I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. I' ( ^A„/,. HS.4-25 f DNITKD STATUS OF AMERICA.* -Oa fiftO/l' '■ i/< J n <>f ,1,^/fnJ //t,-)it f/t,i/ t/i> /•// C/it n'-a./lf- exile/ ,/<> i/,' ii O / A/io/r ( /< r c r T OJ£ E 1ST S r" JVb xxl. *#. DISCOURSES, DELIVERED ON PUBLIC OCCASIONS, ILLUSTRATING THE PRINCIPLES, DISPLAYING THE TENDENCY, AND VINDICATING THE DESIGN WWm m&fiKBSHOT BY THADDEUS MASON HARRIS, Past Grand Chaplain to the Grand Lodge, and Chaplain to the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Massachusetts. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY GEO; HOWORTH, & M'CARTYfc DAVIS. AlOJO LT7CIS, 5819. M^Carty &? Davis, printers. EXPLANATION OF THE FRONTISPIECE. The oval in the centre is an engraving from an antient painting in the Herculaneum. The figures at the sides and hottom are explained in the dissertation, in the latter part of this volume, which was written to vindicate, to some of the au- thor's learned friends, the explication he ventured to give of that passage in the book of Revelations, which is the subject of the Fifth Discourse. PREFACE. Several of these discourses have been delivered before the GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHU- SETTS, in discharge of my office Of GRAND CHAPLAIN. Some of them have been already publish- ed, in a pamphlet form, at the request, and for the accommoda- tion of the particular lodges at whose consecration they were de- livered : but, as their circulation was limited, manv of the bre- IV INTRODUCTION. thren who were desirous of pe- rusing them, had not an opportu- nity. To satisfy the repeated ap- plication of such, and to extend to the public in general, some correct ideas of the sacred charac- ter and genuine principles of Free Masonry, I have been induced to consent to the republication of those discourses, in which I en- deavoured to obviate the misre- presentations, confute the asper- sions, and allay the prejudices which have been so industriously circulated to destroy the credit of the institution. Some discourses are now added, which I declined publishing at the time of their delivery; and INTRODUCTION. others are prepared for this vol- ume to give it a suitable variety and a respectable size. The critic will doubtless find these compositions unequal and defective. For this some apolo- gy must be made. They were written upon emergencies, upon very short notice, and when there was no leisure to spare from the pressing avocations, the laborious duties, and the anxious cares, in which their author was involved. " Hgec scripsi, non otii abundantia, sed amoris." However they may be receiv- ed by the Public, this I would have remembered, that 1 have VI INTRODUCTION. ; endeavoured in them to give a faithful delineation of the spirit and principles of Free Masonry ; " I speak that I do know, and testify that I have seen ;" andthese pages contain the open and undisguised sentiments of my heart. CONTENTS DISCOURSE I. On the design and genius of Free Ma- sonry. PROV. xvii. 17. A friend loveth at all times ; and a bro- ther is born for adversity, - - 15 DISCOURSE II.- On the religious character and benevolent aims of Free Masonry. LUKE II. 14. Glory to GOD in the highest, and on earth peace and good will towards men, - - - - - 35 Vlll CONTENTS. DISCOURSE III. On the peaceful genius of Free Masonry. ROM. XIV. 9. Let us therefore follow after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another, - 51 DISCOURSE IV. On the charitable purposes of Free Ma- sonry. levit. xxv. 35. If thy brother be waxen poor and fallen into decay with thee, thou shalt re- lieve him ; yea, though he be a stran- ger or sojourner, that he may live with thee, ----- 65 DISCOURSE V. Free Masonry glorified. REVEL. II. 17. To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna ; And I will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name, written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiv- eth it, ..- 79 CONTENTS. IX DISCOURSE VI. Masonic emblems explained. MATTH. X. 16. Behold I send you forth as sheep among wolves : be ye, therefore, wise as ser- pents and harmless as doves, - 93 DISCOURSE VII. On illustrating our profession by example. matth. v. 16. Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father who is in hea- ven, - - - 111 DISCOURSE VIII. On preserving the credit of the Institution. rom. xiv. 16. Let not, then, your good be evil ■ spo- ken of, - - " - - - 127 DISCOURSE IX. Answer to some popular objections to Free Masonry. exod. xvi. 15. And when the children of Israel saw it, B X CONTENTS. they said one to another, it is manna, for they wist not what it was. And Moses said unto them, this is the bread which the Lord hath given you to eat, .- - " - 145 DISCOURSE X. Examination of the modern prejudices against Free Masonry. ROM. x. 3. We be slanderously reported, and some affirm that we say let us do evil that =. good may come, - - 175 DISCOURSE XL On the best way of defending Free Ma- sonry. 1 pet. ii. 15, 16. With well doing ye may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men. As free, and not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness, but as the ser- vants of God, - - - 197 DISCOURSE XII. Valedictory. 2 cor. xiii. 11. Finally, Brethren, Farewell. Be per- CONTENTS. .XI feet. Be of good comfort. Live in peace ; and the God of love and peace shall be with you, - 213 A Masonic Eulogy, - - - 231 A Charge, - ■ - - - 245 Address to a Brother at his reception, 253 Address to a Brother on his being crafted, - - - - 257 Address to a Brother at his raising, - 261 A charge. at the opening of a Lodge, 263 A charge at the closing of a Lodge, - 265 Funeral Address, - , - 267 On the dedication of Columbia Hall, 271 Fraternal tribute to the memory of Washington, - - - 277 Extemporaneous dirge, - - 286 Masonic dirge, - ,--, - s - 287 Xll CONTENTS. Hymn, - 288 Translation of the notes, 289 Dissertation on the Tessera Hospitalis of the antient Romans, - - 291 Introduction, - 293 CHAPTER I. Of the Tessera Hospitalis. SECTION I. Method of contracting Friendship - 295 SECTION II. The use and sacred nature of this contract 297 SECTION III. Connection indissoluble, but by a pub- lic disavowal - 299 SECTION IV. Disgrace of violation - - - 300 SECTION V. The privileges of this Friendship might be claimed by the descendants of the contractors - - - 302 CONTENTS. Xlll SECTION VI. A practice of this kind in use among the early christians - - 304 SECTION VII. Application - - 306 Objections removed - - - 308 CHAPTER II. Of the Arrha Hospitale - 310 CHAPTER III. Of the Bacillus - - - 312 Constitutions 315 A Charge on the opening of a Lodge, 245 Charge proper to be delivered by the Junior Warden, at meridian, - 347 Address to Free Masons in general 349 \~ - The ancient Prayer at making, or open- ing, - - - - - 351 Prayer used at opening a Lodge, - 353 General Prayer in a Lodge, - - ibid Occasional Praver, - - - - 354 XIV CONTENTS. Prayer used at closing the Lodge, 355 Prayer said at the opening of a Lodge, or making a new Brother, &x. used by Jewish Free Masons, - - ibid Prayer used amongst the primitive Chris- tian Masons, - - - - 356 At the initiation of a candidate, - 357 BIS COURSE I. OF THE DESIGN AND GENIUS OF FREE MASONRY. u Hsec est vera et indirupta Fraternitas, quae animorum perfectione ac virtute concrescit ; cujus semel initum fcedus, nee desideriorum varietas, nee contentiosa dirumpet contrarietas voluntatum : quae fratrem veneratur devotum, corripit dissolutum* praesentum obsequitur, absentem non rodit, sanum applaudit, infirmum non deserit, divitem gaudet, pauperum adjuvat." Rabanus, super Matth. cap. ult. DISCOURSE I. Delivered at Bridgivater, November 3, 1797, at the Consecration of Fellowship Lodge. PROVERBS XVII. 17. '-'A FRIEND LOVETH AT ALL TIMES, AND A BROTHER IS BORN FOR ADVERSITY." W HO does not know and feel that man is ordained to converse with his bre- thren ; to impart to them what he is and has ; to interchange his reflections and sentiments with theirs ? Who has not tasted the pleas- ures of social life, or been charmed with the more intimate union of friends hip ? Therefore, who does not find in himself sufficient im* pulse to the use of the one, and the enjoyment of the other ? But whether this tendency to society pro- cure us all the good it might ; whether there C 18 On the design and genius be not some forms in which a wise and benevolent man may derive from his compa- nionable propensities and affectionate dispois- tions greater utility and more noble pleasures than in their common application ; is a sub- ject worthy of investigation. Man is fond of social life. But if the fondness be without limitation it is extrav- agant ; if it be not regulated it is unreasona- ble. When the affections are diffused indis- criminately they become languid : When confined to an individual object they are straitened and contracted. Like the rays of light, if widely diverged, they are scattered and lost; if concentrated in a very small focus, they are intense : their real use is in a due medium, where they are collected so as to warm, to vivify, and to cheer; not to burn, effervesce, and consume. " A friend," says Solomon, "loveth at all times.'''' But how rare is such a friend ! When found, tried, and proved, how valua- ble ! Well might an antient wise man advise " not to change a friend for any good, by no means ; neither a faithful brother for the gold of ophir."* " A brother is born for adversity .*" but how seldom does he inherit a * Ecclesiasticus vii. 18. of Free Masonry. 19 disposition for its duties !* So that the wise man elsewhere advises " Go not into thy brother's house in the day of thy calamity,"! adding, that there is greater reason to ex- pect assistance from strangers than benefit from relatives. Friendship wants not panegyrists. Phi- losophers, historians, orators, and poets have made it their favourite theme, and dwelt upon its praises with enrapturing eloquence. There have been found some in all ages to decorate its shrine with the choicest flowers of fancy, and the most exquisite ornaments of art And yet in all ages and at all times lamenta- tions have been made of the selfishness, the in- sincerity, or the perfidy of professed friends. * " Frater ne deserere fratrem, fratrum quoque rara gratia est. . By comparing the antient versions, there is reason to sup- pose that the same person is intended in both clauses of the sentence, and that the real construction of the verse is, The FRIEND WHO LOVETH AT ALL TIMES, IS BORN, (that IS, be- comes, or proves) a brother in adversity. This read- ing is supported by Eben Ezra, Munster, Vatablus and Patrick. In like manner, it has been observed, that " though a Brother is not always a Friend, yet a Friend is always a Brother." The writer, in choosing* the text, had reference also to the Chaldee paraphrase, which is followed by the Targum and the Talmud Babylonicum, and adopted by the' learned Schultens. " In omni tempore amat Socius verus ; et tile frater est ad angustiam natus." | Prov. xxvii. 10. 20 On the design and genius Few who have tried it have found it capable of affording those high satisfactions which are attributed to it. Most have suffered from the eventual worthlessness of the bosom partner ; or from his mean and interested views, had the fund of sensibility and confidence with which they commenced the attachment fairly exhausted. Their bleeding affections and in- jured peace have given them too much cause to repent the trust they reposed with such fond and implicit affiance. How many, too, under the specious semblance of friendship, " full of fair seeming," have been betrayed by their fond credulity", or precipitated by their unsuspecting heedlessness, into extrava- gant attachments and pernicious intimacies ! And ah ! how many have been deceived and undone by unprincipled companions, whom they had cherished as virtuous friends ! The fact is, Friendship, as it is known and cultivated in the world, seldom arises from a cool, discriminating choice, founded on worth, and sanctioned by virtue. Men revolt from such formal contracts, where the affections must wait for the slow approbation of the judgment ; and the heart restrain its impulses or delay its regards, till reason has been con- sulted, and had opportunity to decide upon the propriety of their indulgence. Hence, the connection of which we are speaking most. of Free Masonry. 21 commonly originates from casual acquaint- ance, the consequence of a similarity of sen- timents, situations, or pursuits ; rendered more and more agreeable and intimate, as it is found conducive to mutual convenience, pleasure, or advantage. Sometimes it is little else than the reciprocal negociations of inter- est, or mercenary exchange of services, which the selfish employ to promote their advan- tage. The intercourse ceases with the mo- tive that gave it birth : as partnerships in trade are dissolved when the special object of the firm has been effected, or has failed. There are friends enough to be faithful, and brethren enough to love in the season of prosperity: to participate our abundance, to feast on our plenty, and to rejoice in our de- lights. But it is the most deplorable fate of adversity, that, when we are in the greatest need of friends, it often puts them farthest from us.* "Some men, says the wise son of Sirach, are friends for their own occasion, and will not abide in the day of trouble : and there is a friend, who being turned to enmity and reproach, will discover thy re- * Ut — comes radios per solis euntibus umbra, Cum latet hie pressus nubibus, ilia fugit ; Mobile sic sequitur Fortunx lumina vulgiis, Qux simul inducta noctt teguntur, abit. Ovid, Trist. L 22 On the design and genius proach. Again, some friend is a companion at the table, and will not continue in the day of affliction. In thy prosperity he will be as thyself, and will be bold over thy servants ; but if thou be brought low, he will be against thee and hide himself from thy face. A friend cannot be known in prosperity ; and an enemy cannot be hidden in adversity : in the pros- perity of a taan enemies will be grieved ; but in his adversity, even a friend will depart."* In short, friendship is so commonly found- ed on self-interest, and in its utmost purity is so much like self-love ; it is subject to so many interruptions ; so uncertain and short-lived ; and withal is so partial and limited and exer- cise of the social affections and benevolent dispositions of our nature ; that we must abate much from the high praises with which it comes recommended to us, and expect to find it defective as a pure virtue. Hence, perhaps, the total silence of the gospel upon this subject. For it has been remarked that " it is neither enjoined nor recommended in any one sentence in the whole new testa- ment. " Christianity, to be sure, makes it not a duty ; does not expressly inculcate it : prescribing, indeed, to its followers benevo- * Ecclus. vii. 5 — 12. and xii. 8, 9. " In malis amicus de- merit amicum."" Plaut. of Free Masonry. . 23 lence towards all, and universal kindness and brotherly love, but not discriminate friendship, which, strictly speaking, cannot be a perma- nent obligation for all It is not to be en- joined, like justice and general kindness. Its rise and progress must frequently depend on circumstances and events that we are not al- ways able to influence or command. That could not properly be made the object of a divine requisition, which is purely a matter of free choice, and so delicate in its nature as to render the meeting of those who are qua- lified for it altogether uncertain. So that even very intelligent and worthy men, of a sweet and amicable disposition, may and often must forego the attachments of this pe- culiar and appropriated alliance in their strict- est intimacy and warmest cordiality ; not from any fault of theirs, but from not finding easi- ly in others that perfect similarity of disposi- tion and coincidence of sentiment and regard on which friendship is founded. And, in- deed, " to lavish on one object that kindness and affection which ought to be diffused among the whole human race, might well be deemed a monoply incompatible with that free and general commerce of good offices which the gospel certainly meant to extend to every quarter of the globe. "* • * Bp. Porteus, in a sermon on John xiii. 23, has attempt ed to prove, and he does it in a most pleasing and ingenious 24 On the design and genius On the other hand, though it be our in- cumbent duty to love all and to do good to all, even this is to be but as we have op- punity; and it is still to be understood that some have a more special claim upon our esteem, and a more immediate need of our assistance. Widely as we extend the circle of our benevolent regards, universal and dis- interested as our good will may be, yet it is certain we can neither know the need, nor administer to the comfort, of every individual. Ignorance of the former, and inability to the latter, restrain even jur attempts. The very circumstances of the case require a more special appropriation : while our reason, our instincts, and natural propensities, lead us to make choice of some on whom to gratify our kind inclinations and benevolent acts, where they may be indulged and applied with dearer interest and happier effect. And this may be done in entire consistency with that uni- versal law of love which the gospel en- joins. It remains, then, that we enquire for some medium, where our affections may be exercis- ed without being partial and without being manner, that, although friendship is not expressly enjoined in the gospel, yet it is implicated in many of itsprecept,s and recommended in the example of the Saviour. of Free Masonry. 25 indiscriminate. And how shall we attain this desirable mean between the diffusedness of general regard and the contractedness of individual attachment, but in a selection of those among our acquaintance who possess congenial hearts, mutual good dispositions and propensities, and reciprocal esteem and love ? Who are inspired with like ardour in the pursuit of wisdom, like zeal in the cause of virtue ? Of whom to form an association which shall partake of the liberal spirit of Philanthropy and the intimate union of Friend- ship ; combining the benevolence of the one with the tenderness of the other. And what society answers so exactly to this description, and unites so many of these purposes and ad- vantages, as that of free masons ? Founded on a liberal and extensive plan, its benigni- ties extend to every individual of the human race, and its adherents are collected from every nation under heaven. It invites to its lodges the sons of virtue, of love, and of peace ; that it might connect them by vows of eternal amity in a most sacred, intimate, and endeared alliance, and unite and invigo- rate their best endeavours for mutual and gen- eral advantage. Blending their resources in a common stock, and forming a community of interests, it makes the prosperity of each individual the object of the whole^ the pros- D 26 On the design and genius perity of the whole the object of each indi- vidual. How nearly does this approach the state of the primitive Christians, who were " of one heart and one soul, neither said any of them that aught of the things which he possessed was his own, but they had all things common!" Were such the unanimity, love, equality, generosity, and disinterestedness, of professing Christians now. Free Masonry would be less necessary among them. Moreover, in the association we are de- scribing is also realized that constancy of affec- tion which friendship boastingly promises, but frequently fails to retain ; and that ten- der sympathy which fraternal love ought ever to express. There is to be found " the friend that loveth at all times, and the bro- ther that is born for adversity." And such are the mutual relations and connections which compose the sodality,* that " if one member suffer all the members suffer with it, and if one member rejoice all the members rejoice with it." The order, though composed of persons from various countries, separated by all the natural barriers which prevent men from running into coherent masses, yet seems to * " Fraternum vere dulce sodalitium !" Catul. of Free Masonry. 27 be one body actuated by one soul. Thou- sands and thousands have one heart, one hand ; the heart of benevolence, the hand of charity. Sweet are its uses in adversity! Then, when the offices of general Philanthropy would not reach us ; or our share in its be- nignities be inadequate to our need : when Friendship grows cold, and its most zealous professor forsakes us ; Masonry triumphs in the exercise of its lovely charities. The no- blest sphere of its operation is in redressing the calamities of neglected, injured, merit ; investigating the wants and supplying the need of indigence, relieving pain, pitying and softening infirmity; admiring and fostering virtue. Yes, the true Mason (and all who are not so should not be numbered among us,) the true Mason looks as much to the welfare of his colleague as to his own ; feels more satisfaction when he can give him as- sistance, when he can benefit him or suffer for him, than when he receives help or fa- vours from him ; and is most forward to re- lieve him when his occasion is most urgent and his ability to requite the favour appears the least. He is emphatically the " brother born for adversity." If his means of assist- ance are small, and his powers of relief lim- 28 On the design and genius ited, he will at least discover those soft and gentle attentions, and that tender and heart felt compassion, which sooth the distress he cannot remove, and bathe with tears the wound he cannot heal. He remains true and faithful to his brother when he can pro- cure him no more profit and afford him no more help, and has no tribute to make him but sighs of simpathy and tears of pity. He forsakes not his bed of languishment. He stays to support his drooping head, to catch his expiring breath, and close his eyes with the last offices of fraternal affection. Nor does his love cease to act in his brother's be- half because his spirit is departed, and his person is no more an object of necessity. It is stronger than death. It is the inheritance of his family. It sympathizes in the sorrows of his bereaved relations, inquires out their necessities, and strives to be all that to them which he was in kindness and in care. Such are the offices of Free Masonry in adversity. Such its affection and its sympa- thy. What sweet cordials may thus be in- fused even into the bitterest sorrows of life ! What cheering light spread over the dark- nesses that surround it ! With what vigour and courage will it inspire the weary and heavy laden heart ! With what a lenient hand will it bind up its wounds ; with what ani- \S of Free Masonry. 29 mating encouragements awaken its hopes ! To this kind end, what attention, what assi- duity, what complacency, what indulgence, what sacrifice, is too inconsiderable or too great ! And what repays and rejoices more than when we see the suffering brother suffer less, suffer more composedly, or suffer no more ; when we can see him restored, strengthened, cheered, and satisfied ; again in possession of the comforts of life. This, I am bold to say, is the genuine spirit of our institution. These are its appropriate services, its peculiar duties. In this philan- thropic affection, and in these benevolent and gentle cares, does it endeavour, by the in- culcation of forceful precept and the exhibi- tion of affecting example, to instruct and exercise its attentive and faithful disciples : exciting the generous disposition of love adding to brotherly kindness, charity ; con- firming the habits of disinterested beneficence ; and prompting " the capricious wish that pants for universal good." Not that I would by any means be un- derstood to intimate that those who are not of the sodality may not be as conspicuous in all these amiable regards as those that are : but only that our institution adds to the law 30 Of the design and genius of our natures, and the requisitions of our most excellent religion, another and prevail- ing inducement of their observance. So that to say, " an uncharitable or unkind Free Mason" implies a gross contradiction : and if such an one there be, he has done violence to his profession, and is an odious excres- cence on our society. Here indulge me the freedom of one re- mark. Inasmuch as Masonry is professed in those nations which have not yet been con- verted to the Christian faith, and as it enkindles benevolence and excites virtue so accordant with the genius of the Gospel, it may eventually have no inconsiderable ten- dency towards introducing and propagating among them that most glorious system of revealed truth ; at least by humanizing the disposition, softening the manners, and re- moving the prejudices, may prepare the way for that most desirable event.* I hazard this observation, with more confidence from knowing that the sublime grades, to which all the initiated which so much eagerness aspire, do in fact imply the knowledge, and * So St. John the Baptist, the first Christian Mason, was commissioned to prepare the way of the Lord ; to smooth the way and remove the obstructions to the introduction of his trutn. of Free Masonry. 31 cannot be attained but through the acknow- ledgment of Christianity.* Finally ; with consistent views of our So- ciety even the prejudiced will forego their dislike. They must adknowledge that the blunders of its ignorant or the vices of its degenerate members do not indicate defect nor prove baseness in the institution itself. As we do not know the heart, we may be deceived, and unhappily adopt the unworthy. As we cannot alter the nature nor controul the pas- sions of men, there may be some among us whom our persuasions have been ineffectual to meliorate or our injunctions to reform ; who " remember not the brotherly covenant,"! or disregard its bonds. We lament these un- fortunate circumstances. We pity our weak, and reprobate our corrupt brethren. We are sorry too, that the world is so disposed to treat us contemptuously on their account. Still we comfort ourselves with the hope that the candid will see where the error lies, and not withhold honour from those to whom it is due : while we are assured that every friend of enlightened reason and rectified humanity will approve and patronize our social plan. * Particularly the " Companions of the Holy Sepulchre" and the "Knights of St. John of Jerusalem." f Amos i. 9. 32 On the design and genius Herein we this day indulge a livelier joy, and felicitate the members of the newly erected lodge on the happy occasion. Right Worshipful 'Master, Worshipful Ward- ens, Respected Officers, and Beloved Brethren of Fellowship Lodge, Your joy is the joy of us all. Pure be the pleasures of your union, increasing the prosperity of your lodge ! Ever 'may you ex- hibit for each other, and for every member of the Masonic family, that constancy of af- fection which signalizes the friend who loveth at all times, and that tenderness of sympathy which designates the brother who is born for adversity. In all that is affectionate and all that is noble may you excel ! And let your conspicuous virtues diffuse beauty and lustre over your own characters and that of the So- ciety to which you belong ! The appearance of two Grand Lodges on this occasion is a happy exemplification of Masonic union and harmony, and an addi- tional source of pleasure to us all.* Let me * The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, under the M. W. Paul Revere, Esq. Grand Master, was joined by the M. W. Jabez Bowen, Esq. Chancellor of the College* and late Governor of the State of Rhode-Island, at the head, with several members, of the Grand Lodge of that State. of Free Masonry. 33 be honoured as the organ of fraternal con- gratulation on the pleasing circumstance. The very large collection of respectable brethren gives a dignified aspect to the day. I salute them all with fraternal affection.* May the honour our institution derives from their patronage, and our festival from their presence, be repaid in all those acts and ex- pressions of respect with which we delight to venerate the worthy, the wise, the emi- nent, and the good ! May we all love fervently as Christians and as Brethren, walk as children of the light, keep the unity of the spirit in the bonds of peace, and by active, graceful and exemplary virtue be trained up for, and here- after admitted to, the Society of the Perfect in the Temple not made with hands eternal in the heavens ! * " Quosego dilexi fraterno more sodales." E DISCOURSE II. ON THE RELIGIOUS CHARACTER AND BENEVOLENT AIMS OF FREE MASONRY. " Jam orator aderat — veniamque rogavit, Paciferjeque manu ramum pretendit OlivvE.V VIRGIL, JEn DISCOURSE II. Delivered at Oxford, September 13, 1798, at the Consecration of the Olive Branch Lodge. LUKE II. 14. GLORY TO GOD IN THE HIGHEST, AND ON EARTH PEACE AND GOOD WILL TOWARDS MEN." JlHE Angelic hosts, bringing " good- tidings of great joy which shall be to all peo- ple," descended to earth from their spheres of celestial glory to announce the arrival of the long expected Messiah ; " the desire of all nations." They came as the retinue of the Heavenly Prince, to honour his mission, and congratulate mankind on his advent. Trans- ported with the happy prospects which were now opening to the view of the world, they pronounced " peace on earth and good will towards men," to be the design and legiti- mate fruits of this new dispensation. The words of our text form the choral song with which they celebrated an event so glorious 38 Religious Character, &c. to God, so auspicious to man ; express the matter, as well as ground and reason of their acclamations of joy ; and supply a fit topic of discourse before an institution which breathes the same sentiment, and co-operates with the same plans of benevolence and peace. In commenting upon them, we shall consider how they are indicative of the de- sign and effect of the Christian Religion ; and then apply them to the purposes of the pre- sent assembling, by shewing how expressive they are of the pacific and benevolent dispo- sition of Free Masonry. Let us, first, examine the peaceful genius and tendency of the christian religion. The many prophecies, in the Old Testa- ment, which relate to the Messiah, and inti- mate the design and foretel the effect of his mission, uniformly speak of him as coming to restore peace on earth, and to promote the best temporal and spiritual interests of man- kind. They give him the title of " the Prince of Peace."* They declare, that "of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end."f They describe the genius and auspicious influence of that do- minion which he will exercise, (after the * Isaiah ix. 6. f Isaiah ix. f. of Free Masonry, 39 oriental manner) by a beautiful assemblage of exquisite and expressive imagery ; com- paring its effects in reconciling the most hos- tile, and reforming and taming the most sav- age dispositions, to a softening of brutal na- tures ; to " the wolf and the leopard, no longer fierce, lying down with the lamb and the kid ; the calf and the young lion led in the same peaceful band, and that by a little child ; the heifer and the she bear feeding together, and lodging their young, of whom they used be so jealous, in the same place ; and all the serpent kind becoming so harm- less that the sucking child may safely put his hand on the basilisk's den, and play on the hole of the aspic.' '* Finally, it was pro- mised that the Messiah should come to pub- lish peace, f and to establish with mankind " the covenant of peace. "$ Concurring with these predictions, his religion is styled, in the New Testament, " the gospel of peace. "§ He indeed came and " spake peace to the people," He consoled * Isai- xi. 6 — 9. " The Greek and Latin Poets have painted their Golden Age in very beautiful colours, but the exquisite imagery of Isaiah stands unequalled aud inimi- table." Smith's Summary View of the Profihets, page 39 s f Isai. lii. 7. Nahum i. 15. X Isai. liv. 10. Ezek. xxxiv. 10. § Rom. x. 15. 40 Religious Character, &c» his disciples by assuring them that in him they should have peace.* And he left them a legacy in the same strain, f So remarkable a frequency and agreement, in the use and application of this word and sentiment, naturally excites our curiosity to know in what sense he brought peace on earth, and produced good will among men. J This is the subject of our present inquiry. 1. The words of our text may be consi- dered as a proclamation of spiritual peace. Christ, who came to restore the human race, alienated from God by wicked works, made our peace with the justly offended Deity and thus procured us that peace of mind which the world could not give, nor we otherwise obtain. " He is our peace, saith the Apostle, that he might reconcile us to God."§ " He came and preached peace to you (the gentiles) that were afar off, and to them (the Jews) which were nigh."|| "Being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our * John xvi. 33. f John xiv. 27. :£ Bishop Port^us. § Ephes. ii. 16' || Ephes. ii. 17. of Free Masonry, 41 Lord Jesus Christ."* These expressions, and the many others of the like import in the christian scriptures, shew us that the primary- sense in which this peace is procured, is that of a spiritual nature. But, 2. Our text may be considered as an- nouncing peace on earth in a temporal SENSE. The life, the character, the instructions of Jesus, all exhibited and recommended be- nevolence and peace. And his religion is eminently calculated to promote " peace on earth and good will towards men," not only by restraining or destroying every passion which is unfriendly to human happiness, but by exciting every virtue, and cherishing every disposition conducive to the mutual interests, and conciliatory of the mutual re- gards of mankind. One great object of Christianity is to open the heart, improve the social affections, and render man benevolently disposed towards all his fellow beings ; to promote the most friendly intercourse and kind offices ; to establish human society in peace and good * Rom. v. 1. F 42 Religions Character ', &c. order ; and to contribute to the security , comfort, and true enjoyment of this life, as well as to lead men to eternal happiness and glory beyond the grave. The system itself is universal benevolence and philanthropy. Its pacific nature and amicable tendency will clearly appear, if we examine its general structure, or consider the spirit of its lawfe. It recommends an affectionate temper and demeanour, represses ill will and injuries of every kind and degree, and forbids every act by which the peace or enjoyment of our neighbour may be interrupted. " Follow peace with all men ;"* " if it be possible, as much as lieth in you live peaceably with all men; f "have peace one with another; J study the things which make for peace ;"§ are familiar and frequent injunctions, are les- sons which perpetually recur in the writings of the New Testament. By enjoining it upon us to do unto others as we would they should do unto us, it regu- lates the practice of all the known social du- ties ; prescribes the proportion and ascertains the measure of justice, mercy, or benevo- lence which we ought to mete out to others upon all occasions, and makes even the prin- * Keb. xii. 14. f Rom. xii. 18. % Mark ix. 5 . $ Rom. xiv. 19. of Free Masonry. 43 ciple of self-love the most effectual means of pointing out and prompting us to acts of honesty, humanity, and justice. By bidding us love our enemies, bless those who curse us, do good to those who despitefully use us, and pray for those who persecute us, it re- strains the resentful passions, prevents retali- ation and revenge, and leads to reconciliation and peace. So that in this religion there is nothing hostile to the peace of society, or the happi- ness of mankind : But, on the contrary, all its influence is on the side of human felicity. And it is certain, that, the more Christianity is known and followed, the more will men be- come improved, and the fewer will be their contentions, corruptions and crimes : The more mild will be their governments, the more equitable their laws, and the more secure and lasting their national prosperity. In every country over which Christianity has spread its peaceful and conciliating influ- ence, it has meliorated the whole constitu- tion of society ; rectified its general codes and institutions ; mixed with the civil arrange- ments and social habits of life ; and displayed its effects in common transactions and private intercourse, in every scene of public engage- 44 Religious Character, Ssfc. mentor domestic enjoyment. " It has soft- ened the tyranny of kings and the rigour of the laws ; and restrained the pride of ambi- tion, the horrors of war, and the insolence of conquest."* Thus has it been the cause of genuine and efficient benefit to mankind. And we may confidently assert, that, were the gos- pel universally received, rightly understood, and conscientiously practised, under its mild dominion, there would be no wars nor fight- ings ; no tyranny, civil or religious ; no in- justice, envy nor malice ; no public or pri- vate wrongs : But peace and love, freedom and benevolence, would bless the whole world. What a change would take place in the condition of mankind, were Christianity to obtain such an extensive influence, such a glorious triumph ! How prosperous and hap- py would all nations be in " the abundance of peace !" Such is the peaceful genius and tendency of the christian dispensation ! I will now close my discourse by observ- ing that the language of our text is also the expression of free masonry. This institution inspires its members with * PORTEUS. of Free Masonry. 45 the most exalted ideas of God, and leads to the exercise of the most pure and sublime piety. A reverence for the supreme Being, the grand architect of nature, is the ele- mental life, the primordial source of all its principles, the very spring and fountain of all its virtues. It interests us, also, in the duties and en- gagements of humanity ; produces an affec- tionate concern for the welfare of all around us ; and, raising us superior to every selfish view, or party prejudice, fills the heart with an unlimited good will to man. All its plans are pacific. It co-operates with our blessed religion in regulating the tempers, restraining the passions, sweetening the dispositions, and harmonizing the dis- cordant interests of men ; breathes a spirit of universal love and benevolence ; adds one thread more to the silken cord of evangelical charity which binds man to man ; and seeks to intwine the cardinal virtues and the chris- tian graces in the web of the affections and the drapery of the conduct. In its bosom flows cheerily the milk of human kindness ; and its heart expands with love and good will. It wears " the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit." In one hand it holds out the olive 46 Religious Character, &fc. branch of peace ; and in the other the liberal donation of charity. While Masonry thus aids the cause of virtue by giving additional weight to moral obligations ; it promotes public happiness, by enjoining a ready submission to the whole- some laws and regulation of civil society. In all countries, and in all ages " the true and accepted" have been found to conduct as peaceable citizens, and acknowledged to be the firm and decided supporters of good or- der, government, and religion. How much, then, are we supprised to find opposers to an association whose whole law is peace, ^and whose whole disposition is love ; which is known to discourage by an express prohibi- tion the introduction and discussion of politi- cal or religious topics in its assemblies ; and which forbids in the most positive and solemn manner all plots, conspiracies, and rebellions. But, notwithstanding the ignorant mistake, and the prejudiced censure of the society, we are persuaded that its real character is too well known, and its credit too well support- ed, to be injured by their misrepresentations, or destroyed by their invectives. When they charge us with demoralizing principles, we will tell them that some of the most ortho- of Free Masonry, 47 dox and respectable Clergymen are of our or- der ; and when they impute to us disorgan- izing attempts, we will remind them that Washington is our patron and friend. " Little should we deserve the name of the sons of peace, if we violated our allegiance as subjects ; much less should we merit the protection of the legislature, if we gave the slightest encouragement to machinations against the national tranquility, or the poi- sonous breath of seditious calumny."* To depart from evil and do good ; uniformly to follow after the things that make for peace, and things whereby we may edify one ano- ther ; and to promote, as far as we can, the general welfare of the community to which we belong, and of mankind at large ; is at once our characteristic profession, our duty, our interest, and our praise. And while we thus feel and act, and are thus known to the world, we may be perfectly easy about those unfriendly suggestions which have been propagated against the society ; which, however, none will believe who read our constitutions, and none will fear who see our conduct. * Dr. W ATKINS' charge at the expulsion of a mason in England, who had " persisted in declaiming on state af- fairs, in a manner which was calculated to excite disaffec- tion to Government." Svo. Lond. 1796. 48 Religious Character, &c. Remembering, my beloved brethren, that " piety towards GOD the glorious master^ builder of the universe, and love to man- kind, are the two grand immoveable pillars which support the fabric of Masonry,"* may your hearts ever glow with the warmest emotions of piety and the noblest sentiments of benevolence. I salute the officers and brethren of the lodge this day publicly organized, with frater- nal affection. " Peace be unto you, and peace to your helpers."f Pleasant be your hours of private intercourse ; blest be their ten- dency and happy their effects. Under the peaceful shade of your flou- rishing olive branch may you find refresh- ment. Fair be its promising flowers, and plentiful its rich fruits ! And may the salu- tary oil it distils, heal all the wounds which care, trouble, or calumny may make in your hearts ; and, like the precious ointment on the head of Aaron, make your face to shine with gladness, and diffuse far around you the grateful and reviving perfume of honour, praise, and glory ! * Antient Masonic Constitutions, Chap. 1. §. 2. | 1 Chron. xii. 18. of Free Masonry. 49 Peace be within the walls, and prosperity to the interests of every lodge ! Peace to the brethren : And " may the God of peace him-, self give us peace always by all means !" amen ! G DISCOURSE III. ON THE PEACEFUL GENIUS FREE MASONRY. " Blest are the sons of peace, Whose hearts and hopes are one, Whose kind designs to love and please Through all their actions run." WATTS. DISCOURSE 111 Delivered at Wrentham, October JO, 1798, at the Consecration of •Montgomery Lodge of Franklin. ROMANS XIV. 19. "let us therefore, follow after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another." J. HE Apostle, perceiving that some dissensions had arisen between the Jewish and gentile converts with regard to the perpetu- ity of the Hebrew ritual and the observance of its ceremonies, in this chapter assumes the of- fice of peace-maker. He attempts to allay the uncharitable spirit they discovered, and warm- ly recommends to the brethren the exercise of mutual forbearance, candour, charity, and love. And to restrain their censoriousness i and shew them the impropriety of judging and condemning each other, he reminds them that they must all stand before the judg- 54 On the peaceful genius ment seat of Christ, to whom alone men are accountable for their religious principles and conduct. The passage chosen for our text is one of his friendly cautions. It calls them away from emulations and strife, and solicits their utmost endeavours in the promotion of mu- tual peace and edification. The recommendation is proper, not only for those to whom it was immediately ad- dressed, but for christians in all ages. Indeed, so long as men will think and act different- ly, and dislike and displease each other for doing so ; so long as jarring interests and discordant passions divide and disturb them : so long will it be necessary to recal their at- tention to the duties of love, the advantages of union, and charms of peace. And such is the humble object of the present discourse. In pursuing it, I shall attempt to explain the duty here recommended, in general terms; and then shew how it belongs to us in our INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL, CHRISTIAN, and MASONIC characters. i. To pursue the things which make for peace and mutual advantage, is, in general terms, to endeavour so to demean ourselves, of Free Masonry, 55 in the various stations and offices of life, as to promote a friendly understanding and cor- respondence among those with whom we converse ; and to prevent, as much as possi- ble, all mistakes and jealousies, all conten- tions and strife. Such are the imperfections of our nature, such the diversities or prejudices of our edu- cation, and in such different lights do we see the same thing, that it is not probable we ever should concur exactly in the same opinions. Yet that we should make allowances for these things, and exercise charity and candour for each other, is but reasonable and just: es- pecially since the things in which we all agree are vastly greater and of higher importance than those in which we differ. Therefore, to censure or condemn others, because they think differently from us in small or indiffer- ent matters, is as unreasonable as to be dis- satisfied with them because they have not our features or complexion. But, to be more particular, ii. In order to promote the amicable and pacific disposition and conduct our text re- commends, we ought, as individuals, to make it our habitual endeavour to cultivate 56 On the peaceful genius and cherish all those mild and friendly dispo- sitions which bring serenity into our own bo- soms and diffuse it to all around us ; and to suppress and restrict all those inclinations and passions which inflame our sense of injuries, or excite a spirit of resentment, unkindness, or animosity. Every lust, passion, and in- ordinate affection, tends to create discord and sow dissension. From pride cometh con- tention ; from ambition, wars and fightings : and discontent, envy, anger, and malice, are those roots of bitterness which spring up and are fruitful in all the disorders of private, social, and public life. Whoever is not at peace with his own self, will never be at peace with his fellow creatures. If the heart be full of rancour, the con- duct will be full of malignity. But he who is kindly affectioned, who hath the rule over his own spirit, will be under no temptation to disturb the peace of his neighbour. His carriage will be always inoffensive, his manners gentle, and his con- duct obliging. And thus will he conciliate universal estimation and love, aid the cause of general harmony and peace, and edify all of Free Masonry, 57 around him by his good disposition, example, and conduct. in. In our social character and relations we ought, also, to pursue the plans of peace and mutual edification. Men are born for society, and designed as helps and comforts to each other. Strifes and debates, resentment and wrath, are dis- cordant with this original destination and intent. They unsocialize man. They are destructive of all union and harmony. The very nature and situation, the inter- ests and happiness of mankind, shew the im- portance and necessity of pursuing the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another. The duty itself implies mutual love and charity. He who observes it will be kind and condescending. His heart will glow with benevolence. His arms will be extend- ed to the large embrace of philanthropy, or the liberal bestowment of generosity. In his intercourse with his fellow men he will shew the most obliging attention to their concerns, and the most active readiness to promote their welfare. He will not needlessly give H 58 Oft the peaceful genius nor take offence. He will use great compli- ance in all matters of indifference, and rather suffer inconvenience than excite uneasiness. He is not easily provoked, but suffereth long and is kind. He expects to meet with little affronts, and to have to deal sometimes with disobliging tempers. But he is not apt quick- ly and upon every slight occasion to conceive a displeasure, or to take fire at every provo- cation or neglect. He will pacify the resent- ful by a soft answer, or disarm them by an obliging courtesy. In short, he is desirous and ready upon all occasions to make up dif- ferences, to rectify misunderstandings, to soften prejudices and to restore harmony and good will between any persons and in any cases which fall within the compas of his knowledge. Such is the character of him who endeav- ours as much as lieth in him to live peace- ably with all men, and to promote their peace and welfare. As members of civil society it becomes us, likewise*, to lead quiet and peaceable lives ; to promote the public tranquillity and pros- perity ; to pay a due regard to the laws of our country, to shew a high respect to our rulers, and a generous confidence in their of Free Masonry. 59 wise administration, to avoid a factious and party spirit ;* and, by proving ourselves at all times the friends of order and of peace, to build up and sustain our national security, liberty, and independence. iv. Christians, more especially, should fol- low after the things which make for peace and tend to mutual edification. They owe this to the common cause of the gospel.— They are by their profession all " members of one body," called " in one hope," servants of " one Lord," disciples of the same heav- enly teacher, instructed in " one faith," in- troduced in " one baptism," and consecrated to the "one God and farther of all;" par- takers of the same promises, and fellow heirs to the same glorious inheritance. What bonds of union are these ! What considera- tions can prevail to divide those thus con- nected together by the most sacred ties! Shall they not always love with " one heart and one soul," and " keep the unity of faith in the bonds of peace !" Convinced of the propriety of such a temper and conduct of love and charity, let us, my fellow christians, * " Donare inimicitias Reipublicse" — to sacrifice all pri- vate animosities and discoi'ds to the fiublic good, was the ad- vice of the antient Romans for the security of their civil state. 60 On the peaceful genius make it the fixed purpose of our hearts to avoid all strifes and contentions ; to sacrifice all little party distinctions for mutual edifica- tion, for advancing the common interest; to cultivate and cherish the kind affections ; and to do all in our power to promote and preserve concord and unanimity, harmony and peace, that we may " excel to the edify- ing of the church," and in the " love of the brethren.*" And be it remembered, that, while we follow after the things which make for peace, we adorn the holy religion we profess, as well as evidence to the world that we belong to that Jesus who is " the Prince of peace," and who has said that all men may know his disciples by the love they bear to one another. So that love is the badge and mark of the true christian : peace is his disposition, and edification his desire. i Acknowledged and accepted in this char- acter as the " children of God," may we all hereafter share " the fruits of righteousness - * Pope Alexander, in a letter recommending Peace be- tween the kings of France and England, in 1162, has the following excellent remark :" Inter csetera bona, jquse hominem amabilem proximis, et placidum Deo reddunt, illud specialiter acceptum fore credimus, quod caritatem corriibus inserit, et animarum vinculum operater." Rymer, Faedera, torn 1, p. 21 . of Free Masonry, 61 which are sown in peace for them that make peace," in a world where goodness flourishes in bliss eternal ! v. Lastly. As masons let us never neg- lect to pursue the things which make for peace and mutual edification. The very genius and design of our institution assign us this duty : its credit and prosperity demand it of us. Recollect for one moment, my brethren, the peculiar spirit, the appropriate object of our association. Is it not to form us to the habits and the most liberal exercise of charity and candour, forbearance and placa- bility, humanity and peace ? Are we not in- structed to wear " the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit," and to retain " the law of kindness in our mouth ?" Are we not in- structed not only to " dwell together in uni- ty," but to "follow peace with all men :" not only to " bear one another's burdens," but to "fulfil the whole law of love :" not only to make the kindest allowance for a brother's infirmities, but to condescend to the peculiarities of other men, excuse their imperfections, and apologize for their fail- ings ? Yes ! We are taught to suppress pri- vate prejudices and party spirit ; to forget animosities and to listen to the voice of re- conciliation ; to soften into gentleness and 62 On the peaceful genius complaisance, sympathy and love ; and to prepare for all the duties of universal benevo- lence. And must not the cultivation of such dispositions and habits have the most happy influence on general society ? Must not men thus instructed be the friends of so- cial tranquillity and public happiness? Cer- tainly ! And free masons have always prov- ed so. For ages they have maintained this character and merited this praise. And we may be assured that all suspicions or declara- tions to the contrary, are unfounded, unde- served, and unjust. Be it your care, my beloved brethren, to shew that they are so, by a conduct that will reflect honour upon the order. Shun whatever would fix a stig- ma on its character, or raise a doubt of its worth. "Walk in wisdom towards them that are without." Do not needlessly excite their jealousies, nor willingly provoke their displeasure* Convince the world, by an amiable deportment, a wise demeanour, and good example, that while Masonry discour- ages all imprudence and forbids all vice, it assists the progress and the perfection of hu- man virtue and happiness. The officers and brethren of the lodge this day consecrated will be pleased to accept my affectionate salutations. of Free Masonry. 63 I congratulate you on the auspicious oc- casion ! May all joy and happiness ever at- tend you ! May the beauteous edifice* you are erecting, be the sanctuary of piety, the asylum of virtue, the delightful abode of love ! There may wisdom exalt her throne : there " reign silence and peace !" And may you improve the instructive lectures of the craft to the best purposes, and with the hap- piest effect ; till having passed the trials of this probationary state, you shall be raised to the temple not made with hands, eternal in the heavens, where all is harmony, and love, and bliss, uninterrupted and eternal ! * " Finally, brethren, farewell. Be per- fect, be of good comfort, be of one mind, live in peace ; and the God of love and peace be with you I" Amen. * The members of Montgomery Lodge have erected and are finishing a large and handsome building for their As- semblies, in the town of Franklin. DISCOURSE IV. ON THE CHARITABLE PURPOSES OF FREE MASONRY. DISCOURSE IV. On the Festival of St. John the Evangelist; for the purpose of Charity. aIEMOTE from those contests and revolutions which make Europe one vast aceldama, we, my brethren, have opportunity, in these happy retreats of liberty and peace, to unite in those mild plans whose unosten- tatious object is charity, and whose humble effect is individual and social benefit. And we now assemble to celebrate the festival of " the disciple whom JESUS loved" — holy saint john, the patron of our order; with the more express purpose of calling into ex- ercise the virtues which JESUS loved; bene- volence and charity ; the distinguishing characteristics of the masonic institution. Were there nothing congenial in the sen- timents of the liberal, were there nothing 68 On the charitable purposes assimilating in the tempers of the benevo- lent, that mind mus,t surely be warped from every generous impulse of humanity, which is not gladdened at the fair occasion the present offers of congratulating the pro- gress of a society formed with the express design of lessening the aggregate of human misery and increasing the sum of human happiness. This is your solemn, yet joyous festival, my brethren. Not the feast in which appe- tite is pampered or sensuality indulged ; but where the moral taste is gratified, and the bowels of mercy refreshed : the feast to which the poor and the afflicted are invited, that their wants may.be supplied and their hearts comforted. So well am I assured of your readiness to every good work of hospitality and benefi- cence, that I have little else to do than to assist your kind offices and second your en- deavours. In my present address, I pretend not to instruct you in a duty already familiar and in happy operation ; but shall only take the liberty of " stirring up your pure minds by way of remembrance," and of pointing out those channels in which your bounty will flow with the most certain advantage of Free Masonry, 69 and permanent effect. As a text to my dis- course, (if it be not too late to introduce one,) I would use those words inserted in the 35th verse of the xxvth chapter of LE- VITICUS. — " If thy brother be waxen poor and fallen into decay with thee, thou shalt relieve him j yea, though he be a stranger or sojourner, that he may live with This is the admirable injunction of the Jewish legislator. He had been stating the law for the institution of the jubilee , or year of liberty. This was to take place every fiftieth year. It was a season of national rest, festivity and joy. Care ceased and labour was suspended. The ground remain- ed untilled, and whatever it spontaneously produced belonged to the poor and needy. Slaves were manumitted, captives released, and prisoners set free. All debts were can- celled, all controversies adjusted, all law-suits terminated. Mortgaged and alienated estates reverted back to their original owners ; for these were so entailed that the right heir could never be wholy excluded from his pa- trimony. This law was intended to preserve a perfect distinction of tribes and families ; 70 On the charitable purposes to fix the Jews in Canaan, and attach them to the country ; to cut off the means and sup- press the greediness of heaping up wealth ; to prevent the rich from oppressing the poor; and to preserve, as much as possible, the equality of their fortunes and condition.* But to guard against the uneasiness such a liquidation of debt and reversion of property might occasion ; or rather, to prevent any from the necessity of incumbering or alien- ating their estates to get a livelihood ; it was made a solemn requisition that the more fortunate and opulent should exercise the utmost charity and compassion to their brethren under decay ; contribute to their relief by every means in their power ; and lend them money if they desired it, to be repaid as they could make it most conve- nient, and without demanding any thing for its use. They were bidden to extend their assistance even to strangers and sojourners, as well as neighbours and fellow citizens : for * For this end their genealogical records, were, of ne- cessity, to be carefully kept, that they might be able to prove their right to the inheritance of their ancestors. By this mean, in after times, the family of the Messiah was readily and fully ascertained, to be, as the prophets had foretold, " of the tribe of Judah and lineage of David." Cuneus, de Refiub. Hebr. lib. 1. c. 3. of Free Masonry. 71 the exercise of benevolence should not be confined to kindred nor limited to place ; every human being who needs, has a claim to its regards.* Some of the before-mentioned regulations, to be sure, were peculiarly accommodated to the Jewish commonwealth, and are not appli : cable to any other condition of civil society : but the disinterested and generous principles on which they are founded belong to the PERPETUAL CODE OF HUMANITY. Although an equalization of property and a community of goods was attempted among the first christian converts,! yet it is evident that it was not intended that the circumstances of mankind in after ages should thus be adjusted. Special reasons made it expedient then, which would never operate again. In fact, a perfect equality of station and * " Charity is a complete and consistent thing. It is not a segment but a circle. Its affections stream from God, as their centre ; all mankind compose their circumference: they go forth, not only in one, but in all directions towards the production of others' good." Fawcett. f Acts ii, 44, 45 ; andiv. 32. 72 • On the charitable purposes possession, however pleasing in theory, is not reducible to practice. Mankind are too cor- rupt and selfish for such a condition to con- tinue long, were it once introduced. The strong would soon take advantage of the weak, and filch by power a larger share from the common stock. Cupidity would accu- mulate, and avarice prevent diffusion. And, while the industrious increased their pro- perty, the indolent would become poor. But even were this equalization possible, it would not be desirable : for it would be incompatible with improvement and unfa- vourable to virtue. There would be no stimulus to mental application, and no use for intellectual improvement. Industry and indolence would have the same success. — Merit would fail of promotion ; and perform- ance, of reward. The chain of mutual dependence, which renders us according to the expressions of St. Peter, " subject one to another," would be broken. There would be no room for a reciprocity of kindnesses, no opportunity for the bestowment of cha- rity, and nothing to call into exercise those benevolent affections and tender sympathies which are the "ornament of our species and the prolific causes of individual and social happiness. of Free Masonry. 73 Instead, therefore, of making any vain attempt to bring the conditions of mankind to a common standard ; or indulging any idle wishes that they were more upon a level ; it is much more expedient, commendable, and proper, that the rich and the poor, by a mutual interchange of good offices, should contribute to each other's accommodation and comfort ; that the abundance of the one should be freely and generously bestowed to supply the wants of the other ; and that thus, as Saint Paul enjoins, " there may be in some sort an equality."* Have we been fortunate in the labours of industry, or successful in the enterprizes of business ; have our stores been increased by the successive seasons of productive years ; have our riches been rolled in with the pro- pitious tide, or wafted home by the favouring gale ? This is under the auspices of heaven. " Not our hand, nor our might hath gotten us this wealth." It is bestowed by a blessing we did not deserve, and secured from contin- gencies we could not controul ; that in its use we might be happy, and make others so too. It is conferred on us by the supreme Propri- etor, not to support our indolence or pamper * 2 Cor. viii. 14. K 74 On the charitable purposes our luxury, not to be hoarded by our ava- rice, or squandered by our profligacy ; but that we might be made " stewards of the manifold grace of God," and almoners of his bounty to the poor. But, as it cannot be expected, that, while the claims are so repeated and the claimants so numerous, even the best disposed and most liberal individual can satisfy all their wants; it has been found advisable to form an association, which uniting the means of the provident and the bountiful, might col- lect their contributions and their " alms into a store house" of supplies for numbers. And this, my hearers, is one main design of the society whose anniversary festival makes this day the jubilee of humanity. Though the manner and the measure of our charity be a profound secret, yet it is generally known that our institution estab- lishes a fund for charity, and provides re- sources for the unfortunate ; and that it su- peradds to the common law of our nature and the express injunctions of religion ano- ther reason for the exercise of benevolence, and another motive to the bestowment of ge- nerosity. And you, my brethren, have often felt with what engaging and persuasive em- of Free Masonry. 75 phasis the importance of brotherly love, relief, and truth, are inculcated in our lec- tures. The first renders us affectionate, the second generous, the third just. To brother- ly kindness is added charity ; and both are crowned with fidelity, and secured with jus- tice. Our excellent book of constitutions has asserted,* what I am sure your own hearts witness, that, " to afford succour to the dis- tressed, to divide our bread with the industri- ous poor, and to put the misguided traveller into the way, are duties of the craft, suitable to its dignity and expressive of its usefulness. But, though a Mason is never to shut his ear unkindly against the complaints of any of the human race, yet when a brother is op- pressed or suffers, he is in a more peculiar manner called upon to open his whole soul in love and compassion to him, and to re- lieve him, without prejudice, according to his capacity." The present occasion, which reminds you of the benevolent purposes of our association, prompts you to inquire if any brother be wax- en poor through misfortune, or fallen into decay * Chapter i. Section 3. 76 On the charitable purposes through sickness, that you may repair his losses or relieve his distress ? If any stranger or sojourner from a foreign land need the wel- come of your hospitality or the assistance of your bounty, that he may live with you ? If the desolate widow of some deceased member be in necessitous circumstances, or his helpless orphans require protection or maintenance ? These are the tender inquiries of the day. Here are the channels opened for the cur- rent of your affection, and the bestowment of your charity. Here your compassion may operate without restraint, and your benefactions be applied in the worthiest man- ner. You may have the pleasing reflection that you supply the necessities of those who are allied to you by the most endearing ties, and discharge one of the characteristic duties of the masonic institution. Wherefore, my brethren, do your carry corn, wine, and oil in your processions, but to remind you, that, in the pilgrimage of hu- man life you are to impart a portion of your bread to feed the hungry, to send a cup of your wine to cheer the sorrowful, and to pour the healing oil of your consolation into the wounds which sickness hath made in the bodies or affliction rent in the hearts of your fellow travellers ? of Free Masonry. 77 Hasten,, then, to perform these affectionate services ; and " thus fulfil the whole law of love !" " The blessing of those who are ready to perish will come upon you," accompanied with the approbation and followed by the reward of the divine philanthropist. " Then, in that awful day, when the secrets of all hearts shall be disclosed, the gazing multitude who have curiously inquired our secret shall be astonished to know that the greatest deep of Masonic secrecy was the un- published act of doing good '!"* The memo- rials of your beneficence will prove your pass- port to the blissful seats of eternity ! You will be received to that .glorious society where there will be no necessitous objects to excite compassion ; but where your bounty to such on earth will meet a liberal recompence, and the divine principle of charity forever re- main a sacred band to unite us to one ano- ther and to the God of love who is the spring of immortal joy ! * Rev-JETHRO Inwood's Sermons, p. 247. DISCOURSE V. FREE MASONRY GLORIFIED. DISCOURSE V. Before a Chapter of Royal- Arch. Masons. He that hath an ear to hear, let him hear, what the great high Priest of our pro- fession hath promised, REVELATIONS II. 17. TO HIM THAT OVERCOMETH WILL I GIVE TO EAT OF THE HIDDEN MANNA, AND I WILL GIVE HIM A WHITE STONE, AND IN THE STONE A NEW NAME, WRITTEN, WHICH NO MAN KNOWETH SAVING HE THAT RECEI- VETH IT. JL HIS sublime promise has a peculiar significance to those who have been admitted within the vail of the masonic temple. With that caution which becomes me in addressing a mixed audience, I will take the liberty of explaining the passage, for the pur- pose of pointing out those motives which 1-4 82 Free Masonry glorified. it suggests to a patient perseverance in the ways of well doing. Though this chapter of the Apocalypse, and the one preceding, be particularly ad* dressed to the churches of Asia, yet the threatenings and the promises they contain are introduced with a solemnity which be- speaks them intended for the caution and encouragement of christians in general in all succeeding ages, so long as the vices they re- prove and the virtues they commend shall be found in the world. " Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him. But God hath re- vealed them unto us by his spirit : for the spirit searcheth all things, yea the deep things of God."* These inconceivable glo- ries are described to us in a way conform- able to our narrow intellects. Were spirit- ual and heavenly joys represented as they really are, and denned by their own proper names and qualities, we should be utterly unable to comprehend them, and therefore very incompetent judges of their value. In * lCor. ii. 9.10. *r Free Masonry glorified. 83 condescension, therefore, to our limited fac- ulties, such metaphors are used in the holy scriptures in revealing to us " the hidden mysteries" of the future life, as are within the comprehension of the human mind, and, in some sort, accommodated to the feelings and wishes of the human heart. Among these is the promise of our text, which I shall now proceed to explain. Without quoting the various conjectures of commentators and critics into its mean- ing, all of which I shall take the liberty to reject as contradictory or inapplicable ; I shall at once state what I conceive to be the import of the passage. i. The first part of the promise has un- doubtedly a reference to that miraculous provision made for the children of Israel in the wilderness by the immediate hand of God. The " hidden manna" alludes to that sample of this bread which was laid up before the Lord in the ark of the covenant ;* and by it is intended " that meat which en- dure th unto everlasting life, that spiritul food with which the soul shall be amply supplied * Compare ExocL xvi. 33. Heb. ix. 4, 84 Free Masonry glorified, in the heavenly state, where all its refined desires shall be fully gratified. "Lord evermore give us this bread!" When the labourers shall be called from work to refreshment, and the Grand Master shall close the earthly lodge to open upon the first step of eternity, may we be admitted to the privilege and raised to the honour of eating and drinking with him at his table ;* and be abundantly satisfied with the goodness of his house, even of his holy temple !f ii. The other clause of the verse we are considering relates to a particular custom among the antients with which they com- menced and perpetuated a refined friendship. For this purpose the contracting parties took a small piece of bone, ivory or stone, and dividing it into equal and similar parts, one of the persons wrote his name upon one of these, and his friend upon the other ; and they made a mutual exchange. This little ticket, or " keep-sake,'' was retained as a sacred pledge and remembrancer of an attachment the most sacred and inviolable, entire and permanent, that could be formed. Including the wordy sign, and token of an en- * Luke xxii. 30. f Psal - lxv - 4, Free Masonry glorified. 85 deared fraternity, it was the mean of ascer- taining the object of the heart's affections after many years absence, and of securing for him a welcome to the privileges and a share in the endearments of hospitality and love. — Of course the token was carefully preserved. Though in itself considered, of smallest worth ; yet as the memorial of a highly es- teemed friend, as it renewed those kind emo- tions of which he was the object, and called up a history on which the heart delighted to dwell, its value became inestimable. And lest some one else should take the advantage of it, the possessor kept it with great privacy, and cautiously concealed from every one the name or mark engraved upon it. Supposing our text to relate to this cus- tom ; what a delightful train of ideas does it suggest ! In a spiritual sense, the promise is to this effect, that the man of triumphant virtue shall be rewarded by the favour and friendship of his divine Redeemer. This truly pleasing as- surance is also given or implied in several other passages of the New Testament, " not in the language of mere affirmation only, but in a great variety of figurative, animated ex- pressions, so as to convey to the imagination 86 Free Masonry glorified. as well as to the reason and judgment, the liveliest and deepest impressions of its truth and import."* Here we perceive the af- fections of the heart directed to the scene of their noblest exercise; and the virtues of the christian character ripening for a sphere of exalted bliss. And here we are assured that in another and better world the true fol- lower of Jesus shall be admitted to a friend- ship, the pledges and the privileges, the sa- tisfactions and the glories of which, can be felt, understood, and realized only by the hon- oured and highly favoured receiver. To use the words of Doctor Young, on a similar subject ; " Is not this almost too much for human modesty to mention, for human frailty to credit ; and oh ! is it not far too much for human gratitude to leave unproclaimed, unadored ! O blessed revela- tion that opens such wonders!" What en- couragement and hope are here ! Who would exchange the frame of mind which even the bare anticipation of such happiness produces, if nature could support it, for any other ? Who is there that would not wish to be of the number thus distinguished ? Who but would be glad to have his fidelity thus ac- * Consult John xv. 1, 2. xxii. 30. Rom. viii. 29. 2 Cor. iii. 18. xii. 17. Rev. iii. 20. xix- 9. Free Masonry glorified. 87 knowledged, his virtue thus rewarded, his eternal interest thus secured? What joy will transport thy heart, christian, at this pleas- ing transaction ! How will the sons of God congratulate thee upon this most honourable testimony to thy integrity and fidelity ! How will thy fellow saints rejoice with thee in mutually sharing the commendation and friendship of the best of beings ! In this view, how great, how excellent, is the christian profession ; how high and dig- nifying the work of life ! What can be a no- bler object of pursuit than the friendship of Jesus ! What more worthy method of pur- suing it than by steadfastness and persever- ance in the ways of well doing ! The mutual operations of sincere and vir- tuous affection, even in this world, though often weak and intermitting, are accompan- ied with so much satisfaction, that next to the consciousness of doing well, assurance of the divine approbation, and the hope of heaven, it is the greatest enjoyment we have. But, sweet and endearing as it may prove, it partakes so much of human imper- fection, is so liable to interruption, and may so soon be suspended by death, that we can- not rest in any earthly connection, as com- 88 Free Masonry glorified, pletely satisfying, undisturbed, or secure. But the heavenly union has none of this allay, none of this uncertainty ; it is perfect, indissoluble. " The joy hereafter to be reveal- ed" is substantial and sincere ; large as the capacities of our immortal souls, and lasting as the duration of eternity ! If there be such a state of future happiness as we have been describing, such a sublime connection with all that is perfect and great in. the universe, there is nothing worth a single thought compared with making provi- sion for it. Highly necessary is it to begin to be that which we hope to be forever, and to enter upon that way of living in which we hope to live to all eternity. " Every man who hath this hope purifieth himself as Christ the Lord is pure." Assured that he acknowledges those only as his friends who do whatsoever he com- mandeth ;.* should we not be ready to yield a constant obedience to all his requirements, " and follow all his will ?" Knowing that " the secret of the Lord is with them that " serve him;"f should we not now cultivate the favour, and secure an interest in the love * John xv. 14. f Psal. xxv. 14- Free Masonry glorified. 89 of that Being, whose future friendship is the ambition of our souls, " the prize of our high calling ?" How ought we to maintain, in the whole of our deportment, that, purity and dignity which become an expectation so noble ! How desirous should we be of a nearer assimilation with our exalted friend, remembering that " he who is joined with the Lord is of one spirit. "J May God teach us more of that hidden wisdom which they only know who are truly initiated into real Christianity ! " that our hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love,, and unto all riches of the full assurance # of understanding, to the ac- knowledgment of the mystery of God the fa- ther, and of Christ, in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge."* To you, my beloved and venerable com- panions, who are acquainted with the mean- ing and uses of the distinguishing symbol of the master mark mason, the explanation of this passage and the antient custom to which it alludes, will be very instructive and encou- raging. * Coloss. ii. 2, 3. M 90 Free Masonry glorified. " Mark Masters all appear Before the chief O'erseer; View there the stone, On which appears the name That raises high the fame Of all to whom the same Is truly knoxvnP"* The stone which bears " the mystic word" is legible only by those who have been taught the interpretation : by others it is rejected as insignificant, or considered as " a stone of stumbling and a rock of offence." Though, therefore, you say to the inquisi- tive, as the angel to Manoah, " Why askest thou after my name, seeing it is secret?" to you it is known as the symbol of your ex- pected reward. You learn the honour of having " your names written in heaven."* You indulge the cheering hope, that, though distance divide or death interrupt the union of virtuous minds, it will be renewed in a more improved form when you shall meet again in the most holy place, and be com- panions forever. Often let us think of that glorious society amongst whom we are enrolled as members ; * Luke x. 20. Free Masonry glorified. 91 rejoice in the privileges and honours which result from such a relation to it ; and aspire to the dignity and felicity promised to those who shall feast upon " the heavenly manna," and be " called by the new name which the mouth of the Lord shall name !•".* Then shall we not only " have fellowship with one another," but " our fellowship will be with the Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ. "f Let the hopes of meeting with this great reward, animate us in all our toils and labours through the wearisome pilgrimage of this life, and encourage us in the practice of those duties and to the acquirement of those vir- tues that many render us meet to be partakers of it. Let us rise from the love of man to the love of God : and let us so cultivate hu- man friendship as at length to become wor- thy of the divine ! *,Isai,lxii.£ fl Joh.i. 37. DISCOURSE VI. MASONIC EMBLEMS EXPLAINED. DISCOURSE VI. Delivered before the Officers and Members of King Solomon's Lodge in Charle&toxon, June 24, 1796, being the Festival of St, John the Baptist. MATTHEW X. 16. BEHOLD I SEND YOU FORTH AS SHEEP AMONG WOLVES I BE YE THEREFORE WISE AS SERPENTS AND HARM- LESS AS DOVES. - , IN these words our Saviour addressed his apostles, whom he sent forth into the world to teach and to recommend his reli- gion by their instruction and example. At the same time he very frankly warned them of the dangers to which they would be ex- posed, and counselled them how to conduct so as to shun, or to bear, the opposition they must expect. Making a strong and expres- sive allusion to the known qualities of some of the inferior animals, he bid them take a hint of the expediency of patience from the 96 Masonic emblems explained. sheep, a lesson of wisdom from the serpent, a recommendation of harmlessness from the dove. Such allusions to sensible objects was one of the earliest, the easiest, and most en- gaging methods of instructing mankind in moral and divine truths. Assembling images from nature, it speaks to the understanding by the senses. These pleasing illustrations lead us, by an easy process, to form the most important, and often times the most sublime ideas, from things most familiar and intelligible. Hence the loftiness of style and sentiment, the rich imagery, the animated description, the enchanting grace, which per- vade and embellish all the productions of the East. And hence the admirable tissue of al- legory and metaphor with which they deco- rated wisdom and virtue. This method of imparting the most sage and salutary lessons was, by our Lord, repeatedly used with the happiest efficacy. Our text is a pleasing in- stance. The purport of the advice it con- tains is, that his disciples should act with prudence, caution, and mildness ; and exhi- bit such traits of inofFensiveness, wisdom, and innocence, as to give no occasion for any thing to be alledged against them or their doctrine, nor any handle for their being ill used. These admonitions, my hearers, are still important and salutary. No individual Masonic emblems explained. 97 person, nor any bocfy of men, can be beyond the necessity of their service. And there is scarcely a day but calls for their exercise and displays their utility. Let me assure myself, then, that this large and respectable assembly will not be displeased if I dwell, a little, upon the important qualities enjoined and recom- mended in our text : while my beloved bre- thren of the free mason society acknowledge my obedience to their commission, in my public defence and illustration of their pri- mary and favourite principles. Since he who is " the mighty Counsellor" hath thought fit to set forth this instruction, to which I would lead you, under the ex- pressive emblems of the sheep, the serpent and the dove, it may be very proper for us to observe what there is in these animals that affords matter for our imitation with reference to our conducting of ourselves in the world. i. From the sheep we may learn patience and silence. These are, on many occasions, very becoming, discreet, and laudable, but pre-eminently requisite in situations exposed to disingenuous opposition or taunting re- proach. In such circumstances the blessed Saviour gave these qualities the expressive N. 98 Masonic emblems explained. recommendation of his own example. " He was led as a lamb to the slaughter ; and as a sheep before her shearers is, dumb, so he opened not his mouth." ii. Our Lord, designing to join wisdom and innocence together, proposes the ser- pent for the one, and the dove for the other : to let his disciples know that he allows them so much wisdom as is consistent with inno- cence, and persuades them to no more sim- plicity than is consistent with wisdom. A reference is made to the commendable qualities of both; that what was wanting in one might be supplied from the other ; and that from their conjunction might result a per- fect wisdom free from all guile, and a well guarded innocence without the least mixture of indiscretion. This would produce a char- acter at once superior to the iniquitous con- trivance of fraud and the yielding timorous- ness of mental imbecility ; too generous to impose upon others, and too cautious to be imposed upon. Whatever skill or prudence we may pos- sess separate from inoffensiveness, our skill is dangerous, and our prudence ineffectual : the former may terminate in destructive mis- chief, and the latter degenerate into con- Masonic emblems explained, 99 tracted selfishness. Wisdom without inno- cence turns into craft and cunning, and sim- plicity without wisdom is mere folly. * So hazardous, also, is our situation amidst the corruptions of the world, that even blame- lessness yields not security :f it will only expose us unless it be guarded by discretion. The christian fathers often insist upon both , of these, and join them together. " Let no man impose upon you, saith Ignatius, J and see that you do not impose upon any one." Jerom thus recommends ; § "have the sim- plicity of the dove, that thou mayest not con- trive to cheat any one ; and the wariness of the serpent that thou mayest not be sup- planted by the snares that others lay for thee." Gregory Nazianzen said of his father that " he neither suffered the wisdom of the serpent to degenerate into cunning, nor .the * " Scientia, quse a justitia et honestate. sejuncta est, caliditas potius quam sapientia est appellanda." Cicero de off. 1. 1. " Prudentia, absque simplicitate, malitia est : et simpli- citas absque ratione, stultitia nominatur." Hieron. su- per Oseam. f " Parum tuta per seipsa probitas est." Sallust. X Ignatius, epist. ad Ephes. § u Habeto simplicitatem columbse, ne cuiquam machi- neris dolos et serpentis astutiam, ne aliorum supplanteris insidiis." Hieron. epist. adPaulin, 100 Masonic emblems explained. innocence of the dove into indiscretion ; but made up one complete kind of virtue from the union of both together."* This union he afterwards describes under the name of " goodness combined with understanding :" by Hilary it is called " wise simplicity."! It is tuis union of wisdom and innocence which perfects -:he character of man. It gives him all that commands respect and conciliates esteem ; all that is venerable, and all that is lovely. The injunction, then, may bear re- peating, that we blend the wisdom of the serpent without its malignity, with the inno- cence of the dove without its silliness. In short, to designate our wisdom as coming from above, it must be " first pure, then peace- able, gentle, easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality and without hypocrisy." These hints for the better understanding of the text being premised, let us proceed to consider these things separately ; that is to say, let us instance wherein we may lawfully imitate the wisdom of the serpent, or advan- tageously display the harmlessness of the dove. * Gregor.Nazianz. Orat. 19. f " Sapiens simplicitas." Masonic emblems explained 101 From remotest antiquity to the present day the serpent has been remarkable for a peculiar penetration and artfulness.* This rendered him, unhappily, a fit instrument, un- der the management of the malignant deceiv- er, to effectuate the fall of man. This natu- ral sagacity was not evil in itself, however the abuse of it, by the devil's means, was unspeakably evil and destructive, f From this disastrous period enmity irre- concilable has subsisted between the serpent and man. It is natural for us to dread even * See some remarkable stories of the sagacity of serpents, in pliny, Nat. Hist. L vii. c. 23. 27. f The character which is given of this animal by the sacred historian, Genesis 3d ohapter, may denote rather his gentle, free, and insinuating nature, than any original mali- ciousness : that, before the fall, the serpent was mild, trac- table, and more familiar with man than any other creature ; and strongly intimates that he had won the attention and gained the good liking of our first parents. For when God says he will put enmity between the serpent and woman, the implication must be that there was some sort of kindness and friendship between them before. This was the senti- ment of the antient and modern Jews, and of several of the Christian Fathers. [See Josephus antiq. lib. 1. c. 2. Rabbi Isaac Abarbinel. R. Maimonides, more nevodwn, p. xi. c. 3G. R.Menachem. Basil, homU.de jidradiso. Dablas- cen. de side, 1. 2. c. 10.] And it may be well to recollect that the Hebrew word [gnarmn, whence the Latin word. gnarus] here translated subtil does not signify craft, or in- siduousness, but kn owing ; and so the Seventy Interpreters have rendered it : and they employ the same Greek word which our Saviour uses in the text we axe explaining. 102 Masonic emblems explained. the tool by which we have been wounded, though we cannot predicate guilt of the in- strument, or rationally account for our aver- sion. But this need not prejudice us against the instructions we may hence derive. Let me make the creature which was instrumen- tal in teaching our progenitor evil and misery, instrumental in teaching us, his descendants, good and happiness.* 1. The first lesson of wisdom we may learn from the serpent is that of prudence. This animal is said always to endeavour, when as- saulted to defend his head ; he secures that, if it be possible, though the body be exposed, f It becomes us, in imitation of this, when ex- posed to danger, to take care to defend and secure the capital, the principal, the chief concern. $ 2. We may learn from the serpent per- spicacity and circumspection. The antients have celebrated all the species for quickness of * " Fas est ab hoste doceri." f " In praesentissimo vita periculo totum corpus ictibus objiciunt, ut caput occultent atque integrum servent." plin. nat. hist. X " The prudent man foreseeth the evil and hideth him- self." Prov. xxii 3. Masonic emblems explained, 103 sight.* Hence the poets have placed them as keepers of the garden of the Hesperides.f He who has joined prudence to his wisdom will acquire these also. He will look about him : espy both his advantage and his danger ; especially if by discerning the latter he may know how to bring about the former. His watchfulness will either prevent the evil which is designed against him, or to which he is exposed, or it will enable him to pro- vide against it effectually. 3. We are taught by the example of the serpent, the advantages of secrecy and re- tirement. He owes to them his safety and repose. In them we may find security, tran- quillity, and peace. Igi the sacred silence of retreat from the world the mind collects its powers and rebraces its energies. There we * So the name of the serpent iri Greek comes from the verb which signifies to see. tarn cernis acutum Quam aut aquila. aut serpens epidaurius." Hor. lib. 1. sat. 3. | Diod. 4. Ovid, me tarn. iv. 637. ix. 90. Hygin, tab. 30. Apollod. hi. c. 5. Hesiod. theogn. v. 215. It is strange that those who have pretended to explain the antient mythology have not discovered in this fable the li- neaments of resemblance to the history which Moses gives of the fall of man. One can surely see here the prohibited apples, the guarded tree, and the serpent. 104 Masonic emblems explained. find leisure, opportunity, and inclination to think and to resolve : and there acquire the ability and the vigour to perform. There, too, we escape from temptation, disembarrass our perplexities, and get beyond the reach of care. There we acquire the knowledge of ourselves ; hear the " still small voice" of reason and of conscience which was drowned in the noise and bustle of life ; and there we find access to the divinity. " The eye which seeth in secret" beholds us with complacen- cy : while the benignity of his love hides us with sheltering safety in the recesses of his pavilion. 4. The serpent is said to evade the force of the enchanter by laying one ear close to the ground, and stopping the other by the extreme end of his body.* Let us hence take a hint of caution to shut our ears to the enchantments of pleasure and voluptuous- ness, the spells of wealth, the delusions of ambition, and the temptations of sin. If we give ear to them we may be seduced from the se- cure condition of innocence and duty, to the ruinous one of guilt and apostacy. * Bochart. hieroz. torn. 2, 1. 3. c. 6. Calmet, dissert. i?i PsaL lviii. 4, 5. Masonic emblems explained. 105 5. It is observed of serpents that they cast off their old skins in the spring, and a new one succeeds them, and they grow, as it were young again.* It may be proper for us, in imitation of this, to throw aside our rough exterior, and become smooth, pliant, and in- sinuating. Morosity and austerity are no parts of the wisdom we are recommending. They are " the superfluous matter which must be knocked off." External embellish- ment is not to be disregarded. Many peo- ple form their opinion at first sight. The out- ward deportment should be prepossessing : it should have a polished grace. Then it will prove a kind of letter of introduction to the good opinion of those who have not better means of knowing us. By becoming more agreeable we may render ourselves the more useful. But the man of roughness will be either neglected or despised. There is an inference yet more instructive and important to be derived from this pecu- liar circumstance in the history of the ser- pent. We are by it reminded of that moral * Epiphanius, speaking of this property of the serpent, says, hefiuts ojf his old age. See also Aristot, hist- an. 1.8. So the antients represented iEsculapius with a snake in his hand, to signify his skill in renewing men's bodies which had been diseased. o 106 Masonic emblems explained. renovation of our life religion enjoins. Would we become " wise unto salvation," we must " put off the old man, be renewed in the spirit of our minds, and put on the new man which is created in righteousness and true holiness." And, then still farther may we extend the metaphor to that more perfect transforma- tion, when our vile bodies shall be changed after the fashion of Christ's most glorious body, and this mortal shall be clothed with immortality. These three stages of advance, from un- formed roughness to complete perfection, are understood by my brethren of the lodge in a manner emphatically clear and import- ant. Here they involve some of the sub- limest mysteries of Free Masonry. But here a solemn awe pervades my soul ; nor would my trembling hand presume to draw aside the veil which hides the bright transcend- ency of wisdom. in. Let us turn, my brethren, from inef- fable wonders and overdazzling splendours to the contemplation of those mild and lovely graces prefigured to us in the symbol of the dove. Thus we cease to gaze at the glorious Masonic emblems explained. 107 magnificence of the setting sun, to view the tempered radiance of the starry sky. Without dwelling upon particulars, it will be sufficient here to enumerate some of those qualities ascribable to the dove proper for our imitation. At the head of these are HARMLESSNESS, MILDNESS, and INNOCENCE. The bird has always been the emblem of these. Indeed it is so remarkable for being placid and gentle that the antients supposed it had no gall.* Doves are, also, familiar, friendly, and peaceable. They take inju- ries rather than offer them. They are like- wise signalized for being pure and chaste, very loving and very constant in affec- tion. They seem to have a social disposi- tion, and go in flocks. And they are said to be pitiful and compassionate. f Such lovely qualities have always insured them the protection and endeared them to the partial- ity of man. Lodges are erected for them near our houses ; and refreshment furnished them from our own supplies. And with such pleasing monitors, my friends, before our * Plin. nal. hist.l. 10. c. 34. Ovid metamorfi.\.7. v. 369, Clemens Alex, ficedag. 1. 1. c. 5. Tertul. de bafitismo y c. 8. Isiodor. orig. 1. 12. CLesarius, dial. 4. ap. 191. Horapollinis. hierogl.l. 2.c. 48. f These qnalities are alluded to in Isaiah xxxviii. 14. lix. 11. Nah. ii. 7, 108 Masonic emblems explained, eyes, shall we not be prompted and allured to every thing amiable, endearing, and kind ? Shall we not soar above each low and sor- did scene of vice and wanton folly, and stretch our eager pinions towards the sky? And, tired with earth and vanity, take to our- selves wings as a dove, and fly away and be at rest ! Thus, my hearers, have I endeavoured to convey to you some of the ideas which pre- sented themselves in contemplating our text. I hope the lessons of wisdom and innocence, will be allowed a general application, although the enumerated qualities of the one and the other are purely Masonic. Not that they are the prevailing features in every Mason's character ; for there are bad men among us, as well as amongst christians, and other asso- ciations for virtue. These are spots in our, and in their, feasts of charity. But the moralities pointed out are the acknowledged, appropriate, articles of every Mason's creed. In our lodges they are illustrated by the most expressive symbols, recommended by the most engaging examples, and enforced by the most pathetic lectures ; while the signet of heavenly truth stamps them, on every yielding receptive heart, in characters inde- lible. This solemn declaration I make in the fear of God, as well as love of the brethren. Masonic emblems explained, 109 " Let us, therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded ; and, if in any thing ye be otherwise minded, God shall reveal even this unto you."* In conclusion, allow me to observe to you that though you should understand all mys- teries and all knowledge, and have not charity, it will profit you nothing. In vain is it, my brethren, that you have been illu- minated by a sun more glorious than that which rules the day, if its kindly beams have not warmed and melted your heart to soften- ings of love and generosity. " To do good, then, and to communicate forget not, for with such sacrifices God is well pleased."— An opportunity is now offered for that libe- ral bestowment of alms so grateful to the in- digent receiver, so honourable to the gene- rous bestower, and so acceptable to the Lord of mercy who acknowledges the small- est instance of relief done for one of the least of these his brethren as bestowed on himself. In pleading for the poor of this town I can use all the emphasis which confraternity in alliance and affection excites. Here are my dearest kindred and friends. Here first I drew the vital air ; and with it inhaled a sentiment of partiality for my native place * Philippians ill- 15 1 10 Masonic emblems explained. which has blended itself with all the affec- tions of my heart,, and breathed in all my prayers to heaven. Having, with my belov- ed parents, shared deeply in the distresses and desolations which war occasioned here, most sensibly can I feel for those who yet sink under the accumulated pressure of dis- appointed expectations and penurious circum- stances. And devoutly do I hope that those who share a kindlier fate will now be excited tenderly to commiserate and bountifully to relieve their unfortunate brethren. Permit me, my fellow townsmen, on this day consecrated to the memory of worth departed, to tender you the condolences of my sympa- thy upon the recent death of two most valu- ed members of our community. A Russell and a Gorham are lost indeed to earth, though gained to heaven. To the circle of private relations and extensive friendship they were deservedly and invaluably dear : their removal from these is felt with all the poignancy of remediless grief. To the inter- ests of their country, of humanity, and of virtue, they were patrons whose loss is irrepa- rable. But they have left us the bright lega- cy of their example. Let us all strive to emu- late their never to be forgotten excellences ; and our names shall be recorded with theirs in the registry of immortal glory. BIS COURSE VII. ON ILLUSTRATING OUR PROFESSION BY EXAMPLE. ■J DISCOURSE VII. Delivered at the Consecration of the Meridian Sun Lodge in Broohfield, September 12, 1798. Matthew v. 16. "Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good works, and glorify your father who is in heaven." A.S the sun, when he retires from the horizon, is succeeded by the planets and the stars, which irradiate the hemisphere he has quitted with a lustre, though more fee- ble, yet such as shews they partake of his brightness and supply his place : so when he, who is emphatically stiled the sun of right- eousness, was about to leave this earth, he ordained that the faithful should rise in his stead to enlighten the world in the know- P 114 On illustrating our ledge of his truth, and diffuse its salutary influence through every region and every age. When, at the first creation, God said, let THERE BE LIGHT, AND THERE WAS LIGHT ; it was to the end that the darkness might be dispersed, and his w r orks became visible and his perfections manifest : and when, at the second creation our Lord Jesus Christ says, LET YOUR LIGHT SHINE "BE PORE MEN ; lie intends that those whom he had just called " the light of the world" should endeavour to dissi- pate the moral darkness of mankind by in- structing them in the doctrines of his gospel and by displaying the happy effects of his re- ligion in the purity of their lives and the lustre of their virtues. There is great propriety and beauty in the metaphor which he here used. Nothing- is more apt to attract the eyes and enliven the countenance than light; especially that which shines in a dark place : So nothing can more excite the observation, engage the attention, or gladden the hearts of beholders, than a fair, bright, and excellent character, -appearing in the midst of a dissolute, and corrupt generation. And, as all luminous bodies, in proportion to the degree of their profession by example. 115 own brightness, diffuse their light around them, and at a distance enlighten other bo- dies ; so, in a moral and religious sense, a good example is a light shining in darkness, spreading its influence every way, diffusing instruction and knowledge, motives to refor- mation and encouragements to virtue. * There is observable in human nature a pe- culiar proneness to imitation. Hence some of our earliest habits are formed. In infancy we catch the ideas and conform to the man- ners of our parents and acquaintance. As we progress forward in life, we learn to fol- low and to copy those whom we respect as superiors, venerate as instructors, or love as friends. We assimilate to our associates, imbibe their opinions, and imitate their con- duct : We even take their mode of speech and tone of voice. Indeed, example has a kind of fascination or charm which it is almost impossible to resists It carries with it both instruction and encouragement. Whilst advice or precepts make only a slight impres- sion on the mind, and one which lasts for a very short time, example is a constant and * Cicero observes that the reason why we are formed, pleased and able to admire the beauty and regularity in the heavenly bodies, was to admonish us to imitate their con- stancy and order in the nobler beauty of a worthy^ behaviour. 116 . On illustrating our powerful call to imitation.* It works, though gradually and imperceptibly, yet more powerfully and successfully than we are aware of; like light, silent in its operation, but wonderful in its effects. It has an elo- quence which reaches the heart. No lan- guage is more persuasive or instructive. It admonishes without exciting resentment, and corrects without giving offence, and thus possesses all the utility without the formality of reproof. As a good picture strikes us more forcibly, and gives a more adequate, lively, and im- pressive idea of the object represented by it, than any description by words could do ; so goodness or excellence of any kind represent- ed by precepts does not so powerfully move the affections as when we see it delineated in the life. Nor is there any thing which can so effectually recommend any system, and render it worthy of all acceptation, exclusive of its own intrinsic worth, as its beneficial and happy effects made visible in the charac- ters of its advocates. These carry with them undeniable evidence of the value of those principles from whence they flow, and whose tendency is thus conspicuously good. * " Validiora sunt txemfila quam verta, et filenius opere docetur quam voce." profession by example. 117 In farther discoursing on the passage un- der consideration, I propose to shew, in the first place, to my hearers in general, the im- portance of a good example as exhibiting and vindicating the principles of Christianity ; and, secondly, apply the subject to the pre- sent occasion, by recommending to my bre- thren of the masonic family, a conduct which shall reflect lustre and honour upon the in- stitution to which they belong. i. It is the peculiar honour and glory of Christianity in its first promulgation that the behaviour of its professors was agree- able to the heavenly precepts they incul- cated ; that the integrity of their morals was answerable to the purity of their faith ; and that the goodness of their example and the holiness of their conversation, the irre- proachableness of their conduct, and the amiableness of their manners, adorned the doctrine they taught and gave it peculiar lus- tre in the eyes of the world. Prophecies had foretold its intent, and miracles announced its divinity ; but the life of its author and its followers exhibited the religion in its genu- ine influence and shew its intrinsic excellency. And it seems to have been the design of our Lord that in every after age it should extend itself by the internal evidence of its admira- 118 On illustrating our ble precepts and the external display of its . benign effects. And, if its professors did but act up to their principles, an appeal might be made to their lives for the best recommenda- tion of their faith ; and less would need be written in defence of the gospel : For every doubt and every objection must yield to the loveliness of example and the eloquence of practice. When the graces of Christianity adorn the character, and its virtues dignify the conduct, its beauty must attract every eye and its worth gain on every heart. Men from admiring, will insensibly be induced to imitating such illustrious models ; which, u bettering all precept, shine before the world the fairest call to good." Such bright displays will not only be seen, but felt ; and may kin- dle, even in the coldest and most insensible hearts, a noble emulation. For a good ex- ample, as has been already intimated, has not only in itself a tendency to form the tempers and morals of others to an assimulation ; but it also places religion in a very engaging light, and naturally begets an esteem, love and choice of it in every observer. With the utmost propriety, then, did our Lord recommend to his disciples an exem- plary conduct, both as befitting the high and honourable office he had assigned them, and profession by example. 1 19 as eminently conducive to its success in the world. What was their duty as teachers, is be- coming us, my hearers, as disciples. Espe- cially as we live at a period in which infide- lity in opinion and profligacy in manners are very prevalent. It is, therefore, highly ex- pedient that we give to our religion all the authority of our acknowledgment, and all the recommendation of our example : That by our conversation and conduct we may " exhibit lucid proof that we are honest in the sacred cause j" and that it may be appa-. rent in our " good works," that Christianity produces the'happiest effects, contributive to the improvement and felicity of man, and to the honour and glory of God. Be ye, therefore, shining professors and bright examples of religion in a dark ancj. misguided age ! Thus adorn the doctrine of God your Saviour, making your lives a faith- ful commentary upon it, and a high recom- mendation of it ! Thus win it admirers and gain it proselytes ! Let it be remembered, that our good works may be conspicuous without being ostentatious. The genuine and unaffected 120 On illustrating our appearances resulting from righteousness and piety, may be exhibited without the danger of being even suspected of hypocrisy. We need not speak great things, but live them. We should, however, manfully avow what we sincerely believe ; and, by an open and visible attachment to duty, express our re- gard to the honour of God, and give resplen- dency to the christian name. It is true, that many of the good effects of our religion are the private exercises and sa- tisfactions of the heart, and known only to the Deity and our own souls : But yet there are many things which are made visible in the life ; these our acquaintance will notice, and from them judge of our real character. These, therefore, should be such as will exem- plify the excellent principles by which we are governed, such as men may behold with the greatest pleasure and follow with the greatest advantage ; such as may render us friendly luminaries, serving at once both to enlighten the paths and kindle the emulation of all around us. And it may reasonbly be expected, that such an experimental represen- tation of goodness as this, will induce a great many to become proselytes to religion. profession by example. 121 The natural tendency of a good example to induce those who observe it to an imita- tion ; and the great probability there is that it will have this effect, upon some at least, if not upon all who see it, is a very powerful inducement to the faithful discharge of the duty we are recommending. Because, if it have this effect, we shall do the greatest kind- ness to our neighbour, obtain the most ample satisfaction and reward for ourselves, and bring glory to God in the diffusion of his truth : Any of which considerations alone is, and therefore, much rather are they altoge- ther, sufficient to stimulate all our endeav- ours, and to demand our best conduct. Let us not decline, then, giving sufficient out- ward proofs of being ourselves moved and actuated by a true spirit of godliness ; and let us strive, by all practicable and prudent methods to propagate the same in others. Let us impart freely our knowledge ; and, like the glorious luminaries of heaven, re- flect the light we receive ; and not be like those opaque substances which absorb or in- tercept every ray of brightness, and even cast a shade on each surrounding body. Let us " shine as lights in the world;" guiding others by the resplendence of our wisdom, and winning them to virtue by the lustre of our example ! Q 122 On illustrating our These observations and counsels, are equally applicable to us all, my respected hearers, both as Christians and as Masons : And I feel a peculiar pleasure in affirming the intimate connection between the two cha- racters. We are alike " built upon the foun- dations of the prophets and apostles, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone ; in whom all the building fitly . framed to- gether, groweth into an holy temple in the Lord." Indulge me, however, while I apply the subject, as I proposed, in the second place, by recommending to my brethren of the masonic family, in addition to the general duty of exemplariness as christians, the exhi- bition of such a conduct as shall reflect lustre and honour upon their own institution ; dis- playing its venerable character and illustrating its benevolent designs. Since many of our forms and operations are necessarily secreted from common inspec- tion, the generality of mankind will make up their opinion of the society from the de- portment of its members. This ought to serve as a very powerful call to every one of us, uniformly and openly, to display those qualities and virtues so strongly inculcated and warmly recommended in the lodge. To little purpose shall we commend the institu- profession by example. 123 tion and boast the excellence of its principles and purposes, if our lives give not corrobora- tive evidence to our assertions and prove not the propriety of our encomiums. If we ap- pear neither wiser nor better than the unin- itiated, the world will begin to suspect the efficacy of our tenets ; and if no good effects are apparent, they will doubt whether any are produced. How necessary is it, there- fore, my brethren, that ye " be blameless and harmless, the sons of God without re- buke in the midst of a crooked and perverse nation, among whom ye shine as lights in the world!"* The conduct of those on whom so many eyes are fixed, must insensibly have a very considerable influence. As it is justly requir- ed that they should live up to the high cha- racter they assume, so their defects and ill conduct will disappoint the expectations they have excited, and eventually bring discredit upon their order. " If the light that is in them be darkness, how great is that dark- ness !"f At the same time there is no propriety in taxing us with every unreasonable prejudice, or making us accountable for every unfound- * Philip, ii. 15. f Matth. vi. 23. 124 On illustrating our ed suspicion. If people will condemn our principles without examination, and decide upon our deeds without candour or justice ; we have no resource but in the inward con- sciousness of integrity and good intentions, and the outward display of such conduct as shall prove their censures unjust. And we will hope " by well doing to put to silence the ignorance of foolish men." Yes, my brethren, be it your care to confute all such illiberal censures as modern alarmists have belched out against Free Masonry, by shew- ing the good influence of the institution upon your tempers and lives. In spite of all their sneers, and all their invectives, it will still infallibly secure public approbation and pri- vate esteem, if your conduct elucidate its principles and is modelled by its precepts. As light is not held forth merely to mani- fest itself, but to shew some other useful thing which, without it, might have remain- ed in obscurity ; so your conspicuous worth will not only shew the brightness of your own characters, but lend a lustre to your so- ciety whereby it may be better understood and its nature more advantageously displayed- Whilst unitedly disposed to defend your order, be unitedly determined to preserve it profession by example, 125 worthy of defence. Carefully guard against all innovations. " Remove not the old land- marks which your fathers have set." They are rendered venerable by antiquity, and sa- cred by religion. Preserve unaltered the dig- nity of its antient constitutions, and unadul- terated the primitive simplicity and pure mo- rality of its laws ; and Masonry will flourish in its pristine honours. May the lodge this day consecrated, be beautiful as the Sun in its brightness, cheer- ing and enlivening as its kindliest influences, clear and glorious as its noon-tide beams ! May the officers fill their spheres with light, and the members be radiant orbs around their centre ! May the brethren be glad- dened by their enlightened course, and re- flect and diffuse on all around, their splen- dour! Long, bright, and prosperous, be the fair and hopeful day which now shines upon you! May no mists of prejudice obscure, no en- vious disk eclipse its glory. Finally. Let us all my hearers, be ac- tively and eminently good. May our exam- ple and conduct in life prove a high recom- mendation and a fair illustration of our priiv 126 On illustrating, &c, ciples, and reflect the brightest honour upon our profession and character. May our " light so shine before men, that they may see our good works and glorify our Father who is in heaven ;" and may we (having been wise, and happily instrumental in turn- ing many to righteousness) hereafter " shine as the brightness of the firmanent and as the stars forever and ever !" •DISCOURSE VIII. ON PRESERVING THE CREDIT OF THE INSTITUTION. DISCOURSE VIII. Delivered at tlvs consecration of Hiram Lodge^ in Lexington, October 17, 1798. ROMANS XIV. 16. LET NOT THEN YOUR GOOD BE EVIL SPOKEN OF. A HE Apostle had been suggesting some advice to the brethren with regard to their behaviour in matters of indifference. He as- serted the full extent of christian liberty ; but at the same time cautioned them not to abuse this liberty so as to give offence or occasion of stumbling to any man. In the words selected as our text, he enjoins it upon them so to order their conduct that their profession might never be reproached as coun- tenancing improper freedoms. He advises them, therefore, to abstain altogether from things, which, if not unlawful, were never- R 130 On preserving the credit theless inexpedient ; and that what was too good to be given up, in condescension to po- pular opinion or prejudice, they must vindi- cate from misrepresentation and guard from abuse. You perceive, my hearers, that the pre- cept respects all ages of the world ; and will, unquestionably, be wise counsel, so long as misapprehensions and mistakes, want of can- dour and want of caution, remain amongst men. To wish to be well spoken of for what we do well, is natural and reasonable. Merit should obtain this reward. Exertion needs this encouragement. Nevertheless, " if do- ing well, we yet suffer reproach, to endure it patiently is acceptable before God."* At the same time it is possible that something in the manner or circumstances of our con- duct ma}^ take off from its beauty or les- sen its credit. Against this it becomes us to guard. I will mention a few instances. 1. We expose our good to being evil spo- ken of, if we are too fond of displaying it ; * 1 Pet. ii. 20. of the Institution. 131 and it may suffer from too great reserve. — The first will be ridiculed as ostentation ; the last, stigmatized as inexcusable timidity. 2. Austerity, of manners, on the one hand ; and levity, on the other, may bring reproach upon our virtue. The former is forbidding, and produces aversion ; the latter renders our sincerity suspicious. 3. Our good may be evil spoken of, if we discover in its defence too much, or too little zeal. " It is, indeed, good to be zealously affected always in a good thing." Yet, if our zeal be without knowledge, or be not duly tempered with prudence and charity, it will grow extravagant and rash, and will really injure the cause it professes to defend. At the same time not to shew any zeal, will appear like indifference. There is a certain medium in these cir £ cumstances which is to be aimed at and fol- lowed, if we would avoid giving offence. It would be impossible to point out every particular in which we may expose our good to be evil spoken of. Even small matters may induce suspicions or increase reproaches. A little inadvertence or neglect, a trifling im- 132 On preserving the credit propriety or indiscretion, may tarnish the lustre of the highest virtues, and prevent the usefulness of the best of characters. How prudently, how cautiously, then, should we behave ! How circumspectly should we walk ! How carefully shun what- ever wears the resemblance of a fault or may be construed into a crime : Lest our very excellences pass under an ill name, or some flaws be found in our good qualities, which, though candour might be willing to over- look, ill- nature will not know how to spare. So that we must not only avoid evil, but the very appearance of evil : not only take care that our conduct be right, but that what is good in itself be not, through our inadver- tence or fault, disadvantageous^ exhibited to others. It is true there are some persons of so cap- tious and uncharitable a make, that it would be impossible for the most cautious to avoid their remarks or escape their censures. The exceptious may lay hold of some unguarded circumstance or other, misrepresent what is good, and by giving it a wrong turn or. appellation, spoil both its credit and effect. While the envious and malicious will be sa- gacious in discovering the weak side of every of the Institution, 133 character, and dexterous in making the most and the worst of it. Thus circumstanced, how are we to con- duct ? How is it possible to steer clear from blame ? It may not be. But if we cannot escape reproaches, we may avoid deserving them. While we exercise every precaution to keep our good actions from any such spots or defects as those who watch for our halt- ing may wish to spy in them ; we should, also, more especially, beware lest we give any reasonable persons just cause to censure or condemn us. While we are careful not to furnish our enemies with any pretence which might justify their criminations, we should prudently refrain from every thing which would needlessly displease our friends. The rule we have been illustrating con- cerns societies, no less than single persons : societies of an order, in particular, who are more exposed to observation, and whose re- putation is of more special importance to themselves and to the public. At the present day when every thing is sus pected which is not fully known ; when the 134 On preserving the credit very circumstance of mysteries in Christianity is made an excuse for infidelity ; when all antient establishments are become objects of jealousy ; and the very best things in the world are either neglected or contemned ; who, or what, shall be certain of exemption from "the strife of tongues?" and how can we be surprised that the institution of free masonry has met with secret and open ene- mies ; that the ignorant mistake, and the pre- judiced defame it? Convinced as you are, brethren, of the purity of your principles, conscious of having the warmest wishes for the benefit of man- kind, and of exerting yourselves in the cause of charity and virtue ; to meet with calumny instead of commendation, and reproaches in- stead of thanks, is a mortifying disappoint- ment. Hitherto you have patiently born the insults and the invectives with which the order has been unjustly loaded : ( hoping " by well doing to put to silence the ignorance of fool- ish men." But the " accusers of the brethren" have brought forward new accusations, and attempted to render suspicious your princi- ples, your intentions, and your conduct* To let these criminations circulate unanswered unrefuted, would ill become you. The noble spirit of conscious innocence rises indignant. of the Institution. 135 And you delegate me, your humble advocate, this day, to plead your cause, to vindicate your tenets, and to refute the cavils and ex- pose the absurdity and injustice of the char- ges brought against our order. I undertake it ; regretting only that it will not be in my power to do justise to the subject, or to your expectations ; but hope that my frankness and sincerity will in some measure compen- sate for any deficiences in the execution. The moral good of Free Masonry is evil spoken of How unjustly will be evident from the statement I will now give you of its ten- ets on this subject. " To have faith and hope in GOD, the su- preme architect, and charity towards man, the master- workmanship of his hands," is among its first injunctions.* This is the key -stone of the arch, on which every other bears; which unites all to itself, and cements the se- veral parts into one solid, strong, and beauti- ful whole. But, as everyone is accountable on- ly to the Deity for his religious principles, and, as Masons are collected from various countries where they have been educated un- * See the Book of Constitutions, published by the Grand Lodge oi Massachusetts, part 1. chap, l.§. 1. * Of God and Religion-" 136 On preserving the credit der different forms and establishments, only those great essentials and leading truths are insisted on in which all men agree ; contests about modes of faith are forbidden in the lodge ; and each one is left to his own con- science. At the same time it is well known that in all christianized countries Masons have proved the warm friends, admirers, and advocates of the gospel. But their ad- versaries have taken exception at this liber- ality of sentiment and conduct, and have charged the institution with demoralizing principles. Because Masons were neither bigots nor enthusiasts, they have inferred that they must be libertines and atheists. " To be guided by temperance in our per- sonal habits ; to havener titude to resist temp- tations and to check improper desires ; to let prudence be the ruler of our actions, and justice instruct us to render to every one his due;" is another of the moral lessons of Free Masonry. There can be nothing, surely, exceptionable in this. But the warm and frequent inculcations of charity, brother- ly-love, and general benevolence, are evil spoken of by those who are disposed to find fault. They ridicule them as "wire-drawn dissertations on the social duties;" inform- ing us that " all declamations on universal of the Institution. 137 philanthropy are dangerous :".* and thus the social good of Free Masonry is evil spoken of But what then will be said of Christianity, for teaching the same doctrine of loving our neighbour as ourselves ; which extends this charity so as even to include enemies in the sphere of its beneficence ; and which denies the participation of its affections to none ? A pious divine hath remarked, that, " Phi- lanthropy owes much of its perfection to Revelation, which has enlarged its limits, extended its views, defined its degrees, and increased its objects. Human benevolence is heightened and finished to the last degree and in the utmost extent in the comprehen- sive scheme of christian charity."* Besides ; the universal benevolence which Masonry inspires is so far from being incon- sistent with the indulgence of the private af- fections and the observance of the lesser charities, that these are the very materials of which it is composed. " The top of the cli- max of affection cannot be reached without advancing through each intermediate step ; * See Mr. Robison's book about conspiracies, Seepage 17, and 345. * Bidlake's sermons, vol. 1. p. 37, and more largely p. 194. s 138 On preserving the credit nor is it possible to remain at the top, with- out resting on the ladder by which we have ascended." Because masons are styled free, and be- cause in the lodge they stand upon a level, an imputation is brought against them as favour- ing the modern notions of " Liberty and Equality."* Now the freedom which we pro- fess is perfectly consistent with order, with subordination, and with allegiance. And as to the equality we cultivate, it is only 4h at vol- untary and temporary condescension of supe- riors to inferiors which takes place during the meeting of the lodge ; where it is con- sidered as essential to unanimity and promo- tive of brotherly love.f When the members depart to mix again with the world, each man resumes his proper place in society, and retains that honour and respect to which he is entitled by his station, his talents, or his vir- tues. Perhaps this cannot be better express- ed than in the words of our constitutions :% * See " La voile retiree, fiar M. Le Franc."j f " Love subsists only by mutual kindnesses and compli- ances : its basis is that principle of equality wnich ought ever in some degree to reign between man and man, how- ever unequal be their condition in life." Dr. Enfield's sermons, vol. 2, p. 17. X Chap. iv. of the Institution. 139 " You are to salute each other in a courteous manner, as you will be instructed, calling each other brother; freely giving mutual instruction, as shall be thought expedient, without encroaching upon each other, or de- rogating from that respect which is due to a brother were he not a mason : for though all masons are, as brethren, upon a level, yet masonry divests no man of the honours due to him before, or that may become due after, he was made a Mason. On the contrary, it increases respect, teaching us to add to all his other honours, those which as Masons we cheerfully pay to an eminent brother ; dis- tinguishing him above all of his rank and station, and serving him readily according to our ability." How strangely perverse must that judg- ment be, which infers from such premises that the institution has an unfavourable aspect upon society, as a levelling system, destruc- tive of the grades and distinctions of civil life, and fatal to the very existence of govern- ment and order ! ! This leads me to observe, in the last place, that, the political good of Free Masonry is, also, evil spoken of 140 On preserving the credit In vain is it proved that the primary and essential laws and regulations of the Frater- nity, require of the members allegiance and submission to the government of the country in which they live ; and forbid, in the most positive and solemn manner, their engaging in any plots, conspiracies, or cabals.* In vain is it proved that in all ages and countries the Free Masons have been found to be good and peacable citizens, the friends of order and public tranquillity. Prejudice rejects all evi- dence, and is deaf to every plea. Bribery and corruption suborn false witnesses against the institution. Ministerial jealousy com- mences the prosecution, and a state pension pays the fees.f Nay, the Free Masons are taxed with the plans and enormities of a German club, with which they had no connection and no ac- quaintance : and whose principles and prac- tices are diametrically opposite to theirs, and * See the book of Constitutions, chap. 1. Sect. % " Of Government and the Civil Magistrate." f " See scribblers to the charge by interest led, The fierce North-Briton thundering at their head, Pour forth invectives, deaf to candour's call, And, injured by one alien, rail at all!" '* Churchill. Of the Institution, 141 acknowledged to be so even by their most zealous opposer.* Thus, my hearers, have I briefly enumerat- ed the popular prejudices of the present day against Free Masonry. I need not attempt a formal confutation. It must be apparent to every candid examiner that they are illiberal and unjust. Time and experience will shew that they are so ; correct the mistakes that are now entertained, and establish the credit of the institution. Its pretensions will appear to be well founded. Its tendency to social improvement, to moral virtue, and to politi- cal tranquility, will be seen and acknowledg- ed. And it will emerge brighter and fairer from the cloud with which ignorance and prejudice seek to envelope and obscure it. In the mean time, my brethren, as the world will have something to say of us, it much concerns us for our own sakes and for the institution's sake that the report should be in our favour. For this purpose let us pursue the good that is essential to the or- der and which it is eminently calculated to produce. *See the various passages in Mr. Robi son's work in which he makes an abatement in favour of the English Masons : by which he ingeniously contrives, while criminating the whole % to exculpate apart, 142 On preserving the credit ^ . And let me recommend to the brethren, at whose request I stand here that discreet behaviour as men and as masons which shall silence the tongue of reproach, remove the suspicions of prejudice, and smooth the frown of contempt ; which shall not only secure their good from being evil spoken of, but gain it the truest praise. May the lodge this day constituted main- tain a high credit in the increasing lists of Masonry ! May its benevolent and peaceful influence diffuse joy and gladness over these plains, made memorable by the massacre of those who fell victtfns of tyranny, -but martyrs to liberty ! From the shuddering recollec- tion of that horrid scene, let us turn to the happy contrast this day presents. Here are no instruments of destruction ; no clangour of battle ; no groans of slaughter ; no garments rolled in blood : only the emblems of love and the train of peace. A little band of brothers celebrate as a festival of joy the day which constitutes them a regular society, and consecrates their plans and purposes of charity, social virtue, and happiness. May these plans and purposes produce the most beneficial ef- fects ; evince the good of masonry, redeem its credit with the prejudiced, and establish of the Institution. 143 it with the candid ! And may the society, in every part of the world, be influential in dif- fusing the light of wisdom, aiding the strength of reason, and displaying the beauty of virtue ; in lessening the aggregate of human misery and vice, and in extending the bounties of charity and the blessings of peace ! BISCOUUSE IX. ANSWER TO SOME POPULAR OBJEC- TIONS TO FREE MASONRY. DISCOURSE IX. Delivered at the Consecration of St. Paul's Lodge in Groton, August 9, 1797. EXODUS, XVI. 15. ** AND WHEN THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL SAW IT THEY SAID ONE TO ANOTHER, IT IS MANNA, FOR THEY WIST NOT WHAT IT WAS. AND MOSES SAID UNTO THEM, THIS IS THE BREAD WHICH THE LORD HATH GIVEN YOU TO EAT." J. HE children of Israel, in their travels through the deserts of Arabia towards the land of Canaan, murmured against Moses and against the Lord because the scanty stores they brought from Egypt were nearly ex- hausted, and they were ignorant of the means for a new recruit. In particular they wanted bread. They were gratified by a miraculous providential supply. Bread was 148 Popular objections granted them, bread from heaven ! mysteri- ous in its origin and character, but highly agreeable in its relish, salutary in its nature and nutritive in its qualities. There are circumstances, connected with its bestowment and reception, deserving our particular notice ; and the subject will lead to some reflections applicable to the society on whose account we assemble. With this view I propose the following method. 1. To consider what notice was taken by the Israelites of the provision and refresh- ment, divinely furnished them ; 2. Shbw what it really was ; and 3. Apply the subject to the present occa- sion, by inquiring what is said of Free Mason- ry by those who know not what it is, and by describing its real nature and character. We are, first then to consider what notice was taken by the Israelites of the provision and refreshment furnished them by a special divine providence in the deserts of Arabia, No sooner did they see it than they cried out one to another " it is manna, it is manna. , considered and answered. 149 for they knew not what it was." Whether this was an exclamation of surprise, a ques- tion of curiosity, or an expression of contempt, we shall not decide. Critics and commenta- tors seem at a loss how to understand it. — One says it is this and another that, for they know not what it is.* However, it is plain enough that manna, let it mean what it will, was not the proper definition nor description of the admirable provision. | And so Moses informed them by telling them, ' ' this is the bread which the Lord hath given you to eat." Notwithstanding, they persisted in giving their ow T n opinion of it, though they were unacquainted both with its name and nature. J What a strange contradiction ! But not * Vide Poll synops. criticorum, in loc. f The derivation of the word manna is variously given by learned men. Philo Jud^eus and Josephus make it to signify what is this ? and so do the lxx. and R. Solomon, R. Menachem, and others. Accordingly it is thus trans- lated in Matthew's, the Geneva, and Doway versions. — It is so rendered, also, by the celebrated Dr. Geddes. But Coverdale renders it '■''this is man's ;" our translation " it is manna" and others, " it is a portion" The declara- tion that " they knew not what it was," and the reply of Mo- ses, would lead one to suppose that the phrase before was a question. Our only surprize is that it should afterwards pass into a descriptive name. Thus we use a very vulgar phrase in speaking of something of which we have forgotten the name, and say, " the what, do you call it." X Compare Deut. viii. 3. where Moses expressly asserts their entire ignorance of it. 150 Popular objections stranger than all are likely to fall into who pretend to decide upon matters which they do not understand. " They said one to another it is manna ;" and manna it has been called ever since. It is no easy matter to al- ter names. When people misjudge at first, it is very difficult to rectify their opinion.-— Ignorance is blind and perverse 4 prejudice is positive and obstinate. What is misconceived and misapplied seldom afterwards retrieves its real estimation. Men are apt to judge at large, reflect at random and condemn at a venture ; without waiting for a patient ex- amination or satisfactory evidence. Now, nothing can be more contrary both to equity and sound reason than such precipitate judg- ments. Those who build opinions upon con- jectures must often be in the wrong. They may make gross blunders, and do great injus- tice. The apostle Jude gives such a rebuke 5 " These, says he, speak evil of the things they know not." It has been the practice of vul- gar ignorance to abuse what it could not com- prehend ; and to assert that there must be faults, where it had not the sagacity to dis- cover excellence.* * "Trifles light as air," often tried in the balance and found wanting, sink as deeply in unfurnished minds, and make as much impression there, as difficulties of a weight- considered and answered, 151 ii. But I proceed to inquire what this won- derful provision really was ) about which they were so ignorant. That there should no doubt remain in the minds of those to whom it was sent, Moses informed them that it was the bread which the Lord had given them to eat. In like manner David calls it " the corn of heaven," and "angels' food."* The Scripture describes particularly its appearance and properties, and mentions its coming down with the dew ; alike the gift of refreshment from above. And it retains still its fame in the East, being called " celestial sweetmeat."! Nor can there be any propriety in denying to the gift its real character and intrinsic value, because its appearance was not prepos- sessing. It is sufficient that its origin was ier nature ; like feathers descending in a void with a force and velocity equal to that of much more substantial and massy bodies." Seed. * Psal. lxxviii. 24, 25. See also its true name in Nehemiah 4x. 15. t " Les orientaux appellentla manne quitomba aux He- breux dans le Desert, la Dragee ou Confiture de la Toute Puissance, ceque les Arabessignifient par Haluat al Kodrat et les Turcs par Kodret Kalvasi." Herbelot, biblioth. Orientate. The Greeks called it aeromelU aerial honey. Athen. 1. 11, and Dios. lib. % cafi. 101. 152 Popular objections divine, and its uses excellent. If this could not recommend it, we may expect that the best things and richest blessings will be treated with neglect or spurned with contempt. That it possessed remarkably palatable and nutritive qualities is evident both from the di- vine design of its bestowment, and from its use. The author of the book of Wisdom says that it so accommodated itself to every one's taste as to prove agreeable to all. His words are, " thou feddest thine own people with angels' food, and didst send them from heaven bread prepared without their labour ; able to content every man's delight, and agreeing to every taste. For thy sustenance declared thy sweetness unto thy children, and, serving to the appetite of the eater, tempered itself to every man's liking."* From modern samples of this substance, as it is gathered in the East, we perceive that it has the appearance of condensed honey, and a taste of agreeable sweetness. A late cele- brated traveller into Arabia says, " it is used now as sugar in several dishes ; it is nourish- ing, and when newly gathered has no purga- * Wisdom xvi.20, 21- , considered and ansxvered. 153 tive qualities."* Its medicinal effects are probably occasioned by ' its being left some time ; in consequence of which it ferments in a degree, becomes candied, and loses its relishing taste and nutritive properties. To the Israelites, who were obliged to consume, each day, their given portion, it afforded an agreeable, nourishing, wholesome repast; and was their principle aliment during a pe- riod of forty years. Though liable to cor- ruption, it did not become bad unless im- properly used or unlawfully abused, f And the best things are perverted and debased by ill usage. It is also worthy of remark that it had moral tendencies. It was granted in daily showers, that they might be kept in a con- tinual thankful dependence upon divine providence. It was in such small grains, and was so scattered, that they were obliged early and seasonably to begin their work of col- lecting it, or they would fail of a supply. Thus were they taught industry ; and learned * Niebuhr, v. 2. p. 362 of the translation, and Father Pinolo, describing that of California which falls as is sap- posed with the dew, says, that, without the whiteness of re- fined sugar, it has all its sweetness. f Exod. xvi. 20 u 154 Popular objections that their own endeavours were to be united to the assistance and to co-operate with the grace of God. And a double portion on the last day of the week, and its non-appearance on the sabbath, gave them a very striking intimation that the institution of a day of actual rest from labour was to be religiously and devoutly observed. The manner too in which it was distribut- ed was admirably calculated to excite and encourage a spirit of liberality and generosity \ a willingness to impart to those whose indus- try had been less successful, or who were una- ble to gather for themselves : for in measuring their respective gatherings before they went to their tents, those who had collected a greater quantity than sufficed for their imme- diate need or use freely gave the overplus to those who had not enough. " So that he who gathered much had nothing over, and he that gathered little had no lack." In this sense the words are understood by the Apostle. 2 Cor. viii. 14, 15. who uses the passage as an apt illustration of his most ex- cellent argument for that happy equality, in the distribution of the good things of this life, which our mutual relation to each other and particular exigencies may require ; that he who abounds should willingly impart of considered and answered. 155 his superfluity, so that he who is destitute may obtain a competent supply. It would be easy to point out the very striking resemblance which free masonry bears to the moral qualities and purposes here enumerated ; but it is too obvious to need a more particular reference. I shall, therefore, go on to make one more remark, in which the analogy is also apparent. After all, there were some things in the na- ture of this heavenly provision which could not easily be accounted for. Where it was prepared, and how it was made, they could not tell. — There they were in the dark. Why the same substance which melted and evaporated in the heat of the sun when it was left expos- ed in the field, should, only upon being brought into the tent, become of so conden- sed a consistence that it might be beaten to powder in a mortar or ground in a mill, and baked in an oven,* was beyond their com- prehension. And why it should be endued with such a religious reference to the obser- vation of the sabbath that none fell on that day, and a double quantity the day before, was a circumstance that excited their sur- * Numb- xl 9, 156 Popular objections prise. Surprise sometimes degenerates Into Stupidity. Oftener than once they despised and lcathed this miraculous and delicious provision. Such is the pride of the human understand- ing that it has no great opinion of that which it cannot fully comprehend. Whatever has any thing of mystery in it is very likely to be slighted. Though it possess all the cha- racters of excellence, andall the recommenda- tions of utility, yet if it elude investigation and have some secret qualities " past finding out," doubts will be immediately entertain- ed whether it be " worthy of all accepta- tion ;" and opinions propagated tending to lessen its character and deny its import- ance. This was the case with regard to the heavenly refreshment furnished in the wil- derness to the Israelites. They valued it not because they lacked " the onions, the leeks, and garlicks of Egypt." Hear their discon- tented sneers! " But now our soul is dried away ; there is nothing at all, besides this manna, before our eyes."* A like spirit of disapprobation and rejection the same nation discovered of God's most precious gift. They murmured at Jesus because he said "your * Numb.xvi. 6. considered and answered. 157 fathers did eat manna in the wilderness and are dead. I am that bread of life which cometh down from Heaven, of which if a man eat he shall live forever."* They reject- ed the Messiah before they adverted to the divine authority of his credentials. This and the former circumstance with which it was compared, could be only from preju- dice ; for prejudice is a judgment formed before hand without examination. How unreasonable and unjust must such a judg- ment be !f And how great a bar to all after information ! For, if the mind be warped by prepossessions, free enquiry into the merits of a cause is prevented. Prejudice restrains all candid interpretations of motives or princi- ples. It discolours every object ; or repre- sents it in a false light. It leads to a deci- sion equally ungenerous and unfair ; for it often presumes to consider the most slight and frivolous circumstances as satisfactory materials for confident assertion and decisive sentence. It is the immediate and copious source of evil surmises and unkind suspicions. It gives rise to a caviling censoriousness, mean insinuations, and sarcastic sneers. — * John vi. 41. 51. f " Qui statuit aliquid, parte inaudita altera, iEquum licet statuerit, haud sequus erit. Seneca in Medea, 158 Popular objections Wherever there is a secret bias of mind previously formed, it will catch readily at every little incident and appearance to in- crease its own propension : and turn every current of observation into its own corrupt channel. It perverts and misrepresents the very best things ; turns honour into disgrace, merit into mischief, Christianity into supersti- tion, and virtue into vice. Cautioned and instructed by our subject, and the remarks which it has suggested, let us not, my hearers, form our opinion either of persons or things too hastily ; and never proceed upon surmises and precarious con- jectures. There is danger in making up a precipitate judgment. Hasty conclusions are the chief cause of all our mistakes and er- rors. Let us not forget to examine before we judge ; and to understand before we decide. To ridicule things we never took pains to enquire into, would be unfair. To condemn practices, the grounds and founda- tion of which we never examined and know nothing about, would be unjust and cruel. A discreet person will avoid being peremp- tory in his remarks and decline hazarding an opinion upon that of which he is either totally ignorant, or but partially in- formed. He follows the prudent counsel of considered and answered. 159 the antient wise man ; " blame not before thou hast examined the truth. Understand first, and then rebuke. Answer not before thou hast heard the cause ; and strive not in a matter that concerneth thee not." " He that answereth a matter before he heareth it, it is folly and shame unto him." Upon the same principle of equity is that maxim in common law, "every man is presumed to be inno- cent till he is proved to be guilty." No one is to be arraigned without evidence, nor con- demned before he has made his plea of de- fence. Verdict is never passed upon a cause unheard. It is a good rule in all doubtful matters to suspend our opinion, at least till positive proof is obtained on which to found it. Un- til -we have fully ascertained the real state'of the case, let us always be willing to put the fairest construction it will admit ; and even to hope the best of a thing where appearances are against it. Where doubt hesitates, let can- dour prompt; and where justice balances, let mercy prevail. Even where we find ourselves obliged to blame the principles of a certain sect or party, let us not be so uncharitable as to confound all its adherents and follow- ers under one general indiscriminate censure. Especially let us not charge them with such consequences of their tenets as they disavow. 160 Popular objections Lastly : where we know but in part, and see but in part, we will have the mod- esty not to presume to decide upon the whole. Carefully will we avoid all prejudice, and all asperity of opinion. We will be kind and liberal both in sentiment and conduct ; encourage in ourselves and approve in others whatever tends to promote the interests of mankind and contribute to the refreshment of life ; and will humbly hope by the exer- cise of amiable dispositions and beneficent actions towards each other, sanctified and perfected by piety towards God, to become prepared for that glorious society on high, where we shall be permitted to eat of the hidden manna, and honoured also with the possession of the white stone in which is the new and mysterious name written which no man knoweth saving he that re- ceiveth it.* I have dwelt the longer upon this part of the subject because from prejudice, as well as from ignorance, arise most of the objections against free masonry, and all the misrepre- sentations of its principles and practices.! As * Revelations ii. If. f " Of all societies, ancient or modern, the most worthy and repectable is the order of Free Masons, which society considered and answered. 161 the origin of such dislike to our institution is so well known, it might be deemed paying too great respect to its cavils to take any no- tice of them all. In general it is best to despise the invectives of calumny and smile at the impotence of malice ; to disdain tak- ing any notice of groundless surmises ; and not to give ourselves the trouble of listening to the queries of the ignorant, or of confut- ing the opinions of the prejudiced and cap- tious. But lest it should be thought that we are desirous of evading an answer from an inability to vindicate, we shall now conde- scend, as was proposed, III. To inquire what is said of 'free masonry by those who " know not what it is." The opinion of the initiated is well known. They all unite in commending the society with a warmth that borders upon enthusi- asm. They discover an attachment to it, at which ignorance wonders ?xiTS(>0V tVTOf. T« Wt/£fOg« ran ovtchv xn/urau^t, pnyavrtgoy Tikovvrur. T«to It x. in Taunton, August, 28, 1799. Romans x. 3. WE BE SLANDEROUSLY REPORTED, AND SOME AFFIRM THAT WE SAY, LET US DO EVIL THAT GOOD MAY COME. W HEN partiality is so busily endeav- ouring to render suspicious the besf: actions, and prejudice so artful in throwing out insin- uations to the disadvantage of the worthiest characters, who can expect to escape " the strife of tongues ?' ? Especially as the ignorant and the evil minded are ever ready to adopt the surmise, however improbable ; and to give currency to the imputation, however unjust. 178 Examination of the modern prejudices Even our blessed Lord, the holy and im- maculate Jesus, " Avas despised and rejected of men." Not all the wonderful works that distinguished his ministry, not the divinity of his preaching, the disinterestedness of his conduct, nor the sanctity of his morals, could secure him from the opposition of party and the rage of malignity. He forewarned his disciples of a similar treatment ; and told them that they must expect to meet with un- kind usage, bitter reproach, and violent per- secution, as well as he.* Accordingly " in every city they had trial of cruel mockings, and scourgings, yea moreover of bonds, and imprisonments, and tortures. f They were * :c a sect every where spoken against." The apostles were reproached as being pestilent, factious, turbulent, and seditious fellows. J They were not only accused of conspiring against the government of their nation and the peace of the world; 5 but also, of aiming to overthrow the religious establishment of their own country, and of all others. || Not only were there imputed to them prac- tices that were dangerous, but principfes that were unjust. So St. Paul intimates, in the passage selected as a text, that there were * Matt. x. 24—26. \ Hcb. xi. 36. % Acts xxiv - 5 > 6 - § Acts xyii. 6. || Acts vi. 13, 14, xviii. 13. , against Free Masonry. 179 those who charged him and his fellow labour- ers in the propagation of the gospel, with hold- ing tenets that he destested. He says no more in confutation of the vile imputation than that those who profess and practice upon such a principle deserve and will receive the high- est condemnation : but to attribute to him and his associates such a motive, was a false and insidious charge. Thus we see that the best men and the worthiest conduct may be misrepresented and slanderously reported : and that the purest purposes and the noblest exertions in behalf of virtue, humanity, and peace, have been stigmatized by some, and opposed by others. The most unfair and disingenuous, need I add the most successful mode of attack, is to insinuate that the design, however plausible, is mischievous ; or, that the en d, however commendable, is effected by means reprehen- sible and unjust. The base and vile doctrine of " doing evil that good may come," or, in other words, that " the end justifies the means," has also been alledged against the free masons. Or, rather, it is expressly asserted of the Jesuits 180 Examination of the modern prejudices and Illuminees* by authors who designedly im- plicate and involve our society with those corrupt associations : declaring it to be form- ed upon the same plan, founded on the same principles, and furthering the same designs. f To be sure they make some reserves and abatements in favour of Free Masonry ; but still assert it to be the fatal source to which all these bitter and destructive streams are to be tracedj. I doubt not, my brethren, but it will strike your minds with surprise and astonishment, not unmixed with indignation and horror, to be informed that our venerable and antient Fraternity is implicated with the infidels, atheists, and disorganizers of the present day in a charge of no less atrocity, than a preme- ditated design, a long preconcerted plan, to destroy the religion of Christ, to subvert every established government upon earth, * See Abbe Barruel's history of Jacobinism, v. 3. New York edition,]). 61, 93, and 189. Professor Robison, Proofs of a consfiiracy agai?ist the Religions and Govern- ments of Europe carried on in the secret meetings of Free Masons, Illuminati, 8cc." f Barruel, vol. 3, p. 12, note, 91, 156, &c. Professor Robison, Philadelphia edit. p. 83,. 42, 72, 75, 342, Sec/ X Barruel, vol. 3. p. 11, 38, 41, 52, 87, 152, 8cc. Pro jfcssorRoBisoN, p. 15, 165, 343, &c. M. Lie Franc, " la -voile retiree" against Free Masonry. 181 and to overthrow every system of civil society which the virtuous ingenuity of man has been able to invent, with a view to improve and secure the happiness of the world !* Looking into yourselves, my brethren, and feeling conscious of the purity of your own intentions ; referring, too, to the princi- ples of our antient and hitherto respected institution you are at a loss even to conjec- ture the motive for fabricating an allegation so unfounded, and bringing forward an im- putation so undeserved and so unjust. By artful insinuations, forced construc- tions, and palpable misrepresentations, mod- ern alarmists have ascribed to the Free * The Abbe BARkuELhas this assertion : " Irreligion and unqualified Liberty and Equality are the genuine and origi- nal secrets of Free Masonry, and the ultimatum of a regu- lar progress through all its degrees." And Professor Rob- ison declares, that " the Mason Lodges in Franee were the hot-beds, where the seeds were sown and tenderly rear- ed of all the pernicious doctrines which soon after choaked every moral or religious cultivation, and have made the Society worse thanu waste, have made it a noisome marsh of human corruption, filled with every rank and poisonous weed." And again ; Germany has experienced the same gradual progress from Religion to Atheism, from decency to dissoluteness, and from loyalty to rebellion, which has had its course in France. And I must now add, that this progress has been effected in the same manner, and by the same means ; aud that one of the chief means of seduction has been the Lodges of Free Masons." 182 Examination of the modern prejudices Masons principles which they hold in detes- tation, motives to which they are strangers, and actions of which they were not authors. They blend them with societies to which they have no affinity: mere political clubs whose intentions and pursuits are diametri- cally opposite to our's and altogether in- consistent both with our rules and disposi- tions. For those excesses, those moral and po- litical evils which have of late not only spread war and confusion, and every evil work through the kingdoms of Europe, but endangered the security and peace of the world : the advocate for Free Masonry has no apology to oifer. He contends only that they are not the fruits of his system, and cannot with any truth or justice be ascribed to it : but must be attributed solely to the corrupt schemes and wicked devices of those designing and bad men who were their real authors or abettors. It is possible that the artful and daring heads of " the antichristian, the antimonar- chical, and the antisocial conspiracy,' 5 ' about whom so much has been written and said, may have assumed the name of Masons and professed to shelter their secret meetings for against Free Masonry. 183 plots and cabals under the pretence of hold- ing a lodge. But, God forbid ! that the inno- cent should be confounded with the guilty, or that Free Masonry should be accountable for projects or condemned for practices which it could never countenance. Long and deep- ly shall we have to regret that the opinion which the public had entertained of a peace- able and undesigning society should be thus abused. But the candid observer will do us the justice to acknowledge that the harmless fold are not accountable for the mean dupli- city, the base designs, or the bloody ravages of the wolves in sheep's clothing.* The visionary fancies which modern phi- losophistsf may have annexed to Free Ma- sonry, the absurd and extravagant errors they have attempted to father upon it, are foreign * " It is sufficiently in proof that the founders of different conspiracies, aware of the secrecy permitted to the pro- ceedings of the fraternity of Masons, have assumed that character, and availed themselves of the credit given to that institution, in order to render unsuspected tiie tenden- cy, and undetected the progress of their own abominable machinations- From what we have heard and. read, we are persuaded;, that the fundamental principles and general practices of Free Masonry are as opposite to those of the Iliuminees, of the Propaganda, or of any other sect in hos- tility to good order and government, as light to darkness, or good to evil." London Review, Aug. 1797. f -The Martiuists, Eclectics, Cagiiostros, &c. 184 Examination of the modern prejudices • and illegitimate. We disavow and disown them. They bring discredit upon those who would incorporate such vanities with our sys- tem : but they debase not the purity of our original constitution. They can be urged only to shew the arts and wickedness of in- triguing men ; and impeach not the natural tendency of an establishment, whose every precept, form, and ceremony, inculcates vir- tue, assists order, and disposes to peace. — And no one supposes it an argument against Christianity, or that impeaches its divinity, that the corruptions of popery or the scan- dals of mahometanism have been engrafted upon it : nor is it a reproach to its truth, that false professors and false doctrines have abused the sanction of its name. Such im- postures were predicted by the highest au- thority ; and, while they have faded away, the permanency of that sublime and rational system has been a strong proof of its divine origin and superior excellence. And we are assured that genuine free masonry will long survive the imitations of imposture and the attacks of misrepresentation. We cannot too often repeat, that, while our institution is known to require a firm be- lief in the existence, a devout reverence for the character, and a cheerful obedience to the against Free Masonry. 185 laws of the supreme architect of the universe, the ETERNAL GOD; while it is evidently built upon, and venerates the holy scriptures ;* that construction must be a forced one, indeed, which im- putes to it principles and plans of irreli- gious tendency ! If it were an immoral or antichristian association, how happens it that so many of the clergy are not only members, but zealously attached to it ; not only its apologists, but its patrons ? For my- self, I declare that such is my high reverence for Christianity, and my devotedness to its cause, that, did I believe free masonry, as it is known and cultivated amongms, and as I have been acquainted with it, had a ten- dency to weaken or destroy the faith of the gospel, I would openly and immediately re- nounce the order, and spurn with indignation its badges and its bonds !f * See the Book of Constitutions, Chapter I. Section I. of God and religion. f "I have had the honour ( said the Rev- Charles Brockwell) of being a member of this ancient and ho- nourable society many years, have sustained many of its offices, and can, and do aver in this sacred place ^ and be- fore the grand architect of the world, that I never could observe ought therein, but what was justifiable and com- mendable according to the strictest rules of society ; this being founded on the precepts of the gospel, the doing the will of God, and the subduing the passions, and highly conducing to every sacred and social virtue. But, not to in- 2 A 186 Examination of the modern prejudices It is equally incredible to suppose it cal- culated to effect any change of political opinion, much less to promote a revolution in any government under which it may be permitted to operate. For one of the most positive injunctions imposed on a candidate for our order, and, one of the admonitions most frequently repeated in our assemblies, is " to fulfil all civil duties in the most dis- tinguished manner and from the purest motives." This, it is well known, is among our most positive and binding regulations ; yet it seems as if our ancestors, fearful of not sist on my own experience, the very antiquity of our constitutions furnishes a sufficient ground to confute all gainsayers. For no combination of wicked men, for a wicked purpose, ever lasted lon,^. The want cf virtue % on which mutual trust and confidence is founded, soon di- vides and breaks them to pieces. Nor would men of un- questionable wisdom, known integrity, strict honour, un- doubted veracity and good sense, (though they might be trepanned into a foolish or ridiculous society, which could pretend to nothing valuable,) ever continue in it, or con- tribute towards supporting and propagating it to pos- terity." Serm. before, the Grand Lodge at Boston, 1750, page 16. It were easy to quote other testimonies. Were not this note already too lengthy, I would have added that of the Rev. Charles Leslie; a man eminent for his piety, and famous for his masterly writings in defence of Christianity against the Deists, &c. but must refer to his discourse en- titled " A vindication of Masonry and its excellency demonstrated :" delivered before the Lodge of Vernon Kilwinning. against Free Masonry. 187 sufficiently guarding the fraternity against the posibility of being suspected of disloyal- ty, had judged it necessary, in their general laws positively to prohibit the uttering of a single sentence in our meetings on any politi- cal subject whatever. In the " ancient char- ges collected from old records" is the following : "No private piques or quarrels must be brought within the door of the lodge, far less any quarrels about religion, or nations, or state policy : being of all nations, tongues, kindreds, and languages, we are resolved against all politics, as what never yet con- duced to the welfare of the lodge, nor ever will." Again; " as political affairs have occasioned discord amongst the nearest re- lations and most intimate friends, Masons are enjoined never to speak of, or discuss them in the lodge." How far Free Masonry interferes with the affairs of government will be best entertained by one or two extracts from the book of constitutions. Such an appeal " to the law and to the testimony" is the more necessary, because this has lately become a subject of serious alarm ; and because our institutes and rules, orders and ceremonies, though printed and published, are seldom consulted but bv the brethren. Others do not read 188 Examination of the modern prejudices them from indifference ; our enemies will not, from contempt ; or else they fear to bring their assertions to this light, lest they should be reproved, or confuted. This vol- ume, curious for its articles of remote an- tiquity, and interesting for its instructive documents, contains the following princi- ples : " Whoever would be a true Mason is to know, that, by the privileges of his order, his obligations as a subject and citizen will not be relaxed, but enforced : He is to be a lover of peace, and obedient to the Givil powers which yield him protection, and are set over him where he resides, or works. — Nor can a real craftsman ever be concerned in conspiracies against the state, or be disre- spectful to the magistrate ; because the wel- fare of his country is his most happy ob- ject."* No man can be invested with the office of master of a lodge until he has sig- nified his assent to those charges and regula- tions which point out the duty of that sta- tion, and promise to submit and support them, " as masters have done in all ages." Among other particulars are these : " You agree to be a peaceable subject, and cheer- fully to conform to the laws of the country in which you reside." " You promise not * Constitutions, chap. 1. sect. 2. of government and the civil magistrate. against Free Masonry. 189 to be concerned in plots or conspiracies against government ; but patiently to sub- mit to the decisions of the supreme legisla- ture.'' " You agree to pay a proper respect to the civil magistrate ; to work diligently, live in credit, and act honourably with all men."* Lastly, every candidate, upon ad- mission, is thus charged ; " In the state you are to be a quiet and peaceable subject. You are never to countenance disloyalty or re- bellion ; but yield yourself, and encourage in others, a cheerful conformity to the gov- ernment under which you live."f How strange is it, my hearers, that an institution, thus guarded and fenced against political disobedience, should be suspected of being-" the hot-bed of sedition !" Or that any one should think of imputing to men bound by these ties, governed by these laws, and under these restrictions, " plans of dis- organization and rebellion !" Do these prin- ciples lead to conspiracy ? Are they not di- ametrically opposite to all disaffection to- wards " the powers that be ; whether it be to the king as supreme, or unto governors?" * Constitutions, Part. n. Ceremony of constituting and consecrating a lodge, installing the officers, Ifc. page 84. f Constitutions, Part m. Charge at initiating into the first ■degree, page 126. 190 Examination of the modern prejudices Do they not more resemble the good old loyal doctrine of passive obedience and non-re- sistance?* We blush for the ignorance, and wonder at the perversity of those who de- clare that they "view the brotherhood as a hoard of conspirators, who have long waited only for the baleful genius of a Weishaupt to launch out into all the crimes of a revolution, "f That an institution which is founded on love to God and love to man ; whose glory is to reward in its members those peaceful virtues which are most friendly to their own inter- nal tranquillity, and most beneficent and hap- py to the world ; which declares and repeats to all its candidates and in all its lodges, that it cati never countenance any thing contrary tO MORALS, RELIGION, Or THE STATE ; which expects and requires the highest reverence to * An aged and orthodox divine, in a sermon at the conse- cration of a lodge at Ramsgate in Kent, Sept. 3, 1798, makes this solemn protestation ; " As an advocate both zealous and determined, as an advocate for this order, from the strongest conviction of its excellency, both in politics and patriotism ; I scruple not to challenge our bitterest reviler to fix upon one single Mason who dare affirm that in any of our transactions, whether public or private, there is a sin- gle trait either sentimental or practical, in all our masonic order which bears not even the very enthusiasm of loyal- ty." Inwood, p. 266. * Barruel, vol. 4ttAj oj the 2d English edition, p. 162. against Free Masonry. 191 the Supreme Being, obedience to rulers, re- spect to superiors, kindness to equals, and condescension to inferiors ; I say; that such an institution should be declared, or even suspected to militate with religion, peace, and social order, is matter of astonishment. It must require the prejudices of an ex-jesuit to draw so strange an inference from such opposing premises ; or the faculty of Scotch second light to see things thus awry.* Are not Masons, as well as other men, members of civil society ; equally interested in preserving its order and peace ? Do they not owe their personal and their associate se- curity to the laws ; their protection to the magistrate ? What possible inducement could they have for endangering that security, or forfeiting that protection ? Whatever interferes with the prosperity of any nation, persuasion, or individual, forms no part of the masonic theme. While the real Mason acts within his sphere he is a * " Nor less avail this optic sleight, And Scottish gift of second sight : Which sees not only all that was, But much that never came to pass. And optics sharp it needs, I ween, To see what is not to be seen." Trumbull's M'Fingal 192 Examination of the modern prejudices friend to every government which affords him protection ; and particularly attached to that country wherein he first drew breath. That is the centre of his circle ; the point where his affections are warmest. His phi- lantrophy is by no means incompatible with patriotism ; and when he speaks of being free, and of standing on a level with his brethren, he advances no sentiment in\ militancy with social or political grades and dignities. He admits, and is familiar with, the principle of due subordination. He finds its expedi- ency in his own institution ; and he knows it essential to good government and order in the community. " To be free is one of the characteristics of his profession ; but it is that steady freedom which prudence feels and wisdom dictates:" a freedom which reason honours and virtue sanctions : a free- dom from the dominion of passion and the slavery of vice. Appeal we to fact, to the history of all na- tions ; and we shall find that Free Masons have always been peaceable and orderly members of society.* Submissive, even un- der governments the most intolerant , and * See " Jn apology for the Free and accepted Masons, occasioned by the persecution of them in the Canton of Berne." Printed at Francfort, 1748. 12mo. against Free Masonry, 193 oppressive, they silently cultivated their be- nevolent plan, and secured it confidence and protection by exhibiting in their conduct its mild, pacific, and charitable tendencies. They excited no factious resistance to established authorities, conspired in no tur- bulent and seditious schemes, exaggerat- ed no grievances, nor even joined in the clamours of popular discontent. Making it a rule never to speak evil of dignities, nor in- terfere with the claims of lawful authority, they, at all times and in all places, supported the character and obtained the praise of liege subjects, and good citizens. Recur we to the American history. Were Price, Oxnard, Tomlinson, Gridley, leaders in rebellion ? Was Warren a seditious person ? Or does Washington countenance conspiracy against government ? Are not the members of the fraternity known ? Are they And " An impartial examination of the act of the associate Synod at Stirling: by the Rev. Charles Leslie. In a late British publication is the following observation : *■' Were there even no other testimony in favour of Free Masonry, the public would not be persuaded to look upon ' that to be big with secret mischief, which is openly espoused by Earl Moira." Public Characters, of 1?98 and 1799, vol. 1, p. 24, 2B 1 94 Examination of the modern prejudices such as are generally thought to harbour in- imical designs against the civil or ecclesiasti- cal establishment? Are the lodges principal- ly composed of, or governed by, men sus- pected of disorganizing projects or demora- lizing views ? You will unite in answering No ! Scarcely an individual can be found in our order who can be thought to favour such principles. But enough, surely has been said to con- vince every candid and unprejudiced mind that the members of the ancient Fraternity of , Free and Accepted Masons are incapable of a design so base and villanous as " a con- spiracy against religion, government, and so- cial order." And we, my brethren, know, and it is our boast, that a profound veneration for the christian verity ; and a dignified respect for the government and a patriotic zeal for the welfare of our country, are among our sacred duties and our dearest interests. In this cha- racter and conduct may we still be known and respected ; continuing to " walk by the same rule, and to mind the same thing." The officers and members of King David's Lodge, this day to be installed and consecra^ against Free Masonry. 195 ted, will permit me ere I retire, to congratu- late their establishment, and tender them my best wishes. While your attachment to Free Masonry and zeal in its cause demands the appro- bation of all its friends, may your lives and virtues confute the slanderous reports of all its enemies. May your lodge be beautiful as the tem- ple, peaceful as its ark, and sacred as its most holy place ! May your oblations of piety and praise be grateful as the incense, your love warm as its flame, and your charity diffu- sive as its fragrance ! May your hearts be pure as the altar, and your whole conduct acceptable as the offering ! May the approbation of Heaven be your encouragement; and may that benignant Being, " who seeth in secret, re- ward you openly !" Finally : May we all be accepted of God ; workmen that need not be ashamed, rightly discharging the duties of life. May we abhor that which is evil, and cleave to that which is good ; approving ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God : and be con- tinually making approaches to that state where the credit of virtue is established and secure, and its satisfactions perfect and eternal ! BIS COURSE XL ON THE BEST WAY OF DEFENDING FREE-MASONRY. DISCOURSE XL 1 PETER II. 15, 16. - tl WITH WELL DOING YE MAY PUT TO SILENCE THE IG- NORANCE OF FOOLISH MEN. AS FREE, AND NOT USING YOUR LIBERTY FOR A CLOAK OF MALICIOUSNESS, BUT AS THE SERVANTS OF GOD." X SHALL use these words, my brethren, as the motto to a discourse, wherein I pro- pose, after adverting to the injustice of those imputations which are brought forward against Free Masonry, briefly to consider the way in which we can best preserve it from misrepresentations, and best defend it against censures. Whilst we feel our minds enlarged by its discoveries, our hearts expanded by its charities, and our satisfactions increased by its influence, we cannot grow indifferent to its interests, nor hear the reproaches repeated against it with the coldness of unconcerned auditors, without emotion and without re- 200 On the best way of defending ply. With honest zeal we come forward ; not to contest the subject in "a war of words ;" not to discuss, but to demonstrate ; not to defend opinions against those whom no reasons wilf satisfy and no arguments convince ; but to vindicate our principles by referring to their effects on our temper and our conduct. Modesty, which retires from observation ; diffidence, which always entertains an hum- ble opinion of its own merit, and avoids ostentation as it does censure ; have hitherto restrained us from such a plea : but our ene- mies impel us to this issue. 1. Free Masonry, you know, is, at the present day, viewed in an unfavourable light : and we are considered by some as covenant- ing on principles and associated for purposes destructive of civil subordination, and tend- ing to dissoluteness and infidelity ; to the disavowal of all that is venerable in virtue or sacred in religion. In vain have we re- peatedly unfolded our sentiments to public examination, in the most honest, ingenuous, and explicit manner. Our protestations are disregarded : and while every paltry pam- phlet or paragraph written in opposition to us is eagerly read and implicitly believed : Free Masonry, j 201 what we publish, particularly the book of constitutions, which contains our laws and ceremonies, is never inquired after, never consulted. My brethren, our inexorable accusers ar- raign us at the tribunal of the public, to de- fend ourselves, not against what they know, but what they suspect ; to answer, not for what they have experienced, but what they fear. This is taking us at great disadvan- tage : and the unfairness, as well as injustice, of such an allegation, will excuse our passing it by in silent contempt. We challenge them to point out the instances in which we have appeared the advocates or the abettors of immorality or rebellion ! We submit our actions to their prying investigation ; hoping, be sure, some allowance for the frailties and imperfections incident to humanity ; arro- gating to ourselves no immaculate purity nor indefectible virtue ; but neither needing nor asking apology for any thing that is peculiar to us as MASONS. Assured that whatever follies or impru- dencies may have injured our credit as men, and that whatever vices have wounded our character as christians, it never justified the former nor allowed the latter, let us excul- ' 2C 202 On the best way of defending pate our institution ; and frankly declare that our errors and crimes are from another source, the weakness and depravity of human nature, the incitements to evil and the corruptions of the world, to which all alike are exposed. A distinction must be made between what is attributive to Free Masonry, and what is not ; between what is within its influence, and what is beyond its sphere. For though we may safely declare that it is impractible to ascend into these regions without improve- ment of the heart and enlargement of the un- derstanding, and without carrying along with us into the world we are obliged to act in, something to purify our conduct and meliorate our condition : yet we do not pretend that Free Masonry was instituted for the express purposes of teaching morals. And though all its rites, ceremonies and charges, imply the necessity and express the importance of piety and virtue, and with im- pressive solemnity inculcate their observ- ance ; yet it never professed to be a substi- tute for natural or revealed religion, nor to pre- scribe the faith, regulate the conscience, or control the judgment of any. It has enough liberality to allow each man to be " free,'' but so much restraint as to prevent him Free Masonry* 203 from using his liberty for " a cloak of licen- We are the more particular in making this discrimination, because some late writers have suggested that Masonry professes to su- persede all religions, and to introduce a moral code of its own in their stead. 2. Many are so uncharitable as to lay the blame of every thing erroneous in the senti- ments or reprehensible in the conduct of a Mason, to the regulations or principles of the institution to which he belongs ; falsely argu- ing, or obliquely insinuating that because he was reproachable, that must have base and immoral tendencies. Now, this mode of reasoning is not per- fectly just. It is not fair to predicate worth - lessness of that profession which may have some unworthy professors. But if Free Masonry has not made us bet- ter, it is certain it has made us worse ? Are we more loose in our principles, more unjust in our actions, more niggardly in our disposi- tions, or more parsimonious in our charity, than before we entered the lodge ? Are we more so than those who are not of the frater- 204 On the best way of defending nity ? Are the most thorough Masons con- spicuous as the most notorious villains, the most daring infidels, or the most insidious jacobins ? Or are the base, the atheistical, and the factious always Masons ? We confess, with sorrow, that there are some of our order who deserve not its pro- tection and dishonour its name. But would our opposers wish to conclude from that that all masons are similar to them ? Is it right to argue thus ? Are such inferences admitted in estimating other professions? Doth the perfidy of a single Judas give grounds to conclude that all the other disci- ples were faithless and traitors ? Why, then, is a mode of reasoning which is never justi- N fied in any other cases, only supportable when directed against Free Masonry ? But if we have been disgraced by some, who have walked unworthy of their profes- sion ; so likewise have we been honoured by others, who would reflect lustre on any so- ciety. Admitting that there may be seen among us some whose conduct deserves the odium of all the wise and good ; are there not others, whose actions even prejudice can- not censure, and whose virtues even malig- nity dare not impeach ? If Masonry be made Free Masonry. 205 responsible for the ill conduct of the few ; ought it not, in all reason, to have credit for the good conduct of the many ? The great- est characters in the world have laid aside their dignities, and put themselves on a level with us. Not that I would have it imagined that Free Masonry can derive any authenti- city or importance from the celebrity of those who belong to the society : it being rather calculated to confer respectability, than ne- cessitated to borrow it. Yet, when we find in every period of its history, some of the first rate characters in every estimable re- spect, belonging to it and glorying in it, the conclusion cannot be considered extremely arrogant, that the institution has some real excellence ; at least, that it is not so " frivo- lous" or " dangerous" a combination as some would fain represent it. It is not to be sup- posed that the great, the wise, and the good, of all ages, would have given it their decided support, had they found it containing any in- trinsic principles repugnant to the interests of society, or hostile to their religious prin- ciples. Would they not, rather, have been the first to have proclaimed the evil of its tendency, and to have avowed their condem- nation of its spirit and design ? 206 On the best way of defending Suffer me now, in conclusion, my brethren, briefly to point out what I consider the best, I might say the only effectual method of vin- dicating the principles and re-establishing the credit of the order. To remove the veil which misinformation and prejudice have thrown over the eyes of our enemies, it remains for us to convince them by our lives, of the truth of our decla- rations ; and to let our conduct be a letter of recommendation, " seen and read of all men." This is a kind of conviction which must at length prevail over the most obstinate and unyielding prepossessions. A good life is an unanswerable refutation of every charge. By a life and conversation regulated by wisdom and sanctioned by virtue ; by dis- charging every duty with integrity and fidel- ity ; and by exercising to all around us every friendly and tender office of charity ; we shall demonstratively prove that our institu- tion does not train us up in demoralizing principles ; and that they are either ignorant or foolish men who have said that it did. Free Masonry. 207 By piety towards God and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ ; by a veneration for the gospel, an exemplary obedience to its precepts, and a regular observance of its institutions ; we shall get clear of the charge of being " Anti- christian Conspirators." Lastly : By our zeal for the interests of our country ; by maintaining, supporting, and defending its civil and religious rights and liberties ; by paying all due allegiance, ho- nour, and submission to its magistrates, su- preme and subordinate ; by leading peacea- ble lives in all godliness and honesty ; and by endeavouring to promote harmony and good will, condescension and subordination among all orders of men ; we shall put to silence the opprobrious allegations of those who strive to prejudice the public against Free Masonry, by insinuating that it is " the hot-bed of se- dition," and fraught with purposes for the subversion of all government and rule, all thrones, principalities and powers. Thus, my brethren, " We'll dissipate each dark and threatening cloud That prejudice and calumny can raise, By radiant probity of heart and life, And persevering- deeds of love and peace/' 1 208 On the best way of defending Defended and illustrated by an edifying example, Free Masonry will yet triumph in its influence, and be respected in its effects. While we evince in practice those princi- ples we profess in theory ', our institution will " have a good report of all men, and of the truth itself;" and those who "speak evil of us as evil doers, will be ashamed," seeing they falsely accuse and misrepresent us. Regulated by the precepts of wisdom, supported by the strength of virtue, and adorned with the beauty of beneficence, our actions will escape censure, if they meet not praise. If we live within compass, act upon the square, subdue the passions, keep a tongue of good report, maintain truth and practise charity ; we shall not only display the principles, but honour the cause we have espoused. Such an exemplification of its tendencies, will do more to wipe away the unfavourable impressions which any have re- ceived against the institution, and will more effectually conciliate their esteem of it, than all the reasoning of laboured argument, or all the eloquence of verbal panegyric. Then, as we honour our profession, our profession will be an honour to us. Free Masonry. 209 Remember, brethren, that the interests of Free Masonry are in your hands. Be careful then, not to blend with it your weaknesses, nor to stain it with your vices. Consider how much the world expects of you ; and how unwilling to make you any abatements. Consider with what dignity, fidelity, and respectability, you ought to support the cha- racter you bear : and render the name of Free Mason illustrious, as designating worth and virtue of superior stamp. It is highly incumbent on you to "walk in wisdom towards them that are without;" doing nothing that should render your prin- ciples suspicious, or disgrace your institution in their eyes, nothing that should give them new occasion of dislike, or increase their former prejudices. For, " be assured that, if in your conduct you forget that you are men ; the world, with its usual severity v/ill remem- ber that you are Masons. ." While ambitious of obtaining the favoura- ble opinion of men, let us not be regardless of the honour that cometh from God. His approbation will make us ample amends for all we may suffer from their evil surmisings and unjust reproaches. Let us, therefore, seek to please God rather than men. Re- 2 D 210 On the best way of defending membering that we are his servants ; let us be fervent in spirit, serving him with fidelity, constancy, and zeal. Let the sense of his adorable presence never, for a moment, be estranged from our minds. May all our conduct be strictly and invariably directed by his will and word. May we "walk worthy of the Lord unto all pleasing :" and " when a man's ways please the Lord, he maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him." To conclude : If, Brethren, we have any true love for Masonry ; if we have at heart the honour and the interest of this most antient and ve- nerable institution ; we shall be careful, not only to rule and govern our faith, but to square our actions by the holy word of God : and, while with each other we literally walk upon the level, may we keep within due bounds with all mankind. Thus shall we merit and obtain the reputation, not only of " good men and true," but of wise and skil- ful, Free and accepted Masons.* And when he who is u the first born among many bre- thren," shall again appear " to be glorified in * Bro. Benjamin Green's Oration before the Philan- thropic Lodge, June 24, 1797, page 22. Free Masonry, 211 his saints, and admired in all them that be- . lieve," may he pronounce our commenda- tion and designate our reward by this decla- ration, " these shall walk with me in white, for they are worthy !" DISCOURSE XII. VALEDICTORY. DISCOURSE XII. On resigning the Office of Chaplain to the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, December 27, 1799. AS the time has now arrived, my bre- thren, when I am to retire from the office with which I have for several years been ho- noured, and shall not again address you in pub- lic ; I am desirous of leaving with you, now, my last counsels and my best wishes. As Chaplain to the grand' lodge, I have been repeatedly called upon, both to lead the devotional exercises, and to perform the pre- ceptive duties on public consecrations and festivals. During the course of this service I have endeavoured, to the best of my abilities, to illustrate the genius and to vindicate the principles of our institution ; and while inculcating upon the members a regard to its duties, to impress the community at large 216 Valedictory Discourse. with a favourable opinion of its design and tendency. And you have not only listened to my instructions with attention, but have expressed, in the most flattering terms, your acknowledgment of my fidelity and your approbation of my zeal. To have acquitted myself, in any degree, to your satisfaction, in my addresses to you, and in my public vin- dication of the Fraternity, is a circumstance upon which I shall reflect with grateful sen- sibility so long as I live. Desirous of improving the interest I have obtained in your regards for the purpose of animating you to a spirit and conduct beco- ming the ancient and honourable institution to which you belong, I beg your attention to a few parting counsels upon several topics of great importance to your credit and your happiness as masons. With this view I have, according to cle- rical custom, selected a text for my discourse from the sacred scriptures. As pertinent to my situation and my design, I shall make use of that passage inserted in the 2 Cor. xiii. 11. FINALLY, BRETHREN, FAREWELL. BE PERFECT. BE OF GOOD COMFORT. BE OF ONE MIND. LIVE IN PEACE; ' AND THE GOD OF LOVE AND PEACE SHALL BE WITH YOU. Valedictory Discourse. 217 This is the affectionate farewell which the Apostle Paul took of his christian friends at Corinth. Its import is this : May all joy and happiness ever attend you ! That this may be the case, make it your care to amend whatever is amiss among you, and raise to the greatest perfection in virtue. Support and help one another in affliction : and may you be yourselves comforted with those strong consolations which true Christianity suggests. Cultivate for each other an en- deared attachment, and retain an intire unanimity. And let me urge it upon you that ye be peaceable'in your demeanour, and charitable in your sentiments ; for then the God of love and peace will graciously own and bless you, and be your present helper and everlasting portion. In like terms, and with like cordiality, would I apply this pathetic counsel to you, my most valued friends, and echo these pious wishes on your behalf. But, as your chris- tian duties are inculcated on other occasions, there is no propriety in my dwelling particu- larly on them now ; I shall confine myself principally to those that are masonic. In the knowledge and observation of these also, Brethren, be perfect. 2E 218 Valedictory Discourse. 1. To be thoroughly instructed in the lec- tures, well acquainted with the ceremonies and complete in the degrees of free masonry, is the ambition of all. But by this very incli- nation, laudable as it undoubtedly is, some are prompted to a more rapid progress through its forms than is consistent with a clear and adequate comprehension of its prin- ciples. Hence they gain but a superficial, or at best only a theoretical and speculative knowledge of its sublime arcana : and, not applying to practice its symbols and its rules, they do not live in its influence nor exhibit its effects. They mistake the process for the result ; and rest in the means, without at- taining the end. Masonry is an art of great compass and extent. A knowledge of its mysteries is not attained at once, but by degrees. By much instruction and assiduous application, ad- vances are made. Every step is progressive, and opens new light and information. " Ac- cording to the progress we make we limit or extend our inquiries ; and, in proportion to our capacity, we attain to a less or greater degree of perfection."* He who knows the names and under- * Preston, Valedictory Discourse. 219 stands the application of the various tools and implements of the craft, is, to be sure, thereby thoroughly furnished to every good work ; but he, only, who uses and applies them to intellectual, moral, and social edi- fication, is the workman that needeth not to be ashamed. Therefore, in exhorting you to be perfect in masonry, I intend, not merely that you should be expert in the lectures, or eager to rise through its degrees ; but that you should enter into the spirit of its solemn rites, and learn the full import of its inter- esting symbols ; that you should be perfect in the knowledge and in the application of its principles, in the possession of the virtues it expects, and in the discharge of the duties it enjoins. 2. Moreover, my brethren, be of good comfort. There are, indeed, many troubles in the lot of humanity ; and you, like others, are exposed to them. But be not dismayed. By our excellent institution you are furnish- ed with preventives or remedies against most of them, and with supports and solace 5220 Valedictory Discourse. under all. You have a retreat, over which the changes of the world have not the least power. They reach not its peaceful recesses : they intrude not on its sacred quiet. Your cares, perplexities, and misfortunes, follow you not into the lodge. You leave them behind you, with the agitated scene of which they are a part ; and come hither to partake the sweet comfort of brotherly love, the bland alleviations of sympathy, or the effectual relief of charity and beneficence, when that is wanted also. Here you are introduced to associates whose warm and generous souls, whose en- lightened and elevated minds, are drawn towards each other by wishes the most virtu- ous and sentiments the most sublime. Here you enter into a faithful, tender, and refined friendship. In this intimate and endeared connection, the inclinations are free, the feelings genuine, the sentiments unbiassed. And the undisguised communication of thoughts and wishes, of pleasures and pains, shews that the confidence is mutual, sincere, and intire. Advice, consolation, succour, are reciprocally given and received, under all the accidents and misfortunes of life. And what sorrow can resist the consolation that flows from an intercourse so tender and so Valedictory Discourse. 221 kind ? The pains and troubles of a wounded heart will soon be alleviated or cured ! The clouds which overshadowed the prospect will quickly fade away. Light will break in upon the view, and hope and joy gild and decorate the scene. Yes, my brethren, in coming hither, you gather restoration from the past, refreshment for the present, and resources against the fu- ture : and you return back to the world, with a calm, resolute, and well fortified mind, bet- ter fitted to meet the trials, and better ena- bled to bear the burdens of life. In fact, in the very course of passing through the several grades, you acquire a firm and steady resolution of mind, prepared for every reverse, superior to every shock. You learn the discipline of virtue ; you listen to the instructions of wisdom ; and, following a faithful and unerring guide, you put your trust in God, and fear nothing. " Wherefore, we beseech you, brethren, comfort yourselves together and edify one another, even as also you do:" and be par- ticularly attentive to the circumstances of the afflicted, and the wants of the destitute, " that their hearts may also be comforted by being 222 Valedictory Discourse* knit together in love" with those who have dispositions to sympathize with their sor- rows and willingness to supply their need !* On another score, too, I would exhort you to be of good comfort ; and that is, with re- spect to the reflections lately cast upon the order to which you belong. Though the ignorant suspect, and the pre- judiced stigmatize your views and labours, " fear ye not their reproaches, neither be afraid of their revilings." Notwithstanding all their united attacks and pertinacious op- position, Masonry will still retain its influence and its credit; and, like its own well com- pacted arch, will even be rendered more firm and strong by the pressure and the weight it bears. It is rendered still more secure if the members grow more and more united in judgment and affections to each other, and in * " To relieve the distressed, is a duty incumbent on all men ; but particularly on Masons, who are linked together by an indissoluble chain of sincere affection. To sooth the unhappy, to sympathize with their misfortunes, to compas- sionate their miseries, and to restore peace to their troubled minds, is. the grand aim we have in view. On this basis we establish our friendships and form our connections." Preston's Illustrations of Masonry, p. 54. Valedictory Discourse, 223 their attachment to the antient constitutions, privileges and principles of the craft. This is the more necessary at the present clay, be- cause one of our most formidable opponents commences the deduction of his " Proofs" with an account of "the schisms in Ma- sonry." Let me, therefore, in the third place ', enjoin it upon you to be of one mind. Among the variety of duties incumbent upon you, remember that there is none more essential to the preservation, none more effi- cacious to the welfare of our institution than unanimity. This makes the cement, the great principle of cohesion, which gives compactness to all the parts and members ; forms them into a regular structure, into one uniform building : and adds harmony and beauty, firmness and stability to the whole. Or, it may be likened to the key-stone which compacts and strengthens the arch on which the edifice is supported and upheld. A cordial affection is the life and soul of all societies, and must be much more so of those who pretend to associate together upon the noblest maxims of charity and friend- ship. 224 Veledictory Discourse, Unity is the golden chain which binds our willing hearts, and holds together our happy society: the principle on which de- pends its internal harmony and its outward prosperity. Jars and discords among the brethren will not only loosen the cement of the well joined fabric, but sap its very foundation. " Need I mention, says a Rev. Brother, need I mention the malicious triumph which any schism or contest among us would give to the enemies of our antient Craft ? A factious spirit would soon check the progress of true Masonry, and strengthen every vulgar preju- dice against us."* As in the erecting of the temple of Solomon every thing was so prepared that " there was neither hammer, nor axe, nor any iron tool heard in the house while it was building;" so of Free Masons it has always been the boast, that they perfect the work of edifica- tion by quiet and orderly methods, " without the hammer of contention, the axe of divi- sion, or any tool of mischief." * Dr. James Grant's Sermon at Greenwich, June 24 s 1774. Valedictory Discourse. 225 I speak then a language harmonious in your ears and congenial to your hearts, when I say that you are " kindly affectioned one to another," and " perfectly joined together in the same mind and ihe same judgment ;" walking by one rule, and following the same thing. Having but one interest and one object ; the benefit and the advancement of the whole ; be persuaded to pursue it with con- curring harmony and joint agreement. — While particularly interested in the welfare of the lodge to which you individually be- long, be regardful of the general welfare. And let there be no other contest among you than that most honourable of all contests, who shall do the most good. " Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity. It is like the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down upon the beard, even Aaron's beard ; that went down to the skirts of his garments. As the dew of Her- mon, and as the dew that descended upon the mountains of Zion; for there the Lord commanded the blessing, even life forever- more !" 2F . 226 Valedictory Discourse. To bind you more firmly together in the bonds of unity, and to strengthen the ties of brotherly love, has been an aim ever kept in view in my discourses before the fraternity : and, in this my final address, " I beseech you, brethren, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you !" " Fulfil ye my joy that ye be like-minded, having the same love, being of one accord, of one mind." I have but one direction more. Live in peace. This is a natural effect, and will be the certain result of that unanimity and concord, of which I have just spoken. So often have I, on former occasions, ex- patiated upon the pacific genius of Free Ma- sonry, and on the necessity and beauty of a correspondent conduct in its members, that I need now only repeat my earnest desires that you would invariably, unitedly, and affec- tionately " follow after peace," and " study the things that make for peace" and^ire con- ducive to mutual edification. , Valedictory Discourse. 227 It has been well observed that, " nosplen* dour of talents, no endowment of body or mind, can be put in competition with those humble but lovely virtues which serve to make us endearing and endeared. Abilities alone may excite admiration, the tribute of the understanding ; but, joined with ame- nity of manners, they never fail to conciliate affection , the better tribute of the heart." Let it always be known that we belong to a society, cemented by union, and edified with peace : where all the members are invio- lably attached to the general good, and harmoniously conspire in its promotion ; where unfeigned affection prevails ; where every man is the sincere friend of every man; in a word, where all vigorously and cheer- fully exert themselves in acts of kindness and labours of love. Such principles, surely, will advance and establish the happiness of the whole, and the welfare of each individu- al : and upon such principles our society hath bidden defiance to opposition, and been se- cured from dissolution or decay. Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth, and good will towards men, is the disposition and the desire of every Free and Accepted Mason. With such a temper, 228 Valedictory Discourse. brethren, you will enjoy the satisfaction of your own hearts, the approbation and con- currence of all the wise and good, and the GOD OF LOVE AND PEACE WILL BE WITH you. That divine Being, who is the author of peace and the lover of concord, will ren- der your endeavours successful, and reward them with the blessings of time and the glo- ries of eternity ! Finally, brethren, farewell ! Accept the best wishes, as you share in the best affec- tions of my heart! The special relation in which I have stood to you will now cease ; but the affection con- nected with it, and the gratitude arising from it, will ever remain. My particular thanks are due to the officers and members of the grand lodge for the ho- nours and the patronage with which they have distinguished me. And I intreat them, with my brethren all, to accept my warm- est acknowledgments for their assistance and kindness. Their attentions have been so flattering, their benevolence so disinterested, their bounty so liberal, their sympathy so ten- der, that I must be inexcusably insensible not to feel ; and feeling, criminally ungrateful not to express, my many obligations. Valedictory Discourse. 229 The affecting adieu I am now taking, brings forcibly to mind the last solemn parting ', when death shall separate me from those whom I have cordially loved ; whose society made the charm of my most privileged moments ; and to whom, under Providence, I owe most of my earthly prosperity. Tender and faithful friends ! Death is hastening to interrupt, it cannot dissolve our union. No ! Virtuous attachments are eternal. They are renewed in Heaven. We meet again there, to part no more ! MASONIC EULOGY. Delivered at Worcester, June 24, A. L. 1794, on the Festival of St. John the Baptist, before the Officers and Brethren of the Morning Star Lodge, in that toxvn, joined by Trinity Lodge from Lancaster. R ESPECTED HEARERS, JL OU see before you a band of bro- thers, connected with each other by the firmest engagements and most affectionate ties. Warmed with the most general philan- thropy, they profess to unite their endea- vours in the benevolent design of assisting the perfection of the human character, and the harmony and happiness of society. Their in- stitution boasts its origin in the earliest ages 232 A Masonic Eulogy. of the world ; and it retains its ancient laws uncorrupted, its venerable rites and expres- sive symbols unchanged, and its primeval cere- monies intire. The stupendous pyramids which were raised, the lofty obelisks inscri- bed, and the magnificent temples built by ma- sonic hands, have yielded to the ravages of time ; but the institution itself has survived their overthrow, and outlived their glory. It will continue still, and nourish, till - — " The great globe itself, And all which it inherit, be destroyed, And, like the baseless fabric of a vision, Leave not a wreck behind." Had we leisure, it would be an interesting and entertaining research to trace its progress through the various stages of society it has successively improved and adorned : To see its early honours in Egypt;* its CONSE- CRATION at Jerusalem ; its subsequent glo- * Those who have most minutely investigated ancient history, will have reason to date the origin of the Egyptian mysteriesat the times of Joseph ; who, not being abletosub- vert the idolatry and superstition of the country, and in- troduce his own purer faith, communicated to select friends, under suitable cautions, the knowledge of the Divine unity and spirituality, of the immortality of the soul, and some lead- ing truths in the patriarchal religion. These dogmas were transmitted down ; but, through the lapse of ages,- became somewhat obscured and corrupted. A Masonic Eulogy. 233 ry ; and its preservation, and extension " in ages long gone by." It is true that in recur- ring to some periods of its remote history, we should have occasion to lament that the unfounded and illiberal prejudices of too many which it could not soften, and their corrupt passions which it could not subdue, at times denied the craft its merited honours, opposed its cause, and impeded its progress.* Like the sun, its emblem, it has at times been obscured. Clouds and darkness have overshadowed its lustre : The clouds of error The Eleusinian and Gentile mysteries were probably branches of this more antient establishment ; and not dis- tinct institutions. For an account of these, consult ^Elian, Var. Hist. xii. c. 24. Pausanias, x. c. 31. and Meursii Eteusinia :| In torn. 7. Gronov. Antiq. Gr. n Nor did the priests of the mysteries neglect to recom- mend to the brethren a spirit of friendship, and the love of virtue ; so pleasing even to the most corrupt minds, and so requisite to render any society respectable in its own eyes." Gibbon's obs. on the viithbook of the iEneid, p. 7. * Prepossession hurries people to condemn what.they will not have patience to understand. Happily at the present day these prejudices lose much of their pristine obstinacy. " Time has allayed the violence of party, and checked with a cool discre- tion the tumults of opposition. Mankind, superior to national predilection or the barriers of policy or priest- craft, begin to follow the genuine dictates of reason, and honour the wise and the good whatever be their coun- try or their creed." 2G 234 A Masonic Eulogy. and the darkness of ignorance. But from the temporary penumbra it always emerged with increased splendour, And though from low minds mists of prejudice may still arise, and dim the clearness of its horizon, before the meridian light of reason, truth and wisdom. they will quickly disappear. In the dark ages Masonry yielded only a faint and glimmering radiance : " A light that shine d in a dark place." But, when the gloom of ignorance and barbarism was dis- pelled, it revived in its pristine consequence and glory. Those who enter minutely into the history of this society, will find it eventful and interesting. Various have been the efforts wantonly used, even in later times, to disturb its tranquillity and diminish its im- portance. Dissatisfaction has, however, been obliged to yield to conviction ; and the groundless imputations of enmity, have been silenced by a display of the virtues the insti- tution recommends and excites, and the laudable effects it produces. Among all nations, at last, its salutary influence is felt, and its beneficial tendency acknowledged. Arid, (though, like the common blessing of light, unheeded in its silent operation,) men A Masonic Eulogy. 235 are ignorantly indebted to it, as a princi- ple, for some of the most disinterested ex- ertions of generosity, and some of the sweetest intimacies of endearing friendship and social life. Free Masons have always considered liberality as a virtue of the most general obli- gation and diffusive nature. To administer relief to the needy, and consolation to the distressed, is their most constant wish, and their highest pride ; establishing friendship and forming connections not by receiving but conferring benefits; and diffusing the conveniences and comforts of life with that cheerful readiness and benevolent impar- tiality which heightens their value and sweet- ens their possession. Their bounty is not dissipated among those who can return the obligation ; but is frequently conveyed to distant lands and foreign cities, to the naked and the hungry who see not the hand that reaches out the kind supply, and can make no acknowledgment to their un- known benefactors but the ardent benedic- tion of gratitude. To communicate the blessings of which we are partakers ; to contribute to the suc- cessful propagation of knowledge, virtue and 236 A Masonic Eulogy. peace, of the sciences and the arts, and of whatever cultivates and adorns social life ; and to assist the advancement of human happiness ; have ever been the great objects of this venerable association. Impressed with a due sense of their obligation to the dis- charge of their duties, the members of it have steadily pursued such means as were apparently most conducive to the accom- plishment of so desirable an end : And they hope to surmount the obstacles and discouragements which retard its more gene- ral propagation. To reflect on the rapid progress and present general diffusion of the royal art* through almost every part of the habi- table w T orld,t must be particularly agreeable * " This art was called royal not only because it was ori- ginally practised by Kings and Princes, who were its first professors and warmest patrons, but likewise on account of the superiority which so sublime a science gave its disciples over the rest of mankind." Smith, p. 27. | Eumenius, speaking of the number of Masons that went over to the continent, about the beginning of the fourth century, says " even your city Autun, most devoted to your service, and in whose name I am especially to congratulate you, has been well stored with architects and Masons, since your victory over the Britons, whose provinces abounded with them ; so that it now rises in splendour, by the rebuilding of antient houses, erecting public works, and the instauration of temples. Thus the antient name of a Roman Brother- A Masonic Eulogy. 237 to all its friends, to every one sincerely in- terested in the cause of humanity ; the hap- piness of his species. At the present, as in every former age over which it hath spread its principles, Ma- sonry constitutes the affectionate and indis- soluble alliance which unites man in warm cordiality with man. It forms the most libe- ral and extensive connections. No private prepossession nor national predilection, no civil policy nor ecclesiastical tyranny, no par- ty spirit, nor dissocial passion, is suffered to prevent the engagement, nor interfere with the free exercise of that brotherly love, relief, and fidelity, it fails not to produce. It has for ages been lamented, that petty distinctions and partial considerations, irrational preju- dices and contracted sentiments, should bo much obstruct the friendly intercourse of mankind. Masonry breaks down these for- midable barriers. In its solemn assembly, around its social altar, meet the inhabitants of different countries with benignant looks of esteem, and sentiments of unfeigned friend- ^ood, which they long since enjoyed, is again restored, by having your Imperial Majesty for their second founder." Paneg. Ernp. Maximian, Aug. diet. See " Notices of the history of Free Masonry, in all parts of the world." 8vo. Boston, 1798, 238 A Masonic Eulogy. ship. Around distant lands it casts Philan- thropy's connecting zone, and binds together in the same sympathies the whole family on earth. By the use of the universal language of Ma- sons, members of the fraternity of all nations communicate easily and freely with each other.* On every quarter of the globe they can make known their wishes, and be sure of finding aii attentive friend, a hospitable asylum, and liberal assistance. With Religion, whose sublime doctrines it cannot increase, whose noble precepts it cannot improve, and whose sanctions it dare not adjudge, Masonry does not interferes The duties of piety must be the voluntary and spiritual intercourse of man with heaven. Over them it usurps no controul and claims no jurisdiction. It is satisfied with teaching all the brethren to remember that " the eye which seeth in secret" observes all their conduct; that they must therefore " live as seeing him who is invisible," and have their souls raised superior to the gross indulgences of vice, and their affections refined by. the * " Free Masons possess what the learned have sought in vain, an invariable cyfiher for general communication." See Free Mason's Mag. Vol. I. p. 11. Mr. Locke's notes to the MS. Bodl. A Masonic Eulogy. 239 sublime energies of virtue ; that they must be alive to all the engaging duties of benevo- lence, and be attached to their fellow men by all those tender ties of friendship and good will which hold the heart in the most permanent captivity. Such, my hearers, is the genius, the de- sign, and tendency, of this institution. But faint and imperfect is the representa- tion I have given. Yet I cannot but hope that, though it be but as the sun painted in the dew drop, it will be found to have the merit of reflecting something of the splen- dour of its original. I At the door of Masonry I stand with my taper. Would you view the glories of the / temple, enter in, and dwell there. The ingeniousness of nature, my brethren, kindles a blush at the praise which comes so near to ourselves. Yet, who, but one of its own members, can speak the eulogy of an establishment, all of whose regulations, and most of whose effects, are not open to general inspection, but designedly concealed from all but the initiated ? Determined by his conviction, and in the cause of truth, 240 A Masonic Eulogy, reason and philanthropy, indifferent alike to ridicule and censure, the speaker asserts the high utility and value of this society, for the encouragement and cultivation of those attainments and qualities which are of vital consequence to moral and social man. He honours from his soul its laws : Those laws which softening nature by humanity melt nations into brotherhood. Happy would it be for the peace of the world were they more universally acknowledged. They would give quiet to the nations. They would an- nihilate the spirit of martial glory, and ut- terly debase the pomp of war. They would be instrumental in meliorating the disposi- tions of men ; in awakening and exercising their virtues ; in exalting their condition and their happiness. Seek ye a pure source of joys to enliven I your prosperity ? Ask ye for consolation in adversity ? Want ye relief from poverty ? Enter our temple and share our blessings. Friendship will conduct your faultering step, virtue will strengthen your resolutions, and wisdom enlighten your mind. There, also, pity and charity will direct your benevo- lence, and give value to the exercise of your . kindness. There hope will brighten your prospects, and glory crown your deeds. A Masonic Eulogy. 241 To this commendation of our society, my beloved brethren, your knowledge and your hearts will bear willing testimony. Let the actions of your lives afford corroborative evidence. Answer the raised expectations of the world. While ambitious of extending the influence, neglect not to support the credit of this ancient and venerable society. May the amiable simplicity and goodness of your manners produce sentiments of esteem in others for the principles from which they arise ! Disgrace not your profession by any unworthy action.* Masonry may indeed suffer awhile from the suspicions of the ignorant and the censure of its enemies, but it can be lastingly injured only by the im- prudences and ill conduct of its members and friends. Let me therefore enjoin it upon you, while you treat with just indifference the insinuations and surmises of the disingen- uous and the perverse, to silence the tongue of reproach by the rectitude of your conduct, and the brilliance of your virtues. Let it be seen in you that our institution produces the good effects we have so openly boasted, and the virtues we have so frequently recom- mended and warmly approved. Fix your * In the ancient Masonic charges is this injunction : " Ye shall do no villainie whereby the craft may be slan- dered." 2H 242 A Masonic Eulogy. eyes steadily on the important object of your association. Let it open the affectionate em- brace of large philanthropy, and lift up the hands of rational devotion ! Let it exalt the capacity of the mind, refine the social sym- pathies, and form you for the noblest purpo- ses of reasonable life ! RIGHT WORSHIPFUL MASTERS, RESPECTED OFPICERS, AND BELOVED BRE- THREN ! « You this day assemble to celebrate the in- creased reputation and usefulness of Mason- ry ; and to pay the tribute of affectionate remembrance to its departed patrons and brethren. Let hilarity therefore be temper- ed with thoughtfulness. Forget not in the cheerfulness of the day to retain decorum in festivity, and innocence in mirth. Let vir- tue chasten your pleasures, and it will give them a higher relish. While you commemorate the wisdom and I glory of Solomon, the fidelity of Hiram, and the virtues of St. John, you will join also in celebrating the valour of Warren and | the wisdom of Franklin. While you praise departed worth, neglect not to honour A Masonic Eulogy. 243 living virtue. And add to all your songs the chorus of acknowledgment and affectionate respect to our surviving patron and brother, Washington, " the friend of Masonry, of his country, and of man." Around the altar of friendship do we thus yearly assemble, and bring our votive incense to that temple which our predecessors found- ed on the firm basis of virtue, and supported by the pillars of wisdom, strength and beauty. We meet not to drain the bowl of intern/ perance, nor to indulge the excesses of glut- tony : But to renew the cordialities of friendship, the resolutions of love and g0od will. We assemble not to disturb the peace of mankind by the busier plans of ambition, nor to fabricate those arts of luxury ^hich but augment the miseries of life : Our object is to enliven the kindly sensibilities of human nature, and all the sweet civilities of social intercourse. CHILDREN OF LIGHT ! The duties of your profession are interest- ing and important. The duties of society and of religion are also binding upon you. May you discharge them all with fidelity and ho- nour ! Then, when the events of time shall 244 A Masonic Eulogy. be ended, and the retributions of eternity begin, when the morning stars shall again sing together and the sons of God shout for joy, ye shall join the animating chorus and share the glorious triumph. Ye shall be deemed worthy to enter the doors of the celestial temple, to be adorned with jewels beautified with immortality, and advanced to glories incomparably more resplendent than any here below. SO MOTE IT BE ! CHARGE Delivered before the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, June 24th, A. L. 5795. AN submission to the appointment, and in compliance with the request of the vene- rable officers and beloved brethren of this grand lodge, I rise to give the customary masonic charge. To make apologies now, would be ineffectual. And to intreat indul- gence in behalf of what it is expected, I should enforce by authority, would but diminish the dignity of the precepts to be inculcated, and weaken the influence of the caution to be impressed. I cannot doubt the candour of the liberal ; and need not fear the cen- sure of the prejudiced. It will suffice if this respected audience be but convinced, from my honest developement of the charac- ter and simple statement of the duties of Free Masonry, that the principles upon which 246 Masonic Charge. the institution is founded are salutary, and that the morals it enjoins are pure. To give to these principles and these mo- rals their proper force, recollect, my beloved brethren, that I stand in the place, and speak by the authority of that divine Mason whose anniversary you celebrate. On this occasion you are to regard me as his representative. To his counsels you are invited to listen. " The same came for a witness ■, to bear witness of the light, that all men through him might believe." As the herald, commissioned to awake attention to the glories of the bright- est scene that ever dawned upon the earth, he calls for the reformation of those preju- dices which preclude acknowledgment of the doctrines of heavenly truth, and those cor- ruptions which prevent diffusion of the sys- tem of unbounded love. Let your minds be open to conviction. Examine with the utmost freedom. Be wil- ling to adopt what you find to be excellent ; and in the best of causes to be the warmest of advocates. The duties of piety claim your first and chiefest attention. Their sacred spirit should sanctify, pervade, and influence all your Masonic Charge. 247 thoughts and actions, ennoble all your pur- suits, and be both the beginning and the end of whatever deserves the name of wisdom. Demonstrate by devout reverence and habitual goodness, your homage, fidelity and love to the almighty architect. Ever act as under the inspection of that " Eye which seeth in secret." Neglect not to im- plore the assistance of the Deity in your building ; work by his perfect plans : and consecrate the edifice you finish to his glory and praise. Weigh well the powers of simple piety ? Make it the key-stone in your arch of virtue ; And it will keep that graceful fabric firm, Though all the storms of fortune burst upon it. Forge r not that you have professed your- selves " members of the great temple of the universe, ready to obey the laws of the Grand Master of all, in whose presence you seek to be approved." Next cultivate and exercise the principles of generous philanthropy and munificent benevolence. Your liberalities and affections must not be limited to kindred and neigh- bours ; nor circumscribed within the narrow 248 Masonic Charge. confines of selfinterest or personal obligation ; but uniformly directed to the general wel- fare, must be dilated into an exercise wide and extensive as human kind. " You must assuredly know that in all the bonds by which we are united ; in all the lectures we receive ; and in all the exercises by which we endeavour either to amuse, in- struct, or benefit each other ; strict justice and universal charity form the principle, the sentiment, and the labour of the Free and Accepted Mason."* In the endeared and sublime friendship you have formed, you are to consider, more especially, the interests of a brother as in* separable from your own. And your's is the sweet satisfaction of alliance with those, to whose bosoms you may confide the most im- portant and secret thoughts, without distrust or fear; and in whose hearts you may always be sure to find an unfailing willing- ness to be interested for you, to solace your griefs, calm your inquietudes, relieve your necessities and lighten the burden of your labours. Every member of this society is happy in the enjoyment of that reciprocal confidence and esteem which amply provides * Inwood's sermons, p. 75. Masonic Charge. 249 for the mutual interchange of affectionate services and assistance. Reverence the laws, and coniform to the usages of our venerable constitution. Dis- countenance every deviation from its princi- ples, and carefully avoid any innovation in its long established practices. In retaining their primeval simplicity, you approach near- est to their original purity, and best answer their original intent. These are some of your leading duties. Such is the excelling nature of our institu- tion ; which, as it honours itself by its les- sons, so may we honour it by our virtues. Let us on all occasions support its digni- ty and maintain its credit. May our whole conduct prove our conviction of its ex- cellency, and bear evidence to its happy effect. Proceed, brethren, with firmness in the lucid path pointed out for your steps. Be the animating spirit of our association the incitement to your noblest employment, a'nd the enlivener of your most exalted de- lights ! 21 250 Masonic Charge. Still may your bosoms glow with | the ardour of kindness, and still possess the un- suspecting security and undiminished ten- derness of friendship and love ! Suffer no consideration to induce you to act unworthy the respectable character you bear. But ever display the discretion, the virtue, the dignity and the harmony, which become you as the sons of reason, the disciples of wisdom, and the brethren of humanity ! Thus will your conduct lend distinguished lustre to your profession, and contradict the scoffs of those who contemptu- ously overlook or studiously depreciate in a Mason even the most eminent instances of merit. O ye, whom curiosity, or the pursuit of amusement hath drawn into this assembly. Would to GOD that such smiles of good humour as suffuse your cheeks, and such beams of joy as irradiate your eyes, glowed on the cheeks and brightened in the eyes, of every son and daughter of Adam ! And that all might, like you, participate the happiness which results from the pri- vileges of freedom, is refined by knowledge, and perfected in the reign of virtue andpeace ! Masonic Charge. 251 But consent to look abroad into the world. It may interrupt, indeed, for one painful moment, the cheerful flow of your spirits : But it will teach you some most im- portant lessons. See the members of a most extensive family engaging in perpetual con- tests. Man, who ought to be the friend, the brother, becomes the enemy of man. The lust of power and domination, every mean propensity, every turbulent passion, excites variance and leads to outrage. The crimson standard of war is erected. Nations furiously press around it. And the most populous and flourishing countries exhibit the most sanguinary scenes of desolation. You shud- der at the painful view. You tremble for the distresses of mankind, and anxiously inquire, What can mitigate the sufferings these occasion? What project for reconcilia- tion can be devised ? Who will communicate a plan, easy to be adopted and effectual in its exercise, which will restore its rights to vio- lated nature, and its supremacy to depressed humanity : Which will banish entirely every unsocial passion, and establish perpetually universal peace ? With what animated plea- sure would we listen to the proposal which promised such desirable effects ! How would we all rejoice in its ready adoption and gene- ral diffusion ! 252 Masonic Charge. Assuredly, then, you will observe with pleasure the increasing progress of Masonry. At least you will not withhold your encou- ragement From an institution which has the most manifest tendency to annihilate all party spirit, to concilitate all private opinions, and by the sweet and powerful attractions of love to draw into one harmonious fraternity, men of all nations and all opinions. Who can remain unmoved and cold at the idea of the manifold good that may and will be effected by such an institution ! What generous citi- zen will hesitate at making it his duty and joy to contribute what he can to the accom- plishment of such delightful hopes! Let us all join in the fervent wish for suc- cess to all such motives as enforce, and all such societies as encourage philanthropy and virtue. And may the whole brotherhood of mankind be united in the harmony of love, and blessed with the tranquillity of peace ! FIRST DEGREE Entered Apprentices, at their making, are charged that they should travel honestly, love their fellows as themselves, and be faithful to the Lodge." Antient MS. in the reign of Echv. III. ADDRESS TO A BROTHER AT HIS RECEPTION. BROTHER. A SALUTE you cheerily and affec- tionately by this endearing appellation. The communications made on our part, and the engagements entered into on your's, are mutual pledges of confidential trust and agreement, and tokens of an attachment sa- cred and inviolable. From this moment we shall feel a special claim upon your friendship, and a special in- terest in your welfare : and Ave hope you will cultivate a warm attachment to that family of love into which you are now 254 Charge at the first Degree. adopted; the pleasures and advantages of which you are beginning to realize. And we are certain that the better you understand, the more you will admire our principles and practices. Our good opinion of you induced us to receive with pleasure your application ; and vote, unanimously, to admit you into our society. We have always wished to bring into our alliance the wise and the good ; that, while we attach them to us, by the light we convey, we may borrow lustre for our institution from their talents and their virtues. Let our expectations of you be all accomplished. Retain, we entreat you, that goodness of heart, that fair fame, that purity of intention, and love of virtue, of which we believe you now possessed; and of which the spotless vestment wherewith you' are now girded, is at once the emblem, the badge, and the reward. Be just to yourself and to us, to your pro- fession and engagements ; and it will be ap- parent to all that, in becoming a Mason, you become a better man. Now look around you ! Those, whose eyes, sparkling with joy, and countenances, dressed Charge at the first Degree, 255 in smiles, are directed towards you, are your brethren. Ready to discharge all the of- fices of that intimate relation, they now bid you welcome to their number and fellowship, to their affections and* assistance, to their privileges and joys ; and through me they promise to protect you by their influence and authority, to advise you by their abilities and skill, to assist you in exigence by their liberality and bounty, and to cheer you at all times with their kindness and love. And you will have the happiness of experiencing the truth of this antient remark that " Masons being brethren, there exist no invidious distinc- tions among them .•"* and that they " love each other mightily, as hath been said; which indeed may not otherwise be, for good men and true, knowing each other to be such, do always love the more as they be the more goody \ This, brother, is the beginning of our art. How successful is its progress, and how hap- py is its end, you may fully know if you are but attentive, faithful and wise. Your dili- gence and activity in work, your skill in ac- quiring the instructions of your degree, and * Antient Masonic MS. f See the Bodlean MS. with the notes and explanations of the celebrated John Locke, Esq. 256 Charge at the Jirst Degree. your zeal in the cause of Free Masonry, will lead you forwards to higher grades, to clearer views, and to nobler privileges.* * " Masonry is a progressive science, and not to be at- tained in any degree of perfection but by time, patience, and a considerable degree of application and industry ; for no one is admitted to the profoundest secrets, or the highest honours of this fraternity, till by time we are assured he has learned secrecy and morality." See a sermon entitled " Masonry founded on Scrifiture" by the Rev. W. Williams. 1752. SECOND DEGREE They that be Labouring Jlen, or Craftsmen, do it truly. Antient Charges, MS. ADDRESS TO A BROTHER ON HIS BEING CRAFTED. ▼V E have now endeavoured, brother, to reward your diligence by conferring on you a higher rank in the scale of Masonry ; making to you new and interesting discove- ries ; and assigning you work in an elevated apartment of the temple. In behalf of the brethren, I congratulate your preferment. I assure you that the step you have taken is a safe one ; and with a single eye you may see that your stagings are firm, your situation secure, and your pros- pects brightened. You will now be instructed in the use of tools of a more artful and ingenious con- 2K 258 Charge at the second Degree. struction. Be not regardless of their sym- bolic application. By them you will learn to reduce rude matter into form, and rude manners into the more polished shape of moral and religious rectitude ; becoming thereby, yourself, a more symmetical part of the structure of human society. By the square of justice, learn to measure your ac- tions. To the level of humility and conde- scension, reduce your disposition and de- meanor : And by the plumb line of rectitude regulate all your moral conduct. The grade to which you are now ad- vanced has its appropriate services and du- ties. It demands the exercise of strength, in- tellectual and moral ; and it calls for the extension of rehef to your brethren, accord- ing to your ability and their exigence. While invincible as a Mason, and brave as a man ; be sure to display the benignity of the friend, and the kindness of the brother. You are to learn, now, to encounter trials with unyielding stability ; and to endure tribulation with submissive patience. And you will find that Masonry prevents the pusilanimity of dejection, and silences the murmurs of discontent, by encouragements Charge at the second Degree. 259 and supports peculiar to itself.* But should a lot be your's in life, as we fervently hope, exempt from the pains of affliction and the pressure of adversity, let the lessons, you are now acquiring teach you to help and relieve all your destitute and distressed brethren to the best of your power. Be willing to distri- bute to the necessitous a portion of those bounties your prosperity can spare ; and ready to communicate to the afflicted some of those precious consolations which sympathy pre- pares and kindness administers. And your's be all the blessings promised the merciful by the God of mercy ! BROTHER, We have seen with pleasure your improve- ment in our art ; and are convinced that your industry and perseverance will soon lead you to the acquirement of greater knowledge and entitle you to greater honours. * "Maconnes teach the skylle of becommynge gudge and parfyghte, withoughten the holpynges of fere and hope.*' MS. BODL, THIRD DEGREE Every one shall aunsivere these three questions ; How hast thou entered ? How hast thou wrought ? How hast thou lived ? And if he he can assoile these, and hath laud therein, he may be raised and honoured and rewarded." Antient ms. ADDRESS TO A BROTHER AT HIS RAISING. X HE arcana of our craft are imparted gradually to it members, according to their improvement. As you have acquitted your- self well as an expert and ingenious crafts- man, in reward for your diligence and inge- nuity we now admit you to our most confiden- tial communications, and exalt you to the sub- lime degree of master mason. This, brother, is a privilege which but few obtain : and must be more grateful to you as the badges with which you are now invested, are conferred only on the wor- thy and the wise. 262 Charge at the third DegreeS The affecting scene through which you have just passed must have deeply impressed your mind. Let the solemn cautions with which it was accompanied, and the excellent lessons it inculcates, be always remembered and invariably observed. Support with dignity the respectable cha- racter you now bear. Be just to your profession, and true to your engagements. Hold fast your integrity ; and let no offers bribe and no threats intimidate you to betray your trust or violate your vow. Be faithful unto the death, and the acacian fragrance of a good report will embalm your memory. At the Supreme Grand Master's word your body will be raised in honour, and your reward be glorious in the region of light and lfe eternal ! A CHARGE, AT THE OPENING OF A LODGE. BRETHREN, X BEHOLD you again assembling to- gether, with those complacent emotions of affection which animate the meeting of dearest friends that have been some time separated. After this interval you must have acquired an increased relish for the interesting exercises of this retreat ; and you undoubtedly return with new alacrity to your labours of love. And now, brethren, with that closing door, the busy world is shut out ; and with it, all its perplexities, and cares, and sorrows. None of them are suffered to intrude upon our happy privacy. Here nothing enters but " innocent pleasures, pure joys, and ra-' tional gaities," 264 Charge at the opening of a Lodge* Come, then y ye who are emulous to excel in the true, the good, or the great ! Enjoy- ing the bright auspices and emanations of that glorious Sun, which now sheds around you the clearest, the most cheering rays, your understandings will become more en- lightened with wisdom, your hearts more warmed with beneficence. Come, you are welcome guests at the feast of charity and the refreshment of love ! Ye, Brethren, are not in darkness. Walk as children of the light. Observe the strict- est decorum. Carefully attend to every in- struction here ofFerred, and readily compfly with every requirement here enjoined. Be diligent in the duties of your respective sta- tions : and may the joys of unity and peace prevail ! CHARGE, AT THE CLOSING OF A LODGE. BRETHREN, JL OU are now to quit this sacred re- treat of friendship and virtue , to mix again with the world. Amidst its concerns and employments, forget not the duties you have heard so frequently inculcated, and forcibly recommended in this Lodge. Be, therefore, diligent, prudent, temperate, discreet. Re- member also, that around this altar you have solemnly and repeatedly promised to befriend and relieve, with unhesitating cordiality, so far as shall be in your power, every brother who shall need your assistance : That you have promised to remind him, in the most tender manner, of his failings, and aid his reformation. Vindicate his character when wrongfully traduced. Suggest in his behalf the most candid, favourable, and paliating 2L 266 Charge at the closing of a Lodge. circumstances, when his conduct is justly reprehended. That the world may observe how Masons love one another. These generous' principles are to extend farther. Every human being has a claim up- on your kind offices. So that we enjoin it upon you " to do good unto all," while we recommend it more " especially to the household of the faithful." By diligence in the duties of your respec- tive callings, by liberal benevolence, and dif- fusive charity, by constancy and fidelity in your friendships, by uniformly just, amiable, and virtuous deportment, discover the bene- ficial and happy effects of this antient and honourable institution. Let it not be supposed that you have here laboured in vain, and spent your strength for nought ; for your work is with the Lord, and your recompense with your God. Finally, brethren, farewell. Be ye all of one mind. Live in peace. And may the God of love and peace delight to dwell with and to bless you! AN ADDRESS, AT THE INTERMENT (WITH MASONIC HONOURS) OF BROTHER SAMUEL PIERCE, JUN. OF DORCHESTER ; Who was unfortunately drowned near Long-Island, October 16, 1796. JE. So. JJEAR is estimated the name of friend. Lovely is the relation which cements con- genial souls. But dearer still the amity, more intimate the connection, my brethren, which unites our hands and hearts. How painful then the catastrophe in which is dis- solved an alliance so close and so affection- ate ! Alas ! how forcibly do we feel this now ! Death, regardless of those sweet engage- ments, those pleasing intercourses, and those improving joys, which Masons know, has suddenly summoned away, in the midst of his days and usefulness the valued brother whose 268 Funeral Address. remains we have just lodged in the silent tomb. We beheld his sun in its meridian, and re- joiced in its brightness. It is now set ; and the evening shades of existence have closed around. Blessed be his rest, and soft and safe to him the mortal bed! Sweet be the open- ing flowers we plant around : fragrant the cassia sprig that here shall flourish !* while we his memory cherish, his virtues imitate, his death improve ! With bleeding hearts we sympathize with the disconsolate widow, the bereaved pa- rents, the afflicted friends. Their griefs are our's, for our's the loss they feel. But let vis look forward, enlightened by religion, to the brighter scene, when our brother, who is now levelled by the stroke of death, shall be raised from his prostrate state, at the Su- preme Grand Master's ziwJ, and be admit- ted to the privileges of the Lodge Celestial. Let us comfort one another, with these words. With these prospects let us console the widow and the mourners. And permit me, brethren, in their behalf to tender you a tribute of lively acknowledgment for the respect you shew the deceased. Your kind- ness, attention, and sympathy are peculiarly * Alluding to the Jiowers and twigs the brethren had strewed around the entrance to the tomb, Funeral Address. 269 grateful and soothing to their agonized hearts. Their tears, their looks thank you, though sor- row denies their lips an utterance. " These last offices we pay the dead ought to be improved as useful instructions to the living." Let us all remember that, " the generations of men are like the waves of the sea." In quick succession they follow each other to the coasts of death. Another and another still succeeds, and presses on the shore ; then ebbs and dies to give place to the following wave. Thus are we wafted forward. Now buoyed, perhaps by hope ; now sinking in despair : rising on the tide of prosperity ; or overwhelmed with the billows of misfortune. Sometimes, when least ex- pected, the storms gather, the winds arise, " and life's frail bubble bursts." Be caution- ed then, nor trust to cloudless skies, to placid seas, or sleeping winds. Forget not there are hidden rocks. Guard, too, against the sud- den blast. Be faith your pilot ; you will then be safely guided to the haven of eternal bliss. u There may you bathe your weary soul In seas of heavenly rest ; And not a wave of trouble roll Acrost your peaceful breast !" AN ADDRESS. Delivered at the request of the Officers and Members of Columbian Lodge t onthe Dedication of their New Hall, June 24, 1800. BRETHREN, J. HE ceremonies we are about to per- form are not unmeaning rites, nor the amu- sing pageants of an idle hour ; but have a solemn and instructive import. Suffer me to point it out to you, and to prepare your minds for those important sentiments they are so well adapted to convey. This Hall, designed and built by wisdom, supported by strength, and adorned in beauty we are first to consecrate in the name of the great Jehovah.* Which teaches us * See the ceremony of dedication, in the Book of Con- stitutions . 272 On the dedication of Columbia Hall, in all our works begun and finished to ac- knowledge, adore, and magnify him. It re- minds us, also, in his fear to enter the door of the lodge, to put our trust in him while passing its trials, and to hope in him for the reward of its labours. Let, then, its altar be devoted to his ser- vice, and its lofty arch resound with his praise ! May the eye which seeth in secret witness here the sincere and unaffected piety\ which withdraws from the engagements of the world to silence and privacy, that it may be exercised with less interruption and less ostentation. Our march round the lodge reminds us of the travels of human life, in which Masonry is an enlightened, a safe, and a pleasant path. Its tassalated pavement of Mosaic work inti- mates to us the chequered diversity and un- certainty of human affairs. Our step is time ; our progression, eternity. Following our antient constitutions, with mystic rites, we dedicate this Hall to the honor of masonry. Our best attachments are due to the craft. In its prosperity we find our joy ; and, in On the dedication of Columbia HalL 273 paying it honour we honour ourselves. But its worth transcends our encomiums, and its glory will out- sound our praise. Brethren, it is our pride that we have our names on the records of Masonry : may it be our high ambition that they should shed a lustre on the immortal page ! The Hall is also to be dedicated to virtue. This worthy appropriation will always be duly regarded while the moral duties which our sublime lectures inculcate with affecting and impressive pertinency, are cherished in our hearts and illustrated in our lives. As Free Masonry aims to enliven the spirit of philanthropy, and promote the cause of charity, so we dedicate this Hall to univer- sal benevolence ; in the assurance that every brother will dedicate his affections and his abilities to the same generous purpose . that while he displays a warm and cordial affection to those who are of the Fraternity, he will extend his benevolent regards and good wishes to the whole family of man- kind. 2M 274 On the dedication of Columbia Hall. Such, my brethren, is the significant mean- ing of the solemn rites we are now to per- form, because such are the peculiar duties of every Lodge. I need not enlarge upon them now, nor shew how they diverge, as rays from a centre, to enlighten, to improve, and to cheer the whole circle of life. Their import and their application is familiar to you all. In their knowledge and their exercise may you fulfil the high purposes of the masonic insti- tution ! How many pleasing considerations, my brethren, attend the present interview.— Whilst in almost every other part of the world political animosities, contentions, and wars, interrupt the progress of humanity and the cause of benevolence, it is our distin- guished privilege, in this happy region of liberty and peace, to engage in the plans and to perfect the designs of individual and so- cial 'happiness. Whilst in other nations our order is viewed by politicians with suspicion, and by the ignorant with apprehension ; in this country, its members are too much re- spected and its principles too well known, to make it the object of jealousy or mistrust. Our private assemblies are unmolested ; and our public celebrations attract a more gene- ral approbation of the Fraternity. Indeed* On the dedication of Columbia Hall. 275 its importance, its credit, and we trust its usefulness, are advancing to a height un- known in any former age. The present oc- casion gives fresh evidence of the increasing affection of its friends ; and this noble apart- ment, fitted up in a style of elegance and con- venience which far exceed any we have among us, does honour to Masonry, as well as the highest credit to the respectable Lodge for whose accommodation and at whose ex- pense it is erected. We offer our best congratulations to the worshipful master, wardens, officers and MEMBERS Of the COLUMBIAN LODGE. We commend their zeal, and hope it will meet with the most ample recompense. May their Hall be the happy resort of piety, virtue, and benevolence ! May it be protected from accident, and long remain a monument of their attachment to Masonry ! May their Lodge continue to flourish ; their union to strengthen ; and their happiness to abound ! And when they, and we all, shall be removed from the labours of the earthly lodge, may we be admitted to the brotherhood of the perfect, in the building of God, the hall not made with hands, eternal in the heavens ! INVOCATION. Supreme Architect of all worlds! vouch- safe to accept the solemn dedication of this Hally TO THE GLORY OF THY HOLY NAME ! Make its walls salvation, and its arch praise ! May the brethren who shall here assemble, meet in unity, work in love, and part in har- mony ! May Fidelity keep the door, Faith prompt the duties, Hope animate the labours, and Charity diffuse the blessings of the Lodge ! May wisdom and virtue distinguish the Fraternity, and Masonry become glorious in all the earth ! So mote it be! amen ! THE FRATERNAL TRIBUTE, RESPECT PAID TO THE MASONIC CHARACTER OF WAsauiH(B , ff(DS9 9 UNION LODGE, IN DORCHESTER, January 7tk, A. L. 5800. INFORMATION. AS soon as the members could conveniently be called together, after the mournful intelligence ar«t rived of the death of their illustrious Brother George Washington, they assembled to pay their funeral honours to his memory. The hall, the furniture of the lodge, and the brethren, were all dressed in the badges of mourn- ing : and the apartment but dimly lighted. The following address was delivered : an occa- sional dirge was sung, and a well adapted anthem chanted, by the choir. Appropriate testimonials of respect closed the solemnities. ADDRESS AH, my brethren, what a change do we perceive ! Our lodge,the lightsome abode of joy, how darkened with the gloom of sor- row ! Instead of the gay splendour with which it was irradiated, a pale sepulchral light dim- ly gleams in its recesses. The cheerful sa- lutation with which we were wont to hail the beloved member or welcome the accepted visitant, is now exchanged for the look of sadness and the condolence of sympathy. We forego the sprightly song for the solemn dirge, and the cup of pleasure for the chalice of woe. The regalia are all veiled in black, and every thing about us bears the tokens of the loss we have sustained in the death of Washington, the patron, the ornament, the pride of our Fraternity. We assemble to dwell in pensive recollection on his sublime virtues, to record his social worth, and to 280 Fraternal tribute of respect to the give vent in privacy to our unaffected sorrows at his decease. His modest and unambitious spirit, which shrunk from the pomp of life, and delighted rather in the silent satisfaction of doing well, than in the loud applauses of the world for having done so, would not disdain the hum- ble honours we pay : though artless, yet cor- dial ; though unostentatious, yet sincere. It is not in our power to make a parade of funeral obsequies^ nor to erect a pompous ce- notaph to his fame ; but what we can, we do ; we inscribe his worth on our memories, and inshrine his virtues in our hearts. When we consider him as a General and a Statesman, we are filled with admiration. When we recognize in him the defender, deliverer, and father of his country, our bosoms glow with gratitude. But when we behold him in the less majestic but more en- gaging character of a brother, his memory is endeared to our affections and has a peculiar claim upon our love. Possessing dispositions congenial with the genuine spirit of Free Masonry, he early be- came a member of the society. Habitually , Character of Washington. 281 desirous of enlarging the sphere of social happiness and of promoting the cause of philanthrophy, he discovered in our order means eminently conducive to these impor- tant purposes.* It gave a nobler expansion to his charity, a wider range to his benevo- lence. Accordingly, he engaged in the plans and assisted the labours of the lodge, with a high satisfastion which those only can feel whose hearts are warmed with the same dis- interested love, and enlarged with the same good will. When harassed by the fatigues of war or the concerns of public life, he was fond of seeking the refreshment and enjoying the sere- nity always to be found within the peaceful walls of the lodge. There every perplexing- anxiety subdued, and every tumultuous thought was calmed. There he obtained relief "from his cares, or strength to rise above them. There his spirit was enlivened and his joys restored ; every cloud dispers- ed, and a bright sunshine illuminated his prospects. * See this most beautifully alluded to, and most happily expressed in his answer to the address of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts on their presenting him a copy of the Book of Constitutions. 2N 282 Fraternal tribute of respect to the He passed the vsrious grades and filled the several offices of the lodge ; and was tried, proved and accepted in thern all. And whe- ther we contemplate him as exalted to the chair of Solomon, to instruct and govern ; or returning to the level of his brethren to partake their toils and share their duties ; we have equal occasion to admire the dignity and humility of his character, the noble ele- vation and amiable condescension of his man- ners.* So, when raised to the highest mil- itary and civil honours his grateful country could bestow, even, when filling the rank of president or the united states he deem- ed it no derogation of his distinguished eminence and station to be considered as a Mason\* In short, his love for the order, his zeal in promoting its interests, and his testimoni- * In the course of the revolutionary war, this exalted hero frequently visited a Lodge where a Sarjeant presided as Master. f This is proved by his answers to the various compli- mentary addresses of mo:.t of the Grand Lodges in America. His reply to one from King David's Dodge in New port (R.I.) contains this declaration : " Being persuaded that a just application of the principles on which the Ma- sonic Fraternity is founded, must be promotive of private virtue and public prosperity, 1 shall always be happy to advance the interests of the society, and to be considered by them as a deserving brother." Character of Washington. 283 als in its favour, have not only revived its pristine credit, but given it new consequence and reputation in the world. The honour thus conferred upon us has been peculiarly serviceable at the present day, when the most unfounded prejudices have been harboured against Free Masonry, and the most calumnious impeachment brought forward to destroy it. But our opposers blushed for their censures when we reminded them that Washington loved and patronized the institution. When the order was persecuted by reli- gious fanaticism and political jealousy, his unsullied virtue was its apology, and his irreproachable life its pledge. He advocated its principles, because he had found them to be pure ; and commended its designs because he knew them to be generous. What an irreparable loss, to be deprived of such a patron at such a time ! Ages, per- haps, will pass away, before our Fraternity may boast at its head a character so great. Yet let not our enemies suppose they may triumph now that he lives not to confute their aspersions. The superior lustre of his 284 Fraternal tribute of respect to the name will out- shine the flashes of their re- sentment, and reflect a glory upon Masonry which can never fade. Happy in its original value and grateful for its augmented fame, let us resolve never to forfeit nor lesson the present high respect- ability of the craft. Let our lives be adorn- ed with those social and moral virtues which become us as the sons of light, and the bro- thers of Washington. We shall honour him by honouring the institution of his early at- tachment, and latest veneration. His vir- tues illustrated its principles, and his benevo- lence explained its tendencies. O might our virtuous actions and benevolent pur- poses, formed by the same discipline and excited by the same motives, emulate his ! And, though they fall, at last, far> far behind in merit and effect ; it will be to their praise that they were modelled after those that were sublime and perfect. Illustrious Washington ! We lament thee as mortal by nature, but we celebrate thee as immortal by virtue ! We mourn thy departure from earth, but rejoice at thy arri- val in heaven ! Having been faithful in all thy course, thou art now raised to the sub- lime degree of light ineffable. Taught Character of Washington* 285 by thy example worthily to pass the proba- tionary grades of time, we will hope to fol- low thee to the Grand Lodge of kindred spirits. ' Farewell, till the grand summons : then brother, we will rise and meet thee ! THE WHICH WAS, SUNG ON THE OCCASION. WHILE all our nation, whelm'd in grief, Lament their General, Patriot, Chief, Let us, his brethren, long revere A name to Masonry so dear ! In mystic rites our Lodge displays Its sorrows and its patron's praise ; And spreads fresh garlands round the tomb, Where the sweet cassia long shall bloom. Look to the East; its splendours fail ! The lesser lights grow dim and pale ! — -The glory once reflected here Now dawns upon a higher sphere. 3VU1S0XIC BY&GE COMPOSED AT THE REQUEST OF THE GRAND LODGE * OF MASSACHUSETTS. [Set to music by the R. W. Brother Holden", and sung" on the 11th Feb. 5800, the day set apart by the Grand Lodge, to pay their funeral honours to their Brother George Washij^gtox.] WHILE every Orator and Bard displays • The Heroes glory and the Patriot's fame ; And all, the Guardian of their Country praise, Revere his greatness and his worth proclaim — We mourn the Man made our^s by tenderest ties, Their honour' d Chiejtain, our lov'd Brother dies ! Come then, the mystic rites no more delay; Deep silence reigns, the tapers dimly burn : Wisdom and Fortitude the requiem pay, And Beauty strews fresh garlands round the urn, A Mason, brothers ; a Grand Master dies ! The cassia sprig designates where he lies. As Love Fraternal leads our footsteps there,. Again to weep, again to bid adieu, Faith views the soul, releas'd from mortal care, Through spheres empyreal its blest course pursue, 'Till it the Lodge of Perfect Light attain ; There may we meet our Washington again. HT2VLX Sung at the Consecration of Union Lodge, tit Dor chest e June 24, 1797. I, GREAT source of light and love, To thee our songs we raise ! O in thy Temple Lord above, Hear and accept our praise ! II. Shine on this festive day, Succeed its hop'd design : And may our charity display A love resembling thine. III. May this fraternal band, Now consecrated, bless'd, In union all distinguished stand, In purity be dress'd ! IV. May all the sons of peace Their every grace improve j 'Till discord through the nations cease And all the world be love ! TRANSLATION OF THE NOTES. PAGE 16. THIS is genuine and indissoluble fraternity, growing out of the virtue and perfection of minds ! "whose once formed league, neither the diversity of desires nor contrariety of wills can disannul : whose principles lead to venerate the worthy and rebuke the dissolute member ; to be obliging to the brother when present, and not to speak ill of him when absent; to congratulate him in health, and not to desert him when infirm ; to rejoice with him if rich, and to assist him if poor. PAGE 19. For a brother not to desert his brother, is also a rare ho- nour to that near relationship. A true companion loves at all times : he is a brother born for adversity. PAGE 21. As when the Sun breaks forth with splendours gay, The shadow follows his all-guiding ray ; But soon as clouds o'ercast his happier light, Follower no more ! She takes her faithless flight: The world's vain friends, ungenerous, thus recede, When Fortune's glooms to brighter days succeed. In misfortunes the friend deserts his friend. PAGE 26. Dear Brother of the choice ! A band more sacred Than Nature's brittle tie !- PAGE 33. Companions, cherished with fraternal love ! 20 290 Translation of the Notes. PAGE 36. Now came the Orator, and audience ask'd : Bearing the peaceful olive branch. PAGE 60. Among other good things which render men amiable to their neighbours and pleasing to God, we believe that to be most acceptable, which insures charity in the heart, and operates as a bond of union to different minds. This good is Peace, by which hatred is dispelled, ranceur allayed, envy driven away, and anger repressed ; which pacifies the mind, conciliates the heart, assuages the breast, and renders con- cordant the affections. This is what we seek to plant, to propogate, and to nourish among the sons of the church : this is what we wish to bring to fruit among kings, princes, and great men.* PAGE 62. These men, skilled in divine and human knowledge, do not disclose to the vulgar the hidden significations contained under the natural appearances, but veil them under figures and emblems. Yet they are ready to reveal them, in a pro- per place, and with due ceremonies, to those who are de- sirous and worthy of being initiated. So far I may be per- mitted to say, with respect; preserving a reverential silence as to what farther relates to these mystic rites. [This note is extracted from a ivork o/*Heliodorus, Bishop q/"Tric- ca, who flourished in the ivth century."] Most of the other Latin notes are explained in the pas- sages to which they are annexed. ' * I have taken the liberty to translate two or three sen- tences more of this fine paragraph than what I had tran- scribed for a note. DISSERTATION ON THE TESSERA HOSPITALIS OF THE ANTIENT ROMANS ; WITH A DESIGN TO ILLUSTRATE REV. II. 1?. TO WHICH IS ADDEJ), AN ACCOUNT OF THE ROMAN ARRHA HO SPIT ALE - AND OF THE BACILLUS, MENTIONED BY OLAUS WORMIUS, " USE HOPITALITY ONE TO ANOTHER." 1 PET. IV. 9. PROLOGUS. " In Theologo accuratum illud antiquitatis stu- dium, si abest, fortasse non requiram ; si adest, ve- hementer amplectar. Nee solum quasi ornamentum, sed etiam, fas si dicere, adjumentum. Nam in his- toria sacra multa esse, quorum penitior intelligentia pendeat a moribusetliteris antiquis, nemo negabit." J. Lipsius, Epist. 1. 3. Ep, 10. INTRODUCTION. ► IN the following dissertation I have frequently used the term friendships^ the latin hospitalitas. In justification of which I pre- fix the following authorities. "Hospes proprie dicitur qui privatim et amicitia causa, vel recipit, vel recipitur. Unde et pro externo amico capitur, et hospi- tiumipYO amicitia. Hine hospitalit as, facilitas vel benignitas in recipiendo ; et hospitaliter, adv. benigne, et faciliter."* " Virtus unde hoc proficiscitur, nobilis- sima prsestantissimaque est ; qua nimirum peregrinos et advenas, quocunque possumus, humanitatis, benignitatis, benevolentiseque genere persequimur, illis aedes domosque nostros patefacimus, cibum potumque liber- aliter praebemus."f " In hospltium venire ;" id est, inviolabilem amicitiam introire. * Langius. f Stuckius, antiq. convivialesp.S7. 294 Introduction. " Hospitality was that tie among the antients which was ratified by particular ceremonies, and considered as the most sa- cred of all engagements ; nor dissolved, ex- cept with certain solemn forms, and for weighty reasons." " Hospitality was universally practis- ed in the earliest times. It was almost the only thing that attached nations to each other. It was the source of the most antient, the most lasting, and the most respected friendship, contracted between families who were separated by immense regions."* * Abbe Raynal, Hist, cf the Indies. CHAP. I. OF THE TESSERA H0SPITAL1S, SECTION I. Method of contracting Friendship. A HOSE persons among the Greek s and Romans who were desirous of perpetu- ating their attachment, of rendering its union more sacred, and of insuring to it pri- vileges more extensive, used the following method. They took a small piece of bone, ivory, or stone, and dividing it into equal and similar parts, one of them wrote his name upon one of these, and his friend upon the other : they then made a mutual ex- change ! promising to consider and retain the little tally as a pledge of inviolable friendship. " Veteres, quoniam non poterant omnes suos hospites noscere, tesseram illis dabant, quam illi ad hospitia reversi ostendebant praeposito hospitii ; unde intelligebantur hos- pites."* ♦Luctatius in Stat Theb. vii. 23". 296 Dissertation, fcfc. The Scholiast of Euripides* describes this custom as it was used amongst the Greeks. " Ot /utv %ivx/ut.tvoi Tia-iv ctsr^nyctxov x.a]atsjuvov')ic ) QctTtgoT /u« v x.silaxt/u7ra.tvov cfarofi^aL/uhois, ivct u Jioi ttaxiv auras, A n T85 tmtvuv tTri^x&cti, 7rgo? ct\K»X%; tTntyo/uivoi to itjutru airily ctxtov ctvmvlo t»v fs>i*v." That is ; " They had a cus- tom, when a friendship had commenced, to take a white stone and engrave theron any word upon which the parties had mutually agreed. Then they brake the stone in the midst, dividing the word, and one half was kept by one friend, and the remaining half by the other, as a constant memorial of their friendship." Koempfer mentions the use of the tessera in contracting frienships in Persia. f The particular shape and figure of the token, was such as was agreed upon by the contractors. Of this kind of tessera several are preserv- ed to this day in the cabinets of Antiquarians. Some of them, as described by Thomasinus, may be seen delineated in the Frontispiece of this volume, A, a. B, b. C, c. reduced to about one fourth of their size. * In Medea, v. 613. f Amenit. Exot. p. 736. Dissertation^ &c. 297 SECTION II. The use and sacred nature of this Contract, THE producing of the tessera was a recog- nition of the covenant of friendship. And with it the traveller was sure to be received with distinguished marks of civility, and to obtain a hearty welcome at the house of his friend. So highly was this alliance esteemed, that it was preferred even to relationship. To express, in the most forcible terms, their veneration for it, and their sense of its sacred nature, the antient Romans gave to their Sovereign of the Gods the title of Jupiter Hospitalis.* This excellent usage established friend- ship even between individuals of different nations. Cicero recommended several persons, and promoted their interest from this con- sideration. Thus, in his letter to Sulpitius, * Virg. JEn. lib. 1. v. 735. So the Greeks styled him Hospitable Jove. See Homer's Odys. lib. ix. v. 269. and lib. xiv. v. 55. 2P 298 Dissertation, fcfc. the govenor of Achaia, he -introduces Lyso to his favour, by saying, " Cum Lysone Patrensi est mihi quidem hospitium vetus, quam ego necessitudinem sancte colendum puto."* Even war between their respective nations did not disannul the union. Historians have recorded several instances of combatants lay- ing down their arms in the heat of battle, out of a pious regard to the alliance of hos- pitality which had been entered into by their progenitors. . Lest any one, besides the person to whom it rightfully belonged, should claim its privileges, the little pledge was preserved with the utmost care and secrecy : and no one knew the name inscribed on it but the possessor. * Eftist. ad Famil 19. lib. in. Dissertation, &c. 299 SECTION III. The connection was indissoluble except by a public disavowal. THE engagement thus entered into could not be dispensed with, unless publicly disa- vowed in a juridical manner. One of the ceremonies practised in this solemn act of re- nunciation, was to break the mark or symbol of hospitality. By this act, he who came to this open rupture, authentically declared, he would for the future have no more com- merce with him who had broken his faith with him. " Abi, quaere ubi jurejurando tuo satis sit subsidii ! Hie, apud nos, jam, Alsesimarche, confregisti tesseram."* See, also, an instance recorded by Livy,t where Badius Campanus renounces the friend- ship of Q. Crispinus. Isiodorus declares " Veteres quando sibi promittebant, stipulam tenentes frangebant, quam iterum jungentes sponsiones suas ag- noscebant."$ * Plaut. Cisterel. Act ii- Sc. i. v. 27. f Decad. Hi. lib. 5, % Lib. v. 300 Dissertation, Esfc. SECTION IV. Disgrace of violation. THIS connection was founded upon all that was honourable in character, virtuous in principle, and generous and affectionate in disposition. Nothing, therefore, was con- sidered so base as a violation of it. " Non defuere tamen, qui ferarum more, non homi- num, ab omni humanitate alieni erant, ut non benigne hospites ad mensam admitterant, sed mensce apponerent."* Plutarch informs us that those who vio- lated these bonds, were looked upon as wick- ed and abominable, both among Greeks and Romans : and the most injurious thing that could be said of a man, was to charge him with having disregarded the laws of hospi- tality. " The vengeance of Jupiter, the pa- tron of hospitality and friendship, visited Philip (says he) for his breach of both, and pursued him through life. For he was beaten by the Romans, and forced to yield himself to their discretion. In consequence of which, he was stripped of all the provinces he had conquered ; gave up all his ships, except five ; * CvESarius, dial. 2. Dissertation, &c. 301 obliged himself to pay a thousand talents, and delivered his son as a hostage. He even held Macedonia and its dependencies only at the mercy of the conquerors. Amidst all these misfortunes, he was possessed only of one blessing, a son of superior virtue ; and him he put to death, in his envy and jealousy of the honours the Romans paid him."* Horace, speaking of a degenerate person, to complete his character, declares him " et penetralia Sparsisse nocturno cruore Hospilis." Cicero, in his invectives against Verres, among other crimes, charges him with having been a frequent violator of the rights of hospitality. " Num te ejus lachryniEe, num senectus, num hospitii jus atque nomen, a scelere aliquam ad partem humanitatis revo- care potuit ? Sed quid ego hospitii jura in hac tarn immani bellua commemoro, qui Sthenium Termitanum, hospitem suum, cu- jus domum per hospitium exhausit et exinani- vit, absentem in reos retulerit, causa indicta, capite damnarit : ab eo nunc hospitiorumjura atque officia quseramus?" * Plutarch's lives, V. 6. p. 196. Langhorne's translation. 302 Dissertation, £sfc. " Unpitied may he die Who to a friend assistance can deny ; Nor, to afflicted virtue kind, Unlocks the treasures of his mind !"* SECTION V. The privileges of this Friendship might be claimed by the descendants of the contracting parties. WHEN this Friendship was contracted it became perpetual. The memorials of it were transmitted from father to son. " Eo presente homini extemplo ostendit symbolum, Quern tute dederas ad eum, ut- ferret filio."t Plautus, in his comedy entitled Poenulus, plainly intimates that the descendants of those who formed the friendly compact, might challenge its rights. In the second scene of Act v, he, who had made " the * Euripid. Medea. Potter's translation. % Plaut. Bacchid. Act. II. Sc. 3. Dissertation, &fc. 303 brotherly covenant" with Antidamus, 'comes to his son, not doubting of an affectionate welcome ; for, saith he, " Deum hospitalem, ac tesseram mecum fero." The interview which succeeds, is a pleas- ing illustration of many of the preceding re- marks. Poenulus is introduced inquiring for Agorastocles, who thus replies, " Siquidemae tu Antidam hie quaeris adoptatitium, Ego sum ipsus, quem tu quaeris. PCEN. Hem ! quid audio ? AG. Antidamae gnatum me esse. PCEN. Si ita est, tesseram conferre si vis hospitalem, Eccam attuli. AG. Age dum hue ostende ! Est par? Probe. Nam habeo domi. PCEN. O mi hospes, salve multum ! Nam mihi tuus pater, Pater tuus ergo mihi Antidamas fuit. Haac mihi hospitalis tessera cum illo olim fuit. AG. Ergo hie apud me hospitium tibi prsebebitur. 304 Dissertation, &c. PCEN. Dii dent tibi omnia quae velis \ v The antient Greeks, also, deposited these tokens among their treasures, to keep up the memory of their friendships to succeeding generations ; as we are informed by the com- ment of Eustathius on that passage of Homer where Diomedes recounts to Glaucus the gifts which their ancestors Oeneus and Belle- rophron had presented each other. SECTION VI. A Practice of this kind seems to have been in use among the early christians. TERTULLIAN has these words : " Sic omnes probant unitatem ; dum est illis com- municatio pacis, et appellatio fraternitatis, et contesseratio hospitalitatis : quae jura non alia ratio regit quam ejusdem sacramenti una traditio."* The tessera was carried by them in their travels as an introduction to the friendship * De Prcescri/i. cap. 20. See also S. Ambros- lib. ii. offic. cap. 21, and lib. iii. cap. 7. Chrysostom. condone 2, de Lazaro. Augustin. serm. 70, de temp.. Concil. Tri- dent, sess.xxv. c. 8. Dissertation, £sfc. 305 and brotherly kindness of their fellow chris- tians.* Afterwards, heretics, to enjoy those privileges, counterfeited the tessera. The christians then altered the inscription. This was frequently done, till the Nicene council gave their sanction to those marked with the initials of the words n*T» § , r*>c, Aytov awf**. These B. Hildebrand calls " tesserae cano- nical. "f The impostor Peregrinus, as we learn from the particulars stated by Lucian,J feigned himself a christian, that he might not only be clothed and fed by them, but assisted on his travels and enriched by their generosity. But his artifice was detected and exposed. " Peregrinus, philosophus gentilis, lucri causa religionis christians stimulator, etiam carcerem toleravit ; sed collecta non parva pecunia ex eleemosynis Sanctorum, descivit, satis sibi aiens in hospitalitate christiano- rum.§ * C. Corn a Lapide, Comment, in Pauli Apost. e/iist. Haebr.cap. xiii. f Col in Alma Julia. X Luciani ofiera,tom. III. lib. 9. p. 325. edit. Am&t. 1743- § Euseb. chron. anno xti. 78. See also the testimonies ofAuLus Gellius, Ammianus Marcellinus, Athe- nagoras, and Tertullian. 2Q 306 Dissertation, &c. - The procuring a tessera, as a testimony of evangelization, answered all the purposes, and saved the trouble of formal written cer- tificates, and introductory letters of recom- mendation. The danger of its being used by impostors, as in the case of Peregrinus, made it necessary to preserve the token with great care, and never to produce it but upon spe- cial occasions. Notwithstanding the simplici- ty of this method, it continued in use until the time of D. Burchardus, Abp. of Worms, who flourished A. D. 1020, who mentions it in a visitation charge. SECTION VII. Application. WE find from the foregoing sections that the tessera was the testimonial and pledge of the most perfect friendship ; the obligations of which were mutual, sacred, and indissolu- ble, and the benefits perpetual. The little token was carefully and privately kept, that no one might claim and enjoy its privileges, but he for whom they were intended. And this custom, I have thought, gives the most ai -::- i; :ai:cn of the following passage in Revelations li. 17. To him that over com- Dissertation, &c. 307 eth will I give a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth, saving he that receiveth it. Allowing the verse to refer to the beforementioned method of commencing and perpetuating, a special Friendship, the promise will be to this effect: To him that overcometh will I give a pledge of my affection, which shall constitute him my friend, and entitle him to privileges and honours, of which none else can know the value or extent.* The following apostrophe in Dr. Watts' lxxviii hymn of the 1st book, is a happy il- lustration of this passage. It represents the Saint entreating his beloved Lord. " O let my name engraven stand Both on thy heart and on thy hand, Seal me upon thine arm, and wear That pledge of love forever there ! Stronger than death thy love is known, Which floods of wrath could never drown ; And hell and earth in vain combine To quench a flame so much divine. But I am jealous of my heart, Lest it should once from thee depart ; Then let thy name be well imprest As a fair signet on my breast !" * See more particularly Discourse V,. 308 Dissertation, &c. SECTION VIII. Objections removed, THE opinion of learned commentators upon this verse in the Apocalypse, so far as they differ from this explanation, will be con- sidered as lessening its consequence ; the object of this section therefore, is to make some remarks upon the most plausible con- structions of this passage. The explications which have been generally adopted, are the following. 1. The text has been considered as allud- ing to the black and white stones with which the judges, among the antients, condemned or acquitted the criminal. " Mos erat antiquis, mveis atrisque lapillis, His damnare reos, illis absolver-e culpa."* But the latter part of the verse convinces us that it could not intend this practice ; for on these tesserae there was no name written. 2. Others have supposed it an allusion to the stone given to servants when they were liberated by their masters, accompanied * Ovid. Dissertation, &c. 309 by the name of Freedman. Yet the benefit, the honour, and the privileges of this eman- cipation must be conferred in vain, or rather could not be given at all, unless known to others besides him who received them. 3. It has again been supposed to allude to the token or ticket given to the con- queror in the Olympic games, expressing his name and signifying the reward he was to receive for his achievements : but here the name must be known or the reward could not be procured. 310 Dissertation, £sfo. CHAP. II. OF THE ARRHA HOSPITALE. THIS name was given to the pocket- pieces, or keep-sakes, formed by breaking a piece of money in two. Such broken coins are frequently found at Rome. On one side are the heads of Aug. Cesar and M. Agrippa ; and on the other a crocodile chain- ed to a tree, *with the words COL. N£M. [Colonia Nemausus] a province of Gaul, with which those Princes were rewarded af- ter the conquest of Egypt. See in the Fron- tispiece, E, e. Plautus introduces Palaestrio, in his co- medy entitled " Miles Gloriosus," presenting a token of this name. " Hunc arrabonem amoris primum a me recipe."* The Romans, probably, obtained both the word and the custom from the an- tient Hebrews. The word is used, 1 Sam- uel, xvii. 18. where David is sent to the camp to see how his brethren fared, and to take their Dro-p [arrabon] pledge. The Greek word *gg*£«v, a pledge, or surety, 6c- * Act. IV. Seen. i. Dissertation, &fc. 311 • curs 2 Cor. i. 22. v. 5. and Ephes. i. 14. It is, also, used in the Septuagint version of Gen. xxxvii. 17, 18, 20. where it answers to the Hebrew ?w-«r. In the Frontispiece, D, d. is copied, from a plate of curious articles, an antique, which from its form, and the clasped hands engrav- ed upon it, will be readily understood to be- long, to this class of tesserae : and may be considered as corroborative proof that the custom we are elucidating came originally from the Hebrews. 312 Dissertation, bV. CHAP. III. OF THE BACILLUS. THE bacillus was a love -token entirely re- sembling the tessera hospitalis. It is thus described by Olaus Wormius : " Bacillus est quadratus trium pollicum longitudine ; lat- itudine tertia parte pollicis ; latera quatuor characteribus insignita habens ; expruno syl- vestri, ut videtur, fabricatus."* A figure of one he has given may be seen in the plate, F, f. He supposes the letters to be amatorial, and so written as to convey in an intricate, or anagrammatic, manner the name of the lover, in a sentiment of attach- ment intelligible to all. The words on the tessera amatoria or bacil- lus, which he has described are : By naff a vuet kierestce miria off Thenkestol inde Landum, vt Nomen meum novit amicissima mea Ex amoris hac tessera Landum." * Moniummta Danicorum lib. xvii. Dissertation, &c. 313 " Blest be the pledge, whose kind enchantment gives To wounded love the food on which it lives ! Rich in this gift, though cruel ocean bear The youth to exile from his faithful fair, He in fond dreams hangs o'er her glowing cheek, Still owns her present, and still hears her speak." Hayley, 2R CONSTITUTIONS CHAPTER L Of those who would be Free and Accepted Masons. JjEFORE we enter upon the duties of the operative Mason, in the various offices to which he may be called in the lodge, it is proper to give some account of what is ab- solutely requisite in all who aspire to partake of the sublime honours of those who are duly initiated into the mysteries, and instruct- ed in the art of ancient masonry. SECTION I. Of God and Religion. Whoever, from love of knowledge, inte- rest, or curiosity, desires to be a mason, is to 316 Constitutions. know that, as his foundation and great cor- ner stone, he is firmly to believe in the eter- nal God, and to pay that worship which is due to him, as the great architect and go- vernor of the universe. A mason must observe the moral law. And if he rightly understand the royal art, he will never be an atheist, or an irreligious liber- tine ; and will never act against the great in- ward light of his own conscience. He will likewise shun the errors of bigotry and superstition ; making a due use of his own reason, according to that liberty where- with a mason is made free : for though in an- cient times, masons were charged to comply with the religious opinions and usages of the country or nation where they sojourned or worked, yet it is now thought most expedi- ent that the brethren in general should only be charged to adhere to the essentials of re- ligion, in which all men agree ; leaving each brother to his own judgment as to particular forms. — Whence being good men and true, of unsullied honour and unfailing honesty, the order becomes the centre of union, and the means of conciliating true friendship.* * " Gude menne and true, hennynge eidher odher to be soche, doe always love the more as they he more gude." Ancient MS. Bodl. Constitutions. 317 SECTION II. Of Government, and the Civil Magistrate. Whoever would be a true mason is farther to know, that by the privileges of his order, his obligations as a subject and citizen will not be relaxed, but enforced. He is to be a lover of peace, and obedient to the civil pow- ers which yield him protection, and are set over him, where he resides, or works. Nor can a real craftsman ever be concerned in conspiracies against the state, or be disre- spectful to the magistrate ; because the w r elfare of his country is his most happy ob- ject. Now, if any brother, forgetting for a time the rules of his craft, and listening to evil counsels, should unhappily fall into a contrary conduct, he is not to be countenanced in his crimes or rebellion against the state ; but he forfeits all the benefits of the lodge, and his fellows will refuse to associate or converse with him in private, while he continues in his guilt ; that no offence may be given to lawful government. Such a person, however, is still considered as a mason ; his title here- to being indefeasible : and hopes are to be entertained, and endeavours used, that the 318 Constitutions. rules of the craft may again recover him to his duty. From the constant desire of true masons to adorn the countries where they reside with all useful arts, crafts and improvements, they have been, from the earliest ages, encourag- ed and protected by the wisest rulers of states and commonwealths ; who have likewise thought it an honour to have their names en- rolled among the fraternity, and have become the patrons of the craft. And thus masonry, having always flourished most in the peacea- ble times of every country ; and, having suf- fered in a particular manner through the ca- lamitous effects of war, the craftsman are the more strongly engaged and inclined to act agreeably to the prime principles of their art, in following peace and /ove, as far as pos- sible, with all men. And as political affairs have occasioned discord amongst the nearest relations, and most intimate friends, masons are enjoined never to speak of, or discuss, them in the lodge. SECTION III. Of Private Duties. Whoever would be a mason should know how to practise all the private virtues. He Constitutions. 319 should avoid all manner of intemperance, or excess, which might prevent his perform- ance of the laudable duties of his craft, or lead him into enormities, which would reflect dishonour upon the ancient fraternity. He is to be industrious in his profession, and true to the Lord and Master he serves. He is to labour justly, and not to eat any man's bread for nought ; but to pay truly for his meat and drink. What leisure his labour allows, he is to employ in studying the arts and sciences with a diligent mind, that he may the better perform all his duties, to his Creator, his country, his neighbour, and himself. He is to seek and acquire, as far as possi- ble, the virtues of patience, meekness, self -de- nial, forbearance, and the like, which give him the command over himself, and enable him to govern his own family with affection, dignity and prudence : at the same time checking every disposition injurious to the world, and promoting that love and service which brethren of the same household owe to each other. Therefore, to afford succour to the distres- sed, to divide our bread with the industrious poor, and to put the misguided traveller into the way, are duties of the craft, suitable to its dignity, and expressive of its usefulness. Bat, though a mason is never to shut his ear 320 Constitutions. unkindly against the complaints of any of the human race, yet, when a brother is op- pressed or suffers, he is in a more peculiar manner called to open his whole soul in love and compassion to him, and to relieve him without prejudice, according to his capacity. It is also necessary, that all who would be true masons should learn to abstain from all malice, slander and evil speaking ; from all provoking, reproachful and ungodly lan- guage : keeping always a tongue of good re- port. A mason should know how to obey those who are set over him ; however inferior they may be in worldly rank or condition. For although masonry divests no man of his ho- nours and titles, yet, in the lodge, pre-emi- nence of virtue, and knowledge in the royal art, is considered as the true source of ail no- bility, rule and government. The virtue indispensibly requisite in ma- sons, is secrecy. This is the guard of their confidence, and the security of their trust. — So great stress is to be laid upon it, that it is enforced under the strongest penalties and obligations ; nor, in their esteem, is any man to be accounted wise, who has not intellec- tual strength and ability sufficient to cover and conceal such honest secrets as are com- Constitutions. 321 niitted to him, as well as his own more seri- ous and private affairs. * SECTION IV. Of Prerequisites* No person is capable of becoming a mem- ber, unless, together with the virtues afore- mentioned, or at least a disposition to seek and acquire them, he is also free born ; of mature and discreet age ;* of good report ; of sufficient natural endowments, and the senses of a man ; with an estate, office, trade, occupation, or some visible way of acquiring an honest livelihood, and of working in his craft, as becomes the members of this most ancient and honourable fraternity, who ought not only to earn what is sufficient for them- selves and families, but likewise something to spare for works of charity, and supporting the true dignity of the royal craft. Every person desiring admission must also be up- right in body, not deformed or dismembered, at the time of making : but of hale and en- tire limbs, as a man ought to be. No brother shall propose for admission in- to this ancient and honourable society, any * Not under twenty-one years, 2S 322 Constitutions. person, through friendship or partiality, who does not possess the moral and social virtues, a sound head and a good heart ; and who has not an entire exemption from all those ill qualities and vices, which would bring dis- honour on the craft. section v. Instructions for the Candidate. A strict, though private and impartial, in- quiry will be made into the character and ability of the candidate, before he can be admitted into any lodge : and by the rules of masonry, no friend, who can wish to propose him, may shew him any favour. But if he have a friend who is a mason, and is every way satisfied, his duty is described as fol- lows : SECTION VI. Of proposing Candidates. Every person desirous of being made a free -mason in any lodge, shall be proposed by a member, who shall give an account of the candidate's name, age, quality, title, trade, place of residence, description of his person, Constitutions. 323 and other necessary requisites ; as mentioned in the foregoing sections. And it is generally required, that such proposal be also seconded by some one or more members, who are ac- quainted with the candidate. Such propo- sals shall also be made in lodge hours, at least one lodge night before initiation ; in order that the brethren may have sufficient time and opportunity to make a strict inquiry into the morals, character, and circumstances of the candidate : for which purpose a spe- cial committee is sometimes appointed. The brother who proposes a candidate shall, at the same time, deposit such a sum of money for him as the rules or by-laws of the lodge may require ; which is forfeited to the lodge, if the candidate should not attend ac- cording to his proposal ; but is to be returned to him if he should not be approved or elected. In case he be elected, he is to pay, in addition to his deposit, such farther sum as the laws of the lodge may require ; and clothe the lodge, or make some other pre- sent, as his circumstances will admit, and the brethren agree to accept, for the benefit of the craft and of distressed members. 324 Constitutions. SECTION VII. The Candidate* He has a right, before his admission, to de- sire his friend to shew him the warrant, or dispensation, by which the lodge is held ; which, if genuine, he will find to be an in- strument written, or printed, upon parchment, and signed by some grand-master, his deputy, the grand wardens, and grand secretary ; sealed with the grand lodge seal : constitut- ing particular persons, therein named, as master and wardens, with full power to con- gregate and hold a lodge at such a place, and therein " make and admit free-masons, ac- cording to the most ancient and honourable custom of the royal craft, in all ages and na- tions throughout the known world, with full power and authority to nominate and choose their successors," &>c. He may also request the perusal of the by- laws ; which being short, he may read in the presence of his friend, and be shewn a list of the members of the lodge : by ail which he will better be able to judge whether he could associate with them, and render a ready con- formity to their rules. Being thus free to judge for himself, he will not be liable to the Constitutions. 325 dangers of deception. But, on the contrary, will be admitted into a society, where he may converse with men of honour and honesty — be exercised in all the offices of brotherly love, and be made acquainted with some things, of which it is not lawful to speak, or make known out of the lodge. Previously to his introduction, every can- didate ought to subscribe the following decla- ration : " I, A. B. do seriously declare, upon my honour, that, unbiassed by friends, and unin- fluenced by unworthy motives, I freely and voluntarily offer myself a candidate for the mysteries of free-masonry ; that I am solely prompted by a favourable opinion conceived of the institution, a desire of knowledge, and a sincere wish to be serviceable to my fellow- creatures : and that I will cheerfully conform to the ancient established usages and cus- toms of the society. As witness my hand, this day of in the year ." A, B. %'fl Witnesses, 326 Constitutions. CHAPTER II. OF A LODGE, AND ITS GOVERNMENT. SECTION I. Of a Lodge. A lodge is a place where masons assemble and work : hence that assembly, or duly or- ganized society of masons, is called a lodge:* and every brother ought to belong to one, and to be subject to its by-laws and the gene- ral regulations. It is either particular or ge~ ral, and will be best understood by attending it, and by the regulations of the general or grand lodge hereunto annexed. In ancient times, no master or fellow could be absent from it, especially when warned to appear at it, without incurring a severe censure, until it appeared to the master and wardens, that pure necessity hindered him. SECTION II. Of Officers and Members, in general. A lodge ought to assemble for work at least once in every calendar month ; and * So the word church is expressive both of the congrega- tion and the place of worship. Constitutions. 327 must consist of one master, two wardens, senior and junior, one secretary, one trea- surer, two deacons, one or more stewards, a tyler, and as many members as the master and the majority of the lodge shall think proper : although more than forty or fifty (when they can attend regularly, as the wholesome rules of the craft require) are generally found inconvenient for working to advantage ; and, therefore, when a lodge comes to be thus numerous, some of the ablest master workmen, and others under their direction, will obtain leave to separate, and apply to the grand lodge for a warrant to work by themselves, in order to the advance- ment of the craft, as the laws hereafter to be delivered will more particularly shew. Every member of a working lodge should be a master-mason. SECTION III. Of the Master — his Election, Office, and Duty. All preferment among masons depends on real worth and personal merit only, that the society may be well served, and the royal craft maintained. No brother should be master till he has first served a lodge acceptably in the office 328 Constitutions. of warden ; unless in extraordinary cases, or when a new lodge is to be formed, and no past or former warden is to be found among the members. But, three master-masons, although they have served in no such offices, if they be well learned, may be constituted master and wardens of such new lodge, or of any old lodge in the like emergency ; and it shall be their first duty to qualify themselves thoroughly for their office. The master of every lodge shall be an- nually chosen by ballot, on some stated lodge night. Each member hath one vote. And when the ballot is closed, the former master shall carefully examine the votes, and audibly declare him who hath the majority to be duly elected. In like manner shall the lodge pro- ceed in the choice of all the other officers ; great care being taken, that none be put in nomination, for favour or affection, birth or fortune, exclusively of the consideration of real merit, and ability to fill the office, for the honour and advancement of masonry. No mason chosen into any office can refuse to serve, unless he has served in the same office before. The master of every regular lodge, thus duly elected and installed, has it in spe- cial charge, as appertinent to his office, duty and dignity, to see that all the by-laws of his lodge, as well as the general regulations Constitutions* 329 from the grand lodge, be duly observed ; that his wardens discharge their office faithfully, and be examples of diligence and sobriety to the craft ; that true and exact minutes and entries of all proceedings be made and kept by the secretary ; that the treasurer keep and render exact and just accounts at the stated times, according to the by-laws and or- ders of the lodge ; and, in general, that all the goods and monies belonging to the body be truly managed and dispensed, according to the vote and direction of the majority. The master shall also take care that no apprentice or fellow craft be taken into his house or lodge, unless he has sufficient em- ployment for him, and finds him to be duly qualified, according to the rules before laid down, for learning and understanding the sub- lime mysteries of the art. Thus shall apprenti- ces be admitted, upon farther improvement, as fellow crafts ; and, in due time, be raised to the sublime degree of master masons ; animated with the prospect of passing in future through all the higher honours of masonry, viz. those of wardens and masters of their lodges, and perhaps at length of grand wardens and grand masters of all the lodges, according to their merit. The master of a particular lodge has the right and authority of calling his lodge, or con- 2T 330 Constitutions. gregating the members into a chapter, at pleausure, upon the application of any of the brethren, and upon airy emergency and oc- currence, which, in his judgment, may re- quire their meeting ; and he is to fill the chair when present. It is likewise his duty, toge- ther with his wardens, to attend the grand lodge, at the quarterly communications ; and such occasional or special grand communica- tions as the good of the craft may require, when duly summoned by the grand secretary, and within such reasonable distance of the place of holding the grand lodge, as the laws of the same may have ascertained. When in the grand lodge, and at general as well as special communications, the master and ward- ens, or either of them, have full power and authority to represent their lodge, and to transact all matters as well and truly as if the whole body were there present. The master has the right of appointing some brother, who is most commonly the secretary of the lodge, to keep the book of by-laws, and other laws given to the lodge by proper authority ; and in this book shall also be kept the names of all the members of the lodge, and a list of all the lodges within the same grand communication, with the usual times and places of their meeting. Constitutions. 331 SECTION IV. Of the Wardens of a Lodge. 1 . None but master-masons can be wardens of a lodge. 2. The senior warden succeeds to all the duties of the master, and fills the chair when he is absent. If the master goes abroad on business, resigns, or is deposed, the senior warden shall fill his place until the next stated time of election. And although it was for- merly held, that in such cases the master's authority ought to revert to the last past master who is present, yet it is now the set- tled rule, that the authority devolves upon the senior warden, and, in his absence upon the junior warden, even although a former master be present. But the wardens will generally honour a past master that may be present, and will call on him to take the chair, upon the presumption of his experience and skill in conducting the business of the lodge. Nevertheless, such past master still holds his authority under the senior warden, and cannot act until he congre- gates the lodge. If none of the officers be present, nor any former master to take the chair, the members according to seniority 332 Constitutions. and merit, shall fill the places of the absent officers. The business of the wardens in the lodge is generally, to assist the master in con- ducting the business, and managing the craft, in due order and form, when the master is present. Particular lodges do likewise, by their by-laws, assign par- ticular duties to their- wardens for their own better government ; which such lodges have a right to do, provided they trans- gress not the old land marks, nor in any de- gree violate the true genius and spirit of ma- sonry, section v. Of the Secretary of a Lodge. The secretary shall keep a proper register or record of all transactions and proceedings of the lodge, that are to be committed to writing ; which shall be faithfully entered in the lodge books, from the minutes taken in open lodge, after being duly read ; amend- ed, if necessary ; and approved of before the close of every meeting; in order that the said transactions, or authentic copies, may be laid before the grand lodge, once in every quarter, if required. Constitutions. 333 In particular, the secretary shall keep exact lists of all the members of the lodge, with the admission of new members ; and shall prepare, and send to the secretary of the grand lodge, the list of members, together with all expul- sions and rejections for the time being, to the intent that the grand secretary, and consequent- ly the members of the grand lodge, may be at all times enabled to know the names, and num- ber of members in each lodge under their jurisdiction, with the hand writing of the dif- ferent officers, and to pay all due respect to the brethren recommended by them. SECTION VI. Of the Treasurer of a Lodge. The treasurer is to receive and keep ex- act accounts of all monies raised, or paid ac- cording to rule, for the advancement of the lodge and benefit of the brethren, and to pay all orders duly drawn upon him by the authority of the lodge. He is to keep regu- lar entries, both of his receipts and expenses ; and to have his books and vouchers always ready for examination at such stated times as the by-laws require, or when specially called upon by order of the master and brethren. The treasurer is likewise to have the charge and custody of the chest, jewels and 334 Constitutions. furniture of the lodge ; unless when the mas- ter and majority may judge it more conve- nient to appoint some other responsible bro- ther for that particular duty ; or when the officers of the lodge may take the charge immediately upon themselves. But the warrant or charter is in the custody of the master. SECTION VII. Of the Deacons of a Lodge. The deacons are to assist the master and wardens in the execution of their duty, to examine and welcome visiting brethren, to prepare candidates, and to perform such other services as are assigned them. SECTION VIII. Stewards. The stewards are to provide refreshment, and make a regular report of the expense to the treasurer ; and to see that the regalia of the lodge are in good order, and always rea- dy for use.* * In many lodges, particularly in those where refresh- ments are rarely or never used, the office of steward is not recognized. Constitutions. 335 SECTION IX. Of the Tyler of a Lodge. In order that due decorum be observed, while the lodge is engaged in what is serious and solemn, and for the preservation of se- crecy and good harmony, a brother well skil- led in the master's part, shall be appointed and paid for tyling the lodge door, during the time of communication. Generally a bro- ther is to be preferred, to whom the fees of the office may be necessary and serviceable, on account of his particular circumstances. His duty is fixed by custom, and known to every brother. He is to be true and trusty, and to obey the special directions of the lodge section x. Of the number to be Initiated, No lodge shall make more than Jive new brethren at one time ; nor shall any person be made, or admitted a member of a lodge, without being proposed at least one lodge night before, unless in cases of emergency, or by dispensation from the grand-master, or his deputy in his absence, that due notice 336 Constitutions* may be given to all the members for the ne- cessary inquiries into the candidate's charac- ter; and that there may be unanimity in the election and admission of members. SECTION XI. Of Privileges in Lodges. The majority of every particular lodge, when duly congregated, have the privilege of instructing their master and wardens for their conduct in the grand lodge and quar- terly communications, and all particular lodges, in the same general communication, shall, as much as possible, observe the same rules and usages, and appoint some of their members to visit each other in the different lodges, as often as it may be convenient. When it so happens that a lodge cannot attend the communications of the grand lodge, they may appoint a brother, who is a master mason, and of real merit, and give him instructions to represent them, and vote in their behalf. He bearing their certificate under the seal of the lodge, and signed by the master and wardens, may, if approved by the officers of the grand lodge, take his seat among them, and vote and act in the name of the lodge he represents. But no Constitutions, 337 individual can appear for more than one lodge at the same time. Lodges shall have place according to the date of their constitution. If any lodge shall cease to meet regularly for twelve months successively, its charter shall be void. CHAPTER III. OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE MASONS, AS MEMBER^ OF A LODGE. 1. Of Attendance. Every brother ought to belong to some regular lodge, and should always appear therein properly clothed ; truly subjecting himself to all its by-laws and the general re- gulations. He must attend all meetings, when duly summoned, unless he can offer to the master and wardens such plea of neces- sity for his absence as the said laws and regu- lations may admit. By the ancient rules and usages of mason- ry, which are generally adopted among the by-laws of every lodge, no plea was judged sufficient to excuse any absentee, unless he .2U 338 Constitutions. could satisfy the lodge, that he was detained by some extraordinary and unforeseen ne- cessity. None have a right to vote in the lodge, but such as are members. No brother- shall be a member of more than one lodge at the same time. 2. Of Working. All masons should work faithfully and honestly. All the working hours appointed by law, or confirmed by custom, are to be strictly observed. The usual hours of working are, v " from seven o'clock in the evening until ten, be- tween the 25th of March and the 25th of September ; and from six until nine, between the 25th of September and the 25th of March." The master and masons shall faithfully finish their work. None shall envy a brother's prosperity, or put him out of his work, if capable of finish- ing it. All masons shall receive their wages with- out murmuring. They must avoid all unbe- coming modes of expression ; and shall call each other brother, in the lodge. Constitutions. 339 3. Of Behaviour in the Lodge, While the lodge is open for work, ma- sons must hold no private conversation or com- mittees, without leave from the master ; nor talk of any thing foreign or impertinent, nor interrupt the master or wardens, or any bro- ther, addressing himself to the chair; nor behave inattentively, while the lodge is en- gaged in what is serious and solemn ; but every brother shall pay due reverence to the master, the wardens, and all his fellows. Every brother guilty of a fault shall sub- mit to the lodge, unless he appeal to the grand lodge. No private offences, or disputes about nations, families , religions, or politics, must be brought within the doors of the lodge. 4. Of Behaviour after the Lodge is closed. When the lodge is closed, and the labour finished, the brethren, before they depart home to their rest, may enjoy themselves with innocent mirth, enlivened and exalted with their own peculiar songs and sublime pieces of music; but avoiding all excess, considering each other, in the hours both of labour and festivity, as always free. And 340 Constitutions. therefore no brother is to be hindered from going home when he pleases ; for although, after lodge hours, masons are as other men, yet if they should fall into excess, the blame, though unjustly, may be cast upon the fra- ternity, by the ignorant or the envious. CHAPTER IV. OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF VSASONS, IN THEIR PRIVATE CHARACTER. 1. When a number of brethren happen to meet, without any Stranger among them, and not in a Lodge. In such case you are to salute each other in a courteous manner, as you are or may be instructed in the lodge, and freely communi- cating hints of knowledge, but without dis- closing secrets, unless to those who have given long proof of their taciturnity and ho- nour. Masonry divests no man of the ho- nours due to him before, or that may become due after he was made a mason. On the con- trary, it increases respect, teaching us to add to all his other honours, those which as ma- sons we cheerfully pay to an eminent bro- Constitutions. 341 ther, distinguishing him above all of his rank and station, and serving him readily ac- cording to our ability. 2. When in the presence of Stranger s> who are not Masons. Before those who are not masons, you must be cautious in your words and carriage ; so that the most penetrating stranger shall not be able to discover what is not proper to be in- timated. The impertinent and ensnaring questions, or ignorant and idle discourse of those who seek to pry into the secrets and mysteries of the craft, must be prudently an- swered and managed, or the discourse wisely diverted to another subject, as your discretion and duty shall direct. 3. When at home, and in your neighbourhood. Masons ought to be moral men. Conse- quently they should be good husbands, good parents, good sons, and good neighbours ; avoiding all excess injurious to themselves or families, and wise as to all affairs, both of their own household and of the lodge, for certain reasons known to themselves. 342 Constitutions. 4. Of behaviour towards a foreign brother, or stranger. You are cautiously to examine a stranger, or foreign brother, as prudence and the rules of the craft direct chat you may not be im- posed upon by a pretender ; and if you dis- cover any one to be such, you are to reject him, but with proper caution. But such as are found to be true and faithful, you are to respect as brothers, relieving them, if in want, to your utmost power, or directing them how to find relief; and employing them, if you can, or else recommending them to employment. 5 . Of behaviour towards a brother, whether present or absent. Free and accepted masons, haye ever been charged to avoid all slander of true and faith- ful brethren, with all malice and unjust re- sentment, or talking disrespectfully of a bro- ther's person or performance. Nor must they suffer any to spread unjust reproaches or calumnies against a brother, behind his back, nor to injure him in his fortune, occu- pation or character ; but they shall defend such a brother, and give him notice of any Constitutions* 343 danger or injury wherewith he may be threatened, to enable him to escape the same, as far as is consistent with honour, prudence, and the safety of religion, mo- rality, and the state, but no farther. 6. Concerning differences and law suits, if any such should unhappily arise among brethren. If a brother do you injury, or if you have any difference with him about any worldly or temporal business, or interest, apply first to your own or his lodge, to have the matter in dispute adjusted by the brethren. And if either party be not satisfied with the deter- mination of the lodge, an appeal may be made to the grand lodge ; and you are never to enter into a law suit, until the matter can- not be decided as above. And if it be a mat- ter that wholly concerns masonry, law suits are to be entirely avoided, and the good ad- vice of prudent brethren is to be followed, as they are the best referees of such differ- ences. But where references are either impracti- cable or unsuccessful, and courts of law or equity must at last decide, you must still fol- low the general rules of masonry, avoiding all wrath, malice, rancour, and personal HI will, in carrying on the suit with a brother ; 344 Constitutions. neither saying or doing any thing to prevent the continuance or renewal of that brotherly love and friendship, which are the glory and cement of this ancient fraternity. Thus shall we shew to all the world, the benign influences of masonry, as wise, true, and faithful brethren have done from the be- ginning of time ; and as all who shall follow us, and would be thought worthy of that name, will continue to do. %?* These charges, and such others as shall be given to you, in a way that cannot be written, you are strictly and conscientiously to observe ; and, that they may be the better observed, they should be read, or made known to new brethren at their making ; and at other times, as the master shall direct. — Amen! CHARGE, At the opening of a Lodge. From the Masonic Library, as altered from Preston. THE ways of science are beautiful. Know- ledge is attained by degrees. Wisdom dwells with contemplation. There are we to seek her. Though the passage be difficult, the farther we proceed the easier it will become. If we are united, our society must flou- rish. Let all things give place to peace and good fellowship. Uniting in the grand de- sign, let us be happy in ourselves, and en- deavour to contribute to the happiness of others. Let us promote the useful arts ; and by them mark our superiority and distinction. Let us cultivate the moral virtues ; and im- prove in all that is good and amiable. Let the genius of masonry preside over our con- duct ; and under its sovereign sway let us act with becoming dignity. Let our recreations be innocent, and pursued with moderation. Never let us expose or character to derision. Thus shall we act in conformity to our pre- ' 2X 346 A Charge. cepts, and support the name we have always borne, of being a respectable, a regular, and an uniform society. Or this. " Behold ! how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity ! " It is like the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down upon the beard, even Aaron's beard, that went down to the skirts of his garment ; " As the dew of Hermon, that descend- ed upon the mountains of Zion ; for there the Lord commanded a blessing, even life for evermore. " CHARGE, Proper to be delivered by the Junior Warden, at Meridian, Brethren — The lodge being about to sus- pend its labours for a short time, you may amuse yourselves with rational gaiety, but you must be peculiarly watchful not to run to excess. Masonry commands us to force no brother to do any thing contrary to his inclination, to offend him neither by actions or by words ; you will, therefore, permit him to act as is agreeable to himself, and make him as happy as you can. Indecent or im- moral discourse is unbecoming a mason, and you must always avoid it. At home and abroad shew that you have improved by the lessons you have here been taught ; shew yourselves fonder lovers of wis- dom, and more strict observers of morality. It is needless to warn you to be so cautious in your words and actions as not to give the most acute and prying stranger the least op- portunity of discovering what is not proper 348 Charge at Meridian. to be intimated ; or, against disclosing the private transactions of our different assem- blies ; you are all masons, and honour, and the reputation of the society at large, will guide your actions. Irregularity and intemperance must be forever avoided ; they will disgrace the society, destroy the peace of your fami- lies, impair your constitutions, and make you incapable of pursuing your necessary busi- ness. Constantly observe, and enforce these rules, and always practice those duties, which, in the lodge, have been so forcibly and pleasing- ly recommended to you. Industriously cul- tivate brotherly love, the foundation and cap- stone, the glory, and firm cement of our fra- ternity. Avoid disputes and quarrels ; speak as well of a brother in his absence as in his presence, and let slander be unknown to you. Suffer no one unreproved to calum- niate your honest brethren, but zealously defend their characters, and do them every friendly office. Hence, the beneficial in- fluence of your order will be diffused far around, and the admiring world will be wit- nesses of the happy effects it produces. AN ADDRESS TO FREE MASONS IN GENERAL. STRETCH forth your hands to assist a brother, whenever it is in your power ; to be always ready to go any where to serve him ; to offer your warmest petitions for his wel- fare ; to open your breasts and hearts to him ; to assist him with your best counsel and ad- vice ; to sooth the anguish of his soul, and betray no confidence he reposes in you ; to support him with your authority ; to use your utmost endeavours to prevent him from fall- ing ; to relieve his wants, as far as you are able, without injuring yourselves or your fa- milies. In short, mutually to support and as- sist each other, and earnestly to promote one another's interests, are duties which (well you know) are incumbent upon you. But do these duties always influence you ? Are they not too often forgotten ? Your worthy bro- ther too frequently neglected, and the stran- 350 An Address, &c. ger preferred to those of your own house- hold? Ye are connected by solemn pro- mises ; let those always be so remembered as to direct your actions : for then, and then only, will you preserve your consciences void of offence, and prepare that firm ce- ment of utility and affection, which time will have no power to destroy. » PRAYERS. The Ancient Prayer, at making or Opening. MOST holy and gLorious Lord God, the great Architect of the Universe ; the giver of all good gifts and graces : Thou hast promi- sed, that where two or three are gathered to- gether in thy name, thou wilt be in the midst of them. In thy name we assemble, most humbly beseeching thee to bless us in all our undertakings, that we may know and serve thee aright, and that all our actions may tend to thy glory, and to our advancement in knowledge and virtue. *And we beseech thee, O Lord God, to bless this our present assembling ; and grant that this our new Brother may prove true and faith- ful. Endue him with a competency of thy divine wisdom, that he may, with the secrets of free masonry, be able to unfold the mysteries of godliness. And may he and we walk in the light of thy countenance ; and when the trials of our probationary state are over, * This paragraph is to be omitted, except when a can- didate is about to be initiated. 352 Prayers. be admitted into the Temple not made with hands, eternal in the heavens ! — Amen. Another. — From the Emblems of a Garden. O thou who art every where present, but art known only to those who love thee ! to whom nation or kindred are not the first ties ; for he that loveth dwelleth in God, and God in him. Mankind have felt after thee, every where ! They who love thee, have found thee ! To establish our highest virtue, we enter here. May living streams give us fer- tility, that our green leaves may smile and be flourishing. In this garden may we sit under the shadow of our beloved, and find his fruit sweet to our taste. May they who are set for strength and beauty, be upright, and flourish as the palm, while they who minister are an hedge about us on every side. May our store be plentiful, that every brother may come and partake of its refreshment. May our fruit be chosen, that wise men may search it out. In ample growth, may we spread with come- liness. In blessed order, well arranged, may we be as the trees of God, full of fruit. May we continue fair and flourishing. Under our branches may every virtue find protec- tion, and may the passenger taste the fruit, and find it pleasant. May a goodly spring Prayers. 353 bring a summer of delight, and a full autumn render our stores abundant. May health make us cheerful, and friendship be immor- tal. May our virtues unite us, and may we love the name of brethren, because itblesses us. A prayer used at opening a Lodge. May the favour of Heaven be upon this meeting ; and as it is happily begun, may it be conducted with order, and closed with harmony \—~Amen. A General Prayer, in a Lodge. Great Architect! in whose work all life is employed. The whole is harmony in thee ; each part has its place, and all is perfect. Behold us, who form this apartment in thy works, small indeed in itself, but vast enough for our full employment. From hence we behold thy magnificent displays of power and wisdom, and here we enjoy thy goodness. — Regard our work, begun in thy presence, and by thy laws. On the equal basis of truth let our building stand ! May its entrance be illuminated with hope, and may great and good actions give it glory ! With our master ' 2Y 354 Prayers. may our labour be sweet, and our reward sure. May the skilful inspire a laudable am- bition, and each soul be filled with light. When we extend our hands to a friend, and introduce him to our joys, let truth guide our lips, and love dwell in our hearts. May we add merit to our friendship, and a sincere heart to our pleasures. May the entrance be a sweet recollection to him. May each visit improve his hopes, and enlarge his virtues. May our virtues shine together with brighter light, and the everlasting glory of God be upon us. — Amen. Occasional Prayer — By the Rev, Brother W. Bentley. Great light of life ! whom all beings love, because they enjoy thee ! we live in the light of thy countenance. We exist by thy strength, and are harmony in thee. Bless us, even us, O our father ! give us one soul ; in- fluence us by the same zeal ; purify us by the same light of truth. In the joy of this day we praise thee ; joy makes our praise sub- lime. Bless the brethren, one in name and heart ; bless the elect, who stand near the.e to represent thy power; may they proclaim also thy wisdom and love. May the master be glorious and firm, like the arch of He a Prayers. 355 ven, in which all the revolutions of nature are performed. May the wardens be sure as the poles of our globe. ' May the deacons be constant as the hours. May the treasurer keep what time cannot corrupt ; and the se- cretary receive what eternal truth shall ap- prove. May the stewards be faithful, as the earth in its rich increase ; and the tyler be like the eye of a kind providence, which watches unseen. All in thee, and each in all. To the great light of life be glory. — Amen. A Prayer used at closing the Lodge. May the blessing of Heaven rest upon us, and all regular masons ! may brotherly love prevail, and every moral and social virtue cement us ! — Amen. A Prayer , said at the opening of a Lodge, or making a new brother^ £sfc. used by Jewish Free Masons. O Lord, excellent art thou in thy truth, there is nothing great in comparison to thee ; for thine is the praise, from all the works of thy hands, for evermore. Enlighten us, we beseech thee, in the true knowledge of Masonry : by the sorrows of Adam, thy first made man; by the blood 356 Prayers* of Abel, thy holy one ; by the righteousness of Seth, in whom thou art well pleased ; and by thy covenant with Noah, in whose archi- tecture thou wast pleased to save the seed of thy beloved ; number us not among those that know not thy statutes, nor the divine mysteries of the secret Cabbala. But grant, we beseech thee, that the ruler of this Lodge may be endued with know- ledge and wisdom, to instruct us, and ex- plain his secret mysteries, as our holy brother Moses did (in his Lodge) to Aaron, Eleazar and Ithamar (the sons of Aaron) and the se- venty elders of Israel. And grant that we may understand, learn, and keep all the statutes and commandments of the Lord, and this holy mystery, pure and undented unto our lives end. Amen, Lord. A Prayer ', used amongst the primitive Chris- tian Masons. The' might of the Father of heaven, and the wisdom of his glorious Son, through the grace and goodness of the Holy Ghost, be- ing three persons in one Godhead, be with us at our beginning, and give us grace so ta govern us here in our living, that we may come to his bliss that never shall have end. Amen. Prayers. 357 At the Initiation of a Candidate. Glorious Architect of Heaven and Earth, we beseech thee look down from thy high and lofty throne, and bless our present Con- vention, grant that this our friend may be- come a faithful brother, grant that he, and all of us, may live as men, and as true masons, duly considering the important ends for which thy goodness has created us, give us, O God, wisdom to continue in all our doings, — strength to support us under all difficulties, the beauty of holiness to grant those heav- enly mansions where thy honour dwelleth, and grant that we may be firmly united by brotherly love, and in all our dealings with the world, practice justice towards all men, love mercy, and walk in the paths of hu- mility, before thee our God, and that at last an entrance may be administered unto us, into the celestial Lodge of perfect happiness, O great Jehovah. Amen. LIST OF LODGES Held under the jurisdiction of the R. W. Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. No. 2, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d Monday. N 3, ditto, ' 3d Tuesday. 9, ditto, 1st Friday. 19, ditto, 1st Thursday. * 21, Perseverance Lodge, Held at Harrisburg, 2d Wed- nesday. 22, held at Sunbury, full moon. 25, Bristol, Monday preceding f. m. 43, Lancaster, 2d Wednesday. 45, Pittsburg, Last Wednesday. 46, Ephrata, Lancaster county. 50, West-Chester, 2d Saturday, except in June and July, when no meetings are held. 51, Philadelphia, 4th Thursday. 52, Harmony Lodge, ditto. 1st Wednesday. 59, Washington Lodge, ditto, 2d Tuesday. 60, Lodge of Hope and Good Intention, held at Browns- - ville, Fayette county, 1st Monday. 61, held at Wilkesbarre, 1st Monday. 62, Reading, 1st Wednesday. 64, Greensburg, 2d Monday. 360 List of Lodges, £sfc. No. 66, Carnarvon township, Berks county, meets Saturday previous to full moon. 67, Concordia Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d Friday, 69, held in the borough of Chester, Saturday preceding full moon. 70, held at Tioga Point, Luzerne county. 71, Orange Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 4th Wednesday. 72, Philadelphia Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d Saturday. 73, Lodge L'Ame'nite (French), held at Philadelphia, meets 1st and 3d Thursdays. 75, Phoenix Lodge, held in Charles township, Chester, county, meets on Saturday preceding full moon, un- less moon fulls on Saturday, then on that day. 77, Les Freres Unis, held at Port D'Espagne, in the island of Trinidad. 81, Hiram Lodge, held at Germantown, meets 1st Sa- turday before full moon, but if full moon falls on Sa- turday, then on that day. 82, held at Milford, Pike county, meets Tuesday before full moon. 83, St. Tammany's Lodge, held at Damascus, Wayne county, meets on the evening of every full moon, ex- cept it should be on Saturday or Sunday, then on the Monday following. 84, held at Somerset, meets 1st Monday. 91, Columbia Lodge held at Philadelphia, meets 4th Monday. 92, Union Lodge, held at Union town, Fayette county, meets 1st Wednesday. 94, Orange Lodge, held at New Hope, Coryell's ferry, Bucks county, meets Monday before full moon, but if the moon is full on Monday, then on that day. List of Lodges, fcfc. 361 No. 100, Rising Sun Lodge, held at Cattawissa, Columbia county, meets 1st Monday after full moon. 102, Jerusalem Lodge, held at Frankford. 103, Le Temple des Vertus Theologales, held at Ha- vanna, island of Cuba. 104, Philanthropic Lodge, held in Leacock township, Lancaster county, meets 1st evening before full moon, but if the moon be full on Monday, then on that evening. 106, held at Williamsport, Lycoming county, meets on the evening of every full moon, unless it should fall on Sunday, then on the Monday following. 107, Western Star Lodge, held at Kaskaskia, Illinois ter- ritory, meets 1st Saturday. 108, Union Lodge, held at Wysox and Orwell Luzerne county. N 109, Lousiana Lodge, held at St. Genevieve, Louisiana* meets 2d Monday. 110, Youghiogania Lodge, held at Connelsville, Fayette county. 111, St. Louis Lodge, held in the town of St. Louis, Lou- isiana. 113, Ohio Lodge, held at Pittsburg. 114, Solomon's Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 3d Friday. 1 15, St. John's Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 1st Tuesday. 116, Amicitia Lodge held at Marietta, Lancaster county, meets 1st Saturday. 119, North Star Lodge, held in the town of Clifford, Lu- zerne county. 120, Liberty Lodge, held at Tioga, Tioga county. 121, Union Lodge, held at Philadelphia, 3d Thursday. 122, Harmony Lodge, New Orleans, 2Z 362 List of Lodges, &c. No. 123, St. John's Lodge, held in the borough of York, York county, meets 2d Tuesday. 124, held in the borough of Erie. 125, Herman's Lodge, (German) held at Philadelphia, meets 4th Friday. 126, Rising Star Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 4th Tuesday. 127, Philanthropy Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d Wednesday. 128, Temple Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 29th day of the month, but when that falls on Saturday or Sunday, on the next vacant day. 130, Phoenix Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets;3d Wed- nesday. 131, Industry Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d Thursday. 132, Brandywine Lodge, held at Brandywine township, Chester county, meets third evening previous to full moon, except it should fall on Saturday or Sunday, then on the Monday following. 133, St. James' Lodge, held at Beaver, Beaver county, meets Wednesday preceding full moon- 134, Franklin Lodge, held at Philadelphia, 3d Saturday. 135, Roxborough Lodge, held in Roxborough township, Philadelphia county, meets Saturday after full moon. 136, Friendship Lodge, held in Abington township Mont- gomery county, meets Wednesday preceding full moon. 137, Bedford Bath Lodge, held at Bedford. 138, Schuylkill Lodge, held at Orwigsburgh, Schuylkill county. 1.39, Rising Sun Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 4th Saturday. List of Lodges, fcfc. 363 No. 141, Hiram Tyrian Lodge, held at Halifax, Dauphin county, meets on the evening of every full moon, ex- cept it should be on Saturday or Sunday, then on the Monday f@llowing. 142, Village Lodge, held in the village of Sadsbury, Ches- ter county. 143, George Washington Lodge, held at Chambersburg, Franklin county 144, Charity Lodge, held in the town of Milton, Nor- thumberland county, meets on the evening previous to full moon, but if the moon fulls on Sunday, then the evening following. 145, Church Hall Lodge, held in the town of Wilkins- burgh, Alleghany county, first Monday before every full moon. 146, Western Star Lodge, held at Meadville, Crawford county. 147, Freedom Lodge, held at Bethany, Wayne county, meets the first Tuesday after full moon, unless the moon should full on Tuesday, then on that night. 148, Perseverance Lodge, held in the town of Northum- berland, Northumberland county, 1st Tuesday after full moon. 149, The Rising Sun Lodge, held in the village of Mon- trose, Susquehanna county, Monday preceding full moon. 150, Mount Moriah Lodge, held in the town of Troy, in the county of Bradford. 151, Jordan Lodge, held in Allentown, Lehigh county, Tuesday preceding full moon, if the moon fulls on Tesday, then on that day. 152, Easton Lodge, held in the borough of Easton, North- ampton county, first Thursday after full moon, 364 List of Lodges, &fc. No. 153, Waynesburg Lodge, held in the town of Waynes- burg, Greene county. 154, Lodge West of Schuylkill, held at the house of bro- ther Stewart, one and three quarter miles west of Schuylkill, on the Lancaster turnpike road, in the county of Philadelphia, meets Thursday previous to full moon. 155, Mount Moriah Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets on the 4th Tuesday. 158, Washington Lodge, held at Cheshut level, Lancaster > county, (not yet constituted.) 157, Las delicias de la Havanna, held at Havanna, in the island of Cuba, (not yet constituted.) 158, Meridian Sun Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 1st Saturday. 159, Columbia Lodge, held at Danville, Columbia county, (not yet constituted.) 160, Lodge La Reconnaisance, held at Philadelphia, 4th Monday. SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. Richard Tyebout, R. W> P. G. M. Bayse Newcomb, R. W. G. M. Thomas Elliott, R. W. S. G. W. Josiah Randall, R. W. J. G. W. George A. Baker, R. W- G. Sect'ry. Joseph S. Lewis, R.-W. G. Treasurer. Joseph Bloomfield, R. W. P. G. M. Wm. M'Corkle, M. E. P. H. P. Josiah S. Kay, $L E. P. H. P. Lambert Keating, M. E. P. H. P. - John Livensetter, Thomas W. Duffield, Wm. M'Collin, , Lewis Bache, S. P. Barbier, Matthew M'Henry, Joseph Caskey, Joseph Dilks, J. Maxwell, Oliver Hatfield, R. Mansfield, Daniel Say, Henry Horn, Thomas T. Launds, Benjn. R, Van Kook, M. D. Cornelius Ely, John Somers, M. D. John H. Starr, William E. Ashton, V. D. M. William Milnor, jr. Andrew Hooton. William Delaney, 366 Subscribers^ Names. George C. Potts, Edward W. Carr, Joshua Kersey, M. D. James Delaney, Nathan R. Potts, Jesse Waterman, Mahlone Dungan, Joseph Wabraven, John S. Benezet, Peter Belderback, Richard G. Kendall, Joseph Dilks, Isaac Andrews, Llisha Lawrence Antrim, Joseph Brookfield, M. D, John Macha, George Helmbold, John Darragh, John George, jr. George C. Lentner, esq. Isaiah Beck, Ellis Wright, John Baziere, William Jones, Isaac P. Cole, John Scottie, Andrew Wile, Frederick Helmbold, Jacob Eberle, Peter Segee, John Hutters, Isaac Kannum, Ulaire F. D'luy, Philip Winemore, R. P. M'Cullock, James M'Keage, Thomas Sargent, Wm. Lambert Thomson, Robert Royston, George Dobson, Benjamin Stancliffe, Andrew Allen, Edward Larkins, Richard T Cock, S. P. Roux, John Ritter, John Warner, Thomas Sten, Benjamin Harris, D. W. Hudson, John Curry, George Curry. William Dunlap, Andrew Haffel, John Pedolin, George Milburn, James Allen, Benjamin S. Ashburn, Thomas Nesbit, Thomas Theodore Wilson, William Steward, Joseph Ailes, Samuel Webb, C. Samuel Truton, Jeremiah Wiley, Samuel Paxson, Jacob Alter, Samuel Gordon, Subscribers* Names. 367 Tyby Lippincott, Samuel Harvey, Martin Eckendorff, Charles A. Droz, Francis Savoy, Edward Lafferty, Daniel Weyman, Jacob Beidleman, William Farrer, Benjamin Holbroke, Thomas Kerns, Abraham Hunter, John Whiteman, William Darley, Frederick Alter, Joseph Williams, William Farrier, Martin Opendorf, Abraham Deniers, Thomas Gilbert, John H. Worrell, G. Gloninger, jr. John A Paxton, Robert Berresford, William B. Lapeyre, Joseph Strieby, William Mayweg, Jonathan D. Ayres, William Wills, M. T. Wickham, W '. Weaver, Henry Voight, Samuel Webb, Lieut, J. P. Bunting, Jacob Culph & Co. Samuel Gilbert, John Brook, John Meers, John Snyder, • G. B. W T ilstack, C. Perpegnan, William Smith, Daniel Brooks, S. Sixte, James L. Saunders, W. D. Kennedy, Joseph S. Kennedy, Bowman Kendry, John Baxter, Josiah F. Clement, J. J. Foster, William Meyers, John W. Hanes, Jacob Meyers, John Philips, M. D. John Gosline, Isaac Pilchin, Henry Dilborough, M. D. Charles Reiley, Robert Johnson, William Stackhouse, John White, Charles Ellis, Montgomery Polhomus, Thomas Smith, George Haywood, Mahlone Budd, John Fort, 368 Subscribers' Names. Jacob Egbert, Thomas R. Lacey, John Newbold Offley, Lucien Horatio Storbton, Daniel M'CulIy, John S. Earle, William Galdy, Benjamin Heavlind, Robert Rogers, Charles F. Lott, Cyrus Stone, Peter Cushman, Otis Harris, Samuel Evans, Isaac Hillian, John C. Warner, Samuel Hullings, Joseph Rowand, George M'Donald, Thomas Gordon, Charles Davenport, Richard L. Beatty, David P. Shrope, Joseph P. Chamberlin, William Geary, David Care, John Maxwell, William Maxwell, Andrew Varderslice, S. W. Smith, John Culin, George Willig,jr. Mr. Primrose, Delucena L. Bingham, James B. Caldwell, Benjamin Darlington, John Zane, John Shivers, Joseph P. Hilman, Joseph Turner, Thomas Wilkins, Joseph H- Irwine, William Nelson, Henry Miller, Samuel Humphrey, Thomas Hammitt, Anderson Seagroes, Josiah Shull, esq. Samuel Somers, Samuel C. Pierce, Samuel Forman, Joel Taylor, Isaac Durall, Enoch M. Forman, James Yerrick, David Billey, Jacob Aleut, William Greary, Merinas Chance, William Dilworth, Thomas Gormain, John Haviland, Charles Sontag, Hugh Bridport, William Imlay, Kearney Nerrill, Robert De Borr, William J. Vandorn, Subscribers* Names. 369 Samuel Disbrow, jr. Charles Carson, Peter Wilmunt, jr. Horatio Salisbury, Joseph Edwards, Thomas L. M'Dowell, Abraham Lutberg, Solomon M. Crane, Alfred Stone, Charles L. Williamson, Thomas P. Walworth, William H. Hichman, D. Burrows, W. H. Earle, Samuel M. Chesny, jr. Ellis Noe, Isaac A. Conlay, Stephen Roff, John Dougherty, William D re man, Thomas T. Lounds, Richard Brown, Elias Runyan, Henry Gatzmer, John H. Kline, Cornelius Mutker, Benjamin D. Carn, John Lambert, jr. L. Deffebache, James Giles, Jar vis Brewster, Smith Bower, Lewis J. Cox, Josiah Parvin, Alexander M'Kenzie, A. V. Fricht, Bedford Jobs, John L. Anderson, Nathan H. Olden, Adam Waldie, Mr. Strick, Conrad Seyfert, Theodore Dekline, William C. Parker, Alexander Caldwell, John Brown, Samuel S. Cornming, G. F. Rhinehart, Absalom H. Giger, George P. Bormise, Joshua Bower, James M'Cormick, George Muskert, George Lake, William Graves, William Best, William Heaton, William Ray, Isaac Young, Joseph Furrer, Philemore Ross, John Starbrice, jr. Moses Thomas, Dan. Dimmick, John K. Woodward, Sheldon Norton, Thomas Walker, Daniel Small, 3A 370 Subscribers' Names, Abraham Hopkins, Thomas Plater, jr. David J. Secor, William Fox, Owen Murphy, John Morgan, William Oram, E. S. Talmage, David Elwell, Darius Ayres, Samuel Dickinson, Otis B. Merrill, Isaac A. Hurley, William Scott, Thomas Courtney, Joseph E. Bovven, Thomas Smith, Chester Chattin, G. L. Mitchell FREEDOM LODGE, No. 147, {Bethany, Wayne county .) Benjamin Raymond, W. M. George Spangenberg, S. W. Jacob S. Dairs, Sect'ry. Robert Beardslee, Treasurer, 2 copies. Thomas Spangenberg, Abisha Woodward, Eliphalet Kellogg, Charles Stanton, Matthias Keen, Benjamin King, William R. Walker, Jeremiah Bennett, RISING SUN LODGE, No. 149, (Bridgwater, Montrose, Susquehanna county.') Perez Perkins, W. M. Rising Sun Lodge, Charles Otis, John Pasmore, Jonah Brewster, James W. Hill, Lumen Tussy, William Turrell, Mason Denison. Martin B , [not legible.] James Stevens, Samuel Kelburn, Philo Bostwick, Davjd Post, Isaac Post, Subscribers'* Names. 371 LODGE No. 100, (Catawissa, Columbia county.) Philip Moyer, W. M. Christian Brobst, John Ellis, Charles Ent, Henry Fisher, William M^Kelvy, Story Margerum. John Hause, PERSEVERANCE LODGE, No. 21, (Harrisburg,) Meets on the second Wednesday of every month. Perseverance Mark Lodge, on the third Thursday. Perseverance Chapter, on the first Saturday. George R. Horter, W. M. Wanum Holbrooke, James Roberts, Isaac M'Cid, John De Peri, John Fisher, Joseph C. Laveille, H. S. Wunder, John A. Stehley, James Alexander, John Zeaning, Andrew Krause, W. N. Irvine, Robert M'Elwee, Perseverance Lodge, John Buffington, N. B. Wood. Francis R. Shunk, LODGE No. 152, (Easton.) Christian J. Hutter, 6 copies. James M. Porter, John Erl, George Barnet, John Branham, James Herring, John Barnet, jr. 372 Subscribers' Names, LODGE No. 116, {Marietta, Lancaster county, Pa.) George Wolfley, P. M; George Sheets, W. M. Elijah Russell, S. W. Jacob Schwar, William W. Hite, Benjamin Lefever, John H. Krotte, Thomas Faulkner, John Pedin, Samuel Eberlein, Joshua Ring, Vincent King, Joseph S. Wallace, John Barber, Robert Buckananj Eliphalet Weed, John Huss. LODGE No. 22, (Sunbury.) ,George Martin, W. M. . E. C. Breedin, ' Lodge No. 22, 2 copies. Samuel H. Scott, Samuel Harman. LODGE No. 132, {Honey-brook, Chester county.) Effinger Happersett, W. M. John Widenir, Joseph Hughs, John Wampole, John E. Grier, Joseph Whisler, David H. Hackett. Subscribers'' Names. 373 ST. TAMMANY LODGE, No. 83. George B. Guinniss, Reubin CGndit, 2 copies. Jesse Drake, Nathan Monington, Joseph Guinniss, Jacob Tyler, Dudley B. Clark, George Bush, Noah Phillips, Silas Tyler, David Guinniss. LODGE No. 156, (Chesnut Level.) Jacob Moore, M, D. W. M. J. Ramsay, H. S. Brien, Philip Housekeeper, Joseph Hambleton, John Jones, James Hawthorne, M. D. A. F. Cunningham, Benjamin W. Gardner, Benjamin Eshliman, Leonard Johnson, D. Dickey, Robert Thomson. CHURCH HALL LODGE, No. 145, ( Wilkmsburgh, At- - leghany county ', Pa.) William Parks, P. M. James Johnston, P. M. William Hamilton, W. M. William Wallace, S. W. Jacob Prink, J. W. Daniel Henderson, Sect'ry. Thomas Samson, Treasurer, 374 Subscribers^ Names. Andrew Johnson, S. D. John Mathews, J. D. James Damster, -> „ 1 , ^" , >- Stewards. John Gilland, J William Johnston, William Duff, Peter M'Cartney, Tyler. ]M.Cer. Church Hall Lodge, 6 copies Joseph Ball, Mathew Mathews, William Graham, John Mark. George Farrel, Charles Wallace, John Lafaber, John Sarber, Isaac Addis, Otis Dudley, Robert Graham, esq. A. R.Woolley, Henry S. Johnson, Robert Crozier, Levi Barnum, Jacob Roupe, Constantine Malanoply, Joseph Cannon, Cyrus C. Abbott, Jesse Bently, John Wallace, Morrill Parker, Benoit Froost, Alba Fisk, Abraham Whitaker, esq. James Bonner. LODGE No. 50, ( West Chester.) G. A. Fairlamb, Joel C. Baily, Joseph Osborne, John H. Quinn, Thomas H. B. Jacobs, Joseph Wilkinson, jr. John Jeffries, Samson Babb, Isaac Darlington. Subscribers* Names. 375 HIRAM LODGE, No. 81, (Germantoivn.) Daniel Snyder, William Briggs, Christopher Mason, A. W. Thomas, Jacob Harman, Christopher Keisel, William Alexander, John Cooke, Edward Thomson, ' Jacob Roop, James Ogelbe, Joseph Dickerson. John M'Clune, COLUMBIA LODGE, No. 3, ( Washington City, Z>. C. William Duncan, C. Barber, James Pettigrew, C. Putnam, Stephen P. Franklin, C. Byrne, Charles H. Wiltberger, Adam Stewart. NAVAL LODGE, No. 4, ( Washington City, D. C.) William Lambell, M. Doves, N. Brashears, LODGE No. ^(Washington City, D. C) Robert Armistead, Jared Sampler, John D. Hill, Samuel Johnson, John W. Brashears, Benjamin Pearce, Nahum Warren, U. S. N. William Preston. Colmone Bear, 376 Subscribers' 1 Names. Hugh G. Sweeney, U. S. N. St. John's Lodge, Boston, C. P. M'Kennie, Warrenton, Va. S. H. Bullen, Baltimore, Md. Edward Bell, Hagerstown, Md. Charles Chapin, Alexandria, £>. C. Samuel Smith,. Union Town, Pa.