rules and regulations prescribed by the state board of health. Nothing contained in sections 959 — 53 to 959 — 58, inclusive, of the stat- utes shall be construed to affect the authority of the industrial commission relative to places of employment or public build- ings, other than hotels, restaurants, rooming houses and school buildings. Employees. 3. The state board of health is empowered to employ, promote and remove plumbing inspectors and other as- sistants as needed, to fix their compensation and assign their duties. Such salaries, compensations and expenses shall be paid out of the general fund of the state treasury and charged against the appropriation account of the state board of health for carry- ing out the provisions of sections 959 — 53 to 959 — 58, inclusive, of the statutes. [7] License fees. Section 959 — 55b. 1. All master plumbers engaged in business as such in the state, desiring to continue as such, are hereby required to procure a master plumber's license from the state board of health within sixty days after the passage and publication of this act, the fee for which license is hereby fixed at ten dollars, such license, unless sooner re- voked, to expire on December 31, next after the issuance thereof, but no examination shall be required of such master plumbers making such application for license within the time hereby limited. Commencing January 1, 1914, and annually thereafter on January first of each year, a renewal fee of five dollars shall be paid to the state board of health for a renewal of such license by all master plumbers, theretofore licensed, continuing in busi- ness as such within this state. 2. All journeyman plumbers engaged in business as such in this state, desiring to continue in business as such are hereby required to procure a journeyman plumber's license from the state board of health within sixty days after the passage and publication of this act, the fee for which license is hereby fixed at two dollars, such license, unless sooner revoked, to expire on December 31, next after the issuance thereof, but no examina- tion shall be required of such journeyman plumbers making such application for license within the time hereby limited. Com- mencing January 1, 1914, and annually thereafter on January first of each year, a renewal fee of one dollar shall be paid to the state board of health for a renewal of such license by all journeyman plumbers, theretofore licensed, continuing in business as such within this state. 3. All plumbing contractors engaged in business as such in this state, desiring to continue as such, are hereby required to procure a plumbing contractor's license from the state board of health within sixty days after the passage and publication of this act, the fee for which license is hereby fixed at forty dollars, such license, unless sooner revoked, to expire on Decem- ber 31, next after the issuance thereof. Commencing January 1, 1914, and annually thereafter on January first of each year, a renewal fee of twenty dollars shall be paid to the state board of health for a renewal of such license by all plumbing contractors theretofore licensed, continuing in business as such within this state. 4. All licenses issued during any year, unless sooner revoked, shall expire on December 31 of such year. 5. A master plumber's license shall entitle the owner thereof to all the rights and privileges of a journeyman plumber. 6. The fees for any person hereafter desiring to engage in the business of a journeyman plumber or a master plumber in this state and not licensed within sixty days after the passage and publication of this act, shall be respectively two dollars and ten dollars, and the fee for any person, firm or corporation hereafter desiring to engage in the business of a plumbing con- tractor in this state and not licensed within sixty days after the passage and publication of this act shall be forty dollars. Permits. 7. The state board of health may issue temporary permits to engage in the work of a master plumber or a journey- man plumber on payment of the fees prescribed in this act; such permits may be revoked by the state board of health at any time, and if on examination a license is granted, the fee paid for the permit shall run for the same period as though paid for a license. For the purpose of assisting in its work of issuing such temporary permits, the state board of health may appoint agents without compensation. 8. Any person working as an apprentice at the business or practice of plumbing, for a reasonable time, desiring to take an examination for a license as a journeyman plumber, may file his application for such examination with the state board of health herein provided, and upon giving due notice of the filing of such application with said board, may be granted a permit by the state board of health to pursue said work in the capacity of journeyman plumber until such time as said examining board shall have an opportunity to examine him. No journeyman plumber shall engage in business as a master plumber without first having been granted a temporary permit and may not con- tinue in such business unless thereafter licensed as such by the state board of health as herein provided, the fee for which per- mit or license is hereby fixed at ten dollars; and shall thereafter expire and be renewed from year to year in the manner hereafter provided. Reciprocity. 9. The state board of health may license with- out examination, upon the payment of the required fee, appli- cants licensed under the laws of other states having require- ments for licensing and regulating plumbing which are deter- mined by the state board of health to be equivalent to the re- quirements of this state. Penalty. Section 959 — 56. 1. Any person who shall engage in the work of a master or a journeyman plumber for compensa- tion without a permit or a license as provided in sections 959 — 53 to 959 — 56, inclusive, of the statutes, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be subject to a fine of not less than ten dollars nor exceeding fifty dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days for each and every viola- tion thereof. Each day of such violation shall constitute a separate offense. 2. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of sections 959 — 53 to 959—56 of the statutes, inclusive, or shall do any act prohibited in sections 959 — 53 to 959 — 56, inclusive, or shall fail or refuse to perform any duty lawfully enjoined within the time prescribed by the state board of health, or shall fail, neglect or refuse to obey any lawful order given or made by the state board of health, or any judgment or decree made by any court in connection with the provisions of sections 959 — 53 to 959 — 56, inclusive, for such violation or refusal shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by imprison- ment in the county jail not more than three months or by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars. Fees. (Section 172 — 27) 2. All moneys received by the state board of health for the licensing of plumbers shall be paid within one week of their receipt into the general fund of the state treasury and all such moneys are appropriated to the state board of health to carry into effect the provisions of sec- tions 959 — 53 to 959 — 58, inclusive, of the statutes. Plumbing inspectors. Section 3. Sections 959 — 57 and 959 — 58 of the statutes are amended to read: Section 959 — 57. In each city of the first, second and third class having a system of waterworks or sewerage, the board of public work, where such board exists, or the board of health of each such city shall and cities of the fourth class may * * * appoint one or more inspectors of plumbing who shall be practical plumbers, and who shall hold office until removed by said board for cause. The compensation of such inspector or inspectors shall be de- termined by the board appointing them and be paid from the city treasury; they shall inspect all plumbing work in the city for which appointed, whether such work be new or consist of alterations or repairs; and shall report to said board all viola- tions of any law, ordinance or by-law relating to such work and perform such other appropriate duties as may be required. Board of public works. Section 959 — 58. Each city of the first, second and third class having a system of waterworks or sewerage shall and cities of the fourth class may, by ordinance or by-law, prescribe rules and regulations for the materials, construction, alteration and inspection of all pipes, faucets, tanks, valves and other fixtures by and through which supply or waste water or sewerage is used * * * or carried, and provide that they shall not be placed in any building therein except in accordance with plans which shall be approved by the board of public works, where such board exists, or the board of health of such city, or such person or persons as either of said boards may designate; and shall further provide that no plumbing shall be done, except in case of repairing leaks, without a permit being first issued therefor upon such terms and conditions as such city shall prescribe; provided that no such ordinance, by-law, rule or regulation prescribed by any such city shall be inconsistent with this act or any rule or regu- lation adopted or prescribed by the state board of health; and pro- vided further,^ that no city shall be authorized to or require the licensing of journeyman or master plumbers or plumbing con- tractors, or prevent any such plumbers or plumbing contractors who are licensed under the provisions of this act from engaging in or working at the business for which they are respectively licensed in any place in this state. [10] Paste This Addenda in the State Code, Page 11 AMENDMENT TO RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE EXAMINATION AND LICENSING OF PLUMBERS Be it RESOLVED, by the State Board of Health in meeting assembled, at the offices of said board in the City of Madison on the 19th day of July, 1928, That the rules governing the examination and licensing of plumbers pursuant to Chapter 145 contained in the state plumbing code be amended by amending Rule 1 and by adding Rules 12, 13 and 14 which follow: 1. Qualifications for Journeyman Plumber. The State Board of Health rules that three years' experience as an apprentice shall constitute a reasonable time in the business; or the candidate for license must be a graduate of a recognized trade school in Wis- consin which gives at least a two-years' course, and had at least one year's shop and building experience working at the trade of plumbing. "The term apprentice as used in this rule denotes also plumbers' helpers and learners actually engaged in learning the plumbing trade in conformity with the law and regulations governing. It is understood that the three-year apprenticeship means actually work- ing at the trade of plumbing and in a manner so as to acquire sufficient knowledge of the theory and practice of plumbing and skill to pass an examination and to be useful to the employer and public." Applicants for journeyman's license who attend a recognized trade school in Wisconsin and who are not graduates of such school will be given full credit for the work done in the trade school as a part of the required three years' experience as an apprentice. Graduates of the University of Wisconsin extension course in plumbing will be given six months' credit as a part of the required three years' experience as an apprentice. Work done in night or continuation schools will be given credit as follows: Plumbers' apprentices and identured apprentices working at the •trade of plumbing who attend a night school course in the theory and practice of plumbing, conducted in conformity with public school laws and accredited by the State Board of Health, will be granted one day's credit for each day of night school attendance upon presentation of bona-fide certification from the school; pro- vided that no credit will be given for less than 30 nights' attend- ance and that the total accrued credit shall not exceed six months or 144 days. No additional credit will be given to apprentices for day time compulsory vocational school attendance. Rule 12. Registration of Apprentices. On and after August 23, 1928, to establish a record of his beginning an apprenticeship every plumbing apprentice, indentured apprentice or learner who contemplates filing application for plumber's license shall within 30 days after beginning of such apprenticeship register with the state board of health on a blank furnished by said board, setting forth the date on which such apprenticeship was begun, age, by whom employed, and such other information as the board may require, and which registration shall constitute a record of his apprenticeship and of his right to file application for examination and license, subject to the provisions of the application and sworn statement required in application for license. All such apprentices and learners in training before August 23, 1928, shall so register within 30 days after said date. Rule 13. Governing Apprentices and Learners. During his apprenticeship the plumber's apprentice shall receive instruction and experience in all branches of plumbing, including the prepar- ing of material for installation as is necessary to develop a prac- tical and skilled mechanic, versed in the theory and practice of plumbing. In cities where public vocational schools giving a course in plumbing are established, or where plumbing instruction is other- wise available, the applicant for license shall, if; opportunity for 1 DOCUMKi 3 Nj such instruction exists, attend school for a period of not less than 400 hours. Where vocational schools are not available the learner should take a course in plumbing with a correspondence school certified by the board. To enable him to qualify at the end of his apprenticeship as a skilled mechanic in the art of plumbing, the apprentice shall in addition to experience and instruction received during the appren- ticeship, be given opportunity to assist in and to install plumbing material as his skill will permit under the supervision of a journey- man or master plumber. In all cities where public vocational schools are established, giv- ing a course in plumbing instruction, apprentices indentured by the Industrial Commission shall as a condition for filing applica- tion for license attend such school for the period prescribed in the indenture contract. School attendance must be vouched for by the plumbing instruc- tor of said schools. Rule 14. Revocation of License for Violation of Indenture. A journeyman plumber's license issued to an indentured appren- tice shall, until his contract of indenture has been completed, be subject to revocation upon recommendation to the Industrial Com- mission and upon due notice and hearing by the board or the state health officer, for wilful violation of the contract or termination of said contract without approval by the Industrial Commission. The license shall bear evidence to this effect until contract has been completed. Published by order of the State Board of Health. Adopted July 19, 1928. EXPLANATIONS OF THE LAW AND RULES GOVERNING EXAMINATIONS Where Licenses Apply. All journeyman plumbers, master plumbers and plumbing contractors, as defined by chapter 731, Laws of 1913, must be licensed when operating in any city of this state, except cities of the fourth class, having a population of 5,000 or less. Persons who engage in the plumbing business in any city of less than 5,000 and in incorporated villages and townships, are not required under the law to be licensed. Unlicensed Plumbers. Plumbers residing in cities of less than 5,000 population, villages or townships, desiring to do work in cities of the first* second or third class or fourth class cities of 5,000 population or more, must take out a license. Where Plumbing Code Applies. The rules and regulations adopted by the State Board of Health governing plumbing, drainage and sewerage and plumbing ventilation known as the State Plumbing Code applies to all buildings in this state in any township, incorporated village or city. (See section 9595-5a 2, Laws of 1913.) Local Rules and Regulations. Cities of the first, second and third class shall, and cities of the fourth class may by ordi- nance or by-laws prescribe rules and regulations for material, construction, alteration and inspection of all fixtures by and through which supply or waste water or sewerage is used or carried and shall further provide that no plumbing shall be done except in case of repairing leaks, without a permit being first issued therefor upon such terms and conditions as such city shall prescribe, provided such rules and regulations are not inconsistent with the state plumbing law or code. (See chapter 731, Laws of 1913, section 959—58. Local Inspectors. In each city of the first, second and third class, having a system of waterworks or sewerage, the board of public works, where such board exists, or the local board of health, where there is no board of public works, shall appoint one or more inspectors of plumbing. Such inspectors [11] shall inspect all plumbing in their respective jurisdictions and enforce the provisions of the state plumbing code. Fourth class cities may also appoint plumbing inspectors if they elect to do so. State Inspection. The State Plumbing Inspector will make such inspections of plumbing as may seem necessary. All requests for state inspection should be made direct to the State Board of Health. In case of any radical dispute or difference arising between the local inspector and the plumber in charge, the facts should be submitted to the State Health Officer for consideration. If the State Board of Health or the State Health Officer deems a hearing necessary, such hearing will be granted as provided for in section 1407a — 6 of the statutes. The decision of the State Board of Health shall be final. RULES GOVERNING EXAMINATIONS Qualifications for Journeyman Plumber. The State Board of Health rules that three years' experience as a helper or ap- prentice shall constitute a reasonable time in the business; or the candidate for license must be a graduate of a recognized trade school in Wisconsin which gives at least a two years' course, Applicants for journeyman's license who attend a recog- nized trade school in Wisconsin and who are not graduates of such school will be given full credit for the work done in the trade school as a part of the required three years' experi- ence as a helper or apprentice, Graduates of the University of Wisconsin extension course in plumbing will be given six months credit as a part of the required three years' experience as a helper or apprentice. Work done in night schools will be given suitable credit. Qualifications for Master Plumber. All applicants for a master plumber's license must have reached the age of 21, and have had three years' experience as a journeyman plumber; except where applicant is a graduate of a recognized trade school in Wisconsin, giving at least a two years' course, when when two years' experience as a journeyman will be sufficient. Graduates of the University of Wisconsin extension course in [12] plumbing will be given six months' credit as a part of the re- quired three years' experience as a journeyman. Work done in night schools will be given suitable credit. Plumbing Contractor. Plumbing contractors are licensed without examination. Applications. Application blanks for examination and temporary permits may be obtained from the State Board of Health. The license fee, which must be sent to the State Board of Health with the application, is two dollars for journeyman plumber, ten dollars for master plumber and forty dollars for plumbing contractor. Candidates should exercise great care to see that applications are properly and completely filled out. Temporary Permits. Temporary permits to do the work of a journeyman plumber or a master plumber may be issued by the State Board of Health to a candidate for examination who submits properly filled out application, accompanied by the same fee required for license. This fee entitles the holder of a temporary permit to take the next examination, and is not returnable in case of failure to pass examination. The temporary permit becomes void upon the date following next examination when notice of the result of such examination is given. Such permit, however, must be surrendered to the State Board of Health upon the date of the next examination. Temporary per- mits to engage in business as a master plumber will not be issued except in especially urgent cases. Time of Examinations. Regular examinations for the licensing of journeyman and master plumbers will be held dur- ing the months of January and July of each year, and special examinations at such time as the State Board of Health may direct. The place of all regular examinations and of special examinations shall be determined by the State Board of Health. All applications for examination must be on file in the office of the State Board of Health prior to the date of examina- tion. Notice of Examination. Notice of the time and place of examination will be sent to all those who have applications on file in the office of the State Board of Health at least one [13] week prior to the date of such examination. Such notice will be mailed to the address given on the application blank, Notice of the time and place of each examination will be given in the official state paper at least ten days prior to such examination. Character of Examinations. The examination for licens- ing journeyman and master plumbers shall be conducted by the Committee of Examiners, and shall consist of both oral and written and practical tests. The examination will cover the theory and practice of plumbing, the interpretation of charts and blue prints and plans of plumbing installation, and such other tests as the Committee may deem necessary in order to properly pass upon the qualifications of the candidate. The character, experience and fitness of the applicant will also be taken into consideration. Re-examination. On the failure of an applicant to pass one examination, he may appear again within one year from the date of his first examination without the payment of an additional fee. Renewals. Notice for renewal of license will be sent to all licensed plumbers according to the address on the applica- tion blanks on file in the office of the State Board of Health, unless notice of another address is given. All applications for renewal of license must be in the office of the State Board of Health by the 1st day of January of each year, accompanied by the proper renewal fee. Renewal license cards will be issued as rapidly as possible upon receipt of application and fee. Materials Used in Examination. All applicants are ex- pected to furnish the necessary tools, furnace, solder pot and solder for the practical examinations. The State Board of Health will furnish gasoline and other material necessary to conduct such examination. Licenses Without Examination. Any person actually en- gaged in business in Wisconsin as a master plumber or a jour- neyman plumber prior to Oct. 2, 1913, the date upon which the new plumbing law went into effect, is entitled to a license under the waiver provision without examination, upon payment of the required fee, provided application is made within 60 days after the passage and publication of the law. (See Licenses without Examination, Section 959 — 55a — 1. Chapter 731, Laws of 1913.) [141 Any person who starts in business as a master or journey- man plumber after Oct. 2, 1913, cannot obtain a license without examination. Penalty. Section 959 — 56 — 1, Any person who shall engage in the work of a master or a journeyman plumber or plumbing contractor in any city of this state, except cities of the fourth class having a population of five thousand or less, for compensa- tion without a permit or a license as provided in Chapter 731, Laws of 1913, sections 959 — 53 to 959 — 56, inclusive, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be subject to a fine of not less than ten dollars nor exceeding fifty dollars, or imprison- ment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days for each and every violation thereof. Each day of such violation shall consti- tute a separate offense. THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL HAS RULED: That a master plumber is prohibited from dealing in and in- stalling plumbing materials in connection with his business as master plumber, unless he has taken out a license as plumbing contractor. (Extract from opinion dated December 8, 1913.) That not only is a plumbing contractor required at all times to have a licensed master plumber in charge of the installation of plumbing, but each member of a firm who engages in the work of superintending plumbing installations in cities of more than 5,000 population is required to secure a license as master. Where journeymen are employed, they must be licensed. (Extract from opinion dated November 19, 1913.) That a person is not a plumbing contractor unless, in addition to engaging in the business of installing plumbing, he also deals in and sells plumbing materials and supplies. (Extract from opinion dated November 6, 1913.) That any person lawfully engaged in the work of a master plumber or a journeyman plumber in this state, at the time of the passage of Chapter 731, Laws of 1913, upon payment of the required fee within the time specified in the Act, is entitled to a license regardless of the length of his apprenticeship or his quali- fications as a plumber. (Extract from opinion dated December 1, 1913.) That a nonresident plumber engaged in work in this state must secure a state license as master to superintend the work, [15] and must have duly licensed journeymen working under him in all cities of more than 5,000 population and that no license as contractor is required, unless the plumber who has the contract actually has a place of business in this state and deals in and sells plumbing materials and supplies. (Extract from opinion dated November 6, 1913.) That failure to renew a license each year revokes such license; and that any master or journeyman who fails to renew his license each year must pass an examination and pay the initial fee before a new license can be granted him. (Extract from opinion dated November 19, 1913.) That the intent of the legislature was to exempt from license all plumbers working at the trade in cities of the fourth class having a population of 5,000 or less. (Extract' from opinion dated November 3, 1913.) That a city ordinance or by-law in cities of more than 5,000 population providing that no local permit for the installation of plumbing shall be granted to anyone who has not a state license, is not inconsistent with the provisions of the act. (Extract from opinion dated Feb. 2, 1914.) That it is necessary for a master plumber or a journeyman plumber engaged in the plumbing business at the time of the passage and publication of the law to make application for license within sixty days after the passage and publication of the law, if he desires a license without examination. (Extract from opinion dated March 3, 1914.) That the passage of the State Plumbing Law and the adoption by the State Board of Health of the State Plumbing Code did not repeal local ordinances governing the installation of plumb- ing except in so far as local ordinances are inconsistent with the statutes and the State Plumbing Code. (Extract from opinion dated April 29, 1914.) That cities desiring to adopt and enforce regulations additional to those prescribed by statute and the State Plumbing Code, unless such additional regulations are contained in ordinances or by-laws heretofore enacted, must make them by a new ordi- nance or by-law in order that they may have any force or effect. (Extract from opinion dated Apr. 29, 1914.) That the State Board of Health may make rules and regula- tions covering the question of the amount of material to be in- stalled and for a second wilful violation of such rule the license [16] of the master plumber or plumbing contractor may be revoked. (Extract from opinion dated April 29, 1914.) That a plumber in a city or village in which no license is re- quired shall, upon application, be granted a license either under the waiver act, if application was made within sixty days after the passage and publication of the law, or by examination if made subsequent to that date. (Extract from opinion dated, March 3, 1914.) That the plumbing contractor provision of Chapter 731, Laws of 1913, is constitutional. (Extract from opinion dated April 21, 1914.) That any resident of a city where the appointment of a local plumbing inspector is required may bring a mandamus action against the city to compel the appointment of an inspector of plumbing. (Extract from opinion dated September 2, 1914.) That any person, firm or corporation in cities of more than 5,000 population is prohibited from repairing plumbing, install- ing new plumbing or engaging in the plumbing business as a plumbing contractor, master plumber or journeyman plumber without a state license. (Extract from opinion dated August 24, 1915.) That the State Board of Health may, under its rules and regu- lations, make it possible to grant a license to employes of manu- facturing concerns or other persons to do plumbing work even though such person is not continually engaged in the work of a journeyman plumber or a master plumber. (Extract from opinion dated Aug. 24, 1915.) That when a property owner provides the plumbing material for his premises a journeyman plumber is prohibited from in- stalling such material unless the work is done under the super- vision of a master plumber. (Extract from opinion dated Nov. 15, 1915.) That an apprentice can not be placed in charge of the work of installing plumbing and do such work alone; neither can such apprentice install plumbing under the supervision of a master plumber when such master plumber is not also physically present and taking an active part in the installation of said plumbing. (Extract from opinion dated November 15, 1915.) [17] EXPLANATION OF TERMS House Sewer or Main Drain is that part of the horizontal piping beginning three feet from the foundation wall to its connection with the main sewer or cesspool or bacterial tank. House Drain is that part of the horizontal piping of a house drainage system which receives the discharge of all soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside the walls of any building and conveys the same to the house sewer, three to five feet outside the foundation wall of such building. . Soil Pipe is any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets with or without fixtures to the house drain. Waste Pipe is any pipe which receives the discharge of any fixture except water closets and conveys the same to the soil pipe or house drain. Main Soil or Waste Vent is that part of the main soil or waste pipe above the highest installed branch or fixture con- nection, extending through the roof. Vent Pipe is any pipe provided to ventilate a drainage and plumbing system of piping and to prevent syphonage and back pressure. Back Vent Pipe is that part of a vent pipe line which con- nects directly with an individual trap underneath or back of the fixture and extends to the branch, main, soil or waste pipe at a point higher than the fixture or fixture traps it serves. Unit Vent is one which denotes an installation so arranged that one pipe will serve two traps. Circuit Vent is a connection made by joining a nearly hori- zontal trap outlet with a waste and vent pipe in such a manner that a continuous vent is formed. Trap is a fitting constructed to prevent the passage of air or gas through a pipe without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water. [18] Depth of Trap Seal is indicated by the height of the water column measured between the overflow and the dip separating the inlet and outlet arms of the trap. Deep Seal Resealing Traps. A deep seal resealing trap of the centrifugal self-scouring type is a trap in which the water motion is both centrifugal and upward at each discharge of the fixture and retains an adequate amount of water to form an efficient trap seal. Deep Seal is a term applied to a trap having a water seal twice the depth of the common trap. Subsoil Drain is that part of a drainage system which conveys the ground or seepage water from the foot of walls or below the cellar bottom to the house sewer, independent of the house drain. Conductors or Roof Leaders are the pipes which carry the storm or rain water from the roofs of buildings to the house or yard sewer. The vertical portion of the conductors is usually referred to as the down spout. Back Flow is a term which denotes the reversal of flow in a drainage system. Dead End is that part or branch of a drainage system which is without a free circulation of air. Private Sewer is one which has an independent sewage disposal, not connected to a public sewer, and which accommo- dates one or more houses. A Sanitary Sewer is a drain or sewer constructed to convey organic sewage from buildings to a septic or bacterial treat- ment tank or other point of disposal and from which ail surface and storm water is excluded. A Septic or Biological Tank is a reservoir or tank which receives crude sewage, and by bacterial action and sedimentation, effects a process of purification and clarification. Cesspool is an excavation in the ground made for the re- ception of crude sewage, and so constructed that the organic matter is retained while the liquid portion is permitted to seep through its walls. Rural or Isolated Residences are understood in this Code to be those situated at such a distance from a public sewer [19] tystem that their drainage systems cannot become tributary hereto. Roughing In is the placing of all that part of a drainage or vent system which can be completed before the plumbing fixtures are installed. Wiping a Joint is a method of joining two pieces of metal, in which the solder is fused on the joint and wiped to a smooth neat finish, with a wiping cloth and having a thickness of solder over that part of the joint where the metals join of not less than one-fourth inch. Sanitary Plumbing is understood in this Code to denote plumbing so designed and installed that it can be kept clean, is free from defects in construction and conforms in every par- ticular to the provisions of this Code. Private Dwelling is understood in this Code to be any build- ing used only for living purposes and occupied by not more than two families. Alignment is understood in this Code to indicate "in a straight line." Terminal is that part of a drainage or vent system which projects above the roof of the building or the end of the house drain connecting to the septic tank or house sewer. [20] CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS. Kind of building Places of employment — fac- tories, office and mercantile buildings and other places of employment. Bakeries and confectioneries. Public buildings, school build- ings, libraries, museums, places of detention. Apartment and tenement houses Theatres and Assembly halls. Hotels or rooming houses (5 or more rooms.) Restaurants. University buildings. State institutions. Private residences and two- story flats. General health regulations. Department having juris- diction. Consult Orders on safety and sanita- tion issued by Industrial Commission. Bulletin by Industrial Com- mission. Industrial Commission build- ing code. Industrial Commission build- ing code. Industrial Commission build- ing code. Rules and regulations of State Board of Health and state building code. University Board of Regents. State Board of Control. State plumbing code. State Board of Health Laws. Note: All plumbing systems or installations are subject to local and state inspection by proper authorities. Piping for plumbing installations for the above named buildings must be done as provided for in the State Plumbing Code issued by the State Board of Health. See instructions for Public Toilet Rooms on the following page. [21] CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC TOILET ROOMS For information regarding the construction of toilet rooms and the number and type of closets and urinals, see State Building Code and "orders on sanitation," for places of employment, issued by the Industrial Commis- sion. The provisions of the State Building Code and "orders on sanitation" apply to the construction of all buildings except private residences and two-story flats. [22] SEWERS AND DRAINS Section 1. (a) One Drain for Each Building. The plumb- ing system of each new building, or new plumbing installed in an existing building, shall be entirely separate from and independent of that of any other building, except as provided for in the following section. Wherever practicable every building shall have an indepen- dent connection with a public or private sewer. (b) Two or More Buildings on a Lot. Where a building stands in the rear of another on the same lot, the house drain from the front building may be extended to the rear building, private garage or barn, and the whole will be considered as one house drain. Section 2. (a) Underground House Drains. All house drains wherever possible shall be brought into the building underground below the level of the basement or cellar floor. (b) Materials Used. All house drains shall be made of vitrified clay or cast iron pipe. The use of vitrified clay pipe is permitted where the ground or soil covering is 18 inches or more, provided that in cases where a cement floor is laid 12 inches covering is permissible. Vitrified clay pipe must not be used in the construction of a house drain when the ground or soil has not the proper stability to insure an unyielding foundation. (See Sketch No. 2.) Note. Cast iron pipe is always preferable to vitrified clay pipe as it is stronger and more durable. Except when laid in ground or material containing cinders, ashes or ingredients that will affect cast iron, it should be adequately protected. Section 3. Trenches for Pipes. When found necessary by proper state or local authorities for purpose of inspection all excavations necessary for the installation of a house drainage system or any part thereof within the walls of a building shall be open trench work. Section 4. (a) Subsoil Drains. Where subsoil drains are used, the same shall be made of open-jointed drain tile, properly trapped before entering the house drain. Note. See section 40 for method of installation. [23] SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PIPES CHART A. CHART SHOWING KINDS OF FIXTURES, NUMBER OF FIX- TURES, SIZES OF TRAPS, DIAMETER OF SOIL, WASTE, AND VENT PIPES. Soil ani Waste Vent Sizes of traps required Maximum developed Kind of fixtures No. pf fixtures allowed Sizes of soil and waste No. of fixtures allowed Sizes of back vents length of vent pipe permitted Closets 6 7—15 16—36 37—64 65—100 3" 4" 5" 6" 8" 10" 6 7—10 11—20 21—40 41-75 76—100 2" 2H" 3" 3^" 4" 6" VA to 4" 60 80 100 120 150 250 Slop sink with trap combined 2 6 7—15 16—36 37—64 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 1 6 7—10 11—20 21— 13^" 2" VA" 3" 33^" 2" to 4" 40 60 80 100 120 Sinks, bath tubs, laundry trays, ordi- nary slop sinks. Small single urinals and shower baths. 1 1—4 5—6 7—10 11—15 k 16—30 2" 2V 2 " 3" 3^ 4 4 5—8 9—12 13—20 21—30 31— W 2" 2m' 3" 33^" 4" or 2" 40 60 80 100 120 150 Wash bains, cus- pidors, bubblers, re- frigerators. 1—4 4—10 10—25 25 IK" m" 2" 3" 4" 2 2—6 6—15 15—40 40— 13€" va" 2" 3" 4" 1M" or larger 25 40 60 100 150 Floor drains. 1 1-^ 4—8 8-36 2" 3" 4" 6" 6 6—10 10— 2" 3" 4" 2" to 6" 60 100 150 13^" to 3" 13^" to 2" or larger 40 to 60 Long trough ped- estal, combined trap and porcelain stall urinals. 1 1—4 4—10 10—25 25— 3" 4" 5" 6" 2 Z'l— 4 "' 4—12 12—30 30— \ 2" 2VJ' 3" 4" 2" to 4" 40 60 80 100 150 *See section 29 and sketch No. 10. **After maximum developed length of vent pipe is reached increase diameter of pipe at each multiple of the maximum length permitted. [24] Note. In determining the size of the soil and waste pipe, allow, in addition to each closet permitted, one bath, one basin, and one sink or other similar fixture. In determining the size of vent pipe, allow, in addition to each closet permitted, one bath, one basin, and one sink or other similar fixture. (For method of installation, see sketches and the provisions of the Code.) Section 5. (a) Materials. All main and branch soil, waste, vent and back vent pipes shall be made of cast iron coated with tar or asphaltum, galvanized wrought iron or steel pipe, or lead, brass or copper. (b) Minimum Size of Vent Stack. Where not more than two water closets are installed below the first floor and serve as the only closets in the building, the vent pipe shall not be less than two inches. In determining the size of the vent pipe, allow in addition to the closet, one bath, one basin, one sink or other similar fixture. The size of the vent and waste pipes for basins, sinks, baths, or other similar fixtures when they serve as the only fixture or fixtures in a building shall be governed by the provisions of Chart A. (c) Four Inch Stack May be Decreased. A closet may be installed on a 4 inch soil pipe rising from house drain to first or second floor, and may be vented with a 2 inch vent pipe, pro- vided the premises where such closet is to be installed has a 4 inch soil pipe stack of undiminished size extending through the roof. (See sketch No. 9.) In garages, barns, etc. a closet may be installed on the first or ground floor and may be vented with a 2 inch pipe. Section 6. (a) Roof Extensions. All soil and waste pipes re- ceiving the discharge of any fixtures shall be extended the full calibre above the roof, except as provided for in section 5 (c) and shown in sketches No. 6 and 9. In no case shall a vent pipe through the roof be less than four inches in diameter. The roof terminals of such vent pipes must conform with the provisions of section 32. (See sketches Nos. 25 and 27.) Change in diameter shall be made by long increaser at least one foot below roof. (See sketch No. 9.) (b) Protection From Frost. All drain, soil, waste, or vent and supply pipes shall be as direct as possible, properly protected from frost, and when possible arranged so as to be readily acces- sible for inspection and repairs. [25 J Section 7. Branch Soil and Waste Extensions. Any ver- tical or any horizontal branch running vertically, horizontally or both, more than thirty feet from the main soil line, shall be con- tinued full size to a point above the roof in the same manner as required for main soil pipes, or may be returned to main vent pipe full size. (See sketch No. 11.) Section 8. (a) Traps, Distance from Vents. The back vent of any fixture trap shall be as close to the trap as practicable, consistent with its location and effectiveness. (See sketches.) (b) One or Two Water-Closets or Similar Fixtures. Two water-closets located on the same floor discharging into a double Y or sanitary Tee cross or one closet discharging into a Y branch or sanitary Tee need not be back vented, providing that the developed distance of the horizontal soil branch ex- tended with a grade of not less than I inch per foot does not exceed the inside diameter of the soil branch and the vertical leg between the horizontal soil branch and the trap water level does not exceed 2 feet. (See sketch No. 9 A, Section 10, 19 c and 61 c.) (c) Fixtures Other Than Water-Closets. Two fixtures other than water-closets discharging into a double Y or sanitary Tee cross or an individual fixture other than water closet dis- charging into a Y branch or sanitary Tee need not be back vented, providing the total fall of the waste pipe between the water level of the trap and the vent pipe extended at a grade of not less than £ inch per foot does not exceed the inside diameter of the branch waste pipe. (See sketch No. 9 B and section 10, 19 G and 61 C.) (d) Crown Vent Prohibited. In no case shall the vent be taken off from the crown of the trap. (See sketches 12 and 12 a.) (e) When Deep Seal Resealing Traps of the Centrif- ugal, Self-Scouring Type Must be Used. (1) When a common trap is not adequate protection against sewer air. (2) When the total fall of the soil or waste pipe between the water level of the trap and the point of venting exceeds the inside diameter of the waste pipe, extended at a grade of not less •than i inch per foot. (3) When it is impracticable to vent, a deep seal resealing trap shall be installed. So far as is practical a free circulation of air must be provided. (See sketch No. 9— C and No. 26 and section 8—10, 19 C and 61 c.) r 9A l (f) Vents Reconnected. All vents shall be run separately through the roof; or be reconnected at least eight inches below the roof; or be reconnected to the main vent pipe not less than three feet above the highest floor on which fixtures are placed. No fitting or fittings for future waste connections shall be placed in any soil or waste pipe above the point of revent connection. (See sketch No. 25.) (g) Rearranging of Vent and Revents. Where fixtures are afterwards installed on a soil or waste line above a point where the vent or revents enter the vent or vent stack the vent and revent pipes of the fixtures already installed shall be rearranged to conform to the provisions of section 8 (B). (h) Vent Pipe Grades and Connections. All branch vent and back vent pipes shall be free from drops or sags, and shall be so graded and connected as to drip back to the soil or waste pipe by gravity. Whenever it becomes necessary to trap a horizontal vent pipe, the proper method for doing so must be complied with. (See sketch No. 13.) (i) Fixtures Parted by Wall. Where bath rooms, water- closets or other fixtures are located on opposite sides of a wall or partition in the same building, or are directly adjacent to each other in two inseparable buildings, such fixtures may have a common soil or waste pipe and vent pipe stack. Section 9. Continuous or Circuit Vent Installation. Bat- teries of closets, urinals, sinks, basins, etc. may be installed by the continuous or circuit vent system. Loops and circuit vents shall be of the following sizes : 2 inches for a battery of two closets, 3 inches for a battery of three closets, 4 inches for a battery of 4 to 12 closets. For urinals, sinks, basins or similar fixtures the loop or circuit shall be of the size provided for in chart A. Methods for such installation are shown in sketches Nos. 14, 14a and 15. Section 10. (a) Unit Vent. Two water closets located on the same floor discharging into a double Y or sanitary T cross in a soil or waste stack, need not be back vented, provided that the developed distance of the horizontal soil pipe branch ex- tended with a grade of | inch per foot does not exceed the inside diameter of the soil pipe and the vertical leg between the hori- zontal soil pipe branch and the trap water level does not exceed two feet. Two fixtures, other than water-closets discharging into a double Y or sanitary T cross, with no other fixtures discharging above [27] them, may be back vented through a common vent or back vent pipe provided the total fall between the water level of the trap and vent pipe does not exceed the inside diameter of the waste pipe extend at a grade of £ inch per foot. (See sketches Nos. 15a and 15b and sections 8 and 19c.) (b) Back Vents not Required. Basement or cellar floor drains, subsoil traps, elevator catch basins and similar receptacles need not be back vented when branched into a horizontal house drain five feet or more from the base of a soil pipe stack. For further provisions on this subject see "Floor Drains and Fixture Wastes." Section 11. (a) Grade of Horizontal Pipes. All horizontal drain, soil and waste pipes shall be run in practical alignment and at the uniform grade of \ inch per foot or more; but in no case shall the grade be less than \ inch per foot, whether under cellar floor or supported by piers, posts, wall ledges or iron hangers. (b) Changes in Direction. For information on changes in direction of soil, waste and drain pipes, see sketch No. 7 and chart C. (c) To Increase or Reduce Size of Pipes. Proper fittings of sanitary design shall be used to increase or reduce size of pipes. Section 12. (a) Hangers and Supports. All hangers, pipe supports and fixture settings in or against masonry, concrete or stone backing shall be securely made with expansion bolts or other approved methods without the use of wood plugs. All drainage and plumbing pipes shall be rigidly secured and sup- ported so that the proper alignment will be retained. (b) Backgrounds. Backgrounds, except under special con- ditions, must be provided for the securing of closets, tanks, basins, sinks, brackets and all other wall fixtures or hangings. (c) Stack Supports. All stacks shall be thoroughly sup- ported on concrete, masonry piers or foot rests at their bases; and those ten feet or more in height shall also be provided with floor rests or other substantial supports at ten foot or floor intervals. All pipe supports shall be made of heavy iron posts, wall hangers or brackets, steel fittings or concrete or masonry piers. All brick piers shall be at least eight inches square. [28] QUALITY AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS Section 13. Vitrified Pipe. All vitrified pipe and fittings shall be first quality vitrified clay pipe, sound and well burned throughout their thickness, with well-glazed smooth exterior and interior surfaces, free from cracks, flaws, blisters, fire checks and all other imperfections which would impair their value. Section 14. (a) Cast Iron Pipe. All cast iron pipe and fittings shall be made of close-grained gray iron, ductile and readily cut with file or chisel, smooth on the inside, free from flaws, sand holes or other defects and of a uniform thickness. Such pipes and fittings shall not be lighter than the commercial grade known as "Standard," except that in buildings three stories or more in height, "extra heavy" soil pipe shall be used. Note. On account of its greater durability and ease of installa- tion, it is recommended that "extra heavy" cast iron pipe be used in all plumbing systems. Cities by ordinance can require the use of "extra heavy" cast iron pipe and fittings. (b) Weights of Cast Iron Pipe. All cast iron pipe, includ- ing hubs, shall weigh not less than the weights per foot given in the following table: CHART B. Diameter. Standard weight per foot. Extra heavy weight per foot. 2-inch 3K 4K 6^ 8% 10H 5^ pounds. 3-inch 9| pounds. 4-inch 13 pounds. 5-inch 17 pounds. 20 pounds. 6-inch 7-inch 27 pounds. 33| pounds. 8-inch [29 1 (c) Coating for Cast Iron Pipe and Fittings. All pipe and fittings shall 'be coated with asphaltum or coal tar pitch. Both pipe and coating shall be heated to a temperature of 300 degrees F. before the castings are dipped. CHART C. Showing Minimum Radius of Cast Iron Soil Pipe Fittings Permitted when Change of Direction is Made.* (Case A) When direction of flow changes from horizontal to vertical. Size of pipe 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" Minimum radius 3" 3|" 4" 4*" 5" (Case B) When direction of flow changes from vertical to horizontal. Size of pipe 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" Minimum radius 3" O 1// °2 4" 4i" 5" (Case C) When direction of flow is at right angles and changes from horizontal to horizontal. Size of pipe 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" Minimum radius 5" 5r 6" 6i" 7" Note. A combination Y and \ bend or Y and \ bend are recommendable. When a pipe of smaller diameter enters a [30] pipe of greater diameter a fitting with a minimum radius as shown under Case A may be used. When sanitary Ts or wiped branches are used in change of direction they should be so arranged that the flow from other fixtures will serve as a wash. *For method of determining radius (see sketch No. 7.) Section 15. (a) Wrought Iron Pipe. All wrought iron or steel pipe, known to the trade as merchant or full weight pipe, used for soil, waste or vent pipes, shall be galvanized and not lighter than shown in the following chart: CHART D. Diameter. Weight per lineal Foot H inches 2.73 pounds. ?, inches 3.68 pounds. ?,i nches 5.82 pounds. 7.62 pounds. 9.20 pounds. 3 mches 3 a inches 4 mches 10.89 pounds. 44 inches 12.64 pounds. 14.86 pounds. 19.18 pounds. 23.77 pounds. 5 inches 6 inches 7 nches 8 nches 25.00 pounds. (b) Screw Thread Fittings. Threaded fittings for vents and back vents shall be malleable, cast iron or brass. All screw thread fittings used for soil and waste pipes shall be of cast or malleable iron or brass. Waste fittings shall be of the recessed, drainage fitting pattern; and the same rules for change of direction given in charts C and E will apply. All iron screw thread fittings for soil, waste or vent pipes shall be gal- vanized or asphaltum coated. [31 CHART E. Showing the Minimum Length of Face to Center of Drain- age Fittings (Case A) When direction of flow changes from horizontal to vertical. Size of pipe.... li" U" 2" 21" 3" 4" 5" 6" Distance from face to cen- ter (A) If" O 3 it Q3// 2x1" O 13// ° 16 4|" 5A" (Case B) When direction of flow changes from vertical to horizontal. Size of pipe.... H" 11" 2" 21" 3" 4" 5" v Distance from face to cen- 2i" 21" 3 A" Q 11// J 16 4f" 5A" 61" 71" ter. (A) .... (Case C) When direction of flow changes from horizontal to horizontal. (Use same distance from face to center as in Case B.) Note. Long turn Y branches or Y and 1 bend are recom- mendable. [32] Section 16. Prohibited Fittings. Sanitary Tees of short radius shall not be used except in connecting horizontal to vertical soil or waste pipes in which the flow is toward the vertical line. The use of one-fourth bends or elbows in soil or waste pipes is governed by charts G and E and sketch No. 7. One-fourth bends with side or heel outlets, except when they are made with Y or sanitary T branches, and all double hub fittings, double Tees and double sanitary Tees when used hori- zontally are prohibited, except when smaller pipes discharge into a larger pipe. Double hubs and double hub fittings may be used on rain water leader and vent lines. Offsets having less than one-fifth pitch will not be permitted. The use of a drive ferrule is prohibited and the use of combination lead ferrules will be permitted only when the calk joint can be made in the upright position. All waste and vent pipes must enter soil pipe by means of properly inserted fittings. The drilling and tapping of soil, vent and waste pipes and house drains to receive waste and vent pipes of any description is strictly prohibited, and in no case will the use of saddles or bands be permitted, without permission from the plumbing inspector. Note. All such saddles must be of efficient design and construc- tion. Whenever horizontal wrought or galvanized iron pipe con- nects with cast iron, soil, waste or vent lines, tapped fittings or tap extension pieces shall be used wherever practicable. No double hub or inverted calk joint shall be permitted in soil and waste lines. Section 17. Lead Pipe Bends and Traps, Weight of. All pipe used for branch soil, waste, vent or flush pipes, including bends and traps, shall be the best quality of drawn lead pipe,of not less weight per lineal foot than shown in the following table: [33] CHART F. Inside Diameter. Weight per foot. 1 inch 1| inch 1| inch 2 inch 3 inch 4 inch 2 1b Ooz 2 " 8 " 3 " 8 " 4 " " 6 " " 8 " " Section 18. Brass Pipe, Fittings, Tubing and Casting. All brass pipe used for soil, waste and vents, except fixtures, traps and overflows, shall be of commercial iron pipe gauge. All brass fittings for soil, waste or vent pipes shall be of a good quality of cast brass, having a thickness corresponding to brass pipe of the same diameter. The thickness of threaded ends must be equal to the thickness of the corresponding pipe size at the root of the thread. All brass tubing used for fixtures, traps and overflows between wall or floor and fixtures shall be made of a good quality of brass and of a thickness at least equal to No. 18 Brown & Sharp gauge. All brass fittings used for fixtures, traps and overflows shall be of a good quality of brass, free from sand holes, flaws or other defects, and of a uniform thickness equal to twice the thickness of the brass tubing. The thickness of the threaded ends shall be equal to the thickness of the fitting at the root of the thread. Soldering nipples shall be of heavy cast brass, or of brass pipe of iron weight, thickness and size. When cast they shall be of full bore and of not less than the weights given in the following chart: [34] CHART G. Inside Diameter Weights 11 inch ' lb. 6 oz. Brass ferrules shall be of a good quality of brass, composed of a mixture that will fuse readily with plumbers' solder, free from sand holes, flaws or other defects, uniform in thickness, and at least four and one-half inches long, of a size and weight as per the following chart: Inside Diameter 1| inch: CHART H. Weight 1 lb. 1 oz 2 1 " 4 " 3 1 " 14 " 4 . 2 " 8 " 5 3" " 6 3" 8 " [35] TRAPS AND CLEAN-OUTS Section 19. (a) Traps. Each fixture, except those wasting as described in this section, and those in orders of the Industrial Commission on places of employment shall be separately trapped by a water seal trap, placed as close to the fixture as possible. Every trap shall be self-cleaning. No form of trap shall be used which depends upon the action of movable parts for its seal. No trap shall be used which depends upon concealed interior partitions for its seal, unless such interior partitions are made of indestructible material. No trap shall be used which in case of defect would allow the passage of sewer air. Grease traps with integral cast partitions of indestructible material may be used. Drum traps shall be used whenever practicable under all bath tubs and shower baths. Traps for bath tubs, basins, sinks or other similar fixtures shall be made of lead, brass or iron. For depth of trap seals see Chart I and for size see Chart A. Each trap shall have a water seal of not less than two inches. Laundry trays, wash tubs, or similar fixtures may waste into single trap. The outlet waste pipe and trap of three or four compartments should be at least 2 inches in diameter. CHART I. DEPTH OF SEAL FOR COMMON TRAPS Size of Trap 11" ir 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" Depth of Seal 2" 2" 2" 2\" 2\" 2§" 2\" [36] DEPTH OF SEAL FOR DEEP SEAL TRAPS Size of Trap H" 1§" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" Depth of Seal 4" 4" 4" 5" 5" 5" 5" (b) Trap Clean-outs. All traps placed between a floor and a ceiling, or in any other accessible place, shall have a brass screw clean-out flush with the floor or accessible from under the floor. All traps used in combination with fixtures which are readily accessible and removable need not be provided with a brass screw clean-out plug. (c) Setting of Traps. All traps shall be rigidly supported and set true with respect to their water level, and so located as to protect their seals. All that portion of the waste pipe of P trap extending to the point of venting shall be considered as a part of the trap and the total fall between water level of the trap and vent shall not exceed the inside diameter of the waste pipe. (See sketches No. 12 and 12a and sections 8 and 10.) (d) Traps — Where Prohibited. There shall be no trap at the foot of soil or waste pipe stacks, except where such a drain or sewer is used exclusively for conducting rain water or surface water to a house drain or sewer. (e) Traps on Rain Water Leaders. One trap may serve for one or more rain water leaders, providing no part of said pipe is used for a soil or waste pipe. When rain water leaders are carried up to the roof of a building they need not be provided with traps, unless such conductors terminate within 12 feet of any door, window, ventilating hood or air intake. Conductor branches taken off a head of the main house trap on street side must be provided with traps properly located to guard against frost. (See sketch No. 8.) (f) Other Waste Connected to Water Closet Trap Pro- hibited. In no case shall the waste from a bath tub or other fixture be connected with a water-closet trap. [37] (g) Overflow Connections. Overflow pipes from fixtures in each case shall be connected on the inlet side of the trap. Section 20. (a) Main House Trap. The house drain may be provided with a horizontal trap set level and placed immedi- ately inside of foundation wall where sewer enters building. This trap must be provided with a handhole to which clean-out is connected. Main house trap may be omitted in building where the roof terminals of soil and vent stacks are favorably located, when plumbing is free from defects fixture traps properly protected from siphonage, and the installation made in a durable and sanitary manner, as provided for in this Code. When main traps are used they must be provided with a fresh air inlet on the house side of the trap. (See sketches No. 2 and 8.) (b) Fresh Air Inlets Where Main House Traps are Used. There shall be a fresh air inlet entering the house side at least two feet from the water seal of the main trap. The inlet when exposed shall be covered with a substantial fresh air cap or return bend. When located under porch a free circulation of air must be provided. (c) Location of. No £resh air inlet shall be so placed that a cold air intake for a furnace or heater may draw air from same; nor shall it be open at a point less than four feet from any door, window or other air intake. Section 21. Back Flow Valves. Drain pipes from fixtures, shall be provided with adequate backwater valves when subject to back flow or backwater from sewer. Such back water valves shall be so placed as not to interfere with the flow or discharge of any conductor or rain water leader or other fixture, and be readily accessible for cleaning. (See sketch No. 8.) Section 22. (a) Clean-outs. Where main house traps are installed, cast iron pipe shall be extended from handhole of trap to a point two inches above the surface of finished floor or grade. All clean-outs in house drains shall be at least four inches in diameter. (See sketch No. 2.) All additional clean-outs for main house drain shall be extended where practicable to a point two inches above the surface of the finished floor or grade. [38 1 All other clean-outs shall be of adequate size and located in such manner as to serve the purpose for which they were intended. (b) Construction of Clean-outs. When solid brass screw caps for clean-outs are used, they shall be at least | inch in thick- ness and provided with standard pipe thread and square or hexagonal head at least f inch high. The ferrule when constructed of brass shall be at least ^ inch in thickness; and when con- structed of iron the same weight per foot as extra heavy cast iron soil pipe. The screw cap shall have at least five threads of iron pipe size. Note. Clean-outs shall be provided for all large trough, pedestal and porcelain stall urinals at such points that all parts of waste may be reached conveniently with sewer rod or wire, (See sketch No. 6 and section 19b.) [39] JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS Section 23. (a) Joints in Vitrified Pipe. Joints in vitri- fied pipes shall be made with mortar composed of equal parts of hydraulic or Portland cement and clean sharp sand, thoroughly mixed dry, with enough water added to give the proper consis- tency. The joints must be pointed carefully on the outside; and the pipe left clean and smooth on the inside by drawing through it a swab or scrape. (See sketch No. 2.) (b) Vitrified and Iron Pipe. Underground joints between vitrified and iron pipe shall be made the same as above re- quired for vitrified pipe. (c) Cast Iron Pipe. All joints in cast iron pipe shall be made by first inserting a roll of hemp, oakum or jute and thoroughly calking it in place, and then following with pure molten lead well calked, not less than one inch deep, lead to be brought to top of hub and faced. No paint, varnish or putty will be allowed in the joints until they have been tested. (d) Wrought Iron and Brass. Joints in galvanized iron or brass pipe shall be standard screw joints, and all burs or cuttings shall be removed. All screw joints shall be made with white or red lead, mineral paint, red lead and varnish or other approved compounds. (e) Wrought Iron or Brass and Cast Iron. Connections between wrought iron or brass and cast iron shall be either a calked joint or a screwed joint. (f) Joints in Lead Pipe. Joints in lead pipe or between lead, brass or copper pipes shall in all cases be wiped joints except solder brazed or sweated joints on brass reamed concaved bushings in connection with exposed brass or lead traps shown in (sketches No. 12 and 12a.) (g) Wrought Iron Pipe Connections. Connections be- tween lead and cast or wrought iron pipes shall be made with a calked joint, a soldering nipple or threaded joint. Wrought iron pipe connections shall be made with a right and left coupling, flanged union with durable gasket, a ground faced union or [40] an extra heavy running thread with lock nut made tight with wicking and red or white lead. All unions used on the sewer side of traps shall be ground faced. No slip-joint connection will be allowed on the sewer side of the trap. (See sketch No. 12a.) Section 2i. (a) Roof Joints. The joint at the roof shall be made water-tight by the use of proper sheet copper or lead plate. See section 28(F). (b) Roof Flashing. Sheet lead for roof flashing shall weigh not less than three pounds per square foot and shall extend not less than six inches from the pipe. Other flashings of substantial material will be permitted. (See sketch No. 9.) Note. Roof flashings of durable material designed and constructed so that an adequate air space is provided between the pipe and flash- ing are recommended. The term substantial material as used in this section shall mean 3 lb. sheet lead, or copper, brass or gal- vanized iron of adequate weight and construction. Section 25. Earthenware with Metal Floor Connections. The connections between soil pipe and fixtures with combined earthenware, vitreous china or enameled iron shall be made with a solid brass floor plate, not less than 3-16 inch thick, soldered, screwed or calked to bend or pipe, securely anchored to the floor and bolted to trap flange. (See sketch No. 1.) Joints shall be made air-tight with an adequate asbestos graphite ring or asbestos gasket washer. To insure the tightness of this joint a paste of red or white lead or other equal compound of the consistency of putty, shall be used. Note. Add sufficient putty or whiting to the red or white lead to make the proper mixture. (For such fittings see sketch No. 1.) Section 26. Water and Air-tight Joints. All joints and connections mentioned under this title shall be made water and air-tight. Section 27. Connections to Lead Bend. It is recommended that no waste pipes conveying hot water be branched into lead bends receiving the discharge of water-closets or other similar fixtures, except in case new fixtures are added to old installations. (For method of installation see sketch No. 1.) [4i; SURFACE AND RAIN WATER CONNECTIONS Section 28. (a) Rain Water Leaders Not to Connect to Sanitary Sewer. Roof leaders or down-spout wastes and surface and ground water drains shall be connected wherever possible with a storm sewer; but they shall not be connected to house sewers which discharge into sanitary sewers. (b) Inside Leaders. All roof leaders, when placed within the walls of any building, in an interior court, or in a ventilating or pipe shaft shall be made and placed as specified for soil, waste and vent pipes. (c) Connections with Rain Water Leaders — When Pro- hibited. Rain water leaders shall not be used as soil, waste or vent pipes; nor shall any soil, waste or vent pipes be used as rain water leaders. (d) Defective Rain Water Leaders. When an existing rain water leader within the walls of any building becomes defective, such leader shall be replaced by one which conforms to the re- quirements of this Code. (e) Rain Water Leaders When Connected to Drains. When rain water leaders are connected to house drains within the building, the horizontal part extending two feet inside the basement wall and the vertical portion outside the building wall shall terminate with hub at grade line, and shall be made of cast iron of same weight and durability as provided for house drains. (See sketch No. 2.) (f) Roof Terminal Connections. Connections between gutters, troughs, roof areas and rain water leaders inside the building shall be made of durable material. (See section 19 — e; also sketch No. 8.) Note. The term "durable" material as used in this section shall mean a brass ferrule, a brass soldering nipple, extra light lead pipe, 12 oz. copper, No. 18 gauge brass or cast iron receivers properly'connected with calk or screw joint. (g) Rain Water Drains to Curb. Where no sewer is ac- cessible, or where rain water is prohibited from entering the sanitary sewer, surface inlets and rain water conductors should be'drained separately to the curb line where practicable by drain pipes not less than four inches in diameter, and discharge into the public gutter, unless permitted to drain elsewhere. [42} MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS Section 29. Three Inch Soil Stack. Where a 3-inch soil pipe stack is in place, or where it is wholly impracticable to use a 4-inch soil pipe for water-closets, a 3-inch soil pipe may be used for vertical stacks which shall conform in construction with sketch No. 10, also chart A. Section 30. Rural Residence. Installation. Where plumbing is to be installed in an isolated or rural residence with main sewer draining into a residential septic tank or cesspool it may be done in accordance with sketches No. 26, 26a and 26b. Every fixture trap shall be protected from syphonage and air circulation assured by means of a fresh air inlet on main drain and a vent where necessary. Section 31. Hot Water and Steam Wastes. All exhaust, blow-off, sediment or drip pipe connections from a steam boiler or any other hot water discharge shall not be connected to any house sewer or drain without first being cooled below a tempera- ture of 140 degrees Fah. in a suitable tank, catch basin or other cooling device; when necessary such installation must be provided with an adequate local vent or relief pipe, extended to the outer air. Note. The capacity of the catch basin or other cooling device and the relief pipe shall depend upon the steam pressure carried and the size of the boiler. Section 32. Terminals. The roof terminals of all vent pipes shall be extended at least three feet above any door, window, scuttle, air shaft or other opening used for ventila- tion when located at a distance less than twelve feet from such terminal. (See sketch No. 27.) When it is necessary to extend the roof terminals of soil, waste or vent pipes more than three feet above the roof, they shall have an adequate frost-proof covering. Whenever a new building is erected higher than an adjacent existing building, the owner of the new building shall not locate [43] windows within twelve feet of an existing vent stack on the lower building, unless the owner of such new building shall defray the expenses or shall himself make alteration necessary to conform with this section. Section 33. Waste Pipes for Acid Tanks. The waste pipes and traps for acid tanks, sinks and other receptacles receiving the discharge of acids in chemical laboratories, electro- typing, lithographing and other similar establishments must be made of extra heavy cast iron, coated inside and out with tar and asphaltum, extra heavy lead pipe, or lead-lined iron pipe of adequate durability. The waste pipes may be of vitrified clay when placed outside the building, or when serving as a local conveyor between acid tank, dilution tank or other receiving basin. [44] CATCH BASINS, SUMPS AND EJECTORS Section 34. (a) Grease Catch Basins. All grease catch basins shall be constructed in a water-tight and substantial manner of brick, cement, concrete, iron or vitrified clay pipe. The outlet shall be provided with a 4-inch inverted bend and clean-out, shall be submerged at least 8 inches, and shall be placed in the wall of the basin not less than 2' 6" above the bottom. The basin shall have an air-tight stone, cement or cast iron cover. (b) Where Used. Grease catch basins of adequate capa- city must be installed wherever kitchen or other greasy wastes from hotels, restaurants, club houses, public institutions or similar places are discharged into the sewer. Grease catch basins may be omitted from the plumbing system of a private residence. Note. Grease traps of the water-cooled type properly designed, constructed and installed and of adequate capacity are permitted. (c) Where Located. Whenever possible grease catch basins shall be installed just outside the wall of the building, and as near to the kitchen or other sink as possible. Where grease catch basins are installed on the inside of buildings they shall be made of cast iron or reinforced concrete with air-tight iron cover. Concrete catch basins shall have a metal ring embedded in the concrete to which cover may be bolted. (See sketches No. 19 and No. 19a.) Section 35. Yard Catch Basins. A yard catch basin shall be constructed in the same general manner as provided for grease catch basins, except that they shall be at least 20 inches in diameter and where possible the outlet shall be at least 4 feet below the surface of the ground. The basin shall have a cover of stone or heavy cast iron with strainer flush with the surrounding ground. (See sketch No. 19.) [45] A yard catch basin may be installed to receive surface drainage or discharge from pump, yard, hydrant or other outside waste. Section 36. Stable Catch Basins. When liquid wastes from barns, stables, manure pits and stable yards are per- mitted to enter the public sewer system, they shall be inter- cepted by a properly trapped catch basin of suitable design. Conductors or down spouts when permitted in a sewerage system may be connected with such stable or barn catch basins to act as local vents for same. (See sketch No. 19.) Section 37. Garage Catch Basins. Garage drains shall be intercepted before entering the sewer by a suitable catch basin properly trapped. A 4-inch conductor pipe when per- mitted to connect with house drainage or sewerage system may be connected to this catch basin to act as a local vent. In the absence of the latter, a 4-inch fresh air inlet from the outer air or a local vent through the roof is recommended. (See sketch No. 20.) It is recommended that garage drains discharge into yard catch basins constructed in the manner provided for in section No. 35. (See sketch for Catch Basin Nos. 19 and 19a.) Note. Grease, yard, stable and garage catch basins and other similar receptacles must be kept clean and sanitary. The sediment collected in the same must be removed often enough to prevent obstruction of the drainage pipes. Section 38. (a) Ejectors — When Required. In al buildings in which the whole or a part of the drainage and plumbing system thereof lies below the flow line of the main sewer, the sewage or house wastes shall be lifted by artificial means and discharged into the main sewer. (b) Sumps and Receiving Tanks. All house drains dis- charging below the floor line of the main sewer shall be con- nected to a sump of adequate capacity with air-tight cover. It shall be so located as to receive all such drainage by gravity and shall be vented with an adequate vent pipe. [46] FLOOR DRAINS AND FIXTURE WASTES Section 39. Basement Floor Drains. Cellar or basement floor drains will not be permitted unless they connect into a deep seal trap so constructed that it can be cleaned readily, and under proper conditions sewer air excluded. (See Sec. No. 10b.) When subject to back flow such drains shall be equipped also with an adequate back water valve. (See Sec. No. 21 and 10.) Note. When possible ice-box drains, bubblers and similar wastes shall be connected with the floor drain so as' to main- tain a permanent water seal. (For method of installation see sketch No. 4.) Section 40. Subsoil Receiver. The discharge of drain tile from footings of buildings shall be collected in a subsoil receiver or trap, of adequate capacity having a water-tight cover securely bolted or screwed on. Said cover shall be at least 2 inches above basement floor. (For method of installation see sketch No. 4a.) Note. Subsoil drainage frequently carries sand from sur- rounding soil. For this reason care should be taken that the tile is not so installed that it will not undermine the footings of foundation walls. When subsoil drains are connected to the sewerage system subject to back flow such drains must be equipped with an adequate back water valve. Section 41. Wastes from Laundries and Similar Establishments. Waste pipes in dye houses, breweries, bottling works, creameries, laundries and similar establishments where much water is used may discharge directly onto a non- absorbent floor, provided with an adequate number of floor drains, which drains must be connected to the house or yard catch basin by means of cast iron or vitrified pipe. Floor drains located above basement floor shall be considered a plumbing fixture and shall be of adequate size. For a method of installation see sketch No. 5 and 5a. [471 Note. To avoid the production of soapsuds in the pipes, waste water from laundries and similar industries located above basement floor shall have an independent waste pipe. Section 42. Bar Wastes. Bar, soda fountain and similar wastes may be installed in accordance with one of the methods shown in sketch No. 28. The trap, waste and vent pipe may be located at either side of the bar or at any convenient point at the side of the bar. Note. It is recommended that the washing compartments be provided with standing waste and overflow pipe, and that a continuing flow of fresh water be maintained while the bar is in use. Section 43. Ice House and Storage Drains. The floor drains, in ice house and refrigerator rooms, markets, slaughter houses, storage rooms for provisions, or any room where ice is stored or used shall be of adequate size, properly trapped, and when necessary discharge into a catch basin. Section 44. Refrigerator Wastes. The waste pipe from a refrigerator, ice box or trap, or any receptacle in which pro- visions are stored shall not connect directly with any drain, soil or waste pipes. Such waste pipes shall be so arranged that they may be flushed properly. (For methods of installation see sketch No. 16.) Section 45. Area and Court Drains. When permitted to connect to the sanitary or house drainage system, the various drains from small yards, areas and courts may be connected together and their contents discharged into a yard catch basin, an adequate basement floor drain or a deep seal trap, so located that it is readily accessible for cleaning and is protected from frost. The surface opening of the drain to catch basin must be provided with an adequate strainer, and where necessary with a back flow valve. Section 46. Elevator Connection. All hydraulic eleva- tors, lifts and motors in order to prevent back pressure in any sewer drain, soil or waste pipe, shall discharge into a tank of adequate capacity. Such tanks shall be provided with adequate deep seal trap or inverted bends and where necessary with back- water valve. (See sections 10 and 21.) r48U Section 47. Bubbler Waste — How to Drain. Waste pipes from bubblers may discharge into an open fixture, trapped funnel or floor drain. Such waste pipes, however, must be trapped to preclude their use as a local vent for cellar, etc. When bubblers are connected directly to soil, waste or drain pipes, they shall be trapped and vented properly. (For methods of installation see sketch No. 17.) Section 48. Dental Cuspidors. Dental cuspidors when connected to a waste pipe must be effectively trapped and vented, as shown in sketch No. 18. The length of the horizontal waste pipe between the vent pipe and trap must not exceed fifteen feet. The total fall of the horizontal waste pipe between trap and vent shall not exceed the inside diameter of said waste pipe. Section 49. Cistern Overflow. Overflow pipes from cis- terns shall not connect directly with any house sewer, but shall discharge into an open fixture, catch basin or floor drain. Note. Overflow pipes from cisterns shall not discharge, however, into sanitary sewers intended for domestic use only. Section 50. Overflow Pipes. The discharge of waste pipes from beer pumps, water motors, overflow pipes from water supply tanks, expansion tanks and drip pans sjiall be provided for in the same manner as for refrigerator wastes. [49] FIXTURES Section 51. (a) Fixtures — Water-Closets. All water- closets shall be made of porcelain or vitreous chinaware. The bowl and trap must be made of the combined pattern in one piece. They shall hold a sufficient quantity of water and be of such shape and form that no fecal matter will collect on the surface of the bowl. All water-closets shall be equipped with adequate flushing rims, so as to flush and scour the bowl properly when discharged. (b) Frost-Proof Closets — When Permitted. Outdoor frost-proof closets may be installed only in compartments which have no direct connection with any building used for human habitation. The soil pipe between the hopper and the trap shall be of cast iron four inches in diameter and free from offsets. Only in buildings where extreme conditions necessitate the use' of frost-proof closets will they be permitted. When frost- proof closets are installed within a building used for human habitation, the bowl must be of vitreous chinaware or iron moulded inside, of the flush rim pattern, provided with an adequate tank, automatically drained to guard the fixtures and piping against frost. (For a method of installation see sketch No. 21.) Note. The installation and use of the above type of fixture is to be discouraged as much as possible. Under the most favorable conditions little can be said for this closet from a practical and sanitary standpoint. (c) Open Plumbing. All plumbing fixtures shall be in- stalled or set free and open from all enclosing work. Where practicable all pipes from fixtures shall be run to the wall. Section 52. Urinals. Urinals must be made of material impervious to moisture, must be properly flushed and kept in a sanitary condition. If cast iron is used in the construction of urinals it must be enameled on the inside of the trough or [50 1 bowl and coated with a durable paint or enameled on the out- side. No sheet metal will be permitted. Section 53. Bath Tubs, Sinks and Laundry Tubs. Bath tubs shall be made of earthenware, vitreous chinaware, enameled iron ware or other impervious material. Sinks and laundry tubs may be made of other materials where conditions make it necessary. Section 54. (a) Location of Fixtures. All toilet rooms and bathrooms shall have at least one outside window or be provided with local vent pipes or air shafts so as to insure at least four changes of air per hour. Local vents or air shafts for toilet rooms shall not be connected with the plumbing system, and must be so installed as to provide adequate ventilation. (b) Water Supply to Fixtures. All water-closets, urinals or other plumbing fixtures shall be provided with a sufficient supply of water for flushing to keep them in a sanitary condition. (c) Flush Tanks. All flush tanks or flushometer valves within any building shall have a flushing capacity of not less than three gallons for water-closets and not less than one gallon for urinals. [511 REPAIRS AND RECONSTRUCTION Section 55. Old Materials Re-used. All fixtures, soil, waste and vent pipes removed from an old building, if found to be in good condition, may be used in the same building or may be used in another building, provided the owner of the building in which they are installed gives his written consent. (b) Old House Drains. Old house drains may be used in connection with new buildings or new plumbing only when they are found on examination or test to conform to the re- quirements of this Code governing new sewers and drains. If the old work is found defective, the local or state inspector shall notify the owner of the changes necessary to make it con- form to the requirements of this Code. (c) Fixtures Replaced. When an old or defective fixture is removed, to be replaced by a new one, and no other fixture or piping is to be added or remodeled, it will not be necessary to reconstruct the soil, waste or vent piping to make it conform to this Code, unless the same is in a defective condition. In such cases, if found necessary, the fixtures shall be provided with efficient deep seal traps or deep seal receding traps of the self- scouring centrifugal type. (d) Reconstruction. When old or defective plumbing is to be remodeled, additional fixtures installed or the whole plumbing system moved to another part of the building, then the remodeled system shall be made to conform reasonably to this Code. (e) Repairs. All repairs to fixtures or piping shall be done in a substantial, sanitary and workmanlike manner. [52] WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DIS- POSAL PLANTS Section 56. (a) Public Water Supplies. The plan and specifications for all public water supplies must be submitted to the State Board of Health for approval before such system can be legally installed. (b) Private Water Supplies. All private water supplies hereafter constructed shall be made from a well, spring, lake or flowing stream which is not contaminated and which can be protected readily from contamination. Where possible all wells shall be cased or curbed with iron, steel or vitrified pipe or concrete to the level of the water in the well or deeper. The surface of the well must be protected from surface water and wash by a water-tight platform. All spring, lake or stream supplies subject to occasional pollution either must be filtered or sterilized with a hypochlorate or other similar disinfectant which is not dangerous to human life. (c) Pumps. Pumps for wells shall be placed in the center of a concrete or cement platform not less than six feet in diameter. The platform shall be placed at least six inches above the natural grade line, and be graded up around same to within two inches of the top of the platform in such manner as to con- duct all surface water away from the pump and well. (See sketches No. 29 and 29a.) Note. For data on water supplies of Wisconsin see Bulletin No. 35 of the Wisconsin Natural History Survey or Bulletin No. 106 of the University series. DISPOSAL PLANTS FOR THE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE FROM RURAL BUILDINGS OR WHEN A PUBLIC SEWER IS NOT AVAILABLE. Section 57. (a) Sewage Treatment Disposal Plants. Septic, biological or other sewage treatment and disposal tanks [53] may be constructed and used where no public sewerage system is available or likely to become available within a reasonable time, or in rural districts. (b) Permission to Construct. Permission to construct same must be obtained from the local plumbing inspector in cities where such office is maintained; otherwise from the local health officer. Note. This provision, so far as is essential and practicable, is intended also to cover rural districts. This is required so that the health officer may easily know where sewage disposal plants will be located with reference to the availability of public sewer or the pollution of a public or private water supply. (See information sketch No. 30.) (c) Materials and Capacity. All tanks of this kind to receive domestic sewage shall have one compartment constructed of materials impervious to moisture. The second compartment or section may consist of a leaching basin, dry well, drain tile, filter beds or an efficient combination of any of these. (See section 58a.) The size of the tank should be based on the number of persons using or occupying the building for which the tank is to be constructed. It should have a minimum capacity (of 32 cubic feet, 2 ft. wide, 4 ft. long, by 4 ft. deep) below the level of the outlet pipe, and should have at least a capacity sufficient for a flow of sewage of 30 gallons (4 cu. ft.) per day, per person, flowing into the tank. Where unusually large volumes of laundry or other clear water are tributary to the tank the capacity should be increased in the ratio of one cubic foot of space to every 20 gallons of such surplus water. Surface and rain water leaders and cistern and other overflow pipes must not discharge into a septic, biological or other treatment tank used for the disposal of sewage. All tanks shall be constructed with the longest dimensions parallel to the direction of the flow, which should be at least twice the width, and of a depth of not less than four feet below outlet. Both the inlet and the outlet shall be submerged below the level of the water in the tank. The tank shall be provided with at least one manhole and cover. The main sewer where it enters the tank shall be provided with standard cast iron vent. A [54] similar vent shall be provided on the top of the tank or free cir- culation of air otherwise provided. Note. The design of a septic or biological tank shown in sketches No. 24a and 26a is presented as representing an in- expensive and effective form of tank for the disposal of household wastes. There are numerous designs of tanks and systems advocated such as the "Ashley" system, the "Kewaunee," the "Imhoff" tank, the "Activated Sludge Process" and many others, which under normal conditions are efficient and recom- mendable. Anyone desiring to install such a system should first consult some competent person familiar with these sys- tems as they require careful designing and attention when operated. For schoolhouses or other public buildings, the minimum capacity of the tank should not be less than two cubic feet per person, per day. (See sketch No. 24b and No. 24c.) (d) Effluent from Tank. The liquid flowing from a septic tank shall be discharged into a leaching basin, drainage tile, filter beds, (see section 58 and sketches No. 23a, 23b, 24b, 26b and 23c), or a water course which is not used as a water supply for domestic purposes and providing such disposition does not cause objection- able pollution. When the effluent of any form of tank is dis- charged into drain tile or on to filters it is recommended that it first pass into a syphon chamber that is provided with an ad- equate syphon which will discharge the contents of the chamber periodically into the tile or on to the filters. On account of the fact that these syphons are liable to operate continuously, due to lack of air or' excessive discharge from the septic tank, which is especially true of syphons smaller than 4 inch, it is recommended that at least a 4 inch syphon be used in all cases unless a larger one is required. If a syphon is used, it should be given regular attention. Their use is not necessary or advisable except when the dry well is to serve as a sprinkling filter or when drain tile is used. (See sketch No. 23b.) All tight cesspool compartments, septic and biological tanks must be cleaned out whenever the sludge contents of the tank shall occupy one-third of the cubic contents of the tank. The leaching compartment of the cesspool shall be cleaned out whenever the level of the liquid does not recede below a level of 5 feet from the bottom and is gradually rising. [55] The sludge removed from these tanks or cesspools shall be hauled away and buried, or burned in an incinerator when such is available. Section 58. (a) Dry Wells. The dry well shall consist of a chamber or well walled up with material which allows water to percolate through it, such as dry rubble or dry brick work. The bottom shall be left open to the soil. The capacity of this compartment shall be such as to provide 1 square foot of per- colating surface (including bottom) to every 5 to 10 gallons of water per day tributary to the compartment. It shall be at least 10 feet deep by 4 feet in diameter. The lower limit is to be taken for clayey or compact soil and the upper limit for sand and gravel. This compartment shall be provided with a man- hole and cover. The sewage from the building shall flow first through the water-tight treatment compartment and thence by trapped outlet to the leaching compartment, drainage tile or filter beds. (See Drain Tile and section 58 b, c and sketches.) Note. The use of a dry well or leaching drain for disposing of the effluent is not recommended except in cases where there is no possible danger of polluting any private or public water supply or where the use of drain tile or filter beds is impracticable. As usually constructed a leaching basin or dry well does not provide as good facilities for purifying the effluent as filter beds or drain tile laid near the surface of the soil. (b) Dry Wells — Where Located. A leaching basin or dry well compartment shall not be located where there is any danger of contaminating a water supply, well, spring, lake or stream or of causing a nuisance. No water-tight compartment shall be located within 2 feet of any lot line or 10 feet of any cistern or 20 feet from any well, spring or other source of water supply used for domestic purposes. Where possible, the leaching compartment shall be located at least 50 feet from any dwelling or cistern and at least 150 feet from any surface well or spring. They may be permitted within 50 feet from a drilled well where the casing extends 100 feet below the surface of the ground and is driven firmly into rock. No abandoned water supply well shall be used as a cesspool or leaching compartment of the disposal system as herein defined. [56] Note. The limits of distances given in the above paragraph shall be taken as the lowest limit of safe distances between the sewerage disposal plant and the source of water supply. The danger of contamination depends almost entirely upon the character of the soil into which the sewage is discharged and upon the length of time the leaching compartment has been in use since cleaning. A clayey soil full of seams, a porous rock or one full of crevices, or a very coarse gravel will allow the effluent from the leaching basin or dry well to flow directly to the well with little or no purification. A sandy or gravelly soil is the best and safest in which to locate leaching basins, dry wells or drain tile. Where the effluent discharges into a leaching basin located in clayey soil full of seams a porous rock or one full of crevices, or where there is danger of contaminating the water supply, further protection can be provided by filling the leaching basin with broken brick or rock of similar material and extending from bottom of basin to above the basin inlet two 4-inch vitrified clay pipes with inverted Ys at intervals of 2 feet and by providing a cone-shaped deflector placed directly under the inlet to the basin and 2 feet above the stone contents of the basin and so designed and installed that it will deposit the discharged effluent in such a manner that it is equally distributed on to the stone or filtering material. The basin must be provided with a 6 inch fresh air inlet. A leaching basin thus designed and properly cared for will materially im- prove the character of the effluent and will afford additional protection. This type of leaching basin or dry well may be of the vertical or horizontal type. (See sketch No. 23b.) Where the owner's lot is too small to get the distances given in this paragraph between the well and the leaching compartment, the well should be located as near one end of the lot as possible and the leaching compartment of the disposal plant as near the other end as possible, unless by so doing the owner would be contaminating his neighbor's well that might be situated close to the proposed location of the leaching basin. (c) Drainage Tile and Syphon. Drainage tile should be used in place of a dry well where the surface soil for a depth of 3 to 6 feet is sandy or gravelly. The drainage tile should be laid 12 inches to 3 feet below the surface of the ground and in a very slight grade away from the tank (about 2 inches in 100 feet). [57] The tile should be laid in straight or curved parallel lines 15 feet or more apart. The joints should be left one-fourth inch apart and blinded with burlap or broken tile. The amount of tile laid should be based on 20 to 100 feet per person tributary to the tank according to the character of the soil. The effluent from the tank should be discharged into the tile by an adequate automatic syphon, located in a chamber adjacent to the tank. The capacity of the syphon chamber below the water line should be equal to the cubic contents of the tile required for the particular installation and must have a water head sufficient to insure proper syphonic action. (See sketch No. 23c.) Note. Each foot of 3-inch drain tile has a capacity of .367 gallons; 4-inch tile .652 gallons; 5-inch tile 1.02 gallons; 6-inch tile 1.46 gallons. The amount of tile required is governed by the lay of the land and the character of the soil. This is important and must receive careful attention. The drainage tile should be laid approximately one foot below the surface of the ground and in cases where it is necessary to lay the tile deeper than two feet an adequate system of ventilation should be provided. (d) Ring and Cover. Water-tight treatment tank, syphon chamber and leaching basin shall be provided with adequate cement or stone cover or a 20 inch cast iron ring and cover. (e) Vents. Water-tight treatment tank shall be vented with a 4-inch cast iron vent pipe extending not less than 10 inches above the ground and not less than 20 feet from any window, door or other opening in buildings used for human habitation. The sewer from the building shall be vented with a 2-inch cast iron vent located within 2 feet of the tight compartment or an adequate free circulation of air otherwise provided. Note. For a recommendable method of venting see sketch No. 24a and b. (f) Piping. The outlet from the water-tight treatment tank shall be through a deep invert, the same size as the house sewer, provided with an adequate vent; and the piping between the tight and leaching basin may be either of earthenware or cast iron. The water-tight compartment need not be located adjacent to the leaching compartment; they may be any distance apart, if connected with piping as herein specified. [58] (g) Privy Vaults. The use of privy vaults is prohibited on premises where a public water supply and sewer are available. No privy vault, manure pit or other reservoir hereafter con- structed which is used as a receptacle for human excreta, shall be located within 2 feet of any lot or alley line or within 20 feet of any street line or building used for human habitation. Such privy vault shall be located at least 25 feet from any cistern, well, spring, or other source of water supply used for drinking purposes. All privy vaults hereafter constructed shall be made fly proof. All privy vaults which are located within 2 feet of any lot or alley line, within 10 feet of any street line or building used for human habitation, or within 25 feet of any cistern, well or other source of water supply used for drinking purposes shall be made of water-tight masonry and must be at least 4 feet square and 6 feet deep. The pit shall extend at least 12 inches above the surface of the surrounding ground and shall be covered with a fly proof shelter house. Note. The Sanitary Privy Bulletin issued by the State Board of Health gives the following rules : There are eight fundamental requirements which must be observed in the construction of this sanitary privy. These are as follows: 1. It must be located and constructed so that there is abso- lutely no danger of a water supply being contaminated. 2. It must be so constructed that small animals or vermin cannot in any way get to the excreta. 3. It must be fly proof. 4. It must be so constructed that it can be kept in a sanitary condition without too much labor. 5. It must be one that can be constructed at a minimum cost. 6. It must be safe against overturning and must afford a reasonable amount of protection from the weather to the person using it. 7. While it is desirable that the privy make as neat an appear- ance as possible, the appearance must be second to utiljty. 8. The vault must be as dark as possible, but the shelter house should be properly ventilated and lighted. [59] The following cuts outlining the type and method of construc- tion of a sanitary privy embody the points necessary to satisfy the above requirements (see Privy Bulletin). Everyone who does not have the advantages of a public sewer system is advised to have a privy of this sort. Old, unsanitary privies should be re- placed at once by the sanitary type. There is no excuse for not using this plan when building a new privy. When we consider the element of convenience and safety the increased cost repre- sents money well spent. For additional information on the sub- ject see Privy Bulletin, copies of which can be secured from the State Board of Health free of charge. Chemical and Dry Closets The State Board of Health strongly advises against the use of chemical closets, chemical closet systems or the so-called dry closets. There may be a few localities in the state where possible exception to this rule is justified on account of the lay of the land, or when the character or the condition of the soil is such that the effluent from a treatment or biological tank cannot properly be disposed of. When a public water supply or sewerage system is not available, an efficient, durable and satisfactory water system of the "compressed air storage" or "air pressure delivery" type and sewerage treatment disposal system can, in most cases, be installed at a reasonable cost, considering the pro- tection and comforts thus afforded. The Plumbing Division of the State Board of Health is ready at all times to assist in making a full investigation of all factors to be considered in determining what system of sewage disposal should be adopted, and solicits correspondence from those contemplating the installation of plumbing and drainage systems. (See subjects of Water Supply and Sewage Disposal.) (h) Cesspools Prohibited. No cesspool or other system for sewage disposal shall be constructed where a sewer is available nor shall any connection from such cesspool be made with any sewer. Cesspools now existing in premises accessible to a sewer and cesspools that may hereafter become accessible to a sewer, must be discontinued, emptied of their contents, cleaned out and filled with earth or ashes, and the house sewer shall be discon- nected from the old cesspool and be reconnected with the public sewer. [601 INSPECTIONS AND TESTS Section 59. (a) Local Inspections. All piping of a drainage or plumbing system in cities having local plumbing inspectors (except in case of repairs as specified in subsection m) shall be tested by the plumber in charge in the manner herein pro- vided in the presence of the local inspector of plumbing or his authorized deputies. For state inspections see pages 4, 11, 12, and 21. (b) Materials and Labor. The material and labor for tests shall be furnished by the plumber in charge. (c) House Drain Tests. The entire house drain with all its branches, receptacles and connections shall be brought so far as practicable to the surface or grade of basement floor and tested with water or air. Upon being found free from defects and leaking joints, the test shall be considered satisfactory. (d) Stable and Garage Tests. If a stable, garage or any part thereof is used for human habitation, or is so constructed that it may be used as such, the same tests shall be made as for an ordinary dwelling. (e) Rain Leader Tests. Rain water leaders and their roof connections where they are permitted within the walls of any building, and such branches as connect with the house drain three feet beyond basement wall shall be tested with water or air. (f) Covering of Work. No part of any plumbing or drainage system shall be covered until it has been inspected, tested and approved. If any part is covered before being tested and approved, it shall be uncovered at the direction of the inspector. (g) Final Inspection. When the plumbing or drainage system is completed and fixtures are installed, the final in- spection shall be made; and no such plumbing or drainage system shall be used until it has been inspected and approved, unless special permission is given by the proper authorities for its temporary use. (h) Inspection for Changes or Alterations. When addi- tional fixtures are installed or the style or location of any fixture [61] is changed or when changes are made in the piping system, the work shall be inspected. (i) Soils, Waste and Vent Tests. Soil, waste and vent pipes, rain water leaders and all work known as "roughing in and underfloor work" between the house drain connections to points above the finished floors and beyond the finished face of walls and partitions shall be tested. (j) Water and Air Test. The water test shall be applied by closing all openings in the pipes with proper testing plugs, to the highest opening above the roof, and completely filling the system with water or an air test with pressure of at least five pounds shall be used. If the pipes are found free from defects and leaking joints, the test shall be considered complete and satisfactory. Buildings five stories or more in height may be tested in sections as directed by the plumbing inspector. ' When water is not available, or when there is danger of freezing, the air test, with a pressure of at least five pounds shall be used. (1) Smoke Test. The smoke test shall be used in testing the sanitary condition of the drainage or plumbing system of all buildings where there is reason to believe it has become dangerous or defective on account of settlement of the building, abuse, accident or other cause. The smoke machine shall be connected to any suitable opening or outlet in the system. When the system is filled completely with dense pungent smoke, and the openings emit smoke, they shall be closed (and an air pressure equivalent to a one inch water column may be applied) and left standing at least ten minutes. If there is no leakage or forcing of trap seals, the system shall be considered air and gas tight. Nothing, however, in this section shall be construed to prohibit the removal of any clean-out or the unsealing of a trap to ascertain if the smoke has reached all parts of the system. (m) Tests for Repairs. Inspections may be made, but tests shall not be required after the repairing or replacing of any old fixture, faucet or valve by a new one to be used for the same purpose, forcing out stoppage, repairing leaks or relieving frozen pipes and fittings. Such repairs or alterations may not be construed to include cases where new vertical or horizontal lines of soil, waste, vent or interior rain water leaders are used [62] or their relative locations changed. In a building condemned by the proper authorities because of unsanitary conditions of house drainage or plumbing, tests and inspections shall be made as for new buildings. In such cases repairs or alterations shall be made which are necessary to make the plumbing sanitary. Note. No test or inspection shall be required where a house drainage and plumbing system or part thereof is set up for exhibition purposes; nor shall a test be required (although inspection may be made) where the plumbing is placed in an outhouse, stable or detached building used exclusively for such purpose. (n) Preparations for Inspection. When work is ready for inspection the plumber in charge, or in case none is employed, the owner, shall make such arrangements as will enable the inspector to reach all parts of the building readily, shall have present the proper apparatus and appliances for making the tests, and shall furnish such assistance as may be necessary in making proper inspection. (o) Notice for Inspection. The plumber in charge, or the owner of the property in case no plumber is employed, shall notify the inspector in person, by telephone or in writing when the work is ready for inspection. If the inspection is not made within a reasonable time after the notice is given, the plumber in charge, or the owner, may proceed with the work. Section 60. (a) Defects in Materials. If tests or inspec- tion discloses defective material, leakage, or unworkmanlike construction, which does not conform to the requirements of this Code, and which is condemned by the Inspector of Plumbing, the same shall be removed and replaced within three days, and when necessary retested. The presence of any foreign substance, other than that pro- vided for in this Code, about a joint or any part of a plumbing or drainage system shall be sufficient cause for condemning such joint or part of the system. Any split fittings, hubs or defective material which do not conform to the requirements of this Code, and which have been condemned by the Inspector, shall be removed from the work and not used again. [63 1 SANITATION Section 61. (a) Drainage Installations. All drainage sys- tems and installations, including piping, traps and back venting in connection therewith, must be made in a sanitary manner, and in accordance with good practice and the provisions of this Code. (b) Workmanship. All work must be executed in a work- manlike manner, in accordance with the provisions of this Code. (c) Protection Against Trap Syphonage. Every fixture trap shall be protected from syphonage and air circulation in- sured where necessary by a vent or back vent pipe. (d) Dead Ends. All dead ends in pipes shall be avoided in the installation of any plumbing system. (e) Capacity for Flushing. All systems, installations and pipes supplying water for the flushing of closets, urinals or similar fixtures shall be of sufficient capacity and size to provide flushing adequate to keep them in a sanitary condition. (f) Drinking Water. Systems and installations supplying drinking water shall be of durable material and so constructed and installed that pollution or contamination is not reasonably possible. (g) Contamination From Fixture Connection. The water supply to any fixture shall be so placed as to reasonably pre- clude the possibility of the contents of such fixtures being syphoned or drained into the water supply pipes. (h) Insanitary Installations. No fixtures or installations shall be maintained which are insanitary or of improper design. (i) Catch Basin Cleaning. All sediment collected in catch basins shall be removed at least once a year and oftener when necessary. All sediment, grease or other waste liable to cause a nuisance shall be hauled away or buried. [64] TABLES, RULES AND CALCULATIONS Commercial Weight 16 drams — 1 ounce 16 ounces — 1 pound 2000 pounds— 1 ton Liquid Measure 4 gill — 1 pint 2 pints — 1 quart 4 quarts — 1 gallon 231 cu. in. — 1 gallon 31 1 gallons — 1 barrel Square Measure 144 sq. in. — 1 sq. ft. 9 sq. ft. — 1 sq. yd. Cubic Measure 1728 cu. in.— 1 cu. ft. 27 cu. ft.— 1 cu. yd. A gallon of water contains 231 cu. in. and weighs 8.33 lbs. (approximately 8 Yz lbs.). A cubic foot of water contains 1,728 cu. in., weighs at its maximum density 62.425 lbs. (approximately 62.5 lbs.) and is equal to 7.480 gallons (approximately 1\ gals.). To find the circumference of a circle multiply the diameter by 3.1416. To find the area of a circle multiply the square of the radius by 3.1416, or multiply the square of the diameter of the circle by 0.7854. To find the pressure in pounds per square inch exerted by a column of water at its base, multiply the head in feet by 0.434. Thus, in a pipe 50 ft. in height filled with water the pressure at its base will be 21.7 lbs. For every pound pressure at the base of a column of water a height of approximately 27 % inches is required. [65] To find the head in feet, the pressure being known, multiply the pressure in pounds per square inch by 2.31. In computing the height water will rise in a building due allowance, however, must be made for variation in pressure, size of piping, friction, location and number of fixtures to be served and other conditions in connection therewith. In estimating the capacities of square -»»r rectangular tanks or cisterns, one of the following methods will give the contents: Thus, a cistern or tank 4'x4 / x4 / =64 cu. ft. =110,592 cu. in. and contains 478 % gals. To find the contents in cubic feet, multiply length, breadth and height in feet together. To find the contents in gallons, multiply the number of cubic feet by 7.5, or multiply the length, breadth and height in inches together and divide the result by 231. To find the number of gallons in a circular tank, cylinder or pipe find the square of the diameter in inches, multiply this by the height in inches, and the result by .0034; or multiply the square of the diameter in inches by the length or height in feet and divide by 24.5 Another rule for finding the number of gallons in length of pipe of any diameter is to multiply the square of the diameter in inches by .0408, and the result by the number of feet in length. To compute the approximate amount of calking lead re- quired for soil pipe joints, allow one pound for each joint one inch in diameter: Thus, 2 in. joint — 2 lbs.; 4 in. joint — 4 lbs., etc. This, however, depends largely upon the size of the hub. Joints must have a uniform depth of not less than 1 inch of lead. Where concrete is used for outdoor grease and yard catch basins, cisterns, cesspools and septic tanks, use one part Port- land cement, two parts sand and four parts broken stone or clean gravel; or four sacks of Portland cement, two barrels of clean sharp sand and four barrels of broken stone or clean gravel. A mortar composed of one cubic foot of cement and two cubic feet of sand will cover four square yards of surface one inch thick. Table 1 barrel Portland cement — 4 bushels nominally. 1 barrel Portland cement weighs 400 pounds. 1 barrel Portland cement contains about 4 cubic feet. [66] For mortar for average masonry of rough stone estimate about one barrel of Portland cement and two to three barrels of sand to the cubic yard, depending on the character of the stone. In estimating capacities of septic tanks for ordinary house- hold use provide at least four cubic feet per capita tributary to the tank. (See Septic Tank, Section 57). A rainfall of one inch in depth on an area of 100 square feet will give a run-off of 62 gallons. Roof leaders proportioned as follows have been found in practice to give satisfactory results. For small roofs 1 sq. in. in sectional area of the leader for each 150 sq. ft. of roof surface. For medium sized roofs 1 sq. in. in sectional area of the leader for each 200 sq. ft. of roof surafce. For large roofs 1 sq. in. in sec- tional area of the leader for each 250 sq. ft. of roof surface, see table following: The size of the main house drain serving as a combination drain (sanitary and rain water) may be determined (for all practical purposes) by the total horizontal surface area covered by the building or buildings and paved surfaces to be drained, according to the following table, if iron pipe is used. If the pipe is vitrified clay, the diameter shall be one size larger for the same amount of area drainage. Square Feet of Drainage Area Diameter. Fall y 8 in. per foot. Fall M in. per foot. Fall y 2 in. per foot. 4 in 1,500 1,800 3,000 6,000 9,000 1,800 3,000 5,000 9,100 14,000 2,500 4,500 7,500 13,600 20,000 5 " 6" 8 " 10 " [67] In estimating hot water boiler capacities in plumbing in- stallations a reasonably safe rule is to allow a 40 gallon boiler for a residence having one bathroom. The size, however, can be computed only by first ascertaining the quantity of hot water that may be drawn off at a given time. In addition to the ca- pacity of the boiler, the heating agents employed in warming the water must be taken into consideration. Hot water consumption is computed generally on the basis of 10 gallons per capita per day. Nothing but an approximate idea of the consumption of cold water can be given. It is generally estimated, however, at 20 gallons per capita per day. The following sizes of water supply for fixtures, when pressure is not less than twenty (20) pounds, are generally considered good practice. There are however, other conditions that must be taken into consideration. Flush tanks should have a flushing capacity of not less than 3 gallons for water-closets and 1 gallon for urinals. House service pipes must be connected to the street mains by means of corporation cock, and a stopcock or valve placed under the sidewalk at the curb, in compliance with the rules and under the supervision of the Department of Water Supply. A separate stop or valve must be placed upon the service pipe inside the front wall. The diameters of street service pipes must not be less than three-quarter inch for dwellings and tenements occupied by six families or less; one inch for tenements or apartment houses occupied by more than six families and one and one-half inch for hotels, factories and other miscellaneous buildings, provided that in no case can the diameter of the service pipes be less than the diameter of the tap installed under the supervision of the Department of Water Supply. All rising lines should have a stopcock or valve at the foot of each line and in all buildings, except dwellings, a separate stopcock or valve should be placed on the branches from such as bathrooms, kitchens, etc., located to be accessible at all times. The diameters of all rising lines should be not less than three-quarters of an inch. Services from main in street or other- [68] wise, to inside of building and above basement or ground floor should be of lead or cast iron. Diameters of branches to any fixtures must not be less than one-half inch, except when used to supply water-closets, cisterns or lavatories. When the material used is lead or brass pipe, the minimum diameter may be three-eighths inch. Branches for. flush valves for water-closets must not be less than one and one-quarter inch in diameter and for urinals not less than three-quarters inch in diameter. Where a hot water supply system is installed the distance between the hot and cold water risers should be not less than six inches. Where it is impossible to place them six inches or more apart, the hot water riser should be covered with an approved insulating material and a method of circulation provided that will insure a prompt delivery of hot water at the faucet when re- quired. All risers and branches should be properly fastened. When the water pressure is not sufficient to supply freely and continuously all fixtures, a house supply tank should be provided of sufficient size to afford an ample supply of water to all fixtures at all times. Such tanks must be supplied from the pressure or by power pumps as may be necessary, when from the pressure, ball cocks must be provided. House supply tanks must be metal-covered to exclude dust and so located as to prevent water contamination by gas and odors from plumbing fixtures. House supply tanks must be of wood or iron, or of wood lined with tinned and planished copper, or lead. House tanks should be adequately supported on iron or wood beams. The overflow pipe should discharge over an open and water- supplied sink. In no case shall the overflow be directly connected with any part of the plumbing system. [69] TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE DISCHARGING CAPACITIES OF NEW SMOOTH PIPES. w I" X" 1" \X" IX" 2" 2^" 3" 4" 6" 8" 10" H" 1 %" 1.7 1 Z A" 2.9 1.7 I 1" 6.2 3.5 2.1 1 IX" 10.9 6.2 3.7 1.8 1 1H" 17.4 10.0 6.0 2.8 1.6 1 2" 37.8 21.7 13.0 6.1 3.5 2.1 1 w 65.5 37.5 23.1 10.7 6.1 3.8 1.8 1 3" 110.5 63.2 38.0 17.9 10.1 6.3 2.9 1.6 1 4" 189.0 108.3 65.0 30.6 17.3 10.8 5.0 2.8 1.7 1 6" 527 302 186 87 49 30.5 14.2 8 4.8 2.8 1 8" 650 418 195.5 108.6 67.2 31.6 17.9 11.2 6.0 2.1 1 10" 31.9 19.7 10.6 3.7 1.8 1 EXPLANATION OF TABLE OF RELATIVE PIPE DIAMETERS The figures in the body of the above table give the number of pipes of a given diameter that are equal to one pipe of a larger diameter. This table is based on conditions similar to those at a residence or other small building. For power plant or other similar condi- tions the table is only approximate. Example: How many \ inch pipes are equal to one \ inch pipe? Under column marked \ inch at top of table follow down column to figures opposite f inch and read 2.9; that is to say, a f inch pipe has a carrying capacity equal to about three \ inch pipes. Example: What diameter of pipe will be required to supply three \ inch pipes, one f inch and one f inch pipe? [70 1 Solution: Reduce all of the pipes to equivalent of \ inch pipes. Three \ inch pipes — 3.0 One | inch pipes — 1.7 One f inch pipes — 2.9 The combination =7.6 \ inch pipes. From the table we see that a one inch pipe equals 6.2 one- half inch pipes and a one and one-fourth inch pipe equals 10.9 one-half inch pipes. As we require the equivalent of 7.6 one-half inch pipes, it would be necessary to use a one and one-fourth inch pipe to supply the above combination. [71] DON'TS TO PLUMBERS Don't make a flat bend. Don't say the plugs won't hold. Don't cover work before inspected. Don't forget to drift kinked pipes. Don't install inefficient clean-outs. Don't try to repair a cracked fitting. Don't omit clean-outs where required by Code. Don't look for gas leaks with an open flame. Don't place vent tees lower than the fixtures. Don't construct work of under-weight materials. Don't call for inspection until the work is ready. Don't use a "stop and waste" on a hot water pipe. Don't give pipes less pitch than the Code requires. Don't fail to comply with the requirements of this Code. Don't forget to ream out burrs from wrought iron pipes. Don't forget to make the overflow on the bath tub tight. Don't trim your wiped joints with a knife or cold chisel. Don't give wrong house number when calling for inspection. Don't forget to put in all water pipes so they will drain. Don't fail to put up grounds for pipe and fixture supports. Don't try to calk a joint with a round-edged calking iron. Don't let the marks of the bending spring show on the bend. Don't let your solder run through to the inside of the pipe. Don't let the pipe protrude on the inside of a branch joint. Don't use prohibitive fittings in drain, soil and waste pipes. Don't put more fixtures on a line of pipe than the Code allows. Don't forget that your license expires on the 31st of December. Don't run vent lines less than four inches in diameter through roof. Don't fail to support properly lead work piping for its full length. Don't refuse to show your plumber's license when such request is made. [72] Don't be indifferent about alignment in vertical and horizontal piping. Don't wait until after the inspector arrives to fill pipes for testing. Don't refuse to comply with local ordinances consistent with this Code. Don't construct vent pipes in such manner that they may serve as waste pipes. Don't depend on the supply and waste pipe to hold up a sink or wash basin. Don't forget that traps must be set true with respect to their water level. Don't think the inspector will ignore the Code because you may have done so. Don't construct joints of material or workmanship not permitted by this Code. Don't fail to put substantial supports where needed on drain, soil and vent pipes. Don't be indifferent about the setting of closet bowls or similar fixtures. Don't forget to clean up your work and the premises when your job is completed. Don't forget when you have completed your work to inspect it yourself and thus avoid trouble. Don't install a drainage system in such manner that it will con- taminate drinking water supply, Don't forget when repairing that a deep seal trap may be used if ventilation is impracticable. Don't accept material for stock or job unless it conforms with the requirements of State Code or local ordinance. Don't terminate soil, waste, vent and conductor pipes below windows, except when provided for in the Code. Don't fail when giving estimates for plumbing to your customers to acquaint them with defects that may exist in the old plumbing and drainage on the premises, for in so doing you may save yourself as well as your customer much future trouble. ;73i SUGGESTIONS TO THE PUBLIC If you contemplate the installation of new plumbing and drainage or the remodeling or renovating of an old plumbing system, you will insure sanitary and reasonably durable plumb- ing if you require that the work be done in accordance with the provisions of the State Plumbing Code and such additional re- quirements as are consistent with this Code. The contract or agreement with your plumber should contain such provision. When selecting plumbing fixtures for home, office, or factory make sure that they are of sanitary design and free from defects. The object of ventilation in a system of drainage or plumbing is to keep the air within the pipe in circulation and thus remove foul air caused by decomposition of solids; to prevent unequal air pressure within the system which may force trap seals or retard the flow of waste water; to prevent the pernicious effects of sewer gas on lead and iron pipes; and to protect the traps against syphonage. Cast iron soil pipe with durable lead branches, bends, joints and connections properly supported and protected will render the most satisfactory service for ordinary residences or small build- ings. For other buildings tbe plumbing and drainage should be designed to meet the construction of the building and the pur- pose for which it is to be used. Use cast iron pipe for all underground house drains within building. It will cost slightly more to install but is safer from a sanitation standpoint and less liable to cause trouble by clogging due to settling or breakage. Stoppage in sewers between the main in street and the building are due generally to one or more of the following causes, which in most cases are easily preventable: insufficient fall, defective joints and connections, changes in direction improperly made, inadequate flushing, tree roots, grease and improper usage. Stoppages in the drainage system within the building are often caused by poorly made joints, improper connections, change of [74] direction, insufficient flushing, grease, matches, hair pins and other indifferent usage. When used materials or fixtures are removed they should be examined to determine if they can Be of any further use. The cheapest method of installing plumbing and sewerage is not always the most economical in the end. Do not locate privy vaults or cesspools closer to the water supply than necessary. Whenever there is danger of polluting the drinking water, the privy vault or cesspool should be made of water-tight masonry. Do not use old or unused wells as cesspools. Well water should always be regarded with suspicion when improperly constructed cesspools or outside vaults are per- mitted, as there is constant danger that the pollution may reach the well Do not leave repairs in your plumbing to the so-called "handy man"; he may do untold damage in a few moments. When ordering plumber for repairs state the nature of the work to be done, and thus reduce the cost by forestalling a trip back to the shop for the necessary tools or materials. In spite of all the safeguards provided by the state and by cities, all plumbers do not show the same degree of efficiency in workmanship. In order to keep "plumbing and drainage" in an efficient sanitary condition, it is essential that toilet rooms, bathrooms, sinks, traps, floor drains, ice boxes and other appliances includ- ing floors and walls receive regular attention. In connection with this do not forget the overflow pipes of lavoratories which rapidly become filthy. Cleaning substances that contain grit or acid in any form should not be used on bathtubs, basins, sinks or other similar fixtures; they injure and sometimes destroy the glazed finish, leaving it subject to absorption and discoloration. When the glazed finish of enamel and earthenware plumbing fixtures has nqt been injured or destroyed, satisfactory results in cleaning can be obtained by the use of a cloth saturated with kerosene oil or soap and water. The interior of water-closets and urinals, unless frequently cleaned, becomes incrusted. This can be remedied by applying with a swab a solution of muriatic acid. [75] To avoid trouble don't use your water-closet, lavoratory and sink for garbage. Don't put burned matches or other foreign substances in your wash bowls, sinks or similar fixtures. Don't stop leaks in your plumbing system with putty or other inadequate substances. If the plumbing in your home is properly installed and given reasonable care it will not become insanitary or dangerous to health. Your house, office or factory should be reasonably free from dampness, should have an abundant supply of pure fresh air, sunshine, pure water and should be equipped with sanitary plumbing. A sleeping room is not the proper place for the location of wash bowls, unless they are properly installed and kept clean and sanitary. Sewer air is poisonous and injurious to health. Sewer air and stench emanating from terminal endings or other defective plumbing are unnecessary and dangerous. Leaks in a plumbing system which admit sewer air to your living rooms may be discovered by applying the smoke or peppermint test. Privy vaults, defective drains and the discharge terminals of drainage systems assist flies, rats and other vermin in spread- ing typhoid fever and other contagious diseases. When the use of disinfectants is required, consult your local health officer. [76 1 SUGGESTIONS TO LOCAL INSPECTORS When in doubt consult the State Plumbing Code. Keep your office records so they can be readily understood by others who have to consult them. A report to the State Board of Health of your year's work will be required in January of each year and at such other times as the board may deem it necessary. Blanks will be forwarded to you for such report. Make it part of your duty to become thoroughly acquainted with the provisions of this Code and render your decisions con- sistently in accordance therewith. Your Local Code, if any, due to local conditions, may have additional rules and regulations which must be consistent with the State Code. The State Board of Health will gladly assist you in determining the intent of the State Code. The State Board of Health has ruled that its decisions, upon due investigations and findings, shall be final. Your official acts should always be guided by fairness and good judgment and decisions rendered impartially. Do not lose sight of the fact that the principal reason for plumbing inspection is to require that plumbing be properly installed; free from defects, and sanitary. Your duties do not end with the plumber; safeguarding the public should always be your aim. You should at all times be ready to give information and assistance so that the provisions of this Code can be adminis- tered to the best interest and general welfare of all concerned. 77] APPENDIX General Orders on Sanitation for Places of Employment Issued by the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin. Order 2200 — Toilet Rooms Required. Every place of em- ployment must be equipped with adequate toilet rooms which must be distinct and separate from the other parts of the build- ing and must be so constructed as to insure privacy. Where the two sexes are employed, separate toilet rooms must be maintained. Toilet rooms for the two sexes, when ad- joining, must be separated by a partition made of material which is soundproof and which cannot be easily cut or defaced. (See chapter 323, sec. 1, Laws of 1903.) Order 2204— Construction of Toilet Rooms. In each toilet room hereafter installed, the floor must be constructed of material other than wood, which does not readily absorb moisture and which can be easily cleaned. In toilet rooms at present installed, the walls must not be covered with paper. If the walls and ceilings are constructed of wood, they must be covered with a nonabsorbent paint. In each toilet room her after installed, the walls and ceiling must be made of smooth cement, plaster, porcelain, glazed brick, metal tiling, or other smooth, nonabsorbent material. Order 2205 — Location, Light, Ventilation. Each toilet room hereafter installed in a place of employment, must be so located as to open to outside light and air. The minimum amount of window space for a toilet room containing one fixture, must be 4 square feet, and for each additional fixture an addi- tion of 2 square feet of window space must be made. These windows must be so constructed that they can be opened to give adequate ventilation to the room. Each toilet room hereafter installed must have not less than 10 square feet of floor space, and not less than 100 cubic feet of air space for each fixture installed. In each toilet room heretofore installed, and which is so located that it is impossible to secure light and air directly from the outside, a flue or mechanical ventilating system must be in- stalled which will provide adequate ventilation. Each toilet room which is not open to adequate outside light must be artificially lighted during the hours of employment, so that all parts of the room are easily visible. [78] Each toilet room must be furnished with adequate artificial light during the working hours when natural light is not available. Within 5 years after the date upon which these orders be- come effective, all toilet rooms at present installed, which are not open to outside light and air, must be moved and so located that they are open to outside light and air. Order 2206 — Water-Closets Hereafter Installed. In each toilet room hereafter constructed, individual water-closets made of porcelain or vitreous chinaware must be installed. These closets must be equipped with properly vented traps located above the floor, and with an adequate flushing device which uses not less than 3 gallons of water for each flush. Each water-closet must be set upon a solid base and its con- nection to the soil pipe or fitting must be constructed in such a manner as to be gas and water-tight. (See section 25 State Plumbing Code.) Order 2207 — Water-Closets at Present Installed. Each water-closet at present installed must be provided with a flush- ing appliance, which will be as effective in its operation as the type of closet requires. Each water-closet must be kept in good repair and obstruc- tions must be removed at once. Note. Pan, plunger and offset types of water-closets at present installed, will be condemned when found in foul con- dition, or without adequate flush. Long hopper and range closets at present installed will be condemned when the interior surface becomes so rusted and corroded that it cannot be made sanitary. No such fixture shall be replaced except with the ap- proved type specified for new installations. Order 2208 — Sewer Systems. Each water-closet, urinal, lavatory or slop sink located in a toilet room, must be con- nected with a sewer system, where" a sewer system is available. There must be a proper connection between the plumbing system and the sewer, and such connection must be kept in good repair. Order 2209 — Seats for Water-Closets. The seat for each water-closet hereafter installed must be made of wood or other non-heat-absorbing material and finished with varnish or other substance which will make it impervious to water. Under no circumstances will seats made of enameled ironware, porcelain or similar heat absorbing substance be allowed. Order 2210 — Number of Water-Closets and Urinals Re- quired. Water-closets must be provided in places of employ- ment in the following proportion: When the number employed is more than 20 of either sex, there shall be provided an addi- tional closet for each sex, up to the number of 40, and above that number in the same ratio. (See chapter 323, Laws of 1903.) Where males are employed, urinals must be provided in the [79] proportion of 1 to every 40 employed. Where trough urinals are used, each 2 feet of trough shall constitute one urinal. Order 2211 — Urinals, Construction. Each urinal must be made of impervious material and must be properly flushed and kept in clean condition. If iron is used in the construction of urinals, it must be enameled on the inside of the trough or bowl. Note. It is recommended that each urinal be placed on a platform which is raised not less than 3 inches above the floor, and extends not less than 2 feet in front of the urinal. The platform should be made impervious to water and the top surface should slope toward the urinal. This plan has been found to aid materially in keeping the floor of the toilet room clean. Sawdust should not be used on the floor to catch the drippings. Order 2212 — Partitions for Water-Closets and Urinals. Each water-closet or seat of range closet must be separated by a partition not less than 5 feet in height. Each individual urinal or urinal trough must be provided with a partition at each end and at the back, to give privacy. Where individual urinals are arranged in batteries, a partition must be placed at each end and at the back of the battery. In new installations, the partitions between water-closets and urinals must be made of material other than wood, which does not readily absorb moisture. Note. It is recommended that a space of 6 to 12 inches be allowed between the floor and the bottom of the partition. Order 2213 — Traps for Toilet Room Fixtures. Each water-closet, urinal, lavatory, or slop sink hereafter installed in a place of employment, must have a trap. This trap must be equipped with a vent so constructed that adequate circula- tion of air will be secured in the waste pipe; and so constructed that no syphonage will be possible, and the vent will not serve as a waste pipe in case of obstruction. In installations where individual lavatory bowls are arranged in a battery, one trap may be used for six bowls. Each lavatory and slop sink at present installed, must be equipped with a trap properly vented. A mechanical trap may be installed where it is impractical to install a vented trap. On old installations, each water-closet and urinal must be equipped with a trap and where there are two or more water- closets or urinals on one sewer connection, the trap must be properly vented. Order 2214 — New Water-Closets where no sewerage sys- tem is available * * * For bacterial tanks, settling basins or similar installations, see State Plumbing Code. Order 2215 — Privies at Present Installed. Privies at present in use will be permitted under the following conditions: [80] (a) The vault must be made tight above the ground so that rats and other vermin cannot get into the vault. (b) The door must be so constructed that it will remain closed. (c) An opening must be made in or near the roof to provide adequate ventilation, and this opening must be covered with a fly proof metal screen. (d) When the vault is filled to the level of the ground, it must be cleaned out. If a new 'vault is constructed it must be made in accordance with the requirements for new installations, and the old vault must be properly cleaned, limed and filled with fresh earth. (e) The privy must be kept clean and sanitary. Lime or some equally effective disinfectant must be used in the vault in such quantities and at such intervals as to disinfect and deodorize the contents. Order 2216 — Lavatories — Industries. Where Required. In all industries where lead, arsenic, or other poisonous or injurious materials are handled by the employes, and in in- dustries where food is prepared or manufactured, adequate lavatory facilities must be provided. Lavatories must be made of porcelain, enameled iron, or other impervious material. Order 2218 — Drinking Water. Each place of employment must be supplied with sufficient pure drinking water, and the faucets or outlets for same must be placed convenient to the employes. Common drinking cups are prohibited. Individual cups must be used, or sanitary drinking fountains must be installed. Order 436 — Elevator Pits Kept Clean. Elevator machines or other machinery shall not be located in the pit; only sheaves necessary for the operation of the elevator shall be located in the shaftway or pit under the car. Elevator shaftways or pits shall not be used for the storage of any material or the running of any rope, wire or pipe, except such as is needed for the opera- tion of the elevator. Branch pipes with sprinkler heads will be allowed in the shaftway. Elevator hatchways shall not be used as passageways. [8i; SANITARY PROVISIONS FOR ALL BUILD- INGS OTHER THAN PLACES OF EMPLOY- MENT AND PRIVATE DWELLINGS STATE BUILDING CODE, INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. Order 5205. Separate Toilet Rooms Required. In every building accommodating persons of both sexes (except apart- ment houses), separate toilet rooms shall be provided. Toilet rooms for the two sexes, when adjoining, shall be separated by a sound proof partition of material which cannot be easily cut or defaced. Each toilet room shall be distinctly marked with respect to the sex which uses it and no person shall be allowed to use a toilet room assigned to the opposite sex. Order 5206. Toilet Rooms: Construction, The floor and base of every toilet room (except in a private apartment) shall be constructed of material (other than wood) which does not readily absorb moisture and which can be easily cleaned. The walls and ceiling shall be completely covered with smooth Portland cement or gypsum plaster, glazed brick, metal, or other smooth, nonabsorbent material. Each toilet room shall be com- pletely enclosed. Exception. The provisions of the two preceding orders are recommended, but not required, for rooming or lodging houses which accommodate less than 12 persons not members of the family. Note. In toilet rooms of private apartments it is recom- mended that at least a portion of the floor, under and around the closet, be constructed as above specified. Order 5207. Toilet Rooms: Location, Light, Ventila- tion. Every toilet or bathroom shall be lighted by a window or windows opening directly upon a street, alley, court, or vent shaft. Every such court or vent shaft shall have an area of at least one square foot for each water-closet or urinal which it ventilates, but the least dimension of any such vent shaft shall not be less than 3 feet; except that for a single closet used by not more than four persons, a vent flue may be used at least one square; foot in area. No toilet room shall have movable windows or ventilators opening on any court which contains windows of sleeping or living rooms above; except that a toilet room containing not more than two closets may have such movable windows or [82] ventilators, provided such room has a ventilating flue or pipe running above the roof. The window space for a toilet room containing one closet shall be at least 4 square feet, with 2 square feet additional for each additional closet. These windows shall be so constructed that they can be opened to give adequate ventilation to the room. If outside windows are impracticable, the facts may be laid before the Industrial commission. Every toilet room shall have at least 10 square feet of floor area, and at least 100 cubic feet of air space, for each water- closet and each urinal. Every toilet room (except in a private apartment) shall be artificially lighted during the entire period that the building is occupied, wherever and whenever adequate natural light is not available, so that all parts of the room are easily visible. Order 5208. Water-Closets and Urinals. Individual water- closets made of porcelain or vitreous chinaware shall be used. Every closet shall be equipped with a trap located above the floor and with adequate flushing device which uses not less than 3 gallons of water for each flush. The trap shall be properly ventilated. The seat of each water-closet shall be made of wood or other non-heat-absorbing material and shall be finished with varnish or other substance which will make it impervious to water. Every closet shall hold a sufficient quantity of water and be of such shape and form that no fecal matter will collect on the surface of the bowl. Each urinal shall be made of impervious material and shall be properly flushed and kept in clean condition. If iron is used in the construction of a urinal, it shall have fired enamel on the inside of the trough or bowl. Order 5209. Protection from Frost. All water-closets and urinals and the pipes connecting therewith shall be properly protected against frost, either by a suitable insulating covering, or by providing and operating a suitable heating apparatus, or in some other approved manner; so that water-closets and urinals will be in proper condition for use at all times. Order 5210. Partitions for Water-Closets and Urinals. Each water-closet shall be separated by a partition not less than 5 feet in height. Each individual urinal or urinal trough shall be provided with a partition at each end and at the back, to give privacy. Where individual urinals are arranged in bat- teries, a partition shall be placed at each end and at the back of the battery. A space of 6 to 12 inches shall be left between the floor and the bottom of the partition. Note. It is recommended that the partitions between water- closets and urinals be made of material (other than wood) which does not readily absorb moisture. Order 5211. Water-Closets Where no Sewerage System is Available. Each water-closet, urinal, lavatory or slop sink [83] located in a toilet room, shall be connected with a sewer system, where a sewer system is available. In localities where a sewer system is not available, or cannot be made available, the dis- posal of human waste may be accomplished in one of the follow- ing three ways : 1. Bacterial or septic tank. 2. Double-compartment disposal plant. Note. For detailed requirements on septic tanks and sew- age disposal plants, see State Plumbing Code. THEATRES AND ASSEMBLY HALLS Order 5532. Separate toilet rooms in connection with the auditorium shall be provided for males and females. One closet shall be installed for each 200 females or fraction, and one closet and one urinal for each 300 males or fraction, assuming the audi- ence to be equally divided between males and females. Water-closets in connection with the stage shall be provided in every theater which accommodates more than 500 persons, except theatres used for motion picture performances only. There shall be separate closets for males and females. Separate drinking fountains shall be provided for the stage and auditorium, wherever water supply is available. One washbowl shall be provided for every two closets or urinals, or fraction. See also orders 5205-5211. SCHOOL BUILDINGS, LIBRARIES, AND MUSEUMS. School buildings shall have the following sanitary equipment: One water-closet for every 20 females or fraction, except for grammar and primary grades, where there shall be one water-closet for every 15 females or fraction. One water-closet and one urinal for every 40 males or fraction, except for grammar and primary grades, where there shall be one water-closet and one urinal for every 30 males or fraction. Toilet accommodations for males and females shall be placed in separate rooms with doors not less than 20 feet apart. A drinking fountain and sink shall be installed in each story and basement, for each 6,000 square feet of floor area, or fraction. A proper number of washbowls shall be provided. Note. Ordinarily there should be at least one washbowl for every two closets or urinals. Washbowls should be placed either in the toilet room or immediately outside. Where privy vaults are permitted, the building containing the same shall be placed at least 20 feet from any other occupied building. [84] APARTMENT HOUSES, HOTELS, LODGING HOUSES, CLUBHOUSES, DORMITORIES, HOSPITALS, JAILS, ETC. Every apartment shall have a water-closet in a bathroom or separate compartment; except that where there are apart- ments consisting of but one or two rooms, there shall be at least one water-closet for every two such apartments. All other buildings of this classification have at least one water- closet for every 15 rooms or fraction thereof. Note. Rooms with private water-closets shall not be con- sidered in counting either the number of rooms or the number of water-closets. Water-closets and urinals and pipes connecting therewith shall be protected against frost as provided in order 5209. In every apartment house where any such closet or urinal is not located within a private apartment, such protection shall be furnished by the owner. Order 5723. In every building of this classification where city water supply is available or can be made available, there shall be at least one proper sink or washbowl with running water. In apartment houses there shall be such a sink or washbowl in each apartment. [85] SKETCHES The charts and sketches illustrating methods of plumb- ing construction and drainage installations have been adopted by the State Board of Health as an integral part of the State Plumbing Code. LIST OF SKETCHES ARRANGED IN NUMERICAL ORDER Sketch Page No. No. Typical Fittings 89 Typical Traps 90 Typical Traps and Fittings 91 Typical Closet and Similar Bends 1A 92 Closet and similar Fixture Bends 1 93 Main House Trap, change in direction and joints.. 2 94 Typical method of installing plumbing 3 95 Floor and Subsoil Drains 4 and 4a 96 Brewery and similar Floor Drains 5 97 Brewery and similar Floor Drains 5a 98 A Method of installing Piping for Urinals 6 99 A Method of determining Radius 7 100 Drainage Installation and Connections 8 101 Vent, Requirements, Connections and Roof Ex- tensions 9 102 Traps, Distance from Vent 9a 103 Vent, Distance from Trap 9b 104 Vent, Distance from Trap 9c 104 Method of installing a 3-inch Soil Stack 10 105 Soil Pipe Branch extended 30 feet 11 106 Methods of Back Vent Traps 12 107 Trap, Joints and Connections 12a 108 Loop or Drained Vent 13 109 [87] Sketch Page No. No. Circuit or Continuous Venting 14 110 Continuous Vent 14a 111 Circuit and Unit Venting 15 and 15a 112 Circuit and Unit Venting 15b 113 Refrigerator Waste Installation 16 114 Bubbler Waste Installation 17 115 Dental Cuspidor Installation 18 116 Sink Waste and Grease Basin 19a 117 Garage Catch Basin Installation 20 118 Outdoor Closet 21 119 Garbage Can Receivers 22 120 Dry Well or Leaching Basin 23a 121 Dry Well with Percolating Filter 23b 122 Syphon Chamber and Drain Tile 23c 123 A Sewage Treatment Tank 24a 124 A Sewage Treatment and Disposal Plant 24b 125 Imhoff Sewage Treatment Tank 24c 126 Soil, Waste, Vent and Roof Terminal 25 127 Drainage Piping for small building 26 128 Water Supply and Drainage Installation for Rural Residence 26a 129 Water Supply and Drainage Installation for Rural Residence 26b 130 Drainage Piping and Roof Extension 27 131 Bar Waste Installation 28 132 Dug and Drilled Wells 29 133 Dug and Drilled Wells 29a 134 Information Sketch 30 135 Typical F/ff/ngs REFRIGERATOR Dh 7~yj?ica/ Tra/?s Typica/ C/osef atid Si mi liar Fixture Bends 3 ketch Ato.ta } Sect/ or? M £&,87 [92] Iron Beno" /Jerboa's of mak/ng earthenware to me fa/ f/oor connect/on fron Bend [ \ (( 5^/ tfipe sSo/der ^Sc revs thread i r Jet if "Ca/frJomt Brass ferro/e Brass LoorfJate l Anchor/na Screw Screw JoinT^=-W//?eaJo/r?t C/osef ar?d S/m/f/ar F/xture Sena's Sketch No /, Secf/or? No. S5.27 [93 1 Cement tforfyn Sanhed £ Trowiei D //ettrod ' of making V/t. Clay Pipe Joints Cfeax-ouf CT" Iron \<.-—£ , -o--4 Manner of ffa/n House Trap Ins fa/ /at/on Wement Joint p \ Chanae of d/rect/on of /7onzontat vitrified Long-raat us trend with foot- day pipe restorp/er Sfrefch/VoZ t Sect/on /Vo. £ \2*,23. £& [94] { r/oor Oram /ieffrod of Connecf/ng Brewery and &//7?///0r f~/oor Ura/ns Sketch No 5 , Sect /on No. 4/ [97] * * 1 1 <0 § > * ^ u CJ *> b ^ 1 * * ^ J& < * ^T $ ^ fe *S * ^ 8 <0 *SJ V Q > ia ^ V § \v uS>/*2S-qj\ Showing amernoa of InstatS/ny /?'?"?- Minimum r#d/u& for ctoset or s/m/t/ar fixture connect/ or? bends as provided for in Sect /on No. BS ff/nimurr? rod/ us for /ony sweep bend with foot rest or supported w/fh i?r/cA p/er as prov/ded for /n Secf/0/7 Ato M Method of defer/?7//7/r7f fhe rat//t/ r /£*//?£> &raa<2 o&ea 0/sr. /^ UR ~ 7W 7M. /i .M 2 /& j&- iShe/ch? No 9 c. I// us /rating If arov/s/or/s of Sec 3e [104] /Het/roet of Installing C/osefs as vrov/Jed for /n Sec 7 Von tVo 29, Chart A Skefc/7 No /0 :i05] Thru roof* Method of Ir7sfa//af/o/l as provide*/ for />7 Sect/ or? No. 7 Sketch No. II [106] MK ^ i — r £f7cw/r?$ Meffrocts of 0ac/r-ver?t'/7g Tra/ys Skefch M> /* Secf/cns /Vo 8 t £3 d ftd 8 [107] Method of Conrj ecf/ng 04fh t Showers, and*5/J79///*r f/xfi/r&s GroundjScrevy, r-g f . Screw, orSo/cfer k^ r — - —? Ground, Scr \^__ ground, Screw, 6askef, 6round,Scre& ™ J or So/der Ca/kedor Wr /&rm/ss/£/e Tra/? Jb/nfs and Connections SAefch No /2* , Sect/on No.0,23 Afefhoof of f/7d?fG///r?j Loof Vent Sketch No & , Sec f/ o/? No 3 [109] Method of C/rcu/'t or Cont/nuous Vetif/ng 5kefch No/4, Section No. 9 [1103 QQQE 1 IU affflj ; iffl^j Waste and Continuous Vent Connections for a ffaffery of Fixtures ^ecf/on -Afo.9 S/refchNo. /4a mi: So, £x t endear //>ro /Poof fief tied of C/rcu/f wa Unit Vent/rig Sketch NoJSj Sec f /or? No.9 Sect/on Ab. fO Sketch No 15a : 112 1 C/rcu/f 4r?rf Ur?/f Venf a id Sketch No &A Sectton A/o /O U13] [114] Three Afrfhods of for?necf/n$ Bubb/er Wastes ffiefc/? No/7 f Sectton No47 115 I 4H31 juS P^/^ //oc? JO &J.&&M jlA 1 1 5* 1 ^ 1 s ^5 V ■1 s> 1 1 ^ ^ ■^ X * ft V K £ % ^ TF^ ' Lb — y [,116*] Method of Co/7r7ecf//7$ S//7/r waste fo 6rec?se Cafcht>4S//7 Sketch A/o /3a Secf/or? Mo 34 [117] 118] vrrfi^m Se/fC/oS//70 'oover C ■- : . '- "-■■ ; : - : - -._-,■-. ... : '". ■•■■ : % t ^ ^ 3 ^ I'll ju tX-i^^v ( El HI? ;i20] B/evaf/on of /Pry We// $ Leach /K&Ba^/r? few ^o 1^ /%7/7 of/7ryWe/l g Leac/7/nc? Bas/n Sketch NaZ3* [121] ■» IS *££ po^Mg m 12= ^-giS % Q^-fc k £ <* &tev#f/0/1 of/7ryWe// Sketch No 23b V :i22i p?j/nfoj sue? i j XatfJ -t^W 143ns si ^/ros-ja j3fC>oje>Li3\_\aj9ijMsu/tu/Mff>ff ~~] [123 1 . 2 "Vent Secf/orrc?/ fi/evaf/orts of Tank f^/a/7 of 72? /7k Sketch sfrcw/ng con- struct/or? of a sewage treatment tank /n con- 2 nect/on w//h /each/rig 6as/r?, dry we// or a/ra/n t/te, as prov/ded for /n SecSy For tf/sposat of eff/oentsee prow- s/or7& of Sec ^<3 Sketch No.£4-a [124] 125] Sketch showing the construction of Imhoff sewage d/sposat tank. Sketch No. 24c \ 126 ] A/efhoc/ of C0f7necf//7a Ver?f a/7*/ /o/n/ny of So/f ?S, ySecf/on No d :i27] r^tee^ Properly Extended 4-"Oee / _ V0G £7/^posa/ Sysfe*?? Sketch No. £6 IORj 129] Sketch /Vo.27 fflMMWHiMM [133] A?w po//ut/on may occur~~ Strefchtf> £9 a St?ct/or? /Vo S6 Protected We/I [134] &&jno3 u&^M^h\ ■• 1 * * $ * ^ * <> ^ \i INDEX A Page Acid Tanks, Waste pipe for 44 Alignment, Definition of 20 Application for License 13 Area and Court Drains 48 Attorney-General's Rulings 15-17 B Back-flow, Definition of * 19 Back-flow Valves 38 Back-flow Valves, When required 47 Backgrounds 28 Back Vents, Definition of 18 Back Vents, Not required 26, 28 Bar Wastes : 48 Bathtubs 51 Bathtubs, Size of pipe Chart A 24 Branch Soil and Waste Extensions 26 Brass Ferrules 35 Brass Pipe Fittings, Tubing and Casting 34, 35 Bubbler Waste 49 Building Code, State 78-85 Buildings, Classification of 21 Building, Private; Definition of 20 Building, Public; Definition of 22 Calculations, Rules and Tables 65-71 Capacity for Flushing 64 Cast Iron Pipe, Coating of 30 Cast Iron Pipe, Quality and Weight of 29 Catch Basins 45 Catch Basins, Cleaning of 46, 64 [137 1 Page Catch Basins, Sumps and Ejectors 45 Cesspools 19, 60 Chemical Closets 60 Circuit Vent, Definition of 18 Circuit Vent, Installation 27 Cistern Overflow 49 Clean-outs 36,37,38 Closets Chart A 24 Closets, Frost-proof 50 Code, When adopted 4 Conductors for Rain Water 42 Connections and Joints 40 Conductors, Definition of 19 Crown Vent Prohibited 26 Cuspidors, Dental ' 49 D Dead Ends 64 Dead Ends, Definition of 19 Defective Work 52 Defects in Materials 63 Dental Cuspidors 49 Don'ts to Plumbers 72, 73 Drain and Sewer for Each Building 23 Drain and Sewer, Subsoil 23 Drain and Sewer, Tile Receiver 47 Drain and Sewer for more than one building on a lot 23 Drain Pipe, Changes in direction of 28 Drain Pipe, Excavations for 23 Drain Pipe, Grade of 28 Drains 18 Drains, Area and Court 48 Drains for Storage Room and Similar Places 48 Drains, Ice house and Refrigerator Rooms 48 Drains, Material used for 23 Drains, Old; Use of 52 Drains, Rain Water to Curb 42 Drains, Subsoil ^ 19, 23 Drains, Trenches for 23 Drains, Underground 23 Drains and Sewers 23 Drainage Fittings 32 Drainage Fittings, Radius of 32 Drainage Installations 64 Drinking Water for Places of Employment 81 Drinking Water Systems and Installations 64 Dry Closets 60 Dry Wells 53, 60 [138] E • Page Ejectors, When required 45, 46 Elevator Connections 48 Elevator Pits 81 Examinations, Rules Governing 11-14 F Ferrules, Brass 35 Fittings of Brass 34, 35 Fittings, When Prohibited 33 Fixture Connection, Contamination from 64 Fixtures 50, 51, 65 Fixtures of Improper Design 63 Fixtures, Number Permitted on Pipe Line Chart A 24 Fixtures, Number and Size of Chart A 24 Fixtures, Parted by a Wall 27 Fixtures, Public Buildings 78-85 Fixtures, Replaced 52 Floor Connections (earthenware with metal) 41 Floor Drains 47, 48, 49 Floor Drains and Fixture Wastes 47 Flush Tanks 51 Flushing Capacity 64 Flushometer Valves 51 Fresh Air Inlets 38 Frost, Protection from 25 Grade of Horizontal Pipes 28 Grease Catch Basins 45 H Hangers and Supports..., 28 Hot Water and Steam Wastes... 43 House Drain, Definition of 18 Ice Box Wastes 48 Increasers for Pipes 28 [139] Page Inspectors, Local and State 11, 12, 21 Inspectors, Suggestions to Local 77 Inspection of Underground Drains 23 Inspection and Tests 61, 62 Installations for Drainage 64 Installations, Insanitary 64 Joints and Connections 40, 41 Joints, Kinds prohibited 33 Joints, Wiping of 19 L Laundry, Separate Wastes for 47 Laundry, Tubs 51 Law, Plumbing 5 Lead Pipe, Bends and Traps, Weight of 33, 34 Leaders for Rain Water 42 Leaders for Rain Water, Definition of 19 Licenses 11 M Main House Trap 38 Material, Defective 63 Material for Drains 23 Material, Quality and Weight of 29 Material, Re-use of 52 Material; Soil, Waste and Vent Pipes for 25 O Opinions of Attorney-General 15, 17 Ordinances, Local 11 Outhouses 59 Overflow, Connections 38 Overflow, Cistern 49 Overflow, Pipes 49 P Party Walls 27 Penalty for Non-licensing 9 [140] Page Penalty for Violation of Code 9 Pipe, Size Required Chart A 24 Pipe, Soil : 18 Pipes, Grade of Horizontal 28 Pipes, Increase of Size 28 Pipes, Size of Reduced 28 Plumbing Law 5-10 Plumbing, Sanitary 20 Plumbing Terms 18 Private Building, Definition of 22 Private Dwelling 20 Private Sewer, Definition of 19 Private Water Supplies 53 Privy Vaults 59, 60 Privy Vaults for Places of Employment 78-85 Prohibited Fittings and Connections 33 Public Building, Definition of 22 Public, Suggestions to 74-76 Public Water Supply 53 Pump for Wells 53 R Rain Water Conductors or Leaders 42 Rain Water Leader Traps 37 Rain Water and Surface Connections 42 Re-arranging of Vents and Re-vents 26 Refrigerators Chart A 24 Refrigerator Wastes 48 Repairs and Reconstruction 52 Roof Extensions of Soil and Waste Pipes 25 Roof Flashings 41 Roof Joints 41 Roof Terminals 42 Roughing In, Definition of 19 Rules, Tables and Calculations 65-71 Rulings of Attorney-General 15, 17 Rural Residence, Definition of 19 Rural Residence, Soil Stack for 43 Sanitation, 64 Sanitary Plumbing 20 Screw Thread Fittings 31 Screw Thread Fittings, Radius of 32 [141] Page Septic and Biological Tanks 19, 54, 60 Septic and Biological Tanks, Definition of 19 Setting of Traps 37 Sewage Disposal Tank 19, 53 Sewer Pipe, Changes in Direction of 28 Sewers and Drains 18, 23 Sewers and Drains, Definition of 18 Sewers, Private 19, 53 Sewer, Sanitary 19 Sinks 51 Sketches 87-135 Slip Joints, Where Prohibited 41 Soil Pipe 18 Soil Pipe, Changes in Direction 28 Soil Pipe, Decreases of four-inch 25 Soil Pipe, Fittings (cast iron) Radius of 30 Soil Pipe, Grade of 28 Soil Pipe, Material for 25 Soil Pipe, Protection from Frost :. 25 Soil Pipe, Quality and Weight of 29 Soil Pipe, Roof Extension of 25 Soil and Waste Pipes, Sizes of Chart A 24 Soil Stack, Three Inch 43 Soil Stack, Roof Terminals 43 Soil Stack for Rural Residence 43 Soldering Nipples, Quality and Weight of 34 Stable Catch Basins 45, 46 Stack, Decrease of four inch 25 Stack Supports 28 State Building Code Appendix 78-85 State Inspection 4, 11, 12, 21 State Inspector 2, 4 Steam Wastes and Hot Water Connections 43 Subsoil Drains 19, 23 Subsoil Drains, Definition of 23 Subsoil Receiver 47 Suggestions to Local Inspectors 77 Suggestions to the Public 74-76 Sumps and "Receiving Tanks 45, 46 Supply Pipe, Protection from Frost 25 Supports and Hangers 28 Surface and Rain Water Connections 42 Syphon and Drainage Tile 57 Syphonage (trap) Protection against 64 [142] T Page Tables, Rules and Calculations 65-71 Terminals, Definition of 20 Terms, Definition of 18 Tests and Inspections 61-63 Toilet Rooms, Construction of 22 Toilet Rooms for Private Buildings 51 Toilet Rooms for Public Buildings 22, 78-85 Trapp 18, 36 Trap, Definition of 18 Trap, Clean-outs 37 Trap, Connections, When Prohibited 37 Trap, Deep Seal Resealing 26 Trap, Depth of Seal for 36, 37 Trap, Depth of Seal for, Definition of 18 Trap, Distance from Vent 26 Trap, Main House 38 Trap on Rain Water Leaders 37 Trap, Setting. 37 Trap, Syphonage; Protection against 64 Trap, Sizes Chart A 24 Trap, Weight -of 34 Trap, Where Prohibited 37 Trenches for Pipes 23 Tubing, Quality and Weight of 34 U Unit Vent 27 Unit Vent, Definition of 18 Urinals 50 Urinals Long Trough, etc Chart A 24 Urinals Small Single (Size of pipe required) Chart A 24 V Vent, Definition of 18 Vent, Circuit; Definition of 18 Vent, Circuit or Continuous 27 Vent, Distance from Trap 26 Vent, Drops or Sags Prohibited 26 Vent from Crown of Trap Prohibited 26 Vent, Grades and Connections 27, 28 Vent, Length Permitted Chart A 24 Vent, Material for 25 Vent, Not required 26, 28 Vent, Reconnected 26 [ 143 ] Page Vent, Roof Extensions of 25 Vent, Size of Chart A 24 Vent, Unit 27 Vent, Unit; Definition of 18 Vent Stack, In Garages and Barns 25 Vent Stack, Minimum Size 25 Vitrified Clay Pipe, Where Used 23 Vitrified and Iron Pipe, Joints in 40 Vitrified Pipe, Quality of 29 W Wash Basins 50 Wash Basins, Size of Pipe Required for Chart A 24 Waste for Bubblers or Drinking Fountains 49 Waste for Ice Box 48 Waste for Laundries and Similar Establishments 47 Waste Pipe 18, 24 Waste Pipe, Changes in Direction of 28 Waste Pipe, Definition of 18 Waste Pipe, For Acid Tanks 44 Waste Pipe, Grade of 28 Waste Pipe, Material for 25 Waste Pipe, Protection from Frost 25 Waste Pipe, Roof Extensions of 25 Waste Pipe, Sizes of Chart A 24 Water and Air-tight Joints 41 Water-Closet Fixtures 50 Water Supply 53-64 Water Supply, Contamination from Fixture Connection .. 64 Water Supply, To Fixtures 51 Water Supply, Private 53 Water Supply, Protection from Frost 25 Water Supply, Public 53 Water, Systems and Installations 64 Weight of Lead Pipe and Traps 31 Wiping a Joint 19 Workmanship 64 Wrought Iron Pipe Connections 40 Wrought Iron Pipe, Quality and Weight of 31 Yard Catch Basins 45 [144] Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: May 2004 PreservationTechnologie* A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724)779-2111 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS