Fa *N UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN No. 410 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY Contribution from Office of Farm Management, W. J. Spillman, Chief Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER November 11, 1916 VALUE TO FARM FAMILIES OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE By W. C. FUNK, Scientific Assistant Facts Brouglit Ont . . Sources of Data . . . Regions Studied . . . The Farmer's Income The Farmer's Living . Food CONTENTS Page 1 2 3 4 4 7 Page Fuel 29 Use of House on the Farm 31 The Size of the House 32 Household Labor 33 Value of Board on the Farm 34 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 0. of D. DEC C 1916 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JZ^%su BULLETIN No. 410 \Sff' OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY ^ OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY Contribution from Office of Farm Management W. J. SpUIman, Chief Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER Si-rf'^^U-U November 11, 1916 VALUE TO FARM FAMILIES OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. By W. C.'FuNK, Sckntijic Assistant. CONTENTS. Facts brought out 1 Sources of data 2 Regions studied 3 The farmer's income 4 The farmer's living 4 Food 7 Page. Fuel 29 Use of house on the farm 31 The size of the house 32 Household labor :;3 Value of board on the farm 34 The aim of this bulletin is to detemiine the value of those things which the farm furnishes to the farm family without money cost, namely, the use of a house, food, and fuel. To this end data were secured from nearly 1,000 families, repre- senting widely sepa- rated sections in 14 States. Figures were gathered covering the value of all food, fuel, and shelter, itemized to show what part was bought and what part was furnished by the farm. Data also were collected bearing on the value of house- hold labor on the farm. FACTS BROUGHT OUT. Following is a brief summary of the more significant averages estabhshed by this inquiry. The figures given are based on reports from 950 families, averaging 4.8 persons per family. 53685°— Bull. 410—16 1 Fig. 1. — Map of United States, showing locations of areas studied. *^^=^a 2 BULLETIN 410, V. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTTJRE. Annual value of food, fuel, and use of house — ^ ^ *> ' , ., --,„ (Furnished by farm.. $424 (66 per cent). r^ q Average per family, $642|3^^gj^^ -^^ 218 (34 per cent). X ° Annual value of food — [Animal products. 58 per cent] .,,„ Groceries 25per cent From farm. . 58 per cent. Average per family, !:^48 . y^g^j^^les 11 per cent Bought 42 per cent. Fruits 6 per cent! Annual value of fuel — fWood (9.4 cords).. $36,301^, . ., ^„„ L^ 1 /,, ^ . N ,^ „_ From farm.. 54 per cent. Averageperfamily,$62. Coal (2.6 tons).... 17.8o 46 ner cent [oil(55gaUone)... 6.33]^''''"^* 46 per cent. Annital value of use of house — Average per family, $132. Annual value of housework — .• -1 ^ooofFiiniished by family.. $217 (95 per cent). Average per lamily, $228]^^.^^ [ ^ ^ ^^ p^^^ ^^^^^ It was found that the average annual value of meats (other than poultry) consumed per family was $107.25; of poultry products, $55.40; and of dairy products, $98.36. (The quantity of dairy prod- ucts consumed was equivalent to 2,640 quarts of milk.) Meats constitute the most important group of foods. As it increases relative to the other groups the total value of food con- sumed per family increases. Those families having a relatively greater consumption of either groceries, vegetables, or dairy products use relatively less meats, and their total consumption of food is less in value. Families living on their own farms reported higher consumption of food and a larger proportion of food derived directly from the farm than did those living on rented farms. The av^erage quantity of fruit canned annually per family was 122 quarts; of vegetables, 32 quarts. The cost of board (as of hired hands) in food, fuel, and housework was shown to be SI 29 per year. Thirty-one per cent of this repre- sents cash outlay. SOURCES OF DATA. The data presented in this bulletin were collected during the siunmers of 1913 and 1914. The results of the 1913 study have been published m Farmers' Bulletin 635, What the Farm Contributes Directly to the Farmer's Living. In that study records were taken from 483 farm families distributed over 10 areas in as many States. Four additional areas were visited durmg the summer of 1914. A gi-eater number of families per area were visited in this study than in that of 1913, thus permitting more detailed analysis of the data. The data from all areas are included in the tables only where the number of records were sufficient to do justice to the study. VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 3 A study of this kind is merely indicative in nature; no two families are alike in their tastes or financial ability to purchase what is most desired. Weather and ^ other conditions limit the quantity and quahty of products furnished by the farm for family use. The average of a large number of families is thus the best measure of the consumption per person or per family of food and fuel and the pro- portion of these fiu"nished by the farm. The data were obtained by the survey method, the enumerators being experienced men trained in that particular line of work. Few families keep an account of expenditures for household purposes or a record of products taken from the farm for house use; but careful questioning enables the enumerator to secure fairly accurate data. REGIONS STUDIED. Data were collected in 1 different are as in the year 1913. The three cotton-growing areas \dsited were in Gaston County, X. C. : Troup and Meriwether Counties; Ga.; and McLennan County, Tex. The types of agriculture in the North Carolina and Georgia areas were fairly similar, cotton and corn being the main crops. In the Texas area, however, a definite rotation of com, oats, and cotton is fol- lowed. Farming is here done more extensively. The annual rain- fall is considerably less than in the other two cotton-growing areas visited. Cloud County and Montgomery County, both important com-gi'owing districts, were selected for the work in the States of Kansas and Iowa, respectively. The chief crops gro%vn in the Kansas area are corn, wheat, and alfalfa, though some farmers raise only corn and alfalfa. A series of dry years has discouraged the growing of all but a few vegetables. In the Iowa area the agriculture is more diversified, considerable oats and wheat being grown. Hog raising is an important industry in both these sections. The Jefferson County, Wis., area is wholly a dairy section. The money crops raised are oats and barley. Considerable pm-e-bred Holstein and Guernsey live stock is raised here. General farming is the prevailing type in Champaign County, Ohio, and in Bucks County, Pa. Com, oats, wheat, and hay are the principal crops, with small dairies on many of the farms. In Otsego County, N. Y., and Lamoille County, Vt., dairying is the chief enterprise. The growing seasons here are appreciably shorter than in any of the other areas. In 1914 more specialized sections m New Jersey, Maine, North Dakota, and California were visited. The New Jersey area in Gloucester County was distinctly market gardening or trucking. Much of the produce was hauled by the farmer to Philadelphia, a distance of about 10 miles, affording a good opportimity to buy house- hold supplies. Vegetables and fruits were raised in great variety. 4 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPAETMENt OF AGRICULTURE. The Maine areas in Androscoggin and Oxford Counties were dairy and fruit regions. Apples and dairy products were the important farm sales. Considerable sweet com was also grown for canning purposes. In North Dakota, Cass County was visited. Grain grow- ing is the chief industry there. The farms are large and the distance to market relatively great. Practically no fruit is raised, and the variety of vegetables grown for home use is small. The region studied in Santa Clara County, Cal., is an irrigated fruit area. The farms are small and most of the area is devoted to fruit. The most generally grown fruits are prunes, apricots, and peaches. On many of the small farms all the land is devoted to fruit trees, no land being set aside even for the family garden. A garden to be successful has to be irrigated at frequent intervals, which is not always convenient with their present equipment, since the orchards are generally irrigated only once or twice a year. THE FARMER'S INCOME. The income received by the average farmer is not great. Studies which have been carried on in different States would indicate that the average labor income ^ of farmers falls considerably below $600 a year.^ It must be remembered, however, that the average Ameri- can farmer who is operating his owti farm has nearly $5,000 ^ of his own money invested in his farm business. In addition to his labor income he has the interest on this capital, while a large proportion of his needs are met directly by the farm. THE FARMER'S LIVING. In this discussion only those items of the farmer's living expenses have been included which may be wholly or partly furnished by the farm. An attempt is here made to determine the income the average farmer derives from this source. Upon the size of this direct income depends, to a largo extent, the amount of cash the farmer has for clothing, recreation, education, incidental expenses, and saving. The total average value of the three items of food, fuel, and use of house for the 950 farm families studied in this investigation (Table I) is $642, and 66 per cent, or $424, of this is furnished by the farm. The area in which the value of these items was the greatest was in Cass County, N, Dak., where the total was $948 per family, 61 per cent of which was furnished by the farm. The average family in 1 Labor income: The amount that the farm operator has left for his labor after the farm expenses and 5 per cent interest on the average capital invested are deducted from the farm receipts. It represents what he earned as a result of his year's labor after the earnings of his capital have been deducted. It does not include the value of the use of the house or the fuel and food products furnished directlj- by the farm for family use. - U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry Circulars 75 and 132, Bulletins 41 and 117. N. y. Cornell Bui. 295. Mo. A'TJ. Exp. Sta. Bui. 121. 3 U. S. Census, 1910, Equity per farm. VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 5 this region was large, being 6.2 persons.^ In Gaston County, N. C, the total was only $504, 85 per cent of which was furnished by the faiTQ. The average number of persons to a family here was only 4.5. Table I gives these values for all areas visited, \vith the number of families visited in each section and the average acreage of the farms operated by these families. Table I. — Average annual value qf/ood,fufJ,o- andtise of a divelling/or 9 50 farm families. Location of regions in which study was made (county and State). Number of families. Persons per family. Average per farm. Acreage. Food, fuel, and shelter furnished by the farm. Food and fuel bought. Total. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N.Y Bucks, Pa Gloucester, N. J... Gaston, N. C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex... Champaign, Ohio. Jefferson, Wis Montgomery, Iowa Cloud, Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal... All families.. 148 49 55 43 126 55 50 44 44 40 51 46 109 84 4.5 4.8 4.0 5.2 4.7 4.5 5.4 5.3 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 6.2 4.9 112 130 118 77 69 86 102 133 175 86 161 152 453 45 S355 349 431 383 445 428 520 363 451 375 485 426 578 341 177 210 225 345 76 110 254 156 173 183 178 370 357 $599 5:6 641 608 790 504 6:30 617 607 548 668 604 948 698 950 424 642 a Fuel includes oil used for both cooking and lighting. Wherever the income upon which any family depends fails to maintain a fair standard of living, the elements of subsistence which are the last to be sacrificed are those which are most vital to health and happiness — food, fuel, and shelter. For the farm families visited the farm supplied nearly two-thirds of these items, and, if necessity demanded, the proportion could be made considerably greater. Table II shows the value of the food, fuel, and house rent furnished by the farm. The average value of these items per family is S423.58, or $89.71 per person. Sixty-two per cent of this is food, 7 per cent fuel, and 31 per cent house rent. a In comparing the families on the different farms it will be found that they differ in number and age of persons. They must be reduced to a common basis to be comparable. Students of dietetics reduce all members of the family to the requirements of one adult man, assuming women and children of different ages to have certain definite relative capacity of consumption. In this study only two divisions were made — children of 12 years of age and under were counted as one-half an adult, and all persons over 12 years of age as adults. Farm labor and domestic help when boarded were counted as members of the family. In the discussion throughout the whole bulletin, wherever reference is made to size of family, it is in terms of adult equivalent. 6 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table II. — Average annual value of food, fuel, and use of a dwelling furnished hy the home farm {9 bO families). Location of regions in which Food. Fuel. House rent. Total. study was made (county and State). Per family. Per person. Per family. Per person. Per family. Per person. Per family. Per person. Oxford, Me S200.20 192. 43 189. 60 201. 69 266. 16 330. 65 376.03 275.62 248. 28 209. 44 297. 28 292.48 384.58 175.62 $44. 49 40.10 47.40 38.80 56.63 73.47 69.65 52.00 60.57 47.60 70.80 65.00 62.03 35.84 $43. 42 63.40 53.80 17.91 15.04 41.87 51.60 4.13 30.50 35.80 30.20 17.97 18.04 16.51 $9.65 13.21 13.45 3.44 3.20 9.30 9.56 .78 7.44 8.14 7.20 4.00 2.91 3.37 $111.00 93.00 188. 00 163.00 164.00 56.00 92.00 83.00 172.00 130.00 158.00 116.00 175.00 149.00 §24.63 19.38 47.00 31.34 34.84 12.45 17.04 15.66 42. 00 29.54 37.62 25.80 28.21 30.40 $354. 62 348.83 431.40 382. 60 445. 20 428. 52 519. 63 362. 75 450. 78 375. 24 485.48 426. 45 577.62 341.13 $78. 77 Lamoille, Vt 72.69 Otsego, N. Y 107.85 Bucks, Pa <3.58 Gloucester, N.J 94.67 Gaston, N. C 95.22 Troup, Ga 96.25 McLennan, Tex 68.44 Champaign, Ohio Jefferson, Wis 110.01 85.28 Montgomery, Iowa 115.62 94.80 Cass, N. Dak 93.15 Santa Clara, Cal 69. 61 Average, all families 260.00 54.60 3L44 6.83 132.00 28.28 423.58 89.71 The distribution of tho products bought is indicated in Table III. Food constitutes 86 per cent of the total and fuel 14 per cent. The item fuel includes coal, wood, and oil, oil Ixnng used for both fuel and lighting purposes. The big item of the products bought is food. The fact that the quantity bought per person varies from $16 to $66 in the diff(^rent areas would seem to indicate that a material saving could be made in this group of products bought. In the New Jersey area, where the average value of food bought per person is relatively high, this quantity varies from S24 to $120 in a group of families of the same size, showing that a material saving could be made should necessity demand it. The fuel bought is not such a variable quan- tity within the same area. Table III. — Average annual value of the food and fuel bought {950 families). Food. Coal. Wood. Oil. Total. County and State. Per family. Per person. Per family. Per person. Per family. Per person. Per family. Per person. Per family. Per person. Oxford, Me $226. 76 169. 17 186. 71 190.32 299.06 71.28 104. 42 213.47 124.98 143. 25 146.43 157.41 279.00 322. 08 $50.39 35.24 46.68 36.60 63.63 15.85 19.32 40.30 30.50 32.56 34.87 34.97 45.00 65.73 $6.39 1.01 16.00 26.90 30.69 $L42 .21 4.00 5.17 6.53 $2.98 2.00 1.00 L09 5.87 L71 $0.66 .42 .25 .21 L25 .38 $7.65 4.61 5.79 6.37 9.31 3.10 5.18 7.58 4.88 5.78 6.92 7.21 7.94 6.32 $1.70 .96 1.45 1.21 1.98 .69 .96 1.43 1.19 1.31 1.65 1.60 L28 1.29 $243. 78 176. 79 209.50 224. 68 344. 93 76.09 109. 60 2.53. 57 155.56 172. 73 182. 92 177.65 369.65 357.31 $54. 17 Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N. y Bucks, Pa 36.83 52.38 43.19 Gloucester, N. J Gaston, N. C 73.39 16.92 Troup Ga 20.28 McLennan, Tex Champaign, Ohio . . . Jefferson, Wis Montgomery, Iowa. . Cloud, Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal 17.35 23.70 20.70 29.57 12.70 62.00 2.84 3.27 5.78 4. VO 7.04 2.82 10.00 .58 15.17 2.00 3.00 2.86 .49 .68 47.86 37.96 39.25 43.56 .33 20.71 26.07 .07 3.34 5.32 39.46 59.62 72.92 Average, all families 188.17 39.40 17.85 3.68 5.85 1.14 6.33 1.34 218.20 4.5.56 VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 7 FOOD. Of the items furnished by the farm included in Table I, food con- stitutes 62 per cent, and of the items bought it constitutes 86 per cent. It is, therefore, the most important item in this discussion, and considerable space is devoted to it. Table IV shows the value of food consimied per family and per person and the amomit bought and furnished by the farm. The aver- age value of the food used per family was S447.92, and S94 per person, 41.6 per cent of which was bought and 58.4 furnished by the farm. It is interesting to note that the percentage furnished by the farm varies in different sections from 35 per cent to 82 per cent. The California area was low with 35 per cent, but we find that individual families VALUE J, 00 Maine: VERMONT NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA NEW JERSEY NORTH CAROLINA GEORGIA TEXAS OHIO WISCONSIN IOWA KAN5A5 NORTH DAKOTA CALIFORNIA B PRODUCTS BOUGHT C3 PRODUCTS FUKNlbMto 6T TMt FARM Fig. 2. — Average annual value of food used per family, showing relative amounts bought and furnished by the farm. within this one area vary from 10 to 65 per cent, showmg that some families could probably depend more on the farm for family table supplies, but also that the average for families with the highest per cent furnished is less than the average for all families in some other sections, and that apparently it is more profitable m this region to buy certain farm products than to raise them. Figure 2 shows graph- ically the average annual value of food used per family. In arriving at the value of the food furnished by the farm average farm prices were taken. The farmer's estimate as to what the product would sell for on the farm when in season was checked with the local grocers' estimate, and in this manner fair average values were charged for the fruits, vegetables, and other farm products used in the house. 8 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table IV. — Average annual value of the food of 950 farm families. County and State. Number of fami- lies. Food consumed per family. Bought. Furnished by farm. Total. Per cent of food consumed. Bought. Furnished by farm. Total consump- tion per person. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N.Y Bucks, Pa Gloucester N. J. .. Gaston, N.C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex . . . Champaign, Ohio.. JeSerson, Wis Montgomery, Iowa Cloud, Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal . . . All families.. 148 49 55 43 126 55 50 44 44 51 46 46 109 84 $198. 55 169. 17 186. 71 190. 32 297.41 71.28 104. 43 213.47 124.98 143. 25 146.43 157.41 279. 28 323.51 186. 16 ?224. 87 192. 43 189. 60 201. 69 204. 94 330. 65 376. 03 275. 62 2!8.28 209.44 297.28 292. 48 384.95 176. 40 $423. 42 361.60 376. 31 392. 01 562. 35 401. 93 480. 46 489.09 373. 26 352. 69 443. 71 449. 89 664.23 499. 91 53.2 46.8 49.6 48.6 52.9 17.7 21.7 43.6 33.5 40.6 33.0 35.0 42.0 64.7 46.8 53.2 .50.4 51.4 47.1 82.3 78.3 56.4 66.5 59.4 67.0 65.0 58.0 3.5.3 261.76 447.92 41.6 58.4 $94.88 75.34 94.08 75.40 120. 26 89.32 88.97 92. .30 91.07 80.16 105. 67 99.97 107. 03 101. 57 94.00 CLASSES OF FOOD. The different items of food used fall naturally into certain groups. In order to facilitate the discussion, the different articles of food have been divided into four classes, namely, groceries, animal products, fruits, and vegetables. Groceries do not include all articles bought, but only those most generally bought, such as coffee, flour, sugar, bread, sirups, soda, etc. In this class are also included lemons, oranges, bananas, and raisms. The farmer naturally associates these with grocery items, and on most farms they really do not take the place of other fruits. ^Vnimal products include all meats, eggs, butter, milk, cream, lard, cheese, and honey. Fruits include all fruits, fresh, dried, and canned, except those Usted under groceries. Vegetables include aU vegetables, fresh, dried, and canned. Table V shows the relative importance of the different classes of 'foods for the different areas, animal products being easily the most important in value with 57.8 per cent of the total, followed by gro- ceries with 24.8 per cent, vegetables 11 per cent, and fruits 6.4 per cent. The last three classes may be termed the farm products group. They include those items of food which are distinctly farm products. They constitute approximately 75 per cent of the total value of the food consimaed. Instead of 75 per cent of the food consumed being furnished by the farm, however, we find only 58 per cent of it is furnished (sec Table IV), showing that nearly one-fourth of the farm products consumed by farm families are bought rather than taken from the home farm. It is not intended to imply by this statement that all should be raised. The most important articles bought in this group are meat and butter. The meat bill could, no doubt, be VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. reduced with proper household management; but butter making on the farm can not wisely be encouraged when the milk and cream may be sold. Where only a few cows are kept for the family supply of milk and butter, butter making on the farm may not be out of place, for it is easier to market a few pounds of butter every week than a few quarts of milk every day. Table V. — Distrihution of value of food used annually {950 families). County and State. Per cent of total value of food in each class. Grocer- ies. Animal products. Vegeta- bles. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N.Y Bufks, Pa Gloucester, N. J Gaston,N.C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex Champaign, Ohio Jefferson, Wis Montgomery, Iowa Cloud, Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal Average, all families 25.9 31.0 27.7 27.1 24.9 21.0 21.1 24.2 25.5 26.0 22.0 22.9 22.3 25.2 56.9 52.7 55. 5 56.4 57.3 5.5.0 56.6 60.6 60.7 56.0 61.0 58.8 63.6 58.6 6.0 6.5 5.0 8.7 5.1 3.7 6.3 8.0 6.0 7.0 6.6 7.9 in.o 10.5 in. 8 10. 12.8 15.3 17.2 11.5 7.5 10.0 11.0 11.3 7.5 8.3 24.8 57.8 6.4 11.0 GROCERIES. This class of foods constitutes about 25 per cent of the total food used. The most important items of food in this group, in quantities consumed, are sugar and flour. The quantity of sugar and flour bought depends upon the individual tastes of the famihes. Those doing much canning naturally use the most sugar. In some sections bread is bought and thus less floiu" consumed. In some sections sugar is bought by the doUar or half dollar's worth, in others in 5 and 10 pound lots, and in still others it is common practice to buy in 25 or 100 pound bags. Trading is most generally done in small quantities. Occasionally a family will buy certain of its grocery items from mail- order houses. The practice of trading farm products for groceries is becoming less prevalent. The common products used for trading are butter and eggs. Less butter is being made on the farm than heretofore, and eggs often find a better market than the grocery, so that it is a very common occiurence in many communities for farmers to pay cash for all their groceries. In some communities it is still common practice with farmers to take com and wheat to the mill to be ground into meal and flour for family use. In some southern sections this is still the usual procedure, and undoubtedly is to the financial advantage of the farmer. It seems, however, to be gradually losing favor. 53685°— Bull 410—16 2 10 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. It is interesting to note here the average distance the farmer has to go to buy his groceries. The average distance to town for the farmers visited in New Jersey was 1.9 miles; in Maine. 2.4 miles; in North Dakota, 4.5 miles; and in California. 3 miles ANIMAL PRODUCTS. This group of food items constitutes 57.8 per cent of the total value of food consumed by the families visited. In none of the sections visited does this group furnish less than 50 per cent of the total food used, and in the North Dakota area it amounted to 63.6 per cent of the total. There is a variation of less than 10 per cent in the different areas for this group, indicating that this class of food is the most nearly indispensable. It is interesting to note, however, that the percentage furnished by the farm for this group varies from 46.1 to 97.3 per cent, the average for all sections being 76.6, as is shown in Table VI. The farm unquestionably should furnish the major part of the food products for this group. Table VI. — Proportion of value of groceries, animal products, fruits, and vegetables bought and furnished by farm (950 families). Location of regions in which study was made (county and State). Groceries. Bought. Fur- nished by farm. Animal products. Bought. Fur- nished by farm. Fruits. Bought. Fur- nished by farm. Vegetables, Bought. Fur- nished by farm. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N. Y Bucks, Fa Gloucester, N. J Gaston,N.C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex Champaign, Ohio Jefferson, Wis Montgomery, Iowa Cloud, Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal Average, all families . . Per cent. 100.0 92.8 96.0 97.8 100.0 76.0 89.7 9S.7 97.0 98.7 98.4 99.2 100.0 9G. 1 Per cent. Per 7.2 4.0 2.2 24.0 10.3 1.3 3.0 1.3 1.6 cent. 42.2 27.6 36.6 33.2 44.6 2.7 5.7 14.2 8.4 21.2 4.3 10.9 21.8 53.9 Per cent. 57.8 72.4 63.4 66.8 55.4 97.3 94.3 85.8 91.6 78.8 95.7 89.1 78.2 46.1 Per cent. 22. A 23.6 25.1 25.2 35,4 2.0 10.9 98.9 38.2 26.8 44.5 38.6 84.2 38.2 Per cent. 77.6 76.4 74.9 74.8 64. G 98.0 89.1 1.1 61.8 73.2 55. 5 61.4 15.8 61.8 Per cent. 15.7 16.3 12.3 15.4 5.3 3.9 1.0 66.1 16.2 6.3 27.0 27.6 4.5 70.9 Per cent. 81.3 83.7 87.7 84.6 91.7 95.1 99.0 33.9 &3.8 93.7 73.0 12. A 95.5 29.1 95.7 23.4 76.6 36.7 a3.3 20.6 79.4 In Table VII this group is divided into three divisions, namely, meat products, dairy products, and poultry products, giving the average value of the amount consumed annually per person and per family. The table shows that the dairy products used, which include cream, milk, butter, and cheese, run slightly less in value than the meat products, which include beef, pork, mutton, lard, and fish. Tlie poultry products consumed amount to about one- half as much as either of the other two groups. Practically none of the poultry products is bought and only 14 per cent of the dairy products; but one-third of the meat consumed is bought. VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 11 Table VII. — Average annual value of meat product^, voultry products; and dairy products consumed (950 families). County and State. Meat products. Per person. Per family. Dairy products. Per person. Per family. Poultry products. Per person. Per family. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N. Y Bucks, Pa Gloucester, N. J Gaston, N. C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex Champaign, Ohio JeSerson, Wis Montgomery, Iowa Cloud. Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal Average, all families $22. 94 11.88 18.38 23.61 40.32 14.85 17.27 21.61 20.79 18.68 21.87 21.00 27.76 29.83 $103.23 67.02 73.52 122. 77 197. 57 66.82 93.26 114.53 85.25 78.46 96.23 94.50 172. 11 146. 17 $21. 50 21.18 20.18 11.37 16.29 25.30 23.28 23.83 20.98 15.05 24.13 22. 83 24.75 16.63 $96.75 101. 66 80.72 59.12 79.82 113.85 125. 71 126.30 86.02 63.21 106. 17 102. 74 153. 45 81.49 22.20 107. 25 20.52 98.36 $9.24 6.39 13.33 7.64 12.20 8.37 9.44 10. 37 14.95 10. 55 17. 56 14.34 15.53 12.90 1L63 $41.58 30.67 53.32 39.73 59.78 37.66 50.98 54.96 61.30 44.31 77.26 64.53 96.29 63.21 55.40 Table VIII shows the relative value of beef, pork, and poultry furnished by the farm and the proportion of all meats bought and PRODUCTS DAIRY VALUE MAINE. VERMONT NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA NEW JERSEY NORTH CAROUNA GEORGIA TEXAS OHIO WISCONSIN IOWA KANSAS NORTH DAKOTA CALIFORNIA 30 POULTRY 10 20 30 T— 1 PRODUCTS BOUGHT PRODUCTS fURNl&HEO Fig. 3. — Value of average annual consumption per person of meat products, dairy products, and poultry products, showing relative amounts bought and furnished by the farm. furnished by the farm. It will be noted that of the meat furnished by the faiTn, pork is easily the most important, constituting 60.8 per cent of the total, poultry being next with 29.2 per cent, and beef being 10 per cent. Tlie relative quantity of pork used is highest in 12 BULLETIN 410, U. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the South and lowest in the North. The farmers in the South also get more of their meat directly from the farm than those of the North. Poultry is included m Table VIII as a meat, but in Table VII it is included under poultry products. Of the meat that is bought, two- thirds is beef and the rest is pork and fish. Table VIII. — Relative value of different kinds of meats furnished by farm and proportion of meats furnished by farm and bought (950 families). Location of regions in which stuily was made (county and State). Per cent of value of meats furnished bv farm. Pork. Beef. Poultry. Per cent of value of all meats. Bouffht. Fur- nished by farm. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N.Y Bucks, Pa Gloucester, N. J Gaston, N.C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex Champaign, Ohio Jefferson, Wis Montgomery, Iowa Cloud, Kans Case, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal Average, all farms 50.6 61.9 47.5 63.9 69.4 81.4 71.9 75.6 69.1 70.0 59.4 50.8 56.6 33.9 11.1 21.1 17.9 18.8 5.0 1.2 6.4 5.4 8.7 11.4 17.1 13.3 3.1 38.3 27.0 34.6 17.3 25.6 17.4 22.7 24.4 25.5 21.3 29.2 32.1 30.1 63.0 35.1 33.8 43.6 40.2 41.2 6.3 9.2 21.6 13.7 20.9 15.7 15.1 37.1 24.0 64.9 66.2 56.4 59.8 58.8 93.7 90.8 75.4 86.3 79.1 84.3 84.9 62.9 76.0 60.8 10.0 29.2 25.8 74.2 DAIRY PRODUCT.S. The dairy products group, including cream, milk, butter, and cheese, amounts to S98 as an average annual consumption per family for all families visited. As stated before, 14 per cent of these products are bought and 86 per cent are furnished by the farm. Considerable butter is bought, but very little milk and cream. Table IX shows the quantity of dairy products consumed, expressed in terms of quarts of milk. It is assumed that on the average 8 quarts of milk make 1 quart of cream and 10 quarts of milk make 1 pound of butter. Reducing the items to quarts of milk, it will be seen that the average annual consumption per person for all families visited is 550 quarts. The consumption per person varied in different areas from 434 to 746 quarts. More cream and butter were used in those areas where butter was made on the farm. The farm supplied 473 of the 550 quarts. The average number of persons per family for the families visited is 4.8, making the average number of quarts of milk furnished by the farm for home consumption 2,270 per year. In the southern areas it is assumed that the milk churned for home consumption of butter will furnish enough buttermilk for the family, and thus the equivalent of milk for the butter will cover that for buttermilk. VALUE OF FOOD_, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 13 Table IX. — Dairy products consumed per person in equivalent quarts of whole milk (950 families). [Data assume 8 quarts of miJk make 1 quart of cream and 10 quarts of milk make 1 pound of butter.] County and State. Cream. Milk. Butter. Total con- sumed Total bought. Total fur- nished by farm. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N.Y Bucks, Pa Gloucester, N. J Gaston, N.C Troup, Ga McLeiman, Tex Champaign, Ohio . . Jefferson, Wis Montgomery, Iowa. Cloud. Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal Average, all farms. 123 178 11 17 40 136 126 188 204 130 184 133 30 43 258 152 252 251 212 210 299 294 377 201 245 400 520 442 298 310 370 350 398 228 170 338 548 600 592 331 434 539 550 485 (J28 4(i2 639 641 746 438 142 153 241 97 92 4 1 21 132 7 21 39 119 77 406 507 351 234 342 535 550 484 607 330 632 620 707 319 Tile valuo of fruit consumed constitutes 6,4 per cent of the total. Sixty-three per cent of this is furnished by the farm. Fruits include a class of food products which can be raised much more cheaply than bought. In the North Dakota area, for instance, only one-sixth of the fruit used is raised on the farm, and yet the value of the fruit consumed in this area is relatively as great as in the other sections, owing to the higher price paid per unit quantity of fruit. VEGETABLES. Table V shows that 1 1 per cent of the value of the food consumed represents vegetables, 79,4 per cent of which are furnished by the farm. That the farmer can easily raise most of his vegetables is shown by the fact that he raises a greater proportion of this group than of any other group. In raising his own vegetables he eliminates the cost of transportation and the commission of the middleman, which are included m the prices he pays for purchased vegetables. In five of the areas visited over 90 per cent of the vegetables used are supplied by the farm, in the Georgia area only 1 per cent being bought. In some sections certam vegetables will not thrive, owing to peculiar soil or climatic conditions. This accounts for some of the vegetables bought. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY SYSTEMS ON FOOD COST. There is a considerable variation in the cost of food for families of the same size. This difference may be due either to the fact that the members of the family are larger consumers or that they con- sume more of the higher-priced foods. In this connection, it is interestmg to note the effect that the high or low consumption of one class of food products has on the quantity of other food con- sumed and on the total consumption and also on the relative value of food bought and furnished by the farm. 14 BULLETIN ilO, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, In Table X the families have been divided according to the relative value of meat consumed. In both areas studied the relative value of groceries, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products decreases as the value of meat increases. The value of the total consumption of food increases with the increase of the consumption of meat, the size of family remaming nearl}^ constant. The high meat-consuming fami- lies also buy much more of their food, which is due to the fact that they buy much more of their meat and use less groceries, which class includes the non-farm-furnished foods. Table X.- -Relation of the relative quantity of meat consumed to that of other classes of food and the total consumption of food. NEW JERSEY. Num- ber of lami- lies. Aver- age size family. Average percentage of total coasumption. Total Meat, per cent 01 total. Gro- ceries. Fruits. Vege- tables. Meat prod- ucts. Poultry prod- ucts. Dairy prod- ucts. Fur- nished bv farm. Bought. sump- tion per person. 25 and less 26 to 35 36 and over. . . 31 54 41 4.4 4.7 4.9 28.5 25.7 21.9 6.7 5.2 4.1 15.1 13.1 11.0 20.7 31.0 43.6 12.8 10.4 8.5 16.2 14. 5 10. s 53 4S 42 47 52 58 $99.63 127.30 125.30 MAINE. 20 and less. . . 21 to 29 30 and over. . 60 4.6 27.7 8.5 11.2 16.9 10.7 25.0 52 48 .59 4.5 25.9 7.1 9.5 24.8 9.4 23.3 46 54 29 4.0 23.1 5.1 8.5 36.5 8.7 18.1 37 63 $86.39 97.42 108.97 The families have been divided into three classes, according to the value of vegetables consumed, as sho^^^l in Table XI. The value of meat and dairy products tends to decrease as the value of vegetables consumed increases, indicating that vegetables tend to replace some meat and dairy products in the farmer's diet. The value of the total consumption and the relative value of food bought decrease as the value of vegetables used mcreases. Table XI. — Relation of the relative quantity of vegetables consumed to that of other classes of food and the total consumption of food. NEW JERSEY. Num- ber of fami- lies. Aver- age size family. Average percentage of total consumption. Total Vegetables, per cent of total. Gro- ceries. Fruits. Veee- tables. Meat prod- ucts. Poultry prod- ucts. Dairy prod- ucts. Fur- nished by farm. Bought. sump- tion per person. 10 and less 11 to 13 14 and over... 42 36 48 4.6 4.5 4.9 23.9 26.1 25.0 4.9 4.6 5.7 8.9 12.3 17.0 37.0 34.1 29.5 11.3 9.3 9.6 13.9 13.6 13.1 42 48 48 58 62 52 $133.87 118. 73 109.97 MAINE. 8 and less 62 4.0 25.6 6.6 7.4 26.2 10.3 23.7 44 56 S104. 36 9tol0 37 4.7 25.5 6.6 9.7 25.2 9.7 23.2 46 64 94.24 10 and over... 49 4.8 26.7 8.6 13.3 20.7 9.1 21.4 51 49 85.38 VALUE OF FOODj FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 15 In Table XII the division has been made by the value of dairy products consumed. Increase in dairy products used is accom- panied by an appreciable decrease in the use of meat products, but no consistent variation in the other classes of foods. Dauy products are distinctly farm products, and the relative value of food furnished by the farm increases with the increase in value of dairy products used. There is no consistent variation in the value of total consump- tion of food. Table XII. -Relation of the relative quantity of dairy products consumed to that of other classes of food and the total consumption of food. NEW JERSEY. Num- ber of fami- lies. Aver- age size family. Average percentage of total consumption. Total Dairy prod- ucts, jier cent of total. Gro- ceries. Fruits. Vege- tables. Meat prod- ucts. Poultry prod- ucts. Dairy prod- ucts. Fiu-- nished by farm. Bought. sump- tion per person. 10 and less 11 to 15 16 and over... 41 51 33 4.6 4.6 4.9 25.1 24.4 2.5.4 4.9 5.1 5.2 12.7 13.1 12.5 38.5 34.1 26.6 10.2 10.0 10.2 8.6 13.2 20.1 41 49 52 59 51 4S $123.54 117.74 118.85 MAINE. 19 and less. . . 20 to 25 26 and over.. 53 4.4 27.0 7.6 10.7 27.6 10.5 lfi.2 45 55 50 4.5 26.3 6.6 10.0 24.2 10.2 22.4 47 53 45 4.6 24.3 7.3 9.0 20.0 8.3 30.9 49 51 $98. 19 92.56 93.64 An increase in the proportion of groceries used is accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of meat and poultry products. (Table XIII.) The less expensive grocery items seem to replace a large pro- portion of the more expensive meats. The value of the total con- sumption here again varies inversely with the relative proportion of groceries used. Meats constituting such a large proportion of the total food value, their variation necessarily affects the total value of food consumed more than that of any other group. Only about one-third of the meat (not including poultry) used in these two areas is furnished by the farm, so that the variation in meat used also very appreciably affects the relative value of total food bought and furnished by the farm. The data indicate that the expenditure for meats and the value of the total consumption of food may be materially reduced by the increase in the use of vegetables, poultry products, and dairy products, the groups of foods which are largely furnished directly by the farm. 16 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table XIII. — Relation of the relative quantity of groceries consumed to that of other classes of food and 'the total consumption of food. NEW JERSEY. Num- ber of ia mi- lies. Aver- aj-e si- 6 family. Average percentage oi total consumption. Total Groceries, per cent of total. Gro- ceries. Fruits. Vege- tables. Meat prod- ucts. Poultry prod- ucts. Dairy prod- ucts. Fur- nished by farm. Bought. sump- tion per person. 20 and less 21 to 28 29 and over... 32 55 39 4.7 4.8 4.5 17.9 24.9 32.5 4.S 5.2 5.2 12.5 13.2 12.3 40.9 32.5 27.2 11.2 9.7 9.8 12.7 14.5 13.0 49 49 42 51 51 58 $133. 44 122. 60 105.59 MAINE. 24 and less 25 to 30 31 and over.. 56 4.2 20.9 7.3 9.4 25.8 11.2 25.1 50 50 59 4.8 27.3 7.4 10.2 24.4 9.2 21.3 47 53 33 4.2 34.1 6.0 10.4 19.9 7.7 21.1 40 60 $110.84 89.56 80.84 SIZE OF FAMILY AND FOOD PER PERSON. The num])or of persons in the family bears a direct relation to the value of food consumed per person. Table XIV shows that this variation is not limited to the total consumption, but applies also to the quantity bought and that furnished by the farm. The famihes were divided into three gi-oups, the fkst group consisting of families of 2 and 3 persons, the second of families of 4 and 5 persons, and the third of famiUes of 6 persons and more. The value of total consump- tion per person for the first group averages $114; for the second gi'oup, S96; and for the third, $84. The values of supplies bought per person for those groups in the same order average $49, $40, and $35, and the values of food furnished by farm are $65, $56, and $49, respectively. The relative value bought and furnished, however, does not vary in the different groups ; that is, the percentage of the total consumption bought and furnished by the farm is about the same for large families as for small families. The value of the con- sumption of the different classes of food is also relatively the same, indicating that there is more economical utilization of food products in large families than in small families. VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 17 Table XIV. — Relation of size of family to annual cost of foodij) 50 families). Location of ret;ions iii which study was made (coiinly and Statu). Oxford, Mc Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N.Y Bucks, Pa GIoTicester, N. J Gaston, N.C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex Champaign, Oliio. Jefferson, Wis Mon( gomery, Iowa Cloud, Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, CaL.. All families.. l'"amilies of 2 or 3 persons. 322 Average per person. $60 40 fiS 44 79 23 24 .55 39 4.5 3S 39 89 49 $52 54 53 48 f)2 83 95 78 69 53 82 68 78 38 8112 94 106 92 141 107 119 133 lOS 98 120 107 136 127 114 Families of 4 or 5 persons. 364 Average per person. $49 38 44 39 63 16 23 40 2S 27 33 35 53 70 843 40 47 45 62 78 76 56 .59 49 62 05 69 39 40 ! .56 $92 78 91 .84 125 94 99 96 87 76 95 100 122 109 Families of 6 persons or over. Average per person. $4G 31 43 32 55 12 17 37 24 34 33 32 40 52 841 32 41 30 47 69 62 43 as 40 70 62 57 33 49 63 .84 62 102 81 79 80 77 74 103 94 97 .85 CONSUMPTION OF INDIVroU.4L FOOD ITEMS. Tabic XV gives the average umiiial consumption ])(U' person and per family, with the quantity furnished by the farm and quantity bought, of practically all food items used by the families. It presents tlie details on which the generalized data in the other tables are based. In the other tables c|uaiititics arc represented by values, because the cliiference in the common units for the various items makes value the oidy common basis of comparison. Table XV, however, gives the quantities in units which represent exactly the same volume in all sections, making the data comparable one section with another. If the reader is interested in the consumption of any particular article, or group of articles, this table will give liim the desired information. 53685°— Bull. 410—16 — -3 18 BULLETIISr 410, U. S. DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table XV. — Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles of food consumed,' the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per family {950 families). GROCERIES. Slate. Vt Me N. Y... Pa N. J.... N.C... Ga Tex Ohio... Wis Iowa — KaiLs... N. Dak. Cal Vt Me N.Y.... Pa N.J N.C... Ga Tex Ohio.... Wis Iowa Kans N. Dak. Cal Coffee (pounds). Per family. \n. 3 21.4 21. 8 38.0 .55. 1 31.9 31.5 53.5 3S.9 44.0 45.7 39.2 58. 9 41.6 15.3 21.4 24.8 38.0 55. 1 31.9 31.5 53. 5 38.9 44.0 45.7 39.2 58.9 41.6 3.2 4.8 C.2 7.3 11.7 7.1 5.8 10.1 9.5 10.0 10.8 8.7 9.5 8.5 Sugar (pounds). Vt... 372.0 372.0 Me... 437.0 437.0 N.Y. 376. 376.0 Pa... 3.J0. 3.59.0 N.J.. .M(i. 556.0 N.C. 279.0 279.0 Ga... 313.0 313.0 Tex.. 32.5.0 325.0 Ohio. 377.0 377.0 Wis.. 321.0 321.0 Iowa. 408. 408.0 Kans. 369. 369.0 N. Dak....| 529.0 529.0 Cal... 324.0 324.0 76.8 97.9 94.0 69.0 118.0 62.0 57.6 61.3 92.0 73.0 96.5 82.0 8.5.3 66.2 Commeiil (pounds). 20.1 330.9 488.6 frl. 1 57.7 3.3 69.7 69.7 62.4 62.4 26.8 26.8 29.5 55.6 18.8 18.8 53.9 384.8 240. 6 729.2 298. 1 392.2 28.4 S(i.l 17.6 17.6 .33. 1 30. 4 102.6 102. 6 41.5 41.5 36.3 36.3 14.4 14.0 6.7 10.7 4.0 85.8 134. 3 74.0 21.0 4.0 8.6 22.8 6.7 7.4 Cocoa (pounds). I'er family. 6.2 5.4 6.4 8.3 6.1 .9 1.1 3.2 4.1 6.2 3.4 4.0 6.2 6.4 6.2 5.4 6.4 8.3 6.1 .9 1.1 3.2 4.1 6.2 3.4 4.0 6.2 6.4 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.3 .2 1.0 1.4 .8 .9 1.0 1.3 Tea (pounds). Per family. Salt (pounds). 58.1 58.1 6.8.2 68.2 64.0 6-1.0 86.3 80. 3 127.2 127.2 13.5 13. 5 27.1 27.1 27.0 27.0 20.5 20.5 13.2 i:!. 2 15.2 1.5.2 16.6 16.6 111.6 111.6 SB. 3 8:5.3 12.0 1.5.3 16.0 16.6 27.0 3.0 5.0 5.1 5.0 3.0 3.6 3.7 18.0 17.0 13.3 9.8 8.0 1.6 10.8 13.3 9.8 8.0 1.6 10.8 1.6 2.7 3.3 2.2 4.2 4.5 14.9 8.3 1.6 2.7 3.3 2.2 • 4.2 4.5 14.9 8.3 Flour (pound.s). 408.3 Bread bought (pounds). 87.6 87.6 67.8 67.8 176.8 176.8 556.4 5,56. 4 570.0 570. 4.5 4.5 18.5 18.5 48.8 48.8 162.4 162.4 74.8 74.8 81. 6 84. 6 144.0 144.0 21.1 21.1 197.0 197.0 18.1 1.5.2 44.2 107.0 121.0 1.0 3.4 9.2 39.6 17.0 20.0 32.0 3.4 40.2 580.8 29.8 1,132.0 1,132.0 932.0 932.0 736.0 730.0 696.3 733.0 690.0 690.0 999.7 1,408.0 1,260.0 1,260.0 1,092.0 1,092.0 746.5 754.0 1,012.0 1,012.0 299.2 880.0 901.2 994.0 1,318.0 1,318.0 382.0 382.0 Oatmeal (pounds). 65.8 65.8 45.9 4.5. 9 35.6 35.6 21.8 21.8 33.0 33.0 7.6 7.6 17.4 17.4 35.0 35. 51.2 51.2 37.4 37.4 292.7 292.7 48.6 48.6 66.3 66.3 68.6 68.6 2.7 2.2 2.0 .3 2.3 .3 .5 .8 .5 1.0 1.0 2.4 1.7 230.0 209.0 184.0 141.0 146.5 313.0 232.0 206.0 184.0 230.0 208.0 221.0 212.5 180.0 1.3. C 10.3 8.9 4.2 7.0 1.7 3.2 6.6 12.5 8.5 69.2 10.8 10.7 14.0 VALUE OF FOOD. FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE, 19 Table XV. — Avemge quantity per family and fee person of the various articles of food consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per family {950 families) — Cfontinuod. GUOCERIES— Continued. Other cereals (pounds). Graham Hour (pounds). K ice (pounds). State Per family. 1 Per family. 1 i Ph Per family. 1 .23 a S3 o "3 1 1 S o M "3 1 1 1 be § "3 1 n o p. Vt 9.7 18.3 12.0 10.4 14.1 2.7 5.4 3.7 17.2 12.3 97.3 10. 2 26.7 27.4 9.7 18.3 12.0 10.4 14.1 2.7 .5.4 3.7 17.2 12.3 97.3 16.2 26.7 27.4 2.0 4.1 3.0 2.0 32.4 18.7 4.0 32.4 18.7 4.0 6.7 4.2 1.0 14.0 12.9 12.0 17.7 28.7 22.5 29.3 35.0 20.2 14.5 19.5 23.4 22.3 48.5 14.0 12.9 12.0 17.7 28.7 22.5 29.3 35.0 26.2 14.5 19.5 23. 4 22.3 48.5 •> 9 Me 2.9 3.0 3 4 N. Y Pa 1 N.J ' 3.0 .6 1.0 .7 4.2 2.8 23.0 3.6 4.3 5.6 6 1 N.C 5 Ga 5 4 Tex 6 G Ohio - 6 4 Wis .9 .9 .2 1 3 3 Iowa 4 6 1 5 2 N. Dak Cal 27.9 28.4 27.9 28.4 4.5 5.8 3.6 9 9 Currants (pounds). Sirups (gallons). Lemons (dozens). Vt 29.0 21.4 28.8 27.0 22.0 5.0 2.7 42.4 22.6 25.5 36.8 2L2 23.6 14.7 29.0 21.4 28.8 27.0 22.6 5.0 2.7 42.4 22.6 25.5 36.8 21.2 23.6 14. r 6.0 4.8 7.2 5.2 12.2 ■■■4.'5" 4.3 13.8 5.5 9.4 6.6 4.5 8.4' 18.6 3.7 4.5 5.5 5.4 9.3 3.9 16.5 13.8 10.0 9.4 6.6 8.1 20.1 18.6 3.7 6.6 5.5 5.4 9.3 3.9 3.4 3.1 2.5 1.8 1.4 1.8 3.7 3.5 .9 1.5 3.6 3.6 4.5 4.4 5.2 1.3.2 1.4 2.2 4.2 4.1 3.1 5.1 5.8 9.3 12.2 Me 1 N Y 4.4 .T 2 1 1 Pa 1 N.J 4.8 1 1.1 1 3.6 .5 I 11.7 8.0 t 5.5 13.2 L4 2.2 4.2 4.1 ,3.1 .5.1 5.8 9.3 8.7 2 8 N (' 3 Ga 4 Tex g Ohio 1.0 Wis 5.8 8.7 4.7 3.8 3.0 2.1 .7 L3 1.2 1.2 1.3 N. Dak L5 .8 "'ii'.h' 1.5 Oal .... 2.5 Oranges (dozens). Bananas (dozens). Buckwheat (poimds). Vt 4.8 10.3 7.2 7.8 16.5 1.8 2.7 ,5.3 4.8 10.3 7.2 7.8 16.5 1.8 2.7 5.3 5.3 4.4 6.3 7.2 12.4 20.6 1.0 2.3 1.8 1.5 3.5 15.5 18.3 18.4 10.9 20.7 3.6 4.9 11.1 11.1 8.4 12.7 14.8 11.2 8.3 15.5 18.3 18.4 10.9 20.7 3.6 4.9 11.1 11.1 8.4 12.7 14.8 11.2 8.3 3.2 4.1 4.6 .2.1 4.4 .8 .9 2.1 2.7 L9 3.0 3.3 1.8 1.7 18.0 13.5 31.5 6.5 Me N. Y ss a M a » a £? •a h O o k4 B O o ;-> ^ c^ (~> f^ H Uh C2 H Ph • n ^ fe Vt 251.2 66.8 318.0 65.6 102.5 65.5 168.0 34.6 87.0 87.0 18.0 Me 169.5 56.5 226.0 50.6 226.2 36.8 263.0 .59.0 94.0 1.0 95.0 21.4 N.Y 192.7 99.3 292.0 73.0 95.9 150.1 246.0 61.5 166.3 1.7 168.0 41.9 Pa 48.8 538.2 86.2 151.8 575.0 690.0 110.5 146.4 120.3 35.4 255.7 406.6 376.0 442.0 72.3 93.9 117.0 146.0 117.0 146.0 22.5 N.J 31.0 N.C 545.5 5.5 5.51.0 122.4 9.0 32.0 41.0 9.1 233.0 233.0 51.7 Ga 695.0 628.1 7.0 137.9 702.0 7G6.0 129.3 144.5 70.2 64.8 76.0 135.0 76.0 24.8 14.3 3S2.0 276.0 382.0 276.0 70.4 Tex 52.0 Ohio 6C3.6 42.4 706.0 172.2 57. 5 57.5 115.0 2S.1 301.0 301.0 73.5 Wis 590.4 65.6 656. 149.0 70.1 75.9 146. 33.1 176.0 176.0 40.0 Iowa 659.5 13.5 673.0 159.0 118.8 114.2 2.33.0 55. 1 296.0 296.0 70.0 Kans 546.8 41.2 5.S,S.0 130.6 148.8 80.2 229.0 50.8 477.0 477.0 106.0 N.Dak.... SS9. 6 77.4 967.0 15G.0 283.4 152.6 436. 70.4 226.0 226.0 36.4 Cal 131.8 84.2 216.0 44.1 14.1 .4.54.9 469.0 95.7 187.1 1.9 189.0 38.5 Fish (pounds). Milk (quarts). . Butter (pounds). Vt Me N.Y Pa N.J N.C "s.'e' 38.0 38.0 115.4 119.0 23.0 1 23.0 57.0 1 57.0 119.0 ; 119.0 3.0 ' 3.0 6.0 6.0 13.0 13.0 2.0 ; 2.0 3.0 3.0 7.8 26.6 5.7 11.0 25.2 .7 1.2 2.5 .5 .7 1.3 \:l 30.8 911.0 557.4 815.0 669.2 798.6 600.0 164.0 221.6 1,057.0 633.7 1,066.0 1,130.0 1,297.9 852.4 " "s.'e' ""e.W 69.4 ""4.'6 "33.' 3 "i3.'i' 174.6 911.0 563.0 815.0 676.0 86S. 600.0 164.0 229.0 1,057.0 667.0 l,0f)6.0 1,130.0 1,311.0 1,027.9 188. 2 126.2 203.7 130. 184.4 1.33.4 30.2 43.2 257. 7 1.52.0 252.0 251.2 211.5 209.5 68.2 75.8 54.4 60.3 79.4 181.2 282.0 234.0 113.5 81.6 152.9 148.5 224.8 71.7 73.8 57.2 96.6 43.7 35.0 1.8 "'k'.h' 54.4 3.1 9.5 22.2 40.3 142.0 133.0 151.0 104.0 115.0 183.0 2S2.0 234.0 122.0 136.0 156.0 15S.0 247.0 112.0 29.4 29.9 37.7 20.1 24.5 40.6 Ga Tex 52.0 44.2 Ohio Wis. 29.8 31.0 Iowa Kans....... N.Dak.... Cal ::::::: 6.0 5.0 47.0 151.0 6.0 5.0 47.0 151.0 37.0 35.0 39.8 22.8 Eggs (dozens). Cream ( quarts). Lard bough t (poun ds). Vt 82.0 108.6 115.9 94.0 153.0 122.0 144.0 206.0 169.0 163.7 246.0 194.0 2S4.0 101.0 82.0 3.4 112.0 6.1 122.0 94.0 l.W.O 122.0 144.0 ! 206.0 ! 169 16.9 25.1 30.5 18.0 32.5 27.0 26.6 38.8 41.3 37.8 58.2 43.2 45.8 20.8 108.0 69.0 .6.0 108.0 69.0 6.0 22.3 15.4 1.4 34.8 81.6 10.8 20.3 33.4 2.2 5.4 38.2 34.8 81.6 10.8 20.3 33.4 2.2 5.4 38.2 7.2 Me N.Y Pa 18.3 2.7 3.9 N.J N C 2.6 .4 3.0 .6 7.1 .5 Ga ::::::::::::;:: 1.0 Tex 7.2 Oliio 37.0 37.0 9.0 Wis 3.3 "'i.o' 167.0 246.0 194.0 284.0 102.0 3.5 3.0 27.9 24.8 48.0 3.5 3.0 27.9 24.8 48.0 .8 Iowa Kans N.Dak Cal 9.0 22.0 104.0 "'i.'o' 9.0 22.0 105.0 2.1 5.0 17.0 .7 6.2 4.0 9.8 VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 21 Table XV. — Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles of food consumed, the averaje quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per family {950 famil ics) — Contin ued . ANIMAL PRODUCTS— Continued. Buttermilk (quarts). Honey (pounds). Cheese (poimds). State. Per family. a o i ft Per family. i ft Per family. '3 1 "3 o Eh 'a 60 3 O f2 "3 o 1 '3 o "3 o ft u Vt 1.0 1.0 4.0 10.8 2.1 1.4 7.6 5.4 14.8 3.3 8.8 2.5 9.0 19.8 3.4 0.2 .9 2.7 .4 .3' 1.7 1.0 2.8 .8 2.0 .6 2.0 3.2 .7 "o.i' 2.3 5.3 5.8 ""2.'2' "2.'i' '""9.'4' 5.1 4.5 8.7 17.9 14.5 7.2 30.5 .9 7.6 5.3 6.9 20.2 10.6 1.8 20.3 29.8 8.7 18.3 16.8 12.5 36.3 .9 9.8 5.3 9.0 20.2 10.6 11.2 25.4 34.3 Me 1.9 2.1 N.Y 2.4 ! 8.4 1.1 1.0 1.2^ .2 6.7 1 .9 4.9 .5 8.0 6.8 1.2 2.1 2.6 6.2 1.6 .'9 7.7 1-3 4:2 2 4 Pa N.J 7 7 N.C Ga 1,581.3 2,2.M).6 2,090.3 1,581.3 2.2Sn fi 351.4 420.0 394.4 .2 1.8 1.0 2.2 4.6 Tex 2,090.3 ! Ohio Wis ................ Iowa Kans 2 5 N. Dak 19.8 2.3 4.1 7.0 Cal 1.1 FRUITS. State. Vt Me N.Y... Pa N. J.... N.C... Ga Tex.... Ohio... Wis. . . . Iowa. . . Kans... N. Dak. Cal Vt... Me... N.Y. N.J N.C... Ga Tex Ohio.... Wis Iowa Kans N. Dak. Cal Apples (bushels). 12.9 17.1 IS. 8 9.5 9.8 14.8 5.0 6.9 10.1 16.6 14.3 .4 .7 2.6 15.5 .3 17.4 18.8 3.0 12.5 2.0 11.8 1.0 15.8 { 1.0 6.0 4.2 4.2 3.8 .10.7 3.5 13.6 4.1 20.7 7.3 21.6 7.0 7.4 .3 1.0 3.2 3.9 4.7 2.4 2.5 3.5 1.1 .8 2.6 3.1 4.9 4.8 1.2 .2 Pears (pounds). 1.0 69.9 4.4 160.1 68.1 135.0 54.3 51.7 3.0 4.9 14.6 12.8 11.6 12.6 23.3 93.2 2.0 6.4 8.4 168.5 2.1 70.2 135.0 54.3 30.7 30.7 5.7 57.4 10.2 13.2 12.0 16.9 25.9 40.5 107.9 107.9 1.9 14.7 2.6 20.9 1.6 32.4 14.9 30.0 10.0 5.8 14.0 3.0 4.0 9.0 17.4 3.0 Peaches (pounds). 2.3 17.3 134.2 458.9 690.6 70.9 .2 191.7 25.4 20.8 11.1 60.0 51.9 101.3 4.6 44.1 174.9 71.0 35.2 5.3 127.8 198.4 10.9 20.8 13.4 60.0 69.2 235.5 463.5 734.7 174.9 141.9 35.2 5.5 319.5 198.4 36.3 4.3 3.0 15.0 13.3 50.0 103.0 135.3 33.0 34.6 8.0 1.3 71.0 32.0 7.4 Plums (pounds). 0.5 23.3 17.6 12.3 ». / 11.0 1.6 1.1 12.2 16.3 "i3."i" 3.3 6.2 59. 1 3. 1 54.2 19.1 9.2 34.3 1.6 18.7 24.5 16.3 16.4 6.2 62.2 102.3 19.1 Berries (quarts). 10.2 77.5 26.9 43.0 54.7 156.6 19.0 26.6 72.9 15.4 13.9 18.0 9.4 23.7 17.0 12.7 3.8 23.5 8.2 34.4 10.3 6.3 8.3 6.8 24.8 26.9 33.9 94.5 39.6 46.8 78.2 156.6 27.2 34.4 36.9 79.2 23.7 20.7 42.8 36.3 7.0 21.2 9.9 9.0 16.6 34.8 5.0 6.5 9.0 18.0 5.6 4.6 6.9 7.4 Cherries (quarts). 27.6 30.2 47.1 34.0 25.7 66.1 45.0 5.8 27.1 4.5 3.2 4.1 5.2 7.0 2.5 11.7 4.5 6.6 10.6 32.1 3.2 34.3 52.3 1.9 7.7 .4 3.6 5.2 3.0 4.0 1.4 14.7 16.5 3.9 6.6 n.i 41.0 10.0 28.2 6.4 77.8 18.4 49.5 11.0 12.4 2.0 37.7 7.7 22 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table XV. — Average quantity per family and per person of the various articles (f food consumed, the average quanti\y furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per family {950 families) — Continued . F R UITS— Continued. Grapes (pounds). Pineapples (number). State. Per family. i Per family. 1 Per family. 3 o o ■6 » 1 3 to 3 o « o 1 3 i 3 o n "3 o d Vt 9.7 9.7 22.3 8.4 14.0 41.0 76.5 2.0 5.0 2.1 2.7 8.7 17.0 Mo 17.2 5.1 14.0 37.7 76.5 5.1 3.3 10.7 10.7 2.4 1 N. Y. Pa 1 ! N. J 40.0 40.0 8.5 N. C ;::;:::i:::::;: Ga Te.x Ohio 11.5 9.2 42.3 20.3 ...... 4.2 18.0 16.1 72.0 11.5 9.7 46.5 38.3 16.1 82.8 2.8 2.2 11.0 8.5 2.6 16.9 Wis 1 N. Dak 3.7 2.4 3.7 2.4 2.6 .5 Cal 10.8 1 VEGETABLES. State. •Irish potatoes (bushels). Sweet potatoes (pounds). Beans (pecks). Vt 46.4 24.9 31.8 25.1 35.7 8.1 8.0 5.4 16.3 36.7 30.6 20.2 59.6 4.1 0.5 .5 .6 1.9 1.5 .1 .1 8.9 6.7 1.1 1.6 5.4 1.2 16.6 46.9 25.4 32.4 27.0 37.2 8.2 8.1 14.3 23.0 37.8 32.2 25.6 60.8 20.7 9.7 5.7 8.1 5.2 7.9 1.8 1.5 2.7 5.6 8.6 7.6 5.7 9.8 4.2 5.0 17.2 10.1 13.2 24.8 21.7 24.9 3.8. 6.5 2.8 3.5 3.6 5.9 9.8 0.5 5.5 1.5 .4 .5 1.4 .5 8.4 4.3 1.6 4.2 3.2 2.4 9.4 5.5 22.7 11.6 13.6 25.3 23.1 25.4 12.2 10.8 4.4 7.7 6.8 8.3 19.2 L7 Me 48.2 48.2 10.8 5.1 N Y 2.9 Pa 2.6 N.J N.C Ga 894.4 957.6 1,814.6 L8 2.5 47.1 "'37.0' 173.1 22.1 941.5 957.6 1,851.6 174.9 24.6 199. 9 212.8 341.0 33.0 6.0 6.4 5.1 4.7 Tex 2.3 Ohio Wis 2.6 1.0 Iowa Kans N. Dak.... Cal 25.0 20.2 3.1 70.6 25.0 20.2 3.1 70.6 5.9 4.5 .5 14.4 L8 L5 L3 3.9 Peas (pecks). Onions (pecks). C abbage (heads . Vt 5.2 18.1 4.7 4.3 4.7 2.6 8.1 3.2 1.2 .9 2.7 3.3 4.8 1.5 0.7 .2 .2 .4 .4 .1 '"9.5 .4 .4 1.5 1.6 .2 1.9 5.9 18.3 4.9 4.7 5.1 2.7 8.1 12.7 1.6 1.3 4.2 4.9 5.0 3.4 1.2 4.1 1.2 .9 1.1 .6 1.5 2.4 .4 .3 1.0 LI .8 .7 0.5 .2 1.6 3.2 4.8 9.4 6.9 5.3 3.7 3.7 2.6 9.0 4.4 2.6 3.9 3.1 3.0 .8 L3 .'i' 3.2 .4 .7 2.0 2.7 .6 9.2 4.4 3.3 4.6 4.0 6.1 9.4 7.0 8.5 4.1 4.4 4.6 11.7 5.0 11.8 0.9 .:? .8 1.3 2.1 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.6 .8 2.4 27.1 17.9 32.5 82.6 79.3 106.9 48.4 5.9 44.7 76.6 32.3 7.0 45.0 9.4 4.4 7.3 23.5 5.3 11.9 1.1 .5 30.7 .4 "ii's' 25.0 .9 20.0 3L5 25.2 56.0 87.9 91.2 108.0 48.9 36.6 45.1 76.6 44.8 32.0 45.9 29.4 6.5 Me 5.6 N. Y Pa 14.0 16.9 N.J N.C Ga 19.4 24.0 9.0 Tex Ohio Wis Iowa Kans N. Dak.... Cal 6.9 11.0 17.4 10.6 7.1 7.4 6.0 VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 23 Table XV. — Average quantity fcr family and -per person of the various articles of food consumed, the average quantity furnished by the farm, and the quantity bought per family (950 families) — Continued . VEGETABLES— Continued. Vt Me N. Y... Pa N. J.... N.C... Ga Tex.... Ohio... Wis.... Iowa. . . Kans... N. Dak Cal Vt Me N. Y... Pa N. J.... N.C... Ga Tex Ohio... Wis.... Iowa. . . Kans... N. Dak Cal Vt Me N. Y... Pa N. J.... N.C... Ga Tex Ohio.... Wis Iowa Kans.... N. Dak . Cal Turnips (pecks). Per family. 5.7 4.2 3.4 5.2 3.4 5.0 17.1 30.0 36.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 3.1 2.2 0.8 .4 .2 16.1 6.5 4.6 4.0 5.2 4.6 5.0 17.3 46.1 36.5 1.3 2.2 1.8 3.1 8.3 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 3.2 8.7 8.9 .3 .5 .4 .5 1.7 Tomatoes (pecks). 0.6 2.2 2.8 10.6 .2 10.8 9.4 .6 10.0 20.4 20.4 47.1 47.1 27.0 27.0 20.0 3.8 2,3.8 2.7 12.1 14.8 17.1 .9 18.0 8.8 .4 9.2 14.4 .9 15.3 1.3.7 6.5 20.2 17.6 .4 18.0 8.6 13.0 21.6 0.6 2.4 2.5 3.9 10.0 6.0 4.4 2.8 3.4 2.1 4.1 4.5 2.9 4.4 Beets (pecks). Per family. 3.9 5.7 .2 5.5 4.2 5.0 1.6 1.9 2.6 1.8 3.3 2.7 5.0 .2 0.1 1.8 4.0 5.7 .3 5.5 5.2 5.0 1.6 2.1 2.6 1.8 3.4 2.7 5.0 2.0 0.8 1.3 .1 1.1 1.1 1.1 .3 .4 .5 .4 .8 Sweet com (dozens). 1.1 4.6 5.7 40.4 .4 40.8 20.4 2.8 23.2 40.4 1.2 41.6 43.7 .9 44.6 46.3 .5 46.8 28.6 4.3 32.9 7.9 17.5 25.4 1.9 25.1 27.0 16.4 3.8 20.2 24.0 10.3 34.3 4.1 2.7 6.8 22.9 22.9 13.8 6.8 20.6 1.2 9.2 5.8 8.0 9.5 10.4 6.1 4.8 5.1 4.6 8.1 1.5 3.7 4.2 Carrots (pecks). Melons (number). 2.4 2.4 '■i'.Y 0.5 ".'7' 126.6 67.5 108.6 18.8 72.0 9.3 14.1 5.3 9.3 74.1 131.9 67.5 108.6 2.5.4 72.0 18.6 88.2 28.0 15.0 20.0 6.0 16.0 3.0 18.0 Cucumbers (peeks). Per family. 6.0 10.7 4.8 3.5 2.0 1.4 3.7 6.2 2.1 1.3 10.5 4.6 0.5 6.5 10.7 5.5 3.5 2.3 1.4 3.7 6.2 2.2 1.4 11.2 Squash (pounds). 29.0 66.9 26.0 29.0 66.9 26.0 18.6 21.6 18.6 53.9 1.3 2.4 1.4 .7 .7 1.4 .5 .3 1.8 1.8 6.0 15.0 6.5 3.0 11.0 Tables XVI and XVII were prepared to bring to the attention of the reader more forcibly the articles most frequently bought and those most generally supplied by the farm in the different sections, and to point out more graphically the regional variations in these conditions. 24 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGEICULTURE. Table XVI. — Percentage of articles o/food bought (950 families) . Articles. > 1 >< i 6 3 .2 1 1— 1 M ft "3 Cofiee 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 43 21 39 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 "25" 14 97 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 55 100 100 100 38 34 61 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 53 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 71 14 leo 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 33 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 76 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 33 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 68 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 34 91 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Cocoa 100 Tea 100 Sugar 100 Salt 100 Flour 100 Corn meal... 100 Oatmeal 100 Other cereals 100 Graham flour 100 Rice 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 15 68 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 56 100 100 100 100 100 42 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Raisins 100 Sirups 100 Lemons 71 Oranges 80 Bananas 100 Buckwheat Pork Beef Poultry 22 92 1 78 1 48 18 100 6 50 . 10 52 2 49 7 35 8 35 39 97 1 Fish Buttermilk 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Cream 12 8 31 84 1 1 9 80 Milk . . . 43 98 3 53 2 83 32 25 18 14 23 100 ■"64" 86 5 78 'ioo' 100 31 32 100 39 1 42 58 2 7 77 5 40 100 2 70 26 100 100 77 8 9 5 17 Butter 52 100 1 100 2 100 6 16 36 Cheese .... 78 100 87 Eggs 1 Honey 100 17 100 95 92 70 50 24 75 6 5 8 12 14 17 43 50 3 30 10 8 100 12 6 1 10 16 46 100 100 63 36 50 20 10 28 17 34 20 96 5 71 35 15 9 15 34 40 "64' 33 9 47 100 95 100 47 100 58 53 100 100 69 Apples 33 Peaches 30 Plums Pears 100 100 13 Berries 30 74 Cherries 28 Grapes 100 87 Pineapples 100 Prunes 13 Potatoes, Irish 1 2 100 24 1 94 29 8 "2 1 2 7 4 5 2 7 21 13 27 20 14 1 ..... 1 ..... 1 2 2 ..... 1 1 02 99 69 75 38 84 35 10 29 90 40 27 11 1 3 "36' 32 15 5 100 55 35 44 28 30 3 4 6 30 21 100 47 33 23 78 14 2 100 29 4 12 2 80 Potatoes, sweet 100 Beans 9 12 89 14 12 3 8 80 81 13 5 68 42 16 15 12 6 12 3 8 21 6 ..... 49 Peas 56 Onions 78 Cabbage 68 Turnips 74 Beets 89 Cucumbers 3 32 40 6 2 48 Tomatoes 16 13 82 69 5 7 4 19 60 Sweet corn 3 2 1 33 Squash 60 Carrots Melons ' 26 50 84 1 1 1 VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 25 Table XVII. — Percentage of articles of food furnished by farm {950 families). Articles. > 1 PL, d C3 6 S '^ C3 1 M "3 Coffee Cocoa Tea Sugar Salt ::•""::■■"! Flour 5 47 29 86 1 67 66 9 3 Com meal 67 24 Oatmeal Other cereals Graham flour Rice Raisins :::;:..;; 74 45 44 58 32 Lemons 29 Oranges 20 Bananas Buckwheat .57 79 61 100 7a 86 99 3 62 66 39 99 Pork 85 32 100 78 8 100 99 22 100 99 52 100 82 'ioo' 94 50 100 90 48 100 98 51 100 93 65 100 92 65 100 61 Beef 3 Poultry 99 Fish Buttermilk 100 100 100 100 100 48 100 99 57 2 97 47 98 17 68 7.5 82 86 77 100 100 36 14 95 22 100 "69' 68 "ei' "99' 58 42 100 50 76 25 94 95 92 88 100 88 92 69 16 100 86 83 57 50 97 70 90 92 100 100 93 23 100 37 64 50 80 90 72 83 100 ' '9.5' 60 100 100 98 100 100 94 84 100 85 66 60 "se' 67 91 53 99 99 91 20 100 5 "53' "42' 47 Milk 100 99 ioo" 88 94 99 ioo' 100 100 100 22 100 90 84 94 100 100 70 98 100 ioo" 54 83 64 13 100 98 30 74 "23' 92 91 95 100 66 80 4 95 29 65 85 91 99 Honev 31 83 67 70 5 8 30 100 87 26 Cherries 72 Grapes 100 13 Prunes 87 99 98 98 93 96 95 98 93 79 87 73 8.) 86 100 98 99 100 94 99 100 99 100 100 100 100 99 99 98 98 100 99 99 99 100 38 1 31 25 62 16 65 90 71 10 60 73 89 99 100 100 100 95 93 97 95 79 98 20 Potatoes, sweet Beans 91 88 11 86 88 97 92 20 19 100 100 76 99 6 71 92 100 100 98 99 100 87 95 32 58 84 85 88 94 88 100 100 97 92 79 94 100 100 99 100 97 64 68 85 100 100 100 100 96 81 45 65 56 72 70 97 96 94 70 53 67 77 22 86 100 97 68 60 71 96 88 98 100 100 94 98 100 100 100 50 si 44 Onions ^ 22 32 26 11 52 Tomatoes 84 87 18 31 40 67 40 Carrots 100 Melons 96 100 100 74 100 16 A general resume of the average quantities of each article of food consumed per person and per family for all the families visited is given in Table X"VIII. There is considerable difference between the diets of the families in the Southern States and those in the Northern and Western States. The southern families, for instance, use large quan- tities of buttermilk and sweet potatoes and relatively less of whole milk and Irish potatoes. This table, therefore, is divided mto 2 groups, separating the averages of the families in the 3 Southern and those in the 11 Northern and Western States. It shows the relative importance of each item of food m the average family's annual total food consumption; the per cent bought and that fur- nished by the farm is also shown for each article of food. 2 6 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF .\GRICULTURE. Table XVIII. — Average annual consumption of various articles of food (950 families) . nits. Average of 150 families visited in three Southern States. Average of 800 families visited in 11 Northern and Western States. Articles and u Quantities con- sumed. Percentage of total. Quantities con- sumed. Percentage of total. Per person. Per family. Bought. Fiir- nished by farm. Per person. Per family. Bought. Fur- nished by farm. Groceries: ..dozen.. .pounds.. do 1.3 4.5 6.5 23.9 100 100 3.0 41.6 4.9 1.1 8.2 10.9 195.1 2.0 1.4 15.4 5.2 2.0 5.4 4.6 12.5 1.8 86.8 1.5 59.5 10.8 5.5 114.3 45.4 33.6 30.6 13.8 194.8 21.1 5.7 38. 4 50.4 913.2 10.2 6.4 69.7 23.8 9.3 24.8 21.8 60.4 8.2 402.5 7.4 283.9 51.7 26.2 536.8 207.1 156.8 143.4 100 100 56 100 100 89 93 100 97 100 100 98 100 100 100 86 100 100 54 100 100 17 Bread bought.. 44 ....do.... ....do.... ....do.... ....do.... ...do ... .3 7.7 97.9 250.3 1.7 39.0 502.1 1,253.4 100 100 41 90 Corn meal Flour 5'J 10 11 7 . .dozen., .pounds.. do — ..dozen., .pounds. . do ....do.... .gallons. . .pounds.. do ....do.... ....do.... ....do.... ....do.... ....do.... ...dozen.. .pounds.. ..quarts., .pounds.. .5 3.8 .8 .6 3.2 5.7 4.4 3.0 60.3 .3 16.1 1.5 2.9 132.1 58.0 30.8 45.6 388.6 1.0 2.6 20.0 3.9 3.3 16.7 28.9 22.5 15.6 305.5 1.4 83.8 7.6 15.3 672.9 296.8 157.2 233.1 1,984.1 5.3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 66 100 100 75 100 100 7 3 Oranges 2 Rice Salt Sirups Sugar Tea 34 14 Meat products: Beef Fish 25 46 Lard bought... Pork Poultry products: Poiallrj' Egg* Dairy products: Butter 93 100 100 100 100 7 83 100 1 30 99 70 Cheese 93 3.9 6.6 196.9 1.3 3.0 10.6 7.4 5.9 21.8 11.2 1-. 1 5.4 2.7 .7 11.1 .2 1.2 6.5 1.2 1.2 7.1 22.0 3.8 5.5 3.7 1.6 18.5 32.6 917.5 6.0 13.7 48.4 33.5 27.3 103.2 54.7 5.2 26.8 12.4 3.5 51.4 .9 5.6 30.6 5.8 5.4 33.5 103.2 17.7 26.2 21.3 7.1 81 2 3 59 28 36 27 38 74 45 100 46 28 12 26 19 98 MUk Honej^ Fruits: Apples Berries do .pounds.. .bushels.. ..quarts.. do 68.9 1.8 1.8 15.4 331.1 9.3 8.7 72.7 1 23 41 43 99 77 59 57 97 41 72 64 73 Grapes Peaches Pears Pineapples Plums .pounds.. ....do.... ....do.... 5.7 90.4 15.3 25.5 457.7 73.3 100 64 67 62 36 33 26 55 .pounds.. ...peeks.. — do — ...heads.. ...pecks.. — do — .number.. ...pecks.. do — .bushels.. L. pounds.. . do 1.0 4.0 .6 13.3 5.4 20.2 2.9 64.5 100 74 97 71 54 Vegetables: Beans Beets Cabbage 26 3 29 72 88 74 100 .1 11.7 1.7 1.5 2.0 195.6 .5 58.7 8.3 7.8 10.2 994.7 100 100 87 62 79 66 9 33 43 20 14 85 12 21 18 16 91 Melons . 67 Onions Peas Potatoes, Irish Potatoes, swce Squash Sweet corn Tomatoes Turnips 13 38 21 34 67 80 86 15 88 ...dozen.. ...pecks.. — do — 7.1 4.4 4.3 35.0 21.9 22.8 28 33 12 72 67 88 79 82 84 RELATIVE CONSUMPTION OF FOOD BY FAMILIES ON OWNED AND RENTED FARMS. For all areas where the number of tenants was sufficient to warrant the division, the families were divided into two groups, those living on their own farms and those renting farms. Table XIX shows figures for these divisions, giving the average size of VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 27 family, the average consumption of food per person, and the per- centage of the food bought and furnished by the farm. There seems to be a shght tendency for the owner families to be larger than the tenant famihes, though it is not sufficiently marked to warrant fur- ther mention of it, the average of the 601 owner families visited being 4.8 persons and that of the tenant families 4.7 persons. The difference between the two groups in the consumption of food per person is more pronounced. With the exception of the Maine and Iowa areas, the owner famihes use more food per person than the families renting farms. The average consumption per person of all the famihes livmg on their own farms is $100.60 and that of the tenant famihes is $90.57, a difference of $10 per person and $48 per family. The reason for this difference is probably, in part, that the owner famihes are as a class better off than the tenant famihes. The tenants seem to buy a shghtly greater proportion of their food than do the owners. This fact does not hold true in all the areas, but the average for the 1 1 areas studied shows that the owner fami- hes buy 40 per cent of the food they use and the tenants about 43 per cent. This shght variation may not have any significance, but it is probably true that for a series of years the fniit trees and gardens on the average tenant farm do not receive the attention they do on the farms operated by owners. The tenant's first care is his rent, and he may devote more time to his crops and hve stock than to the farm food products for family use. Table XIX. — Comparison of food used on ownea and on rented farms, showing part bought and part furnished by the farm. County and State. Tenure. Number of fami- lies. Average size of family. Total consump tion per person. Percentage of total food- Bought. Fur- nished by farm. Oxford, Me Otsego, N.Y Gloucester, N. J... Gaston, N.C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex . . . Champaign, Ohio. Montgomery, Iowa Cloud, Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal... All families . . |0%vners . Tenants. Owners . Tenants. fOwners . \Tenants. i Owners. Tenants. Owners. Tenants, f Owners . \Tenants. lOwncTS . \Tenants. ! Owners. Tenants. Owners. Tenants. /Owners . \Tenants. /Owners. , \Tenants. f Owners. . 1 Tenants. 139 9 45 10 94 32 44 11 36 14 21 23 25 19 32 14 29 17 71 38 65 19 4.5 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.4 5.5 4.4 4.9 5.7 4.9 5.7 5.4 4.0 4.2 4.5 3.5 4.4 4.7 6.5 5.7 4.9 5.1 601 206 4.8 4.7 $94. 72 97.87 93. 95 93. 24 122. 56 73. 13 93.80 71.81 89.82 84.22 93.88 83.70 92.39 90.93 102. 71 111.30 103. 73 92.90 109. 85 101.08 103. 27 95.97 100.60 90.57 52.6 62.2 49.2 49.8 51.9 55.4 16.3 24.3 20.0 25.2 43.6 43.7 33.0 34.2 32.2 35.4 35.5 34.1 41.5 43.4 64.7 64.8 47.4 37.8 50.8 50.2 48.1 44.6 83.7 75.7 79.4 74.8 56.4 56.3 67.0 65.8 67.8 64.6 64.5 65.9 58.5 56.6 35.3 35.2 40.1 42.9 59.9 57.1 28 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CANNING ON THE FARM. Canning is an important means of preserving and storing fruits and vegetables on the farm for future use. The average number of quart cans "put up'' per family for the farms visited (Table XX) was 122 of fruit and 32 of vegetables, making a total of 154 quart cans. The most camiing was done in the New Jersey area, the average family here "putting up "172 quarts of fruit and 58 quarts of vegetables, or a total of 230 quart cans. Not many vegetables are canned on the farm. The most common vegetable used for this purpose is the tomato. Canned peas and corn used on the farm table arc usually bought. This is probably duo to the fact that efficient canning methods for handling vegetables are not known to many housekeepers. The most common fruits used for home canning are peaches and berries. Many farmers buy peaches for canning purposes, but peaches are not generally bought for immediate use unless the price happens to bo unusually low. An increase in the variety and quan- tity of home-growai fruit would greatly increase the consumption of fresh fruit on the farm and encourage canning for winter consumption. A knowledge of better methods of canning, insuring better keeping qualities and greater ease of performing the work, would no doubt increase camiing on the farm to good advantage, particularly in the case of vegetables. Housekeepers generally realize that it is cheaper to can home-grown products than it is to buy them and also insures better quality, but with the old method the many hours of extra labor before a hot stove is a big discouraging factor. Table XX. — Average number of quart cans "put up " on the farm. Fruit. Vegetables. Total. County and State. Per family. Per person. Per Per family. person. Per family. Per person. 172 62 105 149 37 14 17 30 58 12 21 5 28 5 20 4 230 83 133 169 49 19 Cass N I)ak 22 34 Average all families 122 24 32 6 154 31 STORAGE OF FOOD ON THE FARM. The farm is not only a source of food products, but it also serves as an ample place of storage. It is not possible to have fresh vege- tables and fruits on hand every day, as it is eggs and milk. In order, then, to have vegetables and fruits from the farm at times other than the short period durmg which they are in season, some means of storage is necessary. Cellars, caves, pits, and basements in bams VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 29 serve as storage places for vegetables and fruits. Probably as much as 30 per cent of the vegetables furnished by the farm are stored for later use" by the farm family, and potatoes, the most important vegetable, are stored for at least nine months of the year in sections other than the South. Apples may easily be. stored for six months. Sweet potatoes, cabbages, white beans, beets, and onions may be stored for some time without any special preparation. Some vege- tables and fruits are dried and kept in this form. Many families store their fruits and vegetables and find it unnecessary to buy at any time of the year. About 30 per cent of the meat consumed by the farmers is meat that is supplied by the farm and stored for a certain length of time. This is made possible by the several available methods of curing. The most common method of curing meat is smoking. A special room or building is needed for this process, but the fuel used is generally wood of little value. There seems to be a tendency to do less curing of meat on the farm, owing probably to ejfforts to eUmi- nate house labor. •A scheme for having a farm supply of fresh meat dm-ing the sum- mer months is practiced in certain communities. A "beef club" is organized among a dozen or more farmers who trade beef. A mem- ber will butcher a beef animal, and it will be distributed equally among the members. The other members will take turns in sup- plying an animal in other weeks. When a difference in quantity occurs between members it is equalized at a fair rate per pound. They may have a butcher who gets the hide and tallow for his work. By this system the farmers can have fresh beef dm'ing the summer at farm prices. FUEL. The farm serves as an important source of fuel for the average farm family. Fifty-four per cent (Table XXI) of the fuel used by the families visited was supplied by the farm. The average value of the fuel used per family was S55.14. This, however, does not include kerosene used by occasional families for cooking during the summer. The average consumption of coal was 2.6 tons per family. In the North Dakota area the average family used 3.7 tons of hard coal and 3.1 tons of soft coal. In addition to the wood and coal used, as indicated in Table XXI, the average family in the Kansas area used 12 loads of corncobs, and in the Iowa area 7.8 loads. 30 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table XXI. — Average annual consumption of fuel and oil per family; percentage of fuel bought and furnished by farm {950 families). Coal. Wood. Total fuel. Oil. Location of regions in which study was made (county and State). Tons. Value. Cords. Value. Value. Bought. Fur- nished by farm. Gal- lons. Value. Oxford Me . 0.9 .1 2.5 4.9 4.7 $6.39 1.01 16.00 26.90 30.69 13.5 14.3 12.3 6.2 5.6 14.0 17.8 6.1 12.0 7.5 4.8 4.9 5.6 7.4 $46.40 65.40 54.80 19.00 20.91 43.58 51. 60 19.30 32.50 38.80 22.40 12.20 38.75 42.58 $52.79 66.41 70.80 45.90 51.60 43. 58 51.60 36.65 56.20 59. 50 159.77 2 31.00 100.75 45.42 Per ct. 74 4 24 61 70 4 89' 46 40 49 42 83 56 Per ct. 26 96 76 39 30 96 100 11 54 60 51 58 17 44 63.0 39.0 56.6 63.0 92.0 22.0 34.5 55.4 50.0 46.7 56.0 81.4 61.3 53.0 $7.56 Lamoille ,Vt 4.61 Otsego N. Y 5.79 Bucks, Pa 6.37 9.20 Gaston N. C 3.10 Troup, Ga. 5.18 McLennan , Tex 2.0 5.7 3.0 3.9 1.4 3 6.8 .3 17.35 23.70 20.70 29.57 12.70 62.00 2.84 7.58 Champaign , Ohio 4.88 Jefferson , Wis 5.78 Montgomery', Iowa 6.92 Cloud , Kans 7.21 Cass, N. Dak 7.97 Santa Clara, Cal 6.36 Average, all families... 2.6 17.85 9.4 36.30 55. 14 46 54 55.3 6.33 1 Includes S7.80 worth of cobs. • Includes $6.10 worth of cobs. 33.7 tons hard coal and 3.1 tons soft coal. The consumption of wood per family and per person is shown in Table XXII. The average quantity of wood used per family is 9.4 cords. The farm supphed, on an average, 8.2 cords and 1.2 cords were bought. The farm thus furnishes 87 per cent of the wood used for the families visited. The farm wood lot, the orchard, and scattered trees on the farm furnish the wood for the wood stove. Table XXII. — Annual consumption of wood per family and per person {950 families). Consumption per family. Con- Location of regions in which studv was made (county and State). Total. Bought. Fur- nished by farm. sumption per person. Oxford Me Cords. 13.5 14.3 12.3 6.2 5.6 H.O 17.8 f..l 12.0 7.5 4.8 4.9 5.6 7.4 Cords. 0.9 .4 .2 .4 1.4 .6 Cnrcls. 12.6 13.9 12.1 5.8 4.2 13.4 17.8 1.3 11.3 6.9 4.8 4.8 2.5 3.5 Cords. 3.0 3.0 Otsego, N. Y 3.1 Bucks Pa L2 L2 3.1 Troup Ga 3.3 4.8 .7 .6 1.1 2.9 1.1 L7 Cloud, Kans .1 3.1 3.9 LI Cass, N. Dak .9 Santa Clara, Cal L5 9.4 1.2 8.2 2.0 VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 31 Kerosene oil is used both for lighting and cooking. Some gasoline was used for cooking but very little for lighting purposes. Of the 127 famihes visited in New Jersey, 78 used kerosene or gasoline stoves for- cooking, 9 used acetylene gas and 4 electricity for lighting. In the Maine area 42 of the 148 families visited used kerosene stoves for cooking and kerosene was used exclusively for lighting. In North Dakota 54 of the 109 families used kerosene or gasoline for cooking, and for Ughting 2 used acetylene and 1 used electricity. In Cali- fornia, of the 84 famihes interviewed, 30 used kerosene or gasoline stoves for cooking, and for hghting 8 used electricity and 2 used acetylene gas. We can thus see that nearly half of these farmers do some cooking with kerosene and gasoline, but that practically all of them use kerosene lami)s for lighting. USE OF HOUSE ON THE FARM. The business of most farms demands almost constant attention thi'oughout the year and it is therefore to the advantage of the farmer to make his home on the farm. A house is thus a necessary improve- ment on a farm, and is often an important part of its real estate value. Investigations made by the United States Department of Agricultm^e indicate that in the eastern part of the United States the value of the house is commonly 20 per cent or more of the value of the farm. On the higher-priced corn-belt farms this percentage is more generally from 5 to 10 per cent. Improvements to the house tend to enhance the value of the farm. The interest on the investment in the house and the cost of maintenance of it are paid for by the farm business, and are not personal expenses to the farmer. He may be said to have his house rent furnished free by the farm. An attempt is made to arrive at a value of what the use of the house is worth to the farmer. The value of the house seems the only basis upon which the rental value can be determined. Table XXIII shows the average value of the farmhouse and its rental value for the sections studied. The present value is the farmer's estimate of what his house is worth to-day. The average value of the farmhouses for the 825 farmers giving estimates was $1,322. This value, however, varies from $560 in the North Carolina area to $1,880 in the New York area. The rental value of the house is taken as 10 per cent of its present value. This is assumed to be a fair charge for interest, depreciation, insurance, repairs, and taxes. The average annual rental value of the houses for these farms is thus $132. 32 BULLETIN 410, U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. Table XXIII. — Average total value and annual rental value of farm divellings. County and State. Number Average Average of farm size of value of houses. family. house. 146 4.5 $1,112 31 4.7 930 28 4.0 1,880 22 4.9 1,632 126 4.7 1,600 51 4.5 560 40 5.4 920 42 5.3 834 34 4.1 1,724 40 4.2 1,297 37 4.2 1,580 3B 4.7 1,160 109 r,.2 1,754 83 4.9 1,528 825 4.7 1,322 Average rental value of house. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N.Y Bucks, Ta , Gloucester, N. J Gaston, N. C Troup, Ga McLemian, Tex Champaign, Ohio Jefferson, Wis Montgomery, Iowa Cloud. Kan's Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal , Average, all houses 3111 93 188 163 160 56 92 83 172 130 158 116 175 153 THE SIZE OF THE HOUSE. Table XXIV points out some interesting facts. The tabulation has been made by size of houses expressed in number of rooms. It will be seen that in aU States the average size of family on farms having houses of from 8 to 9 rooms is markedly larger than on those having houses of 7 rooms or less. There is no consistent relationship between these two groups of families in the consumption of food or fuel per person. Famihes hving in 8 and 9 room houses and those Uving in 10-room houses show different relationships. Here the size of family is practically constant, showing that the large houses are not needed for the accommodation of more people. The quantity of food con- sumed per person on these farms increases directly with the size of house, and there is a tendency, though not very marked, for the greater consumption of fuel in the larger houses. These facts would indicate that farmers livmg in the largest houses, and who also are the highest consumers of food and fuel, have better farm incomes and probably hve on the farms of most efficient size. Studies conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture indicate that on the farm the amount of money mvested in the house is in direct proportion to the income up to a certain point. VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 83 Table XXIV. — Relation of size of house to size of farm, size of family , food consumpiion per person, and value of house. County and State. Gloucester, N. J. Oxford, Me . Cass, N. Dak. Santa Clara, Cal. Size of house (rooms). 7 and less . . 8 and 9 10 and over 7 and less . . 8 and 9 10 and over 7 and less.. 8 and 9 10 and over 5 and less . . s6aad7 [Sand over. Number Average size of Persons Consump- tion of^ of farms. farm (acres). family. food per perscn. 32 38 3.7 $152. 52 48 67 4.0 118.41 46 92 0.4 120. 83 50 84 3.9 88.28 48 109 4.8 92.30 48 148 4.7 102.80 56 333 5.5 103.51 27 458 6.9 101.70 26 706 6.9 118.70 25 48 4.1 91.24 33 39 5.3 98.40 25 52 5.4 113.71 Average value of house. 1,691 2,237 642 1,091 1,024 998 2,240 2,900 738 l,ol6 2,335 HOUSEHOLD LABOR. The subject of household labor is included in tliis study, as it has an important bearing on the business operations of the farm. Con- ditions are generally such that the hired help have to board with the farm family. The housewife often cares for the family garden, does the laundry work for the household, and at times chums the butter. In doing so, she is contributing to the success of the fanii, and is performing productive labor for that farm. On the farms studied in this inquiry comparatively little help was hired for doing housework, most of the work being done by the farmer's wife and other members of the family. More than three- fom'ths of the families visited did not hire any labor for housework. Table XXV shows the average value of the house labor per family and per person for each section and the proportion of this hired. It will be noticed that on an average 5 per cent of the labor was hired, this per cent varying from 1 to 15. The average value of the house labor for aU families visited was $228 per family and $49 per person. This value was determined by securing the wife's estimate of what she would have to pay a house- keeper to do the work for her. These estimates were based on the prevailing wages of domestic help in each region. One of the serious difficulties confronting the farmer's wife is the labor problem. Domestic help is hard to get and often inefficient when secured. Along with this problem goes that of boardmg the hired man. The average hired man demands more meat and a greater variety of diet than the wife would go to the trouble of pre- paring as a regular thing if the family alone were to be served. A tenant house on the large farm, permitting the hiring of married help, would tend to solve the house labor problem. 34 BULLETIN 410^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGFICULTURE. Table XXV. — Value of household labor per family and per person; percentage of labor hired {950 families). Countv and State. Value of labor. Per family. Per person. Percent- of labor hired. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N. Y Bucks, Pa Gloucester, N. J Gaston, N. C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex Champaignj Ohio Jefferson, W is Montgomery, Iowa Cloud, Kans Cass, N . Dak Santa Clara, Cal Average, all familie S238 182 221 214 294 152 138 217 197 177 270 261 334 293 228 S53 38 56 41 63 34 25 41 49 54 64 58 54 60 49 VALUE OF BOARD ON THE FARM. A general indication of the value of board on the farm may be gained from the data given on the previous pages, showing also what proportion of this cost may be credited to the farm and what propor- tion is paid out in cash. This should be of help in determining the real wages of hired help boarded on the farm when given a definite cash wage and board. The main items entering into this cost are food, fuel, and house- hold labor. All food consumed must be charged to board. Some of the fuel is used for general heating purposes; therefore, total fuel cost can not justly be included in board charges. Probably two-fifths of the fuel consumed may be said to bo used for the preparation of meals or kitchen stove purposes. Household labor is included as a factor in the cost of meals because it plays a very vital part in the prepara- tion of meals and is too generally unappreciated when the matter of boarding hired help is being considered. Two-thirds of the value of household labor seems to be a fair proportion to charge to the cost of board. Table XXVI shows the cost of food, fuel, and house labor per person chargeable to the cost of board. It will bo noticed that food constitutes nearly three-fourths of the cost of board, labor nearly one-fourth, and fuel about 3 per cent. The total cost of board per person varies from $9 to $13 per month. The variation in the cost of board, of course is dependent largely on the cost of the food consumed. VALUE OF FOOD, FUEL, AND USE OF HOUSE. 35 Table XXYI.— Average annual value of food, fuel, and household labor per person chargeable to the cost of board on the farm (950 families). Location of regions in which study was made (county and State). Average value per person. Food. Fuel. House labor. Total cost of board per person. Annual. Monthly. Percent- age paid out in cash. Oxford, Me Lamoille, Vt Otsego, N. Y Bucl^-s, Pa Gloucester, N. J Craston,N.C Troup, Ga McLennan, Tex Champaign, Ohio Jefferson , Wis Montgomery, Iowa Cloud, Kans Cass, N. Dak Santa Clara, Cal Average, all families $95 75 94 75 120 89 89 92 91 80 106 100 107 102 S132 104 135 104 162 113 108 120 125 117 150 138 145 142 Sll. 00 8.67 11.25 8.67 13.50 9.41 9.00 10.00 10.42 9.75 12.50 11.50 12.08 11.83 30 129 10.68 39 34 35 35 40 15 19 36 25 28 24 26 34 49 A very interesting fact brought out in Table XXVT is the propor- tion of the cost of board actually paid out in cash. This percentage varies from 15 to 49. The proportion is about one-third in the eastern sections studied, about one-fourth in the corn-belt States areas, and still less in the southern areas. This amount paid out is the fact which most vitally interests the farmer. Interesting facts are brought out in this connection relative to total hired help boarded. For example, in New Jersey hired help averaged 0.6 person per family; in Maine, 0.4; in North Dakota, 1.1; and in California 0.3. In other words, in New Jersey the average family boarded 1 man for 7 months; in Maine, 1 man for 5 months; in North Dakota, 1 man for 1.3 months: and in Cahfomia 1 man for 4 months. PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL- TURE RELATING TO FARM AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY. AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT. Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food. (Farmers" Bulletin 142.) Home Fruit Garden. (Farmers' Bulletin 154.) Canned Fruits, Preserves, and Jellies. (Farmers' Bulletin 203.) The Home Vegetable Garden. (Farmers' Bulletin 255.) Use of Fruit as Food. (Farmers' Bulletin 293.) Canning Vegetables in the Home. (Farmers' Bulletin 359.) Care of Food in the Home. (Farmers' Bulletin 375.) Economical Use of Meat in the Home. (Farmers' Bulletin 391.) Canning Peaches on the Farm. (Farmers' Bulletin 426.) How a City Family ^Managed a Farm. (Fanners' Bulletin 432.) A System of Tenant Farming and Its Results. (Farmers' Bulletin 437.) A Successful New York Farm. (Farmers' Bulletin 454.) Farm Bookkeeping. (Farmers' Bulletin 511.) Canning Tomatoes at Home and in Club Work. (Farmers' Bulletin 521.) Farm Butter Making. (Farmers' Bulletin 541.) A System of Farm Cost Accounting. (Farmers' Bulletin 572.) How to Use Farm Credit. (Farmers' Bulletin 593.) Wliat the Farm Contributes Du-ectly to the Farmer's Living. (Farmers' Bulletin 035.) A Method of Analyzing the Farm Business. (Farmers' Bulletin 661.) Measuring and Marketing Woodlot Products. (Farmers' Bulletin 715.) The Farmer's Income. (Farmers' Bulletin 746.) An Example of Successful Farm Management in Southern New York. (Dei)artment Bulletin 32.) Farm Management Practice of Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Department Bul- letin 341.) ^^^lat is Farm Management. (Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin 259.) FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. Farm-Management Svirvey of Three Representative Areas in Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. (Department Bulletin 41.) Price, 10 cents. Farm Experience With the Tractor. (Department Bulletin 174.) Price, 5 cents. Consumption of Mrewood in the Ignited States. (Forestry Circular 181.) Price, 5 cents. 36 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBUCATIO>f MAY BE PKOCUEED FROM THE SUPERINTEND EXT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 00057305333