E726 .A3K7 I > . » • o^ •^ .'^i/^ '-1 \A 'y '-. 'wv g ]QgQ aW" •«»<• ."•^i: QrARTEUS OF CO. D, SECOND REGIMENT ALA. VOLS., AT MIAMI. "Before AND Afteu" the Troops Encamped Thekf.. SOUTHERN MARTYRS. A HISTORY ALABAMA'S WHITE REGIMENTS DURING THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. TOUCHING INCIDENTALLY ON THE EXl'ERIENCES OF THE ENTIKE FIRST DIVISION OF THE SEVENTH ARMY CORPS. SERGEANT M. KOENIGSBERG, Co. E, 2nd Regt. Ala. Vol. Infy. MONTGOMERY, ALA. . iJKOWN pniNTi:«a co., printers and binders. 1898. ^1% Entered acconliug- to Aft of Cons;retis. iu the year 18i>H, by M. KOEN'KJSBKKc;, In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Wasliin^ton, I). C. 1st COPY» S^IMX^J 0(^."\A^ DEDICATORY. "3Iors, te salutamus!" should have been inscribed over the doors of the volunteer army recruiting stations. "Death, we salute thee !" would have been a fitting legend to flutter in funereal folds from every rendezvous where brave men were enrolled on the long list of American victims of a systemless system. Magnolia and fir trees guard the bones of Southerner and Northerner who succumbed alike in wretched struggles with the results of administrative and executive incompe- tence. In the noisome camps that stretched at intervals from Mobile to Miami were laid bloodless battlefields whe^e American patriotism contested with American error. To the unfortunate dead of those unhappy contests, this work is feelingly dedicated in the hope that the truths these pages exploit will aid the erection of a memorial monument on which the mourners' contrition will word it- self thus : TO Commemorate the Eternal Divorce OF Politics from the Army." Oct. l^^iPS. The Author. PREFACE. 'T was origiually iuteDclecl by the author to print the ^ names of those Alabamians who volunteered for service and were rejected in the physical examinations. The men who were willing to forsake t'leir civilian interests and share the volunteer's lot are deserving of credit ; but letters reaching the historian show that a large number of the re- jected patriots are reluctant to have the fact of their inelig- ibility published. Many appear to smart under the exam- ining surgeons' distinctions. In deference to this spirit and because the author's purpose was to honor rather than em- barrass the physically ineligible volunteers, none of their names is published. M. K. Montgomery, Oct. 19, 1893. ARGIMENT. i?T may have been an accident that the six regiments se- i|i lected to suffer at Miami came from Southern States. 1^ The author is anxious that the title, "Southern Martyrs," be understood as intending geographical designation rather than sectional significance. There were among the two Alabama regiments many noble Northeiners whose eagerness to fight for the Stars and Stripes was greater only than their eagerness to go into battle under Southern officers with Southern comrades. While the historian does not attempt to fix specifically the blame for the tortures and mortality thrust on the vol- unteer troops by American mismanagement, it might be well to explain what this narrative purposes to prove. The cul- pable responsibility rests not only on the military unpre- paredness in which the national solons permitted the coun- try to remain for years, but weighs with equal burden in North and South, East and West, wherever political influence was exercised to gain the appointment of incompetent offi- cers. History ranks in the class of compensatory literature be- cause truth is its essence. "Southern Martyrs" is intended as a truthful narrative. Imagery has been abandoned for accuracy. Such truths in these chapters as may pain indi- vidually are calculated to benefit generally through the les- sons they teach. And, therefore, though the few compari- sons employed may be reckoned by some as odious, though the descriptions given and the facts recited maj'jearn the resentmentof some and the gratification of others, the author will feel his object attained if the book succeeds in extend- ing the agitation for a military regimen under which Amer- ican patriots will cease ^o suffer such martyrdom as Miami. 8 Aegument. To the surviving members of the First and Second Ala- bama, "Southern Martyrs" may prove useful for souvenir and record purposes. Great pain lias been taken to chron- icle in unbiased verbiage those incidents that really compose regimental history. Necessarily, many episodes of interest are omitted, because to print all would be practically im- possible and to select only some would be as unsatisfactory to the majority of the two regiments as it would be embar- rassing to the author. Unfortunately, some of the facts that the author is most eager to exploit can be confirmed only by the testimony of men yet in the service. To jeopardize the commissions of some or to menace others with the embarrassments of courts- martial is not the purpose of the author. Some of the pas- sages, therefore, in " Southern Martyrs," are guardedl}'^ written. None of the statements is exaggerated. At times, where important assertions may lack detail, the absent defi- niteness may be traced to official records which are as yet guarded in the pigeon-holes of interested officers. Some day, uutrammeled by the obligations invested in them by their commissions, a number of these officers will elaborate the averments made in "Southern Martyrs." Already, before his book has reached publication, skepti- cal persons — men who wallowed in domestic comforts while fellow-citizens were battling for the nation's welfare — have approached the author with such questions : "But what history can the Alabama regiments have .^ They saw no active service, and surely regiments in the Civil War suffered more ?" It is in the selfish indifference of such supercilious ques- tioners that the abuses and outrages of America's military methods are fostered and nurtured. If these skeptics would devote more time to a quest for information and less indus- try in the pursuit of personal pleasures, they might be of political assistance in righting the great wrongs that have been and are being done. Argument. 9 To njo barefoot, in tatters, hungry and cold, to toil in the burning sun with torn fingers and emaciated forms, to sleep in the open with no counterpane but Heaven's canopy, to suffer and bleed and famish and endure the harrassings and distresses of unpaid, unfed soldiers in a bloody service— all this is terrible. Americans have experienced .such suflfer- ings ; Heaven forefeud that they shall be again called on to do it. But speaking for the men of the First and Second Alabama, writing for himself who was one of them, the author solemnly declares that rather would they have gone through all the worst struggles of Santiago than have endured one month of Miami. In "the fierce ecstasy that thrills through manhood's heart of oak when trumpets blow for war" is recompense enough to Americans for all the deprivations of an ordinary campaign. Napoleon's grenadiers grumbled at the inactiv- ity and hardships of Ital}', but, once under his master leader- ship, the horrors of the march to Moscow failed to wring from their lips a single complaint. It is one thing to hear the singing of shot and shell, to see the spattering blood, to catch mind-pictures of ghastly, upturned faces, to quiver and shake in the hellish throb of battle. It is one thino- too, to swelter on long, strength-stealiog tramps, to bolt un- cooked food, to go, perhaps, half-clothed and worse housed. And it is one thing, too, to know you are doing all this for Old Glory, with true comrades beside you, under courageous and capable leaders, for a grateful nation. The chill of the yawning grave, the fearful whisperings of the flying missiles, the stench, the racking scenes, the sheol of it all becomes one grand epoch of glory in which the proddings of peril, the harassing of hunger and the worrj- of weariness are merged into a tingle of gratifying excitement. But, oh ! what a difi"erent thing it is to grovel in misery at Miami— to toil beyond the limits of human endurance because a blind or criminal officer has been led into a trap and a querulous taskmaster forgets that soldiers are men; 10 Aegument. to know that doctors are fighting to rescue you from a hell hole of horrors while incompetent officers, superior in au- thority, deny the presence of danger ; to drink disease germs from day to day because those same incompetent officers withhold you from pure water ; to stumble about^ bare-foot, in rags, because a prosperous people has failed to appoint men who have energy enough to clothe you out of plethoric coffers ; to stifle and swelter, thirsty and weak, through unreasonable and unprofitable drills ; to spend the nights battling with mosquitoes and the days contending with insidious death agents ; to subsist on illy-cooked food that would of itself have already sent less hardy men to their graves ; to slave and have added to your slavery the humiliation of knowing that the men who thrust this martyrdom upon you are protected and favored by the nation you volunteered to fight for. It is one thing to know you are suffering in a good cause; it is another matter to realize that you are being done to death by incompetents placed above you. There were, and are, in the First and Second Alabama, as well as throughout the volunteer army, a number of effi- cient and brilliant officers ; but, unfortunately, it was not in their hands that the direction of affairs was vested. Some scoffers make the puerile, nay childish, argument that tlie volunteers of 1898 should not complain — that they have no ground for grievance in view of the fact that Con- federate and Union soldiers suffered more in the '60's than have the men who served against Spain. How short- sighted are these views! The men who bore the priva- tions and hardships of the Civil War accepted them as a matter of course. There was no overflowing commissary from which the Confederate armies could draw ; and the tremendous drain on the coffers of the Northern States had taxed every resource of Lincoln's administration. And the troops were performing the most active service, constantly Akgument. 11 subjected to the exigencies, losses and inconveniences of interminable contact with hostile forces. On the other hand, the men at Miami were so far re- moved from the theater of active operations that they were not even furnished with ball cartridges; they were alwaj's in close touch with an undisturbed base of supplies ; the energies and activities of a War Department, backed by in- calculable means, were supposedly at hand to fill all requi- sitions ; no danger from an armed foe threatened the camp or menaced the commissary ; a plan of hardening the vol- unteers was purposed — and yet the First and Second Ala- bama need not have suffered more had they participated in the most unfortunate of McClelland's campaigQs. It is difficult then to picture what would have been their fate under similar mauag3ment in the enemy's country, isolated from their supply depots and dependent upon their surroundings for their subsistence. If men should be trained for war as slaves are led to the galleys ; if health is enhanced by disease ; if strength comes from ex- haustion ; if thirst and suffocation and sleeplessness lend endurance ; if military morale is obtained through disgust, then the author will become his own apologist and confess that this history is futile and nugatory. But this explanation could not close with justice unless Mr. Flagler and his pretty coast town of Florida were exonerated from the vituperative assaults of superficial ob- servers. Mr. Flagler has done so much for Florida, he has shown so much sympathy with the soldiers' suffer- ings, he has given with such unstinted generosity to all the Red Cross and auxiliary causes that one can scarcely believe he countenanced Miami's misery. Miami itself holds forth varied and extensive possibilities of pleasure to the tourist. Superb scenery and magnificent situations lend to the attractiveness of the place and it is easy to live with more than ordinary comfort at the big hotel on Biscayne Bay. As to the responsibility for the mistakes 12 Argument. of Miami, the author agrees in a measure with the editor of the Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle, who wrote in a Septem- ber issue of his paper : "In two and a half years before the camp was established at Miami there had been only one case of typhoid fever. When the soldiers came they bathed in the reservoir and dynamited fish, which rotted in the water supply. But what did the authorities in charge of the troops do ? In- stead of carting away the oifal of the camp daily, it was de- posited in sinks near the company wells. The troops were allowed to wash themselves, their clothing, and dishes upon the ground at wells from which the}^ drank water. * * * * Had the troops at Miami been commanded by a wise and firm officer, with any ordinary knowledge of sanitation, there would have been no reasonable complaint. But maledic- tions were poured upon the Secretary of War for estab- lisluDg the Miami camp." That the official careers of the responsible officers are fringed with the graves of Miami martyrs is certainly true. But that the responsibility weighs heaviest with the men who forced the selection of Miami as a camp-site in the face of Gen. J. F. Wade's adverse report, is a fact which will be fully recorded, if not in earthl}^ tribunals, then at that bar where plutocrat and patriot, murderer and murdered meet for eternal judgment. That Gen. -J. F. Wade reported Miami, after careful inspection, as utterly unfit for camp purposes is in itself a copious commentary on the subse- quent suflerings of the First Division of the Seventh Army Corps. Those Whom Death Has Already Taken. 13 THOSE WHOM DEATH HAS ALREADY TAKEN. FIRST ALABAMA. Hngli Collius, sergeaut, Compauy K, killed at Mobile, Ala., May 3. Robert J. McCtiUougl), private, Company L, died in divi- sion hospital, Mobile, May 27 ; fever. Olen J. Olseu, private, Company I, died in division hospital at Mobile, June 9 ; fever. Y. Walter Smith, sergeant, Company A, died in marine hos]iital. Mobile, July 15; fever. J. W. Hannah, private, Compauy C, died at his home in Gadsden, June 23; fever. Nicholas P. Gaines, private. Company I, died in marine hospital, Mobile, June "ll\ fever. Herman Brada, private. Company M, committed suicide, Miami, July 12. Charles Schitz, private. Company K, died in division hispital, jNfiami, August 18; fever. James M. Stewart, private. Company A, died in division hospital, Miami, August 23 ; fever. J. F. Horton, private. Company E, died in division hos- pital, Miami, August 29 ; fever. Philip Neeley Finch, sergeant, Company G, died in divi- sion hospital, Jacksonville, August 29 ; fever. Captain George F. Hart, commanding Compauy L, died in St. Luke's hospital, Jacksonville, September 9 ; inflam- mation of bowels. William M. Pride, Jr., private, Company B, died in Florence, Ala., September 20. William Thompson, private. Company I, died at Ope- lika, Ala., September 21 ; complication of ailments con- tracted at Miami. W. M. Franklin, private, Company M, died at Hillman hospital, Birmingham, Ala., October 1 ; dysentery. Fred Sizemore, private. Company K, died at Hillmau hospital in Birmingham, October 3; typhoid fever. Fred Maloney, private, Company A, died at Birmingham, October '6 ; apoplexy. 14 Those Whom Death Has Aleeady Taken. SECOND ALABAMA. Eobert N. Alstou, private, Compauy G, died at Miami, July 23 ; fever. L. P. Simmons, private, Company A, died at Miami, August 14 ; dysentery. Henry B. McCutchen, private. Company I, died at Miami, August 17; typlioid fever. W. E. Eollius, private, Compauy G, died at Jacksonville, August 19 ; typhoid fever. Solomon W. Gold, private, Company I, died at Larkius- ville, Ala., while home on sick leave ; fever. Anthony Sammereier, private. Company B, died at Jacksonville, August 19 ; typhoid fever. J. F. Black, private, Compauy F, died at Jacksonville, August 24; typhoid fever. E. E. James, private. Company B, died at Jacksonville, August 26 ; typhoid fever. Charles A. McHugh, private, Company C, drowned at Jacksonville, September '^4. Columbus M. Herrin, private, Company E, died in division hospital, Jacksonville, from dysentery contracted at Miami, September 7. Harmon W. Cox, private. Company C, died in division hospital, Jacksonville, September 10 ; concussion of the brain. J. M. P. Hicks, private, Company I, died in division hos- pital, Jacksonville, September 19 ; typhoid fever. Wallace Winborne, private. Company M, killed in railway accident at Montgomery, Ala., September 23. Robert Tipton, private, Company K, killed in railway accident at Montgomery, Ala., September 23. Alonzo E. Wells, private, Company B, died at City In- firmary in Montgomery, Ala., October 6 ; typhoid fever. Those Whom Death Has Already Taken. 15 This death roll becomes more aud more significant as it is studied. Eighteen of the deaths are immediately at- tributable to ailments contracted during the sojourn of less than five weeks at Miami. This means that a continiied stay there would have developed a mortality rate of at least nine in each regiment per month or 216 in the two commands in a year. But surgeons declare that when the order finally came directing a removal to Jack- sonville, the "present for duty" men were in such a debili- tated condition generally that disease would have found in them a wonderfully rich field. The mortality would have increased as the time passed — if the conditions remained the same — the death rate would have become so appalling as to call forth the indignation of the entire country. The most sinister element of the situation is the fact that the Moloch of Miami has not yet designated all his victims. Surgeons, whose names are withheld because they are still in the army, have assured the writer that months hence the morbific w;iters drank in Miami will assert themselves in the illness of numbers of men now apparently in good health. Their theory is simple. It is contained in a diagnosis of Capt. George F. Hart's fatal malady. Part of the water at Miami not impregnated with typhoid germs was rendered brackish by silicate substances that the men frequently dis- cussed but continued to swallow. It is theorized that these silicates accumulate in the abdominal canals and produce calculus. Capt. George F. Hart's death was generally attributed to ulceration of the bowels. "Miami water killed him," said a surgeon at St. Luke's hospital in Jacksonville, Fla. "And Miami water has not yet finished its work in the First Di- vision of the Seventh Army Coips," said another surgeon whose reputation goes beyond three states. "All its death marks have not yet been tallied." And this prophetic utterance was made September 15, 1898. FIRST REGIMENT ALABAMA VOLINTEER INFANTRY. ELIJAH L. HIGDON, Colonel Commanding. JOHN B. McDonald, Lieutenant Colonel. MAJORS : First Battalion, Second Battalion, Third Battalion, SUIUJEONS : Major, First Lieutenant, First Lieutenant, First Lieutenant, CHAPLAIN : Captain, REGIMENTAL ADJUTANT: First Lieutenant, TOM O. SMITH. DANIEL D. McLEOD. OSCEOLA KYLE. WILLIAM J. KERNACHAN. LEWIS C. MORRIS. (Resigned.) HARDEE JOHNSTON. (Resigned.) R. M. FLETCHER, Jr. O. P. FITZSIMMONS. LUCIEN C. BROWN. REGIMENTAL (JUARTERMASTER : First Lieutenant, K. M. FLETCHER, Jr. (Resigned.) First Lieutenant, MORGAN FELIX WOOD. BATTALION ADJUTANTS : (First Lieutenants.) First Battalion, Second Battalion, Third Battalion, LEON SCHWARZ. P. G. SEAMAN. L. E. BROWN. N0N-C0M3IISSI0NED STAFF Sergeant Major, Quartermaster Sergeant, WALTER E. GARDNER. LEWIS W. PATTERSON. Hospital Stewards, DAVID W. GASS, ROBERT E. HOGAN, and PAUL D. VANN. MA.I. TOM (). SMITH, 0OMMI>i:. FlHST ItATTAIJUN. FlltST K l'.(;l M KNT Al.A. Voi.K. MEN OF THE FIEST ALABAMA. COMPANY K. Birmiugiiam Killes. Charles L. Ledbetter, Captain. Edward D. Johnston, 1st Lieut. Henry T. Dean, 2d Lieut. Lieutenant Lucien C. Brown. Transferred to Kegimental Adjutant. Sergeants: Henry M. Dozier, First Sergeant. C. Will Nichols, Q'master Ser- R. Enimett Craddock. Trans- geant. ferred to Land Sergeant. Wm. M. Huey, Walter M. Hagood, Chas. G. Gardner, William S. Reynolds, Frank M. Barnett, Q'master Ser- geant. Discharged. Corporals: Ben Catchings, Charles G. Reid, John E. Ellis. Discharged. Reuben T. Johnston. Discharg'd Tom Bowron, Frank L. Moses. Discharged. D. 0. Robinson, Herbert E. Reynolds, Willie C. Ball, Cook. Charles F. Morgareidge, Musician. John Rensford, Musician. Allen G. Brown, Wagoner. Discharged. Chas. O. Douthit, Wagoner. Privates: Baker, Ernest A. Honorably Byers, Edgar B., discharged. Butler, Mike, Ballard, Clarence, Cowan, A. Sid. Discharged. Barks, Henry L., Campbell, Goodrich, Ball, Willie C, Crowder, Geo. A., Brown, Reuben J., Connolly, Chas. E., Barnes, Walter, Cushen, John W., Brock, Ellis R., Clisby, Warner, Brooks, Oliver T., Davis, Ed A., Burbridge, Samuel H. , Davis, AVilliam, Butcher, Oscar, Dyer, Charles, 2 18 Men of the First Alabama. Endsley, Arthur B., Faunce, J. N., Francis, Sears, Fields, Wade H., Fowler, Hari'y, Fowler, Jack, Fuller, Allen A., Germaine, Pete G., Hall, James W., Hall, John, Hathaway, H. Bert, Havis, Glen W., Hicks, Will J , Hyche, William T , Huddleston, George, Hutto, Walter B., Jones, Tom R., Joseph, Leon, Keheley, Walter D., Kelly, Jeff, Lamb, William B. . Latham, John D., Lawes, Leo V., Leonard, Ernest Eugene, Lester, Robert E., Lockhart, David, Long, James McK., Lytle, J. Fred, McCaa, Waights, McCaskey, John P., McDonald, Ellis P., McDonald, James, McGrady, Walter, McKendrick, Allen, McNulty, John. Transferred to band. Moore, John W., Moser, Gotlieb Aug., Napier, John F., Oglesby, William S., Parrish, Thad, Patterson, W., Perkins, John R., Price, Cliff S., Raisler, Fred W., Randolph, Victor M., Ransom, Edgar F., Redmayne, Marmaduke, Reid, Charles G. McD., Reed, Sam P., Ross, Walter M., Russell, Robert L.. Roebuck, Hamilton D., Sizemore, Fred. Dead. Smith, Fred, Stewart, Malcolm M , Sparks, Fred Y., Sziepok, Joseph S., Taylor, George O., Terry, Percy W., Tambling, Frank, AVebb, Alonzo W., Whelan, Patrick C, Williams, John, Zeigler, Thomas R., Schitz, Charles. Dead. Few organizations in the country's national guard have seen more service than Company K (Birmingham Rifles). Its war record is part of Alabama's war record ; and its militia history is intertwined in the history of Northern Alabama. After the company's reorganization it was of val- uable service in quelling a number of public disturbances. Up to and including the Birmingham riot in 1894, the com- pany manifested the most creditable promptness in respond- Southern Martyrs. 19 ing to every call issued to it. Since then it was summoned to Huntsville, in June, 1897, to save three colored prisoners from mob violence. The company has for years been rec- ognized as a crack military organization and, as a part of Colonel Higdon's regiment, anticipated the call for volun- teers in the Spanish-American war by assuring Governor Johnston of a readiness to go to the front at any moment. The officers claim that eighty per cent, of the old member- ship reported for duty in Mobile in May, the company reaching that rendezvous with ninety-seven men. The Birmingham Rifles were mustered into the volunteer service on May 9, 1898. Afterward, on June 13, First Lieu- tenant Lucien Brown was transferred to the regimental adjutantship to succeed Lieutenant Johnston in that office, the latter being relieved at his own request. The company's official personnel was then changed in the manner indicated in the accompanying roster. Company K gained the mournful prominence of having the first funeral in the regiment, Sergeant Hugh Collins being shot and killed by a negro at Camp Clark, May 'd, 1898. 20 Men of the First Alabama. COMPANY L. Huey Guards (East Lake, Alabama). George F. Hart, Captain, deceased. Newman D. Lacy, Captain. John S. Carroll, 1st Lieut. George R. Byrum, 2d Lieut. Sergeants: Andrew J. Lacy, Q'master Sergt., Elbert M . Gibson, William W. Nutt, Curley H. Self. John S. Hargrove, Corporals: Homer R. Brown, Herman L. Merz, John H. Cook, Smith C. Fuller. Charles C Hagin, Rufus W. Jones, William W. Lampkin, August Martin, George Swanton, Fred M. AVarner, Edmund D. McCrary, John J. Burnette. Charles H. McClaflin, Alonzo G. Worrell, Musicians. Joseph Wolf, company cook; James H. Worrell, artificer ; William D. A. Brown, wagoner. Privates: Adams, Joseph B., Daughdrill, Ernest P. Dis- Adamson, Charles L., charged. Alley, James, Dodd, John, Anderson, Walter H., Duncan, Walter E., Armstrong. .James, Fickett, Albert W., Jr., Atkins, Joseph. Frierson, Leland, Barnwell, Eugene C, George, Bartley T., Bentley, William F., Glasscock, Jone G., Brown, Albert C, Graff, Laban C, Burgin, Darby, Gratz, Alexander H., Burke, Thomas J., Guihrie, William E., Campbell, Augustus, Harris, Albert T., Craton, Thomas, Hatter, ira S., Cook, Theodore A., Hambright, Bart H., Dann, Peter, Hannigan, Daniel, Day, Jack, Haddock, William, Day, Frank, Henderson, William F., Daly, Patrick, Howard, James, Southern Martyrs. 21 Huffman, Dock E., Hurley, Benjamin, James, Newton T., Jones, INIorgan, Keegan, James L., Leonard, William ()., Link, Lewis L, Lucas, Thomas, Mayne, John F., Meadows, Marion W., Morris, Elgin W., Morris, Alonzo W., Morris, William E., Gates, John A. , Odell, James T., O'Sullivan, Eugene J., Owen, Walter D., Paschall, Edward A., Pearson, James P., Powell, P^dwin B., DISCHARGED. Johnson, Henry L., Ross, Edward A., Russell, Gilbert E., Baggett, Jesse A. Physical dis- ability. Davidson, George B. Physical disability. TRANSFERRED Fore, Rufus B. To hospital corps. Wadsworth, Lewis D. To hos- pital corps. Dinning, Joseph. To Co. 0. Jones, John H. To Co. C. Mack, William. To Co. C. Ratliff, Orange S., Roberts, Thomas, Saulsbury, Lennard L., Schley, Leonard P., Sharrit, Amos L., Seaw right, Jack C, Simpson, Edward, Skinner, Edwin R., Sparks, William E., Stribling, Lyman F., Suttle, David, Stone, James H., Titus, Frank E., Tippler, Benjamin F., Tucker, Larkin S., Webb, Geo. B., Williams, John L., Williams, Richard L., Williams, John H., Zuber, Lee K., Hengl, Joseph L. Noble, Charles 0. tal band. To Co. G. To regimen- McCullough, Robert J. At Ma- rion hospital, Mobile, Ala , June 27, 1898. Buried in National cemetery. Mobile, June 28, 1898. DESERTERS. Jordan, Zack G. Brown, James P. Hood, Joseph F. Kleiber, John L. July 11, 1898. July 23, '98. August 4, '98. Aug. 17, '98. To Robert W. Huey was chiefly due the credit for Com- pany L's organization. At first, the command was a de- tachment of the Birmingham Rifles but on July 21, 1893, it was mustered into the state service as Company L of the 22 Men of the First Alabama. Second Regiment, A. N. G., becoming widely known by the name of its organizer. In the military reorganization that subsequently occurred, the command was shifted into the Third Regiment, though continuing to be designated by its original company letter. At East Lake, in 1894, the Huey Guards rendered valuable service in repressing the coal miners' and American Rail- way Union riots of that year. Captain Hurt, since numbered with the departed martyrs, was in command. At the time of the company's inception, in 1893, he was serving as first sergeant of the Birmingham Rifles and the Huey Guards, without solicitation on his part, called him to their first lieu- tenancy. He had held a commission in the Minnesota National Guard and was therefore fitted to succeed to the captaincy of the Huey Guards. In April, 1898, before the president had issued his call for volunteers. Lieutenant N. D. Lacy, then in command of the company, called the members together. He set forth the imminence of war with Spain and asked the militiamen to express their wishes concerning active service. A majority favored an immediate tender of the company to the governor. Accordingly, Lieutenant Lacy telegraphed Governor Johnston and received in response a message an- nouncing that Colonel Higdon had been instructed with rela- tion to his regiment's services. Thus, the Huey Guards claim the honor of being the first company in Alabama that offered its services to the nation in the Spanish-American war. Meanwhile, Captain Hart, who had resigned his commis- sion in order to engage in business at Jacksonville, Fla., hastened to Alabama to fight with his militia comrades. He was chosen to lead the company and was mustered in as its captain. After his death, at Jacksonville, First Lieu- tentaut Lacy was elected to the captaincy, the second lieu- tenant being promoted one step. First Sergeant George R. Byrum and Sergeant John S. Hargrove competed for the second lieutenancy and though the latter secured a plural- ity of the company's votes, the former was commissioned because of his eminent fitness for the position. Southern Martyrs. 23 COMPANY A. Woodlawn Light Infantry. WiLMAM Jay Parkks, Captain. Morgan Felix Wood, 1st Lieut. fAppointetl Regimental Quartermaster Sept. 5, "IS98.) William Mudd Martin, 1st Lieut. Lucien C. Montgomery, 2d Lieut. Sergeants: Alfred W. Baker, First Sergeant. Ellie W. Bullock, Q. M. Sergt. Garland Kirvan, Arthur W. McDaniel, V. Walter Smith (Died July 15, 1898). Mack Rittenberry. Alonzo H. Ahe\, Corporals : J. Haywood Bullock, Louis J. Blau, Shannon Jones, Walker J. McCarty, William T. Lyons, Musician. Kichard R. McFarlin, Artificer. Riley S. Dorough, Wagoner. Privates: William F. Young, John W. Vendrick. Thomas E. Greene, Samuel T. Bingham. Arvin, William H., Anderson, Fred, Alexander, Joseph F.. Bare, William G,, Beckley, Orange T., Bowers, Alonzo F., Barnes, George L. Discharged Sept. 12, 1898. Buchanan Harry M., Cooper, John O., Cooper, W. E., Connelly, John, Cox, Sidney L., Creiley, Otto C, Cunningham, William J., Daniel, Earl P., Draper, Lewis A. Discharged Sept. 7, 1898. Dubose, James A., Dupey, W. L. Transff^rred to Co. C. Dwyer, John. , Ferrie, Jacob T., Frazer, James A., Geis, Arthur I. , Graham, J. Waller, Honn, Hermann, Hunt, Frank E., Hambright, Pate H., Hanesberger, G. C. Trans- ferred to Co. C. Hazelwood, James, Holt, Thomas E., Johnson, Pearce M., Jones, Calvin M., Keirsey, David B., Lawler, Charles A., Landrum, Houston D., 24 Men of the First Alabama. Lee, Pat J., Lee, George F., Lee, Frank G., McCombs, Charles, McCombs, J. Wallace, Mcintosh, Robert, McRurney, Harry J., Maloney, Frank J., Marsden, Isaac, Middleton, James, Marble, AUister E, Transferred to Co. C. Montgomery, Bert, Montgomery, George H , Moran, Thomas A., Noland, James P., Norman, James E., Norton, Thomas S. Nail, William F., Nunn, William M. , O'Connell, William S., Osger, Frank, Phillipe, William C, Powell, Frank C, Parrett, G. Frank, Quirouet, William E , Reed, James, Reed, John, Reese, William, Rock, Thomas J., Ruddrick. John F., Stanley, Arthur L., Stirling, Charles T., Scroggins, Jerry M., Stewart, George W., Stewart, James M. Died Aug. 23, 1898. Smith, Albert, Smith, John E. Bandman. Smith, John F., Smith, Charles W., Small, George E., Stowe, Fred S. Bandman. Tate, Porter K., Tyler, Charles A., Tyler, William, Vann, Hobert H. Discharged Sept. 12, 1898. Veitch, Gideon W., Walsh, Patrick H., Wells, William, Welsh, Michael J., Williams, Byron L. Company Clerk. Wims, Martin E. Wood, Walker F. Discharged Sept. 9, 1898. Wright, Mark A., Yingling, David^C, Zaner, I. Benton. Charles W. Grace, musician, discharged Aug. 31, 1898. Maurice D. Marble, musician, transferred to Co. C. To the people of Woodlawn, Ala., the Woodlawn Light Infantry has been ever since its organization a sacred insti- tution. The diligence with which the company constantly sought to perfect itself lent credit to the town whose name it bore ; and wherever the command was summoned it took with it the best wishes and hopes of Woodlawn. The Light Infantry's militia record was of the brightest character ; and Southern Martyrs. 25 that the company was among the first to reach the state rendezvous on May 1, 1898, occasioned no surprise. The WoodLawn Light Infantry, as Comi)any A, Third Eegiment, A. N. G., was offered to the governor for service in the volunteer army before the regubir call for state troops was issued. The company reported for duty with a relatively large roster of available men. Bat the surgeons rejected the commander. Captain Parkes. His militia ser- vice, however, had shown so many desirable qualifications that influence was brought to bear at Washington to over- come the examining surgeons' objections. Captain Parkes previously commanded the Capital City Guards, of Atlanta, Ga. The Woodlawn Light Infantry were indisposed to re- linquish him for another leader and the company was for awhile in an unusually unpleasant dilemma. The First Battalion of the First Alabama was to have been mustered, May 9, but the Woodlawn company declined to take the oath until assured that Capt. W. J. Parkes would lead them. Captain Parkes was much chagrined at the action of his men and told them he feared their course would appear to have been iuflaeuced by him. He made the men a talk on the matter, urging them to be mustered. They were firm, however, saying they would follow Captain Parkes to the end of the earth ; if the government did not want their commander the government did not want the Woodlawn Light Infautr3\ So only Companies K, L and G were mustered May 9. The following day, however, word came from Washington authorizing Captain Parkes' acceptance and his company took the oath of service at 9 a. m. The company served through the Spanish-American war without untoward incident, maintaining its accustomed standard of soldierKness. At Camp Cuba Libre, First Lieut. Morgan Felix Wood was appointed regimental quartermaster and Second Lieut. Will Mudd Martin suc- ceeded him as the company's first lieutenant. Sergeant Lucien C. Montgomery was then chosen second lieutenant. 26 Men of the First Alabama. COMPANY G. Jefierson Volunteers. (Birmfngham, Ala.") Hughes B. Kennedy, Captain. Richard B. Going, 1st Lieut. F. E. Davidson, 2d Lieut. Serg'eaiits: L. F. Luckie, First Sergeant. Fred B. Kelso, Q'master Sergeant. L S. Hanley, Jr., J. Gary Thompson, C. T. Thomason, W. Frank King. Corporals: A. Newman Farley, ^Villiam G. Perkins, Berlin K. Starnes, Wallace Smith, Robt. L. Gregory. Gharles \V. Manley, Musician. Ernest L. Weiss, Cook. Robert L. Daniels, Artificer. Thos. Smith, Wagoner. Privates: Eastman, P. M., Fred W. Bowron, J. Emmett Benton, James G. Johns, John G. (;obb. Alfred, Charles A., Baxter, Robert, Bracknell, Albert, Bean, Alex. W., Burton, William L., Bragdon, Brown, Lewis, Brown, Walter, Boyd, Gharles. Bean, Aelx. W., Creasy, Burtis E., Carson, Albert D., Carson, Clarence E., Coleman, Tillman, Caffee, Robert H . , Cunningham, Modie E. Duke, James B., Dee, Leslie, Daly, Martin W., Evans, Frank A , Ellis, Clarence B . , Fancher, Julian L. Fillingen, Barney, Fletcher, Frank, Gilbert, Albeit, Gettins, Pat, Goodman, Melvin, Gorman, A. A., Harris, Houston, Harris, S., Hend, Eugene F., Hayes, Charles, Hunter, John R., Hengl, Jos. L. , Hosmer, Van, Johnson, A Syd, Jennings, Gharles D., Jones, Ernest, Joller, Edgar R., Kimball, John C. , Kimball, Robin C., Southern Martyrs. 27 Keiling, TIarry, Lawlpy, Fred B., Lewis, Herbei't, Levy. Julius, Mackey, Ed C, Jr., Magness, John, Martin, Tom A., Martin, James, Meagher, James, Nelson, W. Jones, Norwood, William W., O'Hear, Arthur, O'Rear, Jas A., Pierce, ., Pitts, G , Chapman, Pickard, Toney, Reeves, Walter, Russell, John, Rice, Charles E., Ray, Charles E., Summers, R. Fletcher, Rhaw, William, Shaw, Orish W., Schwend, Frederick W. Stephens, John, Schilling, Frank, Short, Malcolm C, Tutwiler, J. Cooke, Tutwiler, Tom, Venelle, Edward C, Walthall, Hay B., Wallace, Pulaski, Witte, Ilermon, White, Thomas W., Winters, Jonathan, Winston, Edward C, Jr Wooley, David C, Yancey, William L. DISCFIARGED. Browne, George M., Browne, Richard, Gregory, Robert L., Kline, Ahl, Vaughn, Harris C. , LaPointe, Ernest, Swanson, A. Gulmer, Steele, James G., Vickers, James, Jr., Finch, Sergeant Philip Neeley. No company in the First Alabama ranked higher on drill than the Jefferson Volunteers. Organized in 1888 as a zouave company, the "J. V's" never failed to distinguish themselves at every encampment they attended. Louis V. Clark was the company's first captain. Under the efficient command of Captain Clark, who afterward became brigadier general of the state militia, the company was readily recog- nized as a crack zouave team. Afterward, however, the Jefferson Volunteers became a regular infantry company. After several reorganizations, it was finally captained by H. B. Kennedy, who resigned in 1892. He was succeeded by First Lieut. John K. Warren. The latter resigned in 1896 to accept an appointment on the staff of Brigadier General 28 Men of the First Alabama. Clark. Then Captain Kennedy was recalled to the com- pany's command. When the call for volunteers came in April, 1898, no militia organization in Alabama evinced more patriotic en- thusiasm than did the Jefferson Volunteers. Indeed, it was afterward a company boast that no other command in the state reported at Mobile with a larger percentage of old members. Forty of the company's national guardsmen went with Captain Kennedy to Camp Clark. First Lieut. C. H. Schoolar did not volunteer with his company, how- ever, and on the train, en route to Mobile, May 1, 189 3, it was decided that Second Lieutenant Going should be ele- vated to the first lieutenancy. Then, after a spirited con- test. Second Sergt. O. J. Miles was chosen second lieutenant over Sergeants Davidson and Luckie. Lieutenant Miles, however, was afterward rejected by the examining sur- geons. Meanwhile, Sergeant Davidson was detailed as special instructor of the guard at Camp Clark. After Lieu- tenant Miles was rejected, Sergeant Davidson was finally elected second lieutenant. Death struck a shining mark in Company G — Sergt. Philip Neeley Finch, a son of Mrs. Julia Neeley Finch, the authoress. lie died at the division hospital at Jackson- ville from typhoid fever contracted in Miami. It would be difficult to speak too highly of the Jefferson Volunteers' record as a company in the volunteer army. But in fairness it can be said that no other command in the two Alabama regiments excelled it in point of military proficiency. Southern Martyrs. 29 COMPANY H. Bessemer Kifles. Thomas T. Huky, Captain. James B. IIoustux, 1st. Lieut. Jamks M. Pkrkins, 2d. Lieut. Sergeants: Louis N. ]MuIlen, First Sergeant. Nick L. Nail, (^'master Sergeant. AVm. J^dwards, Grey J. Huffman, Joe H. Wiles, Gus A. Hagan. Corporals : C. E. Falkner, Hugo Bobbins, Joe T. Crawford, Joe F. Hines, Ed A. Linch, John Reilly. Frank Lyons, Charles Seay and Paul Copeland, iMusicians A. H. H. Poppe, Artificer. Tho£. L. iS;,xon, Wagoner. Privates : Fuls, Adolph, Adams, Ed., Allbright. Z. B., Annesley. Jack, Ayers, Hubert L., Babcock, Wirt A., Balcomb, W . W., Baxley, Benj. F., Bethea, J. F., Blankenship, Richard, Blevins, Chas. H., Bond, Wm., Bullard, Geo., Cadeiihead, W. A., Gates, Chas., Camp, Jas. H., Cole, Wm. R., Curren, Joiin, Craig, Abe, Davidson, John, Dotinell, T. John, Edmonson, L. E., Edmonson, Joe, Edwards, C. B., Fuhrman, J, F., Gary, Thos., Gentry, Jas. H., Gerst, Chas., Gibb, John, Gladden, Jack, Goocher, Joe., Graham, Miner E., Gurney, J. Frank, Hale, George, Hardwick, Chas. P. Harry, Lawrence, Hoster, Adolph E. Houston, Geo., Howard, Edw. G., Hyland, Dennis J. Kelly, W. Edw., Kelly, John, Knapp, Anton, Kobler, James F., Lipscomb, J. A., Mahone, Wm. L., Marbut, Harry I., Martin, Arthur M., 30 Men of the First Alabama. Miller, Joel, Miller, Dave, Moral), Thos. W., Motley, Jas. H., Mullins, Wm. D., Norris, J. C, Norris, M. Luther, Nunnally, Wm. G., Pai'sons, Ira, Pinkerton, Chas., Pendley, J. J., Polk, Dave A., Raybon, George, Ragsdale, Eugene, Reeves, E. A., Reeves, T. 0., Robertson, John, Robertson, Robert L., Russell, JohnC, Salter, John D., Sapp, Ben. R., Schaffer. Albert, 8exton, Wm. E., Simmons, R. L. , Simmons, W. S. H., Smith, E.C._, Smith, Lawrence, Spain, F. J., Taylor, (3. IL, Thomas, Henry, Tragesser, Fred. C, Tremholm, C. V., Tussie, D. C, Waller, E. L., Weed, J. Walter, Westberg. Knute, Williams, W. Lon, Wilson, CO., Witherspoon, Hugh, Zolleycoffer, Jas. W. Company H was organized in Bessfimer, Ala., on April 1-2, 1890, by T. J. Cornwell, a prominent busine.ss man. He served two years as captain and was succeeded by Thomas M. Owens, a lawyer and son-in-law of Congressman Bank- head. Captain Owens, who made a most eflScient officer, resigned to accept a federal position. His successor, George D. Waller, "rose from the ranks." In June, 1894, he com- manded his company at Ensley, Ala., with the result that no organization in the state won more laurels during the labor troubles of thatyear than did the Bessemer Rifles. Captain Waller resigned to study medicine, leaving Ala- bama for that purpose. The "war captain," Thomas T. Huey, who succeeded him, was no less popular than his predecessors. Captain Huey was city treasurer of Bessemer when the national call to arms came. He relinquished a charm- ing home and excellent civic prospects to lead his company. In Company H, military competence was common. AH the company's commanders, save the first, worked their way up from the ranks ; and among the "non-coms" were men who had at different times demonstrated their fitness to command companies. One of these. Sergeant Gus Hagan, served for a time in the national guard as first lieutenant of the Lomax Rifles, of Mobile. Southern Marttes. 31 COMPANY D. Aiiuistou Rifles (Regimental Color Company), Geo. W. Tumlin, Captain. Brknton R. Field, 1st Lieut. Hamilton Bowie, 2d Lieut. Serjeants : C. W. Sproull, First Sergeant, Jas. A. Wilkerson.Q'm'terSergt. James B. Garrison, Charles H. Jackson, Chas. A. Wilkerson, A. N. McLeod, Color Sergeant. Corporals : J.J. Gladden, FredH. Roussaville, B. W. Ingersoll, S. F. Cornelius, Sam Noble, F W. Beasley, Howards. Williams, George Worth, Chas. Herron, Hance Hall, Musicians Burke Hanford, Artificer. J. P. Hale, Wagoner. Frank Rohner, Mascot. Privates : Arberry, Wakefield. Transferred to Ho^[>ital Corps. Adams, Wm. H. , Amrin, Wm., Brown, W. E., Banks, Walter, Bates, Clanton, Benford, Benjamin, Blake, Asa, Boguski, Wm , Bowman, W. D., Black; R. C, Branch, Henry, Burge, James, Burns, Ben E., Burns, John F., Breadion, Wm., Carter, Thos,, Cary, Edgar, Comeaux, W. E,, Cook, Wm., Costner, Alfred, Conyers, E. L., Coulter, N. H., De Loney, O. T., Evans, W. G., Emberg, Oscar, Fancher, Eugene, Freeman, Ernest, Flynn, Owen, Frederick, Wm., Futrell, G W., Gilbert, Lon, GofF, J. W., Griffln. Luther, Gunn, Elwood, Guill, ReuV)en, Goeddel,J. Albert, Hall, R. E., Hall, Leo. J., Hampton, John.S., Hutchens, Henry, Head, Joe, Hogan, R. J., 32 Men of the First Alabama. Herz, Carl, Inman, Jas. B., Jackson, Sydney, Jackson, W. F., Johnson, Columbus, Kopp, Fred, Killough, W. S., Land, H. W, Lane, Wynatt, Lay ton, Chas., Learned, W. L., Lloyd, S. C, McDonald, Jas. D , McRae, Harrison, McGowan, W. W., McMillen, LaFayette, Mordue, Robert, Moore, E. H , Minor, S. D., Nabers, French, Purdy, Bradley, Randolph, Arthur. Rogers, J. W., Reeves, Wm., Ritch.A. E.. Ryan, Patrick. The Anniston Rifles were among the first companies to report for duty at Camp Clark. The command's credit- able record in the state militia was sustained in the volun- teer army. Indeed, Company D was one of those com- panies from which little was heard save when need of their services arose. Then, the entire command met the emer- gency as one man. Company D's position as the right center company of the Second Battalion entitled it to the colors, A. N. McLeod being appointed the color sergeant before Camp Clark was fairly established. The company reached Mobile, May 1, and was mustered in May 13. Reynolds, AVm., Salmon, Newman, Sansom, Collier, Sellers, W. D., Smith, Richard, Samples, H. S., Schmitt, Theo., Skudlas, Andrew, Sutton, J. W., Tally, J. W., Tensley, Oakley, Thomas, Chas., Turner, Lon, Turner, Jake, Vann, D. Paul. Transferred to Hospital Corps. "Watson. Chas. P. , Watts, John T., Williams, Tom, \\'illiams, Tom G., Williams, W. H., Westbrook. M. C, Whisenant, R. G. , Young, John W ., Yongue, Willie. Discharged. CAPT. NEWMAN D. LACY, Co. L, First Regiment Ala. Vols. SouTHEKN Martyrs. 33 COMPANY M. Clark Rifles (Pratt City and Talladega). RoMAiNE Boyd, Captain. Thomas Hardeman, 1st Lieut. R. G. Mallett, 2d Lieut. Sergeants : H. S. Meade, First Sergeant. D. P. Armstrong, Q'master Sgt. C. L. Cansler, Peter Meehl, Jack Fallon, Charles Caldwell. Corporals : Z. W. Grogan, Hugh Montgomery, Isaac B. Price. Fred. Raper, Musician. Z. B. Bonner, Artificer. E. B. Costner, Wagoner. Privates : John B. Askew, F. A. Meier, J. C. Scarbrough, Atchison, L., Ballard, G. W., Barnhill, G. R., Bergin, John D., Biddington, S., Bowie, Leroy, Braden, Wm. B., Brame, Jas. E., Brewer, E. A., Burkholder, C. F., Callahan, F. A., Davidson, D., Davis, Thos. G., Davis, W. G., Delp, Grant, Durrett, James, Edney, Wm. A., Fancher, R. M., Fancher, Wm. S., Findlay, Joe M., Franklin, Wm. M. Godley, Charles, George, James, 8 Dead, Harvill, L. B., Haun, John W., Henderson, E., Hobbs, M. D., Hyde, H., Isbell, Thos. L., Kelly, Mike, Langford, Wm. H., Lemon, H. H., Leonard, Ernest, Lewis, Edward, Lynn, Earnest, Martin, Landy, Martin, Ed., Mason, Dick, McCann, M. J., McClung, D. D., Milam, W. H., Moon, Lonie. Deserted. Nichols, F., Oliver, J. B., Oliver, R. A., O'Niell, A., 34: Men of the First Alabama. Palvado, C, Sims, Wm. C, Parker, M.W., Slate, John M., Peebles, John T., Smith, Wm., Pennington, N. B., Smith, J. S., Powers, E., Smithson T., Putnam, W. D., Speer, Samuel J., Phillips, E. T., Stack, Hugh, Price, Jack, Stewart, James H., Prowell, R. A., Stich, Fred M., Prowell, Wm. J., Sullivan, D., Reese, Geo. B., Tankersly. D. D., Reeves, Fred, Trent, Charles A., Rooks, Robert, Turner, John, Koyster, F. M., Tyson, Claudius, Scarbrough, J. H., Vincent, A., Seibert, Adolph, Ware, B. M., Sewell, Wm. H., Williams, J. L., Shore, 0. G., Hodo, Joe M. Simpson, Frank, H. Brada, committed suicide, July 12, 1898, at Miami, Fla. On April 26, 1898, just five days after war was declared by tlie United States and three days after Governor John- ston's call for volunteers, application was made to the state executive for permission to raise a company of eighty men at Pratt City, Ala. But four days remained until the date set for the First Kegiment's departure from Birmingham for Mobile. About sixty men had signed papers in Pratt City agreeing to volunteer, but the approach of May 1 ren- dered them restless and many threatened to join other com- panies unless their own command was at once completed. At that juncture, General L. V. Clark, who was in close touch with the whole military organization of the state, effected a consolidation between the Pratt City men headed by Thomas Hardeman and E. D. Johnston and a similar body from Talladega under Eomaine Boyd. It was understood that the Pratt City contingent would name the two lieutenants while the leader of the Talla- dega element was to become captain. Before the muster, Southern Martyrs. 35 however, E. D. Jolmston was named regimental adjutant and K G. Mallett succeeded him as one of the Pratt City leaders. On May 1, the company left for Mobile, the state rendezvous, Captain Boyd departing from Talladega with thirty-one men and the Pratt City contingent leaving Bir- mingham, thirty strong. The latter party originally num- bered forty-three but thirteen of them were lost in the im- mense throngs that crowded the depot at Birmingham. Nine of those left behind followed afterward, however, through the instrumentality of A. J. Eeilly, of Pratt City, who had already befriended the company in various ways. At Mobile, non-commissioned officers were chosen as fol- lows : J. G. Meagher, first sergeant ; D. D. McClung, quar- termaster sergeant; J. H. Stewart, Tully Smithson and P. W. Gooch, sergeants ; Jack Fallon, Peter Meehl, Dick Mason and John B. Askew, corporals ; Z. B. Bonner, artifi- cer ; E. B. Costner, wagoner ; and Fred Raper, musician. When the company was finally assigned to its position in the regiment it was decided to adopt the name " Bowie Vol- unteers," in honor of Mr. Sid Bowie, who spent considerable time and money in aiding the organization. But the state press insisted on crediting General L. Y. Clark with the company and dubbed the command " Clark Rifles. " This name clung to the company throughout its service. Changes were made in the non-commissioned personnel by reason of physical rejections and disabilities incurred in camp life. But the commissioned ofiicers remained the same despite an unpleasant campaign that was conducted by a clique against the captain. This coterie's disaffection became so marked and tangible at Camp Cuba Libre that a round robin secured numerous signatures requesting that a board of inquiry be selected to investigate certain charges. This board had successive sittings but the order directing the regiment's muster out was announced before the matter reached a finality. 36 Men of the First Alabama. Company M's organization was the cause of a spirited newspaper controversy between R. 0. McFarland, ex-captain of Company B, and Governor Johnston. McFarland had requested permission to raise a company in Lauderdale County, but when failure stared him in the face he consented to a coalition with Captain Boyd, yielding to the latter the captaincy. Afterward, however, it was asserted that he had misrepresented the number of his fol- lowers and the company's first lieutenancy was given to Hardeman. Then Lieutenant Mallett's claims were pre- sented for the second lieutenancy and when McFarland found himself " frozen out, " he left Camp Clark in high dudgeon. A few days later he was fatally wounded in a primary election brawl in the courthouse at Florence. Southern Martyrs. 37 COMPANY I. Oxford Rifles. Arthur Harrison, Captain. Tom B. Cooper, 1st. Lieut. Clifton L. Sitton, 2d. Lieut. Sergeants : M Armstrong, First Sergeant. Ross Green, Q'master Sergeant. Jas. O. Augustus Hilton, David W. Shuford, John M. Davis, Joseph V. Mallory, David Smyth, Lewis Postell, Hampton Draper, Wm. J. Dodge and Wm Wm. J. Austin, Artificer. Privates D. Houston Smith, Joseph J. Taylor. Corporals : George Thomas, Joseph A. Hardin, Chas. P. Nunnally, trans- ferred to hospital corps, June 18. Horton, Musicians. John A. Barker, Wagoner. H. Allison, Joshua, Austin, Alonzo, Brewrton, Jas., Bass, Wm., Brown, Lonnie, Beddoe, George, Bush, George R., Carr, Toney, Cotney, John J , Cotney, Ferrell, Crow, Jas. R., Chambers, Henry L . , Carnell, Frank, Couch, Carter, Casper, Clem A., Cannon, Samuel P., Driver, Ai-chie R., Dunlap, Charlie, Feminear, Joseph L., Fortner, Wm. T , Franklin, Wm. J., Fulton, Ezekiel, . Fulbright, Rufus J., Fox, Mike, Gaines, Nicholas P. Died June 7. Greer, Wm . R . , Glover, Willis B., Gentry, Walter, Gilmore, Wm., Graves, Joseph A., Hallifield, Willie, Hai-ris, Frank. Transferred to hospital corps. Hayden, Thos. , Hand, Chas. C, Hamilton, Chas. W., Hewett, Edward, Heuse, Ed., Hogue, Thos., Horton, Jesse D., Johnson, John, Johnson, Ernest S. , Men of the First Alabama. JefiFers, Robert H. Deserted Shipper. Jas. L., Aug. 7. Stockdale, Colin, Jones,. John L., Bullivan, Richard 0., Jones, Thos., Steele, Wm ., Justice, Luther, Smith, Edgar 1)., Kenneybrook, David, Sorrell, Thos. G., Lewis, Jas. S., Sanders, Jas. P. Deserted Larsen, Norender, June 7. Lott, Jesse G., Shirley, Ed., McClurkin, Wm. T., Smith, Allen, Meagher, Wm. P., Setliff, Wm. A. Discharged Mallory, David M,, August 5. Mason, VA\od L., Thomas, Frank M., McCullis, Burrell, Tigett, Charley R., McMillan, Luke 11., Tigett, Porter, Merritt, Clifford S., Tice, Wm. G., McConnell, Reuben D., Thompson, William. Died Mims, Jas. W., Sept. 2L McGorman, John, Werner, Frank, Nichols, Chas. D.. Womack, Chas. A., Olsen, Olen J. Died June 9. Wedge worth, Wm. A., I'hillips, Robert VV., Wood, jWm. M. Discharged Ponder, John J., Aug. 5. Posey, Ambrose P., White, Elijah F., Roberson, Randall R , Williams, Claude H., Ray, Ernest P., Yds, p. G., Reynolds, Frank D., Yeatman, John F. The company designated as the Calhoun Rifles in the Alabama National Guard came to be known as the Oxford Pvifles in the volunteer array. This was largely because the soldiers in the patriot army were inclined to mention com- panies by the names of the towns from which a majority of the members hailed. Company I was composed of an earnest set of men who sought from the outset to familiarize themselves with the duties and tasks of active campaigning. And the success that attended their efforts was best shown by the satisfaction that the men gave as a command. The Calhoun or Oxford liilles reached Camp Clark on May 1 and were mustered in May 14, 1898. Southern Martyrs. 39 COMPANY C, Etowiih Hilles. (Gadsden, Ala.) Nelson G. Canxing, Captain. Joseph L. Daniel, 1st Lieut. William A. Hasson, 2d Lieut. Serg'eaiits: William A. Echols. 1st Sergeant. Wm.U. Daughdrill.Q'master Sgt. Wm. P. Gwin, Louis W. Pope, Earl Lay, Thos. McHan. Corporals: Wm. E. Hughes, Edgar G. Allison, John D. Daughdrill, Edwin B. Slack, Chas. O. Duncan, Chas. O. Watt. Edward M. Standifer and Jesse Turrentine, Musicians. Ira R. Foster, Company Clerk. Hubbard L. Hodge, Artificer. Boyd Hamlin, Wagoner. Privates: Arteberry, Jas. R., Acker, Peter D., Anderson, John C, Addington, Augustus, Abney, Luke L., Boaleh, George R., Burns, Henry R., Bain, Robt., Burton, Samuel, Beard, Elli B., Boyle, Roddy, Bilbe, Chas. Transferred to Co. I. Coleman, Wm., Cline, Bob J., Gaston, Alvah, Cook, Martin V., Collins, John A,, Chitwood, R. L., Durham, John D., Davis, Lewis, Dossett, Wm. L., Dinning, Joseph, Duran, Bub, Dupuy, Wm. L., Dunlap, Robert H., Devine, AVm. L., Erskine, Walter, Gardner, Jas. M., Gilbreath. P^dward W. Giles, Dock J., Goddard, Wm. S., Guined, John B., Hill, John W., Hannah, J. W. Died. Hass, Wm. F., Horton, Jesse B., Hood, Ollie, Harrison. Henry, Holland, John W., Hinds, James, Hunter, Jas. L., 40 Men of the First Alabama. Harbour, John A . , Harnesberger, G. C, red to Co. B. Hall, Ed, Headley, Harry, Harrelson, W. M., Jones, John H., Jordan, Albert, Johnson, Watson C, Jones, Wm. J., Johnson, Wm. N., Keith, Geo. T., Lister, Noah E . , Lipscomb, Robt. L., Montgomery, Chas. Transferred to Band Moore, Lawson L., Moore, Jas. F.,' Marble, Maurice D., Marble, Alister E . . McCartney, Mabry, McMunn, John, McGrew, Frank M., Mackey, Wm. D., McNaren, John, McCurdy, Chas. H., McQueen, John R., McDonald, Jas., Moragne, A. W., Mack, Wm Transfer- Band. Mitchell, Frank B., Miller, John E., Norris, Chas. F., Norman, Rex, Naugher, Kitrell, Naugher, Neal J., Nix, Calvin, Paden, John S. , Jr., Paschall, Florence E ferred to Co. B. Quirk, Edwin A., Riley, AValter, G . , Jr . Roberts, Oscar W . , Richley, Geo, C, Rich, 8amuel T., Rhodes, Jason H., Roden, Jas. B., Slater, John R., Sutton, Stephen D., Sibert, Olin W., Shatzen, M. L., Stallings. Thos., Smith, Oliver C, Tully, Louis C, Willis, Jas. M., Wilson, Chas. T., Williamee,"Robt., Young, Reuben, J. Transferred to Trans- Mills, John W., The Etowah Eifles (Company C) became a national guard organization in 1882, one of the company's lieutenants at that time being H. B. Foster, afterward colonel in the state militia and in May, 1898, appointed senior major of the Sec- ond Alabama. In 1886, the Etowah Rifles were ordered to Round Mountain, a mining town, to quell a riot. Again, in 1894, the company aided in the preservation of peace at Ensley City, being commanded at that time by Capt. L. L. Herzberg. On April 29, 1898, the company, under the command of Capt. Nelson G. Canning, offered itself with fifty-nine enlisted men for service against Spain. The company left Gadsden for Mobile, May 1, 1898, with forty recruits and was mus- tered in, May 13. SouTHEEN Martyrs. 41 COMPANY E, Joe Johnstou Rifles. (Decatur, Ala.) William E. Wallace, Captain. Mitchell N. Pride, 1st. Lieut. Wm. J. Webb, 2d. Lieut. Sergeants: Caesar E. Marks, First Sergeant. John H. Albes, Q. M. Sergeant. James W. Joplin, James H. McCoy, Philip P. Hawkins, Graham Banks. Nelson C. White, Rolston C. Cosby, Burton E. Gillespie, Corporals: Walter J. Andrews, James A. McPheeters, William F. McClary. Jo H. Carothers and Carl I. Nelson, Musicians. Peter Borgeson, Artificer. Miles W. Phillips, Wagoner, Privates: Duke, William R., Alexander, John R., Almon, Dee, Anderson, Olaus, Bacon, John E., Ballew, William T., Banks, Baylor, Bates, John W., Betz, H. Clay. Black, Charles B., Bracken, Martin A., Brown, Edgar R., Brown, John W., Burwell, John T., Blanton, Samuel V., Oarruth, Edwin F., Christensen, Henry A., Christensen, Myron J., Coles, Peter M., Cook, Robert W., Cooper, John B. Discharged Dobbins, John M., Drawbaugh. John H., Deuring, C. H. F., Duncan, Hugh B., Ehrensperger, J. J., Elmore, Charles H., Epperson, John I., Golladay, Ottway S. Transfer- red to Signal Corps. Harr, Robt. W., Hollinger, Perry A., Horton, John F. Dead. Huff, Harry D., Hunt, Oscar M., Jackson, Jas. L., Johnson, Ben J. Jr., Jones, John C, Keeley, Charles J., Kontzen, Noble, Lamb, Jas. L., Lance, James O., Lerman, Isaac, Lewis, John H., Lucas, Charles C, Martin, Charles J., 42 Men of the First Alabama. Meacher, George W., Myers, Ellsworth, McBee, Henry B., McCormiek, Robert B., McNew, Frank B., Neaves, John H., Neaves, William, Neely, Philip T., Norris, Lucien B., O'lveai'y, Arthur, O'Neil, George W., Plemons, Horace N. Powers, John D., Ragsdale, George W., Raney, Harry, Richard, John H., Rich, James B. Discharged. Roberts, John F., Robinson, John C, Russell, Ben F., Russell, Bert, Ross, Mitchell A., Samples, James E., Simms, William H., Shindlebower, Charles C, Stanley, John E., Story, Claude E., Sturdivant, Robert L , SuckfuU, George A., Terry, John T., Thieman, Edward R., Tingle, George S., Todd, Robert A., Tripp , Henry, Uehlein, William B., Unphrey. John D., Walker, Jolin W., Walson, Sandy G., Wynn, John W. The Joe Johnston Rifles (Company E) assumed their name in the martial spirit that prompted the com])any's organiza- tion. . All through the April weeks in which the war hori- zon grew darker and darker, William E. Wallace was urging the young men of Decatur to " be up and doing." Finally, a meeting was held on the evening of April 29, 1898. Already hostilities had been declared, and the yeomanry and chivalry of Decatur were burning with patriotic ardor. At 9 p. m. it was declared that an organization had been consummated, and Captain O. Kyle was authorized to tele- graph to the governor the company's anxiety to fight. An hour and a half later an answer was received accepting the company's services. On May 1, the Joe Johnston Kifles, seventy-six strong, arrived in Mobile. The company was mustered into the volunteer service on May 13, 1898. But Captain Kj^le having been appointed major of the Third Battalion, First Lieutenant W. E. Wal- lace was made captain; Second Lieutenant M. N. Pride, Southern Martyrs. 43 elevated to first lieutenant, and First Sergeant W. J. Webb elected as second lieutenant. June 13, 18S8, the Joe Johnston Rifles were the centre of a very pretty flag presentation ceremony, Miss Mamie Wallace, the then nine-year-old daughter of Captain Wal- lace, presenting to the company, in touching words, a hand- some banner given by the people of the two Decaturs. 44 Men op the First Alabama. COMPANY F. Hnntsville Rifles. n. C. Laugfilix, Captain. Robert Searcy Dement, 1st Lieut. T. M. Hooper, 2d Lieut. Sergeauts: J. L. Winston, First Sergeant. Hyram Burrow, Q'master Sergt. Marvin McCary, Chas. M. Ford, J. C. McDonald, Chas. F. Snyder. Corporals: Jas. H. Mustin, Kugene Binford, Herbert McLaurine, Nat Power. S. M. Stewart, Jr., Geo W. Vogel. Otto Kullman, P. M. Sloss, Company Clerk. Chas. n. Halsey, Jr., and Bernard K. Rudford, .Musicians. Allie F. Hall, Artificer. J. H. Cunningham, Wagoner. Privates : Anderson, W. A. Discharged. Aday, AVillett, Alexander, Walter, Allen, AV. C, Barlow, J. H. Transferred to Hospital Corps. Bennett, W. G.. Blakeney, H. W., Brock, J. P., Brooks, M. C, Bryant, M. L., Blair, D. L., Blunt, Jas. A., Buford, R. M., Buchanan, O., Buchanan, J. E., Campbell, Add, Campbell, Wm., Cleveland, L. S., Coole, W. A., Clark, Wm., Cramer, Carl, Crute, J. P., Collett, J O., Daniel, K. T., Daniel, John W., Denton, James E., Echoff, Frank, Floyd, S. H., Fletcher, Robt , Fulgham, Jas. B., Fullington, M. B , Gaines, Victor H., Gaines, Ira C, Green, Wm. T., Herz, Wm. G., Hill, Samuel, Hill, Forest, Hite, David, Hughes, Enoch F., Southern Martyes. 45 Helvesson, Laurin, Jaens, John F., Jett, David B., Jackson, Kufiis F., King, Edw. L., Lauderdale, Thos., Lewis, Frank, Lowe, John T., Lyons, Harry, Mullens, Winburn, Moore, Horatio R., McMahan, John J., Mason, Thos. J., Norwood W. R., O'Reilly, Geo., Pritchard, Roy A., Pickard, Wm. F., Poe, Sam T., Power, Herbert, Requette, Joseph, Reynolds, Archie J., Roberson, John C, Sample, Abner C, Twice the name of the Huntsville Rifles was chaDged. The company was reorganized from the Madison Rifles which made a record in the war of the '60's. After that re- organization, the command was known for years as the Monte Sano Light Guards. Then, when service in the vol- unteer army came, the name was changed to Huntsville Rifles. The company reached Camp Clark, May 3, and was mus- tered in. May 13. Some of the incidents in the company's early volunteer record were recounted in the Mobile Register of June 13, 1898, as follows : "It was learned uuofiicially yesterday that Capt. R. L. Hay, Company F, has resigned his commission. Captain Hay has had considerable trouble with some of his men since he has been here. It developed that one man in the company, Private F. W. Reed, is insane, and his discharge Schulz, Louis, Schwenke, August, Searcy, R. T., Shafer, C. C, Shafer, W. F., Scott, Thos. M., Spriggs, J. Allen. Smith, Houston J., Smith, L. H. Street, R. E , Steger, Marion E. Stewart. C. A., Stewart, C. H., Stewart, Joseph Taylor, Wm. T., Vann, Pat, AVest, Albert M., Webb, Marshall C. W^illcut, Sam, Williams, Mack, Woodward, John W. Worley, Rufus J., 46 Men of the First Alabama. is now peDcling. Again, Sergeant Hall of this company was stricken with varioloid and removed to the county pest- house. His messmates, four sergeants, are now in isola- tion, and practically all of the company work has devolved on Captain Hay. His men have complained constantly of not getting sufficient rations, although the quartermaster states they were supplied the same as other companies who are faring all right. On one occasion, a large number of the men of Company F refused to do drill duty because they were not properly cared for. They were, of course, placed under arrest. Regimental officers claim that the trouble with the company is mismanagement, and conse- quently Captain Hay has tendered his resignation, which has been forwarded to the War Department." After Captain Hay's resignatiou, the captaincy was filled by First Lieutenant Laughlin's promotion, the second lieu- tenant becoming first lieutenant and First Sergt. T. M. Hooper being elected second lieutenant. That the Huntsville llitles bore with them the best wishes of their home town was evidenced by the handsome banner presented by the peojile of Huntsville to the compauy and the substantial cash donations made from time to time to purchase comforts for the command. Southern Martyrs. 47 COMPANY B. Wheeler Rifles (Florence, Ala.) Wm. Mitchell Martin, Captain. RoBT. L. Brown, 1st Lieut. Robt. E. Simpson, 2d Lieut. Sergeants : Robt. M. Martin, First Sergeant. James J. Challen.Q'm'ter Sergt. H. A Frantz, John VV. Martin, S. P. McDonald, Price Abernathy. Corporals : D. P. Bibb, W. L. Lawrence, Tom E. Sanford, Andrew Sharp, Henry J. Moore, Jas. A. Burger, M. W. Keen an, n. B. Garrett and John Williams, Musicians. Andrew Smith, Artificer. N. D. Phillips, Wagoner Privates: Arthur, G. C, Armstead, (uis, Armstead, Ike. Alexander, S. E., Autry, Elmoi-e, Bernst, O. M., Brown, Kobt. , Bowen, D. V., Brown, Geo. L., Burcham, Sam, Byrd, Bob, Curry, Jas. F. , Crow, J. M., Creel, Geo., Coyle,Mike, Challen, Frank N., Chambliss, Pomroy, Castile, Frank, Dill, Frank, Dean, Lawrence, Day, Ed, Evans, Ed, Ferguson, J. B , Harrison, Green, Houston, Irvine, Hindman, Sam C. , Hipp. Geo. C, Holden, J.M., Hyde, Ike, Hendrix, Pei'cy R., Horton, D. P., Hauerwas, J. C, Julian, Wm. C, James, Chas. , Johnston, H. M., McDaniel, OIlie Thomas McPeters, A. L., Matthews, E. .\ , Morrison, J. W., Morrison, F. O., McDonald, F. M., McKey, R.'B., 48 Men of the First Alabama. McKey, p. L., Morgan, 15. P., Millard, L. M.. Nichols, J. A., Norris.Chas. F., Patton.T. D., Paulk,.!. C, Potts, John, Powers, C. J., Pride, Wm. M., Jr. Dead. Pride, Joe P., Pruett, E. AV., Pullen, Webb M., Pullen.AVm. H., Rhodes, W. E., Rossen, W. M , Rogers, F. M., Russell, Henry J , Scales, Vance, Simpson, Richard W ., Sutton, M. M., Sherman, W. T., Stephenson, W. AV., Satterfield, E. H., Stout, E. C, Stafford, John R., Sweeten, A. E., Seawell, R. F., Simmons, Wm. J., Sehiill, Geo., Sagely, J. 0., Tompkins, Ernest, Thornton, M , Walters, Elsie, Wiggins, Henry, Wiley. F.F., Waters, E. B., Weston, J. M., Young, J. E., DISCHARGEU McFarland, A. Lay, B. C, Torian, Sam, INIoody, Otis. Sergeant, Company B, the Wheeler Rifles, came into existence in 1887-88. Julian Field was the first captain. At Birrainpr- ham, duriup; the industrial demonstrations and difficulties of 1894, the company was of material service. On three different occasions, the command was called out to guard the county jail at Florence from the violence of mobs which had gathered to lynch prisoners. Forty of the company's fifty members volunteered their services for the Spanish-American war, and thirty-five of them finall}' reported for duty at Camp Clark in Mobile. R. C. McFarland, a newspaper man, who met a tragic end in Florence shortly after the company assembled in Mobile, had been captaiu, but when his commission expired a year before, First Lieutenant Martin was elected to succeed him. Second Lieutenant Brown became the first lieutenant and Corporal Robert E. Simpson was chosen second lieutenant. MAJ. HENRY B. POSTER. CoMMDG. First Battalion, Second Rkiiiment Ala. Vols. Southern Martyrs. 49 This excerpt from a Mobile paper of May 19, 1898, tells matters of interest coucerning the company : "The Wheeler Rifles represent the highest type of North Alabama manhood. William Mitchell Martin, the cap- tain, is the youngest company commander in the state. He is twenty-four years old. He joined the company when sixteen years of age and has been with it continuously since that time. Captain Martin was assistant cashier of the Merchants' Bank of Florence when the call was made for volunteers. He is a son of Robert D. Martin, who was with Forrest's cavalry in the Confederate service. The young commander has a brother, Robert M. Martin, who is first sergeant of the company, who also gave up a lucrative posi- tion in a rival bank at Florence. First Lieutenant Robert L. Brown is a prominent young jeweler at Florence, and a son of Andrew Brown, who was with General Wheeler's cavalry in the late war. Second Lieutenant Robert E. Simpson, of the Wheelers, is a young lawyer of Florence, who was reared at Covington, Lauderdale county. His father, Preston Simpson, was also a member of Wheeler's cavalry in the late war. These three officers were tendered commissions in the regular army by General Joe Wheeler upon the declaration of war, but declined the honor in order to serve with the company which they had striven so hard to place upon the high plane it has reached as a military organization." REGIMENTAL BAND FIRST ALABAMA O. Wolff, Chief Musician. R. Emmbtt Cradhock, Drum Major. George W. Worth, Charles Montgomery, George L. Brown, Charles O Noble, Paul Copeland, Wade Rogers, Hance Hall, Forrest A. Chase, Sydney Ilecker, John E. Smith, Charles Ilerron, Fred S. Stowe, William Mack, John P. Terry, John McXulty, Wyper Menzies. The First Alabama band's organizatiou was not perfected until the regiment reached Miami. Up to that time, how- ever, competent musicians were being enlisted as they offered themselves, Fred S. Stowe having been detached from the Woodlawn Light Infantry and detailed to look after the bandmen until the musicians were organized. Colonel Higdou made requisition for the band instruments without delay. He was determined that the regiment should not spend the $400 or $500 necessary to purchase the band-pieces out of its regimental fund. He considered that such an amount of money could be used to better ad- vantage in other ways. For this reason the First Alabama was practically without a band until after the Miami en- campment. In the interim, however, every effort was made to have a competent set of musicians on hand to use the instruments when they arrived. The bandmaster was sum- moned from a distant part of the country and the enlisted bandmen were afforded every possible opportunity to prac- tice on makeshift or borrowed instruments. Southern Martyrs. 51 August 2, 1898, Colonel Higdon was notified at Miami that the regiment's band instruments had been shipped to him. A few days later word was received that the regiment had been ordered to Porto Rico ; and the efforts to perfect the band organization were redoubled. Even after intelli- gence reached the regiment that it would probably not go to Porto Rico, the bandmaster perseveringly endeavored to bring his band to a high standard of musical proficiency. In view of the many discouraging circumstances that arose, it is only fair to say that the First Alabama band made better progress and accomplished better results than could have been reasonably expected of it. Indeed, before the muster out, the band was able to furnish very entertain- ing music and at Jacksonville it was one of the best features of the regimental dress parades. SECOND REGIMENT ALABAMA VOLINTEER INEANTRY. JAMES WADE COX, Colonel Commanding. WALTER A. THURSTON, Lieutknant Colonel. MAJORS : First Battalion, TIENRY B. FOSTER. Second Battalion, Third Battalion, SURGEONS : Major, First Lieutenant, First Lieutenant, CHAPLAIN : Captain, KEGI3IENTAL ADJUTANT: First Lieutenant, REGI3IENTAL QUARTERMASTE First Lieutenant, BATTALION ADJUTANTS : (First Lieutenants) First Battalion, Second Battalion, Third Battalion, NON-COMMISSIONED STAFF : Sergeant Major, Quartermaster Sergeant, Hospital Stewards, W. A L F. L, ROBERT B. Du MONT. WILLIAM W. BRANDON. S S. PUGH. JAMES N. McLAIN. WALTER R. WEEDON. A. C. HARTE. JOHN R. VIDMER. WILLIAM E. MICKLE, Jr. C. C. HARE. SHERWOOD BONNER. WILLIAM Y. JOHNSTON, E THURSTON BONHAM. CHARLES B. TOWNSEND. YTLE, COBB NICHOLS and HURT. me:n of the second Alabama. COMPANY A. Moutg'omery Greys. Herbert B. May, Captain. James H. McTykire, 1st. Lieut. Jacob T. Bullen, 2nd. Lieut. Sergeants : Harry 0. Carter, First Sergeant. Joseph G. King, Q'master Sei'gt. Dudley C. Williamson, John G. Williamson, Berto H. Johnson, David W. Crosland. Robert F. Rohan, Chief Trumpeter. Corporals : Walter M. Eckford, Lawrence V. Calhoun, Kerney W. McDade, Elwood J. Pearson, Robert K. Blackshear, Harry L. Trowbridge. John A. Lord, Musician. Joseph R. Williams, Artificer. John A. Oliver, Wagoner, Privates : Barron, Wallace S., Davis, Thomas W., Bonham, Olin F., Ennis, W^illiam H„ Baker, William D., Gartman, Eugene L., Brown, Asa W., Gingles, Harvey M., Buttimer, Daniel J., Grider, John D., Baxley, William H., Goodman, Clem, Blackburn, Sam M., Guy, William J., Bartlett, Robert L., Harmon, John L., Brackin, Ras L., Hillman, Hudson, Bingham, William H., Higgins, Bert, Carmichael, Malcom S., Holt, John B., Cardon, Jacob L., Holt, Boiling H., Chapman, George T., Howard, Benjamin, Cloud, James T., Hammond, Ab. G.; Clair, Earl W., Ham, Jesse M., Drae, Robert L., Hildbrand, John, 54 Men of the Second Alabama. Jones, Thomas, Jones, George W., Jones, Williann T., Jones, Joseph A., Judkins, Joseph H., Lee, John D., Lamb, John A., Led ford, James W., Larkin, Fay, Ledyard. Robert L., Micou, Paul I., Miller, William H., Menefee, Thomas B., McClung, Benjamin F., Massengale, William L., Murphree, Fames S., McQueen, William I*., Jr Mulcahy, Frank G., McGee, Samuel J., McDowell, Ray, Miller, Jesse G., McNeill, Benjamin S., McKinzie, Alfred J., Magna, Angelo, Mathews, Jessie, Norris, Charles M., Norris, William S , Owen, Robert W., Overton, Albert S., Perdue, Eugene A., Powers, Rutledge H., Pope, Albert J., Penick, Lucius, Rawlinson, Duglas, Rogers, Henry C., Rogers, Archie G., Roots, Charles I., Ruppenthal, Nathan S. L., Smith, James H., Smith, William K., Smith, Charles A., Snell,Tippie A., Sheder, Thomas B., Sykes, Joseph W., Stough, Sidney S., Stowe, Claud L., Simmons, Lennie P. Dead. Thompson, George W., Ticknor, Henry W., Taylor, Charles A., Whatley, Hugh, Worrell, Albert S., West, OllieG., Wallace, William L,, Williamson, Richard M., Weafer, James H. The Montgomery Greys, known throughout the country as one of the best militia organizations in service, had the inception of its reputation in the Civil "War. After the troublous days of reconstruction, it was reorganized and on various occasions rendered signal service to the state in quelling riots and preserving order. When the war with Spain came, Captain May made strenuous efforts to recruit his company with only the most likely-appearing volun- teers. He succeeded to such good purpose that when his command left for Mobile, May 2, 1898, it was as fine a look- ing body of men as had ever marched through the streets of Montgomery. The company was mustered in May 18. Southern Martyrs. 55 Many of the members abandoned comfortable positions in and around Montgomery under the firm impression that they would see active service within a month after enlist- ing. Their disappointment on this score was thus made perhaps a trifle keener than that of some other companies, composed in a measure of less prosperous men. But the Greys never wavered in their fidelity to duty nor were they ever lacking in attestations of affection to their captain. Indeed, one of the episodes of interest at Camp Johnston in early May was furnished by several meetings of the Greys at which it was enthusiastically agreed not to take the oath of service unless the authorities would permit Captain May to lead them. These meetings were prompted by the illness of Captain May at the time and the circula- tion of rumors that the examining surgeons had rejected him. He was given an ovation by his men when he re- turned to Camp Johnston from the hospital and on his as- surance that he would go to the front with them, the com- pany cheerfully went through the muster proceedings. Company A's official personnel was altered only a few days before the Greys reported at Mobile. Clifford Lauier, Jr., had been captain but resigned that office to accept a majorship in the then Second Regiment, A. N. G. There- upon, Second Lieutenant H. B. May was elected captain and Jacob T. Bullen was chosen for the vacant second lieuten- ancy. 56 Men of the Second Alabama. COMPANY L. Plioeuix City Rifles. Jeptha p. Marchant, Captain. Francis W. Hare, 1st. Lieut. William K. Armstrong, 2nd. Lieut. Sergeants : Will D. Wills, First Sergeant. George Tillman, Q'master Sergeant. Martin C. Ballou, Bozemon C. Bulger, Heath Blanchart, Norman A. Webster. James B. Wood, Beasley M. Jones, Lewis D. Edwards, James O. Posey, James Alonzo Freddy an AValter S. Erwin, Artificer. Allen, Raymond, Alexander, Charles L., Amerson, Jefiferson C, Booth, Reading H., Blackmon, Thomas D., Bradfield, George T., Brown, Fred L., Barber, Charles J., Bean, William Hugh, Carter, Sam, Cartlidge, James M., Cartlidge, Sam D., Cobb, William Hood, Cone, Eddie H., Coulter, Edward, Cumbie, James C, Crawford, Walter E., Duke, James, Dyer, George, Dowdell, James F., Edwards, Locksla T. , Corporals : James T. Ware, William B. Reed, James U. Thomason. d E. Jerallie W. Clancy. Vlusicians. William Clyde Simpson, Wagoner. Privates : Elder, Charles, Elliott, John W., Fleming, John R., Godwin, John D., Goodwin, Lee, Greene, Richard C , Griggs, William P., Hanson, Mitchell, Harris, Tol, Harris, James W., Harwell, Robert H., Harrison, Charles T., Howie, James T., Hayes, Charles A., Hickman, George W., Hill, William L., Holley, Charles W . , Howard, AVilliam, Hurst, John C, Jenkins, Rufus L., Jones, Eli, Southern Martyrs. Johnson, Charles O,, Jackson, John P., Kittrell, Thomas J., Kelly, Alfred I., Logan, Robert A., Lowery, John T., Matthews, Thomas F., McAlpine, Solomon Q., McBryde, Samuel, Milford, Marcus L., McSwain, William, Murray, Pat., Mason, Robert S., Jr., Moore, Robert E., O'Hara, Ira, O'Pry, Hugh, Phillips, Fred, Phillips, William R., Parton, Thomas, Patrick, John H., Power, Edward S., Pace, Thomas W., Reese, Tobias, Roberts, Charles E., The Phoenix City Kifles (Company L) were previously known as the Tom Jones Eifles. After the reorganization, Captain Marchant assumed command and retained it through the volunteer service. There had been some talk of organ- izing a separate company of students from the military college at Auburn, Ala., but these volunteers joined their fortunes with the Phoenix City Eifles, which were accepted by the governor on May 3, 1898. The company left for Mobile on the following day, reaching Camp Johnston on May 6, with eighty-five men. B. M. Jones wore the second lieutenant's epaulettes to Mobile, but rejections by the surgeons depleted the company's strength and when William Kirk Armstrong reached the camp with twenty men to fill the command's requisite quota, he was chosen second lieutenant, Jones be- coming a non-commissioned oflicer. Rion, Frank, Roan, Forrest T., Sayers, James W., Smith, Perry, Smith, William I., Stanton, Eddie G., Speake, James D., Statum, Charles, Sweatt, Robert D., Seymour, Austin B., Thompson, Clarence C, Varner, John I., Valentine, David 0., Watley, Robert L., Walker, Wiley J., Whaley, Samuel C, Williams, Earl P., Williams, Joseph H., Williamson, Monroe, Woodall, Henry M., Worsham, Walter H., Weatherly, Frederick, Zimpelman, William F. 58 Men of the Second Alabama. It was said of Company L in the Second Alabama that no more independent set of soldiers could be found. Captain Marchant, peculiarly self-reliant, communicated his spirit to his men and though the company was at all times efK- cient, the commanding officer of the regiment had reason to know that the Phoenix City volunteers would be among tlie first in his command to take the initiative in any aggressive company movement. This was illustrated at Camp John- ston. Edward S. Power was then the company's quarter- master sergeant. He went across the guard lines with a soldier from Northern Alabama and after drubbing his op- ponent, a larger man, was placed under arrest. Captain Marchant investigated the affair. Becoming convinced that as a non-commissioned officer Power should not be confined in the guard-house, the captain notified the officer of the day that unless his prisoner was at once released Company L would decline further duty in Camp Johnston. The cap- tain had already notified those of his men who were on guard to quit their posts and he was eugaged in instructing his company not to respond to the drill call, when Power reported to him that he had been released. Of course that was before the company had been mustered in, but in after days Captain Marchant assumed positions no less positive. Once, the captain was reprimanded by the colonel for fail- ing to have a water-hole filled. The captain had already endeavored to fill the hole but a laxity in the camp's police regulations frustrated his efforts. "If you can't have this done, I'll do it," the colonel is reported to have said. "All right, sir; go ahead and do it; you have more men than I have," the captain answered. Though Captain Marchant was jealous of his men's wel- fare he was even more careful in requiring a prompt execu- tion of his own orders. But he was indisposed to resort to the tortuous processes of courts-martial. "When any of you have a grievance against me," he once said to his com- pany, "come to me and we'll settle it like men." Once on the drill field at Jacksonville, Fla., a private threatened to strike a corporal. "Hit me, instead," the captain invited ; and when the offender made a surly reply the response was a blow on the jaw from the captain's right hand. And it was doubtful whether any other captain in the regiment had more of the real affections of his men. Southern Martyrs. 59 COMPANY F. Warrior Guards (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Mustered in by Capt. W. W. Brandon, since appointed Major. Sterling Fostkr, Captain. Julius Levine, 1st Lieut. Charles A. Wym.an, 2d Lieut. Sergeants : John B. Battle, First Sergeant. Justin B. Turner, Q'm'stevSergt. Noble W. Foster, Charles A. LaBoyteaux, Charles A. Coleman, Robert Cornell, Thornton Parker, William H. Garner. Samuel J. Cole. Corporals : Ernest E. Kirkham, Graham Parker, James B. Coulter. Joseph E. McGee, John F. Parton, Musicians. Robert B. Sapp, Artificer. Sidney A. Cliristian, Wagoner. Privates : Allgood, Robert S., Anderson, Samuel, Adams, James T., Bailey, Joseph C, Barton, Aaron J., Ball, Oliver O, Bealle, Alfred B., Bell, Augustus J., Black, Joseph F. Dead. Booth, David A., Booth, Douglas, Byrd, Daniel H., Cardon, Samuel G., Chisholm, Ernest J., Childress, Robert M., Carpenter, John P., Clark, John W , Colvin, Hiram V., Compton, Walter H., Cox, Edward E , Crow, James, Dawson, Manly M., Davis, James L., Doss, Aubrey K., Dulin, Winston W., Dunn, William L., Ellis, Augustus B., Ezell, Levi A., Elliott. Andrew J., Fairless, Hugh T., Fitts, Fairfax, Foster, Otis, Friedman, Samuel W. Transf'd to Hospital Corps, July 28. Green, Andrew J., Holcombe, .Junius W., Hall, William C, Harp, John, Hood, James S., Hulsey, Stephen K., Jones, Ves, Key, Edwin A., 60 Men of the Second Alabama. Kahn, Joe, Killough, Willie B., Kilpatrick, AVilliam F., Korner, James W., Lamb, Robert E., Latham, James E., Lawhon, Alex C., Leach, Edward F. , Ledyard, Edward, Lynd, Ben F., Madden, John J., Malone, Richard, Mattison, Luther A., May, Eugene L., May, Henry C, Meridith, Reuben A., IMurphy, Tliomas J , Miller, Victor C, Regimental Color Sergeant, McCord, David J., McFarland, Douglas, McMaster, James M., McGraw, Benjamin, Northington, Eugene G., Parks, Edward D., Painter, William S., Payne, Leonard, Pattie, Robert F., Peterson, Hiram S., Powell, Hemrica H., Rabun, Luther W., Randan, Henry, Riley, Callie, Robison, Robert A. Honorable discharge, Aug. 10, 1898. Ross, James B , Ryan, James A., Satterwhite, Joseph L., Shamblin, Jacob, Sims, Sid L., Sims. William W., Snow, John A., Stapp, John D., Sumner, Willard, fetebbins, Charles M., Thomas, William M., Tutwiler, Edward M., Tallman, Thomas A., Williams, .lames, Wilson, Archie, Woodruff, Henry C, Yarbrough, Edward. Romauce and history vie with each other in lending interest to the record of the Warrior Guards (Company F). It is certain that no other militia organization in the South has a greater age. Indeed, there is no authoritative means of deciding just when the company was organized. But in a copy of the Daihj Infelligencer of Tuscaloosa of 1829, the following notice is found : "The Warrior Guards will meet at the market house to- morrow morning at 8 o'clock with twenty rounds of ammu- nition. Sept. 10, 1829. "Erasmus Walker, Captain. "A. H. Somerville, "Orderly Sergeant." Southern Martyes. 61 There is about this notice a tinge of the early frontiers- man's perils. It shows that the Warrior Guards were ac- tive in the defense of the community in the days when militia service was a serious duty. Continuing through the stern years that followed, participating in the defensive plans against the savages who now and then sallied from their woodland fastnesses on predatory excursions, witness- ing successively the Seminole and the Mexican wars, the Warrior Guards never relaxed their military activity ; and in the Tuscaloosa Observer of November 21, 1860, the follow- ing reference to the organization was printed : "This splendid company of infantry has returned from the fair at Demopolis, laden with honors. We learn that they bore away the first prize offered to the competitors. The banner is not yet made, as it was thought it would be agreeable to the successful competitors to have some share in the selection of appropriate devices. "We hope our worthy governor will find it convenient to forv/ard the arms to which this company is entitled, as an army with nothing but banners will not do much service in the 'irrepressible conflict.' " Under the gallant captaincy of Kobert E. Kodes, whose name has since been inscribed in ineffaceable characters on the tablets of fame, the Warrior Guards went forth to battle for the Confederacy. How bravely and how nobly the valorous band acquitted itself will never be forgotten so long as truthful histories of the Civil War are read. It is interesting to know, too, that the first Alabamian wounded in that strife was a member of the Tuscaloosa company — Private E. W. Tarrant, shot in the leg while on picket duty. In 18dl the company was reorganized with John B. Durrett as captain. From that time on the Warrior Guards have occupied a position in the foremost ranks of the state militia. Henry B. Foster, afterward a colonel in the national guard and subsequently senior major of the Second Alabama Volunteers, '^served a term^as the company's cap- 62 Men of the Second Alabama. tain. William K. Foster commanded the Warrior Guards during the term 1893-94, when successive strikes and riots occasioned active service at Birmingham and neighboring points. William Woodward Brandon followed as the company's commander and it is certain that no more popular or effi- cient officer has served in that capacity. Under his cap- taincy, the company won the prize offered for the best drilled militia company in Alabama in the summer of 1895. It was during the command of Capt. Louis Walter in the early '90's that the Eutaw detachment of the Warrior Guards was formed and this auxiliary body has ever since been of the most material value to the main organization. The Warrior Guards claim tbe honor of being the first company in Alabama to leave home for the volunteers' ren- dezvous at Mobile. The company left Tuscaloosa on the night of April 30, 1898, Capt. W. W. Brandon in command, reporting at Mobile with 100 men the following day. May 18, Captain Brandon was appointed major of the Second Alabama's Third Battalion. Up to that time, the Warrior Guards were the senior company of the regiment. First Lieut. Sterling Foster succeeded to the captaincy. Second Lieutenant Leviue becoming first lieutenant and Sergt. Charles A. Wyman becoming second lieutenant. The people of Tuscaloosa, proud of the company and its achievements, tendered a brilliant and elaborate "peace jubilee" in honor of the volunteers' return home. The function took place October G, 1898, and was attended by a majority of the company's war membership, the entire regi- ment being on thirty days' furlough at the time. Southern Martyrs. 63 COMPANY D. Montgomery True Blues. C. F. Anderson, Captain. V. M. Elmore, Jr., 1st Lieut. C. A, Allen, Jr., 2d Lieut. Serg-eants: T. J. Powell, First Sergeant. W. L. Shepherd, Q'master Sgt. R. F. Trimble, E. F. Baber, Jr., Al. A. Reynolds, L. J. Chambless. Corporals : F. C. Sagendorf, B. B. Cobb, Will P. Lay, I. Abraham, W. E. Lum, Al. Hayhurst. R. F. Walker, W. T. Dunne, Musicians. H. Bomm, Artificer Alford, William J., Blakely, W. A., Byrd, A., Brown, R., Brown, L. C, Barnett, J. J., Bridges, J. M., Baer, L., Carr, J. L., Carr, E. D., Condon, R. W., Cooper, Sam, Clements, Will, Cook,C. L, Cook.F. W., Crandall, Tom, Cogswell, Robert, Dison, B. F., Donaldson, O.K., Dibble, O. C, • Dozier, A. M., Dorough, L. M , Dullaghan, CD., Devore, Frank, H. McTarley, Wagoner. Privates ; English, John, Elmer, Mason, Fairey, E. L., Faber, C. D., Ferguson, E. D., Glunt, 0., Gullett, J. E., Gallaspy,W. G., Goodman, J., Hurley, R. P , Henderson, J. D., Hawkins, W. W., Hubert, Thomas, Hopkins, J. M. C. Jackson, E. E., Jackson, A. B., Lum, H. M , Laster, R., Lapsley, J. P., Lapsley, E. W.. Loftis, B. D., Murray, J. H., Murray, W. T., Maydweli, F. H., 64 Men of the Second Alabama. Meadows, J. J , Morri'*, L. A . Murtishaw, W. H., Melton, W., Meehan, M. J., Mott, J., Mollett, Edward V., Jr. IMcArdle, James A., IMcDuffie. E. C, INIcWhorter, T. 11. B.. ]\IcManus, F. S., IMcllae, Alex, McCarley, H , Nnnn, M. H., Pearson, J. A., Payne, S. F., Powell, J. W., llol)son, \\ . C, Khodes, R. R., Keade, E , Ross, Joe, Renfroe, N., Smith, D. A., Smith, F. D., Sherman, C, Sherwood, J. M., Steed, C. D., Simpson, Joe, Schwab, F. C, Somerset, Grant, Taylor, J. B., Taylor, Lee, Tuttle. Harvey C , Walker, A. J., West, J. T.. West, J. K., Wood, J. B, Watson, Thomas, Williamson, N., Wilson, H. B. Oce of the oklest natioual n;uar(l corapauies iu the coun- try was organized under the name of the Montgomery True Blues in 1836. The command volunteered to partici- pate in the war that was then being waged against the Sem- inole Indians in Florida. As an organization, the True Blues have since offered their services in three wars — to the United States against Mexico ; to the Confederate States against the Unionists; and to the United States against Spain. Some time before the Spanish-American war, Captain Goetter resigned command of the company which was thus left in the charge of these officers : First Lieutenant Charles F. Anderson, Second Lieutenant Vincent M. El- more and Junior Second Lieutenant Charles A. Allen, Jr., the last office being at that time provided for by the state law. At a meeting of the company held immediately after the president issued his call for volunteers, seventy-five per cent, of the member^ agreed to respond in a body. First MAJ. ROBERT B. DU MONT, CoMMDCi. Second Battalion, Second Kecjiment Ala. Volh PHOTO BY UIVINOSTON. MONTGOMERY. Southern Martyrs. 65 Lieutenant Anderson was chosen captain ; V. M. Elmore, Jr., first lieutenant ; and C. A. Allen, Jr., second lieutenant. On May 2, 1898, the company reported for duty at the Mobile rendezvous and was declared one of the best equipped commands in camp, as most of the men were armed and uniformed, while sixty per cent, of the other vol- unteers were without military apparel. The True Blues were mustered into the volunteer service on May 20, 1898. Second Lieutenant Charles A. Allen was afterward ap- pointed regimental ordnance officer and he served in that capacity until the muster out. 66 Men of the Second Alabama. COMPANY E. Gnlf City Guards. (Mobile, Ala.) John D. H.\ga\, (!aptain. E.MiLE A. IIiNES, 1st Lieut. Cfiarles W. Moork, 2nd Lieut. Sergreants : Comer Sims, First Sergeant. Walter Smythe, Otto E. Toenes, S. F. Humphries. Discharged. William R. Davol, Q'master Sgt. GustaveC. Domes, Moses Koenigsberg, William F. Fincher (resigned first sergeancy.) Corporals : William V. Jackson, Charles H. Lenser, Arthur n. Davis, (trans- ferred to Signal Corps.) ThaddeusT. Boon, William B. Kramer, Henry T. Nevvbold, Webster Brannon, Armistead M. Bonham, Joseph L. Lema, Musicians. George H. Smith, Artificer. Maurice T. O'Brien, Wagoner Charles A. Dumas, Cook. Privates : Daly, William J., Batchelor, George B. , Broad, AVilliam A., Brown, Owen (4. , Barry, Robert, Jr., Boiling, Charles A., Brix, Maynard L., Balurdo, Joseph P., Baggett, Jesse, Brannon, Robert L., Blair, Alexander C. (transferred to Signal (^orps). Cummings, Walter, Campbell, William J., Cullum, George J., Cottrlll, James E., Chastang Edward, Crowell, John A., Connally, William F., Chilton, Francis E., Camp, William H., Dumas, Paul, Dumas, John W., DeVol, Harry O., Dixon, Charles E., Dixon, Augustus, Dixon, Samuel E., DeSilvey, Edward, Day, Frank P. , Downing, Lee, Delmarter, Edward, Esmonde, Charles E., Feeney, James, Ford, Clinton J., Farnsworth, Frank, Foster, Edward, Jr., Fredrickson, Edward A Green. Marion, Gorman, Michael, Galvin, Michael, Southern Martyrs. 67 Dead. M. Head, John, Huband, John A . , Harris, Benjamin B., Hinson, Wallace S., Heineman, Alfred, Herrin, Columbus M. Hood, Walter M., Johnson, Charles E., Johnson, George S., Jackson, Christopher Joynt, Frank. Dishonorably discharged. Koch, Albert, Lequire, John H. , Miller, Edward N., McGinn, Walter C, McWhorter, Robert H , Mitchell, Edward E., Minion, John W., Muller, Hugo, Moore, Archie T , Murphy James F., Nichols, Nathan J., Newman, Earl, Pettus, Jesse A., Pear, Frank, Pierce, Robert J . , Parsons, Joseph, Reese, Alfred H., Rodgers, Henry S. , Ryan, William A., Jr., Richardson, Harry, Stewart, Charles M., Spann, Joseph H., Shugrue, James, Shugrue, Frank, Stevens, Curtis E., Severson, Charles E., Silva, Antony J., Tucker, Clarence M., Turner, George P., Townsend, Joseph A., Terrill, Clifford L., Wagner, Thomas, Williams, Lawrence H. Wallace, David W., Wentworth, Harry W., Wilson, William B., Wells, Henry T,, Walker, George. " The fighting company of the Second Alabama " — such was the reputation given the Gulf City Guards (Company E). Commanded by a captain whose reputation for per- sonal courage had already gained exploitation in the national guard, the "Gulfs " were indeed a formidable set of men, drawn, as they were, from robust representatives of all walks of life. Scholar and clerk, artisan and business man met on a common footing in the company street with the unanimous desire to "whip Spain." That Captain Hagan's command contributed a generous quota to the guardhouse contingent or that discolored optics were worn by its mem- bers as badges of honor reflected in no way unfavorably on the company. No other command in the regiment drilled 68 Men of the Second Alabama. more satisfactorily at importaut juuctures or manifested a better esprit de corps. Once at Miami, a member of Company E was arrested for fighting in the quarters of the First Alabama. When Captain Hagan was notified of the arrest, he asked : "Did he whip his man ? " " Yes ; sir, " was the answer. "Then tell the officer of the guard to release liim at once, " the captain ordered — " If he had got whipped I would have preferred charges against him. " The Gulf City Guards were organized, November 23, 1860, and in the following Januar}' were on duty at Fort Morgan. Afterward, when Alabama seceded from the Union, the Guards tendered their services to the Confed- eracy and, on being immediately accepted, were assigned to the Third Alabama which afterward distinguished itself as one of the crack regiments in the Confederate service. Immediately after the Civil War, the company was reorgan- ized and participated reguhirl}- in all the civic and military exercises of a general character that transpired in Mobile. The following gentlemen have at various times served as captain of the company : O. J. Semmes, G. C. Tucker, C. L. Huger, G. H. Smith, LeVert Clark and E. M. Uuder- hill. Captain John D. Hagan's original commission dates May 1, 1894. The Gulf City Guards were the first Mobile company to report for duty at Camp Clark, pitching their tents thereon the evening of May 5. The company was mustered in, May 21. Southern Martyrs. 69 COMPANY M. Mobile Cadets (Eegimental Color Company.) William L. Pitts, Jr., Captain. John H. Partridge, 1st Lieut. Howard Gaillard, 2d Lieut. Sergeants : George H. Jones, First Sergeant. Thos. E. Clarke, Q'master Sergt. Henry A. Oliver, Andrew J. Thompson, Warren S. Horton, William F. Jones. Corporals : Origen Sibley, Jr., Guy J. Belt, Ralph E. Guin, Edward M. Riley, William H. Cunningham, Isaac D. Toomer. Edmund P. Coeke, Musician. Walter J. Bozeman, Artificer. John C. Johnson, Wagoner. Privates : Adams, Frank, Alexander, Nathan T., Arnold. Henry G., Bell, William A , Belser, Jfohn D., Bray, Charles E., Broadiiax, Robert R., Boggs, Edward M . , Jr . , Calhoun, Atticus, Crenshaw, John W . , Cothran, Edward M., Dickens, Smith, Dunning, William E., Dupertie, Samuel H., Ellis, Griffin, Eschmann, Walter, Friddle, Horace, Fowler, James J., Flynn, John, Gaillard, John T., Harrison, Claud D. , Howd, Fearl D., Hudson, Marion S., Irvin, Emmett, Isbell, Claude, Jensen, Otto, Jones, William R., Jackson, John W., Jones, Pati-ick A., Kennedy, Charles F., Knight, Arthur A., Meek, Walter, Mackin, John H., McCreary, John A., Nilsen, Nils G., Newberry, John, Nelson, James A., Nelson, Henry M. , Newsome, .Tames, Oakley, William G., Oliver, William E., Olsen, Anton N.. Padgett, Robert L , Penny, James E., Pollard, George W., Pugh, Charles M., 70 Men of the Second Alabama. Sharp, George M., Williams, Henry G., Singleton, Tandy W., Williams, Robert L., Storm, Jacob, Woolf, Eugene, Sullivan, John T., Winslett, Benjamin W., Sullivan, William J., Winborne, Wallace. Smith, Stanley, Troupe, Jerry J., disciiaroed. Tuttle, Frank A., Tucker, John H., Charles J. Beasley. Wilson, George E., The war with Mexico prompted the organization of the Mobile Cadets (Company M) in 1845. But the command was not permitted to fight the Mouteziimaus. It continued, however, as a militia company uutil 18GI wheu, under Capt. Robert M. Sands, it was accepted by the Confederacy and assigned to the Army of Northern Virginia, rendering gal- hiut service in what was then the Third Ahibama Regiment. Afterward, when peace was restored, the company was re- organized and on a number of occasions rendered services to the state. In 1894, the Cadets aided in quelling the labor disturb- ances at Birmingham. Capt. B. C. Rowan was then in command. Again, in July, 1897, the company was ordered to sleep on its arms in readiness to disperse the mob which, it was feared, might attempt to Ij-nch Isaiah Davis, mur- derer of Thomas Jones. April 27, 1898, Captain Rowan, who had commanded the company for three years, called the Cadets together and an- nounced the receipt of a telegram from Governor Johnston, asking how many members of the command could report for duty in the volunteer army at once. A score responded. On Ma}' 11, the company marched into camp at Mobile with fifty-six men. Captain Rowan enjoyed the reputation of being one of the best militia officers in Alabama's service and his followers were extremely disappointed when Dr. Purviauce announced that he was physically ineligible. Southern Martyrs. 71 Meanwhile, First Lieut. Thomas M. Stevens, actuated by- strong personal reasons, felt constrained to resign. Then Lieut. W. L. Pitts, Jr., who had been in command of the Nelson Battery (artillery) at Selma, took forty men to Mobile, May 31, and, turning them over to the Cadets, succeeded Rowan as captain, Second Lieutenant John H. Partridge being promoted to first lieutenant, vice Stevens. One of Company M's sergeants, Thos. Partridge, was given a commission in the colored troops and after his re- lease from the Cadets, promotions followed. Sergeant Howard Gaillard, who reached camp as fourth corporal, was named for the company's second lieutenancy. But First Sergeant Colden A. Brown also sought this commis- sion. His successful opponent was nominated by the com- missioned officers and Sergeant Brown, displeased because the contest had not been submitted to the arbitrament of the enlisted men's votes, doffed his uniform and returned to civilian life. This was, of course, before the muster in. 72 Men of the Second Alabama. COMPANY B. Lomax Kifles. (Mobile, Ala.) DkWitt Camp, Captain. John P. Moffat, 1st. Lieut. Tiios. F. McKay, 2nd. Lieut. Sergeants : George R. McKinney, 1st. Sergt. Thos. W.Carey, Jr., Q'masterRergt. Jas. K. Eagon, William A. McCreary, Duke Guice, Walter R. Snead. Corporals : John D. Burnett, Lonzo A. Gaskey, Elijah R. McCreary, Alvin Van Iderstine, EvanderB. P>ans, Elmer N. Smith. Thomas M. Flowers and Ray Sunderland, Musicians. Charles M. Ilogaboom, Artificer. Miles A. Moody, Wagoner. Privates : Allen, Ben. J., Armstrong, Aristo T., Jr., Attaway, Mose, Amos, Charles A., Benthey, Edwin C., Broadus, Jolin, Browning, John, Bronzo, Ricliard L. Deserted. Ball, John E., Benedict, Henry L., Buck, John B., Callaway, David R., Cawthon, Byron O. Deserted. Callins, Samuel E., Coker, Walter J.. Carr, Walter T., Costello, Allan B. Deserted. Crowley, John B., Davenport, Geo. F., Daly, Hugh, Evans, William, Feagin, Charles T., Favors, Monroe, Ferguson, Fitzhugh H., Fowler, Henry R. , Gale, Edward B., Gaynor, James T., Genner, George F., Gideon, Edgar V., Goldsmith, Walter B., Graff, Henderson, Hendon, Edward T.,Jr., Henry, Ben. G., Hawkins, Charles C, Harwell, Frank, Hogue, Fred. L. , Holley, David M., Hertz, Edward D., Houck, Wm. J., Hyslop, Thomas, Hannon, John S., Hempel, Paul, Hansen, Albert, Harrison, Arthur J. Deserted. Ikner, Theodore N. Deserted. James, Elvin E. Dead. Southern Martyrs. 73 Johnson, Wiley T., Kennedy, James L., Klausen, John P., McCreary, Frank R., Mahon, John J., McGehee, William W., Mitchell, William H., Minott, Henry W., McCracken, Charles L., McCormick, James E., Monohan, James H., Murphy, Patrick, Murphy, William, Melia, John J., Marik, Charles J., McGowan, John, McLean, Christopher, Nielson, Samuel, Nay, Harry, Phelan, Thomas M., Preachers, Philmore, Jesse R. Latham. Walter N. King, Raymond R. Denton, Robinson, T. Walter, Rogers, Samuel L., Summersell, Charles J., Sammereier, Anthony. Dead. Shobe, Clyde 0,, Shaw, Edward J., Skinner, Edward R., Smith, Joe, Smith, Lewis C, Smith, Irby T., Stone, William P., Snead, Albert H., Sandiford, John, Thames, Stephen, Tucker, Frank D., Van Vieck, Victor J., Vansickle, Amos W., Wells, Alonzo E. Dead. Willis. Charles E., Warren, Augustus W., Werthner, Henry A. Discharged. Thos. P. Aldridge, William J. Barnes. It was iu June, 1883, that the Lomax Rifles hiunched od their national guard career. Tvvo years later the company captured the first prize at an inter-state competitive drill iu Washington, D. C. From that time on the Lomax Rifles continued to maintain its militia prestige in such a success- ful manner that it was known to national guardsmen throughout the country for the excellence of its drills. Frank P. Davis was the first captain, resigning his com- pany command to become colonel of the regiment. In 1885, however, he relinquished the colonelcy to take the com- pany to the competitive drill at the national capital. After that he again resigned. Captain DeWitt Camp, who mus- tered the company into the volunteer service, June 14, 1898, had commanded the Rifles for seven years. 74 Men of the Second Alabama. Once, on that eventful July eveuinfTj iu 1897 — since re- ferred to by Mobilians as the "night of horrors" — the Lomax Rifles were ordered under arms to preserve peace. A 13'nching bee was expected but the company was not re- quired to fire a shot. When the Hispano-American embroglio was neariug its crisis, the Lomax Rifles became greatly exercised, but under counsel of Captain Camp, nothing was done until instruc- tions arrived from Governor Johnston. Then, May 8, 1898, a meeting was held in the armory hall and a decision reached to volunteer as a company. The command marched to the regimental rendezvous, May 11, i898. Fifty per cent, of the old members of the company who ofteretl their ser- vices were rejected by the examining surgeons. Recruits were obtained from the Conecuh Guards, of Evergreen, whence also came Lieutenant J. C. Snead. He failed to pass the surgical examination, however, and Thomas F. McKay was chosen iu his place. Tlie latter had previousl}'' served as the company's second lieutenant but relinquished that office and offered himself as a sergeant in order to make room for Snead, who was to have received his com- mission in recompense for the Evergreen recruits. From August 26 to September (j, 1898, the Lomax Rifles served on the provost guard at Pablo Beach, Fla., being detached from the regiment for that purpose. The com- pany distinguished itself during this service by its rigid attention to duty. And Private John B. Buck earned a hero's reputation during the stay at Pablo Beach by mak- ing courageous and hazardous eff'orts to rescue Private Reddy, of Company L, Second New Jersey, from a grave iu the surf. Reddy drowned but Buck received for his heroic efforts a special commendation by Maj. R. B. Harrison, Provost Marshal of the Seventh Army Corps. SOUTHEKN MaRTYES. 75 COMPANY C. Mobile -Rille Company. Edward M. RoBiNteOx, Captain. John S. Callaghan, ist Lieut. Daniel McNeill, 2d Lieut. Sergeauts : Walter E. Urquhart, First Sergt. James E. Tlood, Q'master i^ergt. Alberts. Williams, Robert E. Austill ( Reduced), Sherwood Bonner (Promoted William M . McCreary, Battalion Adjutant), Louis R. Benz, William J. Primm. Corporals : Charles K. 0. Hogaboom, Frank O'Rourk, William H. Reynolds, V/illiam H . hlambrook, Conway Penny, William Briot. Frederick C. Klem, Musician. Samuel P. Gilbert, Artificer. William L. Pate, Wagoner. Privates : Atchison, John C, Ayers, Albert M ., Barnett, William J., Burke, William, Britton, Bruce C, Berry, Carter, Beeler, William W , Buiityn, Harry T. , Baxter, William G., Barbarin, George J., Boley, William, Carter, John, Cox, Harmon W., Case, John H., Cunningham, Walter S., Donovan, Michael, Deckhard, Thomas B . , Espalla, Robert F.. Ebert, Fritz, Faulk, Thomas T , Flournoy, George J., Francis, James G., Qilberg, EricE., Gi'ove, John F., Grassel, Ernest E., Godwin, Walter W., Gillespie, Stowell W., Goos, Fred M., Hubbard, Joseph F., Harper, William M., Hall, Andrew L., Hogaboom, George E., Hamilton, Willis H., Hanna, Frank, Hellen, Fulford, Holder, Karl, Hon, Samuel L. , Hughs, George B.,J Knautf, William S., Keefe, John, Keefe, Emanuel, Knoke, William H., Love, Henry E. , Levinson, Henry, Lamare, Vincent, Miles, Hudson, 76 Men of the Second Alabama. Moore, Peter, Simmons, Anthony W., McNab, Henry, Steele. Thomas C . Discharged. McHugh, Charles A., Stowers, Lewis H., Mclnnis, Randall L., Sanders, Jodie T., Mclnnis, Murdock C, Spaulding, Harvey L., Mclnnis, L. B.. Hchuler, Charles, McVey, Walter. Discharged. Taylor, Jerome E., Nocton, James, Tate, Charles C, Norris, William J., Turner, William H , Oliver, Samuel W., Urmey, J. H., Otis, George W . , West, Wilie F., Pelliser, John, Williams, Edward C, Ferryman, Erastus S., Jr., Walker, Charles C, Padgett, William A., Wright, George H., Parshall, George B , Williams, William C. Trans- Rencher, Eugene, ferred to Hospital Corps. Schooley, Ed F., Williamson, Sydney P., Stanford, Ed S., Younger, George. A right venerable record entitles the Mobile Kifle Compa- ny to attentive consideration at the hands of history readers. Organized in 1836 by Captain James Crawford for service against the then hostile Seminole Indians, the company has since shared the fortunes of Alabama with unremitting loyalty. The Spanish-American was the fourth war the company saw as an organization, having passed through, with varying losses, the Seminole War, the Mexican War and the Civil War. Of course, the command has experienced several reorgan- izations, but meanwhile its captaincy has been held at vari- ous times by men whose names are indelibly written in the history of the state. When the war came with Spain, Cap- tain Edward M. Robinson was Recorder of Mobile. But he decided that he could best serve the country in the field and, resigning his civic position, assumed active command of the company. Like the other Mobile militia organiza- tions, the Mobile Rifle Compan}^ was not ready to report at Camp Clark until Colonel Higdon had received a majority of the troops from Northern Alabama. But nevertheless Southern Martyrs. 77 the Rifle Compaiiy presented a handsome spectacle as it marched thronf];h the streets of Mobile to Colonel Higdon's headquarters on May 6, 1898, and reported for duty. Both of the company's lieutenants were constrained by powerful personal reasons to resign. First Lieut. John L. Monlton quit his office only with the greatest reluctance. His position was to have been filled by Lieut. W. A. Cross- land of Montgomery who agreed to furnish the company with forty recruits. But the arrangement was never con- summated. Meanwhile, Lieutenant Moulton served until his place could be filled. Sergeants A. S. Williams, John S. Callaghan and Dan McNeill were candidates to succeed Second Lieutenant Hiram Griffin, but McNeill retired in favor of Callaghan who was elected. Then, when the ar- rangement with Lieutenant Crossland failed of consumma- tion and Lieutenant Moulton resigned, Lieutenant Callaghan was elevated another notch and Sergeant Dan McNeill be- came Second Lieutenant. Captain Robinson and the Mobile Rifle Company figured conspicuously in the history-making of the Second Alabama, but both the commander and the command acquitted them- selves with a dignity and creditability at least gratifying. Captain Robinson, as a lawyer, knew the value of an analyt- ical stud}'^ of army regulations and in this way he gained a relative advantage over not a few other company command- ers. The Mobile Rifle Company's affairs were administered in accordance with both the spirit and the letter of the law and the members, readily adjusting themselves to the idea of impartial justice, learned to appreciate discipline. 78 Men of the Second Alabama. COMPANY H. Troy Rifles. Graph J IIubbaki), Captain. Warken E. An:)RE\vs, 1st Lieut. Marion Galloway, 2d Lieut. Serjeants: Josiah Wilson, First Sei-geant. Charles D. Murphee, , Horton, William J. , Collier, Howard, Jni;kson, William (i., Cox, Jesse C, Jacobs. Pobert M., Courtoy, Frederick L., Jeter, Frazer L , Cameron, ., Jones, Frank R., Daniel, Charles O, Kelly, James F.. DeAVitt, Robert L., Kendrick, James T , Darby, Ben, Kirbo, Homer L., Davis, Brunie, Lawson, Frederick, Davis, Lee, Lee, Charles S., Jr. , Devant, David D., Lewis, Henry H., Southern Martyrs. 79 Lewis, Robert S., Liger, Walter H . , Malone, Walter J., Moody, Bishop M., Moody, Harry L., Morrison, John, McLaney, Clayton, Norton, Sam., Newman, William, Parker, James B., Pittman, James L., Powell, Samuel T., Parks, Adam, Pinckard, William L., Price, R. F., Price, J R., Reardon, Alger P., Rosenberg, Philip R., Reppard, Robert E., Rhodes, Charles A., Slaughter, James A., Stephens, Alton P. , Stewart, George F., Stewart, Robert I^., Strickland, John H., Solomon, John L., Spivey, William D. , It was in 1893 that the Troy Rifles (Company H) were orjiauized. E. M. Shackelford served as the command's first captain and was succeeded by Graph J. Hubbard. The company served at Birmingham in 1894 during the labor riots there. Some difficulty was experienced in recruiting the volun- teers' ranks up to the required company quota and it was not until Mslj 27 that the muster in was accomplished at Mobile, though Captain Hubbard's followers were among the most enthusiastic at the rendezvous, the company having reported at Camp Clark for duty May 4. First Lieutenant C. H. Cowart who went to Mobile with the company was told by the surgical examiners that he was afflicted with an ailment which would be aggravated by army service. He withdrew, therefore, and Warren E. Andrews, who had previous officiated as first lieutenant, was selected in his place. Townsend, Samuel T., Travis, William P. , Turner, Ulysses, Taylor, Abraham H., Watson, James, Whitaker, James N., Whittemore, Waldo A., Wilson, Charles, Wilson, John W., Wright, Dowling, Warren, Robert B , Thrower, William W., Carlisle, Mulory J., Baker, Joseph F., DISCHARGED. Hough, William T., Hollingsworth, Ellison P., Espy, James, Stevenson, Thomas. DESERTED. Baker, Joseph F., Johnson, John W. 80 Men of the Second Aiabama. COMPANY I. Jackson Coiintv Volunteers. ClIARI.KH QlTlNTARD BkKCII, Captllill . GiDKON I'jucE Hon, DIN, 1st Lieut. .Tas. Rout. Cam i-hkll, 2d Lieut. Serjreaiits : Jas. McCord Skeltoii, First Sergt. Felix Robertson, k rather tlian an intelligent office. Sentinels were ])erfunct<>rily assigned to posts with kah>id(isc()pic ideas of duty, ^\'hen the day of muster out arrived there were not itH) men in lh(^ Seciond Alabama who could recite the general onlers for a sentinel. Such cursory instruction as was giv(Mi in the early service was confined largely to the catechism of compliments. More time was devoted to teaching the sentinels how to salute officers than in instructing them how to halt tres- passers and possible foemen. The First Alabama was superior to the Second in this relation. Indeed, from the beginning it was apparent that the two regiments dilFered largely in governing material. In the First Alabama there was manifest an initiative spirit on the part of a majority of the officers together with a dis- position to act in concert. But in the Second there was little evidence either of aggressiveness or mutuality. This may be attril)uted in a measure to the superior opportuni- ties afforded the First Regiment officers in the earl}' camp days to arrive at a common understanding. In after months, these officers accounted much of the regin)ental efficiency as due to tlu' dominant personality of Lieutenant Colonel McDonald. The latter joined the regiment with a record sufficiently brilliant to command for him the earnest atteu- Southern Martyrs. 107 tion of men and officers alike. As a commander of scouts in the West, he rendered distinguished service, being credited with much of the more important work that resulted in the surrender of the notorious Geronimo. Of course, the re- cruits looked up to him with expectant interest and his task of accomplishing the work set out for him was thus facilitated. To precisely what agencies the difference between the two regiments can bo justly assigned is not certain ; but true it is that there was an important and significant dif- ference. Thus it was that in the First Alabama, non- commissioned officers found much less difficulty in dis- charging the duties of their positions than did the non- coms of the Second. Though there has been much specu- lation as to the reason for this, it is easily found. In the First Regiment the enlisted men were promptly acquainted with the authorities and respective ranks of their officers, commissioned and non-commissioned. No doubt was left in the minds of any in the regiment as to the obedience and respect due those in authority. Warrants were issued the non-commissioned officers of the First Alabama Volunteers before the men left Mobile. No warrants were issued the non-commissioned officers of the Second Alabama, save in response lo a half dozen re- quests, up to the time the men reassembled from their thirty days' furlough for muster out. And this omission in Colonel Cox's regiment occurred despite the fact that army regulations prescribe, in mandatory language, that warrants shall be issued non-commissioned officers within three months after their appointments. In such organizations, where merit or ability alone were seldom the purchases to office, a large, printed sheet with formal verbiage and imposing seals was as much necessary to win obedience for non-commissioned as for commissioned officers. And this was the case particularly because in- equitable tenure of authority among the volunteers extended 108 Sources of Incompetence. to the stripes as well as the straps. The sprinkling of na- tional guardsmen were eager to divide all the honors and emoluments among themselves despite the fact tiiat they were outnumbered lij those volunteers who had never beeu militiamen. And national guard officers, in sympathy with national guard enlisted men, fostered this plan. Thus a man wlio had served as a noncommissioned officer in the national guard was frequently jjromoted "according to rank." Earnest volunteers, who had expecteil that promo- tions would be made according to relative merit and ability, became discouraged and disgusted. "We lose opportuni- ties now," some of them said, "because we were not ' tin Sf)ldiers ' before." But the inefficiency of volunteer officers did not reflect on their personal capacitie.s. Even among those who seemed least fitted for their positions were men with abundant pos- sibilities. Stout hearts and jvilliug hands characterized perhaps ninety per cent, of the Alabama liegiments' official personnel. But a thoughtless people had failed to provide a proper training for their militiamen; and the Sf)rry spec- tacle that followed the call to arms was the result of this thoughtlessness. Had the Alabama volunteers wiio wore straps been properly trained in the militia, they would have accomplished immeasurably better results in the national service. CHAPTER III. CAMPS CLARK AND JOHNSTON. jHlLE the work of recrnitiug the re^imeuts up to the requisite quota was in proj^^reas, a number of iuci- ^'(^M^^ dents occurred to engage the more buoyant interests of the encamped vohmteers. Though the women of the state had discouraged kinsmen and friends from offering themselves for service, their true mettle asserted itself when the troops commenced to assemble. To the cousiderateness and charity of the women of Alabama, hundreds of volunteers owe weeks of relief from illness and pain. More comfort was taken to the volunteer camps in womanly hands and on womanly lips than came from both the state of Alabama and the federal government. But the women did not stop with substantial contributions. They lent moral aid, en- couragement and inspiration. The men of the First Ala- bama can remember no army experience more felicitous than the presentation of their regimental flags — handsome, silken banners, hand-painted and embroidered — at Camp Clark on May 7, 1898. It was an impressive ceremony, celebrated as the parting sunlight painted the tawny bosom of the neighboring bay with a ruddy glow. The banners were given by the women of Birmingham. Miss Louise Chisholm, a beautiful young lady of the "Magic City," presented the flag. She spoke with the dramatic effect that the moment and the scene joined in lending. . The earnestness of her words lent a charm to the situation. Briefly, but expressively, she said: '^Colonel Higdon and Soldiers of the First Alabama Regi- 110 Camps Clark and Johnston. meiit: I foiiie from the woraon of Alabama, your motliers, wives and ynur sisters, to bear a raessapje and to present a ^ift wliieli sliould inspire you to heroic deeds in the camp and ou the battlefield, to protect and defend which should be your hif^hest ambition. You, sons of a race destined to rule the world, the j^alhintry of whose fathers impressed a wondering world, — to you I present your colors, the tlaj^ of our country, symbol and sentiment of a united Union, em- blem of a constitution made forever sacred by the blood of your fathers in the cause of humanity — we present you this ■flag. "The valor of a hundred battlefields will tfll ynu how to <^uard it. It was n'>ver raised but for liberty, it must never trail in dishonor. Cllorious sons of Alabama, 1 envy you your privilege. ^lay the Ctod of 1* ittles ever kft'p you in His charge, ami when you come back the women of Alabama will greet you." Not one there but in w hose memory the scene impressed itself with photographic viviilness. Each man and woman in that assemblage felt he or she was ])art of a historic pic- tur(» which might in a few weeks receive a crimson setting of patriot blood. The enthusiasm that ]>revailed was tem- pered with a deep under-current of solemnity. As Miss Chisholm hantled the flag to Colonel Higdon, the Eleventh Infantry, U. S. A. band, loaned for the occasion, struck up the "Star Spangled Banner." The depth of feeling that moved the gathering was reflected in the spontaneity with which the assemblage reverently uncovered as the national anthem swelled forth. Colonel Higdon spoke briefly and then Chaplain Fitzsimmous responded to the Birmingham women. John Kimball, of the Jefferson Volunteers, then acting color sergeant, bore the banner into the ranks of a battalion picked from the regiment to receive it. "Dixie" followed the "Star Spangled Banner." Then, another beautiful Birmingham girl. Miss Bertha Lewis, presented to the regiment a stand of colors. Step- Southern Martyrs. Ill ping forward, Miss Lewis addressed Lieutenant Colonel McDonald. "More than thirty-five years ago," she said, "the devoted women of the South placed in the hands of their husbands and brothers the 'Stars and Bars,' under which the Confederate soldier earned sad but glorious military fame and honor, in a brilliant but hopeless contest against the 'Stars and Stripes.' The same heroic devotion which animated our fathers in what they believed was a righteous cause against 'Old Glory,' prompts their sons of to day to shoulder their guns and march forth to uphold the honor of that same flag whose starry folds now wave over a united people; and as the prayers of our motliers were offered for those old soldiers, so do our prayers and blessings go with you, the brave soldiers of our state, in this struggle. As a slight expression of our love and devotion for you and the cause for which you battle, the women of Birmingham pre- sent you with this flag, the standard of our beloved state. May its bonny folds always wave over a brave and victorious army; and when on the dreary march or amid the boom of cannon and the hiss of bullets you look upon this standard, every stitch of which represents a woman's blessing and whose every thread is sanctified with woman's prayers and- tears, remember that the love and belief in you of your mothers, sisters, wives and sweethearts urge you to a brave and honorable discharge of your duty ; and their prayers are offered up for your safety and welfare. Take it, and may you sustain the honor, as your fathers have done, and as your mothers would have you do; and when you return, which God grant may be soon, though it may be worn and tattered, all Alabama will point to it as the standard of the noble First, which never trailed in the dust nor lagged be- hind ; and the smiles of Alabama's daughters will greet you as their highest hopes now follow you." Lieutenant Colonel McDonald answered eloquently, the tone and spirit of the women's words finding earnest re- sponse in the thoughts he spoke. He, too, was a Southerner; 112 Camps Clark and Johnston. and he was proud to be with an Alabama regiment which, he was convinced, would shed their last drop of blood in defense of the colors. The scenes and circumstances of patriotism that followed these speeches and made the night of May 7, 1898, one of the most remarkable in Camp Louis Y. Clark's history were indelibly impressed on the memories of the Birming- ham party which traveled 300 miles to attest their devotion to the First Alabama. The party, which reached Mobile over the Louisville & Nashville railroad, was composed of Mrs. Charles G. Brown, Mrs. F. M. Adler, Mrs. A. O. Lane, Mrs. Zack Smith, Mrs. E. L. Higdon, Mrs. T. O. Smith and Mrs. H. B. Catchiugs, Miss Louise Chisholm, ^liss Bertha Lewis, Miss Eloise Ball, Miss M. Lane, Miss Kathleen Hundley, Miss Sadie Hawkins, Miss Ella Hiibbert, Miss Tessy Fraleigh, Miss Phelan, Miss Helen Ehrmau, Miss Belle Daugais and Messrs. C. G. Browu, F. M. Adler, H. B. Catchings aud Capt. J. B. Mersou, of the Birmingham cav- alry troop. Misses Belle Dangaix and Helen Ehrmau served as maids to Miss Chisholm; aud Misses Kathleen Hundley aud Elois« Ball performed a like office for Miss Lewis. A reception at the regimental headquarters and abundant opportunities for the men of the regiment to receive the sweet consolation of womanly sympathy converted the camp for that eveuiug into a haven of hallowed iospiratioD. Then came the morrow of growing misery. Of the life that characterized the Alabama Volunteers' camps iu those davs, a soldier poet has siuce essayed these descriptive lines under the title, "Camp Life in a Nut- shell" : Ringing ballads, playing cards, Eating sidemeat, running guards ; Marching, drilling, exercising, Lying 'round philosophizing ; CAPT. JOHN D. HAGAX, Co. E, Secoxd Regiment Ala. Yols, SOUTHEEN MaKTYES. 113 Digging ditches, learning tactics, Standing guard until your back aches ; Doing laundry, picking trasn up ; Cleaning camp and dishing hash up ; Cooking pork and taking baths, Eating hardtack, cleaning paths; Getting yellow as a tanyard, Wondering when we'll meet the Spaniard • Getting letterg'from our folks, Snoozing, "boozing," cracking jokes ; Thinking of the folks— if not them, Then of svveetliearts— those who've got thein Reading papers, reading books, Fasting, grumbling, "cussing" cooks ; Writing letters, cleaning tents up, In our trousers sewing rents up ; Stewing, growling, fretting, fussing. Kicking, howling, working, "cussing;" Drilling like old-time cadets, Smoking pipes and cigarettes ; Telling stories, making wishes. Splitting wood and washing dishes; Turning in at sound of "taps," Spouting verse and shooting "craps" ; Wanting fight with Spain's "conceitos," Getting it with big mosquitoes ; Taking quinine, sick or well. Castor oil and calomel ; Running out to see the "dummies," Calling one another "rummies" ; Getting up at five o'clock. Wanting fight and hearing talk ; Thinking we are not in clover, Wondering when the war '11 be over. — FUED W. Raper, Private, Co. M, First Alabama Volunteers. But this jingle is optimistic. It does not mention the ab- sence of adequate food and raiment, the scarcity of shelter and the lack of proper medical attention. It says nothing of the distresses and inconveniences imposed on the Ala- bama Volunteers by the slipshod, hap-hazard methods the 114 Camps Clark and Johnston. governmeut adopted in accepting their services and muster- ing them in. The men who lived in Camps Clark and Johnston from their establishment to their abandonment ■will find vast quantities of unintended irou}^ in this extract from a circular letter sent out by Colonel Higdon on May 1, 1898, to company commanders : "Each enlisted man will be required to have : One small Bible ; two woolen blankets (single) ; two knit undershirts (woolen) ; two pairs drawers (knit) ; four pairs socks (light woolen) ; two towels ; one housewife, with needles, thread and buttons (preferably patent bachelor buttons) ; six ex- tra shoe strings ; one pair suspeuders ; hair brush and comb ; clothes brush ; tooth brush and tooth powder ; razor, brush, strap and small glass ; soap and soap box ; pencil, paper and stamps." A majority of the men arrived at Mobile with onl}^ the clothes they wore. ***** ****-)(• There had been an excess of jubilance during the early camp diiys. Those who reached Camps Clark aud John- ston before May 10, 1898, seemed to regard their enlist- ment as a huge outing on which there would be mingled felicit}' and danger, the latter only enhancing the former. There was no limit to their exuberance. It was "huge sport" for them to parade through the camps in noisy, shouting, yelling, screaming, singing crowds whose only purpose seemed to be to evince their delight in the most boisterous fashion possible. Taps would suspend but not subdue these orgies. From one end of camp to the other bursts of laughter and raillery echoed from tent to tent until approaching dawn brought with it exhaustion. Reveille would find the previous night's revelers hoarse and tired but retreat witnessed their recuperation and a resump- tion of the clamorous programme. Then followed the gradual accession of painful soberness — the realization that things were not so joyous as had been expected. Con- Southern Martyrs. 115 tinned absence of satisfactory food and adeqnate clothing and shelter converted jollity into anxiety. ^ ***** * The food was worse than that afterward furnished dur- ing the most trying period of the two Alabama regiments' history. When Gen. W. M. Graham testified before the War Investigating Committee, October 12, 1898, concerning the conditions at Camp Alger, near Washington, D. C, he might accurately have made the following language refer also to the Alabama volunteers : "While the commissary supplies were plentiful, the men were often without the prescribed rations, because the regimental officers were not sufficiently impressed with the importance of drawing their food. This was especially true in the matter of fresh meat. In one case an officer of a Kansas regiment had re- fused to draw the fresh beef rations until he could have a saw with which to cut it up." The general also found many of the volunteer officers to be ignorant of the methods of preparing the requisitions. It is interesting to know that in .September, 1898, at Jacksonville, Fla., Capt. F. W. Cole, quartermaster for the First Division of the Seventh Army Corps, in response to questions, said to the writer : "Such distress as has been occasioned in the Alabama regiments by the absence of rations or their tardiness in arriving in camp has been due to the ignorance or incompetence of volunteer officers who have persistently disregarded the set rules for the drawing of supplies." But the food situation at Camps Clark and Johnston was complicated by a multiplicity of untoward circumstances. First, it was understood that the government would allow only six days' rations for recruits between the time of their arrival in camp and their muster in. This, of course, made the situation embarrassing not only for the recruits but for the regimental officers and the regular army men on de- tached quartermaster's duty with the two regiments. The 116 Camps Clark and Johnston. most aj^gravatiug feature was the total iguorance of the militiamen coucerniug economizatiou of supplies. lu- experienced quartermasters and iucorapeteut cooks reu- dered these conditions distressing. It is true, however, that many of the volunteers strove industriously to improve the arrangements but lack of proper training frustrated their eftbrts. For awhile, negro cooks were employed but even this experiment was not satisfactor3^ The recruits having entered camp, fresh from the comforts, conveniences and amplitude of domestic life, expected as good sustenance as they would receive in barracks. And there was no tenable ground for giving them food inferior in quality or quantity. Bat as early as May 16, a conservative Mobile paper published this paragraph : "There is considerable complaint about the fare among the men of the Second Regiment. One com- pany claims that it had ncjtliing for su])per last night but bread and coffee without sugar." Subsequent developments showed that much of the responsibility for the inferior fare rested on company commanders who not onl}' failed to detail the most com- petent cooks available, bat absolutely neglected to observe the regulations which require frequent inspections of the kitchens and the meals served the enlisted men. Indeed, the writer, from personal observation, is prepared to say most positively that not more than three company com- manders in the Second Alabama obeyed the order requiring that they visit and inspect their company kitchens three times each day. Thus, as late as August 11, 1S98, com- plaints reaching the commanding officer impelled him to include this paragraph in a circular : "The old order re- lating to visits by company commanders to kitchens three times a day is still in force and the commanding officer feels that to call your attention to the fact is sufficient." Southern Martyes. 117 But the colonel's hints were seldom effective in the Second Alabama. * * * * * * ■ ^ Dissatisfaction in Camps Clark and Johnston sprang from a dozen different sources. In the latter camp, dis- cipline was delayed through laxity on the part of command- ing officers. Anxious to retain full company strength until the muster in was accomplished, they were reluctant to punish men for breaches of order — they feared a stringent enforcement of regulations would disgust recruits and prompt them to desert. In this way earnest volun- teers suffered injustice and hardship. Men living in the vicinity of the camps were accustomed to spend most of their time at home or in the society of friends. "Running the guard lines" became the most common indulgence among the volunteers. The lack of dignity with which the officers themselves treated guard duty only added to the inefficiency of the sentinels ; and it was an easy task to slip in and out of camp. Thus, when duty rosters were made up, men absent without leave escaped work while those who remained in camp were chosen for tours from which they had already earned relief. Loyalty and attentiveness became the title to hardship; disobedience won excuse from duty. It is no wonder then that many men became chagrined and disgusted at the outstart. Eager recruiting agents and officers had assured them that the government's issue of equipage was already at the ren- dezvous ; that only a few brief formalities separated the recruits from the regular allowance of uniform and cloth- ing. And men who reached camp found that not only was the army clothing weeks distant, but that few blankets and less shelter were provided and that the absence of discip- line worked injustice on those who attempted to serve dutifully. Weak officers were disposed to be lenient, oblivious that in their leniency lay unfairness. Lack of j)roper instruc- 118 Camps Clark and Johnston. tion, iguorance of men and affairs and inexperience with things military found them unconscious of the fact that, in the army, equality and justice can be had only by a uni- form enforcement of discipline. Volunteers became doubtful as to the wisdom of taking the oath of service. Men commenced to desert before they were mustered in. The followiuji; significant order indi- cates the condition of affairs at that time : Headquarters First Alabama Voiantekks, Cash- Clark, May 14, 1898. Orders No. 10.] Company coiniiiaiulers who have men in tlieir ranks wlio have passed examination and wlio have refused to be mustered will cause said men to be oonlined in the guardhouse and rejtort same to the regimental c.>mtnaiider. By order of Colonel Hiooon. E. D. Johnston, First Lieutenant and Adjutant. CHAPTER lY. RECRUITING THE REGIMENTS. fUT there was no lack of magnificent military material. It is certain that no state in the Union offered finer specimens of manhood for the volunteer army than did Alabama. And the examining surgeons weeded out those who were in the least defective. An index to the rig- idity of the physical examinations was furnished by the rejection of men who had been known in their respective localities as athletes of more than ordinary merit. Wrest- lers and boxers were rejected with as little ceremony as were men of puny stature. A man might show great muscular power but unless his physique indicated a capacity for sus- tained effort, unless his vital organs were unimpaired, he was not accepted. Endurance and faultless organisms were required. Eugene McElroy, of the Bessemer Rifles, was re- jected despite the fact that he had a wide reputation as a heavy-weight prize fighter. The eagerness of men to serve their country was proved by the grief that rejection caused them. It was a common scene for a rejected volunteer to lie sobbing bitterly in his tent. Unaccepted men walked from the surgeons' head- quarters with tear-stained faces distorted by poignant sor- row. The affecting adieus told the accepted soldiers by those returning home afforded a powerful inspiration for the men remaining in camp. The regret of ineligible com- rades over their inability to accompany them gave to the volunteers an exalted conception of their position and 120 Recruiting the Regiments. steeled them to bear with commendable fortitude the hard- ships that came afterward. Still, the extremely rigid examinations delayed the mus- ter proceedings. There were not enough surgeons to ex- pedite the work. Companies were not lined up for physi- cal inspection until their rolls showed the required quota. The delays thus occasioned lost a number of recruits who gave way to the dijjcoutent that came to them in those days of suspense. These losses perturbed the officers. Moreover, the mustering officer's announcement that the men await- ing muster woidd be subsisted onl>' six tla^'S b}- the federal authorities, made it appear unwise to send any more troops to Mobile until the men ah-eady there couhl be dis- posed of. This advice was telegraphed tc; R. F. Ligon, ad- jutant general of the state, ou May 3. It defern'd the ar- rival in camp of several companies whos«!) strength was meanwhile depleted by the loss of men wlio became im- patient during the delay. An authorized statement was given out for Governor Johnston at that time as follows : "It will be seen that Alabama is sending in her troops more rapidly than the government can receive and care for them. The governor informs the secretary of war that he has sent Alabama troops to the point designated b}- him ; that he had no re- quest that any part of the quota should be delayed and that he will expect the government to care for them until mustered in. The governor thinks when the president in- formed him how many troops he desired assembled at Mo- bile, if he did not want them at once, notice should have been given him. The governor has no apprehension but that the troops will be properly cared for." Pressure was brought to bear and, as a consequence, the volunteer regimental surgeons were sworn in to aid the reg- ular examiners. Arrangement was made, also, for the sub- sistence on government rations of those volunteers who were forced to remain in camp more than six days before Southern Martyrs. 121 their muster could be accomplished. Some of the volun- teers were in Camp Johnston three weeks before their com- panies took the oath of service. Companies K, L and G of the First Kegiment, were mus- tered in, May 9, 1898, at 11 a. m. Company A was to have gone through the exercise at the same time but the com- mander, Captain Parkes, had not been accepted, and his men declined to take the oath unless he were allowed to lead them. Companies K, L and G assembled under a clump of trees in the north end of Camp Clark. Each man had already signed the muster roll. Solemnly, with an earnestness that impressed the spectators as prophetic, the soldiers uncovered and, with thair right hands aloft, bowed their heads in assent to the oath as read by the mustering officer, Lieutenant Hollis: "I do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States of America, and I will serve them honestly and faithfully against all their enemies whomsoever ; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to the rules and articles of war." Soldiers and spectators cheered alike enthusiastically at the close of the ceremony ; and the mustered volunteers re- turned proudly to their quarters, exultant over the fact that they were the first men in the state to go through the ex- ercise. Captain Parkes and his company were mustered the next day. On all sides, there was an eagerness to hasten through the formalities necessary to make the volunteers "full-fledged soldiers." It was set forth to the men that if they were mustered in time, they would be paid their first wages in the early part of the following month. Moreover, it was pointed out that the sooner the oath of service was taken, the sooner the men would receive their allowance of clothes and equipage. In the First Alabama, the examining surgeons and the 122 Recruiting the Regiments. mustering officer prosecuted their work with expedition. The physical examiuatious of Colonel Hij^don's regiment, wliich commenced May 3, were completed in ten days, the surgeons turning tln'ir attention to the Second Alabama on May 13. The Warrior Guards were the first company of Colonel Cox's command to unilorgo the examiners' scrutiny. Of the 103 men who applied for enlistment under Cai)tain Brandon, just twenty-three were rejected, the company be- ing left with precisely the number of accepted men required for muster. Meanwhile the muster work in the First Ahii»ania had progressed with such rapidity that only three companies of Colonel Higdon's command remained to be sworn, the Bessemer Rith's having taken tiie oath on May 11 and the Etowah Rifles, the Anniston Rifles, the Joe Johustcjn llilh's and the Huntsville Rifles on May i3. The Oxford Ritles were miisterHd, May 14, and the Wheeler Ritles, May 17. Then followed an interval of a week in which strenuous efforts were made to secure the few recruits remaining nec- essary' to accomplish the muster of the Clark or Bowie Rifles. Recruiting ofticers were dis})atched to Northern Alabama and advertisements were circulated for volunteers. But the difficulties which beset the Second Alabama at | that period were incalculably more embarrassing. Up to ^ May 11, there were only eight companies in Camp Johnston. On that da}', In^wever, the Mobile Cadets and the Lomax Rifles reported for duty. Five days later, May 13, the Eu- faula Rifles arrived. It was not until tiiat da^- that Cap- tain Bramlon succeeded in having his company, the Warrior Guards, mustered. At the conclusion of the ceremony, the captain, a gifted orator, made his men a stirring speech. He reminded them that they composed the first company in the Second Alabama to be mustered and he hoped they would be first in everj'thing else pertaining to the regi- mental history. He referred also to the Guards' proud re- cord and concluded with an eloquent appeal to the men's Southern Martyrs. 123 patriotism. The scene of enthusiasm that followed only tended to intensify the envy of the unmustered soldiers in other companies and to aggravate their restlessness. Up to that time, four other companies had been examined by the surgeons — the Montgomery Greys, the Montgomery True Blues, the Phoenix City Rifles and the Troy Rifles. But rejections so depleted the strength of the last three companies that they were forced to send out recruiting officers. The Montgomery Greys, however, passed the sur- gical examiners with a sufficient number of accepted volun- teers to be mustered on May 18. * * * -x- * * * The difficulty experienced in obtaining recruits and the disposition of volunteers to become disgusted over the distressing delay prompted the officers of the Second to re- sort to a system of transfers similar to that by which the First Alabama had expedited its muster pioceedings. Men were discussing their liability to punishment for deserting before they took the oath of service. Volunteers, who con- cluded that the government was so neglectful it did not de- serve patriotic services at that-time, urged a right to leave camp and return home. Others who were not yet dis- couraged argued that the men, who accepted rations on the representation that they intended to enlist and afterward refused to do so, were guilty of obtaining goods on false pretenses. In the end, however, no one was punished who deserted before taking the oath of service. At all events it was considered necessary to muster the men in order to hold them in camp. Therefore, as soon as a company approached its quota of accepted men it was loaned a sufficient number of volunteers to pass muster. These loaned men messed, tented and drilled with the com- pany with which they had entered camp. But their names were carried on the muster roll of the borrowing company and so long as this condition continued it was necessary for them to draw their pay and equipments with the latter 124 Recruiting the Regiments. command. Of course, this plan occasioued cousideral)le coufusiou aud au immense amount of clerical work ; l)ut there was urgent need for its adoption. By means of this transfer method, the Gulf City Guards were mustered in May 21, and the Phoenix City Rifles, May 23. But for more than a week there had been p;rave and perplexing doubt as to the whereabouts of the Second Regiment's twelfth com pan}'. The Eufaula Rifles' arrival in Camp Johnston on May IG had given the Second its eleventh company but Colonel Cox and his oflicers were much exercised as to what provision the governor could make for tiin command still lacking. Tlie state executive had steadfastly refused to accept any company whicih could not offer the stipulated quota of eighty men. A captain at Vernon and another at Greenville had each offered tift}' men, but in vain. The Alexander City Rifles and the national guard company at Fort Di'posit were also willing to 8«irve, but they could not raise sufHcient ukmi. The volunteers at those points were eager to go only if tliey would be pcr- Uiilted to retain their respective company organizations. While this speculation was rifr, the two regiments rivaled each other's industry in the (piost for individual recruits. Already there had grown up a friendly spirit of contest be- tween the two commands. But on tha search for recruits, each volunteer felt he had material beside sentimental ends to serve. Every man strove to hasten the muster of his own regiment. In this way, circumstances arose bordering at once on the stern and the ludricous. A writer for a Mobile paper at that time attempted to describe a com- mon scene at Frascati as follows : "Scene at Camps Clark-Johnston : — Half a dozen travel- stained, bewhiskered Alabama farmers witli carpet-bags in hand alight from the electric car. Immediately they are espied by Colonel Higdon and staft'. At the same time. Colonel Cox aud staff, who are watching the car station through field glasses, in the haze of evening atmosphere, Southern Martyrs. 125 read upon the carpet-bags the unmistakable sign 'Eecruit.' In both camps the long roll is beat, and all of the men arise and shout 'Eecruits, recruits !' Emissaries are sent out from each camp to greet the new arrivals. The farmers look on in bewilderment at the array of white tents and gorgeous uniforms. 'You want to go to Camp Clark,' says one detachment. 'Oh, no, you are looking for Colonel Cox,' exclaims the sergeant who represents Camp Johnston. There is a pitched battle in words and pantomime, at the end of which the emissaries from both regiments return triumphantly to either camp with a 'split delegation,' a compromise having been arrived at whereby the recruits are divided between Colonels Higdon and Cox." ******* In those days of suspense, a sort of frenzy was communi- cated to the waiting volunteers by the trains that passed their camps over the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The track extended alongside of the kitchens. The whistle of a locomotivp, a glimpse of blue or brown in one of the ap- proaching car windows, a shout of "Soldiers !" and in another instant both regiments were crowded along the track. Happy soldiers, bound for the front, waved their hats at the envious volunteers huddled along the road and the latter waved Godspeed in turn. Each train with soldier passengers added to the impatience of the Ala- baraians. Afterward, when a flotilla of transports steamed out across the bay to the ocean beyond, bearing a division of "regulars" to Tampa, the disappointment of the volun- teers who remained behind became exasperating. In those days, too, the Alabama regiments' rank and file commenced to learn how far they were from a condition available for active service. Most of the enlisted men had supposed that a few weeks would prepare the recruits for the severest tasks of campaigning; and most of the volun- teer officers had shared this belief. But the palpably indif- ferent results that accrued from more than a month of 126 Recruiting the Regiments. arduous drilliug sbowed the eager patriots bow much they were mistaken. Before tlie men left Camps Clark and Johnston they realized that they were not yet "fit to fight." It was during that period, too, that the organization of the First Alabama showed its superior advantages. At a meeting of tlie non-commissioned ofiieers of the First on May 13, lo98, Maj. Tom O. Smitb instructed the non-coms to acquaint themselves at once witb those details of military training that would render them efficient on the firing or skirmish line. In furtherance of these instructions, Sergt. Major Leon Schwarz posted a notice on his bulletin board directing the various first sergeants to visit as frequently as ])ossible tbe eami)s of the regular soldiers in tlie vicinity of Mobile. The sergeant major of the First Regiment, liini- self, set the example of studying the "regulars" in camp and gaining from these studies a comprehensive fund of practical military information wjiieh the state had neglected to give its militia. Unfortunately for Colonel Cox's regi- ment, this lead was not followed by those in authority at Camp Johnston. The difTerence in results was shown in a short time. In the First Regiment a police sergeant was detaib^d to take charge of the camp's cleanliness. D. D. McClung, of Com- pany M, was appointed to this position. There was thus a means of fixing the responsibility for violations of the sani- tary rules. In the Second Regiment the police work was done by fatigue details under non-commissioned officers assigned from day to day. The latter's duties on these de- tails were regarded as drudgery and were discharged in a careless fashion. The fact that the work was classed as "fatigue" seemed to the non-coms of the Second to rob it of possibilities of credit. Failure to arouse the enlisted men's ambitions was re- sponsible for other shortcomings in Colonel Cox's regiment. Little or no recognition was given service. William B. Kramer, of Company E, and Charles Faber, of Company D, were told that they ranked as engineer sergeants and that Southern Martyrs. 127 they should superintend a system of drainage for Camp Johnston. Both were competent, but no .emolument at- tached to the unconfirmed appointments and both found that the work embroiled them in embarrassments because no pain was taken to give them warrant of rank or exemp- tion from other duty. After a time, they ceased "to act as "engineer sergeants." Theirs was one of many instances in which it seemed that plans were made and abandoned with puerile capriciousness and whimsicality. The men were deeply concerned over the character of the equipments scheduled for them. Stories of the Spanish army's formidability with the Mauser gun rendered the vol- unteers eager for the Krag-Jorgensen rifle. They learned to entertain a contempt for the old Springfield rifle with which the militia had been armed. At the same time that they speculated on the ordnance designed for them, they continued to subsist largely on contributions of food and comforts forwarded from different parts of the state. Bir- mingham sent whole carloads of provisions to the First Eegiment and the Louisville & Nashville Railroad trans- ported these contributions free of charge. Tuscaloosa sent the Warrior Guards generous quantities of "good things"; Montgomery shipped edibles to the two companies bearing her name ; and Eufaula and Troy sent to the volunteers from their town a number of donations. But all this time the tardiness with which recruits reached camp and the inconveniences thrust upon the volunteers already there continued. So urgent became the need for additional men that various recruiting schemes were devised. Captain Robinson of the Mobile Rifles, Second Alabama, proposed to the four aspirants for a lieutenancy then vacant in the company that the one who secured the largest number of recruits should get the office. The proposition was accepted but the arrangement was never consummated. In those days the two regiments dubbed each other "Hig- don's Hoboes" and "Cox's Army." CHAPTER V. MUSTHRINT, IX. \ letter by Capt. G. P. Barr, of Company G, Secoiul Alabama, to the Eufaula Dnlhi Thncs, uuiler il'to of May 27, f^ives au iiiklin<^' of the situation at that time. The following extract shows that even then the dif- forence between the "regulars" and volunteers was a])- parent ; that the bettor care taken of enlisted men by com- petent officers was reflected in the supeiioritv of the regu- lar army men's condition over the volunteers' plight : "Regarding the fare of the regulars it is, as stated by your correspondent, 'all right.' They have not only the substan- tial food which we get, but all the season's delicacies, which they secure by disposing economically of the rations issued, too plentifully, by Uncle Sam and exchanging them for these delicacies. One company is not only faring well but has something like $1,500 surj)lus in the treasury obtained in this manner. I mention this merely as an exam])le of the liberal quantity issued each company, and that we, too, will in time fare just as well under ])roper management, and we are blessed in this particular in having a quartermaster that's also all right. { "Health in camp is especially good considering the num- ber here. T(Hlay I made a trij) to the hospital and found only two confined therein, out of about 850 located here. \ "The water we get, though somewhat warm, is absolutely pure. This, in a large measure, contributes to the health of the camp. In this connection, we wish to express appre- ciation and 'extend sincere thanks to Miss Belle Oppen- 1st LIEUT. LEOX SCHWARZ, Battalion Adhtant. First Reciment Ala. Vols, Southern Martyrs. 129 heimer and the people of Eufaula who so kiudly furnished the 'wherewith' to buy ice. Quite a number are also in- debted to Miss Mary Ellen Vaughan for smoking tobacco. "As to the supposed coming disbandmeut of this, the Second Regiment, the statement is merely a surmise on the part of your informant and absolutely unfounded. Only 150 men are needed to complete the regiment and recruits are arriving daily. In case Company G is not filled by vol- unteers from Eufaula, her quota will be supplied by other companies here. While we much prefer having the com- pany composed of men from Eufaula and vicinity, if we don't get them there, we will have them from elsewhere." Captain Barr's prophecy that the volunteers would, after a time, fare as well as the "regulars," was never realized in the Alabama regiments. Officers were lacking to exercise the required judgment and economy, to teach the enlisted men how best to serve their own material interests, to in- spect the kitchens and scrutinize the quartermaster's stores, in short, "to take care of their men." ***** ***** There were many circumstances during the Alabama regiments' encampment in and near Mobile that, overlooked at the time, afterward became subjects of thoughtful con- sideration. The first religious service conducted for the benefit of Alabama volunteers was held, Sunday, May 8, in the rear of Colonel Higdon's headquarters. Chaplain Fitzsimmous of the First Regiment led in prayer and chose for the text of his sermon, a verse from Nehemiah, "They had a mind to work." Companies of both regiments were marched to the place of devotion and a large gathering of citizens attended the divine exercises. A week later, the Young Men's Christian Association established its army tents in Camps Clark and Johnston. Newspapers, magazines, stationery and pens and ink were furnished the volunteers. Song services were held at these 9 130 Mustering In. tents in the evenings; and frequently, soldiers, moved by emotion, would feelingly address comrades on the good de- rived from purity of mind and deed. Those were affecting incidents and did much to uplift and hallow the volunteers' lot. At the same time, several lying sensationalists contrived to circulate a report that women visiting the camps were subject to insult. Fully two weeks elapsed before the ladies of Mobile became convinced of the shameful mendac- ity of these stories and there were some women who never did develop sufficient temerity to enjoy the hospitality cf the camps. Of course, this condition of affairs was in no small way discouraging to the large element of gentlemanly fellows to v»diom female society would have been as much a source of strength as were the delicacies their friends sent them. But there were in Mobile a number of noble women who were never deterred from the path tbat their kindly hearts selected; and the names of many of them were inscribed in golden letters on the grateful memories of hundreds of volunteers. Probably none of these women accomplished as much good among the Alabama soldiers as Mrs. Harvey E. Jones. Having two sons in the Second Alabama — mem- bers of the Mobile Cadets — she took a deep and loving in- terest first in that company and afterward in both regiments, supplying food and underclothing out of her own purse to distressed and needy recruits. Ice was furnished to the Y. M. C. A. tents and fresh milk to the soldiers' hospital. As the distress among the recruits from the rural districts became evident, a relief much more extensive than one person could afford was rendered necessary. At a meeting of the Mobile Chapter, Daughters of the Confederacy, on May 13, 1898, Mrs. Jones proposed that active measures be taken to relieve and care for the sons of Confederate veterans en- listed in the volunteer regiments. From the fact that many of Mrs. Jones' coadjutors were not Daughters of the Con- Southern Martyrs. 131 federacy, it was thought best to organize a separate relief association, having, however, the countenance and support of every Daughter. With the aid of the Ann T. Hunter Auxiliary of the United Confederate Veterans and a num- ber of disinterested ladies, this was done, the Ladies' Soldiers' Belief Association being formed with Mrs. Jones at the head. Intelligent and earnest assistance was ren- dered her by Mesdames Thomas, Levy, Eichard Sheridan, E. W. Christian, E. B. Vaughan, S. Elder and James K. Glennon;Miss Amaute Semmes and a number of others whose names, unfortunately, are not furnished the his- torian. Contributions of money and clothing were received, no systematic solicitation being made, and the organized relief was extended to all the needful volunteers in and around Mobile. Contracts for ice, milk and buttermilk were made ; men were clothed and cared for and the sick and convales- cent were tenderly looked after. In a number of instances, transportation was furnished convalescing soldiers to their homes and they were started off with a hearty "God bless you" and a box of savory lunch. Sick soldiers were taken to the homes of gentle women and nursed back to health with motherly tenderness. •x- * * * * * * The first "dress" parade given by Alabama volunteers was that of the First Kegiment on May 10. The Second Alabama had a similar drill on -May 15, but at that time Colonel Cox's cor>imand consisted of only ten companies. The designation of commands by letters and their assign- ment to battalions occupied more attention in the Second than in the First Eegiment, as all of Colonel Higdon's com- panies, save two, retained their national guard characteriza- tions. In Colonel Cox's command, ten companies having been drafted from two militia regiments and the other two being volunteer organizations, there was a conflict of com- 132 Mustering In. pany letters ; and the desigDations wertj iu several cases de- cided by tossing coins. The companies of the First Alabama were for the second time assigned to battalions on May 22, 1898. Their order was subsequently changed, but under the arrangement of May 22, they were placed as follows : First Battalion, Maj. Tom O. Smith — Company A, Wood- lawn Light Infantry; Company G, Jefferson Volunteers; Com})any K, Birmingham Ititles ; Company L, Huey Guards. Second Battalion, Maj. D. D. McLeod — Company D, An- niston llifles ; Company H, Bessemer Ilifles ; Company I, Calhoun llifles ; Company M, Bowie Volunteers. Third Battalion, M;ij. O. Kyle— Company B, Wheeler Bifles ; Ccjmpany C, Etha})lain Harte for the hospital. Money was also sent him to purchase delicacies for tlie sick ; and he was instructed to call on the Ladies' Stjldiers' Relief Association for au3'tliing of service that could be forwarded to him. The innumerable kindnesses of Mrs. Jones to the soldiers were emulated by many other Mobile women, but various circumstances contributed to blazon her in both Alabama regiments as a ministering angel. Col. Harvey E. Jones, her husband, was probably more widely known among the Alabama troops than any other Mobilian, and the scores of letters that he received from Confederate vet- erans and other friends begging him to "look after" their boys in different companies, were turned over to his wife ; and before the two regiments left Spring Hill her personal acquaintance had extended to every company in the two commands. ***** ***** The trip to Miami was a sequence of hearty receptions. The volunteers were elated. The cordiality of the towns en route made the soldiers' lot appear for the nonce much better than the government's iucousiderateness had ren- dered it. Fruits and sandwiches were tossed into the trains at dozens of stations. Each regiment's transportation facil- ities consisted of three sections composing in the aggregate thirty-two cars and coaches. The first sections, composed of fourteen cars each, bore the advance guard in charge of the stock and equipage. The following sections each car- ried thirteen coaches alloted to six companies and a Pull- man coach for the officers. Five days' travel rations were furnished the men but the lavish donations en route afforded ample and much more Southern Martyrs. 155 tasteful subsistence. The trains made moderate progress and the soldiers seemed to regard the trip as a prodigiously pleasant excursion. At one place in Georgia, men on one of the Second Alabama's sections climbed through the car windows and innocently raided a neighboring watermelon patch while the engine was taking on water. At Fort Pierce, Fla., a committee of citizens furnished chicken and ham sandwiches, gratis. Pineapples were flung into the cars at every stopping place in Florida ; and at Jensen, a citizen, Ed Coon, gave a whole carload of the luscious fruit to the soldiers. Those were merry days for the volunteers — but, then came the martyrdom of Miami. The First Alabama reached the "Camp of Horrors" on June 26. Colonel Cox's command, the last of the division placed en route, arrived there, June 30. CHAPTER YIII. WHAT CIVILIANS SAW. JfifvOHN S. Kend-ill and C. A. Williams, correapoudents ^ife "'^'itli the First Division, Seventh Army Corps — the ^i^^ regiments from Texas, Louisiana and Alabama hav- ing been transferred in the latter ])art of June from General Coppingers's to General Lee's command — for the New Orleans Piciujunv and Houston Post, resj>eotivelv, have furnished the subjoined personal letters. Both gentle- men shared the comforts of the officers' tents and messes or lived occasionally among the more civil surroundings of the town of Miami itself. Tiieir views, therefore, are the im- pressions of men who saw but did not suffer. And then, too, as "outsiders," they were frt'ijUtMitly debarred from cof- nizauce of outrages and impositions that go to make up those Satanic arcana classed as "regimental secrets." But what these gentlemen write is instructive : Jacksonville, Fla., October lo. 1898. A full story of the camp at Miami, Fla., will probably never be written. Each man knows what came under his own observation ; but none of n.s suffered the full round of privation and disease in that place. The stories which have been printed about Montauk and the other camps in the north, where the troops from Santiago were tiken after the fall of the city, were anticipated in Miami. The same inefficiency, official neglect and cruel suffering occurred at both places. But at Miami there were circumstances which made the troops specially worthy of recognition as heroes and martyrs. They were taken there to gratify a private enterprise and to compensate a political debt. They were sent to a climate as hot and debilitating as any that American troops have Southern Martyks. 157 been required to exist in. They were compelled to per- form not once, but constantly, the evolutions that soldiers are expected to execute on the battlefield ; and this, in scorching heat without water, without proper food and through a country which in wildness and ruggedness equaled, if it did not surpass, the jungles of Santiago. Men died from the hardship of the work. It was noth- ing for a hundred men to fall exhausted on the stones of that jungle-laud and be taken in the ambulances to linger through tedious illnesses in the hospital. Tliey camped in sand where every breeze whirled the dust and dirt into their food ; they sweltered by day under the sun-baked tents and by night shivered in the wet wind. They drank water impregnated by the refuse of the camps and thick with unmentionable foulness. They were taken to hospitals where the chief surgeon acknowledged no authority and refused to give them the attention which their commanders demanded for them. In their illness they tossod on sheetless mattresses, tormented by flies and insects, lacking the attention of skilled nurses, inadequately supplied with medicines, half the time without ice or milk and never furnished with those dainties for which an in- valid yearns, until three disinterested ladies undertook to supply them at their own expense. What wonder that they died ? And those who survived — are they not entitled to the honor and aflfection of their fellow-countrymen ? Have they not suffered as much as those whom a better fortune sent to the brief and glorious hardships of an active cam- paign in the enemy's country ? I think they are entitled to be remembered with those other heroes who fell at San Juan and El Caney. They had a patient and uncomplain- ing courage which, to us, who lived among them and saw their suffering, appeared as sublime an exhibition as ever war has shown. This is the part of the story which will never be told. I began by saying that no one of us knew the full extent 158 What Civilians Saw. of wl)at our men suffered. I end by sayinj; that no one but the God of Battles knows the limit of the heroism, the patriotism, the silent devotion and the uncomplaining en- durance that was wasted in that camp whose beauty so ill- accords with its pestilence-haunted history. John S. Kendall. ******* Houston, Tex., October 15, 18S8. Truly, no more apt term than "Southern Martyrs" could be a])plied to the soldiers of the First Division, Seventh Army Corps, who for seven long and weary weeks suflFered all the hardships of an active cam])aign, notwithstanding the fact that they were in their own peaceful country and that their only enemies were an incompetent War Department and a millionaire investor wliose political " pull " was proved to be so powerful as to completely overshadow and over-ride the recommendations and protests of staff officers appointed b}- the United States government for the purpose of protecting its interests and the interests of its arm}'. It is a sad commentary on this grand republic of ours that at such a time the influence of a capitalist should be considered above and beyond the re]iorts made to the War Department by such men as Brigadier General James F. Wade, Lieut. Col. Curtis Guild, Jr., and Lieutenant Col- onel Mans, the latter two of General Fitzhugh Lee's staff. Yet such was the case at Miami, Fla., the southern term- inus of the Florida East Coast Eailway and the southern- most point in Florida reached by a railroad. Miami is a paradox, if there ever was one. In the im- mediate vicinity of the Royal Palm Hotel, where the beau- tiful ^liami River joins its limpid waters with those of Biscayne Bay, where tro])ical trees, lovely as a painted picture, stir softly over lawns of velvet green, in response to the caresses of the languorous Southern breeze, where, the white-winged boats go out across the bay, between the SOUTHEKN MaRTYKS. 159 keys, into the broad Atlantic beyond, where every live thing seems happy and glad, where, in short, "every pros- pect pleases and only man is vile" — there is beauty indeed, and of a kind which would warm the heart of the painter and intoxicate the senses of the lover of the artistic in art and nature. But behind this picture there is another, a horrible, fest- ering, repulsive, putrefying picture, like unto the whitening bones of a grinning skeleton masked by the form of a beau- tiful, voluptuous woman, a picture which is buried indeli- bly into my memory, there to remain as long as life — a pic- ture of man's inhumanity to man, where human beings were treated like brutes and, after so long a time, debased to the level of the animal, the larger portion of their kindly in- stincts, their innate refinement and their respect oif the Deity crushed and ground out of them by the ceaseless pressure. As I close my eyes and look back over the events of the past five months, the impressions received on my arrival at Miami — the first newspaper correspondent to enter there — are clear and distinct. The beauty of the place appealed to me strongly and I felt satisfied with the lot which cast me there until the novelty and the glamour passed away, the scales dropped from my eyes and the real took the place of the ideal. Volunteer soldiers who had never known what it was to labor, slaved away in the broiling sun, clearing the ground — if ground it can be called — of the heavy boulders, the sharp and jagged portions of coraline rock, the palmetto scrub, the heavy logs, the wandering roots of the tropical trees and the thousand and one other obstacles which en- cumbered all of the region except that which had been im- proved by the Flagler people at the expense of millions of dollars. There had been practically no attempt made to clear the territory alloted to any of the six regiments com- posing the division, except that assigned to the First Texas which was the first to arrive and which was located directly cm tfne bay i ' : - 7 > ' _ " £ - - - - J^^er- SeeotHni Tex .- ::iie ^raH^J OO-Cl-cJ. CJV jILs saem. as tiB@ exinre _ - : ^.sk of gsHii. _ samps I «lirill?f^;T m p omer : iLtL - - ' 9i»£al sun, tibe^ 1 raHied, char. . : -j-yt of whie: ; :_iarr — tc- " Southern Martyrs. 161 so ? The War Department bad already declared its iuten- tion of reserving the Seventh Corps for a winter campaign, yet the First Division of this once great organization was drilled as it miglit have been drilled had there been any chance whatever of its seeing immediate service. Over that God-forsaken road to that alleged drill ground marched the men of six regiments every day. The burning sun beat down upon them, the thick dust was in their lungs and in their nostrils, they were bathed in perspira- tion. Surely the Rough Hiders in that never-to-be-forgotten charge of theirs, did no harder work, nor, aside from the Mauser bullets, suffered more. Yet not a man complained. Many fell out of the ranks and sought the scant shade of the trees by the roadside when human endurance was taxed to its utmost, but not a murmur came from those brave Southern men. The blood which fired the heroes of the Lost Cause was in their veins. They had enlisted to de- fend the flag their fathers fought — hated then, but beloved now ; they hoped to meet the enemy and with that hope ever before their eyes they toiled and suffered on, bravely, unflinchingly. All honor be to them, say I ! And then, after a few days of this sort of life, the men who had been so full of health and life and vitality at Mo- bile, began to sicken and to die. They might possibly have withstood the ravages of the mosquitoes and the sandflies, and the fearfully hard drills and marches, had the things they put into their stomachs to build up the tissue de- stroyed by their labors, been of the proper character. But instead of pure, clean water, that greatest of all natural in- vigorators, they were given a poisonous, polluted fluid which has since been unhesitatingly condemned by the ex- perts of the Smithsonian Institute and by Dr. Archinard and Prof. Metz of New Orleans. This water was supposed to have its origin in pure springs back in the Everglades. The agents of the man who owned Miami said that this was 11 162 "What Civilians Saw. the case and the chief surgeon of the division corroborated their statements. Day after day the medical officers of the various regiments reported that such was not true — that the water came from surface wells, the juxtaposition of which to the sinks blasted in the porous earth, showed be- yond the shadow of a doubt that their output was not what it should be. And, finally, this chief surgeon who had claimed all along that there was nothing wrong with the water supply and that the enormous percentage of illness was not unusual, re- alized the danger of his position, saw whither his neglect, his incompetency was leading him while he bestowed his smiles on the loungers at the Royal Palm hotel; and called a halt — when it was too late. The horse had been stolen, the damage done, the seeds of disease planted in the sys- tems of those unfortunate men, there to thrive and flourish even after they were removed from that pest hole in which they were held so long. An effort, which was partially successful, was made to improve the water supply. No benefit was realized from this, however, until a few da^'s before the division was re- moved from Miami to Jacksonville, so the ^ood done was practically nil. Right here I wish to go on record as denouncing as the veriest rot the statements which have been made to the effect that the sickness at Miami was the result of indiscre- tions on the part of the men themselves — that they ate and drank things which they should not have allowed to have gone into their systems. The fallacy of this belief is proven conclusively by the fact that, although they had the same opportunities to eat and drink the same objectionable mat- ter at Mobile and Jacksonville, and improved these oppor- tunities to the utmost, the percentage of illness at the two camps last named was never over two per cent. Another denial of the statement mentioned above lies in the fact that for a time at Miami the percentage of illness was much Southern Martyrs. 163 larger among the officers than among the men, notwith- standing the fact that the former did not gorge themselves with unripe fruit, citric acid, whiskey and other objection- able refreshments, as the latter are alleged to have done. The division hospital in which the sick men were sup- posed to be accommodated was by no means what it should have been. With accomodations for only 200 it at one time contained as many as 314. The attendance given the sick was not at all what might have been arranged had the proper attention been paid to this feature; and frequently the food furnished was of a very inferior quality and poorly cooked; and until Mrs. W. W. Gordon, the estimable wife of the commander of the Second Brigade, conceived the idea of establishing a convalescent hospital, men were frequently sent back to their companies when they should have been made comfortable and,given the best sort of attention. The Red Cross Society did what it could, but in that God-forsaken hole even this powerful and far- reaching organization was unable to secure ice and milk for the sick in anything like sufficient quantities. I venture the assertion that, had it not been for the Southern press, backed up, of course, by the proper sort of pressure, the First Division of the Seventh Army Corps would not have been rescued from Miami until the six regi- ments were entirely invalided. It was a hard fight and a long fight, but right and justice triumphed over greed and oppression and the volunteers were removed to the health- ful camp at Jacksonville. War in its worst forms is horrible, but in its worst forms it would hardly entail more suffering than did incompe- tence and neglect and ignorance and indifference at Miami, "sad Miami by the sea." C. Arthur Williams. CHAPTER IX. HOSPITAL HORRORS. ^'^ TfcT^IAMI'S miseries were labeled iu the regimental fiYjcV' dispensaries. The division hospital contained ^^Jf'j^h) only the horrors that could not be hidden inside the camps. But in the history of the medical department of the Second Alabama is told the story of sufferings re- vealed nowhere else. Major Kernachan and his staff en- countered as many obstacles and discouragemeuts as did Major Pugh and his assistants ; but because the experiences of the latter can be written from personal observation, they are given in instance of the adversities endured b}' Ala- bamians in the volunteer service. On May 9, 1898, the surgeons commenced work in Camp Johnston. Of the original appoiutes on Major Pugh's staff, Dr. G. C. Scott, assistant surgeon, and W. M. Mullens, chief hospital steward, were released from service iu the Second, the latter accepting a more lucrative position in the Third Alabama. At Camp Johnston, the surgeons found that the most prevalent ailments were catarrhal affections (colds) and diarrhoea, due to exposure or, rather, the volunteers' change from domestic customs to camp life. The scarcity of shel- ter and clothing was also largel}' responsible for this illness. When a mild case of small-pox developed in the Montgom- ery Greys, the surgeons endeavored to have every man vac- cinated who could not show a vaccination mark. Tiiey were deeply chagrined over the volunteers' prejudice against Southern Martyrs. ■ 165 this method of prevention, a few of the soldiers deserting rather than submit to the vaccine inoculation. Mumps also appeared at Camp Johnston and clung to the two Alabama regiments with fluctuating virulence to the end. The pure water at Mobile enabled the surgeons to eradi- cate typhoid fever in its primary infection there. Two cases of this dread disease developed at Camp Johnston in the Troy Eifles. The patients were sent to the Marine Hospital at Mobile and the disinfecting process was carried into efi'ect in their vacated tents. Typhoid fever did not again assert itself until the regiment reached Miami. At Spring Hill, the surgeons had expected to receive full supplies of drugs, dressings and surgical instruments. They were shown, with much military formality, a large collec- tion of medical stores. They were also given a new medi- cal manual and instructed to fill out requisitions for any thing they needed. The division hospital steward, with very long, drooping moustaches, promised to fill these requisitions promptly. The surgical cases, litters, desks, chairs, tables, horses, saddles, pans, buckets and other hos- pital adjuncts to which the regiment was entitled, were "just out," it was explained, "but would be furnished in time." The order for needed drugs was given ; and it came back to the regimental dispensary with only one-half or one-fourth of some of the articles required, while other med- icines were stricken off the list altogether, the long-mous- tached steward sending the verbal explanation that the chests containing them were not yet open. This procedure was repeatedly gone through. Afterward, it was explained that the drugs had been packed for shipment to Miami and would be delivered to the regimental dispensaries there. Orders were received from Chief Surgeon Appel that all patients should be sent to the division hospital. The Second Alabama's sick were at once transferred in compli- 166 Hospital Horrors. ance with these instructions, but the two most serious cases were immediately returned to the regiment with the mes- sage, by word of mouth, that the division hospital had no time to bother with them. One of these, W. E. Kollins, of Company G, applied at the regimental dispensary of the Second Alabama for treat- ment on the morning of June 27— just before the departure for Miami — and a diagnosis showed that his temperature registered at 104". The hospital ambulance passed on its regular tour shortly afterward and he was placed in it so that he might make the trip to Florida in the hospital train. But he was again returned to the regiment with the explan- ation that he could not be taken care of on the hospital 'train. Major Pugh indited a protest against this action. It was submitted to Colonel Cox and approved by hira and Rollins was returned with it to the division hospital authorities. He claimed that he was again ordered back to his regiment which was just boarding the cars for Miami. Compelled to travel for three days and nights on a crowded, stuffy train, his health became so much impaired by fever that he afterward fell an easy victim to typhoid at Miami and died. ***** ***j{.^ The increasing ordeals of the soldiers involved growing tribulations for the regimental surgeons. The difficulty of obtaining medicines for the Second Alabama's dispensary continued. The arrogance of the long-moustached steward was unabated. Such absolute necessities as quinine and calomel were obtained for a time from sources other than the division dispensary. Surgeon Pugh's repeated remonstrances were in vain. Finall}-, the gravity of the situation impelled him to adopt drastic measures. Preparing a requisition in the form of a forceful communication, he disregarded the dilatory process of sending it through military channels and forwarded it direct to the commanding general. Having observed that Southern Martyes. 167 his' previous protests bad been pigeon-holed, he decided to pursue this method and thus bring the'matter to a finality. His inability to obtain necessary medicines was set forth to- gether with the fact that, after being in the service more than two months, he was yet without a single surgical instrument, the government having failed to supply him with even so much as a pair of forceps to extract a tooth or a lancet to open a boil. Requisition after requisition had been submitted for these things, he wrote, but without avail. There was con- siderable talk, at the division's medical headquarters, of a court-martial in connection with the Second Alabama's sur- geon, but the needed drugs and a case of surgical instru- ments reached Major Pugh without further requisition. This result, however, did not accrue until Major Pugh's complaint, or protest, had been sent back with the indorse- ment of Major Appel, the division's chief surgeon, saying : "Wants exaggerated ; requisitions not properly made out." Major Pugh promptly returned the document with this counter indorsement : "Requisitions made in exact com- pliance with instructions from Medical Manual and of the chief surgeon of the division and were never filled until this document was sent in ; wants not exaggerated — not fully stated ; facts are worse in this case than exaggerations." * * -x- * * * # Sickness continued to increase until not half the men in the regiment could be considered well ; and at the same time the surgical staff was crippled by illness. At this juncture, it became necessary to assign Dr. G. A. Sheldon, a contract surgeon, to the Second Alabama. During all this time, notwithstanding repeated requests from Major Pugh, the chief surgeon never visited the Second Alabama's camp. He sharply censured the regimental surgeons for the extent of their sick lists and insinuated, as far as his official position and license made it safe for him to do, that the surgeons were not vigilant enough in the detection of malingerers. The diagnosis of typhoid fever, as made by 168 Hospital Horrors. the regimental surgeons of the Second Alabama and the Second Louisiana, were smiled at sarcastically. Ensconced in a luxurious couch in the Royal Palm hotel, in the midst of eminently congenial companions, with comforts and con- veniences especially amplified for his enjoyment by a hostelry the excessive obsequiousness of whose every at- tache indicated that he was a favored guest, lolling in a tranquility' almost sybaritic — it was not strange that the chief surgeon of the division was slow to acknowledge the horrors that raged in the camps a few hundred yards dis- tant. There should have been no wonder that he discour- aged adverse reports. He was loath to abandon the Eden into which he had strayed. But ceaseless protests from the regimental surgeons and the storm of indignation that swept throughout the South had their result. Lieut. Col. L. M. Mans, chief surgeon for the Seventh Army Corps, accompanied by Lieut. Col. Curtis Guild, inspector general on Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's staff, went to Miami to investigate. As soon as the red tape — broad, red tape which had already coiled in fatal folds around many noble American boys — could be disposed of, Lieutenant Colonel Mans was shown the true condition of affairs while Lieutenant Colonel Guild inspected the men — the pale, anaemic, jaundiced, fever-racked Alabamians who, six weeks before, had formed the giant regiments of the South. * * * * * * * The regimental surgeons showed Lieutenant Colonel Maus abundant reason for the division's immediate removal, but the trammels of military formality withheld from him intelligence of scores of circumstances that went to make up the wretchedness, misery, agonies and torments of Miami. His investigation was made along general lines. Tt dit not delve into the instances of individual torture that made Miami for many men worse than the unspeakable black hole of Calcutta. It did not deal with the absence of Southern Martyrs. 169 proper nourishment for the patients, of the employment of incompetent and imtrained nurses. Lieutenant Colonel Maus found that Miami's climate has a torridity equal to that of Cuba without the mollient fea- tures of mountains and cool mountain streams. He found that the camp was laid on a coraline wall that shuts the Everglades off from the ocean. The surface of this wall is covered by a stratum of sand which greedily devours the extraordinary rainfall that prevails. It seemed to those who inspected the camps that some seismic disturbance had raised the soil to an altitude fifteen or twenty feet above the sea level. The rock, torn and battered in this upheaval, lay scattered in all directions, sharp, jagged corners and points jutting up, half-covered by the dark foliage of the tropics or submitting to the tendril-like embraces of the wiry palmetto roots. This rock was undergoing a process of disintegration in which the regimental surgeons discov- ered an alarming development. A large element of animal or nitrogenous matter, preserved inside the rock for a period by the presence of lime, was escaping from its prison and charging the rain water that percolated from rock to soil and finally accumulated underneath the sand stratum. The water thus charged beeame a most energetic medium for the propogation of the bacillus communis coll and the hacillus typhosus. Afterward, an analysis showed that water fur- nished the volunteers was charged with these bacilli — the germs of the bowel disorders and typhoid that carried off scores of Southern martyrs and ruined the health of others. ******* The location of the Second Alabama's camp was more prolific of mortality than the quarters of any other regiment at Miami. Close by straggled the Miami river with its wide, marshy banks that were flooded and freed with the rise and fall of the tide. The water, semi-brackish, was of a character idealic for the abode of malaria. Major Pugh protested to the major general commanding that the Second 170 Hospital Horrors. Alabama's camp was unfit for habitation, usiup; as one of liis arguments the fact that the rise and fall of the water in the river exposed malarial germs that menaced the health of the entire regiment. The general responded that he had investigated the matter and fonud the rise and fall of the tide averaged only four inches. The conversation drifted into general matters and mention was made that a little steamer had gone aground that morning in the mouth of the river. " She should have been afloat before this," the general com- mented, "as the water seems to have risen at least eighteen inches since she struck this m(jrniug. " And he did not seem to notice the contradictoriness of his own statements. ******* On October 19, 1898, Dr. L. M. Maus testified before the War Investigating Committee. An Associated Press dis- patch of that date had this to say : "Dr. Maus was questioned in regartl to the camp at Miami. He said he had investigated it and found it to be unsuitable on account oi the water, which analysis had shown to be impure. "Mrs. Gordon, wife of General W. W. Gordon, in relation to the hospital at Miami, sent a letter in which she made serious charges, among others one to the effect that a hos- pital nurse had become intoxicated and set fire to a patient's bed, burning him somewhat, and another that flies were often found crawling into the mouths of dyiug i)atients. "Dr. Maus had a rejjort from Dr. Vilas, in charge of the hospital, read, admitting the statement concerning tlie burning of a patient's bed, but denj-iug all others. Dr. Maus expressed the opinion that the charges were exag- gerated." Dr. Alexander Kent, pastor of the People's Church at Washington, D. C, and field agent for the lied Cross So- ciety, who went to Miami to investigate the horrors there, also gave testimony before the War Investigating Commit- SOUTHEBN MaBTYRS. 171 tee in October, 1898, and this extract from his deposition is apposite here : "Before the female nurses were secured, tho nurses, who were men of the hospital corps, were not capable. They were not intellifrent, as a class, and while some of them were doggedly faithful, they failed to meet the requirements. They did not, for instance, seem to re- gard it as of consequence if flies were crawling in and out of a sick man's mouth." * * * * * * * One scorching July afternoon, the writer, afflicted with a violent attack of fever, applied to the division hospital at Miami for treatment. Dr. Vilas, who was present, declined to receive him except on the order of his regimental sur- geon. Half delirious and scarcely able to walk, he turned away ; and were it not lor the charity of Dr. W. H. Oates, a contract surgeon, he would have been forced to essay the trip of more than a mile in the blazing heat to his quarters. Dr. Oates arranged for his treatment and the order for his acceptance in the hospital was received from Major Pugh that evening. The incident indicated the callousness that characterized the hospital service. Dr. Oates discovered that the writer's temperature at the time was a fraction more than 104°. "A walk back to the camp right now might kill you," he remarked. Two nights later, a typhoid fever patient in a ward ad- joining that in which the writer lay, narrowly escaped cre- mation at the hands of a drunken nurse. Covered with bed sores, emaciated into the likeness of a skeleton by tlie rav- ages of five weeks of typhoid, the victim was scarcely able to roll out of his tent. The nurse had overturned the lamp and thus set fire to the canvas. That was the case referred to by Mrs. Gordon in her letter to the War Investigating Committee. ****** **** The next night, when fever-racked patients had won un- 172 Hospital Horrors. certain repose from exbaustioD, a hulking hospital steward stalked iuto the ward with a lautern. In a flash ever}' pa- tient was awake. The intruder was escorting a drunken soldier to a place of rest. One peevish patient begged that the light be extinguished. "Shut up, there !" roared the visiting steward. The complaining man, querulous with fever, struggled to his feet. The steward advanced toward him threateninglj'. The ward nurse tactfully interfered ; but before noon, the patient who had complained of the disturbance, was* jibbering in delirium. The next day the steward, in charge of the ward in which the writer lay, became drunk. Half the patients failed to receive their medicines. Dr. Oates ordered the culi^rit un- der arrest. He was replaced by a nurse who celebrated his accession to authority by imitating his predecessor. Dr. Oates had him removed, also. Incompetent nurses, untrained and uutitted for hospital attendance, aggravated the illnesses of patients. The writer observed the case of two typhoid fever patients who were fed oatmeal in direct violation of the attending surgeon's instructions. One of them died before the writer was sent back to his regiment. Solid food of any sort is ordinarily fatal in conjunction with typhoid — the veriest tyro at nurs- ing is expected ,to know this— but there were hospital nurses at Miami better fitted for the slaughter-pen than the sick room. ***** ***** Such comforts as finally reached the hospital patients came from civilians. Not enough milk was available to sus- tain the typhoid sufferers. Men died solely because they could not be given the proper sort of nourishment. It was not until shortly before the orders arrived for a removal to Jacksonville that arrangements were perfected for the shipment of milk to Miami in refrigerator cars from St. Augustine. There was no asylum for convalescents until Mrs. W. W. Southern Martyrs. 173 Gordon, wife of the Second Brigade's commander, assisted by two charitable ladies, succeeded in establishing a ward for the benefit of men dismissed from the division hospital and yet too debilitated to return to duty. The Red Cross Society lent its aid ; and the painstaking and indefatigable industry of the chaplains did incalculable good to sufferers who could look nowhere else for comfort. In the self-sac- rificing attentions of persons unattached to the hospital service was found the only oasis in the desert of Miami martyrdom. Major Pugh protested again and again, with ever increas- ing vehemence, that the men were being done to death. Surgical boards of inquiry were appointed but soi-disant martinets sought to squelch their reports. One commission, of which Major Pugh, was a member, proved that though the Miami authorities had asserted that the water furnished the regiments came from the Everglades, it was taken from the surface wells or covered cisterns instead. General Gor- don advis(^d that this report be not made. He questioned its accuracy, he said. The indignant surgeons devised a ruse to substantiate their assertion. They cut o£f the pipe that ostensibly led from the Everglades, but the water sup- ply continued. Then they shut off the pipes that led from the covered cisterns ; and the water supply was suspended^ Thus it was proved that the entire division was drinking from the covered cisterns, most of which were tainted with seepage that had percolated through the sand and porous soil from the latrines. The board of inquiry made its re- port in the face of General Gordon's opposition. * J. A. McDonald, manager of Mr. Flagler's Miami inter- ests, resented Major Pugh's "officiousness." He sent a letter to Colonel Cox intimating that the Second Alabama's sur- geon was too eager to find fault. Major Pugh wrote a re- ply, couching it in such terms that his friends became ap- 174 Hospital Horrors. prehensive of a duel. Tlifre really was a danger of a personal encounter. Nothing showed better the extent of bitterness to which the fight went to continue the Miami martyrdom. * ?■■■«•* ****** Meanwhile, Professor Metz, of New Orleans, announced the startling result of liis analyses of samples of Miami water forwarded to him l)y Major Archinard of the Second Louisiana. Every week, Major Pugh submitted a formal re])ort — like that of the regimental surgeons of the First and Second Texas and the First Alabama and Second Louisiana — declaring the systems of the men were so de- bilitated by hard drills, poor clothing and bad food that they offered an excellent field for the growth and spread of the disease germs that abounded ou all sides. The sur- geons were regularly re(iuired to explain the terrible in- crease of illness and tliat was their report. On Wednesday, July '27, ISUS, the division's sick list was as follows : Regiments. In Division In Ilospitiil. t2"i''tP''.s. First Texas 52 ri5 First Louisianii 68 27 First Alabama 40 48 Second Texas 58 242 Second Louisiana 39 73 Second .\labaina 57 128 Total 314 733 And there were twice that number of men not on the sick list but really unfit for duty. When unreas(jnable officers intimated that there was a great deal of malingering, they were reminded of the tremendous amount of toil the soldiers had performed in clearing the land for their camp. "Men who work like that do not malinger," the surgeons said. ■X-******** * Southern Martyrs. 175 Commaiidiup; officers discredited the stories that Miami water was noxious or morbific. But the following official communicaiiou throws light on the situation : Headquarters Second Brigade, First Division, Seventh Army Corps, Camp at Miami, Fla., July, 26, 1898. Circular No. 12.] Regimental, battalion and company commanders will notify those detailed to boil the water for drinking and cooking purposes that it must be boiled steadily for at least one hour, in order to destroy the hurtful germs that may be in the water; and said commanders will see to it that this is done and will strictly prohibit the drinking or using for cooking any water that has not been boiled for at least one hour. By command of Brigadier General Gordon. RuFUs E. Foster, 2d Lt. 2d La. Vol. Infy., Acting Adjutant General. Before that day, the death-dealing rigors of the daily routine had been so forcefully pointed out that even the lethargic compassion of General Gordon was aroused and a chnuge was made — a change proving an absolute lack of consideration on the p.art of those who had charge of the Second Brigade at Miami. Conditions went from bad to worse. On July 14, 1898, during the inspection tour of Lieu- tenant Colonels Maus and Guild, orders were issued chang- ing the drill hours of the Second Brigade. Under General Order No. 15, it was required that "regimental commanders and regimental surgeons forward to the headquarters of the Second Brigade on Saturday, July 23, a report as to what effect the changes may have had upon the health of the offi- cers and men." Up to that time the drill hours had been : y to 10 a. ra. ; 1 to 4 p. in. The change effected on July 14 embraced this routine: Reveille — first call, 4 a. m.; reveille — assembly, 4:20 a. m. ; mess — coftee and hard-tack, 4:30 a. m. ; drill — first call, 4:45 a. m. ; drill — assembly, 5 a. m. ; recall, 8 a. m. ; mess — breakfast, 8:20 a. m. ; sick call, 8:40 a. m. ; 176 Hospital Horrors. drill — first call, 2:50 p. m, ; drill — assembly, 3 p. m. ; recall, 4 p. m. The folly of this change was shown in the increased sick list. In the First Alabama, Lieutenant Colonel McDonald had recognized that to accept these hours would be to stultify himself as an officer ; and he im- mediately consulted Brigadier General Wheatou who assured him that so long as he was in command his men would not be robbed of repose in order to suffer ad- ditional exposure to disease. The First Brigade declined the change of hours. In the Second Alabama, Major Brandon sent a letter to General Gordon setting forth the fact that men were dying every day and that much of the terrible ct)nditi()n of affairs was due to tiie early morn- ing drills — that "exhausted by nights of sleeplessness, the soldiers couhl not endure the excessive heat and terrible exercise occasioned by the now routine." MA.J. WILLIAM W. BRANDON, CoMMUG. Third Battalion, Second Regiment Ala. Vols. CHAPTER X. SOLDIER SLAVES. jR. Flagler appropriated $10,000 out of his own purse to aid in making habitable the camps at Miami. It was not from the manual labor of the volunteers that his agents expected his interests to profit. The advertisement of his health resort resulting from the presence there of a whole division of soldiers — that was the benefit his managers reckoned on. J. R. Parrott, as Mr. Flagler's representative, approached Brigadier General Gordon with reference to the men's tents. He told the general that lumber would cheerfully be fur- nished to floor every tent in camp. The commanding offi- cer of the Second Brigade of the First Division of the Seventh Army Corps, appointed to take care of nearly 4,000 men, brusquely told Mr. Parrott he had charge of the camp and would tolerate no interference. He refused the lumber for the enlisted men's tents, though the officers managed to obtain wooden floorings for their own quarters. Mr. Parrott then went to Major General Keifer but met with no better success. The general commanding the First Division of the Seventh Army Corps was more courteous than the commander of the Second Brigade, but he was not one whit more eager to lend to the comfort of his men. Mr. Parrott was forced to abandon his mission, disgusted and sick at heart. This episode furnishes an insight into the treatment of the men at Miami. Weeks afterward, the War Department 12 178 Soldier Slaves. issued general orders that in all camps where soldiers were likely to remain for any length of time, the quartermasters sliould issue lumber for l;eut-flooriug. But Generals Keifer and Gordon had denied their men this comfort and hygienic protection when the material therefor could have been secured without cost to them or the government. It was claimed that these oflScers sought to harden their commands for the privations of a Cuban campaign. But they subjected them to such distresses and hardships that before a month had passed at Miami, the division was more in need of tender ministrations than fitted for military dut}-. Exquisite torture so deadened their souses that the men did not fully realize the extent of thoir sufferings until a return to endurable conditions pointed out the unspeakable contrast between reasonable treatment and the handling they had received. Every regiment in the division, save the First Texas, was forced to convert a tract of land, no more penetrable than the chapparals of Texas, into an unencumbered waste. The work was stupendous. When the Second Alabama reached the site selected for its camp, the men could scarcely be- lieve it was intended to pitch tents. The ground was prac- ticall}' impassable. Field officers dismounted in order to pick their way through the palm-covered knolls, so honey- combed with jagged stones that a fall or a mis-step meant a serious accident. The walk of half a mile from the railroad depot alone involved an extraordinary exertion. Sand and dust of the fineness of pulverized borax cluttered the miser- able paths to a depth varying from four to ten inches. Every step raised a stifling cloud. ******* The work of clearing this jungle-land was prosecuted with a vigor that proved the industry of the men. But no slaves ever toiled harder under a more terrible strain Avith less reward than did those American patriots, struggling with interminable^palmetto roots, tugging at huge bowlders and Southern Martyrs. 179 breaking rock to ballast a laud so uneven that a furrowed field were like a polished plane beside it. Then when the day's slavery had ended, caine a night of mingled anguish and exhaustion. Sand flies and mosquitoes — the diaboli- cally industrious galliuippers of the tropics — joined forces with venomous bugs to make repose impossible. Relief from myriad bites and stings was obtained only on the lee- side of a brush fire where the smoke exorcised both sleep and the insects. Weaker than when they retired, the men arose in a chill- ing dew for reveille. Then came the daily routine of drills and slavery, apparently devised with devilish ingenuity to destroy the last bit of remaining endurance. Two miles and more over unused wagon roads, so weighted with sand and dust that the distance seemed quadrupled, brought the men to what was intended for their drill ground. The march itself was debilitating. At first these long, strength-stealing, brain-searing tramps were made in the afternoon, so shortly after the mess call that there was little or no opportunity to digest the almost indigestible food. It was 1 o'clock when the men left camp. Recall was ordered blown at 4. Several thousand men en- veloped in dense clouds of malodorous sand and dust are uncomfortable. But when these several thousand men are encumbered with guns, marching in close order, the fierce- ness of the suq's heat re-enforced by an extraordinary radi- ation of animal warmth, every step increasing the density of the dust clouds, swarms of stinging galliuippers boring through uniforms and shirts — when men are thus tried and the torture of unquenched thirst gripes them, then the condition becomes intolerable. But American soldiers — Southern martyrs — bore these things until Death joined hands with Exhaustion and the two specters held revel in the Miami camps — the court of Official Incompetence. ******* There were few canteens. The government had not yet 180 Soldier Sla\t:s. fully equipped one-third of the men. Indeed, some of the volunteers were so poorly clothed that it became impracti- cable for them to drill. The scant supply of shoes soon wore out. Men went practically bare-footed. Captain Robinson, of Company E, Second Alabama, bought shirts for forty of his men at a Miami store. But the dearth of canteens wrought more hardships than did the absence of any other article of 'equipment. The terrible heat was alone sufficient to cause thirst, but the se- verity of the marches to the "drill ground" intensified the craving for water. The dust and sand arose in such density that for minutes at a time the soldiers could not see an arm's-length ahead. In the stifling, choking darkness of these marches their thirst became excruciating. A stagnant, noisome ditch skirted the drill ground and during the first few days the men begged permission to quench their thirst from it. But tha tepid, bad-tasting dregs turned the stomach. The men did not need, after that, to be forbidden to drink from it. Wagons were or- dered to haul water for the men on drill. But frequently the barrels were overturned before the wagons reached the soldiers. Seldom did they give the men relief. ******* On the afternoon of July 7, the Second Alabama went through its first regimental drill in extended order. Between the drill field and the Miami River la}' a forest of interlacing pines and palmettos, carpeted with palm shrubs, cumbered by heavy logs and studded with the sharp, jagged rock that made the vicinage almost impassable. The men were sent charging through this forest, over a stretch of country so broken that no advance in line was possible. Tacticians witnessing these evolutions wondered at their purpose. To go scurrying helter-skelter at imminent danger of loss of life or limb, through a forest so wild that no battle save a sharp-shooters' engagement would have been possible in its confines, seemed of no avail. "It is to harden the men," Southern Martyrs. 181 the explanation was made — to harden suffering soldiers for impossible situations and improbable tasks. Limbs were fractured. The stones cut the men's feet and tore their scant clothing. Private Henry Levinson, of Company C, suffered a compound fracture of the knee-cap ; Private J. F. Grove, of the same company, had his feet severely bruised and cut; Private E. R. Denton, of Com- pany B, was carried from the field unconscious. Then the regiment returned to the clearing in which close order movements were to be executed. Panting with fatigue, their parched tongues protruding from swollen lips, their faces livid and distorted with thirst, the men presented a pitiable spectacle. At least, they thought, there was respite for them in the approach of the water wagons. But an un- managed method of distributing the water left one battalion unprovided for when the regiment was recalled to atten- tion. The captain, first lieutenant and first sergeant of one of the companies of this battalion secured a filled canteen. In front of their company, every member of which was agonized by thirst, the trio drained the vessel. There were men in the ranks to whom a gulp of that water would have been medicinal — would have meant rescue from nights of throbbing fever. This was an example of the work done by and the care taken of the men at Miami. * * -x- * * * * Then came sickness and daily deaths. A change of drill hours was tried in the Second Brigade. A sleepless night and an empty stomach did not equip the men for the ordeal. Bathed in perspiration, they were plunged into the damp foliage, saturated with the peculiarly cold dew of the tropics. The sudden immersion sickened them. The miasmatic va- pors exhaled by the awaking plants quickened the work of disease and death. Recall was scheduled to sound at 8 a. m. It was frequently 9 o'clock and later when the men 182 Soldier Slaves. reached camp. Then, many were too exhaused to eat their tardy and uninviting breakfast. Enervated, in despair and disgust, men fell into their tents reckless of what was to come. With glazed e3'es and pallid faces, they lay until the swirling sand and dust, blown across them in gossamer-like sheets, mingled with their perspiration in cakes of repulsive and health-killing filth. They lacked the energy to go to their meals; and baths were unavailable. The salt water of the Miami river did not clean them and the galliuippers made bathing un- pleasant. In such extremity, the men of the Second Alabama had added to their misery the humiliation of duress. The lines of other regiments were open ; not so, Colonel Cox's com- mand. Men were denied the solace of shad}' nooks in the neighboring woodlands. The}' had become sodden in their woes. Word of Cervera's undoing and the signal triumph of American arms over Spain convinced the division that its hardships were being suffered in vain. Disgust deepened. On Jul}' G a number of "kickers" in the Second Alabama succeeded in fanning into flame the regiment's disaffection. "The men want their pay," they announced. "We have been two months in the service, have cleared Flagler's land for him and we haven't received a cent." Word was secretly given that the men should re- fuse to respond to the drill call that afternoon. When the decisive moment came, half a dozen companies hesitated. But American reverence for constituted authority asserted itself, and, after a few moments of delay, the regiment went out to drill. The arrival of the Second Alabama's band instruments in early July and the receipt of the regiment's colors on July 10 afforded some diversion to Colonel Cox's men. On the latter day, the regimental battle-flag was unfurled with Southern Martyrs. 183 fitting ceremony in front of the colonel's headquarters, the regiment drawn up in close order, standing uncovered, at attention. Colonel Cox opened the exercises with a brief address prefatory to the president's proclamation urging that thanks be given for the nation's recent victories. Chaplain Harte led in prayer and Rev. Dr. Neil Anderson, of Montgomery, then visiting Miami, spoke briefly. Arising after a short prayer, he concluded with a recitation of Rud- yard Kipling's Recessional. "To the colors" was sounded; and the battle-flag given by women of Mobile was formally installed in the quarters of the Second Alabama. Meanwhile, an entanglement over the battalion adjutants and the third majors of the Alabama regiments made it ap- pear doubtful that those ofiicers would ever be mustered. But Major Brandon made a vigorous fight and triumphed. He prepared an exhaustive brief covering the legal and technical features of his appointment. The proof thus pre- sented convinced the authorities at Washington of his right to his commission as a third major and he was mustered in at Miami, July 18. Major Brandon's case was the predicate on which battalion adjutants of both regiments established the validity of their commissions ; and all of them shortly afterward formally assumed their positions. But the bat- talion adjutants of the First Alabama having taken up their duties as soon as they were commissioned — May 20 — afterward received pay from that date. The "unpaid Second " as Colonel Cox's regiment came to be known, found occasion for envy in the thriving canteen that contributed to the prosperity of Colonel Higdon's men. This canteen, established at Spring Hill in early June, had prospered very much. In Miami, its receipts were reliably reported to have aggregated as high as $500 on some days. But the pall of death hovered over Miami and men became sordid, dividing their attention between specu- lation as to the approach of pay day and the danger of 184 Soldier Slaves. epidemic. They Lad already lost the spirit of agf^ressiveuess that one month before made them tingle at the thought of battle. An instance of the increase of suffering at Miami is given by the growth of the Second Alabama's sick list there. On June 30, when the regiment pitched camp, the sick list showed sixteen privates and no oflBcers. July 9 there were eighty-one privates and three officers sick ; July IG, ninety- two privates and six officers ; July 19, 165 privates and five officers. The paymaster came at a critical juncture. On July 20 and 21, the First Division of the Seventh Army Corps was paid in full, the officers receiving the money due them from the dates of their commissions and being thus recompensed for all the active service they had rendered. The Second Alabama's first pay day was, of course, dis- quieting, but stringent regulations reduced the number of cases of disorder. It was at Miami, however, that the summary field courts, presided over in their respective regiments by Lieutenant Colonels McDonald and Thurston, tried a larger number of charges than during an equal period at any other camp. ******* If General Keifer's command were at that time engaged in the most hazardous campaign, the men would not have been more deeply exercised over the prospect of peril. At Miami, they shuddered at danger of death in an unfurnished hos- pital from a miserable malady. The entire division was thoroughly alarmed. Demoralization followed. The ap- prehension that prevailed, humiliating in itself, and, lacking the thrill that is the invariable concomitant of the danger of conflict, only tended to steep the men deeper in despair. Exaggerated rumors contributed to the distraction. Re- ports of the most unreasonable character gained cuirency and credence. One night, men were confused by a widely circulated stor}- that Miami had been quarantined. Southern Martyrs. 1S5 Au inexplicable censorship added to the difficulty of the situation. Newspaper correspondents were instructed that in addition to beinj]; prohibited from writing anything con- cerning movements of troops, they would not be permitted to send out any matter derogatory to the camp. "My in- structions," the censor said, "are to cut out anything calcu- lated to discourage recruits from enlisting." An American censor appointed to deceive American patriots so that tliey might volunteer to serve under the American flag! Finally, acknowledgment was made that the men had been worked beyond reason— the drills were reduced, practically abandoned. At such a time, word was received with unbounded joy that the authorities had at last listened to the storm of protest which went up from the entire South and — decided to rescue General Keifer's division from further decimation at Miami. But to remove the men to a new camp meant to acknowledge openly the injudiciousness of having sent them to Miami. A transfer to Jacksonville could be made on the ground that it was intended to mobilize the Seventh Army Corps at that point. On July 29, General Keifer received orders to hold his troops in readiness to move. The divi- sion became delirious with delight. Song services of praise were conducted that night in the Y. M. C. A. tent of the Second Alabama. Emissaries had been sent to the camps by various Southern executives to investigate and re- port on the horrors of Miami. Inspector General May and Adjutant General Jumel of the Louisiana National Guard organization were among those who reached there on such a mission. The rank and file jubilantly attributed to the influences of friends at home the order for their removal. In the camp of the Second Louisiana a bonfire was started. The entire division yelled itself hoarse, "We'll hang old Flagler to a sour apple tree," was taken up from company street to company street and echoed throughout the camp 186 Soldier Slaves. in one mighty chorus by soldiers who blamed the million- aire owner of Miami for their hardships. The next day orders were received for General Keifer's men to move at once to Jacksonville. Captain Cole, the division quartermaster, declared that Mr. Flagler's agents were placing obstacles in the way of the troops' removal. He claimed that false reports were made of an inability to secure adequate rolling stock. His request to General Keifer for permission to seize a number of box cars then at Miami and load the men on them was seconded b}^ offers such as that of Major Brandon, of the Second Alabama, who told the major general that, if given license, he would undertake to move his battalion in the foUowing twenty- four hoars no matter what might be the attitude (jf the rail- roads. After some delay, the division reached Jacksonville, the Second Alabama leaving Miami on August 4 and arriving at Camp Cuba Libre — as Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's Corps quarters were known — on the next day. The First Alabama left Miami on August 1'2 and arrived in Jacksonville, August 13. Meanwhile, the latter regiment was notified — published report being made on August 3 — that, with the Second Texas, it would be detached from the Seventh Army Corps and sent to Porto Rico. This order, however, was never confirmed. Major Genei'al Miles afterward reporting that he required no reinforcements for his Porto llican campaign. CHAPTER XI. DlSAFFECTIOiN IN THE FIRS' "li/P^^^.N anomalous state of affairs developed at Jackson- %^vm? ville. Disaffection in the First Alabama p;ave to <^^i\^^ that regiment a retrograde tendency while con- fluent auspices lent to a wonderful improvement of Colonel Cox's command. The unpleasantness in the former body owed its origin to dissatisfaction on the part of a majority of the officers with the colonel, A series of disagreeable incidents started at Mobile when Captain Parkes and Lieu- tenant Going were notified of their arrest on the ostensible ground that they had displeased the colonel by failing to attend a social function at which he had requested all his officers to be present. Of course, nothing resulted from that affair. At Miami, Colonel Higdon and Chaplain Fitzsim- mons figuratively crossed swords, the forjnor peremptorily and, it was reported, with unwarranted surliness, refusing to give the latter a furlough. At that time Chaplain Fitz- simmons offered to leave the arbitrament of their differ- ences to a vote of the officers of the regiment. Friends of Colonel Higdon circulated the story that a number of his subalterns were banded together for the pur- pose of elevating Lieutenant Colonel McDonald to the col- onelcy. Conservative men declared that this story owed its origin only to the palpable fitness for command of Lieuten- ant Colonel McDonald. The open rupture of the entente cordiale between Colonel Higdon ' and the majority of his officers came after the regiment had encamped at Jackson- ville. He was accused of "prostituting his office to vent 188 Disaffection in the First. personal spleen." A memorial was verbally presented to him requesting his resignation. It was an open secret that the field officers had been deputed to present this request. Colonel Higdon went to Birmingham on a furlough. The impression gained ground among the enlisted men that the colonel was seeking to have them mus- tered out and that a majority of the oflicers were endeavoring to thwart this purpose. When he returned from Birmingham, the rank and file gave him an enthusiastic reception while the oflicers remained in their tents, with but one or two exceptions. On August 31, a number of the officers prepared a set of seven charges against the colonel of the First Alabama. The receipt two days later of word that the regiment was to be mustered out prompted these oflicers to drop tlie matter. At that time it was intended to veil the affair in obscurity but, subse- queutl}^ partial disclosure was matle of the circumstances that occurred in Jacksonville. After the regiment had returned to Birmingham, an inkling of the difficulty between Colonel Higdon and his followers gained publicity through the subjoined cards printed in the Age-Herald. Colonel Higdon was quoted as saying that he had sought to guard the interests of the men and this card was given out in contradiction : "Headquarters First Alabama "United States Volunteer Infantry, "Jacksonville, Fla., Sept. 1, 1898. "We, the undersigned officers of the First Alabama United States Volunteer Infantry, now on duty at Jackson- ville, Fla., do hereby state that at a meeting of the officers of this regiment, called on or about August 20, 1898, by Col. E. L. Higdon, commanding the regiment, for the pur- pose of considering the question as to whether the regi- ment wished to go intact with the Seventh Army Corps to Cuba or not, the question was asked Colonel Higdon 'if the men were to be consulted or not,' and we certify on Southern Martyrs. 189 honor that he in substance replied : 'No ; they have noth- ing to do with it. If the officers go the men will have to go.' We are moved to make this statement because of the fact that both in private and publicly at the home head- quarters of the regiment, Birmingham, Ala., Colonel Hig- don has seen fit to produce the impression that factions exist among the officers of the regiment, brought about by the colonel's attitude being favorable to the men, when, in fact, as above stated, he refused to allow them a voice. (Signed) "J. B. McDonald, lieutenant colonel ; Tom Smith, major. First Battalion ; O. Kyle, major. Third Battalion ; O. P. Fitzsitnons, captain and chaplain ; A. Harrison, captain. Company I ; Thomas Hardeman, first lieutenant. Company M ; 13. K. Field, first lieutenant, Company D ; H. C. Laugh- lin, captain, Company F; M. N. Pride, first lieutenant. Company E ; Lawrence E. Brown, first lieutenant and ad- jutant, Third Battalion ; R. B. Going, first lieutenant, Com- pany G ; Tom B. Cooper, first lieutenant, Company I ; Henry T. Dean, second lieutenant, Company K ; W. J. Parkes, cu^jtain. Company A ; R. G. Mallett, second lieuten- ant. Company M ; Thomas T. Huey, captain. Company H ; E. D. Johnston, first lieutenant, Company K ; Leon Schwarz, first lieutenant and adjutant, First Battalion ; Robert L. Brown, first lieutenant. Company B ; W. E. Wallace, '^-aptain. Company E ; W. M. Martin, captain, Company B ; N. G. Canning, captain, Company E ; Thomas M. Hooper, second lieutenant. Company F ; William A. Hasson, second lieuten- ant. Company C; N. D. Lacy, first lieutenant. Company L ; R. M. Fletc'er, Jr., first lieutenant and assistant surgeon ; C. L. Ledbetter, captain. Company K; W. J. Webb, second lieutenant, Company E." The foregoing statement was printed September 20, 1898. Then followed a rejoinder from Colonel Higdou accompa- nied by a statement from J. W. Moore, an enlisted man who filled a clerical position at the regimental headquarters. Some comment was caused by the fact that the enlisted man's letter was better written than the colonel's. Here is Colonel Higdon's defense : 100 DiSAFFECTIOM IN THE FiRST. "Camp Falkner, East Lake, Sept. 20, 1898. " In reference to the statement made by some of the offi- cers of the First ALabama in TJie Age-Herald this morniuf^, I have this to say: In the first place I think it was very unkind in the officers to have such a statement printed at the present time, while I am so unwell as not to feel able to make a full statement of the facts. " If the officers intended doinjr me justice they would have stated all the facts in that meeting;. I called the officers together and made the statement that I had done so in order that I mi<)|;ht know the sentiment in reference, to izoinir to Cuba as a regiment; that I wanted them to consult with the men and see how many desired to go. Some one of the officers spoke up and said it was not necessary to consult the men, but moved to take a vote then. At this point some one asked the question, ' if the men would have anything to say if this regiment was ordered to Cuba? ' and I made the remark, * that if ordered, they would all have to go ; that no one would have any voice in the matter. ' My in- tention was to convey the impression that the officers and men would have to go if ordered by the War Department. Some officers in the Third Battalion at this point spoke up and said they thought it best to postpone the meeting until they could consult the men, and I made the statement then and there that I thought the suggestion a good one, and tried to get them to adopt this plan, but the majority wanted to take a vote at this time, which I allowed them to do, and all the officers voted to go. " The day peace was declared I went on record at that time in a conversation with Lieutenant Colonel McDonald, which I do not think he will den}^ that I was now heartily in favor of all members of the First Alabama, who had left good positions and who had family ties that required their presence at home now that the war was over being allowed to return to their homes, and gfter the War Department made Southern Martyrs. 191 the aunouDcement that the wishes of the meu should be consulted, and after finding that a large majority wanted to return home, I did everything in my power to see that the wishes of the enlisted men were granted. "My action toward the men before this meeting and after- wards speaks for itself, and I ask you to talk with them, as they can give you a full history of all the unpleasantness I have had with the officers and I think they will tell you that I have at all times tried to do what I thought was to the best interests of the regiment, and my action towards the meu at all times is within itself sufficient to denounce as absolutely false the statement made in the headlines of your paper this morning that I would not allow the men in my regiment a voice in the matter. I have respected their wishes, and now feel proud to refer you to these 1,300 men, who feel themselves treated justly by me and who will sup- port and substantiate my statements. (Signed) "E. L. Higdon. " J. W. Moore enlisted in Company K but his service at the regimental headquarters enabled him to learn a great many official secrets. Colonel Higdon therefore considered Moore a competent witness and the following letter from him was printed below the colonel's statement : " On the day that Lieutenant Colonel McDonald asked the men for their sentiment in regard to going to Cuba I was sitting at my desk in the adjutant's office when some one came in and told me that the colonel had the regiment in line at the head of the company streets, and was going to take a vote on the question which at that time was ab- sorbing the attention of both officers and enlisted men. I left the tent and went to where the men were forming in line. When the colonel first asked the opinion of the men I was too far away to hear the exact words in which the question was put, but ^did note that^not_a man inthe regi- 192 Disaffection in the First. ment moved. Then again he repeated the question and I caught it, which was, 'All who want to do their duty, and go willingly to Cuba, if ordered, step three paces to the front. ' This caused a move in the lines, and some went to the front. Company M, that stood directly in front of the colonel, only nine men walked out, all the balance of the company standing in their places like statues. In Company F, twelve men went to the front. I counted as fast as I cculd and although I could not verify the correctness of the count, yet am sure that I could not have been more than fifty out of the way in my count of 250 men who stepped to the front. The expression which came over the face of Col- onel McDonald was undoubtedly one of disappointment, as he made no announcement at all at that time, as to the re- sult of the vote, but told the men t<^ get to their places in rank and marched them off to drill. It was late when they returned to cam]) that evening, cousecjucMitly was after dark before the officers got their supper. But immediately after supper the colonel came into the office aud asked me if any one had brought in any reports for him. I told him no, but at the same time Lieutenant Hooper, of Company F, came into the tent and when asked by Lieutenant Colonel McDonald how he found his men, he replied that he found 40 to 22 in favor of going to Cuba. This company, it will be remembered, sent but twelve men to the front in response to the vote taken by the colonel that afternoon. "At this time Lieutenant Johnston, of Company K, came into the tent aud in the presence of Colonel McDonald, Lieutenant Schwarz and Lieutenant Hooper, asked me how I stood on this matter, and I answered that like the ma- jority of the men I wanted to go home. Aud inferring from the remark made by Colonel McDonald to Lieutenant Hooper, I inferred that the officers had been instructed to canvass the streets in quest of the votes of the men who were not in line at the time the vote was taken, aud upon Southern Martyrs. 193 this supposition I asked Lieutenant Johnston if he had can- vassed Company K, and he answered yes, and that he found five to two in favor of going to Cuba. "I felt sure that he was making a false statement, and de- termined there and then to investigate the matter and see that Company K, of which I am a member, got justice. So I forthwith went down to the street and asked some of the men who were in the kitchen if they had been given a chance to vote, and they said no, and also asserted that there were many others who had not even been given a chance to vote. I told them to get together, and I in the meantime would secure an audience with the captain and see if our rights cannot be respected. The captain very politely allowed us an interview, and I called to the men to come up, and they came and quickly gathered about the captain's tent. I asked the captain to explain to the men the object of the vote taken to-day, and what was to be ac- complished thereby, in answer to which he said that the vote simply meant nothing only to gain for the War Depart- ment the general sentiment that prevailed among the men in regard to going to Cuba. I asked him if the vote taken to-day was going to cut any figure in our going or not, and was told by him that it would not. Then I asked why so much interest was being taken by the officers in the affair if the vote was so insignificant. To this we could only get the very unsatisfactory reply that our vote was not to be taken into consideration, and that they just wanted a sentiment of the men. Then I asked if this vote was to get the sentiment of the men, why would it not be better to get the true sentiment instead of a false one, which could have been made up without bothering the men at all. He of course claimed ignorance of any false reports being made, and I have no reason for accusing him of any knowledge thereof; but in the presence of all the men I told the cap- tain about the report brought in by Lieutenant Hooper of 13 194 Disaffection in the First. Company F when our men were praising this company for their loyalt}' to the men. I also told him about Lieutenant Johnston giving in a report that after thoroughly canvassing Company K, he found five to two of those who were not in line in favor of going to Cuba, and told him to look around him and he would see seventeen men, besides myself, who had not been allowed to vote at all, all of whom were in favor of going home, and that if our vote did not turn out to be of interest to us, he must bear in mind that Company K was not fairly represented, and that eighteen men were not allowed a voice in the affair. He promised to see to it himself that our vote would be taken into consideration and would report it himself, which would represent Com- pany K as having 48 to 31 in favor of going home. I dis- missed the men and went back to my office, determined to see if Captain Ledbetter would fulfill his promise to the men and have our vote recorded; but it was fully an hour after the report had been formed and taken to town by Lieutenants Schwarz, Fletcher and Johnston that Captain Ledbetter came to headquarters, and I knew we had been entirely shut out. "J. W. Moore. "September 20, 1898." The following day Moore printed a card abjectly de- claring that he had intended to cast no reflection in his letter on the honor, honesty or fairness of Lieut. E. D. Johnston. CHAPTEE XII. RETURNING TO CIVILIAN LIFE. ^HERE was abundant reason for felicity at Jackson- Wj^^ ^i^^® amon^ the two Alabama regiments. Of course, a keen solicitude prevailed concerning the Ala- bamians left in the division hospital at Miami, fully 100 of them having been too ill to make the trip with their com- rades. But of the sick who were able to travel, a majority at once made rapid strides toward robustness at Camp Cuba Libre. Orders were issued, however, to send all convales- cents to Pablo Beach, eighteen miles from Jacksonville. Inadequate arrangements at that place occasioned consider- able discomfort to the men sent there. Afterward, report was made officially that the deaths of Anthony Sammereier and E. E. James, both of Company B, Second Alabama, were largely due to neglect. But the "present for duty" men of the entire First Divi- sion of the Seventh Army Corps regained health, strength and vitality at Jacksonville with remarkable readiness. Discipline became easier of accomplishment. Officers found that sound men are much more tractable than invalids, querulous with exhaustion or fever. The First Division's quarters — in Fairfield, a suburb of Jacksonville — were picturesque and attractive. But it was in Camp Cuba Libre, that the men of the Second learned to understand the real extent of their colonel's overzealous- ness. They were denied the liberties allowed other regi ments and discontent was not slow in brewing. The lines of other regiments were open, but members of Colonel Cox's command were allowed to leave camp only on written passes; 196 Ketuening to Civilian Life. and these passes were limited. Yet, with the felicitous adaptabilit}' of Amerieaus, the meu adjusted themselves to the situation, thouf^h losing none of their eagerness "to fight or go home." The Second Alabama was encamped on the west bank of tiie St. John's river, half a mile from the First Alabama. A description of the Alabamians' quarters, printed at that time, said : "Visitors peeping into any of the tents are surprised at the orderly array of domestic utensils. Shoe brushes, towels, mirrors, shaving mugs and racks of every conceiv- able nature have been fitted into the tents uutil the camps have assumed the comj)lexion of a city of canvas cottages. Throughout the regiments a settled sense of location has turned the soldiers' inclinations toward the diversions that attracted them at home." * . * # * * * ♦ It was then that the officers of the Socoud Ala\)aina, under the guidance of Lieutenant Colonel Thurston, succeeded in writing the name of their regiment across the pages of the nation's history. There was no longer any prospect of winning glory in the clash of battle; tlie glamour and pomp of actual war had already fled and only the sobering quiet of an armistice remained, but the Second Alabama volun- teered to relieve the government of possible embarrassment by plunging itself into the yellow fever-swept district of Santiago de Cuba. The victorious Americans then sta- tioned there were eager to return home. Depleted in num- bers by bullets and disease and debilitated by the torrid climate, they showed ample excuse for a desire to return northward. But no other troops were eager to replace them. "To fight Spaniards is one thing, but to fight yellow fever is another," volunteers said. At that juncture— on August 9 — a meeting of the officers of the Second Alabama was held and it was unanimously agreed to forward to Adjutant General Corbin a telegram in eflfect as follows : SouTHEKN Martyrs. 197 We, the undersigned officers of the Second Alabama Volunteer In- fantry, with a majority of our command, hereby volunteer to relieve the troops now in the yellow fever-stricken district of Santiago de Cuba. AVe are from Mobile and Southern Alabama generally, and are about as nearly immune as any regiment in the service. Lieutenant Colonel Thurston and Capt. W, J. Yaiden prevailed on Brigadier General Gordon to indorse on the communication his approval. He voluntarily attached the sentence, "With regret at the prospect of losing so good a regiment." Then Captain Vaiden was deputed to carry the message to Major General Lee. That officer urged the withdravs^al of the offer. He argued that the regiment was destined to leave for Cuba as part of his command within a few weeks and that it would be unwise to interfere with such plans as had already been made concerning the Sec- ond Alabama. The request for transfer to Santiago was withdrawn in deference to Major General Lee's wishes. ******* Deep anxiety was occasioned by the uncertainty of the War Department's plans regarding the volunteers. Major General Lee's assertion led the Alabamians to believe they would go to Cuba under his command. A large element were reluctant to experience garrison life. They had en- listed as volunteers to fight, not as "regulars to soldier." But the prospect of foreign service lent interest to affairs military. The drills — half as long as and during more reasonable hours than those at Miami — were gone through with a snap and zest. Curiosity was felt as to the scores made at the target range at Cocoa-nut Grove, six miles from Miami, whither the First Alabama and the Second Battal- ion of the Second had gone for practice during the encamp- ment on Mr. Flagler's land. Still, publication of intelligence that 100,000 volunteers were to be mustered out created a furore among the Ala- bamians. Word that the men would be permitted to ex- press their wishes with relation to their term of service led a number to formulate petitions for discharge. There were 198 Keturning to Civilian Lite. some few enlisted meu wlio, eager to do dut}- ou foreign soil before retnruiug home, felt disposed to continue in the volunteer army. But these numbered less than fifteen per cent, on August 15, 1898. Some of them were hopeful that they might find opportunities for unusual profit in Cuba or Porto Rico and that their service as garrison troops would end before another year passed. Fully eighty-five per cent, of the enlisted meu from Alabama waited with pain- ful anxiety for news that they were to be discharged. Or- ders were issued in the Second that any movement in the direction of an organized efi'ort to be mustered out would meet with })unishment. It was at that juncture that Sergt. R. E. Austill, of Com- pany C, Second Alabama, persisted in circulating a petition requesting the discharge from service of his regiment. Ser- geant Austill had, through manifestations of a marked in- dividuality, won considerable prominence among the en- listed men. His jietition was being numerously signed when Captain Rcjbinson, under the colonel's instructions, placed him in arrest. The following letter from Austill's father, jiublished in the Mobile Ittyisfcr, reflects the condi- tion of sentiment at that time : "It was not my intention to take any further notice of the arrest of my son and the taking of his sergeant's stripes from his coat, by order of Col. Jim Wade C(jx, of the Sec- ond Alabama Volunteers, at Jacksonville, but proof has come to me from every direction that the officers of our volunteer regiments have not only ignored the privates, but in many instances have punished them for daring to express their wishes or to sign petitions to be mustered out. "As the privates are not allowed to speak for themselves, some of us who are not liable to be punished and reduced to ranks by officers, should speak for them through the pub- lic press. Does not this course of the officers lay them open to the suspicion that, because they get good salaries and have an opportunity for promotion and have compara- tively an easy time, they are disposed to take advantage of the enlisted men and keep them in service after the war is Southern Martyrs. 199 over ? As the officers have not allowed the privates to sign petitions representing their wishes, how can they safelv say a majority of the men want to remain in service? The of- ficers of the First Alabama Volunteers had a meeting on the 24th instant and resolved that the 'statement that a majority of the enlisted men antagonize further service is absolutely false.' They passed this resolution without call- ing on the men to vote. And yet, it seems that on that day 850 men of that regiment had signed petitions asking to be discharged. When it was made known that the govern- ment would muster out a large number of volunteers and would give preference to those who wanted to be dis- charged, the privates had just as much right as the officers to be heard and our colonels should have given them a chance and eacli private should have had one vote and each officer one. Remember, we are considering the rights of volunteers who voluoteered to fight for their country, not to enlist as regular soldiers. The war being over, they have a moral right to be released, and I cannot see that any dis- grace is to be put upon a private volunteer who woald now prefer to return to his peaceful pursuits. With volunteers Rank is but the guinea stamp, The man's the man for a' that. "I will not consider my son disgraced because Colonel Jim Wade Cox took off his sergeant's stripes. I am glad when he was arrested by Captain Ed Robinson that he had the manliness to tear off the signatures to the paper, except his own, before giving it to the captain, and that he did not seek to hide behind a round robin or to drag others into trouble. His punishment, however, is a punishment of every volunteer who dared to sign a petition and I very much doubt the necessity or wisdom of such a step. "God bless the volunteers! They made this country free and great and will keep it so if treated with that considera- tion to which they are entitled. "It is to be feared that the association of our volunteer officers with the regular army officers has put an idea in their heads that enlisted men have no rights. Lieutenant Colonel Thurston, of the Second Alabama Volunteers, is a lieutenant, I am, told, in the regular army and, if report is true, he is now in Washington seeking to keep the Second Alabama Volunteers in service. Is it to be supposed that 200 Returning to Civilian Life. he has either consulted tlie wishes of the i)rivates or that he cares a fig what they thiuk ? His positiou remiuils oue of the Hues we read iu Quackeuboss : And tliou, Dalhousie, thou great Gixl of War. Lieutenant-Colonel to the Karl of Marr. "I hope the governor of our state will have an oppor- tunity to muster out both the First and Second Alabama Voluuteers and let our men and othcors — r»Mluced to ranks — all come home and help to build u|) our great state. The Third Regiment w.iuts to go to Cuba and it should be gratified. "H. AUSTILL. "Mobile, August 27, 1898." Influences of every description were brought to bear in the fight V)otween the friends of the officers to ('(Uitinuo the regiments in service and the irieuds of the enlisted men to have them mustered out. Considerable acrimony entered into the struggle. Word that Lieutenant Colonel Thurston had gone to Washington was wired home by enlisted men ; and Congressman H. D. Clayton hastened to the national capital to ])lead for the volunteers who desired their dis- charge. It was during that period that Maj. W. W. Bran- don, of the Second Alabama, endeared himself to the rank and file of both regiments. Going to Montgomery, he set forth to Governor Johnston in eloquent terms the cause of Alabama's s')ldiers who had sutiered their full share and were entitled to resume their peaceful vocations. Then, returning to Camp Cuba Libre, he was assigned to con- duct the Second Alabama's summar}' court, in the absence of Lieutenant Colonel Thurston, but discreetly contrived during this time to advise the men as to the proper course for them to pursue. Their gratitude led them into sev- eral situations embarrassing to the major. One evening the men of the Second broke through the guard lines and, surrounding Major Brandon's tent, cheered him till they were hoarse. He advised them to return to their quarters and remain dutiful. At that moment Colonel Cox ordered Southern Martyrs. 201 the assembly call blown so that quiet might be restored. The men went trooping back good-naturedly to their com- pany streets. Governor Johnston had already wired Colonel Cox to take the sense of his regiment concerning continued service. The colonel protested that such a course was in violation of military ethics. He made applicatioa for permission to comply with the governor's request but it was denied at di- vision headquarters. Nevertheless, through the energy and tactfulness of Major Brandon, Governor Johnston was fully acquainted with the men's wishes and, at the invitation of the War Department, he recommended that Alabama's white volunteers be released from service. * * * * -x- * * August 14, the Alabama regiments received their wages for July. Proof of the excellent military material in the rank and file and of the indifferent administration of the two regi- ments became apparent in Jacksonville, also. As late as September 1, it was necessary to issue a general order in the Second Alabama acquainting officers with a regulation they ought to have known long before — that company com- manders should be promptly notified of the confinement in the guardhouse of any of their men. Before that, at Miami, this general order was issued : Officers confining enlisted men will prefer charges promptly where the offense is of a sufficiently serious character to warrant. The commanding officer regrets to note dilatoriiiess of officers in this respect, which tends only to create contempt for the only means of discipline. Despite this order, a non-commissioued officer of the Second Alabama was held in confinameut — part of the time in the guardhouse — from July 29 to August 24 without trial. The commanding officer was himself responsible for the man's arrest. The prisoner was finally released on his captain's representation that in military law there was no warrant for holding a prisoner more than eight days without trial. On August 31, 1898, the Seventh Army Corps paraded 202 Keturning to CI^^LIAN Life. througli the streets of Jacksonville in celebration of tlie nation's victory ; and no command in that body of 80,000 men presented a better appearance than the two Alabama regiments. Indeed, it was f^enerjiUy conceded that the Second Alal)ama made a showintr second to no other regi- ment in the Corps. Brigadier General W. W. Gordon was relieved of his com- mand to act as a member of the Porto Rican evacuation commission ; and his brigade wtis taken charge of by Col. L. M. Oppeuheimer of the Second Texas. Before his de- parture, General Gordon was presented with a handsome gold watch by the otHcers of his brigadt^ ; and in his speech of thanks, he made reference to Huch "exactions as he may have im|)osed," exi)hiining that he had always been eager to harden his command for the exigencies of active service. On September 2, word was received at Jacksonville that Governor Johnston's recommendation for the muster out of the two Alabama regiments had been favorably acted on ; and the enlisted men were overjoyed. It was ordered that so soon as the preliminarv arrange- ments coukl \)e completed, the two commands should be taken back to Alabama and released on thirty days' fur- lough, after which they should reassemble for muster out. The lieutenant colonels were appointed mustering officers for their respective regiments, but subsequently Lieutenant Colonel McDonald was named chief mustering officer — Lieutenant Colonel Thurston being relieved — with Capt. M. O. Mollis as his assistant for the Second and Lieut. G. W. YanDeusen, adjutant of the First Artillery, U. S. A., his assistant for the First Regiment. But there remained a great deal of clerical work to do at Jacksonville. The transfers, made at Mobile to expedite the muster in of companies, had been set straight at Miami — by the First Alabama on its arrival there and by the Sec( nd after its first pay day — the names of the transferred men being finally installed on the rolls of the commands with which they originally volunteered. This fact complicated and in- creased the clerical work required on the muster out rolls. None of the men had been fully equipped and few received more than half of the regular allowance of clothing. Their accounts had to be reckoned and full report made of the ordnance issued. Afterward, it developed that on their dis- charge, the average payment to the privates was $76, di- Southern Martyrs. 203 vided as follows : Wages for September and October, $31.20; balance due on clothing account, $30 ; commutation of rations during furlough, $7.50 ; travel fare to place of en- listment, $7.50. Both regiments were ordered to muster out at Mobile. But representation was made that most of the men of the First Alabama lived in the vicinity of Birmingham and that it would be more convenient to release them there. Colonel Higdon's regiment was then instructed to proceed to East Lake, Ala., for disbandment. Meanwhile, citizens of Mont- gomery succeeded in having the War Department also change its orders concerning the Second Alabama, Colonel Cox's command being instructed in the end to muster out at the state capital. Finally, on September 16, both regiments left Jackson- ville, Fla., for Alabama. The men expected a hearty wel- come on their return home and, indeed, a number of en- thusiastic receptions were accorded them en route. But Montgomery, which was reached early on September 17, disappointed the home-coming soldiers. No organized effort had been made to receive them. No committee met them at the depot to tell them they were welcome. Maj. Tom O. Smith's battalion of the First Alabama marched through the city and a crowd followed them back to the union station. The Second Alabama was chagrined that Montgomery, after having wrested the regiment's camp site from Mobile, did not ndanifest any appreciation of its suc- cess. The First Alabama proceeded to East Lake, the city of Birmingham giving the regiment a magnificent reception. Thousands of persons lined the streets, cheering and shout- ing. Flowers and bunting were profusely employed for decorations ; an abundance of lunches was provided for the soldiers ; and the returning regiment was ov^jrwhelmed with cordial hospitality. The men were taken on the street cars to East Lake where the camp was pitched and named in honor of Col. J. M. Falkner. The Second Kegimeut was switched over the railroad to Eiverside Park, in Montgomery, where the men quietly pitched their tents in an unpromising tract adjoining the Fair Grounds. The camp was named in honor of Alabama's ex-Secretary of the Navy, Hilary A. Herbert. A bfirbecue had been arranged for the regiment by citizens of Mont- 204 Eeturning to Civilian Life. f^omery to take ])Iace on Septoinber 21. But the autliorities established a quaiautiue statiou iuside the space alhited to Colouel Cox's commaud and protest was made that the stoppaf^e, in such ch>se proximity to the sohliers, of trains from tlie infected yeUow fever districts, was a serious menace to the men's healtli. Indeed, Major Pu{^h advised that the trains be forced to move on. But the municipal authorites declined to alter the situation. The relationship between the regiment and the city thus became strained; and Colouel Cox, with some austerity, seat word to the cit- izens that his men would neither parade nor attend the scheduhnl barbecu<\ Tiie work of releasing the regiment on furlough was hastcMied. Th(3 nrilnauce was turned in to Cai)t. M. O. Hollis and on September lO, tlie men were paid their August wagt's and alh»\ved to leave on thirty diiys' fur- lough. Captain \\. .1. Vaiden remained in charge of the camp with more than 100 men who volunteered from differ- ent companies to forego their furloughs. The Second Ala- bama was ordered to return to Camp Hilarv A. Herbert ou October i'J. The First Alabama was ])aid its August wages on Sep- tember 19 and released on furlough on the following day, under instructions to report back ou October 20. Adjutant L. C. Brown assumed charge of Camp Falkner and the men who remained tiiere during the thirty ilays. But the First Alabama did not surreiuh'r its ordnance at that time. Both regiments reassembled ]n-t)mptly ou the iLiys re- spectively ajipoiuted. In the interim, however, tlie malig- nance of the yellow fever epidemic in L)uisiaua and Missis- sippi and the consequent menace to Alabama formed the basis of a request to the War Department that an additional furlough of thirty days be granted to both regiments, the men to be notified of the extension of their leaves without returning to camp. But the War Department ordered that both commands be mustered out as s(ion as the processes could be gone thrcnigh. while those men who happened to be in the quarantined district were excused from returning to their companies. Arrangements were made to forward to these few abseutees their discharge papers and the money due them from the government. Colonel Higdou arranged a sham battle for his commaud at East Lake for the benedt of the Sisters of Charity and Southern Martyrs. 205 Hillman Hospital of Birmingham. The affair took place on October 22. Major McLeod and six companies, assisted by Battery B of Montgomery, attempted to hold a hill against Major Smith with six companies. Of course, the assaulting party triumphed and planted its colors on the crest of the hill after an exciting exhibition. On October 2^, the First Alabama turned in its ordnance to Lieutenant Van Deusen and the physical examinations for muster out were expeditiously prosecuted in both regi- ments under the direction of Major S. S. Pugh at East Lake and of INIajor Flagg, U. S. A., at Montgomery. Colonel Higdon's regiment was on parole during this period but guard lines were placed around Colonel Cox's command. Lieutenant Colonel McDonald went to Atlanta and ar- ranged for a sufficient number of paymasters to pay the men as soon as the work preliminary to muster out was finished. The discharge papers were dated October 31, 1898 and payments were made to that date. Thus, the state's white volunteers returned to civilian life after just six mouths of army service fraught with suf- fering and privation but, withal, evidencing the patriotism and loyalty and the magnificent manhood of imperial Alabama. INDEX. I'AGK. Argument 7.12 Dkath Roll — First Alabama (see addenda) 13 Second Alabama Regiment (see addenda) 14 Causes of Death 15 Men or thk First Alabama — r'ield and StafT Officers 18 Comi)aiiy K (Hirniingbam Rifles) 17-19 1., 'Ihiey «Tnards) 20-22 A ( Woodiawn Light Infantry) 23-25 G (JelTerson Volunteers) 26-28 H (Bessemer RiHes) 29-30 D (Anniston Rifles) 31-32 M (Clark Rilles or Bowie Volunteers) 33-38 I (Oxford or Calhoun Rifles) 37-3S C (Ktowali Killes) 39-40 E (Jiie Johnston Rifles) 41-43 F ( Iliintsville Killes) 44-46 R ( Wheeler Rilles) .'.".■;..' 47.49 Regimental Band 60-51 Mbn of tiik Skcond Alabama — Field and Stall Otiicers 50 Company A ( Montgomery (ireys) 53-56 L ( I'hoeiiix City b'itles) 56-58 F ( Warrior (Tiiards ) 59-62 1) (>Jontgomery True Blues) 63-65 K (Culf City Cuards) '16-68 M ( Mobile Cadets) 69-71 B (Lomax RiHes) 72-74 C ( Mobile Rille Company) 75-77 H (Troy Killes) 78-79 I (Jackson County Volunteers) 80-83 G (Kufaula Killes). (see addenda ) 84-85 K (" Vaiden's Rough Walkers"; 86-88 Regimental Band 89-90 Chai'tek I. Assembling at thk State Rendezvous— Women Retard Kecruiting 9I National (niard Organization 91-92 Appointment Lieutenant Colonels 93 Volunteers Leave Birmingham 93-94 Selection State Rendezvous 95 Separate Companies Report for Duty 95 Routine of Calls qq Camp Louis V. Clark 95 Board of Examiners (120) 97 Sergeant Collins killed 9g Small-pox Prevented Qf^ Second Regiment's Commander Chosen 98 Colonel Cox Names Camp Johnston 99 Chapter II. Soirces of Incompetence — National Guard Inefficiency 100-108 Unjust Selection of Officers 100-108 INDEX. 207 Illegal Commissions 101-102 Merit not Title to Office 100-108 Militia Untrained 100 ; 103-104 Orders Ignored 105-106 Guard Duty Misinterpreted 105-106 First Superior to Second Alabama 106-107 Lieutenant Colonel McDonald 106-107 No Warrants Issued Second's Non-Coms 107-108 Chapter III. Camps Clark and Johnston — Change Alabama Women's Attitude 109 Presentation First Alabama's Colors 109-112 " Camp Life in a Nutshell." 112-113 Volunteers Poorly Fed and Supplied . .(120). . 114 Early Camp Jubilance 114 Officers Responsible for Poor Food 115-116 Lack of Discipline 117-118 Faithfulness Wins Hardship 117 Desertions Before Muster In 118 Chapter IV. Recruiting the Regiments — Magnificent Military Material 119 Grief of Rejected Volunteers 119-120 First Companies to Muster. 121-122 Difficulty of Obtaining Recruits 122-125 Transfer Scheme Employed 123-124 First Alabama Studies the "'Regulars" 126 Difference in Regiments' Police Systems 126-127 Food Contributions 127 Chapter V. Mustering In — Captain Barr Describes Camp Conditions 128-129 First Religious Services in Camp 129 Y. M. C. A. Tents 129-130 Volunteers Libeled 130 Ladies' Soldiers' Relief Ass'n— Mrs. H. E.Jones, (153-154) 130-131 First Dress Parade 131 First's Companies Assigned to Battalions 132 Payment of Volunteers 133 First Alabama Mustered 134 AdditionalMajors and Battalion Adjutants (183) 134;134 First Alabama Goes to Spring Hill 135 Second Alabama Mustered 136 Chapter VI. At Spring Hill — Physical Excellence of Alabama Volunteers 137 Raising the Regimental Quota 137-138 Recruiting Officers and Agents 138 Second Alabama goes to Spring Hill 139-140 Orders to Mount Vernon Issued and Revoked 141 Alabamians in the Fourth Army Corps 134 ; 139 ; 141 Equipments 142 Orders to Miami 143 First Alabama's First Pay Day 143 Soldiers' Saturnalia 143-145 First Alabama Leaves for Miami 144 Chapter VIII — From Mobile to Miami — Presentation Second Alabama's Colors 146-149 Confined to Camp 149-150 208 INDEX. Farewell Scenes at Spring Hill 151-153 Immune to Yellow Fever 151 Ball Cartridges Issued 151 Absurd Railroad Arrangements 151-152 Incidents en route to Miami 154-155 Arrival in Miami 155 Chapter VIII. AViiat Civilians Saw — Alabamians Transferred to Seventh Army Corps 156 John S- Kendall's Description of Miami 156-158 C. Arthur Williams' View of Miami 158-163 Chapter IX. Hospital Horrors — Surgeons' Views of Miami 164-176 Chapter X. Soldier Slaves — Mr. Flagler's Offer 177 Horrors of the Miami Camp 178-185 Censorship 185 "Unpaid Second" 182-183 First Alabama's Canteen 183 Second's Colors and Band Instruments 182-183 Passes Denied 182 Orders to Jacksonville 185-186 Departure for Jacksonville 186 Chapter XI. Disaffection in the First — Officers Dissatisfied with Their Colonel 187-188 Statement Printed by Officers 188-189 Colonel Higdon's Rejoinder 190-191 Private Moore's Defense of His Colonel 191-194 Chapter XII. Returning to Civilian Life — Alabamians Recover Robustness •. 195 Second Offers to Brave Yellow Fever 196-197 Enlisted Men Eager to be Mustered Out 197-201 Officers Desire Continued Service 197-201 Sergeant Austin's Reduction 198-201 Major Brandon's Triumphant Fight 200-201 Colonel Cox and Governor Johnston Disagree 201 Illegal Imprisonment 201 Seventh Army Corps Parade 201-202 Orders for Muster Out 202-203 Volunteers' Final Payment 202-203 Return to Alabama 203 Camps Herbert and Falkner 203-205 Muster Out 205 ILLUSTRATIONS. Frontispiece 0pp. Maj. Tom. O. Smith " 16 Capt. Newman D. Lacy " 32 Maj. Henry B. Foster " 48 Maj Robert B. DuMont '' 64 Capt. E. H. Graves -. " 80 Capt. W. J. Vaiden " 96 Capt. J. D . Hagan " 112 Lieut. Leon Schwarz " 128 Lieut. Sherwood Bonner " 144 Breaking Camp at Spring Hill " 160 Maj. William W. Brandon " 176 Maj. S. S. Pugh " 192 ADDEE'DA. It was with mingled delight and regret that the Alabamians doffed | their uniforms and returned to civic liabiliments. Warm friend- k ships had been contracted during the iix months' service and men | were sorry to part with comrades whom they might never see again. | But in the ISecond Alabama, the volunteers derived immense pleas- | ure from an attestation of their esteem and affection for the man \ who, more than any one else, labored to obtain their muster out. I An impressive ceremony was arranged at Camp Hilary A. Herbert | where Major William W. Brandon was presented with a handsome, « costly gold watch, chain and charm by the enlisted men of the regi- \ ment. ] Private J. S. Hood, of Company F, started the movement to make | the presentation and a committee was appointed to take up subscrip- [ tions as follows: Joseph R. Williams, Company A; Charles W. | HoIley,Co. L; J. S. Hood, Co F; Charles D. Faber, Co D; R. H. I McWhorter, Co. E ; Smith Dickens, Co. M ; Sergt W. A. McCreary, ; Co. B; R. E. Austin, Co. C; W..). Malone, Co H; Sergt. W. E [ Harris, Co. I; Sergt, W. T. Sheehan, Co. G ; Corporal C. W. Jackson, I Co. K. I INIen who did not feel constrained by grsititude for Major Bran- 1; don's fighi to have the regiment mustered out. were moved, by ad- ] mii-ation for his ability, to contribute to the presentation fund. [ Major Brandon had so deeply impressed the men of the Second Ala- i bama with his ability as an officer and his kindliness as a man that a ; marked eagerness was apparent on all sides to make eminently sue- [; cessful the presentation to him of a token of affection and esteem. I The watch, chain and charm were suitably engraved. Virgil { Bouldin, a private in Company I, and ex-member of the state legisla- t ture, was selected to make the presentation speech. Major Brandon | responded feelingly. i, In the First Alabama, the officers showed their esteem for the f- soldierly excellence of Lieutenant Colonel McDonald by presenting | him with a superb saber and scabbard Lieutenant Colonel McDon- n aid's fellow otHcers were lavish in thnir praise of his egregious abil- I ity as an officer ; and his response to the presentation speech breathed | a aeep regard for the patriotism, loyalty and valor of Alabama. ^ Meanwhile, the rank and file of the tirst Regiment, under the im- 1; pression that Colonel Higdon had fought single-handed for their [■ 210 Addenda. muster out, showered on him a thousand evidences of their kindly regard. Altogether, the two regiments disbanded amid innumerable circum- stances of felicity. * * * * But the closing days of the Second Alabama's service were marked with intense disgust over the quality of food furnished. Both regi- ments were fed by contract during the few days prior to the muster out, but at Montgomery the men complained bitterly that the meats furnished were either tainted or practically uncooked. ***** BATTALION FORMATIONS. First Alabama. First }5attalion— Companips K, L, A and G. Second Battalion— Companies H, D, M and I. Third Battalion— Companies C, E, F and B. Second A dab a ma. First Battalion— Companies A, L, F and D. Second Battalion— Companies E, M, B and C. Third Battalion — Companies H, I. G and K. * * * Corrections .\nd AnnrnoNS. In Company A, Second Alabama, Ciptain H. B. May, a most promising offi-er, was elected to the captaincy from the Second Junior Lieutenancy, J. T. Bnilen having been second lieutenant at the time. The captaincy of Company M, Second Alabama, was filled, after the rejection of Captain Rowan, by Captain (incorrectly termed lieutenant) W. L. Pitts, of Selma. a lawyer whose capacities and pos- sibilities as an officer won the respect of all who came to know him in the army. The Lomax Rifles captured the first prize in the militia drill at Washington, D. C, in 1887, as related on page 73, DEATH ROLL. Frank J. Maloney. First Alabama (correction). Sam Noble, Corporal Company D, Fir t .\Iabama,died at Anniston, Ala., from typhoid fever while home on furlough. Martin T. Whatley, Private, Company C, Second Alabama, died at Winn, Ala., while home on furlough. G. Yawn, Private, Company G, S3Cond Alabama, died September 28, at Graceville, Fla., while home on furlough William J. Murphy, Private, Company B, Second Alabama, died at Camp Hilary A. Herbert, October 21. Addenda. 211 Men of The First Alabainn. Regimental Quartermaster Ser- geant, Lewis W. Patteson. Company K. Ranson, Edgar F. Williams, John, Deserted. Company L. John S. Hargrove, First Sergeant. John H. Cook, Sergeant. Corporal John J. Burnett. Alexander H. Gratz, Corporal. Oatts, John A.. Owen, Walter V., Suttie, David. Company A. 2nd Lieut. Lucius C. Mont- gomery. Sergt. Garland Kirven, Corporal Samuel I. Bigham , Bare, William A., Connally, John, * Creilly. Otto C, Ferrie, John T., Keirsey David D., Oepger, Frank, Parrott, J Frank,' Seoggins, Jerry M. Company G. Sergt, L. S. Handley, Jr., Sergt. C. T. Thomasson.- Corporal Burlin R. Starnes, Allred, Charles A., Bragdon, H. T., Bean, .\lex W., Fillingin, Barney, Fletcher, Frank M., Goodwin, Melvin, Harris, Howard, Hand, Eugene F., Hays. Charles, Jennings. < harles, Jollee, Kdgar R., Kimball, K,t)llin C, Kieling, Harry. Meagher. James J., Pierce, B B., Pickard, Tony, Ray, Carl E., Shaw, O. \V., Shilling, Frank, Short, Marshall C, Venelle, Edward E., AValthall, H. B., Wooley, David Z., Company H. Corporal John Reily , Donnell, John T., Edmondson, L. E.. Edmundson, Joe, Graham, Minor E., Rayborn, George, Trenholm, C. V., Tussie, D. F. Company D. Corporal Fred H. Rounsaville, Boguskie, William, Breadion, Wm., Deserted. Company M. Palvado. C. J.. R-»oks. Robert R., Smithson.T. C, Company I. Corporal Postell Lewis, Corporal Cbas. P. Nunnelly, transferred. Cosper, Clem A., Hense, Ed., Mason, Eillod L., IMcCuilers, Burrell, Skipper, James L., Company C. Burns, Henry W., Dorsett, Wm. L., Duran, Bud, Comi'any E. McBee, Henry R., Company F. Qmster. Sergt Hiram Burrow, Sergt. Charles F Schneider, Musician Bernard R. liadford. Bryant, W. L., Collette, J O, Helveston, Laurin, Mason, .1 Thomas, Williams, Perry L., Reed, J. W., Co.mpa.s'y C. Arthur, G. P , Armistead, Gus, 212 Addenda. Armistead, Ike, Ohambliss, Pomeroy, Castile, Robert A., Green. H, J. S., Kalin, John, Keebaugh, Ollie, Legg, J. B., McDaniel, Thomas, Pruitt, E. W., Rosson, W. M., Tompkins, Emmet J., Walters, Ulis, Men of the Second Alabama. Company A. Corpora] Kearney W. McDade. Burdeshaw, Marion C, Deal, Robert L , Ledyard, Robert E., McKenzie, Alfred J., Matthews, Dessie, Rawlin-on, Douglas, Smith, William R., Shider, Thomas B., ( OMPANY L. Sergeant Bozeman C. Bulger. Edwards, Locksley T., Harrison, Charles F., Johnston, Cliarles O.. Company F. Sergt. Charles H. LaBoyteaux, Booth, David W.. Chisolm, Ernest J., Meredith, Reuben A., Powell, Hamerica H., Raburn, Luther W , Company D. Donaldson, A K , Gullette, J. E., Lansdell, Charles B., Henfroe, Nathaniel D., Steed, Thomas G , Company M. Wagoner John C. Johnston, Brodnax, Uobert R., Harrison, Claude D., Howd, Pearl D., Linning, Charles, Dischgd. Newsom, James, Woolf, Eugene L., Company B. Corporal John D. Burnett, Jr., Broades, John. Hendon, Edwin T., Jr,, Company C. Corporal Frank O'Rourke, Deckard, Thomas B., Faulk, Thomas F.. Hubbird, Joseph F., Lamare, Vincent A., Stanford, Ed L., Tranum. Woods, West, VVylie F , Company H. Carter, Elias G., TulMier, Ulysses H., Company I. Alfred W. McGan. Qmstr. Sergt. Corporal William D. Keeton, Corporal Charles Rice Coffey, Elmore Kennamer, Musician, Richard H. Smith, Wagoner, Walter D. Green, Corporal. Gullatt, John A , Gober, Isaac, Oden, Henry, Sisk, Erskin M., Thrower, James M., Company G. Captain John R. Barr (resigned). Sergeant W. M. Petry, Harris, J, M., Kaigler, O G., McTyer, T. F., Stevens, 1^. M., Smith, W. T., Company K. Carlton. Walter S , Jones. Edgar W , W95 1 ^*'\ A<=U. ^ ^, .i* ,.v. V^^^* / * *V*"^^'\/' .*^' "*. iVA. %/ rf' lV y^ • -V-0 n ♦ -V»« .f» LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 1 1 'i 1 1 1 1 ,;.,•„. 005 495 815 8 mk