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DISTmCT OF PEJ^'JVSYLVAjXM, to ivJu
BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the seven,
teenth day of September, in the thirty-sixth year
, of the independence of the United States of Ame-
rica, A. D. 1811, Benjamin and Thomas Kite, of the
said district, have deposited in this office the ti-
tle of a book, the right whereof they claim as pro-
prietors, in the words following-, to wit : "The Picture of Phi-
ladelphia, giving- an account of its origin, increase and, improve-
ments in arts, sciences, manufactures, commerce and revenue.
With a compendious view of its societies, literary, benevolent,
patriotic, and religious. Its police-^the public buildings — the
prison and penetentiary system— institutions, monied and civil —
museum. By James Mease, M.i),"
In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States,
intituled, " An Act for the encouragement of learning, by secu-
ring the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and
proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned."
And also to the Act, entitled, " An Act supplementary to an
Act, entitled " An Act for the encouragement of learning, by
securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors
and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mention-
ed," and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing-,
eT.graving-, and etching historical and other prints."
D. CALDWELL,
^^^Slerk of the District of Pennsyl'vanla,.
ESTATE OF
V/lUlAlW C. RiV^
APRit, 1»^
m
i
n
CONTENTS
Introductory History, _ _ - - - i
Topographical Description, - - - - 15
Various Plans of the City, - - - - - 17
General Description - - - - - -20
Plan of the Wards, 29
Population, -------30
Number of Houses, - - - - - -32
Table of Progressive Population, _ - - id.
Deaths in 1793, 1797, 37
Causes of Increase of Population, - - - 38
Climate, - - - - - - - -40
Diseases and Mortality, ----- 45
Bills of Mortality, ----- 47
Comparative Health of Philadelphia and New York, 5 1
Commerce, ~- - - - - - -52
Exports, -----... 53
Tonnage, - 54
PricesCurrent, in 1720, 1798 Sc 1811, - - 55
Inspection of Beef and Pork, - - - - 56
^ — Flour, - _ - - - - - 57
—■ Shad and Herring, - - _ - go
— — Butter, - - - - - - 61
• • Flax-seed, - - - - - 62
'- ' Shingles, 63
■ Lumber, . - - . ^ ib.
Measurer of Grain, Weigh Masters, ~ ^ ^ 67
iv CONTENTS.
Chamber of Commerce, ----- 67
Survey of Damaged Ships and Cargoes, - '' - 68
Wardens of the Port, . _ - . - 70
Pilots, - » - - » - - - 71
Harbour Master, - - - - - -73
Manufactures, ------- 74
Breweries — Distilleries, ----- 77
Abstract of the Marshal's Report, - - - 79
Press— History — Progress — Present State, - 80
News-papers in Philadelphia, (See Appendix^ - 83
Periodical works, formerly published in Philadelphia, 84
Present Periodical Publications, - - - 87
Former Government in Philadelphia, - - 88
Present Government of the City, - - - 92
• " ' of South wark, - - - 93
' ' Northern Liberties, - - ib.
Circuit and District Courts, - - - - ib.
STATE LAW COURTS.
L Civil Courts, - - - = . - 98
2. Common Pleas, - - « - - - 99
3. District Court, - - - - - - 99
4. Criminal Courts, -- » - --101
BANKS.
.!. Of North America, - .» - - 103
2. Of Pennsylvania, - - - » - -105
3. Of Philadelphia, - - - - - - 106
4. Farmers and Mechanics, =• - - - lOf
INSURANCE OFFICES.
1. Insurance Company of North America, • - 108
2. Insurance Company of Pennsylvania, » - 109
3. Union Insurance Company, - » - - ib.
4. Phoenix Insurance Company, = - - ib,
5. Delaware Insurance Company, - - - 1 1 1
6. United States Insurance Company, - - ib*
7. Marine Insurance Company, . - - 112
CONTENTS. V
8. Lancaster and Susquehanna Insurance Company, ib.
9. Mutual Fire Assurance Company, - - 114
10. American Fire Insurance Company, - - 115
11. Phoenix Company of London, - - - 116
Markets — ^Provisions, - - - - - ?*5.
Preservation of the Peace, ----- 123
Constable's Elections, - * - - - ib.
City Commissioners, - - - - - \9A
Watching and lighting, - - - - - 124
Cleansing the Streets, - - - - - 125
Fuel — Wood Corders — Public Landings, - - ib.
Sale of Bread, - 128
Protection of Mechanics and Labourers, - - 130
Storing of Gun Powder, - - - - - ib.
Boiling of Oil of Turpentine and Varnish, - - 1 3 1
Health Law, - ib.
Provision against Fire, - - - - - 137
Hose Companies, (^'ce ^;^/?(?7zrffa-.) - - - 138
Wooden Buildings — Law on, - - - - 1 40
Weights and Measures, - - - - - 1 4 1
Auctioneers, - - - - - - -144
City Surveyors, - - - - . - 145
Water-works, -- - - -- -J47
Mint, - - . . - - . - 154
Jail and Penetentiary System, - - - - 158
Law for Debtors, - - - - - - 186
Elections, - - - - _ - -191
Revenue and Expenditure, - - - - 193
Sinking Fund, - - - » . > - 195
Taxes and mode of Assessing, - - - - 196
Religious Societies, - - - - - -199
Places of Worship, ; •- - - - - - 217
Remarks on Spirit of Toleration, ~ - - 223
Charitable Institutions, - - - - -224
i. Pennsylvania Hospital, - - - - - ib.
2. Philadelphia Dispensary, - . _ _ 236
3. Humane Society, - - - - - - 240
Society for Vaccinating the Poor, - > _ 343
Charitable Society, ---»„,.
tI ^ GONTENTS.
Abolition Society, - - - " . *
Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Prisons, - 243
Magdalen Society, - - - - - - 245
PRIVATE AND ENDOWED INSTITUTIONS.
1. Friend*s Alms House, ----- 245
2. Christ Church Hospital, - - - - 247
ASSOCIATIONS FOR GENERAL CHARITY.
1 . Female Society for the Employment of the Poor, 247
2. Female Hospitable Society, - . - - 248
0. Female Association, - - « - - 250
FREE SCHOOLS.
1. Sunday School Society, - - - - 251
2. Philadelphia Society for the establishment and
support of Charity Schools, „ - - 252
3. Aimwell School Society, - . . - 254
4. Philadelphia Union Society, - - - - 257
5. St. Joseph's Society, - ... - 258
6. Adelphi School, --..--. 259
Public Provision for Free Education, -^ - - 262
Schools for the Education of Blacks, - - - id,
PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES.
1. Domestic Society, ... - - 264
2. Agricultural Society, - - - - -266
3. Cattle Society, - - - - - - id,
MUTUAL BENEFIT aOCIETIES.
1. Of Carpenters, .----» 267
2. Ship Master's Society, - - - - 268
;>. Pilot's Society, ------ 270
4. Mariner's Society, - - ^ - - id,
5. Stone-cutter's Society, - - - -id.
6. Bricklayer's Society, - - ■» - - 27f
eONTEWrs. iai
1, Hair-dresser's Society, » = - - %ll%
8. Typographical Society, - - - - ib.
9. Master Taylor's Society, - - - - 274
10. Provident Society of House Carpenters, - ib,
11. Master MechaBJc's Society, ^ - » 275
Societies of various other Mechanicsj - - - 276
OTHER MUTUAL BENEFIT SOCIETIES.
1. Provident, - - - - - - - 276
2. Philanthropic, - 277
3. Columbian Benevolent, « - - , ib.
Several others, ------- 278
Summary of their Constitutions, - - - - 278
Society of Masons, - - - - - -288
ASSOCIATIONS FOR RELIEF OF FOREIGNERS.
1. St. Andrews, ------ 280
2. St. George, 281
3. Welsh, ib.
4. Hibernian, ------- i^.
5. German Incorporated Society, - - . 283
MUTUAL BENEFIT SOCIETIES OF FOREIGNERS ANB
THEIR DESCENDENTS.
1. United German Benefit Society, - - - 28-3
2. German American Mutual Assistant Society, - 284
3. Caledonian Society, ----- ii5.
4. Scots Thistle Society, - - - - -285
5. St. Patrick's Benevolent Society, - - - 287
6. Society de Bienfaisance, » - . » ib.
Bible Society, ------- ?d.
Provision for the Poor, - - - » -292
Private Provision for the Poor, - - - - 338
1 . Fund for supplying the Poor with Fuel, - - 340
2. Fund to relieve the Poor placed in the City Hos-
pital, during the prevalence of the Yellow
Fever, - * - - » = - 341
ftii CONTENTS.
LITERARY INSTITUTIONS.
1. Friend's School, » = »--- 29S
2. University of Pennsylvania, - - - ' ib.
3. American Philosophical Society, _ - - 30®
4. Medical Society, ------ 302
5. College of Physicians, - » - - - ib.
6. Medical Lyceum, ------ 303
7. Liimean Society, - - - - - - ib.
LIBRARIES.
1 . Philadelphia Library, 305
2. Logaiiian, do. ----- - 308
3. Friend's, do. - - - - - - 310
Peale's Museum, - - - - - -311
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, - - - 314
Society of Artists, 316
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
Old Court House, ------
State House, - - - - - -
Old College, -----..
Bank of the United States, _ _ _ .
Pemisylvania, - - > _ >
" Philadelphia, . - - . .
County Court House and City Hall, - -
University of Pennsylvania, - - _ _
Independent Tabernacle, - - - -
Baptist Church, - - - ^ _ .
Theatre, ------__
Circus, -»-_--__
Masonic Hall, -----._
City Hospital, - ~ - - . . „
CONTENTS. ix
Literary Characters, - - - - -336
Franklin's Legacy, - - - - - -338
John Keble's Legacies, ----- 342
Tours in the Vicinity of Philadelphia, - - 344
APPENDIX.
Omission respecting the proposer of Hose Companies.
Notice of St. Michael's Church.
Notice of Aitken's Bible, of 1782.
Correction respecting the Streets.
PREFACE
IN composing a work like the present, the au-
thor is of opinion that the chief object ought to be
the multiplication of facts, and that the reflections
arising out of them, should be leit to the readero
He has, therefore, avoided making any remarks upon
subjects treated of, except in a few instances where
they were in a measure drawn from him by the oc-
casion, and where it was thought they v/ould elu-
cidate what had preceded. Aware oi the inaccuracy
of tradition, he has cautiously admitted some nar-
rations of occurrences among the early settlers,
and has intentionally omitted others which, after a
minute investigation, he found could not be sup-
ported. He is conscious, however, that he might
have rendered his detail of " old times" more in-
teresting, if he had been favoured with the docu-
ments which, he supposes, must remain in the fa-
milies of the original settlers, and which he flatter-
ed himself would have been ofl'ered, v/hen it was
known that an attempt was about to be made to
trace the progress of the city from its settlement
to the present time.
Upon some subjects he has forborn to speak, be-
cause he found that in considering them, he could
not be moderate. He will only mention one ; the
public squares : — the prostitution of which, in the
xii PREFACE,
thickly settled parts of the city, and the neglect t©
enclose and plant the rest, in order to prepare for the
comfort and health of a population, rapidly in-
creasing, loudly call for reprehension. — European
nations will hear with astonishment, that out of the
five squares, expressly set apart, by the benevolent
founder of the city, tor the purpose of public walks,
and the salutary recreation oi future generations, not
one has been exclusively appropriated to its des-
tined object! — that parts oi some of them have
been applied to the most injurious uses ; and that
even an open space near the Delaware, in ihe south-
ern part of the city, also left for general benefit, has
been rented for a board yard ! !
The example set by the city of New York is
praise-worthy in the highest degree, and deserving
of imitation by a city which boasts, (and with much
propriety), of many excellent establishments, tend-
ing to promote and preserve health and general
comfort.
PICTURE
OF
PHILADELPHIA.
INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
WE are indebted for the discovery of tlie river
Delaware, to the commercial spirit which was roused
in England by Sir Walter Raleigh, in the year 1584.
Some of the expeditions of that enterprising, but
unfortunate man, were attended with singular cala-
mity ; but the hopes of better fortune, induced others
to persevere in exploring the same quarter of the
globe ; and in consequence of the success that at-
tended the voyages of some private adventurers ironi
England to the northern parts ol the present United
States, application was made to King James the first,
by several merchants to incorporate them for the
purpose of trading to Virginia, by which name the
countr)" in general was knov/n. Two companies were
accordingly iormed ; one designated by the name
of the ^r*^ 6'o/(5;'7?/, with liberty to begin their first
settlements at any place between the 34th and 41st
degrees of North latitude. A second Colony had
permission to settle between 38° and 45° of North
latitude:— This company taking the name of the
A
2 INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
South Virginia company, commenced their first voy-
age in 1606, and discovered the Capes of Virginia,
and proceeding up James river, planted themselves
at James Town.
Henry Hudson, with the design of finding a
North West passage to the East indies, left the
Texel in 1609, but it does not appear from his
journals, whether he was employed by the E. India
Company, or by an individual. Having failed in the
object oi: his voyage, he followed the tract of the
Cabots ; coasted along the shores of Newfound-
land, and proceeding southwardly, anchored off the
D el aware.
In 1610, Thomas West, Lord Delawar, was ap-
pointed Governor by the South Virginia company,
who falling in with the land about two degrees to the
Northward of the Ca.pes of Virginia, discovered
a capacious Ba}^, and named it after hiinseli.
The Dutch government purchased the right of
Hudson's discoveries, and incorporated a company
in 1621, for trading to the country. The particu-
lar progress they made cannot now be ascertained,
neither is it oi much consequence. W^e know cer-
tainly, that they gave the name of New Nether-
lands to all the country from New York to the Dela-
ware, and some distance south of it : and that in 1623
they took possession oi the Delaware, which they
named Ziiydt river, in opposition to the Hudson,
which w^as called North river. At that early peri-
od, they built lort Nassau, at, or near Gloucester,
on the Jersey shore, about three miles below the pre-
sent City of Philadelphia.
In 1627", the first colony of Swedes arrived, and
landing at the interior cape of Delaware bay, named
it Point Paradise. William Useling, a Dutchman who
had previously visited the country, appears to have
excited the Swedes, to emigrate to the new world,
INTRODUCTORY HISTORY. 3
and a large company was formed of the first people
in Sweden, under whose auspices the enterprize was
commenced.'^
In 1630, under the direction of Peterson deVries,
the Dutch extended their settlements up the Dela-
ware, on the Western side, as far as Bompt-Hook,
the place now known by the name Bom.bay-Hook,
which they called Swandale. The eastern cape of
the bay they called Cape-May, after Cornelius Jacobs
May, an early Dutch American navigator. The
Bay was named Nieii Port May, and Godyiis Bay,
from Samuel Godyn, an eminent merchant oi Amster-
dam, who was greatly interested in the first settle-
ment of the New Netherlands, and is frequently men-
tioned by P. de Vries in his account of the country.
In 1631, the Swedes built a fort on Manquas
creek, and called it after their queen, Christiana :
here they made their first regular settlement, which
has been continued to the present time, and by the
same name. They finally fixed their head quarters
at Fort Gottemburgh, on the Island of Tinnicum,
about twelve miles below the present City of Phi-
ladelphia.!
A church of v/ood was erected at Tinnicum, and
consecrated September 4, 1646. The Swedes at that
time had several small settlements higher up the
river, and a few forts, viz, at Korsholin on Fassa-
jung ; another on Manajung, (Schuylkill,) one at
Chinsessing, (Kingsess.) Ouvtlie Jersey side they
built fort Elsinburgh, and settled various places be-
tween that and Cape May. The country generally,
was called New Sweden : the river New Swedeland
stream ; and by these names they described the
* Holm's description of New Sweden. Stockholm 1702.
f Near the Lazaretto. — The remains of the inhabitants are
occasionally discovered there at this day.
4 INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
country in the works which they published respecting,
it in Sweden. Governors were regularly appointed
in Sweden. John Printz was their first Governor,
and until 1654.
The Dutch built a fort at Hoerkill, on the west
side of the Capes, in 1630, but appear to have giv-
en the preference to New York, as a place of resi"
dence, owing to the greater facilities it afforded for
the purposes of commerce. They however, omitted
no opportunity to assert their right to the country
on the South River, as appears by a letter of Gover-
nor Kieft, from New Amsterdam, to P. Minuitts,
Governor of New Sweden, in 1638 : in which he
asserts, " that the whole south river of New Neth-
erlands, had been in the Dutch possession many
years, above and below, beset with forts, and sealed
with their blood."^ And in 1642, the colonists from
Maryland, having settled on Schuylkill, Keift fitted
out tv/o sloops to drive them away ; a measure which
the Swedes were either unwilling to undertake, or
unable to accomplish. The mother countries, howe-
ver, appear to have deemed it most prudent to permit
the colonists to settle their own disputes ; for in the
treaty of peace between the Swedes and Dutch, in
1640, held at Stockholm, no notice was taken of
American affairs.
In 1651, the Dutch erected a trading house on
the spot where the town of New Castle is novvr sit-
uated. Printz, the Swedish governor, on Tinnicum,
contented^ himself with formally protesting against
the incroachment ; but not accompanying his paper
by more weighty considerations, he was disregarded.
Risingh, his successor in the government, came be-
fore the fortress, fired a salute, and landed thirty
men, who were entertained by the commandant as
* Smith's Histoi-vof New York.
INTRODUCTORY HISTORY. S
friends : but having discovered the weakness of the
garrison, he seized upon it, and compelled some of
the people to swear allegiance to his queen^. This
conquest, however, was of short duration ; for in the
year 1655, the Dutch West India Company deter-
mining to recover their possessions, applied to the
city of Amsterdam for assistance, and sent governor
Stuyvezant with six or seven vessels, and seven hun-
dred men, to the Delaware, where he arrived on
the ninth of September. Having anchored his fieet^
and landed the troops, a demand was made of the
fort. The commander Suen Scutz, was a soldier by
profession, and had lost a leg in the Dutch service.
But though probably not deficient in courage, nor in-
disposed to defend his post, yet perceiving his for-
ces so inferior to that of his enemy, as to render re-
sistance of no avail, he prefered an honourable cap-
itulation to the useless waste of human life. He
therefore surrendered on the 16th September. Four
fourteen pound cannon, five swivells, and some small
arms, composed the list of offensive v/eapons found
in the fort. Risingh commanded at Christiana, which
also surrendered on the 25th of the same month.
Finally, fort Gottemburgh, on Tinnicum, was deliv-
ered up, and razed : all the houses outside of the
fort destroyed ; and to prevent further attempts on
the part of the Swedes, to regain possession, the ofii-
cers and principal persons were shipped to Nev/
Amsterdam, and thence to Europe. Thus the Dutch
became masters of all the country on the west side
of the Delaware, which was for a time govjerned
by the deputies of the Company's Director General
at New Amsterdam, from whom the titles of many
tracts of land may be traced to this day.
In 1664 Charles the Second of England gave a
large tract of land including all the country knowai
* Holm's description of New Sweden.
A 2
6 INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
by the name of New Netherlands to his brother
James, Duke of York, mider whose direction an ex-
pedition consisting of four ships and 300 men, com-
manded by Colonel NichoUs, was sent against the
colony. After receiving possession of the fort at New
Amsterdam, from Stuyvezant, he dispatched Sir
Robert Carr with the ships to the Delaware, who ex-
perienced no opposition from the settlers, and on
the first of October took possession of New-Ams-
tel (now New Castle) after articles of capitulation,
of the most liberal nature had been signed; Nicholls
was appointed governor, and acted as such until the
year 1688, when he was succeeded by Carr. In 1672
v/ar having taken place between England and the
Dutch, the latter sent a few ships against New-Yoik.
The commander Manning, through treachery sur-
rendered the fort wiihout resistance: the people on
Delaware again changed masters, and sent deputies
to New Amsterdam declaring their submission, but
in the space of a few months in consequence of a trea-
ty of peace between England and the States Gene-
ral, they were again restored to the British, and
Captains Cantwell and Tom deputed by the govern-
ment of New-York, to take possession of the coun-
try on the Delaware. A well known creek in Dela-
w^are, bears the name of the first, and a river in New-
Jersey perpetuates that of the last.
Peace was thus restored to the harassed emigrants,
who continued to extend their settlements up the
river, and to cultivate the friendship of the natives.
The father of William Penn was an admiral in the
serviceof England, and was second in command under
James Duke of York in 1665, in the engagement
with, and victory over the Dutch fleet commanded
by Van Opdam. He had also served in several dis-
tinguished offices at home, and had lent a conside-
rable sum of money to the crown. At the time of his
death, there were also arrearages to a large amount
due to him, for pay. William Penn himself had in
INTRODUCTORY HISTORY. 7
common with the religious persuasion of which he
was a member, suffered considerable persecution; and
perceiving an opportunity of obtaining some remune-
ration for his father's debts, and an assylum for him-
self and oppressed friends by a grant of part of the
New World, petitioned King Charles the Second in
June 1680 for a tract of land lying North of the
patent previously granted to Lord Baltimore, boun-
ded by the Delaware on the East. This request was
accordingly granted, and letters patent for the desi-
red tract passed the great Seal on the fourth of March
1681.
The considerations stated, were " the commenda-
ble desire of William Penn, to enlarge the British
Empire, and promote useful commodities ; to reduce
the savage natives by just and gentle manners to
the love of civil society and christian religion," to-
gether with " a regard to the memory and merits of
his late father."
A brief account of the country was immediately
published, and lands offered for sale on the low terms
of forty shillings per hundred acres, and one shilling
per annum for ever. Adventurers numerous, and
many of them wealthy and respectable, soon offered,
with whom, articles of agreement were entered in-
to and published under the title of " conditions or
concessions" chiefly respecting rules of settlement,
a just and friendly conduct towards the natives, with
some injunctions as to the preservation of internal or-
der, and keeping the peace, agreeably to the customs,
usages and laws of England.
In May 1681 Penn detached Markham, his rela-
tion with a small emigration in order to take posses-
sion of the country and to prepare it for a more nu-
merous Colony."^
In April 1682 was published "the first frame of
government of the province, consisting of twenty-
* Chalmer's annals, p. 640.
8 INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
four articles. A body of laws was also agreed upon
in England with the adventurers, and published in
the succeeding month. They were partly of a po-
litical, partly of a moral, and partly of an economi-
cal nature, and have been noticed by an acute histo-
rian, as "doing honour to their wisdom as statesmen,
to their morals as men, to their spirit as Colonists."
" A plantation" he adds, " reared on such a seed
plot, could not fail to grow with rapidity, to advance
to maturity, to attract notice of the world.^
Three ships with a body of adventurers sailed
in 1681, two of which arrived that year. One, the
Bristol Factor, brought to, off Chester Creek, and the
river freezing the same night, they went on shore,
and remained there all winter.f The John and Sarah
from London had previously arrived. The other ship
having been blown off to one of the West India
Islands, arrived in the following year.
The commissioners appear to have been on board
the latter ship, for their arrival is mentioned as hav-
ing taken place in June 1682. William Penn him-
self having been detained by a variety of concerns,
did not embark until the month of August following.
Previously to which he procured of the Duke of
York, a release of his claim upon the province which
he or his successors might have in consequence of
the deed to him for the same by King Charles. In
the same year he obtained from the Duke a grant for
the land now the State of Delaware, and in the
month and year just mentioned, embarked in the ship
Welcome, Robert Greenway, master, with upwards
of one hundred passengers, for the New World.
In six weeks thev saw the wished for coast, and on
the 24th of October 1682, he landed at New-Castle
in Delaware.
* Chalmer's annals, p. 643- t Proud 1. p. 193.
INTRODUCTORY HISTORY. 9
Whatever impressions the inhabitants may have
received of their future governor from, his friends
who had preceded him, his conduct on his arrival
v^as sufficient to ensure their attachment. His fleet
though numerous, was unaccompanied by a single
ship of war; their fears therefore, if any existed res-
pecting a hostile assertion of his right must have
subsided at once. The day subsequent to his arrival
he summoned the inhabitants, and formally received
the country of them ; a promise of perpetuating their
spiritual and temporal rights was made, and the com-
missions of all the magistrates renewed.
It was a happy circumstance that out of twenty
three ships which composed the fleet of emigrants,
not one was lost. Penn had the satisfaction as he
proceeded to find every disposition on the part of the
original settlers, Dutch and Swedes to welcome his
arrival, and to submit to his authority. The Swedes
in particular, who were by far the most numerous,
volunteered their services in unloading the vessels, ^
and in furnishing the passengers with accommoda-
tions, until they could provide for themselves : and
as a body, deputed Lacy Cock, one of their promi-
nent characters, to Chester, to inform him, that " they
would love, serve and obey him ;" and no doubt hap-
py that the conflicting pretensions to the soil would
probably now cease, they added " that it was the best
day they had ever seen,^''-\
On the fourth of December 1682 he called an as-
sembly at Upland, (now Chester,) and passed all the
laws that had been previously agreed upon in England,
with some others. The important consideration, the
great incentive to emigration, claimed of course prima-
ry attention. The law concerning liberty of con-
science, was therefore placed at the head of the list.
* Swedish records. f Proud 1. p. 206,
10 INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
This measure was very natural : the proprietary and
his friends having suffered greatly on account of the
difference of their religion, and mode of worship,
from that of the established church in England, it
was to be expected that provision should be made
for the free exercise of forms of worship peculiar
to all those who adventured their fortunes under
his patronage. Some policy was also evinced in placing
a law respecting a measure so dear to the colonists,
at the head oi those by which they v/ere to be gov-
erned, for mankind in all ages have evinced a great-
er attachment to the enjoyment of their religion,
than the preservation of their property.
The title by which William Penn took possession
of his territory was such as is deemed valid by allna-
tions-a grant from his King, whose own title was deri-
ved from the discovery of the country by his subjects,
and by subsequent conquest from those who disputed
his claim thereto ; but Penn thought it necessary to
obtain an additional right from the aborigines of the
soil by fair and open purchase, and thus says an elo-
quent writer=^ "signalized his arrival by an act of equi-
ty which made his person and principles equally belov-
ed." This measure was so conformable to the pacific
character and principles of Penn himself, that though
certainly advised by the Bishop of London,f we
cannot but believe would have been adopted oi his
own accord. A treaty was therefore held with the
natives, and the foundation of a friendship estab-
lished between them, according to which says Penn
they agreed to 'Mive in love as long as the sun gave
light.'* ^It is not possible to find v/ords more ex-
pressive than those adopted by the Indian orator
on this occasion, and it Y/as a proof of the sincerity
with which they were used, that no disposition ap-
* Raynal's E. & W. Indies, B. I8th. f Peiin's letter. Proud
I. p. 274.
INTRODUCTORY HISTORY. 11
peared on either side to interrupt their harmony du-
ring the life time of any of the parties. The im-
pression made upon the minds of the Indians was
certainly strong respecting the justness and good
will of Penn towards them, from their frequent men-
tion of him in treaties held at various times for near
a century after his death.^ The particular spot at
which the first treaty was held, by tradition is said
to have been under the venerable elm that lately
stood on the Delaware shore at Kensington, but of
this there is no record. The treaty however has
been immortalized by the pencil of our celebrated
countryman West; whose grandfather having been
one of the first settlers, and a proininent character,
was no doubt present at its ratification.
Upon a survey of the land on the river, the pre-
sent site of the City was perceived to be the most
suitable place for the intended town. The approach
of the two rivers, the short distance above the mouth
of the Schuylkill ; the depth of the Delaware ; the
land heavily timbered ; the existence of a stratum
of brick clay on the spot ; immense quarries oi build-
ing stone in the vicinity, all conspired to determine
Penn in his choice of the spot, but the land was al-
ready in possession of the Swedes, and justice requi-
red that their wishes should be consulted respecting
its occupancy. An exchange of the desired site was
therefore proposed for land in the vicinity, and hav-
* Of this there are many records m treaties pi'eserved. (See
Prouds history vol. 1. p 214.) On one occasion they said "they
should never forget the council that William Penn gave them,
and that though they could not write, as the English did, yet
they could keep in the memory, what was said in their councils."
Brother Onas was the title by which they disting-uished Penn^
and after his death, the State. — In Indian, Onas signifies a Pen.
12 INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
ing been accepted, the City was laid out. It has
been transmitted to us, that either under an appre-
hension of the unwillingness of the proprietors to part
with their land, or from their actual refusal, the com-
missioners previously to the arrival oi Penn, had re-
solved to establish the tov/n about twelve miles up
the Delaware.
Civilized nations have ever been anxious to be
made acquainted with their origin, and to record
their progress from the stages of rude society to
comfort, riches, refinement. The history of the foun-
ders of Philadelphia is short ; and yet when duly
weighed is not without interest : for the hand of a
particular Providence was more than once interposed
in their behalf, a favour which the pious and grate-
ful Quakers did not fail to acknowledge and record.*
The fleet that accompanied Penn, after landing
their goods at the inlet, now known by the name of
the dock, then " a sandy heach^"^ were laid up for the
winter in the creek now occupied by Dock street; the
first attention of the passengers would of course be
directed to the means of procuring a shelter from
the elements. The attention of the aborigines was
great, and the Swedes lent them every assistance,
which their necessities required, or they themselves
could afford. Their privations must nevertheless have
been great. They had left comfortable homes, regu-
lar establishments, and were now obliged to content
themselves with bark huts, which the experience of
the natives taught them to lashiOn ; or with caves,
which they dug out of the high bank that overlooked
* Townsend's testimony. Proud 1. p. 228.
I^iTRODUGTOHY HISTOKY. 13
the river Delaware, in which many of them passed
the first winter. ^
They found a " sky as clear in winter, as in sum-
mer, not foul thick or black," and the " air, though cold
and piercing, yet did not require-more clothes than in
England," a circumstance easily explained by the
fact, that it was *' dry." The grateful nourishing-
grain Mayz, or Indian corn, was found native, and
wild animals abounded,! and such was their tame»
ness, that they became an easy prey. The river fur-
nished varieties of fish, the land was fertile, and as
the habits of the settlers induced them to omit no
opportunity of providing against the future, famine,
which had desolated some of the other American
colonies, never visited Pennsylvania.
Dean Prideaux says:}: that Penn had the celebrated
city of Babylon in view as a model for his American
town, and from the draft given by the learned divine,
the idea as far as regularity was concerned, appears
to have been well founded. It would seem also that
Penn wished, or thought it practicable to emulate the
size at least of the Chaldean capital, for he gave or-
ders to his commissioners to lay out a town in the
proportion of two hundred acres for every ten thou-
sand sold, in which the purchasers of five hundred
acres were to have ten. The whole amount sold,
having been nearly four hundred thousand acres, the
city would have covered an area of eight thousand
* In one of these caves tlie first Pennsylvanian, John Key was
born, who lived to see a regular city built where a wilderness
had stood. He died 1767, ag-ed 85.
f Penn's letter to the society of " Free Traders." A deer
cost two shilling's, a large turkey one shilling'; corn was two and
sixpence per bushel — Tov/nsend's testimony in Proud's history,.
vol. l.p.229.
:| History of the coBnexioR of the old and new Testament, vol. -l.
B
14 INTRODUCTORY HISTORY,
acres. It was soon perceived that a town in which
some of the purchasers were entitled to 400 acres
each, some to 200 acres, more to 100 and other large
proportions, would never answer the end of a city
in a new country, where from the numerous wants
necessarily incident to first settlers in a wilderness,
and especially of protection, trade, and society, a thick
settled neighbourhood was ot the first consequence.
Instead thereibre of a town of twelve and a hali square
miles, which the original plan had it been executed,
would have occupied, one of less than two square
miles, or about twelve hundred acres was laid out.
According to this plan, a draught of which was
made by the surveyor general, Thomas Hohne, and
is still extant, the city extended two squares over the
Schuylkill ; this plan was transmitted by the pro-
prietary to London, and there prefixed to a long
printed letter addressed to a large company of ori-
ginal purchasers under the title of '■'- the society of
free traders," in which a general description of the
country, its production, and of the natives is given.
But this plan was again contracted, and by charter
of 1701, the city was declared to be bounded by the
two rivers Delaware and Schuylkill ; and Vine and.
Cedar streets, as North and South boundaries.
The first house erected in Phila.delphia was a
v.^ooden one, on the East side of Front street, a little
North of the place now called " the Dock ;'* and is
said not to have been finished when Wm. Penn first
arrived. The ov/ner, George Guest, kept a public
house there, for many years ; his sign was a blue
anchor ; this house in early times was a distin-
guished place of resort from its vicinity ^ to one of
the two landings, with which the town was accommo-
dated. The back part of the house now occupied by
J. Keen, currier, in Chesnut, opposite Carpenter's
court, was among the first (if not the first) brick
TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. 15
buildings in the city ; it was built by David
Brientnall. William Penn's country house was on
the Delaware, at Pennsbury manor above Bristol,
the frame of which had been sent out from England
in the first fleet, but the building was not completed
when he arrived. Here he had a large hall of audi-
ence for the reception of the sovereigns of the soil,
with whom nineteen treaties were held by him. His
oaken arm chair is preserved in the Pennsylvania hos-
pital.
Topographical Dcscriptloiu
Philadelphia lies on a plain nearly level, and on the
Western bank of the river Delaware, in 39 degrees 57
minutes of North latitude, and 75 degrees 8 min-
utes of longitude, West of London. It is about
120 miles distant from the ocean, by the course of
the river, and 60 in a direct line : its elevation above
low water mark ranges from two to forty-six feet,
the highest part being between Seventh and Eighth
streets, from Schuylkill.
It derived its name from a citv in Asia Minor,
celebrated in sacred history, for its having been the
seat of an early christian church.^ The Indian
name of the place where the city now stands, was
Co-a-que-na-que.
The immediate substratum of Philadelphia is
clay of various hues and degrees of tenacity, mix-
ed with more or less sand, or sand and gravel.
* The city is about twenty-four miles East of Sardis, and
seventy-two from Smyrna, and was the last city in those quar-
ters that submitted to the Turks, after a terrible sieg-e of six years.
It was to this church that St. John was directed to write a
consolatory and directive epistle Rev. iii — 7- l3. The name is
composed of two Greek words jPAi/o,yj a friend^ and Adeiphos, a
brother.
16 TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIOX.
Underneath, at various depths, fromr twenty to nearly
forty feet, and also on the opposite shore of New-
jersey, are found a variety of vegetable remains,
Vi^hich evidently appear to have been left there in
remote periods of time by the retiring waters : hickory
nuts v/ere found a few years since in digging a well,
upwards of thirty feet beneath the surface, and the
trunk of a Sycamore (buttonwood) tree was discovered
in Seventh near Mulberry street, near forty feet below,
imbedded in black mud, abounding with leaves and
acorns. About 60 feet distance from that place, and
nearly at the same depth, a bone was found ; the
stratum above was a tough potter's clay. In vari-
ous other parts of the city, and even at the distance of
several miles in the country, similar discoveries have
been made. Shark's teeth are occasionally dug up many
feet belov/ the surface, near Mount Holly. All these
facts seem to prove the truth of the opinion first de-
livered by our countryman, Lewis Evans, that the
site of Philadelphia formed part of the sea, whose
coast was bounded by a reef of rocks^, some two,
three, or six miles broad, rising generally a lit-
tle higher than the adjoining land, and extending
from New York, westwardly by the falls of Dela-
ware, Schuylkill, Susquehannah, Gunpowder, Pa-
tapsco, Potomack, Rappahannock, James River, and
Roanoak, which Avas the ancient maritime boundary,
and forms a regular curve. The clay and other soil
which compose the borders of the rivers descending
from the upland through this tract, are formed bv
the soil Vv^ashed dov/n with the floods, and mixed
with the sand left by the sea.
* They are formed of Gneiss, Micaceous SchisUis and othei
primitive rocks.
VARIOUS PLANS OF THE CITY.. 17
A few streams of water originally crossed part of
the city plot ; but these in the course of improvement
have entirely disappeared.
The depths of the wells are various in different
parts of the city. In the vicinity of the river, water
is found at the depth of ten or twelve feet. From the
number of causes serving to contaminate the springs
in all cities, the water may be reasonably supposed
to be impure and of a disagreeable taste* In 1799
Mr. Hunter, apothecary, evaporated 220 gallons of
water from a pump in Second below Dock street, and
found it to contain the following ingredients,
12 oz. Chalk. 17 oz. Magnesia.
32 oz. Salt Petre. 24 oz. Common sea salt»
Various Plans of the City,
The original plan was made by Thomas Holme^
the first Surveyor General, in the year 1683, and
sent to England, where it was published, and annex-
ed to William Penn's letter addressed to "the Soci-
ety of Free Traders," who were the largest origi-
nal purchasers of land. By this the city consisted of
nine streets running East and West, including
High street, near the centre of one hundred feet
broad, and twenty streets (besides Broad street of one
hundred feet,) crossing the others at right angles.
Front street on both rivers was sixty feet broad, all
the rest were fifty feet. In the center was left a square
of ten acres, at each angle of which, public buildings
were to be erected, and in each quarter of the city, a
square of eight acres" for "the like uses as the Moor-
fields in London."* How little this excellent pro-
* Moorfields were the great g-ymnaslum of London, the resort
of wrestlers, runners, and foot-ball players, and every manly re-
dreation. — Pennant's account of London,
18 VARIOUS PLANS OF THE CITY.
vision has been attended to, will be seen in the
sequel.
In the year 1768 Nicholas Scull made a survey
of the improved parts of the city, which then extend-
ed no farther than Eighth street. It was published
by the late Matthew Clarkson and Hannah Biddle,
and is a useful document, as serving to shew the pre-
cise state of improvement at that time.
In the year 1796 John Hill published a large plan
of the city.
In the year 1794 Benjamin Davies published one,
including theNorthern Liberties and Southwark, dis-
tinguishing by shaded squares the parts then improv-
ed.
In 1808 Mr. Hill, above mentioned, published a
map of a circle, ten miles round Philadelphia, inclu-
ding New Jersey which gives a good idea of the
country embraced by it.
Mr. J. A. Paxton has recently published a very
accurate map of the city and liberties, with a pam-
phlet explanatory of the same, which cannot fail to be
highly useful as a statistical document, and to stran-
gers will be particularly valuable.
In 1782, a law was passed for the regulation of
the streets, of the natural water courses, and the
common sewers ; and city regulators* appointed to
execute the duty thus enjoined. By them the north
and south lines of the city v/ere marked agreeably to
law, and also the lines of all the streets, and plans
formed of them, which are preserved in the city sur-
veyor's office.
* J. Lukens, David RittenhouSe, Thomas Neville^ William
Moulder, and James Pearson.
DELAWARE AND SCHUYLKILL* 19
The river Delaware is formed by the union of
two streams that take their origin in the state of
New York, and flowing south, receives the Lexawac-
sein creek in Wayne county, one hundred and
fourteen miles above Easton : the Lehigh at Eas-
ton sixty miles above Philadelphia, and the Schuyl-
kill as already stated, six miles below the city, besides
many creeks on the Jersey and Pennsylvania sides.
Opposite to the city it is thirteen hundred and six-
ty two yards wide, and so far is navigable for ves-
sels of any tonnage : vessels of lesser burthen go thirty
miles higher to Trenton falls, at which place the tide
ceases. Off the city it rises five or six feet in common
times, but during long continued and violent north-
east winds, it rises from seven to nine feet. On the
contrary, during strong north-west winds, very low
tides have been known, and rocks have been discover-
ed with the naked eye near the upper ferry on the Jer-
sey shore. These were seen in March 1769, and again
in March 1 796, They were then seven or eight feet
out of water, and eighteen feet across, bearing the
initials of many names. In February 1810, they were
two feet out. The Indian name of the Delaware was
Poutaxat.
The Schuylkill, the western boundary of the city,
rises in Luzerne county, one hundred and forty miles
from its mouth. It is navigable irom the falls above
Philadelphia in boats, about ninety miles. From its
mouth, six miles below Philadelphia, to the falls,
loaded sloops go up, a distance about seven miles.
On a range with Vine street, it measures 1264 feet;
on a range with Cedar street, it measures 2040 feet.
Most of our rivers, retain their Indian names ; but
Schuylkill signifies in low Dutch, a "hidden river," or
hiding river, an appellation derived in all probability
from the circumstance of the secret settlements of
the people of Maryland upon its shores, or from its
20 GENERAL DESCRIPTION,
running into the interior, beyond the researches of
the settlers. Dr. Collin=^ says that it was also called
''Skaerkill," in the Swedish publications. Holme, in his
mapf calls it Nittabaconck. Ma-nai-unk is another
Indian name.
General Description*
Philadelphia now consists of the original nine
streets running East and West from Delaware to
Schuylkill, and thirteen crossing the others nearly at
right angles : of the former, High street which is near
the centre, is one hundred feet broad, and Mulberry:}:
sixty-six feet : all the rest are fifty feet. Those running
north and south are all fifty feet in breadth, except
Broad street, which is one hundred and thirteen feet
broad, Juniper street between Broad and Thirteenth
street, which is twenty eight feet, and Front streets
on both rivers which are sixty feet broad.
There are also four streets that run to Schuylkill,
from different distances eastward, viz. Lombard
from Front street. Locust from the south-east pub-
lic square ; George from Sixth street ; Filbert from
Eighth street ; Cherry from third street j all these
are about fitty feet wide except Cherry and George
streets, which are about forty feet. There are thir-
teen streets from Delaware to Broad street, and
eight from the latter to Schuylkill. By the original
plan as before noticed. Broad street was placed ex-
actly in the middle, eleven streets being each side
of it.
* Minister of the Swedish church.
t Inserted in his account of New Sweden.
t This street has derived its name of " I\yq\\ street" from the
circumstance of an arch having' been built under Front street to
eifect a passage to the river. This arch was removed in 3720 by
tte corporation of the City.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 21
The streets running east and west are named, with
the exception of High street, from the native trees.
Beginning at the northern boundary ; they are Vine,
Sassafras, Mulberry, (High), Chesnut, Walnut,
Spruce, Pine, and Cedar streets. Union street be-
tween Spruce and Pine, was not an original street,
and runs only from Front to Fourth street. The
streets running north and south, derive their names
from their numeral order, counting from each river, as
Front, Second, Third, &c. The streets were laid out
N. 18 degrees E. In 1742 they were found to be
15 degrees E. At present they are nine degrees. — •
The variation of the compass is two degrees west.
Besides the foregoing, there are many other streets
not in the original plot, that have been laid out either
by the state government or individuals, some of which
extend through from where they commence, to the
Schuylkill, others only through one or more squares.
Among these may be mentioned, that laid out by
William Sansom, esq. situate between Chesnut and
Walnut streets, and west of Seventh street. — It is
sixty feet wide ; the houses are built agreeably to his
plan, strictly uniform in height and external appear-
ance. In Walnut also between seventh and eighth
streets, and Second above Callowhill street, rows of
houses have been built, or caused to be built by him,
which have greatly tended to ornament the city, and
accommodate the inhabitants.
Of the north and south streets, three have been
formed, in the following way. Originally the distance
from Eleventh to Broad street was five hundred and
twenty eight feet, but by a new applotment. Broad
street was placed farther westward, and hence two
ne¥/ squares were formed, tbgiLx a G^ urtmjygtJSt of which
is three hundred and ninety-six feet long, and the
w^est five hundred and twenty-eight feet ; through
the middle of the latter, Juniper street was laid
n GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
out by order of the executive council during the
war. Twelfth and Thirteenth streets were added, of
fifty feet each. Broad street v/as originally one hun-
dred feet broad, but in regulating the several squares
from Eighth street westy>^ard, thirteen feet of sur-
plus ground v^ere found, which v/ere of course added
to Broad street.
Dock street is the only street in the city, not cross-
ed by another at right angles. Beginning at the
Bridge in Front sreet, it extends northward in a
serpentine tract, through two squares, across Second
and Walnut streets, and terminates at Third street ;
another branch of it extends south v/estward, across
Spruce street, and terminates at Second street ; the
ground occupied by this street, and by an open space
between it and Spruce street^ below the bridge, was
formerly a swamp and was given by William Penn
" for the common use and service of the city, and
all others, with liberty to dig docks, and make har-
bours lor ships and vessels, in all or any part of
the said swam.pf". The creek it was supposed would
prove a great convenience to the inhabitants, by the
facility it would afford of transporting fuel to the
interior ; and a wooden draw-bridge was erected near
the mouth of the inlet, to admit craft up. The sides
of the canal were also supported by stone walls: but
the small force of the current favouring the di^osi-
tion of the mud suspended in the water, occasioned
a rapid accumulation of it, and at low water was high-
ly offensive ; it was therefore at an early period arched
Irom Third to Walnut street. In 1784, the arch was
continued to near Spruce street. It was however used
as a canal in early times, and a respectable citizen nov/
living, relates, that the late Israel Pemberton pointed
out the place, v/here a sloop once lay that was
consigned to him from Barbadoes, loaded with rum.
* Now a board yarcL f Charter of the city.
GEI^^ERAL DESCRIPTION. 2S
It was on the spot where now stands the buildmg
lately occupied by the United States bank.^ By the
arching ot the dock, a handsome airy street, Irom
ninety to one hundred feet wide, has been acquired.
Water street, which is about thirty feet wide,
runs from the North line of the Cxty, and beyond
it, to the bridge landmg, formed no part of the
original plan : it was left as a convenient communi-
cation from the " Pennypot landing" at Vine street,
to the " Blue Anchor," at the bridge ; the high bank
along the Delaware, preventing access to the West-
ward at other places. In the year 1684, an address
had been presented to the proprietary by those con-
cerned in the front lots, claiming the privilege to build
stores against the bank ; and to use them as their
right : in answer to which Penn declared his intention
to reserve " the top of the bank, as a common exchange
or walk," but permitted " stores to be built," expressly
providing that they should not be raised higher than
four feet above the bank. One of these stores built
upon this plan, is to be seen at this day in front above
Sassairas street. In 1690, during his residence in Eng-
land, an appeal was made to the commissioners of pro-
pertv, on the subject, who yielding to the solicitations
of the inhabitants, formally granted, in writing, liberty
to build as high as they pleased,provided they left thir-
ty feet, oi ground for a cart way under and along the
said bank for ever ; when necessary, they were re-
quired to wharf out, in order to preserve the proper
breadth : those willing to have steps up into their
houses, were required to leave convenient room to
make the same upon their own ground ; and between
two adjoining public streets, there was to be left
* After the creek had been stopped out, Mr. Pemberton occu*
pied the ground as a garden, which ran parallel with Tliird
street to his house, situated on the spot now occupied by the
Farmers and Mechanics bank, and by the house east of it.
24 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
at least ten feet of ground for a public stairs.^
clear of all buildings over the same. The permis-
sion was gladly accepted, and the whole bank has in
consequende, been built upon ; and not a house as
far as Pine street, has a single foot of yard room.
This deviation from the original plan is much to be
regretted, as had that been adhered to, a pleasing view
of the Delaware from Front street would have been
obtained, and thus have not only added greatly to
the beauty of the city, but have admitted a refresh-
ing body of air from the river, and prevented the ac-
cumulation of filth, which, to the great injury of the
inhabitants, has, and ever will be the consequence of
the erection of dwellings in such confined situations.
Southward of Pine street, there is an oifset of
about eighty feet eastward, and the street from thence
to Cedar street, the southern boundary of the city,
is forty-five feet wide, and called Penn street.
The elevations of the streets and water courses
are regulated by the mayor, recorder, and aldermen,
with the assistance of city surveyors ; but the duty
is in general entrusted to the latter, except on par-
ticular occasions.
In the beginning of the settlement it v/as expected,
that the fronts on both rivers would be first improv-
ed for the convenience of trade and navigation, and
that the buildings would extend gradually in the rear
of each until they would meet and form one town,
extending from East to West, but experience soon
convinced the settlers that the Delaware front was
alone sufficient for quays and landing places, and
that the Schuylkill lay at too great a distance to form
part of the town on its banks ; the greater depth of
water and the navigation of the Delaware were also
reasons that soon operated with the settlers to cause
a preference to be given to the eastern front ; whence
it followed, that the town increased northward and
GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 25
southward of the original plot, upon the Delaware
front, and now occupies a space nearly three miles in
length, North and South, while the buildings in the
middle, where they are most extended, reach little
more than a mile from the Delaware.
The wharves are built of square casements of logs,
filled in with earth and stone. — The city is lighted by
1132 lamps, inclosed in glass lantherns, fixed on the
tops of posts placed on the edges of the foot-way. — -
The lamps under the market houses are lighted every
evening at dusk, and continue burning until daylight.
The other lamps are lighted only on those nights
when the moon does not give sufficient light — -14,355
gallons of lamp-oil were used last year.
The improved parts of the city are paved with
round stones, brought from the bed of the river at
Trenton falls. The foot-ways are paved with brick,
and raised on a level with the highest part of the
street, and defended from the approach of carriages
by ranges of curb stone. The expense of these are
borne by the owners of houses. The middle of the
street is a few inches higher than the part next the
pavement, and as the descent is gradual, the water runs
oif with facility, and passes off by the culverts, (tfie
mouths of which open in various streets) to the river.
The houses are from two to four stories high, and
are built of brick, the superiority of which is well
known throughout the United States.
In general, the houses are covered with cedar shin-
gles, but slate is rapidly coming into use, and will it
is hoped, be universally used. The style of architec-
ture has hitherto been very plain, and a degree of
uniformity has prevailed, which to intelligent stran-
gers has always appeared a striking defect. The flights
of steps and the cellar doors protruding into the
pavement, and diminishing its breadth, are striking-
errors. — -The internal construction of dwellings sel--
c
26 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
dom permit the use of a stove in the entries, although
obviously required by the nature of our climate, and
essential to the comfort, nay health of delicate con-
stitutions.
Of late however, an evident improvement has ta-
ken place, and there can be no doubt, that if a good
example were set, an entire revolution would take
place. The front walls of the houses are fourteen
inches thick, and the internal walls nine inches.
The edges of the pavements are planted in many
streets with Lombardy Poplars, for the introduc-
tion of which we are indebted to William Hamilton
Esq. who brought them from England about the year
1784. They serve not only greatly to ornament the
city, but to promote public health by the circulation
of air they produce, and the shade they afford during
summer : — ^^enough to overbalance the trifling incon-
venience arising from the tendency of the roots to
force up the pavement, and which has been offered
as an argument against their propagation in the
city.
The number of squares originally was 184, but at
present they amount to 252, — Their dimensions are
as follows,
From Delaware Front street to
Second street . . 396 Feet
Second to Third . . 500
Third to Fourth . . 37 S
Fourth to Fifth . . 401
Fifth to Sixth . . . 398
Sixth to Thirteenth, each square is 396
Thirteenth to Juniper . 250
Juniper to Broad <, * 250
Broad to Third, each . 396
Third to Second » • 495
Second to Front « , . 396
GENERAL DESCRIPTIOX. 27
The above squares are co-extensive with the city
North and South.
From Front to Ashton street 273 feet, at
all places, except North of Sassafras and Vine,
where the width of said square is only 264 feet
Ashton to Beech . . 240
Beech to Willow . . . 267
Beech is open to Locust, and Willow to Pine street.
The dimensions of the squares from North to
South, according to Mr. Howell, city surveyor, are
From Vine to Sassafras . . 632 feet
Sassafras to Cherry » .288
Cherry to Mulberry . 288
Mulberry to Filbert . . 307
Filbert to High . . 306
High to Chesnut . . . 484
Chesnut to George . . 235
George to Walnut . • 235
Walnut to Locust . . .370
Locust to Spruce . . 400
Spruce to Pine . . • 473
Pine to Lombard . . . 282
Lombard to Cedar . . 322
From High to Vine street, the measurement was
t;aken along the streets respectively in all parallels. — -
From High street Southward, the measurement was
taken along Broad street, and applies Eastward and
Westward. — Thus the distance from the Northern /^^^
to the Southern boundary of the city proper is 4fSS9 '^T 0/
feet, and from Delaware to Schuylkill, along High
street, is 4cr§©§- feet. /^^ J? «2 4
Shortly after the incorporation of the city, a law
was passed for numbering the houses, and marking
the streets, lanes, and alleys at every intersection
with each other, — a measure which together with the
regularity of the streets, greatly facilitates the stran-
ger in his search for a citizen. The numbers in the
28 GENERAL DESCRIPTION,
streets lying East and West, begin with No. 1, on
the North; and No. 2, on the South sides at the
river Delaware, or other Eastern commencement of
the street, and proceed westward ; ail the houses
marked with odd numbers, are on the North side of
the way, and all those marked with even numbers^
on the South.
The numbers in the streets lying North and South,
begin at the corners of High street, with No. 1, on
the East, and No. 2. on the West side. High street
is considered as the middle line of division, and the
parts of these lying North of it, has the addition of
North to their names, and those lying South, the addi-
tion of South ; the numbers proceed North and South
from High street, having all the odd numbers on the
East, and all the even numbers on the West side.
A board is fixed up at every intersection, on which
the names of the streets, crossing one another, are
painted.
Previously to 1800, the city was divided into
wards in a very irregular manner, but in that year
the following judicious arrangement was made.
The city was divided into fourteen wards, seven
of which commence at the river Delaware and end
at Fourth street, and seven begin at Fourth street and
continue to the river Schuylkill or western boundary
of the city. The regular plan of the streets into North
and South, East and West, favours this division,
which will be readily understood by the following
plan.
PLAN OF THE 14 WARDS OF PHILADELPHIA. 2?
NORTH.
Vine
Street,
North Mulberry ward.
Upper Delaware ward.
Race
or
Sassafras Street,
South Mulberry ward.
Lower Delaware ward.
Arch
or ^ Mulberry Street,
M
North ward.
Market
High Streetward.
or g High Street,
■ o . —
Middle ward. |w| Chesnut ward.
^ : ft I ____«„
Chesnut
South ward.
Walnut
Locust ward.
o
H
w
- H
a
o
Street,
Walnut ward.
Street,
Dock ward.
Spruce
Street,
Cedar ward.
New Market ward.
South
or
Cedar Street,
SOUTH.
c 2
3d J>OPtJLATrOK.
When William Penn first came to this country^
he found it possessed by about three thousand Euro-
peans, Swedes, Dutch, and English, who were scat-
tered from New- Castle to the falls of Delaware. Two
thousand of his countrymen accompanied him from
England, and in two years after, v/hen he embarked
to return, he left eighty houses and cottages in the
capital. Population flowed in rapidly from a variety
of causes. The religious bigotry of the English gov-
ernment had rendered a large body of industrious
people much dissatisfied ; the character of Penn
stood high with his sect, and he was known to be a
favourite at court. The patent for the tract of land, had
been drawn by an able statesman, under an express in-
junction that it should "give sufficient encouragement
to settlers :'' it was particularly dictated, so as to
avoid those disputes that had occurred in the case
of the colony of Massachusetts, and afforded security
from the interference by an arbitrary court which was
of no small importance. But the liberal principles
adopted by Penn in the " conditions with the settlers,"
contributed perhaps more than any other cause to the
increase of population. Property was secured to the
labouring class, by the allotment of " fifty acres to
a servant at the end of his time." To men deprived of
all fiopes of power or office by the existence of privi-
leged orders, it was a strong inducement to emigrate,
that " all inhabitants paying scot and lot to the go-
vernment shall be eligible as a representative of the
people ;" a provision embracing a greater number
by the addition of another aiticle, that '*no person
shall enjoy more than one public office at a time,"
Confidence was given to those disposed to supply
the wants of the colonists, by compelling " factors,
wronging their employers, to make satisfaction, and
one third over ;" and religious controversy could
Ttbt disturb their repose, when none, ** acknowledging
POPULATIONS^
one Almiglity God, and living peaceably in society,
could be molested for their religion, nor compelled to
frequent or maintain any religious ministry what-
ever."
In the short space of three years after the settle-
ment of Penn, fiity sail of vessels arrived, filled with
passengers from different countries. The tyranny of
the German Princes contributed greatly to this num-
ber. So many oi their subjects arrived at an early date,
that government was alarmed at their increase ; but
their habits were industrious and retired, and dis-
persing in various directions, they diffused im-
provements, and silently, but steadily contributed
in an eminent degree to the prosperity of the coun-
try.
Dwelling houses. Inhabitants.
In 1683^ there were 80
iroo
700
17491
2,076
1753
2,300
14,563
1760
2,960
18,756
1769
4,474
28,042
1776
5,460
1783
6,000
1790
6,651
415 Stores and
Workshops.
1801
11,200
1805:|:
13,461
* Penn's letter. Proud 1. p. 263. t Robinson's Directory.
f The enumeration of 1749, was made by citizens of the first
i^espectabiHty.
Mulberry ward, by Dr. Franklin — -Dock ward, Joseph Ship-
n^—Lower Delaware, William Allen, (Chief Justice. )~Upper
45en-
32
POI»ULATION.
The following' enumeration from the Directory^ was
taken by James Robinson and John A, Paxton in
November^ 1810. By xvhich it appears the city con-
tains thirteen thousand two hundred and forty one
Buildings^ of which seven hundred and thirty severi
are new.
Dwelling Houses
Store Houses
Manufacturing Buildings
Public Buildings
Stables, Workshops, &c.
Totals. 8640 4601 13241
Northern Liberties^ built part (exclusive of Kensing-
ton) contains four thousand two hundred and eigh-
ty^ of which two hundred and seventy-txvo are
New,
Brick
Frame
Total
6351
2523
8874
1053
159
1212
161
69
230
131
25
156
944
1825
2769
Dwelling Houses
Store Houses
Manufacturing Buildings
Public Buildings
Stables, Workshops, &c.
Brick
1556
93
42
10
64
Frame
1442
76
49
9
939
Total
2998
169
91
19
1003
Totals. 1765 2515 4280
Delaware, Thomas Hopkinsoii. — South ward and Southern sub-
urbs, Edward Shippen. — High street, Thomas Lawrence, jun. —
Walnut, WiUiam Humphreys. — Chesnut, Joseph Turner.— North
ward and Northern suburbs. Dr. "William Shippen. — Middle ward,
William Coleman.
The alteration of the division of the wards in 1800, renders it
impossible to judge of the comparative increase of population in
the several quarters of the city.
POPULATION.
Penn Townships built par ts^ coritalns nme hundred and
thirty-six Buildings^ of which Jifty seven are New,
Brick
Frame
Total
Dwelling Houses
Store Houses
225
292
2
S\7
2
Manufacturing Buildings
Public Buildings
Stables, Workshops, &c.
- 4
2
- re
8
3
324
12
5
400
Totals. 30r 629 936
Kensington contains eight hundred and sixty nine
Buildings^ of which Jifty -two are New,
Brick Frame Total
Dwelling Houses
Store Houses
Manufacturing Buildings
Public Buildings
Stables, Workshops, &c.
Totals. 205 664 869
Southwark^ hmlt parts^ co7itains two thousand seve?i
hu7idred and thirty -nine buildiiigs^ of which one
hundred and twenty-eight are New,
184
431
615
1
8
9
5
5
10
1
3
4
14
217
231
Brick
Frame
Total
Dwelling Houses
834
1466
2301
Store Houses
S6
32
68
Manufacturing Buildings
10
19
29
Public Buildings
8
5
13
Stables, Workshops, Sec.
14
314
328
Totalsv 902 1837 2739
U POPULATION.
MoyameJising and Passyunk^ north of Federal road^
contains seven hundred and four buildings^ of -which
forty-nine are New,
Brick
Frame
Total
Dwelling Houses
82
427
509
Store Houses
1
1
2
Manufacturing Buildings
5
7
12
Public Buildings
5
3
8
Stables, Workshops, Sec.
16
157
173
Totals. 109 595 704
In all 15j814 dwelling Houses.
POPULATION.
5o
The following table will serve to shew the progres-
sive population of the city and liberties, more particu-
larly, since the establishment of the federal govern-
ment.
FREE
WHIl'ES
SLAVES
FREE PER-
SONS NOT
TAXED
TOTAL
1790.
City
26,918
193
1,411
28,522
Northern Liberties
8,129
34
174
8,337
Southwark
5,421
29
211
5,661
Passyunk
833
52
884
Moyamensing
1,394
298
1,592
1800.
City
36,955
55
4,210
41,220
Northern Liberties
16,010
960
16,970
Southwark
8,773
848
9,621
Passyunk
831
53
884
Moyamensing
1,294
298
1,592
1810.
City
47,368
2^
6,352t
53,722
Northern Liberties
20,348
1,210
21,558
Southwark
12,327
1,380
13,707
Passyunk
968
24
992
Moyamensing
2,178
709
2,887
Penn^:
3,640
158
3,798
* See account of the abolition Society,
f Robinson's Directory for 1811, states the number of blacks
at 9,607.
\ Formerly Dart of Northern Liberties,
36 POPULATIO^^
In 1790 the total inhabitants of the 14 city wards
by the general census, was 28,522
Slaves , . 193
Free persons not taxed 1,411
1,604
26,918
In 1800, . • . 41,220
Slaves . . 55
Free persons not taxed 4,210
4,265
, 36,955
Increase 10,037
In 1810, . J. . 53,722
Slaves .... 2
Free persons not taxed 6,352
6354
~ 47,368
Increase 10,413
In 1 800 the number of inhabitants in the built parts
of the Northern Liberties was 10,718
Free persons not taxed 714
10,004
In 1810, 19,874
Free persons not taxed 1,137
— — 18,737
Increase 8,733
In 1800 the number of inhabitants in the built parts
of Southwark, was 6414
Free persons not taxed 565
^,849
POPULATION.
37
In 1810, in Southwark and Moyamensing, built
parts 14,796
Free persons not taxed 2,038
12,758
Increase 6,909
The above returns have been taken from the origi-
nal documents in the marshal's office, and the accu-
racy of the results may be depended on. In forming
anestimate of the city population, only the thickly built
parts of Southwark, Passyunk, and Moyamensing,
adjoining the southern quarter of the city, have been
taken into the account ; the same rule has been ob-
served with respect to the Northern Liberties. Had
the scattered population been taken into considera-
tion, the sum total of the whites would have been in-,
creased in 1810, to about 2,000 souls more. Thq^,
whole population of the city and county of Philadei ->
phiain 1810, was 111,210.^
Every one knows that Philadelphia has suffered
severely by the American pestilence, commonly cal-
led yellow fever, and as it may be satisfactory to know
the number of deaths in different years, and they will
serve to shew how much greater would have been our
increase, had we had no pestilence, the following
statement is given.
DEATHS.
In the year 1793.
August, . 361
September . . 1,514
October . 2,045
November . 82
pEATHS.
In the year 1797.
August . 303
September . , 579
October . 386
November . 24
4,002
1,292
* The population of the city of New York, embracing the
^'hole island, is 965872.
D
POPULATION.
DEATHS.
In the year 1798.
August
September
October
November
626
2,004
64
3,637
DEATHS.
In the year 1799.
August . 375
September . 465
October • 175
1,015
DEATHS
In the year 1802.
August . . . 262
September . . . 284
October . . . 289
835
iThus m five years we lost ten thousand seven
hundred and eighty-one persons. The same disease
prevailed in one thousand seven hundred and ninety
four, five and six, with more violence than in 1802,
but no particular account was kept of the deaths by it.
Several reasons may be assigned why the popula-
tion of the city has increased so rapidly, notwith-
standing numerous attacks of a sweeping pestilence,
since the Census of 1790.
1st. From the ease with which a competence is
obtained, the number of marriages is very great.
Futurity never enters into the calculation of a cou-
ple desirous of uniting ; they know that whatever be
the calling of the man, he can easily make more than
will support his family, if he be industrious, and
blest with health.
2d. The great encouragement given to every class
of mechanics, induces more of them to settle here than
in other cities.
POPULATION. S-9
3d. A general amelioration of the public health. —
This happy eitect is to be ascribed to the following
causes :
1st. The arching of the creek, running from near
Spruce in the site of Dock street. The intention
of leaving this creek by the original proprietor, Wil-
liam Perm, has been already mentioned, and with
this view, its banks were supported by stone walls ;
but its bed filled so rapidly with mud, that it became
useless as a canal for boats, and for many years re-
mained a great nuisance. It was the receptacle of
an immense mass of animal and vegetable offall mat-
ters, which poisoned the air by the exhalations arising
from them, and the muddy bed, by the action of the
sun on them when the tide was out. A conviction of
its injurious effects, induced Doctor Rush to point it
out as a proper object of legislative attention, and re-
commended the arching of it as a measure essen-
tially connected with the health of the city. The
people of the present day, who now enjoy the great
advantage of an airy street, and see the large stores
built in place of the receptacles of poverty, vice,
and filth, will learn with astonishment, that a violent
opposition was made to the measure by many citi-
zens, and that the benevolent and patriotic guardian of
the public health, " stood alone" among his breth-
ren in the recommendation of the measure. After
a full discussion of the question by the legislature, a
law was passed in 1784 for arching the creek. It is a
fact, that typhus fevers generally, j and the destruc-
tive cholera, or bowel complaint which destroyed so
great a proportion of the children under the age of
18 months, who vitre within the influence of the
pestilential air of this dock, have diminished so evi-
dently as to strike even common observers.
,40 CLI3IATE.
2d. The cultivation of the lots adjoining the city,
many of which were low and retained water, and
thus gave rise to poisonous exhalations.
3d. Greater attention to cleanliness in the streets.
4th. Increase of horticulture. By inducing greater
consumption of vegetables, and consequently a dimi-
nution in the use of animal food, the tendency to fe-
brile complaints is lessened.
5th. The institution of a Dispensary, which has
extended medical relief to thousands, who might have
suffered from inability to pay a regular physician, or
have fallen under the hands of pretenders to medi-
cine.
6th. Improvements in the healing art=^.
7th. The increase of knowledge among all classes
of people, whence they are better acquainted with
the means of preserving health.
Climate*
A considerable change has taken place in the cli-
mate of Philadelphia, in common with the state at
large, during the last forty years. Our winters are
less uniformly cold, and more variable, and our
summers less uniformly warm than before the date
just mentioned. The Delaware for many years past
has not afforded the diversion of skating for more
than two weeks at a time, and seldom so long, while
formerly during four or six weeks, it was the scene
of pastime and manly exercises. In the year 1704
snow fell one yard deep, in the winter 1739-40 the
river was frozen until the 15th of March : but in that
year the cold was intense all over Europe.
In the winter of 1779-80 the Delaware continued
frozen for three months, an ox v/as roasted on the
* See articles " Disease, Mortality.'*
CLIMATE. 4t
ice, and the British army passed over from New
York to Paulus Hook on the ice. The ground was
frozen for four and five feet in depth, and plants and
animals suffered greatly. In 1790, after opening and
shutting several times, the river closed on the 18th of
December, and remained so until the eighteenth of
January 1791, After this period, it closed and open-
ed often, but was not completely navigable until the
end of the month. The preceding season had been
uncommonly mild, and it was even reported that
boys had bathed in the river on the second of Jan-
uary, 1790. A heavy fall of snow after the middle
of December, generally preceded the formation of ice,
and subsequent freezing of the river. But sometimes
the river is completely frozen over in a single night,
and passable the next day. Such an occurrence took
place on 31st December 1764, 7th of January 1791,
and 6th of December 1797; and in other yearso
But although not uniformly cold in modern times
as formerly, yet intensely cold weather occasionally
is experienced. Thus in 1788 on the sixth of Febru-
ary the thermometer of Farenheit stood at 3o below 0«
In February 1791, it stood at 5": of late years the cold-
est weather has not commenced until the months of
January orFebruary, previously to which the seasons
have been moderate ; in some instances unusually so.
The winter of 1801-2 was milder than any season
since 1 790, scarcely any snow having fallen before the
22d. of February : and no obstruction to the naviga-
tion took place except for a few hours by floating ice
on the day just mentioned. Shad were in market on
the 17th of February 1802; on the 23d of the same
month Farenheit's thermometer at 8 A. M. stood
at 10" ; at 3 P. M. 17", the navigation however was
not impeded.
Thus also the Autumn of 1805 was so mild, that
farmers ploughed their land until near Christmas,
D 2
42 CLIMATE.
-and yet in the following January the weather was
very cold. In the succeeding season no cold weath=
er occurred until February, when it was uncommon-
ly severe all over this continent. In January 1810,
after a moderate season, the weather became very cold,
and on the 19th the mercury at 8 A. M, stood at
11°, and for several days after, was at 8 10 13 14 11*^.
During the past season, the weather, though rainy and
variable, was not very cold except on 17th Decem-
ber, until February, when it for several days was
severe in the extreme. And yet shad were in^ mar-
ket on the 1 7th of March, and herrings three days
before.
In former times, although the winters were certain-
ly uniformly colder than of late years, yet mild sea-
sons occasionally occurred. Dr. Collin has stated
on the authority of the Swedish records, that in Feb-
ruary 1714, flowers were seen in the woods: and
William Penn says that in " 1681 the winter was
mild, scarcely any ice at all," yet the next season was
severely cold.
Our summers no longer oppress us with long con-
tinued heats. We have it is true occasionally a few very
warm days, but cool or moderate weather soon succeed
*' attended by showers of rain accompanied sometimes
by thunder and lightning, and afterwards by a north-
west wind, which produces a coolness in the air that
is highly invigorating and agreeable."* The thermo-
meter sometimes rises to 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 degrees of
Farenheit in the months of July and August, and it is
then common to hear the natives of South Carolina,
Georgia, and of the West Indies, who may happen
to be exposed to it, complain of the heat, and even
assert that it is greater than in their own climate.
This opinion may arise from two causes, 1. Ourapti-
Rush's works, vol. 1. p. 89, first editioni
CLIMATE, 43
tude to forget the sensations of temperature of
past times, and 2d. to a prejudice in favour of our
own country, which prevails equally with the savage
and civilized man. The thermometer may doubtless
often rise as high in Philadelphia, as in the States
south of the Potomac, or in the West Indies ; but
those who complain, forget to give credit in the ac-
count, for the cool nights and mornings, which they
enjoy in our capital, while in the former places, the
most oppressive part of the day is from the time the
sun and the sea breeze have declined, until some
hours after sun rise the next morning. In Philadel-
phia therefore the system although heated in the day,
is refreshed by the diminution of temperature after
sun set : while on the other hand, the sufferer rises
more exhausted than when he retired, and pants for
the moment, when the blowing of the sea breeze, shall
restore his wonted activity and spirits.
A change has taken place in the weather of au-
tumn ; formerly October and November were the
most pleasant months in the year, being dry and
clear ; but of late years, they have been cold, rainy
and variable : during the past season, this was par-
ticularly the case. Our springs are often so cold, that
fires are comfortable, until the 10th of June.
The quantity of rain that falls in Philadelphia, in
the course of a year is very irregular. The precise
quantity cannot be ascertained with accuracy, ow-
ing to the want of regular observations. What facts
are in possession shall be given.
Inches.
In 1799* there fell, - - 42 3-4
In 1800* . - . - 39
In 1801* - - - - 40 6-8
In 1805 . - - - 42
* Dr. Cox's medical museum. All the rain that fell in the
above years was not noted.
44 CLIMATE.
In most parts of the United States, the rain falls
in greater torrents than in Europe. We know but
little of those '^ fine gentle showers" usually are called
'' English rains," which when they do occur, Vol-
ney says " it is the fashion for ^people to go out to.
enjoy, without umbrellas, and to get themselves wet
to the skin !!"
The number of rainy days is certainly diminish-
ing in the United States, and hence long droughts
often occur, although the quantity of rain in the
course of a year, may not vary much from years in
which the supply of rain has been more regular.
The summers of 1804 and 1809, were uncommonly
rainy. In July 1804 6| inches fell ; in August, 4^ ;
no estimate of June is preserved, but it is well recol-
lected to have been uncommonly wet, and that vast
quantities of hay were destroyed in consequence. In
May 1786, rain fell during fourteen successive
days. In 1788 and 1809, much grain grew in the
shock, from the continual rain that fell after it had
been cut. More rain fell during the month of No-
vember last (1810) than commonly falls through-
out the year. In 1791 during the first five months,
there were 43 days of rain. In the first eight months
of 1 790, there were 65 days of rain and 1 14 days of
fair weather.
Very dry summers sometimes occur, as in 1782,
and 1793. The variations in the temperature of the
weather are often considerable. In winter, these are
not so sensibly felt, but in the summer when they
occur, as they sometimes do, about the middle of
August, after a very warm day, and the thermome-
ter falls 15, 20, 30 degrees in the course of a night,
indisposition will necessarily attack numbers, especi-
ally those who incautiously sleep with window
sashes raised. The temperature of the well water is
about 52^ of Farenheit.
DISEASES AND MORTALITY. 45
The want of an annual report of all the deaths in
the city until within the last five years, precludes the
possibility of ascertaining accurately the comparative
mortality of the present and every former year. It
may however be asserted that owing to the very
great improvement in the science of medicine and
surgery, vv^hich have taken place within a few years,
the chance for life is much increased ; many diseases,
now yielding to the powers of the healing art that
formerly defied it. " m the year ITn,^ the city and
liberties of Philadelphia, contained between 25,000,
30,000 inhabitants. Between theChristmas of that
and the following year, there died one thousand
twohundred and ninety-onej persons. The city and
districts contain at present about 100,000 inhabi-
tants:}: and yet between the first of January 1809, and
the first of January 1810, there died but 2004 per-
sons. Had the deaths kept pace with the increase of
our population, their amount would have been more
than double that number."^ Thirty years since, the
disease from drinking cold water in Summer, when
the body was heated by exercise ; the lock jaw, the
croup or hives, mania, and numerous other com-
plaints, that might be mentioned, were seldom or
never cured ; but at present, they are very rarely
fatal when early assistance is given. The first named
disease is peculiar to the United States, and with
regard to the two last it is asserted on good author-
* Occasionaly, pains were taken to ascertain from the records of
the difterent religious societies, and of the public burial g-rounds,
the number of deaths in the city. The Episcopal church with
commendable attention have from a very early period, published
a register ef births, deaths and christenings in their society, but
no regular list was published of all the city deaths.
t It is more than probable that this number was even greatero
i They now contain 100,764.
§ Hush's charge to medical graduates, 1810,
.46 DISEASES AND MORTALITY.
ity, that the success in Philadelphia, is infinitely
.greater than in Europe. Even the consumption, for-
merly a hopeless disease, has jdelded in numerous
cases in this city, to the early and judicious appli-
cation of medicine. The free use of wine in low fe-
vers, of mercury, bark, opium and the lancet, all of
which were used with a timid hand, and also v/arm
and cold baths, have contributed to increase the em-
pire of medicine over various diseases.
The character of our diseases is for the most part
inflammatory. This circumstance is owing to the very
variable nature of our climate, to the general use of
animal food consumed by all classes of people, and
the free use of stimulating liquors of all kinds : for
although drunkenness, it may be truly said, is a vice
by no means common, yet the cheapness of spirituous
and malt liquors, enables all classes to take freel)^ of
them, and hence they occasion complaints to assume
a form, and certainly a degree of violence from which
they might otherwise be free. We know nothing of
those desolating low fevers, which so often pre-
vail in the cities of Europe, among the labouring
poor in confined courts and alleys, and but little of that
long list of nervous diseases, (strictly so called)
which abridge the lives of the higher class of society.
Hence the lancet is oftener required than the stimu-
lating draught ; and hence too the reason why the
European physician, whose circle of observation may
have been confined chiefly to diseases of an opposite
character, hears with astonishment of the depleting
system of the United States, and especially of Phi*
ladelphia.
From a variety of causes, a considerable change
has taken place in the forms of our diseases within
the last thirty years.
1. The proportional diminution in the use of ani-
mal food, the general abolition of hot family suppers
by our citizens, and of tavern clubs, and the increas-
BILLS OF MORTALITY. 47
ed use of vegetable aliment, have contributed to les-
sen©^ the number of apoplexies, palsies, dropsies
and other complaints depending upon repletion, and
exposure to night air.
2. The substitution of malt liquors for punch which
was formerly the fashionable beverage at noon, at
dinner, and at supper ; and the use of flannels, or
muslin next the body, have expelled the dry gripes,
formerly a fatal disease in Philadelphia.
3. The universal use of umbrellas and the increased
use of high crowned hats, have lessened the diseases
arising from the operation of the sun.
4. Vaccination is rapidly dispelling the loathsome
small pox from the city,
5. The diminution of deaths from consumption has
already been mentioned.
6. The increased cleanliness of the city.
Bills of Mortality,
Since the year 1806, the number of deaths, and
the names of the diseases are ascertained with an accu-
racy highly desirable in every town, and especially
in a populous city.
By a law passed in the above year, the sextons of all
churches or places of worship, are obliged, under a
penalty, to obtain from the attending physician of
a deceased person, or from some of the family, a cer-
tificate of the age and disorder of which he or she
may have died, and the days of their death : and in
like m.anner, a certificate is to be obtained from the
city alms house, of the diseases of all who die therein,
w^hich certificates are to be delivered to the Board of
Health, and by their order a weekly statement is
made up and published in the newspapers, of the dis-
eases and the ages of the deceased. At the end of th e
year, a general statement is published by the Board,
From these the following result is composed*
48 BILL OF MORTALITY.
1807
1808
1809
1810
Under 2 years, . » .
614
867
758
760
From 2 to 5 ...
121
167
92
115
5 10 ...
65
98
52
59
10 20
79
95
74
1Z
20 30
144
212
203
240
30 40
236
219
226
264
40 50
172
186
159
163
50 60
139
128
95
142
60 70
88
98
71
96
70 80
79
61
67
68
80 90
60
30
44
45
90 100
11
7
14
9
100 110
4
2
1
2
Unknown, . .
233
101
141
Total, ....
» •
2045
2271
2004
2036
Proportion of Deaths in
each m
onth.
January .....
February .....
March
150
118
154
136
123
154
130
118
141
149
152
127
April
May ......
157
133
169
179
136
150
152
164
June ......
159
227
184
147
July .......
August
237
268
374
297
184
280
192
269
September .....
October
237
162
185
154
167
176
173
193
November ....
155
152
189
152
December
115
111
139
166
The above facts speak for themselves, and fully
disprove the commonly received opinion of 1;he sick^
iiess of Philadelphia.
BEATHS,
49
It cannot be said that the year?" 1807-8-9 or 10
were unusually healthy, because it appears from the
following table, that ior a period of twelve years, the
number oi deaths in the city, except during the vis-
itation of the iever was even smaller. The high
numbers indicate the years of pestilence.
DEATHS IN THE CITY AND SUBURBS.
Males.
1 '
Females.' Total.
September 1
,1787 to
Sept.
1, 1788
5bO
438
998
5?
1788 to
55
1789
514
482
996
I")
1789 to
55
1790
549
486
1035
August 1,
1790 to Aug.
1, 1791
645
664
1309
??
1791 to
1792
644
601
1245
?>
1792 to
1793
778
719
1497
5)
1793 to
1794
2933
2059
4292
")">
1794 to
1795
897
862
1759
55
1795 to
1795
1188
1025
2283
55
1796 to
1797
857
809
1666
55
1797 to
1798
1245
till
2356
55
1798 to
1799
2515
1948
4463*
The above table also proves fully, that the num-
ber of deaths in proportion to the population of the
city is less than in other cities oi countries that boast
of their healthiness, and that the climate, contrary
to the opinion of European travellers is highly
conducive to longevity. Had there been any regular
account taken of the ages of those who died beiore
1806, the list of old persons might have been greatly
swelled ; and the want of such a regulation, wiH pre-
* The preceding- statement was extracted from the table pub-
lished in " Poulson's Almanac ;" the information for which wa?
annually collected 'oy the editor of that publication.
E
50 COMPARATIVE HEALTH OF PHILADELPHIA.
vent our city from appearing in as favourable a light
as it deserves: but enough has been said to shew the
incorrectness of the assertion so often made, with
respect to its general unhealthiness.^
A few remarks may be offered upon the foregoing-
statement. The population of Philadelphia, including
the built parts of the Northern Liberties, Southwark,
Passyunk and Moyamensing, amount to 100,764
souls, but to avoid fractions, say 100,000.
The number of deaths in 1810, was 2036, giving
the proportion of one to fifty, while from the tables
of Dr. Halley, formed upon facts derived from vari-
ous cities in Europe which were least liable to fluctua-
tions, as to sudden increase or decrease, it appears
that the proportion of deaths in them is as 1 to 33.
The Liverpool bill of mortality for 1806, states the
number oi deaths at 2395, and computing a population
of 80,000,, the above proportions are preserved, and
are said to be less than obtains in any other town of
equal size in the kingdom.f Now if Liverpool, being
the most healthy town in a country which boasts of
its healthiness, is exceeded by Philadelphia in that
point, in the proportion of more than 50 to 33^ the
iact certainly ought to satisfy us with our ov/n climate,
and to silence the aspersions of Europeans with re-
gard to it.
Compared with other cities in the United States,
the healthiness of Philadelphia will be found flatter-
ing.
*The just claim to healthiness by Philadelphia, will more ful-
ly appear from a paper preparing by the author on the subject of
American longevity.
-[Monthly Magazine, London^ July, 1807,
COMPARATIVE HEALTH OP PHILADELPHIA. 51
The number of deaths from
December, 1806, to August, Adults Children Total.
180r, in New- York amounted to 862 688 1550
In Philadelphia, in same thne 796 591 1387
Greater number of deaths! ^^ ^^ .^„
. V 66 97 163
m New York, J
Deaths in New York by consumption,
during the above time, _ - - - 304
Deaths in Philadelphia by the same
disease, and in the same time , - - 207
iMore deaths in New York, by con-
sumption, - - - - - - 97
1550 deaths in New York, in S5 weeks
average per day, ----- 6|-
1387 deaths in Philadelphia, in the
same time, average per day, - - - 5y
If the population of Philadelphia, as being great-
er than that of New York, be taken into consideration,
the difference in favour of Philadelphia will be con-
siderably increased.
No document having come to hand of the deaths
in Boston or Baltimore, a comparison could not be
made with respect to those cities.
The cause of the greater number of deaths by
consumption in New York, and in the New Eng-
land States generally, admits of an easy explanation
upon the following principles.
1. Hereditary confirmation. 2d, Greater keenness
in the air from the vicinity to the sea ; hence weak
lungs are irritated in such air, while a dry air, free
from saline impregnation, will have no effect. Some
persons have spit blood in New York, who w^ere en-
tirely free from any pulmonic affection in Philadel-
phia, 3d, Prejudices against bleeding, by which the
52 eOMMERCE.
inHammation almost so universally attendant upon the
disease in the beginning, is permitted to go on, until
it becomes general, and tubercles are formed in the
lungs. This cause prevails chiefly in New York.
4th, Inattention to accommodating the dress to the
change o.C the weather, prevails equally in New York
and Philadelphia, but the remote causes not existing to
such a degree in the latter as in the former place, this
cause does not operate so powerfully in Philadelphia.
Commerce,
Arrivals — The number of square rigged vessels
that entered the port in 1771, was 361
Sloops and Schooners,
391
In 1786, the total number was
1787,
i-788,
1789,
1793,
1797,
1804,
.R
59
55
55
RIVALS-
-Foreign 579
Coasters 1220
Clearances— Foreign 618
Coasters 1146
1805, Arrivals-
Clearances-
-Foreign 547
Coasters 1169
-Foreign 617
Coasters 1231
1799
1764
1716
1848
752
910
870
854
1261
1050
1420
3563
5564
COMMERCE, , 53
1806, Arrivals— Foreign 690
Coasters 1231
1921
Clearances- — Foreign 730
Coasters 1278
2309
4230
1807, Arrivals — Foreign 699
Coasters 1270
1969
Clearances — ^Foreign 712
Coasters 1231
1943
3912
1809, Arrivals — Foreign 278
Coasters 1413
— — 169t
Clearances — (Embargo)
1810, Arrivals — Foreign 514
Coasters 684
1198
Clearances — Foreign 497
Coasters 614
1111
2309
Exports*
In the year 1790, the total amount of the exports of
Philadelphia, was - - - ^7,953,41 S
In 1796, it was - - . - 17,523,866
1 809, the amount of domestic produce
exported was - ^4,238, 358
Foreign, - - 4,810,883
9,049,241
1810,. Domestic, - - 4,751,634
Foreign, - - 6,241,764
. 10,993^398
® %
54 commerce;
Tonnage,
In 1771, the total amount of Tonnage
was - _ - - - - 44,654
In 1786— American, 31,546
Foreign 28,392
59,938
In 1800, Total » „ - - 103,663
1810 - - - - - 121,443
It was stated to Congress in February last, by a
master ship-builder, of Philadelphia, that there were
then 9,145 tons of shippmg on the stocks.
The commerce of Philadelphia has kept pace with
the progress of the general prosperity of the State ;
but in common with the whole union, has suffered
a considerable diminution, by reason of the vexa-
tions from European nations, who for some years
past, have acted as if power gave right, arid by the
restrictive measures forced upon our government. Our
merchants are equal to any in the Union, for indus-
try and enterprize ; but during the uncertainty of
trade that has prevailed for some time past, they
have observed a prudent caution in their adventures,
which has had the effect of lowering the amount of
tonnage, when compared with other cities in the
United States : but the good effects of such con-
duct has been most striking during the past year,
when owing to the uncertainty of the renewal oi the
charter of the United States Bank, that great wheel
of commercial credit, a very great diminution of
bank accommodation necessarily took place : hence,
while in other cities of the Union, the greatest dis-
tress has been produced, and failures have been nu-
merous, and to an immense amount, so few have ta-
ken place in Philadelphia, as to produce no diminu-
tion of that chain of mutual confidence, by which
COMMERCE.
55
commerce is upheld, and cannot fail to confirm the
opinion generally entertained oi the stability of the
mercantile commmiity of Philadelphia.
Prices Current^ of Foreign and Domestic Articles^ at
various dates.
Thursday, April r, 1720.
1798
1811
April.
April.
Flour, 8s 6d to 9s per cwt.
32 to 34s
S6 50
White bread, 18s do.
75s
9
Middling bread, 14s per do.
45s
7 ■.
Brown bread, lis do.
30s
5 50
Salt, 3s 2d per bushel
7s 6d
55
Tobacco, 14s per cwt.
75s
4 to 10
Muscovado Sugar, 30s to
.
45s 6d per cwt.
120s
12 50
Pork, 45s per barrel
120 to 142 6
17 to 22
Beei\, 30s per do.
90 to 112s 6
9 to 16
Rum, 3s to 3s 6d per gallon
8s 9tolOs 7d
1
MolassCs, 1 7 to 1 8d per gal.
4s 6d
45
Wheat,3s to 3s 3d per bush.
9s
2 25
Indian corn. Is 8d to Is lOd
per do.
3s 9d
75
Bohea Tea, 50s. per lb.
4s Id
30 to 35 cts.
Madeira Wine, 16 to 20l
60lstg.p.pi.
per pipe
40l per pipe
first cost
Pipe staves, 3l per thousand
$55
$77
Hogshead staves, 45s do.
^5
44
Barrel staves, 22s 6d do..
18
32
Pitch, 16 to 17s per barrel
26s 3d
6
No article in the above list exhibits so great a dif-
ference in price, as Bohea Tea. At the date first men-
tioned, its use was confined to a few persons, the
greater part of whom had been educated in Europe,
and could not abandon the pleasant meal which the
^6 INSPECTION OF BEEF AND PORK.
article aiForded them. It was deemed by many a sin-
ful luxury, and of course, proscribed by the bigoted.
All of it came by way of England, and was saddled
with heavy duties. Bohea Tea was moreover, the
only kind of tea then used.
Inspection of Beef and PorA. ^
The importance of securing a character in foreign
markets to our staple commodities, and of preventing
impositions by the dishonest, upon our own citizens,
early attracted the attention of the legislature, under
the colonial government.
In the year 1727, a law was enacted to regulate
the exportation of beef and pork, and an inspector
appointed wkh extensive authority, to search ships
and stores for either article, intended to be exported j
heavy penalties were also inflicted for opposition, or
molestation of any sort to him, while in the execu-
tion of his duty ; or for shipping any cask without the
provincial brand or mark. In case of dispute, arbi-
trators v/ere to be appointed by a magistrate, who
was to give judgment agreeably to their report.
By a law passed in 1789, all beef or pork, the pro-
duce of the State, and intended to be exported, are
to be packed in barrels made of sound and seasoned
white oak, with fourteen hoops thereon, fastened at
each end by iron nails, and at each bilge, by wooden
pegs or pins.
Every beef or pork tierce, must be of the guage of
42 gallons, wine measure, and contain 3001b. sound
meat, well packed and secured with salt and pickle,
and not have more than three legs or shins ; and if
pork, not more than three heads : every barrel of
beef to be of the guage oi 28 gallons, wine measure,
and to contain no more than two shins : every barrel
of pork, of the guage o; 29 gallons, wine measure,
and to hold 200 lbs. cured meat, and no. more than
INSPECTION OF FLOUR. 67
two heads : every half barrel of beef and pork to be
of the guage of 15 gallons, and to contain 100 lbs. of
cured meat ; and ii ot beef, not more than one shin,
and if of pork, not more than one head. Casks of eve-
ry sort to be branded with the word " Philadelphia,"
and name of the cooper, or the person putting up the
same. Every tierce, barrel, or half barrel, containing
salted beei or pork, intended for sale, of the quantity
and quality before mentioned, and packed and secured
in the manner aforesaid, shall be passed by the in-
spector : but if these regulations be not complied
with, he is to scratch out the cooper's or packer's
brand j and if the same cannot be rendered mer-
chantable, a X is to be branded on the head of the
barrel.
Persons selling or delivering beef or pork not in-
spected, or reiusing to admit the inspector to erase
the cooper's or packer's brand, forfeits ten shillings j
for erasing the cross that may have been stamped,
the penalty is ten pounds. Six pence per barrel is paid
for inspection, and one shilling and six pence for
each tierce, and one shilling for each barrel, or half
barrel repacked, besides cooperage. Persons may
employ their own cooper.
Inspection of Flour,
By a law passed in IT'Sl, flour casks are to be
made of seasoned materials ; having ten hoops, nailed
with four nails in each chine hoop, and three nails in
each upper bilge hoop : the staves to be twenty seven
inches long, but may be of different diameters at the
head : viz. casks No. 1, eighteen inches at the head %
No. 2, sixteen inches and a half : No. 3, fi teen inch-
es and a half. Twenty cents penalty on every barrel
is annexed to a breach of this regulation. Millers
are to have brands to mark every cask therewith, be=
58 INSPECTION OF FLOUR.
fore removal from the place where the same was bolt-
ed or packed : and these brands are to be registered
with the clerk or the Quarter Sessions of the County.
No flour is to be exported before being inspected.
Inspectors have authority to enter onboard anv ves-
sel, or into any store, to search for flour intended to
be exported, and are protected from molestation by
a heavy penalty on the offender. Counterfeiters of the
brand are to pay five pounds for every cask so brand-
ed. No inspector is to deal in flour, under a penalty
of filty pounds, and forfeit of office.
Flour mixed with Indian corn meal, is to be con-
demned, and a fine of three dollars for each cask
incurred : one fourth to the use of the inspector, and
the other three-iourths to the use of the poor of the
county in which the owner of the flour may reside.
Corn, intended to be ground into meal, must be
first kiln dried, and when ground, the words " kiln
dried," must be branded on the cask, before it leaves
the mill. Casks contaming rye flour must also be
branded with the words " rye flour," and he may add
" flne," it he thinks its quality will insure approba-
tion from the inspector. Corn and rye meal may be
packed in large casks, but secured by sixteen hoops,
With iour nails in each chine hoop, and three wood-
en pegs at the upper edge of each bilge hoop : the
staves to be forty-one inches, and the diameter of
the head tv/enty-seven inches ; the diameter at the
bung, thirty-one inches, and to contain eight hundred
pounds neat weight, and having the tare of the cask
marked on it. Both rye and corn flour are subject to
the sam.e inspection, and the same penalties as wheat-
en flour. Three cents are allowed for each cask of
corn or rye meal inspected.
Bread casks are to be weighed, and the tare mark-
ed thereon ; a false tare subjects the ofl"ender to the
penalty oi five shillings. Bakers of bread for export-
INSPECTION OF FLOUE. 59
atioii, must deliver with the bread, an invoice, with
his name branded on the cask : if found light, they
are forfeited. Flour waggons, carts or boats, with
flour on board, must have sufficient covering : flour
brought to a landing, must be stored or sheltered
from the weather. Flour attempted to be shipped
before inspection, pays five shillings a barrel. In
case of disputes between owner and inspector, a ma-
gistrate appoints three impartial persons, one named
by the owner, one by the inspector, and a third by
himself, who examine the flour, and report the
state thereof ; if damaged, the cause of such dam-
age : if the flour be not deemed merchantable by
the magistrate, the owner must pay to the inspector
one shilling per cask; if deemed merchantable, the in-
spector pays all costs. In case flour has been injured
by shallop-men, carters, or miller, the ov/ner is enti-
tled to damages to the extent of the injury. The
penalty is five pounds for counterfeiting flour brands,
or impressing the same on flour casks ; one hundred
pounds for branding flour '*■ superfine,'^ after it has
been condemned ; and if attempted to be shipped,
the flour is forfeited: one half goes to the State, the
other half to the prosecutor.
The manner of performing the inspection is as fol-
lows. The officer runs a scoop diagonally from one
head of a barrel to the other, and is thus enabled to
examine every part oi its contents, and to determine
whether it is of uniform quality, as to fineness or
clearness, or whether it is musty or sour, and he ac-
cordingly either confirms the stamp of quality alrea-
dy made by the miller, or erases it by means of a
scraper: the mark of approbation, besides leaving the
original brand oi quality undefaced, is a wooden
plug, stamped S. P. on the head, and inserted in the
hole made by the scoop.
60 OF SHAD AND HERRING.
Such is the confidence placed in the abilities and
impartiality of the inspectors, that appeals from their
decisions are seldom made, and in the few instances
in which disputes have occurred, the decision of the
officer has been confirmed. Besides one cent per
barrel paid by the buyer, the inspector receives the
contents of the scoop as a perquisite.
In the year 1809, in consequence of the increase
of the trade, and extension of the city, a law was
passed, requiring the appointment of two inspectors,
one to reside north, and the other south of High-
street, who are to attend alternately for one month
in each d; strict, to the inspection of flour ; and when
the emoluments exceed 1500 dollars a year to each
inspector, one hall of the surplus is to be paid into the
State treasury. Every barrel of wheat and rye flour
must contain 196 lbs.
Shad and Herring*
Casks for packing shad and herring for exporta-
tion, may be made of any kind of timber, but must
be salt and pickle tight, and hooped with fourteen
good hoops, secured attach bilge with three nails
or pins, and at each head or chme hoop, with at least
three nails. The length of the staves to be 27-^ inches.
The head, 17i- inches. The cask to contain 28 gal-
lons, wine measure. The half barrel, 14 gallons; and
both to be branded with the initial letter of the
christian name, and the sirname at full length, of the
packer or seller, under a penalty of 67 cents for each
barrel. On payment of the fine, the inspector may
brand them with his name, and be entitled to six
cents from the persons selling the same. Before a
sale, or exportation, the barrels must be examined
by the inspector, who is authorized to erase the brand
mSPECTlON OF BUTTER. 61
of the packer, in case the barrels are not of the di-
mensions, and made in the way before mentioned,
and not packed and secured as here directed. If
they cannot be rendered merchantable, he may erase
the brand of the curer, and impress on the head
a cross, thus, ^ .
Persons selling shad or herrings, for exportation,
or transportation, before they have been examined
and branded ; or refusing permission to the inspec-
tor to erase a brand, when necessary, shall forfeit
one dollar and thirty three cents for every barrel.
The penalty for defacing the marks of condemnation
of the inspector, is twenty dollars. Twenty cents are
allowed to the inspector for examining every barrel,
and thirty-three cents for every barrel or half barrel
of shad or herring he may repack : for filling up and
heading the same, ten cents. Unexported fish are to
be examined every six months, and three cents are
allowed for every barrel examined and headed.
Penalties are to be collected by the inspector for
the time being ; one half to be paid to the guardians
of the poor, the other half to be retained by the in-
spector : to be recovered as other debts. Appeals
from the decision of the inspector are provided for
as in the case of flour. Deputies may be appointed
by the inspector, in. Philadelphia county, Bucks, and
Chester.
Butter,
Every keg of butter offered for sale and exporta-
tion, shall contain fifty pounds of butter, sufficiently
salted for exportation, and shall be packed in kegs
of the following dimensions : viz.
The staves to be of tlie length of sixteen and one
half inches, the diameter of the head eleven inches,
and the diameter of the bulge thirteen inches, 2iid
F
62 INSPECTION OF FLAX SEED.
made of sound and well seasoned white-oak timber,
with seventeen hoops on each keg, and fastened with
three iron nails in each head hoop: each keg shall be
weighed and tared, and the tare marked on one of
the heads with a marking iron in legible characters.
Every keg containing butter shall be inspected be-
fore it be laden on board of any vessel for exporta-
tion, by boreing a hole through the head, and pierc-
ing the butter through with a proper instrument, in
order to ascertain the quality ; and if the inspector
find the butter of first quality, he shall brand the
keg with the letters S P, first quality ; and if found
inferior to the first, he shall brand it S P, second
quality ; and if found not merchantable, then the
said inspector shall impress and brand a distinct
mark of a cross, thus, ^ : (each stroke of the said
cross shall be at least two inches long,) on one head
of every such keg, containing butter as aforesaid.
Every person who shall load on board of a vessel,
any butter not inspected, or offer for sale, or export
in kegs different from those described, or containing
less than fifty pounds, shall forfeit one dollar for each
keg. Four cents are paid as inspection fees, for each
keg, by the purchaser, and customary allowance
for cooperage, unless he employ his own cooper.
Flax Seed.
No flax seed is permitted to be exported before
being cleaned, and mvist be packed in casks, made as
straight as possible ; the staves of which must be of
sound oak, and having, besides a lining hoop on the
outside round the chines ; twelve other good hoops,
secured by three iron nails in each of the chine
hoops, and three in each quarter hoop. The casks
are to be oi two sizes : the larger size to be two feet
nine inches long ; and in diameter, at each head,
twenty-four inches, and to contain seven bushels of
samCLES. 63
&ix seed. The smaller size, to contain three bushels
and a half: the casks to be branded with die name of
the person who cleaned the seed.
Violators of the foregoing regulations, forfeit
twenty shillings for each cask, not inspected, or not
made, branded, or filled as directed ; and five shil-
lings for every cask shipped without being branded.
ShingleSi>
Shingles, intended for exportation, must be of the
following dimensions. Shingles of the first kind,
must be two feet nine inches, at least, long ; five and
a half inches wide, and of such athickness, that when
dressed, they may remain at least half an inch thick
at every place between the but end, and a distance of
ten inches from the same.
Shingles of the second kind must be twenty-four
inches at least, and not more than twenty-six inches
in length ; five inches at least, in width, and of such
a thickness, that when dressed, they may remain at
least half an inch thick at every part between the but
end, and a distance of seven inches therefrom.
Shingles of the third kind, must be fifteen inches
long, nor less than three and a half inches wide, and of
a thickness sufficient to remain, when dressed, three
eights of an inch thick at every place between the
end, and a distance of six inches from the same.
By a supplement passed in 1790, shingles of the
third sort are required to be packed in a close and
compact manner, when sold in bundles ; each of
which shall contain one hundred and twenty-five shin-
gles, and no more ; and each row in every bundle
must only contain three shingles.
Lumber*
Staves, heading, boards, plank, or timber, intended
for exportation, must be inspected by the proper offi-
64 LUMBER.
cer, or his deputies ; who, if he find them sound,
and fit for exportation, shall count and cuU the same,
in a just and impartial manner.
Every hewed or shaved pipe, shall be four feet
eight inches long ; three inches and a half broad in
the narrowest part, clear of sap ; five eighths of an
inch thick in the thinnest place ; nor more than one
inch thick in any part, regularly split with the grain
of the wood ; and shall not have more than seven
worm holes, and be otherwise fit for a good pipe
stave.
Every hew^ed or shaved barrel stave shall be two
feet six inches long, three inches and a half broad, in
the narrov\^est part ; half an inch thick in the thin-
nest part, regularly split : not more than five worm
holes.
Every hogshead stave, shall be three feet six inch-
es long; three inches and a halt broad, clear of sap ;
in the narrowest place, five eighths of an inch thick
in the thinnest part ; not more than one inch thick in
any part, regularly split, and not more than six worm
holes.
Every piece of hogshead heading, shall be two
feet six inches long ; the middle pieces, six inches
broad, in the narrowest place, clear of sap ; and the
cantle pieces of the same breadth, in the widest part,
clear of sap ; both sorts, three quarters of an inch
thick, with not more than seven worm holes in each
piece.
All boards, plank and timber, shall be good and
sound, and of the thickness and quality the same as
declared to be by the seller.
Rough staves and heading may be sold, if of the
proper length and breadth, and qualities before-men-
tioned.
Inspectors are authorized to search vessels for
staves, &c. shipped for exportation : opposition in-
LUMBER, 65
curs a penalty of fifty pounds : if shipped without in-
spection, the fine is twenty shillings for every thou-
sand staves or heading : ten shillings for every thou-
sand feet of boards, plank or timber, so shipped.
An account of all lumber, &c. measured and in-
spected, is to be kept, and of the names of the buyers
and sellers. The officer must not buy or sell staves,
&c. of which he is inspector, under a penalty of fifty
pounds. One half of the penalties and forfeitures in-
curj-ed by this act, go to the Pennsylvania Hospital :
the other half, to the informer. Act, 1759.
All staves, &c. before they are delivered for sale,
shall be inspected, under a penalty of forfeiting the
same : one half to the Commonwealth; the other half,
to the informer.
Mixing good staves or heading, with cullings, or
unmerchantable, or uninspected staves or headings,
incurs a forfeit of the whole so mixed.
Leogan staves, used for sugar hogsheads, may be
exported, if four feet six inches long, three and a half
inches broad, including sap, if it be sound ; and half
an inchthick,but subject to inspection. —Act. 1790.
By an act of March 30, 1803, no staves shall be
deemed merchantable, which are not three inches
wide.
Fees are as follow. For inspecting and examin-
ing boards and plank, according to superficial mea-
sure, for every thousand feet, thirty-three cents*
Other timber, reduced to cubical feet, for every ton,
(consisting of cubical feet,) one half to be paid by
the buyer, and the other by the seller, thirteen cents:
inspecting and culling the first and second sorts of
shingles, per thousand, twenty cents : the third kind,
thirteen cents.- Act, 1790.
By an act of March 20, ISIO, the fee for inspect-
ing staves and heading, was fixed at 25 cents for eve-
ry customary thousand.
F2
66 BLACK OAK BARK.
For several years past, great quantities of bark of
a particular variety of black oak, for dying, have
been exported in powder, to Europe.
No ground black oak bark may be shipped, ex-
cept such, as in the opinion of the inspector, shall
have been shaved, clean from the ross, or outside
bark ; ground sufficiently fine, and be free from da-
mage by wet, mould, or otherwise : well packed in
good and sufficient casks ; having at least twelve
hoops thereon, together with lining hoops on each
end, well secured.
Bark shall be put up and packed in casks, marked
in plain and legible characters, " first and second
quality," as its quality and manufacture may merit,
together with the word " Philadelphia," and the
name of the inspector : no casks shall be so marked,
except the same shall be found free from all mix-
ture with oak bark, tan, or extraneous matter ; from
damage by wet, mould, or otherwise. Bark so mix-
ed, or damaged, shall be branded with the letter C.
Persons defacing such mark, shall forfeit twenty dol-
lars : one half to the prosecutor, the other half to the
poor. Manufacturers of oak bark, must brand the
cask on the head, with their name, at full length, un-
der the penalty of one dollar for each cask omitted
to be so marked: the inspector shall be entitled to
receive for every ton weight of bark he shall in-
spect, three dollars : one half to be paid by the sell-
er, and one half by the buyer, besides cooperage ;
also six cents per cask, per week, for storage, com-
puting from the time of inspection. The inspector is
to weigh bark sent to him, and to furnish the owner
with an invoice specifying the gross weight, and the
tare of each cask : for every cask not exceeding ten
hundred weight, there shall be allowed eight pounds
lor draft.
MEASURERS OF GRAIN, &c. 67
The inspector is empowered to search for bark on
board of vessels : for obstructing him, the fine is
one hundred dollars, with a forfeit of the bark :
twenty dollars is the fine for each cask shipped with-
out inspection : one half to the use of the officer or
person prosecuting, the other half to the poor. Con-
demned bark may be sold for home consumption, and
unsound bark may be exported, without inspection :
disputes to be setded by arbitration, as in the case of
the other articles of domestic produce.
Measurers of Grain, £sfc. and Weigh Blasters,
For the purpose of securing justice to both buyer
and seller, in the continual traffic that takes place be-
tween citizens, a swornmeasurer of grain of all sorts,
and salt, and coal, is appointed. All hay likewise,
brought to the city, is weighed at the public scales:
and by the certificates of the officers, all the articles
mentioned, are bought and sold.
Chamber of Commerce,
An association of persons, concerned in trade, was
formed in the year 1801, " for the purposes of aid-
ing the trade of the city of Philadelphia, by carry-
ing into effect, such rules and regulations as may
from time to time, be established, with respect to
commerce; and the adjustment of mercantile differ-
ences, between each other," by the name of " The
Chamber of Commerce."
Agreeably to the rules of the associatix)n publish-
ed, they are to meet once a month : thirteen mem-
bers to constitute a quorum. The officers are, a pre-
sident, two vice presidents, a treasurer, and a secre-
tary ; chosen annually, on the first Monday in Janu-
ary. The secretary is to have a salary, to be fixed by
68 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
the president and vice presidents. On the day of
their election, or as soon after as possible, the pre-
sident and vice president, form sixty of the niem-.
bers of the society, into twelve classes, for the pur-
pose of serving as monthly committees, for the en-
suing year : each class to consist of five members ;
three of whom shall be competent to the transaction
of business. Members neglecting to attend the meet-
ings of the committees, pay fifty cents for eveiy ne-
glect.
The duty of the monthly committee is, to adjust
and determine all mercantile disputes which may be
laid before them ; and to report their proceedings to
the next general meeting. All awards are to be re-
corded, with the reasons of the award.
The members shall in no case, refuse to submit
any matter of account in dispute, or any mercantile
difference between them, to the final arbitration or
adjustment of those members who may be chosen
for that purpose : but it shall be at the option of the
parties to submit such difference to the committee of
the month, or each to choose a member of the soci-
ety, who, together with the chairman of the month,
shall determine the matter in dispute. Members re-
fusing to conform to the rules of the society, forfeit
membership. The subscription is, five dollars on
entrance, and eight dollars yearly. Members must be
citizens of the United States, and residents in Phi-
ladelphia ; and must be nominated one month before
they can be chosen.
Survey of damaged ships and cargoes.
The following mode of procedure is adopted, to
determine the quantum of damage sustained on board
vessels, by stress of weather.
SURVEY OF DAMAGED SHIPS AXD CARGOES. 69
A writ issues upon application by the master, from
the district court, directed to three persons, two of
whom are masters of ships, and one a merchant, for
a survey on ship and cargo " (taking to their assist-
ance, any ship carpenter, or other tradesman, if they
shall think it necessary,) and to estimate the amount
of damage, wastage, or loss, if any, which the said
cargo, or any part thereof, may have sustained, and
the occasion thereof." The hatches are accordingly
examined, the discharge of the cargo takes place,
and the injured packages marked. The consignee
takes them home, when a more minute examination
takes place, and the quantum of damage of each
package being ascertained, an account of it is taken
agreeably to original invoice, and signed by the con-
signee. The report thereon is made by the surveyors
on oath or affirmation, and remains on record. A sale
at auction is then ordered, of the damaged part, for
account of the concerned : the proceeds whereof, are
credited in account, and the first cost and charges
being deducted, the loss is ascertained.
Where the damage is deemed to arise from de-
ficient dunnage, or from placing a perishable arti-
cle in contact with dry goods, the vessel and owner
are liable. In such cases, the consignee or owner,
may have an offer of the damaged part, at first cost
and charges, but if not accepted, recourse is had, as
before, to sale by auction.
When a ship is dismasted, or otherwise injured,
by stress of weather, a special examination takes
place of the protest and log book, and of the master
and mariners on board, touching the disaster ; and
orders are issued for repairs. When these are com-
pleted, the bills are brought to the surveyors, who
separate the charges incident to the disaster, from
those resulting from the decay of the ship ; and a
report as in the former case is lodged in the office*
70 PORT WARDENS.
When a ship puts back in distress, and it becomes
necessary to discharge the cargo, a writ is obtained
for a survey, as in other cases; and after examination
by the surveyors, their certificate issues to the cus-
tom-house, for a permit to discharge the cargo, if
necessary. An inquiry respecting the cause of the
disaster, the order for repairs, the examination of the
bills for the same, and report take place as before.
The ability and impartiality, with which the duties
of the surveyors of Philadelphia have been discharg-
ed, has caused a general confidence to be reposed in
their reports, by underwriters at home and abroad.
Wardens of the Fort,
A board of Wardens was established by law, at an
early date, and in 1803, anew law was passed on the
subject: by this, the governor is authorized to appoint
annually, one master Warden and six assistants, with
power to use a seal, and to appoint a clerk, whose
minutes of the transactions of the board are open to
the public.
The master Warden is bound to attend every day^
from ten to one o'clock, at the office ; and once a
month the full board are to meet, to grant licences to
pilots, to make rules for their government ; to decide
all differences between masters, owners, and con-
signees of vessels, or pilots : to direct the mooring
of ships, and the order in which they shall lie, load,
or unload at the wharves ; and to make and ordain
penalties for the breach of their rules and orders.
An appeal from their decision to the Court of Com-
mon Pleas is allowed, provided it be made within six
days. The Wardens are exempted from serving on
juries. The assistants receive no pay : that of the
Master Warden is S2 50, daily. The salary of the
clerk is $500 annually. The Wardens must take an
PILOTS. n
Qath of office. The accounts of the office are to be
settled quarterly, by the Register General ; and if it
shall appear that the monies paid into the office are
insufficient to defray the expenses of it, the Governor
is authorized to draw on the State Treasurer for the
amount of such deficiency : but it must not exceed
^800.
No person is permitted to make any obstruction to
a free cart passage along the wharves, under a pen-
alty of ^100: it made, the Wardens are authorized
to remove the same. Persons desirous of extending*
a whari into the river, must make application, under
a heavy penalty, to the Board, who are to determine
whether the wharf will not encroach upon or injure
the channel, and approve or disapprove the measure.
The wardens are also authorized to fix and determine
the extent and distance to which wharves may be
built in Schuylkill, on either of its shores, from the
lower falls, to its junction with the river Delaware.*
No burning or breaming vessels is permitted at
any wharf between Cedar street and Vine street,
under a penalty of one hundred and fifty dollars.
Pilots.
There are three classes of Pilots. The first are
permitted to pilot vessels of any depth of water : the
second, those of twelve feet or under: the third, those
of nine feet or under. Every pilot must serve an
apprenticeship of six years to a first rate pilot. In
four years, he may, if found qualified, take out a li-
cence for the third class : alter one year more he
may take out one for the second class. At the end
of the sixth year, he may become a first rate pi-
lot. The licences must be annually renewed. The
* Act, March 28th, 1805.
72 PILOTS.
indentures of pilots are recorded in the warden's
office : previously to granting any licence, the pilot
must conduct a square rigged vessel, twice up and
down the river, under the inspection of a pilot of
the first branch. Pilots must give bond for the
faithful performance of their duty. If required, they
must shew their licences to the master of any vessel
they may take charge of. Extra services of pilots are
to be paid for agreeably to the determination of the
board of wardens, provided the parties cannot agree.
Vessels outward bound are to remain twenty-four
hours at the capes, to give the pilots an opportunity
to be taken out ; in case of refusal so to do on the
part of the captain, pilots are entitled to a sum not
exceeding 800 dollars. If carried to sea, first branch
pilots receive captain's wages until their death, or re-
turn ; if a second rate pilot be carried oflF, he is en-
titled to the wages of first mate : if a third rate pilot,
to the wages of seamen. If they have no boat attending
them, they are only to be entitled to half the afore-
said wages. Tw^o dollars per day, are allowed to
pilots detained by ice, or by the master or owner, or
while performing quarantine : if prevented by ice
or other causes from entering the port of Philadel-
phia, and are compelled to proceed to another port,
they are entitled to full pilotage, and to eight cents
mileage. Pilots occasioning the loss of vessels by
carelessness, are suspended and fined by the warden,
and subject to prosecution for damages at common
law.
Fifty cents are paid for a licence. The rates of
pilotage for inward bound vessels are as follows.
For every half foot of water drawn by a vessel, up
to twelve ieet, one dollar and thirty three cents ;
above twelve feet, one dollar sixty seven cents.
Outward bound vessels pay as follows.
HARBOUR MASTER; 73
For every half foot of water up to twelve feet,
one dollar : more than twelve feet, one dollar thirty
three cents. For every vessel not registered in the
United States, they are to receive two dollars and
sixty seven cents : and for conducting vessels up to
the city from 20th November to 10th of March, the
additional sum of ten dollars. Compensation for
conducting to or from the city all crippled vessels^
which may have required extra care and trouble, is
not to exceed double the amount of what they other-
wise would have been entitled to, of which the war-
dens shall judge.
All vessels arriving from foreign ports, and every
vessel of seventy-five tons, outward bound, must re-
ceive a pilot : the master is required to report to
the warden's office the name of the vessel, her draught
of water, and the pilot's name, within thirty-six hours
after her arrival j and if outward bound, before she
leaves the port, under a penalty of sixty dollars.
Masters refusing to take a pilot, pay a sum equal
to half pilotage of the vessel, for the benefit of dis-
tressed and decayed pilots.
Pilots are to report to the office, the vessels they
bring up. For making a false report, they pay a fine of
twelve dollars. Injuries sustained in their boats in re-
lieving vessels are to be made good by the owner
of the vessel. Pilots neglecting to attend their duty
for two weeks, forfeit their licence.
Harbour Master*
In the year 1793, The useful office of Harbour
Master was established. He is authorized to en-
force and superintend the execution of the laws of
the Commonwealth, of the City Corporation, and the
bye laws of the wardens, for cleaning the docks, pre-
venting nuisances at the wharves ; for regulating
G
74 MANUFACTURES.
and stationing ships in the stream, or at the wharves ;
and for removing vessels to accommodate others ;
his compensation is one dollar, for every vessel
above 75 tons burthen.
Manufactures,
Philadelphia has long been celebrated for her
various manufactures ; and they have much increas-
ed in variety and extent, since the late interruption
to our foreign commerce. It would be inconsistent
with the nature of this work, to enter minutely into
this subject ; but a general view of them may be
given.
The various coarser metallic articles, which enter
so largely into the wants and business of mankind,
are manufactured to a great extent, in a variety of
forms, and in a substantial manner. All the various
edged tools for mechanics are extensively made ; and
it may be mentioned as a fact calculated to excite
surprise, that our common screw augur, an old and
extensively useful instrument, has been recently an-
nounced in the British publications, as a capital im-
provement in mechanics, as it certainly is, and that
all attempts by foreign artists to make this instrument
durable, have failed.
The finer kinds of metals are wrought with neat-
ness and taste. The numerous varieties of tin ware
in particular, may be mentioned as worthy of atten-
tion. But above all, the working of the precious met-
als has reached a degree of periection highly credita-
ble to the artists. Silver plate fully equal to ster-
ling, as to quality and execution is now made, and the
plated w^ares are superior to those commonly import-
ed in the way of trade. Floor cloths of great variety
of patterns, without seams, and the colours bright,
hard and durable , various printed cotton stuffs.
MANUFACTURES. 73
warranted fast colours; earthen ware, yellow and red,
and stone ware are extensively made ; experiments
shew, that ware equal to that of Staffordshire might
be manufactured, if workmen could be procured.
The supply of excellent patent shot is greater than
the demand. All the chemical drugs, and mineral
acids of superior quality, are made by several per-
sons : also, cards, carding and spinning machines
for cotton, flax, and wool. Woollen, worsted, and
thread hosiery have long given employment to our
German citiz :ns : and recently, cotton stockings have
been extensively made.
Paints of twenty-two different colours, brilliant and
durable, are in common use, from native materials ;
the supply of which is inexhaustible. The chromate
of lead, that superb yellow colour, is scarcely equal-
led by any foreign paint. There are fifteen rope-walks
in our vicinity. We no longer depend upon Eurape
for excellent and handsome paper hangings, or paste-
board, or paper of any kind. The innumerable arti-
cles into which leather enters, are neatly and substan-
tially made ; the article sadlery forms an immense
item in the list. The leather has greatly improved
in quality ; the exportation of boots and shoes to
the southern states is great ; and to the West Indies
before the interruption to trade, was immense.
Morocco leather is extensively manufactured. The
superiority of the carriages, either as respects ex-
cellence of workmanship, fashion, or finish, has long
been acknowledged. The type-foundery of Binny &
Ronaldson, supplies nearly all the numerous printing
offices in the United States. There are one hundred
and two hatters in the city and liberties. Tobacco in
every form, gives employ to an immense capital. The
refined sugar of Philadelphia has long been celebra-
ted : ten refineries are constantly at work. Excellent
japanned and pewter ware : muskets, rifles, fowling
re MANUFACTURES.
pieces and pistols are made with great neatness. The
cabinet ware is elegant, and with the manufactory
of wood generally, is very extensive. The houses, are
ornamented with marble of various hues and quali-
ties, from the quarries near Philadelphia.
Mars Works, at the comer of Ninth and Vine
streets, and on the Ridge road, the property of Oli-
ver Evans, consists of an iron foundery, mould-ma-
ker's shop, steam engine manufactory, black-smith's
shop, and mill-stone manufactor)^, ^nd a steam engine
used for grinding sundry materials, for the use of the
works, and for turning and boreing heavy cast and
wrought iron work. The buildings occupy one hun-
dred and eighty eight feet front, and about thirty five
workmen are daily employed. They manufacture
all cast or wrought iron work, for machinery for
mills, for grinding grain, or sawing timber; for forges,
rolling and slitting mills, sugar mills, apple mills, bark
mills, &c. Pans of all dimensions used by sugar boilers,
soap boilers, &c. Screws of all sizes for cotton presses,
tobacco presses, paper presses, cast iron gudgeons, and
boxes for mills and waggons, carriage boxes, &c. and
all kinds of small wheels and machinery for cotton and
wool spinning &c.Mr.Evans also makes steam engines
on improved principles, invented and patented by the
proprietor, which are more powerful and less compli-
cated, and cheaper than others; requiring less fuel^
and not more than one fiftieth part of the coals
commonly used. The small one in use at the v/orks,
is on this improved principle, and is of great use in
facilitating the manufactory of others. The proprie-
tor has erected one of his improved steam engines
in the town of Pittsburgh, and em.ployed to drive three
pair of large millstones with all the machinery for
cleaning the grain, elevating, spreading and stirring,
and cooling the meal, gathering and bolting, &c. &c.
The power is equal to twenty four horses, and will
MANUFACTURES. 77
do as much work as seventy-two horses m twenty-
four hours; it would drive five pair of six feet mill-
stones, and grind five hundred bushels of wheat in
twenty-four hours.
All kinds of castings are also made at the Eagle
works, on Schuylkill, belonging to S. & W. Richards.
Breweries — Distilleries^
Beer was brewed in Philadelphia for several years
before the revolutionary war, and soon after peace
the more substantial porter was made by the late Mr.
Robert Hare. Until within three or four years, the
consumption of that article had greatly increased,
and is now the common table drink of every family
in easy circumstances. The quality of it is truly ex-
cellent : to say that it is equal to any of London,
the usual standard for excellence, would undervalue
it, because as it regards either wholesome qualities
or palatableness, it is much superior ; no other in-
gredients entering into the composition than malt,
hops, and pure water : and yet to a foreign porter
palate, accustomed to the impression left by the com-
bination of the heterogenous compound called Eng-
lish malt liquor,* our home brewed stuff will no
doubt appear insipid. A fair experiment has shewn
them, that even so far back as 1790,f Philadelphia
porter bore the warm climate of Calcutta, and came
back uninjured. In 1807, orders were given by the
merchants of Calcutta, after tasting some of it taken
* It appears from British publications, that owing to the exces-
-sive duty upon hops and malt in England, very little of those
articles are now used in the manufacture of beer, porter, and ^le.
The substitutes are tobacco, aloes, liquorice, quassia root, and
^reen vitriol.
\ Carey's American Museum, vol. 10- p. 7.
g2
7B MANUFACTtrRES»
out as stores, for sixty hogsheads. Within a few
years, pale ale of the first quality is brewed, and justly
esteemed, being light, sprightly, and free from that
bitterness which distinguishes porter. Coleman's
deserves particular notice. The quantity of each
particular malt liquor brewed in Philadelphia, can-
not be given, as there is no excise, nor duty up-
on hops or malt, and if there be no other mode of
ascertaining the point, it is to be hoped we shall
ever remain ignorant on the subject* Great quan-
tities of porter, ale, and beer, are exported to the other
States. The hops are almost entirely brought from
New England ; much of the barley comes from the
same quarter, especially Rhode Island.
The distilleries of rum, whiskey, and for rectifying,
are numerous: and the improvements in the art are ge-
neral and great. The preperation of gin has become an
important business, and its exportation regular and
extensive. We still howevei', want the knowledge of
the peculiar art, of giving it that flavour which justly
renders the Holland gin so deservedly esteemed.
The discovery of the principle upon which this de»
pends, remains for some enterprizing American.
The taste and merit of the mechanics are exhib-
ited in no respect miore clearly, than in the general
construction of shipping ; which commonly sail well,
V/ork easily, and are very strong. Various improve-
Tnents, it is understood, have been introduced, tend-
ing to increase their capacity, without diminishing
their strength or power of sailing. In the accommo-
dations too, and arrangements for passengers, when
built with that view, they are very convenient. Their
external appearance is much improved by the skill of
that excellent carver, William Rush, who without
the advantage of seeing any good models, or hav-
ing any instruction from great masters, has arrived
to much eminence in his art, and is thought to sur-
MANUFACTURES. f^
pass ariy naval carver in Europe. This is a bold
assertion; but the voluntary expression of admira-
tion excited in Europe by his elegant figures, and the
opportunities of comparison with the works of Eu-
ropeans, afforded by commerce, in every part of the
world, and even the opinion of British artists, may
be adduced in its justification. The striking likeness
of Mr. John Adams, late president of the United
States, as a head for the frigate bearing his name, and
of others, from memory alone, are full proofs of the
powers of his mind, and the success of his chisel.
Before the American war, a considerable spirit
prevailed for the culture of the silk worm : and a so-
ciety was established for its encouragement, with a
fund for the purchase of the raw material. The
common black mulberry, was found to answer well
for the food of the insect. A filature was also
erected under the direction of the society, on the
present site of the University in Ninth street. In
one instance, a lady in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
raised on her father's farm, as many worms as pro-
duced a piece of silk, of more than fifty yards in
length ; it was manufactured in London, under the
care of Dr. Franklin, in 1772.
The following is a short abstract of the marshal's
report of the Manufactures in the city and county of
Philadelphia.
Looms - - - 273
Spinning-wheels, - 3,648
Oil Mills,
3
Carriage makers,
17
/value of work last
tyear ^498,500
Soap and Candle makers,
28
Glue Manufactures,
14
Distilleries
18
/gallons distilled m
tl810, 12,83818
Sugar Refineries,
10
80 HISTORY OF THE PRESS.
Ropewalks,
15
Potteries,
16
Tobacco and Snuff,
27
Copper Brass and Tin,
44
Hatters Shops,
102
Paper Mills,
7
Printing Offices,
51
Cutlers, - - -
28
Gunsmiths
10*
Glass works,
2
The above is generally deemed under the actual
number of the distilleries, mechanics and manufactu-
rers.
Press — Histo ry — Progress — Present state*
Among the numerous respectable men, and useful
mechanics, who early emigrated to the new world,
was William Bradford, printer, who in less than six
weeks after the city was founded, established a press.
* Abstract of the amount of the annual manufactures, manufac-
turing establishments, &c. in the Commonwealth of Pennsylva-
nia, as per the return of the assistants to the marshal of the dis-
trict, for the year 1810.
Manufactures in Flax, Hemp, Wool, and Cotton, jg4,279,174
In Grain, Fruit, &c 15,778,424
In Leather, . 3,155,967
In Lead, .......... 296,800
In Iron, 5,869,487
In Tanneries I,6a7,8u4
Manufacturing Establishments in Cotton, Wool,") * o-,^ no^
Hemp, and Flax,5 h^'^^^^ol
Hats 1,296,346
Paper, &c. . 1,227,766
Miscellaneous, . . . 3^7,883,892
964,966
6.;3,113
_»„...«™ ..... 9,451,941
^44,194,740
HISTORY OF PRINTING. 81
The first specimen of his work, is a sheet almanac,^
for the year 1687, in twelve compartments ; the year
beginning with March, and ending with February, as
was usual, before the 18th century. A copy of this <::?a^
^m&t specimen of American typography, is preserved
in the public library of Philadelphia. The place of
his residence is not certainly known : but in 1689,
another work, on the subject of the New England
Churches, by G. Keith, is dated in that year, in
Philadelphia. — Disputes having arisen in the So-
ciety of Friends, Bradford took part with the mi-
nority, and published the pamphlets of Keith and
Thomas Budd, against the governing party, which
occasioned the imprisonment of himself and friends,
and induced him after his liberation, to settle in New
York,! ^^ which place he removed in 1690.
Reinier Jansen, evidently a Dutchman by name,
but of whose history, no facts are on record; manag-
ed Bradford's Press m Pennsylvania in his own name,
after the removal of the latter to New York, until
the year 1712, when Andrew Bradford, son of Wil-
liam, came from New York, and from that time un-
til 1723, was the only printer in the colony. In
1719, he printed the first newspaper m Pennsylvania,
in company with John Copson ; it was entitled the
'-' American Weekly IMercury," and printed on a
half sheet of paper. He also printed the Almanacs
of Jacob Taylor, Titan Leed, John Jerman, and
William Birket for several years. — In 1723, a se-
* The title of this work, is *' An Ahuanac for the year of the
Christian account, 1687 ; particularly respecting the meridian
and latitude of Burlington, but may indifferently suit all places
adjacent. By Daniel Leeds, Student in Agriculture. Printed and
sold by William Bradford, near Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania
pro. Anno. I687." — Thomas's History of Printing, p. 1 — 8.
f The particulars are detailed in the History of Printing, in
America, by Isaiah Thomas : a work which will amply repay the
reader for the perusal.
S2 HISTORY OF THE PRESS,
cond printing office was opened by Samuel Keimer,
of whom several curious anecdotes are given by Dr»
Franklin,^ and I. Thomas. — He printed the second
newspaper in Pennsylvania, commencing December
24, 1728, and entitled the " Universal Instructor in
all Arts and Sciences, and Pennsylvania Gazette."
It was a folio sheet. After the return of Franklin
from England (in 1727,) he united for a short time
with Hugh Meridith, and continued Keimer's pa-
per, on a whole or a half sheet, as occasion required.
In 1747-8, it was published by Franklin and D.
Hall, on a whole sheet, crown folio, and afterwards
enlarged. The successors of Hall, continue this pa-
per weekly under the title of the " Pennsylvania Ga-
zette."
William Bradford, grandson of the first William,
commenced printing a weekly paper in 1742, which
was continued by him andhis successors until about the
year 1797. Various others succeeded,! some of which
were given up, and some continue. A German news-
paper was printed weekly in Philadelphia, so early as
1743, by Joseph Crellius, under the direction of the
late Rev. Dr. Smith, provost of the college of Phila-
delphia, who had also the management of the German
press, an appointment he received from a benevolent
society in London, instituted for " promoting religi-
* Franklin's life.
f Pennsylvania Chronicle From 1767 to 1775 Goddard
Pen. Packet 1771 Dunlap
Pen. Ledger 1775 1776 Humphreys
Pen. Evering Post 1775 Towne
Pen. Mercury 1775 1775 Story and
Humphreys
Phila. Gazette German 1762 1779^
Freeman's Journal 1781 1792 Bailey
Independent Gazetteer 1781 1796 Oswald
i Thomas's History of Printing.
PERIODICAL WORKS, 83
ous knowledge among the Germans in Pennsylva-
nia." A German paper had been printed quarterly
in the year 1739, at Germantown, seven miles from
Philadelphia, by C. Sower, who cast his own types,
and made his own ink. It was afterwards printed
monthly, and in 1744, every week, under the title of
" The Germantown Gazette, by C. Sower, jun." until
some time in the revolutionary war.
The " Pennsylvania Packet, or General Adverti-
ser," was first printed weekly by John Dunlap in 1771,
and continued at Lancaster from 1778 to 1779,
while the British had possession of Philadelphia: on
the evacuation of the cit}^, it was published twice a
week ; in the year 1784, in conjunction with David
C. Claypoole, who had served his time with Mr.
Dunlap, it was printed daily ; this was the first daily
paper printed in the United States. — In 1801, the
paper was sold to Zachariah Poulson, who continues
it to this day, under a very respectable patronage, —
the title is '* The American Daily Advertiser."
At present there are printed in Philadelphia, eight
daily papers, — viz.
Morning.
Poulson's American Daily Advertiser, 1 784
Duane, . . Aurora, . 1790
Bradford . True American, 1797
M'Corkle . Freeman's Journal, 1804
Evening*
Relf . Philadelphia Gazette. 1788
Bronson . Gazette U. States. 1791
Jackson . Register, . 1804
Binns . Democratic Press. 1807
Three times a week.
Duane, McCorkle, Binns.
Twice a week, ^
Bronson.
Weekly.
Hall and Pierie Pennsylvania Gazette®
84 HISTORY OF PRINTING.
Duane
Binns
Conrad Gentler,! Ameritanischer Beobachter,
JohnGeyer, ^ ^^^^^^^
German. J
Repertory
* Helmbold Tickler — occasionally.
It has been ascertained that 19,298 impressions
of the above papers are distributed every week.f
It may be useful to notice the other periodical and
literary works, published in former times in Phila-
delphia.
In 1741, Franklin attempted " the General Ma-
gazine, and Historical Chronicle, in 12 mo. price
12s, per annum," but continued it only six months.
A. Bradford printed in 1741 for the editor and
proprietor, John Webbe, " The American Maga-
zine, in 8vo." two numbers of which only appeared.
In 1757, William Bradford, printed " The Ame-
rican Magazine, or Monthly Chronicle," for the
British colonies ; By a society of gentlemen. Three
numbers only were printed.
In 1769, Lewis Nichola, published "The Ame-
rican Magazine," each number containing 48 pages.
It ended with the year. " The Penny Post," by
Potts, succeeded for a few months.
In 1771, John M'Gibbons published a few num-
bers of " The Royal Spiritual Magazine."
In 1775, the late Robert Aitken published " The
Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly
Museum," the editor of which was Thomas Paine.
It was well conducted, and may be read at the pre-
sent day with entertainment and profit. It began in
January 1775, and closed in July 1776.
* Thomas enumerates 71 papers in the state of Pennsylvania,
f Robinson's Directory.
/
HISTORY OF PRINTING. 85
In the year 1779, Francis Bailey, printed nine
numbers of the " United States Magazine."
In the year 1786, the " Columbian Magazine'^
was began by Mathew Carey, Charles Cist and
William Spottswood. It was published monthly, for
about eight years. Shortly after its commencement,
the sole proprietorship devolved upon William
Spottswood, who, after the lapse of about three
years, sold it to Mr. William Young, who finally
discontinued it in 1793. Considering the situation
of the country at the time, this work was respecta-
bly conducted.
In January 1787, Mathew Carey commenced the
publication of the American Museum, which was
intended to combine the plan of a common miscel-
laneous magazine, and historical chronicle, or regis-
ter of the times. It was ably conducted, and it is
sincerely to be regretted that want of encourage-
ment obliged the editor and proprietor to relinquish
his useful labours. Twelve volumes in a regular se-
ries were published. A thirteenth volume was pub-
lished in 1798. Every public library in the United
States, ought to possess a copy of this work.
Previously to the establishment of the federal go-
vernment, the book trade v\^as of small account ;
some foreign works of merit were however pub-
lished. But at the sera mentioned, the business par-
took of that increased life and vigour, which the new
state of public affairs universally diffused. Since
that time, the increase of printing, and of the arts
connected therevr ith, bjii\*c been very rapid in Phila-
delphia. A^i'^
In 1786, four book-sellers thought an edition of
the New Testament, for schools, a work of risque,
requiring inuch consultation previously to the deter-
mination of the measure : yet such was the rapid
progress of things, that in 1790, one of the book-
H
B6- HISTORY Or PRINTING^
sellers above referred to, thought it safe to risque
the publication of the Encyclopaedia, in eighteen
quarto volumes, and even promised that it should be
improved. When the lirst half volume v/as publish-
ed, in 1790, he had but 246 subscribers, and could
onlv procure two or three engravers. One thousand
copies of the first volume were printed : two thou-
sand of the second ; and when he had completed the
eighth, the subscription extended so far as to render
it necessary to reprint the lirst. He then found diffi-
culty in procuring printers for the work.*
In 1792, Ebenezer Hazard Esq. published a quar-
to volume of " Historical collections," intended as
materials for a history of the United States, and ano-
ther in 1794. These collections were the result of
much assiduous application, and made under the
patronage of Congress, whose recommendation pro-
cured him access to the records of the state legisla-
tures.
The quarto Bible, set up by Mathew Carey, in Phi-
ladelphia, was the first standing Bible, of that size, in
the world, and is even now, the only one of separate
types. These were cast by Binney and Ronaldson, of
Philadelphia. Printing is now executed in a style
equal to that of any country in Europe ; and some
specimens of truly superb work, as Barlow's Colum-
biad, and Willson's Ornithology, have been sent
forth. The plates in Bradford and Inskeep's edition
of Ree's Cvclopsedia, now in progress, are much su-
perior to those in the original English work j and
the printing, fully equal thereto.
The number of volumes printed in Philadelphia,
annually, are calculated at 500,000.* There are fifty-
one printing offices, which have 153 presses. f
* Hopkinson's oration before the Academy of Fine Arts. No-
vember, 1810.— p. 19.
J Robinson's Directory, for 1811.
PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. 87
There are upwards of sixty engravers in Philadel-
phia, and twenty more would find constant employ.
The improyement of the art has been very conside-
rable, within a few years past.
Periodical Publications,
The following periodical works are at present pub-
lished in Philadelphia.
Monthly,
1. The Port Folio, by Joseph Dennie : a miscel-
laneous work. It was at first a weekly sheet, and
commenced in 1801. Bradford and Inskeep. Price S6.
2. Mirror of Taste and Dramatic Censor. T. B«
Zantzinger, & Co. Price %%,
3. Select Reviews and Spirit of the Magazines.
By E. Bronson, and others, 1809. Earl. Price !^5.
^larterly.
4. Me^lical Museum. By J. R. Coxe, M. D .
Humphreys. 7 vols. Price ^2.
5. Eclectic Repertory, and Analytical Review,
Medical and Philosophical ; by a society of Physi-
cians, 1810. Earl. Price ^3.
6. Archives of Useful Knowledge. Devoted to
commerce, manufactures, rural and domestic econo-
my, agriculture, and the useful arts. By James
Mease, M. D.— Hogan. Price ^2.
7. American Review of history, politics, and ge^
neral repository of literature and state papers. By
Robert Walsh, jun.—-Farrand and NichoUs. Price ^6.
88 LAW REPORTS.
Serai- annually* >
8. American Register, or General Repository of
History, Politics and Science. Commenced in 180&.
7 volumes.— C. and A. Conrad. Price ^3 25.
Occasional Laxv Reports,
Reports of cases adjudged in the Supreme Court
of Pennsylvania. By Horace Binncy. Farrand and
Nicholls. Tv/o volumes have been published. Price
B6 each.
Reports of cases adjudged in the Court of Com-
mon Pleas, of the first district. By P. A. Browne.
1 vol.—D. Hogan. Price 1^3.
Former Government of Philadelphia',
The first frame of Government published by Penn
in England, for his new Province, had evidently been
drawn from the celebrated "Oceana" of Harrington ;
a work which theoretical writers have supposed, ex-
hibits the best picture of a perfect Commonwealth.
Penn soon found upon bringing his principles to the
test of experience, that they were not suited to the
midtiplied wants of men bustling in the scenes of
active life, nor to calm the jealousies and contend-
ing interests of a people engaged in the arduous task
of subduing the wilderness.
The government was vested in a Governor, and
freemen constituting a council ; one third of which
vv^as to be chosen for three years, one third for two
years, and one third lor one year, in such a manner
that there should be an annual succession of
twenty four new members. The council was to con-
sist of seventy two members, to be chosen by the
freemen ; the governor, or his representative was
FORMER GOVERNMENT B9
to be perpetual President, but only had a treble
vote. The general assembly in the true democratic
style, was at first to consist of all the freemen ; af-
terwards of two hundred, and never to exceed five
hundred.
This singular frame was abolished in a few months
after the arrival of Penn, and another granted on the
second of April 1683 : but such was the difficulty of
either fixing on the most eligible form, or of fully
satisfying the adventurers, that this was also given
up, as well as another passed on the seventh of No»
vember 1696 ; and it was not until the year 1701,*
during the last visit of the proprietary, that the charter
w^as granted which lasted until the commencement of
the American revolution.
The charter of the city of Philadelphia was dated
the 25th October 1701. Before that day, Philadel-
phia was called the town.
By this charter William Penn nominated the first
mayor, recorder, aldermen and common councilmen^
and granted them, among other privileges andfran-
chises, that of electing others to supply vacancies, and
even to increase their own number at pleasure ; the
public grounds were granted to them by the name of
the mayor and commonalty of the city of Philadel-
phia, but the commonalty had no share in the gov-
ernment or estate of the city, the whole body being
self-elective, and not accountable to the citizens in
any respect. It would be difficult to account for so
extraordinary a charter from the wisdom of William
Penn, did not we know that among the first settlers^
were a considerable number from the city ot Bristol
inEngland, whose charter granted at an early period,
before the rights of the commonalty were well under-
* 28tli October,
H 2 ^
90 FORMER GOVERNMENT.
Stood, had been familiarized by habit, which indu-
ced them to request a similar one : a copy of the
Bristol charter was accordingly procured, and with
little variations adopted. It was not long however,
before the commonalty began to be dissatisfied with
it, and to make frequent complaints to the assem-
bly, of the abuses that were practised under it; ma-
ny of which appear upon the minutes of the house.
At an early period after the charter, the legislative
powers of this corporation were very limited : they
could not levy a shilling by taxes, for any use what-
ever, and could employ the income of the city estates
6nly for the use and embellishment of the city ; where-
fore we see few monuments raised to preserve the
memory of that corporation. Although the first men
for integrity and abilities to be found in the city, were
elected into the office of the body politic, yet such is
the nature of unlimited power, not accountable to the
people, that it will divert the best men from purpo-
ses, which, before they were invested with the pow-
er, they would have highly approved. The jealous5r
which the citizens entertained of the corporation, per-
vaded the general assembly of the province j and
when the lighting, watching, and paving the city be-
came a desirable object, the representatives of the
freemen would not entrust the corporation alone with
the power of raising or expending the money neces-
sary for these purposes ; they would not however
cast such a reflection on the respectable characters
of which that body was composed, as wholly to vest
these powers with others : but pursued a middle line,
and constituted two separate bodies, by the names of
city wardens and street commissioners, to the former
of whom, the lighting and watching, and to the latter,
the paving of the streets, was committed ; the mayor
or recorder, and four of the aldermen concurring
with each body, in laying the taxes and prescribing
FORMER GOVERNMENT. 91
the mode of expending them ; thus the city legisla-
tion for these purposes, became compounded of two
branches : the wardens and commissioners immedi-
ately elected by the people, in the same manner as
their representatives in assembly, constituted the de-
jTiocratic ; and the mayor and aldermen, the aristo-
cratic branch. These bodies, thus compounded, con-
ducted the business committed to them, with great
harmony ; nor is there the least recollection of any
disagreement between them : the taxes were laid
with equality, collected with moderation, and expend-
ed for the real use and improvement of the city : one
complaint only, had foundation, which arose from
the nature, rather than from any abuse of the pow-
ers : the number of wardens and street commission-
ers was so great, as at very moderate wages, to ren-
der those boards too expensive.
For the honour of the late corporation it ought not
to be omitted, that the mayor's court was always fill-
ed with an able lawyer for the recorder, and ano-
ther for the prosecution of criminal offences : and
such was the orderly and upright administration of
justice in it, that no court in the province, or perhaps
any other country, exceeded it.
The legislature convened after the declaration of
independence declared, by an act passed during their
first session " That the powers and jurisdiction hither-
to exercised by the mayor, recorder, and aldermen of
the city of Philadelphia, were not founded on the au-
thority of the people, and are therefore become null
and void." Wherefore, by that and several subsequent
acts, the powers of the corporation were distributed
between the supreme executive council, the city ma-
gistrates,and the wardens and street commissioners^
who exercised them from the year 1777 to 1789. The
prejudices which had no foundation as to corporations
in general, but only against the constitution of the late
92 PRESENT GOVERNMENT.
corporation of the city, were however so strong, that
the people could scarcely be prevailed on to submit to
a new incorporation. The defects in the administra-
tion of justice, and the police of the city, at length
became so glaring, as to be seen by all classes of peo-
ple ; and they were prepared for an act of incorpora-
tion.
Frese72t Government,
The law for incorporating the city of Philadelphia,
i^ was passed on the 1 1th of March, WS%^ and has been
amended by several supplements. It may be impor-
tant to mention the occasion of one of these supple-
ments. A very wise law had been passed, to prevent
the erection of wooden buildings, in the thickly set-
tled parts of the city : and on the penalty of the law
being about to be enforced, it was held, by some great
law characters, that as fines, penalties and forfeit-
ures inured to the benefit of the corporation, no free-
man thereof was competent to prove the breach of
the said ordinances, inasmuch as the same would
operate a diminution of his share of contribution for
supporting such corporation : but the legislature
considering that it would be in some cases imprac-
ticable to prove breaches of laws by any other testi-
mony, or to determine respecting the same, before
any other than judges or jurors liable to such ex-
ceptions, and that the interest of each individual
in the application of such fines and forfeitures, is
too inconsiderable to give an improper bias to his
testimony, resolved in 1 799, that every freeman of the
city or any corporate town, shall be qualified as a
witness to prove a breach of the ordinances, except
he be a pauper, called to give testimony touching
the breach of any ordinance by which fines or
penalties are appropriated, and out oi which he re-
PRESENT GOVERNMENT. 93
ceives alms, or pensions. Courts, aldermen and bur-
gesses are also qualified to decide respecting breach-
es of the ordinances and by-laws; and freemen to
be competent jurymen, notwithstanding their interest
as members of the corporation.
There are two legislative branches, viz. Select and
Common Councils. The first consist of twelve, the
latter of twenty members.
One third of the Select, and the whole of the
Common Council are chosen annually by the people,
at the general election on the second Tuesday of Octo-
ber, and their first business is to appoint a mayor for
one year, from among the body of aldermen. The
recorder, and aldermen, of whom there are fifteen,
are appointed by the governor during good behaviour.
Both are required to take an oath for the faith-
ful performance of their duties.
The whole legislative power of the corporation
is vested exclusively in the councils, who act as
separate and distinct bodies, and are authorized
" to make, ordain, constitute and establish such laws,
provided the same shall not be repugnant to the
laws and constitution of the commonwealth, as shall
be necessary for the government and welfare of the
city." They are required to publish their laws in
two or more newspapers of the city, within ten days
after their being passed, otherwise they shall be null
and void : and are to be recorded in the office of
the recorder of deeds. Councils deliberate with open
doors . AU c.^>-tWt^x^
The mayor and aldermen ^ have severally the
powers of a justice of peace and oyer and terminer.
The salary of the former is two thousand dollars
annually, besides fees of office. That of the latter is
one thousand dollars, with some fees.
/viie is authorized to appoint a legal character, to
be attorney for the corporation, whose duty it is
94 PRESENT GOYERNxMENT.
to draught all bonds, obligations and contracts, &c.
requisite to be done and made between the corpo-
ration and the citizens ; to prosecute all suits brought
by the corporation, and to defend all actions com-
menced against it, and to furnish the councils and
mayor with his opinions on any subject which may
be submitted to him.
He also appoints the city commissioners, the high
constables, watchmen, the corders of wood at the
public landings, and all other officers of the corpora-
tion, except those of the council, and the city trea-
surer.
The corporate title is, " The Mayor, Aldermen,
and Citizens of Philadelphia."
The organization of the city government is upon
the plan of our State Constitution, and the various
branches composing it are justly balanced, and their
powers distinct. The whole authority in the first in-
stance emanates from the people, the whole are
amenable for misconduct, and at various but stated
times, the officers return to the mass of citizens.
The Common Council represents the freemen ; and
the danger of hasty resolutions, which so often dis-
grace single legislatures, is guarded against by the
election of the Select Council, whose concurrence
is essential to the adoption of a final measure.
The mayors in succession since the last incorpo-
ration, have been, Samuel Powel, Samuel Miles, Mat-
thew Clarkson, John Barclay, Hilary Baker, John
Innskeep, Matthew Lawler, John Inskeep, Robert
Wharton, John Barker, Robert Wharton.
The recorders, Alexander Willcox, Moses Levy,
Mahlon Dickerson, Joseph Reed.
Solicitor, William Merideth.
PRESENT GOVERNMENT. 95.
District of Southxvark*
In 1794, the district of Southwark was incorpora-
ted. It is bounded on the North by the south side
of Cedar street, on the West by the west side of
Passyunk road ; on the South, by a line commencing
at Wharton's place, running Eastward until it strikes
Keelor's lane at Moyamensing road, following said
lane to the Point road ; thence a due east course to
the Delaware river. The board of commissioners
consists of fifteen members, one third of whom are
chosen annually. The annual tax is about ^4,500.
Northern Liberties,
In 1803, the inhabitants of that part of the North-
ern Liberties lying between the west side of Sixth
street and the river Delaware, and between Vine
street and Cohocksink creek, were incorporated, and
are to have perpetual succession, and empowered to
acquire and hold real and personal estate. Five com-
missioners are annually chosen to serve for three
years, who make the usual municipal regulations,
and execute all the powers incident to the corpora-
tion. Their accounts are to be annually published.
Circuit and District Courts,
The sittings of two of the federal courts, are held
in Philadelphia, for the Pennsylvania district. The
Circuit court may, when circumstances, in the opinion
of the judges, require, sit at York Town, in this dis-
trict. The District court, generally sits in the city ;
but may hold its session in any part of the district.
The stated sessions of the circuit court are held
twice in every year, viz. On the 11th days of
96 FEDERAL COURTS.
April and October, But it may hold special ses-
sions, when circumstances render them necessary.
It is a court of much and important business ; which
is dispatched with commendable promptitude. Its
judges are now, Bushrod Washington, one of the
associate judges of the supreme court of the United
States, with whom is associated, agreeably to law,
Richard Peters, the district judge. Either judge, in
the absence of the other, may hold the court. It is a
court of original jurisdiction, in most of its duties:
but it is appellate, in cases of appeals from the final
decisions of the district court : and such appeals are
decided by the judge of the supreme court alone.
Errors in point of law are also subjects for the cog-
nizance and review of this court, when legally brought
up from the district court. It has criminal, admiral-
ty, common law, and chancery jurisdiction. The
two first are exclusive of the state jurisdiction. But
the crimes, whereof cognizance is here taken, must
be only those committed against the laws of the Uni-
ted States, or the laws of nations. The parties in
civil suits at common law, and in chancery, must be
on one side or the other, either a foreigner, or a citi-
zen of another state, adverse to each other. One citi-
zen of this state cannot, in this court, on the com-
mon law, or chancery sides, sue another citizen of
the state, though either be associated with a foreigner,
or a citizen of another state. One only of the parties
must be a resident citizen of the state, in suits at com-
mon law, or in chancery, in which citizens, or a citi-
zen, is or are, a party or parties, in the cause.
Appeals from or exceptions to the decisions or di-
rections of this court, in points of law or in final
decrees in admiralty or chancery cases, lie to the
supreme court of the United States. It seems settled,
that the jury may take upon them to decide both the
^FEDERAL COURTS. 97
law and the fact, in criminal cases in this court, and
in other courts of the United States.
It is a prominent feature in the federal jurisdiction,
that the courts are tribunals for national and exteri-
torial questions ; as well as for individual contro-
versies wherein foreigners, or citizens of other
states than those in which suits are brought, are
concerned. When suits are brought in state courts
against foreigners, or citizens of other states, and
especially where titles to lands held are in question
under grants from different states, the causes may, in
certain stages of them, be removed to a federal court.
The District Court is held by the districr
Judge alone. It has four stated terms, in each year
——viz. on the third Mondays of the months of
May, August, November, and February. Special
sessions are held weekly; and oftener, when business
requires. This court has four sides ; viz.
1. Common Law, to a limited extent. 2. Crimi-
nal, where punishment corporal, or by iines, or im-
prisonment, does not exceed a certain limit. 3. Reve-
nue or Exchequer, comprehending all fiscal subjects,
cognizable under the laws of the United States,
within the district, in a judiciary tribunal. 4. Admi-
ralty. This court has original and exclusive cog-
nizance, with a few recent exceptions, of all revenue
cases. It has also cognizance original and exclusive
of all admiralty cases ; and it is as a portion of ad-
miralty jurisdiction, a prize court. All suits, in reve-
nue and admiralty cases, must be commenced, and
in the first instance decided in this court. But ap-
peals from final decisions lie 1o the circuit court. It
is a court of much and incessant business ; requiring
the constant attention of the judge.
Many causes here are weighty, both in amount,
principle, and intricacy. Causes of all descriptions.,
must be first finally decided in this court, before they
I
98 FEDERAL COURTS.
can (if so intended) go up to superior courts ; unless,
by consent, decrees pro forma, are obtained ; and
this, to accelerate their progress, is sometimes done.
The decree of the district court is final, and not sub-
ject to revision in all cases of seamen's wages,
where the demand does not exceed fifty dollars.
Certain judges of the state may hear and deter-
mine cases on Habeas Corpus, though within the fed-
eral jurisdiction. Specified cases, such as treason,
piracy, murder, are excepted; and must be heard,
by a federal judge ; or one of the state, designated.
Magistrates of the state, may cause offenders
against the criminal laws of the United States, to
be apprehended ; and bind them over for trial, to
the proper court of the United States. They may
also hear in a summary w^a}?^, on citations, contro-
versies about mariners' wages. But the dissatisfied
party, or in case of neglect or refusal to comply
with the decision of a magistrate by the respondent,
the complainant, on the certificate of the magistrate,
may take out process from the District Court for its
final decision.
Clerk of the Circuit aud District Courts, David
Caldwell. Office, 180 Chesnut street.
Marshal of the district of Pennsylvania, John
Smith. Office, 102 South Eighth street.
The Circuit and"^ District Courts sit in the district
court room, formerly occupied as the senate cham-
ber of the United States, in the county court house,
corner of Chesnut and Sixth streets.
STATE LAW COURTS.
1. Civil CoiirtS:,
1. The Supreme court ; which possesses original
jurisdiction in civil cases, where the matter in con-
LAW COURTS. 99
ta^oversy is of the value of five hundred dollars and
upwards j appellate jurisdiction, by writ of error, to
the court of common pleas, w^ithout limitation of
amount ; and has a general superintending authority
over all inferior jurisdictions. The regular terms are
in December and March — and there are sittings, for
the trial of causes by '^ury before a single judge,
from time to time as the court appoint. Courts of
Nisi Prius are also held during thirty-three weeks,
in every year, if the business of the court require^
President, William Tilghman. Associates, Jasper
Yates and H. H. Brackenridge.
2. Comjnon Pleas*
By a law of March 1811, the original jurisdiction
of this court, in all civil cases, is confined to contro-
versies in which the sum does not exceed one hun-
dred dollars ; actions for sums above that amount,
are to be tried in the new " district court." The
court of common pleas has an apellate jurisdiction,
by appeal from the judgments of aldermen and jus-
tices, and by certiorari; and is also invested by the
legislature equally \nth. the supreme courts, with the
power of granting and proceeding on writs of parti-
tion, at the suit of any tenant in common, joint tenant,
or copartner. President, Jacob Rush. Assistants, John
Geyer, J. Conrad. It is held four times in each year,
3. District Court,
At the last session of the legislature, a new court,
called the " District Court for the city and county
of Philadelphia" was established for the space of six
years, composed of a president with the salary of
two thousand dollars, and two associates of five hun-
dred dollars ; any two of whom, in case of the ab-
100 CRIMINAL COURTS.
sence or inability of the other, shall have power to
determine all civil pleas, and exercise the same pow-
ers, as are now vested in the court of common pleas,
provided that the sum in controversy shall exceed
one hundred dollars.
After the first Monday in June next, all causes de*
pending in the common pleas, are to be transferred
to this court, if the sum be above one hundred dollars.
No suit shall be removed to the district court by
certiorari or habeas corpus ; but in all cases, the final
judgment of the said district court may be affirmed
or reversed on a v/rit of error from the supreme
court, in a similar manner, and subject to the same
limitations and provisions, under which writs of error
are now issued from the supreme court of common
pleas of the city and county of Philadelphia.
This district court is to hold four terms in eacli
year, viz.. in June, September, December, and
March: if necessary, the judges may sit daily at least
nine months in the year ; provided that the determi-
nation of no cause or action should be delayed beyond
the fourth term, if the parties be prepared for trial
at the times appointed by the court. If the judges
delay a cause, in readiness for trial, it shall constitute
a misdemeanor in office. The court is to be opened
on the first Monday in May, 1810; and the first re-
turn day of writs is on the first Monday in June. The
Prothonatory of the court of common pleas, performs
the duties of Prothonatory in this court.
President, Joseph Hemphill. Assistants, Jacob
Sommer, Anthony Simmons.
4. The Orphan's Court ; composed of the judges
of the Court of Common Pleas or any two of them,
and possessing very extensive and important powers
in relation to the appointment of guardians for mi-
nors, the settlements, divisions, and distribution of
intestate's estates, and the settlement of the accounts,
CRIMINAL COURTS 101
and controul of the conduct of guardians, executors
and administrators.
It sits on the third Friday in every month.
5. The Register's Court ; composed of the Register
of Wills and any two judges of the Court of Common
Pleas, and exercising a jurisdiction, sometimes ori-
ginal and sometimes by appeal from the register,,
in controversies about administrations, the probate
of wills, &c.
It is held from time to time as occasions arise*
Aldermen and justices of the peace, who by se-
veral acts of assembly have individually, a special
jurisdiction (the former in the city and the latter in
the county) in certain cases of debt or demand not
exceeding one hundred dollars, and of damages for
trespass not exceeding twenty dollars, subject as to
the former, to an appeal to the Court of Common
Pleas in all cases where the sum is above twenty
dollars, and in some cases where it is less, and as to
both, to a revision of their proceedings by certiorari.
Crimi7ial Courts^
1. Courts of Oyer and Terminer, and general
jail delivery. The judges of the Supreme court, are
by the constitution, justices of Oyer and Terminer
in the several counties. And the judges of the com-
mon Pleas (or any two of them, the president being-
one) in their respective counties, for the trial of
capital and other offenders. The courts are usually
held alternately by the judges of the supreme court,
and of the common pleas, about once in each year ;
and though their jurisdiction is general, they com-
monly take cognizance of such offences only, as are
either not cognizable by the quarter sessions, or
being so, are attended in their perpetration, with
102 GRIMINAL COURTS.
circumstances of extraordinary atrocity, requiring
exemplary punishment.
2. Court of Quarter Sessions, composed of the
judges of the Court of Common Pleas, or any two
of them ; possesses a jurisdiction over offences com-
mitted within the county of Philadelphia, not perhaps
definable by any general terms as to the subject of
it, but exercised only in cases of misdemeanor, and
of small felonies, which before the amelioration of
our penal code were not capitally punishable.
Petitions for new roads and streets are presented
to this court, which appoints viewers to determine on
the propriety of the measure. For streets in the city,
twelve freeholders are appointed, who being sworn
or affirmed, with the commissioners of the county,
view the place proposed. If they or ten of them
view the ground, and seven of the viewers agree
that there is occasion for a street, they may proceed
to lay out the same, and make report with a plot, to
the next court, and if approved of, shall be recorded-
No street is to exceed fifty feet in breadth. Dama-
ges are to be estimated by the viewers, and the
sum awarded is to be paid by the county treasurer:
when paid, the mayor is to have the street opened
imder the direction of the ^ourt.
It is held four times in each year.
3 The Mayor's Court, composed of the mayor,
recorder and aldermen, or any four of them, (the
mayor or recorder being one) possesses and ex-
ercises the same jurisdiction over offences com^
mitted within the city, as the quarter sessions in the
county.
It is usually held four times in a year, at intervals
of about three months.
4. The aldermen and justices of the peace, the
former in the city, and the latter in the county, pos-
sess individually, summary jurisdiction of certain
petty offences created by acts of assembly, subject
in some cases to an appeal*
BANKS. 103
1. Bank of North America,
This is the oldest bank in the United States, and
its establishment is connected with circumstances
in the political history of the country, which every
American ought to be acquainted with, and never
forget.
Every one knows, that to carry on the war for in-
dependence, Congress were obliged to supply the
want of a solid circulating medium, by the emission
of paper money, and no funds having been provided
for its redemption, it met with a natural fate, a gra-
dual depreciation. The enthusiasm of liberty that fired
the minds of many in that day, to a degree not sur-
passed by any nation ; supported the credit of this
substitute for the precious metals for a time, but at
length it became of so little value, as to be inade-
quate to the wants of our citizens, and in IT'S!,
public credit was so low, that supplies could not be
obtained to defray the necessary expenses of the
government. The idea of a bank had been sometime
before suggested by an American^ then in England^
and on the proposition of the minister of finance,
R. Morris, a plan was adopted by a resolution of con-
gress on the 26th of May, 1781. It was to be com-
posed of a thousand shares, at four hundred dollars
each ; but either from want of confidence in the pro-
ject among the monied men, or from ignorance of
the nature of the institution, only two hundred shares
were subscribed for, and it was some time after the
bank was fairly in operation, that the sum received up-
on all subscriptions, amounted to seventy thousand
dollars. In November 178i^, the President and Direct-
ors were elected ; and in January 17829 the bank was
opened for business. At this time there remained in
the treasury, about 300,000 dollars, being part of
* Dr. Ruston.
104 BANKS, '
the money loaned by France to the United States,
A considerable sum was due for past transactions^
and congress had not required the States to pay any
thing for the service ol the coming year,43efore the
first of April. The treasury was ^1,600,000 in arrears.
Under these circumstances, about ^250,000 of the
public money were invested by Mr. Morris, in the
stock of the bank. It was principally upon this fund,
that the operations of the institution were commen-
ced ; and before the end of March, a loan from it of
300,000 dollars was obtained, being the total amount
of their specie or capital. This loan was shortly af-
ter increased to 400,000, for such was the state of
the revenue, that no more than 30,000 dollars had
been paid into the public chest by the last of June.
Considerable facilities were also obtained by dis-
counting notes of individuals, and thereby anticipa-
ting the receipt of public money, and the army con=-
tractors for rations, were also aided with discounts
upon public credit. The whole amount directly and
indirectly obtained, exceeded one million of dollars i
and Mr. Morris asserts that without this establish^
ment, the business of the department of finance,
could not have been performed.* A charter had
been obtained from congress in the month of Decem-
ber 1781, and in April 1782, an additional act of in-
corporation v/as passed by the legislature of Pennsyl-
vania. This however after a hard struggle was repeal-
ed in 1785, owing to the prejudices of many country
members against the institution. Mr. Morris, who
knew the incalculable benefit derived to the country,
from the pecuniary loans of the bank, spoke feelingly
and ably in its defence. A new charter was granted
in 1787, and in the year 1799, it was continued for
fourteen years after the 17th of March 1801.
* Statement of the accounts of the United States of North
America, from 1781 to 1784. Philadelphia 1784 by R. Morris.
BANKS. 105
The capital is $800,000. Dividends in January
and July ; and since 1804, have been at the rate of
nine per cent. There are twelve directors. Banking
house, No. 99, Chesnut street. Discount days,
Mondays and Thursdays. Shut on Christmas, first -
of January, fourth of July, and Good-friday.
President, John Morton. Cashier, Henry Drinker,
jun.
2. Bank of Pennsylvania^
Was incorporated March 30th, 1793, until 1813.
The original capital consisted of two millions of
dollars, divided into five thousand shares of 400 dol-
lars each: permission was granted to increase them
to 7500. The state was permitted to subscribe for
2500 shares. In February 1810, the charter was
extended for the term of twenty one years from the
fourth of March 1810, upon condition, that the
governor shall be allowed to subscribe at par on be-
half of the Commonwealth for one thousand two
hundred and fifty shares of the reserved shares of
the Bank,^ and also for the same number all at par
at any time after the expiration of ten years from
the fourth of March 1813. The stock of the bank is
not to be transferrable to any person except citizens
of the United States.
The State of Pennsylvania has now ^1, 509,000 ves-
ted in this bank. Branches have been established at
Lancaster, Pittsburg and Easton.
There are twenty-five directors including the
president ; Three are annually appointed by each
* By this purchase the state gained g 110,000, and may gain an
equal sum when they use the privilege of the second invest-
ment.
106 BANKS
house of the legislature ; the rest by the stockholders,
on the first Monday in February.
President, Joseph Parker Norris. Cashier, Jona-
than Smith.
Discount days, Wednesday and Saturday.
Dividends, January and July. These have never
been under eight per cent.
Bank, in Second street, near Walnut. Shut, Christ-
mas and fourth of July.
3, Bank of Philadelphia^
Was formed in 1803, with a capital of one mil-
lion of dollars ; and was incorporated in 1804, upon
the following conditions. 1. Paying 135,000 dollars
in cash. 2. Permitting the governor on the part of
the state, to subscribe for three thousand shares,
and to receive in payment ^300,000 of six per cent
stock of the United States at par.^ 3. To loan to
the State when required, 100,000 dollars at five per
cent for ten years. 4. The privilege of subscribing 200,
000 dollars at the end of four years, and, at the end of
eight years to subscribe other ^200,000, on the part
of the State,both sums to be at par.f
The capital was increased six hundred thousand
dollars by the act of incorporation. The capital is
now 2,000,000 dollars. The original charter was to
last ten years, but in 1806 it was extended to 1824.
* It was then ten per cent, below par.
J As the practice of paying- for charters to banking companies
maiks an aera in legislation, it is proper to mention, that the en-
ormous bonus paid by the bank of Philadelphia, and the other
privileges granted to the state, became necessary, in conse-
quence of the violent opposition to the institution by the bank of
Pennsylvania, and the offer on the part of that bank of ^200,000
to the state, provided no new bank should be incorporated^.
BANKS. lor
The state now holds ^523,000 of stock in this bank.
Sixteen directors are appointed by the stockholders,
on the second Monday oi February, and three bv
each house of the legislature at every session. Stock-
holders must reside in the United States. Branches
of this bank have been established at Washington,
Wilkesbarre, Columbia, and Harrisburg. Shares
Si 00.
Discount days, Monday, Wednesday, and Fri-
day.
Dividends, March and September. These have
been uniformly eight per cent.
President, George Clymer. Cashier, Quintin
Campbell.
Bank, corner of Fourth and Chesnut streets.
4. Farmers and Mechanics Bank^
Was formed in the year 1807, and incorporated in
1 809, until 1 824. The capital was originally §750,000.
It is now nine hundred thousand, and by the charter
may be increased to 1,250,000. Seventy-five thou-
sand dollars in stock, were paid for the charter. The
debts of the corporation must not exceed double the
amount of the capital; one tenth part of the capital
for a year, shall be loaned to the farmers of this state
if applied for, on sufficient security by bond, mort-
gage, or note. There are thirteen directors, a ma-
jority of whom shall be farmers, mechanics or ma-
nufacturers. No bill for less than five dollars may
be issued by this or any other bank in Philadelphia.
Shares fifty dollars.
Dividends, January and July. These have been,
the first year, eight per cent ; and in 1810, were nine
per cent.
Discount days, Tuesday and Friday.
President, Joseph Tagert. Cashier, Joseph Clay.
108 INSURANCE OFFICES.
Bank, Chesnut street near Third street. Shut on
Christmas, first of January, Good Friday, and fourth
of July.
Since the abolition of the national bank, the de-
posits of the United States are made in this bank,
and in the bank of Pennsylvania. The State owns
stock to the amount of 85,000 dollars in this bank.
Discounts at all the banks are made for sixty days
on endorsed notes, at an interest of one half per cent
for thirty days. Notes are presented the day before
discount days. If some plan were adopted to accom-
modate those who possess good notes, at three, four,
or six months ; or those who have property that cannot
be immediately converted into cash, trade would
not only be greatly benefitted, some of the evils of
banking lessened, but above all, the practice of usury,
which prevails to a disgraceful degree in most of
oiir commercial towns, would be much diminished.
Insurance Offices,
An Insurance office for shipping was opened in
Philadelphia, so early as 1720, by John Copson.
Joseph Sanders aiterv/ards kept an office for the
same purpose. In 1762 William Bradford printer,
opened a marine insurance office in company with
an able accountant, John Kydd, and continued it until
about the revolution. Others succeeded in the same
line during the war, and after the peace until the
year 1792, when a company that had associated upon
a tontine principle, agreed to employ their capital in
insuring property. They obtained a charter under
the name of the " Insurance Company of North
America," in 1794.
Their capital is ^600,000. Shares ^10.
The operations of this company were confined for
some time to marine insurances j but for several
INSURANCE OFFICES o 109
years past they also insure houses from loss by fire ;
and ships, while building.
There are fifteen directors.
President, John Inskeep. Office, 40 Walnut street.
Insurance Company of Pennsylvania,
The Insurance Company of Pennsylvania, was in-
corporated in 1794, to 1815, with a capital of 500,000
dollars, in shares of 400 dollars. There are thirteen
directors : stockholders must be citizens of the Uni-
ted States to be eligible as a director. To vote by
proxy, stockholders must be actually residents
within the United States ; and no stockholders may
have more than twenty-four votes. Once in two
years, the directors shall lay before the stockholders,
at a general meeting, an exact statement of the af-
fairs of the company. The real estate is confined to
such buildings as shall be requisite for the accom-
modation of the company, in relation to its business,
and such as shall have been mortgaged to it by way
of security, or purchased upon judgments obtained
for such debts.
President, James S. Cox. Office, corner of Dock
and Walnut streets.
Dividends, February and August,
Union Insurance Company*
Incorporated 1804, until 1815. Thirteen directors^
chosen on the second Monday in February.
Capital, ^500,000. Shares,' ^100.
The clear yearly income of the real estate, is not
to exceed El 0,000. None but resident citizens of
Pennsylvania shall vote as proxies. No stockholder
shall have more than twenty votes : and, to be a di^
K
110 INSURANCE OFFICES.
rector, must hold ten shares. S50,000 may be loan-
ed to the state, or its funds may be invested in real
estate within the city or county of Philadelphia.
Office, 45 Walnut street.
President, George Latimer. Dividend, February
and August.
Phcejiix Insurance Compant/^
Was incorporated in 1804, until 1815.
Capital, ^600,000. Shares, Si 00 each.
There are nine Directors. One half of the capital
consists of shares in the stock of the Insurance
Company of North America. Capital invested in
bonds, must be secured by mortgages or sufficient
real estates within the city and county of Philadel-
phia : a part of the capital not exceeding ^60,000,
may, with the approbation of a majority of the stock-
holders convened for that purpose, be loaned to the
state of Pennsylvania. They may also sell all or any
part of the stock of the said incorporated insurance
company, which may be transferred as aforesaid,
and invest the proceeds thereof in the manner here-
in directed. The real estate must not exceed
^10,000 clear annual income. Stated meetings of the
directors are to be held once in eveiy fortnight.
Stockholders are not allowed more than fifteen votes
each. No stockholder indebted to the company shall
make transfers, or receive dividends, till the debt is
paid or secured. A general meeting of stockholders
is to be held on the second Monday of December.
Proxies must be held by a citizen of Pennsylvania.
Ofnce, 96 south Second street.
President, David Lewis, Dividend, June and De-=
cember.
INSURANCE OFFICES. Ill
JDelaxvare Insurance Company^
Was incorporated March 1804, to 1815, with a
capital of ^500,000 divided into shares of glOO
each, payable, one fifth in bank stock, and four fifths
in specie. ^50,000 may be loaned to the state.
Stockholders not entitled to more than fifteen votes.
Directors must be resident citizens and holders of
ten shares. There are fifteen directors, chosen the
second Monday in December.
Office, 42 Walnut street.
President, Thomas Fitzimons. Dividend, June
and December.
Philadelphia Insurance Company^
Was incorporated in March 1804, to 1815, with a
capital of ^400,000. Shares, IglOO each. Thirteen
directors, each of whom must hold ten shares. No
stockholder indebted to the company shall receive
or transfer a dividend, till the debt be paid or secured.
No corporation except the company, shall directly
or indirectly hold any share in the capital stock.
Election on the first Monday in January. Income of
real estate not to exceed ^10,000. Stockholders not
entitled to more than twenty votes.
Office S. W. corner of Walnut and Second streets.
President, Samuel W. Fisher. Dividend, June and
December.
United States Insurance Company,
Capital, ^400,000. Shares, ^50.
Incorporated, March 1810, until January 1827.
The yearly income of the real estate of the compa-
ny, must not exceed four thousand dollars. Mem-
bers must be citizens, and to be a director must hold
.112 INSURANCE OFFICES. ~^ ^-'
live shares. No stockholder shall have more than
twenty-five votes. There are thirteen directors.
Office, 49 Walnut street.
President, Israel Pleasants.
Dividends, June and December.
Marine Insurance Company.
Incorporated 1809, until 1827. Capital 1^300,000:
divided into 3000 shares, of ^100 each.
Managed by thirteen directors.
The yearly income is not to exceed 6000 dollars.
Capital may be loaned to the state in any sum not
exceeding ^50,000 ; or on real estate, within the
state. Stockholders and directors must be citizens
of the state, and no one entitled to more than fifty
votes. A general meeting to take place of the stock-
holders, on the second Monday in January of every
year ; they may make rules for governing the affairs
of the company. Directors must own ten shares.
Dividends, first Mondays of January and July.
President, John Leamy. Office, 47 Walnut street.
Lancaster and Susquehannah Insurance Company,
A company, formed originally at Lancaster, with
a capital of ^100,000 and with liberty to increase
it to three hundred thousand dollars, was incorpora-
ted in 1808, to 1816, upon the same general principles
as the preceeding, and with like powers ; and have
established an office or branch in Philadelphia.
The income of real estate cannot exceed ^3,000.
All disputes with this company must be submitted
to arbitration, if required by the claimants for losses.
Office, N. W. corner of Second and Walnut streets*
Agents, Joseph Smith, J. Carson.
INSURANCE OFFICES. 113
The general principles adopted for the regulation
of the different companies, are very nearly the same.
The funds not required to pay demands against the
company, shall be vested in the public debt of the
United States, or in the stock of incorporated com-
panies of the state, or United States, or on security
of real estate within the city and county of Phila-
delphia. The directors divide themselves into weekly
committees, who assist the presidents in transacting
the business of the companies. In case the capital shall
be lessened by losses, no dividend is to be made un-
til a sum equal to the loss, be added to the capital,*
under penalty of holding the directors account^
able. They may make all kind oi marine insuran-
ces, insurance on the inland transportation of goods,
against fire, and on lives ; and lend money upon bot-
tomry and respondentia. At the annual meetings of
the companies, a statement of their a^airs is to be
laid before the stockholders. At these meetings ge-
neral rules for the government of the affairs of the
company may be made. Stock must be held three
months at least, before an election, to entitle a per-
son to a vote.
Fire Insurance Offices,
The oldest Insurance Office against fire, solely, is
" the Philadelphia Contributionship," having been for-
med in the year 1752, and mcorporated in 1754. Its
terms were, as declared, "most equal," and apart from
all views of private or separate gain. There are twelve
directors and a tre,asurer annually chosen ; the latter
gives security. The rules for the regulation of the
conduct of the directors in the management oT their
* Insurance Company of North Amencaand Pennsylvania ex=
cepted.
K 2
114 INStJRANCE OFFICES.
trust, and the principles of the association were con=
tained in a " deed of settlement," which was altered
in 1810, and generally are as follows.
All persons insuring in, and with the society, shall
be deemed members of the same during the continu-
ance of their interest in their respective policies,
which are to continue for an unlimited period. The
directors are empowered to lay out money in stock
of any incorporated company of the state or city, or
to lend it on mortgage ; but restrained from issuing
any notes in the nature of bank notes; to become en-
dorsers in their corporate capacity, or from making
discounts or receiving deposits. Caleb Carmalt is the
clerk of this company, and the office is kept at his
house, 99 High street.
Mutual Fire Assurance Company.
Office, Pine street wharf. J. B. Palmer, secretary.
This association was formed In 1784, in conse-
quence of the old contributionship company refusing
to insure houses before which trees grew.
All persons insuring in this society are deemed
members thereof, so long as they remain insured.
By virtue of a deed of settlement, which was finally
altered and amended in 1801, the direction of the
affairs of the Company is intrusted to thirteen direc-
tors, who act without pay. The policies issued by the
trustees, continue in force so long as the premium
*hall remain with the society ; and any member may
within six'-months after the expiration of every seven
years, reclaim and receive his deposit money, without
any deduction except the fees of office, unless the
stock of the company has been lessened by losses |
in which case a just proportion of all such losses as
the interest money was insufficient to satisfy, shall
be deducted. In all cases of sale where the policy is
INSURANCE OFFICES. 115
not transferred, the deposit money may be withdrawn,
if applied for within two months after such sale, but
not otherwise ; deducting five per centum, and sub-
ject to deduction in case of losses. If the loss shall
exceed the company's whole stock, the several suf-
ferers insured in this office, are to receive a just pro-
portionable dividend of the whole stock, according to
the sums by them insured.
Besides the deposit or premium of insurance, the
insured pay for the policy, and the services incident
thereto, at the rate of thirty cents for every hundred
dollars insured, and fifty cents for every entry of
transfer. Transfers must be entered on the books,
within four weeks after assignments have been made.
In case of loss by fire, the trustees are to view
and inquire into the same. If it be partial, the trus-
tees may repair it, or pay the estimated damage,
provided such estimate is within the sum insured on
that part of the building : but if it exceed, the sum
insured only shall be paid. In case of total loss, they
either rebuild the house, or pay the sum insured
thereon, in three months after the loss. The policy
then becomes void. Additional premiums are required
for insurance upon all houses having trees planted
before them, or in the yards near the house. Trees
planted after insurance has been effected, must be re-
ported to the office. Damages from gunpowder being
stored in the house, or from breaming ships, make an
insurance void.
American Fire Insurance Company^
Was Incorporated in 1811, by the legislature of
Pennsylvania. The business of the company is con-
fined to objects on land, or vessels in port with their
cargoes on board. The capital is 500,000 dollars.
116 MARKETS.
divided into five thousand shares. The clear yearly-
income of the corporation upon the real estate
which they are authorized to hold, shall not exceed
10,000 dollars. There are nine directors. Stock-
holders are required to be citizens. One per cent
annually on the amount of the capital stock, is to
be paid into the treasury of the commonwealth, by
the company, when more than nine per cent per an-
num, on their capital is divided.
Office, 101 Chesnut street. President, William
Jones. Secretary, Edward Fox.
Phcenix Company of London,
The Phoenix company of London opened an oi3ice
for insurance from fire, in Philadelphia, and having
done much business, a law was passed in 1810, pro-
hibiting any person or persons, not citizens of the
United States, from insuring property in any case
within the state, against loss by fire, sea, or upon land
transportation of goods. A penalty of ,^5,000 is
forfeited by any person acting as agent for such for-
eign insurers,
3Iarkets^— ^Provisions,
In the early settlement of the city, the Market
was chiefly confined to the hill in Front street, cor-
ner of High street ; where a house or shed was
erected, having a bell, which was rung when any one
came from the country with produce for sale. After-
wards, a house for the exclusive sale of fish was
built by subscription, on an arch over the creek
which emptied into the Delaware, a short distance
above Spruce street: here also a bell was fixed, and
rung when fish was brought for sale. The fish Mar-
ket is now confined to Market or High street hilh
MARKETS. lir
The first Market house built in High street, was
a range of wooden stalls from Front to Second street.
In the year 172Q, the first part of the market in
High street west of the old court house was built ;
the money for which was advanced by the Mayor,
In proportion as the population of town and coun-
try increased, the market house was extended un-
til at present it reaches from Front to Sixth street j
a distance of five squares. The last addition from
Fourth to Sixth streets, was made in 1810. The
increased projection of the eaves over the pillars in
this last part, is a great improvement : as it increases
accommedation and protection to the country people,
and admits of a more advantageous display of their
various productions.
In the new parts, the upright posts and cross
pieces having hooks to suspend the provisions on, are
required to be regularly taken down after market
hours, and packed away under the stalls: a very pro-
per regulation and strictly enforced.
By the law authorizing the continuation of the
market, it is provided that the western half of the
stalls is to be let to the people of the country, and
to no others : and the other half to butchers; and that
one half of the stalls that may be erected elsewhere,
shall also be let to such persons from the country,
as send their produce to market. The rent of each
stall is fixed at twenty dollars.
The market house in south Second street, was built
for the accommodation of the citizens in the southern
part of the city, and has been enlarged from time to
time until it now extends from Pine to Cedar street,
a distance of about 440 feet. At each end a room
is erected, for the meetings of the commissioners,
fire companies, and of the citizens. Market houses
are also built in Callowhill street, and in north Se-
cond street above Coats's street. The pillars of all
118 MARKETS.
the markets are of brick, and openings are left at
proper distances to admit a passage between them.
The footpaths are paved with the same material.
Their breadth in the clear is about thirteen feet.
As mentioned already, the hill on Market street
is allotted for the sale of fish. This traffic, except in
the case of those who bring fish preserved in ice,
in waggons from the sea, is carried on chiefly by woe-
men, many of whose husbands are employed in catch-
ing the fish : no shelter is provided for this useful
class of the community, who of course are exposed
to the elements, and often suffer much personally,
and sustain loss from the rapid putrefaction of their
fish, when exposed to the sun. Moveable sheds simi- ^
lar to those erected for the sellers of vegetables
west of Second street, and the south side of Market
street, would be sufficiently convenient, until a more
permanent covering could be erected. It is much to
be wished, that this measure may demand the prompt
attention of our city councils.
The days appointed by law for holding markets
in High street, are Wednesday and Saturday; and
Tuesday and Friday, for the Market in south Se-
cond street.
From the first of April to the first of September,
the market continues from day light until two o'clock;
from September to April, it ends at three o'clock.
Provisions are however sold every day, particularly
in the Autumn, Winter, and in the early Spring
months, during which time the market is seldom
empty. Milk is permitted to be sold on Sunday mor-
ning till nine o'clock, but whey is absurdly prohibited,
although useful as a medicine.
To prevent danger from the passage of carts, hor-
ses, &c. during market hours, chains are fixed across
the streets and allies to the north and south, east
and west of the markets in High street, a little af-=
MARKETS. 119
ter sunrise. During the Summer they remain until
nine, and in Winter until ten o'clock. All persons are
obliged to remove their carts without the limits of
the chains, under a penalty. Different parts of the
market are appropriated for venders of butter, of
salt fish, of Jersey produce, of other country pro-
duce, of American earthen ware, cooper's ware, truit
and garden seeds, of butcher's meat, and of all sorts of
herbs, roots and meal. The venders of the three latter
articles, stand under the eaves of the markets. Move-
able stalls with sheds are also placed on the evening
preceding market days, on the south side of Mar-
ket street, for the accommodation of the sellers of ve-
getables ; these are removed and stowed away after
market hours, under the arches of the market bouse.
No butcher is allowed to kill any beast, nor are live
cattle to be sold or driven, nor is any cyder, beer or
spirituous liquors to be sold by retail, nor any wheel-
barrow brought within the market house* or shambles
during market hours. The measures and weights
used in the market, are to be duly regulated and
stamped by the proper officer. Steel yards are very
properly prohibited,^ by reason of the great decep-
tion which may be practised with them. For disobe-
dience of this regulation, and for using false balan-
ces, the penalty is five dollars. Hucksters or those
who monopolize poultry, nuts, fruits, and particu-
lar vegetables, by an early attendance at market, are
prohibited from purchasing with an intent to sell,
provision or fruit of any kind within the limits of
the market, before ten o'clock in the morning of any
market day, and from exposing them to sale on any
day. The penalty for either purchasing or selling, is
three dollars for every offence. This excellent regu-
It is to be regretted that they are not banished the state.
120 MARKETS.
lation is evaded in part by the sale of provisions
out of cellars of houses opposite to the market ; but
the magnitude of the evil is greatly diminished, from
the impossibility of finding cellars to rent equal in
number to the demand.
No groujs,=^ partridge,! or pheasant,:}^ are permitted
to be sold between the first day of March and the first
of September; nor any woodcock,§ between the first of
March and first of July, under penalty of forfeiting
such game.
The variety offish brought to the market of Phi-
ladelphia, is considerable. Early in the spring, large
sunfish are caught in the bay, and are succeeded by
herrings, shad, roach, four kinds of catfish, four kinds
of perch, rock, lamprey eel, common eel, pike, suck-
er, sturgeon, gar fish. These are river fish, and ap-
pear in the order mentioned. From the sea come, cod,
seabass, bltiik-fish, sheeps-head, spanish»mackarel,
haddock, pollock, mullet, holibut, flounder, sole,
plaice, skait, porgey, tomcod, and others.
Shell-fish — Oysters, (several kinds,) clams, lobster,
crab. The two first are taken in Delaware bay.
Amphibious — Snapping-turtle, terrapin: both ex-
cellent.
In Summer, all the sea fish, except cod, are brought
by land, in ice, as are also crabs and lobsters, from the
coast of Monmouth county. New Jersey, a distance
of eighty miles. Oysters abound all the year, and
are sold by the hundred.
Cod fish first made their appearance on the coast
off the Delaware, about the year 1790, and have gra-
dually progressed southward. The shad caught in
the river Schuylkill, are generally esteemed superi-
or in flavour, and more delicate than those caught in
the Delaware ; owing probably, to their deriving
* Tetrao Cupido Lin. fTetrao Virginianus Lin. i: Tetrao
Umbelius or T : Timpanistes of Eartram« § Scolopax — ?
MARKETS, 121
nourishment from the gravelly bottom of the for-
mer river : and hence they bear a higher price. The
situation of the fishing place in the Delaware, like-
wise influences the size and flavour of shad ; it is
notorious, that those caught off Petty's island^ on
the Jersey shore, above the city, where the water is
deep; are much larger and fatter, than those caugiit^
in more shallow water, whether the bottom be mud,
sand, or gravel.
By a law passed in March, 1810, at the request of
the legislature of New Jersey, the time for catching-
shad in the Delav/are, within the state limits, between
the foot of the falls at Trenton, and opposite the
mouth of the river Lehigh, and the station point, or
north west corner of this state, was extended until
the 20th of June in every year. .
The quantity of provisions, animal and vegetable,
brought to market during the year, is immense, and
much beyond the wants of the inhabitants. In sum-
mer, great losses are sometimes sustained, especially
in the various articles of animal food, which from the
heat of the weather, soon spoil. ^ The particular
number of beasts annually killed in the city, or
sold in the markets, cannot be ascertained, but it
may be safely asserted, that in no city in the world,
is more animal food consumed, in proportion to its
size, than in Philadelphia. It constitutes the substan-
tial part of the dinner of every adult in the city, and
most labourers and mechanics eat a portion of it at
breakfast and supper. Much of the land, within five
or six miles north and south of the city, is devoted to
the purpose of kitchen gardens, and kept in the highest
state of cultivation. Two crops are very commonly
produced on the same ground in one season. The
When spoiled, they are thrown into pit^ oat of the city.
* T.
T
122 into VIS IONS.
neighbouring state of New Jersey, contributes to the
abundant supply of those species of fruit and vegeta-
bles, to which its light soil is particularly adapted ;
such as the grateful musk -melon, water-melon, sweet
potatoe, cucumbers and peaches, immense quantities
of which are brought in boats across the Delaware.
Thti superiority of the butter of Philadelphia, and
the great neatness with which it is prepared for mar-
ket, are generally acknowledged. One fourth of a
dollar may be said to be the average price of a pound
of butter, throughout the year.
The task of attending to the execution of the regu-
lations of the markets, is attached to the duties of the
clerks of the market, who are annually appointed by
the mayor. The clerks are also authorized to prevent
all unsound provisions from being offered for sale,
and to examine into the accuracy of the weights of
batter,lard and sausages, which are sold by the pound;
and to try all scales, weights and measures used in the
market ; decide all disputes which may arise in the
Biarket, between buyer and seller ; to collect the rents
of the stalls, and to cause all the pavements under
the shambles to be swept, and the dirt removed into
the open street. This dirt the city commissioners are
required to have removed twice a week. Seizures are
often made of butter, lard, and sausages, for being de-
ficient in weight. Half of the quantity seized, is sent
to the alms-house, and the other half is the perqui-
site of the clerks. This regulation has had the most
happy effect in dimmishing imposition, from false
weight.
The pay of the clerks of the market is two dollars
fifty cents, in every hundred dollars of the rents of
stalls, collected by them, and fifty dollars extra. They
must give bond, with sureties, in the sum ol two thou-
sand dollars, for the due performance of their duties.
CONSTABLES ELECTIONS. 125
Preservation of the Peace,
There are fourteen constables, one for each ward ;
and until the present year, one high constable, who
is required to v/alk through the streets daily with
his mace in his hand, and examine all vagrant and dis-
orderly persons, and upon refusal to give him an ac-
count of their residence and employment, or not
giving a satisfactory account, to carry such persons
before the mayor or an alderman to be dealt with
according to law : to give notice of all nuisances
or obstructions in the streets to the city commission-
ers, or mayor ; and of offences committed against
the laws in force, and of the names of the offenders
and witnesses, and generally, to superintend the
execution of, and cause obedience to the ordinances
ir\ force, and to do all such things as the councils,
mayor, cr recorder shall direct, tOLiching the orde.r^
regulation and policy of the city. By a recent ordi-
nance, an additional high constable is to be appoint-
ed by the Mayor. The salary of each is 700 dollars.
Constable'' s Elections,
By a law passed the 30th January 1810, the elec-
tors in each ward are to meet at such place as the con-
stable for the time being shall appoint, on the third
Friday in March, and elect by ballot, two persons, one
of whom shall be appointed constable for the said ward
for the ensuing year. The constable for the time is re-
quired to give six days previous notice in two news-
papers, of the time and place where such election
is to be held.
The voters present choose three persons as judges
of the election, who are to be sworn or affirmed to
do justice, and on the third day thereafter, to make
a return of the two names highest in vote, to the
mayor of the city, who appoints one of them. Con-
124 WATCHING AND LIGHTING.
stables are bound to give two freeholders as securi-
ties, in the sum of 2000 dollars, for the faithful dis-
charge of their duty.
In case of vacancies, the mayor appoints a succes-
sor until the next election.
City Commissioners.
Four citizens are appointed in the month of Jan-
uary, annually, by the mayor, under the title of the
city commissioners, who have a general superinten-
dence of the city property, the assessing of the taxes
laid by the corporation, appointing the collectors
thereof, taking securities for the faithful performance
of their dut)^, and settling their duplicates. They
also appoint the watchmen, and oversee the business
of lighting, paving, and cleansing the city: they let
the fixed and moveable stalls, and stands, in the mar-
kets : regulate, limit and direct the depth of wells
and sinks : appoint stands for draymen and hackney
coachmen, and regulate the erection of lime houses,
and the placing of stone and scantling in the streets
for building. Their pay is 750 dollars each, and are
allowed a clerk. They sit in the old court-house.
WatchiJig and Lighting,
There are thirty-two watchmen who cry the hour,
and six who visit the boxes of the others, to insiu'e
a punctual performance of their duty ; the v/hole are
under the direction of the captain of the watch, who
attends at the old court house in Second street, every
night, to receive the vagrants, rioters or thieves, who
may be taken up by the watchmen; and to take care of
the oil, wick, &c. of which he must render an account
to the city commissioners, monthly, of the quantity
received, expended and on hand. There are 1132
lamps in the city, and new ones are annually erecting.
FUEL— PUBLIC LANDINGS. 125
as the city improvements extend. The pay of the
watchmen is 14 dollars per month, besides 27 cents
extra wages for each lamp under their care : they
also have the gratuity of a great coat. They are
subject to fines for neglect of duty. The cost of
lighting and watching Philadelphia in 1809, amount-
ed to 19,263 dollars 73 cents.
Cleansing the Streets,
To accomplish this, the city is divided into dis-
tricts, and one commissioner attends to the cleanliness
of a district. The street dirt is scraped by scavengers
into small heaps, and men follow with carts, to take it
away to the commons, where it is deposited in heaps,
and disposed of occasionally by auction, for manure.
In summer, the excellent New York regulation ought
to be adopted, of taking away daily in a cart, ail
offall matters of the kitchen, which are placed for
this purpose, in a barrel or tub, before the door.
Fuel — Wood Corders<-^Public Landings,
The principal article of house fuel in Philadelphia,
is hickory, oak or maple wood. Pine wood is used
chiefly by brick burners and bakers. Coal is only
partially used in dwelling houses, but would be in
general demand for counting rooms, offices and cham=
bers, owing to the danger from fire being thereby
lessened, if it could be afforded at a rate as cheap
as wood. The time is anxiously looked forward to,
when the inexhaustible bodies of excellent coal with
which our western counties, and Wayne county
abound, will be brought down to Philadelphia, by
means of that great chain of inland navigation,
which has been so long in contemplation, and by
the removal of the obstructions in the Lehigh.
L 2
126 REGULATION OF WOOD FOR FUEL.
During the continuance of the navigation in the
Delaware, fire wood is brought in shallops from
both sides of the river, above and below the city ;
but in winter, when from the obstruction by ice, the
supply in that way is cut off, wood is brought by
land. In alj cases, it is measured by sworn corders,
at certain fixed rates. The stand for cord w^ood
brought by land to the city, is the upper end of High
street, between Eighth street and the center square.
The measure of v\^ood is the cord, of eight feet
in length, by four in height, and four in breadth.
No wood is permitted to be sold as cord wood,
the length of which shall not be at least three feet
ten inches, including half the kerf: and when the
average length of the wood shall fall short of four
feet, including half the kerf, six inches must be add-
ed to the standing length of the cord.
Reasonable and fair allowance is to be made
for the loss sustained by crooked wood : the straight
wood is to be packed in the lower part of the pile,
and the crooked wood on the upper part. Every
cord of wood pays eight cents wharfage, and six cents
for cordage; the former is to be paid by the seller, the
latter by the purchaser.
Wood landed upon private wharves, is to be in-
spected and measured by the nearest corder, for
which, eight cents are to be paid by the purchaser.
Corders are to sell wood landed on the public land-
ings, if so required by the owner of it, without ad-
ditional fee.
No person is permitted to buy wood in the city te
sell again, from September to March inclusive, un-
der a penalty of two dollars for every cord sold;
sawyers are forbidden to buy wood for any person
or use, other than their own. All craft lying at a public
wharf, pay one dollar per day for every day they ex-
ceed forty-eight hours, unless weather-bound. Ves*
PUBLIC LANDINGS, ISf
seis loaded with boards, plank, scantling, hay or sand^
are excepted. Each corder receives an annual salary
of S600. Deputies receive three hundred dollars.
All are removable at the discretion of the mayor,
for neglect of duty. Carters are to have a sufficient
number of hewn standards tor preventing the wood
from falling off the cart, and marked with the initial
letters of their christian and sirnames, on the out-
er sides of the said standards, under the penalty of
five shillings. Carters not delivering all the wood
they undertake to hawl, shall forfeit two shillings for
every stick so detained, to the owner or purchaser
thereof.
Other articles, besides wood, as stone, sand, shin-
gles, boards, staves, rails, &c. pay wharfage.
Previously to the year 1807, the '^public landings
were rented to the highest bidder; but in that year
a law was passed, authorising the mayor to appoint
corders of wood, with salaries, who are to give bond
with sureties ; and to take oath for the faithful per-
formance of the duties enjoined upon them : they are
to pay, weekly, the monies they receive for wharf-
age or cording, into the hands of the city treasurer ;
and to furnish a list of the articles landed, and by
whom : and the treasurer is required, once in every
month, to furnish the mayor with a statement of the
amount of monies paid in by the several corders, to-
gether with the original lists.
In the year 1 807, the wharves produced ^7,820 95
„ 1808, „ 10,203 114
„ 1809, „ 10,767 62^
„ 1810, „ 10,840 474
,, 1806, they rented for 4,884
Adding the present salaries 3,900
)B8,7845
128 SALE OF BREAD„
leaves a balance so great, as to shew the propriety
of the alteration of the law respecting the mode of
collecting this branch of revenue.
In 1 720, as appears by books of council, the pub-
lic wharves on the Delaware, at the ends of Walnut
and Chesnut streets, were rented at three pounds ;
that of High street for six. His honour the mayor,
took the two first, and aldermen Masters and Red-
man, joined in the contract for the last. The rents
were to be in half yearly payments.
Cords.
In 1808, were landed, . 66,391
1809, .... 69,5 rO-J
1810, .... 68,691-J
Much of the wood, consumed in the city, is purcha-
sed at the public wharves in Southwark and the
Northern Liberties, and they being rented, no account
is kept of the quantity there sold: nor is any account
kept of that sold at the stand in High street, du-
ring winter; nor of that landed on Schuylkill, for the
supply of the western parts of the city: but the quanti-
ty from those quarters, may be fairly rated at two
thirds of that landed at the public city wharves, from
which data, an estimate may be formed of the whole
amount consumed in the city in one year.
Sale of Bread.
A law was passed in 1775, to regulate the assize
of bread J and after the incorporation of Philadelphia,
it was renewed for a short time. The consideration
of the hardship, if not injustice of setting a price up-
on the labour of one class of citizens only, and the
great difficulty of establishing a principle which would
secure one part of the community from imposition,
without abridging the rights of another part, opera-
SALE OF BREAD. 129
ted with the legislature to leave the affair to the citi-
zens themselves.
In 1797 an act was passed, requiring that all loaf
bread made for sale within this commonwealth, shall
be sold by the pound avoirdupois, and that every ba-
ker or other person, offering the same for sale, shall
keep at his or her house, or at such other place at
which they shall offer bread for sale, sufficient scales
and weights, for weighing the same. The penalty for
offending against this act is ten dollars ; and the clerks
of the markets are required to discover and prose-
cute the offenders. The act extends to Southwark
and the Northern Liberties. The citizens, however,
have been so long accustomed to take bread oi sucji
weights as the bakers have chosen to maketheir loaves,
that the regulation of selling by weight does not pro-
duce the good intended. They cannot spend time in
daily going round to the different bakers shops to
compare the weights of their loaves with the prices;
and it is clear that, unless they do so, they may be
very frequently forced to take bread of a size unrea-
sonably small. The price of bread ought always to
bear a proportion to the price of flour ; while at the
same time it is but just that the baker should be al-
lowed a reasonable profit. In New York their pro-
fit has been fixed at three dollars and sixty-six cents
per barrel, of one hundred and ninety-six pounds.*
* In fixing' the assize, the chamberlain is required to estimate
a barrel of flour, to produce 4,032 oz. of bread, (as it has been
found that such is the product,) and in order to ascertain the
weight of a shilling loaf, (twelve cents and a half,) of the respec-
tive qualities of flour, the number of ounces is divided by a num-
ber equal to the number of shillings a barrel of fionr of such a
quality, may be worth at the time: and ^3 66, (or 28*. New York
currency,) added thereto, being the profit allowed the baker, the
quotient will be the number of ounces a shilling loaf must weigh.
Whenever the fractional parts are less than half an ounce, they
are taken off the loaf; and when half an ounce or more, an ounce
is added to it.
^^^'-■'--
130 STORING OF GUN POWDER,
Protection of Mechanics and Labourers,
By a law passed by the legislature, in 1809, all
dwellings and other houses to be erected in Phila-
delphia, are subjected to the payment of debts con-
tracted in building the same ; and where the house
will not sell for sufficient to discharge all the demands,
they are to be averaged and paid proportionably. But
such debts are not to remain a lien longer than two
years from the commencement of the building, unless
an action be instituted for the recovery of the same,
within six months after performing the work^ or fur-
nishing the materials for the house.
Storing of Gun Powder,
The danger arising from the introduction of a
great quantity of this dangerous article within the
city, early demanded the attention of the legisla-
ture, and accordingly a house for storing it was
built near the northern boundaiy of the N. W.
public square, at a time when it was sufficiently
remote from the thickly setried parts of the city to
prevent danger from an explosion. An increasing
population rendered another structure in a few years
necessary, and accordingly the house on the banks of
the Schuylkill at the west end of Walnut street, was
erected in 1791. From that place it was removed
in the year 1802, in consequence of the extension of
buildings, to the present situation, near the Schuylkill,
in Passyunk township.
All gunpowder imported from bej^ond sea, or
brought by land, must be delivered to the magazine,
nor come within two miles of the city ; nor must
any be shipped at the wharves, nor more than thirty
pounds kept in any store at a time. Gunpowder
is subject to a very strict inspectioUj by a sworn
inspector. Act, April the 8th, 1795.
HEALTH LAW. 131
Botlt7ig Oil of Turpentine and Varnish.
Persons are not permitted to boil or distil oil of
turpentine, or make varnish in the thickly settled
parts of the city or liberties, unless carried on in
an open place at least thirty feet distant from any
building, vessel of commerce, or other property that
might be injured thereby; or in a fire prooff building.
Health Law,
Previously to the year 1«^93, Philadelphia having
been favoured for many years by a freedom from
any mortal epidemic, slight precautions had been
taken to guard against the introduction of disease
from abroad, or the origination of it at home. Vessels
having sick on board, or having had deaths during
the passage, were required to anchor off the laza-
retto, which had been built at an early date, on
State Island, a little below the mouth of the river
Schuylkill, until the "physician of the port" came
down, and to him it was leit to determine as to the ex-
pediency of permitting them to proceed to the city, or
of detaining them for the purpose of purification.
The sick, if any on board, were landed at the hospi-
tal. At the first session of the legislature, after the
awful year before mentioned, a law for the more
effectual protection of the city from the introduction
of pestilential and contagious diseases was passed, by
which provision was made for the appointment of,
1st, A physician to reside at the lazaretto. 2d, A
consulting physician. 3d, A health officer. 4th, A
board oi health, composed of citizens, from Phi-
ladelphia, the Northern Liberties, and South-
wark ; who were to make all rules and regulations
for the establishment and conduct of the other offi-
cers.
132 HEALTH LAW.
Although in the discussion which the question of
origin, had undergone during the prevalence of the
fever of 1793, and after it had ceased, enough had
been said to shew the probability of the local origin
of the disease, or at least to prove that the medical
faculty were divided on the subject ; yet the law
passed, was almost entirely predicated upon the
supposition of the importation ol the fever of 1793,
and of epidemics generally; and hence, while nume-
rous provisions were made for preventing the intro-
duction of malignant diseases from abroad, little or
no attention v/as paid to guard against their origi-
nating at home. This is not to be wondered at, for
mankind in all ages have uniformly evinced an un-
willingness to, admit the possibility of their country
producing pestilence of any kind ; and hence have
constantly ascribed their afflictions in this way, to
foreign causes. In the dark ages of ignorance and
superstition, evil spirits, angry deities, or particular
planets were blamed ; in latter times importation was
resorted to. The repeated occurrence of the same
epidemic, naturally continued the discussion of the
question of origin, and caused muchlightto be thrown
on the subject generally, by the body of information
collected, and the new principles developed; and on
the whole, has tended greatly to promote diffusion
of truth, and to benefit mankind. Among other
good results that have followed, is the admission of
the belief that " the sin might lie at our own door;"
and hence, while no one questions the propriety of
guarding against the introduction of diseases from
certain causes by ships, the propriety of attention
to the sources of their production at home was made
manifest, and a commendable degree of cleanliness
in the city, in which it was befor-e very deficient, has
followed.
HEALTH LAW. 133
Since the passage of the first health law, various
supplements have been added, and an alteration of
the whole system has taken place; the present law was
passed in 1806. By this, a board of health, consisting
of five members, two of whom may be physicians,
to be annually appointed by the governor, were con-
stituted a body corporate. Three of the members
must reside in the city, one in the Northern Liber-
ties, and one in Southwark and Moyamensing. Out
of their own body, the board shall choose a president,
a secretary, and a treasurer; the board must meet
once every day between the first of June and first of
October, and also when specially convened by the
president, or any two of the members : and is vested
with full power to make general rules, orders, and
regulations, for the government of the lazaretto, and
the vessels, cargoes, and persons there detained, or
under quarantine ; and of the health office and pub-
lic hospitals; and to appoint such officers and servants,
and to allow them such pay as may be found necessa-
ry and proper. The governor is also required to ap-
point a resident physician, and quarantine master, to
reside at the lazaretto ; and a consulting physician,
and health officer, to reside in Philadelphia.
Foreign vessels, arriving between the first of June,
and first of October, are required to anchor off the la-
zaretto, and submit to the examination of the resident
physician, touching the cargo, crew, passengers and
baggage; to demand answers, on oath or affirmation,
to all such questions as shall be put to any onboard,
touching those points, and the physician is required
to inform the persons interrogated, of the penalty for
giving false answers. If it shall happen that the
vessel comes from a healthy port, and has had no
contagious disease on board while out, smallpox and
measles excepted, and there is no cause to suspect
an infected cargo, a certificate of health is to be
M
134s HEALTH LAW.
given to the master, who may then proceed to the
city, and must present his certificate at the health office
within twenty-four hours alter his arrival. The
board may however, cause further detention.
If it appear that the vessel comes from a port at
%vhich a malignant disease prevailed, she must be
detained so long as the board of health shall deem
necessary, but not exceeding twenty days.. The let-
ter bag when purified, shall be transmitted to the
health officer at Philadelphia, who shall deposit it in
the post office. The vessel and cargo are to be
cleansed, and the clothing and baggage aired and pu-
rified at the expense of the owner. Wine, rum, salt,
sugar, spices, molasses, mahogany, manufactured
tobacco, dye woods, and preserved fruits, may be con-
veyed to the city in lighters. But if disease has occur-
red during the voyage, or while in quarantine, the ves-
sel is to be detained such further time as the board
may deem necessary, the cargo to be unladen and pu-
rified ; and the crew, passengers, cargo and bag-
gage, except the articles before mentioned, shall not
be suffered to enter the city before the first of Octo-
ber, without licence from the board. After purifi-
cation, and if no disease appear on board, the ves-
sel may load and proceed to sea, from the lazaretto.
Heiusai to answer the questions of the physician,
or deception, incurs the penalty of five hundred
dollars, and imprisonment at hard labour, for not
less than one year, and not exceeding five ; neglect
to present a certificate subjects to a penalty of three
hundred dollars. Neglecting to obey the orders of
the lazaretto physician or board of health, subjects
the offender to a fine not exceeding five hundred
dollars. Vessels of war or coasters, having foreign
goods on board, or bedding or clothing from any
foreign port, must submit to the same forms as mer-
chanimen^
HEALTH LAW. 135
Persons arriving from foreign ports infected, at
any port in the United States, shall not enter the
city after June, until October, without permission,
under a penalty of five hundred dollars.
Foreign vessels touching at ports in the Uni-
ted States shall be liable to all the rules of vessels
directly from foreign ports. Coasters and ships of
war, arriving between the first day of June, and the
first of October, having on board foreign goods, or
passengers, bedding or clothing, from any foreign
port, shall be examined ; and if it appear that the said
goods have been landed in the United States more
than thirty days, and free from damage, the vessel and
cargo uninfected, and passengers health}^, the ship
is to be allowed to pass in the usual way; if other-
wise, the same process is to be adopted as in other
cases, under a penalty of five hundred dollars.
Vessels from places infected with the plague, or
that have spoken others infected therewith, are not
to proceed to the city : the cargo, &c. on board are
to be cleansed, and no part permitted to enter the
city without permission. The vessel, after being
cleansed, may load and proceed to sea.
Persons or goods arriving at any port in the Uni-
ted States, from any port at which a malignant dis-
ease prevailed, or in any vessel in vfhich such dis-
ease existed, while they were on board, are pro-
hibited from entering the city or county, between
the first of June and the first day of October, with-
out permission of the board, under a penalty of five
hundred dollars, and forfeiture of goods.
The board may prohibit communication vnth in-
fected ports in the United States; and order vessels,
from those ports, to stop at the lazaretto; they may
convey persons from infected places to a place of
purification ; may interrogate suspected persons;
may remand vessels, on just cause, to the lazaret-
156 HEALTH LAW.
to; take order to prevent the spreading of conta-
gion in the city and liberties; prevent communication
with infected houses; and cause all offensive or putrid
substances, and all nuisances, to be removed from
any place in the city, or vicinity. Opposition or
violence to any of the members of the board, is
punishable by fine, imprisonment and hard labour.
Persons going on board, or along side of any vessel,
or entering the lazaretto, must perform such quaran-
tine as the board may direct. Fugitives from the
lazaretto may be apprehended and sent back :
boarding house keepers must leport persons who
are taken sick in their houses. Persons afflicted
with malignant diseases, who cannot be attended at
home, may be removed to the city hospital on Schuvl-
kill.
The lazaretto physician visits vessels, orders their
purification, and the sick to be removed on shore,
and attends them there, and executes the orders of
the board, respecting vessels, cargoes and persons
under quarantine.
The quarantine master directs the mooring ox
vessels near the lazaretto; superintends the purifica-
tion of the vessels and cargoes ; prevents intercourse
between vessels and the shore, and preserves order,
and enforces obedience to the provision of the health
law, and the regulations of the board.
The port physician examines suspected vessels or
persons that have arrived, at all times, and visits all
foreign vessels arriving between October and June.
The health officer attends at his office every day to
receive certificates of health; enforces the regulations
of the board, and collects and recovers ail monies
or fines directed to be paid by this act.
The lazaretto physician receives three dollars for
every vessel visited ; the port physician, quarantine
master, and health officer, one dollar each.
PROVISION AGAINST FIRE. 137
For the reception of persons ill with any pestilen-
tial or contagious disease, in the city, (small-pox or
measles excepted,) a commodious brick hospital has
been erected on the north side of Sassafras street,
and east side of the river Schuylkill. The expense of
support at this hospital, is to be defrayed by the pa-
tient himself. The description of the building will
be given ^\hen we come to speak of the public build-
ings.
Provisioji agamst Fire,
This, till 1803, consisted of voluntary associations
of the citizens, under the title of " Fire Companies,"
and have subsisted since the year 1732; at Avhich
time, the first association took place. Since that time,
numerous others have successively been formed; and
at the present time, the number amounts to upwards
of forty. The general principles of these associations
are the same. They provide baskets, buckets, and
bags, at their individual expense ; and most of them
have an engine, purchased out of the joint funds of
the company. They meet monthly, and a member is
appointed to visit the houses of the members, to see
that the buckets, &c. are ready for use. There are
at present about thirty five engines in the city. One
of the members is appointed to direct the water, in
case of fire, and the members and citizens generally,
render their assistance where wanted. A universal
spirit prevails on such occasions, .among the people,
who exert themselves with an activity, even in the
most inclement weather, that v/ould seem to arise
from their having an interest in the property on fire,
or stock in the office in which the house was insured;
and actions of disinterested heroism and intrepidity
have often been peribrmed, (commonly by the labour-
ing class, or mechanics,) which would have, in ancient
M 2
138 PROVISION AGAINST FIRE.
times, been rewarded by public honours. Many such
instances have occurred, and some acts have deserv-
edly been perpetuated, by honourable testimonials
from offices in v^hich the property on fire had been
insured.
The introduction of the water of the river Schuyl-
kill, into Philadelphia, led to the establishment of a
system for extinguishing fires, that cannot be exceed-
ed for either dispatch or effect, and deserves par-
ticular notice. The occurrence of a fire in 1803, which
destroyed or injured eight new houses, in Sansom
street, gave the idea of attaching a hose to the fire
plugs of the hydrants in the streets, by which the fire
engines might be more rapidly filled than by means
of men standing in a lane, or even before a lane could
be formed i"^ and through which the water would
also be forced, and might be directed to the part of
a house on fire. A meeting of a few young men was
accordingly called at the house of the gentlemanf
who happily conceived the idea; when it was resolved
to form themselves into a company, and to procure a
hose, and carriage to convey it : but as the expense
of these, and the erection of a house to contain them,
would be beyond their means, assistance was sought
for from citizens who possessed real estate of great val-
ue, and from insurance companies; and a sum was soon
obtained, which enabled them to accomplish their de-
sign. The original association assumed the name of
*' The Philadelphia Hose Company," and a system
of discipline was established, which gave full effect to
* The usual mode of supplying engines in time of fire, is by-
buckets handed to men arranged in double columns from pumps
to the engines. Fifteen minutes are generally employed infilling
an engine by means of a lane; and only one minute and a half by
a hose. If the engine have a hose from its air vessel, the hose
which supplies it, will keep it constantly full.
t Reuben Haines.
PROVISION AGAINST FIRE. iSg
their operations. At the first fire that occurred after
their establishment^, during a severely cold night,
their exertions were so successful as to excite the ge-
neral attention of the citizens present, and to call
forth several public testimonies in their favour. The
original patrons of this youthful patriotic association,
had the satisiaction of seeing that their pecuniary as-
sistance had been well bestowed ; and the company
were gratified by additional subscriptions from the
citizens and insurance companies ; and by seeing as-
sociations similar to their own, forming in the city.
The foll0wing is a list of the present hose compa-
nies in Philadelphia.
Philadelphia, Good Intent, Resolution, Humane,
Neptune, Perseverance, Hope, Columbia, South«
wark.
Each company consists of about thirty members,
all of whom are engaged in the active pursuits of life,
and many of them acquiring trades. Every opera-
tion is performed systematically. The members are
designated by badges upon their hats ; and on the
alarm of fire, they are to be seen with their appara-
tus brought to the spot, ready to supply the engines
as they arrive, or to apply water immediately to the
place on fire, by means of branch pipes. The hose
is of leather, two and a half, or tv/o and one eighth
inches diameter; generally a thousand feet in extent,
and divided into sections of fifty feet, all capable of
being united, each section being connected by brass
swivell screws.
The carriage of the Philadelphia company appears
to be most complete ; the hose being wound upon
a cylinder, at once calculated to air it, a measure es-
sential to its preservation, and to retain it in proper
* March 3d, 1803, in Whalebone alley.
140 WOODEN BUILDINGS.
order. It has, moreover, a bell, by the sound of which
the members of the company may know where to
find it in the night, when out on duty.
While it is universally admitted that the services
of these companies have been great, the fact, that
young men conceived and matured the plan, gives
it a particular claim to commendation. The ex-
pense of keeping in repair the carriages, hose, and
all the apparatus, is great, and latterly, has chiefly de-
volved on the members, whose gratuitous and pat-
riotic exertions certainly should secure them against
pecuniary loss. The corporation, holders of property,
and fire insurance companies, are particularly inter-
ested in keeping up these establishments.
The following estimate of the value of the fire ap-
paratus, in the city of Philadelphia, it is belie;ved, is
below the actual cost.
35 engines, houses, &c. ;gl200each, g42,000
Ladders and fire hooks, . . . 1,000
Nine hose companies, 7850 feet of") innno
hose ; houses, carriages and apparatus, J '
Houses and apparatus belonging to "J
" The Protectors of Property in time > 400
of fire," j
^65,000
This last association is lately formed, to prevent
depredations in time of fire. They have large baskets
to carry out goods, and carriages with distinguish-
ing badges, to convey them away.
Wooden Buildings, ,
Since 1796, no wooden buildings are permitted to be
erected in the thickly settled parts of the city, the li-
mits of which are designated, under a penalty of five
hundred dollars, and one hundred dollars addition-
WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES. 141
al, for every three months after conviction, during
which the same shall remain ; and eveiy person em-
ployed in the building or erecting any wooden man-
sion, shall forfeit and pay a fine not exceeding one
hundred dollars. This excellent law has greatly
tended to lessen fires in the city, and to improve its
appearance.
Weights and Measures,
The following is a part of a report on this sub-
ject, made to the legislature of Pennsylvania, in the
session of 1807, by Mr. John Dorsey.
"There are in the city of Philadelphia, two offices
of regulation for weights and measures. One for
measures of the dry kind, and one lor measures of
the wet kind, and for weights. The former office
contains an ancient copper or brass half bushel, sup-
posed to have been brought from England by Wil-
liam Penn, or Nathaniel Allen, and to be the same
that is mentioned in the law of 1700. At this time,
however, there is no certainty, as there are no dis-
coverable marks of British regulation, as are by the
said law required : the marks are B. N. E. in two
places. It is coarsely made; the diameters and bottom
unequal and irregular; is bruised and patched, and
does not agree in its contents with the Winchester
bushel. By the best measurement that can be taken,
it contains eleven hundred and thirteen, nine tenths,
cubic inches, and is equal to the bushel of English
cubic inches, two thousand two hundred and twenty
seven, eight tenths. There is also a coal tub of usage,
intended for two bushels, which when stricken, con-
tains five half bushels, or about two thousand six hun-
dred and eighteen cubic English inches, and three
hundred and seventy parts of a thousand. This of-
fice also contains a cast brass four quart standard.
142 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
of two hundred and seventy five cubic inches, and
a cast brass two quart standard of one hundred and
thirty seven cubic inches, both marked with the let-
ters W. R. and a crown stamp. The latter office con-
tains a cast brass quart standard, same mark, of
seventy one and a quarter cubic inches : and a cast
brass pint standard, both stamped, and evidently of
the set imported, as before mentioned. Being thus
stamped, they are by the aforesaid law made legal,
although they do not agree with the Winchester stand-
ard.^
There are also in this office, a copper half gallon,
and a copper quart, intended for the regulation of
wine measures; an iron yard, or three feet measure
of extension, without known accuracy. Neither of
these three have any evidence of regulation or legal
stamp. f There are likewise a number of brass
weights in gradation from the fifty six pounds weight
to the half ounce, which bear the appearance of ha-
ving been imported in pursuance of the aforesaid
law, having the stamps of the mural crown, the letter
C, and the dagger f , which are evidently of the city of
London regulation. They do not bear the due and
relative proportion each to the other, especially in the
smaller weights ; nor can it be expected after such
length of use : when last tried, the pound and aggre-
gate ounces varied nearly an ounce. As regards the
standard for troy weight, by which the precious metals
* The law of 1700 enacts that " the standards of weights and
measures shall be according' to the king-'s standards for the ex-
chequer." — J. M.
f The copper measures have probably been made in Philadel-
phia. The yard was recently compared with a stamped steel mea-
sure ofextension of France, (the Metre,) which is preserved in.
the cabinetof the American Philosophical Society : and agreea-
bly to the rule of proportion between English and French weights,
was found sU'ictly accurate.— J. M,
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 14&
are assayed and determined, there is none. The
larger and gross v/eights are also irregular, and as^
there is no determinate unit of weight from which
to proceed, there can be no accuracy."
The report also shews the absurdity of having
various units, as sources for weights and measures,
" inasmuch as that thereby constant opportunities
for wrong are afforded," and proposes that there
should be but one unit standard, or source for mea-
sures of extension ; one unit standard for measures
of capacity, and one unit standard for weight : one
office of regulation for each county : one mode of
measurement by measures of capacity: viz. the strick-
en, and one mode of weighing the neat hundred.
The committee remark, " It is of the first conse-
quence, that every nation should have its own com-
plete establishment founded on the best principles ;
but it is not of equal moment whether any two na-
tions agree in having the same unit ; because a ta-
ble of the relative proportions will instantly shew the
quantity, according to the mode in any country. If
this idea is safe, it goes far to abate the necessity of
universal standards, inasmuch as, that if ever any such
standard can be established, the unit of measure must
be marked thereon, and considered as bearing a re-
lative proportion thereto : otherwise, all landed titles
would be annihilated. It then follows, that such
standard would be little other than a table of relative
proportions, because no nation could agree to change
the unit which governs the acre."
They propose to adopt the following well known
principle as a standard. " That a measure of capacity
which will contain an exact cubic English foot, will, if
filled with pure or distilled water, at sixty degrees
of Farhenheit's thermometer, the water therein will
weigh one thousand avoirdupois ounces. If then the
foot measure is divided into tenths, we obtain iust
144 AUCTIONEERS.
one thousand such cubic tenths of water, each of
which will weigh an avoirdupois ounce ; ten whereof
will give the unit or weight : ten whereof will also
give the unit or measure : and ten whereof will give
our common foot. These being each commensurate
with the other, will individually be a test for the ad-
justment of the remaining two : a principle more safe
than that upon which the weights and measures of
Great Britain are founded : viz. That thirty two or
twenty four grains of wheat, well dried and gathered
from the middle of the ear, shall in their multiple
give the pound: or thatthree barley corns shall, in their
multiple, give the foot, inasmvich as that the size of
the grain must always be according to the soil, or
mode of cultivation." The bushel and gallon of Bos-
ton. New York and Baltimore, all differ from that
of Philadelphia ; and it is said, from each other.
These facts shew the immediate necessity of atten-
tion to the subject of weights and measures, by the
general government.
The reporter since states, that there is reason to
believe that pure or distilled water, dropping from
the exterior of an inverted cove, at a given tempe-
rature of the thermometer and barometer, will be of
uniform weight to the extent of the number of drops
which are necessary to form the ounce : if so, the
system would be complete : viz. a certain number of
drops would give the present avoirdupois ounce ;
the ounce squared, would give the one tenth part of
the present English foot, or measure of extension ;
and also the measure of capacity.
Auctioneers*
Six auctioneers are appointed by the governor, for
the sale oi goods ot all kinds, and household iurni-
ture in the city of Philadelphia, who are obliged to
CITY SURVEYORS. 145
give ample security for the payment of the state duty
chargeable on the sale of goods.
The following commissions are allowed the auc-
tioneers.
For groceries, . . , » 1|- per cent.
Dry goods, ... 24 „
Household goods, » « 2-I- „
Real estate and ships, » 1 „
The state duty, ... 1 „
A heavy penalty is incurred by unlicensed persons
attempting to sell by auction.
The revenue derived to the state from auction du»
ties is considerable.
In the year 1809, it amounted to ^33,635 22
„ 1810, „ . . 45,000
The auctioneers make quarterly payments of the
state duty to the state treasurer.
The auctioneers are, John Dorsey, Frederick
Montmollin, Thomas Passmore, John Humes,
(Humes & Etting,) Peter Kuhn, Silas E. Weir.
An auctioneer is also appointed for the exclusive
public sale of horses and carriages. The days of sale
are confined to Wednesday and Saturday : and a
place of sale specifically appointed, which at present
is the south east part of the center square. A penalty
of four dollars is incurred by evei;y person, for each
and every head of horse or cattle sold by auction in
any other place or time, or within the prescribed li-
mits, at any other time than before specified.
The commissions allowed by law are, one per cent
to the state, and two and a half to the auctioneer*
Auctioneer, A. M'Karaher.
City Surveyors,
By act of February, 1721, the mayor and common^
alty were authorized to appoint two surveyors, or
146 CITY SURV^EYOIIS.
regulators, wliose duty it was to set the foundations
of houses, and regulate the walls to be built between
party and part}', as to the breadth or thickness there-
of ; which foundation shall be equally laid upon lands
of the persons between whom such party wall is to
be made. The first builder shall be reimbursed one
half of the charge of such party wall, or for so much
thereof as the next builder shall have occasion to
make use of, before he shall break into the said wall.
The value is to be set by the said regulators. Ten
pounds penalty is incurred on laying a foundation
or party wall, before the same be viewed. An appeal
irom the regulators to the court of common pleas is
provided for, by act of the 15th of April, 1782. By
this lav/, no vaults may be dug under the street, with-
out first obtaining leave from four justices, and a ma-
jority of the regulators.
By the thirty sixth section of the act of incorpora-
tion, the mayor, or recorder and four aldermen are
authorized to perform all such matters as the war-
dens and street commissioners, in conjunction with the
justices, were required to do. They therefore ap-
point regulators.
In 1804, councils passed an ordinance requiring
the mayor to appoint two qualified persons to make
a survey, and regulate, with respect to ascents and
descents, all the principal unpaved streets of the ci-
ty, between Delaware Fifth street and the river
Schuyikill, ascertaining the highest and most eleva-
ted part of each street, from v/hich the water ought
to run in different directions : and to make per-
manent marks at the height of two feet above what
ought to be the level of the water course ; and to fix
the course of such common sewers, as they shall judge
necessary. Hie surveyors are also required to make
a dra t of all the principal streets and water courses
within the aforesaid bounds, marking the several
WATER WORKS. 147'
points of greatest elevation in each street ; and to in-
sert in a book, the quantity of descent, expressed in
inches to the hundred feet, and the depth and quan-
tity of descent of the sewers ; which book is to be
deposited in the city commissioners office, for pub-
lic inspection. The task has been executed by P»lr.
Reading Howell. Future surveyors, and the city com-
missioners, are required to regulate the lines and li-
mits of the streets, agreeably to the aforesaid draft.
There are now four city regulators : James Fear-
son, Reading Howell, William Stevenson, William
Garrigues.
Water Works.
The attention of the public, to the future necessity
of a supply to Philadelphia, of other water than that
afforded by pumps and wells, was first excited by the
venerable Franklin ; and in his will, he directed that
when the interest arising from a legacy which he left
for a purpose hereafter to be mentioned, amounted to
a certain sum, it should be applied to the important
object. Repeated attacks of an a\yful epidemic, a
growing conviction in the public mind, of the connec-
tion between the cleanliness of a city, and its heahh ;
of the utility of a copious supply of water in case of
fire, and for culinary purposes -, and the deterioration
of our pump water becoming every year more per-
ceptible, a general sentiment appeared to prevail on
the subject. In 1797, petitions were accordingly ad-
dressed to the city councils, signed by an unprece-
dented number of respectable citizens; and their at-
tei.tion was, in consequence, powerfully directed
thereto. Various schemes were proposed : the chief
of v/hich were, 1, The completion of the canal in-
tended to unite the Delaware and Schuylkill. 2, Con-
ducting the water of Spring-mill, fifteen mules, N. N.
148 WATER WORKS.
W. of Philadelphia.* 3, To make a reservoir upon
the banks of the Schuylkill, to throw up a sufficient
quantity of v/ater into a tunnel, and to carry it thence
to a reservoir in Center Square : and after being rais-
ed there, to distribute it throughout the city by pipes.
This was proposed by Mr. Latrobe. Other plans
were suggested, which it is unnecessary to mention.
After much deliberation, councils determined upon
the last plan, and Mr. Latrobe was accordingly em-
ployed by the committee, as engineer, and to make the
necessary inquiry, as to the possibility of procuring the
erection of steam engines of sufficient power, A con-
tract was entered into with N. J. Roosevelt, of Soho,
on the river Passaick, in New Jersey, for two steam
engines, of a power to raise and deliver, at the height
of fifty feet each, three million gallons of water in
every twenty-four hours, throughout the year : and
in order to provide for the great expenses which
would be incurred by the work, councils proposed to
borrow ^150,000, and pledged the income of the cc^'-
porate estates of Philadelphia, and other adequate
provision within the means and power of the city cor-
poration, together with any aid the legislature might
grant, for payment of the interest and redemption of
the principal. Subscribers to this loan, were also to
be entitled, in the first instance, to a preference of a
supply of water, to one dwelling house of each share
so sulDscribed, for three years, free of charge : but
notwithstanding the ample security offered to monied
men, and the respectability of the citizens in the coun-
cils, who took an active part in the business, the loan
progressed with a slow pace. Two causes contributed
to this circumstance. A loan had been proposed by
the United States, at eight per cent, while only six
-j-«.
* An account of this spring shall be given hereafter.,
WATER WORKS. 149
per cent, the legal interest of Pennsylvania, "vyas of-
fered by the corporation. 2d, The stockholders of
the Schuylkill and Delaware canal, whose charter
granted to them the liberty of watering the city, op-
posed the project at every step, by petition to the
legislature ; and by their influence in the city and
councils, as an infringement of their rights. This oppo-
sition contributed to a denial of that aid which had been
requested, by petitions of the citizens and of the coun-
cils. 3d, From the novelty of the undertaking, the ge-
neral failure of all previous attempts at the application
of steam to mechanical purposes, in the United States,
especially to boats: and our inexperience in the con-
ducting the operations of a steam engine on land, a,lso
contributed, in the minds of many of the citizens, to
raise doubts of the successful issue of the proposed
scheme. Under these discouraging prospects, and in
the hope that by a more clear developement of the
plan, as expanded to view by its exrecution, confi-
dence would be excited, and adequate subscriptions
be made, councils, with a spirit of perseverance that
cannot be too much praised, resolved to advance the
work, with the funds in hand : but these were soon
found to be inadequate ; the individual m.em.bers of
the committee then generously advanced the neces-
sary sums wanted, and the Bank of the United States
also, afterwards loaned the sum of ^20,000, in an-
ticipation of a tax of ^50,000, which councils deter-
mined to raise. By these aids, the works proceeded,
and the credit of the city was preserved. On the 2d
of May, 1799, the frst sod v/as dug, and although a
dreadful epidemic fever prevailed in the succeeding
autumn, the work v/ent on without interruption, and
on the 21st of January, 1801, the first water was
thrown into the city, about one mile of pipes being
then laid. The rapidity with which the works were
pushed forward, notwithstanding the solidity and
N 2
15© WATER WORKS.
mass of the buildings, tunnells and piers, and in spite
of the fever that afflicted the city, reflects infinite
credit upon the engineer, and the committee of coun-
cils, with whom the superintendence of the work was
specifically charged.
The foregoing account has been designedly minute,
in order to shew the numerous difficulties that oppo-
sed the water works in their commencement ; the
great benefit from them, we hourly experience, and to
which some of the then most violent opposers, have
since owed the preservation of their property, and in
all probability, the city much of its present health: for
without pretending to ascribe to them all the latter
effect, it may be mentioned as a striking fact, that
the malignant fever in 1801, and since that year,
has been chiefly, if not entirely, confined to those
parts of the city and liberties, into which the water
had not yet been introduced.
The mode in which the watering of the city is ef-
fected, is first by forming a basin on the Schuylkill
shore, 84 feet wide, and 200 long, the bed of which
is three feet below low water mark; from which is an
open canal, of 160 feet long, extending to near the
rise of the hill on which the lower engine stands.
From thence the water passes through a subterrane-
ous tunnei, six feet in diameter, and three hundred feet
long, cut nearly the vfhole distance through granite
rock, to the shaft in the engine house, where the pumps
are fixed: this shaft or well is fifty-four feet deep, and
ten feet in diameter ; and is for twenty two feet, also
cut out of the rock. After the water is raised through
the shaft, by the engine, it falls into a brick tunnel of
6 feet diameter, and 1408 yards in length, which
passes under ground, and leads the water up Ches-
nut street to Broad street, and from thence, into the
center engine house, where it is again raised 36 feet
from the surface of the street, and runs into a reser-
• WATER WORKS. 151
voir containing 1 6,000 gallons : from this it descends
to an iron chest, outside of the building, to which the
different mains that supply the general distribution
are connected ; the mains are, two of 6 inches diame-
ter, and two of 44 inches.
The lower engine near Schuylkill, is a double steam
engine of forty inches cylinder, and six feet stroke.
The boiler is seventeen feet long, eight feet wide at the
bottom, nineteen feet long, and ten feet wide at the
height of five feet seven inches. It consumed fifty
bushels of coals, and half a cord of wood, while roll-
ing iron twelve hours, at twenty strokes per min-
ute; and pumping water, six hours, at twelve strokes
per minute. The air pump is an improvement up-
on that used by Bolton and Watt ; consisting in its
evacuating the condenser twice at every stroke, there-
by creating a much better vacuum, and of course
adding considerably to the power of the engine, in
proportion to the diameter of its cylinder without
increasing friction.
The engine at the center square is also a double
steam engine, the diameter of whose cylinder is thirty
two inches. It is worked irregularly, filling alter-
nately the elevated reservoir, and stopping during
the time occupied by the discharge of the water in-
to the city. Mr. Latrobe rated it at twelve strokes of
six feet, per minute, for sixteen hours in twenty-four,
during which time it consumed from twenty-five to
thirty-three bushels of best Virginia coals.*
The pipes through the city are chiefly of four and
a half, and three inches bore.
The length of pipes laid, is about 35 miles. They
extend through all the improved parts of the city.
* A more particular account of the construction of these en-
gines, boilers, &c. may be found in the Trans. Ainer. Phil,
Vfoc Vol 6. p. 89, by Mr. Latrobe.
ISS WATER WORKS.
The whole expense of the works from the com-
mencement, to November 1, 1810, has been about
^500,000.
The pipes are bored by placing the log in two
cast iron rings, and centered by regulating screws ;
as the log turns, the augers enter at each end, and
meet in the middle ; a pipe of fifteen feet long can
be bored, and the joints made for the connecting
cylinders, in fifteen minutes.
The connecting cylinders are of cast iron, widening
at both ends, that as the log is driven up, the joints
become tight.
Private families are supplied with water by small
wooden and leaden pipes : the ferules that connect
with the conduit, are half an inch diameter for private
families, and larger, for brev/eries, manufactories, &c.
The number of manufactories, &c. supplied No-
vember the first, 1809, was 1590.
The rents of vfhich amounted to ^9,105
The number of manufactories to November the
first, 1810, . . ... 1,922
The rents . ... ^10,931
Five engine men are employed in the work through
the year, and eight others, including a blacksmith, a
carpenter, a brass founder, and assistants. When pipes
are laying and boring, more men are required.
The duty of attending to the various concerns
of the water v/orks devolves on the watering
COMMITTEE, which is again formed into subcom-
mittees of distribution, of accounts, and for purchase
of fuel, timber, &c.
The committee of distribution regulate where pipes
shall be placed, situations for pumps, fire plugs, and
all other public fixtures; fix the price of water rents
for manufactories, and all other works that require
more water than a private dwelling.
WATER WORKS. 153
Committee of accounts, examine the accounts and
form an annual report to councils of the statement
of the work, accounts, &c.
Committee for purchase of fuel, attend to the pur-
chase of wood and coal.
Committe for timber, purchase all the pipe timber,
and what other may be required.
The committee at large, direct the repairs and
alterations.
The funds for the support of the works are raised
by amount of water rents; the balance by a tax.
The water rents of this year amount to ^10,931
The balance by tax. • • * 18,500
S29,431
which together are the estimate for carrying on the
work for the year 1811.
The quantity of water pumped, will average
700,000 gallons per twenty-four hours.
The hydrant pumps are similar in construction
to the common well pumps; the mode of supplying
them is by a small cistern, to which the water is
conducted, and fed by means of a ball cock, the ball
having a lever which connects with the plug of the
cock, that when the water in the cistern falls, the ball
follows, and of course opens the cock.
The watering committee, from a desire to prevent
the very great waste of the Schuylkill water, which
prevails throughout the city, have published the
following statement, to show how necessary it is
for every person to avoid (and prevent as far as is
in their power) all waste of the water, with which
the city is so abundantly supplied, at a very great
expense, which is considerably increased by continual
abuses in the use thereof.
The quantity of water raised at the center square
engine, for thesupply of the city, is about 250 mil-
154 MINT.
lions of gallons in a year, which cost about 20,000
dollars, or eight cents for a thousand gallons.
From various experiments made to ascertain the
quantity of water discharged through a ferule of
half an inch diameter in one minute, the result was,
seven to ten and a half gallons, according to the
situation and head of water at the center engine, the
average of which is eight, five eighths gallons per min-
ute, which in one hour will amount to 517-1- galls.
In one day .... 12,420 do.
In one year . . . 4,533,300 do.
If the water from one house runs only half an
hour in every day, the quantity in a year v/ill
amount to 94,500 gallons, at eight cents per thou-
sand gallons, is . . . . $7 56
The rent for the house per year is . 5 00
The loss to the city is . . . 2 56
The fire plugs are three inches diameter and will
each discharge in one minute, from 200 to 250 gal-
lons of water, according to the dimensions of the
pipe of conduit it is attached to, and the head at the
center square, so that in one hour from 12,000 to
15,000 gallons of water may be discharged from one
lire plug.
Mint.
Previously to the passage of the law, by the fed*
eral government, for regulating the coins of the Uni-
ted States, much perplexity arose from the use of
no less than four different currencies or rates, at which
one species of coin was reckoned in the diiferent
parts of the union. Thus, in New Hampshire, Mas-
sachusetts, Main, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, Ver-
mont, Virginia, and lientucky, the dollar was reck-
oned at six shillings; in New York and North Caro-
lina, at eight shillings ; in New Jersey, Pennsylvania
MINT. 155
and Maryland, at seven shillings and sixpence. In
Georgia and South Carolina, at four and eight pence.
This subject had engaged the attention ofthe con-
gress of the old confederation, and the present sys-
tem of the coins, is formed upon the principles laid
down in their resolve of 1/86: by which the de-
nominations of m.oney of account, were required to
be dollars, (the dollar being the unit) dismes or tenths,
cents or hundredths, and mills or thousandths of a
dollar. Nothing can be more simple or convenient
than this decimal subdivision, and the terms are"
proper because they express the proportions which
they are intended to designate. The dollar was
wisely chosen, as it corresponded with the Spanish
coin, with which we had been long familiar.
In the year 1792, a law was passed by the gene-
ral government for establishing a mint, and for regu-
lating the coins of the United States ; by this law,
the iollowing coins were to be struck,
1, Eagles; each to be ofthe value often dollars,
and to contain 247^ grains of pure gold, or 270
grains of standard gold.
2, Half eagles; each to be of the value of five
dollars, and to cont.^in 123 grains of pure gold, or
*135 grains of standard gold,
3, Quarter eagles; each to be of the value of
two dollars and fifty cents, and to contain 61 -J of
pure gold, or 674 gi*ains of standard gold.
Silver Coins,
1. Dollars or units ; each to be of the value of
one hundred cents, and to contain 371-i^ grains of
pure silver, or 416 grains of standard silver,
2, Half dollars; each to be fifty cents, and to con-
tain 1854§ grains of pure silver, or 208 grains of
standard silver.
Us MINT.
3. Quarter dollars; each to be twenty five cents,
or one fourth of the value of the dollar or unit j and
to contain 92-|-|- grains of pure silver.
4. Dismes; each to be of the value of ten cents, or;
one tenth of a dollar, and to contain 37to grains of
pure silver, or 41 f grains of standard silver.
5. Half dismes; each to be of the value of five
cents, or one twentieth of a dollar, and to contain
1 8tV grains of pure silver, or 20|^ grains of standard
silver.
A pound of pure gold, is equal in value to 15 pounds
of pure silver.^
Copper Coins,
Cents ; each to be of the value of the one hun-
dredth part of a dollar, and to contain 168 grains.
Half cents J to contain 84 grains of copper.
Alloy,
Gold coins are to consist of eleven parts of pure
gold ; and one part alloy. The alloy to be composed
of silver and copper, in such proportions not exceed-
ing one half silver, as shall be iound convenient ;
to be regulated by the director of the mint, for the
time being, with the approbation of the president
of the United States.
Silver coins are to consist of 1485 parts of pure
silver, to 1 79 parts copper.
The following devices are impressed on the re-
spective gold and silver coins. On one side, a female
head, emblematic of liberty, with an inscription of the
word " Liberty," the thirteen stars, and the year of
the coinage : and on the reverse, an eagle, emblematic
wnmfi'm iij« ■ ■-?
In England it is 15 1-5— In France 15 3-5.
MINT. 157
of the arms of the United States, with the inscrip-
tion E PLURiBUs UNUM, and the value of the piece.
On the copper coins, a female head, with the word
"liberty" on the ribbon round the head, with 13
stars, in a circle, and the year of the coinage ; and on
the reverse, the word " one cent," surrounded by a
wreath, and the inscription " united states of
America" on the outer circle.
No Charge is made for coining bullion.
At the first establishment of the mint, great dif-
ficulties and embarrassments were experienced from
a variety of causes ; but time has overcome them all,
and it is understood, that in some respects the pro-
cess of striking is more complete than in most other
countries, England excepted.
The mode of hardening the dies is peculiar to
the mint, and is the discovery of the present assistant
coiner, Mr. Eckfeldt. The beauty of the coin of the
United States, is not inferior to that of any country
in the world. There is a sharpness and cleanness of
cut, not perceptible in those of either France or Spain.
The annual expense of the mint establishment,
amounts to about 20,000 dollars. On the second
Monday in February, the commissioner of loans,
the district judge, and attorney general, are required,
by law, to attend at the mint, for the purpose of
having the coins assayed, which have been reserved,
in order to ascertain whether the coins issued from
the mint, during the past year, are equal to the stand-
ard fixed by law.
Since the establishment of the mint, there have
been coined, of
Gold, to the amount of . S2, 763,597 50
Silver, . . . 4,370,846 50
Copper, . , . 214,977 21
Total value of coinage to 1809, B8,349,421 21
o
15S JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
of which the sum of ^3,712,488 have been issued
during the last lour years. The issue oi the year
1810, amounts to Si, 155,868 50. Oi the gold coins,
the value oi ^27,000 is the produce of North Caro-
lina.
The present officers are, Director, Robert Pat-
terson. Treasurer, Benjamin Rush. Chiei coiner,
Henry Voight. Melter and refiner, Joseph Cloud.
Assayer, Joseph Richardson. Engraver, Robert
Scott.
The yatl^ and Management of Criminals,
Previously to a description of the jail, and of the
mode of punishing criminals, it will be proper to
give a short account of the revolution which has ta-
ken place in the penal laws of the state.
So much trouble had been given to the British go-
vernment, by reason of the lax conditions contained
in the patent of the trading company, under which
the colony of Massachusetts had been formed ; that
it naturally became more attentive to the terms of
the charter, granted to the founder of Pennsylvania,
in order to prevent those assumptions of power, and
attempts at independence, so natural on the part of
colonists remote from the mother country. The char-
ter of Charles II. therefore, to William Penn, which
was drawn up by one of the most able lawyers of his
time, enjoined that the laws should be made " as near
as conveniently may be, agreeably to the laws, stat-
utes and rights or England, with a saving to the
crown in case of appeals ;" and in order to insure an
observance of this injunction, it was ordered, that
a transcript of all laws, shall within five years after
the making thereof, be transmitted to the privy coun-
cil, for the royal approbation or dissent. The hu-
mane niind of Penn revolted against the sanguinary
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. 15^
punishments of Britain, and therefore, attempted the
amelioration of the penal code. " He abolished the
ancient oppression of forfeitures for sell murder, and
deodands in all cases of homicide. He saw the wick-
edness of exterminating, w^here it was possible to re-
form; and the folly of capital punishments, in a coun-
try, where he hoped to establish purity of morals, and
innocence of manners. As a philosopher, he wished
to extend the empire of reason and humanity : and
as a leader of a sect, he might recollect, that the in-
fliction of death in cold blood, could hardly be justi-
fied by those who denied the lawfulness of war. He
hastened, therefore, to prevent the operation of the
sj^stem which the charter imposed ; and among the
first cares of his administration, was that of forming
a small, concise, but complete code of criminal law,
suited to the state of his new settlement. Murder,
*' wilful and premeditated," is the only crime ior
which the infliction of death is prescribed, and this
is declared to be enacted in obedience " to the law
of God," as though there had not been any political
necessity, even for this punishment : yet even here, the
life of the citizen was guarded by a provision, that
no man should be convicted, but upon the testimony
of two Witnesses; and by a humane practice, early in-
troduced, of staying execution till the record of con-
viction had been laid before the executive, and iuil
opportunity given to obtain a pardon of the offence,
or a mitigation of the punishment. When transmit-
ted to England, they were all repealed by the queen in
council : but were immediately reenacted, and they
continued until the year 1718,=^" the epoch of Penn's
death. The penal code of England was then revived.
* Inquiry how far the punishment of death is necessary \\\
Pennsylvania. By William Bradford, Philadelphia. Dobson, 1793.
160 JAIL AND PEKAL CODE.
The constitution of Pennsylvania, formed upon
tlie declaration of independence, among many faults,
contained some excellent provisions, one of which
directed "the legislature to proceed to the reforma-
tion of the penal laws, and to inventpunishments less
sanguinary, and better proportioned to the various
degrees of criminality." The continuance of a war,
in which the liberty of the country was at stake, left
no time to attend to any subject except those of the
greatest urgency ; nothing therefore was done until
after the conclusion of the contest, and until the
numerous concerns arising from the circumstance of
the war had been settled. In 1786, the attempt was
made by the passage of a law, to introduce the pun-
ishment of hard labour for some offences, which un-
der the old system had been capital, and to confine
that of death to four crimes only. The labour
which the convicts were to perform, was however
to be public, and they were accordingly chained
to wheelbarrows, and were employed to clean the
streets, and repair the roads : as a mark of infamy,
their heads were shaved, and they wore a particular
habit. This alteration of the penal system was far
from having the effect which the friends to humanity
wished. While the sight of so many objects of
public infamy was abhorrent to the feeling mind, the
difficulty of watching them was great, and escapes
occurred to an alarming extent. " Pardons, so destruc-
tive to every mild system of penal laws, were granted
with a profusion, as unaccountable as it was mischiev-
ous, from both of which causes it happened that men
were scarcely convicted, before many of them were
again let loose upon the public.*" Mistaken or mis-
Bradford's Inquiry, p. S3.
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. 161
applied humanity of the citizens, supplied the con-
victs with better fare than the labouring mechanic
could afford to purchase, and also with the means of
procuring spirituous liquors ; and hence intoxication
was daily seen among men who were expiating their
crimes by the deprivation of their liberty ; terror was
sometimes excited by their presence ; they became
hardened against shame; the various degrees of vice
were mixed in one mass, so that from the effects of
contamination, the great object of punishment, viz.
the reformation of criminals, was completely de-
feated.
In the )^ear 1787, Dr. Rush, who had for several
years before borne a testimony against the system of
public punishments, read a paper at a " society for
political inquiries," held at the house of the venerabie
Franklin, entitled, " an inquiry into the influence of
public punishments on criminals and society," which
was afterwards published. In this he exposed the
errors and mischief of the penal law that had been
recently passed, and proposed that all punishments
should be private, and that they should consist of con-
finement, different kinds of labour, low diet, and soli-
tude, accompanied by religious instruction. The prin-
ciples contained in this pamphlet, were opposed w ith
acrimony and ridicule, in the newspapers. They
were considered as the schemes of a huinane heart,
but wild and visionary imagination, which it was im-
possible from the nature of man, and consdtat on
of his mind, ever to realize, and as being much
more adapted to the government oi an Utopia,
than to those living under that of Pennsylvania.
Notwithstanding a most powerail opposition, the law
was repealed, after it had, by a continuance ot three
years, proved the correctness of the arguments which
had been urged against it. In place o: public pun-
ishment, hard labour in private, fine, solitary in;^
o 2
162 JAIL AND PENAL CODE;
prisonment, and low diet were substituted : gen-
eral regulations were laid down for the management
of the prison, and inspectors were directed to be ap-
pointed with power to make such further regulations
for the purpose of carrying the act into execution,
as should be approved by the mayor and recorder
of the city. The legislature, as if apprehending
that the new system would not ultimately answer,
limited the law to five years.
In the year 1788, Dr. Rush published a second
pamphlet, entitled " an inquiry into the justice and
policy of punishing murder by death,"^ in which he
adopted and defended the opinion of the Marquis
of Beccaria, by denying the right of government. to
punish even the crime of deliberate murder by deathr
To this pamphlet a reply was written by the Rev. Mr.
Annan, of the Scotch presbyterian church,f who
chiefly derived his arguments from scripture. Upon
those texts Dr. Rush published a number of re-
marks:]: intended to prove, that they all referred to the
dispensations of Noah and Moses, and that they were
completely abrogated by the doctrines and precepts
of the gospel. In the year 1793, Mr. Bradford, the
attorney general of Pennsylvania, published an " in-
quiry how far the punishment of death is necessary
in Pennsylvania," with notes and illustrations, and
documents from the criminal courts of the state,
calculated to enforce and establish the principles and
arguments previously laid down by Dr. Rush. An
account of the jail w^as added by Caleb Lownes, one
of the inspectors of the prison. At the lollowing
session of the legislature, the punishment of death
was abolished for all crimes except murder of the
first degree ; by which is understood '* all murder
perpetrated by means of poison, or by lying in v/ait:
* American Museum Vol. 4.
fDo. do. do.
t Do. do. 5.
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. 163
or by any other kind of wilful, deliberate and premedi-
tated killing; or which shall be committed in the per-
petration, or attempt to perpetrate, any arson, rape,
robbery or burglary." Such has been the effect of
the abolition of the spectacles of public executions,
upon the feelings of the citizens of Pennsylvania,
that it is now difficult to obtain a jury that will find
a man guilty of marder, even when it is attended
with circumstances of malice and cruelty; for which
reason, governor Snyder has recommended, in a
message to the legislature of Pennsylvania, to abo-
lish the punishment of death in all cases whatever.
A motion to the same purpose, and prefaced by
some powerful arguments, was made in the senate
of Pennsylvania during the session of 1809, by Mr.
John Connelly, to whom, with Mr. C. Lownes, may
be justly ascribed the merit of bringing to the test
of the fullest and most successful experience, the
humane principles of the new penal code. These
gentlemen were appointed inspectors of the prison,
at an early period, and upon them chiefly devolved
the arduous task of breaking down all difficulties
arising from the long continuance of that most dis-
gusting, that foul system of discipline, which had long
disgraced the management of the jail.
Those who recollect the situation of the jail of
Philadelphia, under the former regime, or those
who have seen the prisons of Europe at the present
day, may readily form an opinion of the difficulties
that attended the attempt at reformation, as contem-
plated by the new code. The task was truly arduous:
an Augean stable of filth and iniquity was not only
to be cleansed, but industry, and morality to be
introduced, and under difficulties that seemed al-
most insurmountable. The jailor, the man whose
duty required him to assist in the experiment, by a
faithful obedience to the orders of the inspectors, con-
164 JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
stituted one of them, for he had grown wealthy by the
abuses which had been for a longtime tolerated, and
feared the introduction of a system which would cause
his conduct to be closely watched^ and the garnish, jail
fees, sale of liquor, and other perquisites to cease»
His opposition was therefore decided, and the num-
ber oi his friends enabled him to retain his place,
notwithstanding the remonstrances of the inspectors
against him. The prisoners were informed that their
former habits of indolence, the free use of spiritu-
ous liquors, and unrestrained intercourse were to
end; and labour, sobriety and regularity to take place.
They also therefore took the alarm, and on the even-
ing of the first day on which the grand experiment was
tried, they made a most desperate attempt to escape;
fifteen of them succeeded. Upon the restoration of
order, the adoption of mild, but decided conduct, ulti-
mately secured the most perfect obedience. The pri-
soners were informed that '' their treatment would de-
pend upon their conduct, and that those who evinced
a disposition that would afford encouragement to
believe they might be restored to liberty, should
be recommended for a pardon ; but if convicted
again, the law in its iullest rigour would be carried
into effect against them. A change of conduct was
early visible They were encouraged to labour;
their good conduct was remarked ; many were par-
doned, and beiore one year was expired, their be-
haviour was almost without exception, decent, or-
derly, and respectTuL This fact is of importance, as
it disproves an opinion that has led to much dis-
tress and cruelty, and Vvill be an encouragement to
those who can ieel ior ths unhappy class ol mankind,
so long the Victims to the effects of a contrary treat-
ment."*
* Lowne's account of penal laws. Bradford's Inq^uiiy, p.
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. i65
A detail of the progress x>f the experiment, of the
difficulties the inspectors had to encounter, from
inexperience in the management of criminals, whose
apparent amendment sometimes proved the veil for
consummate hypocrisy ; the difficulty of procuring
suitable and sufficient employment, for the various
classes of convicts that came under their care ; the
various steps by which, in fine, the system has been
brought to its present perfection, would form materi-
als for a display, which to the philanthropist, could
not fail to be highly interesting ; but the nature of
the present work requires an attention to brevity
that forbids the attempt, and theretbre the system
now in operation shall merely be given.
1. Cleanliness J so intimately connected with mo-
rality, is the first thing attended to, previously to any
attempts at that internal purification, which it is tlie
object of the discipline to effect. The criminal is
washed, his clothes effectually purified and laid aside,
and he is clothed in the peculiar habit of the jail,
which consists of grey cloth, made by the prisoners,
adapted to the season. The attention to this impor-
tant point is unremitted, during their confinement.
Their faces and hands are daily washed ; they are
shaved, and change their linen once a week, their
hair is kept short ; and, during the summer, they
bathe in a large tub. The apartments are swept and
washed once or twice a week, as required, through-
out the year.
2. Work suitable to the age and capacity of the
convicts is assigned, and an account is opened with
them. They are charged with their board, clothes,
the fine imposed by the state, and expense of prose-
cution, and credited for their work ; at the expi-
ration of the time of servitude, half the amount of
the sum, if any, left after deducting the charges, is
required by law, to be paid to them. As the board
5# JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
is low, the labour constant, and the working hours
greater than among mechanics, it is easy tor the con-
victs to earn more than the amount oi their expenses;
so that when they go out, they receive a sum oi money
sufficient to enable them to pursue a trade, li so dis-
posed, or at least, that will keep them from want,
until they find emplo^^, and prevent the necessity of
stealing.
On several occasions, '.he balance paid to a convict
has amounted to more than one hundred dollars : in
one instance it was one hundred and fifty dollars :
and from ten to forty dollars are commonly paid.
When, from the nature oi the Mork at which the
convict has been employed, or his weakness, his la-
bour does not amount to more than the charges
agamst him, and his place of residence is at a dis-
tance from Philadelphia, he is furaished with money
sufficient to bear his expenses home. The price of
boarding is. sixteen cents per day, and the general
cost oi clothes lor a year, is nineteen dollars thirty
Jthree cents.
5. The prisoners lie on the floor, on a blanket, and
about thirty sleep m one room; they are strictly pro-
hibited irom keeping their clothes on at night. The
hours for rising and retiring, are announced by a bell ;
and at those times they go out and come in, with the
greatest regularity. For their own comlort, they have
established a set of rules, respecting cleanliness, on
breach of which a fine is exacted. No one is even per-
mitted to spit on the floor. A large lamp is hung up,
out oi the reach of the prisoners, in every room, which
enables the keeper or watch to see every man; and
for this purpose a small aperture is made in every
door. The end oi the cord by which the lamps are
suspended, is outside of the rooms : the solitary cells
is the punishment for extinguishing these lamps.
JAIL AND PENAL CODE, 1^
6. Their diet is wholesome, plain and invigorating,
and their meals are served up with the greatest regu-
larity and order : a bell announces when they are
ready, and all collect at the door leading to the pas-
sage where they eat, before any one is allowed to
enter. They then take their seats without hurry or
confusion ; and all begin to eat at the same time.
While eating, silence is strictly enjomed by the pre-
sence ol the keepers, who give notice oi the time
for rismg rrom table. For breakfast, they have about
three fourths oi a pound oi good bread, with mo-
lasses and water. At dinner, half a pound of bread
and beei, a bowl oi soup and potatoes. Sometimes
herrings, in the spring. At supper, corn meal mush
and molasses, and sometimes boiled nee.
The blacks eat at a separate table. There is also
a table set apart for those who have committed of-
fences for the first time, but not oi sufficient enorm-
ity to merit the solitary cells ; such as indolence,
slighting work, impudence, he. and to such no meat
is given. Every one finds his allowance ready on
his trencher. The drmk is molasses and water,
which has been round to be highly useiul, as a re-
freshing draught, and as a medicine. Spirituous liquors
or beer never enter the walls of the prison. The
cooks and bakers are convicts, who are allowed thirty
cents per day by the inspectors. The decency of
deportment, and the expression oi content, exhibited
by the convicts at their meals, renders a view of
them, while eating, highly interesting. No provisions
are permitted to be sent to the convicts from with-
out.
7. The regularity of their lives, almost secures
them against disease. A physician, however, is ap-
pointed to attend the prison, a room is appropriated
for the reception of the sick or hurt, and nurses to
attend them. The effect of the new system has
168 JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
been seen, in no particular, more evidently than in
the diminution of disease among the convicts.
8. Religious instruction was one of the original
remedies prescribed for the great moral disease,
which the present penal system is calculated to cure.
Divine service is generally performed every Sunday,
in a large room appropriated solely for the purpose.
Some clergyman or pious layman, volunteers his
services, and discourses are delivered, suited to the
situation and capacities of the audience. The prison-
ers in the cells, are denied this indulgence ; good
books are likewise distributed among them.
9. Corporal punishments are strictly prohibited,
whatever offence may have been committed. The
keepers carry no weapons, not even a stick. The
solitary cells and low diet, have on all occasions
been found amply sufficient to bring down the most
determined spirit, to tame the most hardened villain,
that ever entered them. Of the truth of this there
are striking cases on record. Some veterans in vice,
with whom it was necessary to be severe, have declared
their preference of death by the gallows, to a further
continuance in that place of torment. In the cells, the
construction of which renders conversation among
those confined in them difficult, the miserable man is
left to the greatest of all possible punishments, his own
reflections. His food, which consists of only half a
pound of bread per day, is given him in the morning; in
the course of a few days or weeks the very nature of
the being is changed, and there is no instance of any
one having given occasion for the infliction of this
punishment a second time. Such is the impression
which the reports of its effects have left among the
convicts, that the very dread of it is sufficient to
prevent the frequent commission oi those crimes, for
which it is the known punishment, as swearing, im-
JAIL AXD PENAL CODE. 16,9
pudence, rudeness, quarrelling, indolence repeated,
or wilful injury to the tools, or to articles of manufac-
ture.
The fear of the cells is also increased from other
causes. The convicts are well acquainted with the
general principles of the system pursued ; and hearing
the grating of the stone saw, or the noise of the nail
hammer, they naturally reflect, that while they them-
selves are idle, their comparatively happy fellow con-
victs are working out their daily expenses and laying
up a sum for themselves, when their period of servi-
tude shall arrive; and that their own confinementin pri-
son must either be prolonged, or that they must redou-
ble their industry after liberation from the cells, to
make up for lost time: and above all, that the hopes of
pardon, or of a diminished time of service, are cut oif
by thus incurring the displeasure of the inspectors.
Whatever additional reflections occur to them, these
alone are sufficiently powerful to prevent a repetition
of off'ences.
Formerly, all revenue arising from the work of the
city and county convicts, was paid to the keeper of the
prison, the deficiency for its support being advanced
by the commissioners of the county of Philadelphia,
who collected the monies for the support of the con-
victs, from the diff'erent counties ; but by a law passed
February 1809, the amount of the work is to be paid
to the treasurer of the inspectors, who are also au-
thorised to choose, by the same act, a president and
secretary from their own body. All monies are to
be paid by the treasurer, upon the orders of the
board, signed by the president, and attested by the
secretary : his accounts are to be settled every two
weeks. He is authorised, in the name of the presi-
dent of the board, to sue for, and recover all monies
due from individuals to the institution. The accounts
of the inspectors are settled by three persons, ap-
170 jaIl and penal code.
pointed annually, in March, by the court of quarter
sessions.
There are fourteen inspectors, three of whom are
elected by the select and common councils in joint
meeting, in May and November ; two by the com-
missioners of the Northern Liberties, and two by
the commissioners of Southwark, at the same time.
Three members are appointed out of the board, to
inspect the accounts of the prison, who are to fur-
nish, on oath or affirmation, on the first week in Jan-
uary, annually, to the commissioners of such coun-
ties as may have become indebted for convicts con-
fined in the prison, a correct account current of
the amount of the weekly expenses incurred for the
maintenance of said prisoners ; and of the value of
the labour performed by them; which statement is
to be attested by the president and clerk of the
board.
Although it would form no solid objection to
the penal system of Pennsylvania, considering the
good that has resulted from it, that the convicts did not
maintain themselves, yet it will tend to increase
our opinion of the value of the establishment, when
we know that those men who have forfeited their
right to liberty by the commission of crimes, ( for
which they can have no plea in a country where
there are never hands enough for the work going on)
are not a burthen upon society. Hitherto, owing to
the erection of the necessary buildings for the ac-
commodation and security of the various convicts,
the purchase ©f tools, and the maintenance of the
vagrants, &c. the expense has been considerable,
and probably equal to the amount of work done;
but, the permanent expenses of the establishment hav-
ing ceased, and full powers having been given to the
inspectors to compel payment for the debts due to
the jail, a balance now appears in favour of it, not-
JAIL AND PENAL CODE, 171
withstanding the constant maintenance of upwards
of one hundred and fifty persons, vagrants, run away
servants, and others for trial, who are employed solely
in picking oakum and hair, and who cannot maintain
themselves thereby. In this respect therefore, more
has been done than was ever expected by the bene-
volent Howard.
The management of the prison is committed, as al-
ready said, to a board of inspectors, with the usual
resident officers, all of whose duties are pointed out
by the following extract of an act of the legislature,
and by the subsequent rules of the inspectors.
Visiting" Inspectors,
The visiting inspectors shall attend at the prison,
together, at least twice in each week, and oftener if
occasion require ; at which times they shall exam-
ine into and inspect the management of the prison,
the conduct of the keeper, deputies, and assistants :
they shall also carefully enquire into, and report the
conduct and disposition of the prisoners, and see
that they are properly and sufficiently employed ;
that proper attention to cleanliness is observed ;
that due enquiry be made respecting the health
of the prisoners, and that their food is served in
quantity and quality, agreeably to the directions of
the board ; that the sick are properly provided for,
and suitable clothing and bedding are furnished to
ail — they shall hear the grievances of the prisoners,
receive their petitions, and bring forward the cases of
such whose conduct and circumstances may appear
to merit the attention of the board. They shall be
careful to prevent improper out door communications
with the prisoners ; that no spirituous liquors be ad=
mitted on any pretext whatever, except by order of
the physician. That no intercourse be admitted be-.
172 JAIL AND PENAL CODS.
tween the sexes; that the regulations of the board,
respecting the distribution of the prisoners, accord-
ing to their characters and circumstances be attended
to. That proper means be used to promote religious
and moral improvement, by the introduction oi use-
ful books, and procuring the performance of divine
service as often as may be.
They shall, from time to time, report to the com-
missioners of the county, all such prisoners who
have been sent from other counties, and have incur-
red a charge for their maintenance more than the
profits of their labour will defray, in order that
compensation may be had as the law directs.
They shall cause fair returns to be made out, and
laid before the board monthly, of all the prisoners,
their crimes, length of confinement, by whom com-
mitted, when and how discharged, since the preced-
ing return.
They shall attend to the keeper, deputies and
assistants, by observing their treatment of the pris-
oners, and suffer no persons addicted t® liquor, mak-
ing use of profane swearmg or other improper lan-
guage, to be employed on this duty.
They shall constantly bear in mind that all men
are free, until a legal proof is made to the contrary;
they will therefore take care that no person is held
in confinement, on bare suspicion of being a run-
away slave J and those persons who are actually
slaves, and not applied for by proper claims within
a limited time, shall be returned to the supreme or
other proper court, for a habeas corpus to remove
them according to law ; and, generally, they shall
see that the present and subsequent directions of
the board be carried into effect.
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. 175
Keeper of the Prison,
The keeper of the prison, besides attending to the
safe keeping of the prisoners, shall carefully inspect
into their moral conduct, shall enjoin a strict at-
tention to the regulations relative to cleanliness, so-
briety and industry, and be careful to avoid that
penalty which is incurred by suffering a criminal to
escape. He shall also, with the approbation of two
of the inspectors, provide a sufficient quantity of
stock and materials, working tools, and implements
for the constant employment of the prisoners. He
shall deliver out their work and receive it from
them by weight or measure, as the case may be, in
order that embezzlement or waste may be prevented,
by the prisoners ; and by every laudable means in
his power make their labour as profitable as possi-
ble. He shall, as the law directs, keep separate ac-
counts for all convicts sentenced to labour six
months and upwards, in which the expense of cloth*
ing and subsistence shall be charged, and a reason^
able allowance for their labour be credited : these
accounts shall be balanced at short periods, in order
that the prisoner, at his discharge, may receive the
proportion, if any, that is due to him.
He shall cause all accounts concerning the main-
tenance of the prisoners to be entered in a book
or books for the purpose, and shall also keep sepa-
rate accounts of the stock and materials purchased
by him; shall take proper vouchers whenever money
is expended ; shall regularly credit the materials
manufactured and sold, mentioning to whom, and
when disposed of; and at every quarterly meeting
of: the board, shall exhibit his accounts and vouchers,
for their approbation and allowance,
p 2
m JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
Turnkey,^
The turnkey shall admit no person, except the in-
spectors, keeper, his deputies, servants, or assistants,
officers and ministers of justice, counsellors or attor-
nies at law, employed by a prisoner, ministers of the
gospel, or persons producing a written licence, signed
by two of the said inspectors ; and the latter, only
in his presence or some one of the officers of the
prison. He shall prevent the admission of any spiri-
tuous liquors, or any other improper article to the
prisoners, and on every attempt of this kind that
may be detected, he shall make discovery thereof,
in order that the penalty inflicted by law may be
recovered.
Keepers^ Deputies, ^c.
The keepers, deputies, and assistants shall be
careful to preserve cleanliness, sobriety and indus-
try among the prisoners ; to inform them of the rules
of the house, and to enjoin the observance of them
by mild yet firm measures ; they shall be careful to
prevent embezzlement, waste, or destruction of im-
plements or materials ; they shall constantly reside
in the house and inspect the conduct and labour of
the prisoners— report the negligent, profane or dis-
orderly (who shall be removed) and the industrious,
quiet and exemplary, that they may be recommend-
ed by the visiting inspectors, who have it in charge
to bring such to the favourable notice of the board.
Watchmen,
The watchmen shall continue in the prison all
night, two of whom shall be within the iron gate,
and two in the inspectors room — they shall patrole
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. 175
the inside constantly, and strike the bell every
hour — they shall report any remarkable occurrence
of the night to the clerk of the prison, on the suc-
ceeding day, who shall commit the same to writings
and lay it before the visiting inspectors, at their
next meeting ; and as the safety of the prison so
much depends on their vigilance and attention, it is
required that no circumstance shall prevent the
performance of their regular and frequent rounds.
Rules y Orders^ and Regulations for the Jail of the
city and county of Philadelphia,
1. The males and females shall be employed, and
shall eat and be lodged in separate apartments,
and shall have no intercourse or communication
with each other.
2. The prisoners shall be constantly employed in
such labour as the keeper (with the concurrence of
the inspectors) may consider best adapted to their
age, sex and circumstances : regard being had to
that employment which is most profitable.
3. If any of the prisoners shall be found remiss,
or negligent, in performing what is required of them,
to the best of their power and abilities, or shall wil-
fully waste or damage the goods committed to their
care, they shall be punished for every such offence,
as may be hereafter directed.
4. If any of the prisoners shall refuse to comply
with these regulations, or to obey the officers of
the prison, or shall be guilty of profane cursing or
swearing, or of any indecent behaviour, conversa-
tion or expression, or of any assault, quarrel^ or abu-
sive words to, or with any other person, they shall
be punished for the same, in manner hereafter di-
rected.
5. The convicts, prisoners for trial, servants, run-
aways, and vagrants, shall be separately fed, lodg-
ed and employed.
176 JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
6. Offenders shall be reported to the inspectors,
and punished by close solitary confinement, and their
allowance of food reduced — but in cases where the
security of the prison is in danger, or personal
violence ofF-red to any of the officers, then the said offi-
cers shall use all lawful means to deiend themselves,
and secure the authors oi such outrage,
7. No officer or other person shall sell any thing
used in the prison, nor buy, sell, or barter any arti-
cle, by which they can have benefit ; neither shall
they suffer any spirituous or fermented liquors to
be introduced, except such as the keeper may use in
his own family, or for medical purposes, prescribed
by the attending physician, under the penalty of
five pounds, if an officer, and dismission from office ;
or if a prisoner, he shall be proceeded against as
in the seventh article,
8. The prisoners, on their first admission, shall
be separately lodged, washed, and cleansed ; and shall
continue in such separate lodging, until it shall
be deemed prudent to admit them among the other
prisoners, and the clothes in which they were com-
mitted shall be baked, fumigated, and laid by ; to
be returned them at their discharge ; and during
their confinement, to be clothed according to law.
9. Any persons detected in gaming of any kind,
shall be proceeded against agreeably to the seventh
article.
10. Any person who shall demand or exact a
garnish, beg, steal, or deii-aud, shall be punished as
directed by the seventh article.
11. The prisoners who distinguish themselves
by their attention to cleanliness, sobriety, industry
and orderly conduct, shall be reported to the inspec-
tors, and meet with such rewards as is in their
power to grant or procure for them.
-JAIL AND PENAL COBE. 177
12. The prisoners shall be furnished with suitable
bedding; shall be shaved twice a week; their hair
cut once a month; change their linen once a week,
and regularly wash their face and hands every mor-
ning.
13. The prison shall be white-washed at least
twice in the year, and oftener if occasion requires ;
the floors shall be swept every morning, and wash-
ed on Wednesdays and Saturdays, from twentieth
of May to the first of October, and once a week
for the remainder of the year.^
14. The sweepings of the prison shall be collec-
ted and deposited in a place for the purpose, and
removed once in every two weeks ; the necessaries
shall also be cleansed daily.
15. The yards of the prison shall be kept free
from cows, hogs, dogs, and fowls*
16. The physician for the time being, shall keep
a register of the sick, their disorders, and his pre-
scriptions ; and shall render his accounts for the
examination and allowance of the inspectors at each
of their quarterly meetings.
17. At the performance of divine worship, all
the prisoners shall attend, except such as may be
sick.
18. The turnkey, deputies, and assistants shall be
tradesmen, in order that the trades and employments
within the house, shall be more effectually and pro-
fitably executed.
19. All prisoners committed as vagrants, and
who have been convicts, shall be confined in the
cells during their commitment.
20. No provision, other than the prison allow-
ance, shall be furnished to a convict, or vagrant,
without the permission of the visiting inspectors.
* This is now so far attended to, as occasion may require >
178 JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
21. There shall be wardsmen, appointed by the
visiting inspectors, whose duty it shall be to keep
the windows, passages, yard, and privies clean,
and who also shall be lodged and fed in a room by
themselves.
22. Run-away or disorderly apprentices, and
servants, shall be separately fed, lodged, and em-
ployed, and the keeper shall give notice to their
masters or mistresses at the time of their commit-
ment, of the charge that will accrue for their daily
maintenance, who may at their option agree to
pay the same, or provide the necessary food them-
selves.
23. The charge for the maintenance of slaves,
shall be the same as that of apprentices or run-
aways,
24. No men shall be permitted to visit the wo-
men's apartments, unless in the company of one or
more of the inspectors of the prison ; and no wo-
men shall be permitted to visit any other part of
the prison than the women's apartments, unless it be
such as desire to meet with the prisoners in the
meeting-house on the first day of the week, for the
purpose of communicating religious instruction.
25. Such of the convicts as conduct themselves
properly, and are diligent in their work, and such
only, may be permitted to be visited by their hus-
bands or wives, parents or children, once in three
months, by orders signed by the two visiting in-
spectors.
26. In all visits to prisoners, by permission of the
visiting inspectors, the wooden grated door shall
be shut ; and all conversation with the prisoners
shall be through both the grates; a keeper to be in
the entry, to hear all that passes in such inter-
views, and the interview shall not be longer than
fifteen minutes.
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. 179
27* The design of the inspectors introducing
persons to view the interior of the prison, being
chiefly for strangers whose object may be to intro-
duce similar institutions elsewhere, or to improve
them where already established, the inspectors will
endeavour to discourage any persons from going
to view the prison merely to gratify idle curiosity,
as it has a bad effect on the prisoners.
Description of the Prison and Cells,
The prison was built in pursuance of an act of the
legislature of Pennsylvania, passed on the twenty-first
of October, 1773. The ground originally purchased
by the commissioners, for the purpose of its erection
and use, comprehended also the lot occupied by the
" debtors apartment" in Prune street, and was bought
partly of the proprietors, Thomas and John Penn,
and partly of private persons, for the sum of ;f 3,252.
The whole lot is about two hundred feet on Wal-
nut street, by four hundred on Sixth street.
The prison consists of a stone building, front-
ing Walnut street, about 184 feet in length, and
about 32 in depth. " It is two stories high, and di-
vided into rooms of equal dimensions, viz. 20 by 18
feet ; an entry in the middle, 7^ feet wide, leads
to a passagelli feet wide, extending the leng.h of
the building, with stairs and windows at each end :
the upper story and the cellar are upon the same
plan; there are eight rooms on each floor, all arched,
for the two-fold purpose of securing against fire and
escapes, with two windows to each room. On the
east and west are two wings, extending ninety feet
south, two stories high, containing five rooms on the
floor of each wing, nearly the size of those in front,
but with one window, and all arched : the ground
floor of these was formerly the dungeon, but have
180 JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
notbeen used for some years. On the south side is a
stone bullding,at firstdesigned for a workhouse, where
the debtors are now confined. Three hundred feet of
the north part of the lot are appropriated to the use
of the convict prison, and is divided into portions for
the accommodation of the different classes of prison-
ers. Walls, twenty feet high, extendmg to Prune
street, connect with the east and west wings.
The prison was designed and built under the direc-
tion of the late Robert Smith, and is one of the many
buildings for which Philadelphia is indebted to that
excellent and faithful architect. It is so effectually fire
proof internally, the rooms being groin arched, that
repeated attempts to fire it have failed ; and the ori-
ginal external rough-casting stands to this day.
Solitary Cells,
These are contained in a brick building, of three
stories, raised on three arches. The cells are sixteen
in number, their dimensions six feet by eight, and
nine feet high. Light is admitted by a window at the
end of the passages, and by a small window placed
above the reach of the person confined, well secured
by an iron grate, outside of which is a blind or lou-
ver, so fixed, as to admit the rays of light, only
from above ; communication with those outside is
therefore impossible. A privy, consisting ot a leaden
pipe, below a brick work, properly constructed in
one corner of the cell, leads to sewers under ground.
These may be cleansed at will, by turning a cock fix-
ed to a leaden pipe from a cistern of water. Stoves
in winter, are placed in the passages, out of reach of
the convicts. To each cell there are two doors ; one
outside of an iron grating, and one inside, of wood,
which are screwed together every night. In the
day time the wooden door is left open, to admit ain
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. 181
No conversation between persons confined in these
cells can take place, except by vociferation, and as
they would then be heard, and their time of con-
finement increased, the utmost silence commonly
prevails, except when they are first put in, and be-
fore the tranquilizing effects of the cells have had time
to appear.
Vagrants, run-away servants, and disorderly per-
sons, are committed for a term not exceeding thirty
days, in the same apartment with those for trial, and
for want of yard room, are necessarily kept at em-
ployments, which do not pay for the expenses incur-
red by them. Characters of all descriptions, and all
degrees of vice are here mixed in one mass, an evil
that formed one of the most striking defects of the
old penal code, and that constitutes the only imper-
fect part of the present system ; but which will be
remedied, when the new penitentiary on Mulberry
street, corner of broad street, shall be finished, as the
objects alluded to may then be profitably employedo
Effects of the System*
Such are the remedies which have been prescri-
bed, in Pennsylvania, for the cure of vice, that great
moral disease. Their effects, and the theory of their
action, shall now be briefly noticed.
The beneficial effects derived from the abolition of
the system of public and severe punishments, have
been sensibly felt by the state at large, and especi-
ally by the city of Philadelphia. The recollection,
by our own citizens, of the frequent robberies and
other crimes formerly perpetrated in the capital, and
the comparatively few committed since the operation
of the new law, is the best evidence of this position.
A return from the prison books, would also tend to
confirm it, although not in so accurate a manner as
o
1S2 JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
might be expected, owing to the very great influx oi
inhabitants that has taken place since 1790, especi-
ally of blacks ; and to the circumstance oi the con-
victs from the counties, remaining in Philadelphia,
in preierence to returning to the scenes oi their for-
mer crimes; for it is well known, that in some of the
counties, the convicts, for trifling offences, are sen-
tenced to labour for a term suihciently long to au-
thorize their being sent to the prison ; and that in
many cases, they are sentenced in the counties to
double and threeioldthe term of servitude, to which,
for similar offences, they would be sentenced in the
county ot Philadelphia ; this prevents their return-
ing to their counties alter the expiration of their
terms of servitude, and except those who are par-
doned on condition of their leaving the state, they
generally remain in Philadelphia, and often become
convicts in ihe county. " With respect tojarcenies and
burglaries,, it appears that moie persons were tried
for these offences, while they were capital, than since
the punishment has been lessened : and if we allow
for reconvictions, the difference will be much great-
er."*
The theory of the action of the means employed
to prevent, and reform criminals, will serve to illus-
trate them more clearly. The great causes of vice
are idleness, intemperance and evil connections, and
as the system pursued admits of none of these, but
proceeds upon the principles of industry, sobriety,
good example, and other cooperating measures; it
must follow from the very constitution of human na-
ture, that vmless in the case oi hardened and old of-
fenders, and such fortunately are all disposed of, that
salutarv effects must be produced by the opera-
* Bradford's Inquiry, p. 25.
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. 183
tion of the measures adopted. The criminal knows,
and must be convinced, however unwillin<^ to ac-
knowledge the fact, that his sentence is justly inflict-
ed ; the nature of this sentence moreover, assures
him, that his improvement in morals is the sole ob-
ject in view, and that vengeance, which some mo-
dern European statesmen still think "• is the prima-
ry object of consideration, the foundation of the pe-
nal law,""^ is no part of its intention : hence those
angry passions, which the laceration of the body by
stripes, cropping ears, and pillorinc;, invariably ex-
cite, are restrained, and the whole discipline of the
prison is eminently calculated to produce the same
conviction, to conduct to the same result. Inter-
course between the sexes, that extensive cause of
moral contamination, is strictly prohibited ; the diet,
a powerful agent on the human passions, is moderate
and wholesome. Ardent spirits, the great source of
his present punishment, are strictly denied him ;
idleness, the parent of vice, is substituted by regular,
constant labour, except during the short time appro-
priated to meals and during the hours of sleep : and
silence, which naturally produces reflection and atten-
tion to duty, is strictly enjoined and enforced. The
mild, but firm conduct of the keepers, who never car-
ry weapons, banishes the irritating idea usually attach-
ed to such characters, and transiorms them into em-
ployers superintending their workmen ; and lastly the
* Alexander F. Tytler, now lord Woodhouselee, a lord of
Sessions in Scotland, has added an appendix to his life of lord
Kaimes, to prove that " the foundation of criminal law is retribu-
tive justice; its primary object the accomplishment of justice
by the proper punishment of crimes. The prevention of crimes,"
he considers, " as a secondary evil. The principle of venge-
ance," he says, ** is founded injustice, and the resentment which
the injury excites, ought in every case to be the measure of that
vengeance." Reformation of the criminal, does not enter into his
views.
184 JAIL AND PENAL CODE.
religious counsel which is given on the sabbath, seals
the whole, and proves to them that neither the law
nor the officers appointed in pursuance of it, have
any other object in view, than their reformation. The
criminal therefore, makes his calculation, to conduct
himself so as to command the good will of the keepers
and inspectors, and merit recommendation for a dimi-
nution of his time of servitude. This calculation, which
all the convicts make, and the justness of which they
occasionally see exemplified by the enviable reward
being conferred upon the meritorious,^ is one of the
most powerful motives to good behaviour that could
be held out : and if it be doubted whether gratitude
for mild and kind treatment, has not some effect in
causing obedience to command, and attention to
work; facts enough have occurred to shew that they
are not insensible to the influence of this quality of
the mind. On one occasion, an inspector states, that
when roused by the harshness of one keeper to make
a desperate attempt to escape, they were prevented
in part from succeeding, by another whom they re-
spected, throwing himself in the way of the door,
and whose life would have been sacrificed if they
had persisted:! and that they are not insensible even
* Petitions for pardon, or even for shortening the time of ser-
vitude of a criminal, are made with extreme caution by the in-
spectors.
f An accidental visit to the prison by a humane man, former-
ly a keeper, has occasioned universal joy among- the convicts,
who came forward to welcome him. In the fever of 17'93, as many
convicts offered, as were wanted to attend the sick at the city
hospital. A man committed for burglary for seven years, solici-
ted, and was appointed deputy steward of the hospital : a robber
drove the provision cart, during the whole epidemic, and be-
haved well. They were both pardoned. The women convicts
gave up their bedsteads for the use of the sick, and even oftered
their bedding. See TurnbuU's visit to the prison.
JAIL AND PENAL CODE. 1S5
to the principles of honour, and of humanity, the
facts detailed below, with other occurrences, afford
ample proof.
The following facts communicated by an inspector,
are to the same point.
A convict, by name Jackson, who acknowledged
himself to be an accomplished villain, and to have
been in most of the jails of the United States, was
sentenced to hard labour for several years in Phila-
delphia. He gave much trouble, and at length escap-
ed over the wall: he was pursued to Maryland, and
on his way back, escaped again. Ke was finally ta-
ken and lodged in the cells, where, full of health,
and with a mind high toned, he boasted of his reso-
lution, and of the impossibility of subduing his spirit,
or of effecting any change in him. But after having
been confined for some time, an alteration in his de-
portment became evident, and he took occasion when
the inspectors were going through the prison, to en-
ter into conversation with them, and inquired how
an old comrade* in iniquity, who had long been con-
fined had obtained release from the cells. The reply
was, that '' he promised to behave well, and that he
had been put upon his honour." Would you trust
mine, he rejoined ? yes, it was said, if he would
pledge it. He did so, was released, went cheerfully
to work, and behaved with propriety during the re-
mainder of his time, and never returned to Pennsyl-
vania.
Several states in the Union, have followed the ex-
ample set by Pennsylvania, with various degrees of
* This man had been confined for six months in the cells, at
tlie end of which time, being' completely subdued, was let out
npon a solemn pledge of g-ood behaviour, and during" the rest of
his time gave no trouble In this case the mild conversation, and
serious advice of one of the inspectors powerfully assisted.
q^2
186 LAW FOR DEBTORS.
success. The principle however, just as it is, may
be abused, and the objects in view of course defeated.
A good system of regulations should at first be esta-
blished, and afterwards adhered to, with rigid punc-
tuality : pardons should never be thought of nor any
diminution of the period of servitude recommended,
unless after the most thorough conviction of the de-
sired reformation having well progressed : inspectors
zealous in the cause, and willing to devote their time
thereto, should be continued in the direction, to in-
struct the new members, otherwise impositions will
be practised ; and to guard against the frailty of
human nature, no inspector should be permitted to
supply any article of provision for the convicts, or
to derive any emolument directly or indirectly from
the prison.
The old prison stood at the S. W. corner -of High
and Third-streets, and extended on High-street 66
feet, and 204 feet on Third-street, including, on the
latter street, a yard and work -house. The buildings
Jmd vfall w^ere pulled down in 1784, by order of the
supreme executive council of the state, and the
ground sold to private persons, for building lots.
Law for Debtors,
These have undergone frequent alterations. At
present, they consist of the original act of 1729,
with sundry supplements extending relief to cases
not coming within its provisions.
The basis of the jurisdiction given to the court by
these acts, is an actual confinement under legal pro-
cess : with this distinction, that if the debtor be con-
fined in execution, he may apply immediately for re-
lief, but if under mesne process, not until he has
been thirty days in prison. Foreigners must remain
six months m prison, if under execution for a debt
above ,^100,
LAW FOR DEBTORS. 18?
The supreme court has jurisdiction in all cases
where the debtor is confined by process from that
court. The common pleas in cases under its own
process, or the process of an alderman or justice of
the peace.
The mode of proceeding in both courts is nearly
the same. The debtor applies by petition in term time,
to either court, accompanying his petition with a
schedule, on oath or affirmation, of ail his property
and effects, (wearing apparel, bedding and working-
tools, not exceeding five pounds in value in the
whole, excepted) and a list of his creditors, with the
nature and amount, as near as may be, of their debts.
The court then appoints a time for hearing him and
his creditors, of which the debtor is to give each of
his creditors a notice : in the common pleas, at least
fifteen days, and in the supreme court, at least ten
days before the time appointed. The omission to
give notice to any one of the creditors, however,
only deprives the debtor of the benefit of the laws in
respect to that creditor, not as to the others.
At the time appointed, the court examines into
the matter of the petition, hearing evidence if requir-
ed, on the part of either debtor or creditors, or if
they see cause, may adjourn to a future day, but this
must be in the next succeeding term. If the court
be satisfied that the debtor has fairly disclosed and
surrendered all- his estate, they are directed to dis-
charge him; if on the other hand there be a " strong
presumption of fraud," in concealing or fraudulently
disposing of his property, he is to be remanded to
prison by a judgment of the court for one year. The
oath or affirmation required to be taken by the debt-
or, is in very full and extensive terms, that the ac-
count delivered to the court, of his estate is just, and
that since his confinement he has not disposed of it
in any way, or any part thereof. The court and cre^
188 LAW FOR DEBTORS.
ditors being satisfied with his declaration, the court
orders the property contained in the debtors sche-
dule to be assigned to one or more of his creditors,
in trust for the whole, which is done by a short in-
dorsement on the back of the petition, and signed by
the debtor, who is then discharged by proclamation,
in open court.
The effect of a discharge, thus obtained, is in the
first place to release him irom custody : and in the
next place, to exempt him thereafter irom imprison-
ment for debts owing before his discharge, to credit-
ors to whom due notice has been given. But it only
exempts his person. His future acquisitions of pro-
perty remain liable to execution, as if he had not
been discharged.
By other acts of assembly, commonly called the
bread acts, a provision is made for the support of
poor debtors who are destitute of the means of sub-
sistence, which sometimes works a discharge. These
acts direct the inspectors of the public prison, to ex-
amine into the condition of the debtors in confine-
nient, and to make an allowance for food to each of
such poor debtors as are incapable of maintaining him
or herself, to be paid weekly by the plaintiff or plain-
tiffs, at whose suit such debtor is confined, on the
Monday of every week after ten days printed notice;
upon failure, by the plaintiff or plaintiffs for the space
of three days to comply with the requisition, the debt-
or is entitled to be discharged ; and can never after-
wards be arrested or imprisoned for the same debt.
The first act in 1792, fixed the allowance at seven
cents per day. An act lately passed, authorises the
courts of common pleas, at the first term in every
year, to fix the allowance so to be made, at any sum
not exceeding fourteen cents per day. It is fixed for
the present year in the city and county of Philadel-
phia, at twelve and a half cents a day.
LAW FOR DEBTORS. 189
Previously to the alteration of the penal law in 1 790,
debtors and criminals, male and female, were confi-
ned in the new prison in Walnut-street. But provi-
sion was at that time made for appropriating the
" house of correction" in Prune-street, solely to debt-
ors. The grand jury of the county regularly visits and
reports the state of the debtors' apartment every three
months ; and the inspectors of the prison are also
bound to visit it weekly, and are authorised to make
the necessary rules and regulations for the govern-
ment of the house. The following regulations are
now in force.
1. The south part of the house shall be for the
use of the keeper, his family, and assistants, and that
part of the house north of the division wall, shall be
allotted for the use of the prisoners.
2. That the house be washed, once or twice a
week during the warm weather, and at least once in
two weeks, or oftener, if the weather permit, during
winter, and the walls shall be white-washed as often
as shall be deemed needful for the health of the pri-
soners.
3. That the women prisoners shall be kept sepa»
rate from the men, and at all times the most rigid
prohibition of any kind of intercourse between them
and the men prisoners be continued, and no men shall
be admitted to their apartment, excepting the keeper,
his assistants, the inspectors, or a physician, in case
of any of the women being sick.
4. No woman shall be permitted to go into any
room where the men are prisoners, excepting the
mother or wife of one of the prisoners, and not more
than one such mother or wife at a time, unless in
case of the sickness of a prisoner, and the physician
orders a nurse.
5. No game of address or hazard of any kind
whatsoever, shall be admitted in the prison on any
190 LAW FOR DEBTORS.
account ; nor shall any implements of gaming be
suffered to be in the prison at all.
6. No kind of wines, spirituous liquors, porter,
strong beer, nor cyder, nor any kind of drink stron-
ger than small beer shall be permitted to the prisoners,
in any quantity whatever, and the price charged to
the prisoners for such small beer, &c. shall not ex-
ceed six cents per quart, excepting from this rule
v/hat a physician shall prescribe for any prisoner in
case of such prisoner being sick, and then only the
kind and quantity shall be admitted which is prescri-
bed for the sick person.
7. No charge of money, or any equivalent for
money under the name of Garnish, or any charge of
the kind shall be suffered to be made in the prison, on
account of any person lodging in any of the rooms
allotted for the prisoners.
8. No prisoner shall be suffered to come without
the inner gate, unless called by the keeper, or his as-
sistants, or an inspector.
9. It shall be the duty of the keeper and his
assistants, to see that no female remains in the rooms
where the men are prisoners, after sunset. Also to
examine every visitor, and see that no kind of liquor
or drink, prohibited by these rules, be brought into
the prison.
10. No visitor shall be permitted to come in, or
remain in the prison after sunset. And if any person
shall attempt to introduce into the prison, any kind
of liquor or drink prohibited by these rules, such
liquor or drink shall be immediately destroyed, and
the person who endeavoured to bring it in, shall be
instantly turned out of doors, and never suffered to
come in again as a visitor.
11. That no visitor shall be admitted to the pri-
son on the first day of the week, called the Sabbath
day, unless to visit a prisoner who is sick.
ELECTIONS. 191
12. If any prisoner behave in a disorderly man-
ner, and on being reprimanded by the keeper or his
assistant, or an inspector, does not immediately con-
duct himselr or herself in a proper and respectful
manner, such prisoner shall be confined separately
from the rest, m a room appropriated for that pur-
pose.
The keeper of the debtor's apartment is appointed
by the sheriff : his salary is ^500.
Elections,
The election for civil officers, takes place on the
second Tuesday of October throughout the state.
On the Friday next preceding the first Tuesday in
October, the constables of the several wards, hav-
ing given previous public notice of the time and
places, hold elections for inspectors of elections.
Return is made by the constables to the sheriff of
the city and county, and a duplicate to the person
chosen ; the inspectors assemble at nine o'clock in
the forenoon of the day of election, and choose judges
of the election, who lorm a return of the whole elec-
tion of the city and county, and deliver said return to
the sheriff; a duplicate of which, signed and sealed
in the same manner, is deposited in the office of the
prothonatory of the city and county. The sheriff is
required to transmit said return within thirty days to
the governor, who thereupon, (in case of representa-
tives to congress) declares by proclamation, the names
of the persons returned to him as duly elected ; but
in the case of the election of members of the legisla-
ture, the certificate of the judges of the election to
the individual chosen is sufficient. Judges, inspec-
tors, and clerks of elections, are sworn or affirmed, to
insure an impartial discharge of their duties, before
entering thereon.
192 ELECTIONS.
By the constitution of the state, "every free man,
of the age oi twenty-two years, having resided in the
state t\yo years next before the election, and within
that time paid a state or county tax, which shall have
been assessed at least six months before the election,
shall enjoy the rights of an elector ; sons of quali-
fied persons as aforesaid, between the ages of twenty-
one and twenty-two years, shall be entitled to vote,
although they shall not have paid taxes."
The following officers are chosen by the city,
county, and district.
1. The city and county of Philadelphia, and coun-
ty of Delaware, constitute one district, and elect three
members of the house of representatives in the con-
gress of United States.
2. The city and county of Philadelphia, elect two
representatives in the senate of the state legislature,
one county commissioner, one sheriff, and one coro-
ner, for three years j and three auditors.^*
3. The city elects five representatives in the state
legislature, four persons as members of the select
council, and twenty persons to compose the common
council.
4. The county of Philadelphia, elects six represen-
tatives in the state legislature. The two persons,
having the highest number of votes, for sheriff and
coroner, are returned ; either of whom may be ap-
pointed by the governor. The constitution prohibits
any person from being twice chosen sheriff in any
term of six years.
Senators are chosen for four years.
The constitution provides that all elections by the
people shall be by ballot.
* These auditors examine the accounts of the county commis-
sioners ; and of the county treasurer and sheriff, for the current
%^ear.
REVENUE. 193
Ail elections are free and voluntary, and any elec-
tor who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote,
in meat, drink, money or otherwise, forfeits his right
to elect for that time, and shall pay any sum not ex-
ceeding fifty dollars, and suffer imprisonment for
a time not exceeding six months, as the court of the
county shall think proper to award. It may with
truth be said, that although our suffrage is universal,
no other influence is exerted except that of persua-
sion ; the measure adopted by the friends of the can-
didates for office in other countries, and in some
of the United States, of keeping open house during
an election, is unknown in Philadelphia, and it is be-
lieved, throughout the state.
Revenue and Expenditure,
The permanent revenue of Philadelphia, which is
appropriated to city purposes, is derived from the
following sources.
1. Rent of stalls in the public markets in High
street and Second street : of the cellar under the
city hall : of lots, and a house on the west side of
Schuylkill : of the public scales : of public wharves;
and of vacant pubbc squares.
2. Oi stock in the Schuylkill permanent bridge, at
the west end of High street ; and public stock.
3. From the use of the Schuylkill water.
4. From whariage on the public landings, on Del-
aware and Schuylkill.
5. From shares in the water loan.
6. Sales of street dirt, and paving over private wa-
ter pipes.
7. Taxes — Besides the foregoing, occasional re-
venue arises irom Mayor's fines and penalties ; F„nd
from lighting private lamps, which in 1809, amount-
ed to ^224 56
194 liEVENUE. ;
In 1809, the following expenses were incurred.
1. Purchase of paving stones, and paving ^19,187 194-
2. Repairing unpaved streets . 2,084 45i
3. Cleansing the city generally, . 8,219 98^
4. Repairing and cleansing docks and sewers, 709 56
5. Lighting and watching the city, 19,025 66
6. Pumps and wells, . . 3,007 11
7. Regulating ascents and descents of 1
streets, J
8. Salaries to the officers of the corporation, 9,450
9. Office expenses oi the city commissioners, 102 40
10. Menial services in the markets, 420
11. Incidental expenses of councils, 231 10
12. Constables for keeping order onl
sabbaths, and attending mayor's J- 434
court, J
13. Repairing over water pipes, 153 97
14. Repairs and improvements of the "J aAnf\ 1 ^«
city property, J" ^'"^^^^ ^^^
15. One year's interest on water and") ^ ^.^
city loans, j ^'^42
1 6. Repairs and improvements at wa- ") j ^ ^^^
ter works, laying pipes, &c. J '
17. Making culverts, . . 14,652 30
18. Contingent expenses authorized") .^. .„
by councils, j
!S124,865 55
The appropriations for the foregoing purposes,
for the year 1811, amount to ^133,000
From the report of committee of the select coun-
cil on the revenue of the last year, it appears, that the
actual expenditure for the several objects for which
appropriations had been made in 1810, amounted on
the 31st December last, to , §125^600 38
SINKING FUND. 195
That the debts owing on the same
account amounted to . . 4''^,930 79
That the interest on the temporary
loans amounted to . . 966 57
That there is to be paid to the tax
fund of the year 1810, tKis sum bor-
rowed from it by an ordinance of the
16th July, . . . 2,000
Debts 'owing, . . 1,178 72
El67,676 46
Amount of taxes, rental and loans, 147,67 46
Leaving an actual deficiency of
funds amounting to . . ^20,000
Borrowed by ordinances of councils
in 1810, . . . 30,000
Amount of expenditure beyond re-
venue, . . . ^50,000
Of the above sum, Sl4,000 were borrowed to erect
the market-house in High-street, an object which by
increasing the income of the corporate estate, fur-
nishes the means of reimbursing the cost : one
loan of ^25,000, constituting a part of the above
g50,000 has been paid off.
Siriklng Fund,
In 1807 the debt of the city, arising chiefly from
the expense of the water works amounted to 310,000
dollars, which was payable at different dates, at the
pleasure of the corporation. About ^50,000 were due
to the banks. In order to reduce this debt, councils
resolved in the above year, to borrow ^50,000, which
was not redeemable before 1830: this sum was pro-
cured at 2 1-2 per cent, under par, and was applied
196 TAXES.
to pay the banks. The profit of 2 1-2 per cent, toge-
ther with ^5,000 arising out of the annual income of
the corporate estates of the city, were constituted a
fund, to be stiled " the sinking fund," to be applied
to the purchase and redemption of the several species
of stock, constituting the iundeddebt of the city.
This fund is directed to be invested by the treasu-
rer, with the approbation of the mayor, in the six
per cent stock of the United States, until it shall
amount to a sum sufficient to pay off a whole loan,
when it is to be sold, and the proceeds thereof, ap-
plied to the payment of such loan, and the certifi-
cates, or other evidences of the loan so paid, are to
be transferred to, and become part of the sinking
fund.
During the last year, 1810, the wants of the city
obliged councils to borrow ^50,000 more, as already
stated ; and to prevent the postponement of the redemp-
tion, they resolved to apply ^2,000, in addition to the
sinking fund ; by which measure, notwithstanding
the late increase of debt, the redemption will take place
even before the contemplated period of final extinc-
tion. The sinking fund now amounts to j^3 1,000 and
upwards.
Taxes — Modes of Assessing,
The system of taxation pursued in Philadelphia, is
the same with that of the state at large, and was es-
tablished by an act of the legislature, passed in the
year 1799.
Every third year, one or more assessors are cho-
sen by the people at the general election in October,
who, for the faithful performance of their duty, are
required to take an oath or affirmation, before a ma-
gistrate or judge, and to file a certified copy of the
same in the office of the county commissioners : and
- TAXES. 197
on receipt of precepts issued by the said commission-
ers, are to proceed to take an account of the
names of all taxable inhabitants within their town-
ships, wards, or districts; and of all lands, houses,
mills, manufactories, improvements of every kind,
ground rents, all negro and mulatto slaves, all cattle
above four years old ; all offices and posts ol profitj
trades and occupations, (ministers of the gospel and
school-masters only excepted) and all single free
men above the age of twenty-one years, who do not
follow any occupation. The enumeration having been
made, the assessors are to assemble, and value the
aforesaid property, for what they think it will bona
fide sell for in ready money : and rate the profits of
all offices and occupations at their discretion ; but no
tax shall exceed the rate of one cent in every dollar
of the adjusted valuation of the property: and the
rate for any occupation, or for any single freeman,
shall not exceed ten dollars in one year.
The assessors return the names of two reputable
citizens, freeholders, of the ward or district, to the
commissioners, who are required to appoint one of
them to be the collector, by whom the citizens are
notified of the rate at which they have been assessed,
and of the day of appeal before the commissioners.
This regulation gives an opportunity for redress, in
case of the assessment having been made too high.
These appeals being over, the collection goes on, and
the money as fast as collected, is paid into the hands
of the city or county treasurers. Provision is made for
compelling payment ; for delinquency of collectors ;
compensation to them ; and the settlement and pub-
lication of accounts. In Philadelphia, the city com-
missioners, board of health, and guardians of the
poor, appoint their own collectors.
The following taxes are annually collected in the
city of Philadelphia. Their amount is for 1810.
R 2
198 TAXES.
City and Personal — Appropriated to city pur-
poses,' .... ^103,637 50
County — Appropriated to county purposes,
$74,541 42
Health — Appropriated to the expense of the La-
zaretto, and health establishment. It must never ex-
ceed ^40,000 . . . ^20,000
Poor — For the support of the poor, ^78,000
These two last taxes are assessed on the city and
county jointly.
The monies collected in the city are paid to the
*' city treasurer," an officer who is annually appointed
by the select and common councils in joint meeting.
His duty is to make out a rental of the real estate
of the city, to receive all the monies of the corpora-
tion, and to make out an account of all his receipts
and expenditures every three months, for the use of
the mayor and councils. The accounts of the money
arising from the city estate, are to be kept separate
from that received for taxes : and the monies re-
ceived by him are to be kept in bank, in his name, as
treasurer. He is required to give bond with two
sureties to the amount of ^16,000 for the faithful
performance of his duty. His compensation is one
per cent, upon all monies received by him. A full
statement of his accounts is annually laid before the
city councils and published. The office is at present •
very ably filled by Mr. G A. Baker.
The county taxes are paid into the hands of the
county treasurer, an officer who is appointed by the
county commissioners, and changed triennially. His
compensation is one and a quarter per cent, upon all
monies received. No money is paid by him, except
upon the orders of the county commissioners. The
following is the account of expenditures by the couil-
ty commissioners during the year 1810.
RELlCilOUS SOCIETIES.
199
Public Landings, N. Liberties
Criminal department . •
Debtor's department . •
Bridges and causeways,
Public roads
Attorney-general, clerks of courts,
rees, jurors,
Sheriff expenses over his receipts
Pubic schools
Coroner's Zees .
Militia exempt fines
Assessing county tax
Commissioners and clerks
Election expenses
Contingents t
}
Sl,912 8
469 6
1,228 33
36,166 90
7,259 51
10,849 18
1,616 27
7,724 81
1,279 54
60 74
1,539 53
2,966 66
919 91
1,939 51
Total . ^74,215 76
The treasurers of the " Board of Health," and of
the " Guardians of the Poor," receive the proceeds
of the health, and poor taxes, and disburse them
agreeably to the orders of their respective boards.
Religious Societies. — Swedes,
As already mentioned, the first church built on
the west side of the Delaware, was on Tinnicum
island, by the Swedes, and consecrated September
4th, 1646. Their increasing numbers from emigra-
tion, and natural causes, and the extension of their
settlement, up the Delaware, and Schuylkill, requi-
ring in a few years, a more convenient and central
place of worship, a block house was erected on the
shore of the Delaware, near to where the present
Swedish church stands, in Southwark, and was con-
secrated in the summer of 1677. By that time, the
Swedes had settled as far up as Pennipeck, and Ne-
§0& RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
shaminy, the falls of Schuylkill, and through the
penmsula or neck, below where Philadelphia now
stands, in Wicocoa, Moyamensing, and Passajung,
in all about twenty families. The present Swedish
church was consecrated 2d July, 1700, and for ma-
ny years, was the only place of worship for the fo-
reign emigrants, on both sides of the Delaware and
Schuylkill. For nearly fifty years, divine worship
was performed in the Swedish language. The pre»
sent minister is the learned and Rev. Dr. N. Collin.
The Swedes have also a church in Kingsessing,,
about six miles from the city, and one in Merion
township, Philadelphia county, of both which Dr«
Collin is rector.
^lakers.
The first meetings of the society of Friends, were
held at the house of Thomas Fairlamb, at Shaka-
mexunk,now called Kensington, in 1681. In 1682, a
frame buildingwas erected for the purpose, at the Cen-
tre Square. In the same year regular meetings were
held at Darby. In 1698, a meeting house was built
at the S. W. corner of Second and High-streets,
which was pulled down in 1755, and another one
erected, 75 feet by 55j and 30 high, with galleries,
and held 1500 persons. It was pulled down in I8O85
the ground sold, and the present houses erected.
At present, there are three places of worship be-
longing to this society in Philadelphia.
Free fakers*
A party of the society of Friends, who differed
from the general society, chiefly in thinking it law-
ful to take up arms in defence of American liberty^
REUGIOUS SOCIETIES. 201
and in affirming allegiance to the United States, sepa-
rated from the main body of Friends, about the year
1776. By the help of a general contribution of the
citizens, they erected a place of worship, in 1783, at
the corner of Fifth and Mulberry streets. It is 48 by
36 feet, and two stories high.
This society is styled " Whig, or Free Quakers."
They profess the principles of quakerism, except in
discipline. They allow their members to think and
act for themselves, and inflict no censures, appre-
hending it to be sufficient that they are amenable to
the laws of the country.
^ Episcopal Churches,
It appears from Thomas's brief account of Penn-
sylvania,^ that the Episcopalians had a church, or
place of worship of some kind, in Philadelphia, so
early as 1698. At present there are four churches i
Christ Church, St. Peter's and St. James's, and St.
Pauls. The three first are united in one act of incor-
poration, and governed by one vestry. St. Paul's is
regulated by its own vestry.
The ministry in the said united churches has been
as follows.
The earliest settled minister of Christ church, and
while the former building stood, was the Rev. Evan
Evans, who was sent over by the bishop of London,
in 1700; and by whose labours the first episcopal
congregations in Pennsylvania are supposed to have
been formed. King William allowed him £50 ster-
ling, a year.f Mr. Evans appears to have been in
England in the year 1707, and to have been then
* London, 1698. l2mo.
f Humphrey's Hist. Account of the society for propagating the
gospel: p. 146.
202 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
complimented with the degree of doctor in divinity,
because of his exertions in America, and especially
among the settlers from Wales. He returned to the
province : but in the year 1718, he removed to Ma-
ryland ; being presented by the governor of that pro-
vince to the living of St. George's parish, then in the
county of Baltimore, and now in that oi Harford.
After the removal of Dr. Evans, there was no
stationary minister ; until the Rev. Mr. Vicary was
sent over by the bishop of London, in 1719. His con-
nexion with the congregation v/as dissolved inl7'23j
when they were again without a supply, until the ar-
rival of the Rev. Archibald Cummings, who was sent
by the bishop of London, in 1726.
In 1742, the Rev. Mr. Cummings being deceased,
the Rev. Dr. Robert Jenney arrived from Eng-
land, under an appointment from the bishop of
London ; and the Rev. Amos Ross, who had offici-
ated from the time of the death of the former in-
cumbent, was appointed assistant minister, but re-
signed his place in the next year.
In 1746, the Rev. William Sturgeon was settled aS
assistant minister to Dr. Jenney.
In 1759, the principal minister being disabled from
officiating, by age and infirmities, another assistant
minister was chosen, the Rev. Jacob Duche.
In 1765, St. Peter's church being then built, the
two churches received from the proprietaries of
Pennsylvania, a charter of incorporation, by which
they are contemplated as one body, with the same
rector and vestry.
After the decease of Di% Jenney, in 1758, the du-
ties of the churches were discharged by the assistant
ministers only, until the year 1762, when the Rev.
Richard Peters was chosen rector ; this being the
title annexed to the station of minister, and recog-'
nised by the, charter of incorporation.
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. SOS
In the year 1772^ the Rev. Thomas Coombe and
the Rev. William White were chosen assistant mi-
nisters. Mr. Stm^geon, one of these already mention-
ed, having departed this life not long beiore.
On the decease of the Rev. Dr. Peters, in the
year 1775, the Rev. Jacob Duche was chosen rec-
tor, who retired from this country to England, to-
wards the close of the following year. In the year
1778, the Rev. Mr. Coombe also retired to England.
In the year 1779, the Rev. William White was
chosen rector. The Rev. Robert Blackwell was cho-
sen assistant minister, in 1780. The Rev. Joseph G.
Bend was also chosen an assistant in 1788; and, re-
signing his charge, removed to Baltimore in 1791.
After which, the Rev. James Abercrombie was cho-
sen in 1794.
In the year 1810, the charter of incorporation was
enlarged by the legislaeJ^^e of Pennsylvania, so as to
comprehend the new church of St. James. The
yearly vakie of the real estate of the three churches,
is not to exceed six thousand dollars.
The episcopal churches in the United States, hold
the same faith as the church of England, with the ex-
ception of the Athanasian creed. The thirty-nine arti-
cles, with accommodation to the local circumstances
of this country, were recognised as the faith of the
said church by the convention of the clergy and laity
that met in Philadelphia in September, 1801. The
book of common prayer, which is now the standard
for the church in the United States, was established
in the autumn of 1 789. It had been previously propo-
sed by a convention of the church, in seven states, in
1785. At the former date, there were also sanction-
ed the book of psalms in metre, with twenty-seven
hymns; to which thirty more were added by the con-
vention of 1808. The service for the institution of
mmisters into churches or parishes, was established
204 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
at the same time. The book oi consecration and
ordination of bishops, priests and deacons, was esta-
blished by the convention of 1792. The form of the
consecration of a church was established by the con-
vention of 1799.=^
When application was made to the prelates of Eng-
land for ordination of the divines, who had been re-
commended by the American convention of clergy-
men and laity, in 1785 ; an act of parliament was ap-
plied for and granted, to empower them to consecrate
bishops beyond the seas, without their taking the
usual oaths. Accordingly, the Rev. Dr. White, of
Pennsylvania, and the Rev. Dr. Prevost, of New
York, were ordained on the 4th of February, 1787,
by ihe archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Moore ; assist-
ed by the archbishop of York, and bishops of Bath
and "V^'^ells, and bishop of Peterborough.
Baptists,
The first sett'ers of the Baptist persuasion who
arrived in PhiLtdelphia, came from Radnorshire in
England, and Killitrncy in Ireland, about the year
1686, and settled on the banks of Pennipeck creek,
ten miles N. E. of Philadelphia. The Rev. Mr. Don-
gan from Rhode Island, had settled two years be-
fore, at Coldspring, above Bristol, on the Delaware,
where he gathered a church, the grave yard of
which alone now remains. He baptized and or-
dained Elias Keach, an English youth, who settled
at Pennipeck. In the year 1686, Mr, John Watts
came to Philadelph?a, from the county Oi Kent, Eng-
land, and was baptized at Pennipeck, the next
year. In 1698, nine persons assembled in Philadel-
phia and "did coalesce into a church for the commu-
* See Plowman and Tanner's elegant edition of the Book of
Common Prayer. Philadelphia, 1805,
RELIGIOUS SOCtETIESo 205
nion of saints, having the Rev. John Watts to their
assistance." The place where they met was the N. We
corner of Second-street and Chesnut-street, in a
frame store house, buih by the Barbadoes trading
company, on a lot owned by them. Hence it was
known by the name of " Barbadoes lot." The Pres-
byterians also w^orshipped with them, until they " in a
manner drove the Baptists away."* They then held
worship in the brew house of Anthony Morris, near
the draw -bridge, until 1707, when by invitation of a
sect composed of seceders from the Quakers, under
George Keith, they removed their worship to a
house erected upon the site of their present building
in Second near Mulberry-street. At present they are
a numerous congregation. Their faith and order may
be seen in the " confession, catechism and treatise of
discipline," which they adopted in their association
held at Philadelphia in the year 1742. By these it ap-
pears that they are " Independents with reference to
church government, and Calvinists with respect to
doctrines ;"f with this exception, that they deem it
essential in the ordinance of baptism, to immerse the
body in water, and not to periorm this cejremony of
admittance into the visible church, unless the sub-
ject is a professed believer, and has arrived at the
years of discretion, or is able to comprehend its
meaning and force. The place for performing the
operation of immersion, is in the Schuylkill, at the
bottom of Spruce-street.
* Edwards says that " the Presbyterians then began to dis-
cover an unwillingness that Baptist ministers should preach in
the house," and having- evaded a conference, appointed on the
subject, the Baptists resolved to meet apart until they received
au answer. — Morgan Edwards's Materials towards a history o^
the American^ Baptists. Philadelphia, 1770. p. 45 — 108.
f Edwards'^ Materials, &c. p. 6.
S
206 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
It is computed, that in North America, there are
2000 Baptist churches, and 150,000 communicants.
The regularly settled baptist ministers in succes-
sion, have been, since 1746, Jenkins Jones, 1746 to
1761 ; Ebenezer Kinnersly, 1743 to 1754; Morgan
Edwards, 1761 to 1771 ; William Rogers, Thomas
Ustick, William Staughton.
Presbyterians*
About April, 1695, the Rev. John Watts, the
Baptist minister at Pennepack, consented, at the re-
quest of some friends, to preach at Philadelphia,
every other Lord's day. Among the inhabitants,
there were, at that time, some Baptists and Indepen-
dents (the latter were also denominated Presbyte-
rians,) both of whom were occasionally visited by
ministers of their respective denominations : and
they occupied in common, for the purpose of wor-
ship, the store house of the Barbadoes company. In
the autumn of 1698, the Rev. Jedediah Andrews,
came from New England to Philadelphia, and offi-
ciated as an Independent minister. The Indepen-
dents had by this time, increased in numbers, and
after the removal of the Baptists, continued to meet
at the house on Barbadoes lot, until they procured ano-
ther in High-street, where they erected a small house
for worship in 1704, xvhich was enlarged in 1729^
about which time they adopted the presbyterial form
of government. A part of them who adopted the pe-
culiar tenets of the eloquent Whitfield, withdrew in
1742, and occupied the house in Fourth, near Mul-
berry-street, which had been recently erected by the
friends of that preacher, and there they remained until
the year 1750, when they founded the second pres-
byterian church at the N. W. corner of Arch and
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIEe. 205^
Third-Streets. Their declared principles are set forth
in " the constitution of the presbyter ian church in the
United States of America." They have expressed
themselves in a very liberal manner about church go-
vernment. " It is absolutely necessary," say they,
" that the government of the church, be under some
certain definite form, and we hold it to be expedient,
and agreeable to scripture, and the practice of the
primitive christians, that the church be governed by
congregational, presbyterial, and synodical assem-
blies. In full consistency with this belief, we em-
brace, in the spirit of charity, those christians who
differ from us in opinion or practice on these sub-
jects." Baptists are accordingly sometimes employed
by them to preach. Watts's psalms, improved by Bar-
low, are generally used in their churches.
The general assembly of the Presbyterian church,
meets annually in May, in Philadelphia, and publisft
their proceedings.
Catholics*
Previously to the year 1733, the few Catholics who
then resided in Philadelphia, held meetings for reli-
gious v/orship in a private dwelling, and were occa-
sionally visited by ministers from the catholic colony
of Maryland, who were regularly appointed by the
Pope. In the year just mentioned, the Rev. Mr. Cray-
ton, was formally commissioned by the proper au-
thority in Maryland, to settle in Philadelphia ; and by
him a lot was purchased near Fourth-street, and
south of Walnut-street, and a small chapel erected, of
one story. It was dedicated to St. Joseph, and after-
wards enlarged as the society increased in numbers.
There are now four chapels in Philadelphia, audit is
computed that there are fifteen thousand members in
the city and suburbs. The ministers in succession, after
208 BELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
Mr. Crayton, were Messrs. Lewis, Harding, FarmcF,
Fleming, and others. The present bishop is the Rev.
Mr. Egan, who was consecrated at Baltimore, in 1810.
German Lutherans,
The German Lutherans settled early in the last
century in the lower parts of the state of Delaware,
under the Swedes, while the reformed church was
established in New York, on Hudson's river, under
the Dutch. The first Lutheran church in Philadel-
phia, was erected in 1743, in Fifth-street, above
Mulberry-street.
The articles of faith in this church are contained in
the unaltered Augsburgh confession : in the doctrine
of the Lord's supper, it professes to adhere strictly
to the very original words of our Saviour, in the in-
stitution of the sacrament.
The ministers in succession have been, H. Muhlen-
berg, Brunholz, Heinzleman, Handschuh, Schulze,
Kunze, H. Muhlenberg, jun. Helmuth, Schmidt.
Until a few years since, divine service was perfor-
med in the German language ; when in consequence
of the increase in number of the descendants of the
Germans who did not learn to speak the language of
their parents, an attempt was made to have divine
service performed at least one half of the sabbath in
the English language, but this having been resisted, a
large party withdrew, and erected the elegant church
of St. John, in Race-street, in which the service is
performed altogether in the English language.
German Calvinists,
These came from Germany nearly about the same
time as the Lutherans, and both usually held their
meetings for religious purposes in the same house in
Pennsylvania : there being very little difference be-
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 2Q9
tween the doctrines maintained by them. In the year
1743, the Calvinists built a church in Sassafras-
street, which was pulled down, when the present one
was erected. They adhere to the Hiedelbergh cate-
chism, and the confession of faith of the reformed
Dutch church. They observe holidays, and have or-
gans in their churches. They practise confirmation
of their young people, to whom they dispense the
Lord's supper. There are two congregations in Phi-
ladelphia : in one of which the service is performed
in the German language, and in the other (recently
erected) in English. The latter is styled the " Evan-
gelical Church." The Rev. Mr. Helfenstein, is the
minister of the Dutch, and the Rev. Mr. Birch, the
pastor of the English congregation,
Moravians^, or United Brethren*
The first congregation of this amiable sect that
settled in North America, came from Berthelsdorf,
a village belonging to count Zinzendorf, in upper
Luzatia* When expelled from the dominions of the
elector of Saxony, they resolved to go to America,
and the trustees of the colony of Georgia, having
offered, through the count, to grant them a tract of
land, they set out in November, 1734.
The written instructions given to them by the
count, were, " that they should submit themselves to
the wise direction and guidance of God in all circum-
stances ; seek to preserve liberty of conscience ; avoid
all religious disputes, and always keep in view that:
call, given to them by God himself, to preach the
gospel of Jesus Christ to the heathen ; and iurther,,
that they should endeavour as much as possible to.earn
their own hread,^"* These principles they have evei:
strictly followed.
210 REUGIOUS SOCIETIES.
Having met in London with general Oglethorpe,
the governor of Georgia, they were provided with all
the necessaries for their voyage to his beloved colo-
ny, where they safely arrived in 1735, and settled on
the Ogeeche river : here they obtained the character
which they so justly deserved, of a peaceful, pious
people. Another colony arrived in the course of the
following summer, and settled in Savannah. But in
the year 1738, upon the attack of the colony by the
Spaniards from Florida, they were forced to leave
their flourishing plantations, (having early declared
that they would not be concerned in war) and retired
to Pennsylvania: part came in 1738, and the remain-
der in 1740. They settled at Bethlehem. In 1741,
count Zinzendorf arrived in Pennsylvania, and after
much pious labour, particularly among the Indians,
returned to Europe in 1743. In 1742, the brethren
erected a church in Philadelphia, in an alley running
north and south from Mulberry-street to Sassafras-
street, between Second and Third-streets, and hence
called Moravian alley. The church is 40 feet by
30 feet, and will hold about 300 persons. It has
an organ.
The principles of the Moravians, are contained in
" an exposition of christian doctrine, as taught in
the protestant church of the United Brethren, or Uni-
tas Fratrum, by A. G. Spangenburg, with a preface
by Benjamin La Trobe." They do not differ in the
great cardinal points from other protestant sects.
They hold occasional " love feasts" in their churches,
for the purpose of promoting friendship, mutual
love and kindness among one another. The aliment
is of the most simple nature. Wine is indeed some-
times used, but with the most rigid attention to
temperance. They deem the propagation among the
heathen, of the means of salvation by the Redeemer,
a primary object of duty j ^nd their zeal in this res-
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 211
pect, Is truly astonishing. Every part of the globe
has been visited — nay, settled by their missionaries ;
even the inhospitable shores of Greenland and Labra-
dor ; and the most unhealthy climates of Africa and
Asia have received the benefit of their pious labours t
the frontiers of North America, which even at the
present moment are the hunting ground of the sava-
ges, were settled by them more than half a century
ago, by a colony under that V' nerable apostle, the late
Rev. Mr. Zeisberger, and others. No danger however
great, no privations, or personal sufferings, however
severe, deterred them from steadily pursuing their
benevolent designs : and although the horrors of a
predatory war carried on against the inoffensive con-
verts from heathen darkness, by men who disgraced
the name of Christians, often interrupted the tranqui-
lity of their settlements, and occasioned their perse-
cution ; yet they availed themselves of the first oppor-
tunity to recommence their labours, and have joyful-
ly seen their example followed by other denomina-
tions of Christians.
The members of this society are few in number, in
Philadelphia, when compared with those of other
sects. The head of their government is Hernhutt, in
Germany ; the subordinate power of their church,
bishop Loskiel, resides at Bethlehem, in Pennsylva-
nia.*
Associate Churchy
Is composed of those who are commonly denomi-
nated seceders, which name was given to, or assu-
* For a full account of the labours of the Moravians in North
America, see " the history of the mission of the Unitas Fratrum
among the Indians of North America, by the Rev. Mr. Loskiel^
London, 1794."
212 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
med by those ministers, who were expelled from the
church of Scotland about the year 1722, for having
testified against some of the public evils of the na-
tional church, particularly the settlement of ministers
by patronage. Sundry persons of this communion,
having emigrated to America, and with some others,
being dissatisfied with the Presbyterian judicatories
in America, made application to the associate synod
of Edinburgh, for a supply of ministers. Two were
accordingly sent, in 1754, and with ruling elders,
constituted the " Associate Presbytery of Pennsylva-
nia." The principles and form of government of the
associate church, are those of the Presbyterian per-
suasion. There is only one congregation of this so-
ciety in Philadelphia, and this is vacant. The late
Rev. Mr. Marshall was the minister. They belong
to the party known in Scotland by the name Anti-
burgers,
Associate Reformed Churchy
Was formed in 1 782, by a union between sundry
ministers of the "Associate Presbytery," and others
known by the name of *' Covenanters," and who
were of the same principles with those who take on
that designation in Scotland. The members of the
associate synod, who w^ere opposed to the union, be-
ing in the minority, were denied the permission to
enter their protest, they therefore withdrew and ap-
pealed to the associate synod in Scotland, by whom
the conduct of the minority was approved, but the
members of the two presbyteries who formed the
imion, denounced the minority as schismatics, and
assuming the name of the " Associate Reformed
Church in North America," published in 1799, their
constitution and standards, with sundry appendixes,,
aot comprised in the terms of their communion*
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 213
Their faith does not differ from that of the general
assembly of the Presbyterian church. The former de-
nominations of which this body was originally com-
posed, being still in existence, they may be said to
have formed a new church. There is only one con-
gregation of this society in Philadelphia.
Presbyterian Covenanters^ or Reformed Presbytery^
This society was formed in Scotland, about the year
17^44, by a member of the " Associate Presbytery of
Scotland," who, notwithstanding the alteration of cir-
cumstances, did not render an adoption of the mea-
sure necessary, required that body to swear the na-
tional league and covenant," in the very words in
which they were originally framed one hundred years
betore; their refusal to do so, together with their cen-
sure of the principles of a party who denied alle-
giance to the civil government of the country, be-
cause certain religious qualifications, were in their
opinions, necessary to insure due respect to the autho-
rity of rulers, induced him to withdraw, and to as-
sociate with others, under the name ot the " Reform-
ed Presbytery." They profess to be the only true fol-
lowers of the martyrs who suffered for conscience
sake, under the intolerant reign of Charles the Ilnd.
and James. This society consists at present of only
six or seven ministers, with congregations in differ-
ent parts of the United States. The plan upon which
they propose to exhibit their principles to the world,
embraces three parts: historical, declaratory, and ar-
gumentative. The two first have been already pub-
lished ; the argumentative is to appear hereafter.
The declaratory part merely contains principles of
universal application, founded upon the scriptures,
and simply stated. The argumentative part has been
in some measure anticipated by the zeal of two of the
214 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
inembers of this communion. According to this sect,
" Magistracy flows immediately from God, and is
predicated upon his universal dominion over all na-
tions. Civil rulers ought to exercise their office, not
only in civil matters, but in matters purely religious,
by punishing false worshippers, heretics, and con-
temners of church government."
They allow that allegiance is " due to a govern-
ment when morally constituted," a fact of which they
themselves are to be the judges; but to a constitution,
which they consider to be immoral, they owe no al-
legiance. In this view they include the constitutions
oi Great Britain, of the United States, and of Penn-
sylvania. That of the United States, is said to " give
support to the enemies of the Redeemer, to admit
to its honours and emoluments, Jews, Mahometans,
Deists and Atheists : to establish that system of rob-
bery, by which men are held in slavery, despoiled of
liberty, property and protection;" and, finally it is de-
clared to be " oppressive and impious." The consti-
tution of Pennsylvania is said to " support and le-
gally establish gross heresy, blasphemy and idolatry."
For these reasons they refuse submission to their
authority, and abstain from swearing allegiance
thereto.
They consider " oaths as acts of homage, perform-
ed voluntarily to the Supreme Being, and by no
means a recognition of the magistrate's authority to
administer them." They are prohibited from serving
on juries, because, " a juror voluntarily places himself
upon oath, under the direction of a law which is im-
moral," and for the same reason, they abstain from
voting at elections. They believe it a duty to per-
form the act of public covenanting. Notwithstanding
the above doctrines, they profess to receive the
Westminster confession of faith without limitation;
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. SliT
©r explication of that part of it that describes the
magistrate's power in matters of religion. There is,
one congregation of this society in Philadelphia.
Methodists.
This sect, in North America, was first formed
into a society at New York, in the year 1766, by
Philip Embmy, a preacher from Ireland, and spread
rapidly through the country. At present 4t pro-
bably includes more members than any other deno-
mination of christians. Their church government is
episcopal, and their doctrines are nearly similar t@
those of other protestant sects. Erroneous notions of
this society have been entertained in consequence of
Mr. Wesley expressing his view of sanctification by
the word perfection. Their discipline is very strict:
and not only requires the most rigid and frequent
confession of sins of omission, and commission, one
to another, at their private meetings (or praying, but
descends to the regulation of their conduct in their
general intercourse with the world, to the prevention
of idleness, the avoiding temptation, and to the re-
gulation of dress. The distribution of good books is
considered an important duty, and for this purpose,
a fund is created, and a " superintendant of the book
concern" appointed, who is empowered to regulate
the publications, and all other parts of the business.
They deem it a duty to travel through the country
to preach to those who have no stated minister, and
for this purpose the bishops appoint a certain num-
ber of itinerant preachers, who make extensive tours,
and by whom stated meetings for worship are held
in the woods, at which thousands attend. A branch
of this society, who object to the episcopal form of
the church government of the Wesley Methodists^
(have assumed the n^me of the Christian Church.
216 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
The exertions of this society have been attended
with the most beneficial effects in the reformation of
the lower order oi mankind ; and districts could be
pointed out, not remote irom the capital, which from
being iormerly proverbial ior licentiousness, have be*
come, through its influence, exemplary ior morality.
In one case, this change was chiefly owing to the la-
bours of an individual, himself a mechanic, among a
set of the most immoral men. By his influence, the
thoughtless were alarmed, the absolutely wicked
were reformed, and a regular religious society was
constituted. There are four Methodist meeting hou-
ses for whites, and two for blacks in Philadelphia.
Vniversalists,
A society believing in the final and universal re-
demption of mankind, have existed for many years
in Philadelphia* They have one church.
Unitarians-
Their leading tenets are a denial of the catholic
doctrme of the Trinity, and an adherence to the lite-
ral sense of those passages of scripture which assert
the unity of God and the humanity of Christ, who
therefore they think cannot be lawfully considered
as an object of religious worship. Although agreed
concerning the character of Christ as a man sent and
approved of God, they are not unanimous as to his
miraculous conception. This society was formed in
this country soon after the arrival of the amiable, the
pious, the venerable Dr. Priestley. They have at
present no settled minister ; but their religious ser-
vices are conducted by three of the members in ro-
tation, appomted for that purpose agreeably to rules
prescribed by their constitution, till the pastoral office
shall be regularly filled.
HfiLIGIOUS SOCIETmS. 2lf
Independents — ^A society of Independents, compo-
sed of members of various societies, was formed
-about seven years ago. Their creed is the same as
that of the Presbyterians.
Jews — There are two synagogues in Philadelphia:
but the members are declining in numbers.
Places of Worships and names of their Ministers*
Swedish Lutheran — Swanson-street, below Chris-
tian. Rev. Dr. N. Collin.
Quakers'— ^Ox\Q in Pine-street, between Front and
Second-street; one in Key's alley, running from
Front-street to Second, south of Vine-street ; one in
Mulberry-street, corner of Fourth-street. They are
all large, plain, brick buildings, with galleries. To the
last mentioned is attached a burying ground, 360 by
366 feet, and surrounded by a high brick wall.
Free Quakers — Corner of Mulberry and Fifth*-
vStreets ; it is 48 by ^o^ and two stories high.
Episcopal Churches — Christ church, in Second,
above High-street. The west end of the present Christ
church was built in 1727, being added to a church,
which, from the records, appears to have been erect-
ed or enlarged, about the year 1710, and afterwards
pulled down. The eastern part was begun in the year
1731, and the building completed as it now stands,
except the steeple, the foundation only oi v/liich was
laid, with the west end of the church. It is 90 feet
long and 60 ieet wide, and has a venerable appear-
ance. The superstructure of the steeple was added
about the year 1753. Ii is neat and simple, and just
in its proportions, and was erected by the late Robert
Smith. "The superstructure is composed of three, dis-
tinct, well proportioned, parts oi architecture j the
first story, with its small pediments and attics, form-
ing one ; the octagonal part, with its ogee-formed
T
218 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
dome, being the second ; and the spire and its pe-
destal, the third. These three parts are very dissi-
milar, no one having any thing in it that is common
to the others ; and yet they agree very well with each
other, forming one complete and consistent whole."*
It is 190 feet high, and has a ring of eight bells,
which were brought out from England, by the late
captain Richard Sudden. This gentleman was, for
many years, a regular trader between Philadelphia
and London, and remarkable for speedy passages,
and careful attention to every person and thing on
board. His ship, the Pennsylvania Packet, was nick-
named the Bridge. His arrival was constantly an-
nounced by the ringing of the church bells, a compli-
ment to his generosity in bringing them freight free.
St, Peter'' s^—Corner of Pine and Third-streets, was
built in the year 1761r It is 90 feet long, and 60
wide.
St. yames — Seventh-street, north of High, was
consecrated May 1, 1809. It is 90 feet long and 60
wide. The foundation of a steeple is laid. Both
these churches are very plain in their structure. The
ministers have already been mentioned, p. 202.
St, FaiiPs Church — Was built in the year 1762. It
was set on foot by a few of the particular friends and
admirers of a popular preacher of the day, the Rev.
Mr. M'Clenaghan of Ireland, and is independent of
the other episcopal churches in Philadelphia. The
present rector, is the Rev. Dr. Pilmore. It is 90
feet long, and 60 wide.
Africa?! Episcopal of St, Thomas — Fifth-street, be-
low Walnut, 60 by 45 feet. Built in 1794. Deacon,
Absalom Jones.
BaptistS'-^The first baptist church built, is in Se-
cond-street near Mulber -street ; it was originally
Biddle's Architecture.— B. Johnson—Philadelphia, 18^5.
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 219
61 feet by 42, but was much enlarged last year.
It was erected in 1762. A burying ground lies back
of it. This church is now vacant.
A second is in Budd-street, above Poplar-lane,
of which, the Rev. Mr. White is Pastor.
A third, is in south Second-street, near Catharine-
street. Pastor, Rev. J. Peckworth.
A fourth is building in George-street, west of
Eighth, for the Rev. Dr. Staughton. It is to be 9©
feet in the clear.
There is also an African Baptist meeting house
building, in Tenth above Vine-street.
Presbyterians — 1. High-street, between Second
and Third-streets, erected 170-k rebuilt 1793; 88 feet
long, 56 broad, 46 feet high. The ascent is by eight
marble steps. Its front is a prostyle of four columns.
Pastor, Rev. Dr. J. P.Wilson.
2d. Corner of Mulberry and Third-streets, built
1750: enlarged 1809: 95 feet long, and 60 wide. Pas-
tors, Rev. Dr. A. Green, and Rev. Mr. Janeway.
This society built another place oi worship in Second-
street, corner of Coates-street, in the Northern Li-
berties, in 1804: 80 by 60 feet. The ministers oi the
church in Mulberry-street, officiate alternately in it.
3d. In Pine-street, between Fourth and Fiith-
streets ; this was built by the congregation ot the first
Presbyterian church, in 1766. A burying ground is
attached to it. Pastor, the Rev. Dr. A. Alexander.
4uh. In Fifth, near Cedar-street. Pastor, Rev.
George Potts.
5i.h. A filth is building for the African Presbyte-
rians.
Roman Catholic — St. Joseph, between Willing's al-
ley and Walnut-street, built in 1733. This is only
used at present ^or morning prayers. It is about 40
by 40 feet, and one story high.
%
'^30 RELIGlbUS SOCIETIES.
St. Mary's, Fourth, below Walnut-street, built in
1763, and enlarged in 1810. It is now 100 by 71 feet.
Pastors, the bishop Egan, Dr. John Rosseter, Rev.
Mr. Harrold.
Holy Trinity, corner of Spruce and Sixth-streets,
fcuilt in 1789. Pastor, Rev. A. Britt. It is 100 feet
long and 60 wide.
St. Augustine, built in 1800, Fourth-street, near
Vine-street. Pastor, Rer. Mr. Hurley. The altars of
the three last chapels, are highly finished, elegant
pieces of work.
German Luther aw — or Zion church, in Fourth-
street, above Mulberry-street, v/as built in 1766. It
is 107 feet long, 71 broad, and 44 to the eves. Di-
vine service is performed in the German language.
The Rev. Dr. Helmuth, and Mr. Schmidt, are min-
isters. The old church was burnt on the 26th Dec*
1794; the walls remaining, it was rebuilt, in 1796. It
has a very handsome organ, perhaps the largest in
North America, built by Low, of Philadelphia.
St. John's church, was lately erected by a part of
the congregation, who were desirous to have divine
service performed in the English language. It is sit-
uated in Race-street, between Fifth and Sixth-streets,
and is the handsomest church in Philadelphia. It is
100 feet by 67, and does great credit to those who
designed it. The Pastor, is the Rev. Mr. Mayer.
Germa?i Reformed — is in Sassafras, near Fourth-
street, is 90 feet long, 65 feet wide, and 43-4iigh ;
built in 1762. Pastor, the Rev. Mr. Helfenstein.
Another church was lately erected by a part of this
.congregation, (who like the Lutherans, were desi-
rous of having worship performed in the English
language) in Crown-street, which runs north and
south, between Fourth and Fifth-streets. It is 90 by
60 feet. They have assumed the name of the Evan--
gelical Church, Pastor, the Rev. Mr. Burch.
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 221
Moravians — The only church belonging to this so-
ciety is in Moravian-alley, which runs north and
south between Second and Third-streets. It was
erected in the year 1742. It is 40 feet long and 30
wide. Pastor, Rev. Joseph Zeslein.
Associate — Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth
streets. Vacant.
Associate Reformed — Spruce-street, between Third
and Fourth-streets. Pastor, Rev. Dr. Gray.
Covenanters'— 'Wlary street^ running from Sixth to
Seventh-street, below Cedar-street. Pastor, Rev.
Mr. Wylie.
Methodist — St. George, in Fourth-street, opposite
St. Augustine church. It is 85 feet long, and 60 wide.
Pastor, the Rev. Mr. Roswell.
Ebenezer, Second, near Queen-street. Do.
Union, at the old college, Fourth- street. Pastor^
the Rev. Mr. Bishop.
Bethel, Sixth, near Lombard. Pastor, Richard Al-
len. (African.)
Zoar, Brown-street, Northern Liberties, west of
Fourth-street. (African.)
Christian Church — Mount Zion, Christian-streetj
near Sixth-street. Elder, Elias Smith.
Another is about to be built.
Universalist — In Lombard, between Fourth and
Fifth-streets. Pastor, Rev. Dr. Richards.
Unitarian — In Church alley.
Independents- — In a court, west of Fourth, and
north of Chesnut-street. Pastor, Rev. Mr. Joyce.
yews- — Cherry alley- — and near Cable lane. Pas-
tor, J. Cohen.
In concluding this brief account of the numerous
religious societies m Philadelphia, it would be im-
proper to omit noticing the principle oi universal cha,-
rity,and truly christian spirit oi harmony, on religious
subjects, whichj from the settlement of the coimtry
T 2
-222 KELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
by Europeans, has governed the various ruling pow^:'
ers ; a spirit, apparently interwoven in all our institu-
tions, and from which Pennsylvania has most un-
questionably derived much ot her present domestic
happiness, and political prosperity.
The frequent contentions between the original set-
ters, the Swedes, the Dutch and the English, previ-
ously to the arrival of Penn, were purely of a politi-
cal nature, and as either power gained possession of
the country, they seemed only anxious to preserve
the government, to conciliate the natives, and to re-
tain the settlers, without interfering in religious con^
cerns. The contending parties, it is true, were pro-
testants, but even in other protestant colonies, perse-
cution was waged against inoffensive Christians for
non-conformity to the religious doctrines of the ru-
lers, and for professions not at all tending to disturb
the public tranquility. No public declaration had in-
deed ever been made respecting the preservation of
the rights of conscience, by any of the governments
which had successively obtained the possession of
the country on the Delaware; but this measure, at
once so politic and just, early entered into the views
of the pacific legislator, to whom it was finally ceded;
and although Penn had not the glory of taking the
lead on this subject, in the new world, yet his colony
and their descendants may, without vanity, boast of
having acted up to the divine principle as fully, if
Bot more so, than even those among whom it was
first promulgated.
In the laws agreed upon in England, with the ad-
venturers, this great point was expressly provided
for; and the first law which Penn passed in conjunc-
tion with the representatives of the people, at their
Erst assembly, convened in the province, was " con-
cerning liberty of conscience,'*'' Finally, in the " Char-
ter of Privileges" to the province, granted October
2J3^ 15^01 5 and constituting the permanent form isf
RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.' 223
government, he, in terms, plain, but highly eloquent,
secured to the colonists the precious right.* The
American revolution necessarily abolished this instru-
ment, as a general rule, but the iramers ol the state
constitution that was substituted, retained the prin-
ciple of free worship, and in the declaration of rights
of our present constitution, it is even extended.j
The cardinal points oi religion being insisted on, the
legislators wisely considered that subordinate creeds,
or modes of faith, are subjects properly to be settled
between God and man : and such has been the ef-
fect, that the consideration of the religious profes-
* The first article of the Charter begins thus : " Because no
people can be truly happy, though under the greatest enjoyment
of civil liberties, if abridged of the freedom of their consciences,
a^ to their religious profession and worship; and Almighty God
being the only Lord of conscience ; Father of lights and spirits >
and the Author as well as Object of all divine knowledge, faith
and worship, who only doth enlighten the mind, and persuade
and convince the understandings of people ; I do hereby grant
and declare, that no person or persons inhabiting in this pro-
vince or temtories, who shall confess and acknowledge one
Almighty God, the Creator, Upholder, and Ruler of the world :
and profess him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the
civil government, shall be in any case molested or prejudiced in
his or their person or estate because of their conscientious persua-
sion or practice^ nor be compelled to frequent or maintain any re-
ligious worship, place or ministry, contrary to his or their mind,
or to do, or suffer any other act or thing contrary to their religious
persuasion. And that all persons who also profess to believe in
Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world, shall be capable, not-
withstanding their other persuasions and practices in point of
conscience and religion,) to serve this government in any capaci-
ty, both legislatively and executively, he or they solemnly pro-
mising, when lawfully required, allegiance to the king as sover-
eign, and fidelity to the pi-oprietary and governor, and taking the
attests as now established by the law, made at New-Castle, in
the year 1700."
f Art. IX. 4. "No person who acknowledges the being of a'
God, and a future state of rewards and punishments, shall on ac"
count of his religious sentiments, be disqualified to hold any of-
fice or place of trust and profit under this commoiiwealth."*
324 PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.
sionof a candidate for a public office, never influen-
ces the decision of the magistrates, or the people at
large ; hence it is agreeable to see in our public coun-
cils, men of every religious persuasion sitting side by
side ; deliberating on measures of finance, internal
improvement, the regulation of justice, or the pro-
motion of religion generally, as if they were mem-
bers of a government in which the irritating distinc-
tions arising from the existence of a religious estab-
lishment, precluded all from a participation in office,
except those professing the govermental creed,
and where, consequently, their deliberations would
never be disturbed by a difference of sentiment on
this interesting question — May the present cha-
ritable TEMPER PREVAIL TO THE LATEST PERIOD
OF TIME.
Charitable Institutions — 1. Pennsylvania HospitaL
The first proposal for a public hospital in Phila«
delphia, was made about the year 1750, by the late
Dr. Thomas Bond, who in his professional capaci-
ty, had frequent occasions for seeing the want of
such an institution. Having united with several
citizens, a petition was presented to the house of
assembly on the 23d January, 1750-51, stating the
want of such an institution, and recommending the
subject to their consideration. The assembly in con-
sequence, passed an act, granting the sum of ;{, 2000,
to be paid as soon as a like sum should be raised by
subscriptions or contributions.
As soon as the law was published, the promoters
of the humane design set on foot a subscription,
which in a short time amounted to considerably
more than the sum required by the act, and on the
first of May, 1751, a number of the contributors met
a;t the State-house in Philudelphia^ and pursuant to
PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL. ^5
the act, chose by ballot twelve managers and a'trea-
surer. These were,
Joshua Crosby, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Bond,
Samuel Hazard, Richard Peters, Israel Pemberton,
jun. Samuel Rhoads, Hugh Roberts, Joseph Mor-
ris, John Smith, Evan Morgan, Charles Norris.
Treasurer, John Reynell.
Benjamin Franklin acted for some years as clerk
to the managers.
A house, late the residence of judge Kinsey, in
High-street, now the third house west oi Fifth-street,
(No. 172) then in the out-skirts of the city, was rent-
ed as a hospital, and on the 2d of February, 1752,
the first patients were admitted.^ The first attend-
ing physicians to the institution were, Drs. Lloyd
Zachary, Thomas and Phineas Bond. Drs. Grseme,
Cadwalader, Moore and Redman, were appointed
consulting physicians.
Application was made to the proprietaries of the
province, then in London, for a lot of ground to erect
a hospital on, and a square was particularly pointed
out, as most desirable for the purpose, viz. " a va-
cant part of the square between Ninth and Tenth-
streets from Delaware, on the south side of Mul-
berry-street J the lots in that part of the city not
having advanced in value for several years past, and
not likely to be soon settled:" the proprietaries not
being disposed to grant the lot, presented them with
another of about the same extent on the north side
of Sassafras-street, between Sixth and Seventh-sts.
from Delaware. This lot the managers did not think
proper to accept, in consideration of its then being
contiguous to the brick-yards, which, from the stag-
nant water in them, rendered the air unhealthy.
• The rent was ;^40 annually : but " the stable and pastiu'e,
were let for ^^15 to tlje late Mr. Kintzing-,
226 PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAX,
"When the nature of this charitable design became
known, considerable sums were soon added to the
stock, particularly by the citizens of Philadelphia,
where few of the wealthy, or those of a middling
rank, failed of contributing according to their circum-
stances. Some benefactions were also obtained from
London and the West Indies, which encouraged the
managers to attempt the building, but the prospectof a
w^ar in America, while it was likely to increase the
occasion, lessened the expectation of any further as-
sistance from them ; nevertheless, confiding in the
same Divine Providence, which had hitherto blessed
their pious endeavours, for assistance to perform
that work, they sought for~ a suitable spot oi ground
to erect an hospital on : and had the satisfaction to
purchase, on moderate terms, the lot which of all in
or near the city, was judged most proper for such a
design.^
" This purchase being made near the end of the
year 1754, the managers directed a plan of a hospital
to be prepared; and one of them drew a design oi the
whole building, in such a form, that one third part
alone could be executed with tolerable symmetry, and
containing, independently of the other parts, all ac-
commodations requisite for the present purpose.
" This design being approved of, the contributors
were notified to meet, in order to consider the pro-
posal, and approving the immediate building of the
parts proposed, the managers appointed one of their
own number, to provide materials, agree with the
workmen, and superintend the work, and a commit-
tee to advise and assist therein, as occasion might re-
quire. These, with one of the most capable of the
* The Proprietaries afterwards presented the hospital vfixh.
the rest of the lot, forming a square»
l^ENNSYLVAMA HOSPITAL. 257
contributors, devoting themselves to the service, uni-
ted in concerting the most frugal method oi carr3ang
on the building, and industriously solicited contribu-
tions from all persons concerned therein. Most of
those from whom materials were purchased, contri-
buted a large proportion of what they furnished ;
and so diligent and successful were their applications,
that scarce a tradesman, or even labourer, was em-
ployed, without engaging a part [ot his labour] to
be charitably applied in the premises."
The foundation stone of the first part of the pre-
sent building, was laid on the 28th May, 1/55 ; and
bears the following neat inscription, written by Dr«
Franklin.
In the year of Christ,
MDCCLV.
George the Second, happily reigning,
{For he sought the happiness of his PeopleJ)
Philadelphia Flourishing,
(For its inhabitants were public spirited^)
This Building,
By the bounty of the Government,
And of many private persons,
Was piously founded,
For the Relief of the Sick and Miserable i
May the God of Mercies,
Bless the undertaking.
The hospital stands on a square, three hundred and
ninety-six ieet in width, and four hundred and sixty-
eight feet in length, containing about four acres-—
Round it is a brick wall, and rows of high forest
trees. Within the wall, the ground is decorated with
gardens, grass plots, gravel walks, hedges, &c. Part
oi the south front is inclosed by an iron railing,
in the yard, fronting the south side of the house,
^8 PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.
is a leaden statue, bronzed, of William Penn, on a
marble pedestal, who is represented holding a scroll,
having part of the first sentence of the " charter of
privileges" inscribed on it. This statue was presented
by Mr. John Penn, now of London, to the hospital,
in the year 1801.
There is also a vacant square to the east, and
half a square to the west j containing together, more
than six acres, running in parallel lines with the
ground on which the buildings are erected ; the other
half of this square is owned by the city, and as it is
meant to keep it always open, the Pennsylvania hos-
pital is, and will be, situated in the middle of three
great squares, which, besides the open streets, mea-
sure more than thirteen acres. The contributors have
also bought three lots on the south side of the hospi-
tal, in order to secure a free current of air, preserve
the water pure, and to guard against fire. The policy of
this provision was never more conspicuous, than du-
ring the late fevers, particularly in 1793, when not a
person in the hospital took it, though upwards of
four thousand died of it, in about four months, in the
city, in that year.
Knowing the inestimable value of open ground to
the hospital, the contributors have a confident assu-
rance, that avarice itself, will never dare to propose
the alienation of one foot of the ground, which they
have provided at their own expense for such a be-
nevolent use.
The hospital exhibits in the centre, a house, sixty
four feet in front, elevated above all the adjoining
buildings, and projecting beyond them a proper dis-
tance. On the top is a sky light, to enlighten the
theatre for surgical operations ; from which there is
a beautiiui view of the city plot, the river, German-
town, Frankford, the fort, and several elegant coun-
PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.
220
try seats on the Schuylkill. Two large stair cases,
leading to the several wards, are made in this divi-
sion.
Adjoining hereto on the east, is a ward, 80 feet
front, 27 feet deep, and three stories high ; at the
end, a wing crosses it, north and south, extending in
length, 110 feet.
In the middle of the wing, opposite to the ward, is
a hall, 28 feet square, including a stair-case, project-
ing beyond the other part of the wing, sufficient to
cover the cornice, and raised one story above them,
with a cupola, that affords a secure way out, in case
of fire.
Adjoining to the centre house on the west, are a
ward and wing, similar to those on the cast, with this
exception, that the wards are about 34 feet deep : this
extension was agreed to, in order to admit double
rows of rooms, to accommodate a greater number of
lunatics The difference, unless to an accurate ob-
server, is scarcely perceivable.
The whole extent of the buildings, from east to
west, is two hundred and seventy-eight feet : by the
length of the wing, crossing the wards, the east and
wcBt fronts make an agreeable appearance. Detach-
ed from the hospital, at a little distance, is a sepa-
rate building, with a convenient enclosure, for vene-
real patients, who are kept by themselves. There are
also, sundry other apartments on the lot, such as
stable, ice-house, smoke-house, fire engine-house, &c.
Rooms in the hospital are appropriated to the fol-
lowing uses.
For the library, . , . « . 1
Contributors,
Managers,
Museum,
Apothecary's shop,
Bathing rooms,
V
230 PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.
Theatre for operations, . . . . 1
Wash-house, Bake-house and Kitchens, . 4
Cell keeper and his wife, .... 1
Steward, matron and servants, in the centrehouse, 8
Lunatics, in the west wing and ward, . 70
Do. in the east, . . . . .16
For sick and wounded, . . . .23
In all, 130
wards and rooms.
The lunatics, being separated from the sick by the
centre house, the latter are not incommoded by
their noise.
There is an excellent anatomical museum, consist-
ing of admirable imitations of every part of the hu-
man body, in wax, made by the late Dr. Chovet, up-
wards of half a century ago, in Jamaica. A set of
anatomical paintings, and castings in gypsum, pre-
sented by the late Dr. John Fothergill, of London,
the uniform and active friend of the United States,
and of the hospital : and numerous injected prepara-
tions, and others in spirit, by various hands.
The library comprises about three thousand vol-
umes of choice medical books, and is thought to be
the best collection of the kind in this country : this
and the museum, are enlarged and supported by a
fund of about five hundred dollars per annum, which
medical pupils, who attend the lectures, from all
parts of the continent, West Indies, &c. pay for the
privilege of reading, and attending the practice of the
house ; the money is exclusively applied to enlarge
the collection, with the consent of the physicians,
who, in other countries, enjoy these perquisites to
themselves.
By an act of the legislature, passed in 1 801 , liber*
ty was granted to graft upon the hospital, a lying-in
and foundling department. The lying-in department,
PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL, 23t
for married women, has been some years in opera-
tion. Single pregnant women, come under the no-
tice of the law : and are provided for by the guar-
disins of the poor.
The contributors were incorporated in the year
1/51, by an act of the colonial legislature, by the name
and tide of " Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospi-
tah" such may vote at elections for managers, or be vo-
ted for, but derive no personal interest from the act of
incorporation. A contributor is one who bestows ten
pounds to the hospital. A sum less than ten pounds,
is called a donation.
The contributors have perpetual succession, w^ith
power to elect twelve managers, a treasurer, and all
other officers of the institution, and make rules for
the well-ordering of the house. They may receive and
take the lands, hereditaments, and tenements, not ex-
ceeding the yearly value of one thousand pounds, of
the gift, alienation, bequest or devise of any person
or persons whomsoever, and of any goods and chat-
ties whatsoever; provided, that, no general meeting
of the contributors, or persons acting under them,
shall employ any money or other estate, expressly
given to the capital stock of the hospital, in any other
way, than by applying its annual interest or rent to-
wards the entertainment and care of the sick and dis-
tempered poor, that shall from time to time be
brought and placed therein, for the cure of their dis-
eases, from any part of the state, without partiality or
preference.
If there should not be a constant succession of
contributors to meet yearly and choose managers,
then the hospital, its estate and aifairs, and all the
management thereof, are to be under the direction of
such persons as the legislature may appoint.
By a law of the contributors, the power of direct-
ing the manner and terms of receiving and discharge
332 PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.
ing patients, is transferred to the managers, who
made a rule, if there should be room in the hospital,
(after as many poor patients are accommodated as
the interest of the capital stock can support,) to take
in such others, as they can on reasonable rates agree
for ; and that the profits arising from boarding and
nursing such patients, shall be appropriated to the
same uses, as the interest money of the public stock.
The price of board is various, according to the appli-
cant's ability to pay; but changes with the rise and fall
of provisions, &c.
The overseers of the poor of Pennsylvania, and re-
ligious societies therein, who support their own
poor by voluntary subscriptions, pay but three dol-
lars a week, which is about the first cost of one per-
son's maintenance, including medicine and all charg-
es, except clothing and funeral expenses.
The overseers of the poor of other states pay four
dollars; private patients, who are residents of Pennsyl-
vania, from three and a half, to ten dollars ; and non-
residents, from four and a half, to ten dollars. Every
patient may choose his own physician, but he must be
one of the house physicians.
An amputation of a limb is not to be performed^
unless the patient consents to it ; nor then, unless
three physicians agree to it, after a consultation on
the casco
Single persons, who are sick, especially strangers,
will find it their interest to prefer the hospital to any
tavern or boarding-house ; for the following reasons.
The physicians are of the first eminence.
The nurses are experienced.
The apartments are convenient.
The price of board is lower than individuals can
take, and the patient has the satisfaction to know, if
there is any profit, it is given to the poor.
PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL. 23o
These facts are stated from a thorough knowledge
of the institution, and because it is conceived that
the interests of humanity may be served by so doing ;
for many persons may be prevented from deriving
the benefits of it, from false notions of a hospital, or
from having seen the want of neatness, the crowded
wards, and inattention to the sick in some European
hospitals.
Two managers and two physicians, meet every
Wednesday and Saturday in the hospital at 1 1 o'clock
in the forenoon, to admit and discharge patients.
At intervening times, the applicant must repair to
one of the monthly physicians, who, if he considers
the case a proper one, will certify it in writing, to
the sitting manager, who will take the usual secu-
rity, and give an order for admission.
Overseers of the poor, from the country, who bring
a patient, must have a certificate, signed by two ma-
gistrates, denoting that they are in office, and that the
pauper, proposed for admission, resides in their dis-
trict, or their application will be rejected.
Persons with contagious diseases, are not to be
received, nor incurable cases, lunatics excepted :
but, any person living in or near Philadelphia, re-
ceiving, by accident, a desperate wound, or having a
fractured limb, may be brought to the hospital, with-
out an order; and he will be received day or night,
provided he is brought in within twenty-four hours
after the accident. The design oi this proviso is, to
prevent the injured person from suffering by neglect,
or from employing unskilful hands.
The capital stock consists of ground-rents and mo-
ney at interest: besides these, there is no produ ;-
tive income for the support of poor patients, except
the profit of pay patients, both of which sums united,
will not maintain more than sixty poor persons ; nor
u 2
%$4i PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL,
can the number be increased, until by legacies, or fu-
ture contributions, the funds are enlarged : this in-
crease is much to be desired, as every convenience
is provided in the hospital, to accommodate three
hundred and fifty persons, on a moderate calcula-
tion ; but for want of an adequate capital, num-
bers are necessarily denied the benefits of an institu-
tion that is peculiarly well situated, in other respects,
to relieve them.
The managers, treasurer, and physicians are all
contributors, and serve gratis, except that persons in
affluence pay the physicians, as they would if attend-
ed in private houses.
Such are the principles on which this institution
has been raised and supported ; and as it has been of
the greatest utility to the public, it is hoped it wiU
continue to excite their attention, until, by the en-
largement of its funds, its benefits may be extended
to a greater number of poor, agreeably to the design
of its pious founders.
Legacies are usually given in the corporate name,,
as follows.
I give and bequeath to the contributors to the PenU'
sylvania Hospital, to be added to the capital stock,
dollars.
Contributions and donations are received by Jo-
seph Saunders Lewis, treasurer. No. 25, Dock street.
The tax commonly called the city hospital tax, is
raised for the lazaretto, &c. and not foi the Pennsyl-
vania hospital, as many suppose, who do not observe
the distinction.
The Pennsylvania hospital, ever since its founda-
tion, has been exempted from taxation, until within
the last three years, when all the real estate, except
the lot on which the hospital stands, has been as-
sessed ; but the city councils^ from a conviction of its
PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL. 235
general utility, by a late ordinance, have exempted it
from city taxes. The county, health, and poor taxes
are still assessed.
Present officers of the institution.
Managers — Josiah Hewes, Samuel Coates, Thomas
Stewardson, Lawrence Seckel, Thomas P. Cope, Pat-
tison Hartshorne, Zaccheus Collins, Paschall Hol-
lingsworth, Edward Pennington, William Poyntel),
Reeve Lewis, Joseph Lownes.
Treasurer — Joseph Saunders Lewis.
Physicians^ — Dr. Rush, Dr. Parke, Dr. Wistar, Dr»
Physick, Dr. Barton, Dr. Hartshorne.
Physician to the lying-in department— Dr. Tho-
mas C. James.
Physician to the out patients— Dr. Samuel Cal-
houn.
Medical pupils in the house — John Moore, B. S.
Janney, Theodore Benson.
Steward — Francis Higgins.
Matron — Hannah Higgins.
During the year, ending the 27th of April, 1811,
there were admitted in the house, 356, pay, and 220
poor patients, ...... 576
And attended out of doors, poor, . . 1616
Of whom were cured, . 309 1258
Relieved, . , . . 53 70
Incurable, .... 1 1
Discharged at their own request, 20 removed, 89
Irregular, .... 1 61
Delivered, .... 5 10
Discharged infants in health, 5 vaccined, 37
Eloped, . . . .6
Died, .... 52 81
Remain, • . • .124 remain 89
S36 PHILADELPHIA DISPENSARY.
2. Philadelphia Dispensary*
A consideration of the distresses of the poor, when
afflicted with disease, and of their inability to provide
for themselves in such a situation gave rise to the de-
sign of establishing a Dispensary for their relief in
1786. This first effort of the kind in the United
States of America, has been attended with the hap-
piest effects, and the example has been followed in
most of our principal cities.
The following extract from the introduction to
the plan, as first published in 1786, will serve to give
a more comprehensive view of the nature and utility
of a Dispensary.
^' Plaji of the Philadelphia Dispensary for the medi-
cal relief of the Poor.
" To the Citizens of Philadelphia.
" In all large cities there are many poor persons
afflicted by diseases, whose former circumstances and
habits of independence will not permit them to^ ex-
pose themselves as patients in a public hospital.
There are also many diseases and accidents of so
acute and dangerous a nature, that the removal of
patients afflicted by them, is attended with many ob-
vious inconveniences. And there are some diseases
of such a nature, that the air of an hospital, crowded
with patients, is injurious in them. A number of gen-
tlemen having taken these things into consideration,
have proposed to establish a Public Dispensary in the
city of Philadelphia, for the medical relief of the
poor.
" The particular advantages of this institution v/ill
be as ioUow :
" 1st. The sick may be attended and relieved in
their own houses, without the pain and inconvenience
PHILADELPHIA DISPENSARY. 227
of being separated from their families. A father may-
still continue to provide for his children, and chil-
dren may enjoy in sickness the benefit of a mo-
ther's kindness and attention.
" 2dly. The sick may be relieved at a much less
expense to the public, than in an hospital, where
provisions, bedding, fire wood, and nurses, are re-
quired for their accommodation.
" And 3dly. The sick may be relieved in a man-
ner perfectly consistent with those noble feelings of
the human heart, which are inseparable from virtu-
ous poverty ; and in a manner also strictly agreeable
to those refined precepts of Christianity, which incul-
cate secrecy in acts of charity and benevolence."
The objects of the institution are the indigent
SICK, of every description, and in every disease, when
recommended by the contributors. They are visited
at their own houses, when unable to go abroad ; but
those who can come out, attend at the dispensary,
where the physicians prescribe for them at stated
times.
The apothecary resides at the Dispensary, receives
applications for admission, and records the name,
age, occupation, and residence of the patients ; the
name of the contributor, who recommends them :
their diseases, and the event. He gives information
to the attending physicians, when the sick require be-
ing visited at their own houses : he prepares and re-
cords all the prescriptions of the physicians, including
not only medicines strictly so called, but also wine,
sago, oatmeal, barley, &c. When cured, the patients
are required to take a discharge to the contributor
who recommended them.
The city and liberties are divided into two dis-
tricts. Two physicians are on duty at the same time ;
who, on the alternate days of the week, attend a
the dispensary, such patients of their respective dis-
238 PHILADELPHIA DISPENSARY.
tricts as are able to go abroad, and also regularly vi-
sit those who are confined at theh^ own houses.
The funds of the institution arise from a guinea
annually paid by each contributor ; or, ten guineas
at one payment constituting a life subscription. Le-
gacies and donations also forma considerable part of
the funds.
The form of a legacy is as follows : " T give and
bequeath to the Philadelphia Dispensary, the sum of
to be paid to their treasurer for the
time being, and applied towards carrying on the
charitable designs of the said institution."
The general business of the institution is directed
by twelve managers, who are annually elected by the
contributors. The managers meet every month, and
at the close of every year, publish an account of the
number of patients, who have received the benefits of
the institution, as well as a statement of the receipts
and expenditures of monies during the year. They
also annually appoint six attending and four consult-
ing physicians and surgeons, a treasurer, and an apo-
thecary. A charter of incorporation was procured in
1796.
The attending physicians are on duty, in succes-
sion, for two months at a time. They may apply to
the consulting physicians in difficult cases. The phy-
sicians give their attendance gratis.
The want of a convenient situation was, for a long
time, sensibly felt by the managers, and induced
them in 1800, to purchase a lot of ground in Fifth-
street, and to erect thereon, a commodious building.
The funds for this purpose consisted of some stock
purchased with former savings, and of donations, so-
licited for the purpose amongst our fellow-citizens.
Several liberal bequests have also been made,
amongst which are peculiarly to be reckoned those
of the late Andrew Doz, John Bleakley, and the
PHILADELPHIA DISPENSARY. 23$
sum bestowed by the trustees of the fund left by the
late John Keble ; which have not only served to ex-
tricate the institution from an heavy debt incurred by
the purchase of the lot, and erection of the building;
but also, with the assistance of the annual contribu-
tions, to enable the managers to carry on the busi-
ness of the dispensary in a more satisfactory and ex-
tensive manner, the number of patients having consi-
derably increased. Three thousand two hundred and
seventy -five patients were under the care of the dis-
pensary from December 1st, 1809, to December Ist^
1810.
Remaining from last year, . . 82
Admitted since last year,
Of whom the number Cured, is
Dead,
Relieved,
Removed,
Irregular,
Remaining under care,
3193
2>275
2916
99
98
26
38
98
32ro
Officers of the institution elected January, 1811.
Managers — William White, D. D. President ;
Henry Helmuth, Godfrey Haga, Joseph Crukshank,
Robert Blackwell, Lawrence Seckel, James Robert-
son, Robert Smith, Isaac Snowden, Ebenezer Ha-
zard, Robert Ralston.
Secretary — Dr. Samuel P. Griffitts.
Attending Physicians and Surgeons— Drs. Joseph
Parrish, Isaac Cleaver, John Perkin, Henry NeiU,
Samuel S. Stewart, Benjamin Kugler.
Consulting Physicians and Surgeons — Drs. Benja-
min Rush, Thomas Parke, Caspar Wistar, Phi-
lip S. Physick.
Treasurer — John Clifford.
Apothecary — George G. Tresse*
240 HUMANE SOCIETY.
The whole expense of the institution, for the last
year, for house support, medicines, and apothecaries
salary, amounted to the small sum of ^2160 78 : and
justifies the observation made by one of its founders,^^
that it " exhibits something like the application of
the mechanical powers to the purposes of humanity,
for in what other charitable institution do we per-
ceive so great a quantity of distress relieved by so
small an expense ?"
3. Humane Societu,
This useful society was established during the re°
volutionary war, 1780. Its attention is directed to the
recovery of drowned persons, and of those whose ani-
mation may be suspended from other causes, as
breathing air contaminated by burning charcoal,
hanging, exposure to the choke damp of wells,
drinking cold water while warm in summer, strokes
of the sun, lightning, swallowing laudanum, &c.
For the purpose of recovering the bodies of drown-
ed persons, drags are placed at all the ferries, and
public places ot resort on both sides the Delaware,
and on Schuylkill, with the usual apparatus, and
boxes of necessary medicines. Medical assistants are
appointed, to whom the public are recommended in
the first instance to apply in the event of an accident
happening : directions for the treatment of the vari-
ous cases that may occur, have occasionally been
published, and rewards are annually bestowed upon
those who risque their own lives in the attempt to
save that of others. Handbills, containing cautions
against drinking cold water, when the body is heated,
with directions to obviate the deadly effects of such
imprudence, are annually printed, and pasted upon all
* Dr. Rush.
ABOLITION' SOCIETT. %tl
the pumps previously to the commencement of the
hot months.
For the purpose of adding to the knowledge al-
ready possessed on suspended animation, the society
have offered the following medals.
For the best dissertation on the means of restoring
to life persons apparently dead by drowning, and
more effectually than any yet in use, a gold medal,
value two hundred dollars.
For the second best, a piece of plate, value one
hundred dollars.
The dissertations are to be sent to the secretary of
the society, (post paid) by the first day of Januarv,
1813.
They may be written in the English, French, or
Latin language, to be accompanied with a sealed pa-
per, containing the author's name and place of resi-
dence, which is not to be opened unless the prize is
decreed.
They shall be submitted to the judgment and de-
cision ot the medical professors of the University of
Pennsylvania.
The society is in correspondence with the Hu-
mane Society of London.
The society is incorporated. The annual meeting
for the appointment of officers is on the first Wednes-
day in March. The annual subscription of the con-
tributors is one dollar.
Joseph Crukshank, President.
Isaac Snowden, Secretary.
Abolition Society.
The people of Pennsylvania, while struggling for
their own liberty against foreign oppression, were
struck with the incons'stency of reta ning in slavery
a portion of their fellow creatures, and therefore, in
X
^2 ABOLITION SOCIETl'.
the height of the revokitionary war, (1780) passed a
law for its gradual abolition. All blacks and mulat-
toes born, from that time, irom slaves, were declared
to be free, after having served their masters 28 years^
in the manner and on the same conditions as com-
mon apprentices are held. A supplement was passed
in the year 1788, which declared that all slaves of
persons intending to settle in the state, should be
free, upon their coming therein. By being first ma-
numitted, they may be bound as an apprentice to
serve such a term of years, as may be agreed on be-
tween master and man. Various other provisions
were made on the subject, and a society, originally
formed in 1774, but enlarged in 1787, attended to
their execution. It was incorporated in the year 1789,
and has been attended with a zeal worthy the cause in
which they were engaged. I he inconvenience which
many sustained from having been deprived of their
slaves, in consequence oi neglecting to register them:
the apparent hardship, and want oi generosity m libe-
rating the slaves ol those who were flying to our state as
an asylum trom war, tyranny or disease ; and accu-
sations of improper interference with slaves who were
contented with their lot, all served to render this so-
ciety, for a long time, highly unpopular with slave-
holders, and the enemies oi the blacks ; but the people
are now convinced that while the society has very
properly been active m seeing the provisions ot the
law duly executed, by liberating those who have been
held in bondage at home, contrary to the laws oi the
state ; and have even by legal process, procured the
restoration oi others who had been kidnapped and
sent to the southern states, to New-Orleans, and to
the West Indies : and have served as a check upon
the undue severity oi masters: they have at the same
time always discouraged groundless complaints, and
hiive given every iacility to the detection of run-
PRISON SOCIETY. 243
aways in the state of Pennsylvania, or from other
states. The venerable Franklin was the first presi-
dent of this society. The present president is Dr.
Rush. The active duties of this society fall upon the
acting committee, consisting of six members. Able
counsellors are chosen to assist the society, who cheer-
fully give advice when required. At present there
are only two slaves in Philadelphia, u'hose attach-
ment to their masters is so great, as to induce them to
prefer their situation to uncontrouled freedom.
Society for Allematmg the Miseries of Public Prisons,
This society was formed in the year 1787, and
was proposed by an active citizen in the cause of the
reformation ol the penal code, in order to alleviate
some ot the miseries attendant thereon. Their de-
sign will best appear by the preamble to the consti^-
tution, viz.
" When we consider that the obligations of benev-
olence, which are founded on the precepts and ex-
amples of the author of Christianity, are not can-
celled by the follies or crimes of our fellow crea-
tures : and when we reflect upon the naiseries which
penury, hunger, cold, unnecessary severity, unwhole-
some apartments, and guilt (the usual attendants of
prisons) involve with them; it becomes us to extend
our compassion to that part oi mankmd, who are the
subjects of those miseries. By the aid of humanity,
their undue and illegal sufferings may be prevented,
the links which should bind the whole family of man-
kind together, under all circumstances, be preserved
unbroken : and such degrees and modes of punish-
ment may be discovered and suggested, as may, m-
atead of continumg habits of vice, become the means
of restoring our fellow creatures to virtue and hap-
piness. From a conviction of the truth and obliga-
244 PRISON SOCIETY.
tion of these principles, the subscribers have associil-
ted themselves under the title of " The Philadelphia
Society for alleviating the miseries of public pri-
sons."
The officers of the society consist of a president,
two vice-presidents, two secretaries, a treasurer, an
electing committee of ten, and an acting committee,
annually chosen.
The acting committee consists of the president, two
vice-presidents, and six other members, three of
v/hom go out at the meetings in January and July.
It is their duty to visit the prisons at least once a
month, to inquire into the circumstances of the pri-
soners, and report such abuses as they shall discover,
to the proper officers appointed to remedy them; and
to examine the influence of confinement or punish-
ment upon the morals of the prisoners. They may
draw upon the treasurer for such sums of money as
may be necessary. They keep regular minutes of their
iproceedings, to be read at every quarterly meeting
of the society.
Every member upon his admission contributes one
dollar, and one dollar annually towards deiraying its
contingent expenses.
The appointment of the board of inspectors of the
prison, and the admirable regulations which have
been from time to time introduced therein, have ve-
ry materially lessened the duties oi this society. Ne-
vertheless they still find occasion for their attention
among that class of prisoners put in for trial, who
would suffer in wmter for clothes, and sometimes
are improperly detained, or from inattention, are not
brought to trial.
President — V/illiam White, D. D.
Vice-Presidents — William Rogers, D. D. Thomas
Wistar.
Secretaries — Caleb Cresson,jun. Roberts Vaux*-
Treasurer-^-lsrael W. Morris.
MAGDALEN SOCIETY. 245
There was a society established in the winter of
1776, under the name of " The Philadelphia Societ}^
for assisting distressed prisoners," and it appears
that a very considerable number of citizens cheer-
fully became members, who paid a subscription oi 10s:
and that the managers by an attention to the ne-
cessities of the prisoners, afforded considerable relief
to them, during the existence of the society, which
by a minute on their book, appears to have been
about nineteen months.
Magdalen Society^
Was instituted in the year 1800. Its objects are
" to aid in restoring to the paths of virtue ; to be in-
strumental in recovering to honest rank in life, those
unhappy females, who have been robbed of their in-
nocence, and are desirous of returning to a life of
rectitude." It was incorporated in the year 1802.
An asylum has been opened near the corner of Sas-
safras, on Schuylkill Second-street, and several fe-
males admitted. The members of the society are
numerous, and the funds annually increasing.
The following is the report of the managers, for
1810:
Remaining in the Asylum at last
report, • . . . 8 Magdalens^.
Admitted since, . • . 8
16
Of whom.
Placed out to service, « 7
Discharged at own request, 1
Dismissed for improper
conduct, ..el
Eloped, . « . 2—11
Remaining,
65
X 2
692
133
884
22
8
69
86
94 47
150
9
954
246 FRIENDS ALMS HOUSfe.
The expenses of the house, &c. have been as fol-
lows :
Board of Magdalens,
Clothing do.
Bedding, •
Firewood,
Wages of assistant Matron,
Interest on purchase money for
the Asylum,
Incidental charges,
1162 25
Amount of purchases for mate-
rials and machinery in manu-
facturing, . . • 197 14
Amount of expenses enlarging
and improving the Asylum, . 647 34
Paid for insuring it against fire, . 73
Paid for books, as commence-
ment of Library, . . 18 28~^
^2098 01
President — William White, D. D.
Vice-President— -Robert Ralston.
Treasurer — John Evans.
Secretary — ^Thomas Kite.
Private and Endoxved Institutions, — 1. Friends Alms
House,
This establishment is supported by the Society of
Friends, for the benefit of their own poor. It consists
of a number of single rooms, opening into a lot
which i^ appropriated to the cultivation of medicinal
herbs. Such of the occupants as are able to work,
diminish the expense of their support by labour of a
light kind, and contribute much to the convenience
of the citizens. Silks and feathers, and other articles
of dressj are there washed: quilting is also neatly
FEMALE SOCIETIES FOR EMPLOYMENT. 24?
2. Christ Church Hospital^
Is an endowment for aged women of the episco-
pal church, made by Dr. John Kearsly, formerly an
eminent physician of Philadelphia ; who bequeathed
for this purpose, an estate, chiefly landed, which he
vested in the rector, church wardens and vestry-men
of the united churches of Christ church and St. Pe-
ters.
Since the establishment of this institution, it has
received a considerable addition of property, by the
gift of Joseph Dobbins^ a native of Philadelphia ; but
long resident in South Carolina. Dr. Kearsly's will
requires that the women supported by this institu-
tion, shall be supplied with meat, drink, lodging, and
have medical attendance. There are now 26 women
on the foundation, which is at 111 Mulberry-street.
Associations for General Charity — 1. Female Society
for the Employment oj the Poor.
This was instituted by the late Ann Parrish, of the
society of Friends, at the close of the year 1793,
when a pestilential epidemic had swept off thousands
of our citizens, leaving many widows with children,
to struggle with poverty and all its attendant evils.
The founder of this Society associating herself with
several friends, sought out the haunts oi wretched-
ness, comforted the sick, supplied their wants, and
directed the hand of the industrious to labour. The
great good produced by their exertions, excited very
general attention among the benevolent religious so-
ciety to which they belonged ; and occasioned them
to form a regular association, to be supported by
subscription, for the purpose of relieving the wants
of indigent females during the winter season.
Aware of the evils attendant upon an indiscriminate
248 FEMALE SOCIETY FOR EMPLOYMENT
distribution of money, to those who are able te
work, the society rented a house, in which they em-
ploy poor women in spinning wool and flax, and
conduct business in the following manner. A com-
mittee of the society attend daily at the " House of
Industry," the women are required to come early in
the morning, (with their children) when each is as-
signed a portion of work : one or more of the in-
spectors are always present, to preserve decorum,
and insure attention to business, and to sell the arti-
cles manufactured. A room is solely appropriated to
the children, who are committed to the care of one
woman. The eating room and kitchen are below
ground, where wholesome food is prepared for
them ; and when at meals, a becoming propriety of
conduct is preserved. After the work of the day
has been finished, one of the committee reads a
chapter in the Bible to the women, who then return
to their homes. The women, besides being fed, are
paid for their labour. The city is divided into dis-
tricts, and committees for each district are appointed
to visit the sick, and to administer to their comibrt,
without regard to colour, at their own houses. These
committees make regular reports of their proceed-
ings to the society. Donations oi cash, clothes,
groceries, winter vegetables, or flour, as may suit the
circumstances of the benevolent, will be acceptable.
It is a satisfaction to be assured, that the alms be-
stowed, will be distributed in the most economical
and judicious manner.
2. Female Hospitable Society,
A society under the above name was formed dur-
ing the winter of 1808-9: shortly alter the imposi-
tion of the embargo, when numerous females, who
obtained a living by the innumerable employments
directly or indirectly connected with active com-
FEMALE HOSPITABLE SOCIETY. 249
merce, were deprived of support. The distresses of
several of those women coining under the notice of
some benevolent ladies, they associated for the pur-
pose of enabling them to maintain themselves; they
therefore purchased flax, and gave it out to be spun
into thread for various uses, and hired a ware room.
A preference is given to married women. The sick
are supplied with various comforts, and are attend-
ed by the physician of the society. The city is divided
into districts ; each of which is allotted to a certain
number of members, who attend to the sick or af-
flicted, in the quarter assigned to them. The direct-
ress of the society attends, with another member,
every Monday, from 9 till 12 o'clock, at the ware
room, to receive the work from the women, to pay
for the same, and to give out more flax.
This society depends upon subscription for its
continuance, and has afforded considerable relief to
many women, who could not partake of the charity
of the first female society mentioned, by reason of
not finding it convenient, for various reasons, to leave
their homes during the day. Donations of money,
groceries, clothes, flax and wool, are always accept-
able. The ware room is No. 1, Appletree alley, the
first alley above Mulberry street, in Fourth.
Directress — Mrs. Snyder, 321, High street.
To dwell in praise of such societies is unne-
cessary. Every intelligent reader will at once see,
from a mere narration of facts, the immense benefits
which must inevitably flow from the encouragement
afforded by these societies, to those who are willing to
work: from the formation of good habits, or their
preservation in those already blessed with them, the
prevention of the numerous evils and temptations
to theft, and other wickedness, arising from pover-
ty, and in that sex too whose influence upon the mo-
rals and manners of society is known to be highly
extensive.
X^5()> i;EMALE ASSOCrATION,
3. Female Association*
Another humane society was instituted by some
ladies in the year 1801, by the name of " Female
Association, for the relief of Women and Children
in reduced circumstances." Unless in extraordinary
eases, this relief is to be refused to persons who,
having children, shall refuse to put such of them as
are oi a proper age to good trades, or eligible ser-
vice, or to send them to a charitable school, when in
their power. In all cases, in which it is practicable,
relief is given in necessaries rather than in money.
There are two general meetings in a year, in April
and November. At the last, 13 directors are cho-
sen. At each general meeting a report is to be made
by the directors, of the effects oi the charity. The
directors meet every lortnightj they annually choose
a president, and six managers of the charity. They
reserve, out of all monies belonging to the society,
at least twenty per centum, to form a fund for the
security of the charity, which, with any other monies
or property that may be given, they are to improve
in the best manner.
The managers receive such sums from the trea-
surer, for distribution, as the board of directors may
order. They are to inquire for proper objects of
charity, and give them relief ; and are to report to
the board how they have disposed of the monies put
into their hands.
The education of poor children is to be a favourite
object, whenever the funds will admit. The sub-
scription is three dollars annually.
To say how much misery, mental and bodily, this
society annually relieves, would be to tell what is fa-
miliar to every person whose inclination prompts to,
S,UI«5BAY SCHOOL SOCIETY. -251
©r duty requires an intercourse with the afflicted poor.
Ail Philadelphia knows and appreciates their services.
President — Mrs. Stocker, 193, S. Front-street.
Treasurer — Mrs. Hodge.
Secretary — Miss Gratz, 258, High-street.
Free SchoGls-~-'\, Sundaij School Society ^
Was instituted in 1791 and incorporated in 1/96.
Its object is to afford those who cannot go to school
on week days, an opportunity to learn to read and
write, on Sunday. Subscribers pay one dollar an-
nually. Ten dollars entitle a person to membership
for life. By a late report oi the managers it ap-
pears, that between 1791 and 1 SOO, there had been ex-
pended on the education of children, 3968 dollars
56 cents. The number taught during that time be-
mg 2127. There were three schools then in opera-
tion, one for boys, and one for girls, m the city; and
a third ior boys in Southwark, each containing about
60 scholars. From want of funds, only one school was
supported in 1806. In 1808, the school for boys, in
the city, was resumed, and by the donation oi the
trustees of John Keble's estate, (about ^2000) a
third school was opened in the Northern Liberties.
The utility of the institution has been fully proved.
Many oi the pupils, who had no other opportunity of
acquiring the benefit of school learning than that
which had been presented by this institution, attain-
ed therein the power of spelling and reading with
correctness and propriety, and of writing an easy and
legible hand. Besides which, by attending, at hours
not interiering with public worship, they are, in a
great measure, preserved from mispendmg their
time, and irom acquiring a habit ot idleness. It ap-
pears Yovci the minutes oi the managers, that some
of the boys who have attended this school, have since
252 SOCIETY FOR SUPPORT OF CHARITY SCHOOLS;
become opulent and respectable members of the
community.
The present income of the society is 1^400 50.
President — Right Rev. William White, D. D.
2. The Philadelphia Society for the Establishment and
Support of Charity Schools.
This society originated in the following way.
In the year 1 799, a few young men, mostly ap-
prentices and clerks, with some who had just com-
menced business, iormed themselves into a society
under the name of " The Philadelphia Society, for
the instruction of Indigent Boys." Their number
did not exceed seven or eight. After obtaining a
few more associates, they opened a night school, in
which from twenty to thirty scholars were instructed
in the rudiments of the English language, by the
members, who officiated in weekly classes of two.
This school was kept open during the winters of
1799 and 1800, and of 1801. The scholars made
considerable progress. The expense of their tuition
was inconsiderable. As soon as the labours of the
society became generally known, a great accession
of members took place. In the summer of 1801,
sueh was the zeal and confidence ol the members,
that they resolved to establish a day school, and
thereby incur an expense of from 600 to 800 dollars,
which expense was to be wholly defrayed from the
contributions of the members. Arrangements were
making to open in the autumn, when a circumstance
occurred whxh finally placed the institution beyond
all danger of failure. Mr. Christopher Ludwick, an
old and respectable German citizen, died in the
month of June 1801, leaving the residue of his es-
tate, which was estimated at §1 0,000 or 12,000, as
his mite, to the first association of persons who
SOCIETY FOR SUPPORT OF CHARITY SCHOOLS. 2S$
should be incorporated, for the purpose of teachings,
gratis, the poor of all denominations in the city of
Philadelphia, the districts of South wark and the
Northern Liberties, without respect to the country
or religion of their parents or iriends. As soon as
the contents of the will became public, several asso-
ciations were attempted but all gave way, except that
of the trustees ot the University of Pennsylvania, who
formed themselves into a society for the purpose al-
luded to, and applied for a charter, under the provi-
sions of an act of assembly of this state. A similar
application was made by the members of the Phila-
delphia Society, who formed a more perfect constitu-
tion, and assumed a new name, " The Philadelphia
Society ibrthe Establishment and Support of Charity
Schools." The governor (M'Kean) signed both char-
ters at the same time ; and the Philadelphia Soci-
ety being first incorporated, became entitled to, and
received Si 0,000 irom the executors of Mr. Lud-
v/ick. They further expect to receive, on the death
of Mrs. L. some real estate, in which she has a life
interest.^
The school is kept in a house, erected on purpose,
in Walnut street, between Sixth and Seventh : 30
feet front, and 80 deep : the lot is 48 1-2 by 140. -
* There was so much active benevolence, and. g-enerous zeal,
connected with the measure of procuring the charter, that it
would be unjust to a meritorious individual not to mention the
facts. As the devise of Mr. Ludwick belonged to the society fii'st
-incorporated, it became all-important to reach Lancaster first,
in order to obtain the enrollment of the instrument, until which,
the act was not complete The trustees of the University hired an
express rider. The president of the Philadelphia Society, Joseph
BennetEves, undertook, on behalf of that society, to go to
Lancaster. Both left Philadelphia at 12 o'clock on the 7th of
September, 1801- Mr. Eves reached Lancaster (66 miles) in sev-
en hours. Th€ express gave up the journey, after preceeding
y
254 AIMWELL SCHOOL SOCIETY.
o. Aimxvell School Society.
The origin of this association is as follows.
In the year 1796, three young women resolved to
unite their exertions in instructing a few poor, igno-
rant and neglected female children, and accordingly
part of the way. The act of incorporation is dated the 8th of Sep-
tember, 1801.
Abstracts from the accounts of the treasurer, and the report
of the board of managers of the Philadelphia Society, for the es-
tablishment and support of Charity Schools, fortlie year 1810.
RECEIPTS.
In the treasury at commencement of the year, - ^2831 17"
Contribution of members, . . - - . 1224 10
Installation of new members, - - „ . l4
Rent of cellar, under school house, - - . 80
Do. lot in Kensington, - 12
Interest of loan office certificate, - - - - 54 15
Do bonds and mortgages, - - - - - . 568 20
Dividends of bank stock, 45
Principal of bonds and mortgages, ... 1733 33
6561 96
PAYMENTS.
Lent on mortgage, - ... - 3100
Enlarging school house, - - - - 1264 39
EXPENSES OF SCHOOL, viz.
Salaries of two teachers, - - loOO
incidental, for books and stationary, 153 50
1453 50
Ground occupied by C Ludwick's tomb,
Gerniantown, - - - - - - 20
Insurance, - - 57 24
Commissions to collector of contributions, - 41 95
liepairs to building and contingencies, - 73 35
Etectine- an air heater, - - - - 6(j 28
^ 3071 41
Baianceintreasury, January 1, 1811, ^490 55
AIMAYELL SCHOOL SOCIETY. 2^$
Opened a small school room, in which some of the
most useful branches of learning were taught, viz.
sewing, reading, writing, and arithmetic. In the
course of the first year several joined the little as-
sociation, and thus the school was maintained for
more than two years : by that time it had so much
increased, that it was judged necessary to hire a
CAPITAL STOCK.
United States converted six per centj
Farmers and Mechanics Bank, 10 shares,
Bonds and Mortgages, - . _
Schuylkill permanent bridge, 5 shares,
Philadelphia library, 1 share,
903 17
700
8282 40
50
40
^9975 57
REAL ESTATE.
A lot of ground in Kensington, rented at twelve dollars per
annum * School house and lot of ground in Walnut street, actual
cost, ^10460 14 The number of members now belonging to the
society is 228, each of whom pay 5 dollars per annum, towards
the support of the school.
The legacies received by 'the society have all been invested
in productive stock and real estate ; and are as follows, viz.
From Christopher Ludwick's estate, - - - ^103 40
JohnKeble's do. - - - - 3000
Thomas Kinsey's do. _ _ - 160
Catharine Zimminnan's do. •■ - - - 106 67
Buth Garland's do. . - - 100
Mary Cannon's do. - . - - 66 46
^13,773 13
STATE OF THE SCHOOL.
There were under the care of the institution, at the commence-
ment of the year, - . . _ . 278 bojs
Discharged during' the year .- - - 181
Admitted do. . _ „ . -
Remaining in school,
* Part of this lot was a donation of John Dickinson, esq. fate
of Wilmington, (Delaware) deceased.
i^S AIMWELL SCHOOL SOCIETY.
person to take charge of the sewing; the members
still continuing to attend to all the other business of
the school. At the end of twelve years, a writing
master was employed under the direction of the so-
ciety, the members of which visit it almost daily;
and in case of the absence of either of the teachers,
fVom sickness or otherwise, supply the vacancy.
From the year 1798 to 1800, the number of scho-
lars was limited to fifty : since that period, sixty-five
Of whom 109 can read, write and cipher — nearly all of thetn
liavhig" received the whole of their education in the Seminary.
The 181 discharged were chiefly apprenticed — 81 of them
could read, write and cipher.
The expense of tuition this year, amounted to ^5 81 each, (5n
the average number of scholars.
There have been 752 boys admitted into the school, since tile
incorporation of the society, September 8, 1801.
When two teachers were employed, the board had in con-
templation a larger number of scholars, but finding in the course
of the year, that one teacher would be fully competent to the
care of all that' had been admitted, the services of the other
have been dispensed with; and, as the salaries of the teachers
formed the priiicipal items in the expenses of the school, this
diminution will reduce the amount of tuition to less than ^3 50
per annum for each scholar, the year ensuing.
It is coutempiated to open a school for girls, in the room
lately occupied by the boys, as soon as suitable superintendents
can be procured.
Children of the poor, of all denominations, in the city of Phi-
I'adelphia, district of Soutliwark, and the Northern Liberties,
without respect to the country or religion of their parents or
friends, are objects of the care of the institution, and may be
admitted on application to the teacher at the school house in
Walnut street; or to either of the members of the Board of
?*lansgers.
Donations, in aid of the funds, may be made to either of the
members of the Board
Published by order of the Societv.
THOMAS BRADFORD, President.
JOSEPH R. KAMMERER, Vice President,
BENJAMIN WILLIAMS, Treasurer.
STEPHEN NORTH, Secretary.
PHILADELPHIA UNION SOCIETY. 23T
have been constantly instructed. Many are always
waiting for vacancies. Any who ai'e unable to pay
for their instruction, are considered suitable objects
for the school, and none are rejected on account of
their religious profession, although no " Friend's
children," have ever partaken of its benefits.
This association under the title of " The Society
lor the free Instruction of Female Children," con-
sists generally of eighteen members, who raise a sum
annually, among themselves, towards the support of
the school; which, with a few occasional donations,
were all the means they had for carrying it on for
several years : but an annual subscription is now
opened for the purpose, the amount of which, how-
ever, is only sufficient to defray about one halT the
expense, not including rent, (a school room having
been granted, free of charge, by the Society of
Friends.) The school is now kept in the Friends >
school house, south Fourth street.
4. Philadelphia Union Society^
Was formed in 1804, and "owes its origin to two
female societies, the members oi v/hich belonged to
the second and third Presbyterian Churches in Phi°
ladelphia, and who associated for pious purposes.
In addition to their personal improvement, they were
desirous of adopting some plan by which they might
be serviceable to their fellow creatures, and promote
especially their religious interests. Under the in-
fluence of these sentiments, it was resolved to endea-
vour to establish a school for the instruction of poor
female children." This was opened in January 1805,.
and children of all sects were admitted. A iemale
teacher was appointed to take charge of the school, -
and a committee of twelve members was appointed'.
to attend with the teacher, not only for the purpose
Y. 3
258 ST, JOSEPH'S SOCIETY.
of assisting in the discharge of her ordinary duties,
but to aid in inculcating sentiments oi piety and vir-
tue, an essential part of the design of the institution*
Sixty children were in a short time received into the
school.
The institution depends upon subscription of one
dollar annually, and upon occasional donations and
legacies, for its support. Of the latter it has received
two, one of ^266 66, from the estate of the late
Miss Ann Smith, one of the original founders of the
societv, and another of ^200^ from the late Miss E-
C. Biidd.
The school is now held back of the Second Pres*-
byterian church.
More than 300 children have been taught to read,
write and sew ; have committed to memory large
portions of holy Scripture, many devout hymns, and
have been instructed in such catechism as was most
jtpproved of by their parents.
" In 1805-^6 and 7, the receipts were $1576 11
Expenses 1174 34
;g401 77
The society was incorporated in 1808. Its title
is, " The Philadelphia Union Society, for the Edu-
cation of Poor Female Children."
President— -Mrs. M. M^Mullin, 114, S. Front st.
Secretary — -Miss H, Ord, 354, do.
Treasurer — -Miss Eliza Hall, 71, High street*
5; St, yoseph^s Society.
This society is composed of members of the Ro='
aian Catholic persuasion, and was instituted not only
for educating, but maintaining poor orphan children*
It was incorporated in 1 807,
ADELPHI SCHOOL. 259
The capital is ^4,397 90. Fifteen orphan children
were clothed, schooled, and relieved while sick, dur-
ing the year ending the 19th of March last, 1811.
President — Right Rev. Bishop Egan.
Vice President— «Edward Carrell.
Treasurer — James O'Ellers.
Secretary — J. Maitland.
6. Adelphi School.
This establishment was formed in 1807; and the
society incorporated in 1808, under the title of " The
Philadelphia Association of Friends, for the Instruc-
tion of Poor Children."
The plan of instruction is that of Lancaster, but
improved.
The corporation consists of no more than 45 per-
sons, and they must be of the society of Friends.
The affairs of the society are managed by twelve
directors, a treasurer and clerk, appointed annually.
The managers superintend the schools, provide for
their accommodation, and employ teachers.^
The school opened on the 11th of January, 1808*
In settling the mode of conducting the school, much
information was obtained in consequence of a visit
paid by several of the members, with the tutor, to a
school of the same kind previously established in the
city of New York, and from reading Lancaster's
book. The school is now held in a house, 70 feet
front by 35 feetdeep, and is calculated to contain, in
two rooms, 600 schoJars. The number at present
(July 1811) is about 200, whose progress will bear
a comparison with that of other schools. It is calcu-
lated that the annual expense of the school, including
teacher's salary, fire wood, stationary, &c. will
amount to the sum of 1200 dollars, or at the rate of
four dollars a year for each scholar. This calculation,,
ADELPHI SCHOOL
however, is founded upon the supposition of the full
compliment of pupils being made up, to wit, 300. No
children under five, nor more than thirteen years old^
are taken. Those who choose to pay for their chil-
dren, may have them admitted upon paying one
4ollar for each child, quarterly. Subscribers paying
four dollars annually, or upwards, are authorised to
recommend any number of suitable objects, who will
be taken on the lists of applicants, and admitted ac-
cording to priority, as vacancies occur. Fifty dollars
entitle a person to the privilege of an annual contri-
butor for life.
The managers avoid inculcating particular tenets
of religion : " but enforce, with all reasonable and
practicable assiduity, the laws of morality, and
obligations of virtue:" and though they consider
themselves enjoined to embrace every suitable occa-
sion to imbue the minds of the children, with a just
and solemn sense of their religious duties, as derived
from the gospel, yet it is their design to confine
themselves to its mo&t obvious truths, according to
their generally received acceptation. The Bible is.
the only religious book taught in the school.
The school is built upon part of two lots in Peg's
street, Northern Liberties, presented to the society
by William Sansom and Thomas Scattergood.
The association have published, " A Sketch of the
Origin and Progress of the Adelphi School," con-
taining also rules for its government, bye laws,
names of contributors, and a sketch of the mode of
education adopted in the school, which may be had
by application to any of the managers.
Managers-— John Paul, John C. Evans, David
Jones, Clement Biddle, jun. Isaac Donaldson, Sa-
muel Haydock, James P« Parke^ Roberts Vaux,
VARIOUS FREE SCHOOLS, 261
Reuben Haines, Charles Allen, Robert Smith, jun^
Benjamin Ferris.
Roberts Vaux, Secretary to the Board.
James P. Parke, Recorder of Admissions.
Treasurer — John Cooke.
Clerk of the Association — Elihu Pickering.
Besides the above schools for the gratuitous edu-
cation Oi poor children, there are a number of other
schools, belonging to different religious societies.
Thus, the Friends have several schools belonging
to their corporation,^^ from the foundation of which,
part of their funds have been devoted to the free
education of poor children of all denominations. For
many years past, and at present, one hundred scho-
lars annually, of that description, derive the benefit
of its patronage.
The funds of the school corporation have been in-
creased by the bequests of several members of the
society; among whom, the late alderman Carter de*-
serves to be particularly noticed.
The United Episcopal Churches have one free
school, consisting of 60 boys; and one, of about 40
girls. The second Presbyterian Church has one
free school. The German Lutherans have six schools,
in some of which boys and girls are taught together,
and in some separately. The German language is
taught in all, and the catechism of the church com-
mitted to memory; in some arithmetic is taught.
An academy for teaching the learned languages was
lately commenced by that society. The German Cal-
vinists, or Reformed Church, have two schools ; and
the Catholics have two schools ; in all of which, poor
children, in membership with the several religious
societies, are educated gratis. The University of
■ ■ ■ — «»<-
» '« Friend's Public Schools^ founded by charter of Wm. P^nUj
m the town and county of Philadelphia, 169?'/'
^&2 SCHOOLS FOR BLACKS.
Pennsylvania also, has had a charitable school con^-'
nected with that institution, since its toundation.
Public Provision for Free Education,
By a law, passed April 4, 1809, by the legislature
of Pennsylvania, the poor were permitted to send their
children to the most convenient school. The teacher
of which is to present his bill to the county commis-
sioners, w^ho if they approve thereof, shall draw an
order for the same upon the county treasurer for the
amount. The price to be charged is to " be agreeably
to the usual rates of charging lor tuition in the said
school."
In the counties of the state, where the terms o^f
tuition are moderate, this law has been found useful,
but in Philadelphia, where the poor are numerous^
and the price ol teaching in some schools is high,
the tax upon the city and county has been found
e-normously oppressive, and the law by no means
productive of good proportioned thereto, as the fol-
lowing facts will shew. From the 1st of January to
July 27, 1811, 1828 scholars have been educated,
at an expense of !Bl2,124, 27, which is at the rate of
^11, 63 per scholar annually, vfhile the expense of the
charity school, in Walnut street, is only B5 81, and
that of the Adelphi School is S4 per year.
Schools for the Education of Blacks,
The following schools have been instituted for the
free education of blacks.
In the year 1770, a school was established by the
monthly meeting of Friends of Philadelphia, under
the tuition of a master, and superintended by a
committee of said meeting. It was for many years
supported by the voluntary contributions of Friends*
SCHOOLS FOR BLACKS. 263
Anthony Benezet, who served several years on the
committee, and who had the charge of this school,
became so interested in its behal^^, that in the year
1782, he took upon him the tuition thereof, and con-
tinued in that situation until his death, (the 3d of
May, 1784) and by his last will and testament be-
queathed a large sum towards its further support.
In September, 1784, another school was opened by
the committee, under the tuition of a mistress, both
which schools have been continued to this time, and
are at present under the care oi a joint committee,
appointed by the three monthly meetings of Friends
in this city. The present income of this institution
is principally vested in ground rents, amounting to
rather more than 650 dollars, annually, out of which
a considerable sum is paid for taxes. The average
number of scholars attending in the two schools, is
between 70 and 80. The boys are taught reading,
writing and arithmetic : and the girls, reading, wri-
ting and sewing. The schools are held in Willing's
alley.
Tw^o schools, one for boys, and one for girls, are
supported out of the funds left to the late Dr. Bray,
and to the trustees of his charity.* Ten negro boy^,
and about 50 girls are constantly educated. In the
school with the boys, there are also thirty pay scho-
lars under the same master.
The Alrican church of St. Thomas has a school,
nn which forty pay scholars are instructed by a
* The trustees in Philadelphia, of " the associates of Dr. Bray,
in London," are the Rev. Dr. White, Rev. Dr. Blackwell, and
Thomas Cumpston, Esq. (See An Account of the designs of the
Associates of the late Dr. Bray, with an Abstract of their pro-
ceedings, London IBOO.) The sum originally remitted, after the
peace of 1783, was £500. By time and judicious manageni nt,
this sum has so increased, that ;^460 have been returned ■," the
trustees in London, and enough still retained for the puiposes
designed, by the donors*
^54 DOMESTIC SOCIETY.
black teacher. The " Union Society,"* has also a
school in which 40 boys are instructed, by a white
teacher. Another school is kept by a coloured man,
an which there are upwards of 40 boys, who pay.
Patriotic Societies — 1. Domestic Society^
Was established in the year 1805, for the encou-
ragement of domestic manufactures. The capital
Stock consists of ten thousand dollars, divided into
two hundred shares of fifty dollars. By charter, li-
berty is given to increase the capital to ^50,000.
The ajffairs of the society are managed by a presi-
dent, secretary, treasurer, and twelve directors,
elected on the first Monday in February of every
year. The treasurer must give a bond for the :a'th-
ful performance of his duty. The directors are au-
thorised to lay out the funds, to regulate the affairs
of the society generally, to make advances either in
cash or raw materials, as shall suit the applicants, upon
all American manufactures o^ woollen, cotton or li-
nen, amounting to one hall of the affixed value oi the
articles, when deposited in the ware house of the
society, and pay the residue when sold, charging and
deducting therefrom legal interest, for the time the
money may remain in advance upon the goods, and
such a commission as shall be affixed by the board on
effecting the sales. This has been fixed at 5 per cent.
Ir the articles deposited remain six months on hand,
the board may then sell them at auction, and the
neat proceeds duly placed to the credit of the own-
ers. The directors may purchase raw materials.
The board meet once in two weeks : other articles
* ''The U'oJon Society for the support of schools and domestic
snan-ifaclures, ibr thr benefit of the African race, and people af
colour, established 1810,"
DOMESTIC SOCIETY, 261
besides those mentioned, may be received and sold
on commission, but no advances are made on them.
They may be withdrawn upon paying storage.
The treasurer shall deliver a general statement of
the funds of the institution, once every month, at a
regular meeting of the board. Shares are transferra-
ble, upon paying twenty-five cents for the certificate.
No transfers shall entitle any one to a vote, unless
made at least thirty days prior to the day of election.
The board shall, at least twenty days prior to the
expiration of the term for which they are elected,
call a general meeting of the stockholders, and lay
before them a full statement of the funds of the so-
ciety. Stockholders must be citizens of the United
States.
Monies are to be paid only upon the order of the
president, countersigned by the secretary. The
society is incorporated by the legislature of Penn-
sylvania.
President — -Paul Cox. Warehouse, No. 11, south
Third street.
Money is lent to manufacturers on good notes, up-
on legal interest ; and in this way the society has
done a great deal of good. When established, it
was ascertained, that five hundred weavers could not
find employment, and to obtain a living were forced
to engage in other work : by assistance from the so-
ciety all are employed ; the dividends have yielded
to the stockholders six per cent, and sometimes eight
per cent., but interest was but a secondary conside-
ration v/ith the subscribers. Every city and populous
town should establish a similar society, as it is only
in this way, that the permanent, the real indepen-
dence of the country, can be established, and our
workmen and money kept at home.
?66 AGRICULTURAL AND CATTLE SOCIETIES.
2. Agricultural Society*
" This society was formed in the year 1785, by
some citizens, only a few of whom were actually
engaged in husbandry, but who were convinced of
•its necessity, and of the assistance which such an
association, properly attended to, would afford to
the interests of agriculture. The society continued
to meet regularly for several years, and published
numerous communications from practical men, in
the newspapers of the day, on various interesting
subjects; and thereby contributed to diffuse the know-
ledge of many improvements in agriculture ; the
general adoption whereof, has visibly tended to in-
crease the product, and to improve the qualities of
the soil of Pennsylvania.
" After several years of active exertion, the so-
ciety was permitted to fall into a long sleep, but was
again revived, in the winter of 1 804, and holds re-
gular meetings."^ It was incorporated in February
1 809. Two volumes of Memoirs, in 8vo, have been
published; the first in 1808: the second during the
present year.f The society meet in the philosophic^
hall, the 2d Tuesday of every month.
president— Richard Peters.
Vice President — George Clymer.
Treasurer — Samuel Hodgdon.
Secretary — James Mease, M. D.
3. Cattle Society »
This society was instituted in the year 1809,
fdr improving the breed of cattle, in Pennsylvania,
by several persons concerned in grazing, and resid-
* Preface to Memoirs of the Society, vol. 1.
J By Johnson and Warner.
CARPENTER'S COMPANY. 2^T
ing in and near Philadelphia. They have published
an address to the public, explaining the object of the
association, and have proposed several premiums,
for importing certain improved breeds of cattle
from Europe, and. for originating them at home.
Two premiums have already been taken, one for
.^100; the other for SoO.
Shows are held every spring and autumn at Bush-
hill, (which has been leased by the society) for
the exhibition and sale of every species of farm
stock ; poor, fat, and those destined for breeding.
President— Lawrence SeckeL
Treasurer— Wm. Guier.
The good effects of this society have already been
perceived. It meets the first Monday in every
month, in the philosophical hall.
Mutual Benefit Societies-^l, Carpenter' s Company.
In the year 1724, a number of house carpenters of
the city and county of Philadelphia, formed them-
selves into a company, tor the double purpose of
obtaining instruction in the science of architecture,
and of assisting such of their members as should
by accident be in need of support, or the widows and,
minor children of members. They remained unin-
corporated until the year 1790, when they obtained
a charter by an act of the legislature. The corpora-
tion meets on the third Monday of January, April,
July and October, and on the same day of the v/eek^
in the same months, in every year at their hall, oi;
other appointed place. A committee of seven, an-
nually chosen, manage the affairs of the corporation.
They may let their hall, or other estate of the corpo-
ration, for any term not exceeding two years: keep
the buildings in repair, and settle the accoimts of the
company % one of them collects the rents, and re-
263 SHIP MASTER'S SOCIETY^
ceives the members money from the wardens, ot
whom there are three. Members, widows, or minor
ohiidren, in want or in sickness, may receive from
the committee any sum under forty dollars, until the
next meeting ; when if further aid be deemed ne-
cessary, the company determine the amount. The
admission money is forty dollars. Sons of deceased
members are admitted without a fee.
No members may under(;ake work, begun by
other members, until the first undertaker is satisfied
for the work done, unless by his or their consent,
under penalty of paying such sum as a majority of
the members may judge reasonable. Provision is
made for obliging members to do justice to an em-
ploj^er; and for the settlement of disputes. No slaves
are to be hired or taken as apprentices. Ten dollars
is the fine for divulging the sentiments of members
when discussing a question, and five dollars for
shewing the book of prices to any except a member ;
for the second offence ten dollars, and for permit-
ting a copy to be taken, the member is expelled.
The children of members deceased, (with the ap-
probation of the widow, if one be left,) are protected
by the society, and bound out to such trades as
may suit their situation or dispositions. This society
own a hall where the custom house is now kept,
in a court south of Chesnut street, between Third
and Fourth streets, and a range of buildings in the
same court. The hall was built before the revolution-
ary war.
President—George Ingles.
2. Ship Master"^ s Society,
A society for the relief of poor and distressed
masters of ships, their widows, and children," was
instituted in the year 1765, ancl incorporated in the
year 1770, by the colonial legislature.
SHIP MASTER'S SOCIETY, 269
There are twelve managers, and a treasurer an-
nually chosen ; a statement of the accounts is pub-
lished every year.^
Entrance money, forty dollars : quarterly con-
tribution, fifty cents. The president is chosen every
three months. The assistance to widows of de-
* Abstractor the accounts of the Society, "For the relief of poor
and distressed Masters of Ships, their Widows and Children,"
being- a summary of the receipts and payments, from the 30th
April, 1810, to the 30th April, 1811, as settled by a committee
of the society, specially appointed for that purpose.
CASH DR.—
TO Balance in the hands of the Treasurer, April 30th,
1810, - - - . . '
Quarterly payments and fines received.
Subscription of new members.
Donation from the post office,
Interest and part of the principal of the United
States stock, . . . -
Dividends from the Banks,
Dividends from the Turnpike,
City loan Interest, and a part of the principal.
Donation, . - - . -
Principal and Interest of I O— — 's bond and
mortgag-e, . „ _ - -
Principal of exchang-e stock, - . -
interest on Bonds, - - _ - -
CR.—
BY Charities paid sundry persons,
~^ Cash for stock, . - - .
Manag-ers orders on account of stock,
Ditto ditto Contingent fund.
Balance in the hands of the Treasurer, Charities,
Ditto - - - Contingent fund.
Ditto ^ - - Stock,
SAMUEL VOLANSj Treasurer.
Philadelphia, May, I81t
z 2
g503 83
418 30
155 20
314 32
1435 51
734 —
72 —
254 —
263 38
537 —
1000 —
106 —
g5793 54
g2024 —
2815 6%
182 34
56 7
434 97
196 23
83 95
^7935 40
270 PILOrS^-MARINER'S— AND STONE CUTTEITS:.
ceased members, is in proportion to their wants j
the smallest sum that can be given is forty dollars
annually. Funeral expenses of members are paid if
required. Orphan children of deceased members
are taken care of by the society, until fit to be put
t® trades.
3. PUofs Society*
A society for the benefit of " decayed pilots, their
widows and children," was formed in the year 1/88,
and incorporated in the year 1789. Its affairs are
managed by twelve members, chosen from Phila-
delphia, Cape Henlopen, and Cape May ; a general
meeting of the society takes place twice a year.
Members pay ^1, 50, annually : and the treasurer
annually publishes a statement of the funds. Wi^
Slows of members may receive 3^60 annually.
The capital of the society is about ^8,000.
Treasurer — Stephen Flanagan.
4. Mariner^s Society,
Entrance money, five dollars ; monthly payments,
thirty-one cents ; allowance to sick, three dollars
weekly ; to members wives at the decease of their
husbands, twenty dollars, and thirty three cents from
each member. If a member die abroad, his widow
jeceives only thirty-three cents from each member^
President—George Chart.
Vice President — John Dick«
S'eeretary — John Bisset.
5. Stone Cutter^s Company^
Was established in the year 1790, and incorpo»
rated in 1806, until which time the sole object of its
associsction was^ from time to time, tD regulate the
MASTER BRICK LAYER^S SOCIETY., ^1
measurement and prices of stone work, and other
general concerns, an inattention to which, had caus-
ed much gross imposition to be practised upon the
public. Its views are now more comprehensive,
being " formed ior the relief of poor and distressed
stone cutters, their widows and children ; and for
the improvement of the art of stone cutting, and
of the science of architecture." A system for the
measurement of marble work is laid down, and a
list of prices formed, subject to alterations and ad-
ditions, as the prices of labour and materials may re-
quire. The bye laws provide for the relief of mem-
bers employed by those who will not appoint a per-
son to measure and value for them, and when a mem-
ber will not consent to have his work measured. They
also contain a provision expressly intended to defend
the public from imposition by work of a bad quality,
or from injury by unreasonably delaying to execute
it. Application for redress in such cases is to be made
to the president of the company.
The system of measurement and prices are not kept
secret : every person desiring it, may have a bill of
particulars, stating minutely the measurement and
prices of each article, upon paying an additional
measuring commission, for the extra trouble. En-
trance money is ten dollars. Annual contribution
four dollars.
It is contemplated to establish an architectural
library, with such models and moulds as may be
worthy of preservation.
President— John Miller, M. C.
6* Master Bricklayer^s Society »
Incorporated, 1809. It was instituted upon the
plan of the Stone Cutter's Society j as a benefit asso-
f
2r2 TYPOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
elation, and to measure work. Besides the Hsual
officers, there are twelve measurers of work.
President — John Taylor.
7. Mutual Assistant Society of Hair Dressers^ Surgeon
Barbers^ ^c,
Thissociety was Instituted and incorporated in 1 796.
Members pay ten dollars admission fee, and thirty
seven and a half cents, monthly, into the common
stock, and twelve and a half cents towards defraying
expenses of the regular meetings, which are monthly.
Members must be twenty-one years old, and not
above forty-one years. Weekly allowance to members,
four dollars ; his customers are also to be attended.
The stewards appoint the member to attend the cus-
tomers of the sick. At the death of a member, wi-
dows or friends receive forty dollars, within one
week after his decease.
President' — John Murdock.
8. Typographical Society^.
One of the last acts of the life of the venerable
Franklin, was to assist in the organization of a be-
nefit society of Journeymen Printers, who held their
meetings during his life time at his house. This
society was dissolved in the year 1795. In the year
1802, another was instituted, and incorporated in
1810, under the name of the " Philadelphia typo-
graphical Society." It was formed not only upon the
principle of mutual benefit, but also to equalise the
price of labour, and thus to prevent imposition tak-
ing place upon the journeyman and employer. It
meets monthly, and is managed by the usual officers,
chosen annually ; and twelve directors, who divids
themselves into four classes, the members of which
hold their offices during the term of one, two, three.
TYPOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 273
and four months; so that at every monthly meeting
there may be an election of three directors. The
secretary is appointed by the president and the di-
rectors. No persons are eligible as members, who
are not citizens of Pennsylvania, and who shall not
have served an apprenticeship satisfactory to the
board of directors, to whom he may make application
in person. Besides entrance money, the amount of
which is discretionary with the board of directors,
twenty five cents are paid monthly, until he has been
ten years a member, or be rendered incapable, by
sickness or otherwise, to pay. Neglecting to pay for
three months deprives a member of a vote, and of
any benefit from the society. After one year's defal-
cation, he ceases to be a member. Neglect to pay
fines or forfeitures for three months, deprives a
member of a vote. Persons actually sick, or absent,
are excused. Thirty dollars being paid on admis-
sion, is considered equal to ten years monthly sub-
scription. Three dollars, but no more, per week are
allowed to any sick member. If absent and sick, the
money is remitted to him, upon proper certificates
being forwarded to the president ; but he must have
belonged six months to the society, or be a stranger
and in absolute distress, to entitle him to that relief.
Twenty-five dollars are allowed in case of the deatli
of a member.
The members deem themselves bound to procure
employment for one another in preference to those
not belonging to the society ; hence there is no ex-
cuse for a single member to be idle, and so much
celebrity has this society obtained, that employers,
not only in the city, but in all parts of the United
States, when in want of good workmen, apply to the
president to recommend them. The annual income
of the real estate of the society is not to exceed five
^74> MASTER TAYLOR'S, ANB PROTIDENT SOCIETY.
hundred pounds. Their personal estate, at present,
amounts to about sixteen hundred dollars. Members
are dispersed through every part of the union.
President— Horatio Boate.
9. Master Taylor-^,
Incorporated, 1805. Admission money, seven dol-
lars. Stated meetings, second Monday in January,
April, July, and October; at each meeting every
member is to pay twenty-five cents. Funeral ex-
penses of poor members are defrayed by the society.
None but those who have been members two years,
are entitled to pecuniary aid from the society, except
in the case of funeral expenses. Members neglecting
to pay fines or contributions, for one year, after due
notice, forfeit their right to the benefits of the
society.
President — Benjamin Thaw.
10. Provident Society of House Carpenters*
Incorporated 1809. The members must be between
twenty-one and forty-one years, healthy, and of good
morals. Admission fee, two dollars. The stated meet-
ing's are on the third Tuesday of every month.
Monthly payments, thirty-one and a quarter cents.
The secretary must notify members of their fines, or
pay the amount himself. A visiting committee,
transact the business relative to the sick ; visit wi-
dows and orphans of deceased members, and report
their wants to the society. Sick members must be
visited in twenty-four hours after receiving a notice
of their illness ; if entitled to relief they must inform
the president, after one week, who orders payment
of the stipulated sum. The visiting committee are
required to visit the widows of members, in conf-
uVlASTER MECHANIC'S SOCIETY. 27B
pany with the president, at least once in three
months. Thirty dollars are allowed upon the death
of a member, and fifteen dollars in case of that of
his wife ; and at the next meeting ensuing, each
member contributes twenty-five cents, or twelve and
a half cents, either as a member or his wife ma,y
have died. Weekly allowance to sick, three dollars.
President — Thomas Wood.
11. Master Mechanic's Benevolent Society^
Was instituted in the year 1810. Candidates for
membership must have been master mechanics, at
least two years previously to their application for
admission ; be twenty-three years old, and recom-
mended by two members. Members pay ten dollars
on admission. The society meets five times yearly ,;
and pay four dollars annually, by installments of one
dollar. No person may be eligible to any office, until
he has been twelve months a member. The visiting
committee, consisting of five, transact all business
relative to sick members, report their situation to
the president, and carry the money he orders, to
them. Two of the committee visit him once during
his sickness. In case of death, report is made to the
society of the situation of the widow and children^
their names and ages. Children educated by the
society are under the care of the committee, wh©
provide schools and visit them once in three months ;
and at a proper age, wuth consent of their friends,
provide suitable places for them. They also carry to
the widow her quarterly allowance, and assist her
by advice, if required. The fund committee receive
all monies of the society, and pay them to the trea-
surer. The president and four of the committee
must sign orders for money. Three hundred dollars
must always be left in the treasurer's hands for in-
cidental expenses. Thirty dollars are allowed for
576 PROVIDENT SOCIETY.
funeral expenses of a member, if the situation o{
his widow or children require help: not more than
one hundred dollars are to be paid to any widow,
annually.
Similar societies are instituted by the Cordwainers,
whose capital is fifteen hundred dollars. By the
Journeymen Blacksmiths ; Journeymen Taylors have
two, viz. the Union and Philadelphia Benevolent;
Hatters ; Journeymen Bricklayers ; for aged and
infirm Master Coopers, their widows and children ;
and by the Journeymen Coopers. In all, seventeen.
Other Mutual Benefit Societies.
These are numerous and annually increasing.
1. Provident Society ^
Was instituted in 1793, and incorporated in 1796.
Candidates must be 21 years of age, healthy and of
good morals, and on admission, pay a sum agreeably
to their ages, as follows ; If between twenty-one and
thirty years, ^15; between thirty and thirty-five,
^X7 ; between thirty-five and forty, ^19; if above
forty years, ^20. The society meet five times a year,
and pay four dollars annually in installments of one
dollar. Three dollars are allowed, weekly, to sick
members, after they have belonged to the society for
twelve months. Distant sick members may receive the
allowance upon sending forward a certificate of their
situation. A fund committee, collect all monies due
to the society, and pay them to the treasurer; and
draw upon him for such sums as they may agree to
invest, or dispose of as may be most conducive to the
interest of the societv. One hundred dollars are al-
ways to be left in the hands of the treasurer. In case
af the death of a member, twenty dollars are ad-
PHILANTHROPIC, AND COLUMBIAN SOCIETIES, m
vanced to defray expenses of funeral, and the same
sum is to be paid to his widow, annually, while sin-
gle. When the society's funds are more than three
hundred dollars, orphans are clothed and educated,
under the direction of the visiting committee, who
with the president, are to visit the schools once in
every three months. By a report, lately published, of
the state of this society, it appears that the funds
amount to nearly ^2,500. The number of members
is 103. From the 3d of April, 1795, to April, 1811,
^992 have been disbursed among fifty -two sick mem-
bers; and ^2,251 among thirty-two widows ; of this
number, twelve are at present entitled to the benefit
of the society ; and several of their children are aid-
ed in their clothing and schooling.
President-^Liberty Browne.
2. The Philanthropic Society^
Was also instituted in 1793, and incorporated in
1799. Entrance money %5\ quarterly dues, one dollar;
allowance to sick, three dollars ; in case of the death
of a member, twenty dollars are paid to defray the
expenses of his funeral. If a member's wife die, he
receives ^14. On the death of a member, the survi-
ving members contribute one quarter of a dollar each,
to be paid to the widow, children or parents, if
there be any.
President — John Dennis*
,o. Columh'ian Benevolent Society.
Instituted 1804. All well known, healthy citizens
of Pennsylvania, are eligible ; but they must not be
older than forty years, and not younger than twenty-
three. Five stewards aitend to the applications of the
A a
-2/8 VARIOUS BENEFIT SOCIETIES.
sick. Monies are paid by the treasurer, upon an
order from^he stewards, to be approved oi by the
president, vice president, and signed by the secretary.
Allowance to sick members, two dollars weekly ;
twenty dollars in case ot death of a member, and
25 cents from each member to his widow. If the
wife of a member die, he receives fifteen dollars.
The following Benefit Societies also exist in Phi-
ladelphia.
4. American Beneficial Society. 105 members.
5. St. Tammany Benevolent Society.
6. Northern Liberty Benevolent Society.
74 Union Beneficial Society.
8. Philanthropic Society.
9. Philadelphia Benevolent Society. 94 members.
10. American Friendly Institution. 100 members.
11. Friendly Society of Philadelphia.
12. Union Society of Philadelphia.
13. Independent Benevolent Society.
14. Pennsylvania Benefit Society.
15. Friendly Society.
The objects, principles, and in general, the rules of
these societies are the same. They were originally esta-
blished to prevent the degrading reflection arising
from the circumstance of being relieved, while sick,
by private or public charity : the members may de-
mand their reliet as a right. Fines are generally
inflicted upon members absent at stated meetings,
and greater fines ii absent at the annual meetings: aiso
for divulging any reflections made upon a member's
character in the society; for slandering members,
unless the facts can be proved ; and lor irregular be-
haviour during the meetings of the society. Fines,
from two to eight dollars, are also inflicted upon
those who decline serving in the offices to which they
SUMMARY OF THEIR RULES. 279
have been elected. Distant sick members must have
their illness certified by a magistrate, minister, or
overseer of the poor, to entitle them to relief.
No member receives the benefit of the association
unless his quarterly subscriptions, and his fines are
paid up ; nor until after he has been a certain time a
member; from one to two years is the usual time
stipulated. Diseases, the consequence of quarrels,
drunkenness or vices, are not relieved. Provision is
also made for orphans, for impositions on the so-
ciety ; for expulsion ibr immoralities or crimes, pe-
culation, or omission to pay subscriptions ; want of
punctuality in this last respect, after two or three
meetings, excludes a member from the benefit of the
association.
The treasurer commonly gives a bond, who, with
the secretary, is allov/ed a small gratuity for extra
trouble. The members comiiJonly are required to
attend the funeral of deceased members, and to wear
a black scarf round their hats or arm.
Such societies cannot be too strongly recommend-
ed. All classes of workmen, and others who depend
upon their dailv labour for their support ; and who
in case of their death would leave their families in
distress, should be persuaded to form or join bene-
volent societies. In Europe political economists are
so well convinced of the importance of such asso-
ciations, that they recommend them, although from,
the numerous taxes, the difficulty of procuring a liv-
ing, by a labourer or artist, is so great, that they
must retrench their comforts to enable them to pay
their subscriptions. In this country it is well known
that every man, who chooses to work, even as a day
labourer, can earn much more than he requires for
his support ; and from not being a member oi such
an association, the extra sum is squandered in va-
^BO ST. ANDREW'S SOCIETY.
rious ways, according to the habits of the man; so
that when overtaken by sickness, he is unable to
support himself, and either suffers, or is obliged to
apply to the guardians of the poor, or be assisted by
his friends ; even in the case of tradesmen, in a
good way of business, such societies may prove
highly beneficial, by preventing distress in case of
unforeseen calamity, or lingering indisposition.
Associations for Relief of Foreign Emigrants^ —
l.St, Andrex'Js.
The oldest association for the relief of distressed:
emigrants, is the society of St. Andrew ; the date of
ks formation cannot now be precisely ascertained,
hut it is known to have existed for many years be-
fore the American revolution. It was incorporated
in 1808 ; the clear value or income of real estate, and
the interest of the money lent by them shall not ex-
reed five hundred pounds.
The active duties of the society devolve upon six
assistants ; they are to pay attention to emigrants
from Scotland, inquire into their treatment during
the passage, and into their circumstances and views ;
to assist them bv their advice, and to recommend
such of them as they may think proper to the society
for pecuniary relief. They may also relieve natives
of Scotland, their widows and children, or being the
widows, children, or grand children of members of
the society : but must not exceed the sum of twenty
dollars, in a donation to any one person, nor the
sum of one hundred dollars in the whole, in the ad-
vancements by them, between any two stated meet-
ings. Members pay five dollars upon admission, and
three annually. The society meet four times an^
ST. GEORGE'S, WELSH, & HIBERNIAN SOCIETIES. 281
nually j on St. Andrew's day, and on the last days of
February, May, and August.
President — Wm. M'Pherson,
Treasurer — William Stothart,
Secretary*— Quintin Campbell.
2. St» George's Society^
Was instituted in the year 1772, for purposes si-
milar to those of the former two ; but has not yet
been incorporated. The active duties fall upon the
stewards, of whom there are twelve.
President — Robert E. Griffith.
Vice President — Thomas Ketland.
Treasurer — John Waddington.
Secretary— George Davis.
3. Welsh Society.
The Society of St. David, was also formed before
the American revolution, but the early records hav=
ing "been lost, the precise year of its origin cannot
BOW be known.
In the year 1798, a number of the descendents of
Welshmen^ associated for the purpose of relieving
Welsh emigrants in distress, and were incorporated
in 1802. This society has rendered very essential
services, upon several occasions, to the objects for
whose benefit it was instituted.
President — Samuel Meredith.
Vice President-^ — Robert Wharton.
Treasurer — Thos. Cumpston.
Secretary — J. S. Lev/is.
4. Hiberniaji Society o .
Was instituted about the year 1792, for the pur^
pose of protecting Irish emigrants from the cruelty
A a 2
2S2 HIBERNIAN SOCIETY.
and tyrannical conduct of masters and owners of ves*
sels employed in the passenger trade.
Previously to the revolutionary war, and for some
years immediately succeeding peace, the importa-
tion of Irish and Germans was a profitable business,
and was steadily followed by many persons. Those
foreigners who could not pay for their passages,
indented themselves, for two or three years as ser-
vants ; and profit being the only object of those
concerned in the trade, they often crowded their
vessels to such a degree, that pestilential diseases
originated on board, and great mortality ensued.
The provisions too were often bad in quality, or
deficient in quantity, and famine sometimes took off
those whom disease did not reach.
Scenes like these were so often repeated, that they
roused the humanity of several Irish gentlemen,
some of whom had suffered by, and many of whom
had witnessed the conduct of those concerned in the
trade; and associated for the purpose of checking
the enormity. Several citizens, more particularly the
natives of Germany and Scotland, seeing the great
usefulness of the society, became members, and disre-
garding national names, contributed to the funds and
to the general usefulness of the society.
The officers of the society, consist of a president,
vice president, secretary and treasurer; but the
chief duty is imposed upon the acting committee of
twelve, which is divided into four classes, each class
taking a tour of duty for three months. This duty
consists in visiting all vessels arriving in the port,
from Ireland, with passengers, making strict inquiry
into the character and circumstances of those passen-
gers who may be in any necessity, and to afford them
assistance. To inquire about the number of passen-
gers on board, and if they have been in every re-
spect well treated j apd whether tlxe masters or
GERMAN AND CALEDONIAN SOCIETIES. 2Bo^
freighters have conducted themselves agreeably to
the laws for the regulation of the passenger trade,^
which, for want of attention, had been often shame-
fully contravened : in case they find that these have
been violated, or that the passengers have been in
any way wronged, they are required to employ
counsel to prosecute the offender.
5. German Incorporated Society^
Was formed at a very early date, and incor"
porated September 20, 1781. Their objects are to
attend to the wants of Germans arriving in the state;
to teach and improve poor children in the English
and German languages, and to erect a library. The
income of their real estate must not exceed twenty-
five hundred pounds.
This society has a neat hall in Seventh street, one
room of which, handsomely furnished, is exclusively
appropriated to accommodate the society at their
quarterly meetings.
President — George A. Baker.
Mutual Benefit Societies of Foreigners and their
Descendents, — 1. United German Benefit Society^
Was instituted in 1785; incorporated 1798, and
consists of one hundred and fifteen native Germans,
or descendents of Germans, between the ages of
twenty-one and thirty-six, who pay three dollars
entrance money. The society meets eight times a
* So early as the yeai' 1749, a law was passed by the colonial
legislature for the regulation of the passenger trade ; in 1765,
further provision was made ; and in ir94, an act was passed
containing the most ample rules for the prevention of the evils
arising from the avarice, or inhumanity, of those concerned in
the trade.
2U UNITED GERMAN BENEFIT SOCIETY.
year. Sick members, if confined to bed, receive four
dollars per week ; if not confined, two dollars sixty-
seven cents weekly. Widows, or lawful children, af-
ter the death of a member, receive twenty dollars to
assist in defraying funeral expenses. Lunatic, or in-
firm members, who have been orderly, receive sub-
scriptions, weekly, as a majority shall agree upon.
President — William Binder.
2. German American Mutual Assistance Society,
Was incorporated 1801. The funds amount to
fourteen hundred dollars. Entrance money, eight
dollars.. Monthly contribution, thirty-seven and a half
cents. Allowance to sick members, from three to
four dollars per week ; to members on decease of
their wives, twenty-five dollars; and to members
wives, on decease of their husbands, fifty dollars*.
Number of members one hundred and ten.
President — John Bierebaum.
3. Caledonian Society.
Instituted 1790. All the members must be Scotch-
men, or their offspring; at least thirty years of age,
and not above forty years. Original subscription,,
two dollars ; those that entered after January 1791,
paid half a dollar additional for every year above
thirty. Quarterly subscription, half a dollar ; six
months arrearages exclude a member from the so-
ciety. Stated meetings are in January, April, July
and October. Three visitors attend to the sick, who
are allowed two dollars and a half, weekly, during
an illness. Alter an illness of twenty-six weeks, the
allowance is reduced to one dollar per week. Dis-
tant members are also relieved.
President — Thomas Dobson*
Treasurer — A. Campbell,
SCOTS THISTLE SOCIETY. 2S5
4. Scofs Thistle Society,
This institution combines in its operations all the
advantages of a mutual benefit, and of a charitable
society.
It was instituted in November 1796, and incorpo-
rated in March 1799. It is composed of natives of
Scotland, their sons, and the sons of members. The
management of its affairs is vested in a president,
vice president, treasurer, six counsellors and a se-
cretary, who are elected annually on the 30th of
November, St. Andrew's day. The original fund of
the society was created, and is supported, by the en-
trance money paid by new members, the quarterly
contributions of the members, and by donations.
Entrance money of the members, if under forty
years of age, two dollars ; and one dollar for every
year older till 45; one dollar is paid at each quarterly
meeting. If a member is sick, or otherwise disabled
from following his usual employment, he is visited
by two members of the council, who carry to him
three dollars weekly, during the continuance of his
indisposition. He is furnished with medicines and
medical advice, provided he is not in circumstances
to pay for them. The benefit of medical assistance
is likewise extended to all sickness which may occur
in a member's family, and under particular circum-
stances, to any indigent sick person who may be re-
commended to the society as deserving of charity.
When a member dies, twenty dollars are allowed to
defray his funeral expenses, and all the members
attend the funeral, with black crape round the left
arm. If a member's v/ife die, twelve dollars are al-
lowed ; on the death of a member's widow, ten dqh
lars are paid for funeral expenses*
sae SCOTS thistle society.
Besides the above, the society have lately set on
foot a separate fund for the benefit of the widows of
members during their widowhood. This was begun
in 1808, and only went partially into operation about
six months ago; but as the capital accumulates, the
benefit to widows v/ill be augmented in proportion.
These benefits are confirmed to every member and
their widows, " not as a charity, but a just right.'*
In addition to the preceding benefits, this society
applies, m charitable contributions, the proceeds of a
principal stock, which is solely appropriated for the
relief and assistance of emigrants from Scotland, who
may be in indigent circumstances, their children,
widows, &c. The views of the society in their dis-
tribution of this charity are, to relieve the present
necessities of the applicants, and if possible, by their
advice and assistance, to put them in a way to sup-
port themselves.
The various funds of the society are at present in
a very flourishing condition, and the affairs of the
society are so conducted as to give general satisfac-
tion. The present number of members exceeds
eighty.
The income for the last year, from November 30,
1809, to November 30th, 1810, arising out of en-
trance money paid by new members ; quarterly dues,
interest of money lent, &c. $570 37 1-2
Expenditure of last year, viz. weekly allowance
to sick members, do. to widows, charities, and con-
tingent expenses, &c, jB418 50
Stated meetings of the society are held on the
first Mondays of March, June, September and the
30th November.
President—James M'Alpin.
Vice President — John Lang.
Treasurer— William Wilson.
Secretary — William Patton*
m\ PATRICK'S, FRENCH AND BIBLE SOCIETIES. 28f
4. St, Patrick^s Benevolent Society.
Incorporated 1804. Members are Irishmen, or
their sons, and must be citizens, and between twenty-
one and forty years of age. Initiation iee, five dollars.
Monthly payments, twenty-five cents. Three dollars,
weekly allowance to sick members. Twenty dollars
are allowed to detray the funeral of a deceased mem-
ber. Meet on the irth of each month, at D. M'Ka-
raher's, Second street below Lombard.
President— 'Wm. Duane.
6. Societe de Bienfaisance,
Instituted 1804. Incorporated 1805, for the relief
of Frenchmen in distress. The calamities of war
have given very trequent opportunities to the mem-
bers or this most excellent institution, to exercise
their humanity.
President— Mr. Laval.
Bible Society,
In December, 1808, a society was formed for the
distribution of the Bible among the poor, and a ge-
neral subscription made to effect the design Dona-
tions have also been received from the Bible Society,
in London, and irom pious individuals and religious
societies in the United States. Three reports have
been published of the proceedings of the society, by
which it appears that, since it was organized, five
thousand tour hundred and twenty-two Bibles and
New Testaments have been distributed by this so-
ciety. Every part oi the United States has received
copies. Even Bibles in the German, Welsh and
Gaelic languages have been distributed, to set-
2m MASON'S SOCIETY.
tlements where those languages solely are spoken.
In this glorious zeal, Philadelphia, as usual, knows no
distinction oi sect : all denominations of christians
have aided the design by their subscriptions, and by
dividing the labour oi the society among them.
Rt. Rev. William White, D, D. President.
Society of Masons*
The early records of masonry in Philadelphia
have been lost ; but it is known that a society of the
^' Moderns," was formed at an early date, and that
it was composed of several of the most respectable
and prominent characters of the day. The gazettes,
the only authority existing on the subject, inform
us of a Grand Lodge having been held so early as
the year 1732, at the '' Tun tavern,"^ the fashion-
able hotel of the time, when William Allen, the
recorder of the city, (afterwards chief justice) was
chosen Grand Master : it appears that regular meet-
ings were annually held for several years after-
wards.
In the year 1737, a melancholy event occurred,
which gave the brethren much uneasiness. A party
of idle men, not belonging to the craft, with a view
of enjoying the fright which they supposed they
would excite, either volunteered their services, or
acceded to the wishes of a young man, to initiate
him into the mysteries of masonry, and accordingly
instituted a variety of ridiculous operations, at night,
in a cellar, to all which he submitted with fortitude,
although they were painful and extremely trying to
a young mind. Finding that their object was I'kely
to be defeated, a bov/l oi burning spirit, into which
* Water street, between Walnut and Chesnut-streets,
SOaETY OF MASONS. 289
he had been directed to look for some time, was
thrown over him, and his clothes taking fire, he was
so much burnt, that he died in a few days afterwards.
This melancholy event, justly excited the public
indignation, and the chief promoter of the mischief,
after a legal investigation, was ignominiously pu-
nished by being burnt in the hand: but unfortunately
the scene having been conducted under the impres-
sion of a connection with masonry, a considerable
prejudice, among those who were unacquainted with
the principles oi the craft, was excited, and to such
a degree did it extend, that the brethren deemed it
necessary to come forward, and after stating the
occurrence, in the newspapers, to " declare the ab-
horrence of all true brethren, to this horrid practice;
and that the persons concerned were not ol their socie-
ty ,nor of any society of Free and Accepted Masons."*
On the 23d September, 1743, the right honourable
lord John Ward, grand master of England, nominated
Thomas Oxnard, esq. provincial grand master of all
North America.
On the 10th July, 1749, Thomas Oxnard, esq. ap-
pointed Benjamin Franklin, esq. provincial grand
master of Pennsylvania, with authority to appoint
the other grand officers, hold a grand lodge, issue
warrants, &c.
On the 5th September, 1749, the first grand lodge
was held at " the Royal Standard," in Market
street, under this warrant : grand master Franklin
having appointed,
Dr. Thomas Bond, deputy grand master.
Joseph Shippen, senior grand warden.
Philip Syng, junior grand warden.
Wm. Plumsted, grand treasurer.
Daniel Byles, grand secretary.
* Signed, Thomas Hopkinson, G, M.
Wm. Plumsted, D. G. M.
Joseph Shippen and H. Pratt, G, W.
Bb
290 SOCIETY OF MASONS.
At the same meeting a warrant was granted to
James Pogreen=^ and others, to hold a lodge in Phila-
delphia. The meetings were regularly held until 1 3th
March, 1750, when William Allen, esquire, the re-
corder of the city of Philadelphia, presented to the
grand lodge a commission from the grand lodge of
England, appointing him provincial grand master,
which was recognized, and he appointed Benjamin
Franklin, deputy grand master; and the other offi-
cers above mentioned, according to rank.
From this time they proceeded in their business,
granting new warrants in the city, in various parts of
the state and other places, until superceded by the
introduction of various lodges of " ancient York ma-
sons," and the ultimate establishment of a grand lodge
of that order.
As far as the minutes of the modern grand lodge
go. Dr. Franklin was never absent from a meeting.
A grand lodge was erected some years afterwards,
in the alley leading from Second street to Dock
street, by the bank of Pennsylvania, which remained
until the year 1785; when the " Moderns," having
greatly diminished, the two surviving trustees of the
building, were authorised, by an^act of the legislature,
to sell it, and to apply part of the proceeds thereof to
a charitable purpose. They were given to the city,
for the use of the poor.
At what time the members of " Ancient York
Masons," first held subordinate lodges, does not
now appear ;| but in the year 1761, the late William
Ball, of Philadelphia, obtained from the grand lodge
of that society in London, the charter or warrant
for the grand lodge in Pennsylvania. It is No. 1,
* Signed William, lord Byron, baron of Rochdale, in the
county of Lancaster, G. M.
f Owing to the loss of the archives^ during the revolutionary
SOCIETY OF MASONS. 291
in Pennsylvania, and No. 89, in England,"* and re-
gistered in the grand lodge, London, vol. 3d, letter
C. and bears date July 14, 1761.
The fraternity of the ancients, have since regu-
larly held their grand communications, except while
the British were in possession of Philadelphia, and
to the end of last year, have constituted one hun-
dred and thirty-one subordinate lodges, in several of
the states, in the West Indies, in Florida, and
twenty-one in Philadelphia.
For several years past they have been anxious to
erect a building suitable to the dignity of the craft,
and to their thriving situation, but were not able
until the year 1809 to accomplish their wishes.
With the funds then in hand, and the help of addi-
tional subscriptions, they commenced the undertak-
ing; but their views enlarging as the work pro-
ceeded, it became necessary to increase their funds ;
they therefore proposed a loan of forty thousand
dollars, at six per cent, redeemable on the first day
of January 1825, on the security of the house and
lot. This loan was filled in less than two hours, by
eighty subscribers. A second loan for twenty thou-
sand dollars, has also been filled.
The Masonic Hall is in Chesnut, between Seventh
and Eighth streets from Delaware, and was conse-
crated in due form, and with all possible splendor
and solemnity on last St. John's day. Upwards of
eight hundred brethren, many of them from other
* It is signed by Kelly, (Thomas Erskine, earl Kelly, vl;
count Fenton, &c.) G. Master.
Wm.Osborn, D. G. Master.
Wm. Dickey, S, G. Warden,
J. Gibson, J. G. Warden.
Law. Dermott, G. Secretary,
292 PROVISION FOR THE POOR.
states, attended the procession on the OGcasiou.
An impressive and eloquent oration, was delivered
on the same day, before the society, by the grand
master, James Milnor, esq.* in St. John's Church,
Sassafras street.
Officers. — James Milnor, R. W. Grand Master.
P. L. B. Du Plessis, R. W. D. G. Master.
Richard Tybout, R. W. Senior G. Warden.
Joseph Burden, R. W. Junior G. Warden.
George A. Baker, R. W. Grand Secretary.
S.amu^.l F, Bradford, R. W. Grand Treasurer.
Frovisioii for the Poor,
The present system for the management of t^e
poor of the city and county of Philadelphia, was es-
tablished by a law passed the 29th March, 1803. By
this law, sixteen citizens are to be chosen on the third
Monday iu -May, by the corporation of Philadelphia,
six by the corporation of Southwark, and eight by
the justices of die peace of the township of Northern
Liberties, who are to be guardians of the poor of the
city and distric'^s. They must be " substantial
house keepers," and the elections are to be viva
voce: after the appointment of managers of the alms
house from among them, the whole number of
guardians remaining are to be divided equally by
lot, so that one half of those for the city, district and
township, shall be included in the said equal divi-
sion, which one half continue in office for six months;
and on the third Monday "6f November, six others
are chosen in the same way to supply the places of
those who have gone out. Guardians must take an
* For sale by Bradford and tnskeep : a full account of the
procession is annexed.
PROVISION FOR THE POOR. 293
oath of office, under a penalty of sixty dollars. They
are declared to be a body politic and corporate in
law, by the name of the " Guardians of the Poor of
the city of Philadelphia, the district of Southwark,
and township of the Northern Liberties." The
guardians appoint eight of their number to superin-
tend the alms house and house of employment ; four
from the city, and two from each district, who divide
themselves by lot into two classes, one of which go
out every six months ; their places are supplied by a
new election from the body of the guardians, so that
four shall be appointed every six months. Vacancies
are supplied by a new election by the guardians and
managers. Besides the superintendence of the alms
house, and house of employment, the managers are
empowered, with the approbation of four aldermen,
and two justices of the county, to lay an assessment^
not exceeding one hundred cents in the hundred
dollars at any one time, nor more than three dollars
per head on every freeman, not otherwise rated. The
guardians may appoint a clerk ; and any tv/o of them
may furnish relief in cases of persons being taken so
ill as to require immediate assistance, and cannot be
removed to the alms house : but they must report
their proceedings at the next meeting of the general
board. The managers may put out poor children as
apprentices, and also bind out by indenture, disorder-
ly persons, who by their vices have fallen sick, and
become chargeable to the city or districts.
The managers have formed a set of rules for their
own government, and that of the house, of which
the following is an abstract.
The board of managers meet at the alms house
every Monday afternoon. They divide themselves
into various committees, viz.
1. The visiting committee of two, who inspect the
wards twice a week, and render such advice and asr-
3b 2
294 PROVISION FOR THE POOR.
sistance in supporting the order of the house as may
appear useful.
2. A manufacturing committee of four, who meet
once a week ; they order the purchase of raw mate-
rials, fix the prices on alL goods manufactured in the
house, and inspect the accounts.
3. A clothing committee of two, who serve in
rotation one month ; meet once a week, distribute
clothes to the poor, and order or recommend new
purchases, when necessary, to the board.
4. A provision committee of three ; they purchase
provisions for the paupers.
5. A fuel committee of three, who purchase fuel
for the house, and report to the board all such pur-
chases.
A steward and matron are chosen by the mana-
gers. The former has the general superintendence of
l,he house, and the nurses, &c. except that part for
the women and children ; and is particularly re-
quired to attend at meal times to preserve order :
he reports the ingress and regress of the paupers, or
deaths and elopements, with all bills, &c. keeps an
account of all the goods manufactured in the house.
The matron has the entire superintendence and care
of that part of the house appropriated to females and
children ; and every Monday is to apply to the
steward for as much raw materials as may be re-
quisite for the employment of those under her care,
in carding, spinning, knitting, and sewing. Every
Saturday afternoon, she is required to deliver all the
yarn and threadspun during the week, to the steward.
All persons admitted, who are capable of working,
are to be employed.
Children are taught to read. Smoking and beg-
ging are prohibited : no spirituous liquors are dis-
tributed to any pauper, unless ordered by the physi-
ciansj or the managers. The punishment for mis-
PROVISION FOR THE POOR. 295
condact of any kind, is the solitary cells. Various
other rules and regulations are in force, but it is not
conceived necessary to state them. They refer
merely to the well ordering of the house.
Three citizens are annually appointed by the
mayor's court, and by the court of quarter sessions,
of the county at their first session, in every year, to
audit and settle the accounts of the treasurer, the
board of guardians, and managers respectively; and
to publish a true statement of all their receipts,
whether in taxes, donations, legacies or otherwise,
including a statement of the amount of the taxes le-
vied in each and every year, together with the ex-
penditures of the corporation, in two newspapers,
ior three days.
The alms house is on the east side of the square,
bounded east by Tenth street ; southward, by Pine
street ; westward, by Eleventh street ; northward, by
Spruce street. It is built in the form of an L, one hun-
dred and eighty feet by forty. It consists of two sto-
ries, joined by a turret, thirty feet square, of four sto-
ries. The house of employment is on the west side of
Eleventh street, of the same figure and dimensions.
In 1810, the average number of paupers supported
and employed in the alms house, was five hundred and
tweflty-six men, and three hundred and eighty-five
women, and three hundred and eighty-three children:
but two hundred and twelve of the children were at
nurse out of the house. Total supported, twelve hun-
dred and ninety-four paupers. The sum expended for
their support was $50,761, 87 being about ^39, for
each pauper for one year. The tax levied ior the
support of the poor in the city and county, and also
in the alms house, in the year 1811 was ^83,000.
The whole number of poor pensioned in the city,^ or
supported in the alms house is estimated at 82^500,,
296 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS.
A variety of goods are made by the poor ; but in.
order to finish every article of clothing used in the
house, some hands are hired ; about thirty looms for
weaving cloth are in operation, and goods to the
amount of from fifteen to twenty thousand dollars
are annually made in the house.
Literary Institutions •
As early as the year 1689, a school was establish-
ed by the Society of Friends in Philadelphia, for
teaching the English and learned languages,^ and
George Keith, of polemic memory, a man of ta-
lents, was invited from New Jersey to take charge
of it ; but having given dissatisfaction to his em-
ployers, after one year he was succeeded by the
learned Thomas Makin, whose Latin description of
the country will amuse the reader.f
The society, as has been already mentioned, was
incorporated by Wm. Penn. Its concerns are ma-
naged by fifteen " overseers," who have now under
their care, thirteen schools. The Greek and Latin
languages, and other liberal branches of learning
may be acquired in some departments of the insti-
tution, whilst in others, the pupils can receive a
plain education.
University of Pennsylvania,
In the year 1749, a subscription was set on foot,
among a number of gentlemen of Philadelphia, for
the purpose of establishing an academy and charita-
* See p. 261.
\ See Fraud's history of Pennsylvania.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 297
ble school,=^ and was so liberally encouraged, that in
the year 1750, it was opened under twenty-four
trustees, for instruction in the Latin and English
languages, and in mathematics. The institution was
incorporated in 1753, by the proprietaries, and a
donation in money and lands made to it, by them,
to the amount of three thousand pounds. The Rev.
Wm. Smith, was appointed principal, and the Rev.
Francis Allison, master of the Latin school ; with
Mr. Beveridge, and Mr. Grew as teachers. In the
year 1755, upon the petition of the trustees, an addi-
tional charter was obtained, to authorise the con-
ferring degrees by the institution, under the title of
*' the College, Academy and Charitable School of
Philadelphia:" and in the same year, the first literary
honours were conferred upon six pupils.f
In the year 1764, the foundation of the first me-
dical school in America was laid, by a course of
lectures upon anatomy, which was delivered by the
late Dr. Wm. Shippen. His pupils amounted only
to ten.:j: He was appointed professor of that branch,
in the following year, by the trustees, and Dr. John
Morgan,§ professor of the institutes of medicine.
* The orig-inal and chief promoters of the plan, were Thomas
Hopkmson, Tench Francis, Richard Peters, and Benjamin
Franklin. The last acted for some time as the Secretary of the
Board. The^ charitable school contained thirty girls, to be
taug-ht reading", writing" and sewing-; and sixty boys, who were
taught reading, writing and arithmetic.
f These were the late Rev. Mr. Duche, Rev. Dr. Samuel
Magaw, Rev. James Latta, Dr. Hugh Williamson, Francis Hop-
kinson,esq. late Admiralty Judge, and Hall.
t Last winter the anatomical class amounted to between three
and four hundred pupils.
§ Dr. Morgan delivered " a discourse upon the institution of
medical schools in America," at a commencement in May
1765, in which he pointed out the advantages to be derived
from their establishment.
298 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA^
Both those gentlemen had graduated at Edinburgh,
and had previously agreed to attempt the establish-
ment of a medical school on their return. In 1768,
Dr. A. Kuhn, was appointed professor of botany; and
in 1769, Dr. B. Rush, v/as appointed to the chemical
chair ; Dr. T. Bond, at the same time, gave clinical
lectures in the Pennsylvania hospital.
The college continued to diffuse the benefits of
learning, and was conducted with ability and zeal,
under that name, until the year 1779, when the le-
gislature of Pennsylvania gave it a new charter,
erecting it into a University. It was placed under
the direction of a new board of trustees : a few of
whom had been members of the old board, and the
executive council authorised to bestow on it, so ma-
ny of the confiscated estates as would produce an
additional income of fifteen hundred pounds a year.
The Rev. Dr. John Fwing was appointed provost.
The removal of the former provost, was consi-
dered an act of high injustice, not only by himself,
but by many of the best whigs of the day. They
therefore frequently petitioned the legislature to re-
store the charter to the college, but without success,
owing to the supposed disaffection of the former
provost to the independence of the United States.
In the year 1789, however, when the passion's of
men had been somewhat cooled, another attempt
was made and succeeded. By a law passed in that
year, the university v/as continued, and the col-
lege revived. Distinct professors in the arts and
in medicine were appointed ; and thus two semina-
ries were established. But it was not long before the
two boards found that neither of them had funds
adequate to the expenses of separate institutions,
and they became convinced of the necessity of an
union. Conferences being held, it was agreed that
both boards should present the same petition to the
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 299
legislation, praying that, on certain conditions, they
might be united. Accordingly in 1791, this was
done, and thus was finally erected the seminary,
now called the University of Pennsylvania, still
composed of the same schools of which the old col-
lege consisted, with the addition of the professor-
ships of Natural History, Law, and the German
language. The new board was composed of twenty-
four members, taken equally from the old boards: and
the governor of the state was to be president. They
made choice of Dr. Ewing as provost, who continued
in that station until his death in 1803. He was suc-
ceeded by the Rev. Dr. M'Dowell, from Maryland,
but who resigned in 1809. In 1811, the Rev. Dr.
Andrews, was chosen provost, and Mr. Robert
Patterson, vice provost.
The present professors are.
Rev. Dr. John Andrews, Provost, and Professor
of Moral Philosophy and Logic.
Robert Patterson, Vice Provost, and Professor of
Mathematics and Natural Philosophy.
Rev. Dr. Wm. Rogers, Professor of English and
Belles Lettres.
James Thomson, Professor of Languages.
MEDICAL SCHOOL.
Caspar Wistar, jun. M. D. Professor of Anatomy.
Benjamin Rush, M. D. Professor of the Institutes ,
and Practice of Physic, and of Clinical Practice.
Philip Syng Physick, M. D. Professor of Surgery.
John Syng Dorsey, M. D. Adjunct Professor of
Surgery.
Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, Professor of Materia
Medica, Botany and Natural History.
T. C. James, M. D. Professor of Midwifery.
John Redman Coxe, M. D. Professer of Chemis-
try.
500 AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,
American Philosophical Society^
Was formed in the year 1769, by the union of
two other literary societies that had previously sub-
sisted in Philadelphia. One of these, stiled the
" American Philosophical Society," was instituted in
1743; and at the time of the union, consisted of one
hundred and twenty-seven members : the other
stiled the " American Society for promoting useiul
knowledge," was instituted in 1766, and at the union,
consisted of seventy-eight fellows, and sixty-nine
corresponding members.
The society was incorporated by an act of the
legislature of Pennsylvania, passed in 1780.
In the year 1786, Mr. John Hyacinth de Magel-
lan, of London, presented to the society, a donation
of two hundred guineas, to the end that the interest
thereof should be annually disposed of in premiums,
to be adjudged by the society, to the author of the
best discovery, or most useful invention relating to
navigation, astronomy, or natural philosophy, mere
natural history only excepted: the premium to con-
sist of an oval plate of solid standard gold, of the
value of ten guineas, with suitable devices engraved
thereon.
Persons of all nations, are admitted as candidates
for this premium.
The Magellanic fund, having been so managed as
to produce an annual surplus, the society, with a
view to promote the liberal intentions of the donor,
have determined that the above surplus fund shall
be employed, in the first instance, according to the
strict conditions of the donation, if a sufficient num-
ber of deserving candidates shall have applied for
the same; otherwise that such surplus, or so much
thereof as cannot be applied as above, be awarded by
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 301
the society to the authors of useful inventions or
improvements, on any subjects within the general
view of the Magellanic donation, or to the authors
of such communications as may lead to such inven-
tions or improvements, and which communications
may be deemed worthy of the premium. The pre-
mium to consist of a gold medal of the value of not
less than twenty, nor more than forty-five dollars, or
the same sum in money, at the option of the candi-
date ; accompanied with a suitable diploma.
Several medals of the Magellanic fund, and pre-
miums of the surplus fund, have been awarded by
the society.
Five volumes in 4to, of transactions, and the first
part of a sixth vol., have been published by the so-
ciety. Materials for another volume are preparing:
the society having judiciously resolved to adopt the
example of tlie Royal Society of London, to publish a
volume, large or small, annually.
Aided by the liberal donations of a number of
friends of science, both in America and Europe, and
by the legislature of Pennsylvania, the society were
enabled to erect, about the year 1785, on the N. E.
part of the state house square, a commodious build-
ing, where they held their meetings.
The society meet on the first and third Fridays of
every month, from October to May, both inclusive,
at six m the evening : and on the third Friday in
each of the other four months, at 7 o'clock.
On other Friday evening;s, the members meet for
the purpose of literary conversation, and oi perusing
the new^ foreign journals v»'hich are imported in single
numbers. On those evenings members may introduce
any friend or stranger.
The library oi the society is extensive, and an-
nually increasixsg.
c c
Sm MEDICAL SOCIETY.
The society have likewise an extensive collection
of minerals from all quarters of the world, scientifi-
cally arranged.
President — Thomas Jefferson.
Medical Society,
A society of students, who met for mutual im-
provement, was formed in the year 1771. About the
year 1 790, another was formed, which after a short
time was united with that previously existing ; the
new association assumed the name of the " Phila-
delphia Medical Society." Members are either ho-
norary, or junior. The latter are required to read a
paper before the society, and to be examined on the
same previously to being balloted for. The presi-
dent and officers are generally changed every year.
The society meets only during the winter season.
College of Physicians,
This association was formed in the year 1787, and
incorporated in the year 1789, by the legislature of
Pennsylvania.
The objects of the college, as stated in their con-
stitution, are " to advance the science of medicine,
and thereby to lessen human misery, by investigating
the diseases and remedies which are peculiar to this
country ; by observing the effects of different sea-
sons, climates and situations upon the human body ;
by recording the changes which are produced in dis-
eases, by the progress of agriculture, arts, population
and manners, by searching for medicines in the
American woods, waters, and in the bowels of the
earth; by enlarging the avenues to knowledge from
the discoveries and publications of foreign countries,
and by cultivating order and uniformity in the prac-
tice of physic."
LINNEAN SOCIETY. 3^5
In the year 1793, the college published the first
part of the first volume of transactions, in 8vo, and
have also published a pamphlet in favour of the im-
portation from the West Indies, of the contagion of
the fever, which prevailed in 1793, and since that
year, in Philadelphia.
Medical Lyceum^
Was formed in the year 1804. It was originally
intended that the senior members in this society,
should have the entire management of its affairs ;
and that the junior members should merely attend
the debates. But, after a year or two, the plan was
so far altered that all the members have the right of
suffrage in the concerns of the society. The society
-hold their session during the course of the medical
lectures. At each meeting a paper is read, by the
members, in rotation, which is submitted to discus-
sion.
The officers are annually elected.
Linnean Society, "
A number of young gentlemen, desirous to pro-
mote a knowledge of the vegetable kingdom ; and
assured of the advantages to be derived from it, in a
philosophical, medical and agricultural point oi view,
met together and established a society/, on the 6th
of June, 1806, under the title of the '' American
Botanical Society, held at Philadelphia." Members
were afterwards admitted from various parts of the
union, from whom the society expected to receive
specimens or drawings of plants, and communica-
tions respecting their character, and real or reputed
medical or other properties. Hitherto the attention
of the society had been confined to a single object.
304 LINNEAN SOCIETY;
"in natural history. On the 4th of March 1807, iliwas
resolved that the views of the society be extended
ml
to natural history, generally, and that it be stiled
,in future, the Philadelphia Linnean Society. The
constitution was altered, as circumstances rendered
necessary, and Dr. Barton, elected president, who
delivered the first anniversary oration on the 10th of
June. The business of the society is conducted by a
president, vice president, corresponding and record-
ing secretaries, treasurer and two curators. A stand-
ing committee, consisting of sixteen members, and
termed the grand committee, is annually elected,
which is subdivided into three committees, to one
of which are submitted all questions, essays, speci-
mens, &c. relating to mineralogy ; to the second,
those relating to botany; and to the third, those ap-
pertaining to zoology. When any specimen is pre-
sented, or information is requested upon any sub-
ject in natural history, it is submitted by the
chairman of the grand committee to the proper de-
partment, who make the necessary examination, and
report the result to the chairman. He presents it, at
the next meeting, to the society, when the informa-
tion is directed to be communicated to the person
requesting it. The society has lately desired the ci-
tizens of the United States to forward specimens of
plants and minerals, with such information respect-
ing their application to useful purposes as they may
possess. They will be examined, gratis, by the proper
department; and it is hoped that, by means of this
central deposit, much useful knowledge will be ac-
cjuired respecting the natural history of our country,
and many substances found, which from ignorance
of their existence here, have hitherto lain dormant
in the earth, but which will now become extensive-
ly valuable in the arts and manufactures. The fol-
lowing extract from their address, will discover at
once the laudable objects of the society.
PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY. 305
^^ To assist in obtaining a full knowledge of the
medicinal and dying drugs indigenous to our soil ;
to expedite the discovery ot useful metals; to aid
the manulactures of their country, as far as they are
connected therewith ; and to remove the inconve-
niences and disadvantages of individuals, not pos-
sessing an acquaintance with natural knowledge, the
Linnean Society, of Philadelphia, has directed the
undersigned committee to give this public notice,
that any plants, ores or any mineral substance what-
ever, which shall be forwarded to any member of
the committee, shall be examined by the botanical
and mineralogical departments of the society. The
result of the examination shall be communicated, as
soon as completed, to the person transmitting such
specimens, together with such other iniormation re-
lative to its nature and uses which the society can
impart.
Samuel Jackson, M. D. James Cutbush, Samuel
Benezet, M. D. Committee.
Libraries* — 1. Philadelphia Librartj.
" The foundation of the present library was laid
in the year 1731, a period when Philadelphia af-
forded little assistance to the inquiries of the studiouso
A number of gentlemen having raised the sum of
one hundred pounds, by subscription, a small library
was formed upon principles the best calculated to
disseminate knowledge : the books were not, as in
many of the public libraries of Europe, confined to
the apartments, but the subscribers were allowed to
carry them home for a reasonable space of time.
The plan soon became popular \ accessions to the
number of members took place, and the stock of
books was annually increased by purchases at the
c c 2
306 PHILADELPHIA LIBRAPvY.
company's expense, and liberal donations from per-
sons both at home and abroad.
The instrument of association, signed by thirty-
eight members, was dated July 1, 1731. The first
importation of books from London, amounting to
forty-five pounds, fifteen shillings, sterling, arrived in
October 1732. The library was first opened in a room,
in Jones's alley, now called Pewter-platter alley, lead-
ing from Second street to Front street, above High
street. In 1773, it was transferred to the carpenter's
hall, and in October, 1790, it was placed in the pre-
sent building.
The proprietaries of Pennsylvania encouraged the
plan, by making several valuable donations, and
granting a charter of incorporation in the year 1742.
A spirit of literary improvement made its way
among all classes of people, and the philanthrophy of
the great and amiable character"^ who suggested the
plan, was gratified by tracing the books as well into
the hands of the opulent, with whom literature is
sometimes no more than one of the ornaments of
civil life, as among those to whom it renders a more
substantial benefit. Letters, while they employ the
leisure of the artist, reconcile him to his labour ; by
removing grosser relaxations, they promote his
health, while they enlarge his mind ; and prolong his
life, while they teach him to enjoy it.
The respectable and intelligent character
or the latter class of people in Philadelphia,
AND its environs, CANNOT BE REFERRED TO A
3I0RE PROBABLE CAUSE, THAN THE HABIT OF
READING PROMOTED BY THIS INSTITUTION.
The great utility and success of this measure,
occasioned the formation of other libraries upon si-
* Dr. Franklin,
PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY, SQT
milar principles : but as it appeared more conducive
to the interests oi literature, to be possessed of one
4arge, than of several smaller collections ol books,
coalitions gradually took place among them, till the
Amicable, the Association, and the Union Compa-
nies were blended with " i^he Library Company of
Philadelphia," the title conterred by the charter.
Since thiS event, which took place in the year
1769, the members and the property of the company
have continued to increase ; the former being now
between five and six hundred in number. The num-
ber of volumes, at present, amounts to twenty thou-
sand and seventy-six; the selection of which, has in
general been calculated to promote the more im-
portant interests of society. The stock of books is
continually increased by occasional donations, an-
nual importations, and purchases of every Ameri-
can production of merit.
The library received, a few years since, a consi-
derable accession of very valuable and costly books,
to the number of two thousand five hundred vo-
lumes, by the bequest of the late Rev. Mr. Preston,
rector of Chevening, in Kent, England.
Some valuable machines, an apparatus for the
purposes of natural philosophy, &c. and a few curi-
ous artificial and natural productions, also belong to
the company, and are deposited in their apartments:
the librarian attends to show them on Saturday
mornings, from ten to twelve o'clock : and the di-
rectors, on proper occasions, permit the instruments
to be made use of.
The shares, since August, 1793, have been fixed at
forty dollars: the annual payment from each mem-
ber is two dollars.
A house and lot of ground, which belonged to the
Union Company ; two lots of ground (one the ge»
nerous donation of the late Thomas Penn,) and se»
yeral ground rents, constitute the real estate.
308 LOGANIAN LIBIIART.
The members hold the property as tenants in
common, and dispose of their shares by will or deed :
but the assent of the directors, as well in such cases
as in case of an original purchase, is previously ne-
cessary ; a restriction early adopted, in order, as
much as possible, to prevent improper persons from
having access to a collection of a nature so liable to
injury.
The directors and a treasurer are annually elected
on the first of May, by the members ; the directors
appoint a secretary and librarian :" the latter has a
salary. The board meet monthly.*
The library is opened only in the afternoon, from
two o'clock till sunset; but it is hoped and expected
that it will be shortly kept open all day.
2^Loganian Library^
Was instituted by the late James Logan, a gen-
tleman of considerable literature, who in the course
of a long life had collected a number of the most rare
and curious books in ahiiost all the ancient languag-
es. He built a house for their reception, and by deed
executed in his life time, vested the house and lot,
together with the books and some yearly rents for
supporting a librarian, and occasionally increasing
the catalogue, in trustees for the use of the public
for ever ; under certain rules and regulations con-
tained in these instruments. Sometime afterwards
he cancelled this deed, and prepared another, which
he did not live to execute ; this unfinished instru-
ment varied the regulations in some respects, and
the funds for the purpose of the institution, but the
uses were the same as in the first. After his death,
Preface to Catalogue of Library.
LOGANIAN LIBRARY. 309
his children and residuary legatees, executed a deed
conformable to that which had been prepared by him,
vesting in the same trustees the whole estate intended
by the founder, and the books were removed to a
building prepared for them, arranged in order, and
a catalogue printed.
By the constitution, William Logan (the founder's
eldest son) was the first librarian, and the office was
made hereditary in his family, w4th powder to execute
it by a deputy. The funds appointed for a librarian,
&c. w^ere originally small, but issued from a very
improving estate ; they were so reserved as to in-
crease at stated periods, so as to afford a very hand-
some income. Till one of those periods arrived they
were not sufficient for the regular support of a libra-
rian, wherefore he attended a considerable time to
the duty in person. To this institution William Logan,
by his will, devised a very handsome library, col-
lected partly by himself, and partly by his uncle, the
late Dr. William Logan, of Bristol, in England,
amounting to about one thousand volumes. After his
death, which happened in 1776, the 1 ibrary was shut
for several years, owing to the death or absence of the
trustees. In 1791, James Logan, the last surviving
trustee named in the grant, having had several pre-
vious consultations with Dr. Franklin, and with a
number of his fellow citizens, on the subject, pre-
sented a memorial to the legislature, wherein he
stated the situation of the institution, and prayed for
their aid to put it in a way of answering the end in-
tended by his father, the founder. Whereupon, an act
was passed, annexing the Logani an library to that of
the Library Company of Philadelphia, and constitu-
ting the directors and their successors, for the time
being, together with James Logan, or his eldest male
heir and two trustees, whom he or his heir shall
appoint, trustees of the said Loganian library. It is.
310 FRIENDS' LIBRAE f.
however, provided, that the said books and other
property belonging to this institution, together with
such other property as may hereafter be acquired,
shall be forever kept separate from the books be-
longing to the Library Company of Philadelphia ;
and that the said library shall be known by the name
of the Loganian Library, agreeably to the intention-
of the donor. The house built by Ji?mes Logan, has
been sold, and a large and commodious room built
adjoining the Philadelphia Library, for the purpose
of keeping the books of the Loganian Library, which
was opened for the benefit of the citizens, in May
1794. It contains 3,944 volumes.
3. Friends^ Library*
The religious society of Friends, in Philadelphia^
have a library of about six hundred volumes, princi-
pally on theological subjects, by authors of various
denominations of professing christians. It is under
the care of a librarian, who gives his attendance on
the afternoon of every seventh day (Saturday) for
the delivery and receipt of books, free of expense, to
any respectable applicant who shall subscribe to the
rules.
A convenient room in the meeting house on Mul-
berry and Fourth streets, is appropriated as a repo-
sitory for the books. This collection was originally
commenced by the pious Thomas Chalkley, and after
his death, considerable additions were made to it by
donations, and bequests of the late Anthony Bene-
zett, and John Pemberton.
The Circulating Libraries of Shallns, in Third
near Chesnut street, and of Philips, in Third, oppo-
site the mansion house hotel, contain, large collec-
tions of miscellaneous books.
MUSEUM. 311
Museum,
This extensive collection was commenced in the
year 1784, by Mr. Charles Willson Peale, by pro-
fession a portrait painter. It was originally con-
tained in a frame building annexed to his dwelling
house, and afterwards removed to the hall of the
Philosophical Society. In 1802, the legislature of
Pennsylvania, generously granted, for the use of the
Museum, the upper apartments of the state house,
where the whole collection is now neatly arranged.
A general outline of the arrangement, and a no-
tice of the most interesting subjects, are all that can
be expected in a work like the present.
QUADRUPED ROOM.
This room contains upwards of tvv^o hundred
quadrupeds, mounted in their natural attitudes : the
larger kinds, with their names in neat frames, are
placed on pedestals, behind wire netting: the smaller
quadrupeds are in glass cases. Numerical catalogues
in frames over each case, state the genera to which
they belong, and their specific names, in Latin,
English and French, The Linnean classification is
generally adopted throughout the animal department.
Among the most remarkable of the quadrupeds,
are the bison, of North America, improperly called
buffaloe ; the broad tail sheep of Africa; the big
horned sheep, and the pronged horned antelope, both
brought by captain Lewis from the rocky mountain.
American elks, cougar, usually called panther; jaguar,
the untameable hyena, and fierce jackall ; the lama
or camel oi South America; American buck, Ame-
rican wolf and foxes ; the long clawed grisly bear
from the Missouri, black bear ; twenty-one species of
Simia or the monkey tribe; two varieties of the wild
cat^ long and short tailed; Cayenne tyger cat, two
sn JSrUSEFM.
otters, American and English beaver ; hairless dog,
long tailed or scaly manis, jabata or great ant eater,
kangarou o^' New Holland, and American opossum
displaying its ialse pouch ; duck billed platypus
from New Holland ; badger ; two armadillos ; the
beautiful and affectionate ring tailed maucauco ;
picary, brad3'^pus or sloth; crested porcupine from
New Holland, some of whose quills measure eigh-
teen inches, and American porcupine. There are also
the ourang outang ; the elephant seal, twelve feet
six inches long; leopard and beaver seals. Mada-
gascar bats, measuring four feet from tip to tip, and
the hooded bat.
LONG ROOM.
All the birds are in glass cases, the insides of
which are properly painted. These cases rising
twelve feet from the floor, extend the whole length
of the room, which is one hundred feet long, dis-
playing an elegant collection.
The first order, rapacious birds, begins in the
upper row, at the east end of the room, and extends
nearly to the centre : each succeeding order begin-
ning eastward, and extending to the west. In
frames over each case, the genus is first noted, their
species, and names in Latin, English and French,
referring to the numbers which are attached to each
species.
There are in this collection, (including m-any non-
descripts) nearly all the birds of the United States,
and a considerable number from South America, and
other parts oi the world. The number exceeds one
thousand. The hooping crane, from the capes of
Delaware, the jabiru and crowned heron irom
South America, the ostrich, the bird of Paradise:
scarlet ibis^ and spoon bill, from the coast oi Geor-
gia; the pelican and long necked flamingo will par-
ticularly attract the attention. The sportsman will
MUSEUM. 313
here to©, see all the birds of game, both of land and
water; among others, the grouse, and our bird, im-
properly called pheasant; the beautiful English pheas-
ant, and an interesting collection of snipes, wood-
cocks and plovers.
On projecting cases, between the windows, is a
classification of four thousand insects, in frames.
Those species which are too small to be examined
with the naked eye, are placed in microscopic
wheels : there are also seven cases with minerals,
and fossils, arranged according to Kirwan, from va-
rious parts of the United States, and other parts of
the world. Among the clays are some American
specimens, equal to those of which the finest porce-
lain is made, in China or France. At the east end
are several medals, some struck by congress, and
some by order of Joseph Sansom, esq. commemora-
ting events of the American revolution. There are
also two edible birds-nests, from the East Indies.
Over the birds, in neat gilt frames, are two rows
of portraits, one hundred and fifteen in number, of
distinguished personages, painted from life, by C.
W. Peale and his son Rembrandt. This collection
was begun in 1779, and contains many of the heroes
and sages of the revolution, who contributed, by their
swords, their pen, or their counsel, to the attainment
of the liberty we now enjoy. There is also a collec-
tion of portraits of distinguished French literary
characters, painted by Rembrandt Peale.
BACKROOM.
This contains the skeleton of the mammoth, which
was dug up by Mr. Peale in 1801, out of a marie
pit in Ulster county. New York : various Indian
figures in their native war dresses : other Indian
dresses, and an interesting collection of their orna»
ments, spears, war clubs, stone hatchets, cups, pipes,
and utensils ; idols from the Sandwich islands ; the
Dd
314 ACADEIVIY OF FINE ARTS.
sleigh in which colonel Pike travelled six hundred
miles, from the source of the Mississippi, drawn by
two dogs ; the shoe and stocking of the Irish giant
0*Brian : various curious specimens of clothing
made from the barks of trees, by the natives of the
South Sea islands, and from the intestines of the
whale by the Indians of the N. W. Coast of Ameri-
ca. Ancient English bow gun ; bamboola, an in-
strument of music from Africa. Chinese compass
and dial : various mammoth teeth of both species,
found in different parts of the United States ; a live
rattlesnake, and numerous smaller articles.
There is also a figure and striking likeness in wax,
of the late captain Lewis, as he was dressed by a
Shoshone chief, in ermine skins, near the source of
the Missouri.
THE MAIIINE ROOM
Is in the third story, and contains the chama, a
shell, three feet long and 185 lbs. weight: a blue,
and hammer headed shark: sword fish, saw fish :
alligator fish, and paddle fish, from the western riv-
ers of the United States : Miami salmon and pike ;
dolphin ; large sun fish from the capes of Delaware ;
frog fish, with rows of teeth in the throat ; alligators
from the southern states ; a great collection of tor-
toises, among others the gouifer of Georgia. Nume-
rous snakes ; guana, N. Holland lizard ; skin of a
snake twenty -six feet long ; a neat collection of shells,
corals and madrepores ; the lizard of Georgia,
some anatomical preparations, and numerous arti-
cles preserved in spirits.
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine ArtSy
Was founded in the year 1805, by the voluntary
association and contributions of a number of gentle-
men of the city of Philadelphia. It was soon after
ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS. SIS
incorporated by the legislature. The object of this
institution is to improve and refine the public taste
in works of art, and to cultivate and encourage our
native genius, by providing elegant and approved
specimens of the arts for imitation, and schools for
instruction. An appropriate building was erected in
Chesnut street, between Eleventh and Twelfth
streets, and a large building has lately been added
to that first erected, for the exhibition of paintings,
and the accommodation of the necessary schools,
drawing rooms, &c.
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING.
" The character of the exterior architecture is mo-
dern Ionic. The front elevation consists of a marble
basement, four feet high, with a large flight of steps,
to a recessed porch eighteen feet front on the front
line, and ten feet deep : the remainder of the eleva-
tion consists of a high principal story, and an attic
with cornice, parapet, freize, and neck moulding.
The interior consists of a principal room, two com-
mittee rooms, three chambers, and complete cellars
under the whole. The principal room is forty-six
feet diameter, and eighteen feet high, to the spring-
ing of the ceiling, which is a dome, having the sole
light from the centre ; the ceiling is plain, except a
radii of lights in stucco, around the opening, and
semi-circular architraves, with reversed mouldings
at the springing. The sides consist of eight tall pe-
destals, alternating with an equal number of recesses,
which open to stairways, or intended additional
rooms : these recesses also consist of a principal and
attic pannels or openings : over these are arches,
whose saffits obtrude into the dome, the eflfect of
which is novel. ""^
• Port Folk>, June, 1809,
316 SOCIETY OP ARTISTS.
In the hall of statuary, the academy now has a fine
collection of casts and busts from the most celebrated
works of antiquity, consisting of about twenty-five
statues and a much greater number of busts. The
painting gallery is adorned with the two celebrated
pictures of West, " Lear in the Storm," and " Ophe-
lia in her madness," the property of Robert Fulton,
esq. besides many other valuable pictures of ancient
and modern masters.
The first annual exhibition of the academy, in
conjunction with the society of artists, was made in
May last (1811) and consisted of above five hundred
productions of the fine arts, displayed with great
effect and taste ; the public encouragement of this
first effort of this sort in this country, exceeded the
most sanguine expectation. Two addresses have
been made by the president, to the society ; and in
November last, (1810) the first annual discourse^
was delivered by Mr. Hopkinson to a very brilliant
and crowded audience ; which proves the interest
our citizens take in this infant institution. After the
discourse the honours of the academy, &c. were
conferred upon several artists.
President^ — George Clymer.
Directors- — William Tilghman, P. F^ Glentworth,
William Meredith, Joseph Hopkinsqn, William
Rush, Samuel F. Bradford, Zaccheus Collins,
James Gibson, Charles J. Wister, William PojTitellj
Reeve Lewis, Rembrandt Peale.
Society of Artists,
In the year 1810, " the Society of Artists of the
United States," was formed : the immediate objects
of which are stated to be " to teach the elementary
* For sale by Bradford and Inskeep.
OLD COURT ITOUSE. S17
/
principles of the arts: to encourage emulation by a-
comparison and communication of ideas : to correct
and improve the public taste by stated exhibitions^
and to raise a fund for the relief of such members
as may be rendered incapable of following their res-
pective professions; or in case of their death, to make
some provision for their families.
To carry these objects into effect, it is in the first
instance, proposed to select proper persons to teach
the first elements of the arts, and to establish a school
for drawing, in all its various branches ; and an an-
nual exhibition of the works of art,"* foreign and
domestic.
The President of the United States, at the request
of the society, has become the patron of the institu-
tion.
Not long after its formation, a union was effected
between the Society of Artists and the Academy,
and in May last their first exhibition took place, as
already stated, and continued for six weeks.
On the 8th of May, Mr. Latrobe delivered the
first annual address before the Society of Artists.f
Public Buildings — Old Court House^ in Second streets
This plain, ancient structure deserves notice on
many accounts. It was erected in the year 1709, in
the infancy of the capital, when within a square of
it, the stately tenants of the forest still remained.
In this building, Hamilton, Growden, Ross, Gal-
loway, Ghew, Dickinson and Willson, commenced
their career, as lawyers; and Kinsey and Allen dis-
pensed justice from the bench. The celebrated George
Whitfield too, delivered his eloquent discourses
* Constitution of the Society of Artists^
j; For sale by Bradford and Inskeep.
D d 3
318 STATE HOUSE.
from the balcony to assembled thousands.^ The
elections of governor and president of the executive
council, were proclaimed from the same place.
For several years past, it has been occupied by the
county and city commissioners, the clerks of the
market, and at night, by the city watch. For half a
century after its erection, public vendues were held
under the arches of the house, and in no other place
in the city.
State House,
Previously to the erection of the state house, the
legislature of Pennsylvania, held their sessions in
different private houses; the first of these was iti
Front street, above Mulberry street, on the bank
side, and was recently pulled down. For many years
they occupied the house now in the possession of
Mr. John Dorsey, auctioneer, in Front street, below
Walnut street. In the year 1729, the legislature re-
solved to build a house for their particular accom-
modation, and appointed Andrew Hamilton, John
Kearsley, and Thomas Lawrence, comnaissioners to
purchase the ground, to give the plan, and to contract
with the workmen. The whole expense was not
quite six thousand pounds. It was finished in 1735,
and though externally plain in its structure, has a
venerable appearance. It was originally furnished
with a steeple, which was taken down about the close
of the revolutionary war. In this building the con-
gress of the United States sat during the war^ before
* A gentleman, recently deceased, often mentioned that he
once distinctly heard Whitfield from on board a shallop at
Market street wharf, and that the space between the wharf
!ind court houss was filled with people.
OLD COLLEGE. 319
the year 17'82, at which time the clamors of a few
soldiers for their pay, alarmed and induced them to
move to other places. The declaration of indepen-
dence was publicly read, from the steps, July 4th,
1776. In the same room,^ that had been occupied
by congress, the federal convention sat, in 1787. The
house is now occupied by the supreme and district
state courts below, and Peale's Museum above.
Old College^ in Fourth street.
This building stands sixty-six feet back from Fourth
street, between High and Mulberry streets, and is
one hundred and twenty feet long, and seventy feet
wide. The whole lot is one hundred and ninety-eight,
by one hundred and fifty feet. The house was ori-
ginally built in 1740, by the party who left the first
Presbyterian church to join the eloquent Whitfield
but it appears, notwithstanding the zeal with which
they attended his early preaching, they could not
raise funds sufficient to pay the workmen. They
accordingly sold it to the trustees of the college in
1749, for £777^ 18, 11 3-4, upon condition that they
shall set apart a place and room for worship, and
also support a free school ; giving the trustees
power to appoint teachers of school, and to intro-
duce such preachers as they may think proper
so that no particular sect be fixed therein as a
settled congregation, and to permit the use of
the room set apart for public worship, to such
regular ministers of the gospel, as shall sign
certain articles of religion annexed to the deed •
particularly reserving the right of the use of the
building to Whitfield, whenever he should desire to
preach therein. This creed is contained in three folio
* The east room on the first floor.
320 UNITED STATES BANK.
pages, sixteen inches long, and nine wide. It is merely
a detail of strict Calvinism. The property, having
been accepted, by the trustees, upon the above condi-
tions, they have not deemed themselves authorised
to sell the whole building ; but one half of it has
been disposed of to the " Union Society of Metho-
dists." They have also deemed themselves bound
by the words of the conveyance, to permit the use
of the room set apart for worship, to all itinerant
ministers who apply for the same, and to such it has
always been granted. It is also often occupied by
the various city congregations, when their own
places of worship are repairing, or when a colony is
about leaving one of the established societies, and
are desirous of erecting a new church. It is scarcely
necessary to add, that in a city which prides itself in
believing that religion is an affair between the Ma-
ker and the made, a subscription to the creed is ne-
ver required.
United States Bank.
The building occupied by the bank of the United
States, was commenced in 1795, and finished in 1798.
It was the first public buildingever erected in Philadel-
phia, with portico and pillars. It is a square structure,
ninety-six feet in front, and seventy-two deep. The
east front, on Third street, consists of six columns,
the angle pairs being coupled. The front wall ex-
tends beyond the portico, on each side, in two wings,
and is ornamented with pilasters. The columns,
which are of the Corinthian order, are of marble, and
fluted ; the front of the building is also marble. The
cornice and pediment are of wood work, highly en-
riched. The tympanum is decorated with the Ame*
rican eagle. The front is said to be nearly a copy of
the Dublin Exchange. The sides and rear walls pe
BANK OF PENNSYLVANIA. 3^1
©f brick, and excepting the four external walls and
the vaults, the entire structure is of wood. The roof
is covered with copper.
Bank of Pennsylvania.
This noble edifice is composed entirely of
marble from the quarries in Montgomery county.
The front extends fitty-one feet, and the whole build-
ing, including the superb porticos front and back,
is one hundred and twenty-five feet in depth. The
design is taken from the temple of Minerva, at
Athens.
The principal front in Second street, is a portico,
of six Ionic columns, three feet in diameter each,
with an entablature and pediment. The front and
back walls have no openings except the doors. The
flanks are plain, without pilasters, divided into a
centre mass, with two recessed wings. Each of these
divisions has one large arched window, lighting the
rooms of the president, cashier, and the banking
room, and a pannel or window above. The west front
has a portico, similar to that on the east end, under
which is a large arch containing the west door, and
two windows below, and three in the upper story.
The entablature runs without interruption round the
building. The centre mass of the building rises eight
feet, in a plain Attic, above the entablature, and is co-
vered with a marble roof, in two circular stages. Some
of the blocks of marble, composing this root, weigh
5, and some seven and a half tons. A circular cupola of
eight windows, and 15 feet in diameter, covered with
a dome, is carried up above the centre opening, and
assists in lighting the banking room. This room is
circular, and forty-five feet in diameter. Four
niches, nine feet wide, and seventeen feet six inches
high, and four equal recessed arches, containing the
two doors, and the windows are arranged alternately
322 PHILADELPHIA BANK.
round the walls. The walls are thirty-eight feet eight
inches high. The ceiling is a brick pannelled dome,
rising only twelve feet six inches, surrounded by a
marble dome, and covered by the cupola. The
height from the floor of the hall, to the ceiling of
the cupola, is sixty feet, eight inches. The base-
ment story rises five feet above the pavement, and is
vaulted throughout. To each portico the access is
by ten steps, extending the entire length of the
front. The stair cases are marble throughout. The
whole of the interior, except the counters and desks,
doors and floors, is incombustible. The bank is ju-
diciously placed about thirty feet off from the street;
in front are two neat marble watch houses. The lot
in the rear is laid out in a grass plot, surrounded by
a gravel walk, and the borders filled with ornamental
trees and shrubs. The wall in front and rear is about
four feet high, mounted with an iron palisade. The
first stone was laid in April, 1799, and the whole
finished in 1801.
The above is a very inadequate description of this
truly noble structure, the exterior of which univer-
sally strikes the beholder with an idea q£^^ chaste
simplicity and grandeur, not seen in any^Suilding
in the United States; and according to the declara-
tion of all foreigners of taste, is not surpassed by
any in Europe. The architect was Mr. Latrobe,
now of Washington, who has in the most grateful
terms, acknowledged the assistance he derived from
the refined taste, and judgment of Samuel M. Fox,
the late president of the bank.^
Philadelphia Bank,
Situate on the south v/est corner of Chesnut and
Fourth streets, commands attention from the novelty
* Oration before the Society of Artists.
PHILADELPHIA BANK. 323
of its design, being the first correct specimen of the
style, called, improperly, the Gothic, executed in the
United States.
This building stands insulated, and presents its
principal front on Fourth street. The grounds at-
tached are laid out in gravelled walks and shrub-
bery, and terminated west by lodges for the
watchmen, built after the same style of the main,
building. The whole enclosed by an iron palisade.
The plan of the banking house is a square, sixty
by forty-three feet. The walls are elevated on a
stone basement to the height of twenty-six feet, ter-
minated by battlements. At this elevation, the
building contracts, in front, to thirty-two feet, and
rising, forms a kind of attic or low story, fronted
with four buttresses, two of which are crowned
with marble fynials or pinnacles.
The entrance into this building is from Fourth
street by a flight of marble steps, through a vaulted
porch into the banking room. This room occupies
nearly the whole area of the plan, except what is
necessarily taken up by the money vaults and stair
case, and is handsomely divided into different com-
partments suited to the several offices of the institu-
tion, all lying open to the president and cashier's
rooms.
Every part of the building is vaulted from the
cellar to the roof, and rendered fire proof. The
banking room, which is twenty feet high, has its
ceiling enriched with mouldings and tracery work ;
ornaments of the "■ decorated style of building" of
the 14th century.
The archivaults of the president's and cashier's
rooms, and of the doors leading to the money vaults
and director's room, are terminated by the head of a
dog (emblem of fidelity) in the act of guarding a pile
of dollarsj upon which the head reclines. Four great
534 COUNTY COUET HOUSE 8c CITY HALL.
windows with pointed arches, filled with tracery-
work, light the banking room.
From a door leading out of this room, you enter
^the stair case and ascend by a flight of marble steps,
to the director's apartment of business. This is of a
curious construction, being octangular in its form,
from the centre of which rises a beautiful clouded
marble column, carrying a vaulted ceiling, springing
in every direction of the room. The general finish
of this room varies a little from that below, partaking
somewhat of the Anglo Norman style in the round pil-
lars in the angles and the circular tracery, which, toge-
ther with the painted arch particularize the character
of this style. The ceiling is enriched with mouldings
and decorated at their intersections with rosets, and
a head representing Philadelphia. Two large win-
dows light this apartment, decorated as those below.
West of this, lie the library and engraver's rooms.
The cellar or basement story is appropriated alto-
gether for fuel and lumber, except one apartment
which is occupied by the printing ojffice. The money
and book vaults are very properly placed above the
street level, both on account oi safety and ventilation.
The Gothic style is preserved throughout the whole
building. Had the original plan been pursued, of
constructing this buildmg of stone instead oi bnck,
its exterior appearance would have been much more
interesting, and more in character of the style adopted.
As it stands, it is a handsome structure and highly
ornamental to our city.
County Court House and City Hall,
The former is at the S. W. corner of Chesnut and
Fifth streets, and the latter, at the S. E. corner of
Chesnut and Sixth streets. They are plain structures.
In the former, the house of representatives sat be=
¥N1VERS1TY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 325
low, after the removal of the government from New
York, and previously to its establishment at Wash-
ington. The senate occupied the chamber, where the
federal district court is now held. In the latter
house, the mayor's office and mayor's court are held,
on the first floor ; the city councils and city com-
missioners sit up stairs.
University of Pennsylvania,
Is in Ninth street, between High and Chesnut
streets, and was originally built by the state of Penn-
sylvania, for the accommodation of the president of
the United States, on the removal of the temporary
seat of government from New York to Philadelphia.
President Washington, however, declined the offer
of it on constitutional grounds. It is about one hun-
dred feet front, and nearly of the same depth. After
remaining unoccupied for some years, it was pur-
chased by the trustees of the university, for the use
of that institution.
The building is three stories high: the ascent is by
a flight of marble steps, leading into a hall contain-
ing the main stair case ; from this hall, you enter
the grand vestibule which is surmounted by a dome
lighted by a cupola : a gallery runs round the vesti-
bule, and is supported by eight Corinthian columns,
under which are the doors leading into the lecture
rooms and apartments. Doors from the gallery also
communicate with the apartments in the second
story. The offices are in the basement story. The
apartments are spacious, and accommodate the pro-
vost and vice provost, besides the classes.
Four years since, a separate building of an octan-
gular form, crowned by a dome, was erected to the
E e
326 INDEPENDENT TABERNACLE.
south, but connected with the former, for the express
purpose oi holding the medical lectures. The rooms
are calculated for each particular professor.
The Independent Tabernacle^
Of which the Rev. Mr. Joyce is pastor, is situate
up a court from Fourth street, between High and
Chesnut streets. It was built in the years 1805 — 6,
and with a great degree of neatness and simplicity.
The form of its plan is a parallelogram, terminated
at one end by a semi-circle, wherein stand the pulpit
and choir. The exterior elevation, presents a range
of semi-circular windows below, and a similar range
of spacious windows above. The galleries are shal-
low, and supported entirely irom the wall, except
that fronting the pulpit, which is carried by columns.
The pulpit is spacious, on each side of which are
desks for the chief singers. The pews below, are
one hundred and sixty-two in number, conveniently
arranged, with spacious aisles.
The whole dimensions of this building from out
to out, are sixty by ninety feet.
The Baptist Churchy
Now erecting in Sansom or George street, above
Eighth street, from the originality of its design,
deserves a particular description.
The plan of this church, within, is a rotundo, ninety
feet diameter, surmounted by a dome, crowned with
alanthorn or cupola, upwards of twenty feet diameter.
The walls, with the dome, are elevated upwards of
fifty feet above the ground, built of brick, and the
dome constructed of short pieces of plank, upon the
principle adopted in that of the Halle de Bled, at
Paris. From the top of the walls, three steps encir-
BAPTIST CIIURCIL :^27
cle the building before the swell of the dome ap-
pears, the rise of which is at an angle of forty-five
degrees. In front and rear of the rotundo, square
projections, of sixty feet extent, come forward ; that
in the rear, to provide space for vestry rooms, rising-
only one story ; that in the front, to accommodate
the stair cases of the galleries, rising on a marble
basement to the common height of the walls.
The front projection comes to the line of the street,
in form of wings, separated by a colonnade, and are
crowned by two belfries or cupolas.
The principal entrance into the church will be by a
flight of marble steps into an Ionic colonnade j on
either hand, are doors leading to the stair cases
of the galleries : from this colonnade you pass
through a great Venetian door into the grand aisle,
leading direct to the baptistry and pulpit ; two other
aisles are to run parallel with this, and one main aisle
to cross the whole in the diameter of the church. At
the termination of all these aisles, are doors of outlet
from the building. The baptistry is situate in the
centre of the circle, in view of every part of the
gallery, and will be surrounded by an open balus-
trade, and when not in use, for the ordinance of
baptism, closed over by a floor to accommodate the
choir.
The galleries, which are described, concentric with
the great circle, circumscribe the nave of the church,
except in that section occupied by the pulpit, and
are supported by twelve columns. The pulpit, which
will be placed to front the grand aisle, is to be a
continuation of the galleries, and to come forward,
supported by a screen of columns. The space under
the pulpit to be closed and throv/n into the vestry
rooms behind, but may at any time be opened, the
screen being constituted of folding doors.
33S * THEATR^E.
The circumference of the building is lighted by
large square windows below, and a ring of semi-
circular windows above the galleries. The great
lanthorn of the dome, immediately over the baptis-
try, lights the centre, and ventilates the whole
church, being encircled with sashes which open and
shut at pleasure. The height to the apex of this lan-
thorn, from the floor, is upwards of fifty feet.
The foot of the dome will be encompassed by a
broad moulded band, above which two other bands
will run round. The lanthorn also to have its soffit
enriched with mouldings.
The pews below will be so disposed as to run
parallel with the transverse diameter of the room,
the number of which, together with those in the
galleries, will exceed three hundred and twenty,
and with the public seats will contain, with comfort,
upwards of two thousand five hundred people.
The design of this building was furnished by Mr.
Mills, a pupil of Mr. Latrobe, and as the direction
of the execution of his design has been wisely com-
mitted to him, we may anticipate that the building,
when finished, will do credit to his talents, and prove
an ornament to our city.
Mr. Mills is the first American architect, regu-
larly educated to the profession, in his own country.
Theatre,
The theatre was first opened in Philadelphia " by
a company of comedians from London," on the 15th
April 1754, with the '' Fair Penitent," and " Miss
in her Teens ;" a prologue and epilogue, written for
the occasion, were spoken by Mr. Rigby and Mrs.
Hallam ; the part of " the servant" was performed
by the late Mr., then " Master Lewis Hallam."
THEATRE. 329
The place of exhibition had been originally built
for a store, and was situate in Water street, near
Pine street, extending towards the Delaware. How
long they played there, is uncertain. They after-
wards erected a building expressly for their use in
Cedar street, the S. W. corner of Vernon street, then
in the outskirts of the city. Whde performing here,
Mr. Douglass joined the corps, who after a few
years, went to Jamaica, where he was appointed
king's printer. At the date of their first exhibition,
popular prejudices were powerful against every spe-
cies of theatrical exhibition, and petitions were more
than once presented to the legislatuie, to put a stop
to them* The synod of the Presbyterians, in a general
convocation, July 1759, also lent the aid of their in-
fluence against the theatre, by petitions to the go-
vernor, and to thq legislature, which were published ;
and a few days after, the theatrical corps announced
for exhibition, the ''• Tragedy of Douglass, by the
Rev. Mr. Home, minister of the kirk of Scotland."
Sometime before the revolationary war, the theatre
in Cedar street, between Fourth and Filth streets,
was erected by the elder Mr. Hallam and the
late Mr. Henry. Before the commencement of hos-
tilities the whole corps embarked for Jamaica, where
they remained until a^ter the peace, when they again
returned to this country ; but a law of the state pre-
vented their performing for several years. In 1793,
Mr. Wigneli, who tormerly belonged to the old
company, arrived with a number of excellent per-
formers, Irom England, who commenced their career
the following winter, in the New 1 heatre, in Ches-
nut street, which had been recently built by a com-
pany upon a tontine principle.
It is but justice to say, that, whenever required,
the proprietors of the theatre have cheerfully lent
their assistance in promoting any undertaking for
E e 2
336 THEATRE.
the public good, and that occasionally the interest
of religion has been promoted by their benefactions ;
but the poor, the public charitable institutions for
medical relief, and those for gratuitous education,
nay the afflicted, whether from fire or pestilence, in
other cities of the union, have on numerous occasions
received the benefit of their voluntary labours.
The theatre in Chesnut, near Sixth street, was
founded in the year 1791 ; and enlarged and im-
proved, as it now stands, in 1 805. It presents a hand-
some front on Chesnut street, of ninety feet, includ-
ing two wings, of fifteen feet each. The centre
building is ornamented with two spirited and well
executed figures, of tragedy and comedy,* on each
side of a great Venetian window, over which, in two
circular tablets, are emblematical insignia. The top
of this centre building is crowned by a pediment.
The wings, opened by large windows, recede a little
from the front, above, but project below, twelve feet,
to the line of the street, faced with marble ; these
pavilions are decorated by emblematic figures, in ta-
blets, and connected together by a colonnade of ten
fancy Corinthian columns. The extreme depth of the
theatre is one hundred and thirty-four feet ; the in-
terior is judiciously and handsomely arranged. In
the wings are the green room, dressing rooms, scene
rooms, &c. Through the projecting wings or pavi-
lions, you pass to the stairs of the galleries ; under
the colonnade, the left hand door leads to the pit,
but to the boxes you ascend in front, by a flight of
marble steps, enter the lobby and pass to the corri-
dors, which communicate with all the boxes. Those
in front of the stage are disposed in form of an am-
phitheatre; the seats of the whole, with those of the
* Bv Rush-.
CIRCUS. 331
pit and gallery, are arranged so as to give the spec-
tator the greatest advantages.
The stage occupies a ront between the boxes of
thirty-six feet, and runs back upwards of seventy-
one feet. Over the stage, occupying part of the en-
tablature and plafond of the front scene, is an em-
blematic representation of America, encouraging the
drama, under which are the words, " For useful
mirth, and salutary woe."
The fronts of the lodges or boxes, together with
the ceiling, are handsomely gilt and decorated, hung
with corresponding drapery between the columns.
The scenery of the stage is well arranged, and calcu-
lated both in execution and design to produce the
best effect.
For convenience, comfort and elegance of ar-
rangement, few theatres of the size, any where, can
vie with this.
This theatre is computed to hold about two
thousand persons, of which number nine hundred
may be accommodated in the boxes.
The Circus, now the Olympic Theatre,
Of Messrs. Pepin and Brechard, which stands on
the corner of Walnut and Ninth streets, was built in
the year 1809. The dimensions, eighty feet on Wal-
nut, by one hundred feet on Ninth street. Within, it
was circular, seventy-five feet diameter, including the
seats, and fifty-four feet, including the area of the
riding course. Every office, connected with the cir-
cus, was under this roof. Within the present year the
building has undergone great improvements and ad-
ditions ; the design of which is, the connection of a
theatre with the circus, similar to Sadler's Wells, in
London, wherein pantomimes, Olympic exercises,
335 MASONIC HALL.
and such other entertainments as are adapted to this
species of amusement, are represented. The riding
course will remain as it is, and from the termination
of the amphitheatre, a straight line of boxes pro-
ceed, till they intersect the stage. This stage has a
spacious front, without the avant scene, of fifty-four
feet, equal to the diameter of the circus. The or*-
chestra lies between the stage and riding course, on
each side of which is a door way from under the
stage, for the introduction of the riders into the cir-
cus. The additions to the original building make
the whole depth equal to one hundred and forty feet.
The entrance into the circus is by Walnut street.
The pit is on a level with the riding course ; the
lodges or boxes are on a level with the stage — a cor-
ridor, or passage, communicates with all of them.
On this floor are rooms for retreshn
To the Humane Society, - -• 2,218 50
To the Society for the Relief of Poor
and aged Members of the German Lu-
theran Congregation in the City of
Philadelphia, &c, - - 1,075
To the Pennsylvania Society for the
abolition oi Slavery, &c. - 1,096
To the Philadelphia Society for the Es-
tablishment and Support of Charity
Schools, - - - 3,184 50
To the Hibernian Society for the Relief
oi Emigrants ii'om Ireland, &c. - 3,127 94
To the German Society contributing for
the Reliei oi distressed Germans, &c. 3,271 94
To the Society lor the Relief of Poor and
distressed Masters oi Ships, &c. 5,335 50
To the Society tor the Institution and
Support ol Sunday Schools, &Ce - 2,198
To the Scots Thistle Society, - 3,349 17
To the University ot Pennsylvania, - 7,413 83
To the Academy of the Protestant Epis-
copal Church, in the city of Philadel-
phia, » - . - 15,057 63
To the Philadelphia French Benevolent
Society, ^ , ^ » 704 64
^103,114 11
TOURS IN THE VICINITY. 3*^
The late William Carter, and — ^ Petty, two
of the early inhabitants of Philadelphia, left one hun-
dred dollars each, to be laid out in bread, to be an-
nually distributed to the poor of the city, by the
board of guardians. An additional provision for a
supply of bread to the poor, arises from a donation
of the late John Thompson, of two hundred dollars,
which sum is to be equally divided every year be-
tween the " Female Society for the employment of
the poor ;" and the " Female Hospitable Society."
The following was omitted to be noticed among
the charitable societies :
Society for Promoting Vaccination among the Poor*
On the 10th of March, 1809, a number of persons
had a meeting, and declared by the following minute,
" That the object of their assembling, was to consider
of the expediency of establishing a society for pro-
moting vaccination, a preventive of the small pox,
especially among the poorer class of society." On
the 29th of the same month, a constitution was pro-
posed and adopted, which provides ior the appoint-
ment of an acting committee oi twelve members, a
clerk, treasurer, and six physicians ; it also directs
that each Individual admitted into membership shall
pay two dollars, and an annual subscription.
The members oi the society are divided into com-
mittees, and suitable districts of the city and liber-
ties, being assigned to them, it is their duty to seek
for objects recognsed by the association, and report
them to the physicians, M'ho call at their respective
dwellings, and vaccinate them ;ree of expense.
The physicians are paid by the society Tor their
professional services. The association is encouraged
344 TOURS IN THE VICINITY.
to persevere in its labours, having already had about
three thousand persons vaccinated.
Tours in the Vicinity of Philadelphia,
No city in the United States alFords so many di-
versified rides in its immediate vicinity, as Phila-
delphia, Almost every street leads to a new route,
which after a short distance, is crossed by other
roads that lead back to the city, so that the ride
may at any time be shortened at pleasure, without
the necessity of returning by the same route that you
took when going out.
The following tours are in particular worth notice.
Proceeding down Fifth street, you enter the Pas-
syunk road, and pass numerous gardens that supply
the Philadelphia markets with vegetables ; and se-
veral cross roads that lead to the Gloucester point
road, and to the lower bridge on Schuylkill. At the
distance of about three miles, by turning off to the
left at the " Blue ball tavern," you come to the lux-
uriant meadows of Schuylkill point or Greenwich,
where a practical farmer, or an amateur, will be
highly gratified by viewing grass fields, in the high-
est possible state of cultivation, and covered with
noble cattle. These meadows form the neck of land
between the Delaware and Schuylkill, the inroads of
which, on the exposed part, are defended by a strong
bank, laced with stone. ^
Returning irom those charming fields, to the main
road, we pass many natural meadows, extending to
the Schuylkill, upon crossing which, we land on State
island. Turning the eye to the left, on the Delaware
* The owners o£ those meadows are incorporated by law, and
support the banks out of a common fund.
TOUR^ IN THE VICINITY. 345
bliore, we see two rows of buildings, part of which
were erected at an early period, and used until 1801,
as a lazaretto, ior the reception of sick persons ar-
riving irom sea. Here the peaceable French settlers
from Nova Scotia, were landed, and accommodated
for some time, after being cruelly shipped off, and
their settlement destroyed, by an English naval
force, about the year 1756. To the south east and
beyond these buildings, the flag at Fort Mifflin is
seen. Persons desirous of viewing that interesting
spot, may readily find a conveyance by inquiring
at the ferry tavern. State island is the great resort
of snipes and woodcocks, and on that account much
frequented by our sportsmen.
Proceeding down through an immense extent of
meadows, equal in richness and produce to any in
the world, for about a mile and a half, the load
turns off to the right, and comes out at the " Blue
bell inn," on the Chester road,^ or if a greater extent
of ride be desired, after having proceeded along the
right hand road a small distance, the first road to the
left, at the south end of" Boon's dam," may be taken;
this leads through extensive natural meadows to Darby
creek. The distance is about five miles, and the road
level. In sight of the creek, on the Delaware, are the
new Lazaretto, and the buildings connected with
that establishment. Crossing the creek, in a scow,
you come shortly into the southern post road, at the,
eleven mile stone ; turning to the left, you are with-
in four miles of the town of Chester. At the first
creek, from the turn off, on this road, is the tan yard
of Messrs. M'llvains, where the curious may see
the various manipulations in tanning leather, per-
* The spade and shovel manufactory, at the Bell, will afford
amusement to those who have not seea the process of making
those common tools»
345 TOURS IN THE VICINITY.
formed by means of mechanical contrivances, which
greatly diminish the labour of the process.
Chester is the seat of justice of Delaware county,
and in the early settlement of the province was a
place of considerable note. The Swedes who first
settled in the town and adjacent land, named it
" Upland," after a province in their own country.
It was here that the first English settlers landed, and
that Penn assembled the first representatives, and
held the first court of justice. The houstr, in which
the legislature sat, was standing a few years since.
In the church yard, upon the back of a dark stone,
raised beneath an old elm, is the following inscrip-
tion.
In Barbarian bondage
And cruel tyranny
For ten years together
I served in slavery
After this mercy brought me
To my country fair
At last I drowned was
In river Delaware.
On the other side is the following inscription :
For
The memory of Francis Brooke
who died August the 19th
iro4
Aged 50 years.
If a more distant excursion, or a view of the cele-
brated flour mills on Brandywine, be desirable, the
main road to Wilmington may be taken. The mills
are thickly placed on each side the stream ; and at
one, or more of them, may be seen the various ope-
rations of the manufacture of flour, irom the hoisting
up of the grain from the shallop, to the packing of
the flour in a barrel, performed by the ingenious ma-
TOURS, IN THE VICINITV. Bit
chinery of our countryman, and self taught genius j
Oliver Evans.
Proceeding to the westward, by way of High
street, the first object that strikes the attention is the
bridge, over the Schuylkill ; designed by that origi*
nal and self taught genius Timothy Palmer, of
Newburyport.* From the middle of this bridge, es°
pecially u the tide be up, the eye will be gratified by
a fine prospect of both shores, some handsome
country seats being on the bank, and the land agree-
ably undulated : the United States arsenal is seen in
a south-eastern direction, distant about two miles.
Proceeding over the river, and ascending the hill, we
come to the board-yard of Messrs. M'llvains, where a
few minutes may be agreeably passed away in view-
ing an expeditious contrivance to dress shingles, by
knives fixed in a wheel, which is connected with a
shaft, and turned by a horse. A man and boy will
readily dress, carry out and pile away two thousand
in a day, but by attaching the works to a water
wheel, the same hands could finish three thousand
shingles daily. Two sets of hands might be employed
on the same machine. The turnpike, leading to Lan-
caster, takes to the right : the road due west, leads
through the village of Hamilton, in sight, to West
Chester, distant twenty-three miles.
The great southern post road passes to the left :
proceeding down it, you have a fine view of the city;
and on the right are seen the progressive inclosures
and improvements of land, which, after the woods
had been cut down, was suffered to grow up into a
thicket, almost impenetrable, until the recent sale of
the lots ; and in a few years the land will be covered
* For a particular account of the bridg-e, see the Memoirs of
the Agricultural Society, Philadelphia. Vol. I.
sits TOURS m THE VICINITY.
with the boxes of the citizens, whose avocations
yti^j not permit a more distant retreat from the heat
of the town.
At the distance of about a mile, is the " Wood-
lands," the elegant seat of William Hamilton, esq.
to which every genteel stranger has ready access.
Here every thing will be seen, that can charm the
eve, or gratify the admirer of rural scenery, the man
of taste, the botanist, or lover of fine arts.
About two miles down the same road, a white
gate, on the left, points out the entrance to the bo-
tanic garden of Mr. Bartram, which was begun about
eighty -three years since, by John Bartram, and con-
tains about eight acres. From the house there is a
gentle descent to the river Schuylkill ; from the bank
Oi which a fine prospect opens of that river, and of
rich meadows up and down on both sides. The De-
laware is also seen at a distance. The garden con-
tains many of the tall southern forest trees, which
have been successively introduced by the father, or
his son William, and have been naturalized, among
which the iollowing deserve particular notice.
Cupressus disticha, bald cypress ; Pinus palustris,
long leaved pine; Magnolia auriculata ; M. tripetala ;
M. grandifiora. Franklinea Alatamaha, CEsculus pa-
via, CE. flava, horse chesnut; besides many shrubs of
great beauty and excellence : of all which supplies
ma) be had. If the ride be continued to Chester, a
stop may be made at the " Plough Inn," about three
miles below Darby, irom which place there is a
charming prospect in clear weather, of the Delaware,
and the intermediate fields.
North Eastern Route,
Passing up Front street as far as the hay scales^
take the right hand road, and crossing the turnpike,
(leadmg to Frankford, Bristol, Sec.) you ride on the
TOURS IN TPIE VICINITY. 349
bank of the Delaware through Kensington, called
Shakamexunk by the natives j here, in addition to the
pleasing spectacle v/hich is exhibited, of ship build-
ing, in all the various stages, you are gratified with
a fine view of the harbour of Philadelphia; and of
the village of Camden and Cooper's ferry, on the op-
posite shore. It was here too, tradition tells us, that
William Penn formed his first treaty with the
Indian natives, in 1682: the stump of a venera-*
ble elm tree, . (blown down March 3, 1810,) the
branches of which is said to have formed a canopy for
the peaceful counsellors, may yet be seen on the
bank, (immediately in front of a singularly con-
structed, and ancient edifice) the on?y frail memorial
to designate the spot where that primitive, and ce-
lebrated negociation was conducted.
Leaving the river, you go to what is called the
Point no Point road, passing the glass house, on
the right; and in addition to extensive market gar-
dens, and several handsome summer retreats, you
cannot fail to be interested by beholding a range of
meadow, three miles long, banked in from the Dela-
ware, on which herds of cattle are seen grazing.
Having progressed six miles up the Point no Point
road, you may visit an inn, to which the right
hand way conducts, or taking the left, may cross
Frankford creek, to a village of that name, now ia
sight. After crossing the creek, the right hand road
affords a very pleasant ride, and comes out above
Holmesburgh, distant eleven miles from town. From
Frankford you may pass down the turnpike to
the city, and if you please, call at Harrowgate, about
a mile below the town, on the right. When you have
reached the city, from hence, your ride will have been
fourteen miles. If, when at Frankford, inclination
prompt to a more extensive tour, you may pass up
the turnpike, seven miles, to the Fox Chase tavern ;
350 TOURS IN THE VICINITT.
a spacious white edifice, and well provided inn, sir-,
tuated at the junction of two roads ; here you may
deliberate whether, by pursuing the right hand one,
you will visit Bath, an elegant establishment, one mile .
northward of Bristol, and twenty miles from Phi-
ladelphia,* or take the left, and pass over a fine
country, through the village of Morrisville, and
thence across the Delaware bridge to the city of
Trenton, in New Jersey. From Trenton you may
return by the post road, through Bristol, and visit
the rural city of Burlington, immediately opposite to
it, on the New Jersey shore.
From Frankibrd you may take another course.
At the upper end of the village a road passes off from
the turnpike to the left hand; pursuing this, you ride
a few miles, passing Oxford church ; thence, a short
distance to a place called the Fox Chase; here it will
be proper to inquire the most direct way past
Friend's meeting house, (Abington,)| near which is
the cave, for many years inhabited by the celebrated
Benjamin Lay, a singular but pious character, to
Jenkin Town : being now ten miles from the city,
you may either return there or proceed northwardly,
four miles, to Willow Grove, where, at Rex's tavern,
you can be well entertained : here is also a fine
spring, highly impregnated with iron, and a spacious
bath house, supplied with the mineral water, for the
accommodation of visitors.
North Route*
The most direct way to Germantown, is to pass
up Third street, at the extremity of which, you meet
* The water is chalybeate, and highly useful in cases of pure
debility, gravel, jaundice, &c.
\ Ti\is place is very healthful ; there is ^also a chalybeate
Hpring- of considerable po werSi
TOURS IN THE VICINITY. 3^1
the turnpike road, and at the distance of six miles
from the city, reach that healthful village. There,
are to be had the well known woollen hosiery, which
bear the name of the town, manufactured in the
families of the German settlers. Germantown is a
summer retreat for a number of citizens, and ex-
ceptmg its airy and elevated situation, being on
the first ridge after you leave Philadelphia, it has
little to interest or detain strangers. From this town
you may pass by several roads in a westwardly di-
rection, into what is called the township line road,
and thus vary the ride back to the city, which exhi-
bits a fine view from the heights. Previously to
leaving the township line road, and resummg the
turnpike, into which it conducts you, about two
miles from Philadelphia, you may be gratified by
visiting "■' Upsal botanic garden," established and con-
ducted by Bernard M'Mahon. This garden is near
the junction of the township line and turnpike roads.
When you have reached the city, your ride will have
been thirteen miles.
If, when at Germantown, you wish to extend your
excursion, you may pass up the turnpike, through
the village of Cresham, ascending as you proceed, to
Chesnut-hill ;^ thence to the Perkiomen creek: a
short distance from the bridge which crosses that
stream, are the celebrated lead mines, well worth
visiting. The mineralogist will be amply repaid by
his visit to this place.
North Western Route*
A most delightful ride is offered by pursuing the
following course. Having crossed the Schuylkill
* From this place the view is extensive and picturesque.
352 TOURS I^^ THE VICINITY.
bridge, (High street) take the first right hand road,
this will conduct you along the river Schuylkill,
sometimes on its margin, at others on its high banks ;
the tasteful villas scattered on both sides of this
beautiful stream, added to the variegated decora-
tions of nature, cannot fail to gratify. Having pro-
ceeded on this road about four miles, you may either
stop at Mendenhall's inn, or cross the river on a
chain bridge of modern construction, a short distance
above, and in sight of the falls, to a house of public
entertainment, called the Falls Tavern, on the eastern
side of the Schuylkill. The oil mill of Mr. Hagner
at this place, may prove interesting to some. You
are now on the Ridge road, and may either return
by it to the city, go to Germantown, or proceed up-
ward, passing Robeson's flour mills, on the Wissa-
hiccon creek,* near its confluence with the Schuyl-
kill, thence over a fine picturesque country to Spring
Mill,! well worth visiting, near which is the vine-
yard of the Pennsylvania Vine Company.
You are now again on the margin of the river, and
will certainly be gratified with the scenery pre-
sented to view; to enjoy which, on your return to the
city, you may, (though the road is not very good)
having crossed the Schuylkill at the ferry, proceed
along its shore, visiting on your way, a soap stone
quarry, and likev/ise be interested by v/itnessing
twelve saws ingeniously contrived to move by water,
for cutting large blocks of marble : a short distance
below this, you cross on what is called the Flat Rock
* The scenery up this creek is very roraantic ; the creek pass-
es in a serpentine course among' majestic hiiis,from the sides of
which rocks in rude disorder, impend over the stream.
•j- This spring- is a real curiosity. The water never freezes||
nor does that of the Schuylkill, for some distance above aiid-
below ^vhcre the spring empties into it.
TOURS IN THE VICINITY. 353
bridge, built last year,"^ thence go eastwardly to the
Ridge road, and back to Philadelphia.
The mineralogist will not regret a scramble on ei-
ther shore of the Schuylkill, from Spring Mill, to a
few miles below.
In addition to these short excursions around the
eity, strangers, who have leisure, would be gratified
by the following tour. First, visit Easton on the
Delaware, the views near which place, are uncom-
monly picturesque : one in particular, about four
miles on this side of the town, will command atten-
tion. From Easton to the Wind Gap or opening-
through the Kittatinny or Blue Mountain, the dis-
tance is about twelve miles ; a visit to that place and
to the Water Gap, or place of passage of tiie Dela-
ware through the same mountain, some miles to the
east, will be amply repaid, and an examination of the
localities will furnish the geologist with materials
for an inquiry into the cause of those two singular
disruptions of the great primordial ridge. From the
gap, the rout may be to the Moravian towns of Na-
zareth and Bethlehem, where the prnnitive manners,
and the peculiar discipline of that religious society,
particularly at the latter place, cannot fail to interest.
Then proceed to Reading, where the grand Adews
from the Schuylkill's bank enchant the beholder *. to
Hummell's town, near to which is the curious and
interesting Swetara cave ; to Harrisburgh, on the
Susquehanna, recently fixed on as the future seat
of the state government ; to Carlisle, Chambers-
burgh and Shippensburgh. Returning through York
and Lancaster, the stranger will be gratified by pass-
ing through a rich and highly cultivated country.
* This bridge is well worth, examining.
Gg2
:m PROJECTED IMPROVEMENTS.
At the sea shore, Long Branch, N. J.: the Yellow
Springs, in Chester county, and Bath, near Bristol,
on the Delaware, invalids will find health, gaiety
and fashion.
Projected Improvements^
In IT'QO, a noble scheme was set on foot by some
patriotic citizens of Philadelphia, to connect the
Delaware with the western lakes by a chain of inland
navigation : and on their suggestion, commissioners
were appointed by law to determine the most eligible
route, and to calculate the cost of the intended mea-
sure. Two companies were incorporated in 1791 and
1792, to undertake the work^ one, for connecting the
Schuylkill and Susquehanna, a distance of seventy-
nine miles, and the other for uniting the waters of
the Delaware and Schuylkill, along the east bank of
the latter river, sixteen miles to Norristown. The
capital of each company was four hundred thousand
dollars. An eminent engineer, from England, was
sent for, but in the eagerness to have the work fi-
nished, much money was expended before his arri-
val. Upon a due examination of the ground and
work of the Delaware and Schuylkill canal, he re-
ported that the whole might be completed for the
sum subscribed ; six miles were nearly completed,
but the stockholders declined paying their instal-
ments, and the work ceased. The legislature grant-
ed a lottery to aid both canals ; the second class of
which was badly managed, and thus the progress of
the scheme was stopped, after two hundred and
twenty-one chousand seven hundred and ten dollars
had been expended.
At the last session of the legislature, a law was
passed, which it is to be hoped will have the effect
oi finishing this useftd and important plan of internal
navigation^
NUMBER OF CARRIAGES. 355-
By the law, permission is granted for a union to
take place between the two companies, and to open
a complete canal and lock navigation from one or
more pomts on the river Susquehanna to the tide
waters on Schuylkill or Delaware, or both ; also to
contract for supplying the city and Northern Liber-
ties and Southward, with water, and making wet and
dry docks. When the canal shall be completed, the
property is to be vested in the company, for fifty
years, and when the tolls shall exceed twenty-five
per cent, neat annual profit, the excess shall compose
a fund for the redemption oi the canal, so as to render
it free. Permission is also granted to extend their
route to Lake Erie, or other waters of any neigh-
bouring state, by canals and lock navigation, or
turnpike ; and to raise, by lottery, the sum of three
hundred and ;orty thousand dollars as a sinking fund,
on which no dividend can be raised. It is hoped and
expected, that congress will grant a certain portion
of the north western territory, as a fund to redeem
the capital expended, and assist the company, by
loans, from time to time, as the work may progress,
either in money or in certificates of the United
States, redeemable by said extensive territory, which
by an mland water communication with the Atlantic,
will become highly valuable. It is also hoped and
expected, that future legislatures, seeing the pro-
gress, and convinced of the necessity and benefit
arising to the state from canals, will grant a sum of
money per mile, whenever two or three miles may
have been well finished and in operation.
Number of Carriages^ at different times, in
Philadelphia,
In the year 1759, an accurate list was taken of the
names of every citizen, who kept a four wheel chaite
'^Jit> ^VUmii OF V A VlUt Ar,F.S„
v>t any kind ;* (Vom which it appcarcnl that thirty-sev-
en was the whole uuiuhor. Single horse chairs were
nvvmeroua. Iti Ifrsi, there were eighty-eight lour
>vheeU d earriag'cs.j In 1794, tlK receiver ol duty on
pleasiuT carriages, made theloUowing return.
520 ('hairs and 3^ Sulkeys.
«0 Light Waggxms.
13r C.oachces.
22 Ph ctona.
3A Chariots.
33 C.oachea. — Ti>tal, ,'^or fo\n- wheeU tl carriages.
In 1801, when the tax ceased, there wciv, exchi-
sivc o\ the county, 39(} lour wheeled carriugx^s, and
A8.S two wh(cled chaises. At present there can ]>e no
o.^i/if^-'i irftd ■
#io». rjvj^v 42, lino IS. tVom boUom. f<>r ,v*^,<
VAp,v 44., lino S, iUlo rtrr. P«.j5,v 4 f.>r /o.\\vo»»r Ammciin tvn>i . ./wfrt^t- Pagv 84-, Ht\o A<,
f(\v i^oihW tv«A]>or nnjMvssions, ^iH" i\\c Appondix. P^gr ^% line
^ tWv 1809 w^&A l?^- r*igv 1,^^9, notA?, for 180vS iv!^«l 1804. I»aj?x-
144s h«^ 13, <\>>m bottom, ft>p roiul e»»r, 1*-:<{?S' ^A, in « tvw
copios, tbo n«mo oi' ')' lUc xniv»
i\figYrKof tbo lVnnsvl>;V\n« llosnual . lino 11 Vi^m bot-
tom, botNXVon **««>•" sn fov*
ji/ih i>CAd ^ixth, lAm Hi fi'oat botix>n\>for sixth reAil.j^i/j.
APPENOrX.
NEW!S-l?APBrt IMPIIF.S810NS.
In page 84, an error was committed, respecting
the number of weekly iinpresaiona oi' News-puperB.
The following statement is given by Mr. Uobin-
son, in his Directory ibr 1811.
" Eight dnily papers, distributing upwards of 8,328
sheets; 4,500 in the morning, and 3,828 every even-
ing. Nine papers, once a week, that distrilrute 7,058
sheets: two, twice a week, distributing 1,992 sheets:
two, three times a week, that distribute 1,920 sheets."
In page 138, it is stated that Mr. Reuben Haines
originated the idea of the Hose Companies ; but I
now learn that the name of Hoijkrts Vaux, ought
to have been connected with that ol his Iriend, on the
occasion. The original plan of a Hose Company waK
sketched l)y him, with estimates ol costs, ike. andhia
persev«rance ynd judgment grently aided in organ-
izing t!ic troublesome and novel undertaking. 'I'hc
other active and e.irly members ol the fust Hose
Company, were Wiilinm Morrison, Joseph Lea,
Samuel Hazard, J. P. I'arke,
The City Councils, by a recent ordinance, have
afforded a partial aid to the Hose Companies, by the
358 APPENDIX.
grant of Si, 000, but the entire expense should be
defrayed by the public. It is certainly enough I'l the
youth give their time, and risque their health and
lives, in extinguishing fires, without being subject to
the least expense.
The Church of St. Michael, in north Fifth street,
belonging to the Lutherans, was omitted among the
places of worship. It was built in 1743, and is 72
feet, by 44 ; and 22 feet high.
Among the notices of " printing," p. 86, the Bible,
printed and published by Robert Aitken, of Phila-
delphia, ought to have been mentioned, ^'commen-
ced it in 1781, and finished it in 1782 : it was in
12mo, and was recommended to the public patronage
by Congress. It was neatly executed.
Page 21, 4th line from the bottom, after the word
^' formed," substitute the following for what is given.
= — " each of 396 feet : two streets, viz. Twelfth and
Thirteenth, were added, each 50 feet broad : (rom
Thirteenth to Broad street, the distance is 528 feet ;
and through the middle of this square, Juniper
street, 28 feet broad, was laid out by order oi the
executive council during the war." Bro?id street was
originally, he, &c.
J i i
O viti