A15 .■B\<^ "*^^> .0- . '^o ^V^-..^'" ^,^::*;^\ /.•> :'' #%^.' * .o ^oo"^ o>.--'A.;-'-\>*^ S^% xys^' v^' :> "ci- C. y ' ^*v^':t*t k»4^/»d: rl^^-J^'^^'^ (^\)e oombatants Oonsidered. ONE day, in the third week of May, 1863, General Lee addressed a demand for rations to the chief of the Confederate Bureau of Subsistence. The reply came : " If the General wants provisions, let him go and look for them in Pennsylvania." This answer was in strict accord with popular Southern sentiment and the feeling of the Confederate President. In answer, General Lee, on the 3d of June, 1863, put his army in motion. The future of America was about to be decided forever. That this invasion was in accord with Lee's own thoughts can well be believed when Lee's words to Heth, spoken after the battle, are recalled: "An invasion of the enemy's country breaks up all of his preconceived plans, relieves our country of his presence, and we sub- sist, while there, on his resources. The question of food for this army gives me more trouble and uneasiness than everything else combined; the absence of the army from Virginia gives our people an opportunity to collect supplies ahead. The legitimate fruits of a victory, if gained in Pennsylvania, could be more readily reaped than on our own soil. We would have been within a few days' march of Philadelphia, and the occupation of that city would have given us peace." Lee's present army could hardly be said to resemble the brave but .undisciplined soldiers that had defended the Manassas plains two years before. Through its organization and discipline, its experience in fighting and marching, it had become far superior even to what it was when, a twelvemonth back, Lee had led it into Maryland for the first time. The extreme confidence that animated it imparted to it immense strength on the field of battle, and inspired it with a most imprudent contempt for its adversaries. The laurels of Chancellorsville had hardly been (27) 28 awarded, before the Government and Generals had applied themselves, with energetic enthusiasm, to the task of reinforcing and reorganizing this fine post. The return of the three divisions under Longstreet, the forwarding of new regiments which had been withdrawn from points of least importance, and the arrival of a large number of ncAv recruits, brought up the effective force of the Army of Northern Virginia, at the end of May, to 80,000 men, 62,352 of whom were infantry. Up to this time the nine divisions of Lee's army had been divided between Longstreet and "^ Jackson. To both of these com- \ manders their chief allowed great freedom of action over the whole extent of battle-field where each happened to be in command. Jackson's untimely death com- pelled Lee to give more personal attention to the management of battles, and in order to do so successfully he found it necessary to reduce the size of his army corps, in order to render them more manageable. He therefore divided his nine divisions into three army corps, each con- taining three divisions. The first was given to Longstreet, the second to Ewell, and the third to A. P. Hill. Each of these three was commis- sioned as a Lieutenant-General. If these last two officers, to recall the comparison made after the death of Turenne, were the small change for Stonewall Jackson, it might be said with truth that the minor coins were of sterling value. No one remembering Ewell's brilliant debut, when, with Kearney's GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE. 23 gallant squadron, lie impetuously charged the gate of Mexico, in 1847, could dispute to him the honor of succeeding the lamented Jackson at the head of the Second Corps. He had the required energy, firmness, and activity to be the leader of soldiers who, knowing their own value, were severe judges of the qualities i)ossessed by their chiefs. The com- mander of the Third was, like Ewell, a Virginian. Gifted with a degree of perseverance equal to any emergency, he was always ready to take charge of the most difficult undertakings, and inspired his chiefs, his MONUMENT TO BATTERY B, IST PENNA. LIGHT ARTILLERY. Comrades, and his subordinates with equal confidence. His force of will overcame the weakness of a shattered constitution, which had emaciated his manly face, lie was never sick on the day of battle. Of Long- street's consummate abilities, and of the great and gifted Lee, it is not necessary here to speak. After reorganizing the infantry, Lee turned his attention to the artillery. Up to this time the batteries were divided between the divi- sions, sometimes even specially attached to some particular brigade. 30 This resulted in a miserable scattering of strength upon the field of action. They were all now placed under the command of General Pen- dleton, a brave and energetic officer, who had been tested under fire. Some of these batteries formed an independent reserve ; the rest, while still remaining under his control, were assigned temporarily to the army corps. The artillery consisted of fifteen battalions of sixteen pieces — four batteries of four pieces each to a battalion. These battalions, commanded by experienced officers, Avhile remaining under the controlling direction of Pendleton, were divided between the three corps, each receiving five battalions, or eighty pieces. Three of the battalions were each specially attached to a division, while the remaining two formed a resers'e. Five mounted batteries of six pieces each composed the light artillciy of Stuart's cavalry di\ision, which had been reinforced and newly mounted. This was the force of the invaders — this the army put forth by the Con- federacy to strike the great blow that was to end the war and to over- whelm the North. It was indeed a great army ! The opposing force, constituting the Army of the Potomac, could not be spoken of with the same admiration. Its ranks, since the disaster at Chancellorsville, had thinned out in a most disastrous manner. Over five thousand well-tried men left during May, at the close of their service, and ten thousand more found then- time out in June. The distresses of the campaign and the heat of the weather largely increased the number of the sick, desertions were numerous, and recruiting wjis at a standstill. These causes reduced the active infantry to about 80,000 men. The artil- lery was too numerous and out of proportion to these figures, the cavalry, worn out with Stoneman's raid, was sadly in need of rest. General Hal- leck was distrustful of Hooker, and in consequence the Washington gov- ernment was a hindrance rather than a help to the plans and ambitions of the Army of the Potomac, which was therefore not in first-class con- dition when the first information of I.ee's plan to invade the North reached the ears of the Union commander. ^be Battle-Reld, EFORE entering upon the account of the battle, a word as to the scene of the conflict — the condition of the theatre of the strife — as Lee and Meade found it, the morning their two hundred thousand met to make history. The end of June, 1863, had been rainy, with frequent storms, which, while imparting the freshness of spring to the leaves of the forest and the grain in the meadows, had at the same time somewhat broken up the roads over which the combatants of both armies were marching in close column. Idly they passed on, heedless as to whether that day would be tlieir last on earth. With the carelessness of the soldier, too familiar with the risks of war to ponder very long over them, they marched forward between the meadows full with billowy grain, and y_- Of ^..^^^^^ ^~— ^1::=-,^ P^s* *^^ orchards rich-laden ^^^^l ^tf i WPJ ^P^ -y^ith the promise of the Fall, The country through which they were taking their way is for the most part gently rolling. The irregularities of the ground are due to the prevalence of rocky ridges lying parallel to its general direction, sometimes emerging from the soil in steep ragged notches, resemblinp; (31) 32 ruined castles or fantastic pyramids. " When the force which folded up and raised the strata," says Professor Jacobs, in his " Later Eambles at Gettysburg," " which form the South Mountain was in action, it produced fissures in the strata of red shale which covers the surface of this region of country, permitting the fused material from beneath to rise and fill them, on cooling, with trap dykes or greenstone and syenitic greenstone. This rock, being for the most part very hard, remained as the axes and crests of hills and ridges, when the softer shale in the intervening spaces was exca- vated by great water-currents into valleys and plains." Science thus accounts for the rock-formations on the battle- field of Gettysburg: the huge boulders, which in a super- stitious age may well have been regarded as the sport of giants. A hard-working population settled upon this fertile land had almost cleared it, so that the woods and rocks only con- stituted isolated points of sup- ])ort in the centre of a territory suited for deploying armies and the evolutions of artillery. The streams traversing this section were, at the time of the battle, quite insignificant. The principal ones, Willoughby Run and Rock Creek, pursue a parallel course from north to rfouth, one west and the other east of Gettysburg, emptying themselves lower down into Marsh Creek. The banks of these two resemble each other. Covered with woods, those of Rock Creek exemplify its name, and are covered with rocks which rise as THADDEUS STEVENS, THE GREAT COMMONER. 33 high as ©ne h\iDdred and tweaty and even one litmdTed and fifty feet above its bed. Those of Willoughby Run are not so high nor so steep, and are less wooded. The battle-field is comprised between the righ^ ijjmji of Eock Creek and the left bank of Willou^hby Eiin. THE "GCRATTE XyF JJOIKS ©ETTYS, t:rEMETERY mXI>. The liills that are anet upon the ground ia between may be 'divided into two groups, disposed in analogous fashion, whose formaitioia reveals ttbe geological law enetrable w(»d as to convey the suspicion of clanger lurking thereirL Early, who was in front of this hill, made some attempts to carry it, but, finding it apparently well protected, did not push his reconnoisance. As the two broken corps of the Union army ascended Cemetery HiU, they were met by staflf oflS^cers, who turned the Eleventh Corps to the right and the First Corps to the left, where they went into position along the summit of the ridge stretching out on either hand firom the Baltimore pike. A ravine to the right of Cemetery Hill, and between that and Woirs Hill, seemed to present to the enemy a favorable point of attack, and hither was at once sent Stevensfe Maine battery and TVadsworth's division of the First Corps. Here Wadsworth immediately commenced substantial breast-works along the brow of the hill, an example which other troops followed, until the whole front, extending to Spangler's Spring, was surmounted by one of like strength. Through that ravine the enemy did assail, but the preparations to meet him were too thorough to admit of his entrance. This ended the first day of the great conflict. The combatants drew 50 5^ breath, and, under cover of the now rapidly falling night, rested: the soldiers upon the earth anywhere, the ofl&cers in earnest thought for the morrow, when again would he upreared the purple banners of horrid war. The results of the first day may be thus summed up : In the face of the most disastrous odds, the Federal troops that were engaged held the ground on which the battle opened, and finally surrendered it only in the face of the whole Confederate army ; the Union army ended the day much dispirited, driven from their position, and disorganized by a panic to which was added the disheartening influence of the death of Reynolds, undoubtedly the most remarkable man among all the officers that the Army of the Potomac saw fall in battle during the four years of its existence ; the Confederates were in high sjjirits over the substan- tial advantages they had gained, and went into bivouac with eager desire for daylight and the renewal of the contest. Note.— For the above map, the compiler is indebted to " Chancellorsville and Gettysburg," by Major-General Abuer Doubleday. The following is the key : the first day's battle being represented north of Fairfield and Hanover roads, the second day's battle south of the same. The following are the references : To THE First Day's Battle. union Troops, H^^bb Major-General O. O. Hoavard commanding the First and Eleventh Corps. FIRST CORPS. Major-General Ap.ner Doubleday commanding. First Division— Major-General James S. Wadsworth commanding, a. First Brigade. Colonel Henry A. Morrow, 24th Michigan. 6. Second Brigade. Brigadier-General Lysander Cutler. Second Di\asioN— Major-General John C. Robinson. c. First Brigade. Brigadier-General Gabriel R. Paul. d. Second Brigade. Brigadier-General Henry Baxter. Third Division— Brigadier-General Thos. A. Rowley. e. First Brigade. Colonel Chapman Biddle, 121st Pennsylvania. /. Second Brigade. Colonel Roy Stone, 149th Pennsylvania. 58 ELEVENTH CORPS. Major-Geneeal Carl Schl'RZ commanding. First Division— Brigadier-General F. C. Barlow commanding. g. First Brigade. Colonel Von Gilsa. h. Second Brigade. Brigadier-General Adelbert Ames. Second Division— Brigadier-General Alexander Schimmelpfennig. k. First Brigade. Colonel Von Arnsberg. I. Second Brigade. Colonel Kryzanowski. TO. Custer's Brigade, of Steinwehr's Division. Conjederate Troops, Lieutenant-general A. P. Hill commanding Third Corps. Major-General Henry Heth commanding Division. 1. Archer's Brigade. 3. Brockenborough's Brigade, 2. Davis's Brigade. 4. Pettigrew's Brigade. Major-General W. D. Pender commanding Division. 6. McGowan's Brigade. 8. Thomas's Brigade. 7. Scales's Brigade. 9. Lane's Brigade. Lieutenant-General Benj. Ewell commanding Second Corps. Major-General R. E. Rodes commanding Division. 10. Daniel's Brigade. 12. Iverson's Brigade. 11. Ramseur's Brigade. 13. O'Neal's Brigade. 14. Doles' s Brigade. Major-General Jural A. Early commanding Division. 15. Gordon's Brigade. 17. Hoke's Brigade. 16. Hays's Brigade. xo. femith's Brigade. ^\)> >econ( July 2, 1868, Summary of Points. — Federal positions arranged and occupied. Skirmishing by various small commands. Battle begun at 3.30 P. M. Attack on Federal left, commanded by Sickles, by First Confederate Corps, commanded by Longstreet. The severe engagements of the Peach-Orchard, Devil's Den, and Wheat-Field. Vincent's occupation and defense of Little Round Top. Final repulse of Long- street's assaults, and cessation of fighting on Federal left, 8 P. M. Ewell's attack on Culp's Hill begins at 5 P. M. Johnson on extreme Confederate left. Early on Cemetery Hill. Charge of the Louisiana Tigers. Repulse of Confederates, and cessation of fighting on Federal right, 9 P. M. Duration of battle, four hours and a half on Federal left, four hours on Federal right. YERYONE felt that tlie dawn of the second of July would herald the critical hour of the conflict. The hot breathless night that was hastening to a close when Meade arrived on the field seemed to augur the approach of death, and presage the inevitable slaughter of the day now breaking. What thoughts must have been his ! Holding supreme com- mand less than a week, and already engaged in a battle in which was enveloped the fate of the Republic! When he reached the battle-field, at 1 A. M. of this day, he found the Eleventh Corps occupying Cemetery Hill, along which had rallied Schurz's division across the Baltimore road ; Steinwehr's on the left, and on the right and rear Barlow's men, now commanded by Ames. The First Corps was divided: Wadsworth, on the right of Ames, held Culp's Hill ; Robinson, on the left of Stein- wehr and across the Taneytown road, extended as far as a clump of (59) 60 trees called Ziegler's Grove ; Doubleday, who had transferred the com- mand of the corps to General Newton, w^as in reserve with his division in the rear of Schurz. The combined artillery of these two corps cov- ered their front, sheltered to a great extent by the light earth-works constructed on Cemetery Hill the previous day. South of Ziegler's Grove, Hancock had, since the evening of the 1st, prolonged the Federal left, with the troops he had at his disposal, as far as the Eound Tops, so as to present a solid line to the enemy's troops, which he then perceived on Seminary Kidge. Birney, with Graham's and Ward's brigades of the Third Corps bearing to the left of Eobinson, extended along the ridge which prolongs Cemetery Hill as far as the depression where the latter seems to lose itself for awhile, to rise again afterward towards the Round Tops. Williams, with the other divisions of the same corps, had halted within a mile and a quar- ter in the rear of Cemetery Hill, on the left bank of Rock Creek, near the point where the Baltimore road crosses this stream. Finally, Humphreys, who had not had time in daylight to choose a position, massed his two brigades a little to the rear and to the left of Birney's line. Meade, as soon as he saw the ground by daylight, saw that it possessed several weak spots; but, being too late to withdraw, he hastened to strengthen everything by hurrying forward all the troops not yet at Gettysburg. By forced MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE GORDON MEADE. 61 marches, the whole army reached him by 9 A. M., with the exception of fifteen thousand men of the Sixth Corps, who were distant hut a few hours. Lee's positions at daybreak on the 2d were as follows : E well's entire corps was drawn up on the battle-field, with Johnson on the left, resting on Eock Creek, upon Benner's Hill; Early in the centre, facing the ridge which connects Gulp's Hill with Cemetery Hill; vi^i^' LEE'S HEADQUARTERS, CHAMBERSBURG PIKE. Rodes on the right, at the foot of Cemetery Hill, his main force occupying the town of Gettysburg, while his right formed a connec- tion with the Third Corps on Seminary Ridge. The two divisions of the Third, those of Heth and Pender, retained the positions they had taken at sunset on the day previous. Pender wavS on the left, above 62 the Seminary ; Heth on the right, along the ridge ; Hill's third division, under Anderson, was posted about one and a half miles in the rear, on the Cashtown road, between Marsh Creek and Willoughby Run. l&y 4 A. M., Anderson was on his way to Seminary Ridge, closely followed by McLaws's and Hood's divisions — with the exception of Laws's brigade — of the First Corps. At the same time, Pickett was leaving Chambersburg ; Laws, the village of New Guilford ; and Stuart, Carlisle. By 9 A. M., therefore, the entire Confederate army enveloped Gettysburg, with the exception of Stuart's cavalry and the six thousand men of Laws and Pickett. \'^-^!"' MEADE'S HEADQUARTERS, TANEYTOWN ROAD, FRONT VIEW. Meade, on examining the ground, issued his orders, and rectified his positions, and placed the constantly-arriving troops in position, all of which was accomplished by 9 A. M. During the five hours up to this time, the enemy had not fired a shot or annoyed the Union commander at all. Nor did he do so until much more precious time had been wasted in the most extraordinary fashion: for time was 63 everything to the Confederate chieftain. He decided early on the 2d to attack the Federal left, and to intrust the command to Longstreet, The sound of the battle is to be the signal for an attack on the Federal left by Ewell, and, if success seems to favor these attacks, the centre, under Hill, is to attack the centre of Meade's line. This plan makes success dependent upon the combined action of several corps between vrhich there is absolutely no connection, a plan that has failed so often as to have almost become a dead law of battles. --^V MEADE'S HEADQUARTERS, REAR Vir'y. The sun by this time has crossed the zenith, and the same strange ominous silence broods over the fields separating the two armies. Meade is more and more astonished at Lee's inaction. The signal-men on Round Top signal Meade that Confederate troops are moving to the south. All morning skirmishing, more or less severe, has been going on on Meade's left, and he is now assured that the attack will be there. This is the view taken by Sickles, who, con- sidering that his instructions have not been definite, undertakes, on his own responsibility, to push forward and occupy the Emmettsburg 64 road, possessing himself of Sherfy's peach-orchard. The position was appreciated by Lee, and Longstreet's first purpose was to obtain it. Meade, on reaching the ground, saw at once that it could not be held by the troops then present, and hastened for reinforcements. It was, however, too late to fall back. The Confederate artillery were pouring shot and shell into the orchard, and, a little more to the east, the rattle of musketry disclosed the fact that Hood had opened the fight. For some time the fire of the artillery was tremendous. It proved but the introduction to more deadly work. Longstreet had formed his lines under cover, and was now moving down to strike the extreme left of Meade's line. With a wild charge they confronted the troops of Ward, who were enabled to beat them back. But Ward realized at once that he could not withstand a second assault. De Trobriand, therefore, at his request, sent him the 17th Maine, which took position behind a low stone wall to the left of the wheat- field, where it could do effective work if Ward should be forced back. The 17th Maine was followed by the 40th New York, which took position on Ward's left, so as to block the way to Little Round Top. The attack was not again directed against Ward, but against the whole of Birney's line, reaching forward to tho orchard. De Trobriand's men were assaulted with murderous fire and desperate courage. The troops of Graham, which were on open ground and had no protection, were in imminent danger of being cut to pieces. The cut where the road-bed makes up to the Emmettsburg way afforded a slight protection from artillery-fire, but was of no avail when the Confederate infantry charged. The 141st Pennsylvania was posted in support of the Federal guns at this point, facing south. The men were lying down when the charge came, and were unperceived by the foe, which swept forward to seize the guns. Suddenly the men 65 of the 141st rose, poured in a well-directed volley, and followed the smoke of their guns with a wild bayonet-charge. Swept down by ranks, and bewildered by the suddenness of the unexpected regiment, the Confederate line halted, paused, trembled, and fled. The horses of the Union artillery having all been killed, the guns were drawn back by the infantry to the rear of the road-bed. While this wave of battle, extending from the Round Top west to the orchard, was rolled again and again at the devoted line of blue-coats, Hood, who had instantly appreciated the value of Round Top on seeing it, was organizing a movement to attempt its capture. He had discovered that Little Round Top was not occupied, and that only a thin curtain, composed of the 99th Pennsylvania, was hung in front of the hill. This place he regarded as the prize of the da3% Selecting his most trusted men for the assault, he led them out and pointed to the dark ground of the rocky summit which he desired them to possess. On they rushed with wild impetuosity; but, before they could reach the thin line of the 99th, succor had come. The 40th New York, the 6th New Jersey, and the 4th Massachusetts arrived and occupied the path across Plum Run. With desperate valor the enemy penetrate the Union line, and, with still further impet- uosity, rush on to the foot of the mountain-side. Suddenly a sheet of flame bursts in their astonished faces. The hill, ten minutes ago unoccupied, swarms at its base with the men of Vincent's brigade, ordered to Little Round Top by Sykes, at the request of General Warren, who has appreciated to the full the importance of this hill. In addition, Warren, hastening to some troops he sees moving close by, finds them to be the third brigade of Ayres's division of the Fifth Corps, under General Weed. The first regiment Warren encounters is commanded by an old friend. Colonel O'Rorke, who, in answer to Warren's demands, causes the column of the 140th New York to eG directly scale the acclivities of Little Eouud Top. This the men do willingly. All the while Laws's soldiers are pressing Vincent, who defends his position at the point of the muzzle. It is almost hand to hand. Laws, seeing the resistance offered by this small band, determines to end it by a flank movement, at the expense of the 16th Michigan Extending his left, he attacks with impetuosity, and carries liis point. The 16th is unable to resist, gives way, Vincent is cut off from the GENERAL VINCENT'S MONUMENT ON ROUND TOP. rest of the army, and cannot therefore protect the point of the position —the summit of Little Round Top— on which the officers of the Signal Corps are still waving their colors. At the very moment the 16th Michigan gives way and Laws's men break for the summit, O'Rorke's soldiers reach the top at full run, which Warren has pointed out to them as a citadel to be held at all odds. Not a moment too soon do they arrive. There is no time to contemplate 67 the battle-field below, vrliich is enveloped in a pall of sulphurous smoke. Laws's soldiers are just appearing on the other side. There is not time to form a line, load their guns, or fix bayonets. O'Rorke, seizing the position in a glance, calls on his willing men. The enemy fires: a large number of the 140th fall on the soil they have never seen, but so well won. With a wild scream, the rest, clubbing their muskets and raising them on high, dash down upon those who a moment since deemed themselves victors. The Confederate advance is checked; the prize seems lost. The foremost of Laws's men are taken prisoner, and a terrible fire is opened on the remainder. Vincent's right, having recovered f' om its check, now dashes forward once more. Hazlett's battery, wLich, after the most extraordinary exertions on the part of the men of the 140th New York, has been hauled to the summit, now takes position, though menaced by showers of bullets. The guns cannot be depressed enough to do damage to the enemy on the immediate slope below their muzzles, and they are therefore trained on the Confederate reserve in the valley, and the sound of the guns encourages the Union infantry. The valiant O'Eorke has unhappily fallen ; the 140th has lost over one hundred men in a few minutes ; the battle waxes more and more intense. Another attempt to pierce the line is made by Laws, but Vincent hastens there with a few reinforcements, and the attempt is defeated. A^ind^nt falls a victim to his bravery. Hood is severely wounded, and the combatants, somewhat exhausted, pause for breath. On the other side of Plum Eun, at this time, the Union positions so stubbornly defended by Ward and De Trobriand are seriously compromised by the arrival of Kershaw, who forces Barnes off the ground he is holding. Ward is obliged to abandon the entire hill of the Devil's Den. The Confederates, crowding the wood, take the 17th Maine, posted behind the wall, in flank, and, rushing across 68 to the wheat-field, force Winslow's guns to the rear, and menace De Trobriand's weak line. De Trohriand is at the same time assailed in front by Anderson's men, and is compelled to give way. The troops in the orchard on his right cannot give him any assist- ance, for the artillery which they are there to defend is now threat- ened by Kershaw's left. The 8th South Carolina makes a valiant attempt to capture the guns of Clark and Bigelow, but are stopped by an appalling fire from the 141st Pennsylvania, who suddenly rise from a sunken road. Under cover of this success, the guns are hauled back beyond the position of peril. This farther uncovers De Trobriand's right. Caldwell's strong division now arrives, in time to relieve Birney and Barnes. One brigade, under Cross, advances to De Trobriand's support; a second, under Kelly, which has crossed Plum Run near the road, supports Ward along the slopes bordering this stream a little lower down. This is Meagher's Irish brigade, and they go into the fight in characteristic fashion. When within range of the enemy, the command is halted, the men kneel, and their chaplain, a priest of Rome, standing on a high rock, a natural pulpit, pronounces a general absolution. The " Amen " of the priest is simultaneous with Kelly's "Forward!" and, with the Church's benediction, these brave fellows rush onward. Their onslaught stays the advance of Ander- son's brigade. The priest and the soldier together have been irresistible. • In the meantime, Birney, rallying around Cross a portion of De Trobriand's soldiers and Burling's two regiments, which have been driven in on that side, calls on them to follow him, and a dash is made at Kershaw's line, which cannot resist this assault, and is forced back on Somms's brigade, a hundred and fifty yards to the rear. These troops advance against Caldwell's first line, which, losing heavily, is supplanted by the second, composed of the brigades of 69 2rote::From A taJTisjust Oni2Bl6. DIAGRAM OF THE ATTACK ON SICKLES AND SYKES, SECOND DAY. Explanation.— This diagram is taken from General Doubleday's " Chancellors- ville and Gettysburg," Scribner's "Campaigns of the Civil War." It will be seen that a long line of rebel batteries bears upon A, and that one of them was brought up to enfilade the side A B. The angle at A, attacked by Barksdale on the north, and Kershaw on the west, was broken in. In consequence o^ this, several batteries on the line E F were sacrificed, and Woffard's brigade soon came forward and took the position D E. The Confederate line being very long, and overlapping Ward's brigade on the left, the latter was forced back, and the exulting rebels advanced to seize Little Round Top. They attacked the force there with great fury, assailing it in front and rear, but they were ultimately repulsed, and finally took up the line G L. Two divisions of the Fifth Corps, and one of the Second Corps, were sent in, one after the other, to drive back the strong rebel force posted from D to G, but each one had a bitter contest in front, and was flanked by the rebel line at D E, so that ulti- mately all were obliged to retreat, although each performed prodigies of valor. Indeed, Brooke's brigade charged almost up to the enemy's line of batteries, H I. The rebels gained the position L G, confronting our main line and close to it ; but a fine charge made by Crawford's division of the Pennsylvania Reserves drove them farther back, and, as part of the Sixth Corps came up and formed to support Craw- ford, the rebels gave up the contest for the night as regards this part of the field. '0 Zook and Brooke. These men drive Somms to the other side of the ravine. Kershaw, on the left, is likewise dislodged hy the fury of Caldwell's attack, and the Confederates find it necessary to retire, as it were, for breath to renew the struggle. Hood is now exhausted, and McLaws, seeing that Somms and Kershaw are unable to hold their ground, decides to direct the main attack on the orchard. Sickles has given Graham the effectives of two brigades to defend it, TABLET 91ST PA., LITTLE ROUND TOP. but it would require strong intrenchments to cover so destitute a position. The Confederate artillery -fire is slackened ; the infantry, under Barksdale, of Mississippi, strikes Graham's flank that faces westward. Woffard, with some of Kershaw's battalions, leaps upon Graham from the south, and the devoted Union commander passes through a vortex of fire to find himself wounded and a prisoner. His 71 soldiers are prisoners or dispersed. The orcTiard is captured after a prolonged and gallant defense. The batteries along the Emmettsburg road are withdrawn : it is no longer possible to maintain them. Those on the left are Ijeing fired as thej are withdrawn. They crowd forward. Birnej is defeated: more than half his men are lost Barksdale pushes on to the front. Wofifard bears to the eastward, in order to take in flank the regiments tliat hold Kershaw in check. Anderson's three brigades, under Wilcox, Perry, and Wright, hasten to dislodge Humphreys from his position on the Emmettsburg road. It is about a quarter to seven. Humphreys's left is turned, and, ordered by Birney, he executes a masterly movement to the rear, reforming his line of battle under the most difficult circumstances. By this time, Barnes and Caldwell are finally driven out of the wheat^field. Zook is killed on this bloody ground. Tlie Federal line is irrevocably broken, and all the forces which till then have held Longstreet in check are no longer able to reform it. A gradual concentration and falling back on Little Eound Top, the real point of support for the Federal lefi^ now takes place. It was inevitable- Let us now return to this splendid position, which we left on the temporary cessation of the Confederate attack. Weed's brigade has been ordered by Sykes to reinforce the 140th New York^ and has promptly complied- Weed reaches there at the moment Vincent falls mortally wounded, and \vhen both sides are preparing to renew the fight. Laws makes a determined onslaught on the 20th Maine, and a hand-to-hand fight ensues. Weed sets an example of heroic bravery, and falls mortally wounded by the side of Hazlett's battery. Hazlett, bending down to receive the dying man's last words, is also struck, and ialls lifeless upon the body of his chiefl The carnage is fearful. Happily the enemy is nearly exhausted, and, in his attempt to sur- round the left of the Federals, he has prolonged his line too much. 72 Colonel Chamberlain takes advantage of it to charge the enemy in turn, which so surprises the Confederates that they fall back in dis- may, leaving more than three hundred wounded and prisoners. The brigades of General Ayres on Plum Run, and the arrival of CraAvford with McCandless's brigade on Little Round Top, suffice to drive the enemy over Plum Run, with which movement ceases the struggle for the possession of this vantage-ground. It has been bitter, costly, desperate, and triumphant for its defenders. The battle continues for the possession of the hills in and about Plum Run. Barksdale and Woflfard attack Humphreys's weak division, and Hancock — who took command on the retirement of Sickles — hurries to the support of Humphreys all the forces at his disposal. Two regiments of Hays's division, Willard's brigade, and thirty or forty pieces -of reserve artillery under Major McGilvery, accomplish the immediate support, while Meade, summoning from the right, sends "Williams's division, closely followed by one of Geary's brigades, under Candy, and preceded by Lockwood's two regiments, to the front. Three other brigades are also hurried forward, and Meade calls upon General Newton to weaken Cemetery Hill as much as possible, in order to assist Humphreys. The final assault of the Con- federates on the Union left now takes place, and is led by Anderson, McLaws, "Wilcox, and Barksdale, Longstreet directing in person. Hood could not advance, owing to the possession of Plum Run and Little Round Top by the Federals. These are ready to receive them, and have now occupied Big Round Top also, thus closing all access on that end. The fight becomes furious. The fiery Barksdale is shot, under the fire of Burling's regiments. His soldiers, carried away by his bravery, rush upon the Federals, but are thrown back in disorder, leaving their dying chief in the hands of the Unionists. Woffard, who is supporting Barksdale on the right, cannot go beyond the flats of 73 Plum Run; Anderson's brigade, on the left, is not within reach. Longstreet waits in vain for Somms and Kershaw, whose brigades have suffered too much, and cannot renew the attack. At this moment Anderson's division scales the slopes along which Humphreys and Gibbon are posted. Wilcox, on the right, followed at a consid- erable distance by Perry, leads the attack. On the left, Wright, receiving the oblique fire of several guns posted on the edge of a small wood above Gibbon's front, rushes forward and captures them; but Webb's brigade, emerging from its position, makes a desperate ARTILLERY-HORSES IN BATTLE. stand in defense of the hill. Wright, encouraged by the sight of the crowds that are encumbering the Baltimore road, believes he is about to become the master of the hill, and fights with sublime fury. In fifteen minutes he loses two-thirds of his effective force, and is com- pelled to fall back before Gibbon's division, which is facing him with ideal courage. Wilcox, taken in flank by McGilvery's artillery, instead of the Retreating soldiers .he supposed he was pursuing, comes suddenly upon Humphreys's (in good order) and Hancock's reserves, and into a circle of fire which in a breath strips from him five hundred men of the sixteen hundred with him. Dispirited, broken, 74 sullen, he retires to the Emmettsburg road. The last effort against the Federals has failed ; and, as the twilight creeps in to cover the scene of blood and death, the musketry-fire ceases, the artillery languishes, and the pall of smoke drifts away on the rising night- breeze. The agony here is over. During most of this time, Ewell, commanding the Confederate left, has been waiting the sound of Longstreet's guns to convey to him the order for attack. A contrary wind prevailing, he does not hear the sounds of battle until five o'clock. Then he prepares at once. Six batteries on Benner's Hill open fire in support of the attack of John- son's division on the Federal positions on Gulp's Hill. An hour suffices 75 to silence the fire of these guns, so well is the Federal artillery served. Finding an attempt on the north and northeast sides of Gulp's Hill imi)Ossible, Johnson determines to attack the Federals in the very- gorges of Rock Creek, in order to turn their positions by way of the southeast. About half-past six he is in position and opens fire, and for the first time on the 2d of July the battle is in progress along the whole front of both armies. While Johnson was pushing in the right of the line on Gulp's Hill, those who defended Cemetery Hill were about to face the first historic charge of the battle — that of the Louisiana Tigers. The summit of Cemetery Hill was held by Wiedrick's and Ricketts's batteries, supported by a part of the Eleventh Corps, under cover of stone walls. To the right of Cemetery Hill, at right angles to it, was the beginning of Gulp's Hill, upon a small plateau of which was planted Stevens's Maine battery. His guns enfiladed the approaches to Cemetery Hill. On the right of Stevens's battery began the heavy breast-works erected by Wadsworth on the top of Gulp's Hill, and overhanging its precipitous sides. This earth- work was carried round the hill, and was continued by Greene, whose right rested at a ravine that declines to a thickly-wooded plateau. These breast-works were continued beyond the ravine, but at this hour had no infantry to make them effective, the troops having been ordered to Round Top. Just as the sun was disappearing in the red west and the soft gray shadows of twilight were gathering like a ghostly army, the defenders of Cemetery Hill saw emerging from behind an eminence near the town a long line of infantry formed for assault. Onward the column moved with the precision of a parade and all the steadiness of a holiday spectacle. The line was formed of the brigades of Hays and Hoke, led by the famous Louisiana Tigers. The moment they came in sight, they faced the test of death. Stevens opened on them 76 with every gun: Wiedrick and Ricketts joined in the chorus. The slaughter was immediately terrible; men fell dead before the iron storm at the rate of a dozen a minute. The guns of Eicketts were charged with canister, and they fired every fifteen seconds. Stevens's battery, enfilading the Confederate line, wreaked furious destruction upon the storming column, which, through it all, in the face of the very hell of war, kept on their upward way. As the Tigers came within musket-range of the crest of Cemetery Hill, Howard's infantry, hidden behind the stone wall, poured volley after volley into the faces of the wild-hearted and maddened men. But the eyes of two armies were on the Tigers; they carried the guerdon of fame that they had never failed in a charge. They could not halt now, the hour of their hardest trial. Over the stone walls they went at a bound. Stevens was obliged to cease firing, for fear of killing friends. Wiedrick is unable to withstand the shock ; his supports and his men are swept back together before the force of that human tornado. Ricketts quails not; the full strength of the storm, falling on his devoted men, falls in vain. His left piece is taken : the Tigers are within the cage. The remaining guns are still served with admirable discipline and courage, drivers and oflScers taking the places of the dead cannoniers. A struggle takes place for the guidon ; it is in the hands of a Tiger ; Lieutenant Brock- way seizes a stone, hurls it full at the head of the soldier, which fells him to the ground, and in a moment the Tiger is shot with his own musket. The wildest confusion— a bedlam of terror — now ensues. The rapidly - gathering darkness makes friends and foes indistinguishable. The men at the batteries are being overpowered by their desperate and maddened assailants, but still they cling to their guns; with hand- spikes, rammers, and stones they defend their position, shouting to one another : " Death on our own State soil rather than give the enemy the guns!" The moment is most critical; the fate of the issue is near at hand. At this instant Carroll's brigade rushes in to the rescue; with wild shouts they burst upon the almost exhausted foe. They waver, they turn, they retreat in confusion. Eicketts's men fly to their guns, double-shot them, and fire deadly parting salutes at the defeated Tigers. Their charge is over ; they have been beaten. Nearly twelve hundred of their seventeen hun- dred are left dead and dying. It has been indeed a bloody half- hour's work. They pass down the hill, out into the darkness, and are seen no more in history. All the w^hile, Johnson is bat- tling with persistent force against Greene on Gulp's Hill. Unable to beat in his line defending the breast- works, he seizes the line thrown up by Ruger and Geary and abandoned when these commanders were ordered to reinforce the Federals on Plum Run. Again and again Johnson assailed Greene, and again and again is he driven back with dismay. Finding it impossible to break down this gallant soldier, Johnson pushes on past Gulp's Hill, and has almost reached the Balti- more pike when the now offensive darkness comes to the aid of the Federals, and Johnson halts his men. The battle of the second day is over, and in the deep shadows of welcome night the tired men throw themselves down, not caring whether the sod or a corpse is their pillow. In the early hours of the night the leaders sum up the day's total. During the terrible storm, the Confederates have acquitted themselves with the courage and ardor that have so frequently secured victory to them. Nevertheless, they have not achieved the results which they CAPTAIN E. B. RICKETTS, 78 were entitled to expect from their enormous sacrifices. The condition of the battle-field has been against them, and in favor of the Union arms. Though defeated on the right, they have won such advantages on the left that Lee is more than justified in renewing the attack. The situation of Meade, in spite of the advantages he has gained, is properly alarming. His losses are enormous — more than twenty thou- sand for two days' fighting! The enemy has not spoken his best word, and the Union commander is fearful lest another day's conflict equally murderous would cause his army to melt away into nothing. A council of war decides to fight it out on the morrow, and the rest of the now moonlit night is occupied in preparations for the coming final and fierce whirlwind of strife that is to decide the battle and the life of the Eepublic. ^be ^\)'\r6 Ba y- 'July 8, 1868. Summary of Points.— 3.40 A. M., Federal attack on Confederate left, on Gulp's Hill. Final repulse and re-occupation of Gulp's Hill positions, 11 A. M. Federal cavalry attack on Gonfederate trains on Confederate right. Sharp skirmishing 11 to 11.45 A. M. 1 P. M., artillery-duel begins. Pickett's charge, 2.30 P. M. Final repulse of Confederate attack about 3.15 P. M, Desultory fighting up to 6 P. M. Duration of fighting on Federal right, seven hours ; on Federal left, about five hours. ^HE kindly moon lights up the battle-field all the night of the 2d-3d, as though it were desirous nothing should hinder the prompt resumption of hostilities. The wounded ^' V' "-^ are cared for as far as possible, and the lines of L>\.*w - /' ijoth armies are rectified and strengthened. Lee intends to renew his attack on the Federal right, where Johnson has gained such an advantage, and attempt also to pierce the Union centre. Meade determines to push Johnson back, and then to wait developments. In addition to his reports from the battle-field, Meade is aware that Stuart and Kilpatrick have met, and \ fought a sharp engagement, which has, however, no bear- ing on the final conflict of both armies, now about to take place. (79) A. GETTYSBURG BELLK 100 YEARS A(;0, 80 During the night, Geary's and Ruger's divisions were ordered back to Gulp's Hill. Geary, finding his old ground occupied, formed on Greene's right. Euger took position on the flank and rear of Johnson's men. Shortly after 3 A. M., General Kane observed the enemy moving about, preparatory, presumably, to a charge. Reporting to Geary, that ofiQcer promptly took the offensive, and, at twenty minutes before four, discharged his pistol as a signal for opening the attack. The conflict, thus begun, continued for seven hours with intense bitterness. The firing of the Union troops was most effective : the Confederate charges, which were made with great spirit, availed nothing. The artillery-fire from the Union lines was well directed, and accomplished much damage: the Confederate forces being unable to get their artillery into any position from which an efiective reply could be made. As the day wears on, the sun beats upon the troops with unstinted fury, making the terrible situation more terrible still. The struggle is terrific : hand to hand, man to man, almost impossible to describe, as it is made up of incidents of bravery and accidents of death as numerous as the combatants themselves. A terrific charge by Stonewall Jackson's old command, made with useless heroism upon Kane's brigade of Geary's division, failing, Johnson was at last convinced— at 11 A. M.— that he could eff"ect nothing further, and, to a return-charge of Geary's division, he yielded his ground slowly and reluctantly. With a yell of congratulation, Geary's men reoccupied their breast-works. This ended all attempts to turn the Federal right, and, beyond a fusilade now and again when anything showed itself, the Confederate forces of Ewell gave their opponents no further trouble. The final scene is now to transpire before the eyes of the devoted men of both armies. One more terrific tableau, and the battle is done. Lee will attempt to break the Federal centre. He had failed to break the left— he had failed to turn the right. He must pierce the centre, or retreat. For this purpose, he has Pickett's division— the flower of the % 3rd Corps /// jnU-liiV-W* Reserve RE8EAV£ 9. LITTLE ROUND TOP KILPATWCK Battle dp the Third Day. — Pickett's charge. From Seribiier's "Cam- paigns of the Civil War: Chancellorsville and Gettysburg," by Abner Donbleday Federal troops solid bi-ack lines, Confederate parallel lines. 6 82 grand old ccunmoii wealth of Virginia — Avhich has not yet been in action, and which is full of enthusiasm. They will lead, they will follow, any- where. He decides to launch them upon the centre, and to support them on both flanks by an advance of the balance of his available army. It will be a supreme effort — the last desperate chance of a desperate man. Longstreet's men, the soldiers under Hood and McLaws, have suffered too much to undertake the support of Pickett. They remain inactive spec- tators of Pickett's efforts. Lee therefore forms Pickett's division in two lines— Kemper and Garnett leading, supported by Armistead, with Wilcox and Perry, of Hill's Corps, on his right, and Pettigrew, com- manding Heth's division, and Trimble, with two of Pender's brigades, of Hill's Corps, for a like purpose on his left. Pickett explains the purpose of the charge, and designates to each officer his exact position. Everything is ready to go forward, after the artillery has cleared the way. Longstreet does not approve of the assault. Lee overrules his objections ; and the plan, as projected by the Confederate commander, is executed. To the Confederate artillery is entrusted the heavy work. Colonel Alexander, at daybreak, places the six reserve batteries of the First Corps along the Emmettsburg road ; the rest of the artillery of this corps is presently posted in this vicinity, and both form a slightly concave line, of seventy-five pieces, from the peach-orchard to a point which commands the road east of the Codori house, at a distance of from nine hundred to thirteen hundred yards from the Federal line. The batteries of Major Henry, to the right of the orchard, cross their fire with that of the rest of the line. Alexander's batteries are ranged above this position, at the summit of the slope running down to the Trostle house. On his left, and somewhat in his rear, is located the Washington Artillery, with Bearing's and Cabell's battalions. To this line, Meade was not able to oppose as many guns, owing to the shorter space at his disposal. At 88 Cemetery Hill, on the right, were the batteries of Ricketts, Wiedrick, Dilger, Bancroft, Eakin, "Wheeler, Hill, and Taft, under the command of Major Osborn. Next to him, and directly in front of Meade's head- quarters, extending from Ziegler's Grove south along Hancock's front, were the batteries of Woodruff, Arnold, Gushing, Brown, and Rorty, commanded by Major Hazard. Still further on the Federal left was Major McGilvery, commanding the batteries of Thomas, Thompson, Phillips, Hart, Sterling, Roch, Cooper, Dow-, and Ames. Gibbs and Rittenhouse held the summit of Little Round Top. Eighty guns were thus in effective position. The Union infantry supporting this artillery consists of Robinson's division of the First Corps, at Ziegler's Grove, and to his left the divisions of Hays and Gibbon, of the Second Corps, and that of Doubleday, of the First. To the left again were Caldwell, of the Second, and parts of the Third, Fifth, and Sixth Corps. By one o'clock, the enemy having perfected his arrangements, Long- street reluctantly sends word to Colonel Walton to give the signal. Two cannon-shots, fired on the right by the Washington Artillery at an interval of a minute, break the silence brooding over the scorched and waiting battle field. The signal is well understood by both armies, and the solitary smoke of these shots has not dispersed before the whole Confederate line is ablaze. The throats of one hundred and thirty-eight cannon obey the signal, and send forth a concerted roar that rivals the angriest thunder. The Federal guns wait, under General Hunt's orders, fifteen minutes before replying, in order to take a survey of the batteries upon which they must concentrate their fire. Their positions afford better shelter than those of the enemy, but the formation of the Federal line affords the Confederates the advantages of a concentric fire. By 1.15 P. M-, the reply is made. More than two hundred guns are now engaged in the most tremendous and most terrible artillery-duel ever witnessed in the New World. Every size and form of shell known to British and 84 American gunnery shrieks, moans, whistles, and wrathfuUy flutters ovei the ground. As many as six in a second — for the Confederate batteries fire volleys constantly twice in a second — bursting and screaming, carry destruction everywhere, and everywhere ruin and dismay. It is a hell of fire, that amazes the greatest veteran present. The wild death-screams of the shells are answered with the peculiar yells of the dying : the blent cry of pain, and horror, and despair ! It is an hour of terror. Death is master of the situation. The roar of the iron storm cannot drown the accordant shriek of the dying, the wild curse of the wounded, the avenging oaths of the living. Was there ever such a scene ? The fire of the Federals is effective, but General Hunt, anticipating the infantry-attack soon to follow, orders a cessation, and the batteries on Cemetery Hill cease their angry answers. They are followed by the rest, and soon the Confederate guns hear no reply but the echoes of their own attack.. By their cannoniers this silence is interpreted to mean that the ammunition has given out, and that the Federal position is now assail- able. The Confederate fire ceases. Its silence is ominous: it is the calm that just precedes the maddest fury of the storm. Pickett rides up to Longstreet, and asks for orders to advance. The movement is so contrary to Longstreet 's judgment, that that general is silent. He answers nothing. Pickett says to his superior, proudly: " I shall go forward, sir ! " And then, from out the woods which contain the Confederate fortified line, there bursts a splendid mass of infantry, which is quickly marshaled in magnificent line of battle. It is a com- pact formation, fourteen thousand strong. At the word, the men start forward : Firm-paced and slow, a horrid front they form, Still as the breeze, but dreadful as the storm ! Nothing interrupts the view of this superb movement. The dullest soldier can comprehend as readily as his general the purpose and power 85 of this advancing host. The shock will be grcat^-possibly fatal ! Full of ardor as if rushing to assault the capital of the nation, yet marching with measured steps so as not to break the alignment, on come these valiant men, treading steadily forward while yet aware that each step brings them nearer certain death. Solidly quiet, magnificent is their progress. Marching in the direction of the salient position occupied by Hancock, Pickett, after passing beyond the front of Wilcox, causes each of his brigades to make a half-wheel to the left. This movement is hardly completed before McGilvery leads off with the fire of the Federal batteries : a cloud-burst of flame. This, though well directed, does not suffice to check the soldiers of Pickett. Another half-wheel to the right, and Pickett is in a perilous position. Wilcox has separated from him, and uncovered his right; Pettigrew, on his left, either cannot or will not push forward his supports, and the Federal line is within musket-range. Still the advance is unchecked: Pickett cannot go back. Solid shot, shells, shrapnel, and canister are poured forth in unstinted measure. Never was a grander sight, never a more matchless courage. Carnage is here and now personified. A single shot of McGilvery, firino; upon Pickett's flank, kills ten men. Then the Union infantry pours in a volley. Pickett's front rank is decimated in a second. Staggering a moment, it moves again. The men rush forward at double-quick. The furious fusilade is uninterrupted. Garnett, whose brigade is in the advance, falls dead within a hundred yards of the Union front. His men rush madly upon the parts of the line where are the 69th and 71st. This brings them under the fire of Stannard's brigade, which has occu- pied a small woods in advance and to the left of the point of I'ickett's attack. Hancock, always alert to seize a favorable opportunity, forms them to take the enemy's line in flank. Two regiments from Arm- istead's right are decimated and disorganized by this movement. The remainder of this brigade throws itself in the rear of the centre of 87 Pickett's line. Armistead, urging his men forward, reaches the front rank between Kemper and Garnett — if it yet be possible to distin- guish regiments and brigades in this compact mass of human beings, which, all covered with blood, seems to be driven by an irresistible force superior to the individual will of those composing it — and throws himself upon the Union line. The shock is terrific : it falls first on the brigades of Hall and Harrow, then concentrates itself on that of Webb. The Confederates pierce the first line of the Federals, but the latter fall back upon the second small earth -works near the artillery. These pieces now fire grape-shot. Hancock and Gibbon hurry up the re- serves. Hall rectifies his line, which has been outflanked on the right, Harrow advances with his left, and almost takes Pickett in reverse. The regiments be- / come mixed; commanders do ' not know where their soldiers are ; the fighting is the struggle of a mob. Commands are of no avail: they cannot be heard or obeyed. A clump of trees just within the angle- wall is the Confederate objective point- Armistead, on foot, his hat waved on the point of his sword, rushes forward to attack the battery. With one hundred and fifty devoted men, who will follow him anywhere, he pierces the mass of combatants, passes the earth- works, and reaches Cushing's guns, which can no longer fire for fear of killing friends. Cushing, mortally wounded in both thighs, runs his GENERAL HANCOCK, 186S. 88 last serviceable gun down to the fence, and shouts: "Wehh, I will give them one more shot." He fires the gun, calls out: "Good-bye!" and falls dead "beside his piece. Armistead answers the challenge: "Give them the cold steel, boys?" and lays his. hand upon a gun. But, at that moment, by the side of Cashing, his young and gallant adversary, intrepid Armistead falls, pierced with balls. They both lie at the foot of the clump of trees, which marks the extreme point reached f^- WHEKE THE CONFEDERATE CAXBE WAS KURIEDi by the Confederates in this, their supremest effort. Where Gushing sud Armistead lie is where the tide of invasion stops. The Confederate cause is buried there : there, beueath the blood of as brave soldiers as ever carried sword or faced the march of death. The men who eame forward here, when defeated, did not fall back : there was no one left to return. The brigades of Wilcox and Perry, failing to move with Pickett's division, having sheltered themselves for a moment, no sooner see that Pickett has gone forward and penetrated the Union line, than they 89 hurry up to assault a little further to the south, in Hancock's face. The Union line attacks with vigor, and Stannard attacks the exposed flank from his vantage-ground. But feeble resistance is offered: the assault is over quickly, numbers are taken prisoner, and the grandest charge of the war is spent. The battle of Gettysburg is vron. For, with the exception of two spirited and desperate cavalry -contests between Gregg and Hamptcn, and Kilpatrick and Stuart, the fighting at Gettysburg is finished. Well may the devout follower of the cause of human liberty exclaim, with the commanding general of the Union army: "Thank God!" ^be Yalley of tl^e ^l^adow of Beatf). HAT remained of the regiments that crossed the Potomac on their way North, in June, under the command of colonels, recrossed that river in July under the com- mand of corporals. It was thus that proud Army of Northern Vir- ginia returned to the Old Dominion. The first part of Lee's army to retreat — the wounded — began their weary blood-stained journey llll il, on July 4th. General Imboden, who was designated by the Con- federate chieftain to undertake the moving of the wounded, was sent for just before midnight, July 3d. An hour later, he saw his chief riding slowly up to headquarters. His horse was walking ; its rider was evidently wrapped in profound thought. There were no sentinels on guard save the soft summer moon, which threw sad shadows over the blood -bestrewn field, now and forever lost to this silent man in gray. No staff-officer accompanied him ; he came alone, as if the burden of the day's disaster had stripped him of his friends, as it had of his cause. Riding alone, he seemed the personifica- tion of the Lost Cause — lost on the fields of Gettysburg, now covered by thousands of weary men, thousands of wounded, thousands of the dead ! (90) "WAR. Gettysburg Battle Monument. 91 As he approached and noticed the young general, Lee reined up his horse and essayed to dismount. The effort to do so betrayed so much physical exhaustion that Imboden stepped forward to assist him. He alighted, threw his arm across his saddle to rest himself, and, fixing his eyes upon the ground, leaned in silence upon his weary horse, as motionless as a statue. Upon his dignified and expressive features was stamped the deepest seal of sadness. Imboden broke the silence : " General, this has been a hard day on you." Lee looked up and replied mournfully : " Yes, it has been a sad, sad day to us." Then he relapsed into his thoughtful mood again. After a minute, broken only by the strange sounds of night, he straightened up to his full height, and said, with great animation, energy, and excitement of manner, in a voice tremulous with emotion: "General, I never saw troops behave more magnificently than Pickett's division of Virginians did to-day in their grand charge upon the enemy. And, if they had been supported as they were to have been — but for some reason not yet fully exi3lained they were not— we would have held the position they so gloriously won at such fearful loss of noble lives, and the day would have been ours." After a moment he added, almost in a tone of agony: " Too bad ! Too had ! Oh, too bad !" After a pause, instructions were given, and Imboden started to lead the weary march back to Virginia. Organizing his train, seventeen miles long, he moved at 4 P. M., July 4th. Hardly was he well away from the heavy shadows of Gettysburg when the storm, which had begun at noon, grew to a gale. Canvas was no shield against it, and the poor wounded, lying upon the hard naked boards of the wagon- bodies, were drenched by the pitiless rain. Horses and mules, blinded and maddened by the storm, became almost unmanageable. The roar of the winds and waters made it almost impossible to communicate orders. From the rapidly -moving wagons, now partly covered by the 92 falling night, issued wails of agony. The men were wounded and mutilated in every conceivable way. Some had their legs shattered by a shell or a minie-ball, some were shot through their bodies, others had arms torn to shreds, some had received a ball in the face, or a jagged piece of shell had lacerated their heads. Scarcely one in a hundred had received adequate surgical aid. ]\Iany had been without food for thirty -six hours. Their ragged, bloody, and dirty clothes, clotted and hardened witli blood, rasped the tender inflamed lips of their gaping wounds. Very few of the wagons had even straw in them, and all were with- out springs. The road was rougli and rocky ; the jolting was enough to have killed strong men. As the horses •j-il/ii' trotted on, while the winds howled through the driving rain, there arose, from that awful procession of the dying, oaths and curses, sobs and prayers, moans and shrieks, that pierced the darkness and made the storm seem gentle: "Oh, God! why can't I die?" " My God ! will no one have mercy on me, and kill me, and end my misery ? " " Oh, stop one minute ! Take me out ; let me die on the roadside." " I am dying ! I am dying ! My poor wife — my dear children — what will become of you ?" No help could be rendered to anyone. There was no time even to press a canteen to the lips of the dying. On, on, was the only thing "PLENTY." Gettysburg Battle Monumeut. 93 on into the night and storm — into the Valley of the Shadow of Death — into oblivion. The battle was lost ; the cause was decided. Liberty was triumph- ant ; slavery was abolished in the American republic forever. By the time the first part of the Confederate army of invasion disappeared over the mountain, in retreat, maimed and discomfited, Meade had learned the results of the fray, and had time to value the fruits of his victory. It is not desirable here to ofier any criticism of the conduct of this great battle. Everybody who has written about it has done so with much animus against some general or other. The present compiler has no criticisms of this kind to make. General Lee's cause of the defeat of the Confederate forces is found in his words quoted above. That he fought his troops better than General Meade is but little disparagement to the Union leader, who was pitted against a veteran soldier, commanding an army which had been molded and trained under his own eye, and which he had led to triumph on many a hard-fought field, thus giving to the veterans who composed it a devotion to their chief, and an enthu- siasm for him, that were worth many heavy battalions. Meade, on the other hand, had commanded the Army of the Potomac just three days. He had never before exercised an independent command, and had only led a division in battle— the Fifth Corps, which he commanded at Chan- "peace" Gettysburg Battle Monument. 94 cellorsville, not having been seriously engaged in that disastrous fight. The Army of the Potomac was, too, dispirited by frequent defeats, and the corps and division commanders were, from political and other reasons, far from being that compact and earnestly-united band of leaders that the cause, the time, and duty should have made them. At such a moment, every man's best was what was demanded. Although no criticism has been attempted in this story, a word is necessary upon the so-often repeated question put by those even who are not versed in the science of war: Why did not Meade attack Lee immediately upon the failure of Pickett's charge ? Several of the par- ticipating generals gave it— in their testimony before the Committee on the Conduct of the War — as their opinion that, had Meade ordered a counter-charge upon the repulse of Pickett, for which the fresh troops of Sedgwick were at hand, Lee might have been routed and his army destroyed. Hancock, indeed, sent a note from his hospital-bed, urging Meade to go forward. But Meade had not Hancock, nor Sickles, nor Eeynolds, nor Warren, nor Doubleday, Gibbon, Barlow, Butterfield, Vincent, Weed, Zook, Graham, Stone, Paul, Barnes, nor Brooke to direct such a charge ; and the enemy, expecting such a movement, was very well prepared to meet it. In good position and behind breast- works, the very conditions which made Longstreet's assault so difficult for him would have been against Meade, and in favor of the Confederates. Long- street tells us, indeed, that he was in readiness, and " would have counted such an assault a rare piece of good-fortune.'^ No one, indeed, can view the scene of Pickett's charge, and not wonder why Lee was so foolish a» to order it. Meade, therefore, was more than justified in not making a similar blunder. Few of this officer's critics would have acted other- wise, had they been in supreme command. From the safe distance of a score of years, it is easy to condemn. On July 3d, 1863, we should probably have felt cautious and conservative. 9-j As it was, Meade, with all the faults committed, had fought and won a j^''eat battle ; indeed, a very great battle — one of the decisive engage- ments of history. Not only in the results that were immediately de- pendent upon the issue — involving the fate of slavery and the Southern cause — was this a great battle, but for its own size and proportions. Let us look at the statistics, upon which there are many opinions, varying quite widely. The figures of the Count de Paris, in his " Civil War in America," which are en- dorsed by General Doubleday in his " Chancellorsville and Gettysburg," are those given here. The count says: The strength of the two armies has given rise to lively discussions. The returns, used at the North and South in similar forms, have been increased ^,j! by some and reduced by others at their 'ilS own pleasure. These returns were un- | i'l' der three heads: the first represented the total number of ofl&cers and soldiers inscribed on the rolls, whether absent or present; the second represented those present on active duty, comprising all men who were in the field-hospitals, under arrest, or detached on special service ; the third contained the real number of combatants present under arms. The first head was therefore quite fictitious ; the second mentioned the number of men to be fed in the army, including non-combatants ; the third, the effective force that could be brought on the battle-field. The latter number is evidently the most important to know ; but, as we have observed, it varied greatly, for a long march in a week of bad weather was sufficient to fill the hospitals. In ordinary times, it was from twelve to eighteen per cent, less than under the second head. It "history." Gettysburg Battle Monument. GETTYSBURG BATTLE MONUMENT. 97 did not even always represent exactly the precise number of combatants: in fact, when, after a long march, the stragglers did not answer to roll-call, they were not immediately set down as deserters, which would have caused them to lose a portion of their pay ; a few days' grace was granted to them, and the result was that thousands of soldiers, separated from their commands, followed the army at a distance, unable to take part in any battle, and yet figuring on the returns as able-bodied com- batants. In this respect, there was much more tolerance shown in the Union army than among the Confederates ; on this account, the falling- off in the number of combatants is a new source of mistakes and discus- sions. We have stated that this diminution amounted to thirteen thou- sand, for the Army of the Potomac, between the 10th of June and the 4th of July. We will spare the reader the details of our calcula- tions, simply presenting the figures that have been given us, which we believe to be as near the truth as possible. The Army of the Potomac, without French's division, which had not gone beyond Frederick, numbered on its returns, on the 30th of June, 167,251 men, more than 21,000 of whom were on detached service, and nearly 28,000 in the hospitals. The number of men present with their corps was 112,988, and that of men under arms, 99,475 ; but this last figure included those doing duty at headquarters, who formed a total of 2,750 men who could not be counted among the combatants. Stannard's and Lockwood's brigades having brought Meade a reinforcement of about five thousand men on the 1st of July, the effective forces borne on the returns may be stated as follows : Troops taking no part in battle, 2,750 Artillery, 7,000 Cavalry, 10,500 Infantry, . 85,500 Total, 105,750 And 352 pieces of artillery. The artillery and infantry, which were alone seriously engaged, even on the battle-field of Gettysburg, form, therefore, a total of about ninety-one thousand men and three hundred and twenty -seven pieces of cannon, Meade having left twenty-five heavy guns in reserve at West- minster. But, in order to ascertain the real number of combatants that 98 the Union general conld bring into line, it is proper to deduct from three to four thousand, left as additional guards near the supply-trains, the batteries remaining at Westminster, and for all men detached on extra duty, and from four to five thousand for the stragglers entered on the returns. The latter were the much more numerous on account of the fact that, the returns having only been prepared at the end of July, all those who joined the army after the battle were entered as being present ; so that these rolls only represent the number of tliose absent without leave at the totally insignificant figure of 3,292. This deduction PENNSYLVANIA coiA.EGE (Old Building). makes the effective forces of Meade amount to from eighty-two to eighty-four thousand men. The Army of Northern Virginia, on the 31st of May, 1863, con- tained an effective force of 88,754 officers and soldiers present, 74,468 of whom were under arms. The latter consisted of: General staff and infantry, . 59,420 Cavalry, 10,292 Artillery, . 4,756 Total, 74,468 And 206 pieces of artillery. During the month of June, its effective force was increased by the return of a certain number of sick, who, thanks to the mild weather, 99 had been restored to health, and those who had been wounded at the battle of Chancellorsville, by the arrival of recruits, the result of the conscription-law, and by the addition of four brigades — two of infantry under Pettigrew and Davis, one of cavalry under Jenkins, and one made up of mixed troops under Imboden. The first was nearly four thousand strong ; that of Davis, consisting of four regiments which are not borne on the returns of the 31st of May, although two of them had formerly belonged to the army, numbered about twenty-two hundred men ; the other two contained each about the same effective force. The increase PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE (Present Building). of artillery amounted to fifteen batteries, comprising sixty-two pieces of cannon and about eight hundred men. On the other hand, this effective •force was diminished, first, by the absence of Corse's brigade of Pickett's division, and one regiment of Pettigrew's brigade left at Hanover Junc- tion, and three regiments of Early's division left at Winchester — say about three thousand five hundred men; then by the losses sustained in the battles of Fleetwood, Winchester, and Aldie, amounting to fourteen hundred men ; finally by the admission to the hospitals of men unable to bear the fatigue of the long marches which the army had to make, 100 and by the absence of those who, voluntarily or otherwise, remained behind during these marches. It is difficult to reckon precisely the number of the disabled, of stragglers, and of deserters that the army had lost during the month of June. Private information and the com- parison of some figures lead us to believe that it was not very large, and did not exceed five per cent, of the effective force of the army— say three thousand seven hundred and fifty men in all. We can therefore estimate the diminution of the army at about three thousand seven hundred men on the one hand, and its increase, on the other hand, by the addition of three brigades and some artillery, at seven thousand. We believe that the difference of seventeen hundred between these two figures must be lessened at least from one thousand to twelve hundred, by the return of the sick and wounded and the arrival of a number of conscripts ; that, consequently, the Army of Northern Virginia arrived on the battle-field of Gettysburg with about five thousand combatants more than it had on the 31st of May, 1863 — that is to say, in the neighborhood of eighty thousand men. As we have done in regard to the Federal army, in order to find out the amount of force really assembled on the battle-field, we will deduct the number of mounted men, which was increased by Jenkins's and Imboden's forces, and reduced in the same proportion,*, making about eleven thousand men ; and we may conclude that, durmg the first three days of July, 1863, Lee brought from sixty -eight to sixty- nine thousand men and two hundred and fifty gunsf against the eighty- two or eighty-four thousand Unionists with three hundred guns collected on this battle-field. Meade had, therefore, from eighteen to nineteen thousand men more than his adversary — a superiority of nearly one- fourth, which, unfortunately for him, he was unable to turn to advan- tage The losses on both sides were nearly equal, and enormous for the number of combatants engaged for they amounted to twenty -seven per cent, on the side of the Federals, and more than thirty-six per cent, for the Confederates. Upon this point also, the official reports are precise. The Federals lost 2,834 killed, 13,709 wounded, and 6,645 prisoners— f Twelve hundred cavalrymen lost in the battles of Fleetwood, Aldie, Upper- ville, and Hanover, two hundred maimed or sick t These figures relate to the guns actually on the battle-field, deducting those attached to Stuart s command on the one hand, and to Pieasontons on the other 101 23,186 men in all; the Confederates, 2,665 killed, 12,599 wounded, and 7,464 missing — 22,728 men in all; wliich, with the 300 men killed or wounded in the cavalry on the 2d and 3d, foot up their total losses at a little more than 23,000 men ; that is to say, precisely the same number as those of their adversaries. These figures, however, do not yet convey a correct idea of the injury the two armies had inflicted upon each other in these bloody battles. Thus, while the Federal reports acknowledge only 2,834 killed, the reports made by the hospitals bear evidence to the burial of 3,575 Union corpses : the number of dead in the Army of the Potomac may be estimated at about four thousand, one thousand or eleven hundred having died of their wounds. On the other hand, Meade has 13,621 Confederate prisoners ; but, as there are 7,262 wounded among them, there only remain 6,359 able-bodied men. The number of 7,464, reckoned by Lee as the number of men missing, must therefore represent, besides these able-bodied prisoners, most of the men seriously wounded during the attack made by Pickett and Heth, and abandoned on the battle-field. We must therefore estimate the number of Confed- erate wounded at more than thirteen thousand six hundred. It is reasonable to suppose that, after the combat, the number of their dead increased more rapidly for a few days than in the Union army. The battle which was so murderous for all was particularly so for those superior officers who had most gallantly exposed themselves on both sides and fallen by hundreds. The Confederates found, at the close of the day, that Major-Generals Hood, Pender, Trimble, and Heth were wounded, Pender mortally; Brigadier-Generals Barksdale and Garnett were killed, and Somms mortally wounded. Brigadier-Generals Kemper, Armistead, Scales, G. T. Anderson, Hampton, J. W. Jones, and Pettigrew were wounded, and Archer was a prisoner. The Northern cause had lost Major-Gejjeral Reynolds and Brigadier-Generals Vincent, Weed, and Zook. Major-Generals Sickles, Hancock, Doubleday, Gibbon, Barlow, Warren, and Butterfield, and Brigadier-Generals Graham, Paul, Stone, Barnes, and Brooke were wounded. The triumph had been more than costly, and, amid " the thunder of the captains and the shouting," was heard the wail for the thousands dead. ^be Burial of tl^e Bead. INDEPENDENCE DAY, 1863— so freshly consecrated for the North at Gettysburg and Vicksburg — found the victors in the three days' fight preparing to bury the dead and soothe the last hours of the dying. The battle-field was still red with blood, and those who had been struck lay where they fell. Professor Jacobs, of Gettysburg, who was an eye-witness of the struggle, says in his " Later Rambles" : " The work '^ta^^^M:^'' ^W^'^^I ^ THE ROSTRUM, NATIONAL CEMETERY. of interring 9,000 dead and removing about 20,000 wounded to comfort- able quarters was an herculean task. The rebel army had left the most of their dead lying unburied on the field, as also large numbers of their badly- wounded. There was considerable Selay in properly inter- ring the corpses that lay on the field of battle. It was only after rebel prisoners, who had been captured in the vicinity after the battle, were impressed into this service, especially that of covering up the bodies of their fallen comrades, that the work was finally completed. The men (102) 103 were buried everywhere. When they could conveniently be brought together, they were buried in clusters of ten, twenty, fifty, or more ; but so great was their number, and such the advanced stage of decomposition of those that had lain on the field for several days during the hot weather of July, together with the unavoidable delay, that they could not be removed. In gardens, and fields, and by the roadside, just as they were found lying, a shallow ditch was dug, and they were placed in it and covered up as hastily as possible." "When, therefore," says Bates, in his "Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania," "the friends of the dead came sorrow- ing to seek their lifeless remains, they were struck with horror at the imperfect manner in which the burials had been executed. No one was more strongly impressed with the duty of immediately providing for the proper interment of these fallen patriots than Governor Curtin, the Executive of Pennsylvania. He entrusted the business of matur- ing a plan to the citizens of Gettys- burg. These gentlemen, acting under the Governor's instructions, purchased a plot of ground of some seventeen acres on Cemetery Hill, adjoining the village cemetery on the north and west, where the centre of the Union line of battle had rested, and where the guns of Steinwehr and the men of the Eleventh Corps fought. The eighteen States whose troops gained the battle joined in this enterprise. By an Act of Legislature, the title to the ground was vested in the State of Pennsylvania, in trust for all the States having dead buried there, and BOY, CAELISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. 104 a corporate body was created consisting of one fiom each State, to serve without pay, to whom its care was entrusted, the expense to be borne in proportion to the representation in Congress." The grounds were laid out by William Saunders, and, on the 27th of October, 1863, the work of disinterring and reinterring the dead began. This work— the removal of 3,512 bodies— was completed on the 18th of March, 18G4. Of the entire number interred in the National Cemetery, Maine had 104; New Hampshire, 49 ; Vermont, 61 ; Massachusetts, 159* Ehode Island, 12; Connecticut, 22; New York, 8C7; New Jersey, 73; Pennsylvania, 534; Delaware, 15; Mary- land, 22; West Yirginia, 11; Ohio, 131; Indiana, 80; Illinois, 6; Michigan, 171; Wisconsin, 73; Minnesota, 52; U. S. Reg- ulars, 138; Unknown, 979. The cemetery is enclosed on the south, west, and north sides by a solid wall of masonry, surmounted with a heavy dressed coping-stone, and on the east by an iron fence, separating it from the village ceme- tery, which gave the name to the hilL The monument, which i» the centre of the encircling graves, was designed by J. G. Batterson^ of Hartford, Conn., who thus explains its intention: " The whole rendering of the design is intended to- be purely his- torical, telling its own story with such simplicity that any discerning, mind will readily comprehend its meaning and purpose. The super- structure is sixty feet high, ha^dng a massive pedestal, twenty-five feet square at the base, and is crowned with a colossal statue representing the Genius of Liberty. Standing upon a three-quarter globe, she raises with her right hand the victor's wreath of laurel, while Avith the GIRL, CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. 105 left she gathers up the folds of our national flag, under which the \dctory has been won. Projecting from the angles of the ped- estal are four buttresses, sup- porting an equal number of allegorical statues, represent- ing respectively War, History, Peace, and Plenty. "War" is personified by a statue of the American soldier, who, resting from the conflict, re- lates to " History " the story of the battle which this monu- ment is intended to commemo- rate. " History," in listening attitude, records with stylus -rv- i -^^A and tablet the achievements ^ ^ of the field, and the names of ^^^, \ the honored dead. " Peace " is symbolized by a statue of the / American mechanic, character- ized by appropriate accessories. "^ " Plenty " is represented by a female figure, with a sheaf of wheat and fruits of the earth, typifying peace and abundance V /^ as the soldier's crowning tri- l» umph. The main die of the pedestal is octagonal in form, paneled upon each face. The cornice and plinth above are also octagonal, and are heavily molded. Upon this BOY, CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. lOG plinth rests an octagonal molded base, bearing upon its face, in high relief, the national arms. The upper die and cap are circular in form, the die being encircled by stars equal in number with the States whose sons contributed their lives as the price of the victory won at Gettysburg." The cemetery was consecrated on the 19th of November, 1864. The oration was delivered by Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, and was an eloquent and impressive address. The address of dedication was deliv- ered by the President, in that simple inspired style of w^hich he at times was such a conspicuous master. His words will last contemporaneous with the fame of the great struggle. Mr. Lincoln said : "Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth uiDon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the propo- sition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is alto- gether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us— that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion— that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain — that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." 107 Of this exquisite effort, which drew tears to the eyes of everyone that heard it, the Westminster Review said, in an uncontrollable burst of admiration : '' This oration has but one equal : in that pronounced upon those who fell during the first year of the Peloponnesian War ; and, in one respect, it is superior to that great speech. It is not only natural, fuller of feeling, more touching and pathetic, but we know with abso- lute certainty that it was really delivered. Nature here really takes precedence of art, even though it be the art of Thucydides." The monument was completed in 1868. Mr. Lincoln's matchless speech, cast in bronze, was added to the original design. The granite of the monument was procured from Westerly, R. I., the marble of the figures from -Cararra. It was dedicated July 1st, 1869, on which occa- sion General Meade delivered an address, Governor O. P. Morton, of Indiana, an oration, and Bayard Taylor a poem. From this last we extract the fitting lines of the conclusion: "Thus, in her seat secure, Where now no distant menaces can reach her, At last in undivided freedom pure, She sits, th' unwilling world's unconscious teacher ; And, day by day, beneath serener skies, • Th' unshaken pillars of her palace rise— The Doric shafts, that lightly upward press, And hide in grace their giant massiveness. What though the sword has hewn each corner-stone, And precious blood cements the deep foundation ? Never by other force haA^e empires grown ; From other basis never rose a nation ! For strength is born of struggle, faith of doubt. Of discord law, and freedom of oppression. We hail from Pisgah, with exulting shout, The Promised Laud below us, bright with sun. And deem its pastures won. Ere toil and blood have earned us their possession ! Each aspiration of our human earth Becomes an act through keenest pangs of birth ; Each force, to bless, must cease to be a dream, And conquer life through agony supreme; 108 Each inborn right must outwardly be tested By stern material weapons, ere it stand In th' enduring fabric of the land, Secured for those Avho yielded it, and those who wrested! This they have done for us who slumber here, Awake, alive, though now so dumbly sleeping; Spreading the board, but tasting not its cheer ; Sowing, but never reaping ; Building, but never sitting in the shade Of the strong mansion they have made ; Speaking their words of life Avith mighty tongue, But hearing not the echo, million-voiced, Of brothers who rejoiced, From all our river-vales and mountains flung ! So take them, heroes of the songful past ! Open your ranks : let every shining troop Its phantom banners droop. To hail earth's noblest martyrs, and her last! Take them, God I our brave, The glad fulfillers of Thy dread decree ; Who grasped the sword for peace, and smote to save, And, dying here for freedom, died for Thee!" The cemetery is now a most fitting home for the dead. From the base of the monument, the view over miles of fertile fields, to the blue and distant mountains, is a most exquisite one. There is repose in every line of the picture— there is peace everywhere. It seems as if nature, so prompt to recognize what is meet to be done, had laid here her gentlest commands, and, in the years that have elapsed since 1863, the trees have rounded out their forms, the grass has grown green and smooth, the flowers have offered their rarest blossoms. And over it all, guarding the entrance to the sacred spot, full of firm dignity, stands the statue of General Reynolds : "The noblest Roman of them all!" fittingly continuing, in his marble beauty, the care of the soldier and the honor of his country, which were his life-work and his pride. 109 A word must be said, before leaving the story of the battle, as there will be many queries, about John Burns ; and it may as well be said in this place. Here is his portrait, which is fairly faithful, and. here the words of Bret Harte which have given Burns immortality. They are not absolutely accurate, but represent the popular sentiment concerning the part which he bore in the great battle: "Have you heard the story the gossips tell Of John Burns, of Gettysburg? No? Ah well, Brief is the glory that hero earns, Briefer the story of poor John Burns ; He was the fellow ^\■ho won renown— The only man who didn't back down When the rebels rode through his native to\vn ; But held his own in the fight next day, When all his townsfolk ran away. That was in July, sixty-three — no The very day that General Lee, The flower of Southern chivalry, Baffled and beaten, backward reeled From a stubborn Meade and a barren ted. I might tell how, but the day before, John Burns stood at his cottage-door. Looking down the village-street ; Where, in the shade of his peaceful vine, He heard the low of his gathered kine. And felt their breath with incense sweet; Or, I might say, when the sunset burned The old farm gable, he thought it turned The milk, that fell in a babbling flood Into the milk-pail, red as blood; Or how he fancied the hum of bees Were bullets buzzing among the trees. But all such fanciful thoughts as these Were strange to a practical man like Burns, Who minded only his own concerns. Troubled no more by fancies fine Than one of his calm-eyed long-tailed kine >- Quite old-fashioned and matter-of-fact, Slow to argue, but quick to act. That was the reason, as some folks say, He fought so well on that terrible day. And it was terrible. On the right Raged for hours the heavy fight. Thundered the battery's double-bass- Difficult music for men to face ; While on the left— where now the graves Undulate like the living waves That all the day unceasing swept Up to the pits the rebels kept- Round-shot ploughed the upland glades, Sown with bullets, reaped with blades; Shattered fences here and there Tossed their splinters in the air ; The very trees were stripped and bare; The barns that once held yelloAV grain Were heaped with harvests of the slain ; The cattle bellowed on the plain, The turkeys.screamed with might and main, And brooding barn-fowl left their rest With strange shells bursting in each nest. Ill Just where the tide of battle turns, Erect and lonely, stood old John Bums, How do 5'ou think the man was dressed'/ He wore an ancient long buff vest — Yellow as saffron, but his best; And buttoned over his manly breast "Was a bright blue coat, with a rolling collar And large gilt buttons— size of a dollar — W th tails that country-folk call "swaller." He wore a broad-brimmed bell-crowned hat, WTiite as the locks on which it sat. Never had such a sight been seen For forty years on the village-green, Since John Burns was a country-beau, And went to the " quilting," long ago. Close at his elbows, all that day. Veterans of the Peninsula, Sunburnt and bearded, charged away, And striplings, downy of lip and chin- Clerks that the Home Guard mustered in- Glanced, as they passed, at the hat he wore. Then at the rifle his right hand bore. And hailed him, from out their youthful lore, With scraps of a slangy repertoire : 'How are you. White Hat?" "Put her through!" ?Your head's level!" and "Bully for you!" Called him "Daddy," and begged he'd disclose The name of the tailor who made his clothes. And what was the value he set on those ; While Burns, unmindful of jeer and scoff. Stood there picking the rebels off— With his long brown rifle and bell-crown hat And the swallow-tails they were laughing ai. 'Twas but a moment: for that respect Which clothes all courage their voices checked ; And something the wildest could understand Spake in the old man's strong right hand, And his corded throat, and the lurking frown Of his eyebrows under his old bell-cro^vTi ; Until, as they gazed, there crept an awe Through the ranks, in whispers, and some men saw. In the antique vestments and long white hair, The Past of the Nation in battle there. 112 And some of the soldiers since declare That the gleam of his old white hat afar, Like the crested plume of the brave Navarro, That day was their oriflamme of war. Thus raged the battle. You know the rest: How the rebels, beaten and backward pressed. Broke at the final charge and ran ; At which John Burns, a practical man, Shouldered his rifle, unbent his brows, And then went back to his bees and cows. This is the story of old John Burns — This is the moral the reader learns : In fighting the battle, the question's whether You'll show a hat that's white, or a feather. In leaving this part of our subject — Cemetery Hill — we cannot re- frain from a reference to the " Unknown Dead" who are buried here in hundreds, taking their last long rest, for which, doubtless, many of them prayed at the close of those agonizing July days. There is something very pathetic m the thought that those who sleep here died " unknown ;" that, yielding up their lives for their country, they could not win even the crown of personal remembrance, that a thousand others who died no more bravely, who offered no more on the altar of freedom, yet won a greater reward, and repose in graves singled out by-names for the grati- tude of years to come. The unknown dead, a regiment of heroes of whom exists no record in all this great land other than a simple stone testifying to their bravery, their courage, their devotion to the cause of freedom. The lives of these men were blotted out by the God of Bat- tles, leaving no trace ; their country buried them, let their countrymen honor them to the fullness of time. ^l^e oumberland Yalley. ^EIE pilgrim to Gettysburg is happily- obliged to travel through the Cumber- land Valley for a portion of his jour- ney, a fact he will never live to regret. This valley is part of the land of promise. It is fertile, inviting, pic- turesque. It brings the traveler the sweetest sense of repose, in miles of '^^ ' green and glowing fields, in the acres of ripening grain, in the woods and hedges, in the distant blue and graceful mountains. Humboldt, in the midst of tropical splendors, found time to keenly regret the lowly German m«adow of his fatherland, and felt that, while away from it, his heart insensibly grew older. Under the glowing trop- ical sky he w^as fain to confine his glances to the earth ; and this earth, scorched and calcined by the sun, was nothiug better than a sandy waste. The remembrance of the fresh green turf of the German land came back upon the traveler's mind with irresistible force. For the smallest flower that grew before his own door, he would have given all the magical wealth of the forests of Guiana. And so it is with us ; we love the meadow. It teaches us to believe in eternal youth, or at least through its yearly-verdant turf it gives promise to the soul, and tells it that we cannot die. The Cumberland Vallej'^ rejoices in a shower of summer blessings that are regal in their quantity. Nothing seems so generous to man as 8 (113) 114 a field of ripening grain. Its beauty is to be found in its entirety, in its rolling waves, which, as they burn and glow, return to the hot sky of August ardor for ardor. The yellow oats, which are ripe when the wheat is long since garnered, possess a solitary beauty. Theirs is not tiie erect close ear, rising from the extremity of the upright s^em. They droop and bend, as if somewhat weary of their burden. Wheat undu- lates ; oats balance. Under the influence of the wind, the wheat-field is one ; it is the rising or sinking wave, which ever moves in accordance A CUMBERLAND VALLEY FARMER'S BARN AND HOUSE. with the general swell. There is no undulation in the less compact, less united, but more vaporous oats, with its too-pliant sprays. Oppressed by the wind, it flings to and fro its ears, like a sea dashing against a reef. The struggle is unequal ; it yields to the breeze, and is seemingly torn up by the roots and swept away. These seas of grain surround and beat their billows everywhere in this valley upon the farm-houses and the great bams. Along the roads leading to them are heavy lingering wagons, slowly taking their way, carrying their loads of grass or grain, which, dead, in the evening moisture 115 yield, more abundantly than when alive, the sweetness of their innocent perfvimes. These wagons, these farms, these fields, that stretch away from our car- window, follow and express the movement of the year. The annual cycle is feebly felt within the great city : it is on the farm, within the meadow-bounds, that the rhythm and clock of time are best real- ized. And from no train on all the iron highways of Pennsylvania can the seasons be so well watched as here. Beyond the fields are always mountains, the north and south chains. There is something tempting in the outlines of these hills— the tempting invitation to climb them and view what is beyond. It is the same feeling that animated the man who first, from the plain of the Pampas, saw the sublime crest of the Cor- dilleras touching heaven, and had but one desire— to discover what lay concealed beyond the barrier. Yasco Nuiiez de Balboa, the companion of Pizarro, enjoyed the intoxication of this first glance, but only from the hills of Panama. So sings Keats, but mistakes the real hero : "Or, like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes He stared at the Pacific, and all his men Looked at each other with a wild surmise, Silent, upon a peak in Darien." And yet this mountain-chain, which makes the silhouette of our horizon, is but a thin screen between this valley and the valley and plain beyond. It continues for many miles above and below Carlisle, the first place of importance after leaving Harrisburg, going down the valley, or leaving Chambersburg and coming up. Here the pilgrim will do well to halt. The place can well win half a day of time. This place at once attracts the traveler by its beauty, and furnishes a solid reason for lingering. Here is located tlie Indian Training-School, which, during the five years it has been in operation, has justly won a national fame. The buildings occupied by the school are very pleasantly located on a large property at the north end of the town, and have been 116 in the possession of the Government since the Revolution. The original buildings, six or seven in number, were erected during the Revolution, CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. Three boys as they looked before being civilized. by the Hessians who were captured by Washington at Trenton, and made to work out some measure of their offense upon the Carlisle bar- 117 racks. Being remote from the scene of active operations, they were used by the colonist authorities as a recruiting-post and as a place for the detention of prisoners of war. For many years prior to the late ci^'il war, the barracks was used as a training-school for the different arms of the service — cavalry, artillery, and infantry— and many of the ofScers who won fame on the battle-fields of that unfortunate strife saw service at the Carlisle barracks. The buildings erected during the Revolution became so dilapidated during the second quarter of the present century, that it was decided to rebuild them ; and, in 1836, that work was accomplished. These remained standing until Lee invaded the North, in the Gettysburg campaign, when they were burned on the night of July 1st, by order of Fitz Hugh Lee. At that time, the buildings were used as a camp for enlisted and drafted men. In October, 1879, the property was turned over to the Interior Department, to be used as an industrial school for Indian boys and girls. A great success has followed the foundation and career of the school. Representatives of the Apaches, Arapahoes, Caddoes, Cheyeunes, Comanches, Crows, Creeks, Chippewas, Diggers, Gros- Ventres, lowas, Kaws, Keechies, Kiowas, Lipans, Menomonees, Miamis, Navajoes, Nez Perces, Northern Arapahoes, Omahas, Ottawas, Ououdagas, Osages, Pawnees, Poncas, Pueblos, Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, Seminoles, Shoshones, Sioux, Wichitas, and Winnebagoes have come to Carlisle, been taught English and the ways of civilization, and returned to their tribes, to propagate the ways of peace. The instruction given to the students is objective— the methods natural. The chief point is the mastery of the English language — reading and writing waiting upon and accompanying this language- study. The students are not urged beyond a practical knowledge of the primary English branches. No books are used with beginners : the materials employed are objects, pictures, blackboard, slate, and pencil. 118 CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. Three boys as they look now, aflcr beins civilized. 119 The students particularly excel in arithmetic, spelling, and in writing, and they are astonishingly apt at music, readily singing hymns and choruses, and abandoning the meaningless monotones and minor wails that constituted the music of their life in the West. Industrial work is followed also. The girls are instructed in housework, sewing, washing and ironing, cooking, and the other home industries. The boys learn farming, harness-making, tailoring, painting, blacksmithing, carpenter- ing, tinning, shoemaking, and printing ; and a very creditable paper — The Morning Slav — is issued monthly from the school, a chronicle of the more than creditable Avork being carried on in this lair Cumberland Valley. Some idea of how much real good will in time be disseminated through the influence of the Carlisle school may be found in the sug- gestive fact that 767 boys and girls have been under instruction since the school opened, on October 5th, 1879.* The shoe-shop last year manu- factured 389 pairs of boots and shoes, and repaired 150 pairs a month. The tailor-shop turned out 410 coats, 771 pairs of pantaloons, and 343 vests ; the harness-shop, 205 bridles, 190 halters, 197 sets of harness , the tin-shop, 4,305 tin pails, 7,498 cups, 1,072 coffee-boilers, 145 funnels, 5,340 pans, 5,211 joints of stove-pipe , the wagon-shop, 11 spring- wagons ; the laundry washed and ironed 5,000 pieces a week , the girls manufactured 4,837 towels, sheets, shirts, aprons, and other articles of wear. Surely, here is a solution of the Indian problem, m one of the best works ever undertaken by a paternally-inclined government' * Annual Report, 1884. ^b e trettysbura [nd Harr'isbum lyailnoac!. THE line over which the X)ilgrim reaches Gettysburg is one which brings into view, every moment, the daintiest vistas, the choicest mosaics, of inland scenery. On leaving Carlisle, the run over the South Mountain Eailroad is just ten miles to Hunter's Run Station. This distance is in a southeasterly direction from Carlisle. Throughout its length, no more picturesque pleasantries of nature are to be found in this section of Pennsylvania. /.^.V ^/^ "&%h YELLOW-BREECHES CREEK. Most notable is the foliage. It is of every kind and character. Pine, oak, ash, willow, maple, poplar, chestnut, spruce, elm, cedar, with a fringe of greenest hedges, and alder -bushes, and sumac, and here (120) 121 and there the sentry silver stalk of the mnllen. Under our very eyes are all the materials for the profound study of nature. The variety is ample. Later, as the traveler whirls along this road, the foliage will he even more gorgeous than it is now. In the dry hurning summer month — a month in which it is hard to helieve there are any nights — the leaf, panting, as it were, in the furnace, knows not any repose. It is a con- tinual and rapid 'play of aspiration and respiration ; a too-powerful sun excites it. In August, sometimes even in the close of July, it begins to turn yellow. It will not wait for autumn. On the tops of the moun- tains yonder, where it works less rapidly, it travels more slowly toward its goal; but it will arrive there. When September has ended, and the nights lengthen, the wearied trees grow dreamy : the leaf sinks from fatigue. If the light did but succor it still ! But the light itself has grown weaker. The dews fall abundantly, and in the morning the sun no longer cares to drink them up. It looks toward other horizons, and is already far away. The leaves blush a marvelous scarlet in their anger. The sun is, as it were, an evening sun. Its long oblique rays are protruded through the black trunks, and create under the woods some luminous and still genial tracks of light. The landscape is illuminated. The forests around and above, on the hills, on the flanks of the mountains, seem to be on fire. The light abandons us, and we are tempted to think that it wishes to rest in the leaf and to concentrate within all its rays. Summer is comparatively monotonous: it wears always the same verdure. Autumn is a fairy spectacle. Where the trees huddle close together, every tone of color is intermingled — pale golden tints, with glowing or slightly -burnished gold, scarlet, and crimson, and every hue of blushing carnation. Every leaf shows color. The vivacity of the maple contrasts sharply with the gloom of the pme; lower down this hill, the rusty hues of the oaks; 122 lower still, and all around, the drooping and Tallen brambles and wild vines blend their glowing reds with the wan yellow of the grasses. It is the festival of the foliage. Soon after leaving Carlisle, the Yellow- Breeches Creek is crossed: a choice bit of water, called so by the Indians, who saw in its tawny HUNTER'S RUN STATION. hue, after every storm, the color of the doeskin. /"'c Bonny Brook arrests the eye of the traveler, and the town of Mount Holly Springs, seven miles from Carlisle, demands each minute while the train stops. Leaving here, passing a delightful sheet of water, the train plunges into the hills, and winds away among the trees of the swamps and meadows. At Hunter's Eun Station, which is ten miles from Carlisle, the South Mountain road is deserted. It continues over eight miles to Pine Grove Furnace, where are extensive mines of iron and great red- mouthed furnaces burning up the earth for the staple of the world. If the traveler can spare an hour or two, he should run up to Pine Grove. The furnaces are interesting, and the houses are still standing that were the slave-quarters of a slave-plantation in other days in Penn- sylvania. How far away they now seem ! Just before reaching Pine Grove, the Pine Grove Picnic -Ground is visible on the right. Bow- ered among the trees, it presents a wistful invitation to linger. If the 123 eun shine fiercely, what happiness to plunge into these inviting shadea and rest one's eyes from the too-powerful radiance. The air is astir, and descends from the trees all pure and fresh. The sun everywhere imparts a new grace to the morning hour. The open glade near the track is one of the state chamhers of the forest beyond. From afar, the long dim avenues under the trees look apparently toward these vistas, as they lie bathed in amber radiance. All is young and laughing. The flowers banished from the deep forest come here to hold high carnival: they mingle together their faint perfumes. The birds are here in glad array, as if they were the possessors of the place. What seductions greet us on the threshold ! Songs and flowers are here, and mosses and violets, and occasionally the white spircea — a dim and pallid vision. Hundreds of happy hearts come here every summer, and go homeward with cares lifted, with gratitude for the unnumbered pleasures this Pine Grove Park contains. From Hunter's Run to Gettysburg, the Gettysburg and Harrisburg road extends over twenty -two miles of track to Gettysburg. Just before turning into the city, the track runs on a spur four miles long to the base of the Round Tops, two hills known wherever in the world the study of the sword is kept up. Here there is a picturesque station. The station in Gettysburg is on Washington Street. Between Gettys- burg and Hunter's Run, the principal stations of the road are: Idaville, Bendersville, and Biglerville. At Idaville, the road is up about a thou- sand feet, and from here you can see distinctly the exquisite outlines of the hills of York County. After leaving Idaville, you have a charming view of Wolf-Pit Hill, which looms in the blue distance, pointing heaven- ward its wooded peak.- After leaving Bendersville, the train crosses Opo^um Creek — just a glimpse of a pure and purling stream that for centuries, from its retreat among these happy hills, has surged its way to the sea. Opossum Creek is not, however, so choice and charming 124 ON CONAWALGHA CREEK; a bit of woodland water as the Conawaugha, which you cross just before the train be- gins to climb the ascent of the hills around Gettysburg. So 125 dainty is this Conawaugha Creek, that the artist instinctively chose it for his pencil. The scenery in between these stations is of the same interesting order as on the other side of Hunter's Run. Here and there water — as now the just-mentioned Opossum Creek and laughing Conawaugha — everywhere in the distance hills, and the long blue valleys in between. Everywhere, too, are birds. They fly at the scream of the whistle or the sound of the bell, but not far: they have the confi- dence of these pleasant glades. There is something pleasant in this r^'f' tmM^ NEAR IDAVILLE. fact. No one can be insensible to the claim which confidence imposes ; it is. so to speak, a freeman's right. The swallow makes our open house her own, and joy comes with her — her presence is a promise of happiness. The robin hops ui)on your window-sill, he goes in search of you, he follows you everywhere; salutes you with the last note of evening, the first chirp of morn. His black eyes are like sparks : he darts them at you with charming audacity. As your equal and your comrade, he seeks your society. He inhabits these glades with all the dignity of presumptive ownership. 126 The first view of Gettysburg, obtained as you glide out of the long stretch of woods and round the edge of the hill, is one of choice beauty. In an instant you have left the leafy lane through which the train has been darting, are out in the strong sunlight, and the historic town lies in the calm of the middle distance, while over it and beyond are the blue hills of the York Valley. The picture is one of strength and indi- viduality, and impresses the pilgrim with long-lingering sharpness. He views his shrine, the theatre of war's greatest battle. He sees Gettys- burg! HOW TO GET TO GETTYSBUEG. There is but one way to get to Gettysburg, if the traveler considers time of value, and is therefore forced to go by rail. The accompanying map illustrates at a glance the routes. Han-isburg is always the first objective point, unless the pilgrim comes north over the Cumberland Valley Railroad. Coming from the direction of Buffalo, Canandaigua, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburg, and the Great West, Har- risburg is the place to be reached first. From Harrisburg, the route is by way of the Cumberland Valley road to Carlisle, thence over the South Mountain and Gettysburg and Harrisburg roads to Gettysburg. There is excellent hotel accommodation both at Gettysburg and Car- lisle, and at Mount Holly Springs. The tourist and the rambler need not fear that the mental pleasure of the trip to Gettysburg will in the least be disturbed by the miseries of bad hotels. ON KOUND TOP. To make the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad more complete, a spur has been built from Gettysburg to Round Top, three miles, in the same careful and splendid manner as the main line. Indeed, the construction of the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad is of the highest 12i standard, and justifies the great credit given to the best American railroad-work. The spur road ends on the side of Little Round Top itself, within a good stone's -throw of the summit made so famous by the patriot blood of Vincent and his brothers -in -arms. The track ends in a choicely laid -out park. Here have been gathered with lavish hand every comfort and convenience that can make happy the life of the picknicker or excursionist. Dining-rooms, a dancing -pavilion, rooms for rest and recreation, shady seats and lounging -places under the great trees, kitchens, baggage - rooms, places for your bundles and baskets, spring -water in abundance, the choicest of breezes, the perfume of a carpet of wild flowers, and a natural awning of leaves to check the sun's rays, should they become too ardent, are the fittings of this Paradise. A short and easy scramble, and you are at the summit, scaled so bravely by the men of July, '63, and a pano- rama of beauty bursts upon the eye. You look, as it were, over God's acres, so green, so fresh, so beautiful. Down the side of the hill, over the old walls now covered by moss, over the stones that saved many a brave heart from death, up the hill, following a broad and well-kept path, then a climb of a half- hundred steps, aud you are on the top platform of the observatory upon the summit of Big Eound Top. Before you, around you everywhere, is the most exquisite view in all Pennsylvania, a horizon fifty miles away in every direc- tion! It is superb! It is one of those rare views, sometimes obtained by the traveler, that are so beautiful that they linger ever, the choicest gems in the collection of memory. Once on this observatory, and the desire is to rest there for hours, so calm, so peaceful, so sweet are the influences of the scene! It is incomparably beautiful: so beautiful, indeed, that no words, no painting, no photograph can present more than a very faint idea of its wondrous charm. 128 GETTYSBURG AS A STATE CAMPING - GEOUND. During the summer of 1884, a large part of the National Guard of the State of Pennsylvania went into camp at Gettysburg. It was the occasion of the annual ten days' drill. Never before in the history of the State militia was the camp -site so felicitously chosen as on that occasion. There was no man in the command so dull as not to be able to appreciate the historic ground on which he slept, or be insensible to the thickly - clustering memories of every stone and field, of every hill and ravine, of every inch of that blood-sown ground. Additionally, the choice of Gettysburg was a happy one, because of its ease of access, ample accommodation, healthful ground, and its large domain that is State ground, and from the occupation of which no complaints could arise. Some of the States, notably New York and Rhode Island, have provided for their militia permanent camp - grounds, where all the necessaries of camps are arranged once for all. Permanent water- supply, proper parade-grounds, headquarters - grounds, stables for horses, and many other useful and necessary arrangements are made, so that valuable time is not lost over work that does not conduce particularly to the object sought. These provisions for the State militia are admirable in design and results. Quite naturally, therefore, a movement was started during the camp last year, looking to ha^ing the State adopt Gettysburg as a State camp -ground. The idea was taken up enthusiastically and endorsed by all the officers. In order to further this most excellent plan, the cordial co-operation of many citizens is needed. On the slip here inserted, it is therefore suggested that the reader place his signature and the signatures of a few friends, and forward the same to W. H. Woodward, Pine Grove Furnace, Cum- berland County, Pa., in order that, when collected, they may be presented ut Harrisburg. APPENDIX, ^^e lyoster. THE reader will d^ire the roster of the troops engaged m the great conflict. As near as maj be, that of the Confederate army is the same as it was a month previous to the Iwittle. Tlie organizatioo of June 1st is the only authentic one preserved to us. Here it is OrgwuXzation, of the Arnty of Korthern Vtrffittta, J^une tstf 1863 General ROBERT E. LEE Commandistg. STAFF Colonel W. H. TAYLOR, Adjutant-General C. S, VENABLE, A.D.C " CHARLES MARSHALL, A.D.C JAMES L. CORLEY, Chief Quartermaster. R. G. COLE, Chief Commissary. B G. BALDWIN, Chief of Ordnance. " H. L. PEYTON, Assistant Inspector-Gereral. General W. N. PENDLETON, Chief of Artillery Doctor L. GUILD, Medical Director Colonel W PROCTOR SMITH, Chief Engineer. Major H. E. YOUNG, Assistant Adj utant-GeneraL '* G. B COOK, Assistant Inspector- General. FIRST CORPS. Lieutenant-general JaMES LONGSTREET Commanding McLAWS-S DIVISION. Major General L McLAWS Commanding. Kershaw's Brigade —Brigadier-General J B, Kershaw Commandma;, Inth South Carolina Regiment, Colonel W. D. DeSaussure ; SthRouth Carolina Regiment, Colonel J W. Mamminger, 2d South Carolina Regiment, Colonel John D. Kennedy , 3d South Carolina Regiment, Colonel James D. Nance; 7th South Carolina Regiment, Colonel D. Wyatt Aiken; 3d (James's) Battalion South Carolina Infantry, Lieut. -Colonel Bennino's ^nj^adc.— Brigadier-General H. L. Benning Commanding. 50th Georgia Regiment, Colonel W. R. Manning; 51st Georgia Regiment, Colonel W. M. Slaughter; 53d Georgia Regiment, C6lonel James P. Somms; 10th Georgia Regiment, Lieut.- Colonel John B. Weems. Barksdale's 5rt<7ade.— Brigadier-General William Barksdale Commanding. 13th Mississippi Regiment, Colonel J.W.Carter; 17th Mississippi Regiment, Colonel W. D. Holder ; 18th Mississippi Regiment, Colonel Thomas M. Griffin ; 21st Mississippi Regiment, Colonel B. G. Humphreys. Woffard's JSngade.— Brigadier-General W. T. Woffard Commanding. 18th Geor- gia Regiment, Major E. Griffs; Philhps's Georgia Legion, Colonel W. M. Phillips; 24th Georgia Regiment, Colonel Robert McMillan ; Ifith Georgia Regiment, Colonel Goode Bryan ; Cobb's Georgia Legion, Lieut.-Coloncl L. D. Glewn. PICKETT'S DIVISION. Major-general GEORGE E. PICKETT Commanding GamelVs ^nfiracJe.— Brigadier-General R. B. Garnett Commanding. 8th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Eppa Hunton; 18th Virginia Regiment, Colonel R. E. Withers; 19th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Henry Gantt ; 28th Virginia Regiment, Colonel R. C. Allen ; 56th Virginia Regiment, Colonel W. D. Stuart. Armisteads Brigade.— Bnga,dieT-Genera.\ L. A. Armistead Commanding. 9th Vir- ginia Regiment, Lieut. -Colonel J. S. Gilliam; 14th Virginia Regiment, Colonel J. G. Hodges; 38th Virginia Regiment, Colonel E. C. Edmonds; 53d Virginia Regiment, Colonel John Grammer ; 57th Virginia Regiment, Colonel J. B. Magruder. Kempet^s ^nfl^ade.— Brigadier-CTcneral J. L. Kemper Commanding. 1st Virginia Regiment, Colonel Lewis B. Williams, Jr. ; 3d Virginia Regiment, Colonel Joseph Mayo, Jr.; 7th Virginia Regiment, Colonel W. T. Patton; 11th Virginia Regiment, Colonel David Funston ; 24th Virginia Regiment, Colonel W. R. Terry. Tocmbs's ^n^qrade.— Brigadier-General R. Toombs Commanding. 2d Georgia Regi- ment, Colonel E. M. Butt; 15th Georgia Regiment, Colonel E. M. Du Bose; 17th Georgia Regiment, Colonel W. C. Hodges; 20th Georgia Regiment, Colonel J. B. Corse's ^Bngrade.— Brigadier-General M. D. Corse Commanding. 15th Virginia Regiment. Colonel T. P. August; 17th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Morton Marye; 30th Virginia Regiment, Colonel A. T. Harriison ; 32d Virginia Regiment, Colonel K B, Montague, HOOD'S DIVISION. Major-General J. B. HOOD. Edbertson'g J5n£rad«.— Brigadier-General J. B. Robertson Commanding. 1st Texas Regiment, Colonel A. T. Rainey; 4th Texas Regiment, Colonel J. C. G. Key; 5th Texas Regiment, Colonel R. M. Powell; 3d Arkansas Regiment, Colonel Van H. Manning. Laws's i>n5rade.— Brigadier-General E. M. Laws Commanding. 4th Alabama Regiment, Colonel P. A. Bowls; 44th Alabama Regiment, Colonel W. H. Perry ; 15th Alabama Regiment, Colonel James Canty ; 47th Alabama Regiment, Colonel J. W. Jackson ; 48th Alabama Regiment, Colonel J. F. Shepherd. Anderson's JJ/ifirade.— Brigadier-General G. T. Anderson Commanding. 10th Georgia Battalion, Major J. E. Rylander; 7th Georgia Regiment, Colonel W. M. White ; 8th Georgia Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel J. R. Towers ; 9th Georgia Regiment, Colonel B. F. Beck; 11th Georgia Regiment, Colonel F. H. Little. Jenkins's Brigade.— BngadieT-GeneTal M. Jenkins Commanding. 2d South Caro- lina Rifles, Colonel Thomas Thompson ; 1st South Carolina Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel David Livingstone; 5th South Carolina Regiment, Colonel A. Coward; 6th South Carolina Regiment, Colonel John Bratton; Hampton's Legion, Colonel M. W. Gary. Ill ARTILLERY OF THE FIRST CORPS. Colonel J. B. WALTON Commanding. Baftalion.— Colonel H. C. Cabell; Major Hamilton. Batteries: McCarty's, Manly's, Carlton's, Eraser's. Battalion. — Major Dearing; Major Reed. Batteries: Macon's, Blount's, Strib- ling's, Caskie's. Battalion.— Isl&ior Henry. Batteries : Bachman's, Rielly's, Latham's, Gordon's. Battalion.— Colonel E. P. Alexander ; Major Huger. Batteries : Jordan's, Rhett's, Moody's, Parker's, Taylor's. Battalion.— ^lSi']o\: Eshleman. Batteries : Squires's, Miller's, Richardson's, Nor- com's. Total number of guns. Artillery of the First Corps, 83. SECOND CORPS. Lieutexant-General R. S. EWELL. EARLY'S DIVISION. Major-General J. A. EARLY Commanding. Hays's 5r?"firadc.— Brigadier-General H. S. Hays Commnnding. 5th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel Henry Forno ; 6th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel William Mona- ghan ; 7th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel D. B. Penn ; 8th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel Henry B. Kelley ; 9th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel A. L. Stattbrd. Gordon's Brigade. — Brigadier-General J. B. Gordon Commanding. 13th Georgia Regiment, Colonel J. M. Smith; 26th Georgia Regiment, Colonel E. N. Atkinson; 31st Georgia Regiment, Colonel C. A. Evans; 38th Georgia Regiment, Major J. D. Matthews; 60th Georgia Regiment, Colonel W. H. Stiles; 61st Georgia Regiment, Colonel J. H. Lamar. Smith's 2>)7;gra(fe.— Brigadier-General William Smith Commanding. 13th Virginia Regiment, Colonel J. E. B. Terrill ; 31st Virginia Regiment, Colonel John S. Hoffman; 49th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Gibson; 52d Virginia Regiment, Colonel Skinner; 58th Virginia Regiment, Colonel F. H. Board. Hoke's Brigade.— Colonvl J. E. Avery Commanding (General R. F. Hoke being absent, wounded). 5th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel J. E. Avery ; 21st North Carolina Regiment, Colonel W. W. Kirkland; 54th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel J. C. T. McDowell; 57th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel A. C. Godwin; 1st North Carolina Battalion, Major R. H. Wharton. RODES'S DIVISION. Major-General R. E. RODES Commanding. Daniel's ^ng^ade.— Brigadier-General Junius Daniel Commanding. 32d North Carolina Regiment, Colonel E. C. Brabble; 43d North Carolina Regiment, Colonel Thomas S. Keenan; 45th North Carolina Regiment, Lieut. -Colonel Samuel H. Boyd; 53d North Carolina Regiment, Colonel W. A. Owens; 2d North Carolina Battalion' Lieut. -Colonel H. S. Andrew. Doles's £n<70(i?.— Brigadier-General George Doles Commanding. 4th Georgia ■Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel D. R. E. Winn; 12th Georgia Regiment, Colonel Edward WLlis; 21st Georgia Regiment, Colonel John T. Mercer; 44th Georgia Reeriment Colonel S. P. Lumpkin. Iverson's ^ngrade.— Brigadier-General Alfred Iverson Commanding. 5th North Carolina Regiment, Captain S. B. West; 12th North Carolina Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel W. S. Davis; 20th North Carolina Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel N. Slough; 23d North Carolina Regiment, Colonel D. H. Christie. Eamsexir's ^Wfiradc— Brigadier-General S. D. Ramseur Commanding. 2d North Carolina Regiment, Major E. W. Hurt; 4th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel Brvan Grimes; 14th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel R. T. Bennett; 30th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel F. M. Parker. Rodes's Brigade.— Colone] E. A. O'Neal Commanding. 3d Alabama Regiment, Colonel C. A. Battle; 5th Alabama Regiment, Colonel J. M. Hall ; 6th Alabama Regi- ment, Colonel J. N. Lightfoot; 12th Alabama Regiment, Colonel S. B. Pickens; 26th Alabama Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel J. C. Goodgame. IV JOHNSON'S DIVISION Major-Genekal ED. JOHNSON Commanding. Steuarfs Sngrade.— Brigadier-General George H. Steuart Commanding. 10th Vir- ginia Regiment, Colonel E. T. H. Warren; 23d Virginia Regiment, Colonel A. G. Talia- ferro; 27th Virginia Regiment, Colonel T. V. Williams, 1st North Carolina Regiment, Colonel J. A. McDowell*, 3d North Carolina Regiment, Lieut. -Colonel Thurstoru " Stoneivali'' ^n'grade. -Brigadier-General James A. Walker Commanding. 2d Virginia Regiment, Colonel J. Q. A. Nadenbousch : 4th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Charles A. Ronald; 5th Virginia Regiment, Colonel J. H. S. Funk; 27th Virginia Regiment. Colonel J. K. Edmondson , o3d Virginia Regiment, Colonel F. M. Holla- day Jones's ^ngrade.— Brigadier-General John M. Jones Commanding 21st Virginia Regiment, Captain Moseley; 42d Virginia Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel Withers; 44th Virginia Regiment, Captain Buckner , 48th Virginia Regiment, Colonel T. S. Garnett, 50th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Vandeventer. NichoUs's Brigade.— Colonel J M. Williams Commanding (General F. T Nicholls being absent, wounded). 1st Ix)uisiana Regiment, Colonel William R, Shirers; 2d Louisiana Regiment, Colonel J. M Williams ; 10th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel E Waggaman • 14th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel Z. York , 15th Louisiana Regiment, Colonel Edward Pendleton ARTILLERY OF THE SECOND CORPS. Colonel S CRUTCH FIELD Commanding. J5atoZion— Lieut.-Colonel Thomas H. Carter, Major Carter M Braxton Bat- teries Page's, Fry's, Carter's, Reese's Battalion.— hieut.-Colonel H. P. Jones, Major Brockenborough Batteries Car- ringtr<'^arf tured). Lieutenant William Maloney (wounded), Lieutenant Israel White; 75th Ohio, Colonel Andrew L. Harris (wounded), Lieiit. -Colonel Benjamin Morgan (wounded), Major Charles W. Friend ; 107th Ohio, Captain John M. Lutz. SECOND DIVISION. Brigadier-General A. VON STEINWEHR Commanding. First Brigade.— Colonel Charle.s R. Coster Commanding. 27th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel Lorenz Cantador; 73d Pennsylvania, Captain Daniel F. Kelly; 134th New York, Colonel Charles R. Coster, Lieut.-Colonel Allan H. Jackson ; 154th New York, Colonel Patrick H. Jones. Second Brigade.— Colonel Orlando Smith Commanding. 33d Massachusetts, Lieut.-Colonel Adin B. Underwood; 136th New York, Colonel James Wood, Jr.; 55th Ohio, Colonel Charles B. Gambee; 73d Ohio, Colonel Orlando Smith, Lieut- Colonel Richard Long. 1 Not engaged. Xlll THIRD DIVISION. Major-General carl SCHURZ, Permanent Commander. Brigadier-General ALEXANDER SCHIMMELPFENNIG Commanding on July 1st. First Brigade.— BvigadieT-General A. Von Schimmelpfennig Commanding (cap- tured) ; Colonel George Von Arnsburg. 45th New York, Colonel G. Von Arnsburg, Lieut.-Colonel Adolphus Dobke ; 157th New York, Colonel Philip P. Brown, Jr. ; 74th Pennsylvania, Colonel Adolph Von Hartung (wounded), Lieut.-Colonel Von Mitzei (captured). Major Gustav Schleiter; 61st Ohio. Colonel S. J. McGroarty; 82d Illinois, Colonel J. Hecker. Second Brigade.— Colonel Waldimir Kryzanowski Commanding. 58th New Y'ork, Colonel W. Kryzanowski, Lieut.-Colonel August Otto, Captain Emil Koenig, Lieut.-Colonel Frederick Gellman ; 119th New Y'ork, ColonelJohn T. Lockman, Lieut.- Colonel James C. Rogers; 75th Pennsyl ania, Colonel Francis Mahler (wounded), Major August Ledig; SJd Ohio, Colonel James 8. Robinson (wounded), Lieut.-Colonel D. Thomson ; 26th Wisconsin, Colonel William H. Jacobs. Artillery Brigade.— Mdjor Thomas W. Osborn Commanding. Battery I, 1st New Y^ork, Captain Michael Wiedrick; Battery I, 1st Ohio, Captain Hubert Dilger; Battery K, 1st Ohio, Captain Lewis Heckman ; Battery G, 4th United States, Lieutenant Bayard Wilkeson (killed), Lieutenant E. A. Bancroft ; 13th New York, Lieutenant William Wheeler. TWELFTH CORPS. Brigadiee-Geneeal ALPHEUS S. WILLIAMS Commanding. FIRST DIVISION. Brigadier-General THOMAS H. RUGER Commanding. First Brigade.— Colonel Archibald L. McDougall Commanding. 5th Connec- ticut, Colonel Warren W. Packer; 20th Connecticut, Lieut.-Colonel William B. W^ooster ; 123d New York, Colonel A. L. McDougall, Lieut.-Colonel James C. Rogers; 145th New York, Colonel E. L. Price ; 46th Pennsylvania, Colonel James L. Selfridge ; 3d Maryland, Colonel J. M. Sudsburg. Second ^rigrade.'— Brigadier-General Henry H. Lockwood Commanding. 150th New York, Colonel John H. Ketcham ; 1st Maryland (P. H. B.), Colonel William P. Maulsby ; 1st Maryland (E. S.), Colonel James Wallace. Third Brigade.— Colonel Silas Colgrove Commanding. 2d Massachusetts, Colonel Charles R. Mudge (killed), Lieut.-Colonel Charles F. Morse; 107th New York, Colonel Miron M. Crane; 13th New Jersey, Colonel Ezra A. Carman (wounded), Lieut.-Colonel John R. Fesler; 27th Indiana, Colonel Silas Colgrove, Lieut.-Colonel John R. Fesler; 3d Wisconsin, Lieut.-Colonel Martin Flood. SECOND DIVISION. Brigadier-General JOHN W. GEARY' Commanding. First Brigade.— Colonel Charles Candy Commanding. 28th Pennsylvania, Cap- tain John Flynn; 147th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel Ario Pardee, Jr.; 5th Ohio, Colonel John H. Patrick ; 7th Ohio, Colonel William R. Creighton; 29th Ohio, Captain W. F. Stevens (wounded). Captain Ed. Hays ; 66th Ohio, Colonel C. Candy, Lieut.- Colonel Eugene Powell. Second Brigade.— {I) Colonel George A. Cobham, Jr. ; (2) Brigadier-General Thomas L. Kane. 29th Pennsylvania, Colonel William Rickards; 109th Pennsyl- vania, Captain Frederick L. Gimber ; 111th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel Thomas M. Walker, Lieut.-Colonel Frank J. Osgood. Third ifrtgrade.— Brigadier-General George S. Greene Commanding. 60th New York, Colonel Abel Godard; 78th New York, Lieut.-Colonel Herbert Von Hammer- stein ; 102d New Y'ork, Lieut.-Colonel James C. Lane (wounded) ; 137th New York, 1 Unassigned during progress of battle ; afterward attached to First Division Second Brigade. XIV Colonel David Ireland ; 149th New York, Colonel Henry A. Barnum, Lieut. -Colonel Charles B. Randall. ArtiUen/ Bm/ade.— Lieutenant Edward D. Muhlenberg Commanding. Battery F, 4th United States, Lieutenant E. D. Muhlenberg, Lieutenant S. T. Rug^; Battery K, 5th United States, Lieutenant D. H. Kinsie; Battery M, 1st New York, Lieutenant Charles E. Wmegar; Knap's Pennsylvania Battery, Lieutenant Charles Atwell. Headquarter Cruard.— Battalion 10th Maine. CAVALRY CORPS. Major-General ALFRED PLEASONTON Commanding. FIRST DIVISION. Brigadier-General JOHN BUFORD Commanding. First Brigade.— Colonel William Gamble Commanding. 8th New York, Colonel Benjamin F. Davis; 8th Illinois, Colonel William Gamble, Lieut.-Colonel D. R. Clen- denin; two squadrons 12th Illinois, Colonel Amos Voss ; three squadrons 3d Indiana, Colonel George H. Chapman. Second Brigade.— Colonel Thomas C. Devin Commanding. 6th New York, Colonel Thomas C. Devin, Lieut.-Colonel William H. Crocker; Uth New York, Colonel William Saekett ; 17th Pennsylvania, Colonel J. H. Kellogg ; 3d Virginia (detachment). Reserve ^r/(7ade.— Brigadier-General Wp:sley Merkitt Commanding. 1st United States, Captain R. S. C. Lord; 2d United States, Captain T. F. Rodenboug"h ; 5th United States, Captain J. W. Mason; 6th United States, Major S. H, Starr (wounded), Captain G. C. Cram; 6th Pennsylvania, Major James H. Hazeltine. SECOND DIVISION. Brigadier-General D. McM. GREGG Commanding. (Headquarter Guard— Company A, 1st Ohio.) First Brigade.— Colonel J. B. McIntosh Commanding. 1st New Jersey, Major M H. Beaumont; 1st Pennsylvania, Colonel John P. Taylor; 3d Pennsylvania, Lieut - Colonel Edward S. Jones; 1st Maryland, Lieut.-Colonel James M. Deems; 1st Massa- chusetts at Headquarters, Sixth Corps. Second Brigade.^— Colonel Pennock Huey Commanding. 2d New York, 4th New York, 8th Pennsylvania, 6th Ohio. Third Brigade.— Colonel J. I. Gregg Commanding. 1st Maine, Colonel Charles H. Smith ; 10th New York, Major W. A. Avery ; 4th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel W. E. Doster ; 16th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Colonel John K. Robison. THIRD DIVISION. Brigadier-General JUDSON KILPATRICK Commanding. (Headquarter Guard— Company C, 1st Ohio.) First Brigade.— (1) Brigadier-General E. J. Farnsworth ; (2) Colonel N. P. Rich- mond. 5th New York, Major John Hammond; 18th Pennsvlvania, Lieut.-Colonel William P. Brinton; 1st Vermont, Colonel Edward D. Sawyer; 1st West Virginia. Colonel H. P. Richmond. Second iJng'ade.— Brigadier-General George A. Custer Commanding. 1st Michi- gan, Colonel Charles H. Town ; 5th Michigan, Colonel Russell A. Alger ; 6th Michigan, Colonel George Gray ; 7th Michigan, Colonel William D. Mann. HORSE ARTILLERY.2 First Brigade.— Ctv{)tSi\n John M. Robertson Commanding. Batteries B and L. 2d United States, Lieutenant Edward Heaton ; Battery M, 2d United States, Lieuten- 1 Not engaged. 2 A section of a battery attached to the Purnell Legion was with Gregg on the 3d. XV ant A. C. M. Pennington; Battery E, 4th United States, Lieutenant S. S. Elder; 6th New York, Lieutenant Joseph W. Martin; 9th Michigan, Captain J. J. Danieij, Bat- terj' C, 3d United States, Lieutenant William D. Fuller. Second Brigade.— Captain John C. Tidball Connnanding. Batteries G and E, 1st United States, Captain A. M. Randol : Battery K, 1st United States, Captain William M. Graham ; Battery A, 2d United States, Lieutenant John H. Calef ; Battery C, 3d United States. ARTILLERY RESERVE. (1) Brigadier-General R. O. TYLER (disabled). (2) Captain JOHN M. ROBERTSON. First Regular Brigade.— Captain D. R. Ransom Commanding (wounded). Battery H, 1st United States, Lieutenant C. P. Eakin (wounded) ; Batteries F and K, 3d United States, Lieutenant J. C. Turnbull; Battery C, 4th United States, Lieutenant Evan Thomas ; Battery C, 5th United States, Lieutenant G. V. Weir. First Volunteer Brigade.— l.ient.-Co\one\ F. McGilvery Commanding. 15th New York, Captain Patrick Hart; Independent Battery Pennsylvania, Captain R. B. Ricketts; 5th Massachusetts, Captain C. A. Phillips; 9th Massachusetts, Captain John Bigelow. Second Volunteer Brigade.— Captain E. D. Taft Commanding. Battery B, 1st Con- necticut ; I Battery M, 1st Connecticut ; ' 5th New York, Captain Elijah D. Taft ; 2d Connecticut, Lieutenant John W. Sterling. Third Volunteer Brigade.— Captain James F. Huntington Commanding. Batteries F and G, 1st Pennsylvania, Captain R. B. Ricketts; Battery H, 1st Ohio, Captain James F. Huntington; Battery A, 1st New Hampshire, Captain F. M. Edgell; Batterv C, 1st West Virginia, Captain Wallace Hill. Fourth Volunteer Brigade.— Captain R. H. Fitzhugh Commanding. Battery B, 1st New York, Captain James McRorty (killed) ; Battery G, 1st New York, Captain Albert N. Ames: Battery K, 1st New York (lHh Battery attached), Captain Robert H. Fitz- hugh ; Battery A, 1st Maryland, Captain James H. Rigby ; Batterv A, 1st New Jersey, Lieutenant Augustin N. Parsons; 6th Maine, Lieutenant Edwin B. Dow. Train ^