THE 
 
 RUDIMENTS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CHINESE LANGUAGE, 
 
 WITH 
 
 DIALOGUES, EXERCISES, AND A VOCABULARY. 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. JAMES SUMMERS, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF CHINESE IN KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON. 
 
 LONDON: 
 BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 "PICCADILLY. 
 
 1864. 
 
PLijii 
 
 coyyZt 
 
 
 LC Control Number 
 
 tmp96 
 
 031300 
 
 AY. M. WATTS. CROWN COURT, TEMPLE BAR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following little Manual is intended to supply a 
 want, which it is believed that many feel, who leave 
 this country to visit China for the first time. No 
 small work having issued from the press that would 
 at once acquaint a person with the nature of the 
 Chinese language, and would also enable him to make 
 a start in the acquisition of it, Mr. Quaritch deter- 
 mined on publishing this present little book to supply 
 the deficiency, and in sequel to his other similar pub- 
 lications on Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and other lan- 
 guages. The Author hopes that Chinese scholars will 
 excuse the defects which have occasionally crept in 
 through the scarcity of Chinese type in this country, 
 and the difficulty attending the compositor's work in 
 such a language; and as this is an attempt to put 
 Chinese into a European dress by the use of Roman 
 type, the paucity of Chinese characters in the work 
 will be of little consequence. Sufficient, however, 
 has been given to enable the beginner to make himself 
 master of the rudiments of the language, and, as he 
 
11 PREFACE. 
 
 proceeds, he will find other works of a more complete 
 character necessary, where he will meet with the 
 signs which may be here dispensed with. 
 
 The Vocabulary at the end of the book consists of 
 many most valuable words and phrases, which have 
 been drawn from the work of the Rev. Joseph Edkins, 
 entitled "Progressive Lessons in Chinese" and which 
 the Author here takes the opportunity to recommend 
 to students of Chinese. 
 
 7/itcJiin, 11 ( rts } 
 Feb. 10, 1864. 
 
INTRODUCTION- 
 
 1. The Chinese language, with its numerous dialects, 
 has no alphabet. It is written by means of cha- 
 racters, each of which represents an entire syllable. 
 These syllables are simple, and are easily pro- 
 nounced. They consist either of one vowel, — of a 
 consonant and a vowel, — or of a consonant, a vowel, 
 and a final consonant. There are no difficult com- 
 binations of consonants, as in the European tongues, 
 nor accumulations of vowels as in some languages. 
 The initial sounds, ch> sh, ts, and the final sound 
 ng, may not be regarded as exceptions to this re- 
 mark. 
 
 2. The Chinese characters are formed of very 
 simple elementary figures or symbols. Their first 
 rudiments are simple strokes or lines, and the point 
 or dot. An infinite variety of forms is produced 
 by the perpendicular, the horizontal, the oblique 
 dash to the right, the oblique sweep to the left, 
 and the large point like a comma. All the strokes 
 required in w T riting are to be seen in the characters 
 yung, and i . 
 
 a -~» . or > b _t_^ 
 
 b 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 3. When a number of simple forms, as tieu? 
 'mouth, 1 Jm, b 'man,'' jY, c 'the sun,* 1 huriif, 'an enclo- 
 sure, 1 are produced ; they may become the elements 
 of complex characters. Thus keu 1 'mouth, 1 after the 
 addition of /w, e becomes hil, { 'to call out; 1 jm, b 
 ' man, 1 by the addition of drf ' you,' becomes m, 
 'you; 1 andj<T, c< the sun, with yil, 1 'the moon, 1 beside 
 it, makes mincj, ' bright, 1 and hwui? ' an enclosure/ 
 with wdng, l 'a king,' placed within it, makes kwo, 
 'a kingdom, 1 the same as kwo. m 
 
 4. From this it will be seen that a Chinese cha- 
 racter may consist of two parts, and that but one 
 syllable is needed to express a complex character. 
 These two parts are a " radical " and a "pho- 
 netic, 11 the former conveys a fundamental notion to 
 the whole character, and the latter indicates the sound 
 by which it is expressed. But although it may be 
 stated that the radical generally conveys something 
 of its own meaning to the compound, and that the 
 remaining part of the character is phonetic, this is 
 not a constant rule. These facts only help the me- 
 
 •b'A'B d P '* '<f F * '<* 'M 
 
 l HJ 'J "D 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 mory when they take place, and we cannot say 
 more for them : experience will shew their use. 
 In the above examples, JuV is phonetic in hu, and 
 dr g was formerly called m, and is therefore pho- 
 netic in ni. h The * sun' and * moon' unite to form 
 bright or 'brightness'; but here is no phonetic: both 
 parts are radicals. 
 
 5. The number of different characters in Chinese 
 is upwards of 40,000, but many thousands of these 
 are ancient forms, and therefore obsolete. Thousands 
 more are simply curious variations of characters 
 which are in use, but which are not wanted. Not 
 more than 10,000, it is believed, enter into ordinary 
 use, and 5000 are quite sufficient for the general 
 purposes of literary composition. 
 
 6. Every character stands for an idea, and is ex- 
 pressed by a syllable. In as far, therefore, as it is 
 seen written, it may constitute a word ; but when its 
 name is uttered — that is, when the syllable which 
 expresses that character is spoken — the syllable 
 means nothing. This may seem paradoxical, but 
 it is nevertheless true, as will be found when prac- 
 tical explanation is given further on. 
 
 7. To express 40,000 characters, the Chinese 
 have but about 500 syllables, which, when modified 
 
4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in pronunciation, do not amount to more than 1200 
 or 1300 distinguishable syllables. Hence there 
 must be, on an average, thirty characters to one 
 syllable. And even if the number of characters be 
 reduced to 5000, still it is clear that several cha- 
 racters must have a common name ; and how is 
 it possible to know what is intended when the same 
 monosyllable has several meanings ? It is im- 
 possible, unless the hearer is cognisant of the cir- 
 cumstances under which the monosyllable is spoken, 
 and therefore readily divines the meaning thereof; 
 or unless the monosyllable form a direct reply, 
 as, shit 'yes/ jiii, 'not/ — 'no/ for then it is 
 clear. Chinese is commonly called a monosyllabic 
 tongue, although it is quite impossible to make 
 one's self intelligible in China by monosyllables. 
 Let the best Chinese scholar try to translate the 
 following line, without reference to the written cha- 
 racter, and unless he can guess what the signifi- 
 cation is, or obtain it by a sort of exhaustive pro- 
 cess, he will fail : Chi hcei chi ma chi yung, or 
 ming fu mtcng chin tau chau. The meaning does 
 not appear, and is not conveyed, by these syllables 
 themselves, apart from their proper connexion. If 
 the characters for which they stand were known, 
 
INTRODUCTION. O 
 
 or the connexion and the relation of each syllable 
 to its neighbour were indicated, the sense of the 
 whole would be manifest. But the Chinese only 
 utter sounds — the doubtful expressions for characters 
 — and they employ no inflexions to show the mutual 
 relations of words: if, therefore, Chinese syllables do 
 not cohere to form words and phrases, and to make 
 polysyllables, Chinese is no language ar all, — and this 
 amounts to a reductio ad absurdum. Monosyllables 
 in Chinese are meaningless ; therefore Chinese is not 
 a monosyllabic language (if indeed there exists such 
 anywhere), and we are compelled to acknowledge 
 that English is far more of such a character than 
 Chinese. English may be spoken in monosyllables 
 — Chinese cannot. Thus: 'He went to the wood 
 and shot a hare, which he brought home in a bag, 
 and ate in a pie that night.' The truth is, that all 
 languages had only monosyllables to begin with. 
 All Hebrew roots are monosyllables, and all San- 
 skrit roots are monosyllables. The difference be- 
 tween Chinese and these ancient languages in this re- 
 spect is this, that Chinese has, by its written symbols, 
 preserved the syllables of which it is composed dis- 
 tinct from each other, and has kept their meanings 
 also distinct generally. For nearly all Chinese 
 
b INTRODUCTION. 
 
 syllables have a distinct meaning still attaching to 
 them, while some other languages contain many 
 syllables, the meaning of which is lost, and which 
 serve now for terminations, formatives, and par- 
 ticles, in those lan^ua^es. 
 
 7. There are, however, means existing by which 
 these monosyllabic representatives of the characters 
 are wrought into intelligible language. They may 
 be so connected with each other, and so intoned or 
 accented, that we find some cohering, some nearly 
 vanishing, others making themselves heard more 
 clearly, and conforming themselves to the laws of 
 euphony and the conditions of all human speech; 
 and to such a degree does this cohesion, intonation, 
 and accentuation of syllables take place, that, if the 
 mother tongue of any Chinese were written down 
 from his mouth, with appropriate signs, marking the 
 emphasis and intonation which he produced, and mak- 
 ing those syllables coalesce (or nearly so) which he 
 uttered rapidly together, we should find that our 
 production was a polysyllabic tongue — yea, very- 
 polysyllabic. Every thing depends on accent and 
 emphasis to make a language polysyllabic. With- 
 out accent and emphasis, polysyllables become mono- 
 syllables. For instance, the passage, "I re mem ber 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 Sir with a me Ian clw ly plea sure the si tu a Hon 
 of tlie ho nou ra ble gen tie man" (Burke), would, 
 when thus dissected, read as Chinese is supposed to 
 be read, with each syllable isolated and apart from 
 the others. 
 
 8. But, by a process similar to that in use in all 
 languages — by a natural arrangement, and of ne- 
 cessity — Chinese syllables cohere, and form poly- 
 syllables. Nouns, verbs, and particles are formed by 
 the juxta-position and cohesion of syllables, all 
 of which are sometimes significant. Sometimes one 
 of the syllables is merely formative, like er in butcher, 
 ed in wounded, ing in singing, or ly in truly. 
 
 9. With 5000 significant syllables, it may easily 
 be conceived that many tens of thousands of words 
 of two and three syllables are formed. The Chinese 
 language is inexhaustible in its power of develop- 
 ment in this way, and compound words are formed 
 with great facility. 
 
 10. Of great importance is it, in the first place, 
 to understand clearly the system of orthography for 
 these Chinese syllables, and the qualities of the in- 
 tonations which are attached to them : and in the 
 next place, to learn a good many words of two 
 syllables, independent of the characters which they 
 express. 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 11. The Syntax of the Chinese language is simple 
 and natural ; but the proper adornment of the sen- 
 tence by particles is more difficult. All that the reader 
 of this little book may expect to find here is, directions 
 how to acquire the spoken language, — common, more 
 or less, to all China, — which is commonly called the 
 Mandarin Dialect. The authors object has been to 
 make this a stepping-stone to further efforts and 
 a practical grammar of the first principles of Chinese 
 Etymology and Syntax. 
 
 12. Only a few Chinese characters have been used 
 here, not because it is unimportant to acquire a know- 
 ledge of them, but in order to leave the student at 
 liberty to acquire the colloquial style, without, in the 
 first instance, being kept back by having to attend to 
 the characters which belong to each expression. 
 
 13. The author recommends the student to learn 
 thoroughly the Radicals, as a first step. Until this 
 is done he will labour unprofitably at complex cha- 
 racters. After the Radicals he will do well to master 
 the Formatlves, the Appositives, and the Auxiliary 
 Verbs. 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Section I.— ANGLO-CHINESE ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. The Roman alphabet will be employed in this 
 work to express the Chinese syllables and words. 
 The simple vowels employed are cu i, u, which are 
 pronounced ah, ee, oo, as the vowels in father, feet, 
 rule. Their simple combinations are, (l) ai, an; 
 (2) ia, iu; (3) ua, uL ^M and au are modified 
 into e and 0, pronounced ay and 0, as in hay and 
 note, Ia and iu may be spelt ya and yu ; and ua 
 and ui may be spelt wa and m. Other modi- 
 fications of ai and au may be indicated by a and 0, 
 for the sounds of a 'in organ and in order. 0, 
 when not final, or when affected by the short tone, 
 does not need the dot, but must be pronounced 
 as if it were written with the dot — g. Iu or 
 yu may be modified by being pronounced as the 
 French u : it will then be represented by u. 
 
10 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Unions of these vowels may take place ; thus, we 
 may have iai, iau, uai, uau, eu, ei, ea, oi, on, ui, Ha, 
 but all these are not required in the Mandarin. 
 
 The short vowels always correspond in form to 
 the long vowels, from which they are distinguished 
 by the usual mark, thus : a, i, u, e t 6, li. 
 
 The consonants are to be pronounced as in 
 English, with the exception of the letter j, which 
 will follow the French, and w will occasionally 
 stand for the v* 
 
 2. Synopsis of Orthography, with illustrative 
 words. Each letter has but one sound. 
 
 a, a, 
 u u 
 u, ii, 
 
 e, c, 
 o, 6, 
 a, a, 
 
 0, 0, 
 
 ii, ii, 
 
 ie, ie 
 
 I. VOWELS AND TIIEIR COMBINATIONS 
 
 father, fat. 
 
 machine, bit. 
 
 rule, bull 
 
 they, bet. 
 
 no, not. aUi 
 
 ci, 
 
 eu, 
 
 organ, but. 
 
 order, not. 
 
 lu, peut-etre (Fr.) oi, 
 
 Gothe (Ger.) ui, 
 
 yea, yesterday. iii 
 
 ia % id, yard, Yankee. 
 io 9 id, York, yonder. 
 iu, iu, you, juchhe (Ger.) 
 ai, aisle. 
 
 cow (bi*oad.) 
 
 pie. 
 
 e + u = eou (Fr.) 
 
 voice. 
 
 rum. 
 feuille (Fr.) 
 
THE CHINESE " TONES." 1 1 
 
 II. CONSONANTAL COMBINATIONS. 
 
 ch church. 
 
 ng, anger. 
 
 chw, hatchway. 
 
 nw, inward. 
 
 j, jaune (Fr.) 
 
 ny, can you. 
 
 dj, gin, James. 
 
 sh, shine. 
 
 ju or jw, jouir (Fr.) 
 
 shiv, rash wish. 
 
 hi or hy, nearly =sM. 
 
 ts, wits, tsz=t + sz 
 
 hu, n early =shu 
 
 tiv, twist. 
 
 hi or hy, nearly =chi=ci (Ital. tsw, Cotswold. 
 
 and Pol.) 
 hu, nearly =chii. s, kiss. 
 
 kw queen. z, squeeze. 
 
 lw bulwark. sz, s + z. 
 
 Section II.— THE CHINESE " TONES." 
 
 3. Every Chinese syllable is distinguished by one 
 of four or five intonations. The pronunciation 
 of a character is called by a native its shlng-yln,^ 
 shing 1 meaning the tone, and yin the syllable. The 
 syllables may be formed and represented by the 
 Roman letters, and the tones may be shewn by the 
 following accents : A ", with the addition of 
 
 t 
 
 sp a 
 
12 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 dots, thus : , where more than five tones are 
 
 found. 
 
 4. There are in the Mandarin dialect five 
 tones : — 
 
 1st, pingshing* 'even tone.' 
 
 2d, shhngsklng, ' rising tone/ 
 
 3d, Jcushing? 'departing tone/ 
 
 4th, fishing, ' entering tone/ 
 
 5th, hia-ping-shing* Mower even tone/ 
 They are commonly called by the Chinese, p 
 shang, tu* it, and in some dialects there are two 
 series, shang, s upper,' and Kid? Mower/ The 
 Chinese do not srenerallv indicate the "tones" in 
 writing ; but whenever they wish to mark the tone 
 of a character, they affix a slight curve or hook to 
 the corner of it. Each character is supposed to 
 stand in a square, and the left-hand corner below 
 is considered the first; the left-hand above, the 
 second ; the right above, the third ; and the right- 
 hand below, the fourth corner. These places cor- 
 respond to the places for marking the tones. 
 
 5. These Chinese tones are simple modulations 
 of the voice, such as are common to all languages ; 
 
 f b ± '* 'A 'T 
 
THE CHINESE "TONES." 13 
 
 the difference being, that in Chinese they are de- 
 fined and fixed to certain words, while in other lan- 
 guages they vary with the feelings of the speaker, 
 or the circumstances under which he speaks. Thus, 
 the sound or tone of voice in which Richard the 
 Third may be supposed to have shouted, " A horse ! a 
 horse !" or as one would cry, " Fire ! fire !" or a 
 master simply calling his servant, "John," corre- 
 sponds with the first tone (p ing-shing) of the 
 Chinese* 
 
 6. The fifth tone corresponds to the tone of a 
 categorical reply, ("yes," or "no,") as uttered 
 by a criminal at the bar, when answering, without 
 surprise or indignation, on being asked a question. 
 This limitation is necessary; for, if he replied "yes," 
 with surprise, as if he meant further, " certainly, 
 but what then?" it would exemplify the second 
 
 or rising tone " (shang-shwg), while the former 
 4< yes " of simple assent, exemplifies the fifth or 
 " lower even tone " (hid-p ing-shing). 
 
 7. The third or f departing tone ' (icu-shing) is 
 the tone of dramatic scorn or reproach, " Hence !" 
 "away!" "avaunt!" "what!" a tone of nonchalance, 
 or of forlorn hope, as in " No ! all is lost !" 
 
 8. The following passage will, it is believed, aid 
 
14 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 the student in realizing what the Chinese tones 
 are : — 
 
 Portia. Come 9 } merchant;' have you any thing 
 
 to say ? 2 
 
 Antonio. But little;* I am armed* and well 
 
 prepared. 6 
 Give me your hand, 1 Bassanio ; 5 fare you well ! 6 
 Merchant of Venice, Act iv. 8c. 1.* 
 
 It should be particularly remembered that the 
 ping (") is a " calling " or " exclaiming " tone ; 
 the shang ( s ) is a "questioning" tone; the k*u ( ') 
 is a u despairing ,1 tone; and the kid-ping ( A ) an 
 " assenting M tone ; the ji-shing is an abrupt stop. 
 
 9. Twenty-five changes or permutations in the 
 relative positions of the five tones are possible, and 
 the student should accustom himself to read syl- 
 lables, or words of two syllables, which have the 
 same tones, or the same tones consecutively. The 
 following list of words will do for practice in reading 
 the tones. Observe that four examples are given of 
 the sequences in tone ; thus : — - -, -x, -/, - ►, -^ &c. 
 
 * The numerals affixed refer to the tones. 
 
THE CHINESE " TONES." 15 
 
 l.-wei-fung, 'dignity. 1 kung-fu, 'work. 1 
 chung-sin, ' center. 1 ho-ho, * elder brother.' 
 
 2. gqn-tien, 'favour/ shdn-Jc eu, 'a mountain pass. 1 
 tung-nii, 'a virgin. 1 cKwang-keu, 'a window. 1 
 
 3. sung-shu, 'a fir-tree.' kung-heu, ' a nobleman. 1 
 sang-i, 'trade, business. 1 yiu-mqn, 'sorrow. 1 
 
 4. ying-sM, 'limestone/ t-fu, 'clothes. 1 
 sdng-jz, 'birth-day/ kin-jz, 'to-day. 1 
 
 5. sln-ch ang, ' the heart/ fi-kiau, 'a drawbridge/ 
 chau-p ai, 'a sign-board/ hung-lau, ' merit/ 
 
 6. ma-fu, 'a groom/ kiau-qr, 'a waiter, a valet/ 
 siau-sin, ' attention/ liang-sln, ' conscience/ 
 
 7. chang-tsz, 'the eldest son/ cliu-tsz, 'the master/ 
 A; iau-sheu, ' an adept/ shivuisheu, ' a sailor/ 
 
 8. sie-tsz, 'to write/ (Gen.) pai-ching/ to arrange/ 
 tseu-shdng, ' to walk up/ pau-tsin, ' to walk in. 1 
 
 9. &£-£<?, ' to remember/ kicd-fd, ' explanation/ 
 niu-ju, ' beef/ 
 
 10. kiuenjin, 'to advise people.' nil qr, 'a girl/ 
 tien-q?% ' a little. 1 chl-teu, ' a finger/ 
 
16 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 11. mod kuttffi a painter. 1 kiaU-filt 'sedan-bearer. 
 TieQrSdng, ' a youth. 1 tien-kid, ' a shopkeeper/ 
 
 12. cltdu-h I, 'to stand up. 1 kwd-tsz, 'a fruit. 1 
 
 jjctu-shcu, 'a gunner. 1 sheu-tsz, 'a fan. 1 
 
 1-3. she-t.siii, 'to pardon.' won-Men, 'to hear of.* 1 
 
 lctm-chu, 'to rely upon.* 1 k'ai-ku, ' beggars.' 
 
 14. Bhui-chdy 'to go to sleep/ t&-me, 'wheat 1 
 hienshwd, 'gossip." wan-id, ' dialogue/ 
 
 15. hwd-dr, 4 a word/ pau-jtih ' a reporter/ 
 fu-jin, 'a woman/ td-hwdng, 'rhubarb/ 
 
 16. chusdng, 'domestic tii-shri, 'to read aloud/ 
 
 animals/ 
 Jcio-kan, ' the heel.' mu-Jvwd, ' wood-shavings/ 
 
 17. to-sheu, 'to snatch out tsd-chu* 'to act as 
 
 of the hand/ master/ 
 
 te-sheu, 'to be successful/ ki-kwo, to bear fruit/ 
 
 18. shwo-ting, ' to decide/ kwotu, ' a kingdom/ 
 
 k'e-k% h etiquette/ fd-scin, ' to scatter/ 
 
 teo-je, ' yesterday/ yu-fd, 'so much the more/ 
 tot-ibi* ' immediately/ K-^/o, 'to take medicine/ 
 
THE CHINESE CHARACTERS. 17 
 
 20. hid-fang, 'a school-room. ' shwo-ming, 'to explain, 
 
 to apologize." 
 te-lai, 'come on purpose.' shi-t'eu, 'the tongue.' 
 
 21. tsung-sin, 'afresh. 1 jju-kin, 'at present, now/ 
 nien-kang, * age * (of a n&ng-kdn, ' power/ 
 
 person). 
 
 22. siuen-chuhn, 'to revolve/ m-^'w, 'earth, soil, mud. 
 ch'dng-twan, ' length/ wdn-ll, ' style of good 
 
 composition/ 
 
 23. ming-fqn, 'share, duty/ sui-pien, 'as you please. 1 
 yung-i, ' easy/ yutn-shwai, 'commander- 
 in-chief/ 
 
 24. ho-mu, 'peace/ opp. ndn-te> 'hard to obtain/ 
 
 4 war/ 
 fdng-u, 'a house/ wqn-yd,' a written contract/ 
 
 25. yen-mo, 'to grind/ siii-ts'ung, 'to follow/ 
 hwui-lai, ' to return/ hing-ctiuen 9 'to sail about/ 
 
 Section IIL— THE CHINESE CHARACTERS. 
 
 10. The elementary characters are the "Radicals," 
 called by the Chinese ts£-pu. They are 214 in 
 number, and stand to the Chinese language in the 
 relation of an alphabet of forms, in place of an 
 
 c 
 
18 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 alphabet of sounds. They represent, too, the funda- 
 mental notions which must be conveyed by all 
 human speech. The following list of their mean- 
 ings will show their generic character, and serve 
 as a test-table for the student. 
 
 11. Classified synopsis of the meanings of the 
 ts£-pu : — 
 
 Parts of bodies. — Body, corpse, head, hair, down, 
 whiskers, face, eye, ear 5 nose, mouth, teeth, tusk, 
 tongue, hand, heart, foot, hide, leather, skin, wings, 
 feathers, blood, flesh, talons, horn, bones. 
 
 Zoological. — Man, woman, child ; horse, sheep, 
 tiger, dog, ox, hog, hog's head, deer; tortoise, 
 dragon, reptile, mouse, toad; birds, fowls; fish; 
 insect. 
 
 Botanical. — Herb, grain, rice, wheat, millet, 
 hemp, leeks, melon, pulse, bamboo, sacrificial herbs ; 
 wood, branch, sprout, petal. 
 
 Mineral. — Metal, stone, gems, salt, earth. 
 
 Meteorological. — Rain, wind, fire, water, icicle, 
 vapour, sound ; sun, moon, evening, time. 
 
 Utensils. — A chest, a measure, a mortar, spoon, 
 knife, bench, couch, clothes, crockery, tiles, dishes, 
 napkin, net, plough, vase, tripod, boat, carriage, 
 
THE CHINESE CHARACTERS. 19 
 
 pencil ; bow, halberd, arrow, dart, axe, musical 
 base, reed, drum, seal. 
 
 Qualities. — Colour, black, white, yellow, azure, 
 carnation, sombre-colour; high, long, sweet, square, 
 large, small, slender, old, fragrant, acrid, perverse, 
 base, opposed. 
 
 Actions. — To enter, to follow, to walk slowly, to 
 arrive at, to stride, to walk, to reach to, to touch, 
 to stop, to fly, to overspread, to envelope, to en- 
 circle, to establish, to overshadow, to adjust, to 
 distinguish, to divine, to see, to eat, to speak, to kill, 
 to fight, to oppose, to stop, to embroider, to owe, to 
 compare, to imitate, to bring forth, to use, to pro- 
 mulge. 
 
 Parts of the world and dwellings ; figures ; miscel- 
 laneous.— A desert, cave, field, den, mound, hill, 
 valley, rivulet, cliff, retreat. A city, roof, gate, 
 door, portico. One, two, eight, ten, eleven. An 
 inch, a mile. Without, not, false. A scholar, a 
 statesman, letters ; art, wealth, motion ; self, my- 
 self, father; a point; wine; silk; joined hands; 
 a long journey ; print of a bear's foot ; a surname, 
 a piece of cloth. 
 
20 ETYMOLGY. 
 
 12. LIST OF THE " RADICALS." 
 
 Note. — The words in brackets (as left, below, 
 various, &c.) are intended to show in what part of 
 the complex character the radical may be looked 
 for; com. means that the radical is a common word 
 in use ; obs. means that it is obsolete as a word ; an 
 asterisk denotes that the radical as such is of fre- 
 quent use, and often found in complex characters. 
 The radicals are arranged according to the number 
 of strokes with which they are formed. 
 
 Radicals of One stroke. 
 
 1. — * yi* 'one,' 'the same ' (various). 
 
 2. j heart, ' perpendicular ' (obs.) (through). 
 
 3. "* chu t ' a point' (obs.) (top and within). 
 
 4. ) pt, ' a curve ' (obs,) 
 
 5. (^ yt y ' a crooked line ' ' one ' in comp. ^ 
 
 (obs.)(top and left, right and through.) 
 
 6. j Jfe&'a hooked stroke n (obs.) (through). 
 
 Radicals of Two strokes. 
 
 7. \ qr, 'two' (com.) (encloses, above, below). 
 
) . 
 
 .2. 
 
 jk$in% 
 
 : ^^&m< 
 
 , % a a?> *l& 
 
 ■91 
 
 ^< h. 
 
 ^*Jfeft 
 
 ffi^^ 
 
 »v- /3-^ ^ce t% r$M t*-^ 
 L> /C^'ik ^ ^7 IXVJ otrJX^. 
 
 /tf? //O 180 fpO 200 210 
 
THETSZ-PU OR RADICALS. 
 
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 A#x*S2 ;f £A* fd*t&t^r3 3M&^# 
 
 ;l>7 **> 1* i #*M it;J&t*7##f £♦#$* 
 
 70 2£ .30 *0 J(? <fc> JO SO go </00 HO i20 /30 MO /SO 160 W 180 >p0 200 2/0 
 
CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 21 
 
 8. J^ ten, (no sig. can be given of this 
 
 (obs.) (above.) 
 
 9. J\^ jin* contr. / j 'a man 1 (com.) (above, 
 
 left.) 
 
 10. J L jin, ' a man walking * (obs.) (below.) 
 
 11. yv p 9 'to enter' (com.) (above). 
 
 12. /\ pa, ' eight ' (com.) (below,) 
 
 13. j J Hung, ' a desert' (obs.) (encloses). 
 
 14. mi, 'to cover* (obs.) (above). 
 
 15. if ping* ' an icicle » (obs.) (left) = ^j£ 
 
 16. ){j la, ' a table, a bench ' (encloses, right, 
 
 below.) 
 
 17. I j kdn, 'a receptacle' (obs.) (encloses). 
 
 18. yj tau* contr. IJ ' a knife ' (com.) (below, 
 
 right). 
 
 19. y] li* 'strength 1 (com.) (below, right). 
 
 20. s~J paic, ' to wrap up ' (obs.) (encloses). 
 
 21. Q pi, *a spoon' (obs.) (right). 
 
 22. J_l fang, ' a chest ' (obs.) (encloses). 
 
22 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 •23. to ' to hide ' (obs.) (encloses). 
 
 24. -p shiy 'ten 1 (com.) (various, below). 
 
 25. y pit, ' to divine ' (obs.) (above, right). 
 
 26. ~p tot or 1^ 4 a seal' (obs.) (right). 
 
 27. j hdn, 'a shelter'' (obs.) (hangs over). 
 
 28. A mid, ' crooked ' (obs.) (above). 
 
 29. ^^ yiv, ' the hand/ ' again ' (com.) (right, 
 
 below). 
 
 Radicals of Three strokes. 
 
 30. C k'eu,* 'a mouth' (com.) (left, below). 
 
 31. j hwuiy 'an enclosure' (obs.) (encloses). 
 
 32. -J- t w,* ' earth, soil ' (com.) (left, under). 
 
 33. -£• si, 'a scholar" 'a statesman' (com.) 
 
 (above, right). 
 
 34. & chi, ' to follow ' (obs.) (above). 
 
 35. $$c shm, ' to walk slowly ' (obs.) (below)- 
 
 36. n? sz, % evening ' (com.) (various). 
 
 37. ^}c td* ' great ' (com.) (above or below). 
 
CHINESE CHARACTERS— RADICALS. 23 
 
 38. p^ nu* ' woman r (com.) (left, below) ^ . 
 
 39. ^p tsz* * a son ' (com.) (below, left). 
 
 40. ' mUn* ' a roof ' (obs.) (above). 
 
 41. ^j tsdn, 'an inch 1 (com.) (right, below). 
 
 42. 4* siad, ' small ' (com.) (various). 
 
 43. % or 7C or yQ wqng or yiu, 'more 1 
 
 (obs.) (left). 
 
 44. y* shl, ' a corpse ' (com.) (above). 
 
 45. jjt ch'e, 'a sprout' (obs.) (above). 
 
 46. jjj shdn, ' a mountain ' (com.) (left, above). 
 
 47. IJ J or %<# ctiuen, l a stream ' (com.) (va- 
 
 rious). 
 
 48. ZC iwn^r, ' work ' (com.) (various). 
 
 49. 2. kl, * self ' (com.) (below). 
 
 50. TJI &m>* 'a napkin 1 (com.) (left, below). 
 
 51. ^* &aw, 'a shield 1 (com.) (various.) 
 
 52. V yaw, * young ' (obs.) (left, doubled), 
 
 53. j yen,* ' a covering ' (obs.) (covers). 
 
24 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 54. ^ ywg, 'a long journey 1 (obs.) (left). 
 
 55. 7| kung, ' folded hands ' (obs.) (below). 
 
 56. -\^ yi> ' a dart ' (obs.) (right). 
 
 57. Fj kung* ' a bow » (com.) (left, below). 
 
 58. 3 or J ** ' a P 1 ^ 3 head ' ( obs -) 
 
 (above). 
 
 59. ^ shdn, * long hair ' (right). 
 
 60. f ofo* ' to walk ■ (obs.) (left). 
 
 Radicals of Four strokes. 
 
 61. l\£ sin* contr. ^ 'the heart' (com.) (below). 
 
 62. ^Jq &o,* ' a spear ' (com.) (right). 
 
 63. 1=5 hu, 'a one-leaved door/ 'a family' (com.) 
 
 (above). 
 
 64. ^ sheu* contr. J ' the hand ' (com.) 
 
 (left, below). 
 
 65. "^ cln, ' a branch ' (com.) (right). 
 
 66. ^f ^#,* contr. ^ , ' to touch ' (right). 
 
CHINESE CHARACTERS— RADICALS. 25 
 
 67. j3c w 4 n > contr - % > ' to paint letters ' (com.) 
 
 (below). 
 
 68. ^ teuy 'a dry measure/ c the North Star' 
 
 (com.) (right). 
 
 69. rT kin, 'an axe,' 'a Chinese pound' (com.) 
 
 (right). 
 
 70. ~Tj fang* ' a square, a place ' (com.) (left). 
 
 71. yQ wu, in comp. %, 'wanting, not' 
 
 72. Q ji* ' the sun/ • a day ' (com.) (left, and 
 
 elsewhere). 
 
 71- ^J y4* <to speak' (com,) (below, and else- 
 where). 
 
 74. £J y4* ' the moon, a month } (com.) (left). 
 
 75. yfC ww,* ' wood ' (com.) (left, below). 
 
 76. 3^ A'iV^* ' to owe, to want ' (right). 
 
 77. j£ chl, ' to stop at a point ' (com.) various). 
 
 78. ~2? tal, % ' a rotten bone,' f bad, putrid ■ 
 
 (com.) (left). 
 
 79. 3£ s ^> <t0 kiir ( ri g ht )- 
 
26 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 80. -fj^ unit 'not, without' (com.) (below). 
 
 81. jfc p) f 'to compare 1 (com.) (various). 
 
 82. ^^ mau* 'hair (not human), fur, feathers' 
 
 (com.) (left). 
 63. j^ shi, 'a family 1 (com.). 
 
 84. y. k% * vapour ' (obs.) (right, above). 
 
 8>3. Jyi shwul* contr. Y , ' water ' (com.) (left, 
 
 below). 
 8G. ^/£ Ao* contr. MVk f 'fire' (com.) (below, 
 
 left). 
 
 87. /|\^ cArti, contr. *^ r , 'claws 1 (com.) (above). 
 
 88. ^C fi, ' a father/ (com.) (above). 
 
 89. ^ A?dw, ' to imitate n (left). 
 
 90. Ji chwang, ' a couch n (obs.) (left). 
 
 91. /"J pzen, ' a splinter ' (left). 
 
 92. ^ yd, ' molar teeth ' (com.) (left). 
 
 93. ^p new,* contr. If , ' an ox ' (left, below). 
 
 94. ^ k'iubn, contr. 1,'adog 1 (com.) (left). 
 
CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 27 
 
 Radicals of Five strokes. 
 
 95. (Sheet I. 5) hiuen, ' colour of the sky, dark ' 
 
 (com.) (combined). 
 
 96. J yii* ' a jewel ' (com.) (left). 
 
 97. JJT hod, ' fruit of the melon kind ' (com.) 
 
 (right or left). 
 
 98. j^ wa, ' tiles, bricks \ (com.) (right, below). 
 
 99. o kdn, 'sweet' (com.). 
 
 100. £E sang* 'to be born, to live' (com.). 
 
 101. 'B ydnff, ' to use ' (com.) (combined). 
 
 102. K t'ien, ' a field ' (com.) (left, below). 
 
 103. 7E p'u 'a piece of cloth' 'a foot' (com.) 
 
 (below). 
 
 104. T* nC ' disease ' (obs.) (left). 
 
 105. y^ pu, ' to stride ' (above). 
 
 106. Q pe, ' white, clear ' (com.) (left, above). 
 
 107. $£ ph ' skin, bark ' (com.) (right, left 
 
 below). 
 
28 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 08. JUL ming* ' dishes ' (com.) (below). 
 
 09. mu* ' the eye ' (com.) (left, or contr 
 
 above). 
 
 10. yC meu, 'a barbed spear 1 (left^. 
 
 11. ^ ski, 'an arrow' (left). 
 
 12. ~jr\ shi* 'stone, rock' (com.) (left, below). 
 
 13. TJ"f ski* contr. ^ or yj^ ' an omen from 
 
 heaven f (com.) (left, below). 
 
 14. [i] jeu, 'the print of an animal's foot, a 
 
 trace ' (obs.) (below). 
 
 15. 7^ fit* 'grain' (com.) (left). 
 
 16. y\ hia, * a cave, a hole ' (com.) (above). 
 
 17. )J^ li, ' to stand, to establish ' (com.) (left). 
 
 Radicals of Six strokes. 
 
 18. At chuy* contr. /t^c , ' bamboo n (com.) 
 
 (above). 
 
 19. y^ mi* ' rice (uncooked) ' (com.) (left). 
 
 20. ^ mi,* also written ^ and tf$ , ' raw 
 
 silk (threads) ' (com.) (left, below T ). 
 
CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 29 
 
 121. jjf feu j 'an earthenware vase 1 (left). 
 
 122. wang, contr. nxi , r^, and ^, as 
 
 in ^L ' a net - (above.) (See sheet I. 1.) 
 
 123. Hp yang, ' a sheep ' (com.) (left, above). 
 
 124. 2RJ £/w, ' wings ' (com.) (various : — above, 
 
 below, right). 
 
 125. y& lau, 'old' (com.) (above); contr. into 
 
 1 2 
 
 in and 
 
 126. ~\ffj qr, 'whiskers;' 'and, yet' (com.). 
 
 127. 7^ Hi, ' a plough-handle ' (left). 
 
 128. M qr* 'the ear ' (com.) (left, below). 
 
 129. |i yu, l a pencil ' (left and below). 
 
 130. J^J ju* contr. , 'flesh' (com.) (left, below). 
 
 131. ^S chin, ' a subject; a statesman' (com.) 
 
 (left). 
 
 132. ^J tsz, i self ; from ' (com.) (various.) 
 
 133. rjjl chi, 'to come to' (com.) (belo\£, and else- 
 
 where). 
 
 1 k ( an, c aged/ com. ' to examine.' 2 che, ( this, he who/ &c. 
 
30 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 34. £3 k'iiiy 'a mortar ' (various). (Sheet I. 2) 
 
 35. "q «&*, * the tongue' (com.) (left). 
 
 3G. y& chiien' to turn the back on' (obs.) 
 
 37. -jfp c/i^w, 'a boat' (com.) (left). 
 
 38. J^ £&i» 'disobedient; limits' (right). 
 
 39. p* s«T, 'colour; appearance ' (com.) (right). 
 
 40. ffijjfr taaw,* contr. -^4-, 'grass; plants' (com.) 
 
 (above). 
 
 41. Jj£ hu, 'a tiger' (obs.) (above). 
 
 42. ^P chunrj* 'an insect; a reptile' (com.) 
 
 (left, below). 
 
 43. jfiL &et* - blood ' (com.) (left). 
 
 44. ^T lung, 'to walk; to do' (com.) (encloses). 
 
 45. ^/ £,* contr. ?, 'clothing, covering' (com.) 
 
 (left, below). 
 146. jjj] 3/«; also written j/tj 'to cover over 
 (obs.) (above). 
 
 1 properly pronounced si, 'the west.' 
 
 > 
 
CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 31 
 
 Radicals of Seven strokes, 
 147 J|j[. kien* c to see ' (com.) (right, below). 
 
 148. ^ kid, * a horn ; a corner 1 (com.) (left, below). 
 
 149. g yen* * words ; to speak ' (com.) (left, 
 
 below). 
 
 150. § hu, « a valley ' (left). 
 
 151. ^ teic t ' a wooden sacrificial vessel ; beans ' 
 
 (below, left). 
 
 152. ^L cM 9 'a pig' (left or below). 
 
 153. ^ chu ' reptiles ' (left). 
 
 154. J^[ pet, ' a pearl shell ' (com.) (left, below). 
 
 155. 5j\ cM, 'flesh colour' (com.) (left). 
 
 156. 7f£ tseu* i to walk, to run ' (com.) (left) 
 
 157. /£ tsii* contr. £ or J, 'the foot, enough* 
 
 (com) (left, below). 
 
 158. Jff shin, * the body ; trunk ' (com.) (left). 
 
 159. jp[ M or c/^,* c a carriage ' (com.) (left). 
 
 160. ^ sin, ' bitter/ H.C. (com.) (doubled, right). 
 
32 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 IJK shin t 'time; an hour, 1 H.C. (com.) (va- 
 rious). 
 
 162. ^ cho,* oontr. |_, 'motion' (obs.) (left). 
 
 163. ^ ye,* contr. |5, 'a city 1 (com,) (right). 
 
 164. JU t/tti * ' new wine ' (com.) (left). 
 
 165. yl^ jMtvz, 'to distinguish' (left). 
 
 166. lit 'a Chinese mile; a village ' (com.) 
 
 (below). 
 
 Radicals of Eight strokes. 
 
 167. ^£ ten* 'gold, metal' (com.) (left). 
 
 168. J^ cliang, contr. g, 'long, old' (com.) 
 
 169. ( | man* ' a door ' (com.) (encloses). 
 
 170. Ip /^>* contr. |), 'an artificial mound of 
 
 earth (left). 
 
 171. f& tai, 'to reach to' (right). 
 
 172. ^ c&tw,* ' short-tailed birds ' (right). 
 
 173. ]^j yii* ' rain ? (com.) (contr. form 
 
 above). 
 
CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 33 
 
 I 
 
 174. p^ tsing, ' azure, sky-blue ' (com.) (left). 
 
 175. ^p ft, ' not so, false ' (com.). 
 
 Radicals of Nine strokes. 
 
 176. JfiJ mien, ' the face ' (com.) (left). 
 
 177. jp, fa£ 9 ' untanned hide, without hair ' (com.) 
 
 178. £jk we i> ' tanned hide ' (left). 
 
 179. ^ £^ « leeks ' (various). 
 
 180. ^* ^, ' sound, tone ' (com.). 
 
 181. "H* ^* 'the head' (com.) (right). 
 
 182. j^ /ww#, - wind ' (com.) (left). 
 
 183. ^/ f , 'to fly' (com.). 
 
 184. -J^ s/^,* contr. p ? * to eat ' (com.) (contr. 
 
 form on the left). 
 
 185. "{3* sheu, ' the head ; the chief ' (com.). 
 
 186. ^g^ hiang, 'fragrance' (com.). 
 
 Radicals of Ten strokes. 
 
 187. BS ma* ' a horse ' (com.) (left, below). 
 
34 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 188. ^ hi 'a bone 1 (com.) (left). 
 
 189. "jg hail, ' high ' (com.). 
 
 190. 5^£ pia6i ' long hair ' (above). 
 
 191. I J tcti, 'to fight' (obs.) (encloses). 
 
 192. Ijgl chdng, ' fragrant plants' (below). 
 
 193. |Vtj //, 'a tripod with crooked feet* (left, below) 
 
 194. J^ kwei, 'a departed spirit, a ghost 1 (com.) 
 
 (left). 
 
 Radicals of Eleven strokes. 
 
 195. ^ yil, ' a fish ' (com.) (left). 
 
 196. || niau, 'a bird ' (com.) (right). 
 
 197. $\ lit, 'salt' (left.) 
 
 198. f| lu, t a stag ' (com.) (above). 
 
 199. |J^ m£ ' wheat ' (com.) (left). 
 
 200. Jfijjfc md, ' hemp ' (com.) (above). 
 
 Radicals of Twelve strokes. 
 
 201. j|r hwang, ' yellow, colour of earth ' (com.) 
 
 (left). 
 
CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 35 
 
 202. ^ shu f ' millet ■ (com.) (left). 
 
 203. ffi he, 'black* (com.) (left, below). 
 
 204. ;^ c7^, ' to sew, to embroider ' (left). 
 
 Radicals of Thirteen strokes. 
 
 205. jjj] mung, ' a frog ' (com.) (below). 
 
 206. iHj ting, ' a tripod ' (com.). 
 
 207. g& kit,, ' a drum 1 (com.) (above). 
 
 208. g[ 5^ a rat 1 (com.) (left). 
 
 Radicals of Fourteen strokes. 
 
 209. j| pi, ' the nose ' (com.) (left). 
 
 210. 5§|f ts'i ' to adjust, to adorn ' (com.) (above). 
 
 Radical of Fifteen strokes. 
 
 211. H cht, 'front teeth' (com.) (left). 
 
 Radicals of Sixteen strokes. 
 
 212. Hi, lung, ' a dragon' (com.). 
 
 213. S|£ Aw&', ' a tortoise ' (com.). 
 
36 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Radical of Seventeen strokes* 
 214. RA yd ' a flute with three holes ' (left). 
 
 The student will do well to refer to the sheet of 
 Radicals. 
 
 13. AN ALPHABETIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE RADI- 
 CALS, BY WHICH THE NUMBER OF EACH 
 MAY BE READILY FOUND. 
 
 ar, 7, 126, 128. chic any, 90. hwui, 31. 
 
 cK&ng, 168, 192. fang, 22, 70. t, 140. 
 
 chau, 87. feu, 121, 170. jeu, 114. 
 
 che, 159. /, 175, 183. j% % 11, 72. 
 
 ch'e, 45. fu, 88. jin, 9, 10. 
 
 cheu 9 137. /w^, 182. jw, 130. 
 
 chu 34, G5, 77, ha?i, 27. te, 17, 51, 99. 
 
 133, 153, 204, he, 203. Jean, 138. 
 
 211. W, 23. kau, 189. 
 
 cAt, 60, 155. Bang, 186. H, 177. 
 
 chin, 131. Maz*, 89. Zr'tfw, 30. 
 
 cho, 162. A%, 144. U, 16, 49, 58, 84. 
 
 chu, 3. /ai 116, 143. Men, 76, 147. 
 
 cM, 118. hiuen, 95. fo';?, 50, 69, 167. 
 
 ch'uen, 47, 136. Ao, 86, 115. kid, 148. 
 
 cte*, 172. hu, 63, 141. ft* 134, 179. 
 
 chang, 142. hwang, 201. tiiuen, 94. 
 

 ALPHABETIC ARRANGEMENT OP RADICALS. 37 
 
 hiung, 13. mlng, 108. shin, 158, 161, 
 
 ho, 62. mu, 75, 109. shit, 79, 202, 208. 
 
 kit, 159. mung, 205. s/m£, 35. 
 
 M, 6. m, 104. shwul, 85. 
 
 foi, 207. niaii, 196. «*, 36, 139. 
 
 ku, 150, 188. mi 93. siau, 42. 
 
 te^, 48, 55, 57. nth 38. sm, 61, 160. 
 
 tea, 97. j>a, 12. sz, 28, 33, 120. 
 
 kwan, 2. j9a£ ; 20. £d, 37. 
 
 kwei, 194, 213. jp*, 106. tal, 78, 171. 
 
 Zaw, 125. pei, 154. fa?/, 18. 
 
 A 166, pi, 21, 81, 107, teu, 8, 68, 151, 
 fo u , 19, 193, 117. 209. 191. 
 
 lu, 197. pi, 4, 103. t'ien, 102. 
 
 % 198. jpte, 190. ting, 206. 
 
 tot, 127. pien, 91, 165. £saw, 41. 
 
 lung, 212. ^?m^, 15. £sa?i, 140. 
 
 ma, 187, 200. ^g, 25, 66, 105. ^«i, 156. 
 
 man, 169. san^, 100. £$X 210. 
 
 mau, 82. sAa^, 46, 59. tst, 26. 
 
 m£ 199. sheu, 64, 185. £s%, 174. 
 
 meu, 28, 110. sfo, 44, 83, 111, tsu, 157. 
 
 me, 119. 113, 152. tsz, 39, 132. 
 
 mz, 14. *££, 24, 112, 135, t'ti, 32. 
 
 m&n, 40, 176. 184. wa, 98. 
 
38 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 win, 67. yau, 52. yiit, 29, 43, 1(34. 
 
 w<%,43,96, 122. ya s 181. yd, 214. 
 
 weh 178. yaw, 53, 149. yu,, 124, 173, 195. 
 
 wu, 71, 80. 2//, 1, 5, 56, 163. y£ 73, 74. 
 
 yd, 92, 146. yen, 180. yu, 129, 96. 
 
 wdng, 123. 2/^iA 54. J/tiw^r, 101. 
 
 Section IV.— ON READING AND WRITING THE 
 CHARACTERS. 
 
 14. Chinese is written or printed in columns, and 
 is read from the top of the page down each column, 
 beginning with that on the right hand. Marks ol 
 punctuation or accentuation are sometimes used, but 
 not always. They are merely a point to indicate 
 the parts of a sentence, or a curve at the corner of a 
 character, to show that a change of intonation is 
 required. A large circle f~^) appears sometimes 
 at the beginning of a paragraph to mark the com- 
 mencement of a new subject. Black dots, commas, 
 or small circles, are occasionally placed at the side 
 of characters to show that such contain a remarkable 
 sentiment. In classical compositions these marks 
 are generally omitted, as the well-read scholar is 
 
ON BEADING AND WRITING THE CHARACTERS. 39 
 
 supposed to be able to discern the proper divisions 
 of the sentence from the particles in it. 
 
 15. The characters are written with a hair pencil, 
 which is held in an upright position, quite vertical, 
 between the jsecond and third fingers. The ink 
 used is that commonly called " Indian ink," which 
 may be prepared by rubbing it with water upon 
 slate or some other hard material. The paper should 
 not be glazed much, but be such as will absorb the 
 ink readily. 
 
 16. The strokes or marks required in Chinese 
 writing, and with which the characters are made up, 
 are the following. They should be made by a single 
 stroke of the pencil. 
 
 (l) The point (tien or chu) ^ or t or 
 (2) The horizontal (hwa) — * (3) The perpen- 
 dicular (ehz) J (4) The hook (keu) J (o) The 
 spike (tiau) v^ (6) The sweep (pie) / (l) The 
 dash (pa) \^ (8) The angle (ku) \j . 
 
 These strokes appear in the following characters, 
 which the student will do well to copy frequently, 
 until he can write them well. 
 
40 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 17. It is of great importance to know the order 
 in which the strokes of the characters should be 
 made, as this often supplies a clue to reading the 
 cursive forms in which the strokes are combined 
 very strangely. The full and all the cursive forms 
 of Chinese characters are used in Japanese, and they 
 form the groundwork of the Japanese syllabary : 
 hence the advantage of correctly writing them. 
 The following simple rules will be of assistance : — 
 1. Begin either at the top or on the left-hand 
 side. 2. When a perpindicular or dash cuts a 
 horizontal line or one leg of an angle, the latter 
 are to be written first, (cf. radicals 19, 24, 29, 32, 
 33, 41, 43, &c.) 3. An angle at the top on the 
 right side is made with one stroke, and unless pi 
 (rad. 4.) or Jcwqn (rad. 2.) is affixed to the left of 
 
ON READING AND WRITING THE CHARACTERS. 41 
 
 it, the angle is made first. In radicals 18, 19, 26. 
 39, 39, 44, 49, 105, 124, 129, 178, 183, it is made 
 first. In radicals 13, 20, 34, 35, 36, 76, 122, 130, 
 the angle is made second, 4. An angle at the 
 bottom on the left is also made with one stroke, if 
 it be alone, or be joined to a perpendicular on the 
 right, leaving the top or right side open, (cf. 
 radicals 17, 22, 23, 28, 38, 45, 46, 49, 90, 206.) 
 The characters in which wu (80, five strokes) occurs, 
 are exceptions to this rule ; the angle on the left 
 is made first ; then the angle on the right ; the 
 points, next; and the horizontal last. 5. The 
 
 angles J and " in p*j man ' a door ' are made 
 
 first on each side respectively. 6. Horizontal lines 
 precede perpendiculars, when these cross each 
 other ; but should the perpendicular terminate with 
 the base line, then the base line is final. 7. In 
 such characters as the radicals 42, 85, 77, 141, 197, 
 204, 211, the perpendiculars above, or in the middle 
 of the symbol, are made first. 8. In such cha- 
 racters as ]ceu IZJ ' mouth ' (rad. 30.) the perpen- 
 dicular on the left is to, be written first ; and the 
 interior of such characters as pcj, JgJ, and JTy } y^J 
 is filled up before the base line is written. 
 
42 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Section V.— ON THE PAKTS OF BPEEOH. 
 
 18. Though Chinese monosyllables cannot be 
 placed in any grammatical category, so as to 
 remain therein and be used constantly in one 
 form, and with the same force in the sentence, 
 words may be found which have such grammatical 
 value, and which may be parts of speech, and re- 
 main such. 
 
 The position also of a syllable or word may 
 determine what part of speech it is, while the 
 same syllable, disconnected from the sentence or 
 phrase, would have no grammatical worth at all. 
 
 A system, therefore, of word-building, and a set 
 of rules respecting the positions of words in the 
 sentence, will form the basis of Chinese Grammar, 
 at least so far as the determination of the gram- 
 matical value and classification of words is con- 
 cerned. The syntax of clauses requires separate 
 consideration. 
 
 19. Chinese words may be divided into nouns, 
 (i.e. substantives or adjectives) verbs, and particles* 
 Nouns may be distinguished by their form when 
 certain formative particles are present as affixes. 
 The meanings of their component syllables will 
 also assist. There are from three to ten com- 
 
ON THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 43 
 
 monly understood significations to one syllable ; 
 if the word be of two syllables, the student will 
 have to eliminate several meanings, and rest in 
 those which mutually correspond. Thus, one 
 syllable of a word will limit another and deter- 
 mine the part of speech : take hing and wei : 
 
 hing 'f m T may mean to walk, to do, to punish, 
 
 fortunate, &c, and wei, Jfcfj may mean dignity, to 
 
 do, to become, &c. ; but when they are united in 
 one word, hing- wei, we must take the meanings 
 which are common to both, to make or do, and the 
 word recognised is the noun ' actions. 1 Here syn- 
 onymes are united to form a noun. This is often 
 the case, and when some progress has been made 
 in the written characters and their radical mean- 
 ings, it will be interesting to see the etymology of 
 such compounds ; but for all practical purposes, at 
 which only this little book aims, it is sufficient to 
 accept the words given in the vocabulary, and to 
 use them according to the directions. 
 
 20. The following general principles of word- 
 building, both for nouns and verbs, may be found 
 useful : — 
 
 1. Synonymes are united to strengthen each 
 other's meaning. 
 
44 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 2. Extremes in meaning are united to form 
 
 general or abstract terms. 
 
 3. The syllables are in construction, the former 
 
 having the position and force of the geni- 
 tive case. 
 
 4. The syllables are in ajiposition, being 
 
 explanatory of each other, though not 
 synonymous. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 (1) ytn-mu, ' the eye;' chung-sin, the centre; 1 
 
 mii-ic), ' the end/ 
 
 (2) hiung-ti, ' brethren ;' to-shaic, ' quantity. 1 
 
 (3) shing-jin, ' a sage ; 1 k'u-nien, ' last year. 1 
 
 (4) ke-jin, ' a guest ;' Chi Hwang-ti, ' the Em- 
 
 peror Chi ;' Wgn-wang, ' King Wan/ 
 
 These principles are found to hold in respect of 
 verbs as well as nouns. 
 
 Section VI.— ON NOUNS. 
 
 21. Nouns may be considered as (l) primitive, 
 (2) derivative, or (3) composite. By primitive 
 nouns in Chinese we may understand mono- 
 syllables, which are used in their original signifi- 
 
ON NOUNS. 45 
 
 cation. By derivative nouns, such as are derived 
 from primitives, by the addition of a formative 
 syllable, and become dissyllables with a distinct 
 meaning. By composite nouns are intended such as 
 are compounded of primitives, and in which the 
 original meanings of the component syllables are 
 retained and combined to form a new meaning. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 (1) fan 'rice; 1 fung, 'wind;' wan, 'letters or 
 
 literature ;' ma, ' horse/ 
 
 (2) wqn-dr, ' a writing ;' ma-fu, ' a groom. 1 
 
 (3) wqn-U, i style ' (in writings) ; <ma-pi, ' horses 1 
 
 pau-fung, ' a gale. 1 
 
 22. Primitive nouns are rarely used in the 
 relations expressed by the oblique cases. They 
 generally unite with some other syllable to form a 
 new word, e. g. while we say * the smell of rice/ 
 the Chinese would say, 6 rice-smell/ £ e. fdn-hidng, 
 not fdn-tz Mang. * The force of the wind ' would 
 be * the wind-force/ i. e. fitng-U, which, like fan- 
 Mang is one word — a composite noun. 
 
 23. A primitive noun can seldom mean any 
 thing when standing alone. It needs an adjunct 
 
46 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 of some kind, or to be in construction as the sub- 
 ject or object of a sentence. The whole then 
 often becomes a phrase, and may be treated as one 
 long word. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 hau-fan, * good rice;' f&n-hati ki (chi) 9 'rice is 
 good to eat; 1 pau-fung, 'fierce wind, a gale;' 
 fung-ni-ti, 'the wind is contrary;' yHvdn-clid, 'a 
 cup of tea;' clta jit 'the tea is hot.' 
 
 By this means, fan, A rice/ is distinguished from 
 fan, ' to offend against ;' fung, ' wind/ from Jung, 
 1 a needle, 1 and ctia, ' tea, 1 from cKd i a raft.' 
 
 -24. Derivative nouns are formed by adding the 
 following syllables, as formatives, to primitive roots. 
 The order shows their comparative frequency of 
 use. Examples will be found in the vocabularies 
 and exercises. 
 
 1. tsz ~j~ 'a son;' as sidng-tsz, ' & box,' tau-tsz, 
 
 ' a knife. 1 
 
 2. qr ytj 'a child;' as ming-qr, 'a name/ tsio- 
 
 qr, ' a bird, a sparrow/ 
 
 This is very commonly used for this purpose 
 
ON NOUNS. 47 
 
 in the Peking dialect, in which it appears in many- 
 connections to form words. (cf. Wades Hsin 
 tsing-luh.) 
 
 3. fa ^ ' a fellow, a person ;' as nung-fii, ' a 
 
 husbandman \ kiau-fu, ' a sedan- 
 bearer. 1 
 
 4. shell -^ 'a hand/ 'a person; 1 as, shwul-sheu, 
 
 ' a sailor ;' hung-sheu, 'a murderer. 1 
 o. jm /^ ' man ; as, tie- fin* ' a guest. 1 
 
 6. ww ~fr ' woman f as, tung-nu, ' a virgin/ 
 
 7. tsidnglSl 'an artisan f as, mu-tsidng, 'a car- 
 
 penter f t'ie-tsidng, ' a blacksmith. 1 
 
 8. hung ZC ' a workman f as, pang-hung, * a day- 
 
 labourer. 1 
 
 9. feef j^ ' a clod, a lump. 
 
 10. t'eu |p * a head, a round mass j 1 jz-t'eu, ' the 
 
 sun ; 1 hu-t'eu, ' a bone. 1 
 
 1 1 . sang /£ ' a production, a person ;' chic-sang, 
 
 1 cattle f sien-sdng, ' a teacher. 1 
 
 12. si p[[j , or, s.s-/w, ' a teacher / t'i t'eu si-fu, 
 
 'a barber/ 
 
48 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 j t x 
 
 13. kid ^f< a family, a person ; jin-Lia, * a 
 
 person ;' tung-kid, ' the master.' 
 
 14. &u )=* ' a house, a person.' 
 
 15. chii, j£ <a lord;' ch\ien-cldl t ' the captain of 
 
 a ship.' 1 
 
 16. 6/^wp| * a chief;' hwub-sheil, ' the chief of a 
 
 society,' ' a President.' 
 
 17. fa' f[7 g a ruler,' as, hvo&ng-tU ' emperor.' 
 
 18. Jci ^ * breath, feeling;' nu-lci, 'anger;' 
 
 t'u-k'i, ' exhalations.' 
 
 19. funcj Jt}l^ ' wind, air, manner ;' wei-fung, % dig- 
 
 nity ;' wqn-fiing, ' literary taste.' 
 
 20. sing f^E ' nature, disposition, faculty ;' as, jfcj- 
 
 8tng t * memory.' 
 
 25. Composite, or compound nouns, are formed 
 in various ways. Their component syllables bear 
 the following relations to each other : — (l) The 
 appositio?ial ; (2) the genitival ; (3) the datival ; and 
 (4) the antithetical* 
 
 26. By the appositional relation between the 
 
ON NOUNS. 49 
 
 syllables of a word, the student will perceive what 
 is meant when he considers the words, statute-law, 
 pear-tree, crab -fish, flock of sheep, (i. e. sheep-flock) 
 in his own language. Here one syllable explains 
 the other, and means the same thing ; the syllables 
 are in apposition. 
 
 But this apposition may vary. The syllables 
 may hold the following relations : they may be, 
 (l) a repetition, (2) synonymes, \3) specific and 
 gene?*ic terms, (4) the commencement of a series, (cfi 
 the A, B, C.) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 (1) nal-nal, ' lady ;' ko-ko, ' elder brother, sir.* 
 
 (2) chuny-kien, 'the midst f ni-t'u ' soil, or mud ; 
 
 hinywei, ' actions ;' shwo-hwd, ' talk.' 
 
 (3) ll-yu, 'the carp;' suny-shii, * the fir-tree/ 
 
 (cfi Art. 27.) 
 
 (4) kid-tsz, * the cycle ;' kung-heu, ' a nobleman ;' 
 
 the five titles of nobility being kung, heii, 
 pe, tsz, nan. 
 
 27. Under the head of apposition comes also an 
 important class of syllables, which have been 
 variously denominated classifiers, classifies, and 
 
50 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 numerals. But none of these terms seem quite 
 appropriate, and the designation apporitive is here 
 applied to them, as being more in accordance with 
 the part which they play in compounds. In English 
 we say, a flock of sheepj a glass of urine, a gust of 
 wind; but in some languages — German for instance — 
 we have, tin glass wein, ein stuck brod. The words 
 are in apposition. The Chinese noun, whether 
 primitive or derivative, requires one such syllable, 
 appropriate to its signification, to stand in appo- 
 sition, as it were, and to form and embody the whole 
 word. This syllable is the generic term, while its 
 associate is the specific name. 
 
 The common appositives, with their associated 
 terms, are the following : — 
 
 I. Ico $$\ with man and things, 
 
 "2. die i|r with animals, ships, &c, things that 
 can move. 
 
 3. hen / |^r w T ith affairs, clothes, &c 
 
 4. k'wei J$h with dollars and things in lumps, or 
 
 of irregular shape; e. g- yi-kwei-ti, 
 * a piece of land/ 
 
ON NOUNS. 51 
 
 5. t'iau i\S with long things, as roads, rods y spears y 
 
 &c. ; e. g. yi t'iau-lu, ' a road, a piece 
 of land/ 
 
 6. pa JE with things which have handles, as 
 
 knives; e.g. yi pa-tail, * a knife.' 
 
 7. tso J3|S with objects resting in a place, as 
 
 houses, sedans ; e* g. yi tso-fdng-tsz, 
 'a house/ 
 
 8. pan /!f$> with volumes of books; e.g. yi pan-shu, 
 
 i a book/ 
 
 9. hqn 7^ with trees and things which may be 
 
 planted in the ground ; e. g. yi kan- 
 shu-mity ' a tree/ 
 
 10. chdng *jj| with things spread out, as paper, tables; 
 
 e. g. yi chi-chdng, ' a sheet of paper/ 
 
 11. chl y{^r with things like branches ; e. g. yi ch%- 
 
 hwd, ' a flower/ 
 
 12. pi [7U with horses (properly a pair); e.g. yi 
 
 pi-ma, ' a horse.' 
 
 13. tili £^f with things which go in pairs, as 
 
 shoes ; e.g. yi tui-hiai, l a pair of shoes/ 
 e 2 
 
52 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 14. skivd?ir/)^l w *th things that go in pairs — &brace 
 
 15. Men fti] with buildings; e. g. yi him u, 'a 
 
 house.* 
 
 16. fang $ij with things sealed, as Utters; e g.yi 
 
 fang-sin a letter/ 
 
 When these appositives eome after the nouns to 
 which they are attached, the two syllables form a 
 general term; eg. mh-pi, ' horses \ cliuhrchi, 
 
 1 ships/ Appositives always belong to the noun 
 itself, and not to the numeral. 
 
 28. Under the genitival relation are such com- 
 pounds as are formed by the former of the two 
 syllables being in that relation to the latter; e.g. 
 lu-hio, 'stags' horns f mil liwci, ' wood-flowers = 
 shavings ;' shdn-h'eu, ' mountain-pass f ma-c/t'dng, 
 1 horses'-place = stable-yard f chen-cliang, ' fighting- 
 arena = battle-field.' 
 
 Composite nouns with a genitival relation exist- 
 ing between their component syllables are such as 
 hove the first syllable attributive to the second, as 
 when a genitive case or a participle precedes in 
 European languages, £. g. 
 
ON NOUNS. 53 
 
 T'ien-chu, 'heaven's Lord '=' God \ this is used 
 
 by the Roman Catholics only for God. 
 t'ien-k'i, ' heaven's breath '=' weather. 1 
 niu-jii, ' ox-flesh '='beef.' 
 
 29. Composite nouns, with the first of their 
 component syllables in the datival relation to the 
 other, are formed variously ; with nouns or with 
 verbs, the latter as participles ; e g. 
 
 Mo fang, 'a room for learning '=' schoolroom.' 
 ping-lu ' law for soldiers *==' discipline.' 
 yin-lcu, * a storehouse for silver '=' treasury.' 
 
 Composite nouns are also formed by syllables of 
 opposite signification Such are nouns which ex- 
 press abstract notions and general ideas ; e* g. 
 
 hiung-ti, 'elder and younger brother'=' brethren.' 
 k'tng-chung, ' lightness and heaviness '='weight.' 
 to-shau, 'muchness and fewness '=' quantity.' 
 
 30. It has been common to consider certain 
 words in Chinese as adjectives, and others as nouns, 
 but it is more correct to regard both these kinds 
 of words as belonging to but one class. They are 
 nouns substanstive ; e. g. td is ' greatness,' and not 
 ' great' simply; fu is 'richness/ and not merely 
 
54 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 * rich. 1 When we say td-jin, ' great man, your 
 excellency, 1 these syllables form but one word. 
 When ti, the genitive particle, appears between two 
 syllables, they may be held to be two words — 
 nouns in construction ; and when it is omitted the 
 two syllables form a compound : just as house-hold, 
 life-boat, fox- hound, dove-cote. Even when ti is 
 used after a verb it forms a substantive ; e. g- hid- 
 ti, c a learner; che-ko fang tsz td-ti, ' this house (is) 
 a large one ; n without ti, ' this house (is) large. 1 
 
 Chi / in the book- style, and * che ^W P er - 
 form the same task as ti Q^] in giving the force 
 
 of one, an individual, and by imparting unity and 
 strength to the phrase. 
 
 Section VII.— ON NUMBER, GENDER, AND CASE 
 OF NOUNS. 
 
 31. The Chinese seem to consider the bare word 
 as indicative of plurality or generality, for they 
 distinguish the plural only in extraordinary cases, 
 and where it is absolutelv necessarv to do so ; but 
 they constantly mark the singular, which is itself a 
 proof that the simple word modified is plural in 
 meaning. 
 
ON NUMBER, GENDER, AND CASE OF NOUNS. 55 
 
 32. To define clearly the singular, yi or yz-ko, 
 ' one/ must be used before the noun with the appo- 
 sitive ; e. g. yz-ko-jin, ' a man i yi che-ctiuen, ' a 
 ship. 1 The plural is exactly denoted in several 
 ways : 
 
 (1) By repeating the syllable in certain words, 
 as jz-jz, i every day ;' jin-jin, ' every man/ 
 
 (2) By prefixing one of the following syllables 
 
 which mean ' all ' or * many 1 : — cliung *£k , chu yg » 
 to ^ , hilrto St J > or haii-to jfcf f , shu )£& ? 
 
 (3) By appending one of the following syl- 
 lables which also signify ' all, ' kiaz, jlj 4 » t'& ^!3 ' 
 
 *M 
 
 k'u i H • hi& n wl ' ^ 111 » ^# vF . JP^ 
 
 Some of these are more commonly used than 
 others. It should be observed, too, that they 
 nearly all refer to the plural of designations of 
 men and not of animals or objects in general. 
 For the latter the apposition placed after the name 
 gives the plural notion. 
 
56 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 (-j) When a numeral above one is used it is 
 unnecessary to denote the plural in any other way 
 than by that numeral which is used ; e. g. sdn jiff, 
 4 three men y sz clie-vw, ' four horses.' 
 
 (0) Many idiomatic phrases convey a plural 
 sense, and indicate a class of persons or a whole, 
 e.g. 
 
 sz-hcu, 'the four seas '=' the whole world. 1 
 pe-kwdn, ' the 100 officers^ 'the mandarins.' 
 lu-fdng, 'the six rooms , ='the whole govern- 
 ment/ ' the six councils of state/ 
 wan-min, ' the 10,000 people '— - all the people." 
 kiii-cheu, 'the nine islands'^' the whole world.* 1 
 
 33 The genders of nouns are rarely expressed ; 
 but when there is a necessity for such distinction 
 a syllable is prefixed or suffixed to the name of 
 the animal ; e. g. 
 
 (1) nan, ' male/ nil, ' female/ (pref.) j%, i father/ 
 miij ' mother/ tsz> 'son/ nii> 'daughter/ (suff.) for 
 names of men and women. 
 
 (2) hung, /^ or rneu, ' male/ mii> flfc •' female/ 
 
 (pref.) for names of quadrupeds ; and 
 
 (3) hiung c male/ or tsh * female/ (pref.) for 
 names of birds. 
 
ON NUMBER, GENDER, AND CASE OF NOUNS. 57 
 
 34. The relations usually expressed by cases are 
 shown in Chinese by the presence of certain par- 
 ticles (pref. or suff.) or by position. Thus, ti J^J 
 (suff.) is the mark of the genitive case ; pi, M, or yu 
 ^ » % p , £$L (pref.) shows the dative ; the accu- 
 sative is indicated by the position of the word 
 immediately after the verb; yd or a P^" (suff.) 
 marks the vocative ; tsung, %& (pref.), • to follow, 
 —from/ with lai, ^ (suffix) 'to come, 1 mark 
 the ablative ; e. g. tsung V eking lai, - from Peking / 
 yung, J^j or ?, )/| 'to use/ (pref.), serve to form 
 the instrumental case; and tsai ~%£ (pref.), 'in,' 
 forms the locative ; t'ilng, |fj] ' together with n 
 
 (pref.)=c^??i, and it is the expression of an ablative 
 sometimes. 
 
 Certain of these particles only go with persons ; 
 e- g. t'ung ; but yung and i are of general use, though 
 they are employed more particularly in speaking 
 of materials; e.g. t'ung yi-ko~jin, 'with a man/ but 
 yung yi-pa-tau } ' with a sword or knife/ 
 
 The following paradigms will be useful. — 
 Shanghai ti, * of or belonging to Shanghai/ 
 
58 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 tau Shanghai lai, l to Shanghai." 1 
 tsung Shanghai lai, ' from Shanghai.' 
 tsai Shanghai^ ' in Shanghai. 1 
 tsung Shanghai kwo-k'v., * (passed) through Shang- 
 hai.' 
 ping-ting, ' soldiers/ plng-ting ti, ' of soldiers.' 
 yi-kd ping-ting, 'a soldier,' ho plng-tlng, * the 
 
 soldier.' 
 yi-kd plng-tlng tt, 'a soldier's' kd plng-tlng-tl 
 
 ' the soldier's. 1 
 pi yi-kd plng-tlng, * to, or by a soldier. 1 
 ti yi-ko-plng-tlng , i for (instead of) a soldier. 1 
 iung (or ho) yi-kd plng-tlng, ' with a soldier. 1 
 yung (or kiau) yi-ko-plng-tlng , ' by means of a 
 soldier. 1 
 
 Section VTIL— ON COMPARISON. 
 
 35, The usual method is to compare two objects 
 by using the word pi, Jj> ' to compare. 1 Thus, 
 
 nl pi ngo td-ti, * you, compared with me, are great, 
 (properly, * belonging to greatness'). And in the 
 
 books, yii Jj<S is employed in nearly the same way. 
 Thus, tsz jin td yii ngo, ' this man is greater 
 than I.' 
 
ON THE PRONOUNS- 59 
 
 But the following particles are prefixed to quali- 
 fying nouns to increase the force of the comparison 
 and to intensify the meaning; e. g. 
 
 (1) Icang, 1F[ * more ;' kid, jfjp * to add ; yiu, ^ 
 
 ' more, again ;' hwan, jg£ ' st i^ 
 more ; n yu, jM| * to pass over ;' yu, ^ * to exceed. 1 
 
 (2) ting, 3J| ' the top ; M, j^fy ' the extreme 
 
 point ;' hau, iffi ' good : tax, X * great, very ; ' 
 
 shin, ^* or tsui, -^ * very ;' tsil> ^S ' to cut 
 
 off;' Mn, >R3 'to hate;' sM-fgn, "y fy 'ten parts/ 
 
 Section IX.— ON THE PRONOUNS. 
 The pronouns in Chinese are very numerous. 
 Some are used only in the hooks, others only in con- 
 versation. The following list will show the pronouns 
 of the different persons : — 
 
 JPers. in Boohs. in Conversation. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 1st, wit, gp yu, ^ or yu, -j-* ngd or wo, ^^ • 
 2d, jit ^r or qr, ^ nl or ni-nd, j^J ^ . 
 
 3d, h% % or t, ffi t% jfa . 
 
60 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 30. The j Inral of the classical or book pronouns 
 is formed by adding thereto generally thug 4|S , 
 
 but various other syllables, indicative of plurality, 
 are also employed. In colloquial compositions, man 
 JP^ is added to form the plural; e. g. nyo-viqn, 
 ' we ; fii-mdn, ' you f t'd-mqn, * they/ 
 
 37. The cases of pronouns are produced in the 
 same way as the cases of nouns. The genitive 
 case is formed by adding ti 6fa to the pronoun ; 
 
 e.g. ncjo-th 'my' or 4 mine f wd-mqn-ti, ' our ' or 
 * ours.' 
 
 38. The Chinese have no possessive pronouns 
 distinguishable by forms : the genitive case must 
 be used instead. 
 
 39. The reflexive pronoun is formed by tsi l|j , or 
 H P? * self, 1 being added to the personal pro- 
 nouns, and in the colloquial style both syllables 
 are used ; e. g- ngo-tsz-kz, ' I myself. 1 
 
 40. The demonstrative pronous are numerous, some 
 of them being common to classic writings, others 
 being confined to the colloquial style. Among the 
 
 former are tit iM^ , i ffi 9 ku j|j\ , 'that;' tsz j[£ 
 
 shi -S 'this;' and among the latter are nd~ko 
 
 J|5 ^ 'that/ che~ko M. ^> <this; 
 
ON THE VERBS. 61 
 
 41. The interrogative pronouns are also of two 
 classes : such as are classical, and such as are col- 
 loquial. The classical are, ho, Jpf ' what ? n kz, 
 
 jg 'how?' sku, ^ 'who? 1 k% §§ 'how? 1 The 
 
 colloquial are, shut, glf: * who ? "' na-ko, HR ' which?' 
 
 shin mo, ^fc ^ * w ^at ?' and h% ' how many p 1 
 
 42. A further list of common pronouns are, 
 meu, S ' a certain one f m^, ^; ' every \ pi, jfjlj 
 
 4 other ; sie, #b * a little ; ' ko, § ' each / §4 
 1|& ' several/ 
 
 43. The following are pronominal expressions : — 
 iut piSn-shimmo, [Jig /[§[ 'whichever;' che-ydny-kd, 
 
 j£& A^ ' this sort, such ; pu-kwan-shimmd, ' no 
 matter what/ 
 
 44. Various honorific or contemptible terms are 
 used for pronous. Among such substitutes are 
 the following:— kwez, jf? 'noble; 1 pi, ^ 'vile;' 
 td, ~Jr 'great, 1 to, j^ 'high/ tsun, ]8f 'honour- 
 able;' tsien, §^ 'mean;' she, ^ 'homely/ 
 
62 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Section X.— ON THE VERB. 
 
 45. The Chinese verb has no moods and tenses 
 as such. But various syllables are added to it, by 
 which its force is more exactly defined. These may 
 have the force of verbs or be mere particles. 
 
 40. The simple and unaided verb in Chinese 
 expresses the infinitive or imperative of other 
 languages; tseu, tIt is either 'to walk/ 'the 
 
 * walking ■ or ' walk,' ' go f 
 
 47. If liaiiy 'to finish,' be added to tseu, 
 
 tseu-liau means ' it is walked, 1 or if a subject pre- 
 cedes, simply ' walked.' 
 
 48. By adding kwo, Iffy 'to pass over; 1 wan, 
 *j=» ' to finish, 1 with or without liau following the 
 
 simple verb, the past tense is produced. 
 
 49. By putting i, P 'already;' ki, P Jf 'finished / 
 
 tsang, ||j ' already done, 1 before the verb, the 
 past tenses and the past participle are produced. 
 
 50. By placing yau, ^ ' to will/ tsiang, y\^f 
 ' to take/ or tsiu, ifjt ' to proceed to, 1 before the 
 verb, the future tense and its variations are 
 
ON THE SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 63 
 
 formed ; and k'o, Pj or te* AM: ' can, 1 forms the 
 
 potential. 
 
 51. Certain verbs come in as auxiliaries to 
 verbs whose meanings are similar to their own. 
 The following list of these will be useful : — 
 
 te, ftH* ' to obtain ;' k'ai, Mi ' to open ; ctiu, 
 
 J^J 'to come out;' chit, ffi 'to rest in;' lat 
 7y^ ' to come ;' h'u, ]P ' to go away ; 1 hen, j^ 
 • to see ;' cho, ^if ' to take effect. 1 
 
 And these correspond to the separable prepo- 
 sitions in other tongues; e.g. to cut out, to run 
 away, to sit zip, to come along, to run together, &c. 
 
 52. The following are examples of tenses in 
 Chinese : — 
 
 ngo kien-Jcwcrliau t'd, ' I have seen him.' 
 
 ngo yaii-Men-kwo t'd, ' I wish to see him/ 
 
 id tsidng-yau k'u, 'he will go/ or 'he is about 
 
 to go/ 
 t'd tseu-kwo-lai-liau, ' he has walked over.' 
 Other examples will be found in the dialogues. 
 
 Section XL— ON THE SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 
 
 53. An important class of verbs in Chinese is that 
 
64 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 of the substantive verbs, which are variously used 
 according to the logical relation of the subject and 
 predicate in the sentence. Thus, shi, J& ' to be,' 
 
 means i is, 1 where the simple copula alone is 
 required, the predicate being natural to the sub- 
 ject; eg. in * fire is hot/ Yiu y ^Et 'to have,' 
 means ' is ' when the notion of the property 
 having been acquired is intended ; as in 4 he is 
 rich.' Wei, Jfy 'to become,' means 'is' when 
 the idea of growth or change is implied ; as, ' he is 
 a king,' (i e. now, he was not so once). A similar 
 usage attaches to tso, lib ' to make, to do/ 
 which is like the German thun, preserved in our 
 present indicative, 4 he does sit,' &c. Taai, ^E 
 4 to be in a place,' is used for ' is ' when locality 
 enters into the idea conveyed by the phrase ; 
 e. g. in 4 he is at home/ 
 
 54. These substantive verbs may be qualified 
 and modified in their force by certain particles 
 which signify then, all also, &c, very much like 
 the use of the German particles ja, gar, auch, noch, 
 doch, in simple sentences. Such words are tsui, 
 
 H ' then,' ya, ^ ' also, 1 tu t ^|J ' all 1 
 
ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 65 
 
 55. Any verb may be formed into an attribu- 
 tive in the form of a participle by adding thereto 
 tz, the genitive particle ; and, consequently, any 
 tense of a verb may be changed into the corre- 
 sponding participle in the same way. 
 
 Section XII.— ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 
 
 56. The Chinese language is very rich in ad- 
 verbs, for any expression may be treated adver- 
 bially in certain positions in the sentence. But 
 there are some words that are positively and 
 clearly adverbs in form or meaning. Such are the 
 following : — 
 
 1. ADVERBS OF TIME. 
 
 kin-t'ien, 'today/ tso-t'ien, 'yesterday. 1 
 jwkin, ' now,' ming-t'ien, ' to-morrow. 
 sien-shi, 'beforetime,' kii-sM, 'formerly.' 
 pien-shi, ' then/ tsiu-shi, ' there. 
 i-king, 'at present,* 1 mii-hid, 'just now. 1 
 
 2. ADVERBS OF PLACE. 
 
 cJie-ll, 'here,' nd-U t 'there.* 1 
 
 tsai-tsz-ti, 6 in this place/ tsai-nd-t'eu, 'in that 
 
 place. 1 
 chu-chu, i everywhere, 1 M-ti, ' in every place/ 
 
66 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 3. ADVERBS Oy MANNER. 
 
 che-ydng, * in this way;' yt-ydng, ' in the same way." 
 
 4. ADVERBS OF QUANTITY. 
 
 che-ydng-to, ' so much/ {ai-to, * too much/ 
 
 5. ADVERBS OF QUALITY. 
 
 These are formed by uniting an adverb of 
 manner to an adjective : — 
 
 che-ydng-hau, ' so good/ 
 yi-ydng-haii, ' equally good/ 
 
 Particles which imply intensity, frequency, or 
 repetition, are joined to adjectives to form ad- 
 verbs ; as, 
 
 t'ai, -jr* ' too/ kico, ^ ' to exceed. 1 
 
 6. AFFIRMATIVE VERBS. 
 
 shi, ' it is , = < yes/ pu-shi, 'it is not '^ no.' 
 hv6-j$n, ' certainly/ shi-tsai, ' truly/ 
 
 The usual form of affirmative is to repeat the 
 verb of the interrogative sentence ; thus, 
 
 ni yau lai mo ? ' will you come ?" 
 yau-lai, 'I will come , = < yes.' 
 
 The substantive verbs are used frequently as 
 affirmative adverbs. 
 
 
ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 67 
 
 7. NEGATIVE ADVERBS. 
 
 The negative adverbs are pu, ^ * not/ mu, 
 g[- ' without/ ft, ^ ( not/ mo, Jl ' not, do 
 not/ and some others. 
 
 8. ADVERBS OF DOUBT. 
 
 Such adverbs are the equivalents of perhaps and 
 perchance : e. g. 
 
 hwo-che, n& ^ ' perhaps / che-pd, J3 ^Q 
 
 ' I fear, T suppose/ ' perchance/ 
 
 9. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS. 
 
 &M §f 0$ ' when r tMi-nall, ^ ^ fj 
 
 ' where ? 
 B-t'st, ff ^ 'how often?' B-to, §§ ^ 
 
 'how many?'' 
 
 57. The Chinese generally use verbs of appro- 
 priate signification for prepositions ; e* g. 
 
 tau, ^?|J - to reach to/ for ' to/ Lat. ad. 
 tsai, yf£ ' to be in/ for ' in/ (See p. 64.) 
 tsung, ttt i to follow/ for * from/ Lat. per 
 or cte. 
 
 F2 
 
68 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 hidng* jfyj 'to go towards/ for 'towards/ 
 
 i, yj and yung, JB 'to use/ for 'with, by;' 
 
 Lett, de, ex. 
 hd 9 ^cp 'concord/ for 'with; 1 Lat. cum. 
 t'unffj |WJ 'the same/ for ' with* = cum* 
 yiut f£j ' origin/ for ' from / Lat. ex, 
 tat, i^r 'to act for/ for 'instead of;' Lat. 
 pro. 
 
 58 Certain words are used in Chinese in regi- 
 men with the noun, to form the notion expressed 
 by the preposition in some languages. Such are 
 niii, p^J 'interior/ wait b\ 'exterior/ lu iM 
 ' interior / sluing, h c superior / hid, ~~K ' in- 
 ferior.' In construction they stand thus: — 
 
 tsai cliing-nili, 'in the city/ 
 tsat-ch'ing-wai, ' outside the city/ 
 tsai-ma-shang, c on a horse/ 
 tsai-leu-hidy 'below stairs/ 
 
 59. Conjunctions are rare in Chinese. In the 
 
ON THE ADVERBS AXD PARTICLES. 69 
 
 classical books they are represented by verbs gene- 
 rally ; e. g. hi, 7j ' to reac h to ;' ping, Jf 
 6 to unite together ; lien, $t|[ l to connect to- 
 gether f and a few others are used for and, 
 even, etc. 
 
 60. The interjections in Chinese are numerous. 
 They have various significations, and imply sur- 
 prise, admiration, interrogation, or are mere excla- 
 mations or euphonic particles. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ai-yd! Pgg P^ 'ah!' k'o-lien ! pj >|Jj£ ' pity, 
 have pity.' 
 
 hi-miau 1 ' wonderful !" 
 
 mo at the end of a sentence denotes an interro- 
 gation which asks simply for information. 
 
 nl is an interrogative particle, which implies a 
 state of doubt and uncertainty. 
 
 a is often merely euphonic or exclamatory at 
 the end of a clause. 
 
( 70 ) 
 
 PART II. 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 Section XIII.-ON THE GENERAL RULES OF CON- 
 STRUCTION. 
 
 61. Chinese words are arranged in sentences, 
 naturally and logically. The word which qualifies 
 precedes that which it qualifies. The position of a 
 word, therefore, determines its relative grammati- 
 cal value. The presence of certain particles, too, 
 defines the nature of some words and clauses. 
 
 62. The word which expresses the time when 
 of an action usually stands first, and it is safest in 
 composition to put the adverb of time ivhen before 
 all other words, unless it be a personal pronoun. 
 Thus, ming-t'ien ico yau lai, or wo ming-t'ien yau 
 lai, ' I shall come to-morrow f wo-mdn tien-t'ien yau 
 cM-fdn, ' we must eat every day.' 
 
 63. The designation of place follows that of 
 time, t'd-mqn t'ien-t'ien tsai Peking, ' They are every 
 
SYNTAX. 71 
 
 day in Peking; shi-shi tsai Kicang tiing ta-chen, 
 1 They are always fighting in Canton.' 
 
 64. The subject of a sentence always stands 
 before its verb ; but adverbial expressions of diffe- 
 rent kinds may come between. 
 
 66. The subject is often understood from the 
 previous clause or from the circumstances. 
 
 G6. The adjective, or word used as such, always 
 precedes its noun. When a qualifying word follows 
 a noun it is in the predicative form ; e. g. 
 
 haii-jin, is a good man, (one word) but jm hau 
 is a complete sentence : ' this man is a good man.' 
 
 67. All attributive words and clauses precede. 
 Hence the relative clause in English is to be 
 turned into an attributive and placed before iis 
 antecedent noun (expressed or understood) in Chi- 
 nese. 
 
 wo-kiau-ti jin, ' the man whom I teach.' 
 
 68. The expression of length, duration, height, 
 &c, is placed at the end of its clause; e.g. hid-yu 
 ■sdn-t'ien, * it has rained for three days.' 
 
 69. The following general rules for the con- 
 struction of nouns will be useful : — 
 
 (l) When two nouns come together the former 
 
72 ON GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 is in the genitive case, and it generally forms a 
 compound word, as horse-man, &c, in English. The 
 word for ' spring • (of the year) is chan-t ien, 
 1 spring's sky. 1 
 
 (*2) But two nouns may form an enumeration 
 simply ; e. g- ma-yang, 'a horse and a sheep;* 1 ji~yil, 
 i the sun and the moon. 1 
 
 (3) Or one of the nouns may be in apposition 
 to the other ; e. g. fin-kid, ' man-person, a person/ 
 
 (4) Or the former may be a subject of a sen- 
 tence, and the latter the predicate ; e. g. fan hau, 
 'the rice is good.' And here it maybe remarked, 
 that in reality such words as hau, ' good,' to, ' great, 1 
 which we have occasionally called adjectives, are 
 nouns, hau, meaning ' goodness/ id, ' greatness.' 
 
 (5) Lastly, the latter of two nouns may be an 
 adverbial expression, especially in classical style ; 
 e. g. hiuen ye sheu kid, ' the dog by night guards 
 the house.' 
 
 Any other mode of construing two nouns in 
 juxtaposition would render the sense absurd. 
 
 70. When a noun and a verb come together, 
 the following rules may be observed : — 
 
 (l) The noun may precede and be the subject 
 to the verb, or be an adverbial expression ; e. g. 
 
SYNTAX. 73 
 
 ngd shwo, ' I say \ ma-paii-ti ' galloping like a 
 horse. 1 
 
 (2) The noun may follow and be the object of 
 the verb, or be an adverbial expression ; e. g. 
 
 ta-fd-liau y£-ko-jin, ' sent a man.*' 
 
 71. The Chinese are fond of putting words in 
 parallel and similar positions in the same sentence, 
 and by antithesis or some other figure arranging 
 the syllables of a clause ; e. g. 
 
 {an-iien, shwo-ti, i he discoursed of heaven and 
 talked of earth '=* he gossiped.' 
 
 tung-tau si wax, \ it fell in the east, it fell in the 
 west '=' it fell in every direction. 
 
 72. Repetition is very common in Chinese to 
 express a good many or the frequency of an action ; 
 e.g. haii-haii sung ngd, 'escort me forth very 
 well ' = ' conduct me properly.' 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 PART III. 
 
 EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN 
 CHINESE. 
 
 1. SIMPLE PHRASES. 
 
 tsing-nl. ' if you please \ to sie, ' many thanks. 1 
 
 wd-yati, ' I want •' pi-ico, ' give to me, 1 
 
 pil-yau, 'do not;' shin-mo, 'what?' 
 
 pu-tung, 'I do not understand;' Jco-l, 'it may be.' 
 
 tsiu-lai, 'then come ,= ='I will come directly. 1 
 
 tsmg-tso, 'be seated/ 
 
 hau-yd ? ' how do you do ?" or ni-na hdu ? 
 
 nz-nd ye haio mo ? ' are you well ?' 
 
 wo skwang-kwai) ' I am well.' 
 
 che-li-lai, ' come here. 1 
 
 yau shin-md f ' what do you want ?' 
 
 t'ung wo tseu, ' walk with me.' 
 
 pu te-hien, ' I have no time/ 
 
 yiu sz-ts'ing, ' I am busy/ 
 
 t'ien-lci hau f ' the weather is fine/ 
 
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE. 75 
 
 yau ki fan, 'I want to eat rice'='I want my 
 dinner.' 
 
 shi t'd-tz, ' It is his.' 
 
 tsai na-ll ? ' where is it P 1 or ' where is he p 1 
 
 wo sd?ig-ping, * I am unwell/ 
 
 nz shi shui f ' who are you P 1 
 
 pu-yau tung-sheu, * do not move. 1 
 
 w^-wa pu-yau tau che-lz lai, ' do not come here/ 
 
 kz-hid-chung ? * what o' clock is it ?' 
 
 shinmo shi-heu ? ' what time is it P 1 
 
 2. LONGER PHRASES. 
 
 tszng-i-sdng lai, haic pii-hau f * shall I call a doctor p 1 
 
 sie-sie pu-yau, ' no, thank you.' 
 
 nd-yi-ko l-sdng kau-rning-ti, ' that doctor has a great 
 
 (high) reputation.' 
 ^/iw shinmo yuen-ku ? ' what reason is there ?' 
 tvo pu chl-tau, 'I do not know' (the fact). 
 wo pu-tung-te^l do not understand ' (the language). 
 wo pu jin-te, ' I do not know ' (the person). 
 mu-yiu li-liang, ' he has no strength.' 
 yiu to-shau yin-tsz? 'how much money have you?' 
 t'd yiu pqn-si, ' he has ability.' 
 kz-nien jin-te t'd ? * how many years have you known 
 
 him ?' 
 
76 EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE. 
 
 sdn-nien tu jin-te t'd, t I have known him for three 
 
 years ;' or, tH jin-te t'd sdn-nira. 
 na-U kien-kivo t'd? ' where did you see him ?" 
 tsai tso-yi-tso, * sit down again.' 
 wo fd-kiun liau, ' I am wearied." 
 wo pi-ting hv el-kid, * I must return home/ 
 kid tsai na-U? 'where is your home?' 
 tsai Peking," ' in Peking.* 1 
 ni tsai chlng-wai tso shimmo ? * what have you been 
 
 doing out of the city?' 
 yiu shi-heu ta-li, ' sometimes I hunt.' 
 yiu shi-heu td-yh, ' sometimes I fish/ 
 yiu shi-heu t'u-shu, ' sometimes I read.' 
 
 3. USEFUL PHRASES AND QUESTIONS. 
 
 che-ko tung-sl shinmo yung? 'of what use is this?' 
 che-ko kiau-tso shimmo? 'what is this called?' 
 shi na-U lai-tz f i where does it come from ?' 
 che-ko shimmo kid-tsien? 'what is the price of this?' 
 Chung-kwo hwd kl-kiu hio-te lai ? i how long will it 
 
 take to learn Chinese?' 
 yi-nien k'o hio-te, ' in a year you may learn. 
 tsing nl-nd ming-iien tau wo-ti fdng-tsz kt-fdn, ' I 
 
 invite you to come to-morrow to my house to 
 
 dine.' 
 
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE. 77 
 
 t'iin yau hid-yu, tsing rii-nd tsie kd yii-sdn, ' It is 
 
 about to rain, please to lend me an umbrella/ 
 che-tiau-lu k'u tan nd-U ? ' where does this road 
 
 go?' 
 jjqn-nien ctid-tsiu haii pic hau ? ' is the tea-gathering 
 
 good this year or not ?' 
 ch'd-tsiu haii, did fung-shing-tz, ' the harvest of tea 
 
 is abundant/ 
 ling-sz'kwdn chu t ai nd-U ? ' where does the Consul 
 
 live ?' 
 ydng-ch'uen tsai shimmo shi heu tail f 'when do the 
 
 foreign ships arrive/ 
 mei-nien wii-lu yd chi Men, ' every year, in the fifth 
 
 or sixth month/ 
 hien-tsai wltsdng tail, ' they have not yet arrived/ 
 she-hid hicdnyiu sie sz-tsing yau-pdn, 'at home I have 
 
 still a little business to do/ 
 tsz hau-ctid, ming Li-ki, tfung lu-pd qr-sht sidng, 
 
 4 this chop of tea is called Li-ki, and altogether 
 
 contains 620 boxes/ 
 
( 78 ) 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE. 
 
 EXERCISE 1. 
 
 Words used in the following exercise : — 
 Pronouns wo, ' 1/ or ' me,' or nl-nd, ' you,' t l a, 
 * he :' add man to form the plural of pronouns. 
 
 to have, yiu. to call, kiau, (chiau.) 
 
 to speak, shwo, or kiang. to thank, sie. 
 
 to give, M, or pi. what ? shimmo ? 
 
 to ask, to beg of, k'iu. one, (of an affair) yt Men. 
 
 to beseech, k'qn-lziu. this, che-ko. 
 
 to want,(fut.);2/a^,'towill/ that, nd-ko. 
 
 tobeable,can,may,(poten.) gladly, tsing-yuen. 
 
 tio-i, and nang-keu. to be polite, chl-ll. 
 
 to forget, wdng, icdng~kh to wish for, to want, yuen-i. 
 to do, to act, tso. affair, something, s£-tsing. 
 
 friend, pdng-yiu. to depend on, £-&a&, 
 
 a knife, iatl-lsz. to trouble, Id-fan. 
 
EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE. /9 
 
 formality, ceremony, 11. do not use, it is not neces- 
 freely, fang-sin, (lit. let go sary, pu-pi. 
 
 heart.) one (of a knife), yi-pd. 
 
 to receive, sheu. favour, gdn-tien. 
 
 good, well, haii. very, han or shi-fan. 
 
 sir, lau-ye. to like, to be pleased 
 many, to> hu-to. with, hwdn-hl 
 
 not, pu. it is, or it was, yes, ski. 
 
 liaii, after a verb forms the past tense. 
 
 Translate into Chinese* 
 
 I have something to ask of you. What is it ? 
 Speak freely ! I want you to give me a knife. Do 
 this for me. I beseech you, Sir, to do me this 
 favour. Gladly ! Many thanks ! Very well ! If I 
 receive your favour I shall never forget it. You 
 are very polite ! I am troubling you. What do 
 you want ? Do not use so much formality. I 
 like you ! It is not! You may depend upon me. 
 What do you want me to do ? Directly you speak 
 I will act. Whatever you want I will do it. 
 
 Notes. — For ' ichat is itf say 'it is what f for 
 'directly 9 and a verb, say 'one 9 (yi) with the verb, 
 placing the personal pronoun, if there is one, Jirst. 
 
80 EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE. 
 
 The personal pronoun ' I ' is frequently omitted 
 in Chinese. 
 
 The negative precedes the verb, except when 
 liaii or te, ' can/ is added, then pu f 'not, 1 comes be- 
 tween liau or te and the principal verb. For 
 'what do you want me to doV say ' call me to do 
 what f 
 
 EXERCISE 2. 
 
 Words to be used. The previous vocabulary 
 must also be referred to, and it will be advisable 
 occasionally to turn to the larger vocabulary at 
 the end of this book, 
 to know how, hwiii* 
 middle kingdom, (China) Chung-kwo. 
 language, to say, hwd. 
 
 rnd, an initiatory particle used at the end of a gene- 
 ral question. 
 tsung, an intensifying particle = indeed ; (it must 
 
 precede the phrase.) 
 not to have, or not (in questions), without, mu-yiu. 
 afterwards, heu-lai. 
 a certain person, meu-jin. 
 to tell, to inform, kau-su. 
 not yet, have not yet, wi-tsdng. 
 if you please, tstng-nh 
 
EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE, 81 
 
 to hear, t'ing-Men* 
 
 to listen, to obey, t'ing. 
 
 to come, lai. 
 
 at a distance from^ li * * * yu&n. 
 
 can say, shwo-te. 
 
 cannot say, shwo-pu-te. 
 
 what I say, wd sd-shwo. 
 
 what I said, wd sd-shwo-liau. 
 
 sd, means ' that which. 
 
 tu, or ts'iuen, before an expression adds force = all, 
 
 perfectly, completely, 
 to see, Men* 
 to forget, wdng-kl 
 to be clear about, ming-pe. 
 why? wei sMmmo. 
 to reply to, td-ying. 
 clearly, tsmg-tsu or tsung. 
 a little, yi-tien-qr. 
 
 can understand, tung-te; to ask, wan* 
 here, che-ll ; there, na-U. 
 meaning, i-s£. 
 
 to explain, Mai (diai); to explain, kiai-shwd. 
 consequence, hwan-hi. 
 suppose, pi-fdng. 
 to think, sz-siang. 
 
 G 
 
82 EXERCISES. 
 
 so, che-y&ng. 
 
 to know, jin-te. 
 
 how many times ? ki-t'sz? 
 
 to remember, kl te* 
 
 to forget, wdnff-B. 
 
 Do you know how to speak the Chinese lan- 
 guage ? Did you speak ? I have not yet indeed 
 heard that. A certain man told me. Afterwards 
 I told him. Did you say this or not p If you 
 please, what is this ? or, Allow me to ask what this 
 is. Do you know T this ? I can say ; I cannot say. 
 What ! do you not reply ? — Do you hear what I 
 say ? I cannot hear. Speak a little more distinctly. 
 Come here and listen. At a distance from that 
 man, I cannot hear what he says. Do you under- 
 stand clearly what he says ? Do you understand 
 what he said ? What I said, did you quite under- 
 stand? What you said I perfectly understood. I 
 quite understood. I did not understand at all. 
 Were you clear about it or not? What is the 
 meaning of this ? How do you explain it ? Sup- 
 pose I do not understand, what would be the con- 
 sequence ? I only think this is so. — Do you know 
 him ? How many times have you seen him ? I do 
 
EXERCISES. 83 
 
 not remember the number of times. Have you 
 forgotten me ? I cannot recollect distinctly. 
 
 The rule about pu (* not') coming between the 
 verb and its auxiliary holds in t'ing-hien and many 
 other compound verbs. 
 
 The simple copula verb to be is often omitted. 
 The demonstrative pronouns are only used em- 
 phatically. 
 
 EXERCISE 3. 
 
 Words to be used. 
 
 day, t ten. fine, hau. 
 
 sun, jz-t'eu. cloudy, yun-tsai. 
 
 a while, yi-hwui. stars, sing-sic. 
 
 eat, clu. ever changing, cKdng-pien. 
 
 wait, tang. hails, hid-po-tsz. 
 
 evening, udn-shdng. snows, hid-sil. 
 
 evening meal, (rice) wan- roars, (sounds) hidng. 
 
 fan. wind, Jung. 
 
 weather, t'ien-Jci (chi) past, kwo-liau, 
 how, what kind, tsqng-mo- rainbow, Vien-hung. 
 
 ydng. dew falling, hid-lu- 
 
 let us, put pd after the thunders, td-lui. 
 
 verb. lighten, td-shen, 
 
 ' g 2 
 
84 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 go home, hiviii-kid. 
 there is, yiii. 
 nearly, cha-jni-to. 
 summer, Ida t'ien* 
 spring, cKqn-t'Vcn. 
 winter, iung-t'ien. 
 autumn, tsiu-t'ien. 
 
 blow, chut. 
 
 high, kau or td. 
 
 sign, proof, ping-k'u (chit.) 
 
 fall, hid, or Id. 
 
 late, (of evening) wan. 
 
 go, i'u (cAw ) 
 
 still there is, hu&n-yiu. 
 
 very, tsuit (superlative) forenoon, shdng-wu. 
 
 cold, Jane/. one o'clock, yi-hid-chung. 
 
 dark, ?/7tt. time, shi-heu. 
 
 damp, cJiail k'i (chi ) hot, ji. 
 
 cannot see, Vdn-pu-kivn. like, swan. 
 
 a gale, storm, pav-fung. trees, sJw-mu. 
 
 to rain, hid-yiL budded, fd-yd. 
 hard, (of raining) /*aw. 
 
 _pa is a permissive particle, final. 
 
 The day is very fine. The sun is going to set. 
 Wait a while, it will soon be dark. If you walk 
 fast, you will be wearied. Eat your evening meal. 
 How is the weather ? The weather is cold. The 
 sky is overcast. This evening it is fine weather. 
 It is damp. It is cloudy; I cennot see the stars. 
 It is a gale. The weather is ever changing. It 
 rains hard. It hails, It snow^s. It thunders. The 
 
EXERCISES. 85 
 
 thunder roars. It lightens. The wind blows. The 
 wind is high. The storm is past, we can see the 
 rainbow. It is a sign of fair weather. The dew r 
 is falling. It is not late. Let us go home ! There is 
 time (enough) yet, it is still forenoon. It is nearly 
 one o'clock. Do you like this season ? Spring is 
 the best. This weather is pleasant; it is neither 
 hot nor cold. This is not like spring ; it is like 
 winter. The trees have not yet budded. This 
 summer is very hot. 
 
( 86 ) 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 A, (one), 
 
 Abacus, 
 
 Ability, 
 
 Abolish, 
 
 About, 
 
 Above, 
 
 Accept, 
 
 Accuse falsely, 
 
 Acknowledge (to), 
 
 Across, 
 
 Add, (to) 
 
 Affect, 
 
 After three days, 
 
 Afternoon, (in the) 
 
 Afterwards, 
 
 After, 
 
 Agar Agar. 
 
 Again, 
 
 Age, (old) 
 
 Agree (not), 
 
 yi and yi-ko. 
 sicdn-pYm. 
 t'sdi-n&ng, pqn-sz. 
 c'hu. 
 
 chd-pu-to. 
 
 shdng, tsai-shdng. 
 
 sheu-ncl 
 
 so-tsung. 
 
 clang-fin. 
 
 hang-bi. 
 
 tien-shdng, hid {chid 
 
 hdn-tung. 
 
 heti-sdn tien. 
 
 hid-wu. 
 
 heu-ldi. 
 
 heu-ldi, he, i-heu~ 
 
 hai-fsai. 
 
 tsai. 
 
 chang-sheu. 
 
 pii-tui. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Air, to, 
 
 Hang. 
 
 Also, 
 
 ye. 
 
 All, 
 
 tic, tsuen. 
 
 All round, 
 
 s£-mien. 
 
 Almonds, 
 
 hing-jin. 
 
 Already, 
 
 i-king. 
 
 Altogether, 
 
 kung-tsicng. 
 
 Alum, 
 
 pa-fan. 
 
 Alum (green), 
 
 ts'ing-fan. 
 
 Ambush, 
 
 mai-fu. 
 
 American drills, 
 
 sie-ivqn pu. 
 
 Among them, 
 
 nui-chicng. 
 
 Amount, 
 
 ki-chung. 
 
 Amputate, 
 
 Idb-hia. 
 
 Ancestor of 4th degree, 
 
 kau-tsu. 
 
 Ancestral temple, 
 
 si-idng. 
 
 Ancestors, 
 
 tsu-tsicng. 
 
 Angry (to be), 
 
 tiing-cti% (k'i) 
 
 Apply the mind, 
 
 liu-sin. 
 
 Anchor, 
 
 mau. 
 
 Announce, 
 
 t'ung-pau. 
 
 Another, again, 
 
 yiic. 
 
 Another day, 
 
 k&i-jz. 
 
 Ancient men, 
 
 kii-jin. 
 
 And, 
 
 hd, liwan-hai. 
 
 87 
 
88 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Animals wild, 
 
 yl-slieu. 
 
 Aniseed (oil), 
 
 pd-kiau yiu. 
 
 Aniseed (star), 
 
 pd-kiau. 
 
 Aniseed (broken), 
 
 pd-kiau did. 
 
 Ant, 
 
 met- 7. 
 
 Arm, 
 
 ])i, shcii-pi. 
 
 Arrest, 
 
 m. 
 
 Arch, 
 
 Iiicdn. 
 
 Arch (memorial), 
 
 p'di-leu. 
 
 Arts, (military) 
 
 icii-i. 
 
 Arts, (ingenious) 
 
 ki-i. 
 
 Arsenic, 
 
 sin-slii. 
 
 Assist, 
 
 slang-pang. 
 
 Assistant, 
 
 U-ki. 
 
 Ass, 
 
 lil'tsz. 
 
 Asafcetida, 
 
 ngo-wei. 
 
 Ascend, 
 
 shdng. 
 
 At home, (not) 
 
 pu-tsai. 
 
 At home, 
 
 tsai-kid (chta). 
 
 At last, 
 
 mu-heu. 
 
 Axletree, 
 
 che-cheu 
 
 At once, 
 
 tsi-kte. 
 
 At, to be at, or in 
 
 , tsai. 
 
 At present, 
 
 hien-tsai, and ju-km, 
 
 Autumn, 
 
 t'siu. 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Average, 
 
 pii4d pu-siau 
 
 Avoid, 
 
 mien. 
 
 Axe, 
 
 fu4sh 
 
 89 
 
 B. 
 
 Bad, 
 
 pu-hau. 
 
 Baggage trunk, 
 
 hing-siang. 
 
 Bamboo, 
 
 chu. 
 
 Bamboo grove, 
 
 chii-lin. 
 
 Bamboo ware, 
 
 chu-chi (ki). 
 
 Bamboo poles, 
 
 chu-kan. 
 
 Bangles, 
 
 liau-sheu chu. 
 
 Baptize, 
 
 sM-sz. 
 
 Bare the shoulder (to), 
 
 t an-hid. 
 
 Basin stand, 
 
 pen-chid (kia), 
 
 Battery, 
 
 p'au-t'ai* 
 
 Bathe, 
 
 si-tsau* 
 
 Beat (to), 
 
 ta. 
 
 Beat to death, 
 
 ta-sz. 
 
 Beat clothes, 
 
 shwai* 
 
 Beaver skin, 
 
 hai-16 p'i. 
 
 Bean oil, 
 
 teu. 
 
 Beat gongs, 
 
 ta-lo. 
 
 Beat drums, 
 
 ta-ku. 
 
90 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Bamboo divining rods, 
 
 tslen* 
 
 Because, 
 
 yin-ivci, 
 
 Bee hive, 
 
 mi-fung wo. 
 
 Bees'-wax, 
 
 pd-ld. 
 
 Bedstead, or bed, 
 
 chwdng. 
 
 Be diligent, 
 
 yung-kung. 
 
 Before, 
 
 tang. 
 
 Before, (coram) 
 
 mien-id&en. 
 
 Before (ante), 
 
 sien, sien-shi. 
 
 Begin (to), 
 
 k'l, (chl). 
 
 Begin work, 
 
 tung-kung. 
 
 Beg favour, 
 
 tau-kwdng. 
 
 Beg, 
 
 yau y k'iut ki. 
 
 Behind, 
 
 hcu-mien. 
 
 Be in office, 
 
 tso-kwdn. 
 
 Believe, 
 
 slang-sin 
 
 Below, 
 
 hia, tsai-hid. 
 
 Bend, 
 
 ivdn. 
 
 Benefit, 
 
 yi-chu y U-yi. 
 
 Besiege, 
 
 wei'Jc'iuen. 
 
 Be saved, 
 
 te-Jciu. 
 
 Betel-nut cake. 
 
 ping-ldng kau> 
 
 Betel-nut 
 
 plng-ldng* 
 
 Beyond the border, 
 
 pien-wai. 
 
 Birmah, 
 
 Mien-tien. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 91 
 
 Birds'-nest, 
 
 Bind, 
 
 Black, 
 
 Blue lime, 
 
 Blankets, 
 
 Bleached, 
 
 Blind, 
 
 Blood-vessel, 
 
 Blow, (to) 
 
 Body, 
 
 Boil (to), 
 
 Bolt (to), 
 
 Bombazettes, 
 
 Book, 
 
 Book-style, 
 
 Book of filial piety, 
 
 Bookcase. 
 
 Book box. 
 
 Bookworm, 
 
 Boots, 
 
 Border custom-house, 
 
 Born, 
 
 Born into the world, 
 
 Bottle, 
 
 yen-hu. 
 
 k'wun-pang. 
 
 he. 
 
 t'sing-hwei. 
 
 c hwang-chdn. 
 
 p'iau-pe. 
 
 hid. 
 
 hu-kwan. 
 
 lewd. 
 
 shin-t'i. 
 
 chu. 
 
 shan. 
 
 yu-cheu. 
 
 shu, pqn-shu. 
 
 tuqn-B. 
 
 Hiau-kmg. 
 
 shu-chid (kia). 
 
 shu- slang. 
 
 tu-ii. 
 
 hiue. 
 
 kwdn-k'eu. 
 
 sdng-c hu-lai. 
 
 chu-shi. 
 
 ping- 
 
92 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Brass wire, 
 
 hwAng-t'ung sz. 
 
 Brass foil, 
 
 t'ung-po. 
 
 Brass ware, 
 
 hwdng-tung chl (#£)< 
 
 Brass buttons, 
 
 hvcancj't ung niu-k eu. 
 
 Brass nails, 
 
 hwdng-tung ting. 
 
 Bread, 
 
 m&n-t'eu. 
 
 Bream, 
 
 clii-ii. 
 
 Break in pieces 
 
 chiau-std. 
 
 Bricks, 
 
 chuen. 
 
 Brick couch, 
 
 Jiang. 
 
 Bridge, 
 
 k'iau. 
 
 Bring (to), 
 
 na-lai, tsv-lai. 
 
 Broad, 
 
 k'wdn-tse. 
 
 Broadcloth, 
 
 td~lo-ni. 
 
 Broken, 
 
 p'6. 
 
 Brush (to), 
 
 shwa. 
 
 Buddha, 
 
 Fu. 
 
 Buddhist deities, (2d class) pu-m. 
 
 Buddhist deities, (3d class) Ib-lian. 
 
 Buddhist monasteries, 
 
 shi-yuen. 
 
 Buddhist priest, 
 
 ho-shdng. 
 
 Buddhist religion, 
 
 Fu-kiau. 
 
 Buffalo horns, 
 
 meu-chiau (kid) 
 
 Bug, 
 
 c'heu-chung. 
 

 VOCABULARY, 
 
 Build (to), 
 
 kai. 
 
 Build a house, 
 
 kien-u. 
 
 Bunting, 
 
 yii-pu. 
 
 Bury, 
 
 tsdng-mai. 
 
 Burn (to), 
 
 chau-hu. 
 
 Burn (to), 
 
 chiu. 
 
 Burnt tiles, 
 
 wa. 
 
 Burn incense, 
 
 shaic-hlang. 
 
 Burn paper. 
 
 $hau-chi. 
 
 But, 
 
 tdn-shi 
 
 Butter, 
 
 niu-yiu* 
 
 Butterfly, 
 
 hu-t'ie. 
 
 Button, 
 
 niu. 
 
 Button-hole, 
 
 niii-k'eu* 
 
 Buy (to), 
 
 mau 
 
 By, 
 
 yiu, yung. 
 
 93 
 
 C. 
 
 Calculate, 
 
 Calculate, 
 
 Call, 
 
 Call, 
 
 Call out, 
 
 Camagon, 
 
 swdn-chdng. 
 
 swan, sicdn-M, 
 
 kiau. 
 
 chau (kiau) hu. 
 
 jang. 
 
 mail shi. 
 
94 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Camel, 
 
 Camel's hair, 
 
 Camlets (Dutch), 
 
 Camlets, (English) 
 
 Camlets, 
 
 Camphor, 
 
 Can, 
 
 Can, 
 
 Can walk, 
 
 Canals and rivers, 
 
 Candareen, 
 
 Cantharides, 
 
 Cap, 
 
 Capital, 
 
 Capoor cutchery, 
 
 Caraway, 
 
 Carefully reckon, 
 
 Carriage, 
 
 Carp, 
 
 Carry, 
 
 Carry a letter, 
 
 Carry (to), 
 
 Carry loads, 
 
 Carry (with a yoke), 
 
 Carry (of two persons), 
 
 lo-t'o mail. 
 11 < -Ian yu-tivdn. 
 Ying-hco yii-shd. 
 u-mau. 
 cli dng-nau. 
 ndng, tio-l. 
 ndng-leu. 
 hwei-tseu. 
 shuz-lu. 
 fan. 
 
 ] dn-maii. 
 mau-Uz. 
 pgn-t'sien. 
 san-nai. 
 yuen-sui. 
 s?-sicdn. 
 che-tsz. 
 li-il. 
 
 tai, nd-lai. 
 tat- sin. 
 taL 
 
 t'iau-tan. 
 t'iau. 
 t'ai. 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Carry water, 
 
 t'iau-shuh 
 
 Carry on back, 
 
 t'o. 
 
 Cassia oil, 
 
 k'tvei-p'i yeu. 
 
 Cast, 
 
 pau. 
 
 Cash, 
 
 t 'sien, t ung-t'sim 
 
 Cask, 
 
 t'ung. 
 
 Cassia lignea, 
 
 kwei-p'L 
 
 Cassia buds, 
 
 kwei~tsz. 
 
 Cassia twigs, 
 
 kwei-chi. 
 
 Cassimeres, 
 
 siau-ni. 
 
 Cat, 
 
 mdu. 
 
 Catty, 
 
 kin. 
 
 Catch, 
 
 ta-k'in. 
 
 Cause, 
 
 kiau 
 
 Cease, 
 
 fang. 
 
 Centipede, 
 
 wu-kung. 
 
 Chair, 
 
 z, or l-tsz. 
 
 Chair, 
 
 l-tsz. 
 
 Chalk mark, 
 
 hwei-yin. 
 
 Change, 
 
 yi-chang. 
 
 Chant prayers, 
 
 nien-king. 
 
 Characters, 
 
 1 tsz. 
 
 Cheap, 
 
 tsien. 
 
 Certainly, 
 
 pz-Ung. 
 
 Chest, 
 
 hiimg-t'ang. 
 
 95 
 
96 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Cheat (to), 
 
 Chief boatman, 
 
 China, 
 
 China root, 
 
 China Proper, 
 
 Chinese jam, 
 
 Chinese coal, 
 
 Chinese mile, 
 
 Chintz, 
 
 Chief minister, 
 
 Choose, 
 
 Cinnabar, 
 
 Cinnamon, 
 
 Clean, 
 
 Cleanse to, 
 
 Clear (to the mind), 
 
 Clear (to the eye), 
 
 Clothes, 
 
 Cloves, 
 
 Clever, 
 
 Clocks, 
 
 Cluster of houses, 
 
 Coat of mail, 
 
 Cocoons, 
 
 Cochin China, 
 
 ]) ten. 
 
 chuen-chu. 
 
 Chung-kwd. 
 
 t'u-fii ling. 
 
 Nui-ti. 
 
 shdn-yau. 
 
 t'u-mei. 
 
 II 
 
 hwa-ydng pu. 
 
 tsai-siang. 
 
 chzen-siuen. 
 
 cltu-shd. 
 
 ju-kwei. 
 
 hdn-tsing. 
 
 sing t sing. 
 
 ming-pe. 
 
 t'sing-shwang. 
 
 l-fu. 
 
 ting-hiang. 
 
 ling-lung, ling-li. 
 
 tsz-ming-chung. 
 
 chwang. 
 
 chid (Ma). 
 
 t'san-chien. 
 
 Ngdn-nan. 
 
Coffin and case, 
 
 Jewdn-kwo. 
 
 Cold, 
 
 lian. 
 
 Cold, 
 
 lang. 
 
 Cold, 
 
 Hang. 
 
 Collar, 
 
 Ung-tsz. 
 
 Colour, 
 
 yen-se. 
 
 Column of characters, 
 
 fang. 
 
 Come (to), 
 
 lai. 
 
 Come directly, 
 
 tsiu-lai. 
 
 Commentary, 
 
 cliu-klai. 
 
 Common, 
 
 siun-chdng* 
 
 Common seal, 
 
 t'u shu. 
 
 Comply (to), 
 
 i-tsung. 
 
 Conduct (to), 
 
 p in-hing. 
 
 Confer royal title, 
 
 ftlng. 
 
 Condemn (to), 
 
 ting-tsui. 
 
 Confess (to), 
 
 jin-tsiii. 
 
 Congratulate (to), 
 
 kung-hl. 
 
 Connect (to), 
 
 tsie-su* lien 
 
 Conquer (to), 
 
 te-shing. 
 
 Cough (to), 
 
 ke-seu. 
 
 Conscience, 
 
 Hang -sin. 
 
 Connected, 
 
 slang-lien. 
 
 Consider about, 
 
 shdng-liang 
 
 Constant, 
 
 ch&ng. 
 
 97 
 
98 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Cook (to), 
 
 tso-fdn, shau. 
 
 Cooking range, 
 
 tsau-t'eu* 
 
 Cool, 
 
 fung-liang. 
 
 Copper ore, 
 
 sang t\ing. 
 
 Cornelians, 
 
 md-nau. 
 
 Cornelian beads, 
 
 md-nau chic. 
 
 Coral, 
 
 sdn-ha. 
 
 Corpse, 
 
 sz-shi. 
 
 Cotton cloth, 
 
 pu. 
 
 Cotton, 
 
 mien-hwd. 
 
 Cotton thread, 
 
 mien-sien. 
 
 Cotton-seed oil, 
 
 mien-hwa yiu 
 
 Counter, 
 
 kwei. 
 
 Court, 
 
 chau-t'ing. 
 
 Cover over, 
 
 kai-hait. 
 
 Cover (to), 
 
 kai- slicing. 
 
 Covet (to), 
 
 t'dn. 
 
 Cow, 
 
 meu- 
 
 Cows 1 milk, 
 
 meu-nai. 
 
 Crane, 
 
 sien-hau. 
 
 Crape, 
 
 hu cheu. 
 
 Crack, 
 
 lie -leal. 
 
 Cricket, 
 
 chU-c hit. 
 
 Crisp, 
 
 t'sui. 
 
 Crooked, 
 
 sie. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Crossbow arrow, 
 
 nu- 1 si en 
 
 Cross beams, 
 
 Jiung-Uang. 
 
 Crush (to), 
 
 yd-hwai. 
 
 Cry, 
 
 chiau, (kiau) 
 
 Cubebs, 
 
 c King- c hie- 
 
 Cucumber, 
 
 wdng-Jcwd. 
 
 Cultivated land, 
 
 t ien-ti. 
 
 Cupboard, 
 
 kwei. 
 
 Cure (to), 
 
 chi-hau. 
 
 Curiosities, 
 
 ku-ndu. 
 
 Cup, 
 
 pel. 
 
 Curtain, 
 
 chdng-tsz. 
 
 Custom-house, 
 
 hai-kwdn. 
 
 Cutch, 
 
 ii-c'hd. 
 
 Cut, 
 
 Id. 
 
 Cut (with knife), 
 
 ko. 
 
 Cut (with scissors), 
 
 tszen. 
 
 Cut off the hand, 
 
 chan-sheu- 
 
 Cut open, 
 
 ko-h'aL 
 
 99 
 
 D. 
 
 Damask, 
 
 twdn-pu. 
 
 Damask silk, 
 
 hwd-twdn, ling, 
 
 Damp, 
 
 cliau. 
 
 
 H 2 
 
100 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Dangerous, 
 Dark, 
 
 Dates (black), 
 
 Dates (red), 
 
 Daughter (your), 
 
 Day, 
 
 Day's work, 
 
 Day after tomorrow, 
 
 Day before yesterday, 
 
 Dear (opp. cheap), 
 
 Death (freeze to), 
 
 Decide (ro), 
 
 Deck planks, 
 
 Deed of sale, 
 
 Deep, 
 
 Deer horns, 
 
 Deer and buffalo horns, 
 
 Defeat (to), 
 
 Defeated, 
 
 Delay (to), 
 
 Deliberate (to), 
 
 Deliver down (to), 
 
 Depend on (to), 
 
 Descend, (to) 
 
 Desire (to), 
 
 U-hai. 
 ngdn. 
 
 he-tsau. 
 
 hun<j-Uau> 
 
 Mng-ngau 
 
 t'ien, ji. 
 
 yt-kung. 
 
 lieii-t'im. 
 
 t'sien-ji. 
 
 Iwei, (opp. tsiin)* 
 
 tiing-sz. 
 
 Ung-ktoeu 
 
 t'sdng-pan. 
 
 icqn-yo. 
 
 shln-t'sien, 
 
 lu-chiau 9 (kid). 
 
 lu-niu chin. 
 
 pai-chang. 
 
 shu. 
 
 tdn-ko. 
 
 chm-chdt slidng-li&ng. 
 
 chuen-hid. 
 
 i-lai. 
 
 chiang-hia led* 
 
 yum. 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Desist (to), 
 
 chf-chu. 
 
 Despair (to), 
 
 tsil-tvdng. 
 
 Destroy (to), 
 
 hivei-hwai. 
 
 Detain (to), 
 
 liu'Cho- 
 
 Die (to), 
 
 chu-slu, sz. 
 
 Differ (to), 
 
 chd-cho. 
 
 Different, 
 
 Uang-ydng. 
 
 Difficult (to do), 
 
 n&n-tso-tt. 
 
 Dig open, 
 
 kiil-k'cii. 
 
 Dig (to), 
 
 kill. 
 
 Diligent (be), 
 
 yung-kung. 
 
 Dimities, 
 
 lien-t'iau pu> 
 
 Diminish, 
 
 clihn-shau. 
 
 Dining-table, 
 
 fan- c ho- 
 
 Dinner spread, 
 
 pai-fdn. 
 
 Dinner (take), 
 
 chi-fdn. 
 
 Direct (to), 
 
 chi-tien. 
 
 Disclose (to), 
 
 lu-chu-lah 
 
 Discord (sow), 
 
 t'iawso. 
 
 Discuss (to), 
 
 pien-lun* 
 
 Dish, 
 
 pen-tsz. 
 
 Disperse (to), 
 
 sdn-Vdl. 
 
 Disregard (to), 
 
 pu-ku. 
 
 Dissolve (to), 
 
 siau-hicd. 
 
 Distinguish (to), 
 
 fan-ming. 
 
 101 
 
102 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Distinct, 
 
 t'sing-chu. 
 
 District, 
 
 hi en. 
 
 Disturb, 
 
 cMau-tung. 
 
 Divide (to), 
 
 fdn-k'ai. 
 
 Divine, 
 
 clidn-pu. 
 
 Divine (to), 
 
 k'iu-iien. 
 
 Do (to), 
 
 tso, tso-wei. 
 
 Doe skin, 
 
 cht-p'L 
 
 Dog, 
 
 keu, kiuen. 
 
 Dollar, 
 
 ydng-tsien. 
 
 Dollar (Mexican), 
 
 ying-ydng. 
 
 Dollar (one tenth of), 
 
 kid. 
 
 Domestics, (trade term) 
 
 hwd'Chi pu 
 
 Done, 
 
 hau. 
 
 Door, 
 
 mdn-t'eu. 
 
 Door-front, 
 
 t'sien-mdn. 
 
 Dove, 
 
 ko-tsz. 
 
 Dragon's-blood gum, 
 
 Mu-chihh. 
 
 Drake, 
 
 yhya. 
 
 Draw, 
 
 Id. 
 
 Draw to (pictures), 
 
 hwd. 
 
 Dried prawns, 
 
 hla-mz. 
 
 Dried mussels, 
 
 tdn-t'sai. 
 
 Drink wine, 
 
 ho-tslu. 
 
 Drink again. 
 
 tsai-ho. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Drink together, 
 
 tiit-ytn. 
 
 Drive (to), 
 
 kan. 
 
 Drums (to beat), 
 
 ta-ku. 
 
 Dry, 
 
 kan. 
 
 Dry in the sun, 
 
 shai, shai-kau* 
 
 Duck, 
 
 yd-tsz. 
 
 Duck eggs, 
 
 yd'tdn. 
 
 Duck (mandarin), 
 
 yuen-ydng. 
 
 Duck-keeper, 
 
 k'dn-yd ti jin. 
 
 Dutch camlets, 
 
 Ho-lan yu-twdn. 
 
 Duty, 
 
 pan-fan . 
 
 Duties (public), 
 
 kung-shL 
 
 Dwell, 
 
 chu, ku 9 chu-chu. 
 
 Dye, green, 
 
 lu-chiau. 
 
 Dye, indigo, 
 
 t'u-tien. 
 
 
 E 
 
 Each, every, 
 
 M 9 
 
 Earth, 
 
 ti. 
 
 Early, 
 
 tsau. 
 
 Earth-worm, 
 
 c hu-chu. 
 
 Earth bricks (large), 
 
 pi. 
 
 Easy, 
 
 yung-i. 
 
 Eastward, 
 
 Mang-tung. 
 
 103 
 
104 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 East of the Drum 
 Eat (to), 
 Eat enough, 
 Eat meat, 
 Eat habitually, 
 Eat books, 
 Ebony, 
 Economical, 
 Eel (white), 
 Eel (yellow), 
 Eight, 
 Ells long, 
 Emperor, 
 Empty, 
 Employ men, 
 Endure (to), 
 Engrave, 
 Enjoy to (life), 
 Enough (not), 
 Enquire (to), 
 Enter (to), 
 Entice* (to), 
 Entire, 
 
 Enter the ground, 
 Entrust (to), 
 
 tower, Kic-leu txmg. 
 ch'i (Jci). 
 ctii-pau. 
 ch'i'ju. 
 clii-kwan* 
 clii-shii. 
 wu-mu. 
 shqng-kien. 
 pe-she'n. 
 hw&rg-slien. 
 pel, 
 
 pi clth 
 
 Hwang-shcing. 
 k'ung. 
 shi hwcin. 
 jinnaL 
 k'e-tsi. 
 hzang-sheu. 
 pu-tsu. 
 la-iing. 
 tsin, tsin-chic 
 yln-yeii. 
 chen g. 
 ju-t'u. 
 t'o-fu. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Ermine skin, 
 
 yin-shu fi* 
 
 Escape suffering, 
 
 I'd nan. 
 
 Escort, 
 
 Jin-sung, sung. 
 
 Escort guests, 
 
 sung -Ice. 
 
 Essays, 
 
 wqn-chdng. 
 
 Establish a capital, 
 
 kien-tu. 
 
 Everywhere, 
 
 ho-chu. 
 
 Every year, 
 
 niel-nien. 
 
 Examine (to), 
 
 Ji'aic-chien. 
 
 Exceedingly (initial), 
 
 hgn. 
 
 Exceedingly (final), 
 
 te-hqn. 
 
 Exchange, 
 
 tui-hicdn. 
 
 Except, 
 
 1-naL 
 
 Exert yourself, 
 
 chii-lih. 
 
 Exhalations, 
 
 tu-c hi. 
 
 Explanation, 
 
 hiai s7aco* 
 
 Expend, 
 
 tiai-siau. 
 
 Expand (to), 
 
 shin-Jcwdn, 
 
 Extinguish (to), 
 
 mie-mu. 
 
 Extraordinary, 
 
 ke-icai. 
 
 Eyes, 
 
 ydn-tslng. 
 
 Eyes (inflamed), 
 
 fah-yen. 
 
 105 
 
106 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 F. 
 
 Facing, 
 
 rnien-tsz. 
 
 Faint, 
 
 hnitn-kwd clu. 
 
 Faint (to), 
 
 fa -h wan. 
 
 Faithful and honest, 
 
 chung-heu. 
 
 Fall (to), 
 
 tie -hid t hid, 16-hid 
 
 Fall (to let), 
 
 hid. 
 
 Fall into snares, 
 
 shdng-tdng 
 
 Fall into misfortune, 
 
 tseu-ndn. 
 
 False, 
 
 kid. 
 
 Falsely accuse, 
 
 so-tsung. 
 
 False coral v 
 
 chza-sdn hu. 
 
 False pearls, 
 
 chza-chen clu. 
 
 Famed surgeon, 
 
 ming-l. 
 
 Family (master of), 
 
 kid-chu. 
 
 Family name, 
 
 sing. 
 
 Fan (to), 
 
 td-shen. 
 
 Fans (paper), 
 
 chishen. 
 
 Fancy cottons, 
 
 hwd-pu. 
 
 Farther back, 
 
 tsai-shdng. 
 
 Father, 
 
 lau-tsz. 
 
 Favour (beg), 
 
 t'au-kwdng. 
 
 Favourable, 
 
 shdn. 
 
 Fear (to), 
 
 p'd. 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Fear (pain), 
 
 pd-tung* 
 
 Fear not, 
 
 pu-p'd. 
 
 Feather fans, 
 
 yu-shen. 
 
 Feeble, 
 
 jwan-jo. 
 
 Feed (to), 
 
 wei, ydng- 
 
 Feed pigs, 
 
 wei-chu. 
 
 Feign, 
 
 cMa-tso. 
 
 Felt cuttings, 
 
 chart- sui. 
 
 Felt caps, 
 
 chdn-mau. 
 
 Ferry over, (to) 
 
 pai-fti* 
 
 Feet (large), 
 
 td-kio. 
 
 Feverish, 
 
 fa-shaft. 
 
 Few, 
 
 shau. 
 
 Few, 
 
 yiu-hien. 
 
 Few of, a little of, 
 
 sie. 
 
 Field spider, 
 
 chu-chu. 
 
 107 
 
 Fight to (of individuals), ia-chid (kid)- 
 Fight to (of armies), ta-chdng. 
 Figured coloured cottons, ye-hwa si-pu* 
 File and rank, wu-tui. 
 
 Filial piety (book of), Hiau-king. 
 Filial son, hiau-tsz. 
 
 Final interrogative, (pa.) ni. 
 Fine china ware, si-t'sz chi (#*). 
 
 Fine linen, si ma pu. 
 
108 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Finish (to), tso-tcan. 
 
 Finished, wan-liau. 
 
 First, slen. 
 
 First come, stcn-lai. 
 
 First month, cJiingya 
 First day of the month, chu-ji. 
 First title of nobility, hung. 
 
 Fire fly, yung-hd chung. 
 
 Fireworks, pati-chu. 
 
 Firm, kie-shl 
 
 Fish, (to) yii, ta-yu 
 
 Fish (fresh), sten-u. 
 
 Fish (salt), Men-u. 
 
 Fish (salt), yu-hien* 
 
 Fish maws, yu-tu. 
 
 Fish skins, yu-p'i. 
 
 Fish hawk, u-ying. 
 
 Fishing-net, la-u wang. 
 
 Fish-hook, tiau-il keu. 
 
 Five, wu. 
 
 Fire-stove, ho lu. 
 
 Fire cannon, fdng-pau. 
 
 Five teu = one. hu,. 
 
 Five feet (land measure),^. 
 
 Five classics (The), Wu-hlng. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Fix (to), 
 
 ting-hid. 
 
 Flatter (to), 
 
 fung-c king. 
 
 Flat yellow pumpkin, 
 
 ndn-kwd. 
 
 Flea, 
 
 keu-Uau. 
 
 Flesh and skin, 
 
 ju-p'i. 
 
 Fling (to), 
 
 Jang. 
 
 Flints, 
 
 ho-sM. 
 
 Floating-bridge, 
 
 feu-chiau* 
 
 Floor, 
 
 ti-pan* 
 
 Floss from Canton, 
 
 Kwang-tung jung. 
 
 Floss from various prov 
 
 3. ko-sheng jung. 
 
 Flour, 
 
 mien-fan. 
 
 Flow (to), 
 
 liu. 
 
 Flowers. 
 
 hwd. 
 
 Flowers (paper), 
 
 cM-hwd* 
 
 Flowers (nutmeg), 
 
 teu-k'eu hwd* 
 
 Flowers and grass, 
 
 htcd-i'sau. 
 
 Flower jar, 
 
 hwd-p'ing. 
 
 Flower pot, 
 
 hwd-pen. 
 
 Fly (to), 
 
 fei,fi. 
 
 Foil (brass), 
 
 t\ing-po. 
 
 Foil (tin), 
 
 si-po. 
 
 Foment, (to) 
 
 chi-u c'hicdng. 
 
 Foot, 
 
 c'ho. 
 
 Footstool, 
 
 cMaii'tci. 
 
 109 
 
110 VOCABULARY. 
 
 For me, 
 
 t'i-wd. 
 
 For the first time, 
 
 c hu* 
 
 For (on account of), 
 
 wei, yin-wel. 
 
 For (to give to), 
 
 kel (Jet). 
 
 Forbid, 
 
 chin- c hi. 
 
 Foreign, 
 
 wai-kwo. 
 
 Foreign coal, 
 
 wai-kwo meu 
 
 Forenoon, 
 
 shdng-cheu. 
 
 Forget (to), 
 
 wdng, wdng-k 
 
 Fork, 
 
 chd-tsz. 
 
 Formerly, 
 
 t'simg-t'sien. 
 
 Foundation, 
 
 u-kl. 
 
 Four, 
 
 sz. 
 
 Four books (The), 
 
 Sz-shu. 
 
 Fowl, 
 
 ku chi. 
 
 Fowls" eggs (salted), 
 
 hien-chi-tdn* 
 
 Fowl broth, 
 
 ki-t'ang* 
 
 Fowl feathers, 
 
 cht-mau. 
 
 Fox, 
 
 hu-li. 
 
 Fragrant wood, 
 
 hieing- chal. 
 
 Friend, 
 
 pang-yiu. 
 
 Freeze (to), 
 
 tung-ping. 
 
 Freeze to death, 
 
 tung-si. 
 
 From, along, 
 
 t'sung. 
 
 From a boy, 
 
 t'sung-siau. 
 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Front door, 
 Full, 
 
 Fulfil (to), 
 Fustians, 
 
 t'sien-mdn* 
 man, or mwan. 
 cking-tsiu. 
 hwei-jung. 
 
 G. 
 
 Galangal, 
 
 
 liang chlang. 
 
 Gambier, 
 
 
 td t'slng. 
 
 Gamboge, 
 
 
 Veng hwdng. 
 
 Gamble, 
 
 
 tu t'sien. 
 
 Garden (vegetable), 
 
 t'sai-yuen. 
 
 Garlic, 
 
 
 swan. 
 
 Garment (appos. 
 
 for), 
 
 Men. 
 
 Garroo wood, 
 
 
 chen htang. 
 
 Gather up (to), 
 
 
 sheu-she. 
 
 Gauze, 
 
 
 sha. 
 
 Gentleman (young), 
 
 kung-tsz. 
 
 Gild a surface, 
 
 
 tu km. 
 
 Gild figures, 
 
 
 miau kin. 
 
 Gild in spots, 
 
 
 sa kin. 
 
 Girl, 
 
 
 siau-nd-tsz. 
 
 Give away (to), 
 
 
 Vul kei. 
 
 Give (to), 
 
 
 ki y pi. 
 
 Give more (to), 
 
 
 t'len. 
 
112 
 
 VOC ABU LAKY. 
 
 Ginghams, 
 
 Give, 
 
 Glass, 
 
 Glass dressing, 
 
 Glass ware (native), 
 
 Glass beads (native), 
 
 Glass (looking), 
 
 Glass globe for gold 
 
 Glue, 
 
 Go, 
 
 Go to the east, 
 
 Go (to), 
 
 Go east (to), 
 
 Go up a hill, 
 
 Go round, (to) 
 
 Goat, 
 
 Goats' hair, 
 
 Goat-sucker, 
 
 God, 
 
 God of war, 
 
 Gods, (Tauist) 
 
 God of the Tauists, 
 
 God of riches, 
 
 Goddess of mercy, 
 
 Gold, 
 
 ho 81 mate pit. 
 sung, 
 po-li. 
 
 chwen i citing, 
 liau eld. 
 liau chfc 
 mau citing. 
 fish, pd-li u ktlng 
 p'i chiau. 
 
 clilt (k'u). 
 
 hiang-tung tseu. 
 
 tseu. Icily tcang. 
 
 hiang-tung. 
 
 slidng-shdn. 
 
 jait cho tseu. 
 
 shdn-yang. 
 
 shdn gang mau. 
 
 tu chuen. 
 
 Shang-ti. 
 
 Ktcdn-fu-tsz 
 
 shin-tau. 
 
 Yuti. 
 
 T'sai-shin. 
 
 Kwdn-yin. 
 
 kin. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 113 
 
 Gold thread (real), 
 
 Gold thread (imitated), 
 
 Gold ware, 
 
 Gold fish, 
 
 Gone (having), 
 
 Good, 
 
 Goods (embroidered), 
 
 Goose, 
 
 Goose (wild), 
 
 Goose quills, 
 
 Government seal, 
 
 Government offices, 
 
 Grass, 
 
 Grandfather, 
 
 Grave (make a), 
 
 Great, 
 
 Great grandfather, 
 
 Green, 
 
 Grove (bamboo), 
 
 Guest, 
 
 Grain junk, 
 
 Grass cloth (fine), 
 
 Grass cloth (coarse), 
 
 Grateful (be), 
 
 Grey squirrel, 
 
 chin chm-sien* 
 
 chia clun-sien. 
 
 chin-c'hi (k l i). 
 
 chln-u. 
 
 tau-kwo. 
 
 hau. 
 
 si eu hi. 
 
 ngo. 
 
 Id yen. 
 
 ngo-mau. 
 
 si, or sz. 
 
 kwdn-tsio* 
 
 t'saii, tsing-tsau. 
 
 tsu-fu. 
 
 tso-fdn. 
 
 td-ti. 
 
 tsung-tsu. 
 
 lu'sz-tz. 
 
 chu-lin. 
 
 k'e-jin. 
 
 yun-liang-chwen. 
 
 si hid-pu. 
 
 t'su hid-pii. 
 
 pau ngan* 
 
 hwei-shu. 
 
114 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Grey shirting9, 
 Grieve, 
 
 Ground-nut cake, 
 Grouse, 
 Guard (to), 
 Guess, 
 
 pgn-se ydng-pu. 
 
 yiu-mdn. 
 
 hwd slieng ping. 
 
 shd-chl. 
 
 pa-slteu. 
 
 t'sai. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hair, 
 
 Half a day 
 
 Half a month, 
 
 Half a cask, 
 
 Half-summer robe, 
 
 Hall, 
 
 Hams, 
 
 Hammer, 
 
 Han dynasty, 
 
 Handicraft, 
 
 Handkerchiefs, 
 
 Hanging jar, 
 
 Hanging bucket, 
 
 Hanging mirror, 
 
 Hang-lanthorn, 
 
 Hard, 
 
 t'eu-fd, or man. 
 
 pdn-ilen. 
 
 pan ko-yti. 
 
 pan wan. 
 
 szau-kwd. 
 
 icing. 
 
 ho-t'ui. 
 
 lang-t'eic 
 
 Hdn-chau. 
 
 slieu-i. 
 
 skeu-p a. 
 
 kwd-p ing. 
 
 tiaut'ung. 
 
 hwd-ching (king). 
 
 kwd-tang. 
 
 ylng. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Hare-skins, 
 
 tu pi* 
 
 Harmony, 
 
 ho. 
 
 Harness a cart (to), 
 
 t'au-c'he. 
 
 Hat-stand, 
 
 matt-chid (kia), 
 
 Have, 
 
 yiii. 
 
 Have not, 
 
 mu-yiu. 
 
 Having gone, 
 
 iau-kwo. 
 
 Hawk, 
 
 ymg. 
 
 He, 
 
 t a. 
 
 He then said, 
 
 tsiu shwo. 
 
 Heart, 
 
 sm-chdng. 
 
 Hearth-cricket, 
 
 tsau-wdng-ma. 
 
 Heaven, 
 
 t'ten. 
 
 Helmet, 
 
 h'wei. 
 
 Help, 
 
 sidng-pang. 
 
 Hemp, 
 
 md. 
 
 Hempen rope, 
 
 md-shing. 
 
 Here, 
 
 che-ll. 
 
 Hide, 
 
 t'sdng-ni. 
 
 High, 
 
 kaii. 
 
 Hire, 
 
 tsu. 
 
 Hold (to), 
 
 t'sdng. 
 
 Hold in the mouth, 
 
 Men. 
 
 Homestead, 
 
 tse-tsz. 
 
 Honey, 
 
 fung-mi. 
 
 
 i 2 
 
 115 
 
116 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Honey-bee, 
 Honourable, 
 
 mi-fung* 
 kwei 
 
 Horizontal, 
 
 Hot, 
 
 How, 
 
 How many ? 
 
 hang, 
 
 Uln-mo ydng. 
 B-16. 
 
 House, 
 
 fdng-tsz. 
 
 Hungry, 
 
 Honoured, 
 
 Honest, 
 
 wo or ngo. 
 
 ling* 
 
 lau-shi. 
 
 Horse, 
 
 ma. 
 
 Hot weather, 
 
 t'len-je. 
 
 House-fly, 
 How often ? 
 
 t'sdng-ytng. 
 kl-hweu 
 
 How many chapters ? 
 How dare I ? 
 
 Id- kitten- 
 c hi-kan f 
 
 Hu-cheu silk, 
 
 Hu sz. 
 
 Humble, 
 
 chien hii. 
 
 Husks of betel-nut, 
 
 ping-lang-l. 
 
 I, wd. 
 
 I do not understand, pu tung. 
 I do not want, pu-yau. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 117 
 
 I will not, pu k'qng. 
 
 If, t'ang lid. 
 
 Imitate, hid. 
 
 Imitation (lasting), siau yu ling. 
 
 Important, yau-kin. 
 
 Imported, yun-lai-tu 
 
 In, within, tsai, 11. 
 
 In, am, in, was. tsai. 
 
 In, (on account of), 
 In the fields, 
 In the city, 
 In the market, 
 
 In the street, 
 
 In the mouth, 
 
 In the country, 
 
 Incense sticks, 
 
 Inch, 
 
 Inclined, 
 
 Incurable, 
 
 Indian ink, 
 
 Indian cow bezoar, 
 
 Indigestion, 
 
 Inefficacious, 
 
 Inferior Corean ginseng, 
 
 Inferior Japan ginseng, 
 
 wet. 
 
 t'ien U. 
 
 ching-U. 
 
 shi-shdng. 
 
 kiai-shang. 
 
 tsul-B. 
 
 hzang-U, tsai hidng-hid. 
 
 shi chen wdng. 
 
 t'sun. 
 
 sie. 
 
 l-pu-lai. 
 
 me. 
 
 Yin-tu niu-hw&ng. 
 
 siau-hwd pu-tung. 
 
 pu-ilng. 
 
 Md-teng Kau-li shen. 
 
 hid-teng Ji pin shen. 
 
118 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Inferior pumelo 
 
 peel, hia-teng yen p'i. 
 
 Inferior paper, 
 
 tsz-ttng chi. 
 
 Inferiors, 
 
 nan-pei. 
 
 Inform, (to), 
 
 kau-su. 
 
 Ingenious, 
 
 ling-chiau. 
 
 Ingenious arts, 
 
 k i-t. 
 
 Injure, 
 
 shdng-haz. 
 
 Injuries, 
 
 hai-chu. 
 
 Injury by delay, 
 
 tdn-mc. 
 
 Inquire, 
 
 ta-t'ing. 
 
 Insert (to), 
 
 chwen. 
 
 Inside, 
 
 nei (nfil), ll-mien. 
 
 Instruct, 
 
 chiau-hiun. 
 
 Intelligent, 
 
 t'sung ming. 
 
 Intelligible, 
 
 chlng pa. 
 
 Intercept, 
 
 tsie-lan. 
 
 Interest, 
 
 li-t'sien. 
 
 Investigate, 
 
 cha-cha. 
 
 Invite, 
 
 tslng. 
 
 Iron (to), 
 
 tang. 
 
 Iron wire, 
 
 tie si. 
 
 Iron ladle, 
 
 t'san-tsz. 
 
 Is, am, &c. 
 
 8hz. 
 
 Is called, 
 
 kiau. 
 
 Is there any? 
 
 yiu-ni ? 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Is it not SO ? 
 
 k'd pic shi ? 
 
 Isinglass, 
 
 yii-chiau. 
 
 It certainly is not, 
 
 ping pu-shi- 
 
 It does not agree, 
 
 pu~tui. 
 
 It does not concern, 
 
 pu-kwan. 
 
 It differs little, 
 
 chd-pu-to. 
 
 It is so, 
 
 cho. 
 
 It is not wrong, 
 
 pu-tso. 
 
 It is not so, 
 
 pd-shi. 
 
 It is not far from it. 
 
 pu-li. 
 
 It is very different, 
 
 chd-yuhn. 
 
 It is very true, 
 
 Jtqn-shL 
 
 It is just, 
 
 tsiu-shi. 
 
 It is then correct, 
 
 t'sai-shi. 
 
 It is as before, 
 
 yuen-shL 
 
 It is not certain, 
 
 pu-chun. 
 
 It is pretty, 
 
 yiu-t'sii. 
 
 It is not pretty, 
 
 mu-t sii. 
 
 It matters not which, 
 
 pie-chu. 
 
 It must be, 
 
 tsicng-shi. 
 
 It will do, 
 
 k'd-}. 
 
 It will not do, 
 
 pu hhng* 
 
 Ivory ware, 
 
 sidng~y& eliL 
 
 119 
 
120 VOCABULAUV. 
 
 Jar, ping-ti 
 
 Jacket, ma-kv'<'t. 
 
 Japan wax. Ji-phn la. 
 
 Japanese ginseng (best), shdng tcncj Ji pin skfoi. 
 
 Japanese ginseng (inf.), hid-tSng Ji-pbn slum. 
 
 Jaundice, 
 
 hwdng-chdng, 
 
 Jesus, 
 
 Yc- 
 
 Jetty, 
 
 md-teu* 
 
 Join battle, 
 
 Linn-jung. 
 
 Judge (to), 
 
 sliln-ahi. 
 
 Jump, 
 
 t'iaii. 
 
 Just come, 
 
 tscd-lai. 
 
 Just, 
 
 kung-ping. 
 
 Just as, 
 
 chi?ig-tsai. 
 
 Just now, 
 
 t sai-ldng. 
 
 K. 
 
 Keep (to), 
 Keep watch, 
 Kettle, 
 
 sheu. 
 
 k'dn-lcing. 
 
 shuz-hu. 
 
 King, 
 
 Kingfisher feathers, 
 
 icdng. 
 t'sui-maii, 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Kitchen, 
 
 chi-fang* 
 
 Kitchen cupboard, 
 
 chu-kicei* 
 
 Kneading-board, 
 
 mien-pan. 
 
 Kneel, 
 
 t'slng. 
 
 Kneel and bow, 
 
 kwei-pai. 
 
 Knife, 
 
 tail. 
 
 Knot, (tie a) 
 
 hvei 
 
 Know (to), 
 
 hiaii-te. 
 
 Kranjee w r ood, 
 
 Yd-lan-chi mu 
 
 121 
 
 Lacquered ware, 
 
 chi-chi. 
 
 Lakka wood, 
 
 chidng-hzang. 
 
 Lamp, 
 
 tang. 
 
 Lamp-wicks, 
 
 tang-t'saii. 
 
 Lan, a kind of silk, 
 
 16. 
 
 Land cultivated, 
 
 t'ien-ti. 
 
 Land (owner of), 
 
 ti-chu. 
 
 Land otter-skin, 
 
 ta-pi. 
 
 Language, 
 
 hwd. 
 
 Large cash, 
 
 td-t'sien. 
 
 Large house, or office, 
 
 c'hang. 
 
 Large fox-skins, 
 
 td hu-lu p'u 
 
 Large bason, 
 
 td-p'dn. 
 
122 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Large earthen water- 
 
 kdng. 
 
 vessel. 
 
 
 Large earth bricks, 
 
 p% 
 
 Last year, 
 
 chii-nien. 
 
 Lasting, 
 
 lau. 
 
 Lazy, 
 
 lan-tu. 
 
 Lead, 
 
 ytn-taii. 
 
 Lead (white), 
 
 chien-fqn. 
 
 Lead (yellow), 
 
 hwdng-tdn. 
 
 Lead (in pigs), 
 
 chien-k'wei. 
 
 Lead (in sheets), 
 
 cliien-p'ien. 
 
 Lead soldiers (to), 
 
 ling-plng. 
 
 Leading-mule, 
 
 plen-t'au* 
 
 Lean (to), 
 
 Uau. 
 
 Leap into a river, 
 
 t'eu-hi. 
 
 Leap into a well, 
 
 t'eu-tsing. 
 
 Learn (to), 
 
 hid. 
 
 Leather trunks, 
 
 p'i-siang. 
 
 Leather boxes, for hold- 
 
 
 ing silver, 
 
 pi-kang. 
 
 Leather articles, 
 
 p'i-chi (k'i). 
 
 Leave it there, 
 
 liu-cho. 
 
 Leave a place, 
 
 li-k'ai. 
 
 Leggings, 
 
 i au-k u. 
 
 Lend, 
 
 tsie. 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Leopard-skins, 
 
 
 pau-p'i. 
 
 Lest, 
 
 
 k'ung-p'd. 
 
 Let, 
 
 
 chu-jin. 
 
 Let fall (to), 
 
 
 hid. 
 
 Let fall hair, 
 
 
 tiau-mau. 
 
 Letter-boat, 
 
 
 sin-chwen. 
 
 Letter-office, 
 
 
 sin-ku. 
 
 Letters (appositive 
 
 s for), 
 
 fang. 
 
 Lettuce, 
 
 
 shang-t'sai. 
 
 Library, 
 
 
 shu-fdng. 
 
 Lichee, 
 
 
 li-cht 
 
 Lie down, 
 
 
 mien-hid* 
 
 Lie down, 
 
 
 icing. 
 
 Lie (falsely), 
 
 
 hwang-hwd. 
 
 Lies, 
 
 
 hwdng-t'ang. 
 
 Life, (soul) 
 
 
 sing ming. 
 
 Life (the whole), 
 
 
 chung-shln. 
 
 Lift, 
 
 
 chu-chl. 
 
 Light, (opp. to heavy) 
 
 chtng. 
 
 123 
 
 Light, (opp. to darkness) lidng-kwdng. 
 Light books, hien-shu. 
 
 Light the stove, shqng hwo-lu. 
 
 Lime, pd-hwei. 
 
 Lime, shu-hwel. 
 
 Lime (blue), t'slng-hwei. 
 
124 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Lining, 
 
 
 ll-tsz. 
 
 Liquid indigo, 
 
 
 shiu-tidn. 
 
 Liquorice, 
 
 
 kdn-t'sau. 
 
 Literary name, 
 
 
 haii. 
 
 Little, 
 
 
 si au. 
 
 Little (a) (time 
 
 &c.) 
 
 yi-hti 
 
 Little boy, 
 
 
 siau-ftai-tsz. 
 
 Live again, 
 
 
 fu-JuL'6. 
 
 Local banditti, 
 
 
 t'u-fei (/;). 
 
 Long, length, 
 
 
 c'hdnff-tw&n. 
 
 Long since, 
 
 
 lau-tsau. 
 
 Long time, 
 
 
 chung-ldu. 
 
 Long ells, 
 
 
 pt-chk 
 
 Long robe, 
 
 
 chdngshdn* 
 
 Long robe with 
 
 waistbanc 
 
 \.p'au-tsz- 
 
 Long summer 
 
 robe, 
 
 fd-kwd. 
 
 Long stool, 
 
 
 pan-teng. 
 
 Long high table, 
 
 t'iau-ngdn. 
 
 Look, 
 
 
 Jc'dn. 
 
 Look (after), 
 
 
 chau-ylng. 
 
 Loose light. 
 
 
 sung. 
 
 Lose (to), 
 
 
 pu-kien. 
 
 Lose capital, 
 
 
 shi-pqn. 
 
 Lotus, 
 
 
 ngeu. 
 
 Lotus roots, 
 
 
 ho-hwd. 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Lotus nets, 
 
 
 lien-tsz. 
 
 Low, 
 
 
 tz. 
 
 Louse, 
 
 
 sz-tsz. 
 
 Lucralan seed, 
 
 
 td-feng-tsz. 
 
 Lung ngan, (a 
 
 fruit) 
 
 kwei-yuen. 
 
 Lute-string, 
 
 
 chiuen. 
 
 Lying in the W. 
 
 k'aii-si. 
 
 125 
 
 M. 
 
 Mace, one-tenth of an oz. t'sien. 
 
 Mackerel, tz-u. 
 
 Made to order, ting-tso-ti. 
 
 Magistrate, chi-hien. 
 
 Magpie, hz-chiu. 
 
 Make (to), tso. 
 
 Make a prostration, k'u-t'eu. 
 
 Make a hedge, li-pd. 
 
 Make a grave, tso-fqn. 
 
 Make up a deficit, pu-tsu. 
 
 Make up money (to), cliau. 
 
 Man, jin. 
 
 Man (old), laic jin-kid (chia). 
 
 Manage, kwan-ll 
 
 Manchunan ginseng, kucdn-tung jen-she?i. 
 
126 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Mandarin's seal, yin, 
 
 Mandarin duck, yuen-ydng. 
 
 Mandarin's office, yd-mun. 
 
 Mangrove bark, 1' ad-pi. 
 
 Manila cordage, Lll-sung slang. 
 
 Manufactured copper, shSn-t'ung. 
 
 Manufactured iron, shen-Vie. 
 
 Manure cakes, /ccng-ahd. 
 
 Many, to. 
 
 Marble slabs, yun-shi. 
 
 Mark, ta-ybi. 
 
 Martin, yen-tbz. 
 
 Martin skin, ttau-p i. 
 
 Mason, ni-na-tsiang. 
 
 Master, tung-kla (chia)- 
 
 Master of a family, kia-chu. 
 
 Mast, clnten-wei. 
 
 Mast lanthorn, wet-tang. 
 Masts & spars (hard wood), chung-mu-weu 
 Masts & spars (soft wood), cldng-mu-wei. 
 
 Match, p'ei-chl. 
 
 Matter (a), st-t'sing, or sz-t'z. 
 
 May, Jco-z. 
 
 Mean (my), hdn-pi. 
 
 Measure (to), Hang. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Measures and weights, 
 
 teii-cheng. 
 
 Measure of five feet, 
 
 pu-kung. 
 
 Meet, 
 
 u-cho. 
 
 Meet (to), 
 
 pang-Men. 
 
 Member of a Board ; 
 
 lang-chung. 
 
 Memorial arch, 
 
 pai-leu* 
 
 Men (appositive for), 
 
 ko. 
 
 Mend, 
 
 siu. 
 
 Merit, 
 
 kung-te* 
 
 Messenger, 
 
 chai-shdng. 
 
 Messenger s room, 
 
 pan-fang* 
 
 Method, 
 
 fd-tsz. 
 
 Meu and a half, 
 
 meu-pdn. 
 
 Middle man, 
 
 chung-jin. 
 
 Migratory locust 5 
 
 hwang-chung. 
 
 Mile (English), 
 
 sdn-U. 
 
 Mile (Chinese), 
 
 11. 
 
 Mind, (heart) 
 
 sin. 
 
 Mirror-stand, 
 
 cliing-t'al (king) 
 
 Misery, 
 
 k'u. 
 
 Mix, 
 
 t iau ho. 
 
 Mock, 
 
 M-lung. 
 
 Moist, 
 
 shi. 
 
 Mole cricket, 
 
 t'u-keu. 
 
 Molest, 
 
 ndn-wei' 
 
 127 
 
128 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Money, 
 
 Money return (to), 
 
 Month (a), 
 
 Month (first), 
 
 Moon (the), 
 
 Mortar, 
 
 Mother cloves, 
 
 Mosquito, 
 
 Mosquito net, 
 
 Most, (sign of super.) 
 
 Mother, 
 
 Mother-of-pearl shell, 
 
 Mother-of-pearl ware, 
 
 Mule, 
 
 Musical box, 
 
 Musk, 
 
 Muslin, 
 
 Must not, 
 
 Mutually, 
 
 My cottage, 
 
 My vill e, 
 
 Myrrh, 
 
 t'sien, tung-t'sirn. 
 
 hwan. 
 
 yu. 
 
 ching-ytL 
 
 yii-liang. 
 
 fit, 
 
 mu-iing-hlang. 
 
 wun-tsz. 
 
 tvdn-chdng. 
 
 ting. 
 
 mang. 
 
 yun-mii-chiau. 
 
 yun-mu chiau-chi. 
 
 l6-t8Z. 
 
 pd-ytn chin. 
 
 sho-hiang. 
 
 ydng-shd. 
 
 pu-te. 
 
 siang-u- 
 
 she-hid. 
 
 pqn-hlang. 
 
 md-yd' 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 129 
 
 N. 
 
 Nail, (a), 
 
 ting. 
 
 Nail (to), 
 
 ting. 
 
 Name, 
 
 rning-tsziChl-mv 
 
 Name (proper), 
 
 ming. 
 
 Name (literary), 
 
 hau. 
 
 Name (to), 
 
 c'Jilng. 
 
 Narrow, 
 
 cha. 
 
 Native glass ware, 
 
 liau-chi. 
 
 Native glass beads, 
 
 liau-chu. 
 
 Near, 
 
 slang-kin. 
 
 Near road, 
 
 kin-lu. 
 
 Needle, 
 
 chin. 
 
 Needle-guard, 
 
 ti-chln. 
 
 Neighbours, 
 
 lin-she. 
 
 New, 
 News, 
 
 sin. 
 
 sin-si, sinwdn. 
 
 Next year, 
 
 lai-nien. 
 
 Night (at), evening, 
 
 wdn-shdng. 
 
 Nine, 
 
 kill. 
 
 Nod the head to, 
 
 tlen-t'eu. 
 
 North of the temple, 
 
 kung-pei (pe). 
 
 Northern mountains, 
 
 pe-shdn. 
 
 Northwards, 
 
 pe-mien. 
 
 
 K 
 
130 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Not, pu. 
 
 Not much, yiii-hien (limit). 
 
 Not fear, pu-pd. 
 
 Not to care for, pu-li. 
 
 Not at home, pu-tsaL 
 
 Not the same, pu-t'ung. 
 
 Not dare, pu~khn. 
 
 Not enough, pu-tsu. 
 
 Not to acknowledge, pu ching-jin. 
 
 Not only, pu-chu 
 
 Not willing, pu-k'qng. 
 
 Not well, pu-shu-fu- 
 
 Not in good spirits, pu-sfiwang-Jcioai. 
 
 Noted surgeon, hwd-to* 
 
 Novels, slau'Shwo. 
 
 Now, kin. 
 
 Nutmeg flowers, teu-k'eu hwd. 
 
 Nutmegs, ju-k'eu hwd. 
 
 Nut galls, wu-pei-tsz. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oar, 
 
 tsidng. 
 
 Obey, 
 
 tsun-t'sung. 
 
 Obliquely, 
 
 kwai-wdn-qr 
 
VOCABULARY. 131 
 
 Obtain fame (to), c'hu-ming. 
 
 Occasionally, ngeu-qr. 
 
 Offend, kdn-fdn. 
 Office servants, (at mines) c'hdng-ting. 
 
 Oil, yiu. 
 
 Oil of gum benjamin, ngan-si yiu* 
 Oil of the dyandra tree, t'ung-yiu. 
 
 Oil of palma christi, pi-ma yiu* 
 
 Oil paintings, yiu-t'si hwd. 
 
 Oiled paper, yiu-chi. 
 
 Old, chiu (kiu). 
 
 Old deer horns, lau-lu jung. 
 Olibanum, (frankincense) jju-hiang. 
 
 On the South, ndn-pien. 
 
 On the street, kiai-shdng* 
 
 On the bridge, chiau-shdng. 
 
 On this side, che-pien. 
 
 On that side, nd-pien. 
 
 Once, yz-t'sz. 
 
 One, yi. 
 
 One week, yi-ki U-paL 
 
 One kind, yi-hiang. 
 
 One day's work, yi-kung. 
 
 One parcel, yipau. 
 
 One meu, yi-meu. 
 
 K O 
 
132 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Onions, t'sting, t'sioig-Ceu. 
 Only, pu-l 
 Open a shop, k'ai-tien. 
 Open a book, k'al-kiuen. 
 Opium, Ya-pien, y&ng-yd. 
 Oppose, cliu-chu. 
 Opposite, tiii-kico. 
 Orange-peel, c'k&n-jtt. 
 Orderly, t'si-chtng. 
 Orderly conduct (cus- 
 tom), Lwet-ku. 
 Ordinary meal, pien-fan. 
 Other, pie. 
 Ought, ying-t&ng\ying-kai. 
 Ought not, pu-pei* 
 Outside, wai-teu. 
 Ounce, y i- Vang. 
 Outside the city, ching-wai. 
 Overturn, iul-tau. 
 Owner of land, ti-chu. 
 Oyster shells, U-c'hiau. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 133 
 
 Pacify people, 
 
 ngdn-min 
 
 Pain, 
 
 t ung. 
 
 Paint, 
 
 .A <7 y 
 
 yiu-c hz. 
 
 Paint (to), 
 
 shdng-cM. 
 
 Pair (a), 
 
 shwdng. 
 
 Palsy, 
 
 t'dn-fiing- 
 
 Palpitation of the heart, 
 
 sln-t'iaii. 
 
 Palampore, 
 
 mien-pei t at. 
 
 Paper, 
 
 chi. 
 
 Parch (to), 
 
 kdn-t'ie. 
 
 Parrot, 
 
 ying-ko. 
 
 Parsley, 
 
 chin-t'saL 
 
 Pass, 
 
 kwo. 
 
 Pass the night, 
 
 $u. 
 
 Paste up (to), 
 
 t'ie-chu. 
 
 Pattern, 
 
 ydng-tsz. 
 
 Pay custom, 
 
 wdn-shai. 
 
 Peacock, 
 
 k? img-chio . 
 
 Peacock feathers, 
 
 k'ung-t'sio man. 
 
 Peel (to), 
 
 po-p'i. 
 
 Pencil, pen, 
 
 pi. 
 
 Pens and ink, 
 
 pi-me. 
 
 People (the), 
 
 pe-sing. 
 
H4 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 Peppermint oil. 
 Perforate (to). 
 Perspire (to), 
 Phoenix, 
 Pitcher, 
 Picture, 
 Pierce (to), 
 
 Pig. 
 Pigeon, 
 
 Pint measure. 
 
 Pitfall, 
 
 Place (to), 
 
 Place, 
 
 Place of abode (polite), 
 
 Place stones, 
 
 Place beams, 
 
 Plain, 
 
 Plain stuffs, 
 
 Plain coloured cottons, 
 
 Plaister, 
 
 Plait (to), 
 
 Plane (to), 
 
 Planks of hard wood, 
 
 Planks of soft wood, 
 
 Please sit down, 
 
 pu-lw ylif. 
 c/iwen-kwo c'hii. 
 c'/tii-hdn, 
 fung-hwdng. 
 ping, 
 Jiu'd 
 chd. 
 chu-ts:. 
 pan- chut, 
 slung. 
 Men-k'qng. 
 ngdn-ivdn. 
 ti-fdng. 
 fustian g. 
 mdn-shi-t'eu. 
 shdng-liang. 
 chtng-pd. 
 wu-hwd pu* 
 Wu-hwd se-pu. 
 Jcau-yo. 
 ta-pien* 
 pau. 
 
 chiing-mu phn (heavy). 
 chlng-mu pan (light). 
 t'szng-tso. 
 
VOCABULAKY. 
 
 Plough (to), 
 
 chlng, kdngtien. 
 
 Poison, 
 
 tti-yo- 
 
 Politeness, 
 
 ll-mau. 
 
 Pongees, 
 
 cheu. 
 
 Poor, 
 
 tsien-chung {kiting). 
 
 Port, jetty, 
 
 kidng-keu, ma-t'eic 
 
 Posterity, 
 
 tsz-sgn. 
 
 Posthumous title, 
 
 sz-fa* 
 
 Pour out tea, 
 
 tau-cha. 
 
 Pour out wine, 
 
 chin-tsiu. 
 
 Power, 
 
 nqng-kdn. 
 
 Present (to), 
 
 sung. 
 
 Presents, 
 
 ti-wti* 
 
 Present tribute, 
 
 tsin-kung. 
 
 Pretty, 
 
 yiu-Vsii. 
 
 Price, 
 
 kid-t*sien. 
 
 Piece (a), 
 
 pi. 
 
 Pu, 240 sq. yards, 
 
 meu. 
 
 Pray for rain, 
 
 7 « • ^ ,\ 
 
 k tu-u* 
 
 Pray (to), 
 
 tau-kau. 
 
 Prepare (to), 
 
 it-pet 
 
 Print (to), 
 
 yin. 
 
 Printed cottons, 
 
 yin-hivd pu. 
 
 Prison, 
 
 kien-lau* 
 
 Proceed forward (to), 
 
 shang-t'sien tseu. 
 
 135 
 
136 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Proclamation, 
 
 Produce (to), 
 
 Produce evidence (to), 
 
 Profit, 
 
 Promise (to), 
 
 Prosper (to), 
 
 Pour out wine, 
 
 Produce silk, 
 
 Protect (to), 
 
 Proud, 
 
 Public duties, 
 
 Pumpkin, 
 
 Pump water, 
 
 Purify, wash (to), 
 
 Purple, 
 
 Purposely, 
 
 Pursue (to), 
 
 Push (to), 
 
 Push away, 
 
 Put (to), 
 
 Put in tobacco. 
 
 Put on mortar, 
 
 Put on tiles, 
 
 Putchuck, 
 
 kau-shi. 
 
 slupig-cliu. 
 
 yhi-ching. 
 
 It- at. 
 
 J til. 
 
 hing-wdng. 
 
 chcu-tsiu. 
 
 t U-8Z. 
 
 jHiu-yiu* 
 
 chtau-ngau. 
 
 kfing-sht 
 
 tung-ktvd. 
 
 c he-shut. 
 
 si 
 
 t len-t'sing. 
 
 t'e-i 
 
 chul-kan. 
 
 t'ui. 
 
 che. 
 
 ho* 
 
 chwdng-yen 
 
 tsi-shdng ni. 
 
 lez-pt. 
 
 mu-hlang. 
 
VOCABULAEY. 137 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quail, 
 
 ngdn-chun. 
 
 Quarter of an hour, 
 
 k'e. 
 
 Quickly, quick, 
 
 k'wai-tiwai. 
 
 Quicksilver, 
 
 shul-yin. 
 
 R. 
 
 Racoon skin, 
 
 lau-Jncdn p'i. 
 
 Radishes, 
 
 hung-lo pet* 
 
 Rail at persons (to), 
 
 md-jin. 
 
 Rain-water, 
 
 yu-shul. 
 
 Raise water, 
 
 tiau-shui. 
 
 Rank and file, 
 
 tui-wu. 
 
 Rare, 
 
 ndn to. 
 
 Rattans, 
 
 shd-t'eng. 
 
 Rattans stripped of bark 
 
 t'eng-jang tsh. 
 
 Raven, 
 
 pd-ko. 
 
 Raw, 
 
 shang. 
 
 Raw buffalo hides, 
 
 sligng-niu pi. 
 
 Raw cotton, 
 
 mien-hwd. 
 
 Read much, 
 
 M-k'dn. 
 
 Read (to study), 
 
 tu. 
 
 Ready, made ready, 
 
 hien-cMng 1 1 
 
138 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Reap (to), 
 
 Rebel (to), 
 
 Receive (to), 
 
 Receive blood, 
 
 Receive kindness, 
 
 Receive customs, 
 
 Red, 
 
 Red wood, 
 
 Redeem from sin, 
 
 Redeem (to), 
 
 Red-necked, 
 
 Redress grievances (to), 
 
 Reduce (to), 
 
 Reeds, 
 
 Refine (to), 
 
 Reform (to), 
 
 Refuse, 
 
 Refuse silk, 
 
 Refuse baroos camphor, 
 
 Release (to), 
 
 Rely on (to), 
 
 Remove (to), 
 
 Remove (to), 
 
 Repair (to), 
 
 Repay (to), 
 
 sheu. 
 
 tsau-fan. 
 
 sheu-sho. 
 
 tsie-hiii. 
 
 c1i$ng-hic?L 
 
 sheushui. 
 
 hung, 
 
 hung-mu. 
 
 shu-tsm. 
 
 shii. 
 
 hung-po ar. 
 
 shln-yuen. 
 
 chiln-chlng. 
 
 wei-tsz. 
 
 lien- 
 
 kal-clung. 
 
 tm-tsz. 
 
 twdnsz t eu* 
 
 shdng pmg-p'ien. 
 
 k'ai'shi. 
 
 k'au. 
 
 wo-tung. 
 
 pan- chia {kid). 
 
 siu. 
 
 p'ei-hivdn. 
 
VOCABULARY. 139 
 
 Repent (to), hwei-hah 
 
 Reply (to), hwei-td. 
 
 Reply to letter (a) ? hwei-stn. 
 
 Represent (to), tdng-tso. 
 
 Reprove (to), tse-pei (pi). 
 
 Reputation, ming-shing. 
 
 Rest (to), ngdn-siy hie. 
 
 Retain (to), sheu-liu. 
 
 Return (to), hwei-c'hu. 
 
 Return money, hwdn. 
 
 Reverential, chien-cMng. 
 
 Reward, shdng- 
 
 Rhinoceros, sz-niu. 
 
 Rhinoceros skin, sz-p'i. 
 
 Rhinoceros horns, sz-chiau (kid). 
 
 Rhubarb, td-hwdng. 
 
 Rice, fdn-ml. 
 
 Ride horses (to), chi-md. 
 
 Ringed raven, lau-kwd. 
 
 Ripe, shu. 
 
 Rise, Raise (to), h\ (chi) (cht). 
 
 Rise higher, chang-clu lax. 
 
 Rise in life, fd-td. 
 
 Roads, hdn-ltl. 
 
 Rob and plunder, t'siang-td. 
 
140 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Rock crystal, 
 
 <f}-tsnuj. 
 
 Root, 
 
 pan. 
 
 Rose mallows, 
 
 luCi-iou 
 
 Rough persimmon 
 
 , tnauski. 
 
 Row (to), 
 
 t si any, yau. 
 
 Royal title, 
 
 W&7UJ. 
 
 Rub (to), 
 
 m<). 
 
 R«g, 
 
 fi a 
 
 Run (to), 
 
 pa%u 
 
 Runner (a), 
 
 kiu-fff. 
 
 Sable, 
 
 
 tlau. 
 
 Sacrifice, 
 
 
 tsi. 
 
 Sail, 
 
 
 p'ung. 
 
 Salt fish, 
 
 
 hien-yu. 
 
 Salted fowl eggs, 
 
 
 hien-clu ian 
 
 Salted turnips, 
 
 
 ta-teit tsai. 
 
 Salt-boat, 
 
 
 yen-c'hwen. 
 
 Salt water, 
 
 
 Men-shut 
 
 Saltpetre, 
 
 
 siau. 
 
 Salute, 
 
 
 tslngngdu. 
 
 Same village, 
 
 
 t'ung-Mang. 
 
 Samshoo (wine, spir 
 
 it), 
 
 chiu (tsiu). 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 141 
 
 Sandal wood, 
 
 Sandal-wood ware, 
 
 Sand-fly, 
 
 Sapan wood, 
 
 Satin, 
 
 Satisfied, 
 
 Save, 
 
 Saw, (a) 
 
 Say (to), speakings 
 
 Scallions, 
 
 Scatter, 
 
 Scissors, 
 
 Scoop, 
 
 Scull (to), (to row), 
 
 Scull (a), 
 
 Sea-otter skin, 
 
 Sea-horse teeth, 
 
 Seal character, 
 
 Seam, to sew, 
 
 Seaweed, 
 
 Secretary, 
 
 Secretly inform, 
 
 See, 
 
 See (to), 
 
 Seek (to), 
 
 t'an-hiang. 
 t'an-htang chi (k'z). 
 pai-liu. 
 su-mu. 
 twdn-tsz* 
 pau-liaU' 
 kiu* 
 chu. 
 shwo. 
 chiu-t'sai* 
 san-k'at. 
 tszen-tau* 
 wd. 
 yau. 
 lu. 
 
 hai-lung pi. 
 haz-rna yd. 
 chwen-wqn. 
 fung. 
 hai-t'sai. 
 shu-yu. 
 chwen-t'ung. 
 k'dn-cMen (kien). 
 k'an, chau-siun. 
 c'hd, 
 
U2 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Seize, 
 
 Seldom, 
 
 Self, 
 
 Sell (to), 
 
 Send (to), 
 
 Send habitually, 
 
 Send (a person), 
 
 Send (letter or parcel), 
 
 Sentence, 
 
 Separate (to), 
 
 Separate (to scatter), 
 
 Servant, 
 
 Serve (to), 
 
 Service, 
 
 Sesanium oil, 
 
 Sesamum seed, 
 
 Set a cart in motion, 
 
 Set out, 
 
 Set on fire, 
 
 Seven, 
 
 Several tens, 
 
 Shaft-mule, 
 
 Shake (to), 
 
 Shallow, 
 
 Shanghae sycee, (98) 
 
 nd-cko. 
 
 ndn-te. 
 
 Uz-kl 
 
 mat. 
 
 ta-fcl 
 
 chai-ho&n. 
 
 clail. 
 
 hi 
 
 kiit yi-ku-htcd. 
 
 U 
 
 *dn. 
 
 ihlfing, fu-*z. 
 kung-yi. 
 chi-md yiu. 
 chl-ma. 
 
 k'ai-che. 
 
 j)ai-$/te> 
 
 fang-hd* 
 
 t sz. 
 
 ki-shi. 
 
 cltid-yum 16-Uz. 
 
 yau. 
 
 t'sien. 
 
 kiu-pd yin. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Shark, 
 
 skd-U' 
 
 Shark skins, 
 
 shd-yu pi. 
 
 Sharp, quick, 
 
 Izvoai. 
 
 Shave (to), head, 
 
 1 1, t %-t etc. 
 
 Sheep, 
 
 ydng. 
 
 Sheep (appositive for), 
 
 che. 
 
 Shelter thieves, 
 
 wo-liu. 
 
 Shilling, 
 
 sz-Kai. 
 
 Ship, 
 
 chwen. 
 
 Shirt, 
 
 hdn-shdn. 
 
 Shirtings (grey), 
 
 pqn-se ydng-pu. 
 
 Shirtings (white), 
 
 piau-pe ydng-pu 
 
 Shoes, 
 
 htai-tsz. 
 
 Shop, 
 
 tien-pu. 
 
 Shore-plank, 
 
 t'iaic-pan. 
 
 Short coat, 
 
 twan-shdn. 
 
 Shortness or length, 
 
 chdng-twan. 
 
 Shut (to), 
 
 kwdn. 
 
 Sick (to be), 
 
 shqng-ping. 
 
 Side of well, 
 
 tsing-pten. 
 
 Sign of possessive case, 
 
 ti. 
 
 Sign of the past, 
 
 liaii. 
 
 Silk, or woevn, 
 
 sz, cheu. 
 
 Silk caps, 
 
 cheu~mau. 
 
 Silk clothing, 
 
 cheu l-fu. 
 
 143 
 
144 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Silk-worm, t's&n. 
 
 Silk ribbons, 82-tai. 
 
 Silk thread, sZ-sien. 
 
 Silure (a fish, sturgeon), nien-u. 
 
 Silver, ybnrUh 
 
 Silver-mine ore, yirrfcwhng* 
 
 Silver thread (real), chin yin-tfen 
 
 Silver thread (imitated), chih yin-sien. 
 
 Silver ware, yin-clu (///). 
 
 Sing (to), ch&ng. 
 
 Singe (to), shau-y&n scu. 
 Singing-lark, -ling. 
 
 Sir, nsh&ng* 
 
 Sit in judgment, tsd-t'dny. 
 
 Sit down, tso-hia. 
 
 Sit on the shaft (to), k'wd-yucn. 
 
 Six, lu. 
 
 Skin-rugs, pi-t'an. 
 
 Skin and flesh, pi-ju. 
 
 Slap on the face, ta-tsul pd-tsz. 
 
 Slip of paper, t'iau-cld. 
 
 Slow, slowly, man. 
 
 Small bowl, u. 
 Small city (district city), Men. 
 
 Small fox-skins, siaii hu4i-pi. 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Smear, 
 
 1 11. 
 
 Smile, 
 
 h&n-siau. 
 
 Smuggle, 
 
 t'eil-shui. 
 
 Snuff, 
 
 pi- yen. 
 
 Snuff candle, 
 
 chia-c hil la-hw 
 
 Soda, 
 
 Men. 
 
 Soda vapour, 
 
 Men-cM. 
 
 Soft, 
 
 mien-jwan. 
 
 Sole (a fish), 
 
 pz-mu u. 
 
 Sometimes, 
 
 yiu-shi. 
 
 Son of heaven 
 
 , t'ien-tsz. 
 
 Soothe, 
 
 ngdn-wei. 
 
 Soul, 
 
 s7n-shin. 
 
 South, 
 
 nan. 
 
 Sow discord, 
 
 t'iau-so. 
 
 Sow (to), 
 
 chung-ti. 
 
 Sow thistle, 
 
 k'u-t'sai. 
 
 Soy, 
 
 tsiang-yiu. 
 
 Speak (to), 
 
 shwo-hwd. 
 
 Spend (to), 
 
 fei-yung. 
 
 Spelter, 
 
 paz-chien. 
 
 Spin (to), 
 
 fang-sien. 
 
 Spinach, 
 
 p u-t sat. 
 
 Spirit (wine)— 
 
 ■ghost, tsiu, — hwei. 
 
 Split rattans, 
 
 t'qng-jeu. 
 
 145 
 
146 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Spoon, 
 
 tiau-Ic$ng. 
 
 Spotted stuffs, 
 
 kwcl'lxrd ])u 
 
 Spread dinner, 
 
 pai-fdn 
 
 Spread mats, 
 
 i 
 
 Spring, 
 
 chini. 
 
 Spring-arrow, 
 
 ti-nu. 
 
 Sprinkle, 
 
 sha chit. 
 
 Square inch, 
 
 fdng-tsun 
 
 Square bricks, 
 
 ' f&ng-chwi n 
 
 Square letters, 
 
 f&nff* 
 
 Square table, 
 
 fdng-cho. 
 
 Square court, 
 
 t'ten-tsing. 
 
 Squirrel-skin, 
 
 htcet-a/tu pi. 
 
 Stairs, 
 
 t% 
 
 Stand (to), 
 
 chart. 
 
 Start, jg 
 
 c 'lit- shin. 
 
 Start, 
 
 leal clnr'n. 
 
 Star aniseed, 
 
 pa-chiaii* 
 
 Statement, 
 
 tdn-tsb. 
 
 Stay the night, 
 
 t'sz-ye. 
 
 Steel, 
 
 hang. 
 
 Stick (to), 
 
 t le. 
 
 Sticklac, 
 
 tsz-tieng. 
 
 Starve (to die of hunger), ngo-sz. 
 Steal, t'eu't'st. 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Step carefully, 
 
 tseu-hau. 
 
 Sting, 
 
 t'sh 
 
 Stockings, 
 
 wd-tsz. 
 
 Stone, 
 
 shz^eu. 
 
 Stone-mason, 
 
 shi-tso. 
 
 Stool, 
 
 wu-tsz. 
 
 Stop (to), 
 
 t'ing. 
 
 Storax, 
 
 su-ho yiu. 
 
 Stove (a), 
 
 hwd-lu* 
 
 Style, 
 
 wqn-me* 
 
 Straight, 
 
 yz-chz. 
 
 Strange, 
 
 sheng. 
 
 Straw shoes, 
 
 t'sau-hiai. 
 
 Straw-hat braid, 
 
 t'sau-mau pUn 
 
 Straw brush, 
 
 t'iau-tsz. 
 
 Streamer, 
 
 fung-sin c'hi. 
 
 Strength, 
 
 chi-U. 
 
 Stretch out the 
 
 arm, shin-pi. 
 
 Strike, 
 
 ta. 
 
 Striped, 
 
 su-wdn. 
 
 Strong, 
 
 lau. 
 
 Study (to), 
 
 t'u-shil. 
 
 Stupid, 
 
 pan. 
 
 Stupid, 
 
 ngai-paii. 
 
 Suffering, 
 
 nan. 
 
 
 L 2 
 
 147 
 
148 
 
 TO< ABULART. 
 
 Sufficient, 
 
 keA % totf. 
 
 Sugar-candy. 
 
 ping t'dnffi 
 
 Sulphur, 
 
 UUrhu U/KJ. 
 
 Summer, 
 
 hda-t'u 
 
 Sun (the), 
 
 t'ai-y&ng, ji-t'eu* 
 
 Superabundance. 
 
 ypu-d. 
 
 Superiors, 
 
 ch&ng-pei. 
 
 Surrender (to). 
 
 t'eu-htang* 
 
 Sustain (to), 
 
 lang. 
 
 Swallow (a), 
 
 yin-Uh 
 
 Swan, 
 
 t'ien-ngd. 
 
 Swear, 
 
 fd-sM. 
 
 Sweep, 
 
 sau. 
 
 Sword, 
 
 tau. 
 
 T. 
 
 Table, 
 
 
 cho. 
 
 Tael, two, 
 
 
 [lang. 
 
 Tailor, 
 
 
 t'sai-fung. 
 
 Take away, 
 
 
 A 7 I.'- 
 
 na-k u. 
 
 Take (to), 
 
 
 na, pa. 
 
 Take a letter, 
 
 
 nd-sin. 
 
 Take care of, 
 
 
 chaii-ying. 
 
 Take care of a 
 
 house, 
 
 k'an fang-t&h 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 149 
 
 Take dinner, 
 
 Take up water, 
 
 Take in the mouth, 
 
 Take advantage of, 
 
 Tanned buffalo hides, 
 
 Tassels, 
 
 Taste (to), 
 
 Tauist temples, 
 
 Tea, 
 
 Teacup, 
 
 Teach, 
 
 Teach (to), 
 
 Teacher, 
 
 Tea warehouseman, 
 
 Teak planks, 
 
 Teapot, 
 
 Tear (to,) 
 
 Telescope, 
 
 Tempt, 
 
 Ten, 
 
 Tenth of a dollar, 
 
 Ten pints, 
 
 Ten strings, 
 
 Tent, 
 
 Thank (to), 
 
 vhi-fdn. 
 
 ta-shuu 
 
 Men. 
 
 ching. 
 
 sheu-niu-p'i. 
 
 wei-sien. 
 
 chdng. 
 
 miau-yu* 
 
 cha-ye. 
 
 cha-wan. 
 
 kiaushu. 
 
 chiau (kiau). 
 
 sien-sdng. 
 
 cha-chan. 
 
 marli shu-pan. 
 
 cha-hu. 
 
 sz-po. 
 
 t'sien-B ching (king)* 
 
 yiic-yeu, yiu-hwo. 
 
 shi. 
 
 kid. 
 
 teu. 
 
 shi-tiau. 
 
 chdng-f&ng. 
 
 sie-sie. 
 
150 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 That, 
 
 
 wa. 
 
 That sortr 
 
 
 nd-ydng. 
 
 They, 
 
 
 t\i-m<)n. 
 
 There, 
 
 
 nd-li. 
 
 There is, 
 
 
 i/iu. 
 
 There, (Peking 
 
 D.) 
 
 ?ui(h\ 
 
 Therefore, or because, 
 
 yin-t'uz. 
 
 These few, 
 
 
 che-sie. 
 
 Thick, 
 
 
 h<u. 
 
 Thick robe, 
 
 
 pau-tsh 
 
 Thimble, 
 
 
 tl-chen. 
 
 Thin, 
 
 
 pau (j)d). 
 
 Tiling, 
 
 
 tUngsi* 
 
 Think (to), 
 
 
 sianrjy sz-siang. 
 
 Thirst (to), 
 
 
 k'd. 
 
 This, 
 
 
 che-ko. 
 
 This year, 
 
 
 kln-nien. 
 
 This sort, 
 
 
 che-ydng. 
 
 Thou, 
 
 
 ni. 
 
 Three, 
 
 
 sdn. 
 
 Three pure ones, 
 
 sdn-t'sing. (Tauist) 
 
 Three precious 
 
 ones, 
 
 sdn-pau. (Buddhist) 
 
 Three stories, 
 
 
 sdnJsqng. 
 
 Throw (to), 
 
 
 seng. 
 
 Thrown silk, 
 
 
 sZ'Ching* 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Thus, 
 
 che-md ydng. 
 
 Tiger, 
 
 lau-hu. 
 
 Tiger's bones, 
 
 hu-hu. 
 
 Tiger- skins, 
 
 hu-p'i. 
 
 Tigers and panthers, 
 
 hit-pan. 
 
 Tight, 
 
 chin* 
 
 Time, age, 
 
 nien-ki. 
 
 Tin, 
 
 St. 
 
 Tinder, 
 
 hd-jung. 
 
 Tin-plates, 
 
 ma-Keu t'ie. 
 
 Tide, 
 
 c'hau-shuh 
 
 Tired, 
 
 sin-k'u. 
 
 To, 
 
 tan. 
 
 Toad, 
 
 ha-md* 
 
 Toast (to), 
 
 Jc'dng. 
 
 Tobacco in leaf, 
 
 yen-ye. 
 
 To-day, (Peking D.) 
 
 chtn-qr, Jan-t'ien, 
 
 Together with, 
 
 lien, iunq. 
 
 To-morrow, 
 
 ming-t ten. 
 
 Too, 
 
 tat. 
 
 Top of house, 
 
 u-ting. 
 
 Tortoiseshell, 
 
 tai-mai. 
 
 Tortoiseshell ware, 
 
 lai-mi c'hi. 
 
 Touch (to), 
 
 mo. 
 
 Towards, to, 
 
 hiang, tui. 
 
 151 
 
152 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Trade, 
 
 Translate (to), 
 
 Travel with lette 
 
 Treat (to), 
 
 Trees, 
 
 Tremble (to), 
 
 Trousers, 
 
 True, 
 
 Truly, 
 
 Try (to), 
 
 Trowel, 
 
 Twilled stall's, 
 
 Two English hour 
 
 Two cups, 
 
 Turkey, 
 
 Turmeric, 
 
 Turnips, 
 
 Turn back (to,) 
 
 Two, 
 
 shdng-i 
 fdnrit fdrcijt 
 rs, tseu-si/t. 
 
 k\'ui-tai 
 ,sliN-mu. 
 fd-teu- 
 Ku-Uz. 
 
 dun. 
 ehi'i 
 sht-sht k'dn, 
 
 ni-tau. 
 
 mi pi. 
 s, (time) thi-heu. 
 hang-pel. 
 ho-chi (hi). 
 chlang-hwdng. 
 Id-pet. 
 htcei-chwen. 
 ai\ liang-ko. 
 
 U. 
 
 Umbrella, 
 
 li'sdn. 
 
 Unbleached, 
 
 pan-se, 
 
 Under, 
 
 it-hid. 
 

 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Under foot, 
 
 
 chid tl-hia. 
 
 Understand, 
 
 
 timg-te. 
 
 Unexpectedly, 
 
 
 kwu-jen. 
 
 Unmanufactured 
 
 copper, 
 
 shqng-tung 
 
 Unmanufactured 
 
 iron, 
 
 shang-t ie. 
 
 Upon, 
 
 
 shdng. 
 
 Upper story, 
 
 
 leu. 
 
 Upright, 
 
 
 twan-fang* 
 
 Upstairs, 
 
 
 leu- shdng. 
 
 Use (to), 
 
 
 yung. 
 
 Use again, 
 
 
 tsai-t'i. 
 
 153 
 
 V. 
 
 Valuable, 
 
 paii. 
 
 Variegated kingfisher, 
 
 fei-t'sui. 
 
 Vegetable tallow, 
 
 chiu-yiu. 
 
 Vegetables and rice, 
 
 t'sai-fdn. 
 
 Vegetable garden, 
 
 zsai-yuen. 
 
 Velvet, 
 
 hivd-tsien jung. 
 
 Vermicelli, 
 
 fln-sz. 
 
 Very, 
 
 tsui* 
 
 Very many, 
 
 haw-to. 
 
 Village (a), 
 
 t'sqn, It. 
 
 Vinegar, 
 
 Vsu. 
 
154 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Violent, 
 
 It tun g. 
 
 Virtuous (to be), 
 
 r icei-i>lien 
 
 Visiting card, 
 
 pitm-clt) 
 
 w. 
 
 Wadded trousers, 
 
 mi* pi lcu*tsh 
 
 Waistband, 
 
 ,-t«L 
 
 Waistcoat, 
 
 jx'l-sln 
 
 Wait, 
 
 t'ing, tang Iteu. 
 
 Waiting-boy, 
 
 siau-s~. 
 
 Wake, 
 
 &ng, cltiau-slng. 
 
 Walk (to), 
 
 tseii, Ueii-lu. 
 
 Walk far, 
 
 t$i u-\juen. 
 
 Walk for pleasure, 
 
 >/<t/-icdn- 
 
 Wall, 
 
 t'siang. 
 
 Wall and moat. 
 
 c king- c hi. 
 
 Want (to), 
 
 yau. 
 
 War junk, 
 
 clten cloven. 
 
 Warm, 
 
 nwan. 
 
 Warn, 
 
 clung- chie. 
 
 Was, 
 
 shi. 
 
 Wash one's face (to), 
 
 si-lien. 
 
 Waste, 
 
 Idng-fei. 
 
 Waste time, 
 
 t'eii-hien. 
 
VOCABULARY. 1< 
 
 Wasteful in expenditure 
 
 , fei-tsun. 
 
 Watches (emailles a 
 
 
 perles), 
 
 chu pten slii-c'hin-pzau. 
 
 Watch the house, 
 
 Van- chid (kid). 
 
 Water 
 
 shui. 
 
 Water (to), 
 
 kzau-Jcwdn. 
 
 Water-melon, 
 
 si-hwd. 
 
 Watch-ducks, 
 
 k'dn-ya* 
 
 Watches, 
 
 shi-chin-plau. 
 
 Watchword, 
 
 keii-hau. 
 
 We, 
 
 wo-mdn. 
 
 Weather, 
 
 t'zen-Jci (ch'i). 
 
 Weave, 
 
 chi-pu. 
 
 Weep, 
 
 leu* 
 
 Weevil, 
 
 wu-ku chung, 
 
 Weigh, 
 
 ching. 
 
 Weight, 
 
 fdn-Uang. 
 
 Well, good, 
 
 hau. 
 
 Well-water, 
 
 tsing-shul. 
 
 West of the capital, 
 
 ching-si (king). 
 
 West of the lake, 
 
 hu-si. 
 
 Westward, 
 
 si-pien. 
 
 Wet, 
 
 she. 
 
 What, 
 
 shen-md ; pron. shimmo 
 
 Wheat, 
 
 slau-me. 
 
 155 
 
156 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 When, 
 
 Where, 
 
 Where ? 
 
 Which road ? 
 
 White, 
 
 White eel, 
 
 White-eyed thrush, 
 
 White elephant, 
 
 White spotted shirtings, 
 
 White pepper, 
 
 White bicho de mar, 
 
 White sharks' fins, 
 
 White shirtings, 
 
 White brocades, 
 
 White sugar, 
 
 Whip, 
 
 Whole, 
 
 Whole life, 
 
 Whole elephants' teeth, 
 
 Wide, 
 
 Wife and children, 
 
 Wild animals, 
 
 Wild elephant, 
 
 Wild raw silk, 
 
 Wild goose, 
 
 D-shi. 
 
 na-l'u 
 
 nhli ? 
 
 na-yl t'iau-tau (or /?/.) 
 
 pi. 
 
 paz-shdn. 
 
 /urd-mei. 
 
 pesiang* 
 
 pi-tiln pu. 
 
 pi hu-tsiati. 
 
 j)c luu-sficn. 
 
 pe yu-chi. 
 
 pesai pu. 
 
 pe-t'i pu. 
 
 pet'dng- 
 
 ma-pien tsz. 
 
 t'suen. 
 
 chung-slun 
 
 citing siang-ya. 
 
 Ic'icdn. 
 
 Jda-kiuen. 
 
 yh-slteu. 
 
 yb-siang. 
 
 yet'sdn sz. 
 
 td-yen. 
 

 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Willing, 
 
 
 Hang. 
 
 Wind, 
 
 
 fung. 
 
 Window, 
 
 
 c hwdng-mqn. 
 
 Wind and water 
 
 
 fungshul. 
 
 Wine, 
 
 
 tsiu. 
 
 Window glass, 
 
 
 po-H p'ien. 
 
 Winter, 
 
 
 tung-t'ien. 
 
 Winter (coarse) 
 
 greens, po-t'sai. 
 
 With, 
 
 
 ho, hwan, tung, yung 
 
 Withered, 
 
 
 kdn-k'u. 
 
 Within, 
 
 
 11. 
 
 Wolf, 
 
 
 Idng. 
 
 Women, 
 
 
 fu-nii. 
 
 Won, 
 
 
 ying-liau- 
 
 Wonderful, 
 
 
 hz-k'i. 
 
 Wood (a piece c 
 
 f). 
 
 mu-qr, mu-t'eu. 
 
 Wood for fuel, 
 
 
 chai-sin. 
 
 Woollen yarn, 
 
 
 jungsien. 
 
 Woollen cloth, 
 
 
 td-ni. 
 
 Worship (to), 
 
 
 pai. 
 
 Words, 
 
 
 hwd, hwd-yu. 
 
 Worth (to be), 
 
 
 chz, 
 
 Wound, 
 
 
 she-shdng. 
 
 Woven silk, 
 
 
 cheu. 
 
 W r rap, 
 
 
 pau-cho. 
 
 157 
 
158 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Wring dry, 
 Write (to), 
 Written order, 
 Writer, 
 
 meu-ldn. 
 
 sit- 
 
 p'ai-piau. 
 
 tat-pi. 
 
 Yam, the Chinese, 
 
 shdn-yo. 
 
 Years, 
 
 nien-Lh 
 
 Years of age, 
 
 buL 
 
 Yellow beeswax, 
 
 hwdng-ld. 
 
 Yellow bean sprouts, 
 
 htodng-teu yn 
 
 Yellow eel, 
 
 fwodng-ihan* 
 
 Yellow lead, 
 
 shi-hw&ng. 
 
 Yesterday, 
 
 tso-t'len. 
 
 You, 
 
 ni-mqn. 
 
 You may, 
 
 tid-l 
 
 You must, 
 
 tsung-yaii. 
 
 You must first, 
 
 sien-yau. 
 
 Young gentleman, 
 
 kung-tsz. 
 
 Your, 
 
 ling. 
 
 Your name, 
 
 kwei-sing. 
 
 Your home, 
 
 kwei-ti. 
 
 Your high name, 
 
 kau-shig. 
 
VOCABULARY. 159 
 
 Your age, kwei-kqing. 
 
 Your mother, ling-t'ang. 
 
 Your son, ling-lang. 
 
 Your wife, pau-fciuen. 
 
 Your daughter, Mng-ngal 
 
 Your business, kweikdn. 
 
 Your trade, kwei-ye. 
 
 FINIS, 
 
t v