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\vn as tlie Ohio River, or, as the French called it, ■' la Belle Riviere." - \'enango county then included that part "f Clarion lying ne.\t to Jefferson countv. Early History. 15 line crosses said creek ; thence south along Hunter's district line, to a point twelve miles north of the Canoe-place, on the west branch of the Susquehanna; thence by a due west line until it intersects the eastern boundary of Armstrong county; thence north along the line of Armstrong and Venango counties, to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby erected into a separate county, to be henceforth called Jefferson county. And the place of holding the courts of justice shall be fixed by the Legislature at any place, at a distance not greater than seven miles from the center of said county which may be the most beneficial and convenient for the said county." Passed 26th of March, 1804. By the 13th section of the same act, Jefferson county was annexed to the county of Westmoreland, and the jurisdiction of the several courts of the- county of Westmoreland, and the authority of the judges thereof, shall e.xtend over, and shall operate and be effectual within the county of Jefferson, By an act passed the 3d of February, 1806, the commissioners of West- moreland county were authorized to act also for Jefferson county. By an act passed loth of March, 1806, Jefferson county was attached to Indiana county for judicial purposes, etc. By an act passed 31st of March, 1806: "Sec. 9. The county of Jefferson shall be a separate election district, and the electors thereof shall hold their general election at the house now occupied by Joseph Barnett, on Sandy Lick Creek, in said county." By an act passed the 21st of January, 1824, the qualified voters of Jeffer- son county were authorized to elect their own commissioners and auditors, and the commissioners to appoint a treasurer; and, in pursuance of said act, the voters of Jefferson county, at the October election, 1824, elected John W. Jenks county commissioner for one year, John Lucas for two years, and An- drew Barnett for three years. These were the first officers elected for Jefferson county. In another chapter we will give those elected to the different offices- si nee that time. By an act of the 8th of April, 1829, the Legislature appointed John Mit- chell, of Centre ; Robert Orr, of Armstrong ; and Alexander McCalmont, of Venango county, commissioners to locate and fix the site for the seat of justice for the county of Jefferson. They met at the house of Joseph Barnett, in Pine Creek township, and proceeded to locate the said site on the Susquehanna and Waterford turnpike, at the confluence of the Sandy Lick and North P'ork creeks, where they form the Red Bank Creek, and gave it the name of " Brook- ville." The first section of an act of Assembly, passed the Sth day of April, 1S30, provides: "That from and after the first day of October then next, the inhab- itants of the county of Jefferson shall enjoy all and singular the jurisdictions, powers, rights, liberties, and privileges whatsoever within the same, which the i6 History of Jefferson County. inhabitants of other counties of this State do, may, or ought to enjoy by the laws and constitution of this Commonwealth." By an act passed the i8th of April, 1843, erecting parts of Jefferson, Mc- Kean, and Clearfield counties into a separate county, to be called Elk, Ridgway and a part of Snyder township was taken from Jefferson. And by an act passed i ith of April, 1848, all that part of Jefferson county lying north of the Clarion River was made into a provisional county, to be called Forest, which took Tionesta and Jenks, and a portion of Barnett and Heath townships to form the same. The original boundary lines of Jefferson county inclosed an area of more than one thousand square miles, but it now contains, according to the census of 1880, an area of six hundred and forty-six square miles, or 413,440 acres. The present length of the county is thirty-three miles, and its width twenty- five miles. It is divided into thirty-one boroughs and townships, and thirty- three election precincts. Jefferson county is now in the fourth tier of counties east of the Ohio line, and in the third tier south of the New York line, and is bounded by Forest and Elk on the north, Clearfield on the east, Indiana on the south, and Arm- strong and Clarion on the west. Its south line now runs due west 23-5- miles from the Clearfield-Indiana corner; its west line thence due north 287 miles, to the Clarion River ; its north line, first up the Clarion River to Elk county, then due south one-half mile, then southeast 13! miles, to Clearfield county; its east line runs, first southwest 10 miles, then due south 15^ miles, to the starting place at the Clearfield-Indiana corner. CHAPTER II. NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS. General Ch:iracter of the Country — Elevation of Different Localitie;; — General To|iosrapby — Water System ami Drainage — Forests and Their Character — The Flora — Animals and Fish — Geology -Natural Cnriosities. <' 'T^HE surface of Jeflerson county is uniformly broken and hilly, every- I where occupied by the same rock strata, lying nearly horizontal and excavated into valleys and streams in the same style, although one valley is not the e.xact counterpart of another, nor the streams of equal size and im- portance, yet the type of the topography is the same, wherever we look at it, and one part of the county is, in this respect, almost a counterpart of the other. Natural Characteristics. 17 " Standing upon any one of the elevated points of the region, the observer may see beneath him a broad valley from three hundred to five hundred feet deep, and as irregular in its trend and course as its slopes are variable in their fall. Here precipitous walls face the stream on both sides ; there a sharp de- scent upon the one side is faced by a long, gentle slope upon the other, accord- ing as the dips are arranged ; at another place the valley widens under the influence of a synclinal and both its slopes are gradual. Numerous ravines, some short, some long, some deep, others shallow, debouch into the valley from both sides. Uplands, undulating, but of a pretty uniform height, stretch away in both directions. No mountain ridges are anywhere visible on the horizon. As far as the eye can see, there spreads an elevated table land, broken by vales, valleys, and ravines. "The height above tide of the upland summits range from 1600' to 1800'. They are lowest at the southern end of the county, and highest at the northern end, in obedience to a topographical law prevailing throughout western Penn- sylvania, that the surface elevations gradually increase in the direction of the rising anticlinal axis, i. e., toward the northeast. " To this law there is one notable exception in Jefterson county. The south- east corner borders on the high table land of the Chestnut Ridge anticlinal, whose summits frequently attain an elevation of 2000 ; and some few points in Gaskill township rise very nearly to that height; but these points are related more closely to the topography of Indiana and Clearfield counties than to that of Jefferson, which is in fact a mere continuation of that prevailing throughout Clarion, Armstrong, and western Indiana counties. " The drainage of Jefferson county is all westward towards the Ohio River, through (i) the Clarion River at the north end of the county, (2) Red Bank Creek in the center, and (3) Mahoning Creek on the south. Each of these streams has its own complex system of tributaries ; each with its own system of small branches and branchlets ; and thus the surface of the whole county is broken into hills. " Although the Clarion and the Mahoning are larger streams, yet as they flow on the borders of the county, they are less important to it than the Red Bank. " Red Bank Creek is the principal stream, as a glance at the map of the county will at once show. Its water basin is unsymmetrical on the two sides; a much larger part of its drainage coming in from the north than from the south. Excepting, indeed, for the Little Sandy branch, its basin on the south side would be confined pretty much to the hills which overlook the creek; whereas towards the north its far-reaching arms extend to the Elk county line. " Red Bank Creek, in the original maps and drafts of Jefferson county, bore the name of Sandy Lick, which name is still retained for its main branch, com- ing from Clearfield county, along which the Bennett's Branch Railroad is built. History of Jefferson County. The creek assumes the name of Red Bank at Brookville, where the Sandy Lick unites with the North Fork, and both branches carry enough water dur- ing floods to run rafts of heavy square timber. " Mill Creek, a branch of Sandy Lick, and Little Sandy, before alluded to as occupying the southwestern part of the county, are also rafting streams. " The volume of water, however, in all these streams, large and small, is ex- tremely irregular, varying as it does from stages of high flood, when the larger streams are destructive torrents, to stages of almost complete exhaustion during the periods of severe drought. This extreme variability is largely the conse- quence of the porous and loose condition of the surface rocks, which thus copiously yield water so long as they hold it. In 1879, an unexceptional year, after a succession of prolonged droughts, there was a dearth of water in all parts of the county; the larger streams had barely enough to turn a mill; and considerable difficulty was experienced, especially in the upland country, to obtain water for the cattle. As a rule, the county is abundantly watered for agricultural purposes, and for domestic supply in towns and villages. "The Red Bank-Mahoning divide, in the southeast corner of the county, crosses from Clearfield afa point nearly due east of Reynoldsville ; thence it follows an irregular southwest line around the heads of Elk Run and of the Little Sandy. Paradise Settlement stands at the head of it, so does Shamokin, Oliveburg, and Frostburg. Porter post-office, at the southwest end of the county, marks the top of the divide in that region. " The Red Bank-Clarion divide, on the north, enters Jefferson county south of Lane's Grove, where one branch of Rattlesnake Run takes its rise ; after passing Brockwayville, the water-shed is forced almost to the edge of the Little Toby valley, as will be seen by an examination of the county map ; along with the last-named stream, it passes into Elk county, where, curving about the heads of the North P"ork (Red Bank system), it returns again to Jefferson county, whence closely skirting the Clarion River, it runs southwest to Sigel ; there it turns sharply about, and next sweeps around the head of Big Mill Creek, extending thence south to within a few miles of the Red Bank valley. It therefore describes a semi-circle in northern Jefferson, stretching from one side of the county to the other."' The Forests. — The forests of Jefferson county contain a great variety of trees, the principal of which are white and yellow pine, hemlock, white, red, and black oak, chestnut, sugar, maple, beech, hickory, elm, cherry, ash, and birch. The rock areas of the northern part of the county contained the most val- uable pine and hemlock, while the farming lands in the southern part of the county were originally covered with oak, chestnut, sugar, maple, beech, and hickory. The greater part of the valuable pine and hemlock has been cut off, 1 Report H. 6, Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. Natural Characteristics. 19 though there is still a considerable quantity of marketable timber left. Where these forests have been cleared oft", a new growth of hard woods generally have taken their place, though in some instances where the pine and hemlock has been cut down, birch and cherry have taken their places, and again white oak succeeds the pine and hemlock, while the latter sometimes again grow upon the cut lands. The Flora. — The flora of Jefferson county is both rich and varied ; indeed no section of the country produces more beautiful or sweeter flowers. The sweet trailing arbutus, so much quoted in song and story, is found in great perfection and profusion in our woods, and before the snow has all gone from the ravines, parties are out searching for these little spring beauties, who hide their loveliness under the leaves and pine needles — arbutus parties being one of the features of the early spring time. Then we have several varieties of viola, anemones, cerulia, May-flowers, field daisies, ox-eye daisies, lady slipper, wild columbine, the brilliant mountain pink, wake robin, wild roses, eglantine, hawthorn, dogwood. Wild azaleas grow in profusion, two varieties being found. In the fields are found magnificent lilies, while the pride of the woods is the brilliant laurel, and the lovely rhododendron, which in season are nowhere found in greater profusion or more rich in coloring. In the depths of the woods the most beautiful mosses and ferns are found, from the delicate maiden-hair to the large, coarse-leaved bracken, and two varieties of trailing moss. Thus they succeed one another, gaining in brilliancy of coloring, from the time when the early violets and arbutus burst the bonds of winter's ice, until the stately golden-rod succumbs to the late autumn frosts. The woods are one poem of beauty from the time the first green leaves appear until they are all ablaze and aglow with their gay autumn dress of gold, crimson, scar- let, bronze — all the most brilliant colorings of the rainbow, toned down by the everlasting green of the pine and hemlock. Animals. — The original animals found in these forests comprised the elk, deer, black bear, wolf, fox, beaver, panther, wild cat, otter, mink, martin, lynx, muskrat, raccoon, skunk. These animals were all once very numerous, but some of them have entirely disappeared. The Indians had almost extermi- nated the beaver before the white settlers came, but their many " dams " in different localities showed that they had once been numerous. The noble elk was one of the first to flee before the advance of civilization, though they were occasionally found in our northern forests as late as 1850. In the wilder sections of the county deer and bears are yet quite numerous, more so of late years, since the enactment of the present game laws, which has in a great measure abated the wanton destruction of game. The wolf, once the terror of. the farm-yard and sheep-fold, has almost entirely disappeared, but the wild cat is still found in the rocky fastnesses of the forests, and sometimes ventures al- most into the haunts of civilization. Not more than a year ago a very large 20 History of Jefferson County. one was killed in "Dark Hollow," on the North Fork, almost inside the borough limits of Brookville, by Master Frank Kimball, a youth of thirteen years, who, with the aid of a small dog and his revolver, killed the savage beast and se- cured the bounty from the county commissioners for its scalp. The small game, such as black, graj% and red squirrels, rabbits, pheasants, partridges, etc., are still plentiful. The wild turkey has about disappeared. Fish. — All the fish native to fresh water streams have been found in the waters of this county, the mountain streams especially producing the beautiful speckled trout in great abundance. Pike of quite large size are frequently caught in Red Bank and Mahoning. The accumulation of sawdust from the the many saw-mills has proved quite destructive to the fish in the larger streams. Birds. — All the birds native to our northern forests are found in great num- bers, and the woods are never without the pretty warblers, for even in winter when the song-birds seek a warmer climate, the hardy little snow-bird is found. Once in a great while an eagle is seen, having by some mischance wandered into the haunts of man; the last of these royal birds that has been seen in Brook- ville was in i86i, a notice of which, in the Republican of May 4, 1871, says: "On the 1 8th of April, as the citizens of Brookville were engaged in raising the American flag, a very large eagle was found poising itself in mid air, ap- parently an interested spectator. When the flag reached the head of the staff, and was caught by the breeze, displaying the stars and stripes, the eagle, ap- parently satisfied that all was right, slowly flew away." George W. Andrews, esq., now of Denver, Colo., but for many years a prominent resident of the borough of Brookville, is credited with having intro- duced that much-abused bird, the English sparrow, into Jefferson county, having brought a pair of these birds from the eastern part of the State. The progeny of this pair of strangers now numbers thousands, and it is doubtful whether Mr. Andrews is deemed a public benefactor because of their introduction into the county. Geology. — " This county resembles Indiana county as to its eastern and southern parts, and Clarion county as to its northwestern half, the basins all rising gradually northeastward, and the rolls between them running in straight parallel lines into Elk and Forest counties; so that while the Barren measures cover most of Bell and Henderson townships, and broad areas in Gaskill, Young, McCalmont, Winslow, Snyder, Perry, Porter, and the hilltops in Knox, one-half of the county exhibits the outcrops of the Lower Productive coal measures, which grow thinner and thinner northward, and at last leave most of the surface in Barnett and Heath, and much of that in Eldred and Polk destitute of coal beds — a region of Conglomerate. The 'Indiana anticlinal' passes Frostburgh and dies away at Rockdale Mills, in Washington township. The 'Waynesburg or Roaring Run anticlinal ' enters the county one mile east Natural Characteristics. 21 of its southeast corner, and runs straight across it to the Elk county line, six miles east of the Clarion River. The 'Bagdad anticlinal' crosses the whole county, passing one and a half miles west of Brookville. The 'Anthony's Bend anticlinal' runs parallel with the last at a regular distance of four miles from it. The ' Kellersburg anticlinal' cuts across the northwest corner. Jef- ferson county therefore has six remarkably regular coal basins. The Brook- ville anticlinal brings up the Mauch Chunk red shale and some of the Pocono rocks along Little Sandy near the Armstrong county line. The same forma- tions are cut down into by the Clarion River all along the northern county line. The Freeport Upper coal is not reliable in this county. In the eastern townships it is thick enough, but of poor quality ; at Reynoldsville four feet ; at Brockwayville thinner, but better. Its limestone is fifteen feet thick at Worthville, and keeps its unusual thickness along a narrow belt from there to Perrysville, but thins rapidly westward and eastward, and cannot be found in Knox and McCalmont townships, but it , reappears around Brockwayville. The Freeport Lower coal bed is the main deposit of the county, and gives its great value to the Reynoldsville basin. It is in all parts of the county of work- able thickness, sometimes thickening to ten feet, but it varies much in both size and quality. It is already extensively mined, lying forty-three feet beneath the Freeport Upper coal, and just under the Mahoning sandstone, the cliffs and blocks of which make a huge show. The Freeport Lower limestone lies ten feet under it on top of the Freeport sandstone, which is here massive enough to make cliffs, but elsewhere in the county is shaly and inconspicuous. The Kittanning group of three coal beds is of small importance in this county; the Upper bed nowhere exceeds three feet, and its underlying Johnstown Ce- ment bed is merely an impure ferriferous limestone. The Middle coal is thicker in Knox and McCalmont, but impure, and in Union shows its best as- pect. The Lower coal is persistent, but poor everywhere. The Buhr-stone iron ore enters the county as far as Brookville, but then fades into insignifi- cance. No trace of it is seen on the Mahoning at Perrysville, but it can be detected in the north at Brockwayville. The Ferriferous limestone is gener- ally from five feet to six feet thick ; its outcrop runs along the sides of all the valleys of the Red Bank and Sandy waters, and surrounds the hilltops in the northern townships, furnishing an indisputable guide to the classification of all the other strata above and below it, especially for the sinking of trial oil wells. The Clarion coal bed is a mere streak. The Brookville coal bed is nearly everywhere of a workable size. Its best show is made in Beaver town- ship, where there are several small mines in it. Between the three subdivisions of the underlying Conglomerate 300 feet thick, lie shales containing very thin coal beds of no value, the equivalent of the Mercer and Sharon coals." ' No oil fields are yet known, though trial wells have been put down at 1 Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Report, &c. 22 History of Jefferson County. Brookville, Punxsutawney, Reynoldsville, and Rockdale Mills, but all were abandoned after a depth ranging from 1,500 to 2,500 feet was reached. Salt has been obtained in different sections of the county. Ever since the first settlers appeared in this region there has been a belief in the existence of a lead mine within the limits of the county. The early pioneers found the Indians supplied with plenty of this ore in its natural state, and very pure in quality, and the Indians said it was procured in this region, but they always refused to disclose the locality in which it was to be found. One of the earliest traditions is that of Uncas, and Owonoco, two braves of the Seneca tribe, who came back to Punxsutawney soon after the first white men located there, and who, the legend says, " came back to cover up the places where they got their lead ; that they dare not tell the white men where they got it for fear of the dread Manatau, who would inflict dire punishments upon them if they should divulge the place of treasure, or if the pale faces found it, and that a guard of warriors' manes watched over it." Only a year ago two Indians are said to have appeared again upon the Mahoning, telling no one of their business, but going on up the stream, apparently searching for something. This lead mine has been variously located ; by some it is supposed to be on Sandy Lick, by others on the Red Bank west of Brookville, while others claim that this hidden treasure is concealed in the hills that skirt the Mahoning. The pioneer settlers around Brookville always believed in the existence of a lead deposit somewhere in the neighborhood, and that the visits of the In- dians to these waters were for the purpose of procuring supplies of the metal. Joseph Barnett knew of the Indians being plentifully supplied with it, and fre- quently obtained it from those who visited him from time to time, but up to this time the source of supply has never been discovered. Specimens of the ore got from the Indians were sent to Philadelphia, and after being analyzed were pronounced identical with the Galena ore, and many suppose that while the Indians got their supplies of the lead here, they had previously brought it from some other locality and secreted it in a secure place known only to themselves. Natural Curiosities. — Tradition says that the pioneer settlers found a cave near Punxsutawney, on the hill above Elk Run, "that was of unknown depth, circular in form, and walled up with cut stone, and that when the first explor- ers had descended about a fathom from the surface they rested upon a rock, then gradually sloping their descent, at about thirty degrees, through a hall of some six feet in length, and with lighted torches they came to another descent, which appeared to have been walled up from an unknown depth. The dark- ness was so deep and the silence so profound that when one of the searchers threw a pebble downwards it reported back its descent by rumbling tones like thunder dying on the distant hills. This cavern work was never ex- plored, nor its wonders more fully examined. When the early settlers inquired Natural Characteristics. 23 of the Indians for what purpose they had used it, they repHed that it was there before they came, and that they had never gone in to examine it. Some of the pioneers beheved it to be where the Indians got their lead, but they were afraid to explore its unknown depths, and filled it up with logs and stones to / prevent their cattle falling into it." Another curious feature of the hills around Punxsutawney is the "Chiseled Rocks," which are found on the banks of the Mahoning below Clayville. One who visited these strangely-marked rocks and closely examined them says of these curious relics : " On the north slope of the hill there were many huge bowlders of sandstone scattered around in an irregular and confused manner, as though some great earthquake had torn up the foundations of these hills and scattered the fragments around. On these rocks are found kettle-shaped ex- cavations, evidently the work of human hands. On one, for instance, about eighteen feet long, and eight or nine feet wide, with its base deeply imbedded in the ground, are found some twenty holes cut in its smooth, table-shaped, flat surface. These holes varied in size, and were cut in the solid sandstone, in shape like the inside of a common tea-kettle — small, and perfectly round at the top, then widening to the half depth of the hollow, then again narrowing down until it measured at the base the same in circumference as the opening at the top, and then the bottom is flattened off so exactly in size with the top, and the whole work finished so smoothly and mechanically and so in accord- ance with the most perfect rule of mathematics and geometry." Many have been the conjectures of those who have visited these wonderful rocks, but all agree that the chiseling of these holes must have been done by some practiced hand, and with tools of some hard metal, such as steel or the hardened copper used by the ancient Mexicans. If these suppositions are true, then this region of country was peopled by a race of people more refined, civilized, and ingenious than the Indian tribes found upon this continent by the earliest European pioneers. Ages, perhaps, before the red men peopled this country, this people, a race long extinct, but traces of whose enduring works is found from time to time upon our continent, may have lived here. It is true but little trace is found here of such a people, but what trace is there found of the Indians, who only ninety years ago peo- pled this county ? even their graves are obliterated ; only now and then the plow brings to light the broken blade of a stone tomahawk, or the flint of an arrow. In Perry township are some rocks, or caves, that are worthy of mention. They are located on Ross's Run about a mile from the Mahoning Creek and about half a mile from the residence of Mr. Michael Palmer, to whom we are indebted for the description we give of these natural wonders. On the north and west of these rocks there is good farm land — not stony ; on the south and east is a plateau of about one and a half acres, level, and also 24 History ok Jefferson County. without rocks or stone ; this is overgrown with underbrush, laurel, and small trees. As you pass down on the east side of this plateau you come to a wall of rock reaching for eight or ten rods, then comes a projecting ledge of rocks extending some five or six rods, and projecting outward fifteen or twenty feet ; in this semicircle formed by this projection, no rain or snow can penetrate. Passing westward you come to a mass of rock thrown in a promiscuous pile, in every conceivable shape, for a distance of eight or ten rods, then all around for some forty or fifty rods rise detached rocks from ten to twenty feet in height, the whole covering an area of from twelve to fifteen acres, and giving the place the appearance of some deserted city, with its fortresses, and ruined battlements. Underneath these rocks are caverns and crevices, some of them large enough to hide away at least fifty men. In one of the largest you can go in a distance of some sixty feet, and then look down into the depths below for a distance of at least one hundred feet. This place is quite a re- sort for small game, and wild cats, skunks, and other small animals are trapped here. CHAPTER HI. INDIAN OCCUPATIOX. Improbability of More than Temporary Occupation by the Indians — Punxsutawney, air Indian Town — Origin of the Name — Legends of Captain Brady, the Great Indian Fighter — Captain Hunt and Jim Hunt. THE Indian history of this region of country is very obscure, and there is scarcely anything to prove that the red men ever occupied this county to any great extent. What little we have been able to glean of the aboriginal tribes we have taken chiefly from the " Early Days of Punxsutawney and Western Pennsylvania," contributed a few years ago to the Punxsutawney Plaindealcr by the late John K. Coxson, esq., who had made considerable research into Indian history, and was an enthusiast on the subject. According to Mr. Coxson: "More than i,8oo years ago the Iroquois held a lodge in Punxsutawney (this town still bears its Indian name, which was their so- briquet for 'gnat town'), to which point they could ascend with their canoes, and go still higher up the Mahoning to within a few hours' travel of the sum- mit of the Allegheny Mountains. There were various Indian trails traversing the forests, one of which entered Punxsutawney near where Judge Mitchell now resides." These trails were the thoroughfares or roadways of the Indians, over which Indian Occupation. 25 they journeyed when on the chase, or the " war path," just as the people of the present age travel over their graded roads. "An erroneous impression obtains among many at the present day that the Indian, in traveling the inter- minable forests which once covered our towns and fields, roamed at random, like a modern afternoon hunter, by no fixed paths, or that he was guided in his long journeyings solely by the sun and stars, or by the course of the streams and^mountains; and true it is that these untutored sons of the woods were con- siderable astronomers and geographers, and relied much upon these unerring guidemarks of nature. Even in the most starless nights they could determme their course by feeling the bark of the oak trees, which is always smoothest on the south side and roughest on the north. But still they had their trails, or paths, as distinctly marked as are our county and State roads, and often better located. The white traders adopted them, and often stole their names, to be in turn surrendered to the leader of some Anglo-Saxon army, and finally obliterated by some costly highway of travel and commerce. They are now almost wholly effaced or forgotten. Hundreds travel along, or plow over them, unconscious that they are in the footsteps of the red men."i It has not taken long to obliterate all these Indian landmarks from our land; little more than a century ago the Indians roamed over all this western country, and now scarce a vestige of their presence remains. Much has been written and said about their deeds of butchery and cruelty. True, they were cruel, and in many instances fiendish in their inhuman practices, but they did not meet the first settlers in this spirit. Honest, hospitable, religious in their belief, reverencing their Manatou, or Great Spirit, and willing to do anything to please their white brother— this is how they met their first white visitors; but when they had seen nearly all their vast domain appropriated by the invaders, when wicked white men had introduced into their midst the " wicked fire-water," which is to-day the cause of many an act of fiendishness perpetrated by those who are not . untutored savages, then the Indian rebelled, all the savage in his breast was aroused, and he became pitiless and cruel in the extreme. It is true that our broad domains were purchased and secured by treaty, but the odds were always on the side of the whites. The " Colonial Records" give an account of the treaty of 1686, by which a deed for " walking purchase was executed, by which the Indians sold as far as a man could walk in a day. But when the walk was to be made the most active white man was obtained, who ran from daylight until dark, as fast as he was able, without stopping to eat or drink. This much dissatisfied the Indians, who expected to walk leis- urely, resting at noon to eat, and shoot game, and one old chief expressed his dissatisfaction as follows : " Lun, lun, lun ; no lay down to drink ; no stop to shoot squirrel, but lun, lun, lun all day; me no keep up; lun, lun for land. That deed, it is said, does not now exist, but was confirmed in 1737. 1 Iiiilije Veech. 26 History of Jefferson County. When the white man came the Indians were a temperate people, and their chiefs tried hard to prohibit the sale of intoxicating drinks among their tribes ; and when one Sylvester Garland, in 1701, introduced rum among them and induced them to drink, at a council held in Philadelphia, Shemekenwhol, chief of the Shawnese, complained to Governor William Penn, and at a coun- cil held on the 13th of October, 1701, this man was held in the sum of one hundred pounds never to deal rum to the Indians again ; and the bond and sentence was approved by Judge Shippen, of Philadelphia. At the chiefs suggestion the council enacted a law prohibiting the trade in rum with the In- dians. Still later the ruling chiefs of the Six Nations opposed the use of rum, and Red Jacket, in a speech at Buffalo, wished that whisky would never be less than " a dollar a quart." He answered the missionary's remarks on drunk- enness thus: " Go to the white man with that." A council, held on the "Alle- gheny River, deplored the murder of the Wigden family in Butler county, by a Seneca Indian, while under the influence of whisky, approved the sentence of our law, and again passed their prohibitory resolutions, and implored the white man not to give rum to the Indian. Mr. Coxson claims that the council of the Delawares, Muncys, Shawnese, Nanticokes, Tiiscorawas, and Mingoes, to protest against the sale of their do- main by the Six Nations, at Albany, in 1754, was held at Punxsutawney, and cites " Joncaire's Notes on Indian Warfare," " Life of Bezant," etc. " It is said they ascended the tributary of La Belle Riviere to the mountain village on the way to Chinklacamoose (Clearfield) to attend the council." 1 At that council, though Sheklemas, the Christian king of the Delawares, and other Christian chiefs, tried hard to prevent the war ; they were overruled and the tribes de- cided to go to war with their French allies against the colony. " Travelers, as early as 1731, reported to the council of the colony, of a town sixty miles from the Susquehanna." - " After the failure of the expedition against Fort Du Ouesne, the white captives were taken to Kittanning, Logtovvn, and Pukeesheno (Punxsutaw- ney). The sachem, Pukeesheno (for whom the town was called), was the father of Tecumseh, and his twin brother. The Prophet, and was a Shawnese. We make this digression to add another proof that Punxsutawney was named after a Shawnese chief as early as 1750."'' " I went with Captain Brady on an Indian liunt up the Allegheny River. We found a good many signs of the savages, and I believe we were so much like the savages (when Brady went on a scouting expedition he always dressed in Indian costume), that they could hardly have known us from a band of Shawnese. But they had an introduction to us near the mouth of Red Bank. General Brodhead was on the route behind Captain Brady, who dis- covered the Indians on a march. He lay concealed among the rocks until the 1 Joncaiie. 2 Bezant. '^" History of \\ e.stern Pennsylvania," page 302. Indian Occupation. 27 painted chiefs and their braves had got fairly into the narrow pass, when Brady and his men opened a destructive fire. The sylvan warriors returned the vol- ley with terrific yells that shook the caverns and mountains from base to crest. The fight was short but sanguine. The Indians left the pass, and retired and soon were lost sight of in the deepness of the forest. We returned with three children recaptured, whose parents had been killed at Greensburg. We imme- diately set out on a path that led us to the mountains to a lodge the savages had near the headwaters of Mahoning and Red Bank." " We crossed the Mahoning about forty miles from Kittanning, and entered a town which we found deserted. It seemed to be a hamlet, built by the Shawnese. P'rom there we went over high and rugged hills, through laurel thickets, darkened by tall pine and hemlock groves, for one whole day, and lay quietly tiown on the bank of a considerable stream (Sandy Lick). About mid- night Brady was aroused by the sound of a rifle not far down the creek. We arose and stole quietly along about half a mile, when we heard the voices of Indians but a short distance below us, where another creek unites its waters with the one upon whose banks we had rested. We ascertained that two In- dians had killed a deer at a lick. They were trying to strike a light to dress their game. When the flame of pine knots blazed brightly and revealed the visages of the savages, Brady appeared to be greatly excited, and perhaps the caution that he always took when on a war-path was at that time disregarded. Revenge swallowed and absorbed every faculty of his soul. He recognized tiie Indian who was foremost, when they chased him, a few months before, so closely that he was forced to leap across a chasm of stone on the slippery rock twenty-three feet ; between the jaws of granite there roared a deep torrent twenty feet deep. When Brady saw Conemah he sprang forward and planted his tomahawk in his head. The other Indian, who had liis knife in his hand, sprang at Brady. The long, bright steel glistened in his uplifted hand, when the flash of Farley's rifle was the death-light of the brave, who sank to the sands. . . . Brady scalped the Indians in a moment, and drew the deer into the thicket to finish dressing it, but had not completed his undertaking when he heard a noise in the branches of the neighboring trees. He sprang forward, quenched the flame, and in breathless silence listened for the least sound, but nothing was heard save the rustling of the leaves, stirred by the wind. One of the scouts softly crept along the banks of the creek to catch the faintest sound that echoes on the water, when he found a canoe down upon the beach. The scout communicated this to Brady, who resolved to embark on this craft, if it was large enough to carry the company. It was found to be of sufficient size. We all embarked and took the deer along. We had not gone forty rods down the stream when the savages gave a war-whoop, and about a mile off they were answered with a hundred voices. We heard them in pur- suit as we went dashing down the frightful and unknown stream. We gained 28 History of Jefferson County. on them. We heard their voices far behind us, until the faint echoes of the hundreds of warriors were lost ; but, unexpectedly, we found ourselves passing full fifty canoes drawn up on the beach. Brady landed a short distance below. There was no time to lose. If the pursuers arrived they might overtake the the scouts. It was yet night. He took four of his men along, and with great caution unmoored the canoes and sent them adrift. The scouts below secured them, and succeeded in arriving at Brodhead's quarters with the scalps of two Indians and their whole fleet, which disabled them much from carrying on their bloody expeditions." 1 In the legend of Noshaken, the white captive of the Delawares, in 1753, who was kept at a village supposed to have been Punxsutawney, occurs the following: "The scouts were on the track of the Indians, the time of burning of the captives was extended, and the whole band prepared to depart for Fort Venango with the prisoners. . . . They continued on for twenty miles, and encamped by a beautiful spring, where the sand boiled up from the bot- tom, near where two creeks unite. Here they passed the night, and the next morning again headed for Fort Venango." This spring is believed to have been the "sand spring" at Brookville. Thus both the earlier histories and tradi- tions would lead us to believe that Jefferson county was once the scene of In- dian occupation. The early settlers found many vestiges of them, and even at this late day " Indian relics " in the shape of stone tomahawks, flint arrows, darts, etc., are frequently found. But it was long after these scenes, when Joseph Barnett, the first white set- tler, came into the wilds of what is now Jefferson county. Then nearly all the Indians had gone, some towards the setting sun, others to Canada. Of all the tribes that once composed the great Indian confederati'ons, onl)^ a few Muncies and Senecas of Cornplanter's tribe remained. These Indians, for a number of years after the white men came, extended their hunting excursions into these forests. They were always peaceable and friendly. The first set- tlers found their small patches of corn, one of which was planted where the fair-grounds are now located, and another in the flat at Port Barnett. Indian corn, or maize, as it was sometimes called, is undoubtedly an American cereal, being first discovered on this continent in 1600, though it is now grown in all civilized lands.- 1 " Ifiograpliy of Jno. Morrison," one of Brady's scouts. 2 Drs. Sturievani, Pickering, and other eminent botanists and antiquarians, believed that maize (or Indian corn) is mentioned by the old Icelandic writers, who are thought to have visited the coast of .eastern North America as early as ICK)6. Columbus found the natives of America using maize (mahiz), and it is cited among the gifts he brought back to Queen Isabella from tlie New World. Hernandes found ii in Mexico previous to 1600. AU the .\merican colonists found it growing in all places adiplfd to it. liefore the Pilgrims landed for settlement, in exploring the coast, they found cornfields, and a magazine of corn, "which we digged up, and found a great tine new basket full of verv fine corne of tliis year, some six and thirty e.irs of goodly come, some yellow, some red. and some mixed with olive, which was a goodly sight." Chronidcs of Plymoulli i oloiiy, page 133. Indian Occupation. 29 The Indians also came here to make maple sugar in the spring. They would cut notches in the trees, and then collect the sap in troughs hollowed out of small logs, which was then collected into a larger trough, when it was boiled down into molasses and sugar by dipping hot stones into it, a process that must have called for a great deal of patience. These Indians would take the skins and hams of the game killed during the winter to Pittsburgh in the spring, where they would exchange them for tobacco, whisky, blankets, trinkets, etc. They generally made these trips on rafts constructed of dry poles withed together. An old Indian, called Captain Hunt, has been handed down as the last Indian who resided in this county, having had his camp on what is yet known as "Hunt's Point," on Red Bank, in the present borough limits of Brookville. It is said of him that he was a fugitive from his tribe, having killed a fellow Indian; but the daughter of Joseph Barnett, Mrs. Graham, left the following as her recollections of these Indians, and those of the tribes who were here after her family settled at Port Barnett, and from her statement it appears that it was a cousin of Captain Hunt who was the banished Indian. We give Mrs. Graham's account of these Indians as nearly as possible in her own language: "When we came to Port Barnett, in the spring of 1797, there were but two Indian families there. One was Twenty Canoes, and Caturah, which means Tomahawk. The two Hunts were here, but they were alone. Jim Hunt was on banishment for killing his cousin. Captain Hunt and Jim Hunt were cousins. Captain Hunt was an under-chief of the Munsey tribe. In the fall other Indians came here to hunt. I have forgotten their names, with the excep- tion of two, John Jamieson, who had seven sons, all named John ; the other was Crow, he was an Indian in name and in nature. He was feared by both the whites and Indians. He was a Mohawk, and a perfect savage. Caturah and Twenty Canoes staid here for several years after we came. The Hunts were here most of the time until the commencement of the War of 18 12. Jim dare not go back to his tribe until the year 1808 or 1809, when his friends stole a white boy in Westmoreland county and had him adopted into the tribe in place of the warrior Jim had slain. ^ Jim Hunt and John Jones were great friends, and were always together. John Jones was a brother of Isaac Jones, of Corsica. A great many persons think they know all about the hid- ing places of Hunt — one of them was a cave in the bank of Sandy Lick, at what is called the ' deep hole,' opposite the Sand Spring. The other was on Governor Bradford in his " History of Plymouth Plantation " says : " In the early spring, in April of 1621, as many as were able began to plant their corne, in which Servise Squanto (an Indian), stood them in great stead, showing them both ye manner how to set it, and after how to dress and tend it." Thus the Indians taught the first white settlers how to grow this grain, which is now one of the most important of our cereals. Early travelers all speak of it as an absolute necessity in the growing of live ■stock in this country. 1 By a law of the tribe he was not allowed to return until the place of the warrior he had slain was filled by the capture of another male from the whites or some other Indian tribe. 3 30 History of Jefferson County. the head waters of Little Sandy Creek. When danger threatened him a run- ner from the Reservation would warn him by a peculiar whoop from a certain place on the hill northwest from the Port. Jim loved whisky, but never got off his feet for fear he would be caught by his pursuers. At the commence- ment of the War of i8i2 the Munsey tribe were banished from the Six Nations, and Jim Hunt never returned. Captain Hunt was back once or twice. Twenty Canoes and Sassy John were back once to see 'Joe Blannet' — they could not pronounce the name of Barnett. The last visit of Caturah was in 1833, he be- ing then over ninety years of age." While it was known that Hunt had the hiding places mentioned by Mrs. Graham, they were never discovered until the year 1843, when the one at the Sand Spring, in the borough of Brookville, was discovered by Mr. Thomas Graham, a son of the old lady whose narrative we have just given, who was learning his trade in Brookville, and went over to the Sand Spring to cut a cane in the laurel thicket that then covered that spot, and after entering the densest part of the thicket, he was surprised to find the ground give way be- neath him, and find himself precipitated into a cave, which had *been hollowe'd out and so deftly covered over that its whereabouts had never before been dis- covered until Mr. Graham stumbled upon it, and the timbers that upheld the roof having rotted away, it gave way beneath him. It showed signs of hav- ing been used, as a human habitation and was without doubt Jim Hunt's place of refuge. Jim Hunt was a great hunter, and in one winter is said to have killed seventy-eight bears, besides other smaller game. He was inordinately fond of whisky, and nearly all the skins of his game went for his favorite bev- erage. After he had traded these seventy-eight skins to Samuel Scott, receiv- ing a pint of whisky for each skin, he was found crying in a maudlin way over his bankruptcy. When asked what was the matter, he replied: " Bear skins all gone ; whisky all gone. No skins, no whisky, ugh ! " CHAPTER IV. EARLY SETTLERS. Joseph Barnett, the Pioneer of JeQ'erson County — The Arrival of the First White Men — Building of the First Saw-Mill — Death of Andrew Barnett — The Lone Grave on Mill Creek — The Barnett^ Family — More Settlers Come into the Wilds — Recollections of Mrs. Sarah Grraham. JOSEPH BARNETT was the pioneer, or as he had been styled, the " patri- arch of Jefferson county." He had served in the Revolutionary War un- der General Potter, on the West Branch, and also under the State against the Wyoming boys. At the close of the war he settled at the mouth of Pine Creek Early Settlers. 31 in Lycoming county, and it is said was one of tiie " Fair-play boys ; " at any rate he lost his property there by the jurisdiction of the common law, which superseded that oi fair-play. " There existed a great number of locations of the 3d of April, 1769, for the choicest lands on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, between the mouths of Lycoming and Pine Creeks ; but the proprietaries, from extreme caution, the result of that experience, which had also produced the very penal laws of 1768 and 1769, had prohibited any surveys being made beyond the Lycoming. In the mean time, in violation of all law, a set of hardy adventurers had from time to time seated themselves on this doubtful territory. They made improve- ments and formed a considerable population. ..... To prevent any contentions or disputes, they annually elected a tribunal, in rota- tion, of three of their settlers, whom they called ' Fair-play men,' who were to decide all controversies and settle all disputed boundaries. From their decision there was no appeal. There could be no resistance. The decree was enforced by the whole body, who started up en masse at the mandate of the court, and execution and eviction were as sudden and irresistible as the judgment. Ev- ery new-comer was obliged to apply to this powerful tribunal, and upon his solemn engagement to submit in all respects to the law of the land, he was permitted to take possession of some vacant spot. Their decrees were, how- ever, just, and when their settlements were recognized by law and 'fair-play' had ceased, their decisions were received in evidence, and confirmed by judg- ments of courts." 1 Many cases came before the courts, under this law, and it was frequently necessary to prove the usages of the fair-play men, and at one time when Chief Justice McKean was holding court in that district, he inquired of Barton Cald- well, an old Irish pioneer, whether he could tell him exactly what the provis- ions of the " Fair-play " code were. Barton's memory would not allow him to go into details, so he answered the question by comparison. " All I can say is," said he " that since your honor's courts have come among us fair play has ceased, and law has taken its place." Having lost one home Mr. Barnett began to look up a location for another, and to this end, in 1794, he sent his brother Andrew, and Samuel Scott, to locate a site for a saw-mill. • He intended then to go to French Creek, in Craw- ford county, of which he had some knowledge ; but on their way out they stopped at the mouth of Mill Creek, and Andrew was so much pleased with the adaptability of the place for a mill, surrounded as it was with such vast, un- broken forests of magnificent timber, that he concluded at once that this spot, now Port Barnett, was the very place to build their proposed mill. The pro- jectors did not, therefore, go any farther, but returned and represented the matter to Joseph Barnett. In the spring of 1795 he, in company with Andrew 1 Smith's Laws, Volume 2, 32 History of Jefferson County. Barnett and Samuel Scott, came to " view the lay of the land," and was as well pleased as his brothers had been. Having selected several hundred acres of good timber land, they began at once to put up their mill, on or near the spot where the mill of James Humphrey now stands. In coming to their new home in the wilderness, the travelers came through the forests of the upper Susquehanna until they reached Anderson's Creek in Clearfield county, when they struck "Meade's path," a pack-horse path leading west- ward. They followed this path to the present site of Brookville, crossing San- dy Lick four times, first below where Garrison's mill now stands, again at the bottom at Port Barnett, then near where the Brookville depot now is, and again where the covered bridge now stands. Samuel Scott, Mr. Barnett's brother-in-law, was a millwright, and they at once commenced to erect their saw- mill. When the three men had the structure all ready to "raise" they called •upon their Indian neighbors to assist them, and nine Senecas of Cornplanter's tribe, who were then in the neighborhood, assisted at this the first " raising " in Jefferson county. It is said that these Indians would not lend any assistance in this work until they had eaten and slept for two or three days to prepare for the task replying to all expostulation on the subject : " Me eat, then me stout; me sleep, then me stout, ugh." In the fall of the same year Mr. Barnett, leaving the other two, returned to his home on Pine Creek, in Lycoming county, to bring out his family. But a short time after his departure his brother Andrew died, after a few days' illness, and was buried some place near the mouth of Mill Creek, two friendly Indians assisting Mr. Scott in the sad rites. What a scene was this ! there in the rude cabin in the deep forest, with no physician to give him aid, no loving hand to wipe the death-damps from his brow, and whisper words of hope and consolation in his ear — Andrew Barnett died ! Then came the rude funeral on the banks of Mill Creek, when the first white settler was laid in his grave, no man of God was there to officiate at his burial, no funeral rites were observed; but one white man stood there alone with the body of his dead brother and assisted by the dusky sons of the forest, he laid him in his lone grave where the winds of Heaven, as they whispered through the pine woods, were his only requiem. When this sad scene was over, Samuel Scott returned to Lycoming county to carry the sad news of his brother's death to Mr. Barnett. This for a time discouraged him, and he did not return to his new possessions until the spring of 1797, when he brought his family with him and set up his home in the spot •which he made famous, and which yet bears the name of Port Barnett, which he gave it. Mr. Barnett brought his family on horseback over the same route he had before traveled. His eldest child was then seven years old, and it was from her recollections, and papers left with her family, that much of this infor- mation has been obtained. The youngest child was only two years old, and Early Settlers. 33 the mother would carry him in her arms until she became too weary to hold him any longer, then the father would strap him on the horse behind her, and, as he did not fancy this way of traveling, he would enliven the trip with his cries until he again gained the shelter of his mother's arms. Samuel Scott, John Scott, Moses Knapp, and perhaps one or two others came with the Bar- nett family. On their arrival they at once went to work to get their mill in running order, and soon had some boards sawed and ready for rafting, and the first were run to Pittsburgh that year. About 4,000 comprised a raft, and for this they at first got from five to ten dollars per thousand. Those first rafting trips were full of danger and toil that our modern lumbermen know nothing of. The trip accomplished and the lumber sold, or exchanged for flour, groceries, clothing, etc., then came the long toilsome walk back through an unbroken wilderness. But little is known of those first few years, but that they were years of hardship, privations, and ofttimes of suffering, none can doubt. In the midst of the lonely wilderness they toiled on, with no visitors but the In- dians, who still came into those waters to hunt and fish, while the bear, wolf, and panther lurked in the dark recesses of the woods, and venomous snakes basked in the sun almost at their door-ways. But Joseph Barnett was not a man to quail at any of these things. He was made of the very stuft" that was needed in those days — the patriotic son of a patriotic sire. He was born in Dauphin county in 1754. His father, John Barnett, who had emigrated from the north of Ireland early in the beginning of the eighteenth century, was a farmer, and settled in Dauphin county. He and his wife dying while Joseph was yet a small boy, he was "brought up" by his relatives, and was engaged on a farm when the Revolutionary War commenced, and at once enlisted in defense of the colonies. The exact duration of his service could not be ascer- tained, but it is said of him that "he was a brave and efficient soldier, who never faltered in the path of duty." After the war he settled in Lycoming county, where he owned a large tract of land, of which mention has already been made. Here, in 1788, he married Elizabeth Scott, sister of Samuel Scott, who shared all his toils in Jefferson county, and she is deserving of much praise ; for her part in the settlement of this new county was no sinecure, as it was the matron of the household who in those days had to practice denials, who had to plan and contrive to get the clothing for her children out of the scant stores that were to be obtained. There were no settlements nearer than forty or fifty miles. Mr. Barnett knew nothing of the wilderness south of him, and gave an Indian four dollars to pilot him to Westmoreland county. The nearest grist-mill was on Blacklick, in Indiana county, and the nearest house, eastward, that of Paul Clover, grandfather of General Clover, which was thirty- three miles distant on the Susquehanna, where Curwensville now stands. Fort Venango was forty-five miles westward. To reach any of these points the 34 History of Jefferson County. traveler had to travel on foot, or on horseback, over an Indian trail, with only the " blaze on the trees " to guide him, and the stars by night. Mr. Barnett at one time carried sixty pounds of flour on his back from Pittsburgh. The usual way of getting supplies was to run a raft of sawed lumber to Pittsburgh in the spring, and take a canoe along, which was loaded with what was needed, and then poled, or pushed up the river, and then up Red Bank to Port Barnett. To obviate this difficulty of getting breadstuff, Mr. Barnett, .about the year 1801, put up a small grist-mill, using the native stones for " buhrs." This mill was used for several years, and was patronized by all the settlers for miles distant ; the Indians, also, who cultivated small patches of corn on the creek bottoms, whenever they could find a clear spot to plant it, also patronized Mr. Barnett's mill. The old " toll chest " used in this mill, and which "tolled" the first grist ground in the county, is still in the posses- sion of Mr. Barnett's grandsons, Thomas and Milton Graham, of Eldred town- ship. Mill Creek, on which stream these mills were built, took its name from their being built upon it. Mr. Barnett's house was the first "tavern" in the county, and for years all travelers, white as well as Indian, stopped with him. His Indian guests did not eat in the house, but would in winter make a pot of mush over his fire and set it out in the snow to cool, " then one fellow would take a dipper and eat his fill of the pudding, sometimes with milk, butter, or molasses, then another would take it and go through the same process, until all were satisfied. The dogs would help themselves from the same pot, and when they put their heads in the pot in the Indian's way he would give them a slap over the head with the dipper." The early settlers had little or no trouble with these Indians, who came and went as they pleased for a number of years, until the too rapid spread of civilization drove them all away. Joseph Barnett worked on untiringly at his mills, and by his hard labor had gained what in those days was considered a fair competency. He in time built a larger house, and besides being the first hotel-keeper, was the first merchant in the county. He is said to have been a fair-looking man, five feet eight inches in height, and would weigh over two hundred pounds. He was always of an aftable, frank disposition, and was honest and strict in his dealings. He was an earnest Presbyterian, and carried his religion into his business and daily life. Having been brought up to observe strictly the ordinances of his church, it is related of him that he took his children to Indiana, a distance of forty miles, to have them baptized. Mr. Barnett lived to see new settlements spring up all over the county, churches and schools organized, roads laid out, and Brookville, the county seat, already taking on the airs of a new city. He also held several offices of trust and responsibility, being the first postmaster in the county ; a post-office being established at Port Barnett, and so called, January 4, 1S26, and Mr. Barnett appointed postmaster, which office he held until September 10, 1830, when the office was removed to Brookville. Mr. Bar- Early Settlers. 35 nett died at his home at Port Barnett on the 15th of April, 1838, having re- sided there for forty-one years. His wife did not long survive him, dying about four months after he passed away. Mr. Barnett was in the eighty-fourth year of his age, and his wife sixty-five years when they died. They were both buried in the old graveyard at Brookville. They had ten children, all of whom, except Thomas and Sarah (twins), John and Andrew, were born in this county. Sarah married Elisha M. Graham ; Rebecca, the first white female child born in the county, married Nathaniel Butler ; Margaret married John Lattimer ; Juliet, the youngest child, married Ebenezer Carr ; J. Potter was the first male child born in the county. Of these children John, J. Potter, Andrew, and Juliet removed to the Western States, and all died there. The rest lived and died in this county. Thomas died in 1827, and his twin sister, Mrs. Sarah A. Graham, lived until her ninety-fifth year. Mrs. Graham was a remarkable woman, as vigorous in intellect as she was in bodily strength, and was well fitted for the stirring life that she had been destined to live, and the part she was to take in the early settlement and building up of this county, with the history of which, for almost ninety years, she was closely identified. She was in all respects a very helpmeet, indeed, for an olden time pioneer. A woman of strong principles — inherited from her worthy sire — an earnest Chris- tian, and of a bright, sunny disposition, she enjoyed life until her sun went down in this world to usher her into the brighter radiance of the better land. She took a deep interest in all public matters, and read the newspapers of the day, so that she kept herself posted in all that occurred. Born amid the stir- ring scenes of the frontier dangers, the daughter of a soldier of the Revolu- tion, she lived to see her own son go out to fight for the same flag in the War of the Rebellion, to see that rebellion crushed, slavery abolished, the grand centennial celebrated, before she was called hence. The venerable lady loved to recall the early days of Jefferson county, and we reproduce here a paper contributed by her to the Jefferson County Graphic in August, 1 877. " As a number of people have been bothering me in regard to the early settlement of this county, I will try and answer them through your columns. I was born in Pine Creek, in Lycoming county, in the year 1790. All I remember of that place is that my father, Joseph Barnett, had a saw- mill there about the year 1794. My uncle, Andrew Barnett, took a trip to French Creek. His route led him through the wilderness of this county, which was then the home of the Indian ; the panther, bear, and deer and wolves, were as plenty as dogs now are in Brookville. He chose for his home the place where Port Bar- nett now stands. Andrew Barnett, Samuel Scott, John Scott, and a man named Arthurs, came out there and erected a saw-mill on Mill Creek, near where Humphrey's mill now stands. My father returned home in the fall, leaving Scott and my uncle to finish some work. My uncle took sick and died here, and was buried on the north bank of the creek at the junction of Sandy 36 History of Jefferson County. Lick and Mill Creek. There was only one white man and two Indians at his funeral. In the year 1796 Samuel Scott, Moses Knapp, and James Boatman came out, finished the mill, and sawed some lumber. In the spring of 1797 my father moved into the wilderness. I was then seven years old. The first white child born in the county was J. P. Barnett. The next family that came here was Peter Jones. He settled on the farm now owned by John McCul- lough, and the next was Mr. Roll, who settled on the farm now owned by John S. Barr. Then came Fudge Vancamp (negro) and built his cabin on the farm now owned by John Clark, and ■flien Adam Vasbinder, who settled on the farm at the present time owned by Thomas Harris ; William Vasbinder pitched his tent on the Kirkmon homestead ; Ludwig Long put up his wigwam on the place now owned by Mr. McConnell ; John Dixon came next. He was our first school teacher. The school-house was first built on the McConnell farm ; built of round logs, with oiled paper for glass ; as everything we used had to be carried from the settlements on horseback, glass was too easily broken to try to bring it so far. The second school-house was built on the south side of the pike, at the forks of the Ridgway road. Here the first graveyard was laid out, and the first person buried in it was a child of Samuel Scott. There were a number buried in this graveyard. I do not remember the name of the next family that came, as the county began to settle pretty fast, and mills were erected on the different streams. About the year 1 807 my father built a saw- mill on Sandy Lick, between where Garrison's and Bellport now are. This, a number of people think, was the first mill built in the county, but, if I have not lost a leaf from memory's book, there were three or four other mills built be- fore that one. " Now, reader, as I have stated, I was seven years old when I came to this county, you will find that I have lived eighty years in the county. I have seen the Indian give way to the white man, the pack-horse to the wagon, and the wagon to the railroad. I remember the screams of the panther, and the howl of the wolf as things of the past, and in a few years more, I will, as they, be gone forever." Samuel Scott, so often mentioned as one of those who came with the Bar- netts, and whose skill constructed the first saw- mill in Jefferson county, resided in the county until 18 10, when, having, it is said, " scraped together by hunting and lumbering about $2,000," he went to Ohio and settled in the Miami val- ley, where he bought a section of fine land, which eventually made him quite wealthy. The present citizens of Jefferson county have reason to be proud of the record of tlic early settlers, those who laid the foundation of all that is good and great in our county. They were true to the cause of liberty in the dark days that tried men's souls. We have already told of Joseph Barnett's service in the War of the Revolution, and in this connection would mention another Early Settlers. 37 family whose destinies were entwined with his — the Grahams. John Graham, the patriotic ancestor of the Graham family, was born and raised in Scotland, where he fell in love with an heiress named Janet Caldwell. Her father ob- jecting to his suit, the young couple fled into Ireland, where they were mar- ried. The fruit of this union was a son, also called John, who, hearing such glowing accounts of the New World, emigrated to the " Land of Penn," and settled on a farm in what was then Dauphin county, where he married Miss Martha Miller. At the commencement of the Revolutionary War he enlisted in the Amercian army, and after being in a'number of battles was captured by the British at the battle near Flushing, on Long Island, and held a prisoner for two years in New York city, where he was approached by British agents, who promised him pardon and reward if he would renounce his American senti- ments and take up arms for the king ; but his patriotism could not be bought, " even for a crown." He was at last paroled and returned to his home. While Mr. Graham was in the service, in the autumn of 1777, the "big runa- way " 1 took place on the Susquehanna River. But his wife and children es- caped with the other settlers. In their fearful trip down the Susquehanna the canoe, in which ]\Irs. Graham had placed her children and such of her house- hold goods as she could bring with her in her flight, was upset, and all the contents submerged in the river. One of the relics preserved from that peril- ous time is an ancient Concordance of the Bible, which is still safely preserved by the descendants of the intrepid dame, and which yet shows the effects of the baptism it then received. It is a very ancient work, probably the first of the kind ever published. About the year 181 2 Mr. Graham removed from Crawford county to Jef- ferson, locating on the farm in Eldred township now owned by Colonel S. J. Marlin, where he died in 181 3, and was buried on the hill east of Brookville, as it then was, on a lot now owned by W. C. Evans. Mr. Graham was a mem- ber of the Covenanter Church, and a strict disciplinarian. His son, Elisha M. Graham, was born in Dauphin county in the year 1772. When he came to manhood he engaged in taking out, and running to market, masts for ship building — running them down the Susquehanna River to Havre de Grace. 1 " In the autumn of 1777 Job Gilloway, a friendly Indian, had given an intimation that a powerful descent of maurading Indians might be expected on the headwaters of the Susquehanna. Near the close of the season the Indiai»s killed a settler on the Sinnemahoning In the spring of 1778 Colonel Hunter, of Fort Augusta, sent word to Colonel Hepburn, commander of Fort Muncy, at the mouth of Wolfs Run, that all the settlers in that vicinity should take refuge in Sunbury. Col- onel Hepburn was ordered to pass the notice on to Antis and Horn forts Such a sight was never seen before as this convoy from all the forts above. Boats, canoes, hog troughs, rafts made of dry sticks, every sort of floating article had been put in requisition, and were crowded with women, children, and ' plunder ' — there were several hundred people in all. Whenever any obstacle, at a shoal or ritfle, the women would leap out, put their shoulders to the boat or raft, and launch it again into deep water. The men of the settlement came down on each side of the river to guard the women and children. The whole convoy arrived salely at Sunbury, leaving the entire line of farms along the West Branch to the ravages of the Indians." — Historical Collections, Penttsyl-Oania. 38 History of Jefferson County. When, about the year 1797, a colony was formed in Dauphin and Lycoming counties, called the " Big Emigration," for the purpose of locating on French Creek, Crawford county, young Graham joined the expedition. They loaded their effects in canoes and transported them to a point on the Sinnemahon- ing, where they were taken overland by pack-horses to the Allegheny River, and again loaded on canoes and carried down the river to French Creek, and up that creek to a point near Meadville. He remained here until 1804, when he came to Port Barnett, and went to work for Joseph Barnett, working on the mill, running lumber, etc., until 1807, when he was married to Sarah Ann, eldest daughter of Mr. Barnett. In 1821 he moved on to a farm in Union township now owned by Sheridan McCullough, where he remained until 1830, when he removed to Eldred township, where he resided until his death in 1854. Mr. Graham came very near having to be a soldier, as his father had been before him, as he was "pressed into service" by Colonel Bird in 181 2, but after being detained at Waterford some two weeks, was allowed to return home. He was clerk for the first board of county commissioners, and served for court crier for several years. His venerable widow survived him until Oc- tober, 1885, having lived to the great age of ninety-five years. One of the pioneer lumbermen of Jefferson county was Moses Knapp, who came with the Barnetts from Lycoming county, in 1796 or 1797. He was a young man of about nineteen, and an adopted son or protege of Samuel Scott, who was a millwright, and from whom young Knapp, having a good deal of mechanical skill, soon mastered the rudiments of that trade. A )-ear or two after, he left his friends at Port Barnett, and built a mill for him- self on the North Fork at the head of the present mill-dam of T. K. Litch & Sons. In the fall of that year he went to Indiana, where he attended one term of school, and there became acquainted with Miss Susan Matson, a daughter of Uriah Matson, of that place, and before he returned they were married, and he brought her with him to his mill, where he put up a cabin and went to house- keeping. Here in 1801 Polly, the eldest of eleven children, was born, followed by Isabel and Samuel. He, after a few years, sold his mill and " betterments " to Samuel and WilHam Lucas, and built another cabin for himself at the mouth of the North Fork, and then built another saw-mill on what was then known as Knapp's Run, now called the Five Mile Run, near where the " Blaine mill " now stands. This mill he also sold to Thomas Lucas, and 'then built a log grist- mill near his residence, where the North Fork empties into Red Bank. This mill had one run of rock stones. The water was gathered by a wing dam of brush and stones ; this dam extended up to where the road now crosses Litch's mill-dam, and the water was brought into a chute that passed it under a large "undershot" water-wheel, with a " face-geer " wheel upon the water-wheel shaft, " mashed " into a " trundle-head " upon the spindle which carried the re- volving stones, and comprised the primitive propelling machinery. Mr. Knapp's Early Settlers. 39 mill was often taxed to its utmost, and though the flour produced did not equal that produced to-day by the " roller-process," the early settlers were glad to get it, and brought their grists on horse-back to be ground, for twenty and thirty miles around. Some of our oldest citizens still remember this old log grist-mill. He resided here from 1807 until 1818. His future operations will be noted under the head of Clover township. Soon after these pioneer settlers had struck the first blow with the a.x in our forests, other settlers commenced to come into this region. Peter Jones first followed the Barnetts. John, William, and Jacob Vasbinder came from New Jersey and settled on Mill Creek, about three miles from Joseph Barnett, in the year, 1802 or 1803. John Matson came in 1805 and settled on the farm where his son, R. L. Matson, now resides. The first improvement made where Corsica now stands was by John Scott, who moved from Lycoming county in 1802. He afterward married a daugh- ter of Paul Clover, one of the pioneers of Clearfield county. John and Archi- bald Bell settled in the southern part of the county in 1809; soon afterward came Archibald Hadden and Hugh McKee ; Jacob Hoover in 18 15 settled on the present site of Clayville ; Carpenter Winslovv settled on what is now known as the " Winslow homestead" in Gaskill township in 18 18. About the same time Abram Weaver, Rev. Charles Barclay, Dr. John W. Jenks and Nathaniel Tindell, with their families, and Elijah Heath, came to Punxsutawney ; Jesse Armstrong and Adam Long were also among the first settlers in this locality. About 1818 or 1 8 19 David, John, and Henry Milliron settled on Little Sandy, near where Langvillle now is, and about the same time Henry Nolf built a saw-mill there. In 1820 or 1821 Lawrence Nolf settled on Pine Run near the present village of Ringgold. About 181 8 John and David Postlethwait settled in what is now Perry township ; James McHendry, James Bell and several others moved into the Round Bottom in 1822. The first settlement in what is now called Clover township was made at Troy in 18 14, by Summers Baldwin, who purchased the land upon which that village is located from the Holland Land Company. Soon after Solomon Ful- ler and John Welch purchased land of Baldwin, and until 1816 were the only settlers in that section. Between this and 1820, Frederick Hettrick, Henry Lott, Alonzo Baldwin, and the Carriers settled in Troy. In 18 18 Thomas and John Lucas located at what was called " Puckerty," about three miles from Troy. Then in 1820 James Shields, William Morrison, Hugh Williamson, Samuel Magill, John Kennedy, John Magiffin and John Kelso came from Huntingdon county, and located near Troy. About the year 18 12 some hardy pioneers pushed their way up the Sus- quehanna River, and Sinnemahoning to the mouth of Trout Run, on Bennett's Branch, where one of the number, Leonard Morey, located and built a mill. His companions were Dwight Caldwell, John Mix, and Eben Stevens. About 40 History of Jefferson County. the same time a large tract of land containing some one hundred and forty- thousand acres, which had been surveyed on warrants in the name of James Wilson, was sold by State authority to Fox, Norris & Co., Quakers of Phila- delphia, who sent an agent to construct a road into their lands, and build a grist-mill. The road started from a point on the Susquehanna River, passed over Boone's Mountain, crossed Little Toby Creek, without a bridge, where the Hellen Mills now stand, followed the creek about seven miles to the point of " Hogback Hill," up that steep and difficult ascent, and on over the high- lands to a spot which had been selected for a mill site, on what is now called Elk Creek, about two miles from the present town of Centerville. Jacob Wil- son was the first miller, and for many years attended to the wants of the people in this direction. Ofttimes he would have to go from his house, a dis- tance of over a mile, to grind a grist of two bushels of corn, brought on horse- back ; but the good old man always did this uncomplainingly, though the poor toll he could take but little compensated him for his trouble. About this time, also, came James Green with his sons — James, Isaac, John, and William ; William, David, and Elijah Meredith, Josiah Taylor J. R. Han- cock, David Reesman, James Reesman, John Keller, and John Shaffer came with their families and constituted the " Kersey Settlement." In 1818 Captain Potter Goff, Rev. I. Nicholls, Abija B. Weed, Josiah Mead, John Macomber, Steven Dennison, Benjamin Leggett, Ebenezer Hew- ett, Peter Pearsall, and Elder John Bliss came with their families and settled on Bennett's Branch and vicinity. Elder Bliss, who was a Seventh-Day Bap- tist, was the grandfather of P. P. Bliss, the noted evangelist and musician, whose untimely death in the railroad disaster at Ashtabula, O., a few years ago, was so universally lamented Shortly after these Consider, Chauncey, and Alonzo Brockway, and some others, came from the State of New York and settled in the same neighbor- hood. In 1817 Joel Clarke, with his wife and sons Elisha and Joel, jr., came from Russell, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., and settled on Little Toby. Milton Johnson and wife came at the same time and settled on a small stream which now bears his name, at the mouth of Brandy Camp. Later in the year Phi- letus Clarke, another son of Joel's, came, also, from Russell, N. Y., and settled on Little Toby. The late Dr. A. M. Clarke, of Brockwayville, a son of Philetus Clarke, and from whose " Recollections" of the early settlement of the northern part of the county we have gleaned the greater part of the early history of that region, gives the following description of their coming to the Little Toby wilderness: " I was about eleven years old when my father, Philetus Clarke, came from St. Lawrence county, N. Y., into the Little Toby wilderness. The journey was long and tedious ; we moved with oxen in wagons, which were covered with canvas, and gave us shelter from sunshine and storm. I was the oldest Early Settlers. 41 child, and there were three of us. Sometimes I had to drive the team while my father would support the wagon to keep it from upsetting. The Susque- hannah and Waterford turnpike was being made, and we came along an old road near it to 'Neeper tavern,' about four miles from where Luthersburg now is. I remember the motto that was over the sign-board at ' Neeper': " ' It is God's will, Tliis wood must yield. And the wildwood turn To a fruitful field.' " From that place the road was very rough — over the hills and mountains. We could not get through in one day, and had to stop one night at a place where the road-makers had built a shanty, but it had burnt down, and the place was called ' Burnt Shanty.' Our wagon gave us shelter, and a good spring was pleasant indeed. The next day we passed over Boone's Mountain, came to the crossing of Little Toby, near where the Oyster House was built many years after. We pursued our journey onward to Kersey Settlement. My father thought best to examine the lands for which he had exchanged his New York property before going any farther, and was utterly disappointed and disgusted with them. He made explorations in various directions in search of a mill site, and finally concluded to settle at what is now Brockport, where he built a saw-mill, the first ever built on Little Toby. He put a small grist-mill, with "bolts," in the saw-mill, which answered tlie requirements of the few set- tlers for a while, and afterward built a good grist-mill, which did good service for the people, until the great flood of 1847 carried it off." In 1821 Isaac Horton, Alanson Viall, Hezekiah Warner, and Chauncy Brockway settled on Brandy Camp. In 1821 John S. Brockway purchased at treasurer's sale, at Indiana, the " Henry Peffer tract" on Little Toby, and the next year Alonzo and James M. Brockway moved over from Bennett's Branch and commenced improvements on the land. They had to cut their way five miles down the creek from Philetus Clarke's. They planted fruit trees of various kinds as soon as the land was cleared, and peach and plum trees were soon in bearing. They also made large quantities of maple sugar, raised all their own supplies, and with game in abundance, lived luxuriously for those days. This was the first settlement in what is now Snyder township. In 1823 Jacob Shaffer located about a mile above Brockway's, on the Henry Sinet tract. This land had been given to Mr. Shaffer by his father-in- law, who had received the grant for services in the United States army. He came all the way from Centre county with his little family in a two-horse ■wagon. He is represented as a "fine old German gentleman of the olden time," and a "good Democrat — voting for Jackson for many years." He died in 185 1. His brother-in-law, Henry Walborn, who came with him, located near by on what was afterwards called Walborn's Run. He soon sold out to Joel Clarke, jr., and went away. In 1824 or 1825 Richard Gelatt and W. F. 42 History of Jefferson County. Luce built a saw-mill on Bennett's Branch, two or three miles above Trout Run. They expected to soon get rich by lumbering. To keep his courage up Mr. Gelatt would sing what he called the "Song of the Mill," "Go penny, come pound." But as the years went on, the cost and difficulty in getting their lumber to market, and the small prices realized for it, brought loss and discouragement — when financial ruin seemed to stare him in the face, the cheerful tenor of the song changed, and the mill sang instead, " Go pound, come penny." In 1826 the Fourth of July was celebrated at Mr. Gelatt's, the first record we have of such a celebration in the county. " Spread-eagle speeches were made; toasts given, and the day passed in mirth and hilarity." It was some time afterwards — for there were no mail facilities, nor telegraphs in this whole region of country in those days — before it became known that both Adams and Jefferson had died on that day. Joshua Vandevort settled in 1825 where "Bootjack" (Mayville) now is. He was the pioneer of Warsaw township. In 1824 John Mcintosh and Alexander Osborn and Henry Keys settled in the Beechwoods, and in 1826 Andrew Smith, William Cooper, and John Wilson also settled there. Several other families came the same year. It was late in the fall of this year that Mr. Cooper found the Wilson family, one morning, in the woods. They had lost their way the night before,and had to lie out in the cold all night. Mrs. Cooper made them a pot of hasty pudding, and after they had their breakfast, put them to bed, for they were all nearly frozen. One of the daughters, after- ward Mrs. Henry Keys, was so badly frozen that Mr. Cooper had to carry her to his house on his back. The old settlers and pioneers of the county will be treated more at length in the history of the townships, in which they severally located. The grave has closed over much that would have been of great interest and value in the preparation of this work. Nearly all of the older citizens have passed oft" the stage forever, and in many cases their descendants have preserved but little record of them or their doings. That these first days of our county's history were days of hardship, priva- tion, and ofttimes of suffering, none can doubt. Here and there in the vast wil- derness the smoke curled up from some lone cabin, while in the recesses of those woods lurked the bear, the wolf and the panther, and the deadly rattle- snake crept sometim.es to the very threshold. Rude and rough these cabins were, built of logs, and at best containing but two rooms, with, may be, a "loft"; with clapboard roof, puncheon doors and floor, and with greased paper to serve for windows until such time as glass could be brought from the " settlements." Only such articles as could be brought on horseback over the rough trails or paths were at first brought into this wilderness — a little bedding, clothing, and the necessary cooking utensils, with a few articles of table wear. Early Settlers. 45 Rude furniture was manufactured, in most cases. Tables and bedsteads were made of boards, and chairs were "splint-bottom." In the next decade, when the travelers came in wagons drawn by sturdy oxen or horses, more comforts could be transported. Huge chimneys made of mortar and sticks were placed at one end of the cabin, and the cooking was done by suspending a "crane" over the fire upon which the kettle and pots were " hung to boil." Wood was plenty and close at hand, and though natural gas, kerosene, and even matches were unknown, and candles luxuries often unobtainable, the dead and decay- ing " pitch pine trees " had left the ground strewn with hard, resinous pine knots, which, when split into pieces, produced a far better and cheaper light than a dozen candles. But the inhabitants of these lowly dwellings were not those who after once " putting their hand to the plow would look back " ; they were of a race to persevere and win, and win they did. Mostly young couples, just beginning life, they had left the old home in the older settlements to make a home for themselves, and had selected this wilderness where land was cheap. Their hearts were happy, and their purposes honest and upright, and their very surroundings were all ennobling. They could not help but take into their very souls the grandeur and beauty of their forest home. The tall pines that raised their heads heavenward, the high hills that loomed upward and shut them in, seemed to bring them closer to the Infinite Ruler, who protected them amid all their perils. The winds sang anthems of praise, the pretty song- sters that flitted from branch to branch warbled joyously all the day, while the beautiful wild flowers in summer bloomed at their very doors ; and who will say that they were not made better men and women from this close commun- ing with nature in all its grandeur and beauty ? Soon other settlers commenced to come in, and here and there could be seen the smoke arising from a new home in the wilderness, and how the first settlers rejoiced when they began to have neighbors ! It is true, the distance from one neighbor to another was from five to ten and twelve miles, but then in those days, a few miles of travel was not thought any hardship. We can only imagine how Joseph Barnett and his family, after they had dwelt for almost five years alone in the wilderness, welcomed the Joneses, the Vas- binders, the Matsons, and others who first followed them into the county. New settlers as they came in were received with the warmest of welcomes by their predecessors. Good will and kindly feelings prevailed, every one was ready to assist his neighbor, and if a new-comer, at a distance of ten or twelve miles, wanted to put up a log cabin, or barn, all he had to do was to inform those sturdy pioneers and he was sure to have their help at the appointed time. Chopping-bees and log-rollings, called in those days " frolics," were frequent. It might have been that some were influenced to attend these gath- erings on account of the whisky that was freely used on such occasions, for one of the first evidences of the settlement of the county was the building of 44 History of Jefferson County. small " still houses," as they were then called; but it was the pure juice of the rye, and though undoubtedly injurious in its effects, was free from drugs and poison that is its principal ingredients in these days, and delirium tremens did not lurk in the cup as it does now. As those sturdy pioneers felled the trees, plowed the fields, or rafted the lumber down to Pittsburgh, they were laying the foundation of a county whose people, to-day, have no peers for intelli- gence, patriotism, and true nobility of character. Rude and illiterate some of them may have been, but they were strong of heart and limb, brave and enduring, possessing all the elements of true manhood and womanhood; earn- est Christians most of them were, and they have left their impress upon the present generation. Those days of privation, toil and danger, had their green spots, and are yet held dear in the hearts of the few old people who still linger with us. Those very toils and sufterings made them sacred, and though the ■present generation have escaped all the hardships of their pioneer ancestors, it is to those days that this county owes all its prosperity, and all the blessings we now enjoy. Those early pioneers laid the foundation that we might enjoy the grandeur of the edifice ; they planted the tree, we are eating the fruit ; they sowed in tears and poverty that we might reap in joy and gladness. Let ns honor and revere them for those sterling qualities that gave our county its first start towards its present greatness. CHAPTER V. EARLY INCIDENTS. Pioneer Incidents — Early Rafting on the Mahoning and Little Toby — Hunting Wolves, Bears, Panthers, etc. IN the winter of 1800, or 1801, Stephen Roll, August Shultz, and a negro named Fudeon Vancamp, started on foot from near Easton, Pa., to come to Barnett Settlement, of which they had heard such glowing accounts. They got along on their journey all right until they reached the mouth of Ander- son's Creek, in the Susquehanna River, from which place their route lay through the unbroken wilderness. Not being accustomed to pioneer travel- ing, they started on the last stage of their journey, a distance of thirty-three miles, without providing anything to eat on the way. Soon after they left the Susquehanna River a heavy snow storm set in, and it continued to snow all day until the snow was over two feet deep. Fudge Vancamp, the negro, was the largest and strongest man of the party, and undertook to break the road Early Incidents. 45 for the other two ; but the cold and hunger at last overcome him, and when within about a mile of Barnett's he gave out and had to make the rest of the way on his hands and knees. He reached Mr. Barnett's about midnight, so much exhausted, and so nearly frozen, that it was almost an hour before he revived sufficiently to inform his host of the situation in which he had left his companions. As soon as they learned that there were others in danger of perishing, four or five men started to rescue them. Roll was met a few rods from the house. He had made the last stage of the journey in the same man- ner that the negro had done. Shultz, however, had given out some two miles back, and was found almost frozen. He lost three toes off one foot, and the great toe off the other, and eventually his life was the forfeit, for he never recovered from the effects of this terrible journey, but died a few months after reaching his home again. Roll and Vancamp recovered in a few days. They both settled near Port Barnett and lived to be old men. Mrs. Graham, when about fourteen years old, was sent one evening to bring home the cows ; but the animals had strayed farther than she anticipated, and before she found them night set in, and a thunder storm coming on, she became bewildered and frightened, and lost her way. Imagining that the wolves were in pursuit of her, she feared to stop in the woods, and making her way to Mill Creek, she waded out to a large rock in the middle of the stream, and there spent the night in terror. She heard the cries of those who were searching for her, but thought their calls, as well as the barking of the dogs, was the howling of the wolves. She was rescued about daylight, when the water was rising rapidly, and before noon the rock was obliterated by the mad flood, and Mill Creek a raging torrent. Mrs. Graham said she was never sent to hunt the cows again, but had her father bade her go, she would have gone in spite of her fear, for, though kind to his family, he was strict in discipline, and none of his children ever thought of disobeying him. It is said that when his son Andrew was a married man with children and a home of his own, if his father told him to do a thing he obeyed at once, without any questioning. The greatest economy had to be exercised in those early days of which we have spoken, both in regard to food and clothing. No supplies could be had without a long and dangerous journey of forty or fifty miles, and sometimes families found themselves reduced to the greatest straits for food. A venerable lady, of one of the " first families " of the county, informed me that the hard- est time she ever experienced was living for a week on dried apples and corn bread, and that their greatest treat was to to be able to have " white wheat cakes at Christmas." Another family is said to have been so hard pressed for food that they had to boil the seeds of pumpkins, and yet another who sub- sisted on green corn for two weeks. Mrs. Edwin English, of Brookville, relates an incident of her father, Rev. Gara Bishop, one of the pioneer ministers of this region. He was residing in 4 46 History of Jekkerson County. 1825 or 1826 in "Old Town" (Clearfield), and was called to perform a mar- riage ceremony near the line of Jefferson and Clearfield counties. Mr. Bishop drove in a sleigh — it being in the depth of winter — a distance of twenty miles to the appointed place, and on reaching the house, which stood lone and forlorn in the midst of the white waste, he inquired of the young man who came to meet him at the door, and who appeared to be the sole occupant of the house, whether he could get something for himself and horse to eat, but was informed that he could not procure anything unless he went ten miles farther on. He then inquired for the bride, and was told she would soon be there, and pretty soon his host announced, " There they come now," and looking out he beheld two women wading through the snow, which was more than " knee deep." When they reached the cabin the bride went up into the " loft " to put an her wedding dress, which she had brought in a bundle with her. She returned in a few minutes, and the simple ceremony was soon over. The groom then asked the bride whether she had brought anything with her to eat, as the preacher had had no dinner. She produced a loaf of bread, from which Mr. Bishop was supplied, and when he had appeased his hunger with this dry food, he turned his face homeward, having to drive another twenty miles before he could get anything for his poor horse, and this, too, over roads that the heavy fall of snow had made almost impassable; and for this hard day's journey he received one dollar. Dr. A. M. Clarke relates the following incident: "When I was about twelve or thirteen years of age, I was sent in the winter season with a yoke of oxen and a sled to procure a load of corn from any source from which it could be obtained, and found myself belated in the woods, but at last came to a lit- tle clearing, where there was an old man by the name of Stevens and his wife living in a poor log cabin. I was made welcome to the warmth of their fire, which was very pleasant, as I was cold, tired, and perhaps hungry. I had brought forage with me, and the team was soon cared for ; and the old lady busied herself for some time in preparing a supper for me. She first fried some salt pork, then greased a griddle with some of the fat procured from the meat, and baked some corn cakes, then made what she called ' a good cup of rye coffee,' sweetened with pumpkin molasses. I was not hungry enough to much enjoy this repast. In the morning, on inquiry of my host, I learned that six miles further down the stream (Bennett's Branch), I could likely get the corn at a Mr. Johnson's. I must not return without it, so onward we went in the morning, bought the corn and returned home. " One of the first settlers of the southern portion of the county, and if tradi- tion serves us right, one of the earliest lumbermen of the Mahoning, was Jesse Armstrong, who built his cabin in a bend of the creek, now called Armstrong's Bend, a short distance below where the mill of James U. Gillespie now stands. He, with William Neal, devised the plan of constructing a raft, and early in the Early Incidents. 47 spring of 1818 the two men, with Sally, Armstrong's wife — and tradition says assisted by two Indians who had been in the neighborhood, perhaps visiting the graves of their people — started on their raft to explore the lower waters of the Mahoning, a peaceful enough stream in summer, but when swollen by the spring rains and melting snows, a veritable, rushing, foaming river. The raft, which was not one of the deftly put together square timber, or board rafts of the present day, but constructed of round logs roughly withed together, was swept down the mad current. The oars were poor, and the oarsmen and pilot unskilled and ignorant of the stream, and at length the frail craft struck on the rocks, and the crew barely escaped with their lives to the shore. Indeed, poor Sally Armstrong would have found a watery grave had not Billy Neal caught her by her long red hair, and pulled her out of the seething flood. It it said that the eddy where this catastrophe occurred was ever after known as "Sally's Eddy." Just before this mishap occurred, Sally had prepared some food from the stores which they had with them ; but Owenoco, one of the In- dians, said, " No, no ; we no eat now ; may be never eat ; " at the same time he was trying with great strength and skill to keep the tossing craft from dash- ing against the great rocks that loomed up on every side. Suddenly they were drawn into the fearful eddy, and the oar of Owenoco breaking off sud- denly, he lost control of the raft. Extricating themselves with difficulty from their perilous predicament, the white men and Indians finally got their broken raft safely moored to shore and tied fast to a tree. Then, by the aid of flint and torch, the Indians called down the sacred fire, which they ascribed as a gift from their Manitou, and soon the little band of lumbermen, and the poor drenched lumber- woman, were gathered around the welcome fire ; all their provisions, with the exception of some bread and salt that Sally had placed in a box, which was saved, had gone down into the watery flood, with some crocks of honey, the product of the wild bees, which Sally was taking to Pitts- burg to purchase finery with. The bows and arrows of the Indians soon, how- ever, procured them food, and in the cheerful light and warmth of the fire they soon regained their spirits, and after a night's rest, were ready early the next morning to again undertake the perilous journey, and without any more serious mishaps gained their journey's end, being safely landed at Pittsburgh, where their dusky companions bade them farewell forever, and wended their way to Canada, there to join the remnant of their tribe. Armstrong and his wife exchanged their logs for such provisions and wear- ing apparel as they could carry, and returned on foot to Punxsutawney. It was after night when they came in sight of their cabin, where Adam Long and his wife dwelt with them. The loud barking of the dog announced their coming, and Adam said to his wife, " I bet a deerskin it bees Jess and Sail comin'," and soon the weary travelers were seated around their own fireside, enjoying the rest they so much needed, and while they partook of the repast of 48 History of Jefferson County. bear's meat, etc., that Mrs. Long hastily provided for them, they told the story of their perilous journey and its successful ending, and Adam Long in turn narrated the story of his fight with the bear whose skin was then drying on the wall of the cabin, and which he had killed near their very door. " Oh, Lor' ! but I am tired " said Mrs. Armstrong, " I would not do that again for all the plagued raft and honey. I feel so crippled up I can scarcely walk." " Yes," said Adam, " put ye give the hunny to te fesh, an' to te alegatorsh." "Yes, I lost my seven crocks of honey, and if it hadn't been for Billy Neal I would have went with the honey. I'll always respect him for that. Jesse never tried to put out his hand to catch me," said the irate dame. " Why Sally," said Armstrong, " you know that when you jumped in I was trying to save myself on the other side of the raft." "But what te tivel you do mit Neal?" said Adam; " did de Injun kill him, or did you sell him mit your raft ?" " Oh !" said Jesse, " Neal went with us to Pittsburgh, where we left him. We got on Leslie Ramsey's boat. I helped push the boat up to Kittanning, and Sally and me come afoot from there along the Indian path. We come it in two days." Then Adam Long told his story of the bear's death. His dog had started the bear on the hill above the creek, and they had followed it from crag to crag until it at last, just on the bank of the creek, it turned to give them bat- tle, and caught the dog in its embrace, when the hunter dealt the huge beast a powerful blow with his hatchet. The furious animal rela.xed its hold of the dog and sprang at Adam with extended jaws, and seemed to realize that the conflict was for life or death. The hunter's gun was useless. He had no time to aim at the bear, but springing aside, he drew his long keen hunting-knife, and returned to the charge. The huge black beast was standing erect and received the thrust of the knife in his neck, and as Long was about to give him another blow with his knife he struck him with his powerful paw and stretched him on the ground, while his knife flew from his hand into the creek, and had not the dog at this juncture come to the rescue, poor Adam would never have lived to tell of this exploit ; but seeing his master at the mercy of their common enemy, he sprang upon the bear and there ensued a fierce strug- gle ; but the bear was badly wounded, and the dog at last threw him almost into the creek, when the bear gave up the contest, and springing into the water, made for the other shore, the brave dog still holding on to his flank. Adam Long had by this time recovered his faculties, and reloading his gun fired at the bear, the ball taking effect in his shoulder. He then plunged into the creek and encountered him upon the other shore with his hatchet, and soon dispatched him. He believed that the huge beast would have weighed at least four hundred pounds. Adam always loved to narrate this story. Long had left Westmoreland county to escape being pressed into the serv- ice to fight the British in the War of 1812, preferring to be a Nimrod than an Achilles. Early Incidents. 49 As we have said before, the country abounded in wild animals when the early settlers first came ; the bear and wolf especially being the terror of the farmer, and the ever vigilant foe of his sheep-fold and pig-pen. Many are the hunting stories related of those times, but we only reproduce a few of them, which come to us well authenticated. In the year 1806 a law was passed al- lowing a bounty of eight dollars for the scalp of each wolf or panther, and as the skins of these animals were also very valuable, nearly every man turned hunter, not only for the purpose of protecting themselves and their flocks from the depredations of these beasts of prey, but also for the revenue they derived from killing them. They would watch the dens of the wolves when the young wolves had attained a certain size, and capture them, trying to time their visit when the old wolves were absent. Some time in the spring of 1823 two men, named Timblin and Porter, came to David Postlethwaite's, in Perry township, to get some whisky — Mr. Postle- thwaite kept a "still house" at the time — stating that they were going to hunt for wolves. During the evening the two hunters imbibed so much whisky that Postlethwaite concluded they would not hunt any wolves that evening, and af- ter they left he went to his brother John and told him that if they were going to hunt the wolves they must do it that night, as the other parties would likely start in the morning. They knew where the wolves had a den in a cavern under a huge rock, about three-quarters of a mile from Postlethwaite's, and about a quarter of a mile from the present Brookville and Indiana road. Just as they came round the rock, David told his brother that the old wolf was in, for he had heard her. His brother doubted this at first, but soon found that David was right. It was then about dusk in the evening. David said, "Well, John, will you go in and shoot her? " " No, I'll be if I do, " said John. " Well, if you won't, I must," said his brother, and at once prepared to go into the den, taking with him his gun, hunting-knife, and a long pole, nine or ten feet long, to feel for the wolf, so that he should not get too near her un- awares. After proceeding into the hole about fifteen feet he came to a short turn to the left, where the passage became so narrow that he could proceed with difficulty ; about six feet further on he came to another turn to the right, and feeling ahead with his pole, touched the wolf He had some difficulty in getting her to look towards him, so that he could see her eyes to fire at. He finally got a good aim, leveled, and fired at the brute's eyes, and then got back as fast as he could past the first turn in the passage, when he listened to see whether his shot had taken effect ; but for a time the report of the gun as it reverberated through the cavern was deafening ; when this died away he knew by the absence of the old wolf's breathing that she was dead. His brother then went in and brought her out and nine whelps with her. David's bullet had struck her a quarter of an inch from the eye. Rattlesnakes were also very plenty, and the danger from them was very great. Some time in the 50 History of Jefferson County. fall of 1823 David Postlethwaite found a rattlesnake den not more than half a mile from his house, and killed forty or fifty of the reptiles. The next spring he and Nathaniel Foster went out to the den to have " a spree killing rattle- snakes." Just as the two men were starting from the house, they met James Stewart, a neighbor, who was coming to Postlethwaite's on an errand, and in- vited him to accompany them ; so the three, armed with a club apiece, went to the den and in less than two hours had killed three hundred snakes. Mr. Pos- tlethwaite, who related the story to our informant, said that they counted them, and that from forty to sixty dead reptiles lay in a circle of ground not more than ten feet in diameter. In 1834 or 1835 a man named Long, and John and Jacob Kahle, sons of Frederick Kahle, caught eight young wolves from a den near the present town of Sigel. Long made a hook and fastened it to a stick four or five feet long, and John Kahle, the oldest boy, who was about fourteen, went in and fasten- ing the hook into the hide of a young wolf, would pull it out. He took a pine torch with him, and had a rope tied to his foot, and when he would get hold of a young wolf he would pull on the rope and the others would pull him out This was repeated eight times, but on the ninth trial he caught the old wolf; she growled and snapped her teeth at him. He jerked on the rope but was not strong enough to pull her out. When he got out and told Long, the latter oft'ered him ten dollars if he would go in and bring her out ; and on his refusal, tried to get Jacob to go in. Long then made several attempts to go in after her himself, but did not succeed in getting very far. He then tried to get the old animal by blasting the rock with powder ; but this also failed, and they then closed up the entrance to the den ; but she worked herself out through some other opening, and escaped with her remaining young one. When they commenced to capture the young wolves they thought the old wolf was not in the den. About the year 18 16 Lewis Long and his son William shot five wolves without moving out of their tracks. They first killed the leader of the pack, and then called the rest back by imitating their howling. William and Jackson Long were noted hunters, hunting and trapping being their occupation for many years, and they had many daring and hair- breadth escapes. Their sure and trusty rifles did much to rid all this wilderness of the dangerous wild beasts that infested it. As their game grew scarce in this region, they removed to the wilder sections, " Boone's Mountain " being a fa- vorite hunting-ground. Both lived to be old men. The impression prevails that a she bear will fight for her young until she dies, but this is not always the case. In 1836 William and Mathew Smith, of the Beechwoods, gave chase to a bear with three cubs ; two of the latter ran up a tree and were captured, while the old bear ran oft' with the remaining cub, and never came back to look for the missing ones. In 183 1 Mrs. Nancy McGhee, of the same locality, heard Early Incidents. 51 the pigs squealing, and exclaimed : " The bears are at the hogs," and Mr. McGhee being absent, she and the hired man, Philip McAfiferty, each picked up an ax and hastened to the rescue of the imperiled swine. The bear had one down and was preparing to make a meal of it, but fled on their approach ; but the hog was so badly hurt that it had to be killed. The panther was the most cautious and crafty animal that the hunters had to contend with. In 1833 Jacob Vasbinder found a panther's den on Boone's Mountain. He went with his boys, dogs, and guns to kill the old and capture the young animals. One of the dogs got loose, and unnoticed ran ahead and frightened off the old pan- ther, and scattered the young ones so that they only caught one alive. The dogs killed the rest. The one that was captured was about the size of a cat. It was kept for about a year and then sold to a traveling showman. In 1834 the Long brothers and Andrew Vasbinder captured a full-grown elk. They surrounded it with their dogs and forced it to take refuge on a high rock. Here the dogs did not dare approach it, for it would have soon trampled them to death with its sharp hoofs. The hunters after some trouble succeeded in throwing a rope over its head, and thus captured it ; but they forced it home too roughly, and it only survived the capture three weeks. The boldest feat on record is that of Jackson Long, a son of William, who as late as the year 1850, entered a panther's den and shot the savage animal by the light of his glowing eyes. We have no record of any deaths occurring from wild animals, but the above incidents will show how wary the early settlers had to be at all times, and the perils they had to undergo in ridding the county of these beasts of prey. In those times " vigilance was the price of safety." In 1828 the Little Toby lumbermen came to the conclusion that money could be made by running their lumber to Pittsburgh, but the accumulation of driftwood, rocks, and short bends in the stream, caused it to be unnavi- gable, and much work had to be done removing the drift, blasting rocks, and making new channels, so that no rafts could be started for the market until in May, 1830, when the lumber from the three mills on Little Toby, operated by the Brockways, Philetus Clarke, J. Horton, H. and L. Warner, Alanson Viall, and perhaps some others, was with much labor and difficulty got ready to run. The late Dr. A. M. Clarke gives the following account of this first at- tempt at lumbering on Little Toby : " I went with the first lumber that was sent from Little Toby to Pittsburgh. It was a great company craft, awkwardly put in and poorly managed from beginning to end. After a great deal of trouble by the way, and much stav- ing, the rafts were all collected and coupled together in one unwieldy raft at Miller's Eddy, on the Allegheny River. On account of the exceeding rough appearance of this raft it was called the ' Porcupine.' Want of experience and lack of skill nearly wrecked the whole business, for in their anxiety to get to 52 History of Jefferson County. market, and encouraged by their pilot, the unwieldy craft — I think it was three abreast, and thirty-two platforms long — was started in very high water. They soon discovered their mistake, but were unable to land, and went rushing for- ward, and miles of foaming water were traversed before the frightened crew effected a landing. I was sent to take care of my father's share in the adven- ture. We went down in May, 1830, and came back in July. Our best sales were made for five and ten dollars per thousand feet for common and clear stuff. " I was but a stripling in size, weighed perhaps one hundred pounds. Of course I was of no account among the ' Olean Hoosiers.' One day at ' Dal- rymple's hotel,' which was the lumbermen's headquarters at that time, while sitting in the waiting-room, quietly waiting for dinner, suspecting no mischief, I felt a severe pinch above my knee, making the muscles tingle with pain. The hand that gave the pinch belonged to a tall, robust, heavy lumberman from Smithport, named Gideon Irons. I sprang up on the instant and gave him a blow with all the force I was able. I suppose he felt my puny fist, for looking down on me, he cooly said, ' Pretty well for Little Toby.'" Another lumberman gives the experience of lumbering on the same stream more than ten years later : " In April, 1842, Nelson Allen, Patrick Cairns, and others started from what is now Brockwayville, on a raft for Pittsburgh. They soon ' stuck,' but the water was rising and they got off again. It was quite late when they reached a place where they could land for the night. There was no house near and they could get no fire started, and they had to lay all night in their wet clothing on some hemlock boughs, benumbed with cold. But little sleep visited them. The next afternoon they reached a good landing place, but still no house, and fearing to run the risk of not being able to effect a landing if they ventured on, they tied up. They had very short rations for dinner, and a long fast was before them. Soon another raft came down the stream, the crew of which called to them for bread, but they had none to give. A piece of raw, salt pork gave them a small 'scrap ' apiece. The men suffered severely from the wet and cold and for want of food, as it was two o'clock in the after- noon of the next day before they reached a house of entertainment, and where the good women of the house found it hard to find food enough to satisfy the almost famished raftmen. From this place they 'ran out' to Pittsburgh without further trouble. But for all this suffering and hardship they only re- ceived seven dollars and fifty cents per thousand for their timber." These are only a few of the many perils and privations attendant upon early lumbering in Jefferson county waters. Early Schools and Churches. 53 CHAPTER VI. EARLY SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. The First Old Log School-House — Primitive Education — Tlie First Schools in Pine Creek and Perry Townships — Schools of Ye Olden Time — The Presbyterians the First to Sow the Good Seed in .lefferson County — Reverend McGarragh the Pioneer Minister — The First Cliurch in the County — The First Marriages — The Early Baptist Church — The First Coming of the Seceders — The Planting of Methodism in the County — Early Ministrj' of Reverend George Reeser. AS soon as the people got their cabins ready for habitation they began to plan for the building of school-houses and the organization of churches. Mrs. Graham informs us that the first school in the county was taught in the winter of 1803 by John Dixon. He was the father of the venerable John Dixon, of Polk township. The house in which this school was taught was built of rough logs, with no windows except " chinks " left between the logs over which greased paper was tacked, the floor was of puncheons, and the seats of broad pieces of logs hewn smooth on the upper side, and with pins in the under side for legs. Boards fastened to the walls served as writing desks, and a log fire placed at one end of the house supplied that want. A year or two later a man named John Johnson taught in a house between Port Barnett and Brookville. This house was somewhat of an improvement on the first one in that it had real glass in the windows. The first school in the south end of the county was near where Perrysville now is, at John Bell's. The school- house was almost a fac simile of the one described above. These schools were maintained and the houses built by those who felt interested in having school in the neighborhood and who had children old enough to attend. The wages paid were very low, but were all that the times afforded. We notice that a schoo Itaught on Little Toby, somewhere in 1828, the teacher received twelve dollars per month, paid in maple sugar. In those days the requirements for teachers were not very exacting, and no rigid examinations had to be un- dergone. Mrs. Ann Smith, one of the early settlers of the northern part of the county, left Ireland at the age of ten years, and never went to school in America. She married at the early age of sixteen, and could have had but little opportunity for study at home, yet in her old age she taught school. When her husband became discouraged and wanted to leave the backwoods, she was so anxious to remain and build up a home for her children that she offered him one year's work on the farm if he would stay on, and for twelve months she went to the field as early and toiled as late as he did. W'e have before us two old school books, one "The American Accountant, or School Mafter's New Affiftant," by Benjamin Workman, published in Philadelphia in 1793. The other is a 54 History of Jefferson County. " Short, but Comprehensive System of the Geography of the World," pub- lished in 179s by Dr. Nathaniel Dwight, of Hartford. The books, which are both in good preservation, show that in those early days the boy or girl who was so lucky as to own a book knew how to take care of it. In the geography is written, " Sandy Lick saw-mill, Pensylvany, Erastus Turner," and in the arithmetic, in very legible, though old-fashioned characters, " Do not Steal this book for Fear of Shame, for underneath hes the owner's name ; Elish.\ Grah.\m, Joseph Mason, His hand and pen, Sept. the 30th, 1794." And these are the books handed down from the first days of our county, and from which in that old rude school -house in Pine Creek township the first rudiments of arithmetic and geography were taught. The history of the schools of Jefferson county, from the rude beginnings which we have men- tioned, up to the present time, which will be given in a subsequent chapter, will show what progress has been made in the method of teaching, books used and school buildings. The Presbyterian Church seems to have been the first that gained a foot- hold in this county, and the ministers of that denomination the first who " sowed the good seed " in this wilderness. The first account we have of religious services being held in the settlement was in June, 1809, when Rev. Robert McGarragh preached at the house of Peter Jones, near where John McCuUough now lives in Pine Creek township — "held the communion and baptized certain persons." Mr. McGarragh was undoubtedly the pioneer minister of the count}'. He had come to the Clarion region as a licentiate of the Presbytery of Redstone in 1803, and removed, with his family, to take charge of the churches of Licking and New Rehoboth, now in Clarion county, in 1804. He seems to have taken charge of the little congregation of Port Barnett, but how long he ministered unto them is not known. Mr. McGarragh did not " serve his Master for hire," for the people he preached to were too poor to pay for his services, and the good man was used to poverty. It is told of him that when a student at Cannonsburg in 1803, he and his wife kept boarders, students of the same institution. " One night Mrs. McGarragh found the stock of provisions so low that she declined to sit down to the table lest there might not be enough for breakfast. They urged her to partake of the food, and agreed to keep the morrow as a fast day. Next morning, as they held a prayer-meeting, a knock came to the door, and upon opening it a countryman was found who inquired for Mr. McGarragh, stating that he wished to sell him some provisions. 'But,' said he, ' though I need provisions, I have no money.' ' If you can pay me in six months it will do,' said the farmer, ' I am not afraid to trust a Presbyterian student.' He bought a side of beef and two hundred pounds of flour. That very day his Earlv Schools and Churches. 55 father came to see him and brought fifty dollars, which he had saved to help him. The next day he hired a man to go out fourteen miles into the country and pay the stranger." The good man remained poor, and on one occasion Mr. Wilson, of Strattanville, when he went to engage him to preach, found him busy " logging," and of course expected him to change his clothes, but found that the only suit he owned was the one he had on. This man, " poor in purse but rich in goodness," was he who first preached the gospel to the people of Jefferson county. The first meeting-house built was about three miles from Brookville, on the Clarion road. It was built of logs, without a floor, and slabs or boards on logs constituted the seats. The pulpit was a board supported by two posts. Rev. William Kennedy was the pastor, and is the first settled minister in the county of the Presbyterian Church of whom there is any record. This church was organized about the year 1824, and was called the "Bethel of Jefferson County." In 1826 Rev. William Kennedy went from his home in the Beech woods to marry Henry Keys and Catharine Wilson, and at the same time baptized Nin- ian Cooper. Rev. Gara Bishop, in 1830, came from his home in Clearfield to the same locality to marry James Waite and Martha Mcintosh, and at the same time baptized Susan Mcintosh ; so that in those days they were in the habit of " killing two birds with one stone," either in a religious or secular way. In 1 83 1 Rev. Cyrus Riggs, another Presbyterian, made a missionary tour into the county, and besides preaching several times made a pastoral call upon each family. The people of the Beechwoods did not want to send him away with- out some remuneration for his services, but money was a scarce article in those days. It was found, however, that Matthew Keys had a five dollar bill, and the rest all agreeing to pay him twenty-five cents apiece as soon as they got the money, if he would give the money to the preacher, Mr. Keys agreed to the proposition, and Rev. Riggs carried away with him all the money in the settlement. When Mr. Riggs first came there he told Mrs. Keys that he was looking after the " stray sheep." " Oh, indeed," said the old lady, " you'll find none of them here." "Oh, mother," said her daughter Betty, "it is the lost sheep of the house of Israel he is after." Rev. Jonathan Nichols, a Free Will Baptist, settled in Brandy Camp in 1822. He was the first minister in the northern part of the county for many years, and was, in fact, the first who settled in the county, and who labored in his Master's vineyard until death called him to his reward. He was also the first physician, and spent his life in ministering both to the souls and bodies of the people with whom he had cast his lot. His ministrations were well received by the people without regard to sect or denomination, as in those days " every body went to meeting," in summer on foot, and in winter with ox-sleds. There was no money to pay the preacher, and so the gospel was dispensed ^'without money and without price." $6 History of Jefferson County. Dr. Nichols, who was the father of Mrs. Dr. A. M. Clark, of Brockwayville, died in May, 1846. Dr. Clark says of him : " He was a generous, kind-hearted gentleman, somewhat of the olden school, genial and urbane in his manner, with a helping hand ready to assist the needy, and kind words to comfort the sorrowing. He was the friend of my childhood, and rendered me much assist- ance in my medical studies. I remember him with gratitude, and wish that the world contained many more such as he." The first United Presbyterian, or as it was called in those days, Seceder Congregation in the county, was organized at Dowlingville in 1828. Revs. Joseph Scroggs and Thomas Ferrier were instrumental in the organization and dispensed the sacrament of the Lord's Supper there, and begun what has ever since been one of the leading churches in the county. Although there may have been occasional sermons preached by some of the pioneer preachers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in the territory now embraced within Jefferson county, earlier, we find no record of any such, until the year 1821, when Rev. Elijah Coleman, a local preacher, formed a society, or class, of ten members at Punxsutawney, at the house of Jacob Hoover. This society was attached to the Mahoning Circuit of the Baltimore Confer- ence, which circuit was formed in 181 2, and was large enough for an annual conference. Rev. Mr. Dorsey was the preacher in charge. In 1822 Mr. Hoo- ver's house was a "regular preaching place." As late as 1827 and 1828 the Erie Conference had only one preacher in all the territory east of the Alle- gheny River, the old Shippenville district. Rev. James Babcock, then Rev. Nathaniel Callender, were the first preachers on this circuit. Their work was mostly done in the Clarion District, but they preached occasionally in Jeffer- son. In 1828 a class of six members was formed in Pine Creek township, the meeting being held in an old mill north of Brookville. David Butler was the leader, and Cyrus Butler superintendent of a Sunday-school organized at the same time. In 1829 this society met for service in a school-house that stood where the jail now stands. In 1829 the Shippenville Circuit had two preach- ers. Revs. John Johnson and J. C. Ayers, and a " gracious revival of religion on the circuit attended their labors." A class or society was organized at Troy, of some ten or twelve members. Rev. George Reeser, who spent the first thirteen years of his ministry in this region of country, sends us a sketch of his labors in this field, and as it is general in character, embracing all the territory now covered by Jefferson county, we give it here in full. Mr. Reeser, who is one of the oldest mem- bers of the Erie Conference, now sustains a superannuated relation to that body : — " In the month of July, 1840, 1 was admitted on trial in the Erie Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, which held its annual session that year in Meadville, Pa., and sent as preacher in charge, with Israel Mershon for my Early Schools and Churches. 57 colleague, to what was then Red Bank circuit, which embraced a large por- tion of the south side of Jeft'erson, but included Bethlehem in Clarion, Putney- ville, and two other appointments in Armstrong, and three in Indiana county. The principle preaching places in Jefferson county were Punxsutawney, Hope- well Church, Gahagans, Troy, Heathville, and Sprankle's Mill. Among the early and leading members of the Methodist Church in Punxsutawney, Jacob Hoover, Daniel Burkett, John Hunt, John Drum, Jacob Bear, Joseph Weldon, and Thomas Robinson and their wives deserve honorable mention. Joseph Weldon was subsequently licensed to preach, and admitted into the Erie Con- ference, and did good service for a number of years. " Punxsutawney was favored this year with a wonderful revival of religion. Rev. John Bain — of precious memory — our presiding elder, at his second quarterly visit remained with us some ten days, and preached the grand old gospel of Christ with matchless simplicity and power — often holding crowded congregations spell-bound from one hour and a half to two hours. A general awakening and serious thoughtfulness upon this subject of their soul's best in- terests prevaded the community for miles away. Of the fruits of this meet- ing, which lasted but two weeks, the Methodist Church recorded eighty-three new names to the roll of her membership. The Baptist and Cumberland Presbyterian Churches also shared largely in the benefits of this revival. " As neither myself nor colleague were at this time ordained ministers, we could not perform the marriage ceremony, and were mainly dependant for this service on Rev. Elijah Coleman, a venerable patriarch, and for many years a popular and useful local preacher. In early life Father Coleman resided at Morrison's Cove, but had now lived many j'ears on the south side of Mahoning Creek, in Indiana count)^ On one of his visits to our charge he consented to remain over Sabbath and preach. His text on this occasion was the parable of the sick man. Dives, as he called him, and Lazarus. An old German, and an acquaintance of Mr. Coleman while they lived together at Morrison's Cove, heard the sermon, and on his way home, it was said, he remarked to a friend who had also heard the sermon : ' Dem tings what we heard to-day about Divis and Lashurus ish all a pack of lies. I knew Mr. Divis and Lashurus well doun dare at Morrison's Cove. It is true, Divis was a rich man, but den he was not a proud man, nor a stingy man, and it ish true too, dat Lash- urus was a poor man, but he was never so poor as to have to beg hish bread. He had a yoke of oxen, and he drove around de town many tings, and some- times he just had slugs of money.' " Daniel and Jacob Swisher, two brothers, formerly of Lewistown, Pa., were at this time the most prominent members of the Hopewell Church, four miles west of Punxsutawney. It was largely through their influence that the ap- pointment was established, sustained, and a house of worship erected there. The house of Daniel Swisher was always a welcome home for the weary itin- 58 History of Jefferson County. erant. Never can I forget the kindnesses shown to me by the entire family during the two years of my pastorate. " Next to Punxsutawney, Troy, in Jefferson county, was the most important point on our field of labor ; but where, or by whom, Methodist preaching was first introduced, I have no means of ascertaining. Prior to the general con- ference of 1836, Erie Conference had no existence, and the Pittsburgh Confer- ence, to which all that territory belonged, supplied the Methodist Churches with its pastors. I found in Troy a church of some fifty members, but we had no better place in which to hold our public services than an old and somewhat dilapidated school- house. Nathan, Darius, Euphrastus, and Hiram Carrier, all brothers, Elijah Heath, Philip Clover, a Mr. Fairweather, and a Mr. Fuller, and some others whose names I cannot recall, were among the prominent and in- fluential members of the church at this time. The revival spirit pervaded our societies generally, and many were added to the church. " In the summer of 1841 our conference held its annual session in Cleveland, Ohio. I was reappointed to Red Bank charge. Israel Mershon was removed, and John Graham was sent to take his place as junior preacher. The form of our circuit remained unchanged. Two camp-meetings, one at Putneyville, the other at Punxsutawney, were held this year, which resulted in great spir- itual good ; conversions at both were numerous, and in some instances very powerful and clear. As a whole, we had a laborious, but pleasant and pros- perous year; many were added to the church, and its spirituality greatly in- creased. The salary which I received from the entire charge the first year was a trifle less than one hundred and thirty dollars. The second year, with a greatly increased membership, I was paid less than two hundred dollars, and yet, strange to tell, I was never obliged to go to bed hungry. During this con- ference year Brother Graham made tlie acquaintance of Miss Cornelia Gaskell, at Punxsutawney, to whom he was subsequently married. Brother Graham has served many important charges, and filled the office of presiding elder for eight years, and is still in the active work of the ministry, a true and good man. " In July, 1850, I was appointed to Brookville Mission, as it was then called, with Thomas Elliott as junior preacher. For some years prior to this Brook- ville and Luthersburg, with a few outlying appointments at both ends, consti- tuted the mission field. Dean C. Wright, my immediate predecessor, preached in Brookville and in Luthersburg on alternate Sabbaths. Luthersburg was now cut off from Brookville, and formed into a new charge, and the Brook- ville mission field was greatly enlarged, so as to take in Greenville, Kearney's school-house, and Canada, as it was called. These appointments were in Clar- ion county, and with Troy, and Holts, Brookville, Warsaw, Richardsville, Ebenezer Church, a mile or two from Sigel, and Hominy Ridge, near the Clarion River, constituted our Sabbath appointments; and with two preachers on the charge, we were able to give them public services once in two weeks. Early Schools and Churches. 59 But in addition to these we had a good many other preaching places, and fee- ble societies which could be reached and served only on week days and nights. Thomas Elliott, being a young man and a novice in the ministry, thinking the labor and sacrifices too great, became discouraged, and fled ingloriously from the field before the year was half ended. This occasioned my labors and responsibilities to be greatly increased ; but later on Samuel Warren was sent to my assistance. He was kind, companionable, and faithful to his work. He was after this received into the Erie Conference ; served a number of charges, then moved to Missouri ; entered the conference there, and subsequently be- came a presiding elder, and for anything I know to the contrary, he is still alive, and in the active work of the ministry. " On my arrival in Brookville I found a feeble society, numbering, to the best of my recollection, but twenty-six in all ; of these, fully one-third lived four to six miles away, and were seldom seen at any of our Sabbath services. Elijah Heath and Christopher Fogel, a local preacher, had transferred their residences and membership to Brookville, and with Martin Travis, Reuben Hubbard, John Long, Samuel Clark, Daniel Silvis, and James Moore, and their wives, were the principal members. '■ As we had no church edifice, and the court-house not always available for public services, I early began to agitate the matter of building a church of our own. This, however, was decidedly opposed by the official members gen- erally, and particularly by Judge Heath, who affirmed that no man could raise a thousand dollars in Brookville to build a Methodist Church. With per- sistent agitation, however, their consent was obtained not to oppose the enter- prise any further, provided I would agree to solicit the subscriptions, and collect the funds, to which I gave a willing assent, and in a comparatively short time I had good pledges to the amount of $1,500. The judge very frankly acknowledged his mistake, and became quite enthusiastic to see the building commenced and carried on to completion as rapidly as possible. This was soon done, and 1 had the very great pleasure of preaching and worshiping with my people in our own house of prayer during the latter nine months of my second year on the charge, and pushing the subscription as much as my time would allow. I had the entire cost of lot, building, etc., can- celled with the exception of about $450, with nearly that amount of sub- scription uncollected, before my alloted time expired. " In the month of January, 185 i, I commenced a series of meetings in the court-house, hoping thereby to get the church revived, and her membership increased. I was not disappointed — the result was a glorious revival, such as . had never been witnessed before in Brookville. Of the new accessions many were heads of families, and became stable and useful members of the church. We were blest with a similar revival soon after we began to worship in the new church. One of the converts, Rev. J. K. Mendenhall, became an itiner- €o History of Jefferson County. ant minister in the Erie Conference. From this time on tlie Methodist Epis- copal Church has had a respectable showing, and has been a power in Brook- ville. The missionary appropriation was now withheld, outside appointments were formed into other charges, and the church in Brookville became an independent station. Three sessions of the Erie Annual Conference have been held and creditably sustained there. " In the summer of 1852 I was appointed to Punxsutawney, and remained there two years. The revival spirit prevailed generally over the charge. Many new and valuable members were gathered, especially at Punxsutawney and Ringgold. The latter place was a new appointment; a flourishing society was organized and the ' Union Bethel Church ' erected, which was built and held in common by the Evangelical and Methodist denominations. Paradise, near Reynoldsville, was a new appointment, and a house of worship was erected there soon after I had left the charge, chiefly through the liberality and peristent efforts of a Mr. Syphert. "Two of this Brother Syphert's daughters were afterwards married to Meth- odist preachers, and are still itinerating and toiling with their husbands in the Master's vineyard. "In the summer of 1854 I was sent to Luthersburg, and remained there two years. By special invitation I visited Washington township, in Jefferson county, and established a preaching place not far from Rockdale Mills. A series of revival meetings held in a school-house proved a great blessing; a society of some fifty members was formed, and the ' Beech Wood's Church,' as it was called, became one of the most important Sabbath appointments on the charge. Mathew and John Smith, Michael Grogan, Daniel Groves and three of his sons — James, Thomas, and John, and many others whose names I cannot now recall were among the earliest members. James Groves was afterward licensed to preach, and admitted into the Erie Conference, and did the church good service for a number of years. "From Luthersburg I moved to Clarington, on the north side of the Clarion River, but I had several preaching places in Jefterson county. In 1866 and 1867 I was reappointed to Clarington and remained two years again, and had the same preaching places in Jefferson as before. In 1868 and '69 I was at Brockwayville. The charge was a laborious one and lay entirely within the limits of Jefferson county. Fourteen years of my ministerial life and labors were thus spent, either wholly, or in part, in Jefterson county. When I first entered the county as a Methodist preacher there was not a single parsonage, and but one house of worship owned by the Methodists in the county. That house was in Punxsutawney, and was a mere shell, small, old, and somewhat dilapidated, in which a feeble society had been worshiping for a number of years. The second house of worship erected by the Methodists was the Hope- well Church, of which I have spoken before ; the third was at Troy, the From 1807 to 1830. 61 fourth at Brookville, the fifth at Gahagan's, in the southern part of the county. Our preaching was done chiefly in school-houses, private dwelUngs, grist-mills, and in the open air, but ' the hand of the Lord was with us working with signs and wonders,' and hundreds were added to the church. Of the older members of my acquaintance many have departed, I trust in peace ; others moved away, and when I consider how many parsonages and houses of wor- ship have been built, and how many new societies have been organized, and how many preachers are employed and liberally sustained within the limits of the county, I am constrained to exclaim ' What hath God wrought!'" The first Catholics who came into the county, as far as we can learn, were those two sturdy, honest Irishmen, John Dougherty and John Gallagher, who settled in Brookville, in the year 1 831, and who were both prominently con- nected with the town and county for so many years. Soon others came in • some from Belgium, who settled on the south side of Red Bank, in what has ever since been known as Belgiumtown. They were for a long time minis- tered unto by priests from St. Mary's, Pa., and from the older Catholic settle- ments in the Clarion region, until 1853, when, during the pastorate of Rev. Father Ledwith, they built the brick church on Water street, which was for a long time the finest church edifice in Brookville. Although there were members of the Baptist, Lutheran and other denomi- nations in the county prior to 1830, they had no organization, nor any preach- ing, except that of Dr. Nichols, in the northern part of the county, before noted. The rapid growth, the fine church edifices, with full statistics of the different church organizations within the county the past half of a century, will be given elsewhere. CAAPTER Vn. FROM 1807 TO 1830. F'rst Assessments and Elections — First Roads — Population — Statistics of Agriculture — Commerce and Manufactures. THOUGH the county was organized provisionally in 1804, there seems to have been no records kept nor any elections held until 1807. The fol- lowing is the first assessment of property on record : 62 History of Jefferson County. " loo acres Joseph Barnett, (improved), val $3-29 John Dixon, (weaver), EHjah M. Graham Joseph Hutchison, lOO acres Peter Jones, (blacksmith), (improved), 1.95 100 " Samuel Scott, (miller), 6.00 100 " John Scott 2.22 100 " Jacob Vasbinder, S. M.,i 2.47 100 " William Vasbinder, 2.0I 100 " Adam Vasbinder, 2.22 Total val $33- 13- "No. of taxables, 18; No. of horses, 23 ; No. of cows, 35." The first election returns are as follows: 1807. "Jefferson county — At an election held at the house of Samuel Scott, in said county, on Friday, the 20th of March, A. D. 1807, the following persons were duly elected : "Supervisors — John Scott had 18 votes. Peter Jones " 18 " " Signed Sam'l. Scott, ) r , ,, , T t Judges. Thos. Lucas, > 1808. " At an election held at the house of Samuel Scott in said county, on the 1 8th day of March, A. D. 1808, the following persons were duly elected as returned below : "Supervisors; John Jones, ) were duly Alex. McCoy, ) elected. Auditors ; Samuel Lucas, Samuel Scott, Moses Knap, and Adam Vasbinder, Were duly elected. " Signed Samuel Scott, John Dickson, The above returns are as copied from the records of Indiana county, where the returns had to be made, this county then being under the legal jurisdiction •of Indiana. In the next three years the white population according to the census of 18 10, was 161 whites, one colored, showing that the settlements in the county within the first ten years proceeded very slowly. The American, published at Indiana, Pa., of February 10, 1817, publishes the receipts and expenditures of Jefferson county as follows : " Receipts and Expenditures. — In the Treasury of Jefferson County, from the Second of January, 18 16, to January First, 18 17, both days inclusive. 1 Single man. Judges." From 1807 to 1830. 63 John Taylor, Esq., Treasurer. Dr. " Dols. Cts. To cash of Joseph Barnett, Collector of Pine Creek Township for 1813, i n f u 1 1 1 7- 43 ^^ Received on Unseated Lands 2,475.61^ Land sold 101.92 $2,594.97 Lisl of outslanding debts. Due from the Collectors for 1815 $ 7- 70^4 On unseated Lands before 1816, for which the lands have been sold to the Commissioners 2,140.27 County Tax 1816 790.92 $2,938.89^ Attest. Daniel Stanard, Clerk. Cr. By Cash paid on .Sundry road orders. $1,626. 76 " Election orders 34.00 " Wolf orders 157-37.J^ ** to Road viewers 18.00 '* Contingent expenses.. 102.00 Paid to Indiana County the propor- tional part of the general expenses 298.56 Treasurer's fees of sixty-five tracts of Land sold to Commissioners 186.92 Treasurer's fees on $1,933.13^ at 2 per cent 38.66 Balance in Treasury 132.63^ $2- 594-97 Garwin Sutton, ) Thomas Sharp, > Commissioners. Thomas Laughlin, ) By an act of the Legislature Pine Creek township was established in 1 806, and comprised the entire county until 1818, when Perry was established; and until the year 1826, when Young was formed from a portion of Perry, these two townships, Pine Creek on the north, and Perry on the south, with Little Sandy as the dividing line, were the only two districts in the county. The elections were held at the house of Joseph Barnett for Pine Creek, and at the house of John Bell for Perry. In 1826 Ridgway township was formed from a portion of Pine Creek. Previous to this all the settlers mentioned heretofore as having settled on Litde Toby and the West Branch, in what is now Elk county, had to come to Port Barnett to vote, while all other legal business had to be enacted at Indiana. In 1827 Rose was formed from Pine Creek. Previous to the War of 18 12, there were no roads ; the " Chinklacamoose path" from Clearfield, through Punxsutawney, and "Meade's trail" from Clearfield, through Brookville, westward, were the only highways. Previous to the beginning of the war a government road was projected through this territory for the purpose of transporting troops from the eastern part of the State to Lake Erie, and is said to have been " brushed out." That the troops from the east- ern part of the State passed through this county on their way to the scene of hostilities at Lake Erie is well authenticated. Colonel Bird, with his regiment, rested three days at Port Barnett, and the next night after leaving there bi- vouacked at the " F"our Mile Spring," on the Afton farm, in Eldred township. Several persons were impressed by the commander of this expedition, among the number being E. M. Graham, who, with his team, was taken to aid in car- rying supplies. Mr. Graham was taken as far as Waterford, in Erie county, and after an absence of two weeks was allowed to return home. During the building of the Low Grade division of the Allegheny Valley Railroad through this county, in the year 1872, near the western county line^ there was found imbedded in the hardpan some six feet below the the surface, and covered by nearly that depth of solid sandstone, some relics of a past age. One was what appeared to be a Queen Anne musket. The stock and wooden 64 History of Jefferson County. part of the gun had entirely disappeared, but the flint-lock of extraordinary- proportions, and the length and style of the barrel proved its identity. Near the gun lay a huge bridle-bit, the size of which gave some indication of the ideas of utility of the people of that remote age. The sides were not less than eighteen inches long, and terminated in immense rings, and the ponderous ar- ticle was large enough for an animal ten times the size of the horses in use at the present day. These relics of antiquity were in a comparatively good state of preservation. How they got so deeply imbedded in the "hardpan," and when and by whom they were deposited there, was a source of much conjecture, and is a question not easily answered ; but it has been presumed that the spot where they were found marked the road over which troops had marched dur- ing the early Indian wars, or the)- may have been deposited in the grave of some Indian brave who had stolen them. The first effort to make a State road through Jefterson county was by the passage of an act, February 22, 1812, to' enable the governor of the Common- wealth to incorporate a company for making an artificial road from Waterford in the county of Erie, through Meadville and Franklin to the river Susque- hanna, at or near the mouth of Anderson's Creek, in Clearfield county. The governor was empowered to subscribe $12,000 in shares toward the building of this road, and Thomas Forster and John Boyd, of the county of Erie ; James Harriott and Henry Hurst, of the county of Crawford ; William Moore and George Powers, of the county of Venango ; Ebenezer Magoffin, and Be- son Pearson, of the county of Mercer ; Joseph Barnett and Peter Jones, of the county of Jefferson ; Joseph Bond and Paul Clover, of the county of Clearfield ; George Lattimer and Jeremiah Parker, of the city Philadelphia ; and William Dunn and John Shaw, of the county of Philadelphia, were appointed commis- sioners to receive subscriptions for stock. The shares were put at twenty-five dollars each, and the several counties named were required to take a certain number of said shares ; Jefferson county's apportionment being fifty shares. This road — which was called the Waterford and Susquehanna Turnpike — was incorporated in the year 18 17, and work was begun in 18 18. March, 182 1, an act was passed, by which $2,500 was appropriated for improving said road, and persons appointed from each county to receive the sum to be ex- pended in their respective counties, Charles C. Gaskill and Carpenter Winslow being appointed to represent Jefferson county. " November 3, 1830, a contract was made between the commissioners of Jefferson county and John Lucas for making eighty perches of road through the borough of Brookville, to intersect the Susquehanna and Waterford turn- pike road, being Sections 3, 4, and 7. Twenty perches east, counting from east of town, to be made in same manner as the pike, to be finished by the ist of December next. Amt. for work $79." William Lucas is also mentioned as making " 50 perches of turnpike, being From 1807 to 1830, 65 that part of the alteration of the Susquehanna and Waterford turnpike road through the borough of Brookville." This road was finished in 1822, and has ever since been the principal thoroughfare from east to west through Jefferson county. It is still a State road. In 1840 the tolls received were $4,109.10. Amount paid for repairs, $3,338.17. Salaries of gate-keepers, $784.33. By an act passed March 26, 1821, "the sum of $8,000 was appropriated for opening and improving a State road, recently laid out from the town of , Kittanning, in Armstrong county, to the State line in the direction of Hamil- ton, in the State of New York, which road passed through the counties of Armstrong, Jefferson, and McKean, to be expended in the said counties, in proportion to the distance it passed through the same respectively, and John Matson and John Lucas, were appointed to receive and expend the same for Jefferson county." This road, still known as the Olean road, was finished in 1822. In 1825 another State road was laid out from the town of Indiana, through Punxsutawney, in Jefferson county, and Smethport, in the county of McKean, to the town of Ceres, in McKean county. This road, known as the Ceres road, was finished in 1828. In 1830, through the exertions of Judge Gillis, a road was made from Milesburg, in Centre county, through the Ridgway and Kersey settlements in Jefferson county, to intersect with the Olean road, near the town of Olean, N. Y., the State appropriating $20,000 towards the same. There was not much done in the way of improvement in Jefferson county in the first quarter of a century. The land was too rugged and heavily tim- bered to allow the few settlers to make much progress in farming. The soil, however, enriched by the accumulations and decayed vegetation of centuries, was very productive, and when tilled, yielded productively ; but it required so much hard labor to clear the ground that during these first years only a soli- tary clearing here and there proclaimed the presence of the husbandmen. During the troublous times attendant on the War of 18 12, the few settlers lived in constant dread of an incursion of Indians and British, but were unmo- lested. Another decade showed only 551 whites and ten negroes as the aggregate population, but during the next ten years settlers commenced to come in more rapidly. The settlements in the northern and southern portions of the county already noticed were made, and the census of 1830 gives the population as 2,003 whites, twenty-one free colored, and one slave. Those of the present generation will scarcely credit the fact that a slave was at one time, and that as late as 1830, owned in Jefferson county ; but we learn that the slave reported in Jefferson county by the census of 1830, was Charles Sutherland, who was brought from Virginia to this county about the year 181 2. Captain E. R. Brady in the Jeffersonian of January 20, 1852, notices the 66 History of Jefferson County. death of this venerable negro, the only slave ever owned in Jefferson county : " In this day's paper we record the death of Charles Sutherland (colored), who was one of the oldest inhabitants of this county and had arrived at the ad- vanced age of nearly one hundred years. He came to what is now Jefferson county upwards of forty years ago, when the ground upon which Brookville now stands was but a howling wilderness. Many there are in this borough who will miss the familiar and friendly visits of ' old Charley ' who, with hat in hand, and his venerable head uncovered, asked alms at their hands. No more will they hear from him a description of the ' Father of his country,' when he, Charley, held his horse at the laying of the corner-stone of the capitol at Washington City. His breath is hushed, his lips are sealed, and his body is wrapped in the cold habiliments of the grave. Resqiiiescat in pace." The progress in other respects was as great as in the increase of population. Until the year 1826 there were no mail facilities. In all those years no letters, no papers, no tidings from the outside world reached these dwellers in the wilder- ness except a special messenger was sent to the town forty or fifty miles dis- tant. In January, 1826, a post-office was established at Port Barnett, and Jo- seph Barnett appointed postmaster. In February of the same year another office was established at the Ridgway Settlement, and James Gillis appointed postmaster. This office was called Montmorency. An office was established in 1826 at Punxsutawney, with Charles Barclay as postmaster, and that at Brockwayville, Alonzo Brockway, postmaster, in 1829. These were all the post-offices in the county during the first thirty years. In 1828 a post-route was established, and the mail was carried once a week on horseback from Kittanning to Smethport in McKean county. Letter postage at that time was 6\, \2\, i8f, to 25 cents per ounce, according to the distance the letter had to go. Each letter was wrapped in a separate wrapper, and the postmasters at the sending and receiving offices had to keep a correct record of every letter passing through their hands. The advent of the mail service in the county was a great event, and the weekly visit of the " post- boy " was looked for eagerly by those who for so long had been deprived of all communication with the outside world. I'-ROM 1830 TO i860. 6j CHAPTER VIII. FROM 1830 TO 1860. The Lumber Trade — Progress in Aericulture — Growth of Settlements — The First Public Buildings — The First Newspaper — Agricultural and Manufacturing Statistics. WITH the commencement of the year 1830 Jefferson county seemed to take a great stride forward in every respect. From being a dependency of Indiana county, as regarded all legal or official business, she found herself clothed with full power to enact her own business, and take care of her own interests. The county seat was established, Brookville laid out, and the first settle- ment effected there. Roads had already been made throughout the county, new settlements were being made in every direction, while the forests were giving way beneath the sturdy blows of the lumbermen and the farmer. Although lumbering had been carried on in a desultory way from the first settlement of the county, it was not until 1830 that a real beginning was made. In a sketch of Jefferson county published in 1843 in the " Historical Collec- tions of Pennsylvania," the early lumbering business of the county is referred to thus : " The impulse given to the lumber trade by the speculations in the State of Maine was not without its influence upon remote sections of the Union. The keen sagacity of the Yankees discovered that there were vast bodies of pine lands lying around the sources of the Allegheny River not appreciated at their full value by the few pioneers who lived among them. The Yankees had learned to estimate the value of pine land by the tree, and by the log ; the Pennsylvanians still reckoned it by the acre. Somewhere between 1830 and 1837 individuals and companies from New England and New York pur- chased considerable bodies of land on the head waters of the Red Bank and Clarion Rivers from the Holland Land Land Company and other large land- holders. They proceeded to erect saw-mills, and to drive the lumber trade after the most approved methods. The little leaven thus introduced caused quite a fermentation among the lumbermen and landholders of the county. More lands changed owners; new water- privileges were improved; capital was introduced from abroad, and during the spring floods every creek and river resounded with the preparation of rafts, and the lively shouts of the lumber- men, as they shot their rafts over the swift chutes of the mill-dam. The pop- ulation of the county was trebled in ten years." The lumber trade, which for so many years after this commencement was the principal business of the county, will be treated more at length, and com- parative statistics given in a chapter devoted to lumber and coal interests. 68 History of Jefferson County. In 1832 the first newspaper was established in the county by John J. Y. Thompson. It was called the Jejfersoti Democrat, and was Democratic in politics. In 1832-3 the first jail and court-house were erected, the jail building be- ing completed first and used for holding court, etc., until the completion of the court-house. In 1834 two runaway slaves were lodged by their captors in the Brook- ville jail for safe-keeping during the night. Hon. Elijah Heath, who was an outspoken abolitionist, determined that no such outrage should be perpetrated upon the free soil of Jefferson county, and conveyed to the prisoners through Mr. Arad Pearsall, who was the jailor at the time, implements for filing off the lock of their cell, and in the morning when the slave owners came to the jail to take charge of their property the captives were well on their way to Canada. They eventually learned of Mr. Heath's complicity in the matter, and brought suit against him, which, under the fugitive slave law, was decided in favor of the slave-holder, and Judge Heath's act of humanity cost him $2,000. In 1835 Barnett township was formed from part of Rose, and Snyder from part of Pine Creek, and in the second quarter of a century the number of townships was increased to twenty-six. In 1843 Ridgvvays township was separated from Jefferson county to form part of the new county of Elk, and the same year Jenks and Tionesta town- ships, and that part of Barnett lying north of the Clarion River was separated from Jefl'erson county to form part of the new county of Forest. In the next ten years the population of the county increased rapidly, the census of 1840 giving 7,196 white, and 57 colored. The next decade found much improve- ment in all parts of the county, although the attention of the greater part of the population was engaged with the lumber trade. Yet the statistics show considerable improvement in agriculture and manufactures, while, notwith- standing the departure of the townships above mentioned, the population was largely increased, being in 1850, 13,424 whites and 94 colored. The improved lands increased in value, and there was a proportionate in- crease also in all kinds of crops and stock. The following statistics show the growth in these respects in the years 1840 and 1850 : 1840. No. of bushels of wheat 43.59S " ■' oats 77,077 O^e 24,467 '• " buckwheat 14.504 " " corn 23,369 1850. 56,850 acres improved land. 122,900 acres unimproved land. Cash value of farms 5:1,307,096 Value of farming implements and machinery 83.7S5 Bushels of wheat 76.999 oats 145,828 rye 40.743 " buckwheat 30,897 corn 53,877 From 1830 to i860. 69 1840. No. pounds of wool 12,171 hops 583 flax 241 Bushels of potatoes 64,1 10 Tons of hay 3.605 Pounds maple sugar 27,067 Horses and mules 1,420 Cattle 5,773 Sheep 7,342 Swine 8,898 Estimated value of poultiy of all kinds. $ 3,110 Value of dairy products 14,002 " orchard products 560 " homemade goods 8,382 Furs and skins i ,029 1850. Pounds of wool 33.327 hops flax 3,139 Bushels fiax seed 181 Bushels potatoes 28,746 Tons of hay 9,116 Pounds of maple sugar 33.570 Gallons of maple molasses 2,265 Horses and mules 2,278 Cattle 9,685 Sheep 13.999 Swine 7,208 Value of dairy products .$150,166 " orchard products I.047 homemade goods 5,126 Beeswax and honey, lbs 2,885 Value of live stock $251,881 animals slaughtered 45.003 In 1850 the value of all taxable property in the county was $980,953. The general statistics for the year ending June, 1850, gives: — Whole number of white males attending school during year 1.422 Whole number of white females attend- ing school during year 1.3 1 3 Whole number of colored females at- tending school during year 3 Whole number colored males attending school during year i Of these 2,706 were natives, and thirty- two foreigners. Number of children born during year. . . 440 persons married •' .153 died " . .^ 78 " dwelling houses in county. . .2,253 " families 2,307 public schools 80 " teachers employed Si " pupils attending school 2,738 Income from taxa'n for school purposes.. $7,595 public funds 1.021 Whole income for support of schools. . .8,616 The number of persons in the county who could not read or write was 373 whites, colored fifteen ; natives 370, foreigners eighteen. The census of 1840 gives two fulling and one woolen mill in the county, with a capital of $570. In 1850 the total amount invested in manufactures was $141,800, and the estimated value of products was $105,145, showing a marked increase in manufactures. In the spring of 1843 the first murder was committed in Jefterson county. Daniel Long, one of the Long brothers who were so noted in the pioneer an- nals of the county as woodsmen and " mighty hunters," was a son of Ludwig (or Lewis) Long, one of the first settlers of Pine Creek township. Daniel, though like his brothers, fond of the chase, did not follow hunting to such an extent as they did. He was married in February, 1832, to Miss Rebecca McCulIough, by Judge Elijah Heath, and settled on the farm now owned by Lawson Geer, in Pine Creek township, where he resided at the time of his death. Like 70 History of Jefferson County. nearly all the settlers of the county at that time, he was engaged in the lumber business, and in the spring of 1843 he was lumbering on the Clarion River, having taken up a tract of land (as was the custom in those days) near where Raught's Mills, in Elk county, now are located — all that territory then be- ing embraced in Jefferson county. There was a dispute between him and a man named James Green for the possession of this land, though it is claimed that Long had the first squatter's claim to the land. On April 29, 1844, Green and his son, Edwin, took possession of Long's shanty during his temporary absence. On his return, in company with a man named Samuel Knopsnyder, Long was shot by the younger Green as he attempted to enter the shanty, and killed, the weapon used being Long's own gun. Knopsnyder was also assaulted with an ax by the Greens, and so badly wounded that he died May 3, 1844. The Greens were arrested and confined in the Brookville jail and tried for murder. The records of the court in the case are as follows: "May sessions, 1844. Commonwealth vs. James Green and Edwin Green, September term, No. 16. " Indicted for the murder of Daniel Long. Case of Edwin Green, jury paneled as follows : Hiram Fuller, George Depp, Elijah Campbell, Samuel Gibson, William Williams, Henry Smith, Lemuel Carey, Levi M. Wharton, Robert Law, John McClelland, Andrew Gibson, David Gillespie. Verdict rendered of murder in second degree. Sentence of court one dollar fine and costs of prosecution, and four years solitary confinement at hard labor in the Western Penitentiary. D. B. Jenks, esq., counsel for prisoner. Common- wealth represented by the district attorney, George R. Barrett. " Edwin Green was tried at the same term, and by the same jury, for the murder of Samuel Knopsnyder, the result and sentence being the same as in the former trial. "No. 16, December 9, 1844, James Green brought upon the stand. Case reached and jury paneled: George Slaysmen, John McCloskey, George Henderson, Jacob Hoover, Jesse Hannah, Robert Stout, John Sprankle, Thomas Kindel, Benjamin Gilhousen, James Stewart, James Garey, Samuel Fleming. Verdict, murder in second degree. Sentenced to four years solitary imprisonment at hard labor in Western Penitentiary, one dollar fine and costs of prosecution. D. B. Jenks, counsel for prisoner, G. R. Barrett, district attor- ney, for Commonwealth." The trial of James Green for the murder of Samuel Knopsnyder, was held at the same court, and by the same jury, with the same result and sentence. Long's friends claim that the influence brought to the aid of the Greens cleared them of murder in the first degree. They never reappeared in Jeffer- son county after their trial, and it is said that the younger man, Edwin Green, was killed, after his release from the penitentiary, by Indians while crossing the plains on his way West. From i860 to the Present Time. 71 Daniel Long left a wife and three little children. His son, Daniel, is a worthy citizen of Brookville. The Mexican War, which occurred in 1S47 ^"d 1848, only caused a small ripple of excitement in our backwoods county ; the only volunteer of whom we find any mention being Robert McCullough, a blacksmith from the Beech- woods, who was killed in one of the battles of that war. In the summer of 1850 the dysentery prevailed in an epidemic form in the county. In Brookville and vicinity the mortality was very great, and one of the newspapers of that year says that "in a space of not more than six square miles, between Red Bank and Little Sandy, there were thirty-four deaths in July and August." June 4, 1859, will long be remembered as the date of the " big frost." It was a regular freeze, and destroyed all kinds of vegetables ; grain, fruit, pota- toes were all killed, and the grass crops much injured, while the forests looked as though a fire had scorched their foliage. Almost a panic ensued, and the farmers seemed to see starvation staring them in the face. Flour and grain advanced at once in price ; the former as high as sixteen dollars per barrel. In one locality, in one of the churches, on the Sunday following the frost, a subscription was taken up to purchase breadstuffs. But the " scare was worse than the hurt," grain was shipped into the markets from the Western States, and soon declined almost to its nominal price. The new crops of corn and potatoes which were planted at once, to replace those destroyed, gave a good yield, and the efiects of the frost were not near so disastrous as was anticipated. A similar frost occurred in 1843. The Jefferson Star oi October 16, 1850, notes that "twenty-five fugitive slaves passed through Brookville last Monday morning on their way to Can- ada ; " so the first railroad in Jefferson county was the underground railroad, and from the above notice it would appear that travelers from the " Sunny South" to Canada were quite numerous. In i860 the population of the county is given at 18,189 whites, and eighty- one colored. CHAPTER IX. FROM 1860 TO THE PRESENT TIME. Tornadoes—Floods— Railroads— The Eelicllion— Murder of Betty McDonald— General Im- provements — Statistics of Agriculture — Manufactures — Commerce, Etc. THE last twenty-seven years of the county's history has been an era of prosperity and improvement. In 1870 we find the population of the county was 21,588 white, and sixty- eight colored, an increase in ten years of 3,386. One of the well-remembered 72 History of Jefferson County. events of i860 was the great tornado, or cyclone, as we would call it in these days, which swept over a portion of the county. It first destroyed the town of Maysville, in Clarion county, causing the death or wounding of quite a number of the citizens of that little village. From there it crossed the Red Bank into Jefferson county, where it first destroyed the house and barn of Paul Gearhart, all the buildings of Isaac Mottern, the house and barn of Henry Spare, the large barn of McLain Ferguson, the upper story of whose house was carried away, and one of his children slightly injured. After leaving Beaver township it passed into Knox and Pine Creek townships, crossing the Indiana road be- tween Little Sandy and the residence of John Montgomery. Samuel Mont- gomery, who was caught by the storm on the road leading from Knox town- ship to Brookville, had both his limbs broken by falling trees. The horse he was riding was killed, but the one he was leading escaped uninjured, but was penned in so securely by the fallen trees that food had to be carried to it for several days, until a road could be cut into the fallen timber to extricate it. The house of Jacob Rinestein, in Pine Creek, was demolished, and all its con- tents destroyed. In Knox and Pine Creek the course of the storm was about a mile in width. It crossed the turnpike near Reynoldsville, where it de- stroyed two or three houses, and where a son of Mr. Dietrich had a leg broken, Mr. Dietrich's buildings being torn to pieces. In the entire pathway of the tornado not a tree or anything else escaped its fury. The loss in timber was immense, and the course of the storm may yet be traced by the "windfalls," as they are termed, on which not a large tree is seen, only the growth of underbrush since that time. These " windfalls" are covered with blackberry bushes, and annually yield a large supply of that fruit. After the tornado passed over the county pieces of oak shingles were found in the vicinity of Brookville, and in other parts of the county, which must have been carried by the force of the wind from Clarion county, as only pine shingles were used in Jefferson county. It seems miraculous that no lives were lost, and so few casualties occurred in this county. The same day Brookville and other localities in the county were visited by a severe rain and hail storm, accompanied by thunder and lightning, but strange to say with very little wind. The hail was very large, and the measurements taken at that time give the largest that fell at from five to ten inches in circumference. July 4th of the same year the little town of Roseville and portions of Union townships were visited by a similar storm. The houses and barns of Isaac Siars, Daniel Lamb, and William Kelly were destroyed, John Fitzsimmons's barn unroofed and fences destroyed. The large brick house of Richard Hughes was badly shattered, the kitchen torn away, and the roof lifted up and then let down to its place again. The orchards, laden with fruit, of Messrs Hughes and Kelly were destroyed, and fences carried away, making the loss in the small area covered by the storm very heavy. From i860 to the Present Time. -jt, The streams which for so many years were the commercial highways of Jefferson county — which in summer are generally small creeks — become, when at " high flood," mad, rushing torrents. The most destructive floods occurred in January, 1828, February, 1832, spring of 1847, September 27, 1861, March 16, 1865, and June, 1884. The flood of 1861 was a very disastrous one, the waters being higher than ever before except in 1847. Great damage was done, and millions of feet of timber and boards were carried off. The next flood in 1865 was almost a rep- etition of that of 1 86 1. The winter previous an unusually large amount of timber had been put in ready for rafting, and the loss was very great to the lumbermen on all the streams. The latest destructive flood was that of June, 1884, which caused great devastation in and about Brookville. The North Fork bridge was destroyed, and Messrs. Thomas K. Litch & Sons lost heavily in damage to mills and lumber lost. The dam of Carrier, Verstine & Co.'s mill, on the North Fork, was torn out, and they lost heavily in lumber. In 1861 the war, premonitions of which had been felt for some time, was precipitated upon the country ; but it found the loyal citizens prepared for the issue, and the alacrity with which they responded to the call for men to aid in putting down the rebellion was a surprise, even to those who knew the deep- seated loyalty of our people. The history of the part taken by the soldiers of Jefferson county is given elsewhere, and fully shows their gallant service dur- ing the great struggle. During the four years of the war, the history of Jefferson county is that of every county in the loyal North. With the greater portion of her able-bodied citizens in the army, all departments of business suffered, for the farmer had gone forth leaving the plow in the furrow, the lumbermen had left his ax stick- ing in the pine tree, the lawyer closed up his office, the merchant left his coun- ter, and the mechanic his bench and forge, the printers nearly all forsook the case. Then the noble women of the county " came to the front "; the mothers, wives, and sisters took up the work where their sons, husbands, and brothers had laid it down, and they bore the burden nobly until the end came, and peace was once more restored. We could not give the history of those days as far as the women of the county are concerned, for no parade was made of what they did for the county in those long and bloody days of the war ; but we know that when, with pale cheeks and faltering lips they bade their loved ones hasten to the defense of the flag, they stepped into the gap their absence crea- ted, and worked untiringly and uncomplainingly to keep the machinery of the homes running. They took the men's places in the stores, offices, and work- rooms, and in the field, even in some instances plowing, sowing, and reaping, and in all those years of long suspense and hope deferred, they cared for the wants of the soldiers in the field, in preparing and forwarding supplies for the sick and wounded. 74 History of Jefferson County. During the years of the war business of all kinds suffered ; but with the dawn of peace new life was infused into the county, and prosperity again reigned. From an early period in the history of the county the railroad question was agitated more or less, and numerous surveys were made through Jefferson county, which would for the time being cause the people to think that they were to secure an outlet to the outer world ; but for a long time these expecta- tions were not realized, and the county seat of Jefferson county was " forty miles from anywhere," it being about that distance by stage- to Indiana, Kit- tanning, Franklin, Ridgway, or Clearfield, points to be reached before the cars could be taken by the traveler. In the spring of 1853 ground was broken at Pittsburgh on the Allegheny Valley Railroad, or, as it was then called, the " Pittsburgh, Kittanning and Warren Railroad," and as the survey of the road ran through Jefferson county, the commissioners of the county subscribed ninety thousand dollars to the stock of said road, issuing bonds for the same ; but the Allegheny Valley road, instead of coming through Jefferson county, followed the Alle- gheny River to Oil City, and our people were again "left out in the cold." In August, 1 87 1, however, work was commenced on the Low Grade division of the Allegheny Valley road running from the mouth of Red Bank, on A. V. R. R., through the counties of Armstrong, Clarion, Jefferson, Elk, and Clear- field, to intersect with the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad at Driftwood, in Cameron county. This road was finished in May, 1874, the first through train of cars going over the road May 4th. The building of this road, bringing into the county so much ready money, and giving employment to so many men, helped our people to tide over the panic of 1873-4 without their feeling its effects to any great degree. The extent of railroads in the county will be given elsewhere. On the 19th of February, 1876, a murder was committed in Jefferson county that caused a widespread feeling of horror. Mrs. Elizabeth, or as she was better known, Betty McDonald, an old lady of eighty years of age lived alone on a small farm in Washington township. She had a few hundred dol- lars in money, and to secure this was the object of the murder. When she was found horribly murdered on the day succeeding her death by her neigh- bors, suspicion at once rested upon two strangers who had come into the neighborhood a few months before. Warrants were issued for their arrest, and Charles Chase, one of the suspected men was arrested at Ridgway the next day, and conveyed to the Brookville jail, and at the May term of court follow- ing, he was tried and convicted of the crime, and sentenced to be hung. Hon. James Campbell presided at the trial, and Messrs. I. G. and A. L. Gor- don, and John McMurray, esq., with the district attorney, L. A. Grunder, esq., represented the Commonwealth, while the prisoner was ably defended by Messrs. P. W., W. P., and G. A. Jenks. From i860 to the Present Time. 75 The jury was composed of the following persons: Charles Jacox, Fulton Shoffner, Silas Brooks, Abel Fuller, Andrew Hawk, William Williams, W. A. Hadden, William Altman, Thomas North, Darius Blose, William Norris, and James Buzzard. August 23, 1867, Chase paid the penalty of his crime, the sentence being executed by Sheriff Nathan Carrier, in the jail-yard at Brook- ville. Dean Graves, Chase's accomplice in the crime, having succeeded in eluding the officers of justice, the commissioners offered a reward of five hun- dred dollars for his apprehension, and on the 29th of October he was arrested, after a desperate resistance, by the sheriffs of Kent and Verick counties, Mich. Sheriff Carrier, accompanied by Colonel W. W. Corbet, armed with a requi- sition from the governor of Pennsylvania, went to Michigan and brought Graves to Brookville, where he was tried at the December term of court and convicted of murder in the second degree, and sentenced to solitary confine- ment in the Western Penitentiary for eleven years and eight months. In this trial the Commonwealth was represented by District Attorney A. C. White and the Messrs. Gordon, and the defense by the Messrs. W. P. and G. A. Jenks. The jurors in the trial of Graves were Ephraim E. Johnson, James F. Hawthorne, James L. Whitman, William Best, jr., John Frampton, Israel Graf- fius, Peter Galusha, John Coon, Miller Harding, George S. Campbell, James M. Morris, and Charles B. McCain. The last half of a century has done wonders in the way of improvement, and developing the resources of the county. Though there is yet considerable valuable timber in the county, the wholesale, indiscriminate, and in some cases wanton destruction of our forests, has greatly diminished the supply. Lum- bering was for so long the only business by which money could be made, that nearly all the grand old pines have fallen victims ; no voice was raised for the woodman to "spare that tree," and year by year vast quantities of lumber was carried off by our streams to find a market, often, too, at paltry prices; but all this has come to an end now ; what timber is left is held at its just value by the owners, and the cessation in the lumber trade has caused that attention to be given to farming, which had been neglected while the lumber business was in the ascendency. Farms that in former years scarce yielded a pittance, have now been brought to a high state of cultivation. The unsightly stumps are all disappearing, good fences have been built, while the best and most approved farming implements and machinery are in general use. On the farms the log cabin, and the rude stable have given place to the large, well-appointed dwell- ings, and commodious barns. The homes of the farmers are comfortably, and in a great many instances, luxuriously furnished. The organ or piano, and well selected libraries are found in nearly every farm house, showing that the farmers of Jefferson county believe in surrounding their children with that which is ennobling and refining. In every home also is found the weekly news- paper, and papers and magazines treating on agricultural and literary subjects. 76 History of Jefferson County. Within the last few years a great interest is being taken in the improve- ment of stock, and now some of the very best grades are to be found in this county, until it has become noted abroad for the fine horses and cattle raised and owned by our stockmen. Jefferson county is also becoming noted as a fruit-producing region, her soil and climate being especially adapted to the raising of almost all kinds of fruit except the peach, which usually succumbs to our severe frosts. Apples, pears, cherries, grapes, etc., are grown in the greatest profusion and perfection. Great attention has been paid to the planting of the very best varieties of ap- ples, and it is rare indeed that Jefferson county has not more than enough for home consumption. The development of the immense deposits of excellent coal that underlies so much of the surface of the county, has also given a new impetus to busi- ness. Two new railroads built into the coal fields within the past two years, the Buffalo, Rochester, and Pittsburgh, and the Ridgway and Clearfield Rail- road, a branch of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, have done much toward developing the eastern and southern portions of the county. The population of Jefferson county at the last census was 27,898 white, and thirty-seven colored, showing an increase over the census of 1870 of 6,347. It will be seen by the figures of the different censuses that the colored people do not take very kindly to Jefferson county, the entire number given by the ■different censuses being 369. The statistics of agriculture and manufactures for 1870 and 1880 show the great strides the county has taken in that direction : 1870. Value ot improved land ^ 104,220 farms 5,362,623 Value of all farm productions, in- cluing all betterments and addi- tions to live stock 1.437,269 Spring wheat, bushels 319 Winter " 78,299 Rye 64,678 Corn 200,484 Oats 390,151 Buckwheat 46,632 Pounds of wool 56,621 Bushels of potatoes 54.596 Pounds of butter 497.95 ' " cheese 246 Census of 1 880. Farms and farm values. Numbers of farms 2,576 Acres of improved lands 154,636 Value of farms, including buildings and fences $7.3ii,37i Value of implements and machinery. 266,692 livestock 747,162 Cost of building and repairing fences in 1879 $ 55,328 Cost of fertilizers in 1879 6,793 Value of orchard products 78,712 Estimated value of all farm produc- tions, sold, consumed or on hand in 1879 933.J44 From i860 to the Present Time. 77 Size of Farms in Jefferson County. Over 3 and under lo acres. " 10 " 20 " . " 20 " 50 " " 50 " 100 " • 99 . 100 •336 •857 Over 100 and under 500 acres 1,166 " 500 " 1,000 " 14 1 ,000 and over 4 No. of horses 5.596 mules 38 " oxen 154 " milch cows 7,612 other cattle 1 1,452 " sheep 1 7.082 " swine 1 5.306 Live Stock and Production. Pounds of wool 71,824 butter 669,788 '■ cheese 731 Gallons of milk 3',o5o Poultry and Eggs, produced in 1 879. Poultr)' on hand June i, 1880, exclu- sive of spring hatching Barn-yard fowls 63,692 Other fowls 3.605 Eggs produced in 1879, doz 295,122 Honey, 1879, lbs Apiarian Products. ....14,039 I Wax. 1879, lbs. .340 Grain Products. No. bushels of wheat 113,361 rye 59.13/ corn 341.031 oats 452.435 " buckwheat 78,401 No. pounds maple sugar 3.689 Tons of hay 1 9,468 Pounds of tobacco 1.378 Bushels of flax seed 28 Tonsofflax straw '.356 Gallons of maple molasses i ,703 Grass Lands and Forest Products — 1879. Hay crop, tons 1 9,468 Acres mowed 23,639 Clover seed, bu 2,427 Grass seed, bu 1.230 Potatoes, acres i .768 bushels 156,217 Amount of wood cut, cords 84,809 Pulse — Canada peas (dr}) bu 24 Beans (dry) bu 1,315 Broom corn raised, lbs 47 Manufactures. Establishments 189 Capital invested $1,282,650 Hands employed 580 Paid in wages per annum % 113, 4'2 Amount of material used 679,684 Value of products $1,003,145 Assessed Value and Taxation. Real estate, value $1,893,630 Personal property, value 290,8 1 5 Total value of property 2,184,445 7 Taxation, State $ 664 county 21,047 borough and school . . .62,739 Total taxation 84.450 78 History of Jefferson County. Local debt of county, not including any portion of the State debt: Bonded debt, $102,808; floating debt, $10,026; gross, net, $112,834. This debt has been largely reduced in the last six years, the "Auditor's Statement" for the year ending December 31, 1886, giving the bonded debt as $26,600 ; floating, $871.22 ; total liabilities of county, $27,741.22. The census of 1880 classifies the population of the county as follows: Total males 14,327, females 13,608 ; school age, between five and seventeen, males 4,814, females 4,625 ; military age, between eighteen and forty-four, 5,055 ; twenty-one and over, 6,291. 1870 — native born 20,568, foreign born 1,090; 1880 — native born 26,587, foreign born 1,338. Triennial assessment of Jefferson county, showing the amount of real and personal property in the county for the year 1886, and the valuation thereof: No. of acres seated 272,297 Valuation 11,205,841 Average per acre $ 4.42 No. of houses and lots 4,204 Valuation $ 577.886 No. of grist and saw-mills 87 Valuation $ 56,468 No. acres unseated lands 89,421 Value $ 355.197 Average value per acre $ 3.90 Acres surface 14.859 Value $ 43,244 Average value per acre ^ 2.91 Acres, mineral 22,277 Valuation * 85,685 Average value per acre . ij 3.83 No. of horses 4,920 Value $ 147.276 Average value $ 29.92 No. of cows 1,418 Value $ 62,637 Average value $ 9.76 Oxen 89 Value $ 1,629 Occupations 4.319 Value $ 119,747 Average | 27.70 Total valuation subject to county tax $2,652,550 No. of carriages i . 1 90 Value $ 28,285 Money at interest $ 660,587 This assessment does not give the real, only the assessed value, which is only about one-fifth of the real value on real estate, and one-third on personal prop- erty. Hereafter we believe property is to be assessed at its true value, and the percentage of taxation lowered, which is the only true method of taxation. CHAPTER X. POLITICAL RECORD AND CIVIL LIST. Votes Cast for President and (governor at the Difl'erent Elections, 1832-1886 — Names of all Person.*! Holding Office in the County or Repre.senting the County in the United States Congress or in the State Legislature, 1814-188G — Present Officials of the County — Sum- mary of Acts of the Legislature Passed for Jelterson County. ALTHOUGH the county of Jefferson was erected in the year 1804, no elections were held within its bounds until an act was passed March 31, 1806, making it a separate election district, and fixing the place for holding t i Political Record and Civil List. 79 the election at the house of Joseph Barnett, on Sandy Lick. The county was still, however, only a " provisional county," and though voting for general offi- cers from the year 18 14, no record was kept of the vote as a separate county, but it was counted in with the vote of the district to which it was attached. Previous to that time those who wished to avail themselves of the right of franchise had to go to Indiana to cast their ballots. Whether the first voters of the county went all that distance to avail themselves of this privilege we cannot tell. The first elections held in Jefferson county for president of the United States, and for governor of the State were held in the year 1832. Below will be found the result of these elections, and all votes cast for president and governor since that time. For President. 1832 — Andrew Jackson, 175; William Wirt, 105. Democratic majority 70. 1836 — Martin Van Buren, 244; William H. Harrison, 231. Democratic majority 13. 1840 — Martin Van Buren, 592 ; William H. Harrison, 476. Democratic majority 1 16. 1844 — James K. Polk, 731 ; Henry Clay, 591. Democratic majority 140. 1848 — Zachary Taylor, 887 ; Lewis Cass, 972; Martin Van Buren, 19. Democratic majority 85. 1852 — Franklin Pierce, 1,469; Winfield Scott, 1,094. Democratic ma- jority 375. 1856 — James Buchanan, 1,463; John C. Fremont, 1063 ; Millard Fill- more, 583. Democratic majority 400. i860 — Abraham Lincoln, 1,704; John C. Breckenridge, 1,136; Stephen A. Douglass, 6. Republican majority 562. 1864 — George B. McClellan, 1,756; Abraham Lincoln, 1,614. Demo- cratic majority 142. 1868 — Ulysses S. Grant, 2,147; Horatio Seymour, 2,068. Republican majority 79. 1872 — Ulysses S. Grant, 2,253; Horace Greeley, 1,156. Republican majority 1,097. 1876 — Rutherford B. Hayes, 2,350; Samuel Tilden, 2,459. Democratic majority 109. 1880 — James A. Garfield, 2,750; Winfield S. Hancock, 2,635; J- B- Weaver, 137. Republican majority 115. 1884 — James G. Blaine, 3,418; Grover Cleveland, 2,978; Benjamin F. Butler, 131 ; St. John, 1 12. Republican majority 440. 8o History of Jefferson County. Vote for Governor. 1832 — George Wolf, 250; Joseph Ritner, 173. Democratic majority 77- 1835 — George Wolf, 356; Joseph Ritner, 246; H. A. Muhlenberg, 3. Democratic majority no. 1838 — David R. Porter, 591 ; Joseph Ritner, 421. Democratic majority 170. 1841 — David R. Porter, 678; John Banks, 447. Democratic majority 231. 1844 — Francis R. Shunk, 727; Joseph Markle, 617. Democratic major- ity I I o. 1847 — Francis R. Shunk, 709; James Irwin, 454; F. J. Lemoyne, 3. Democratic majority 255. July 9, 1848 — Governor Shunk resigned on account of ill health, and William F. Johnson, the speaker of the Senate, was sworn in as acting governor. 1848 — William F. Johnson, 783; Morris Longstreth, 992. Democratic majority 209. 1851 — William Bigler, 1,240; William F.Johnston, 1,002. Democratic majority 238. 1854 — James Pollock, 1,559; William Bigler, 988; Benjamin F. Bradford, 160. Whig majority 401. 1857 — William F. Packer, 1,268; David Wilmot, 1,125; Isaac Hazle- hurst, 54. Democratic majority 143. i860 — Andrew G. Curtin, 1886; Henry D. Foster, 1493. Republican majority 393. 1863 — Andrew G. Curtin, 1,754; George W. Woodward, 1,698. Repub- lican majority 56. 1866 — John W. Geary, 2,015; Heister Clymer, 1,912. Republican major- ity 103. 1869 — John W. Geary, 1,967; Asa Packer, 2,039. Democratic majority 72. 1872 — John F. Hartranft, 2,407 ; Charles R. Buckalew, 2,247. Republi- can majority 160. 1875 — John F. Hartranft, 1,923; Cyrus L. Pershing, 2,248; R. A. Brown, 458. Democratic majority 325. 1878 — Henry M. Hoyt, 1,944; A. B. Dill, 2.140; S. R. Mason, 814. Republican majority . 1882 — James A. Beaver, 2,598; Robert Pattison, 2,581 ; John Stewart, 125; T. A. Armstrong, 165. Republican majority 17. 1886 — James A. Beaver, 3,038 ; Chauncy A. Black, 2,713 ; Charles Wolf, 97 ; Houston, 40. Republican majority 325. Political Record and Civil List. 8i jefferson county civil list. Congress. We give the names of all who have represented the county of Jefterson in Congress, with the counties comprising the dili'erent districts to which it has been attached from the year 1816 to the present time. District composed of the counties of Indiana, Westmoreland, and Jeffer- son. 1816-18, David Marchand; 1820, George Plummer; 1820-24, George Plummer; 1826-28, Richard Coulter; 1830, Richard Coulter. District composed of Jefferson, Armstrong, Butler, and Clearfield. 1832— 34, Samuel S. Harrison; 1836-38, William Beatty; 1840, William Jack.* District composed of Jefferson, Venango, Erie, Warren, Potter, McKean, and Clearfield. 1843, Charles M. Reed; 1844-48, James Thompson; 1850, Carlton B. Curtis. District composed of Jefferson, Clarion, Venango, Clearfield, Elk, McKean, and Warren. 1852, Carlton B. Curtis ; 1854, David Barclay * ; 1856, James L. Gillis; 1858, Chapin Hall; i860, John Patton. District (known as the Wild Cat district) composed of the counties of Erie, Warren, McKean, Cameron, Elk, Forest, and Jefferson. 1862 to 1870, Glenni W. Scofield ; 1872, Carlton B. Curtis. The twenty-fifth district composed of Indiana, Armstrong, Jefferson, Clarion and Forest. 1874, George A. Jenks*; 1876-78, Harry White; 1880, James Mosgrove ; 1882, John D. Patton ; 1884, Alexander C. White* ; 1886, James T. Maffett. Those marked with a star, are the only citizens of Jefferson county who have represented her in the halls of Congress. ST.A.TE Senate. In 1814a Senatorial District was composed of Jefferson, Indiana and West- moreland. 181 5, John Reed; 18 19, Henry Alsehouse. In 1 82 1 the district was composed of the counties of Jefferson, Indiana, Cambria, Armstrong, Venango, and Warren. 1822, Robert Orr, jr.; 1825, Ebon S. Kelly. In 1828 Jefterson, Indiana, Armstrong, Venango, and Warren, made up the district. 1829, Joseph M. Fox; 1830, William D. Barclay; 1831, Philip Mechling; 1834, Meek Kelly. In 1835 Jefferson, Venango, Warren, McKean, and Tioga comprised the district. 1838, Samuel Hays. In 1842 the district was composed of Elk, Jefterson, Potter, McKean, War- ren, and Clarion. 1842, William P. Wilcox; 1845, James L. Gilhs ; 1848, Timothy Ives. In 1849 the district was composed of Jefferson, Elk, McKean, Potter, Tio- ga, and Clearfield. 1852, Byron D. Hamlin; 1855, Henry Souther. 82 History of Jefferson County. In 1856 the district was composed ofjefterson, Elk, Clarion, and Forest. 1857, Kennedy L. Blood*; 1861, Charles L. Lamberton. In 1863 a district was composed of Jefferson, Indiana, and Cambria counties. 1865-68, Harry White; 1871, David McClay ; 1874, Reuben C. Winslow • ; 1876, Thomas St. Clair*; 1880, William J. McKnight * ; 1884, George W Hood. Jefferson county has had but three members of the Senate — Kennedy L. Blood, in 1858; R. C. Winslow, in 1874; and W. J. McKnight, in 1880 — in the seventy years that she has voted for that office. Assembly. ■ In 1814 a legislative or assembly district was composed of the counties of Jefferson, Indiana, and Armstrong, and was represented as follows. 18 16, James M. Kelly, Joshua Lewis ; 1 8 1 7, James M. Kelly, Samuel Houston ; 1 8 1 8, Samuel Houston, Robert Orr, jr.; 1819, Robert Orr, jr.; 1820, Robert Orr, jr., Robert Mitchell; 1 821, Robert Mitchell, James Taylor ; 1822-23, John Tay- lor, Joseph Rankin; 1824, Joseph Rankin, William Lawson ; 1825, William Lawson, Thomas Johnson; 1826, David Lawson, Joseph Rankin; 1827, Rob- ert Mitchell, Joseph Rankin ; 1828, Joseph Rankin, David Lawson. In 1829 Jefferson and Indiana were made into a district, and assigned one member. 1829, Robert Mitchell; 1830-31, William Houston; 1832, James M. Stewart; 1833-34, W'illiam Banks; 1835, James Taylor. In 1836 the district was composed of Jefferson, Warren, and McKean, with one member. 1836-37, Carlton B. Curtis ; i 838-39, William P. Wilcox; 1840, James L. Gillis * ; 1841, Lewis B. Dunham * ; 1842, Joseph Y. James. In 1843 a new district was formed of Jefferson, Clarion, and Venango, with two members. 1843, Joseph R. Snowden, David B. Long ; 1844, James Dow- ling,* Robert Barber ; 1845, Robert Barber, Robert Mitchell; 1846-47, John Keatly, William Perry; 1848-49, John Hastings,* John S. McCalmont. In 1850 the district was composed of Jefferson, Clarion, and Armstrong, and allowed three members. 1850, Thomas McKee,* Reynolds Laughlin, John S. Rhey ; 1851, William W. Wise,* Reynolds Laughlin, John S. Rhey ; 1852, J. B. Hutchison,* Thomas Magee, J. Alexander Fulton; 1853, George W. Zeigler,* David Putney, Thomas Magee; 1854, George W. Zeigler,* Philip Clover, Abner W. Lane; 1855, Michael K. Boyer,* Philip Clover, Darwin Phelps; 1856, R. J. Nicholson,* William M. Abrams, John K. Calhoun. In 1857 the district was composed of Jefferson, Elk, McKean, and Clear- field, with two members. 1857, Joel Spyker,* William P. Wilcox; 1858, William P. Wilco.x, T. J. Boyer; 1859, Isaac G. Gordon,* A. M. Benton; i860, Isaac G. Gordon,* S. M. Lawrence; 1861, George W. Zeigler,* C. R. Earley; 1862, C. R. Earley, T. J. Boyer ; 1863, T. J. Boyer, A. M. Benton. In 1864 the district was composed of Jefferson and Clarion, with one mem- Political Record and Civil List. 83 ber. 1864-65, W. W. Barr : 1866-67, W. P. Jenks*; 1868-69, R- B. Brown; 1870, Edmund English*: 1871, A. J. Wilcox*; 1872-73, D. P. Baird ; 1874, R. B. Brown. In 1874 Jefferson county was made a separate district with one member. 1876, James U. Gillespie; 1878, Robert J. Nicholson; 1880, James E. Long; 1882, Robert J. Nicholson; 1884-86, William Altman. County Officers. Prothonotary, Register and Recorder, afid Clerk of Courts. — The prothon- otary was appointed by the governor until 1839, when the amended constitu- tion made the office elective for a term of three years. Those appointed were, 1830, James Corbet ; 1832, Thos. Hastings; 1835, Thomas Lucas; 1839, Levi G. Clover. Elected, 1839, Levi G. Clover; 1842, John McCrea ; 1845, John J. Y. Thompson; 1848, Samuel H. Lucas; 1851, William McCandless ; 1854, David C. Gillispie ; 1857, Wakefield W. Corbet; i860, Joseph Henderson; 1863, Henry Brown; 1869-72, John M. Steck ; 1875-7S, Joseph B. Henderson; 1881-83, Thos. K. Hastings; 1885, Scott McClelland. Sheriff. — The first sheriff elected in the county was Thos. McKee, who, dy- ing before his term of office expired, William Jack was appointed to fill his place until the next election. 1830, Thomas McKee; 1833, William Jack; 1836, Joseph Henderson; 1839, John Smith; 1842, Thompson Barr; 1845, Thomas Wilkins ; 1848, James St. Clair; 1851, George McLaughlin; 1854, Thomas Mitchell ; 1857, James McCracken ; i860, Philip H. Shannon ; 1863, Manuel W. Reitz ; 1866, Nathan Carrier; 1869, A. D. McPherson ; 1872, John S. Barr; 1875, Frederick Crissman ; 1878, William P. Steel; 1881, Sam- uel P. Anderson ; 1884, Henry Chamberlain. Treasurer. — The first treasurer for Jefferson county appears to have been appointed in 1825. June 20, 1837, Treasurer McKnight died, and Daniel Smith was appointed to fill the vacancy. The appointments were made by the county commissioners until 1841, when the office was made elective for a term of two years. Those appointed were, 1825, John Matson ; 1827, Christopher Barr; 1829, Andrew Barnett ; l83i,Jared B. Evans; 1833, William A.Sloan; 1834, J. M. Steadman; 1835, James L. Gillis; 1836, Alexander McKnight; 1838, Daniel Smith; 1839, William Rodgers ; 1840, Jesse G. Clark; 1841, Nathaniel Butler. Elected, 1841, Samuel Craig; 1843, Joseph Henderson; 1845, Samuel Craig; 1847, Benjamin McCreight ; 1849, John Gallagher; 1851, Evans R. Brady; 1853, David Harl ; 1855, Augustus R. Marlin ; 1857, John E. Carroll ; 1859, Henry Hoch ; 1861, John E. Carroll; 1863, Parker P. Blood; 1865, William H. Newcom ; 1867, Christian Miller; 1869, John Mills; 1871, ^4 History of Jefferson County. Christian Miller; 1873, Enoch H. Wilson; 1875, Martin V.Shaffer; 1877, Scott McClelland: 1881, Nelson D. Corey; 1884, William D. Kane. District 07- Prosecuting Attorney. — By an act passed May 3, 1850, the of- fice of district or prosecuting attorney was made elective, and the term fixed for three years. Previous to that time the attorney-general appointed ; but we find no record of any appointments in Jefferson county. 1850, Richard Arthurs; 1853, James McCahan ; 1856, William McKee ; 1858-61, A. Lewis Gordon; 1864, Lewis A. Grunder; 1867-70, A. C. White; 1873, Charles Corbet; 1876, William M. Fairman ; 1879, Samuel A. Craig; 1882-85, C. C. Benscoter. Commissioners. — The first commissioners for Jefferson county were elected in 1824. Thereafter one was elected each year, giving each a term of three years in office, the oldest incumbent's time being expired when the newly-elected offi- cer took his place. In the spring of 1834 Charles R. Barclay resigned, and John Lattimer was appointed to take his place until the next election. George W. Porter died March 31, 1849, but no appointment was made to fill the vacancy. In December, 1857, Joel Spyker resigned, and at the request of the remaining ■commissioners, the court appointed Francis Shrauger to fill the vacancy until the next election. 1824, Andrew Barnett, John Lucas, John W. Jenks ; 1825, David Postlethwaite ; 1826, Frederick Hettrick ; 1827, Thomas McKee; 1828, Thomas Lucas; 1829, Elijah Heath; 1830, Robert Andrews ; 183 1, John B. Henderson; 1832, Charles R. Barclay; 1833, Levi G. Clover; 1834, James Corbet; 1835, James Winslow ; 1836, John Philliber ; 1837, John Pierce; 1838, Daniel Coder; 1839, Irvin Robinson; 1840, Benjamin McCreight ; 1841, Joel Spyker; 1842, John Gallagher; 1843, John Drum; 1844, Enoch Hall; 1845, David Harl: 1846, George W. Porter; .1847, James Wilson ; 1848, Alexander McKinstry ; 1849, Abram Winsor ; 1850. Charles B. Hutchison; 185 1, Thomas Hall; 1852, Jacob S. Steck ; 1853, David Henry; 1854; C. McCullough ; 1855, Benjamin McCreight; 1856, Joel Spyker; 1857, John Boucher; 1858, John Thompson ; 1859, Charles R. B. Morris ; i860, Andrew Smith; 1861, Charles B. Hutchison; 1862, Benjamin McCreight: 1863, Da- rius Carrier: 1864, Charles B. Hutchison; 1865, Joseph P. Lucas; 1866, An- drew J. Monks; 1867, James M. Morris ; i 868, Joseph P. Lucas ; 1869, Rob- ert Dougherty ; 1870, Henry A. Hum; 1 871, Martin V. Shaffer ; 1872, Robert A. Travis; 1873, Samuel A. Hunter. Under the new constitution the entire board of commissioners were elected at the same time, to serve for three years. 1875, R. A. Travis, S. A. Hunter, R. A. Summerville ; 1878, R. A. Summerville, W. D. Reitz, Oliver Brady; 1 88 1, James B. Jordan, Samuel McDonald. The vote for the third commis- sioner was a tie between Uriah Matson and G. B. Carrier, and Kennedy L. Blood was appointed by the court. 1884, Edward Barry, James B. Jordan, Thomas H. Wilson. Political Record and Civil List. 85 Auditors. — The first county auditors were elected in 1825. Jonathan Coon died in the spring of 1828, and Samuel Nevvcom was appointed to fill the va- cancy until the next election. In 1837 there appears to have been quite a contest over this office, and there were four candidates in the field ; C. A. Alexander, Elijah Heath, Daniel Coder and Joseph McGiffin. The Brookville Republican, the only paper pub- lished in the county at that time, published the following announcements by two of these candidates. " To the free and independent electors of Jefferson county, who are opposed to petty aristocracies and serving friends out of the public treasury, I offer my- self as a candidate for the office of county auditor, and pledge myself, if elected, to pay some regard to the oath of office, and oppose the settlement of any account paid out of the county treasury that is not strictly legal. " Elijah Heatil "Brookville, August 24, 1837." " To the Free and Independent Electors of Jefferson County : To all who are opposed to petty aristocracies, to serving friends and pensioners out of the public treasury, and, in short, to all who are opposed to petty monopolies, petty tyrants, and to those who sacrifice honor, truth, and honesty at the shrine of mammon, or in any manner worship the golden calf, at the hazard of the damnation of their souls, I, on the suggestion, and at the earnest solicitation of many friends, offer myself at the ensuing election as a candidate for the office of county auditor, and I hereby stand pledged, if elected, to pay full and com- plete regard to the oath of office, and to oppose the settlement of any account, not in good faith strictly honest. C. A. ALEXANDER. "Brookville, Pa., August 31, 1837." It will be seen that Mr. Alexander's stirring appeal carried the day and he was elected. In the summer of 1861 A. H. Tracy enlisted in the army and Ira Bronson was appointed to serve as auditor in his place until the next elec- tion. The following comprises a full list of the auditors elected in the county : 1825, James Corbet, Alonzo Baldwin, Thomas Robinson; 1826, James Brock- way ; 1827, Jonathan Coon ; 1828, John Christie ; 1829, Joseph McCullough ; 1830, John Hess; 1 831, William Kelso ; 1832, David Postleth wait ; 1833, John Welsh; 1834, William Ferguson; 1835, J- J- ^- Thompson; 1836, Hance Robinson; 1837, C. A. Alexander; 1838, Jesse Smith; 1839, M. Johnston; 1840, James Gray; 1841, James Perry; 1842, Woodward Reynolds; 1843, John Pifer ; 1844, A. McKinstry ; 1845, James Perry; 1846, William Davis; 1847, C. R. B. Morris; 1848, J. K. Ormond ; 1849, Samuel Milliron ; 1850, B. S. Wesson ; 1851, Irwin Robinson ; 1852, Robert Moorhead ; 1853, Robert Gourley ; 1854, George W. Andrews ; 1855, Joseph B. Graham ; 1856, Wood- ward Reynolds; 1857, Truman London; 1858, Robert R. Means ; 1859, A. 86 HisTORV OF Jefferson County. H. Tracy; i860, W. W. Reed; 1861, Joel Spyker ; 1862, Charles Jacox ; 1863, Ninian Cooper; 1864, Miles Vasbinder ; 1865, Joseph L. Millen ; 1866, J. B. Morris; 1867, R. R. Means; 1868, Eli Coulter; 1869, R. M. Matson ; 1870, W. E. Simpson ; 1871, M. C. Thompson ; 1872, D. S. Orcutt. In 1873 the new constitution provided for the election of the, three auditors at the same election to serve for three years. 1875, James F. Hawthorn^ M. H. Williams, Eli Coulter; 1878, James F. Hawthorn, Henry A. Smith, Sam- uel McDonald ; 1881, W. A. Andrews, W. C. Smith, Robert Dougherty; 1884, Thomas R. Harris, W. A. Andrews, Frank M. Woods. Coiuity Surveyor. — By an act passed and approved April 9, 1850, the county surveyor was elected for a term of three years. Previous to said act they were appointed by the surveyor-general. There does not appear to have been any appointments made for Jefferson county. 1850, Cyrus Blood ; 1853, Joel Spyker; 1856, John J. Y. Thompson ; 1859-1862, James Caldwell ; 1865, JamesW.Drum; 1 868-1 871, James Caldwell ; 1874, WiUiam J. Drum ; 1877, EH Coulter; 1880-1883, Abner Spyker; 1886, James B. Caldwell. Coroner. — The first coroner was elected in 1830 for the term of three years. 1830, John Lucas ; 1833, J. Christie : 1836, Joseph Sharp ; 1838, John Earheart ; 1839, John Lucas; 1842, Henry Freas ; 1845, James K. Hoffman; 1847, Jacob Shaffer ; 1848, John W. Jenks; 185 i, D. C. Gillespie ; 1854, Mar- tin R. Cooley; 1856, A. M. Clarke; 1857-1867, none elected; 1867, Hugh Dowling; 1874, M. Rodgers ; 1875, J. T. Bennett; 1881, Martin J. Sarvey ; 1884, Wm. M. Rockey. Jury Commissioners. — Prior to 1867, when the first jury commissioners were elected, the different juries were drawn by the sheriff and county com- missioners. 1867, M. H. Shannon, Joel Spyker; 1870, L M. Temple, J. P. George; 1873, J. B. Morris, Alexander McConnell ; 1876, Paul Fiscus, J. H. Lewis; 1879, R. A. Gourley, P. S. Crate; 1882, James McGhee, A. G. Dougherty; 1885, William Campbell, P. S. Crate. Judiciary. — Hon. Isaac G. Gordon, of Brookville, elected to the supreme bench, 1873, for a term of fifteen years. President Judges. — By an act of the Legislature, passed April 2, 1830, Jef- ferson county was attached to the Eighteenth Judicial District, and to the West- ern District of the Supreme Court, and by an act of April 15, 1835, the time of holding court fixed for the second Mondays of February, May, September, and December, one week. By an act of March, 1855, the different terms of court were continued two weeks if necessary. The following named gentlemen have served as president judge in the dis- trict, either by appointment or election, since 1830: 1830, Thomas Burnside, resigned; 1835, Nathaniel B. Eldred, resigned; 1839, Alexander McCalmont ; 1849, Joseph Buflington. Under the amended constitution the president judge was elected for a term of ten, and the associate judges for five years. Political Record and Civil List, 87 185 I, John C. Knox was elected but resigned, in the spring of 1853, on ac- count of being appointed to the supreme bench, and John S. McCalmont was appointed to fill the vacancy. 1853, John S. McCalmont was elected, but in June, 1861, resigned to accept a colonelcy in the army, and G. W. Scofield was appointed to fill the vacancy until the ensuing election. 1 86 1, James Campbell; 1871, W. P. Jenks;i 1 881, James B. Kno.x. Judge Knox, died while holding court at Brookville in December, 1884, and William L. Corbet, esq., of Clarion, was appointed by Governor Pattison to fill the vacancy until the next election, when, in 1885, Theodore S. Wilson was elected. Associate Judges. — The associate judges appointed and elected in the county are as follows: Appointed, 1830, John W. Jenks, Elijah Heath ; 1835, Wiliam Jack, vice Heath, resigned; 1837, Andrew Barnett, vice Jack, resigned; 1841, James Winslow ; 1843, James L. Gillis. In 1843 Judge Gillis resigned on account of living within the bounds of Elk county, which had just been formed, and Levi G. Clover was appointed in his stead. 1846, Thomas Hast- ings; 1847, John W. Jenks, vice Clover, resigned. In December, 1850, Judge Jenks died, and J. B. Evans was appointed to fill the vacancy. 1851, Robert P. Barr. Elected, 1851, Robert P. Barr, J. B. Evans; 1855, James H. Bell, appointed in place of Barr, resigned, and elected at ensuing election; 1856, Joseph Henderson was elected, but resigned on account of receiving the nom- ination for prothonotary, and Samuel M. Moore was appointed to take his place until next election; i860, James Torrance; 1861, John J. Y. Thompson. Judge Thompson resigned in May, 1865, and C. Fogle was appointed in his place. At the election in 1865 two associate judges were elected for a term of five years, Philip Taylor and James St. Clair. 1 870, William Altman, Robert R. Means; 1875, James E. Mitchell, John B. Wilson; 1880, John Thompson, Stephen Oaks; 1885, Henry Truman, J. W. Foust. At the election held in 1872 to elect delegates to the Constitutional Con- vention from the district composed of the counties of Jefferson, Armstrong, Clarion, and Poorest, George W. Andrews, esq., and John McMurray, esq., of Jefferson, and Hon. John Gilpin, of Armstrong, were elected. At the election held December 16, 1873, on the adoption of the new con- stitution, the vote in Jefferson county was as follows: For the new constitution, i>396 ; against it, 912. Present County Officers. The present county officials are : Associate judges, Henry Truman, J. W. Foust ; prothonotary, register, and recorder, Scott McClelland ; sheriff, Henry Chamberlain; treasurer, William D. Kane; district-attorney, C. C. Benscoter; commissioners, Ed. Barry, J. B. Jordan, T. H. Wilson ; auditors, Thomas R. 1 Judge Jenks is the only citizen of Jefferson county who has held the office of president judge in the district. 88 History of Jefferson County. Harris, W. A. Andrews, Frank M. Woods; coroner, W. M. Rockey; clerk to prothonotary, H. W. Mundorfll'; clerk to commissioners, W. A. Neal ; janitor, Alexander Fullerton. Summary of Acts of the Legislature of Pennsylvania Relating TO Jefferson County. For the convenience of those who may have occasion to consult the differ- ent acts passed by the Legislature relative to Jefi'erson county, we give a brief summary of such acts, with date and where they may be found : Act erecting Jefferson county out of parts of Lycoming county ; bound- aries defined ; Legislature to fix a place for holding courts, at any place not more than seven miles from the center of said county, etc. Act of 26th of March, 1804, sec. i. — Smith's Laws, vol. IV, page 176. Powers of the commissioners and other county officials of Westmoreland county extended over Jefferson county. Act of February 3, 1806, sees, i, 2, and 3. — Smith's La%vs, vol. IV, pages 269-270. The county district of Jefferson annexed to the county of Indiana. Act of March 18, 1806, sec. 9. — Smith's Laws, vol. IV, page 291. Jefferson county made a separate election district, the electors thereof to hold their general elections at the house of Joseph Barnett, on Sandy Lick. Act of 31st of March, 1806, sec. 9. — Smith's I^ai^'s, vol. IV, page 349. Jefferson county divided into separate districts, not to exceed six, for the appointment of justices of the peace. Act of 14th March, 18 14, sees. 1-4. — Smith's Laws, vol. VI, page 124. Treasurers of Indiana and Jefferson counties authorized to sell unseated lands for taxes. Act of 23d Dec, 1822. — Smith's Laws, vol. VIII, page 5. The provisional county of Jefferson to elect three county commissioners and three county auditors, etc. Act of 21st Jan., 1824, sees. 1-4. — Smith's Lazvs, vol. VIII, page 185. Appointment of commissioners to fix upon a proper site for the seat of justice in Jefferson county; to take assurances by bond, deed, or otherwise, of any lands, lots, money, or other property, which hath been or may be offered for the use and benefit of the said county, either for the use and benefit of said county, either for the purpose of erecting public buildings, or for the support of an academy, or other public use. Act of 8th April, 1829, sees. 1-2. — Smith's Lazvs, vol. X, page 396. Provisional county of Jefferson organized for judicial purposes; attached to the Fourth Judicial District and to the Western District of the Supreme Court; election of sheriffs and other officers ; time of holding courts fixed ; transfer of suits originally commenced in Indiana county ; erection of court-house; seat of justice established at Brookville ; Brookville to be laid out. Act of 2d April, 1830, sees. i-io. — P. L., pages 161-164. Political Record and Civil List. 89 Boundary line between Venango and Jefferson county established. Act of 7th Feb., 1832, sees. 1-2. — P. L., page 53. Formation of Eighteenth Judicial District, composed of Potter, McKean, Warren, and Jefferson counties, and time of holding courts fixed. Act of 8th April, 1833, sees. 8. — P. L., page 315. Time of holding courts in the Eighteenth Judicial District altered, those of Jefferson county fixed for second Mondays of February, May, September, and December. Act of 15th April, 1835, sees. 2. — P. L., page 374. For the better ascertaining and establishing the boundary line between the counties of Jefferson, Warren, McKean, and Clearfield. Act of 17th March, 1840, sees. I. — P. /,., page 146. Time of holding township elections in Jefferson county changed to second Tuesday in February of each year. Act of Sth March, i84i,sec. 29. — P. L., page 71. Commissioners of Jefferson county authorized to subscribe five hundred dollars to the Brookville Academy, and to have trustees elected, etc. Act of 29th May, 1841, sec. 22. — P. L., page 411. Deeds made by commissioners of Jefferson county for divers tracts of un- seated lands, and lots in the borough of Brookville legalized. Act of Sth April, 1846. — P. I.., page 273. The Eighteenth Judicial District to consist of the counties of Venango, Clarion, Jefferson, Elk, and Forest. Courts to be holden in Jefferson county on second Mondays in May, September, December, and February one week. Act of 5th April, 1849, sees. 1-4. — P. L., page 367-8. Certain acts relative to premium on fox and wild cat scalps, and to hunt- ing of elk or deer, extended to Jefferson county. Act of loth of April, 1849, sees. 1—2. — P. L., page 631. Act for transfer of records from Indiana to Jefferson county. Act of 2ist April, 1852, P. /.., page 389. Chancery powers and jurisdiction vested in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia county, extended to Jefferson and the counties composing the Eighteenth Judiciary District. Act of 21st April, 1854. — P. L., page 462. Commissioners of Jefferson county authorized to borrow sum of money, not exceeding five thousand dollars, for building jail. Act of 5th April, 1855, sec. 182. — P. L., page 165. Continuing terms of court in Jefferson county to two weeks, when neces- sary. Act of 9th March, 1855. — P. L., page 69. Fixing time for holding township and borough elections in Jefferson county to the first Monday in February in each year. Act of i6th April, 1858. — P. L., page 328. The time of redemption of all lands purchased by the counties of Jeft'erson and Potter, at treasurer's sale, fixed at two years. Act of 8th April, 1862. — P. L., page 17. 90 History of Jefferson County. Commissioners authorized to have assessments of real and personal estates in the several townships and boroughs of Jefferson county made prior to the year i860, transcribed, etc. Act of 6th of March, 1863. — P. L., page iio. Commissioners of Jefferson county authorized to levy additional tax for purpose of building a court-house, and borrow money and issue bonds for the same. Act of i8th of April, 1864. — P. L., page 461. To enable soldiers in the service to vote at borough and township elections in county of Jefferson and other counties. Act of loth of March, 1865, sees. 1-9. — P. L., pages 309-311. Commissioners of Jefferson county authorized to appropriate unexpended relief fund of said county to building of new court-house. Act of i6th of March, 1866. — P. L., page 236. Commissioners of Jefferson county authorized to borrow money for build- ing of court-house, not exceeding $50,000, and to issue bonds therefor, to bear interest not exceeding eight per cent. Act of 2d of February, 1867. — P. L., page 134. A part of Fox township, Clearfield county, annexed to Jefferson county, and made part of Snyder township. Act of 4th of April 1868. — P. L., pages 651-652. Commissioners of Jefferson county authorized to borrow money, not ex- ceeding $45,000, and to issue bonds therefor, at rate of interest not exceeding eight per cent., to be appropriated to the payment of certain articles of settle- ment and compromise made by and between the county of Jefferson and the Allegheny Valley Railroad Company. Act of 19th of February, 1870. — P. L., page 212. CHAPTER XI. POST-OFFICES IN JEFFERSON COUNTY. Early Mai! Facilities — First Post-Offices in tlie County — Names of Offices — AVhen Established — Names of Postmasters — First Mail Route — Oldest Postmasters — A Quarter of a Century in Charge of a Post-Office. WE are enabled, through the courtesy of the post-office department, to give a complete history of the post-offices established in this county, from the first office at Port Barnett until the present time. Port Barnett, established January 4, 1826, and Joseph Barnett appointed postmaster. Changed to Brookville, September 10, 1830. Post-Offices in Jefferson County. gi Brookville. — Postmasters, Jared B. Evans, appointed September lO, 1830; Cephas I. Dunham, March 30, 1833; WilHam Rodgers, January 19, 1835; John Dougherty, August 18, 1840; Samuel H. Lucas, June 25, 1841 ; Daniel Smith, November 21, 1844; Barton T. Hastings, May 9, 1845; John Hast- ings, June 18, 1846; David S. Deering, December 14, 1848; James Corbet, September 23, 1850; David S. Deering, February 24, 1853; Kennedy L. Blood, April 20, 1853 ; Parker P. Blood, April i, 1857 ; Alexander P. Heich- hold, March 9, 1861 ; John Scott, April 20, 1864; Barton T. Hastings, Sep- tember 8, 1866; John Scott, April 5, 1869; F. A. Weaver, April 23, 1884; Laselle R. Erdice, December 5, 1885. Aliens Mills, established July i, 1874. Postmasters, E. W. Clark, appointed July I, 1874; J. G. Allen, April 19, 1877. Office discontinued, August 21, 1877. Re-established, August 2, 1880. Jerry G. Allen, appointed August 2, 1880. Alvaii. — Postmasters, Alvan H. Head, appointed July 13, 1848; John Arner, May 11, 1850; Alexander McConnell, March i, 1852; Thomas Ted- lie, April 9, 1862 ; office discontinued October i, 1862. Baxter. — Postmaster, Richard Baxter, appointed February 24, 1875. Beeclitrcc. — Richard Woodward, appointed April 4, 1882; John H. Bell, November 25, 1885. Broivn's Mills {Bell's Mills). — Postmasters, Henry Brown, appointed Feb- ruary 4, 1859; discontinued February 15, i860; re-established March 9, i860, and Henry Brown, reappointed; name changed to Bell's Mills October 24, 1863, and James H. Bell appointed postmaster; William E. Bell, Decem- ber 20, 1878, William W. Graffius, November 27, 1885. Brockwayville. — Postmasters, Alonzo Brockway, appointed April 13, 1829; discontinued January 3, 1838; re-established March 14, 1838, and Asaph M. Clark appointed postmaster; Robert W. Moorhead, December 6, 1856; Will- iam H. Schram, September 2, 1862 ; Jonas G. Wellman, January 9, 1866 ; W. W. Wellman, March 20, 1872; Robert O. Moorhead, February 18, 1880; Barrett T. Chapin, October 30, 1885. Big Rich. — Postmasters, James U. Gillespie, appointed August i, 1854; Joseph McPherson, May 4, 1858 ; David C. Gillespie, October 17, 1865 ; An- drew McClure, February 5, 1869; George K. Tyson, July 14, 1870; Andrew P. Cox, 23d October, 1874; Philip Enterline, April 6, 187S ; Andrew P. Cox, March 21, 1881 ; Charles V. Wilson, August 12, 1885. Clarion. — Postmaster, John McNulty, appointed February 8, 1833; discon- tinued September 3, 1834. Corsica. — Postmasters, John J. Y. Thompson, appointed November 29, 1843; John C. Ferguson, April 21, 1852; John H. Dill, January 19, 1853; Mark Rodgers, April 22, 1853; William H. Barr, December 3, 1857; Will- iam Love, January 20, 1859; William W. Reed, July 9, 1861; Sarah A. Reed, June 12, 1862. 92 History of Jefferson County. CloHser. — Postmasters, George Kramer, appointed February 15, 1884; W. W. Clouser, July i, 1884. Coal Glen. — Postmaster, Austin Blakeslie, appointed May 27, 1886. Cool Spring. — Postmasters, James Gray, appointed April 17, 1838; John Scott, October 4, 1844; Thompson A. McKinstry, January 10, 1856; discon- tinued April 25, 1857; re-established September 20, 1869, and Thomas Hep- ler appointed; Miles R. Kunselman, March 13, 1882; John R. McKinstry, August 6, 1885. Creashaw. — Postmaster, William V. Parmley, appointed January 19, 1887. Dolingville. — Postmasters, Joseph Broadhead, appointed July 15, 1869; Gilbert B. Burrows, May 26, 1 870; Thomas Doling, January 3, 1871; discon- tinued September 7, 1871. Dora. — John H. Geist, appointed postmaster July 9, 1883; discontinued July 14, 1884. Dunkle. — Postmaster, George W. Dunkle, appointed August 21, 1882. Ella. — William P. Painter, appointed postmaster July 15, 1886. Emcrickville. — Postmasters, Emanuel Weiser, appointed May 6, 1872; George Zettler, April 13, 1881 ; Emanuel Weiser, December 17, 1885. Emcrickville. — John R. Hetrick, appointed postmaster June 21, 1851 ; dis- continued February 21, 1855. Erdice. — Postmaster, William McMillen, appointed April 4, 1887. Frostburg. — Postmasters, Charles R. B. Morris, appointed March 30, 1858; Robert Hamilton, April 8, 1859; Charles R. B. Morris, February 24, 1881 ; Tobias S. Newbold, January 18, 1886. Fuller. — Abel Fuller appointed postmaster September 20, 1875 ; changed to Rocky Bend, December 10, 1877, and ^bcl Fuller appointed; changed again to Fuller February 25, 1878, and Abel P"uller reappointed; Henry Miller, appointed June 3, 1881 ; H. C. Fuller, March 6, 1883; Henry E. Fuller, April 3, 1883. Grange. — Postmasters, Albert D. Sprankle, appointed May 31, 1880; Nathaniel S. Sprankle, May 9, 1882 ; Ezra C. Gourley, April 13, 1883 ; Lafay- ette Sutter, August 6, 1885. Handy. — Joshua Jones, appointed postmaster May 26, 1884; discontinued August 4, 1886. Hazen. — Postmasters, William R. Anderson, appointed April 7, 1882; dis- continued March 15, 1883; re-estabhshed January 24, 1885, and Isaac Lyle appointed postmaster. llantilton now Hay. — Postmasters, Robert Hamilton, appointed February 16, 1852; Joseph W. Sharp, July 23, 1866; John N. Heckendorn, February 14, 1868 ; James G. Mitchell, January 8, 1885 ; David Neal, August 12, 1885 ; changed to Hay, February 24, i886, and David Neal reappointed; Sharp Neal, May 18. 1886. Post-Offices in Jefferson County. 93 Packer now Hcatliville. — Postmasters, Leopold Einstein, appointed June 29, 1857; John Osborn, February 5, 1858; George W. Gumbert, December 12, 1863; Thomas Edmunds, July 2, 1866; PhiHp Shafier, December 30, 1870; changed to Heathville April 9, 1879; Henry Hepler, April 9, 1879; Curtis S. Guthrie, March 27, 1886. Heathville. — Postmaster, Elijah Heath appointed September 24, 1841 ; dis- continued February 17, 1842. Hoivc. — Postmasters, Thomas J. Lyle, appointed February 9, 1882; Bar- ton M. Whitehill, November 10, 1885. Hudson. — Postmasters, Augustus G. Winslovv appointed June 30, 1869; Tobias J. Long, August 12, 1885. * Knoxdale. — Postmasters, Henry N. Milliron, appointed February 25, 1863 ; Samuel Stewart, March 8, 1865; Michael E. Steiner, November 9, 1869; Eve- lyn D. Sharp, May 4, 1870; John G. Steiner, December i, 1870; John G. Steiner, jr., June 16, 1873; Daniel I. Steiner, December 20, 1880; Hugh E. McCracken, September 11, 1883. La7ies Mills. — Robert Humphrey appointed postmaster January 13, 1885. Langville. — Walter J. Bracken appointed postmaster June il, 1886. Lindsey. — John W. Parsons appointed postmaster January 24, 1882. Merata. — John Philliber appointed postmaster February 19, 185 1 ; dis- continued August 8, 1853. Mimtmorency. — Postmasters, Reuben A. Aylesworth, appointed February 14, 1826; Jesse Morgan, March 13, 1828 ; James L. Gillis, April 7, 1828 ; dis- continued March i, 1832. Mcndorf now Muiidorf. — Newton Webster, appointed postmaster February 5, 1885 ; changed to Mundorf March 5, 1886. Neiu Petersburg. — Postmasters, John H. Hinderleter, appointed December 3, 1869; James N. Chambers, April 16, 1872 ; Henry Snyder, April 4, 1873 ; Henry Hinderleter, August 9, 1876 ; Daniel F. Harrison, November 1 1, 1878 ; discontinued, March 15, 1883. W/irZ-wrg-.— Postmasters, Eli Miller, January 7, 1862 ; Rachel Bell, June 13, 1866; William H. Redding, September 25, 1871 ; Henry M. Means, May 29, 1873; John B. Fink, September 28, 1875. Oyster. — Reuben J. Thompson appointed postmaster November 20, 1883. Ohl. — Postmaster, Edward M. Ohl, December I, 1886. Pancoast. — Postmasters, M. J. Farrell appointed May 17, 1876; Hannibal Hutchinson December 17, 1882. Panic. — Postmasters, James B. North appointed July 1 1, 1881 ; George A. Morrison, March 10, 1882 ; Albert T. Sprankle, July 7, 1882 ; Norman Brown, October 29, 1883. Pansy. — Samuel Thomas appointed postmaster June 27, 1884. Patton's Station. — Walker Smith appointed postmaster September 13, 1879. 9 94 History of Jefferson County. Porter. — Postmasters, Henry Snyder, appointed June 21, 1850 ; discontin- ued August 13, 1850; re-establislied April 15, 1854, and Robert A. Travis appointed; Martha Travis, February 2, 1875 ; James H. Elkins, January 30, 1880; John A. TimbHn, March 27, 1886. Punxsutawney. — Postmasters, Charles R. Barclay, appointed February 28, 1826; John W. Jenks, December 15, 1828; David Barclay, November 2, 1830; Charles R. Barclay, December 21, 1831; John Hunt, October 17, 1837; James McConaughey, February 11, 1839; John R. Rees, December 29, 1843; John M. MCoy, August 6, 1845; Thomas L. Mitchell, November 13, 1849; Thomas McKee, June 6, 1853; Andrew J. Johnston, March 19, 1861 ; Will- iam Campbell, August 20, 1863; William Davis, August 13, 1864; Homer C. Bair, April 20, 1885. Ratlmiel. — Luther A. Hays appointed postmaster November 27, 1883. Ricliardsville. — Postmasters, David W. Moorhead, appointed Jan. 18, 1849; William R. Richards, July 6, 1852; David W. Moorhead, August 14, 1858; Joshua Long, February 2, 1859; Jackson Moorhead, Feb. 20, i860; William Evans, July 31, 1883 ; Lewis Rhoads, July 17, 1885. Prospect Hill (changed to Rcynoldsvillc). — Postmasters, Tilton Reynolds, appointed May 18, 1842 ; Thomas Reynolds, Dec. 29, 1845. Reynoldsville. — Postmasters, Thomas Reynolds, appointed Feb. 23, 1850; John S. Smith, January 6, 185 i; Orlando Gray, Oct. 27, 1854; John S. Smith, Sept. 26, 1856; Frederick C. Farmer, Feb. 16, 1858; discontinued August 31, 1859; re-estabhshed September 13, 1859; and Thomas Reynolds appointed postmaster; Thos. Montgomery, Dec. 12, 1862; Thos. Reynolds, April 5, 1865 ; Tilton C. Reynolds, June 9, 1881 ; William C. Schultze, Oct. 19, 1885. Ringgold. — Postmasters, Robert McFarland, appointed Nov. 11, 1847; George Mercer, May 30, 1850; Philip H. Shannon, July 8, 1852; Robert T. Perry, June 6, 1854; Samuel Miller, Sept. i, 1856; John A. Freas, Oct. 10, 1856; Martin H. Shannon, Dec. 3, 1857; Philip H. Shannon, Oct. i, 1859; James Dean, Oct. 12, i860; A. J. Monks, Sept. 3, 1861 ; Robert Perry, Nov. 6, 1861 ; Susanna Reitz, Aug. 6, 1885. Sandy Valley. — Postmasters, John W. Riggs, appointed August 20, 1872; William Boner, July 31, 1876. Rockdale Mills. — Postmasters, William H. Gordon, appointed Jan. 13, 1863; Elisha L. Evans, April 26, 1864; Thomas Montgomery, May i, 1867; Scott McClelland, March 29, 1872; C. D. Evans, May 22, 1876; Sophia Evans, April 8, 1878; Anne Mathews, October 2, 1878; Sophia Evans, Nov. 4, 1879. Mary Annsville (changed to Schoffner's Corners). — Postmaster, Thomas Craven, appointed June 10, 1858. Schoffner's Corners. — Postmasters, George Smith, appointed Jan. 20, 1859; Philip Hettrick, Aug. 3, 1863; John Snyder, March 17, 1864; Henry Heber, June 16, 1864; John Andrews, June 22, 1865 ; Sylvester Davis, May 9, 1866. Post-Offices in Jefferson County. 95 Sigel. — Postmasters, James McNeal, appointed May 26, 1862; Henry- Truman, March 3, 1868; George A. Carroll, Aug. 24, 1885. Sprankle's Mills. — Postmasters, Peter Seller, appointed Aug. 24, 1857; Mary Seller, Jan. 24, 1863 ; William Eisenhart, March 7, 1863. Stanton. — Potmasters, James Hill, appointed April 15, 1862; James R. Hill, Jan. 11, 1864; Alexander Hill, Sept. 7, 1864; Abner J. Smathers, Nov. 9, 1865 ; Edward Reitz, July 20, 1869; Jacob R. Miller, Dec. 20, 1875 ; Edward Reitz, Jan. 23, 1879. Sugar Hill. — Postmasters, Alexander McConnell, appointed Feb. 27, 1877; William A. Shaw, April 28, 1886; John H. Simmons, May, 27, 1886. Siimmervillc. — Postmasters, David Losh, appointed Feb. 14, 1839 ; Geo. Richards, Oct. 4, 1839; Samuel B. Taylor, Oct. 20, 1840 ; James Gardner, Oct. 4, 1841 ; Ira Baldwin, Jan. 12, 1843 ; Jonathan Milliron, Dec. 15, 1846; Benjamin S. Wesson, Jan. 28, 1848 ; Hiram Carrier, Feb. 22, 1849; Leopold Heilbruner, March 21, 1856; Benjamin S. Wesson, Dec. 6, 1856; Harlow R. Bryant, Feb. 4, 1862 ; Hiram Carrier, Aug. 28, 1866 ; Harlow R. Bryant, May 17, 1867; John H. Strong, Oct. 16, 1871 ; PVederick J. Strong, March 3, '^^7l\ Joseph Guthrie, July 28, 1885. Sykesville. — Postmaster, Jacob B. Sykes, appointed Oct. 8, 1883. Valier. — Postmasters, John N. Means, appointed Aug. 4, 1885 ; Mary M. Postlethwait, April 9, 1886. Wallston. — Postmaster, Daniel N. Mclntyre, appointed Nov. 25, 1885. Warsaiv. — Postmasters, Thomas McCormick, appointed Aug. 15, 1836 David McCormick, Jan. 17, 1838; Moses B. St. John, May 12, 1839; John H. McKee, June 23, 1853 ; Jacob Raught, Jan. 25, 1854; John Reed, Sept. 9, 1854; John Sheasley, June, 8, i860; Isaac W. Temple, July 12, 1861 ; Wm. P. Mathers, Nov. 12, 1871 ; S. W. Temple, Jan. 9, 1882. Whiiesville. — Postmasters, John Keim, appointed Dec. 14, 1835 ; James C. Maize, Oct. 6, 1836; discontinued Oct. 17, 1837; re-established Sept. 24, 1841, and Gilmore Montgomery apppointed postmaster ; discontinued February 17, 1842. Worthville — Postmaster, Henry Fox, appointed Feb. 6, 1854; discon- tinued March 28, 1855. Worthville — .Postmasters, John C. McNutt, appointed June 2, 1864; Mor- ris R. Putney, Feb. 2, 1875 ; Samuel V. Shick, March 13, 1883. The first mail route was established in 1826 from Kittanning to Olean, N. Y., a distance of one hundred and ten miles, over which the mail was car- ried once in two weeks. The contractor was Roswell B. Alford, of Wellsville, Ohio, and he received for his services four hundred dollars per annum. This route supplied all the offices there were then in Jefferson county. In the first thirty years of the county's existence there were only five post- offices ; now there are fifty-nine, nearly all of which are supplied with a daily 96 , History of Jefferson County. mail, and the majority of the smaller offices with a tri-weekly mail. The office at Brookville receives and dispatches seven daily mails, and all the larger offices in the county are similarly supplied. The oldest living ex-postmaster in Jefferson county is Hon. Jared B. Evans, of Washington township. Mr. John Scott was connected with the post-offices of the county for about thirty-five years, seventeen years of that time being postmaster at Brookville. Mrs. Sarah Reed, postmistress at Corsica, will, June 12, 1887, celebrate her quarter of a century as the incumbent of that office. CHAPTER Xn. HISTORY OF THE SCHOOLS OF JEFFERSON COUNTY.i Progress of Education Previous to t'.ie lutroduction of the Common Schools — State Aid- - County Superintendents — School.'? Under the Common School Law —Township Institutes — Acaderai.'S and Select Schools. Organization of Schools Previous to the School System. JEFFERSON county's first school- house was built on the Ridgway road, about two miles northeast of Brookville. The house was built of rough logs, and had neither window sash nor pane of glass. The light was admitted through chinks in the walls, over which greased paper was fastened. The floor was made of puncheons, and the seats of broad pieces, split from logs, with pins in the under sides for legs. Boards laid on pins driven into the walls supplied the pupils with writing-desks. A log fire-place, the entire length of one end, furnished the warmth when the weather was cold. In this rude structure John Dixon, the pioneer teacher of Jefferson county, taught the first school during the winter of 1803 or 1804. The length of term was three months, and the patrons paid the teacher a certain sum per scholar. Mr. Barnett, RTr. Matson, Mr. Vastbinder, and some others were among the citizens most prominent in building the house and having the school organized. The second school was taught a year or two later by Job Johnson, in a school-house built near the old grave-yard, between Port Barnett and Brookville. They had window glass in that house, and a ten plate stove, and the large boys brought the wood and cut it to keep up the fire. Other schools, the names of whose teachers have been forgotten, were organized later in the vicinity of Brookville. 1 By G. Ament Blose, A. M. Schools of Jefferson County. 97 The first school-house in the southern part of the county was built of logs in the fall of 1820, near John Bell's, a little more than a mile northwest of where Perrysville stands. It was built after the style of the first school-house in the county, with paper instead of window glass, boards pinned to the walls for desks, floor and seats made from puncheons, and fire-place along one end. John Postlethwait, sr., John Bell, Archibald Hadden, Hugh McKee, and James Stewart, sr., were the principal citizens intrumental in organizing and starting the school. John B. Henderson taught the first school in this part of the county, in that house, the first winter after it was built. The Testament, Bible, Catechism, and the United States Spelling-book were used as text books in the school. Ira White, a Yankee, from the State of New York, succeeded Mr. Henderson as teacher. Some time afterwards a school was taught by Craw- ford Gibson, in a house near the county line, about a mile south of Perrysville — some parties claim that Gibson taught before Henderson. Somewhat later a school was taught by John Knox, in a log house across the creek, south- east of Perrysville. They paid him in grain, in part, at least. James C. Neal, sr., then a young man, hauled a load of grain with a yoke of oxen from Perrys- ville to some place near Troy, a distance of about twenty miles, through the woods, to pay Mr. Knox for teaching. The first school in Punxsutawney was opened by Andrew Bowman about 1823, in a house then owned by John Henderson. The house was still standing in 1877, and was owned by Thomas McKee. Dr. Jenks, Charles Barclay, Judge Heath, Rev. David Bar- clay, a Mr. Black, and others took an active part in starting the school. They hired a teacher by the year. The tuition for the small pupils was twelve dol- lars each, and for the large ones fifty dollars a year. The first school-house was built in Punxsutawney by the above named gentlemen about 1827, where the Baptist church now stands. Hugh Kenworthy was the first man, well ed- ucated, who was employed as a teacher there. The next teacher was Dr. Robert Cunningham. After him came Thomas Cunningham, since Judge Cunningham. Alexander Cochran taught the first school in what is now Washington township, in 1830 or 1 831, in a school-house near the Beech- woods grave-yard. Messrs. Cooper, Keys, Mcintosh, and the Smiths were instrumental in organizing the school. Brookville's first school was taught in the old jail by a Mr. Butler in the the fall of 1830. Boards laid on blocks, sawed from logs, supplied them with seats. Alexander McKnight, father of Dr. McKnight, taught there in a small brick school-house in 1832. A school was started somewhere in the locality of Troy, some time be- tween 1825 and 1830, and was taught by a Mr. Knox. The first school was commenced within the present limits of Union town- ship about 1834 or 1835. James Barr taught first, in the summer. There were about twenty pupils, and the tuition was fifty cents a month for each 98 History of Jefferson County. pupil. Samuel Davison, Robert McFarland, John W. Monks, John Hughes, and Robert Tweedy were prominent in organizing the school. About 1835 a school was taught by Benjamin Gilhousen in an old log house on land now (1887) owned by the Smith heirs, in Oliver township. It was continued only one term. In every locality in the county, in which the population was dense enough to support a school, one seems to have been organized previous to the com- mon school system. State Aid. — The first money received from the State for school purposes by this county was by an order drawn August 5, 1836, on the State treasurer, Joseph Lawrence, esq., to the treasurer of Jefferson county, by Thomas H. Burrows, superintendent of common schools, under an act entitled, " An Act to Establish a General System of Education by Common Schools," passed on the 1st of April, 1834, and a supplement thereto, passed April 15, 1835, for $104.94, for the year 1835. Also on the same date $104.94 for the year 1836. The following table will show the townships receiving State aid, the officers of the school boards, the numbers of warrants, and the amounts received: Townships. Barnett Eldred Perry Pine Creek . Ridgway. .. Rose Snyder Young No. Warrant. 76 State Aid $49.20 37 23-59 209 35-3' 103 66.68 40 25.89 252 163.14 41 26.54 146 94.52 Treasurers. Cyrus Blood, Wm. M. Henderson, Isaac Lewis, Samuel Jones, L. Wilmarth, Benj. McCreight, A. Ross, W. Jenks, Presidents. W. P. Armstrong, Tohnias Hall, Tho. Williams, William Cooper, J. Gallaglier, William Kelso, .K. Brockway, Wm. Campbell, Secretaries. Cyrus Blood. John W. Monks. John Philiber. .•\. Barnett. L. Wilmarth, C. .\. .■Me.xander. William Shaw. J. Winslow. It would seem from the above table that it includes the appropriation for 1837 also. The State appropriation for the year ending June I, 1875, was $4,075.74, and for the year ending June i, 1876, it was $6,462.91, being an increase in one year of $2,387.17. From 1835 to 1876 the State appropria- tion increased from $104.94 to $6,462.91. The State appropriation for the year ending June i, 1885, was $6,893.46. Organizations Under the School Svste.m. From the best information to be had it appears that Cyrus Crouch taught the first school in Brookville under the common school system. No one seems to know the date of its organization. He taught two terms and was followed by Jesse Smith, and Craighead, and Hannibal. As early as the fall of 1835, ^ "lan by the name of Timblin made applica- tion for the school in Punxsutawney. He was examined by the board of direc- tors, and was the first teacher under the new school system. The members of the board were C. C. Gaskill, James Winslow, and James Torrence. Mr. Gas- kill attended to the examination of the teacher. It was held in an old log house in which Mr. Torrence lived. The house was known as the old farm- Schools of Jefferson County. 99 house of Dr. Jenks, and was the first house built in Punxsutawney. The teacher was examined in reading, writing, and arithmetic. The United States Speller, the English Reader, and the Western Calculator were the text-books used in the school. At that time Young township included Bell, McCal- mont, Gaskill, Henderson, and parts of Winslow and Oliver. There was a great deal of hostility to the common school system at first in Punxsutawney. Four schools were organized under the new school system in the fall of 1835, in Pine Creek township — one near the site of the first school-house in the county, the Butler school ; another near the Bowers's school, then called the Frederick school ; another near Richardsville, and the other in the school- house near the Beechwoods grave-yard. The directors were Dr. John Lati- mer, William Cooper and Andrew Barnett. Mr. Thomas Kirkman, a school teacher of the time, says that " David Butler, Dr. John Latimer, and Andrew Barnett examined the teachers at Andrew Barnett's house." Mr. Kirkman taught first under the school system, at the Butler school-house. He taught thirty days for a month, receiving fourteen dollars a month and boarding him- self They used the English Readers and the United States Spelling-book. The schools began some time in November, and continued three months. Thomas Reynolds taught the Waite school in Beechwoods first under the school sys- tem. He received twelve dollars a month and " boarded around " with the scholars. They had a ten-plate stove in the school-house, and their fuel con- sisted entirely of chestnut and hemlock bark, which the larger pupils assisted the teacher to pull from the dead trees in the vicinity. There were about twenty-eight pupils attending the school, with an average daily attendance of eighteen. Judge Andrew Barnett, John Latimer, and William Cooper were the principal citizens who took part in having the schools started. John Wil- son was probably the first teacher at Richardsville. They had about fifteen pupils there. In 1836 a school-house was built above Mr. Prescott's, at Prescottville, called the Fuller school-house. Mr. Thomas Reynolds taught the first school in it. During the summer of the same year a contract for building a hewed log school-house near Mr. Dickey's, in Henderson township, was given to a Mr. Caufman, and a school was commenced the following winter under a Mr. Heisy as teacher. From the best information to be had, a school appears to have been organized in the Bowers Settlement, in Gaskill township, some time before that. The first school under the school system in Perry township, near Perrys- ville, was taught by David Lewis, the winter of 1836 or 1837, in an old log house that had been built for a dwelling house by Thomas McKee, a short dis- tance east of Perrysville, on the old road. There were six or eight schools started in the township that year. James R. Postlethwait hauled six or eight stoves for the school-houses on a sled from some place in Clarion county — L.ofC. lOo History of Jefferson County. Strattonville, I believe my informant said, was the place. It was during the first snow in the beginning of winter, and it fell very deep, so that he had great difficulty to get home through it. In the winter of 1836 or 1837 a school was kept in an old log house near Frederick Stear's in Porter township, by a Mr. Travis. That was the first school in that locality under the school system. A Mrs. Travis taught a sum- mer school in the same place. One of her methods of punishment was to pin the unruly boys to her dress. The house was then in Perry, but was included in Porter township when it was organized. About the year 1839 ^ frame school-house was built just above Perrysville. T. S. Mitchell, sr., furnished the nails and spikes, James C. Neal, sr., Boaz Blose, and some other citizens supplied other material, and built the house. The same year a hewed log school-house was built near George Blose, sr.'s. Mr. Postlethwait, George Blose, sr.. Youngs, Frederick Stear, and John Travis were prominent in building the house and having the school organized. Mary Gibson taught the first school in that house, then William Postlethwait, and after him came Stephen Travis as teacher. The first common school was commenced in what is now Eldred township, in the beginning of the winter of 1837. The house was built the same fall, near where the Hall school-house now stands. It was a hewed log-house, and was built by the citizens. George Wilson, since Dr. Wilson, taught the first school in it. There were about for- ty scholars. The large scholars cut the wood for the stove. John Lucas taught after Wilson. About 1837 or 1838 a round log school-house, called the Milliron school, was built a short distance northwest of where Ringgold now is ; Samuel Hice was the first teacher there. He received not more than ten dollars a month. They used Cobb's Spellers as text-books. Henry Freas, John Hice, Benjamin Campbell, and others were the principal citizens in having the school started. A school-house was built in Rose township, near Joel Spyker's, in 1836. They previously rented a house on the Pleasantville road near John J. Miller's. About 1836 a school-house was built on land of William Newcome's, in Oliver township, near where the old State road was crossed by the road from Worthville to Punxsutawney. The first term of school was taught in it by Miss Margaret McKinstry. She was succeeded as teacher by William Newcome. Doverspike, Man, Johnston, Gaston, Newcome, and Stunkard were among the citizens prominent in having the school organized. This school was dis- continued after three or four years. Another house was built on land of C. C. Gaskill's, since owned by William Reed, sr. Some of the principal citi- zens engaged in establishing the school were Adam Dobson, Jonathan Rowan, Jacob McF"adden, and Philip Hetrick. James Harl, sr., was the first to wield the " white thorn." He was followed by Samuel Reed, who was succeeded by Alexander McKinstry, esq. Mr. Mc- Schools of Jefferson County. ioi Kinstry is said to have taught the school very successfully for three or four terms. The first school in Union township, under the school system, was taught by Jesse or Theophilus Smith, about 1838, in a log school-house, with a fire-place along one end. The house was about two miles from Corsica, near Dallas Monks's. The pupils studied their lessons out loud during school hours. The teacher was paid sixteen or eighteen dollars a month, and boarded himself Some of the citizens who took part in organizing the school were John Fitzsimmons, the Barrs, Hindmans, Mr. Kennedy, and Mr. Monks. John Kahle taught the first school in Kahletown, Eldred township, about 1837 or 1838, in one end of his father's house. That was the first school in that part of the county. Clover township was organized into a separate dis- trict in 1842; the first hoard of directors organized May 24, 1842 ; Rev. C. Fogle, was president, James Shields, secretary, and D. Carrier, treasurer. The wages of male teachers were from eighteen to twenty-five dollars a month,. and of female teachers from twelve to fifteen dollars a month and board them- selves, and make their own fires. Thomas Reid taught the first school in Polk township about 1848 or 1849; Nathaniel Clark taught next. Philip Hetrick, Jacob McFadden, John Dixon, Henry Schaffner, and John Lucas took part in the organization of the school. So far as can be ascertained, the people were an.xious about having the schools organized in their neighborhoods, and established them throughout the whole county as soon as they had a sufficient number of persons to entitle them to a school. In this way the schools increased till they numbered one hundred and five at the beginning of the superintendency in 1854. Superintendents. John C. VVagaman — whose post-office was Pun.xsutawney — was the first county superintendent of common schools in Jefferson county. He was elected under the act of May 8, 1854, on June 5, 1854, at a salary of $300 a year, and was commissioned July 5, 1854. He resigned May 3, 1856, and went West. Samuel McElhose, whose post-office was Brookville, was appointed to fill the vacancy at the same salary, on May 16, 1856, and was commissioned the same day. The term expired June, 1857. Mr. McElhose was elected May 4, 1857, ^t a salary of $500 a year, ^nd was recommi.ssioned June 3, 1857. He was re-elected May 7, i860, at a salary of $550. The term expired June, i860, and he was recommissioned June 8, i860. His last term expired June, 1863. Mr. McElhose made a very energetic superintendent. The schools were in a very prosperous condition during the latter part of his superintendency. He and Blose were the only superintendents who opened schools for the teachers. Sylvanus William Smith, whose post-office was Brookville, was elected superintendent on May 4, 1 863, at a salary of $800 a year, and was commis- 10 102 History of Jefferson County. sioned June i, 1863. His salary was raised to $1,000 a year from June i, 1864, by a special convention of school directors called for the purpose. He was re-elected May i, 1866. The term expired June 4, 1866, and he was recommissioned June 4, 1866. The term expired June, 1869. During the first part of Mr. Smith's term of office, nearly all the former male teachers of the county enlisted and went into the army. Their places had to be supplied almost exclusively by young female teachers. This ope- rated very much against the prosperity of the schools for a time. In the report for 1865, there are only thirty-two male teachers and one hundred and twenty- five female teachers reported for the county. James Adams Lowry, whose post-office was Punxsutawney, was elected May 4, 1869, at a salary of $1,000 a year, and was .commissioned June 4, 1869. He was re-elected May 7, 1872. The term expired June, 1872, and he was recommissioned June 6, 1872. His term expired June, 1875. George Ament Blose, whose post-office was Hamilton, was elected May 4, 1875, at a salary of $1,000 a year. The term expired June, 1878. William Albert Kelly, whose post-office was Frostburg — afterwards changed to Grange — was elected May 7, 1878, and was commissioned June, 1878. He was re-elected May 3, 1881. The term expired June, 1881, and he was recommissioned June, 1881. The term expired June 1884. It was dur- ing Kelly's superintendency that the mental arithmetic, as a separate text- book, was excluded from the schools. John Harry Hughes, whose post-office was Brookville, was elected May 6, 1884, at a salary of $1,000 a year, and was commissioned May 28, 1884. He is now 1887 county superintendent. With the beginning of the superintendency, the school term had been increased to four months, and the age of log school-houses, with slab seats and wall desks, was passing away. Mr. Wagaman, in his report for 1855, com- plained of the poor condition of the houses. The model building was in Clover township. He says : " The majority of the school-houses are old, poorly con- structed, of frame or logs, and open, uncomfortable, and entirely unsuited to the purpose ; cold in winter and hot in summer, many of them only about twenty feet square, low-pitched, with only light enough, in a cloudy day, to make darkness visible ; children are pent together, reciting, studying (?), freez- ing, and crying." A general lack of such furniture as pokers, shovels, coal-boxes, and brooms, as well as coal-houses, and other necessary buildings, is complained of All the houses except three were reported as defective in admitting light. At that time McGuffey's Readers were used throughout the county ; Cobb's and McGuffey's spellers, Kirkham's and Bullion's grammars, Davies's, Ray's and the Western Calculator, were the text books in arithmetic. The superintendent says that he made several efforts to get the teachers together for institutes, and but few had attended. Schools of Jefferson County. 103 Township Institutes. The first township institute, of which any record has been found, was organ- ized in Young township, and kept open during the winter of 1854-55. From that time local institutes were kept up in different parts of the county, until they became a part of the school machinery in nearly every township. In the winter of 1863-64, Union, Eldred, and Pine Creek, were the only townships in the county in which institutes were not organized. During the two terms of the superintendency which closed in June, 1875, district institutes seem to have almost wholly ceased, but were revived in the succeeding term. The township institute, as a factor in the educational system, does not now hold as high a place as it did formerly. An occasional local institute held by the county superintendent appears to be taking its place. County Institutes. The first county institute held in Jefferson county was at Brookville, in October, 1856, under Mr. McElhose's superintendency. The session con- tinued for two weeks. Forty-two teachers attended it. Another institute, which continued four days, was held at Punxsutawney in December of the same year. There were eighteen teachers in attendance. Mr. McElhose wrote to Prof S. W. Smith, who was teaching the Brookville Academy at the time, and had gone to Western New York during vacation, that he must come home and help him, as he had never been at an institute, and knew nothing about one. At Mr. McElhose's request Prof Smith returned and assisted at the institute. Prof Smith says: "We had a lively time, and a good little institute." The exercises were class drills, discussions, and lectures. Mr. McElhose and Prof Smith conducted all the class drills and did the lecturing. They had class drills every day in reading and arithmetic. Prof Smith lectured one evening on astronomy, devoting considerable attention to meteors. Among the male teachers attending were Mr. Allison, now Dr. Allison, A. J. Monks, William Monks, Richard Snyder, John Carley, Gideon Siars, A. McAllister, and John Cummins. Among the female teachers were Misses Maggie and Mary Polk, two or three Miss Kinniers, Miss Mary McCormick, and a Miss Clawson from Punxsutawney. County institutes have been held every year from that time to the present. In the earlier days of the institute they depended on local talent to give instructions, and lecture at the institutes. But things have changed. The time of the institute is taken up with instructors brought in for the occasion, who very frequently give instruction poorly suited to the teachers' wants, and beyond their capacity to grasp. The institutes of 1876 and 1877 had, by far, the largest membership of any that were held in the county before that time. The report of 1 877 says : " Never before in the history of Jefferson county was there such a gathering of teachers I04 History of Jefferson County. at institute." The institute of 1877 surpassed the preceding one in attendance. At that time the teachers, nearly every one, had to lose the time and pay their own expenses while attending institute. Some years later they were allowed the time for institute the same as if teaching, by act of Assembly. The aver- age attendance at institute, now, appears to be from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and ninety. In 1855 the county had twenty townships, and two boroughs — Brookville and Pun.xsutawney. There were about 105 schools, 68 male and 50 female teachers, 3,636 pupils, with an average attendance of 2,945. The average salaries of male teachers were $21.32 ; of females $12.94. The cost of instruction was $6,237.72 ; of fuel $569.66 The State appropri- ation was $1,178.45. In the 1865 there were 123 schools, 32 male and 125 female teachers, 5,658 pupils, with an average attendance of 3,483. The av- erage salaries of male teachers were $32.35 ; of females, $22.60. In 1875 there were 156 schools, 97 male and 102 female teachers, 7,387 pupils, with an average attendance of 4, 162. The average salaries of male teachers were $35-35; of females, $26.81. In 1885 there were 191 schools, 1 16 male and 104 female teachers. The average salaries of male teachers were $33.06, and of females $28.27 ; 9,019 pupils, with an average attendance of 6,419. In 1856 there were eight graded schools — four in Brookville, two in Punxsutawney, and two in Troy. In 1877 there were twenty-seven graded schools in the county — eight in Brookville, four in Punxsutawney, four in Reynoldsville, three in Corsica, two in Troy, two in Richardsville, two in Brockwayville, and two in Port Barnett. At present (1887) there are fifty- seven graded schools — ten in Brookville, eight in Reynoldsville, four in Punxsutawney, three in Corsica, two in Clayville, three in Brockwayville, two in Beechtree, two in Perrysville, two at Sprankle's Mills, two at Bellview, two at Big Run, three at Troy, two at Hall's, two at Richardsville, two at Port Barnett, two at Jenk's, two in Ohio Town, two at Sibley's, and two at VValston. Academies and Select Schools. Rev. John Todd is represented as having taught the first school in Brook- ville in which instruction was given in the classics and higher mathematics. There was an academy building in Brookville for a number of years. The building was condemned by the grand jury at the September court in 1877 and the schools which were then in session taken out of it. Select schools were held in this building at various times. The school for teachers, held by Mr. McElhose, was in it. Mr. Walker taught a number of summers in Brookville. Prof Hughes taught every summer from 1871 to 1883. He was assisted one term by Prof H. Wilson Miller. Prof W. S. McPherran taught one term. Miss Mary J. Stewart has taught in Brookville since 1862, with the exception of five years, when she was engaged in teaching elsewhere. Miss Stewart is a very successful teacher, and besides the many young ladies who i i Schools of Jefferson County. 105 have received a thorough education at her hands, she has prepared a number of young men for college. Her present young ladies school, which is very prosperous, has been established for about seven years. Brockville Commercial College was opened by Mr. Keating in 1885. He was followed by Prof J. H. Roney and Prof J. G. Anderson, who were suc- ceeded by Prof W. E. Eshelman. Punxsutawney had select schools during the summer for a number of years. Prof PuUen taught four or five years. After him a school was taught by Rev. King, who paid a great deal of attention to the teaching of elocution. Prof McPherran assisted by Prof S. H. Barnett, since Dr. Barnett, organized a school there about the summer of 1880. They had a very large attendance. Prof Allison has been teaching since that time. The school has done good work. Reynoldsville has had one and sometimes two schools for thirteen or fourteen years. Prof E. D. Bovard and E. C. Shields organized a school and taught there the summers of 1885 and 1886. Brockwayville had a school the summers of 1885 and 1886, taught by Professor J . H. Rairigh. Mayville started what they called a "stockholder's school," the summer of 1886, under Prof J. J. Wolfe, a graduate of Lockhaven State Normal School. Rev. Samuel Bowman taught a school in Whitesville about the summer of 1853. During the summer of i860, and the two succeeding summers, Sam- uel Miller Davis taught there. His school was well patronized, and did much towards advancing the cause of education in that part of the county. A school was taught there the summer of 1875 by G. A. Blose, A. M., then county superintendent. Another school was taught there the summer of 1876 by Professor J. T. Kelso. Troy had a select school during the summer of 1875. About the summer of 1869 Professor James Richey, A. M., started an acad- emy in Corsica, and taught it for several summers. He was succeeded by Pro- fessor McKinley, who was followed by Professor Ely. Professor White came next as principal. The school was very numerously attended during its first years, and did a good work. Prof Aiken succeeded Professor White ; then Professor John W. Walker taught, followed by Professors Saxman and P. A. Shanor, A. B. Perrysville had a select school for several summers. Mr. Innes began one the summer of 1 862, and taught another the summer of 1 863. Another school was taught there during the summers of 1872 and 1873 by G. A. Blose, A. B. Bellview had a select school under Rev. McFarland. Since then it has had schools taught by Professors H. W. Millen, J. W. Walker, R. A. George, and his brother. The last two taught the summers of 1885 and 1886. Professor Whitney taught a regular academic course of three grades — primary, commercial, and classical — at Richardsville about 1878 and 1879. Frostburg had a select school taught by Rev. McCurdy. Professor J. W. io6 History of Jefferson County. Bell taught there one term, and Rev. Cooper taught there several terms in re- cent years. A county normal for the teachers was taught at the Blose school-house in Perry township, by G. A. Blose, then county superintendent, during the early part of the summers of 1876, 1877 and 1878. The school was contin- ued by him the succeeding summers till 1881. Rockdale had a normal term for teachers the latter part of the summer of 1877 by Blose. Over two hundred and fifty person attended the four county normals held by Blose while he was superintendent. A school was taught at Big Run the latter part of the summer of 1879 by Blose. During the year 1876-77 Polk township furnished each of its school-houses with a Webster' Unabridged Dictionary. It was the first township to lead in that direction. Some years ago a number of the townships in the northern part of the county divided their school term into a summer and a winter term. From the best information obtainable, it appears that nearly all the townships now have a continuous term. Under the ancient regime, a teacher's capacity was meas- ured by his ability to do plenty of hard whipping. A. R. Mitchell, a son of ex-Sheriff Mitchell, used to tell a story illustrative of this. James McCreight taught the Perrysville school at an early day, and he whipped young Mitchell so often and hard during the winter that his mother, before the close of the school term, had to put a large patch over the back of his coat, which was made of heavy home-made wool cloth, to cover the rents made by the rod. About 1852 a teacher by the name of "Sammy" Abers taught the Blose school. His discipline was a very vigorous use of the rod. We are now nearing the opposite extreme, where, perhaps, far too much latitude is given. Some of the principal te.xt-books used in the county at dif- ferent times, within the last twenty years, were Osgood's series of readers and spellers, National readers and spellers, the Independent readers, Monroe's read- ers and spellers, and Raub's readers; Stoddard's, Ray's, Book's, Dean's, Goff's^ Greenleaf's, Hagar's, and Raub's arithmetics ; Mitchell's, Olney's, McNally's, and Monteith's geographies ; Clark's, Bullion's, Burtt's, and Raub's grammars; Lossing's, Redpath's, Goodrich's, and Barnes's histories of the United States; and Ray's, Davies's, Brooks's and Loomis's algebras. While the common schools of this county show tangible evidence of prog- ress, they still fall very much below what the better class of citizens desire them to be. This is shown by the effort of parents in the different localities to furnish better facilities for the education of their children than the common schools of their neighborhoods afford, by sending them to other schools. A school for the proper education of the children is one of the very first requisites of every community that has any regard for the welfare of its inhabitants, and their fitness to become good citizens and perform the varied duties of a useful life. County Seat and County Buildings. 107 CHAPTER XIII. COUNTY SEAT AND COUNTY BUILDINGS. County Seat Established — Lots Donated for Public Buildings — First Court-House and .Tail Erected — Erection of the Academy — Building of Present Jail Erection of New Court- House — Dedicaticn of Court-House — Address of Judge Campbell. ALTHOUGH the county of Jefierson was established in 1804, there was no county seat located until the year 1830. Previous to that time all busi- ness of a legal or official character had to be transacted at Indiana, where all the county records were kept. The county of Jefferson then comprised nearly all of Forest and a portion of Elk, and persons who were obliged to attend the courts, or go to Indiana on other legal or military business had to travel, in some instances, from fifty to seventy-five miles. By an act passed April 8, 1829, commissioners were appointed to select a site for the county seat of Jefferson county, and it was located at the mouth of Sandy Lick, and called Brookville. Then, by an act passed April 2, 1830, the citizens of the county were given "all the rights, powers, jurisdiction, etc.," to which they were entitled, and it was made the duty of the commissioners " to demand and receive from John Pickering, esq., sufficient deed or deeds, in fee simple, for the use of the said county, for all lands, or lots, which the said John Pickering, Esquire, has agreed to give for the purpose of aiding in the erection of public buildings, agreeably to the Act of April, 1829, entitled an act authorizing the appoint- ment of commissioners to fix a proper site for the seat of justice in Jefferson county, and also for one public square in the said town of Brookville, for the purpose of erecting public buildings thereon, and the said commissioners shall procure the said deed or deeds when recorded in the office for recording deeds, in the county of Indiana, to be recorded in the proper books directed to be kept for the county of Jefferson, and the said commissioners and their success- ors in office, or a majority of them, shall, and are hereby authorized to sell and dispose of the said land or lots, aforesaid, and to make and execute deeds to the purchasers, and the moneys arising from such sale, shall by them be ap- plied to the erection of the public buildings for the use of said county of Jeff- erson. "That the said commissioners shall, as soon as may be, proceed to lay out the said town of Brookville, and file a draft and return of the survey of the said town, together with the proceedings, under and by virtue of this act, in the office for recording of deeds, in and for the county of Jefferson, and in exemplification of the same act of 2d of April, 1830. The 5th section of the same act provides for the transfer of suits and dockets from the county of io8 History of Jefferson County. Indiana to be delivered to the prothonotary of Jefferson county, the expense of copying said docket to be paid for by the prothonotary of Jefferson county, and reimbursed by the said county, on warrants to be drawn by the commis- sioners of Jefferson county on the treasury thereof "^ In 1830 the commissioners set about the work of erecting public buildings, in accordance with the provisions of the acts cited. They first built the jail, which was a two-story edifice, built of common flag stones. It contained be- sides the prison, the sheriff's house and office. This building occupied the northwestern corner of the public square, fronting on Pickering street. Daniel Elgin was the contractor and builder, and the carpenter work was done by Robert Larrimer. The entire cost of the building was $1,823.24. Mr. Uriah Matson, one of the oldest and most prominent citizens of the county, says that he worked on this building for twenty-five cents per day, and boarded himself He would bring with him from his home each morning, a loaf of rye bread, in which he had hollowed out a space large enough to con- tain enough butter to spread the bread, and this, with a jug of buttermilk, con- stituted his fare. Each Saturday night after the week's work was done, he would go out to Port Barnett to draw his pay, and would return with the princely sum of one dollar and fifty cents in his pocket. The jail was finished in 1831, and court was held in this building until the court-house was built. The old building stood for many years as one of the old landmarks, and before it was torn down in 1866, to make room for the new court-house, was used as a butcher- shop. The court-house was also contracted for in 1 830, as the following from the county records shows : " Article of Agreement made 14th day of December, 1830, between Thomas Lucas and Robert Andrews, Commissioners of Jeffer- son County, of the first part, and John Lucas, of Jefferson county, and Robert Barr, of the county of Indiana, of the second part. The party of the second part agrees to build court-house, two offices — one fire-proof — within two years from the 1st day of January next. The Commissioners, on their part, agree to pay Contractors the sum of three thousand dollars, in manner as follows : $2,000 as the work progresses, and $1,000 in full on the ist day of January, 1833, to be paid out of the money arising from the sale of lots in the town of Brookville, if there shall be sufficient ; if not, to be made up of the county funds. " Thomas Lucas, " Robert Andrews, " (Signed) Commissioners. "John Lucas, " Robert Barr, "Contractors. "Witnesses, WiLUAM M. Kennedy, James Hall." 1 Smith's Laws, Act of April 2, 1830, sec. 5-10, page 163. County Seat and County Buildings. 109 The court-house, a one-story brick building, was finished in 1832. It was built of brick, and occupied part of the ground upon which the present court- house stands. The two offices specified in the above contract were a low, brick structure, on the west of the court-house, and were for the use of the prothonotary and commissioners. The brick work on this building was done by Thomas M. Barr, and the carpenter work by Robert Larrimer. The old jail was used until 1855, when, it proving inadequate to the wants of the growing town, the present jail building was erected. The contract was given to Messrs. Byrnes and Dowling, May 23, 1854, and the building was com- pleted in November, 1856. The building cost, when finished, $14,200. It is a two-story brick and stone building, the first story front being used, until the erection of the new court-house, for the offices of the treasurer, commissioners and sheriff, since which time it has been used for other offices — the post-office having been kept in the building for about fifteen years. The second story front is used for the residence of the sheriff" or jailor. The rear part of the building is built of cut stone and divided into cells for prison use. This building, which was never a safe receptacle for prisoners, as we find that the newspapers of the day chronicled the escape of one of its inmates the first year it was occupied as a prison, is now entirely inadequate to the grow- ing wants of the county, and will soon have to give place to a prison built on a more modern plan, with better sanitary regulations, and constructed in such a manner that it will hold its inmates in duress without the vigilance that has now to be exercised for their safe keeping. The next public building that claimed the attention of the county officers was the academy, the erection of which was authorized by an act of the Leg- islature, approved April 13, 1838, whereby the treasurer of the Commonwealth was authorized to subscribe two thousand dollars to be applied to the erection of suitable buildings for an academy in Brookville. The trustees appointed by said act were C. A. Alexander, Thomas Hast- ings, John J. Y. Thompson, Levi G. Clover, John Pierce, and Richard Arthurs. May 29, 1841, a supplement to the former act authorized the commission- ers of Jefferson county to subscribe five hundred dollars. Five hundred dol- lars additional was raised by private subscription, making the cost of the academy three thousand dollars. The site selected was the lot yet known as the "Academy lot," on the cor- ner of Jefferson and Barnett streets, donated for the purpose by John Picker- ing, esq. When work was commenced, the lot was covered with pine trees and underbrush, and the commissioners paid ten cents each for having the trees cut down. The work was done by Robert P. Barr, Thomas M. Barr, and Robert Lar- 11 no History of Jefferson County. rimer, the building being completed in 1843. The first school was taught by Cyrus Crouch. From that time until 18 — , when the building was leased by the school directors of the borough of Brookville, it was used as an academy. It was then used for common school purposes until it was con- demned as unsafe by the grand jury at the September term of court, 1877, when it was torn down, and part of the stone, etc., used in the construction of the new school building. During all the years that the academy was in exist- ence, trustees were annually elected; but the office was not a very burdensome one, as it scarcely ever occurred to the persons elected that there was such an institution as the Brookville Academy. The growing importance of the county and the increase of legal business made the old court-house entirely too small and unsuitable for the accommoda- tion of the courts, and in 1866 steps were taken towards the erection of a larger and more modern building. July 28, 1866, the commissioners contracted with James T. Dickey, of Kit- tanning, Pa., for the erection of the new court-house, James W. Drum being the architect. Mr. Dickey's bid was $57,000 for the work. Mr. Dickey, after finishing the foundations, which he built in a splendid manner, and getting the building ready for roofing, found himself financially unable to finish the work, and a new contract was made with Messrs. Daniel English and R. J. Nicholson to finish the building for an additional cost of $21,742, making the entire cost of the structure $78,742. It was finished in September, 1869. The building . is a very handsome one, and the work was all done in a thorough manner. The court-room, which is in the second story, with commodious jury-rooms in the rear, is a large, handsome room, well lighted through beautiful stained-glass windows, and is well appointed in every respect, the only defect being in the acoustic properties, making public speaking in it rather difficult. The lower floor contains the county offices of the prothonotary, treasurer, sheriff, commis- sioners, and county superintendent of common schools. These offices are all large, well lighted, and nicely fitted up for the use of their incumbents, the two former having fire-proof vaults. The bell for the court-house cost $688, and the clock $725 ; this, with the amount paid for fitting up the court-room, offices, and jury-rooms, made the entire cost of the edifice, complete in all its appointments, $86,413. On Monday evening, September 13, 1869, the court-house was dedicated as the "Temple of Justice" of Jefferson county. The meeting was organized with the following officers : President, Andrew Smith, of Washington town- ship ; vice-presidents, Charles Gahagan, Charles R. B. Morris, Robert Hamil- ton, H. A. Smith, Joseph McKinley, William McKinstry, G. Montgomery, J. C. McNutt, J. G. Graff, I. M. Temple, A. M. Clarke, Oran Butterfield, J. R. Kahle, D. C. Gillespie ; secretaries, F. A. Weaver, G. N. Smith. Hon. Isaac G. Gordon, W. P. Jenks, and Richard Arthurs, esqs., made ap- propriate addresses. County Seat and County Buildings. hi Mr. Gordon paid a fitting tribute to the county officials who had in charge the erection of the building, to J. W. Drum, the architect, and the contractors, Messrs. Dickey, Means, and Nicholson, for the able and excellent manner in which their work had been performed. Mr. Arthurs, as the only representative of the bar first instituted in the county, told of his experience, and of his associates at the bar, nearly all of whom had passed away with the course of time. He also told of early life in the forest, giving the names of those families who had hewed out the first homes in the then wilderness. Hon. James Campbell, of Clarion, the president judge of this judicial dis- trict, was then introduced, and made the following address : " Ladies and Gentlemen: A court is defined to be a place where justice is judicially administered. So much importance is attached to the idea of a specific and fixed locality, that even a justice of the peace can do no business outside of his office. Hence in all civilized nations and well regulated com- munities temples of justice are found occupying and adorning prominent and commanding postions, and are held second in importance only to temples of religion. By the fundamental law of our State, every county constitutes a separate judicial organization, and is required to have a place for the adminis- tration of justice, at least as soon as organized, for judicial purposes. This place may be wherever the county authorities see proper to make it ; but it is generally found to keep pace with the population, intelligence, and enterprise of the county. (Then follows the organization, etc., of t4'ie county, which has already been given.) " In 1830 the town of Brookville was laid out, and some time between that and 1840 the old court-house was erected. In 1840 there were a number of resident lawyers. Colonel Hugh Brady, the two Dunhams, C. A. Alexander, Thomas Lucas, and Richard Arthurs were the most prominent. The latter alone remains the connecting link between the past generation and the present. Of those who were present at the opening of the old court-house, but few re- main. Of the voices that then addressed the court and jury, nearly all are silent. In the march of those thirty years nearly all the old settlers have fallen by the way ; and with the new court-house have come new men, new ideas, a more advanced intelligence, and a new order of things. The inter- minable forests that retarded the settlement of the county have become the great source of her wealth ; the tortuous streams running between precipitous hills have become highways of commerce ; floating argosies of wealth to the markets of the South, and soon those hills will echo with the shrill scream of the locomotive. Long before the hills are stripped of their evergreen pine the wealth hidden below the surface will be brought to light, and the coal and the car will give a new direction and a new impetus to the activity and energy 112 History of Jefferson County. of her inhabitants. As her forests fall, fields of grain, flocks and herds, fur- naces and manufactories will take their place, and instead of dying out, her prosperity will be promoted, her wealth increased, and her onward march hastened. " It is creditable to the authorities of Jefferson county, and to the intelligence of her people that they have enlarged views of the present prosperity and future wants of this county. It evinces a high appreciation of the blessings of liberty, the wholesome restraints of law, and a great appreciation of the cor- rect administration of law and justice, that at a cost of eighty thousand dol- lars the people of the county have erected this goodly structure, at once an honor and an ornament to the town and the county ; where the titles of their property may be securely kept ; their wrongs redressed and their rights vin- dicated. It belongs to every man, woman and child in the county. They have a right to be proud of it ; to guard it from injury, to protect it from harm. Let no vandal hand deface or defile, or write upon its walls. Let none of its halls be a resort of rowdy boys, or drunken men. Let all take a pride in preserving it neat, clean, and orderly. " There is a moral idea attached to this building. It is now a familiar fact that a picture of vastness enlarges the human mind ; that a picture of correct proportions, symmetry and beauty elevates and refines. Let a man view for the first time a vast building, let him wander through halls of architectural beauty, and although not a soul is in sight, he will unconsciously be on his good be- havior, and try to act like a gentleman. The faculties and susceptibilities of the mind are greatly enlarged and influenced by the surroundings, and may we not anticipate that this stately building and this beautiful hall will exercise an elevating influence on the court, the bar, the officers and the people ; that these doors will never be closed to the cry of the oppressed ; that this forum will never be desecrated by the sacrifice of justice, but that with an even hand wrongs may be redressed, rights vindicated, crime suppressed, or sternly pun- ished. To this end we solemnly set apart and dedicate this temple of justice. May it stand a monument of the enterprise and liberality of this county long after the present generation is sleeping with their fathers ; and when its walls are grown mossy and gray with age, and its builders are forgotten, may it still stand a temple of justice, and fragrant in the hearts of those who shall attend in it ; and may its halls still resound to the tread of a free, prosperous, and happy people." Jefferson County in the Rebellion. 113 CHAPTER XIV. JEFFERSON COUNTY IN THE REBELLION. The Call to Arms — Prompt Response from Jefferson County — The First Companies — Three Months Campaign — The Brady Guards — Company K, Eleventh Pennsylvania Reserve Corps — Death of Captain Brady — Company I, Sixty-second Regiment — Death of Captain Little — Muster Rolls. WHEN the War of the Rebellion was precipitated upon the United States by the rebels firing upon Fort Sumter, on the memorable 12th of April, 1 86 1, the news was telegraphed to the executive of Pennsylvania in the fol- lowing words : " The war is commenced. The batteries began firing at four this morning. Major Anderson replied, and a brisk cannonading commenced. This is reliable, and has just come to the associated press. The vessels were not in sight."' This startling intelligence was flashed along the lines of telegraph all over the State, and was soon heard in the remotest bounds of the Commonwealth. When it reached " Little Jefferson " it did not find the people unprepared. They had noted the attitude of the South and the mutterings of war, and when the news that the starry banner, so dear to every patriotic heart, had been fired upon by rebel hands, the patriotism of the entire people was aroused. Amor A. McKnight, an attorney at the Brookville bar, was captain of the Brookville Rifles, a militia company, which under the different names of " Brook- ville Guards " and " Rifles " had represented the militia of Brookville and the northern part of the county from the beginning of the county's history, had immediately after the presidential election in November, i860, with premoni- tions of the gathering storm, began to put his company on a war footing. Captain McKnight and his cousin, Albert C. Thompson, were in reality two of the first recruiting officers of the war, having during that winter made a trip to the southern part of the county, and in Punxsutawney recruited Cor- porals Williams, Depp, Blair, and others. But the dangers of the war seeming to lessen, nothing more was done until the echoes of the firing upon Sumter reached us, when Captain McKnight at once offered the services of his com- pany to Governor Curtin, and was accepted. On the 19th of April he issued the following order : " Armory of Brookville Rifles, " 19th April, 1861. " A. C. Thompson and John Pearsall : " You are hereby directed to notify the members of the Brookville Rifles to repair to the armory in Brookville, on Monday, 22d April, at 10 o'clock, A. M., 1 Telegram addressed to (Jovernor Curtin, from Philadelphia, by J. Morris Harding. 114 History of Jefferson County. prepared to march to the place of rendezvous assigned to volunteers from Western Pennsylvania. A. A. McKnight." When the memorable 22d arrived, the ranks of the Rifles had swelled so rapidly that there were enough men to form two companies, and W. W. Wise, esq., also a member of the Brookville bar, who had aided very materially in recruiting the company, was unanimously chosen captain of the other company. On Sunday morning preceding their departure, the volunteers, in a body, proceeded to the M. E. Church, where they listened to a thrilling and patri- otic sermon from the pastor. Rev. D. S. Steadman, and where, for the last time. Captain Wise occupied his place in the choir of that church. On Monday, April 22d, excitement ran rife in Brookville. At an early hour the people from the adjacent country commenced to come in ; it being estimated that before lo o'clock A. M., the hour set for the departure of tlie soldiers, over two thousand people were on the streets, who had come to see the "boys off for the war," and bid them " God speed." Flags were waving from all the principal buildings. Dinner was served to the volunteers b\' the proprietors of the American, Clements, Railroad, and Jefferson Hotels, after which the two companies marched through the streets to the east end of the town, where vehicles were in readiness to convey them to Kittanning, which was then the nearest railroad point. Three days after the firing upon Sumter President Lincoln issued his proclamation, calling out the militia of the different States, the call being for 75,000 men, and the same day the secretary of war made a requisition upon Governor Curtin for sixteen regiments from Pennsyl- vania. The Brookville companies proceeded at once to Camp Curtin, and were assigned to the Eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, commanded by Colonel A. H. Emley, and designated as Companies "I" and " K," and were mustered into the service April 24, 1881. The same day the Eighth was or- dered to Camp Slifer, near Chambersburg, where the regiment was drilled from eight to ten hours daily. On the 7th of June the regiment moved to Green- castle, Md., where it went into camp ; but in a few days was again moved to Williamsport on the Potomac River, along which it was posted to guard the fords and ami}- stores at W'illiamsport. On the 8th of Jul}- the regiment was ordered to rejoin the brigade at Martinsburg, Va., and remained in the neigh- borhood of Bunker Hill until July 17th, when General Patterson commenced a flank movement on Charlestown. The Third Brigade, to which our companies belonged, was pushed forward during the night of the 20th to watch the move- ments of Stewart's Cavalry, whom it was feared would cross the Shenandoah River in force at Key's Ford. Their term of service having almost expired, the regiment was ordered to Harper's Ferry, where they turned in their arms, etc., and on the 29th of July proceeded to Pittsburgh, where the men were paid ofT and mustered out of the service. The only occurrence of moment to the Jefferson county companies was the Jefferson County in the Rebellion. 115 transfer of Captain Wise to the regular service. On account of his past expe- rience as a soldier, he having served under General Scott, in Mexico, as well as his known intelligence, quick perception, and dauntless courage, he was selected to make a reconnaissance into the enemy's lines near Harper's Ferry, for which he was promoted to a captaincy in the regular army. Captain Wise's farther history will be found in the sketch of the Bench and Bar. Upon the resignation of Captain Wise the command of Company K de- volved upon Lieutenant John C. Dowling. While these two companies saw no active service during their three months campaign, it was of great benefit to the men, the majority of wliom re- enlisted, as it made them acquainted with camp life and gave them a foretaste of the drilling necessary to make good soldiers. The roster of these two companies were as follows : Company I, Eighth Regiment. — Captain, Amor A. McKnight ; lieutenants, John Hastings, Herman Kretz ; sergeants, William J. Clyde, Albert C. Thomp- son, Abram M. Hall, Winfield S. Barr ; corporals, Steele S. Williams, Richard J. Espy, Calvin A. Craig, William J. Bair ; musicians, James L. Holliday, George A. Bowdish ; privates, Samuel Anderson, Albert Black, Fernando C. Bryant, Milo L. Bryant, Samuel Benner, Joseph Bowdish, Sylvanus T. Covill, Josiah Clingensmith, Alfred S. Craig, Joseph Craig, Niman Chittester, Daniel L. Coe, William T. Clark, Simon P. Cravener, Samuel W. Depp, John Dar- row, John Dolphin, John Elliott, Henry B. Fox, Horace Fails, John L. Gil- bert, Lorenzo S. Garrison, Leonard A. Gruver, John S. Gallagher, Robert Gilmore, Geo. W. Hettrick, Samuel Hibler, James Hall, Thos. L. Hall, Ran- dall Hart, Paul Hettrick, Robert A. Henry, Joseph B. Henderson, Jared Jones, Wellington Johnston, Caniel Kinley, Thomas Long, Wilmarth Matson, James H. Moore, Joseph R. Murphy, Robert T. McCauley, David R. McCullough, James Moorhead, Levi McFadden, Shannon McFadden, Elijah H. McAninch, George Ohls, William Osman, William Pierce, John Prevo, John W. Pearsall, Robert J. Robinson, John Stiver, Francis H. Steck, Thad. C. Spottswood, William Toye, Alex. R. Taylor, Gustavus Verbeck, Robert Warner, Joseph N. Wachob, Amos Weaver, Mark H. Williams, Alex. C. White, Hiram Warner. Company K, Eighth Regiment. — Captain, William W. Wise ; lieutenants, John C. Dowling, Wilson Keys; sergeants, Samuel C. Arthurs, John Coon, Ben- jamin F. Lerch, Orlando H. Brown; corporals, John M. Cummins, J. Potter Mil- ler, Chas. J. Wilson, Franklin Reas; musicians, David Dickey, James Campbell! privates, William Adams, Sidney Armstrong, David Bates, Rowan M. Bell, La- fayette Burge, Edward H.Baum, James Baldwin, David Baldwin, Thomas Baird, Darius Blose, Asa M. Clark, Franklin W. Clark, Andrew Christie, Samuel H. Coon, Charles B. Coon, George W. Crosby, William P. Confer, Isaac Carrier, Lewis Dibler, Benjamin Dibler, James C. Dowling, John B. Deacon, Christ. D. Flick, Lewis Goup, William George, Ward Garfield, Henry Hawthorne, George Hawthorne, Archibald Hadden, Benjamin Hawley, Peter Keck, Andrew Love, ii6 History of Jefferson County. James W. Logan, Samuel May, Hiram McAninch, Harvey McAninch, Alex. H. Mitchell, Sam'l H. Mitchell, William Neal, Judson J. Parsons, David Porter, George Porter, Henry Page, Burdett Riggs, Daniel Rhodes, Franklin Rum- barger, James Robinson, Adam A. Rankin, William Smathers, Addis M. Shu- gart, Shelumiel Swineford, David Swineford, William W. Sheets, Chauncey Shaffer, David L. Taylor, Philip P. Taylor, Franklin Van Overbeck, Barton B. Weldon, Samuel W'ilson, James H. Watson, Francis M. Whiteman, Oliver Woods, William E. Young, Stephen R. Young. Company K, Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves. It was soon seen that the war cloud had assumed more gigantic proportions than was at first anticipated, and that more than three months would elapse be- fore the rebellion would be quelled. Captain Evans R. Brady, editor of the Brookville Jeffersonian, at once, upon the call for troops, had begun to recruit a company, but the quota was filled before his company was ready. In the mean time Governor Curtin, with the promptness that characterized him all through the trying days of the war, and which gained for him the name of " War Governor," had convened the Legislature in special session and recom- mended the immediate organization, arming, and disciplining of at least fifteen regiments for State defense. The Legislature promptly acted on this sugges- tion of the executive, and on the 15th of May, 1861, passed an act providing for the organizing of the " Reserve Corps of the Commonwealth," to consist of thirteen regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of artillery. Two days after the passage of this act, Governor Curtin issued a call for troops to fill these regiments, stating that the companies to be furnished by the several counties would be proportionate to the number of men already in the service from each county. Under the previous call hundreds of companies had been formed in excess of the number called for by the war department, and there was a rush to get into the new organizations as soon as the governor's call was issued. Captain Brady had gone on recruiting his company, and by the middle of May had enough men enrolled to form two companies, so that they were di- vided into Companies "A" and "B" of the "Brady Guards." Company A was organized by selecting as captain, Evans R. Brady ; first lieutenant, James P. George ; second lieutenant, James E. Long. Company B organized by selecting for their captain, Robert R. Means. Captain Brady proceeded to Harrisburg to have these companies accepted, but found that only one com- pany could be received in the Reserves from Jefterson county. Company B was afterwards Company I of the Sixty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers. Captain Brady, who was brigade inspector for Jefierson county, was ordered by the adjutant-general of the State to turn in all the arms and State property in the hands of the militia. These included one hundred muskets and a six- Jefferson County in the Rebellion. 117 pounder brass field piece, together with tents, etc., of the Ringgold Artillery. These arms, tents, etc., were all brought to Brookville, and Captain Brady's company went into camp at the Sand Spring about the 25th of May. They continued to drill regularly, and the men were furnished with rations by the citizens of Brookville, the ladies vieing with each other as to wh,o should ren- der the most aid ; regularly, morning, noon, and evening some of their num- ber were on hand to see that the boys had hot coffee and enough to eat. On Sunday evening, June 1st, Captain Brady returned from Harrisburg with marching orders, and the company left Brookville on Wednesday mornings June 4th, 1 86 1, for Camp Wilkins, at Pittsburgh. The men were all uniformed^ the red blouses and black belts being furnished by the citizens of Brookville.. They carried the guns before mentioned, and took with them the six-pounder^ which gave them the most warlike appearance of any body of troops that ever left the county. The company remained at Camp Wilkins about ten days, when it moved up the Allegheny River to Camp Wright, at Hulton. Here, on the 1st of July the Eleventh Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserves (the Fortieth Regiment in line) was organized by the election of Thomas F. Galla- gher, of Westmoreland county, colonel. Regimental drill was at once com- menced, and continued until the division was called into service. It had been the intention when the Reserve Corps was formed that it was to remain in the State to repel any invasion of the enemy over our southern border, but the terrible disaster to the Union troops at Bull Run on the 21st of July, and the danger that threatened the national capital, created an impera- tive necessity for reinforcements, and on the 22d a requisition was made on Pennsylvania for the immediate service of her reserve corps, and eleven thou- sand of these troops were sent forward to Washington as fast as transportation could be had, and in a few days the entire corps of over fifteen thousand (15,856) splendidly equipped and well-officered troops were mustered into the United States service, and became part of the Army of the Potomac. On arriving at Washington, the Eleventh Regiment, to which Company K belonged, went into camp at Tenallytown, and in October crossed the Poto- mac, and went into Camp Pierpont, near the Leesburg pike, where they re- mained during the winter. The arms they had received from the State were exchanged for United States muskets, and the men were carefully instructed in the manual of arms, etc.; and the efficiency they gained in target exercise, skir- mish drill, and bayonet exercise, proved of inestimable service to them when they met the enemy on their many hotly contested battle-fields. The sanitary rules of the camp were very strict, and there was but little sickness. General McCall, in making a report of the regiment at this time, says: "This is a well-drilled regiment, and with the improved arms with which it is now supplied, would be very effective." On the 6th of December the Second Brigade, to which the Eleventh was 12 ii8 History of Jefferson County. attached, supported by the Third, the Eleventh Regiment being in the advance, was sent on a foraging expedition to Gunnel's farm near Drainesville, where they captured two rebel spies with three of their associates, and secured seven horses, one yoke of oxen, and fifty-seven loads of grain. This raid into the enemy's territory brought on the battle of Drainesville, as the Third Brigade-, which a few days later went out on the same errand, was met by a larger force of the enemy. In this engagement the Second Brigade was held in reserve, the bat- tle being fought by the Third alone. A member of Company K, Mr. J. P. Miller, in writing from Camp Pier- pont, November 29, 1861, thus gives \\\& personnel oi the company: " The places of their nativity are as follows : Pennsylvania, eighty ; New York, eleven ; New Jersey, one ; England and Ireland each two ; Germany, one; and the trades, occupations, etc., represented are: Laborers, twenty-six; farmers, fourteen ; millers, two ; stone masons, three ; machinists, two ; black- smiths, seven ; carpenters, six ; shoemakers, two ; lumbermen, twenty-three ; printers, five ; book-keepers, plasterers, harness-makers, school-teachers, clerks, each one. So it will be seen that Company K has the material to run a small town; not an idler in the ranks." On the loth of March the Eleventh broke camp, and abandoning their winter quarters, marched to Hunter's Mills, on the Georgetown and Leesburg pike. This march was made in a cold rain, and when the men reached Hunt- er's Mills they were completely exhausted. Here they encamped, and used shelter tents for the first time. The enemy having evacuated his entrenchments at Manassas, the regiment returned to Alexandria, and went into camp near Fairfa.x Seminary, where there was considerable sickness in its ranks. On the 9th of April the division was assigned to the First Corps under General Irwin McDowell, and moved to Falmouth. A month later it was sent to the peninsula, where it was attached to the corps of General Fitz John Por- ter. It arrived in time to take part in the battle of Mechanicsville. The Eleventh Regiment, which was doing picket duty at the Chickahominy River, was not actively engaged. The Eleventh protected the rear of the brigade in falling back to Gaines's Mill. Here the rebels, in overwhelming force, fell upon Porter's single corps, which was drawn up on the banks of the Chickahominy, which separated it from the rest of tlie enemy. On reaching the field, the Eleventh was first detached to support Meade's battery, of the Fifth United States Artillery, but was after- wards moved forward, and formed on the second line of battle. Completely exhausted, many of the men la}- down amid the roar and tumult of battle, and were soon asleep — some never to awake again. Late in the afternoon the regiment was ordered into action near the center of the general line of battle, under cover of a dense wood, where they relieved the Fourth New Jersey Reg- iment, which had been fighting desperately until their ammunition was ex- Jefferson County in the Rebellion. iig hausted. Just before going into the fight, General McCall and General Mar- tindale, who had charge of that part of the line, spoke encouragingly to the men, telling them that they were going upon the weakest part of the line, but to hold it at all hazards, and bravely did they obey the command, for while column after column of the fresh troops of the enemy bore down upon them in that fearful conflict, the Eleventh met them with such well-directed volleys that sent them reeling back. They continued to pour this withering fire into the enemy's ranks until it was discovered that the troops on both flanks had been driven back. The smoke of battle and the dense woods in which they fought rendered it so dark that the officers did not realize the peril of the posi- tion until it was discovered that the regiment was receiving a fire on its flank. Colonel Gallagher, still hoping to cut his way out with the aid of Colonel Simpson's New Jersey Regiment, ordered his command to fall back, but the rebels, with a yell, charged upon them, and the brave regiments faced about and gave them a fire that " took the yell out of them " for the time be- ing; but upon reaching the open ground, after fighting every step of the way, they found themselves completely surrounded, and both regiments were com- pelled to surrender to save useless slaughter. Company B, of the Eleventh, had been detached by General Meade early in the day and escaped capture. Out of the sixty-five men of Company K, who went into the fight, only five came out unscathed — four were killed. The loss in the regiment was forty- six killed, and one hundred and nine wounded. General McCall, in his official report of this battle, says in reference to the capture of Eleventh : " No censure can possibly attach to Colonel Gallagher or Colonel Simpson or the brave men of their regiments on account of this ill turn of fortune, but on the contrary they are entitled to the credit of holding their ground until it was tenable no longer." Though worn out with marching and fighting, the prisoners were hurried on to Richmond, which they reached about four o'clock, A. AL, the next day, and after being marched through the streets as a gratification to the citizens, who were jubilant over the fruit of the success of their arms, they were taken to Libby prison. In a few days the men were removed to Belle Island, where they suffered severely for want of sufficient food and clothing. August 5th the men were exchanged and sent to Harrison's Landing, where about a week later the officers joined them. With ranks sadly depleted the Eleventh, under Lieutenant-Colonel Jackson — Colonel Gallagher being left behind, sick, at Fort- ress Monroe — proceeded to Falmouth, and with the division, now under Gen- eral Reynolds, joined Pope's army just entering upon the Second Bull Run campaign. The Reserves were again assigned to McDowell's corps, and in the evening of the 29th of August the Eleventh, which was now in the Third brigade, advanced under a galling fire from the enemy's batteries, and were soon engaged in the fight ; but it being found impossible to dislodge the rebels I20 History of Jefferson County. from their position, our troops were withdrawn, but the Eleventh lay all night under the fire of these batteries. The next day the regiment was hotly en- gaged, having an almost hand to hand conflict with the Fifth Texas regiment, but the enemy having succeeded in turning our flank, enfiladed the entire line with such deadly effect that the regiment was forced to retire. The Maryland campaign followed close upon the defeat of Pope. The Re- serves were now commanded by General Meade, and Colonel Gallagher hav- ing succeeded to the command of the Third Brigade, Lieutenant-Colonel S. M. Jackson was in command of the Eleventh. On the 13th of September the enemy was found strongly posted at Turner's Gap at South Mountain, and on Sunday morning, the 14th, the battle began. The Reserves were drawn up to the right of the road, leading to Turner's Gap, held by the troops of Longstreet and Hill. The Eleventh held the left center as the line advanced to attack the enemy, and moving up the steep acclivity of the mountain, which is here about one thousand feet in height, received a deadly fire from the en- emy, concealed behind rocks and trees. Colonel Jackson held his regiment well in hand, and with words of encouragement cheered his men on this peril- ous ascent. " At one point the Eleventh Regiment, commanded by Lieuten- ant-Colonel Jackson, was ordered to drive the enemy from a deep ravine; the regiment charged upon the concealed rebels, and at a single volley from the hidden foe more than half the commissioned officers fell, but the men as if maddened by the loss of their officers rushed upon the enemy, forced him from his shelter and never ceased cheering, charging, climbing and firing until they ended with the triumphant shout of victory." ' It was here that the gallant Brady fell, and Company K lost their brave and heroic leader. Lieutenant J. P. George assumed the command of Company K on the fall of Captain Brady. Athough with ranks fearfully decimated b\- the hard service they had seen, the Eleventh were again engaged at Antietam, taking their usual part in that sanguinar}- struggle, where seven men were killed, and seventeen wounded. After this campaign the shattered force, battle-scarred, and almost destitute of clothing, went into camp near Sharpsburg, where it remained until the 30th of October, when they crossed the Potomac and reached Warrcnton on the 9th of November, in the midst of a severe snow storm. Here the men who had been absent on detailed service or in hospitals, rejoined the regiment, making an effective force of about four hundred. On the 13th of December the regiment was engaged in the battle of Fred- ericksburg, the Eleventh being in the rear of the batteries, where it suffered severely from the artiller\- duel which took place. When this ceased the regi- ment was advanced over the open ground under a galling fire, but it pressed on unchecked until it reached a ditch running parallel to the line of battle, I Sypher's " History Pennsylvania Reserve Corps," page 370. Jefferson County in the Rebellion. 121 then forward to within a short distance of a stone fence, from behind which the enemy received them with a deadly fire. Colonel Jackson at once saw the futility of trying to carry these works, and with great coolness managed to withdraw his command from their perilous position. The regiment fought for two hours without support, and its loss was very heavy ; Company K took into the fight fifty-one men, and lost two killed, twenty-four wounded, and seven wounded and missing. After enduring all the hardships of Burnside's unfortunate campaign, the Eleventh was sent to the defense of Washington, and encamped for a short time at Minor's Hill. On June 3, 1863, Brigadier- General S. W. Crawford assumed command of the division, which was assigned to the Fifth Corps, and on the 2d of July arrived at Gettysburg, and was halted in the rear of Ceme- tery Hill, where they found the Second Division of their corps, composed of regulars, hard pressed by the enemy, and the Reserves were hurriedly moved to the right and front of Little Round Top where they were massed in column by regiments, the Third Brigade in front, with the Eleventh in its rear. The brigade was then ordered to the front, but before they gained their position the enemy pressed hard upon them trying to flank them. General Crawford im- mediately arrested this movement, leaving the Eleventh with, and in front of the First Brigade, bringing it in range of the guns of the enemy ; but it main- tained its position without returning the fire until the command was given to fire, when it poured a terrible volley into the enemy's lines, causing him to give back as before a storm. The order was at once given to charge, and vv^ith a yell the brigade, the Eleventh in the lead, swept forward, down the hill and across the valley to the stone wall, driving the rebels before them. A number of the men went over the wall, capturing many prisoners. General Crawford, not deeming it prudent to advance farther, they were withdrawn, and a strong line of skirmishers thrown out. The loss in Company K in this battle was three killed and thirty-eight wounded. On the 4th the regiment was with- drawn from the front, and joined in the pursuit of Lee. This involved hard and fatiguing marching. Upon the return to Virginia, the regiment encamped near Rappahannock Station, subsequently moving to Culpepper Court- House, until the enemy attempted to turn Meade's right flank, when it fell back to pre- vent Lee from seizing the heights at Centreville. The regiment was slightly engaged on the 14th of October at Bristow, and again in a skirmish at Rappa- hannock Station. The enemy, being foiled by Mead, fell back across the Rapi- dan, and the Eleventh was actively engaged in the Mine Run campaign, as it was also at New Hope Church, and though no serious casualties occurred, the suffering of the men from marching and exposure was very great. Upon the close of offensive operations the regiment encamped at Warren- ton Junction, the Reserves being assigned to guard duty on the Alexandria and Orange Railroad. 122 History of Jefferson County. On the 29th of April, 1864 the Reserves left Bristow Station, and joining the Fifth Corps at Culpepper Court House, at midnight on the 3d of May, crossed the river at Germania Ford, in advance of the army, and bivouacked near the Lacy House. The next morning the division marched through the Wilderness with the intention of striking the Fredericksburg and Orange Court House Plank Road, but before reaching it a part of the division became en- gaged, and after a spirited contest drove the enemy from its front. The Elev- enth was held in reserve until about three P. M., when it, with the Second and Seventh Regiments, under General McCandless, was ordered to the support of the right of General Wadsworth's Division. The Reserves being fresh troops were sent to the front, but not being supported after Wadsworth's line fell back, they were outflanked by the enemy, and the Seventh Regiment captured, but Colonel Jackson, with the greatest coolness and daring, ordered his regi- ment to charge, which they obeyed, rushing forward with such impetus upon the foe that they broke and allowed the regiment to escape through their lines. The Eleventh lost heavily in this fight, and Company K bore its share of the casualties, its gallant young captain, Edward Scofield being taken prisoner. During the remaining two days of the fighting in the Wilderness the Elev- enth was again under fire, and again sustained its well earned reputation, at Spottsylvania, North Anna, and Bethesda Church ; in the latter fight being prominently engaged. On the 30th of May, the day after the battle of Beth- esda Church, their term of service having expired, the Eleventh was withdrawn from the front, and after transferring its veterans and recruits to the One Hun- dred and Ninetieth Regiment, the men bade adieu to their comrades of the Army of the Potomac on the banks of the Tolopotomy, on the morning of June 1st, and turned their faces homeward, reaching Harrisburg on the 6th, where they took part in the handsome reception tendered the Reserve Corps by the governor and citizens of Harrisburg. They reached Pittsburgh June 13, 1864, where the regiment was paid oft" and mustered out of service, and the men returned to their homes. During their three years' service the Eleventh took part in fifteen battles — Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, New Market Cross Roads, Malvern Hill, Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Bristow Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court-house, North Anna, and Bethesda Church. Company K was in all of these, losing in killed in action or dying of wounds and disease, Captain Brady and thirty-one non-commissioned officers and enlisted men, while nearly all were treated to the hospitality of rebel prisons. Captain Evans R. Brady was the first officer to fall in battle, and his death caused great grief in his company, to whom he was greatly endeared. When the war broke out he was engaged in the publication of the Brookville Jcffer- sonian, the Democratic organ of the county, which paper he had established Jefferson County in the Rebellion. 123 and so ably edited for about fifteen years. Captain Brady was the descendant of an illustrious family, famed in the early annals of the country. His father, Colonel Hugh Brady, one of the early and prominent members of the bar of Jefferson county, was a grand nephew of Captain John Brady, and a cousin of Captain Sam Brady, both noted in the early Indian and Revolutionary wars. His mother was Sarah Smith Evans, and he was born at Indiana, March 16, 1823, and came to Brookville May 5, 1832. January 28, 1845, he was mar- ried at Clearfield, Pa., to Miss Frances A. McGee, who, with his only child, Grace, still resides in Brookville, as does Mrs. Elizabeth Craig, his only sister. It was no wonder, then, that with the blood of some of the bravest soldiers that America ever produced in his Veins, Evans R. Brady, at the first call for soldiers to defend the flag, should have thrown down the pen and the composing "stick," and tendered his services to his country. His war record is given in that of his company and regiment. He endured wounds, imprisonment, and at last gave his life for the cause he had espoused so nobly. In writing of the battle of Gaines's Mill, in a letter to his venerable mother (who is since deceased), to whom he was ardently attached, Captain Brady says : " Nothing but a Divine Providence ever carried me through the terrible fight of the 27th of June. Our boys were surrounded, but fought desperately. Every fourth man in our regiment is either killed or wounded." When Captain Brady was killed at South Mountain on that fatal Sunday, he was buried near the battle-field, but his friends, on the news of his death, went for his remains, which were brought home, and on Tuesday, October 7, 1863, his funeral took place in Brookville, being conducted by " Hobah " Ma- sonic Lodge, of which he had long been a member. On the 15th of October, 1879, a monument was unveiled at Muncy, Pa., which had been erected by the citizens of that place to the memory of Captain John Brady, father of Captain Sam Brady, the Indian fighter, who was killed by the Indians April 1 1, 1770. Captain John Brady, who was a captain in the Twelfth " Regular Regiment," raised for the Revolutionary War, had been sent into the West Branch valley to protect the settlers from the Indians, and while riding along the road near the spot where the monument stands was killed by the Indians. Hon. John Blair Linn, in his oration at the unveiling of this monument, pays the following tribute to Captain Evans R. Brady: " When the Secessionists undertook to overturn this government, ordained of God, and sealed with the blood of their ancestors, I recall one Captain Evan Rice Evans Brady, who, upon the soil of his native State, within sight of the ancestral home of the Bradys, on South Mountain, fell in the storm of battle. Four generations of the Bradys fought for this country, yet he was the first to fall in action He fell fighting the battle of freedom — fell in the great struggle for the preservation of the Union, purchased by the blood of a noble ancestry." 124 History of Jefferson County. When Captain Brady fell the command devolved upon Lieutenant J. P. George, who was promoted to captain April lo, 1863, and resigned August 10, 1S63, Lieutenants J. E. Long and Cyrus Butler also having resigned. Lieutenant Edward Scofield was promoted to captain of Company K Novem- ber 17, 1863. Captain Scofield, while in command of his company, was taken prisoner in the Wilderness May 5, 1S64, and was held by the rebels for ten months, in which time he was successively incarcerated in nine different pris- ons. He was released at Wilmington, N. C, March i, 1865, and discharged from the service March 12, 1865. Just nine months after his company was mustered out, March 13, 1865, he was breveted major. William D. Knapp, James A. McKillip and George Ittle, of the same com- pany, were also taken prisoners at the battle of the Wilderness and confined at Andersonville, where they saw two of their comrades, Henry Reigle and Cal- vin Galbraith, die of starvation. While being removed to Millen they, with some other prisoners, cut a hole in the car and, jumping from the train, escaped, and after undergoing untold privations, with the aid of the friendly negroes, finally reached Sherman's army, which they accompanied to Savannah, and, their time having expired, returned home. The death roll of Company K is as follows : Died, Jackson Crisswell, at Georgetown, D. C; Giles Skinner, at Camp Pierpont ; Thomas Hughes, at Washington, D. C; John D. S. McAnulty, in Camp Hospital ; George R. Ward and John Uplinger, of wounds, at Fortress Monroe ; Isaac G. Monks, of wounds, at Fortress Monroe; Sylvester McKinley, of wounds, Levi McFad- den, John B. Clough, at Washington; William Coulter, at Fredericksburg; Henry Reigle, Calvin Galbraith, at Andersonville ; James Montgomery, Lewis S. Newberry, at Richmond ; John B. Clough, of wounds, at Alexandria ; Ser- geant Andrew J. Had, died at Indiana, Pa., on his way home; William Cham- berlain, of wounds, at Richmond; Joseph S. Bovaird, of wounds ; Reuben Wea- ver, John Reif, John Sheasley, Aiken's Landing; Jas. Gallagher, Baltimore. Killed, Winfield S. Taylor, M. L. Boyington, Horatia Morey, Davis Dehaven, at Gaines's Mill ; William Clark, Albert L. Brown, Perry Welch, at Antietam ; Madison A. Travis, J. A. C. Thom, Thos. F. Rush, at Fredericksburg ; Milo L. Bryant, at Wilderness ; Thomas C. Lucas, at Bethesda Court House. Members of Company K, Eleventh P. R. C, transferred to other organi- zations : Corporal Lemuel Dobbs, transferred to Nineteenth Regiment U. S. C. T. ; Private Perry A. Foster, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps ; Private Thomas E. Love, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps ; Private James P. Williams, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps; Private Barton Nicholson, transferred to One Hundred and Fifth Regiment P. V. Transferred to Com- pany I, One Hundred and Ninetieth Regiment P. V.: Elijah Bish, Alpheus C. Cochran, Othoniel Davis, L. A. Gruver, Joseph P. Miller, David Montgomery, William Steel, Thomas W. Salada, A. W. Perrin, H. S. Wyant. The two lat- ter were captured and died at Salisbury, N. C. Jefferson County ix the Rebellion. 125 Muster Roll of Covipany K. — Captains, Evans R. Brady, James P. George, Edward Scofield. First lieutenant, Harvey H. Clover. Second lieutenants, James E. Long, Cyrus Butler. First sergeants, Andrew J. Harl, Arch. M. Mc- Killep, James Elliott, William W. Ossawandel. Sergeants, Daniel L. Swartz, Thomas P. McCrea, John H. Miller, Bennewell Haugh, David C. K. Levan, Cal- vin Galbraith. Corporals, Lemuel D. Dobbs, Joshua Jones, John Uplinger, John Baker, Thomas A. Lucas, T. L. Hall, Benjamin McCIellan, R. Wilson Ramsey, Job M. Carley. Privates, Samuel Alexander, William G. Algeo, Cornelius J. Adams, John H. Alt, Elijah Bish, Albert L. Brown, M. L. Boy- ington, Joseph S. Bovard, Milo L. Bryant, James A. Blair, Martin V. Briggs, Enos A. Cornell, John Cuddy, William Cathcart, Jesse Cravener, A. C. Coch- ran, Jackson Crisswell, William Coulter, William Clark, William Chamberlain, John B. Clough, John W\ Carr, Samuel Donley, Othoniel Davis, Davis Dehaven, John Engle, Willliam Eisle, Solomon Fitzgerald, Perry A. Foster, -Samuel A. Gordon, Joseph C. Gibson, L. A. Gruver, James Gallagher, William Hofiman, Clark B. Haven, David R. Hurst, Thomas Hughes, George Ittle, William A. Johnson, William D. Knapp, William Kelly, Ed. G. Kirkman, Michael A. King, Thomas E. Love, William F. Loomis, J. A. Montgomery, Orville T. Minor, John McMillen, James H. Myers, William J. Mills, John A. McGuire, H. W. McKillip, William Morrison, James H. McKillip, Joseph P. Miller, David Mont- gomery, Horatio R. Morey, J. D. S. McAnulty, Israel G. Monks, Sylvester McKinley, Levi B. McFadden, J. Montgomery, Samuel W. Miles, William Mc- Laughlin, Thomas Neal, Thomas Nolf, L. S. Newberry, Barton A. Nicholson, Eli Phillips, A. W. Perrin, Henry A. Reigle, John J. Robinson, David J. Reigle, Thomas Rock, Thomas F. Rush, John Reif, Samuel Steele, George Shick, Jo- seph Smith, George Surdam, Loran Skinner, J. W. Shellabarger, George Slack, William Steele, Thomas W. Sallada, Giles Skinner, John Sheesly, Moses M. Sugards, Winfield S. Taylor, James A. C. Thom, Madison A. Travis, Robert M. Wilson, Levi B. Wise, Robert N. Williams, Thomas T. Wesley, James P. Williams, Andrew Waley, Allen C. Wiant, H. S. Wiant, Reuben Weaver, George R. Ward, Perry A. Welch. Company I, Sixty-second Regiment P. V. Captain Robert R. Means, of Brookville, who had assisted Captain Brady in recruiting the Brady Guards, and who had been chosen captain of one of these companies, raised, in response to the governor's call for troops, to com- pose the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, found that, in the allotment of compa- nies to the different counties, only one would be received from Jefferson county, and that Captain Brady's had already been accepted. This disap- pointment caused part of the men to withdraw from the company, but a par- tial organization was kept up until Colonel Samuel W. Black, of Pittsburgh, by authority from the secretary of war. General Simon Cameron, commenced 13 126 History of Jefferson County. to recruit a regiment, when Captain Means at once offered his company for this new organization and was accepted. A company had been partially re- cruited in and near Punxsutawney, and was joined to that of Captain Means, and the company with full ranks left Punxsutawney July 24, 1861, and pro- ceeded to Camp Wright, near Pittsburgh, where it was mustered in as Com- pany I, Thirty-third Independent Regiment. The election of officers resulted in the election of Robert R. Means, captain; Edwin H. Little, first lieutenant; and John T. Bell, second lieutenant. The regiment was at once ordered to Camp Cameron, near Harrisburg, where it arrived with full ranks and splendidly organized and officered. It proceeded in a few weeks to Camp Rapp, in the northern suburbs of Washing- ton city, where it was equipped with clothing, arms, etc.; six companies re- ceiving the new Springfield rifles and the balance smooth-bore muskets. On the iith of September the regiment moved across the Potomac, going into camp near Fort Corcoran, where it was assigned to the Second Brigade of General Fitz John Porter's Division. Drill was commenced, but owing to the men being constantly on detail for fatigue duty at work constructing roads and throwing up entrenchments, but little was accomplished. On the 26th the regiment was moved with the new line, which was advanced by the enemy falling back from Munson's Hill. It remained here at Fall's Church for a few weeks, when it moved to Minor's Hill and went into winter quarters. The new camp was called Bettie Black, for the colonel's youngest daughter. Here the regiment was re-numbered as the Sixty-second P. V. Here drill and discipline was rigidly enforced, and a school established for the officers. Both officers and men soon became proficient in "tactics." In December, at Hall's Hill, the State colors were presented to the regiment. Colonel Black re- ceiving them in behalf of the regiment in his usual eloquent and happy man- ner. Here, also, the regiment received the new zouave outfit, the most com- plete in all its details of any uniform furnished the volunteer soldiers. The men took pride in keeping their camp in the best of order, and much taste was displayed. The streets were lined with rows of cedars, and at the end of every street was an arch, with the letter of each company in a wreath sus- pended in its center. The reporter of the New York World wrote of it as "the model camp of the Army of the Potomac." During the early part of the winter much sickness prevailed in the regiment, and several died out of Company I. The surgeon placed the camp under the strictest sanitary meas- ures, and the disease soon abated. The winter was one of hard work, and with the same routine of duty, made it very irksome to the men, and they longed for active service. On the lOth of March the Sixty-second moved, with the rest of the army, upon the rebel works at Manassas, only to find them deserted. The regiment remained at Fairfax Court House until the 15th, when it marched to Alexandria and em- Jefferson County in the Rebellion. 127 barked for Fortress Monroe, and upon its arrival tliere went into camp near tlie ruins of the village of Hampton, which had been destroyed by General Magru- der. Its first duty here was a reconnaissance as far as Big Bethel. On the 3d of April it moved, with the army, upon Yorktown, where, for the first time, the men saw the rebel gray. The regiment was kept constantly employed in the trenches during the siege of Yorktown, and several died from exposure. In a skirmish with the enemy here, the Sixty-second was for the first time under fire, losing one killed and three wounded. Of the latter, Adam W. Musser afterwards died of his wounds. Colonel Black was first apprised of the evacuation of the place by three deserters, who, with a flag of truce, came into the lines while his regiment was on picket near the river. On the 8th of May Porter's division embarked on transports and moved up the York River to a point opposite West Point, where it went into camp. Here General Porter was assigned to the command of the Fifth Corps, and General Morrell assumed command of the division, while the Second Brigade was assigned to Brigadier- General Charles GriflSn. May 26, the Army of the Potomac having moved forward, the Fifth Corps moved to Gaines's Mill, and the next day General Porter was sent to Hanover Court House for the purpose of destroying the Richmond and Fredericksburg Railroad, and effecting a junc- tion with General McDowell, who was expected to advance in that direction. The First Brigade, under General Martindale, first encountered the enemy, and the Second was hurried forward to its support, where it was assigned to a position on the right of the First Brigade, and was scarcely deployed in line of battle ere they were ordered to charge, and dashing forward in gallant style, soon routed the enemy, capturing many prisoners, and all their garrison and camp equipage. Colonel Black, in his official report of this engagement, says : " In the course of the afternoon's operations, we captured eighty-one prison- ers, including seven officers. From a great many arms taken, about seventy-five were brought into camp. By the annexed statement it will be seen that our loss is only six men wounded, none killed, and not one missing. I should do the brave and faithful men I have the honor to command injustice if I refrained from expressing, in strong terms, my admiration of their conduct from first to last. In common with the other regiments of your brigade, they went into action with their bodies broken by fatigue, and their physical strength wasted by the hard toils of the day. But their spirits failed not, and they went in and came out with whatever credit is due to dangers bravely met, and the noblest duty performed. General McDowell's corps had been detained by the demon- strations of the enemy in the Shenandoah Valley, and Porter's corps, having fulfilled its mission, returned to camp, near Gaines's Mill, where, until the 29th of June, the Sixty-second was engaged on picket duty, and in building bridges. On this day the Pennsylvania Reserves, advancing by the way of Mechanics- ville, encountered the enemy at Beaver Dam Creek, and the Second Brigade of 128 History of Jefferson County. Morrell's division was sent to their support. Tiiey found the Reserves hotly- engaged with the enemy, but in the severe battle which ensued, the Reserves held their ground, and the Sixty-second, though under fire for over an hour, was not actively engaged. The next morning Porter again retired to Gaines's Mill, where, upon a hill east and south of the mill, he disposed his forces and waited for the enemy." Morrell's division held the extreme left of the line, his left resting on the low grounds skirting the Chickahominy ; Griffin's brigade forming the right of the division and connecting with Sykes's division. When the battle was opened by the advance of Longstreet's corps, the Sixty-second, with the Ninth Massachusetts, was ordered forward in the face of a terrific in- fantry fire. They charged forward, crossing the ravine in their front, and drove the enemy back into the woods on the opposite side, with fearful slaugh- ter. In this charge the gallant Colonel Black was shot and instantly killed. Maddened by the loss of their heroic and noble leader, the regiment, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Sweitzer, pressed on, driving the enemy back, until they had gained a position considerably in advance of our lines. The enemy at once perceived this isolated position, and poured in an enfilading fire upon their flank, forcing them back. They were scarcely in position after re- forming, before General Seymour rode up and hurriedly inquired whether the men had ammunition, and was informed that they hSd been hotly engaged during the entire afternoon, and that their ammunition was completely ex- hausted. Directing the men to be supplied with cartridges, he ordered Lieu- tenant-Colonel Sweitzer to proceed at once to where the enemy was making fearful onslaughts on the extreme left of the line. Dashing forward to the spot indicated, the regiment, with its thinned ranks, quickly formed and charged up the hill and through the woods, receiving the full fire of the enemy as they advanced. They returned the fire, and the battle now waged furiously along the entire line. Soon yielding to superior numbers, the entire Union line gave way and was forced towards the river. In this last movement. Col- onel Sweitzer, while contesting the ground to the last, was taken prisoner and sent to Libby. Our army now fell back, fighting its way to the James River. On the 30th the Sixty-second reached Malvern Hill, and the next morning, com- manded by Captain Hull, of Company A, all its field officers being hors de combat, it went into the fight. It was early in the day ordered to support Battery D, of the Fifth United States Artillery. This battery became a special target for the rebel guns massed in its front, and their infantry charged upon it again and again, being in each instance repulsed with great loss. In this exposed and perilous position the Sixty-second suffered severely, and here Captain Means, of Company I, was wounded and taken prisoner, when the command of the company devolved upon Lieutenant E. H. Little. Jefferson County in the Rebellion. 129 The day following, the army fell back to Harrison's Landing, where the Sixty-second went into camp and remained quietly, with the exception of being slightly engaged at Harrison's Bar on the 31st, until the 14th of August, when they broke camp and left the peninsula. In the Peninsula campaign the regiment lost two hundred and ninety-eight in killed, wounded, and missing. Lieutenant- Colonel Sweitzer, having rejoined his regiment, was promoted to colonel. General Porter's corps was the first to cross the Chickahominy when the army moved from the peninsula. He broke camp on the 14th of August, and accomplished the march of sixty miles to Newport News in three days. The corps immediately embarked for Acquia Creek, and thence proceeded by rail to Fredericksburg, where it guarded the fords on the Rappahannock, until, it be- ing discovered that the rebel army was crossing above, the corps was withdrawn, and rejoined the division which had already joined Pope's army. It was only slightly engaged in the second battle of Bull Run, on the 27th. On the 4th of September the Sixty-second found itself again in their old camp, " Bettie Black," on Minor's Hill. The men resumed their old quarters; but alas! only a small detachment had returned of the twelve hundred stalwart men who had wintered there in 1861. The regiment was next engaged at Antietam, where it supported a battery, but no casualties occurred. After this battle it remained quiet on the shores of the Potomac, with the exception of a slight skirmish at Blackford's Ford, until the close of October, when, in the reorganization of the army under General Burnside, the Center Grand Division of the Army of the Potomac, which com- posed the Third and Fifth Corps, was assigned to the command of General Hooker, and General Butterfield assumed command of the Fifth Corps, while the command of the Second Division devolved upon General Grififin, that of the Second Brigade upon Colonel Sweitzer, and the Sixty-second was then under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Hull. About noon of Saturday, December 13th, the regiment crossed with the brigade into Fredericksburg, and passed through the town, raked by the artil- lery of the enemy. Reaching the suburbs it marched to the right, crossing the railroad, and when near the bank of the canal there was a rush of stragglers from the front that for a moment caused disorder in the ranks. Order was, however, quickly restored, and the stampede checked. The order was soon given to advance, the brigade moved forward in fine order, until within about thirty yards of the wall in front of Marye's Heights, behind which the rebel infantry lay. Here they received a perfect rain of leaden hail, in the face of which to advance was impossible. The men dropped to the ground, and for one day and two nights the brigade held this position, not a man daring to raise a head during the day without drawing the rebel fire. It was while ad- vancing toward this front that General Burnside, while viewing the lines through a field-glass, asked of General Sturgis, who was beside him, " What troops are I30 History of Jefferson County. those ? " General Sturgis replied, " Second Brigade, General Griffin's Divi- sion." " No troops ever behaved better in the world," exclaimed General Burnside. On Sunday night they were relieved and withdrawn under cover of darkness, utterly worn out, and lying so long in the mud and water had caused considerable suffering, while all the time their dead and dying lay around them — and not a hand dared be raised to aid or succor them. On Monday the regiment was again sent to the front, where it covered the retreat, being one of the last to recross the river. They then returned to their old camp. Colonel Sweitzer was wounded in this engagement, and his horse was killed. In January, 1863, the Sixty-second was engaged in Burnside's second campaign, making roads for the artillery. On the 27th of April the regiment moved to Chancellorsville. The Fifth Corps, now commanded by General Meade, preceded b}' the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, crossed the Rappahannock at Ely's Ford, and preceded to the vicinity of the Chancellor House, where the line of battle was established, the Fifth Corps occupying the left of the line. On the afternoon of the 30th the Sixty-second was ordered with the brigade to support General Griffin, who was making a reconnaissance in the direction of Fredericksburg, but no engage- ment resulted. The ne.xt evening, while the division was engaged in e.xecut- ing some movement on the left, the Second Brigade became detached from the rest of the command, and the enemy in full force on their front perceiving this, prepared to give battle, and but for the coolness of General Sweitzer, who by his skill in manoeuvering, finally, after the night was spent, succeeded in with- drawing the brigade from its dangerous position. The Sixty-second was en- gaged in skirmishing on the 3d, and on the 4th the brigade was ordered to advance in front of the lines and make a reconnaissance, avoiding, if possible, a general engagement. Forming in two lines, in the front line the Sixtj'-second, and the Thirty-second Michigan, under Colonel Sweitzer, with the Fourth Michigan as skirmishers, they advanced, driving the enemy's skirmishers, when they suddenly came upon the strongly entrenched line of the enemy, who opened a heavy fire of grape and canister upon their front and left flanks. Their object being accomplished. Colonel Sweitzer withdrew his command. In this encounter the Sixty-second lost fourteen wounded, several mortally. On the morning of the 6th the Fifth Corps retired from the front, and in crossing the river the Second Brigade covered the rear of the column. The enemy's cavalry harassing them, the Sixty-second was sent back to hold him in check, and was the last regiment to cross the river. The regiment went into camp near Fredericksburg, until about the ist of June, when it moved to Kelly's Ford, and was employed on picket duty, with a slight skirmish, in which it supported the cavalry and drove the enemy near Middleburg — until the army started north in pursuit of Lee. July 1st the Fifth Corps was at Hanover Junction, with General Sykes in command, and was Jefferson County in the Rebellion. 131 ordered to proceed at once to Gettj'sburg, where General Reynolds was already engaged with the enerhy. After a forced march, with men already worn out, it reached Gettysburg, on the morning of the 2d. The First Division was placed to the left of the Baltimore pike, and to the rear of Cemetery Hill, where it lay until late in the afternoon, when it was sent to the support of the Third Corps, which was fighting against heavy odds ; the Second Brigade, taking position in a strip of woods on the right of the wheat field, and in front of Little Round Top. Though the fighting was heavy, the Second was well posted, and held its ground until the First Brigade gave way, and left its right unsupported, when its posi- tion became untenable, and General Barnes ordered Colonel Sweitzer to with- draw his brigade as best he could. The men were reluctant to obey, and fell back fighting as they moved. They gained a position along the road in rear of the wheat field, but being again left without support, a hand to hand conflict with the enemy ensued. The ground was swarming with rebels, and every avenue of escape seemed shut off, but they poured volley after volley into the enemy's lines as they moved diagonally across the field, crossing the stone fence and had just gained the low ground in front of Little Round Top, when the Pennsylvania Reserves charged down upon the flank of the enemy, hurling him back in confusion. The brigade went into the engagement with nine hun- dred men, and came out with scarce half that number. The loss in the Sixty- second was very heavy. Colonel Sweitzer was wounded, and Major Lowry killed, and five line oflficers fell, among the latter, the brave Captain of Com- pany I, Edwin H. Little, who had been promoted on the resignation of Captain Means. The division was placed during the night along the stone wall, at the foot of the hill, to the right of Little Round Top, where it remained until the close of the battle. When it left Gettysburg the Sixty-second could only muster some ninety men. After returning to Virginia the regiment took part in the " Campaign of Manceuvres," which followed, and was engaged at Rappahannock Station, Lo- cust Grove, and Mine Run. It went into winter quarters at Licking Run, and spent the winter in guarding the Orange and Alexandria railroad from the in- cursions of Moseby. On the 1st of May it broke camp, and with the Fifth Corps, now under Geeneral Warren, on the 4th reached the Wilderness, en- camping near the " Old Wilderness Tavern," where the next morning it threw up breastworks with the enemy in force in front. About ten o'clock the action commenced, and continued until dark ; the Sixty-second being heavily engaged on the right of the division. It was also engaged on the 6th. On the march to Spottsylvania the next day, in the engagement with Ewell's forces at Laurel Hill, the regiment was engaged and lost heavily. The rebels were however driven, and the ground held. From that until the 12th it was engaged in skirmishing. In the general charge along the entire line on the 132 History of Jefferson County. 1 2th the regiment participated, suffering severely, Liuetenant Hull being mor- tally wounded. On the 13th, with Captain McClay in command, the regiment moved to the left in front of Spottsylvania, where it was almost constantly under fire until the 2 1st, when it led the advance to the North Anna, across which the enemy was found in force, and the Fifth and Sixth Corps were soon hody engaged, the fight lasting from noon until sundown. They next engaged the rebels at Tolopotomy, where they repulsed them. On the 2d day of June the Sixty- second moved to the front and fought gallantly at Bethesda Church, losing heavily. On the i8th the regiment was again engaged near the Norfolk and Petersburg railroad. General Griffin, commanding the division, here advanced a battery in front of the skirmishers, and opened upon the enemy with grape and canister, which soon routed him, and the brigade advancing, threw up heavy entrenchments, and held the road. On the 27th the regiment was engaged at Jerusalem Plank Road, but suffered no loss. After this it was employed on fatigue and picket duty until the 3d of July, when its term of service having expired, the regiment was ordered to the rear, and the follow- ing day left for home, arriving in Pittsburgh July 15, 1S64, where the regi- ment was paid off, and mustered out of service. Captain John T. Bell, and twenty-one men who re-enlisted with him, were transferred to the One Hun- dred and Fifth-fifth Regiment P. V. Captain Robert R. Means, who went out with Company I, as its captain, shared all their toils and dangers until the battle of Malvern Hill, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. He was confined in Libby Prison until Au- gust I, 1862, when he was exchanged and brought to Davis Island (N. Y.) Hospital. He never recovered from the effects of this wound, and had to resign January 13, 1863. Captain Means was an excellent officer, kind and thoughtful for the comfort of his men, who parted with him very reluctantly. When Captain Means resigned. Lieutenant Edwin H. Little was promoted captain, and proved a brave and faithful officer until the battle of Gettysburg, when he was killed while fighting desperately at the head of his company, in that fearful hand to hand conflict in the wheat field July 2d. Captain Little was a son of Jacob and Anna Little, in'c Shunk, and was born in Bridgewater, Beaver county Pa., on the 14th of August, 1833. He removed with his pa- rents to Puxsutawney in 1852, and June 26, 1S56, was married to Miss Mar- garet E. Campbell, daughter of Mr. William Campbell, of that place. He was engaged in lumbering when the war broke out. He was an energetic business man, and an upright citizen, and his loss was deeply mourned, not only by his comrades in arms, but by the people among whom he had so long resided. Captain Little left a wife and three children — Anna, Emma, and Edwin H., who yet survive him. When Captain Little fell the command of Company I devolved upon Lieu- Jefferson County in the Rebellion. 133 tenant John T. Bell, who was promoted captain September 12, 1863. Cap- tain Bell was wounded and taken prisoner at Gaines's Mill, and again wounded in the Wilderness. He commanded the company efficiently until its muster out. Company I took part in the battles of Yorktown, Hanover Court House, Gaines's Mill, Malvern Hill, Antietam, Second Bull Run, Fredericks- burg, Chancellorsville, Rappahannock Station, Locust Grove Church, The Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Bethesda Church, Peters- burg, June 18, Jerusalem Plank Road. The company lost by battle and dis- ease the following : Killed at Gettysburg — Captain E. H. Little, Sergeant Isaac S. Osborne, William Orr, H. C. Tafel ; at Gaines's Mill, Sergeant Clarence R. Thompson. Died of wounds and disease — Ephraim Myers, A. W. Armagost, John Bouch, David Burkett, William Farley, James A. Fairman, George Leech, Adam W. Musser, Jacob H. Trout, James Spencer ; G. Vancampment, at An- dersonville, Ga. John Kaylor wounded, with loss of arm, at Hanover Court House, died at Kittanning, Pa., on his way home, July 17, 1863. Samuel Crissman, of this company, was teaching school in Missouri when the war broke out, and was pressed into the rebel service, but soon escaped and on returning home enlisted in Captain Means's company. In the battle of Gaines's Mill he was shot through the body, and taken prisoner, and suffered terribly until released, when he was taken to the Hospital at Baltimore, where he died August 19, 1862.1 The following Jefferson county men served in Company I, Sixty-second Regiment : Captains Robert R. Means, Edwin H. Little, John T. Bell. First lieutenant Samuel W. Temple. First sergeants John M. Steck, Isaac S. Os- borne. Sergeants George Mack, David W. Kerr, George S. Campbell, C. R. Thompson. Corporals Thomas A. Hendricks, Alexander Glenn, William Smith, Arr Neil, Charles F. Liebrick, Thomas, H. Budlong, Ephraim Myers, Ephraim B. Johnston, A. W. Armagost, John Shannon, Thomas Anderson, Samuel Crissman, Ira Felt, Watson Guthrie. Musicians William R. Depp, John Ready. Privates Paul Broadhead, Philip Black, Joseph T. Burns, John Bouch, David Burket, Joseph L. Burly, George Berger, George Christy, Harri- son Covill,'Edwin B. Cavinore, James C. Cavinore, Thomas Connell, James Cald- well, Fleming Caldwell, John Collins, William Cunningham, Samuel J. Denny, Frederick C. Eshbaugh, Thomas Edmonds, George M. Emrick, John W. Frost, William M. Fairman, James A. Fairman, William Farley, James Geer, Mathew Griffith, Solomon Heim, David Hopkins, Isaac Hendricks, James B. Jordan, John Kaylor, Hughes Kelly, Francis Lyman, John H. Love, George Leech, Abraham Milliron, Josiah Morehead, Adam W. Musser, William F. Meeker, 1 These are all that are reported as having been killed or died from Company " I," but the records of the company are not full, as forty-two names are reported " not on muster-out roll," and it is more than likely that some of these were killed or died. 14 L 134 History of Jefferson County. John Maginnis, David McKee, Neil McKay, James McSparrin, James McKee, George W. McKinly, Charles H. McCracken, Frederick Nulf, H. N. G. Nut- ting, William Orr, John Oyster, Lyman H. Phelps, Samuel Reynolds, George W. Richards, William Rowley, Joseph Richards, William Randolph, Clark Rodgers, Henry Slagle, Simon J. Shanafelt, Henry Shearer, Joseph Sterrett, R. W. Shaffer, Henry C. Shuey, James Spencer, George L. Smith, Adam Smith, Noah Shotts, Absalom Stoner, Benjamin Smyers, Adam Smouse, James C. Shields, Samuel Shaffer, Jacob S. Trout, H. C. Tafel, Joseph M. Temple, George Vanhorn, David J. Watt, Robert Welsh, Noah Wensell John Warner, John M. Weaver. The following men from Company I, Sixty-second P. V., re-enlisted in Company I, One Hundred and Fifty-fifth P. V: Captain John T. Bell ; First Sergeant Thomas C. Anderson ; Sergeant Ephraim B. Johnston ; Corporals Sylvanus F. Covill, George L. Smith, Robert W. Shaffer, Samuel Reynolds, died ; Noah Wensell, killed at Spottsylvania ; Privates Joseph L. Buclcy, Samuel J. Denny, killed at Peeble's Farm, Va. ; John Maginnis, William F. Meeker, John W. Oyster, Lyman S. Phelps, Joseph Richards, Absalom Stoner, Samuel Shaffer. CHAPTER XV. THE ONE HL'NDRED AND FIFTH REGIMENT. The Wild Cat Regiment — Battle of Fair Oaks — The First Blood of Jefferson County Soldiers Shed — Death of Captain Dowling — The Peninsular Campaign — Battles of Fred- ericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg — Death of Colonel MoKnight — The Wilderness Cam- paign— Fall of Captain Clyde — Re-enlistment of the Regiment — Death of Major Censer- Seeing the End — Muster Out. THE " Wild Cat Regiment," so called from the old name of the Congres- sional district which embraced Jefferson county, from which it was princi- pally recruited, was raised in accordance with authority granted by the War Department to Amor A. McKnight, esq., of Brookville, Pa. The regiment was organized at Pittsburgh, September 9, 1861, and proceeded immediately to Washington city, going into camp at Kalorama Heights on the nth of September. Here a company from Westmoreland county, commanded by Captain M. M. Dick, seceded from Colonel Leasure's Roundhead regiment and joined Colonel McKnight's regiment. This, one of the best companies in the regiment, was afterwards known as Company E. In a few days the regi- ment was moved across the Potomac into Virginia and encamped upon the The 105TH Regiment. 135 farm of Hon. George Mason, one of the most bitter rebels in the Old Domin- ion, and whose life during that winter was one season of discontent, caused by the presence of the hated blue coats encamped at his very door. This camp, situated on a slight eminence, about one and a half miles from Alexandria, was called Camp Jameson, after the gallant General Charles D. Jameson, of Maine, to whose brigade the regiment was assigned. This noble officer, who, while in command of his own tried regiment, the Second Maine, had won his stars at Bull Run, soon became a great favorite wtth the men of the Wild Cat Regiment. Himself a lumberman, he could appreciate the hardy stalwart sons of the forest. On one occasion some of the boys who had been detailed to cut firewood employed their time instead in gathering chestnuts and re- turned to camp bringing only a few fence rails. As a punishment for this breach of discipline Colonel McKnight ordered them to " walk the ring," each man carrying a rail. General Jameson passing by, the boys came to a halt and saluted him by bringing their rails to " present arms." The general returned the salute, seemingly much amused. An election for field officers was held soon after the regiment reached Camp Jameson, which resulted in the election of Amor A. McKnight, colonel ; W. W. Corbet, lieutenant- colonel ; M. M. Dick, Major. The regiment, which was now called the One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, was assigned to the First Brigade, First Division, Third Corps, which place it kept from that time until the glo- rious old Third was consolidated with the Second Corps, and, with the Sixty- third Pennsylvania Volunteers, were, I think, the only regiments that kept their original place in the same brigade. This brigade was at first composed of the Fifty-seventh, Sixty-third, and One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and the Eighty-seventh New York. General Charles K. Graham, under whom the One Hundred and Fifth did some of its most heroic fighting, gives me in a recent letter this unsolic- ited tribute to the regiment; "The One Hundred and Fifth was composed of unusually fine material. Young in years and strong in brawn. Colonel Mc- Knight. too, was a very capable drill officer and fine disciplinarian and taught his men to excel in their mancEuvres. Frequently, when I commanded the brigade, I visited the headquarters of the regiment to witness the bayonet drill, in which the regiment was particularly proficient." On the 26th of January, 1S62, Captains Rose and Altman and Lieutenants Brady, Worrall, J. G. and C. J. Wilson resigned. Captain L. B. Duff, of the Ninth Pennsylvania Reserves, was given the command of Company D. Cap- tain James Hamilton, of the same regiment, was assigned to Company I, and Lieutenant A. C. Thompson, of Company B, to the command of Company K. This was for a time deeply resented by the men of these companies, but when they found how brave, capable, and honorable these officers were, they forgot their grievances and no officers in the regiment were more highly honored or 136 History of Jefferson County. more popular. January 5, 1862, the One Hundred and Fifth was presented by the State with an elegant stand of colors, General J. K. Moorhead, of Pittsburgh, making the presentation on behalf of Governor Curtin, and Colonel McKnight receiving the flag on behalf of his regiment. On March 17th the One Hundred and Fifth embarked on the steamer Cats- kill, for Fortress Monroe, arriving there on the evening of the 19th. They disembarked in the midst of a fearful rain-storm, and in this were marched about a mile north of the fort and halted for the night. This was their first field experience, and not relishing the prospect of lying all night in the rain, the regiment, without orders, broke ranks and officers and men sought refuge from the storm in some cavalry stables of the Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, who gave the drenched and suffering soldiers shelter, and with the Sixteenth Massachusetts Infantry, who were on guard near by, prepared hot coffee for both the One Hundred and Fifth and Sixty-third. They remained in the vicinity of Yorktown until the 5th of May, when the First Brigade, which had been detached from the division, was ordered to rejoin it and were hurried for- ward at a " double quick " past all obstruction through the rain and mud. As they neared Williamsburg General Heintzelman rode out to meet them, while the rest of the division received them with a cheer. The other brigades of the division were almost used up, but when they heard the enthusiastic cheers of Jameson's brigade as it hastened to their relief it infused new life into their weary, bleeding ranks, and they, rallying, made charge after charge until the enemy gave way. Jameson's brigade was hurried to the front, but the enemy did not venture to attack, and, our forces not caring to attack their works that night, the division was formed in line and lay there all night in the pouring rain without overcoats or blankets. The next morning the One Hundred and Fifth was deployed as skirmishers to enter the town, General Jameson and Col- onel McKnight both with them. Company C, which occupied the center as the advance, was the first to enter the town, and the regimental flag was hoisted on the court-house \>y Sergeant McNutt of that company. As our troops entered the eastern end of the town the last of the Confederate infantry could be seen leaving from the west. The regiment was deployed in and about the town and captured several prisoners. Sergeant Joseph Craig, of Company C, captured a Confederate cavalryman with his horse and arms. Company K captured the sabre, sash and dress suit of Major-General Wilcox, of the Confederate army. Captain Thompson appropriated the sash. Lieutenant Lawson the sabre, while the boys " parted his raiment among them." The One Hundred and Fifth was detailed to guard Williamsburg. Lieutenant Colonel Corbet being appointed provost- marshal. They remained here until the 9th of May, when they left Williamsburg and until the 31st of I\Iay were employed on guard and picket duty between Williamsburg and the Chickahominy River. On the morning of May 31 firing began in their front, which rapidly grew The 105TH Regiment. 137' heavier, and at 4 o'clock P. M., the brigade was ordered to tlie front. Tiie One Hundred and Fifth, with seven companies, leaving all baggage behind, marched at " double quick " down the railroad, past Savage Station about half a mile, where they were halted for a few minutes in the woods. To their right was an open field, across this a rifle-pit filled with our men, waiting the onset of the enemy. On their immediate front was a narrow " slashing" of fallen tim- ber, beyond which was Casey's camp, now in possession of the enemy. The One Hundred and Fifth turned to the right out of the woods in front of the rifle-pit, where they were brought to the front, and ordered by General Jameson to charge through the " slashing " upon the enemy. They relieved the Tenth Massachusetts, and, as they moved forward at double quick, found the Con- federates about to attack them, and the two forces met almost on the edge of Casey's camp. So impetuous and deadly was the charge that the enemy gave way and were driven across and out of Casey's camp. Not being able to get their horses into the fallen timber, the officers, dismounting, turned them loose and went into the fight on foot. The One Hundred and Fifth pursued the flying foe until our entire right gave way, and the heroic little band was with difficulty withdrawn through a swamp on their left. The two companies, C and I, who could not join their regiment at the commencement of the fight, came up as soon as possible and were ordered by General Heintzelman to form on the right of the Fifty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, and advance into the woods upon the enemy and hold the road, if possible. This they did until the Fifty-seventh being obliged to retire, they also fell back, loading and firing as they went. Four of Company C were wounded, but there were no casual- ties in Company I. During the night they were joined by the survivors of the other companies. General Jameson, in his report of the battle of Fair Oaks, says: "I had disposed of all my command at different points, with the exception of three hundred and forty-eight men of the One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, under Colonel McKnight. All our men had fled from the abatis in the vicinity of the Richmond road. Our only alternative was to make the best possible stand with the handful of men under Colonel McKnight. We led them across the open field to the Richmond road and into the abatis, at double quick and under a most terrific fire, deploying one-half on either side of the road. For more than an hour and a half this small force held every inch of the ground. At last the enemy broke and ran, and McKnight pursued them through Casey's camp No other evidence of the valor displayed by this heroic little band is necessary than the list of their killed and wounded. Every eighth man of their number has, since the fight, been buried on the field, and just one-half their number killed or wounded. Of the eighteen commis- sioned officers thirteen were killed or wounded. General Keamey's horse and mine were killed. A parallel to this fighting does not exist in the two days' battle, nor will it exist during the war." 138 History of Jefferson County. Headly, in his " History of the RebeUion," says of the conduct of the One Hundred and Fifth at Fair Oaks : "Napoleon's veterans never stood firmer under a devastating fire." In this fight the One Hundred and Fifth lost two of its best officers, Cap- tain John C. Dowling, of Company B, and Lieutenant J. P. R. Cummiskey, of Company D; forty-one enlisted men killed, one hundred and seventeen wounded, and seventeen missing. Colonel McKnight, Captains Duff, Greena- walt, Kirk, and Thompson, and Lieutenants Craig, Markle, Shipley, Geggie, and Baird, were wounded. From the battle of Fair Oaks to the 25th of June the regiment remained quiet, doing picket duty. General Jameson, so beloved by the regiment, had been seriously injured by his horse falling upon him, which, added to sickness caused by exposure, etc., had caused him to resign, and the command of the brigade devolved upon General Robinson. On the 27th of June, while en- gaged as skirmishers, two men were killed and six wounded. On the 30th of June and ist of July the One Hundred and Fifth was hotly engaged at Glendale and Malvern Hill, losing, during the two days, one hundred and three killed and wounded — more than half the entire force of the regiment — but their loss was not to be wondered at, for at Glendale the regiment was hotly engaged from two P. M. until dark, the enemy making desperate attempts to capture a battery which it was supporting. " The battle of Glendale," says the Compte de Paris, "is remarkable for its fierceness, among all those that have drenched the American forests with blood." The night after this fight they retired to Malvern Hill, where they were sharply engaged next day, standing for over four hours under an incessant fire of musketry and artillery, with no protection but a rail fence. Each man was supplied with one hundred and fift\- cartridges, and not a man left his post while he had a cartridge left. At times the Confederates came so close that our men could almost touch them with their bayonets, and they fought with desperation. Colonel C. A. Craig, in writing of this battle, says: "We are not a blowing regiment, or a blowing division, but if men can fight better than Kearney's Division, it will be more than I have imagined in the art of war." On August 23 the regiment embarked upon truck cars for Manassas Junc- tion, the different companies being detailed to do guard duty at Manassas, Catletts, Bristow, and the high bridge at Turkey Run. Companies E and K were relieved at Bristow on the 29th by part of the Eighty-seventh New York, and by sundown started down the railroad towards Catletts, picking up the men stationed on the road as they went along. This saved them from cap- ture, as Stonewall Jackson's column, 30,000 strong, struck Bristow a few min- utes after they were relieved. They had barely reached the switch, when, hear- ing firing in the direction of Bristow, they started back, but finding the enemy in force, Captain Greenawalt, commanding the detachment, retired to Kettle Run The 105TH Regiment. bridge, which they were preparing to defend, when a detachment from Sickles's Excelsior Brigade was sent to their reUef The officer in command ordered them to board a train coming north, which was ordered back towards Bristow. When they reached the brow of the hill overlooking Bristow, they beheld spread out before them the rebel camp. They moved back to Kettle Run, where they made a stand to save the brigade, but a battery and a large force of rebel in- fantry was sent after them, and not being able to cope with so large a force, they were again put aboard the train and run back to Catletts, to find their regiment in line, having been ordred to join Hooker, who, with the Third Corps, was moving back to meet Jackson. They found the bridge at Kettle Run de- stroyed, and had a brisk engagement. The One Hundred and Fifth supported a battery on the left of Hooker's line, on the hill overlooking Bristow, and the Confederates made furious attempts to take it. General Hooker rode up and turned one of the guns upon the enemy himself The next morning they marched to Manassas Junction, from which the enemy had retired during the night. Here Companies B and G had been left under command of Captain S. A. Craig, who had in addition about thirty-five men of the Eighty- seventh New York, and four or five pieces of artillery in charge of Lieutenant James. The heroic little force tried gallantly to defend and hold the place, but after a short resistance were obliged to yield to the large force opposed to them. This force was composed of the " Louisiana Tigers " and a North Carolina- Georgia battalion, and was commanded by the late General Gordon. About half of Captain Craig's command was captured, the rest escaping in the dark- ness. Captain Craig was wounded and taken prisoner. Three men of Com- pany B were killed. On August 29 the regiment started for Bull Run, meeting on the way those of their comrades captured at Bristow and Manassas, whom Jackson, not wish- ing to be hampered with prisoners, had paroled. On reaching the battle-field the First Brigade was placed on the extreme right, facing Bull Run. Here they lay all day under a heavy artillery fire, but being protected by a rail fence and the woods in their front no casualties occurred in the One Hundred and Fifth. It was a great relief, however, when about five o'clock, P. M. General Kearney formed his column for attack, and led them into the fight. This col- umn was formed of the Twentieth Indiana on the right, the Sixty-third Penn- sylvania Volunteers on the left, the Third Michigan on the right, and the One Hundred and Fifth the left center. They charged through the woods, and drove the enemy from the embankment and some distance beyond, but he ral- lied in force, and, though they again and again repulsed him, they were at last obliged to give way, and lost all the ground they had gained. The One Hun- dred and Fifth was the last to leave the railroad, and held their position for some time after the balance of the brigade had left them. The Confederates, having crept up under cover of the embankment of the old railroad, suddenly I40 History of Jefferson County. delivered a heavy fire straight in their faces, causing the old regiment to reel and stagger like a drunken man. Captains Kirk and Thompson finding them- selves in a crowd from all companies, at once began to form their lines as on dress parade, and soon had the regiment in order again. It was here that the regiment sustained its heaviest loss. Captain C. A. Craig, in command of the regiment, was shot through the ankle and his horse killed. Captains Hastings and Thompson were both severely wounded, and Lieutenant Gilbert, it is sup- posed, killed, as no trace was ever had of the brave young officer afterwards. Captain Duff and Lieutenant Clyde brought the regiment off the field. The loss sustained was twelve killed, forty-three wounded, and three missing. When the retreat began, the regiment was ordered to cover the road from Centre- ville, which they did, lying perfectly still until the army had all passed safely, when the brigade was ordered to march off the field without noise. On the 1st of September the regiment was in the battle of Chantilly. Here they lost their beloved leader, the gallant Kearney, who, as he rode un- wittingly to meet his death, received his last cheer from the One Hundred and Fifth as he passed their lines. In his report of the battle of Bull Run, made the day he fell, General Kearney says : " The One Hundred and Fifth Penn- sylvania Volunteers was not wanting. They are Fennsylvanians — mountain men. Again have they been fearfully decimated. The desperate charges of these regiments sustain the past history of this division." Colonel McKnight having regained his health, on the 20th of September was again commissioned colonel of the regiment. The government in thus keeping the position for him showed its appreciation of his value as an officer. The regiment remained quietly in camp until the llth of October, when it was ordered to cross the Potomac to watch some Confederate cavalry raiding in Maryland. On the 28th they returned to Virginia, and were engaged in guard and picket duty and bridge building until Burnside began his movement against Fredericksburg, where they supported Randolph's Battery in the fight of the 13th and 14th of December, losing three men killed, and Captain Hamilton, Lieutenants Clyde and Patterson, and eleven men wounded. General Charles K. Graham, on taking charge of the First Brigade, noticed the proficiency ot the One Hundred and Fifth in drill and discipline, and to satisfy himself that he was not mistaken in his estimate of it, with General D. B. Birney, com- manding the division, selected the regiment acknowledged to be the best drilled in the division, the Thirty-eighth New York, to compete with the One Hun- dred and Fifth for the championship, General Birney to be the judge, who, after witnessing the drill, pronounced the One Hundred and F"ifth the victor in the contest. General Sickles, who came over on the invitation of General Bir- ney to see the One Hundred and Fifth on dress parade, also warmly eulogized them on their excellence in drill, and complimented Colonel McKnight for the pains he had taken in drilling and disciplining them. The iosth Regiment. 141 On the 28th of April the gallant Third Corps commenced its march to- wards Chancellorsville. On the 2d of May the brigade was moved to the cen- ter near the Chancellorsville brick house, the One Hundred and Fifth being deployed as skirmishers and to make a road across a swamp. Just as the work was finished several of the men were wounded by a heavy artillery fire from the enemy. On the morning of the third their line was formed in the rear of the house, the One Hundred and Fourteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers on the right and the One Hundred and Fifth on the extreme left of the brigade. The regiment charged through the woods immediately in front of the Confederate batteries, where they were hotly engaged for two hours. Colonel McKnight and Lieutenant-Colonel Craig were continually passing along the line, encour- aging the men by their example and coolness. Just as the regiment was gain- ing position at the entrance of the woods. Colonel McKnight was shot through the head and killed. With his hat in his hand he had just given the command, " Forward, double quick, march ! " With shouts his men pressed on to fulfill his last command, and advancing on a double quick drove the enemy from the breast-works that they had taken from the Eleventh Corps the day before. Upon the fall of Colonel McKnight, the command of the regiment devolved upon Colonel Craig, who drove the enemy from the first line of entrenchments, which they held until, their ammunition being exhausted, the regiment, with the rest of the brigade, fell back, the enemj' following to the brow of the hill, when the One Hundred and Fifth made a stand and would have charged had the enemy continued to advance. A new line being formed, the regiment re- tired again to the rear of the Chancellor house. While here Colonel Craig rode up to General Graham and asked him whether he was aware that the regiment was without ammunition. The general turned his horse and coolly surveying them, replied that it was all right, for said he : "They have their bayonets yet." They had fired every cartridge before falling back, even searching the dead and wounded for them. The One Hundred and Fifth took into this fight twenty-seven officers and three hundred and twenty men, and lost Colonel McKnight, Captain Kirk, Lieutenant Powers and eight men killed, and Captain Clyde, Lieutenants Shipley, Piatt, Hewett, McHenry, and sixty enlisted men wounded and seven missing. On May 21st Lieutenant-Colonel Craig was commissioned colonel; Major J. W. Greenawalt, lieutenant colonel ; Captain Levi B. Duff, major. On the 27th those non-commissioned officers and privates, who, by their bravery and good conduct as soldiers, had merited the gift, were presented by General Sickles with the Kearney badge of honor. The fohowing mem- bers of the One Hundred and Fifth received the cross : Sergeants A. H. Mitchel, A. D. McPherson, Samuel T. Hadden, Company A; Sergeants Joseph C. Kelso, George Heiges, Charles C. McCauley, B ; Corporal A. A. Harley, Privates Charles C. Weaver, Samuel H. Mays, C ; Sergeant James Sylvis, 15 • 142 History of Jefferson County. Corporal Milton Craven, D ; Sergeant Joseph E. Geiger, Corporals George Weddell, James M. Shoaf, E ; Sergeant Robert Doty, Corporal Henry Mc- Killip, Private Perry Cupler, F ; Sergeant George W. Hawthorn, Private Will- iam D. Kane, G ; Privates Thomas M. Rea, Robert Feverly, H ; Sergeant Oliver C. Redic, Joseph Kinnear, I; Sergeants James Miller, George S. Reed, K. It was a very difficult matter to thus select out particular individuals, where all had been so brave, and had on so many hard fought battle fields shown their valor, and it was a double honor to be thus singled out to receive this mark of distinction — this memento of their brave old commander, the la- mented Kearney. In his order announcing the names of those entitled to receive the "cross," General Birneysays: " Many deserving soldiers may have escaped the notice of their command- ing officers, but in the selection after the next battle they will doubtless receive the honorable distinction. The cross is in honor of our old leader, and the wearers of it will always remember the liigh standard of a true and brave soldier, and will never disgrace it." Nobly did those brave fellows deserve the honor bestowed, as their subse- quent history shows. Miller was promoted colonel and Redic lieutenant- colonel of the regiment, Mitchel and Kelso to captain, Sylvis, Shoaf, and Mc- Killip to lieutenants ; Hadden, McCauIey, Doty, Hawthorn, and Kinnear were killed ; Heiges and Reed died of wounds ; Craven lost his right arm in the Wilderness ; McPherson, a leg at Gettysburg, while every one of the others received one or more wounds ere their term of service expired. From the battle of Chancellorsville until the march into Pennsylvania be- gan the One Hundred and Fifth did picket and guard duty along the Potomac. Monday, June 29, the regiment marched through Taneytown and encamped for the night within five miles of the Penns)'lvania State line. Tuesday they marched to the Emmittsburg road, the Third Corps being ordered to hold Emmittsburg. General Sickles, in response to General Reynolds's order, hur- ried his corps, which was ten miles away, to Gettysburg. The roads were ex- ceedingly heavy, as it had been raining hard, and the long march of the preced- ing days had told upon the troops, so that it was after 5 P. M. on Wednesday when they reached Gettysburg. Birney's division'came up on the Emmittsburg road, passed Sherfy's house, where it turned to the right and halted just north of Little Round Top, where they lay all night. The next morning at daybreak they formed in line of battle, Ward's Brigade on the left, with his left resting on the Devil's Den ; De Trobriand in the center, and Graham on the right in the peach orchard, with his right resting on the Emmittsburg road. This line was gradually moved forward until the left of the division rested on Little Round Top and the right at Sherfy's house, where the One Hundred and Fifth was moved to the right of the road, and a little before noon was marched to the front, where Companies A, C, F, and I were deployed as skirmishers to The 105TH Regiment. 143 support the Sixty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, already engaged in their front and keeping up a brisk fire upon the skirmishers of the enemy, who could be seen watching them through the trees. Soon after these companies were called in and the regiment took its place on the extreme right of the brigade, where it remained quiet until 3 P. M., when the battle opened in earnest, and the One Hundred and Fifth was moved up to the brow of the hill along the Emmittsburg road. Here, for an hour, they stood unflinchingly under a heavy fire of shot and shell from front and flank, losing some ten or twelve men. Just at this juncture, the enemy moving up in force, the regiment advanced to receive them, and formed in the road a little in advance of our batteries. The fighting was now desperate, the enemj' steadily advancing, but the brig- ade held its ground until the line on its left giving way, the enemy poured into its flank and rear a most murderous fire, forcing it to fall back for an instant. • But they rallied again and again and drove the enemy back to Sherfy's house, but the force opposed to them was too heavy and they were forced to retire. It was when engaged in this hand-to-hand conflict, with an overwhelming force of the enemy, and just as the shattered line of Graham was yielding to the overwhelming force of Barksdale's Mississippians, that the gallant troops of the First Division of the Second Corps, in which was the One Hudred and Forty- eighth Pennsylvania, came rushing to their relief The regiment then took position with the new line that had been formed in the rear, connecting Ceme- tery Ridge with Round Top, where they remained until the close of the day's fighting. During the 3d and 4th they lay quiet on the second line, doing no further fighting. The regiment took into the battle of Gettysburg two hun- dred and forty-seven men, and lost Lieutenant George W. Crossly, and four- teen men killed, thirteen officers and one hundred and eleven men wounded and nine missing. Lieutenant Isaac A. Dunston, who was mortally wounded, died soon after. Out of the seventeen officers who went into the figlit only four escaped uninjured. Colonel Craig lost three horses and Adjutant Joseph Craig two. On the 5th the regiment left Gettysburg, and July 24 went into camp at White Sulphur Springs, Virginia. In this beautiful place they remained until September 15th, recruiting their exhausted strength and depleted ranks. On the 15th they left the Springs. The regiment leading the advance encountered the skirmishers of the enemy at Auburn, who opened a heavy fire upon them, but the One Hundred and Fifth steadily advanced, loading and firing, until the First Division formed in line, and General Birney ordered a charge to pro- tect them. In this fight the regiment lost one killed and five wounded. The next morning they were again on the move, and until the 27th, when they were engaged at Kelly's Ford, where they sustained no loss, the regiment acted for the most part as advance guard for the division. It had become a great favorite with General Birney, who frequently selected it for important 144 History of Jefferson County. positions, and on one occasion, when the enemy was reported near, he ordered General Collis, who since the wounding of General Graham at Gettysburg commanded the brigade, to send the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment as an advance guard, as he " wanted a regiment he could depend upon." From here they went into camp at Brandy Station, remaining there until November 27, when they took part in the battle of Locust Grove, where seven men were wounded. The next day, after remaining in line of battle all night, they marched through mud almost knee deep to a point near Mine Run, and that night supported a battery, having one man wounded. On the 1st of Decem- ber, 1863, they returned to their old camp at Brandy Station and on the 28th, the regiment was re-enlisted by Colonel Craig, according to orders from the War Department. Two hundred and forty men — almost the entire force of the regiment — re-enlisted and went home on veteran furlough, where, after being feted and feasted by their friends, they returned to their old quarters at Brandy Station, on the 2 1st of February, 1864, bringing with them some fifty recruits. On the 26th of March, 1864, the Third Corps was consolidated with the Second Corps, and the remnants of Kearney's famous Red Diamond Division was consolidated into two brigades. The old First Brigade, now known as the Third Brigade, Third Division of the Second Corps, was put under com- mand of the brave Ale.xander Hays, the dashing colonel of the Sixty-third Pennsylvania. This brigade was composed of the Fifty-seventh, Sixty-third, Sixty-eighth and One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania, Third and Fifth Mich- igan, Fourth and Seventeenth Maine, and First Regiment U. S. Sharpshooters. It was a sad day for the men who had followed Kearney, Hooker and Sickles on many hotly contested fields to see their beloved Third Corps oblit- erated from the Army of the Potomac. The wound yet rankles in the breasts of many who wore the diamond ; and their hearts are yet sore over this dis- memberment of the organization they held so sacred. But as the fiat had gone forth that was the death knell of the old Third, the brave men of the Dia- mond Division could not have been assigned to any other organization where they would have been so cordially received, or with whom they could so easily assimilate as with the gallant Second Corps. General Walker, in his excellent history of the Second Corps, says of this transferring of the Third Corps : " Hereafter the names of Birney and Mott, Egan and McCallister, Pierce and Madill, Brewster and De Trobriand, were to be borne on the rolls of the Second Corps in equal honor with Barlow and Gibbon, Hays and Miles, Car- roll and Brooke, Webb and Smyth ; the deeds of these new-comers were to be an undistinguishable part of the common glory ; their sufterings and losses were to be felt in every nerve of the common frame ; the blood of the men of Hooker and Kearney, the men of Richardson and Sedgwick, was to drench the same fields from the Rapidan to the Appomatto.x." On the night of Maj- 3d the One Hundred and Fifth encamped on the The 105TH Regiment. 145 battle-field of Chancellorsville, the anniversary of their hard-fought fight the year before, where they found the bones of their gallant comrades bleaching on the field. On the next day Birney's Division was selected to make the attack or receive that of the enemy, as the case might be, in the W^ilderness. The One Hundred and Fifth advanced about half a mile through the dense wood, when they suddenly came upon the enemy, and were at once fiercely engaged. They at first took position in the rear of the Si.xty-third Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, which occupied the front line. Here several were wounded. About four P. M. they relieved the Sixty-third and then their hardest fighting began. Every step of ground was hotly contested, neither side giving an inch. The dead was piled up in rows. Here Captain Hamilton was killed, and Lieutenant-Colonel Greenawalt mortally wounded ; Lieutenants Kimple, Sylvis, Redic and Miller were all severely wounded, and fully one-half of the men killed and wounded. Colonel Craig, while riding near the right of the regiment, about dark, was shot in the head and seriously wounded. Their colonel badly wounded, their brave liutenant-colonel borne from the field dying, the command devolved upon Major Duff, who gallantly led them through the balance of the fight, which still raged hotly. Here, while holding his ground against heavy odds, the gallant Hays was killed. When night closed upon the fearful scene the One Hundred and Fifth held its original position, but during the night it was relieved and went to the rear. The next morning, however, Birney's Division again took the initiative, charging the enemy's lines and forcing him back almost a mile, until their am- munition being exhausted they had to fall back to a temporary line of breast- works, which the enemy tried several times to take, but were repulsed each time. The One Hundred and Fifth here charged forward and occupied a posi- tion on the front line. Captain Clyde, who, with several others, mounted the front line of breastworks, urging the men forward, fell dead, almost touching the enemy. On the lOth the brigade marched up the Po River to support the First Division, engaged with the enemy on the south side of the river. Colo- nel Crocker, who was temporarily commanding the brigade, marched it up almost against a Confederate battery, which opened fire at short range. The regiment suffered terribly for a few minutes. The first shot struck Private Enos Shirts, of Company I, and blew him literally to pieces, the men near him being sprinkled with his blood and flesh. The regiment held its ground until ordered to fall back into a little ravine, where they held position until the First Division had crossed the river, when they retired to the rear of the Fifth Corps. Here the Sixty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers was added to Major Duff's com- mand, and the two regiments reduced to five companies. At dawn on the 12th they were at Spottsylvania, where Major Duff's gallant little command struck the Confederate line at the angle near the Sandrum house, where, before the enemy had time to fire a gun, our boys, with loud cheers, were leaping over his 146 History of Jefferson County. entrenchments. They captured a large number of prisoners, among them Brigadier-General Stewart. On the left of the point where Major Dufif struck the enemy's line was a battery, which was immediately brought to bear upon them, but our men rushed upon and captured it, some of the enemy standing to their guns until killed on the spot. They then crossed the swamp, captur- ing two rifled guns and the Eighteenth North Carolina Regiment, which was in support of these guns. Lieutenant A. H. Mitchell, of the One Hundred and Fifth, captured the flag of this regiment, and Corporal John Kendig, of the Sixty-third, that of the Twenty-fourth North Carolina. Lieutenant Mitchell was wounded, and Lieutenant Hewitt wounded and taken prisoner. The Con- federates, rallying in force, drove them across the swamp, where they made a stand. They lay for the balance of the day and night under a severe fire, forming the left support of the " death angle." This was one of the regiment's hardest fights, and the loss from the 5th to the iSth, inclusive was three officers and forty-six men killed, ten officers and one hundred and thirty men wounded, one officer and eight men missing, a total of two hundred and four. On the 20th the regiments started on the march to the North Anna River, one of the hardest marches they ever made, yet at roll-call only one man from the One Hundred and Fifth and two from the Sixty-third failed to answer to their names. On this march Lieutenant Kelso was severely wounded on the shoulder by a rebel sharpshooter. On the 23d the regiments halted on the north bank of the North Anna, the Confederates being on the other side. They were formed in the thick woods and ordered to charge without firing a gun, which was done, driving the enemy from his fortifications. They held this position until after dark. In this charge Captain Daniel Dougherty, a brave officer of the Sixty-third, was killed. On June 2d they were slightly engaged at Cold Harbor. The 15th found them in front of Petersburg, where in the various engagements they lost eleven men killed, and three officers and eighteen men wounded, among the number being Lieutenant-Colonel Duff, who lost a leg while gallantly leading his small force in the " Hare's House slaughter." On the i6th of July the regiment, with the balance of the brigade, which was under command of Colonel Craig, drove the enemy into his works at Deep Bottom and then charged and captured them, with two commissioned officers and seventy-five men ; but while flushed with victory and driving the enemy before them, a heavy force fell upon the left flank of the brigade with such fury that it was compelled to fall back. Here a heavy loss fell on the One Hundred and Fifth, for while leading the charge, their beloved young leader. Colonel C. A. Craig, was mortally wounded, dying the next da}-, and no one whom death claimed from their ranks was ever mourned more sin- cerely. Seventeen men were killed, and Captain Barr and twenty-three men wounded. The regiment remained in front of Petersburg doing picket and fatigue duty until September 1st, when those who had not re-enlisted were mus- The 105TH Regiment. 147 tered out and one hundred and sixty-two men and two officers of the Sixty- third were transferred to the One Hundred and Fifth. The veterans of the Sixty-third were at first put in the Ninty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, but they rebelled at this and petitioned Governor Curtin to have them put in the One Hundred and Fifth, with which regiment they had served from their first enlistment, which request was granted. After the death of Colonel Craig, Captain Conser, who that day rejoined the regiment, took command. On the ist of October the regiment was trans- ferred to the Weldon Railroad and the next day took part in the fight at Poplar Grove Church, having one man killed and eleven wounded. On the 5th they were back in front of Petersburg, remaining there until the 24th, when they were moved to the Southside Railroad, and on the 27th took part in the bat- tle of Boydton plank road. Here General Pierce, who commanded the brig- ade, ordered the One Hundred and Fifth into a dense wood, to hold that part of the line, connecting with the Ninty-first New York on the left. The Con- federates with a yell charged through these woods, but the One Hundred and Fifth kept them at bay until, unknown to them, our cavalry on their right gave way, allowing a heavy force of the enemy on their left flank and they were driven back. The conflict was terrible, one of the most desperate hand-to- hand fights of the war. Major Conser and Captain Patton, the two senior and two of the most meritorious officers of the regiment, and four men were killed, eighteen wounded and forty missing. The latter were, however, nearly all recaptured that evening. The balance of the devoted little band was with difficulty brought oft" the field. Captain Redic, with several of the men, barely escaped capture while vainly trying to bring off" the bodies of their dead com- rades. The regiment for the first time in its history, lost its colors. After the fall of the two senior officers Captain Miller was ordered by General Pierce to assume command of the regiment, and was afterward commissioned colonel. On the 27th the regiment went into quarters at Fort Davis, on the front line of works, where officers were appointed by Governor Curtin to fill the vacan- cies in nearly every company. All the new officers, from Colonel Miller and Lieutenant-Colonel Redic down, had risen by their own merit and bravery from the ranks. While here the regiment lost one killed and four wounded while driving the enemy from his rifle pits. On the 30th Lieutenant-Colonel Redic, while engaged in a reconnoissance, had one man killed and two wounded, and on the 2d of April one man was killed and one wounded. On the 6th, near Farmville, the regiment charged upon the enemy's works, repulsed him and captured two hundred and thirty-nine men and nineteen commissioned officers, and in the evening of the same day assisted in capturing part of the enemy's train. The loss was one killed and fifteen wounded, Colonel Miller losing his horse. April 9th one man was wounded, the last to feel Confederate lead, as on that day the enemy at Appomattox laid down their arms and sur- rendered to General Grant. 148 History of Jefferson County. May 2, 1865, the regiment took up its line of march for Washington, reaching Bailey's Cross Roads on the 15th, and on the nth of July reached Pittsburgh, where the men were paid off and discharged. But alas ! how small a remnant of the gallant regiment which went to the front almost four years before returned to their homes. The official record gives the entire list of casualties as 1,089. The regiment from April 1 1, 1862, until April 9, 1865, took part in thirty-eight engagements, and of its almost four years of service giving just three years' active service in the field. Its aggregate force, as given by the rolls, was 2,040. This number, however, comprised the veterans from the Sixty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers and 588 drafted men and sub- stitutes put into the regiment in March, 1865, leaving the entire force of the original regiment, with its recruits, 1,288. It is a noteworthy fact that never once in its history did the One Hundred and Fifth fail to respond when ordered to face the enemy. Not once did it hesitate when ordered to charge, even though against overwhelming odds. To show the estimation in which the One Hundred and Fifth was held by the soldiers of other organizations, and the material composing its rank and file, we quote a few tributes to their valor. General Charles H. T. Collis, form- erly colonel of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Pennsylvania, and who com- manded the brigade for some time after the battle of Gettysburg, says: " Since we parted on the field I have seen all the armies of European countries, but I have never seen a body of men out of whom more solid and efl'ective work could be obtained, than those who fought under the heroic Craig, and the intrepid, genial Greenawalt." General Walker, in his history of the Second Corps, says of the battle of Fair Oaks : " The last brigade to arrive was Jameson's, which had been far to the rear, near Bottom Bridge, at the opening of the action. Two of Jameson's regi- ments were sent to the right, and two to the left. All of Kearney's men, who became engaged, fought heroically." Colonel A. S. M. Morgan, of the Sixty-third Pennsylvania, now captain in the United States Army, says : " I have one vivid recollection of the One Hundred and Fifth that can never be obliterated from my memory. At the battle of Fair Oaks the right of the Sixty-third did not reach the Williamsburg road, and a column of rebel infantry came marching down the road, and had reached opposite our line, when the One Hundred and Fifth came up and extended the line across the road. At that moment I was badly wounded, but mj' last recollection ere I lost consciousness, was of seeing that gallant regiment coming up at a full run on our right, in the face of the rebel infantry and the battery that was playing on us both from across the road." The following incident was related to the writer by Dr. Adam Wenger, The iosth Regiment. 149 surgeon of the regiment : " There is one incident that is always pleasant for me to recall. It is of one of the men whose bravery and patriotism stand forth in bold relief After being several times severely wounded, and returning each time promptly, to again share the dangers of battle, he was at last so disabled as to be totally unfitted for duty, and was informed that his discharge from the service would be necessary. He begged to remain, and asked me if he could not be permitted to ride in the ambulance on the marches, which request I granted ; but he never availed himself of this privilege when there was a pros- pect of a fight ; and in case he was in the ambulance and firing was heard in the front, he at once left his comfortable berth, and hurried to his place in the ranks — musket in hand — with all the speed he was capable of It must be borne in mind that a pass to ride in the ambulance excused the soldier from all duty. There were of course others just as brave and patriotic as this man, but for certain reasons his actions greatly impressed me, for he was reared in poverty, and without an education." The soldier mentioned above was mustered out with the regiment, was sev- eral times promoted, and is yet living. Jefferson county lost among other brave soldiers the following officers of the One Hundred and Fifth : Colonel Amor Archer McKnigJit. — Amor Archer McKnight had, from his youth, been an admirer of all things pertaining to the military, and we find him at an early age a member of the " Brookville Guards " and " Brookville Rifles," which company he commanded when the war broke out. When the summons came it found him ready to respond, and with his gallant command he was soon in the field. After the three months' term of service had expired, and he had received authority to recruit a regiment for three years, he went to work, and with an energy that never flagged, soon had the regiment, whose deeds of glory and renown we have but feebly portrayed, in the field. As soon as his regiment went into camp, Colonel McKnight began to rigidly drill and discipline it, and so severe and exacting was he in this work that, for a time, he was severely censured and criticised by the officers and men under him; but he had set himself to the task of making the One Hundred and Fifth a regiment that could not be excelled, and he let nothing deter him from the end in view ; that he accomplished his desire the history of his gal- lant regiment nobly proves, for by all who have any knowledge of its prowess and valor it has been pronounced without a peer ; and to the stern and ofttimes merciless discipline enforced by Colonel McKnight, was this state of perfec- tion due. While thus strict with his officers and men, he was no less strict with him- self He studied and worked unceasingly to perfect himself in the art of war- fare ; for, like his men, he had come from the civil walks of life, and like them he had to learn. With all this sternness, for which so many have censured 16 I50 History of Jefferson County. him, Colonel McKnight had the welfare and comfort of his men at heart, and we have known him to give up the last dainty his camp chest afforded, and share his last dollar with the sick soldier, and we never appealed to him in vain when he could add to the comfort of the men in the hospital, or enhance the efficiency of the hospital force. It was his unremitting labor to make his regiment excel, that caused him at last, after fifteen months hard service, to yield to the inroads of disease, that obliged him to resign his command ; but after two months he was again in the field, as the war department, knowing his worth in the service, had not filled the vacancy caused by his resignation. After rejoining the regiment. Colonel McKnight shared all its fortunes, leading it into all its hard-fought engagements, until the battle of Chancellors- ville. May 3, 1863, when he was killed by a rebel sharpshooter, while leading his men against the veterans of Stonewall Jackson. Colonel Craig, in a letter giving us the intelligence of Colonel McKnight's fall, written May 11, 1863, says : " Colonel McKnight was in the act of cheering his men on when he was shot, and was swinging his sword. The ball passed through his right arm, almost tearing it off, and passed on, entering his head about the right temple. I saw him fall, and riding up to him, dismounted and kneeled beside him. He looked up once, so beseechingly, before he died, as if he wanted to say some- thing, but could not speak. I ordered four of the men to carry him to the rear, and rode after the regiment ; but they were unable to get him back on account of the heavy fire, and had to leave him on the field. Everything of value was got off his person, except his pocket-book, which could not be found. After the fight, I made application to General Hooker for permission to take out a flag of truce for his remains, which he granted, but General Lee would not permit us to enter his lines, so we had to be content. No man ever acted braver than he did, and believe me, there are few such men, either in the army or at home." The rebel papers claimed that he was buried with the honors due his rank, out of respect for the " Kearney Cross," which he wore, and it was asserted that " whenever our men were found to have upon them the Kearney red patcli, if wounded they were kindly cared for; and if dead were buried with the honors of war, and their graves so marked as to be readily recognized." It was claimed that Colonel McKnight was so honored, that " a band played a funeral dirge, while over his remains was fired the usual salute due to an officer of his rank." This may have been the case, but when the One Hundred and Fifth, on the anniversary of his death, on the 3d of May, 1864, bivouacked on the field where he fell, no trace of his grave could be found, nor have his brothers, who wished his remains to lie with the dust of his kindred, ever been able to find the spot where he was buried. The 105TH Regiment. 151 Had Colonel McKnight lived he would soon have been promoted to brig- adier-general, as steps to that effect had already been taken, and the late Hon. John Covode, in his letter of condolence to the colonel's brother, Dr. W. J. McKnight, says : " Had your brother survived the last terrible struggle, he would have been promoted, as I had a conversation with the president in regard to him." The field officers of the First Division, Third Army Corps, had sent in a petition to President Lincoln asking for his promotion, in which they say : " Colonel McKnight is a brave, gallant, and efficient officer ; the regiment which he now commands, for drill and discipline, is second to none in the ser- vice. His e.xperience as a field officer during the Peninsula Campaign, and in other places, also his ability as a thorough tactician, eminently fit him for such promotion." At the meeting held by the field officers of the First Brigade, First Divi- sion, Third Corps, to take action on the death of their fellow-officers who fell at Chancellorsville, the following resolutions in regard to Colonel McKnight were passed : " Rcsok'cd, That in the death of Colonel A. A. McKnight, of the One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, the country has lost a brave, efficient, and patriotic officer, whose untiring energies were given to promoting the efficiency of his regiment, who sealed his devotion to the cause in which he was engaged with his life-blood, at the head of his command, on the battle- field of Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863. "Resolved, That we condole with the relatives and friends of the deceased in their loss of a companion, endeared to them by his many amiable virtues, and that we lament the loss the country has sustained by his untimely death, in the hour of her greatest need." Major Jolm C. Conser. — John C. Conser was born in Centre county, Pa., in the year 1S26, and the same year his parents, who were respectable, worthy people, removed to Clarion county, settling near the present town of Clarion. Here the subject of this sketch spent his early days. He was a stu- dious, and conscientious boy. At an early age he evinced a great admiration for military matters, and with his elder brothers would attend the reviews of the militia. In 185 I he removed to Jefferson county, and soon afterwards married and settled in Reynoldsville, where he was known and respected as one of the best citizens of that place, until the war called into action the patriotism that had been slumbering in his soul from childhood, and he was one of the first to enlist from his neighborhood. He was chosen first lieutenant of Company H, One Hundred and Fifth, and upon the resignation of Captain Tracy was pro- moted to captain, April 20, 1863. He was commissioned major. May 6, 1864, but was never mustered as such. 152 History of Jefferson County. At the battle of Fair Oaks, Captain Conser received his first wound ; while crawling on his hands and knees reconnoitering the enemj^ a ball struck him on the head, inflicting a slight wound, and stunning him for a time. After- wards in the retreat through White Oak Swamp, he almost lost his life in those dismal recesses, and writing of it said, " It was the most horrible night I ever experienced." At Fredericksburg a minnie ball struck his shoulder, and glancing off along the blade of his sword, entered the fleshy part of his arm, inflicting a severe wound. At Bristow Station, he, with his little command, was taken prisoner, and taken to Richmond, where he was consigned to the ten- der mercies of Libby prison. Here he was much annoyed by one of the rebel guards, who delighted in telling the prisoners that the Union side was "clean licked out," and that when he got out of Libby he would find " the north not worth shocks." The brave officer replied that when he got " out of Libby and came again to Richmond, it would be when it was taken by the Union troops, and the Confederacy smashed." After this, his most ardent desire was to be with the army at the taking of Richmond ; but when that day dawned upon the Union arms the brave officer had entered the eternal city, dying on the very threshold of victory. At Gettysburg he was again wounded, being shot in the head, just above the left temple, and carried off the field for dead. When, after a short stay at home, he had recovered from this wound he rejoined his regiment in time to receive another wound at Auburn. At the battle of the Wilderness he was severely wounded in the thigh by a sabre cut, from the effects of which he was still lame at the time of his death. Again he was severely wounded at Peters- burg, June 1 8, 1864, and while on his way to rejoin his regiment, after recov- ering from this wound, he met at Fortress Monroe those having in charge the body of Colonel Craig, who had fallen at Deep Bottom. Stopping just long enough to assist in forwarding to his home the remains of his brave friend and gallant commander, he hurried on to his regiment, and was in all the subse- quent skirmishes and marches up to the battle of Boydton Plank Road, where, on the 27th of October, 1864, he fell, while battling against an overwhelming force of the enemy. An eye-witness of this sanguinary struggle, says: " We were surrounded when I heard Conser say, ' Men, we are surrounded. Will you surrender? Won't )'ou fight it out ? ' Three rebels attacked him, and while fighting them with pistols and sword, another came up and placing his gun almost against his body, blew the contents of the piece into his side and he fell dead." The enemy being repulsed after this. Captain Redic and others of the regi- ment attempted to bring off Major Conser's body, but the enemy rallying in force, they were obliged to leave him on the field where he fell, and thus died one of the bravest soldiers the war produced — his last words being, "Fight it out." The iosth Regiment. 153 Major Conser, when he first entered the service, was urged to remain at home with his family, and again when he re-enUsted, the duty to his wife and Httle children was urged upon him, and though no man loved his family more dearly, his duty to his imperiled country was paramount to all else. His wife has since joined the dead hero, and his four children yet reside in Reynolds- ville. Captain John Calvin Dowling. — When the civil war broke out. Captain Dowling, whose previous record is given in the chapter devoted to the medical profession, at once enlisted in the three months campaign, and served as first lieutenant of Company K, Eighth Regiment, taking command of that company on Captain Wise's promotion. At the expiration of this term of service he returned home and recruited Company B, of the One Hundred and Fifth, which he labored unceasingly to make one of the best companies in the ser- vice. He remained constantly with his men, with the exception of a ten days' leave of absence in February, 1862, until he fell at Fair Oaks, May 31st, while gallantly leading his men in the charge where the regiment won its first laurels, and he with many others of Jefferson county's bravest and best soldiers won victors' crowns. He was shot through the neck, killing him instantly. His body was borne off the field by his sorrowing men, and the chaplain of the regiment, Rev. D. S. Steadman, in a letter written just after the battle says : "We buried our dear Captain Dowling last evening, June 1st, at sunset, in a beautiful grove. Bowdish, one of his men, had made a good coffin. There was no lack of mourners ; we were all mourners." His remains were subsequently reinterred in the soldiers' cemetery at " Seven Pines," where his grave has been visited by some of his friends, who found it nicely kept, and plainly marked with his name, rank, and regiment. Captain Bowling's death was a great loss to his regiment, by whom his death was deeply mourned. Colonel McKnight in writing of his death says : " There could be no better officer than Captain DowHng ; always prompt in contributing to the every act calculated to promote the efficiency of the regi- ment, he never retarded or embarrassed the action of the commanding officer; a strict disciplinarian, he was also attentive to the wants of his company, and always preserved the warm regard of his men. I had become very much attached to him, and his decease struck me very painfully." Captain Dowling was of a genial disposition, and possessing an excellent education, his social qualities and gentlemanly bearing had endeared him to a large circle of acquaintances and friends, and the news of his death carried gloom to the hearts of all who knew him. When the sad news of the death of this gallant young officer, and of those who fell with him on that fatal field, Jefferson county's first offerings for the cause of freedom, was received in Brookville, the flags were draped in mourning, and suspended at half mast, and sorrow pervaded the entire community. 154 History of Jefferson County. Captain Bowling's health being far from robust when he was at home, a short time before his death, his friends tried to persuade him to leave the army, but he replied to their entreaties that he knew that his life would be a short one, saying : " If I die in battle, my death will be a glorious one." He hastened back to his regiment, on hearing rumors of an expected battle, and on being asked why he returned before his leave expired, replied, " I did not want the boys to go into battle without me." No nobler sacrifice was given to save the Union than John C. Bowling. Captain William J. Clyde. — William Johnston Clyde, son of William and Jane Clyde, nee Malbon, was born in Perry, now Oliver, township in the year 1838. His father dying, he was at an early age thrown upon his own resources, and when about thirteen years old he went to Brookville, and commenced to learn the carpenter and joiner's trade, with ^lessrs. William Reed and Bavid S. Johnston, both of whom are now dead. After finishing his apprenticeship, he remained in Brookville working at his trade until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in Company I, Eighth Regiment, of three months men, and served as first sergeant of his company. On returning home after the expira- ton of this term of service, he threw himself heartily into the work of recruiting for Colonel McKnight's three years regiment, and on the organization of that regiment he was appointed first sergeant of Company A, and November 8, 1 86 1, was promoted to second lieutenant; to first lieutenant, September 27, 1862, and to captain February 9, 1863. He was wounded in the battles of Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg, in all of which he was con- spicuous for his daring and courage. He fought with the most desperate bravery at the battle of the W^ilderness, until near the close of the fighting on the 6th of May, 1863, when the One Hundred and Fifth was occupying the second line of breastworks, and charged forward, carrying a part of the front line, when Captain Clyde with several others of the regiment, mounted the rebel redoubts on the front line, and while gallantly urging his men on, he was shot by one of the enemy's sharpshooters, and fell mortally wounded, only liv- ing long enough to ask his men to bury him decently, and write to his mother. When he fell, he was so close to the enemy that he could almost touch them. His body was afterwards recovered and removed to the soldier's cemeterj- at Fredericksburg. Captain Clyde possessed a good practical education, a sterling integrity of character, and was in the true sense of the word, a self-made man. In his death his regiment lost one of its bravest officers, for he was brave almost to rashness. His younger brother, Corporal James L. Craig, of the same company, wounded at Glendale, Va., died of his wounds while on his way home, at the house of a relative at Indiana, Pa. The widowed mother of these brave sol- diers removed with her only daughter. Miss Maggie Clyde, after the war, to Pickaway county, Ohio, where she has since died. The 105TH Regiment. 155 Captain John Michael Stcck. — Among those of our brave soldiers who have, since the war closed, been " mustered into that great company, which no man can number," was Captain John M. Steck, who died at his home in Brook- ville, March 13, 1875. He was the eldest son of the late Jacob and Christiana Steck, and was born in Greensburg, Pa., on the 17th day of December, 1832. In the year 1848 he removed with his parents to Brookville, where he ever after resided. He took an active part when the war broke out in recruiting for the volunteer service, and enlisted in Company I, Sixty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, July 20, 1861, and was promoted to first sergeant. In Septem- ber, 1 86 1, he procured his discharge from that company, and February 20, 1862, was commissioned captain of Company G, One Hundred and Fifth regiment, where he made an excellent and popular officer, sharing all the bat- tles and dangers of his men, until, his health becoming impaired, he was obliged to resign, and was discharged on surgeon's certificate August 12, 1863. Returning to his home, he was in 1866 elected prothonotary for Jefferson county, and at the expiration of his term of office was re-elected. Captain Steck was one of the most prominent and best known citizens of the county. The Brookville Republican's notice of his death was a just tribute to his worth : " He was an energetic, live business man, aiding in every improvement to build up and benefit our town, and some of our best improvements are due to his energy and taste. In every position of public life he discharged his duties ably and honestly, and there are few persons who will not be able to recall some act of official courtesy and kindness received at his hands. To the poor he was liberal ; he was a true friend, and one distinguishing trait in his char- acter was, that he never spoke harshly or disparagingly of others. If he could not say a word of commendation he kept silent. Captain Steck was an earn- est and consistent member of the Presbyterian Church, where his loss will be much felt, but above all will he be missed in the Sunday-school, of which, at the time of his death, he was assistant superintendent, and of which he was the ruling spirit. His heart was in the work. During three years he was absent but three Sundays, and then he was away from home. He knew every child in the school, and every one will miss him, as one whom they looked up to with honor. On Sunday, the day preceding his funeral, the entire school went in a body to take a last look at his remains, and the most touching tribute that could have been paid to his memory, was the tears of these little ones." Captain Steck was married to Miss Rachel McCreight, who survived him, and has since married Dr. Robert S. Hunt, of Brookville. Robert J. Nicholson, quartermaster of the One Hundred and Fifth, is an- other who, since the war closed, has laid down the burden of life. He enlisted in this regiment, which he had aided very materially to raise, as first lieutenant of Company B., but was promoted to quartermaster October i, 1861. He made a very popular officer, as he was always kind and genial to the men. 156 History of Jefferson County. He resigned on account of his presence being needed in his business at home, September 16, 1862. While in service his brother, James Nicholson, of Company I, died at Camp Jameson, and he had his remains sent to his home in Brookville. After having nursed him affectionately at his own quarters, with the fond hope of seeing him rally from the dread disease that had claimed him for a victim, he sent his remains home for burial. Quartermaster Nicholson was again called to make a heavy sacrifice to his country's cause, in the death of his eldest son. Barton, a promising young man, a member of Company B, who fell at the battle of Second Bull Run, August 29, 1863. Mr. Nicholson was one of Jefferson county's most enterprising citizens, as his business career given elsewhere proves. He died suddenly while on a business trip to the South, at Day's Gap, North Carolina. Field and Staff Officers of the One Hjindred and Fifth Regiment, Penn- sylvania Volunteers, from JeffersoJi County. — Colonels, Amor A. McKnight, James Miller; lieutenant-colonel, W. W. Corbet; adjutant, Orlando Gray; quartermasters, Robert Nicholson, Harrison Coon ; surgeon, A. P. Heichhold; chaplains, Darius S. Steadman, John C. Truesdale; sergeant-majors, W. H. McLaughlin, George Vanvliet, Robert J. Boyington ; quartermaster- sergeants, Fleming Y. Caldwell, Benjamin F. Stauffer; commissary-sergeant, John Coon ; hospital stewa:rds, D. Ramsey Crawford, Charles D. Shrieves ; musicians, An- drew J. McKown, Eli B. Clemson. Members of the Brass Band of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment from Jefferson County. — Calvin B. Clark, John S. Gallagher, John A. Guffey, James A. McClelland, T. C. Spottswood, Charles Sitz, Alexander Ross Taylor, James A. Thompson. Company A. One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, P. V. Company A was recruited in the southern part of Jefferson county, princi- pally from Punxsutawny, and Perry and Oliver townships. The company was raised in three days, chiefly through the exertion of Captain John Hastings, assisted by Lieutenants Neel and Morris. Captain Hastings, while gallantly leading his company in the desperate charge at Second Bull Run, was severely wounded in the leg, and after months of suffering, was disabled for life by the wound, and obliged to resign, when the command devolved upon Captian W. J. Clyde, who fell while charging at the head of the company in the battle of the Wilderness. Lieutenant A. H. Mitchell was then promoted to captain, but before he received his commission, was discharged on account of wounds received in front of Petersburg, and then Lieutenant John H. McKee was pro- moted captain. Captains, John Hastings, W. J. Clyde, John H. McKee; first lieutenants, William Neel, Alexander H. Mitchell, James W. Wachob ; second lieutenants, Moses A. Morris, Daniel Brewer, William M. Blose; first sergeants, Albert C. The iosth Regiment. 157 Little, Samuel T. Hadden, Joseph Cummisky, John Blair, Joseph Wickline, Wesley P. Hoover, A. D. McPherson, John G. Myers, Allen H. Naylor, Arthur H. Murray, Samuel Hibler; corporals, Samuel Kesslar, John McHendry, Henry Weaver, James M. Keck, Smith M. McHendry, James B. Jordan, Benjamin F. Rolls, Joseph F. Bell, Isaac M. Depp, David W. Logan, William J. Mogle, David Y. Salsgiver, John E. Sadler, William C. McKee, Levi P. Frampton, James L. Clyde ; privates, Henry All, Thomas T. Adams, Harding Allabrand, John I. Barr, Samuel Brillhart, L. H. Bolinger, Samuel W. Brewer. John Blose, Boaz D. Blose, Adolphus Bhoy, Charles S. Bender, Isaac Bowersock, James W. Brooks, John Beck, William F. Campbell, W. W. Crissman, David Cochran, John Chambers, Byron Cowan, John Campbell, Oliver Croasman, H. C. Camp- bell, Flem. Y. Caldwell, Michael L. Coon, Hugh Crawford, Jonathan Cham- bers, William P. Christ, John W. Corey, George W. Davis, John O. Dean, George W. Davis, John G. Depp, John A. De Havens, Robert Fleming, David W. Goheen, David G. Gray, James A. Grove, Thomas M. Gibson, Thomas Glass, Benjamin Gaskill, George W. Ginter, George Goheen, Francis W. Grove, Henry Grant, Charles H. Haskins, John Hennigh, James Henry, Joseph W. Hickox, William Hutchinson, John P. Imler, John M. Irwin, Robert A. Jor- dan, George M. Johnston, Robert Jordan, John Jordan, Benjamin F. Johnston, H. Kirkpatrick, Christopher Kesslar, John C. Kelly, Jonathan R. Leitzali, Da- vid W. Leech, John H. London, William Leech, James G. Mitcliell, Jeremiah C. Miles, William F. Means, Joseph Means, John Means, jr., John L. Mabon, John Means, sr., James Mogle, William Meitz, Robert S. Michaels, Thomas Means, Robert Marsh, John Marsh, J. L. McHendy, John B. McGinnis, Cassius E. McCrea, James C. McQuown, Samuel McHendry, John McGraw, Charles McConkey, Edwin McCafferty, R. McAdams, William McHendry, Scott Neel, Augustus C. Nolf, William Painter, William S. Pery, P. S. Rudolph, John K. Rupert, George W. Rhodes, Nicholas Robbins, Fred. Rhinehart, Benjamin C. Smith, Joseph M. Swisher, Dan. J. Smyers, George Smith, James Smith, Washington Sunderland, Joseph B. Sowers, Christopher Sutter, William H. Swisher, Henry Sutter, John R. Stewart, Elias S. Simpson, Jacob Sutter, George W. Shawl, James C. Trimble, Thomas L Templeton, Peter Walker, David W. Wilson, Philip Wyning, Daniel Zimmer. In the numerous battles in which it took part, and from disease. Company A lost the following : Killed, captain, W. J. Clyde ; sergeant, Samuel T. Hadden ; corporals, Daniel Y. Salsgiver, John H. Sadler, William C. McKee ; privates, Charles S. Bender, Isaac Bowersock, James W. Brooks, Hugh Crawford, Jonathan Cham- bers, John G. Depp, John P. Imler, Robert S. Michaels, WiUiam McHenry, William H. Swisher, Henry Sutter, Daniel Zimmer; died, sergeant, Allen Naylor; corporals, Levi P. Frampton, James L. Clyde; privates, John Beck, William P. Crist, John W. Corey, James Henry, Joseph W. Hickox, William 17 158 History of Jefferson County. Hutchison, George M. Johnston, William Leech, Thomas Means, Robert H. Marsh, John Marsh, William S. Perry, John R. Stewart, E. S. Simpson, Jacob Sutter, Fred. Rhinehart ; transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, John Henry, Christopher Sutter, David W. Wilson. Muster Roll of Company B, One Hundred and Fifth P. V. Company B was recruited chiefly in Brookville and vicinity, mainly by Captain John C. Dowling who commanded it until he fell at Fair Oaks, when he was succeeded by Captain S. A. Craig, who on account of wounds had to give up the command to Captain W. S. Barr, who in turn for the same cause had to yield it to Captain Joseph C. Kelso, who led it through the subsequent hard fights until the final muster out : Captains, John C. Dowling, S. A. Craig, W. S. Barr, Joseph C. Kelso. First lieutenants, R. J. Nicholson, Richard J. Espy, John A. McLain. Second lieu- tenant, Judson J. Parsons. First sergeants, William Fox, William N. Pearce, Samuel H. Mitchell, Sergeants, John E. Barr, Hiram Wing, William Lucas, Anthony Kreis, George Heiges, James C. Dowling, John J. Geary, William English, Robert Miller. Corporals, John J. Champion, McCurdy Hunter, Sam- uel Hunter, Joseph Baughman, Wellington Johnston, Nathan D. Carrier, An- drew J. Cochran, David R. Porter, Robert G. Wilson, Benjamin Ramsey, J. M. Thompson, Philo Winsor. Musician, M. L. Spottswood. Privates, Benjamin Arthurs, Peter Alhvell, Charles G. Anderson, William Anderson, William D. Black, Liberty Burns, Sibley Bennett, Joseph Booth, Joseph B. Bowdish, Will- iam Bish, Lafayette Burge, Samuel Cable, Alfred Cable, William Covert, Jo- seph Coon, Thomas J. Champion, David D. Demott, Jonathan Dixon, M. G, De Vallance, M. L. DeVallance, Mathew M. Dowhng, John Dunkleburg, Jo- seph A. Geer, Amos Goup, John W. Guthrie, Cyrus Geer, Robert Gilmore, Michael D. Grinder, Jackson Gearheart, Jacob M. Haugh, James L. HoUiday, Adam W. Haugh, Thomas Hildreth, Emanuel Haugh, James Hopkins, Ed- ward Hartman, Joseph Harriger, Augustus Haugh, John Hawthorn, WiUiam H. Jackson, John Jacox, Frederick Jackson, William Kelly, Solomon C. Kelso, George Keyser, Winfield S. Lucas, Joseph Lawhart, Lewis Leitzell, John Love, David Lanker, Frederick Miller, William Milligan, Courson Miller, William C. Miller, Michael Miller, Solomon McManingle, Charles S. McCauley, Joseph E. H. McGary, William McCutcheon, William McCaskey, Jesse McElhose, Barton A. Nicholson, John Ossewandle, Asa M. Preston Jesse Penrose, Benjamin F. Rhodes, James A. Robinson, William Riddle, Edward Reigle, Philip Rockwell, William Reede, Daniel C. Rockwell, Lewis Rhodes, John Shreckengost, John Shirey, Joseph S. Stine, George Shick, William K. Stevenson, Chauncey Shaffer, Jacob Siverling, George W. Smith, Samuel Stormer, George W. Sax- ton, Samuel Shaffer, Philip Taylor, John Taylor, James Taylor, B. D. Vas- binder, Gustavus Verbeck, Joseph Williams, John B. Wensel, Oliver Woods, Francis Winters, John Webster, Philip Young. The 105TH Regiment. 159 The following members of Company B were killed in battle, died of wounds and disease, or were transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps, on account of wounds, or to other organizations. Killed — Captain John C. Dowling. Sergeants, Samuel H. Mitchell, An- thony Kreis, James C. Dowling, George Heiges. Corporals, Wellington John- ston, Nathan D. Carrier, Andrew J. Cochran. Privates, Benjamin Arthurs, Peter AUwell, Amos Goup, John W. Guthrie, Thomas Hildreth, William H. Jackson, Courson Miller, Charles S. McCauley, B. A. Nicholson, Asa M. Pres- ton, William Reed, John Taylor, Joseph Williams. Died. — Sergeant, John J. Geasy. Privates, Liberty Burns, Joseph Bouch, Adam W. Haugh, Emanuel Haugh, William C. Miller, Joseph E. H. McGeary, Dan C. Rockwell, John Shirey, Joseph F. Stine. Died in rebel prisons, Sibley Bennett, Jonathan Dixon. Transferred to V. R. C, Captain S. A. Craig, Benjamin Ramsey, Thomas J. Champion, David Lanker, John Webster. To Eighteenth U. S. I., David R. Porter, Robert G. Wilson, Samuel Shaffer. Company C, One Hundred and Fifth P. V. Company C was raised in Clarion county ; only the following men from Jef- ferson county were in its ranks : Sergeants, Samuel Lattimer, John H. Pearsall ; corporals, Eli H. Chilson, Isaac Lyle, James W. Spears, William Hippie; privates, E. P. Cochran, M. G. De Vallance, Perry C. Fox, John C. Johnston, Ami Sibley, Francis Smith, James Woods; William Hippie, killed. Company D, One Hundred and Fifth P. V. Company D was recruited in Jefferson and Clearfield counties. The only officers from Jefferson county were Lieutenant Charles J. Wilson and Captain William Kelly. Captain Kelly, who rose from the ranks, being promoted captain November 26, 1864. He shared all their battles and dangers with the company, and finally brought them home. The following list comprises the men from Jefferson county, with those who were killed in battle, died of wounds and disease, or were transferred to other organizations : Captain, William Kelly ; second lieutenant, Charles J. Wilson ; sergeants, George O. Riggs, William C. McGarvy, Milton Craven, Ebenezer Bullers, John C. Johnston, Isaac M. Temple ; corporals, John R. Shaffer, Daniel R. Snyder, James H. Green, Gilbraith Patterson, Darius Vasbinder, D. H. Paulhamus, An- drew J. McKown, Milton J. Adams, Benj. F. Alexander, Amos A.shkettle ; privates, Eben O. Bartlett, Philip Black, Daniel Bowers, David Bell, Richard Bedell, Silas Boose, Asa Bowdish, Byron H. Bryant, John S. Christie, Isaiah Corbet, James R. Corbet, Samuel Criswell, Andrew Christie, Joel Clark, Eh B. i6o History of Jefferson County. Clemson, William Dunn, Charles Graham, William Griffith, Andrew Hender- son, John Hilliard, Lyman Higby, Nathan B. Hippie, James Kelly, John Knarr, Henry Keys, John Klinger, Edward Knapp, James Murphy, Malvin Munger, Arch. F. Mason, James McAtee, Samuel McFadden, William McKelvy, Reid McF"adden, Samuel McLaughlin, John McLaughlin, Irwin McCutcheon, Ben- jamin Newcom, William Pennington, George Plotner, Josiah V. Reppard,',Wil- liam Riddle, Charles B. Ross, Joseph Rensell, John Robinson, Solomon B. Riggs, William M. Riggs, Andrew Sites, George Smith, Gershon Saxton, William Shaffer, William Smith, Henry Shaffner, Perry Smith, W. H. Saxton, Isaac Solly, Almon Spencer, James Thompson, Gabriel Vasbinder, William Wilson, Henry C. Wycoff, George Wilson, Ellis Wilson. Killed, Samuel Crisswell, William Pennington, George Plottner, William Riddle, Charles B. Ross, Gershon Saxton, William Shaffer, John Wilson ; died. Corporal Daniel R. Snyder ; privates, David Bell, Andrew Christie, John Hil- liard, Henry Shaffner, Joseph Rensell ; died in rebel prison, William Smith. Transferred to V. R. C, Silas Bouse, Lyman Higby, W. N. Riggs; W. H. Saxton, to Tenth Regiment, U. S. I. Company F, One Hundred and Fifth P. V. Company F was principally recruited in Indiana and Clearfield counties by the gallant and lamented Captain Robert Kirk, who fell at Chancellorsville. The only officer from Jefferson county was Lieutenant Henry P. McKillip. The following list comprises the men from Jefferson county, with deaths, transfers, etc.: First lieutenant, Henry P. McKillip ; second lieutenant, Ogg Neel ; ser- geants, John M. Brewer, Robert Doty, John W. Smith, John Hendricks, Eli- jah Pantall, Jonathan Brindle, Joshua Pearce ; corporals, John N. Means, Thomas Neil ; privates, W'illiam H. H. Anthony, James D. Anthonj', John W. Bryant, John H. Bush, John W. Brooks, Charles Berry, William A. Chambers, Peter Depp, Henry H. Depp, Philip B. Depp, John P. Dunn, James Dunn, Samuel Edwards, Henry A. L. Girts, Jonathan Himes, William S. Hendricks, Isaac Hendricks, James Hopkins, Thomas M. Hauck, Samuel Hannah, Charles Klepfer, John Kelly, Charles Lyle, Scot: Mitchell, William C. Martin, George Moore, John Miller, James A. Minish, James McCarthy, Robert McMannes, Samuel A. McGhee, William T. Neil, Thomas Orr, Jackson Piper, David R. Porter, Adam Reitz, Irwin Robinson, James W. Shafter, Isaac Smith, David Simpson, Charles Smouse, Henry. Shaffer, Peter C. Spencer, William H. Wil- son, David Williard, George W. Young. Killed, Jacob L. Smith, Robert Doty, John W. Smith, W. H. H. Anthony, Peter Depp, Joseph Hill, Charles L)le, Charles Smouse, David L. Simpson, Wm. H. Wilson, David Williard, Thomas Orr ; died, Henry H. Depp, Charles Klepper, Robert M. Mannes, David R. Porter, George W. Young, William C. Martin ; died in rebel prison, John Kelly. The 105TH Regiment. 161 Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, Elijah Pantal, Jonathan Brindle, James Aul, William A. Chambers ; to First United States Cavalry, H. A. L. Girtz. « Company G, One Hundred and Fifth P. V. Company G was recruited principally from the southwestern townships, from the sturdy, honest German yeomanry of the county, and on the day of their departure for the front rendezvoused at Ringgold, where a large crowd had assembled to see them off, and from which point the farmers took them in wagons to Kittanning, where they took the cars. Captain John A. Freas, who first commanded the company resigned De- cember 24, 1S61, and Lieutenant John M. Steck was promoted captain, and commanded it until he was obliged, on account of ill health, to resign, April 12, 1863, when Captain Woodward succeeded him until October 8, 1864, when, his time having expired. Captain Jacob H. Freas took charge of the company and was mustered out with it. Captains, John A. Freas, John M. Steck, Jacob H. Freas; first lieuten- ants, Charles B. Coon, Benjamin M. Stauffer ; second lieutenants, Harvey Mc- Aninch, E. H. McAninch, Edward P. Shaw ; first sergeant, Peter Slagle ; ser- geants, Jackson Hettrick, Jacob Swab, Philip H. Freas, George W. Taylor, George W. Hawthorn, Adam Himes, James W. Walker, Henry Crooks, Andrew J. Monks, John Startzell ; corporals, David Kellar, Hiram J. Milliron, William H. Lucas, John M. Fike, Daniel Parsons, William H. Smith, James F. Miller, William Aikens, George Saucerman, John A. Swartz, David C. Swineford, William F. Green, Isaac Hughes; privates, George Blystene, Samuel D. Bar- nett, Robert Baughman, Perry Brink, George Beer, Daniel Blose, Jacob Campbell, WilHam Cobb, Robert Davidson, Jacob Dibler, John Doverspike, Emanuel Eisenhart. Adam Fike, Jacob Freedline, George W. Geist, Samuel Geist, L N. Hinderliter, William E. Hawthorn, William Hartman, Francis F. Hawthorn, David Harp, Jacob Harp, Joseph K. Hawthorn, John Harwick, William A. Hadden, Jacob Harshberger, Samuel Henderson, William A. Haines, David Haugh, Jacob Hilliard, Frank P. Hettrick, William Jenkins, Michael Kellar, William D. Kane, Elijah Kellar, George W. Kinsel, Henry H. Kiehl, Henry N. Milliron, WilHam Means, Jacob Neece, James Orr, William D. Orts, Joseph Plyter, Richard J. Parsons, William Plyter, Robert Patterson, Anthony Peters, John Richards, Daniel Ritchards, Isaac Reitz, Joseph Reed, Harvey Rowan, Henry Raybuck, Adam Raybuck, John D. Rhodes, Caleb E. Stewart, John P. Smith, Daniel Shaffer, Michael Strawcutter, Philip Shrauger, John Snyder, Conrad Shorfstall, Peter Snepp, Garrett B. Shrauger, William Slagle, David Snowden, Samuel Smith, John Smith, Nathan P. Sprankle, Frederick B. Sprankle, Martin V. Shaffer, James L. Shaffer, Andrew J. Timblin, Daniel Undercoffer, Thomas M. Watson, Alexander Wiley, Watson Young, Edward W. Young. i62 History of Jefferson County. Killed. — Sergeant G. W. Hawthorn. Corporals, Daniel Parsons, William H. Smith, George W. Geist, Daniel Richards, Isaac Reitz, Joseph Reed, Philip Shrauger, John Snyder, Conrad Shoafstall. Died. — Sergeants, Adam Himes, James W. Walker, Henry Crooks. Corpo- rals, John A. Swartz, William Aiken, George Saucerman, David C. Simpson. Privates, Jacob Campbell, William Cobb, Samuel Geist, William Hartman, David Harp, Francis F. Hawthorne, Jacob Harp, Joseph K. Hawthorne, Will- iam Jenkins, Richard J. Parsons, Thomas M. Watson, Watson Young. Died in rebel prisons. — James F. Millen, Michael Keller, James Orr. Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps. — Lieutenant A. J. Monks ; John Doverspike, Jacob Friedline, David Haugh, Jacob Hilliard, John D. Rhodes, James L. Shaffer. Company H, One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, P. V. Company H was recruited principally in the townships of Winslow, Wash- ington, and Snyder. Captain Tracy, of Rockdale Mills, who had assisted largely in recruiting the company soon resigning, the command devolved upon Captain John C. Conser, who bravely commanded them until he fell at Bo}d- ton, when he was succeeded by Captain Tilton C. Reynolds, who shared their fortunes until the final muster out : Captains, Artemas H. Tracy, John C. Conser, Tilton C. Reynolds ; first lieutenants, Ti omas K. Hastings, George Van Vliet, Samuel Jones ; second lieutenants, George W. Crosley, Josiah E. Miller; first sergeant, Mathias Ban- kert ; sergeants, George Sharp, Adam Miller, George D. Mosier, E. L. Evans, Benjamin L. Johnson, Mathew Miller, Joseph F. Green, James Millen. Forbes Kilgore, Irvin R. Long ; corporals, James Penfield, Samuel G. Moorhead, Henry Grant, James Truhy, John K. Moore, Philip N. Tapper, Samuel Pres- ton, E. S. Holloway, John Neil, John St. Clair ; privates, Jesse N. Atwell, Jas. Bailly, Lewis Boyington, Hamilton F. Burris, Stephen S. Briggs, John Bu- chanon, George Britton, William Blystone, Jesse Cole, Peter Cox, Joseph L. Conn, Charles H. Clinton, George A. Clark, Daniel G. Carl, Hugh Conn, Jacob Dickey, Ebenezer Dailey, Samuel C. Dewoody, John Denberger, John Foust, Jacob Foust, Robert Feverly, Robert Fleming, William H. Farren, William Foust, Casper Gillnet, Harvey Groves, William Green, John L. Groves, George W. Harding, Thomas Hutchinson, William J. Heckman, Benjamin F. Hay- maker, James Harbenger, George Howlett, George P. Hartzell, William. J., Henderson, Andrew Hoak, Moses Ishman, Archie Jones, George W. Keck, Sampson Kirker, William Kerp, Thomas Kessner, John Kerker, Edward Lewis, James R. London, George W. Luke, Henry L. Lindsey, George Montgomery, David B. Moore, W. S. Mattock, Henry C. Moore, James Mulkins, James Moore, William Menser, Nelson Munger, Joseph F. Millen, Michael Miller, Robert Morrison, William Mulkins, James McCutcheon, James McGeary, John The 105TH Regiment. 163 McDonald, R. Mc Adams, sr., David McKibbin, John McKean, William Mc- Kean, James McGhee, W. H. McLaughlin, William McClelland, Noble Mc- Clure, John Nelson, John Osborne, George G. Rickard, Washington Rhoades, Albert Reynolds, Robert Rager, Gilbert P. Rea, Thomas W. Rea, Joseph Rutter, James H. Reed, John W. Rea, George Shick, William C. Smith, Daniel Sharp, John Soliday, Oliver Smith, Ami Sibley, H. H. Sparks, Robert Spur, Andrew S. Smith, Henry Stevenson, Hiram P. Sprague, Peter Sharp, William Smith, Joseph Tedlie, Anthony Tory, John Thomas, William S. Whiteman, George Winklebauch, George Walch, George W. Warnock, William Waich, Peter B. Wensell, Adam Wensell, Dexter F. Wilson, George Yount, Edward W. Young. Killed. — Captain John C. Conser ; lieutenant, George W. Crosley ; ser- geant, James Millen ; corporal, John Neil ; privates, George A. Clark, Daniel G. Carl, William Foust, John L. Groves, George Howlett, Robert Morrison, John Nelson, Joseph Rutter, Hiram P. Sprague, Peter Sharp, George Yount. Died. — Sergeants, Forbes Kilgore, Irvin R. Long ; privates, William Bli- stone, Hugh Conn, William J. Henderson, Archie Jones, John Kerker, William Mulkins, William McClelland, James H. Reed, John W. Rea, Joseph Tedley, George Winklebauch, Edward W. Young ; died in rebel prisons, sergeants Joseph F. Green, Michael Miller. Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps. — Thomas W. Rea, Dexter F. Wil- son, E. S. Holloway, John Grossman, R. C. McAdams. Company I, One Hundred and Fifth P. V. Company I was composed principally of men from Brookville, and the ad- jacent townships, and was mainly recruited by Captain Silas J. Martin, who, on account of sickness in his family, was obliged to resign March 10, 1862. Upon his resignation Captain James Hamilton was selected from the Thirty- eighth Pennsylvania (Ninth Reserves), to command the company, and when he gloriously fell at the Wilderness, the command devolved upon Captain Oliver C. Redic, of Clarion county, and upon his promotion to lieutenant-colonel Captain Henry Galbraith succeeded him, and remained with the company, sharing all its battles and dangers, until its final muster out. The muster rolls below give all the men from Jefferson county with a list of those killed, died of wounds, or disease, and those transferred to other organizations : Captains, Silas J. Martin, Henry Galbraith ; first lieutenant, Isaac N. Tuller; second lieutenants, Hugh Brady, Robert I. Boyington, John H. Ken- nedy ; first sergeants, John Magiffin, George VanViiet ; sergeants, John Doug- lass, James L. Paul, Benjamin PoUyard, James C. Ouinter, Isaiah E. Davis, Joseph Kinnear, Mathias Manner, James Nicholson ; corporals, Henry Shaffer, Daniel A. Friedline, Frederick Trapp, David Criswell, Andrew Edinger, James C. Gilson, Henry Rhoads, James Moorhead, Stephen Sartwell, Henry K. Mitch- 1 64 History of Jefferson County. ell, William Toye, John W. Manners ; privates, Isaac Allen, Ethan Allen, William Armstrong, Daniel A. Brown, Edwin Black, Jesse Bump, John Blos- ser, George Boyer, James R. Bennett, John Burgess, William Burford, Emery E. Brown, Andrew Campbell, Mathew L. Cochran, William Campbell, William A. Crawford, Simeon Chapman, William Christie, Nathaniel Carbaugh, Will- iam Cowan, William Chapman, William Courtney, George W. Christie, H. A. Davis, Aaron Douglass, Samuel C. Davis, James Doyle, Jacob Edwards, Peter Fye, Oliver Graham, William H. Gray, George Graham, James F. Hawthorn, George Howard, Abram F. Hunter, Samuel S. Howser, Samuel Hogue, William E. Hawthorn, David Hawthorn, John Hillman, Joel Horn, George C. Hopkins, James R. Hoover, George W. Hettrick, Henry J. Hawthorn, Samuel A. Hun- ter, Harrison Hogue, Silas Irwin, Harry Ickes, John R. Johnson, Thomas Jolly, Henry Kennedy, Levi Knight, John Koch, Benjamin F. Lerch, John C. Moor- head, Robert C. Millen, David R. Matson, R. S. Montgomery, William Miller, Jacob J. Mauk, William A. Millen, John A. Mikle, Jacob Moore, William H. Manners, Edward I. Miller, Eli C. McLaughlin, William McDonald, Alexander McDonald, William O'Donnel, James O'Neal, John Royer, Chapman Rose, Eli Roll, Joseph Ronke, John S. Smith, James Stroup, Jacob Snowden, Riley Siverly, Fred L. Svventzell, Enos Shirts, Henry Smith, John O. Spencer, Samuel Stroup, Henry Shirley, Joseph Stumph, James W. Shields, John J. Sherman, Hugh M. Steel, James K. Shaffer, George J. Shultz, George Thomas, Mathias Thompson, Henry Toye, Samuel Tingley, William Vandevort, James Warey, Thomas Woodward, Henry Yount, Isaac Yount. Killed. — Sergeants, Isaiah E. Davis, Joseph Kinnear, Mathias Manner; cor- porals, James Moorhead, Stephen Sartwell, James R. Bennett. John Burgiss, William Chapman, William Courtney, James R. Hoover, George W. Hettrick, H. J. Hawthorne, Samuel A. Hunter, Silas Irvin, John R, Johnson, D. R. Mat- son, R. S. Montgomery, Philip Ritchie, Enos Shirts, Mathew Thompson, Isaac Yount. Died. — Sergeant, James Nicholson ; corporals, H. K. Mitchell, William Toye, John W. Manners ; William Burford, George W. Christie, Samuel Hogue, Harrison Hogue, Levi Knight John Koch, Benjamin F. Lerch, William Miller, Jacob Mauk, William A. Millen, William McDonald. James O'Neil, Henry Smith, John O. Spencer, Samuel Stroup, Thomas Woodward. Transferred to V. R. C. — Sergeants, James C. Quinter, John Hillman, Joel Horn, George J. Shultz, James R. Shaffer; transferred to U. S. Army, George C. Hopkins. Company K, One Hundred and Fifth P. V. Company K was recruited in Indiana county, but Jefferson county fur- nished some of its most gallant officers. Captain A. C. Thompson, who was disabled at second battle of Bull Run, and Captain James Miller, who after- The 105TH Regiment. 165 wards rose to be colonel of the regiment. The only Jefferson county men in this company were : Captains, Albert C. Thompson, James Miller; first lieutenant, John G. Wil- son ; first sergeants, John Gold, Thomas K. Hastings ; sergeants, Robert T. Pattison, John T. Swisher, James H. May ; corporal, James M. Torrence ; privates, George M. Bouch, John Baker, Samuel Benner, Hugh C. Craven, Z. T. Chambers, Alpheus B. Clark, James D. Frampton, Samuel McAdoo, Samuel Rhoads, John Stiver, Jesse J. Templeton, Henry Wyning. Killed. — Sergeants, Robert T. Pattison, John T. Swisher. Died. — Hugh C. Craven, James D. Frampton, Jesse J. Templeton. One Hundred and Fifth Regiment Association. On the 7th of October, 1879, the veterans of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment held their first reunion since the war, at Brookville. About two hundred and fifty were present, every company being represented. A regimental association was effected, with the following officers: President, Lieutenant Colonel Levi B. Duff; vice-president. Captain John Hastings; sec- retary. Captain S. A. Craig ; corresponding secretary. Miss Kate M. Scott; treas- urer, M. V. Shaffer; executive committee. Major M. M. Dick, Lieutenant Col- onel Oliver C. Redic, Captain Joseph C. Kelso, Lieutenant Thomas K. Hastings, Captain A. H. Tracy, James G. Mitchell, D. W. Goheen. The intention of the society was to hold a reunion each year; and the two following years the regiment met respectively at Punxsutawney and Reynolds- ville, and October 2, 1882, held a joint reunion with the Sixty- third Pennsyl- vania at Pittsburgh, since which time there has been no reunion. The organ- ization is still in force, however, the officers elected at the last meeting of the association holding over, Major M. M. Dick, of West Newton, Pa., president, and John McGaughey, of Lidiana, Pa., secretary. In April, 1886, a meeting was held at Brookville, of the members of the regiment, to take action in regard to the erection of a monumental tablet on the battlefield at Gettysburg, and a permanent organization was effected, to be known as the Monumental Association of the One Hundred and Fifth Penn- sylvania Volunteers, and the following officers elected : President, O. C. Red- ick ; vice-president, S. A. Craig; secretary, J. C. Kelso ; corresponding secre- tary. Miss Kate M. Scott ; treasurer, W. H. Gray. The following committee on finance, to procure the necessary funds for the erection of a monument was appointed: D.W. Goheen, W. W. Corbett, S. J. Marhn, John McGaughey, W. H. Hewitt, Joseph Craig, T. K. Hastings, John M. Brewer, Joseph H. Gray, J. M. Shoaf, James E. Mitchell, William Neal, W. D. Kane, Jesse Atwell, Albert Reynolds, Ebenezer Bartlett, Harvey Craig, David C. Kyphert, WilHam Keys, Milton Craven, Peter Slagle, J. H. Rowan, John Hastings, O. C. Redick. The president announced the following executive committee : L. B. Duff, O. C. 18 i66 History of Jefferson County. Redick, George VanVliet, S. A. Craig, W. H. Gray, T. K. Hastings, and J. H. Kennedy. Of the latter committee, Messrs. Duff, Redic, and VanVliet subse- quently visited the battlefield, and in conjunction with the Battlefield Associa- tion located and marked the spot on which the monument is to be placed. It is in the field to the right of the Emmettsburg road, where the regiment did its hardest fighting. On the occasion of the reunion of the Third Corps at Gettysburg, July 2, 1886, an informal meeting was held of the members of the One Hundred and Fifth present, who concurred in the work of the association, and subscribed lib- erally to the monumental fund. The monument, which will be in every respect worthy of the regiment which it will represent, and a fitting memorial to the brave men who fell from its ranks on that and other hard fought fields, will be placed in position in the near future. CHAPTER XV. MISCELLANEOUS MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. Company I. Sixty-seventh Regiment — Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Regiment — Companies E and I, One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regiment — Death of Lieutenant Maguire — Company B, Two Hundred and Eleventh Regiment — Death of Lieutenant Colonel McLain — Company C, Two Hundred and Sixth Regiment — Muster Rolls. Company F, Sixty-seventh Regiment P. V. IN November, 1861, S. C. Arthurs, who had served as first sergeant in Com- pany K, Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment, commenced to recruit a company for three years. His company was styled the "United Eagles," and was raised in Jefferson and Clarion counties. The company went into camp near Rim- ersburg, Clarion county, where an organization was effected, with S. C. Arthurs, captain, the other commissioned officers being from Clarion county. In 1862 the company joined the regiment of Colonel John F. Staunton, at Philadelphia, and was mustered into the service as Company F, Sixty-seventh Pennsylvania Vol- unteers. On the 3d of April, 1862, the Sixty-seventh was ordered to Baltimore, and from there to Annapolis, Md., where it relieved the Eleventh Regiment, P. V. It was here employed in guard and provost duty in the city and in other parts of Eastern Maryland, and in furnishing guards for Camp Parole, near the city. The latter duty was so well performed that the citizens experienced no trouble from the presence of the large body of paroled prisoners constantly at this camp. During all this time the disciphne was verj' strict, and the regiment was thoroughly drilled, until it was equal to any in the service. Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 167 In February, 1863 the Sixty seventli was relieved, and ordered to Harper's Ferry, where it did guard and garrison dut_\' for a short time, when it was at- tached to the Third Brigade of General Milroy's command. The headquarters of the department was at Winchester, and their work was to hold the rebels in check, and prevent the eastern portion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from falling into their hands. The Third Brigade, in command of Colonel McReynolds, of the First N. Y. Cavalry, was posted at Berryville, ten miles from Winchester, and as General Milroy " was expressly ordered to undertake no ofTensive operations in force," little of importance occurred to the command, whose occupation was to watch the movements of the cavalry of Jones, Ira- boden, and Moseby, the only forces of the enemy known to be in their front. On the evening of June 12th Colonel Staunton, who had been to Winchester, returned with the news that the enemy was advancing in force down the valley, and only a few miles distant. General Milroy ordered the brigade to be in readiness to reinforce him at Winchester, but as the rear guard of the com- mand left Berryville to obey the signal to join General Milroy, the enemy ap- peared in sight, and to avoid encountering him in force on the Berryville and and Winchester pike, the command was obliged to make a detour by Summit Point and Bunker Hill. Just after passing the latter place, the rear of the col- umn was struck by Jenkins's rebel cavalry, but the enemy was repulsed with considerable loss. After a fatiguing march of over thirty miles, in the midst of a drenching rain, the command reached Winchester about 10 P. M., and the tired troops had scarcely laid down to rest, when they were again in motion, and were shifted from one position to another ; the Sixty-seventh being on Sun- day morning ordered into the rifle-pits, at the Star Fort, about a mile and a half northwest of Winchester. At noon of the same day it was ordered to relieve the Eighty-seventh Pennsylvania, which had been engaged in a skirmish with the enemy on the outskirts of the town. It advanced promptly and took posi- tion under a severe fire and held the town until dark, when it was ordered to retire to Star Fort. General Milroy, fearing that his small command would be cut off by the enemy, determined to evacuate Winchester, and cut his way through the ene- my's lines. He succeeded in getting about four miles from Winchester, when he suddenly encountered a large body of the enemy, who at once opened a heavy fire upon him. At the opening of the engagement the Sixty-seventh, and the Sixth Maryland, instead of forming on the left in support of the troops fighting in the front, were deployed to the right. They remained under par- tial cover for some time, until it became apparent that the attempt to turn the enemy's right had failed ; they then attempted to cut their way through upon the enemy's left, but had only advanced a short distance when they found themselves in the midst of the main body of the enemy. A severe engagement ensued, in which the little force fought bravely, but were soon overpowered ; 1 68 History of Jefferson County. the Sixty-seventh, which was in advance, finding itself surrounded on every hand was compelled to surrender. The men who had had no rest from the morn- ing of the 13th, were completely exhausted by marching and fighting. Many of the officers and men determining not to be taken if possible, scattered and escaped into the woods, and reached the Union lines ; but the greater part of Company I with Captain Arthurs were captured ; Major Harry White, who had dismounted, and fought with the regiment on foot was taken prisoner. The officers and men were at once transferred to Richmond, and the former were kept in confinement for more than a year in Libby. The men were confined at Belle Isle near Richmond, where they suffered all the privations of prison life for two months, when they were paroled and returned to Annapolis. Major White, who was a member of the Pennsylvania Senate, and whose vote was necessary to a majority of either party in that body, was subjected to a separate and more rigorous confinement on that account, the enemy being well aware that the Senate could enact no business until his release, or until his resignation was secured. The fragment of the regiment which escaped capture was reorganized at Harper's Ferry, and with the rest of Milroy's com- mand was transferred to the Third Division of the Third Corps. On the 30th of June it was sent with ordinance stores, etc., from the works at Maryland Heights, which were shipped to Washington. The Sixty-seventh as part of this guard reached Washington on the 4th of May, and a few days later was ordered to join the Army of the Potomac, at Frederick. During the fall and winter of 1863 it shared the fortunes of the Third Corps. The exchanged pris- oners rejoined the regiment on the iith of October. When active operations were abandoned the regiment went into winter quarters at Brandy Station, where a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted, and all who were entitled to a veteran furlough returned home. At the end of their thirty days' leave they returned to Washington, and the regiment was ordered to report to' General Abercrombie at Belle Plain, where it remained employed in various duties for some time. On the 13th of June the Si.xty-seventh had a skirmish with the enemy near White House. On the following morning Sheridan arrived with his command and the enemy was compelled to retire. The Sixty-seventh then acted as escort for the wagon- train of General Sheridan, which was taken through in safety to tlie James River, the only occurrence being a slight skirmish with the enemy's cavalry near Charles City Cross Roads. Upon his arrival Colonel Staunton was ordered to join his brigade in front of Petersburg, where the enlisted men who had been transferred to the One Hundred and Thirty-fifth, upon the departure of the veterans on furlough, were returned to their places in the ranks of the Sixty-seventh. On the 6th of July the division embarked at City Point for Baltimore, and from there started out in quest of Early, who with a large force was raiding in Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 169 Maryland. During these operations, and in the campaign that ensued under General Wright, the regiment took part, being kept almost constantly on the move. At this time the Army of the Shenandoah, under General Sheridan, was lying at Clifton, about three miles from Berryville, and at a little before day- light on the morning of the 19th of September, General Sheridan began the battle. The Sixth Corps moved first, the Third Division on the right, with the Sixty-seventh at the extreme right of the division. The battle raged along the entire line until almost evening, when General Sheridan rode along the lines and informed the troops that Averell was in the enemy's rear, the Eighth Corps on his flank, and that if they would press on he could route Early com- pletely. Soon the order was given, and the whole line charged up the valley. The Third Division, principally composed of Milroy's old command, was the first to reach the heights of Winchester, Lieutenant Asaph M. Clark, of Com- pany F, being the first to reach the enemy's works and plant the colors upon them. The regiment went into the fight with only two commissioned officers — two lieutenants, and lost heavily. The Sixty-seventh took part in the pursuit of Early and in all the subse- quent brilliant career of Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley. In the fight of the 19th of October, which, but for the opportune arrival of Sheridan, would have ended so disastrously to our arms, the Sixty-seventh was hotly engaged, losing forty-eight in killed and wounded. It remained in the valley until near the close of the year, when, with the corps, it was ordered to the front at Petersburg, and participated in the closing campaign. After the surrender of Lee it was sent to Danville, near the North Carolina border, where Johnston still had a large rebel force, but on his surrender returned to Washington, where it was mustered out of service July 14, 1865.1 Captain Arthurs, who was taken prisoner June 13, 1863, at the battle of Winchester, was held by the rebels until March 11, 1865. He suffered all the privations and indignities that were so lavishly bestowed upon the Union pris- oners, besides being deprived of fighting with his gallant command on the field. Mrs. Arthurs, who was with the captain in camp at Berrj'ville, when the rebels swooped down upon them, narrowly escaped being captured. She returned to Baltimore, where she remained, working earnestly for Captain Arthurs's release, until he rejoined her and returned to Brookville with her March 29, 1865. While in Baltimore Mrs. Arthurs did good work among the sick and wounded soldiers in the hospitals there. Lieutenant Asaph M. Clark, who escaped capture, gallantly commanded the company in most of its further campaigns, until he was promoted to first lieu- 1 We have taken the principal part of the operations of the Sixty-seventh from "Bates's History Pennsylvania Volunteers," volume 2. \yo History of Jefferson County. tenant of Company K, February 5, 1865, and afterwards to captain of that company. The following Jefferson county men in Company F, were killed, or died of disease : B. Rush Scott, killed at Winchester ; Benewell Fisher, R. D. McCut- cheon, Daniel Dunkleburg died ; the latter dying while at his home on fur- lough. John W. Greenawalt, James W. Kerr, and Daniel McAdoo transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps. Jefferson County Men in Comp.a.ny F, 67TH P. V. Captain, Samuel C. Arthurs; first sergeants, Jacob B. .McCracken, Asaph M. Clark ; sergeants, Thomas J. Proctor, Elias VV. Haines ; corporals, Fred Hil- liard, Thompson McAninch, Alexander F. Flick, David, Clepper, John Dough- erty, Samuel Irwin; privates, James R. Adams, Edward Burns, Layfayette Burge, Thomas Brown, John Baxter, David Barry, Noah Burkepile, John H. Cox, John Dick}-, Daniel Dunkleburg, George Friedline, Jesse Flick, George Fisher, Henry Fisher, Benewell Fisher, Peter Grove, jr., James R. Galley, John W. Greenawalt, Henry Geesey, Aaron Hendricks, George M. Hilliard, Michael Harriger, Silas E. Hall, John M. Hadden, George W. Keys, John B. Lucas, John Messner, Henry B. Milliron, Daniel McAdoo, R. D. McCutcheon, Quin- ton O'Kain, Samuel D. Patterson, John Shadle, Henry Snyder, Henry C. Sny- der, Benjamin R. Scott, David Taylor, Henry Truman, John Voinchet, Daniel Williams, John Warner, Robert D. Williams, Edward W. Young, Samuel Yeomans. Company B, ijsth Pennsylvania Volunteers. This company was recruited, under the call of the president, issued July i, 1862, for troops to serve for nine months. It was raised largely through the efforts of Richard J. Espy, A. B. and Charles McLain, and left Brookville August 7th and proceeded to Camp Curtin, at Harrisburg, where it was mus- tered into the One Hundred and Thirty- fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. On the organization of the regiment, with J. R. Porter, of Indiana, as colonel, A. B. McLain was made adjutant, and the election for company officers resulted in Richard J. Espy being chosen captain ; Charles McLain, first lieutenant, and Andrew J. Sparks, second lieutenant. On the same day that the regiment was organized, August 19, 1862, it left for Washington, and on reporting to Gen- eral Wadsworth, in command of that department, was assigned to provost guard duty, being detailed in detachments in Washington and Georgetown. The field officers being assigned to special duty, such as president of general court martial, commandant of Capitol Hill and of the Soldiers' Home, and in taking charge of the prisoners on their way for exchange between Washington and Aiken's Landing. The regiment remained at Washington until February 16, 1863, though Colonel Porter made repeated application to have his regiment Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 171 sent to the front, but without avail, until General Wadsworth joined the Army of the Potomac, when the scattered detachments were united, and the regiment proceeded to Belle Plain, where it was assigned to the First Brigade, Third Division, First Corps, Colonel Porter being for a time in command of the brigade. The regiment was engaged on picket and guard duty until the Chancellorsville campaign commenced, when it was moved, on the 28th of April, to Pollock Mills, on the Rappahannock River, near Fredericksburg. Shortly after dark Colonel Porter was ordered to move his regiment close to the bank of the river to support the batteries. On the following morning the enemy opened upon the One Hundred and Thirty-fifth, the fire being promptly and effectively returned ; the regiment having three wounded, one of whom, E. H. Baum, was of Company B. On the 2d of May the First Corps was ordered to Chancellorsville, where Hooker was engaged with the enemy, but the One Hundred and Thirty fifth was left in support of the batteries. As soon as relieved it hastened to rejoin its brigade at the front, and was there thrown out to cover the front of the brigade, losing in the movement several prisoners. After this campaign closed the regiment returned to Belle Plain, where it remained until its term of ser- vice expired. General Doubleday, commanding the Third Division of the First Corps, said of this regiment : " Colonel Porter has rendered very good service with his regiment in guarding the batteries along the Rappahannock engaged in cover- ing the crossing of our troops below Fredericksburg. His men defended the guns against the enemy's sharpshooters, and did good execution The One Hundred and Thirty-fifth also covered the front of the First Brigade of my Division at the battle of Chancellorsville, and though not actively engaged, done all that was required of it." Their term of enlistment having expired, the regiment returned to Harris- burg, where, on the 24th of May, 1863, it was mustered out of service. Dur- ing its nine months' service it lost eight men. From disease, Benjamin F. Bon- ham, George Diveler, James Flanders ; Robert Gilmore, William F. Huffman, Daniel Reed, George W. Weckerly, William Whaling. Lee Forsythe died of injuries received in railroad accident near Washington. Miles Flack lost both legs in same accident. Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth P. V. Captain, Richard J. Espy ; first lieutenant, Charles McLain ; second lieuten- ant, Andrew J. Sparks ; first sergeant, John A. McLain ; sergeants, George W. Porter, E. H. Baum, Samuel M. Moore, George W. Sibley ; corporals, Thomas S. McCreight, Thomas M. Myers, Samuel L. Allen, Hiram W. Clark, Alanson R. Felt, Robert W. Anderson, Daniel B. Porter, John A. Rishel ; musician, William S. Lucas ; privates, Robert Andrews, John W. Alford, Leonard Agnew, 172 History of Jefferson County. John Alcorn, Calvin Burns, Joseph Beer, Liberty Beer, Isaac H. Buzzard, An- son H. Bowdish, James Bennett, Jacob Booth, John Bonham, David Buchan- an, Benjamin F. Bonham, George W. Corbin, John A. Cuzzens, G. W. Cham- berlain, Sylvester Davis, Alonzo Dixon, George Diveler, Miles Flack, Lee Forsythe, James Flanders, Franklin Goodar, Samuel Gibbs, Ray Giles, Robert Gilmore, Elias J. Hettrick, Frederick Harvey, Nathaniel Harriger, William V. Heim, John Hettrick, James Hildreth, Nathan Hoig, George Haight, Wes- ley Haight, William Harris, Chauncey P. Harding, William F. Hoffman, Elias W. Jones, Cyrenus N. Jackson, Henry Keihl, Jacob S. Keihl, Othoniel Kelly, John L. Lucas, Louis Litzel, Julius Morey, James A. Myers, Abel L. Mathews, James E. Mitchell, G. S. Montgomery, Robert Miller, C. W. Morehead, James E. McCracken, F. B. McNaughton, William G. McMinn, Jonathan R. McFadden, Frank M. Robinson, Thomas V. Robinson, William A. Royer, Daniel Reed, Louis Riley, James T. Smith, Peter Spangler, Jeremiah B. Smith, Solomon Stahlman, David Stahlman, David Uplinger, Silas Whelpley, Joseph Woods, Orlando Wayland, George R. White, George S. Wallace, George W. Weckerly, William Whaling. Company E, and I, One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regiment P. V. The One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regiment was principally recruited in Centre county, and when ready to take the field, desiring that a Centre county soldier should command them, their choice fell upon James A. Beaver, of Belle- fonte, Pa., who was then at the front with his regiment, the Forty-fifth Penn- sylvania, of which he was lieutenant-colonel. Governor Curtin adding his petition to that of the officers of the new regiment, that he should become its commander, Colonel Beaver resigned from the Forty-fifth, and assumed com- mand of the new regiment, which was designated as the One Hundred and Forty-eighth. The regiment was organized September 8, 1862, at Camp Curtin, with seven companies from Centre county, one from Clarion, two from Jefferson and Indiana. All of Company I and about half the men in Company E, were from Jefferson. The day following its organization the regiment was sent to guard the Northern Central Railroad, with headquarters at Cockeysville, Md. Here it was put under the most rigid and uniform rules of discipline, so that in less than three months after entering the service, some veteran officers who had just been released from rebel prisons, and were passing the well arranged and orderly camp, noticing the trim appearance of the pickets, and the guards at the colonel's headquarters, wearing clean white gloves, burnished brasses and blackened shoes, called out to the men, "Are you regulars?" Colonel Beaver took great pride in the rapid progress of his regiment, and said of them at this time, " The men of this regiment are willing and of more than ordi- nary intelligence. I am satisfied that it can be made all that a regiment ought to be, if the officers are faithful." This prediction the subsequent history of Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 173 the regiment proved. The discipline enforced embraced every phase of a sol- dier's obligation. Though there was no immediate necessity apparent, the men were instructed in the duties of the outpost as well as the camp. Careful picket lines were maintained and tested by the young colonel at all hours of the day and night. The most rigid rules of soldierly conduct were kindly but firmly enforced. One of the best drilled companies in the regiment was Company I, and to Captain Marlin of that Company was the One Hundred and Forty-eighth in a great measure indebted for its efficiency in drill and discipline, for in him Colonel Beaver found an officer thoroughly posted in every detail of soldierly qualifications. Going as he did from the One Hundred and Fifth Pennsj'lva- nia, he carried with him the lessons learned in military tactics, in that rigid school of drill and discipline that Colonel McKnight established at Camp Jame- son, during the winter of 1861—62, and which made the officers of that regi- ment excel in this respect. Colonel Marlin gives this severe and thorough training that he then received the credit for his success as an officer. He lent himself ardently to aid the colonel of the regiment in his efforts to make the One Hundred and Forty-eighth a regiment that would have done credit to the " Old Guards." A good story is told of the obstacles which Colonel Beaver sometimes encountered in liis desire to make a " crack " regiment out of the material gathered from the mountains of Pennsylvania. Standing one day near his headquarters, a sturdy German of the Clarion county company came shambling along toward him, with anything but a soldierly gait, and without a soldier's bearing. Approaching the Colonel, without saluting, he said : " Say, vere's de old docther ? " " I don't know. But who are you ? " asked the Colonel. " Vy, I been Switzer." " Are you a soldier ?" sternly demanded the Colonel, appreciating the com- edy nature of the performance, but also realizing the necessity of giving the man a practical lesson in a soldier's education. " Oh, yah ; I belong to the Hundred and Fordy-eidth." " Ah, is that so," replied the Colonel. " You don't appear like a soldier of that regiment. But if }'ou are, let me show you how a member of that regi- ment addresses an officer. You stand here and be colonel for a moment, while I take your place as a private." The German citizen soldier eyed the colonel curiously as he walked away a few paces, wheeled about and ap- aproached him with a brisk, soldierly step, and military carriage. The substi- tuted private addressed the suddenly commissioned officer and said : " Colonel, can you tell me, sir, where I will find the surgeon of the regi- ment ?" " Mein Gott in Himmel, I doan no ! I'm been lookin' for him meinself for an hour." -"-^ 174 History of Jefferson County. The colonel's dignity succumbed to the German's reply, and he walked into his quarters to conceal a hearty laugh. On the 7th of December the regiment was ordered to join the army of the Potomac, and assigned to the First Brigade, First Division of the Second Corps. The brigade was commanded by General Caldwell, while General Han- cock was in command of the division. It went into camp near Falmouth, and again built winter quarters. The regiment was here employed on picket duty and active drill, and kept up its reputation for soldierly bearing and neatness, being several times during the winter complimented by General Hancock for its fine appearance on review. General Walker in his history of the Second Corps, says of the first ap- pearance of this regiment at the front : "Three days after the First Division returned to camp (after the battle of Fredericksburgh) it as the most depleted division, received a reinforcement in the One Hundred and Forty-eighth Pennsylvania, Colonel James A. Beaver, a regiment which was thereafter, through all the subsequent struggle to the glorious end, to be associated with the Second Corps, and never to be named without honor. The degree of discipline to which this new regiment of Penn- sylvania troops had already, in four months of service, been brought by its accomplished commander, rendered it a conspicuous figure, whether among the camps of the division, on review, or in the field." At Chancellorsville Companies E and I of the One Hundred and Forty- eighth were part of the celebrated skirmish line of Colonel Miles. Says Gen- eral Walker: " Again and again did he (the enemy) advanc einto the slashing, and attempt to make his way over Miles's resolute force ; but in vain. Occu- pying a position of advantage, the Fifty-seventh, the Sixty-fourth and the Sixty-sixth New York, Second Delaware, and One Hundred and Forty-eighth Pennsylvania, every time beat off" these attacks, and drove the assailants back to cover. The importance of this stiff holding of our line on the left could not at this crisis be over-estimated. Had McLaws been able to produce any im- pression, however slight, along the turnpike, he would have fearfully compli- cated the problem for the Union army. Called suddenly to face the irruption of Jackson's three divisions, through its broken right, driving Howard's beaten troops before him as the stones and beams of a ruined dam, separated trees, and the wreckage of a hundred houses |are driven before the mountainous flood of waters. Fortunately while the good Third Corps with which was William Hays's brigade of French's division of the Second Corps, Pleasanton's small but gallant cavalry force, and the guns of numerous batteries, were, with rare discipline and heroism, resisting this fearful onslaught, no cause for alarm existed on the left ; even the line of battle was never for one moment allowed to be- come engaged ; but Miles holding the enemy off at arm's length, continued in his rifle-pits till night fell." Swinton in his " Potomac Campaigns " says of Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 175 this brilliant exploit, " Amid much that is dastardly at Chancellorsville, the conduct of this young, but gallant and skillful officer, shines forth with a brill- iant lustre." So delighted was Hancock at this splendid behavior of his skir- mish line, that after one repulse of the enemy, he exclaimed to one of his aids, " Captain Parker ride down and tell Colonel Miles he is worth his weight in gold ! " " On Sunday morning when the One Hundred and Forty-eighth (four companies C, D, G, and H, while companies E and I were on the skirmish line of General Miles) was moving from the abatis where it had lain all night, General Hooker met it; 'What regiment is this?' he shouted. 'The One Hundred and Forty-eighth Pennsylvania,' said Colonel Beaver coming for- ward. With Meagher's Irish Brigade, which had been away on detached service, General Hancock had put Colonel Beaver's and the rest of Caldwell's Brigade under General Hooker's direct orders. A question more as to the brigade, and General Hooker turned to direct the regiment on its way. It was one of those rare moments when the commander of a great army picks up a single regiment and guides its movements. Filing out along the road leav- ing behind the advance line of the enemy, facing towards the new danger, the rebel shot from front and rear flying over their heads, the regiment followed Hooker's white horse. . . . Ten minutes of double quick and the regi- ment poured into a sloping, open field, which lost itself in a wood that crowned an elevation, from behind which were coming the puffs of rifle-shot and rings of artillery firing. 'There is your work. Colonel, occupy that wood,' said Hooker, pointing up the slope lying clean out of the Union lines, with the roads that led to a needed ford winding about it. ' Hadn't I better throw out a skirmish line, General ? ' said Colonel Beaver as he looked at the distant point upon which he was ordered to fling his regiment. 'Wait for nothing,' said General Hooker, as he turned to seek another part of the field, ' every- thing depends on holding those woods.' " ^ Reaching the point indicated, Colonel Beaver found the woods swarming with rebels, with whom an engagement began at close range. Here, in the hottest of the fight, Colonel Beaver was severely, and it was at first thought, mortally wounded in the abdomen. After the fall of their colonel the regi- ment remained all day in the woods, swaying back and forth in the fierce fight, but holding the ground on which the safety of the retreating army lay until late in the day, when it was withdrawn after a heavy loss. General Caldwell in his official report of this engagement says : " Colonel Beaver of the One Hundred and Forty-eighth Pennsylvania Vol- unteers deserves the highest praise for the discipline and efficiency which he has secured in his regiment. . . . He was unfortunately wounded severely at the first fire, and was borne from the field, before he conld see the heroism of his men." 1 Burr's "Life of Beaver." 176 History of Jefferson Couxty. After this battle the regiment returned to camp, where it remained until the opening of the Gettysburg campaign, when it moved north with the rest of the army, and on the morning of the 2d of July the Second Corps which had been halted during the night by General Hancock, about three miles out, on the Taneytown road, reached Gettysburg, and was assigned to occupy Ceme- tery Hill, the left centre of the line. Lee was at this time hurling his forces against the Third Corps, which was heroically striving to beat him back, and an almost hand to hand conflict was taking place in the Peach orchard where Birney's Division sustained the name that Kearney had given it. When these brave men of Sickles's Corps were being beaten back by the combined forces of McLaws and Hood, when eleven Confederate batteries had been hurling death into the Union line and just as Barksdale's Mississippians burst through Graham's feeble line to drive out McGilvray's artillery, and pour into the rear of the Union troops, Switzer's and Tilton's brigades of the Fifth Corps, who had been sent to assist Birney were thrown back and overwhelmed, and all seemed lost. " But at this moment a powerful reinforcement is approaching the field. It is the division which Sumner organized at Camp California, in the winter of 1 86 1, and which Richardson and Hancock had led into action — commanded this day by Caldwell. The scene of the contest is the wheat-field, so famous in the story of Gettysburg. This, and the woods on the south and west, are no\y full of the exulting enemy. Through this space charges the fiery Cross of the Fifth New Hampshire, with his well approved brigade (in which was the One Hundred and Forty-eighth.) It is his last battle. He has said it, as he ex- changed greetings with Hancock on the way. (' It is my last day. I'll have a star or a coffin to-day ! ') But he moves to his death with all the splendid en- thusiasm that he displayed at Fair Oaks, Antietam, and Fredericksburg." 1 By an error in deploying the One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regiment, Companies C and I were on the right and in the already well-contested wheat- field, the rest of the regiment extending into the woods and rocks towards the Devil's Den, the Fifth New Hampshire on the extreme left of the brigade. Here was an opportunity to fully test the discipline and courage of the men engaged. The companies in the wheatfield fully exposed, while the enemy was protected by the stone-wall and rocks in the woods beyond the field. In this terrible engagement Company I lost twenty-six out of sixty-one men that it took into the fight, and was fortunate enough to capture quite a number of the enemy. After the battle of Gettysburg the One Hundred^ and Forty-eighth took part in the pursuit of Lee, and after taking an important part in the Mine Run campaign, it went into winter quarters near Stevensburg, where it recruited its wasted ranks. The location of the camp was a pleasant and healthy one, and this season of inactivity was of great benefit to the men. The regiment was here kept up to its standard in drill and discipline. 1 Walker's " History of the Second Corps." Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 177 In February important changes took place in the Army of the Potomac. The five corps which had fought so long side by side were to be consohdated into three, and to this end the First and Third were sacrificed. Whether this dismemberment of these brave organizations was for the best, it is not my province to here discuss. The bitter pangs of the soldiers of both these corps were hard to bear ; but when the veterans of the First and Second Division of the Third Corps, the men commanded by the illustrious Kearney, and the gal- lant Hooker, were transferred to the Second Corps, they could not have fallen (if the change had to be made) into better hands, and they in the campaigns that were to follow added lustre to the laurels of that corps. In this reorganization of the Second Corps, the One Hundred and Forty- eighth was assigned to the Fourth Brigade of the First Division, commanded by Colonel John R. Brooke, the Second Delaware, Fifty-third, One Hundred and Forty-fifth Pennsylvania and the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-sixth New York, comprising the other regiments in the brigade, General Barlow commanding the division. On the 22d of April the reinforced Second Corps was brought to- gether to be reviewed by General Grant. Says Walker of this grand review, " More than twenty-five thousand men actually marched in review. The ap- pearance and bearing of the troops was brilliant in the extreme ; but among all the gallant regiments which passed the reviewing officer, two excited spe- cial admiration — the One Hundred and Forty-eighth Pennsylvania, Colonel Beaver from the old Second, and the Fortieth New York, Colonel Egan, from the former Third Corps." On the evening of May 3d the regiment moved from camp and crossing the Rapidan at Ely's Ford reached Chancellorsville on the 4th, the anniversary of their first hard fought battle. At an early hour on the following morning the column was put in motion, the One Hundred and Fort3'-eight acting as skirmishers and flankers, and reached the battle-field of the W'ilderness in the evening. Lying upon the extreme left of the line the regiment shared but little of the fighting of the 5th and 6th. "When it was marching to the front, still fresh, though just off a nine hours' march, the splendid condition and sol- dierly bearing of the regiment was noticed by a group of general officers, who had been watching the methodical drill of the gleaming bayonets, while the roar of battle could be plainly heard. When Colonel Beaver rode over to this group of officers General Gibbon, in command of two divisions of the Sec- ond Corps, said to him, ' Colonel, I'd rather have that regiment in its splendid condition and command it, than occupy the position that I do.'i A flank move- ment of the enemy, which had commenced during the night, was continued during the day, and on the 9th the One Hundred and Forty-eighth. advanced on the Spottsylvania road to the Po River, on the opposite side of which the enemy was found. Fording the stream the three right companies were de- 1 Burns "Life of Beaver." 178 History of Jefferson County. ployed and advanced with three companies as support, and the remaining four as battalion reserve. The line advanced steadily in the face of a brisk fire from the enemy's batteries, and drove him from his position. The battle which opened the next morning was renewed later in the day, and about 3 P. M. a strong line of the enemy appeared in front of the position occupied by the One Hundred and Forty-eighth, and its line of skirmishers were driven in with severe loss; but as the enemy emerged from the woods into the open ground they received such a well-directed fire from Company H, that they wavered, and a moment later Colonel Beaver ordered the entire line to open fire. The fight- ing lasted some time, and being unsupported. Colonel Beaver determined to withdraw his command. This was exceedingly difficult, as the near presence of the enemy and the burning woods through which he had to pass made it very dangerous ; but by a masterly effort Colonel Beaver managed to bring off" the regiment in safety, he being the last one to ford the river, which he did on foot, having given his horse to a lieutenant of his regiment who had lost a leg, and to whom death would have been certain if left in the burning woods. The faithful horse had been wounded before his master gave him up, and fell dead just as he reached the bank of the river with his maimed burden. In his report of this engagement General Hancock says : " I feel that I cannot speak too highly of the bravery and soldierly conduct displayed by Brooke's and Brown's brigades on this occasion ; attacked by an entire division of the enemy (Heth's), they repeatedly beat him back, holding their ground with unyielding courage until they were ordered to withdraw, when they retired with such order and steadiness as to meet the highest praise." General Brooke in his official report to General Hancock says : " I would particularly mention Colonel James A. Beaver, One Hundred and Forty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, whose regiment occupied the right of the line, and the most exposed position, for his great gallantry and the mas- terly manner in which he extricated his regiment from the burning woods, which were set on fire by some means during the action. During the latter part of this action this regiment had to contend with the enemy in front, and the burning timber in the rear, and at its close were compelled to retire tlirough the fire to the opposite or left bank of the Fo, no other path being left open." On the 1 2th the regiment found itself in the front of the conflict at Spott- sylvania, where it fought bravely. The troops of Barlow fought desper- ately in this engagement. General Walker says of them : "Tearing away the abatis with their hands, Miles's and Brooke's brigades sprang over the entrench- ments, bayoneting the defenders or beating them down with clubbed muskets. Almost at the same instant Birney entered tlie works on his side and the sal- ient was won." Company I here lost Lieutenant John A. Maguire, who was Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 179 mortally wounded and died on the 15th. He was a brave young officer, and his death was deeply regretted by his comrades and by his many friends in Brookville, from which place he enlisted. On the 3d of June, after taking part at North Anna and Tolopotomy, the regiment found itself at Cold Harbor, and with the division captured the ene- my's front line ; but the division not being properly supported, was obliged to fall back a short distance, where it held its ground against every assault of the enemy. On the 15th moved to Petersburg and took an active part in the siege of that place, where on the evening of the i6th Colonel Beaver was severely wounded, in an advance of his brigade on the enemy's works. On the 2 1 St of August the regiment returned from Deep Bottom, and was immediately hurried to the left of Warren on the Weldon Railroad, tearing up and destroying the road southward of Reams's Station. The First and Sec- ond Divisions were engaged in this work until the morning of the 25th, when they were attacked by the enemy. The fighting was desperate. Again and again was the enemy repulsed ; but the division had finally to withdraw before the overwhelming force brought against it. The loss in the regiment was very heavy. General Beaver, who had hurried to the field in an ambulance, not having entirely recovered from the wound received at Petersburg, June i6th, was just in the act of reviewing his front, when he was shot through the right leg and borne from the field disabled. This battle deprived the regiment of the leader which it loved, and the army of one of its best volunteer officers, but it probably saved to Pennsylvania her present able and honored executive, for had General Beaver been able to go into any more hard-fought fights, his bravery would most likely have cost him his life. On the return of the regiment to Petersburg, it did duty at Forts Haskell and Steadman, and Battery No. 10. By an order of the War Department, it was directed that one regiment in each division should be furnished with Spencer repeating rifles, and General Hancock designated the One Hundred and Forty-eighth to receive them on the part of the First Division, During the winter the regiment was engaged in garrisoning Forts Sampson, Gregg and Cummings. When the spring campaign opened it participated in the action at Hatcher's Run, March 25, 1865, and on the 31st at Adams's farm. On the 2d of April it took part in the fight at Sutherland Station. Here they were deployed as skirmishers by General Miles and led the advance. With Captain Sutton of Company E in command of the right wing, and Captain Harper of the left, it moved steadily forward, and by a well-executed ma- neuvre, flanked the enemy's works and opened a well-directed enfilading fire from the repeating rifles. This deadly fire threw the rebels into confusion, and an entire brigade laid down their arms and surrendered to the brigade. On the following day General Miles issued an order warmly commending the gal- i8o History of Jefferson County. lant conduct of the brigade, and stating the result of the charge to be seven hundred prisoners, two pieces of artillery, and two flags. On the 7th of April the regiment participated in the battle of Farmville, and the closing scenes of the war, after which it returned to Ale.Kandria, and on the 3d of June, 1865, was mustered out of service. Companies I and E took part in the following engagements in which their regiment was engaged : Auburn, Bristow, Mine Run, The Wilderness, Po River, Spottsylvania Court-House, North Anna, Tolopotomy. Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Strawberry Plains, Reams's Station, Hatcher's Run, Adams's Farm, Sutherland Station, Farmville, and Appomattox. Company I of the One Hundred and Forty-eighth was recruited by Cap- tain Silas J. Marlin in July and August of 1862. This company was fortunate in having such an excellent and efficient officer to command it, and he was equally fortunate in securing such good material for his company. He remained with his company until July 28, 1863, when he was detailed as acting inspector general of the First Division of the Second Corps, which position he held until the close of the war, being on several occasions detailed as inspector of the Second Corps. During the time that he was thus detailed he served on the staffs of Generals Caldwell, Barlow, and Miles, and was actively engaged in every engagement in which his division participated, either in command of his company or on staff duty. May 26, 1865, he was, by General Order No. 254 from the War Depart- ment, ordered to report for duty at Fortress Monroe, and was appointed by General Miles inspector during the first part of Jefferson Davis's imprisonment at the fortress. He was commissioned major of his regiment June i, 1865, but being absent on detailed service was not mustered as such. On the 27th of December Captain Marlin was brevetted a major of volun- teers, by President Lincoln, " for gallant services at the battle of Reams's Sta- tion, and in the present campaign before Richmond " to rank from December 2, 1864. And January 15, 1865, he was again brevetted a lieutenant-colonel of volunteers, " for gallantry and valuable services." Governor Beaver says of Colonel Marlin : " He was a most capable, gallant and useful officer upon the staff, and was well entitled to all the honors which he received for the service." General Walker says: " He was a cool, intelligent officer." During Colonel Marlin's absence from his company it was well and skillfully handled by Lieutenants Crane and Clark. The former was commissioned captain June i, 1865. Company E shared equal!)' in the honors of the One Hundred and Forty- eighth with Company I. Captain Stewart resigning soon after it went out, the command devolved upon Captain Sutton of Indiana ; but two of its most effi- Miscellaneous Military Organizations. I8l cient and bravest officers were Lieutenants Clark and Sprankle, both of Jeffer- son county. Joseph E. Hall of Company I was on April 27, 1863, promoted from sergeant to sergeant-major of the regiment, and on August 2, to second lieutenant of Company I, and promoted to adjutant of the One Hundred and Eighty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers September 7, 1864, a position he held until the muster out of his regiment, with great credit. An officer of the division said of him : " You cannot praise him too highly." Company E, One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regiment P. V. The following were the Jefferson county men in Company E, One Hundred and Forty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers. Captain Charles Stewart resigned September 25, 1863 ; first lieutenants, W. T. Clark, promoted November 15, 1863, discharged on surgeon's certificate July 7, 1864; Peter D.- Sprankle, promoted September 25, 1864; first ser- geants, George Baughman, Levi C. Smith, Robert A. Travis ; sergeants, Daniel W. Smith, Charles M. Law ; corporals, Robert J. Crissman, John Milliron, E. Vincent Richards, James Shoppard, W. J. Postlethwait, John J. Shoffstall ; mu- sicians, David N. Henry, Johnston Hamilton ; privates, John Boyer, Emanuel Bush, Peter Burkett, Isaac G. Cochran, Robert J. Crissman, Alexander R. Dun- lap, Samuel P. Edwards, William Evans, David Gearheart, Samuel R. Gear- heart, John M. Hartman, John C. Hoover, William Jordan, Benjamin F. Keck, Sampson Klingensmith, Daniel C. Law, Joseph H. Law, Joseph Long, John Milliron, William Milliron, George Miller, Andrew Minish, William S. New- com, Josiah Postlethwait, William J. Postlethwait, Emanuel Raybuck, Henry Raybuck, Philip Sloppy, James L. Staggers, David Smith, John Snyder, Sam- uel Shilling, Joseph Shoffstall, Chambers O. Timblin, George Timblin, Philip Whitesell, Henry Young. The following Jefferson county men in Company E were killed, died of wounds and disease, or were transferred to other organizations : Killed — Sampson Klingensmith, Joseph H. Law, David Smith, Joseph Shoffstall, Philip Whitesell, Andrew Minish. Died — Samuel R. Gearheart, Jo- seph Long, William Milliron, William S. Newcom, William Postlethwait, George Timblin, Henry Young. Died in rebel prisons — E. Bush, Philip Sloppy, James Staggers, John Snyder. Transferred and promoted to Captain U. S. C. T. — Sergeant R. A. Travis. Transferred and promoted to Adjutant U. S. C. T. — George Miller. Transferred to V. R. C— Samuel P. Edwards, William Evans, William Jordan, B. F. Keck. Company I, One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regiment P. V. Captain, Silas J. Marlin; first lieutenants, John A. Maguire, Junius F. Grain ; second lieutenants, Orlando H. Brown, Joseph E. Hall, Frank W. Clark ; first sergeant, Thomas W. Douglass ; sergeants, Henry Carey, Shelumiel Swine- 20 1 82 History of Jefferson County. ford, Benjamin F. McGiffin, Jehial Vasbinder, Alexander McOuiston, William Davidson, Robert Kissinger, Edward Murphy ; corporals, Jacob B. Rumbaugh, William H. Harley, John M. Davis, Lewis Diebler, Thomas McCullough, Al- exander Douglass, Joseph Earnest, Harrison Catz, John M. Love, Russell S. Adams, Russell Weeks; musician, Joseph Arthurs; privates, George W. An- thony, William Acker, Philip Boyer, John S. Buzzard, Emery J. Barr, Hugh A. Barr, William H. Barr, William C. Boyd, John Banghart, Eli Bailey, Jo- seph W. Bowley, Jonathan L. Bitner, Philip S. Crate, Wallace Coon, James Cochran, Lewis Cobbs, Andrew Craft, Harvey Crispin, Isaac Corey, Andrew J. Clark, Josiah T. Crouch. Calvin Dixon, Isaiah S. Davis, John W. Demott, John Emmett, Alonzo Fowler, Daniel Ferringer, William M. Firman, Isaac J. Grenoble, Frederick Gilhousen, James J. Gailey, Orin Giles, James Garvin, Christ. C. Gearheart, Samuel K. Groh, Samuel Howard, Andrew Harp, Jacob S. Haugh, Augustus Haugh, Andrew J. Hagerty, Benjamin F. Hull, George Horner, David M. Hillis, John Howard, Manasses Kerr, Reuben Lyle, Harri- son Long, Peter P. Love, Lyman E. Mapes, Jackson Moore, Thompson Moor- head, David Mattison, Stewart H. Moneer, Henry Mapes, Harrison Moore. James A. Murphy, James McMangle, Peter Nulf, Nelson P. O'Connor, Robert Omslaer, William J. Orr, William O'Connor, Edward Plyler, Samuel Ransom, David D. Rhodes, Harris Ransom, Eli Rhinehart, William Rodgers, James W. Rea, Lewis R. Stahlman, Peter Shannon, William H. H. Smith, Edward M. Sage, John H. H. Shuster, Samuel Shaw, John W. Smith, Theophilus Smith, Benjamin F. Scandrett, Richard Snyder, Jacob Snyder, John Stahlman, Joseph Y. Thompson, Samuel Fry, Robert M. Wadding, Joseph White, William White, William P. Woods Frank M. Whiteman. The following members of Company I were killed, died of wounds or dis- ease, or were transferred to other organizations : Killed — Lieutenant, John McGuire ; sergeant, Alexander McQuiston ; pri- vates, Andrew Craft, Daniel Ferringer, Andrew J. Hagerty, David D. Rhodes, Samuel Shaw. Died — Corporal Thomas McCullough, Emmery J. Barr, William H. Barr, William C. Boyd, Harvej' Crispin, Frederick Gilhousen, Jas. J. Gailey, Augustus Haugh, Harrison Long, Jackson Moore, Thompson Moorhead, Peter Nulf, William White, William J. Orr. Died in rebel prisons, Hugh A. Barr, Stewart H. Monteer, Harris Ransom, Lewis Diebler. The latter was shot by the prison guard at Salisbury, N. C. William Acker and Isaac J. Grenoble, though not "Jefferson county boys," were yet always identified with the com- pany. Acker was mistaken for one of the enemy, and so badly wounded by one of his own regiment, while at work on one of the outpost rifle pits at Cold Harbor, that he lost an arm, while Grenoble lost a leg at Po River. The fol- lowing men were transferred: To adjutant One Hundred and Eighty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Lieutenant Joseph E. Hall ; to Veteran Reserve Corps, Corporal John M. Love ; Philip Boyer, John S. Buzzard, Eli Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 183 Bailey, Josiah T. Crouch, Isaiah S. Davis, John W. Demott, Reuben Lyle, Har- rison Moore, John W. Smith, Theophilus Smith, B. F. Scandrett, Richard Sny- der, W. P. Woods. Transferred to Fifty-tliird Pennsylvania Volunteers, Peter P. Love, James A. Murphy, William O'Connor. To Signal Corps, James W. Rea. Company B, Two Hundred and Eleventh Regiment P. V. Company B of the Two Hundred and Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, was raised in Jefferson county. The regiment was organized at Camp Rey- nolds, Pittsburgh, September 16, 1864, for one year's service. James H. Trim- ble was elected colonel, and Levi A. Dodd of Brookviile, lieutenant-colonel. The regiment was sent immediately to the front, and on the 20th of Septem- ber found itself in the entrenchments at Bermuda Hundred, where it was put in a provisional brigade of the Army of the James. Scarcely had it gained its position when it was ordered to mount the parapets, formed of sand-bags, in full view of the enemy, who at once opened upon them with his batteries, kill- ing two men in Company F, with a single shell. The object in thus exposing this command, was to attract the attention of the enemy from the storming party which was about to move on Fort Harrison, which movement was suc- cessful. The picket line which the regiment was required to hold extended from the James River, on the right opposite Dutch Gap, through a dense pine wood to an open space, within which was the camp of the regiment. The line after leaving the river, ran nearly straight to this slashing, where it made an abrupt bend leaving the apex of the angle close to the enemj-'s lines. The opposing pickets had always been on the most friendly terms, and a great many deserters from the enemy came into our lines at this point. General Pickett who was in command, determined to stop this wholesale desertion, and on the night of the 17th of November, quietly massing a body of picked men, suddenly burst upon the Union pickets, capturing over fifty before they could rally, or the regiment come to their aid. He built a strong redoubt at this point, and so strengthened his lines that General Grant deemed it inexpedient to try to retake the ground. This put an end to all intercourse between the pickets, and hostilities were actively kept up, and while the regiment remained on that line, the men were obliged to hug the breastworks or lie close to the bomb-proofs. November 27 the Two Hundred and Eleventh, with other Pennsylvania regiments, with which it had been brigaded, was relieved by a brigade of col- ored troops, and ordered to join the Army of the Potomac on the south side of the Appomattox. These regiments were subsequently organized into the Second Brigade, Third Division of the Ninth Corps, to which General Hartranft was assigned. During the winter the regiment was thoroughly drilled, and though busy on the fortifications at Hatcher's Run, and making occasional reconnoissances, was not actively engaged. 1 84 History of Jefferson County. Before the opening of the spring campaign Colonel Trimble resigned, and Lieutenant-Colonel Dodd was promoted in his place. The regiment was in support of the Ninth Corps line, and occupied a place on the extreme left of the division. On the morning of March 25, 1865, the enemy broke this line, cap- turing Fort Steadman and a large number of prisoners of the Ninth Corps. The Two Hundred and Eleventh was quickly ordered forward. The colonel and major were absent, and the lieutenant-colonel sick in hospital, but Cap- tain Coulter, upon whom the command devolved, promptly obeyed the order, reaching headquarters a little after 6 A. M. The regiment was at once formed on the high ground just in the rear of Fort Steadman. The rest of the brig- ade who were nearer the scene of the disaster had already checked the advance of the enemy, and were holding him at bay. General Hartranft, who had made the best possible disposition of the division, felt assured that the enemy could make no further advance, and that by a united assault the division could retake the works. He quickly formed his plan of attack — posting five regi- ments in the immediate front, held them ready for a dash upon the enemy who were crowding upon the fort and bomb-proofs. The Two Hundred and Elev- enth on its elevated position was a mile away, but in full view of the enemy. It was a large regiment with full ranks, and General Hartranft's plan was to put it in motion and draw the attention of the enemy and his artillery upon it. His other regiments could then charge upon and overpower the foe. General Hartranft expected to sacrifice this regiment, which he determined to lead in person, as the enemy could at once bring their guns to bear upon it ; but to insure the victory of his division he was willing to share this peril. The regi- ment was therefore formed and put in motion, with nearly six hundred mus- kets in line, and moved gallantly forward ; but the enemy at sight of the ad- vance of this fine body of men, instead of meeting them with the fire of his batteries, as General Hartranft expected, began to waver, and when the com- bined force of the division rushed in, the fort, guns, arms, with many prisoners was captured with little opposition. Just as the order to move had been given, General Hartranft received orders from General Parke, commanding the Ninth Corps, to wait reinforcements from the Sixth Corps, which was on the way, before attempting to recapture the fort ; but the order could not be safely re- called, and he was unable to obey orders, and dashing forward gained a brill- iant victory. The regiment fully shared in this coup dc main. The loss was only one killed and ten wounded. On the night of the 30th the division was ordered to assault the rebel ■works, but this was deferred for some reason, until the morning of April 2d. At a little before midnight of the 1st the regiment joined the Two Hundred and Seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, remaining quiet until half past three of the following morning, when it moved to the front, passing around the right of Fort Sedgwick, and was formed with the brigade, in column by regiments, Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 185 the left resting on the Jerusalem plank road ; the First Brigade formed in the" same manner, just in the rear. A strong force of pioneers, armed with axes, from the leading brigade, under Lieutenant Alexander of the Two Hundred and Eleventh, was sent forward to open the way for the advance. The pio- neers were closely followed by the division in close column, joined on the right and left by the other troops of the corps. Soon the pioneers attacked the abatis, and chevaiix-dc-frisc with their axes, but with the first blows were met with a heavy fire of grape and cannister, doing fearful execution in their ranks ; but closing up, they broke through the obstructions, and with the assistance of the troops who pressed close behind, soon had an opening made for the advance of the column, who rushed forward, up and into the forts, and soon the entire works were in their possession, with the enemy in full retreat, and the rebel main line of works from beyond the Jerusalem plank road on the left> to a point about four hundred yards to its right, was held by the division. Turning his own guns upon him, they dealt deadly havoc among the rebels. The enemy made repeated charges to regain their works, but every assault was repulsed ; but the loss in our ranks was very heavy. In the Two Hundred and Eleventh four officers and seventeen men were killed, among them Lieutenant- Colonel Charles McLain, four officers and eighty-nine men wounded, and twenty-one missing, in all, a loss of one hundred and thirty-five. This was one of the most desperate, as well as one of the most successful assaults of the war. During the following night the enemy quietly withdrew from the works, and evacuated the city, and retreated rapidly. General Hartranft's division entered Petersburg the next morning with little opposition. The Two Hundred and Eleventh was at once sent forward to picket the banks of the Appomattox, where they found both railroad and foot bridges on fire. They were able to save the former and a portion of the latter. At noon the regiment was ordered back to camp. The war was now virtually at an end, and the regi- ment in charge of trains, moved along the South Side railroad, to Nottoway Court- House, where news of Lee's surrender was received. Here it remained until the 20th, when it proceeded to City Point, where it embarked for Alex- andria where it encamped until June 2, 1865, when it .was mustered out of service. In the less than nine months that it was out, the Two Hundred and Elev- enth did gallant service and lost heavily. Company " B " lost in killed besides Captain McLain who had been promoted to lieutenant-colonel, but not mus- tered, killed — sergeant Joel Brown, Thomas Witherow, died of wounds and disease ; John Bailey, Solomon F. Davis, Washington A. Prindle, Israel D. Smith, James W. Boyd. The latter died in the rebel prison at Salisbury, N. C. Lieutenant-colonel Charles McLain first enlisted in the nine months serv- ice as first lieutenant of Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Regiment 1 86 History of Jefferson County. Pennsylvania Volunteers, and when their time of enHstment expired, he again went out as captain of Company B (six months) Independent Battalion, July 23, 1863. Again feeling that his country still needed his services, he went once more to the front as captain of Company B, Two Hundred and Eleventh Regi- ment Pennsylvania Volunteers. He served gallantly through all their cam- paigns, winning high encomiums of praise from his superior officers, and hav- ing the love and respect of his men, to whom he was a kind and faithful friend, until in the severe fight at Fort Steadman April 2, 1865, he was shot in the charge of his regiment, and instantly killed. He had been promoted to lieu- tenant-colonel of his regiment the day before he fell. W'hen the news of his fall reached his home in Brookville, a meeting of the citizens was held April 13, and resolutions of respect and sorrow for the dead soldier, and condolence with his family, were passed, and a committee of soldiers appointed to take charge of his remains, and make arrangements for his funeral. On the 30th of April his body, which had been brought home by his brother, Mr. A. B. Mc- Lain, was laid to rest in the Brookville cemetery. Colonel IMcLain left a wife and three children to mourn his loss. Mrs. McLain, with his daughter Anna, and son Charles, reside in Brookville, his eldest daughter, Ella, dying a few years since. June I, 1864, the day before the Two Hundred and Eleventh was mus- tered out of service, the officers and men of the regiment presented to Colonel Levi A. Dodd, a splendid horse and equipments, as a token of the esteem and respect in which he was held by his command. The horse was a favorite one of General Hartranft, commanding the division, and with the equipments cost six hundred dollars. Jefferson County Men in the Two Hundred .a.nd Eleventh Regi- ment P. V. Colonel, Levi A. Dodd, promoted from lieutenant-colonel April 4, 1865; adjutant, Herman F. Steck, promoted from first sergeant Company B, May 1 1, 1865. Company B. — Captains, Charles McLain, Charles J. Wilson; first lieuten- ant, Milton H. McAninch ; first sergeant, Thomas M. Myers; sergeants, John M. Alford, Anson H. Bovvdish, Thomas P. Craven, William Hall, Thomas P. McCrea, Israel D. Smith, Joel Brown ; corporals, Robert W. Anderson, James McMurtrie, Reuben K. Morey, Joseph A. Dempsey, Simon M. Denny, Milton Graham, Andrew Braden, Malachi Davis; musician, Peter Spangler; privates, Marvin Allen, James T. Alford, H. J. Baughman, Henry Bullers, Jeremiah Bowers, Fayette Bowdish, Henry J. Bruner, Calvin G. Burns, James W. Boyd, John Bailey, Alvin Clark, David W. Craft, Esekiel Dixon, Daniel Deeter, Charles Driscoll, Solomon F. Davis, Peter Emerick, Joshua F. Fisher, Russell M. Felt, Adam Foust, Lewis Gaup, Christ. C. Gearheart, David P. Gearheart, Miscellaneous Military Organizations. 187 Justice Gage, Mathew Gayley, Hiram Hettrick, Jacob Hartman, Anthony M. Holden, Edward A. Holly, Joseph Ishman, Frank Kreitler, Thomas S. Kline, Thomas Lindemuth, J. S. Montgomery, Alexander Moore, James Mackey, Jesse B. Miller, Milton G. Miller, John K. McElroy, William G. McMinn, Henry McGinley, James O'Hara, George W. Paris, Henry Peters, James Penfield, Washington A. Prindle, Samuel C. Richards, William J. Riddle, Frederick Ray- winkle, Lafayette Stahlman, Solomon Shoffner, Fulton Shoffner, George W. Shaffer, Lewis Swab, John Simmett, Warren Sibley, James M. Thompson, John Thomas, Madison A. Timblin, Frank Truman, George Walker, Joseph M. Wil- son, William A. Watts, Jacob Weidner, Thomas M. Witherow. Companies B, and C, Two Hundred and Sixth Regiment, P. V. The men for the Two Hundred and Sixth Regiment were principally recruited in the southern part of the county. The regiment was organized at Camp Reynolds, Pittsburgh, September 8, 1864, under Colonel Hugh J. Bra- dy, a cousin of Captain Evans R. Brady. The field and line officers were all veterans, and nearly all the men had seen service. Soon after it was organized the regiment was sent to City Point, and assigned to the Army of the James. On the 4th of October, while engaged in building a fort near Dutch Gap, it was under the enemy's guns, and had one man killed and several wounded. For this work the regiment was commended in a complimentary order, by the commander of the department, who ordered the works to be called Fort Brady. On the 26th of October the regiment was ordered to report to General Terry, commanding the Tenth Corps, and assigned to the Third Brigade First Division, and soon after went into winter quarters near the line of works north of Fort Harrison, where the men were well drilled and disciplined. By an order from the War Department of December 3, the Tenth and Eighteenth Corps were consolidated, and the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Corps formed from them. All the white troops were put in the Twenty- fourth. General Ord was put in command of the Army of the James. When the army moved on the 27th of March, 1865, the Two Hundred and Sixth was detached and ordered to remain in camp, reporting to General Dev- ens commanding the Third Division. This order was received with great disfavor by the regiment, and in response to the remonstrance against it, the following answer was returned from headquarters. "I am directed by General Foster to state that he regrets exceedingly that your command should have been ordered to remain. The order came from department headquarters, and the general did all in his power to have it revoked, but could not." The con- valescents of the First Division were ordered to report to Colonel Brady, who was directed to organize and hold them in readiness to move. On the 3d of April the troops in front of Richmond were ordered to ad- vance, and it was soon discovered that the enemy had evacuated his works and 1 88 History of Jefferson County. fired the city, so that our troops marched in without opposition. On the 22d the regiment was relieved from General Devens's command, and ordered to re- port to General F. T. Dent, military governor, who assigned it to provost duty in Richmond. A month later it returned to the brigade, of which Colonel Bra- dy assumed command. The regiment was soon after sent to report to General Gregg, at Lynchburg, who assigned it to provost duty in that place. It remained here about two weeks, and then rejoined its division at Richmond. On the 26th as no further service being required of it, it was sent to Pittsburgh, and the term of service having expired was mustered out June 2, 1865. Gen- eral Dandy in command of the brigade said of this regiment: "Under your gallant commander Colonel Hugh Brady, you were the first to enter Richmond, and to display in the capitol of traitors the Stars and Stripes of }'0ur country. Carry home with you, and bequeath it to your children, the red heart, the badge of the First Division. It is the symbol that will live when the present and succeeding generations have passed away." Muster Roll of Company B, Two Hundred .\nd Sixth P. V. Captain, William Neal ; first lieutenant, Henry C. Campbell ; second lieu- tenant, Arr. Neal ; first sergeant, Benjamin W. Reitz ; sergeants, William A. Hadden, Thomas J. Cooper, John C. Cameron, Darius E. Blose ; corporals, Benjamin T. Smyers, David G. Gourly, Charles Barry, David Neal, Joseph W. Long, Thomas R. Lamison, Jacob Keihl, Mitchell R. Lewis ; privates, John D. Brown, Joshua Brink, James M. Bush, Lewis H. Bollinger, Abraham Bowman, Boaz D. Blose, William J. Bell, Eli Byerly, Peter Brunner, Philip Bush, Jacob Conrad, John Carr, Robert English, William Frampton, George Frampton, James S. Gray, John Grove, Daniel Gearheart, Enoch G. Gray, Eli Homer, Michael P. Hummel, Thomas M. Hawk, William Huffman, William L. Henry, Samuel S. Jordon, George Johnson, George M. Jordon, Elijah Kinsell, Thomas Kerr, Levi Kinsell, James E. Lewis, Jacob Lingenfetter, Robert F. Law, Will- iam M. Michaels, Thomas M. Marshal], William P. Morris, John Marsh, Har- rison Marsh, Eli Miller, Robert W. McBrien, John E. McPherson, John W. Neal, Samuel H. Nolf, John C. Neal, T. J. Postlethwait, Samuel H. Parkhill, Michael Painter, David Painter, David Pierce, Isaac Postlethwait, John Pierce, Dallas M. Rishell, James O. S. Spencer, Gotleib Steiver, Thomas Spencer, Jo- seph T. Sparr, Peter Swaney, Isaac Smouse, David L. Smeyers, Philip Smey- ers, Alfred Shaffer, William E. Simpson, David A. Thompson, George H. Tor- rance, John Varner, Benoni Williams, Samuel C. Williams, Thomas M. Will- iams, Charles C. Williams, William Weaver, George C. Wachob, John M. Whitesell, Jacob G. Zufall, George J. Zufall. Company C, Two Hundred and Sixth P. V. First sergeant, Charles M. Brewer ; sergeant, William L. McOuowen ; cor- Other Military Organizations. 189 porals, John McHenry, Thomas P. North ; privates, Joseph Gary, Samuel Frampton, George S. Hennigh, John Hickox, Joseph Mauk, Joseph P. North, Michael Palmer, Henry C. Peffer, W. P. Eostlethwait, John F. Pifer, David G. Pifer, Samuel Pearce, John Rinn, William Riddle, George W. Shorthill, Joseph Shields, David Stiver, Daniel Stiver, John F. Smith, William Sutter. Company E, Two Hundred and Sixth P. V. Sergeant, Benjamin F. Miller. Company F, Two Hundred and Sixth P. V. Private, Tobias Long. Company H, Two Hundred and Sixth P. V. Corporal, David S. Altman ; privates, George F. Bowers, John H. Bowers, William H. Campbell, Henry Fritz, George S. Gailey, John H. Miller, Andrew Marsh, Samuel McNutt, John C. McNutt, Joseph McCracken, John St. Clair, John Wagner, Jacob Wagner. CHAPTER XVI. JEFFERSON COUNTY MEN IN OTHER ORGANIZATIONS. The Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry — Sufferings of our Soldiers in Rebel Prisons — Company K, Fourteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry — Berdan's Sharpshooters — Eighteenth United States In- fantry — Miscellaneous — United States Colored Troops— Emergency Men. Q UITE a number of Jefferson County men enlisted and did gallant serv- ice in companies and regiments raised in other localities. The names and organizations of all such that we have been able to find we give below : Company L, Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry. The Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry was organized at Washington, D. C, September, 1861, by Colonel Josiah Harlan, as an Independent light horse cavalry regiment, composed of companies from different States ; but as Con- gress had only authorized the raising of regiments by States, the formation of this regiment as an independent organization was irregular, and on the 13th of November it was attached to the Pennsylvania State organizations, and was thereafter known as the Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry — the One Hundred and Eighth regiment in line. 21 190 History of Jefferson County. Company L, in which were forty- seven men from Jefferson county, was raised by Captain John B. Loomis of Clarion, and was mustered into the serv- ice September 12, 1S61. This regiment was one of the best cavalry organiza- tions in the army, and performed gallant service. It took part in thirty-two battles and over one hundred and five skirmishes. Company L lost in killed and died the following men from Jefferson county : Killed. — Henry Allen, Charles Barnard (killed at Oil City while at home of veteran furlough), Amos W. Delp, Jesse Evans, Calvin Lucas, Amos Weaver, Thomas C. Nolf; died, Paul Hettrick, Joseph Gates; James McCann died at Andersonville, Ga. A number of this company were captured in the fight at Reams's Station, Va., June 29, 1864, among whom was David S. Orcutt, of Corsica, and whose experience in rebeldom was, we presume, not excelled for hardship by any other of our soldiers. After being captured he was taken to Richmond, and there kept in Libby prison twenty days, and then sent to Andersonville, Ga., from which place he escaped, but was recaptured by blood-hounds, near Macon ; fi»m there he was taken to Savannah, and on his way to the latter place he again managed to escape, and was again, the next day, recaptured by blood- hounds and sent to Savannah, and from there to Millen. When Sherman " came marching through Georgia," the prisoners were sent ahead of the army to Savannah and exchanged, and then sent to Annapolis, Md., where Mr. Or- cutt was put in the hospital, and from there transferred to a hospital in Balti- more. From Baltimore he was taken to Washington, D. C, as a witness in the trial of Wirz, on which he was detained for six weeks, when he was so pros- trated by illness, that he had to be sent back to the hospital at Baltimore, where on the 12th of April, 1865, he was discharged and returned home, after having served in the army four years and one month. When he was taken prisoner he weighed one hundred and eighty pounds ; when he was released he was reduced to one hundred pounds, and he has never recovered from the effects of his imprisonment. David R. McCullough who was taken prisoner at the same time, made his escape from Andersonville, and after traveling four- teen days and nights, reached our lines at Chattanooga about Christmas, 1864. Mr. Orcutt says, " No one will ever know what we suffered at Andersonville. Only those who have been there can tell anything about it. All other prisons were parlors compared with Andersonville." The following Jefterson county men were in Company L : First lieutenant, Robert J. Robinson ; second lieutenant. Shannon McFad- den ; first sergeant, William K. Shaffer; sergeants, Enos G. Nolf, Christian D. Fleck, James Baldwin, Aaron Fulmer, William N. George, Thomas McDowell, Edward Meeker, Charles Kline, Amos Weaver ; corporals, John H. Shaw, James M. Matthews, David B. Zilafro, Paul Hettrick ; farrier, Samuel Moor- Other Military Organizations. 191 head ; privates, Samuel Anderson, Henry Allen, Charles Barnard, James Chris- tie, William P. Confer, James F. Cannon, Amos W. Delp, Benjamin Divler, James P. Dillman, Jesse Evans, Frederick Fulmer, W. N. George, Joseph Gates, John C. Hettrick, Jacob Heckathorn, Josiah Klingensmith, Calvin Lu- cas, Moses W. Mathews, D. R. McCullough, John McCuUough, James Mc- Cann, John R. McFadden, Daniel R. Noble, Thomas B. Nolf, David S. Orcutt, John C. Piatt, Richard Tipton, Jacob Taylor, James R. Vandevort, Amos VVeaver. A number of recruits were put into this regiment in 1863-64, among whom were the following additional Jefferson county men : Company A. — Corporal James H. Moore ; privates, Lester S. Beebe, Will- iam Baughmon, James D. Dean. Company B. — Privates, George E. A. Clark, James E. Mitchell. Company C — Privates, Liberty Beer, Samuel W. Bruner, Martin Eakman, Paul Vandevort, Josiah Wyley. Company G. — Private, F. J. Strong. Company I. — Privates, John L. Knapp, William L. Slack. Company K, Fourteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry. The Fourteenth Cavalry another gallant body of men was enlisted Novem- ber 23, 1862, and mustered out, August 24, 1865. The following Jefterson county soldiers were members of Company K : Sergeant, William R. Cowan ; corporal, Benjamin F. McCreight ; bugler, John F. Gruber ; privates, John G. Bouch, Jacob J. Bodenhorn, Henry J. Bo- denhorn, S. P. Cravener. The latter died in prison at Andersonville, Ga. Company C, Second Regiment, U. S. Sharpshooters. During the month of August, 1861, Captain S. M. Dewey, of Harrisburg, Pa., visited Jefferson county for the purpose of recruiting men for a company in " Berdan's Sharpshooters." None but expert marksmen were received, each individual being required to " make ten consecutive shots at a distance of two hundred yards, within five inches of the center of the target, or fifty inches measured from the center of the target to the center of ball-holes. Each man to certify to his ' target ' before a justice of the peace." Ira J. Northrup was left in charge of recruiting for this company, and soon recruited a good squad of men who were at once sent to the headquarters of the regiment at Harrisburg, and were mustered into the service October 5, 1 86 1. This company did gallant service for the Union. They were all ex- pert marksmen, and were armed with the most approved breech-loading rifles. The history of " Berdan's Sharpshooters " is that of the Army of Potomac. In the thick of every battle they were sure to do effective work as their shots always told on the foe. 192 History of Jefferson County. The following men represented Jefferson county in Company C. U. S. S. : Sergeants, Ira J. Northrup, promoted to captain; Frank Rumbarger, John W. Pearsall ; corporals, John McMurray, Isaac Lyle ; privates, George Boals, George W. Dunkle, John S. Geer, W. E. Jacox, Leroy C. Jacox, James Law, Samuel Lattimer, Thomas Long, William McCullough, J. Prindle, L. W. Scott, George 11. Stewart, Wesley C. Thompson, James Watts. Samuel Law died of wounds received at Antietam. EiGiiTEEXTii U. S. Infantry. In the winter of 1 86 1-62 quite a number of men were enlisted in Jefferson county for the regular army by Sergeant W. D. Madeira, of the Eighteenth. United States Infantry. They were put into Company E, Third Battalion of that regiment, and with the men recruited in Clarion and Venango counties, formed almost the entire company. Those subsequently recruited for the same service were put in Company F of the same battalion, until January, 1863, when they were all transferred to the Second Battalion. The Eighteenth saw hard service in the Army of the Cumberland, which it joinetl just after the battle of Fort Donelson, and with which it remained until its term of service expired, just after the battle of Lovejoy's Station, Ga. The following men from Jefferson county served in the regiment: Couipany H, Second Battalion. — Sergeant, Herman Kretz. Company E. — Sergeant, Thomas Barr ; corporal, Thomas Baird ; privates, John Conrad, Frank Carroll, James Cochran, John Dean, William Dean, Joseph Dempsey, Jeremiah Emerick, Jonathan Harp, James Hall, John Houpt, Wilson Hutchinson, Adam Heilbruner, Jacob Hcilbruner, Nelson Ishman, Andrew Love, S. R. Milliron, William Mathews, Jacob Messinger. David Porter, Samuel Rhodes, William Reinstine, William Reams, Amos Shirey, John Strawcutter, Samuel Saxton, Jacob Shaffer, Isaac Shoffner, Russell Vantassel. Company F. — Sergeant William Martz ; privates, William Adams, John Custard, James Campbell, Samuel Haines, Adam Haines, Amos Starr, Samuel D. Shaffer, Peter Wolfgang, John Wolfgang, Peter Wolf, Samuel Wolf Of these Andrew Love, Samuel Rhodes, Jacob Shaffer, Russell Vantassel were killed. John Custard who was discharged in 1864 was lost coming home, the train being captured by the rebels, and he was, it is presumed, killed, as he was never heard of afterwards. Thomas Barr, Jonathan Harp, Samuel Haines, Adam Haines, Peter Wolf- gang, John W^olfgang, Adam Heilbruner, Jacob Heilbruner, James Campbell, W'illiam Adams, Amos Shirey and John Strawcutter, served until their term of enlistment expired January 6, 1865 ; the others had been killed or previously discharged. Sergeant Madeira who recruited them was killed at Murfrees- boro, Tennessee. Company E, Fifth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves, First Lieutenant Jo- seph P. Lucas. Other Military Organizations. 193 Eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves, Company H, private, J. Wilson Henderson ; transferred to Company H, One Hundred and Ninety-first Regi- ment, and promoted to sergeant. Company G, Ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves, private, Christian Miller. Company C, One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Pennsylvania Regiment, Henry B. Heckendorn. Company M, Sixth United States Cavalry, Robert A. Hubbard. Company C, Fifteenth United States Infantry, Captain William W. Wise. United States Colored Troops. On account of the limited colored population, Jefferson county had very, few representatives in the colored regiments, but those who did go out from this county did noble service. Several of the best ofScers belonging to the colored organizations were from this county. Major McMurray who served as captain of Company D, Sixth Regiment, and as inspector on the staff of General Charles J. Paine, commanding the Third Division of the Eighteenth Corps, gives the following incidents of his regiment, to which some of the Jeff- erson county men belonged : " While we were lying at Parson Station, N. C, I was put on the picket line in charge of the detail from my regiment, Captain Riley of my regiment was brigade officer of the day, and the major of another regiment in our brigade was division officer of the day. My orders from the brigade officer of the day were to allow no one to pass my portion of the line except on a pass given or countersigned by General Paine, commanding our division. I happened to be opposite to and near corps headquarters. Soon a sergeant came from the corps hospital with a detail of men to go outside the lines. I refused to let him pass. He returned to corps headquarters and soon came back with a pass from General Terry's adjutant-general. I wrote on the back of this pass that my orders were to allow no one to pass my portion of the line except on a pass given or countersigned by General Paine, commanding the Third Division, signed my name, rank, and regiment to it, and sent the sergeant back with his detail. " When I was relieved and sent to camp the next morning the first officer I met was the adjutant of my regiment, who told me I had been ordered under arrest. I remained in my tent until the next day, when I wrote a brief state- ment explaining what I had done, and stating the order I had received from the brigade officer of the day. This was forwarded through regimental and brigade headquarters, and on its receipt by General Paine I was sent for. I repeated to him the orders I had received, and he sent for Captain Riley, who said he had, as brigade officer of the day given the orders to me, having re- ceived them from the division ofificer of the day. The major who had been 194 History of Jefferson County. division officer of the day was sent for, and he confirmed the statement of Cap- tain Riley, adding that he had communicated the orders as received by him, according to his understanding. The general said there was evidently a mis- understanding, as he would never have given such an order. " The general ordered his horse saddled at once, rode over to camp head- quarters, and in a few hours an order came down ordering my release from arrest. The next day I was detailed by general orders as inspecting officer on his staff, and remained with him in that capacity or as aid-de-camp until mus- tered out of service." "On the morning of September 29, 1864, the day of the capture of Fort Harrison, our brigade was ordered to assault the enemy's works at Deep Bot- tom, near Spring Hill, about a mile from the Fort Harrison front. The assault was made shortly after sunrise, through a heavy slashing. When we went into the fight our regiment numbered about three hundred and fifty ; when we came out it numbered about one hundred and twenty-five, sixty of whom belonged to two companies that were not in the assault, being deployed as skirmishers on the flanks of the brigade. " My company was in the centre of the regiment as well as of the brigade, and was almost annihilated. When we went into the fight I had thirty enlisted men and one officer. When we came out I had myself and three enlisted men. Eleven of the company were killed, fifteen were wounded, and one was captured. My first lieutenant, who is now a captain in the Third Cavalr)', was shot through the right arm. " I know of no loss equal to this in a square stand-up fight, in the history of the late war. Of the hundred men who started out in my company one year before, but one was left with me; the three who escaped being recruits." Company D, Sixth Regiment, Captain John McMurray brevetted Major, April 15, 1865 ; Second Lieutenant Thomas P. McCrea. Company H, Corporal Robert Webster, killed at New Market Heights, Va.; privates, Peter B. Enty, Peter F. Enty, both died in service. Seventh Regiment, Adjutant George Miller. Eighth Regiment, Surgeon A. P. Heichold ; Hospital Steward George W. Luke. Company I, Eighth Regiment, Captain Robert A. Travis. First Massachusetts Colored Troops, Oliver Steel. Emergency Men of 1863-64. The victories gained by the rebel troops at Fredericksburg, in December, 1862, followed by that of Chancellorsville, in May, 1863, emboldened their leaders so much, that they contemplated a raid into the northern border States. As a precaution against this invasion, the War Department June 9, 1863, Other Military Organizations. 195 issued an order creating two new military departments, that for the western district being established at Pittsburgh, with Major-General W. T. H. Brooks as commandant, and on the 13th Governor Curtin issued a call for volunteers to protect the southern borders of our State. This was followed on the 1 5th, by the rebel raid on Chambersburg, and there was a general uprising of the peo- ple in response to the call. On the 28th of June, General Lee having already crossed the Potomac with his entire army, Governor Curtin again called for sixty thousand men for ninety days, to repel the invasion, " but to remain only so long as the safety of the Commonwealth should require." Under this last call three companies were raised in Jefierson county and mustered into the Fifty-seventh Regiment. Emergency Volunteers, July 3-8, 1863. On the organization of the regiment Colonel James R. Porter, whose term of service with the One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers had just expired, was chosen colonel. The Fifty-seventh took part in the chase after Morgan, and were for a time engaged in guarding the fords of the Ohio River from Steubenville to Wheeling, W. V. The Fifty-seventh while occu- pying strong ground on the Warrenton road, undoubtedly foiled Morgan's attempt to cross at that point. No further need arising for their services, the regiment was mustered out. Much satire has been indulged in at the expense of the " six weeks " sol- diers, but their presence proved a powerful check to the enemy, and though not brought into actual combat, they were ready for it, and it was no fault of theirs that they did not meet the enemy. Called suddenly from the business walks of life, they met the emergency promptly and cheerfully, at the call of danger. Many of them were men who had already met the enemy ; some were at home on account of wounds, others who had served the term of their enlistment, others physically unfit for a long term of service, and some boys in their teens ; but the rolls of these companies show the material they were composed of. The return of the Emergency men was saddened by the death of one of their members, Mr. Samuel McEIhose, who died in camp at East Liberty, near Pittsburgh, August 16, 1863. Mr. McEIhose was one of the most prominent citizens of Jefierson county, being at the time of his death the editor and pro- prietor of the Jefierson Star, which paper he had established in Brookville in 1849. He had also served as county superintendent of common schools for two terms, and was a well-known educator. Mr. McEIhose was strongly wed- ded to the cause of liberty, but his health being far from robust, prohibited him from enlisting until the call came for volunteers to defend our own State, when he could no longer remain at home ; but closing his office he, with all his hands, enlisted, and ere the time of service expired he died for his country as much as though a rebel ball had laid him low. The field and staff of the Fifty-seventh was largely from Jefferson county, viz.: 196 History of Jefferson County. Lieutenant-Colonel, Cyrus Butler; quartermaster, M. H. Shannon; assist- ant surgeon, John M. Cummins; chaplain, John C. Truesdale ; quartermaster- sergeant, W. J. McKnight ; commissary-sergeant, John J. Thompson. Company B, Fifty-seventh Regiment. Captain, Cyrus Butler, promoted, captain, Alexander L. Gordon ; first lieutenant, William Dickey; second lieutenant, John A. McLain ; first sergeant, Daniel Fogle ; sergeants, Wilmarth Matson, William C. Smith, William Kelso, Robert Cathcart ; corporals, Samuel J. Ream, Joseph M. Gal- braith, Samuel A. Hunter, John Alexander, Jared Jones, Clarence R. Hall, John McCullough, James L. Brown; musicians, Warren P. Bowdish, Samuel McElhose ; privates, Charles S. Andrews, John S. Barr, Hugh Brady, Benjamin Boyer, Elias Boyer, Henry Bullers, William Bailey, Philip Carrier, Isaiah Cor- bet, Daniel V. Clements, Lanford Carrier, Solomon Davis, Oliver Darr, Mor- gan English, George W. Farr, John H. Fike, George G. Fryer, Edwin Forsyth, Leander W. Graham, Henry D. Guthrie, Jacob Geist, Airvvine Hubbard, Elias J. Hettrick, Elijah C. Hall, Darius Hettrick, Henry Hettrick, John Hartman, Eli Hettrick, Thaddeus S. Hall, John W. Hawthorne, William Hall, Daniel Horam, William Ishman, Moses Ishman, Edward G. Kirkman, Alexander Kennedy, James Lockwood, Logan Linsenbigler, Enoch J. Loux, William Love, Magee A. Larrimer, Jeremiah Mowry, George Mowry, John Moore, James W. Murphy, John H. McElroy, A. H. McKillip, J. R. McFadden, Christy McGiffin, John McMurray, William O'Connor, Monroe Prindle, Benjamin Reitz, Calvin W. Ray, David J. Reigle, Robert Reed, Harris Ransom, Joseph T- Space, Calvin Simpson, Thomas Stewart, Peter Spangler, Michael Strawcutter, Charles Shindledecker, Newton Taylor, John Truby, Barclay D. Vasbinder, Hezekiah Vasbinder, Russell VanTasscU, Barton B. Welden, Ira Welch, John C. Wilson, Jackson Welch, William A. Williams. Company G, Fifty- seventh Regiment. Captain, Nicholas Brockway ; first lieutenant, John C. Johnson ; second lieutenant, Ezekiel Sterrett ; first sergeant, M. R. Bell ; sergeants, Frederick Harvey, Joel Brown, Perry C. Fox, William Mulkins; corporals, James Den- nison, John H. Robinson, Samuel Davenport, Richard Humphrey, John R. W^ilkins, John Adams ; privates, Jesse N. Atwell, Joseph Briggs, Charles Ba- ker, Dennis Butts, John Bryant, William Brittain, David Bovaird, James Cal- houn, James Coder, William Clinton, Andrew Calhoun, John Caldwell, Stewart Crawford, John M. Dailey, William Frost, Stephen Fox, Justice Gage, John Goodar, Thomas Groves, Franklin Goodar, Samuel Holt, Washington Hender- son, Jacob Hartman, William Irwin, John Irvin, James Jackson, Cyrus Kilgore, Robert Kearney, John Kearney, James Kearney, Franklin Lyman, C. Logue, Livingston Lockwood, D. W. Linsenbigler, Frank Lindemuth, Wesley Mul- Other Military Organizations. 197 kins, William Mather, William McMinn, William B. McCullough, James Mc- Connell, William McConnell, Scott McClelland, Adam Nulf, William Nulf, Stewart Porter, V. L. Parsons, Coleman Parris, James Pearsall, James Patter- son, Lewis Riley, James M. Smith, James Smith, John Sylvis, Hamilton Smith James Stevenson, Levi Vandevort, Frederick Walker, James Welch, William H. Wilson. Company H, Fifty-seventh Regiment. Captain, John C. McNutt ; first lieutenant, James E. Long; second lieutenant, J. N. Garrison ; first sergeant, Henry Keihl ; sergeants, David Milliron, Peter Fike, George Richards, Daniel Hoy ; corporals, John W. Alcorn, Joseph Heasley, John J. Fishell, E. H. Clark, Joseph Glontz, Alvin Startzell, Jacob Smith Hiram McAninch ; musicians, Samuel Gearheart, Amos Lerch ; privates, William W. Alcorn, James G. Averell, S. R. Anderson, Lewis A. Brady, Amos Cailor, Andrew H. Diven, Frank Doubles, John B. Farr, Philip H. Freas, Robert Geist, James Geist, William J. Geist, Thomas M. Gib- son, Edward Henderson, George B. Haine, William Jenkins, C. N. Jackson, Thomas Jones, Israel Johnson, Elijah Keller, John Lash, James Lang, William R. Loder, George Mauk, John Matson, Eli Miller, Isaac Mauk, Alexander Mauk, Jacob Mauk, John J. Montgomery, Gilmore S. Montgomery, William Milliron, John McFarland, Joseph Neal, John G. Porterfield, Amos Raybuck, John Ross, George J. Reitz, F. S. Sprankle, Henry Shilling, Manoah Smith, William R. Shaffer, Henry Snyder, William Swab, Abraham Thomas, W'illiam Wonderling, William J. Wilson, James Walmer. Company B and C, Second Battalion Six Months Volunteers. In response to the call for six month's volunteers for border defense, issued by President Lincoln, and Governor Curtin, in July, 1863, two companies responded from Jefferson county, and were mustered into the Second Inde- pendent Battalion July 23, 1863, and discharged January 21, 1864. They went first into camp at Cumberland, Md., and though not actively engaged, did good service in guard and picket duty. Lieutenant Herman Kretz, who went out with Company B, was, on the organization of the battalion, promoted to major. Company B — Captain, Charles McLain ; first lieutenant, Thomas P. Mc- Crea; second lieutenant, Samuel P. Huston; first sergeant, David Baldwin; sergeants, Frank H. Steck, James E. Mitchell, George Stack, Solomon Kelso ; corporals, Henry C. Keys, Charles Lyle, Edward Guthrie, Edgar Rodgers, Adoniram J. Smith, Charles Butler, George Newcom, McCurdy Hunter; mu- sicians, Archibald O. McWilliams, W. S. Lucas; privates, Benton Arthurs, James T. Alford, J. G. Allen, Thomas B. Adams, Joseph Bowdish, William Baughman, Benjamin Bickle, Webster Butler, Hamilton Beatty, Robert Beatty^ 22 1 98 History of Jefferson County. Washington K. Christy, Simon Denny, Marcellus G. DeVallance, William F. Ewing, Samuel Frank, Barton Guthrie, William Gilbert, Robert S. Gilliland, Wilson Gilliland, William Gordon, John J. Guthrie, Norman B. Galbraith, Jacob Hettrick, James Hays, Edward Holly, David A. Henderson, John H. Hus- ton, Eli J. Irvin, George Irvin, Lawson Knapp, John L. Knapp, Robert Kelly, Thomas F. Keys, John T. Kelso, William Love, John L. Lucas, Edward Linde- muth, Constantine Levis, Philip Levy, William Miller, David F. Matter, Alex- ander Moore, Robert H. Mcintosh, George McDole, John S. McGiffin, Robert M. McElroy, Arad Pearsall, John B. Patrick, John S. Richards, John C. Ri ea, Reuben M. Shick, Amos Shirey, Alfred Slack, Robert A. Smith, William C. Smith, John Showalter, Lewis Stine, Henry Startzell, Frederick Steck, John Shields, David Simpson, James M. Simpson, Frank Truman, William L. Thompson, Joseph Thompson, Paul Vandevort, John C. Vandevort, Josiah Wiley. Company C — Captain, William Neel ; first lieutenant, Thomas K. Hastings ; second lieutenant, William C. Brown ; first sergeant, James L. Crawford ; ser- geants, John M. Brewer, William W. Crissman, Thomas J. Cooper, Henry C. ■Campbell ; corporals, Thomas S. Neel, David A. Buchanan, Daniel M. Swisher, Joseph M. Kerr, Robert T. Philliber, John B. Bair, John St. Clair, Charles S. Bender; musicians, William J. Drum, Clark D. Allison; privates, Robert B. Adams, Charles S. Brown, George R. Brady, David Black, John Bush, George W. Barto, George A. Blose, Lorenzo D. Bair, William Boyd, David R. Bender, Darius E. Blose, P"inly Cameron, Joseph C. Curry, John Chambers, John B. Croasman, Michael L. Coon, W. L. Chamberlain, Daniel M. Cook, James N. Chambers, George W. Davis, William C. Downy, David S. Downy, Abijah Davis, Hiram Depp, Thomas D. Frampton, John Fierman, Benjamin F. Framp- ton, George H. Grove, David G. Gourly, James Garrabrant, James B. Hinds, John C. Hadden, George Hannah, Henry Hilliard, William A. Johnston, Mitch- ell R. Lewis, John. J. Lewis, Thomas R. Lamison, Charles Ledos, Robert Means, Henry M. Means, Elias Meeley, George Moot, Israel W. Marsh, i Robert McBrier, James R. McOuown, WilHam T. Neal, Aaron Neal, John W. Neal, Thomas J. Postlethewait, Watson B. Ross, Casper Reader, Irwin Robinson, William H. Redding, Samuel Shaffer, John Shorthill, John Summerville, Gar- ret Standish, Samuel Stevenson, James G. Sample, George W. Taylor, James Urey, James H. Weaver, Silas W. Work, John H. Work, David R. Whitesell, Thomas M. Williams, Adam Yohe, George W. Yount. Emergency Men of 1864. In July, 1864, Governor Curtin again called out the militia to repel the contemplated raid of Early into Pennsylvania, and in response to this call a company for one hundred days was raised in Jefferson county, by Captain 1 Israel W. Marsh died at camp near Cumberland, Md., September 30, 1S63. Other Military Organizations. 199 Charles Stewart, which left Brookville July 10, 1864. This company was prin- cipally recruited in Corsica and Reynoldsville. Captain Stewart on the organ- ization of the regiment, which was an independent organization, having no number, was chosen lieutenant- colonel. Their services not being needed on the border, Colonel Stewart was ordered to Bloomsburg, Pa., to quell disturb- ances there. The company was discharged November 10, 1864. Company F, captains, Charles Stewart, promoted ; Joseph R. Weaver ; first lieutenant, John A. Rishel ; second lieutenant, W. A. Burkett ; first sergeant, Gilbert P. Rea ; sergeants, Augustus H. Derby, Arad A. Pearsall, George W. Chamberlain, William K .McClelland; corporals, Gordon R. Clark, James D. McKillip, L. N. Tovvnsend, John McGeary, John M. Gamble, James W. Mur- phy, James Goe ; musicians, William Dougherty, John H. Corbet; privates, Benjamin F. Bickle, Jacob Bash, Samuel G. Boyer, Jacob Boyer, Jonathan W. Clark, Alexander Campbell, John Cochran, William G. Cummins, John C. Cal- houn, George W. Couch, John Covert, Myers Deiorm, Martin L. Devallance, George Evans, Lewis Evans, Benjamin F. Earheart, James T. Fox, Hiram A. Frost, Richard Fitzsimmons, Thomas Fitzsimmons, James Green, Thomas B. Galbraith, William Guthrie, John Hastings, Robert Harriger, Andrew Haugh, Harvey D. Haugh, Jackson A. Horrell, John A. Hoffman, William B. Hughes, Samuel E. Harris, Michael Hensell, John Hall, Robert J. Irwin, Nathaniel Imen, Alfred Johnson, Alexander Kennedy, David S. Kelly, W. W. Kelly, Robert Kelly, John T. Kelly, John Kelso, Thomas M. Kier, William C. Kime, David Long, David L. Lambing, Samuel London, Benjamin Love, Henry Leech, James K. Moore, Orville T. Minor, Campbell Morrison, William M. Michael, Albert McHenry, Christopher B. McGiflin, John S. McCauley, Harvey H. Pearsall, Richard W. Porter, Henry Rhodes, Lyman A. Rich, Taylor D. Rhines, Samuel Shoftner, Asa W. Scott, Porter J. Stitzell, John C. Wilson, Thomas R. Weaver. In giving prominence to the dead officers of Jefferson county, the writer has borne in mind the brave and gallant men in the ranks, who served with such noble heroism under these officers, and it is no disparagement to those heroes whose graves crowd the cemeteries at Seyen Pines, Fredericksburg, An- tietam, Gettysburg, and lie unmarked at Chancellorsville, or those who each year, in increasing numbers go to swell the silent population of our cemeteries at home, that their deeds of valor are not recorded. In all that has been writ- ten in praise of the fallen officers, the names and glorious deeds of the men who made the charges that cleft the lines of the enemy ; who in every batde upheld the officers, and aided in all that was grand and heroic, these are the names — these the deeds that are read between the lines — but these names are legion, and to give the details of their gallant services would fill a volume, while to select out a few, where all are equally deserving of praise, would be invid- ious. No soldiers who have fought in any army on the face of the globe, are more deserving of praise than are the private soldiers of Jefferson county. 200 History of Jefferson County. CHAPTER XVII. THE DRAFT AND THE RELIEF FUND, The Fir-st Draft in Jefferson County— The Enrollment under the State Call— The Quota Filled — Organization of the Provost-Marshal General's Bureau — The Enrollment Board — Quotas under the different Drafts — Lists of the Lucky Ones — Drafted Men in the Eighty-second Penn- sylvania Regiment — The Relief Fund in Jefferson County — Aiding the Families of the Soldiers. The Draft in Jefferson County. THE first draft was in pursuance of the order of President Lincoln, of Au- gust 4, 1862, calling for 300,000 men. The enrollment for this draft was by States, and commissioners were appointed in each county to superintend the same. Hon. Isaac G. Gordon was the commissioner for Jefferson and For- est counties, and Dr. William J. McKnight was appointed examining surgeon. Mr. Gordon appointed the following persons to enroll the militia in the several townships : Brookville, John J. Thompson ; Barnett, Charles Butterfield ; Beaver, Ben- jamin Thomas ; Bell, P. W. Jenks ; Clover, H. R. Bryant ; Corsica, William Glenn ; Eldred, Milton Graham ; Gaskill, Henry Brown ; Henderson, William E. Bell; Heath, W. P. Jenks; Knox, James E. Long; McCalmont, John Rhoads ; Oliver, Isaac C. Jordan; Perry, Irwin Robinson; Punxsutawney, William Campbell ; Porter, F. W. Bell ; Pine Creek, Oliver Brady ; Polk, R. G. Wright ; Ringgold, P. H. Shannon ; Rose, F. C. Coryell ; Snyder, A. J. Thompson ; Union, E. B. Orcutt ; Washington, N. B. Lane ; Warsaw, Abram Yetter ; Winslow, John Boucher; Young, D. C. Gillispie. Under this enrollment the militia force of the county was found to be 3.482, of which 1,107 were already in the service, leaving 2,375, subject to the draft, but as Jefferson county had already sent more than her quota under the call, she escaped this draft. The act of Congress creating the office of provost-marshal general was ap- proved March 3, 1 863, and James B. Fry appointed to that office March 1 7, 1 863. Within a very short time thereafter the network of the organization adopted under the law was extended to all the counties and towns in the loyal States, and the work of the bureau commenced, viz., the arrest of deserters, enroll- ment of the national forces for the draft, and the enlistment of volunteers. When this bureau was put in operation it was found that the strength of the army was deemed inadequate for offensive operations, nearly four hundred thousand recruits being required to bring the regiments and companies then in the service up to the legal and necessary standard. The system of recruiting heretofore pursued had been found inadequate to supply the demand that the The Draft and the Relief Fund. 201 rapidly diminishing ranks of the army required. To meet this demand, caused by the casualties of battle, and the expiration of enlistments, a new system of recruiting was inaugurated. The general government through the provost- marshal general's bureau, assumed control of this business, which had hereto- fore been under the jurisdiction of the State governments. The provost-mar- shals of the several congressional districts, aided by a commissioner and sur- geon in each, were made recruiting officers, and as this manner of procedure sprang from the people, while at the same time exercising the authority of the government, it reached the masses and greatly promoted volunteering, and en- abled the difterent boards of enrollment to examine, enlist, muster, clothe, and forward recruits as fast as they could be obtained. The quotas of districts and sub-districts were made known, each locality was advised of the number it was required to furnish, and that in case of failure to fill their quota a draft would follow. Under this arrangement the board of enrollment for the Nineteenth Con- gressional District of which Jefterson county formed a part was established, with headquarters at Waterford, Erie county, and was constituted as follows : Provost- marshal, Colonel H. S. Campbell, of Erie county; commissioner, Jerome Powell, of Elk ; surgeon, Dr. John Mechling, of Jefterson (Dr. Mechling was appointed April 21, 1863); first clerk, Frothingham ; second clerk, John Haldeman, both of Erie county. These constituted the regular board of enrollment. Besides these from six to twelve additional clerks were employed. Dr. Mechling resigned April 21, 1864, and Dr. C. M. Matson of Brookville, was appointed to take his place. Mr. Haldeman also resigned in July or Au- gust to accept the appointment of recruiting agent of colored troops at Fortress Monroe, Va., and Edward Souther, of Ridgeway, was appointed in his place. Soon after Mr. Souther was appointed commissioner in place of Powell re- signed, and Joseph B. Henderson, the present cashier of the Jefterson county National Bank of Brookville, was appointed to the second clerkship. The board of enrollment was ordered to move its headquarters to Ridge- way, Elk county, December 17, 1864. The several drafts were all conducted by this board, and its headquarters continued at Ridgeway, until June 15, 1865, when by order of General Stanton, Secretary of War, Colonel Campbell, Dr. Matson, Edward Souther, and J. B. Henderson were discharged, and the dis- trict consolidated with the one east of it, and the records in charge of the chief clerk, Charles Himrod (who had succeeded Mr. Frothingham), removed to Williamsport, Pa. The work of the provost-marshal general's bureau was a gigantic one, and the strength of the army was so materially arid systematically increased, that the rebellion was soon quelled. The number of men obtained by this means is given in the report of Provost-Marshal General Fry: 202 History of Jefferson Cotnty. Product of the drafts 168,649 Number who paid commutation money for the procuring of substitutes under act of March 3, 1863 85,457 Number who paid commutation under section 17, act of February, 1S64, (conscien- tiously opposed to bearing arms) 1.267 Volunteer recruits (army and navy) and regulars 1,076,558 1. 331. 931 In the State of Pennsylvania $8,634,300 was paid for commutation. Of this amount the nineteenth district paid $1,439,995- The whole number drawn in the district was 3,387 ; number who failed to report, 263 ; whole number examined, 3,124 ; personallj' held, 247 ; furnished substitutes, 177; paid commutation, 928; total number held, 1,352; tlie num- ber exempted for different causes, 1,245 ; number drawn who were already in the service, 60. Of the number drawn Jefferson county furnished 1,473 The bounties paid for men ranged from $300 to $600. Provost-Marshal Campbell appointed Captain Madison M. Meredith recruiting officer for Jeffer- son county, September 9, 1863, and with the inducements held out for re- cruits, a number of the townships paying local bounties, several of the districts filled their quotas under the first drafts. Very few of the men drafted in the county were sent into the service. The majority paid their commutation, others furnished substitutes or were released for some of the different causes exempting them from service. Under the call of July 18, 1863, for 300,000 men, the correct enrollment of Jefferson county in both classes was, first class, 1,624; second class, 813 ; total^ 2,437, making the militia force of the county over 3,000. Under this enroll- ment the quota of the county was 484. This quota to which was added the after per cent, in addition, was distributed in the difi'erent subdistricts of the county as follows: Brookville borough, 35 ; Barnett, 7 ; Beaver, 22 ; Bell, 15 ; Clover, 21; Eldred, 15; Gaskill, 12; Henderson, 16; Knox, 20; Oliver, 21; Pine Creek, 26; Rose, 15 ; Snyder, 24, Union, 19; Warsaw, 29; Winslow, 32 ; Washington, 31 ; Punxsutawney, 11; Young, 20 ; Polk, 5 ; Heath, 9; Corsica, 5 ; Perry, 24; Porter, 15 ; Ringgold, 25 ; McCalmont, 10. Names of those Dr.\fted. In pursuance of the above the following names were drawn from the wheel at Waterford, Wednesday, August 26, 1863 : Brookville Borough. — Richard J. Espy, Frank Kreitler, George Aaron, E. Reitz, W. Stevens, Abram Snyder, W. Dickey, T. Carroll, A. Scribner, J. Coon J. T. Carroll, R. Cathcart, G. W. Keiser, A. Mackey, G. G. Fryer, J. S. Hub- bard, W. O'Connor, John J. Thompson, J. Milliron, J. M. Pierce, John Sho- walter, William Glenn, F. Overbeck, C. Warner, C. S. Andrews, W. Lansen- dorfer, W. D. J. Marlin, F. C. Coryell, H. H. Barr, D. Rebeneck, R. Snyder, G. Johnson, S. Cale, J. B. Henderson, W. English. The Draft and the Relief Fund. 203 Bariiett Township. — C. Butterfield, A. Bashline, H. Bailey, William Boyer, J. Cook, S. L. Hulsopple, I. Cassett. Beaver Toivnship. — J. M. Burns, I. Crawford, A. Shaffer, W. Boughman, J. Johns, J. Thomas, J. E McNutt, J. Shick, L. Boughman, L. Fenstemacher, E. Oxenrider, John Thomas, E. Alcorn, W. Heckman, B. Wessen, H. Smith, P. A. Shaffer, E. Sherman, O. Myers, Eli Coulter, Reuben Dinger, J. Shaffer. Bell Townsliip. — W. Dunmire, J. Hoch, J. Caldwell, J. Hilburn, D. Davis, Godfrey Hilburn, J. Frederick, G. Finley, P. Kline, Henry Weis, Abram Peace, T. Davis, W. Stefty, H. Peterman, T. Dunn. Clover Toivnship. — M. Love, P. Vandevort, L. Jack, M. Knapp, A. Van- devort, L. C. Carrier, A. Hettrick, C. B. McGiffin, S. McGiffin, J. Hime, S. McGiffin, J. B. Ferguson, E. Campbell, John Brocius, I. Welch, R. Fitzsim- mons, S. M. Rodgers, G. A. Carrier, Andrew G. Hildrich, Grisswold Carrier, A. Alcorn. Corsica Borough. — H. Love, G. W. Gardner, J. B. Long, E. Depp, J. S. Espy. Eldred ToiviisJiip. — J. Singer, J. Brown, L Graham, R. B. English, J. Ply- ler, C. W'eaver, E. Forsyth, E. Lindemuth, H. Maxwell, W. Gallagher, E. Love, A. Butler, J. Lindsey, J. T. English, M. Gailey. Gaskill Townsliip. — A. Bower, J. M. Bowers, S. Remaley, L Bowers, J. Bowser, D. Remaley, J. Peterman, J. Brooks, E. Sheasley, Joseph Young, J. R. Bowers, Abe Bowers. Heath Township. — A. Zimmerman, J. Fowler, S. Wallace, G. McCoy, J. Dearhalp, N. Kirkland, G. Brocius, William Winlack, Thompson Crow. Henderson Township. — G. Emry, D. S. Slemmer, P. E. Smeyers, J. Bonnett, L France, H. J. Weaver, William Null, Solomon Knisely, L France, G. W. Ream, B. Boyer, H. Shaffer, A. Lott, B. Welder, P. J. Anthony, Jacob Davis. Kttox Township.— D. Wolf, S. Harriger, D. Rhinehart, A. Wiley, F. Shan- non, A. Averell, S. A. Hunter, H. J. Wise, P. Bailey, I. McKee, Isaac Harri- ger, A. Eshbaugh, John Farringer, S. F. Wilson, A. Burdoff, J. Cummins, J. Rhoads, D. Rhinehart, Adam Mohney, Jefferson Barber. McCalmont Township. — J. Smith, W. R. Pifer, J. G. Ernst, John Varner, J. W. Means, J. Straithoff, A. H. Deemer, Abram Warner, L W. McGee, John Bell. Oliver Tozunship. — J. Montgomery, W. Pantall, S. Horner, J. Smith, J. Fishel, J. J. Miller, D. Coulter, S. Stahlman, L. J. Boyington, Miles Smith, H. Doverspike, \N. H. Fishel, W. Jordon, D. W. Hoch, L M. Depp, J. Shaffer, T. Wadden, J. M. Clyde, S. Dobson, A. Hill, A. Miller. Pine Creek Township.— S. Baughmon, J. B. Campbell, J. T. Alford, N. S. Geere, J. E. Long, W. Kirkman, J. Bliss, J. Kunselman, J. Heasley, J. S. Geere, J. Moore, S. Siple, A. W. Livendorffer, C. Murphy, J. Rhodes, Henry Start- zell, E. Huffman, J. Dempsey, R. Vantassel, H. Horn, L Alsehouse, T. Clark, L Shoemaker, W. C. Evans, J. Dunham, J. W. Dempsey. 204 History of Jefferson County. Pituxsiitawney Borough. — Jacob Zeitler, J. W. Hughes, J. J. J. Bishop, W. A. Means, A. C. White. G. W. Zeitler, B. Zeigler, W. Beck, T. K. Hastings, O. N. Nordstrom, W. R. Evans. Polk Toii'7iship.—B. K. McLure, W. H. McKillips, J. McGiffin, C. F. Hart- ung, George Heitzenreider. Porter Township.— 1. J. Bish, WilUam Postlethwait, D. Bish, G. Marsh, H. Snyder, J. Brombaugh, P. Bish, Joseph Bish, F. Ellenberger, J. Dibler, A. Hin- terliter, M. McDevitt, J. C. Hoover, E. Hoover, C. Miller. Perry Tozvnsliip. — D. Whitesell, P. Beam, J. N. Heckendorn, N. Croasman, Darius Blose, Thomas Reed, M. Depp, Bennewell Raybuck, S. Directors. W. H. Gray, ) August 25, 1882, Thomas W. Litch was elected a member of the board of directors to fill the vacancy occasioned by his father's death, and the same day W. H. Gray was elected vice-president, and George T. Rodgers, assistant- cashier. January 9, 1S83, Mrs. R. M. Litch was elected member of the board, vice T. W. Litch; J. B. Henderson was promoted to the presidency; W. H. Gray was re-elected vice-president ; Edward A. Litch was chosen cashier, vice J. B. Henderson, promoted; and George T. Rodgers was re-elected assistant- cashier. July 3, 1883, George T. Rodgers became a stockholder in the bank by purchase from W. H. Gray, and January, 1884, he was made a member of the board of directors, vice Mrs. R. M. Litch, and at a meeting of the board was chosen cashier. J. B. Henderson was re-elected president, and W. H. Gray vice-president. The office of assistant-cashier was not refilled, and the board of directors and officers has since that time been unchanged. In the summer of 1 881, three years after its organization, the bank had deposits amounting to $615,000, and two years later its deposits were over $660,000, being about four times as much as had ever been controlled by any bank in Brookville. The bank invested its entire capital in government 4's at Banking Institutions. 30; par, and afterwards bought $46,950 of same bonds, most of them at par, all of which it now holds. It has held at times nearly $50,000 dollars in county and municipal bonds also. Banking House of Ira C. Fuller. January I, 1 88 1, Ira C. Fuller opened a bank in the bank building formerly occupied by the bank of William F. Clark & Son. He did business in this building for about two years, then moved into the room now occupied by the National Bank of Brookville, in the American House building. November i, 18S3, the bank was made a national institution under the name of " National Bank of Brookville." National Bank of Brookville. The National Bank of Brookville was organized August 25, 1883, with cap- ital stock of $50,000, with the following officers: Ira C. Fuller, president; W. D. J. Marlin, vice-president; B. M. Marlin, cashier. Board of directors: Ira C. Fuller, W. D. J. Marlin, William F. Wanner, Joseph Darr, F. X. Kreitler, Brookville; John Yeaney, Shannondale; N. Taylor, Corsica. The books of the bank were opened for business November i, 1883, in the banking- room in the "American House" lately occupied by the "Ira C. Fuller Bank," where the bank still continues to hold forth. On November 3, 1885, E. H. Darrah was elected a director and also president to fill the vacancy caused by the res- ignation of Ira C. Fuller. At the regular meeting of the stockholders January 12, 1886, Charles Corbet, esq., and C. Z. Gordon, esq., both of Brookville, were elected directors in place of W. F. Wanner and John Yeaney. The bank at present has a surplus fund of $4,200, and is doing a steadily increasing, and profitable business. Mahoning Bank of Funxsutawney. The Mahoning Bank opened its doors for business June 24, 1 870. The first meeting of the stockholders was held November 4, 1870, when the follow- ing officers were elected : President, Reuben C. Winslow, of Funxsutawney ; cashier, M. J. Dinsmore, of Funxsutawney ; directors, R. C. Winslow, W. A. Dunlap, W, E. Gillespie, Funxsutawney ; William M. Stewart, Harry White, Indiana; Dr. R. M. McChesney, Shelocta, Indiana county. The bnnk did a general banking business, passing through the panic of 1872-73 with credit to itself and satisfaction to its many patrons and customers, during that trying time. The bank continued doing business with some changes in officers, etc., until July 28, 1886, when negotiations were entered into by M. J. Dinsmore, with the balance of the original stockholders, for the purchase of the bank ; the arrangement for the purchase being consummated October 13, 1886, M. J. Dinsmore becoming owner of the entire stock, assets, fixtures, etc. On the 3o8 History of Jefferson County. 1 8th of December, Mr. Dinsmore disposed of the same to Dr. Joseph Shields, and retired from the business. The bank then passed into the hands of new parties, and was reorganized with the following officers : President, Dr. Joseph Shields ; vice-president, Dr. S. S. Hamilton ; cashier, Alonzo Pantall ; assist- ant-cashier, R. W. Dinsmore. Directors, Dr. Joseph Shields, T. Pantall, Dr. A. P. Cox, Dr. S. S. Hamilton, D. C. Mclntyre, S. T. North, William G. Lewis. The Mahoning Bank is one of the solid banking institutions of the countj', and is doing a good business. The First Nation.\l Bank of Punxsuta\vney Was organized August 7, 1883, with a capital stock of $50,000, with the fol- lowing officers : President, R. C. Winslow ; vice-president, T. Pantall ; cashier, James H. Maize. Board of directors, R. C. Winslow, Punxsutawney ; T. Pantall, Young township ; John R. Pantall, Oliveburg ; J. B. Henderson, Brookville ; Charles Corbet, Brookville. The books of the bank were opened for business on October 8, 18S3, in the east' room of Winslow and Calder- wood's law office on West Mahoning street, where it continued to do busi- ness until about the first of October, 18S4, when it was removed to a commo- dious building especially erected for its occupancy, near the centre of the town, by Jacob Zeitler, esq. The great conflagration that visited Punxsutawney on the morning of October 9, 1886, laid the handsome building of the First Na- tional Bank in ruins ; but with the exception of the loss of its counters and fur- niture, the bank lost comparatively nothing, everything in vault and safe being intact when opened, A few days later the bank resumed business in a build- ing adjoining their old location, and ten days after the fire Jacob Zeitler, the owner of the former bank building, had contracted for the erection of a new building, which will be completed about April i, 1888, and again occupied by the First National Bank. The new structure will be almost a fac simile of the old one. No change occurred in the officers from its organization until Janu- ary, 1887, when John R. Pantall, esq., succeeded T. Pantall, esq., as vice- president, and Robert Calderwood, esq., was chosen a director in place of T. Pantall. Since its organization this bank has sustained a loss of two of its valued shareholders, in the persons of the late A. L. Gordon, and Isaac C. Jor- don. The bank at present has a surplus fund of $3,000, and is doing a stead- ily increasing and profitable business. Secret Societies. 309 CHAPTER XXIV. SECRET SOCIETIES. The Masonic Order in Jefferson County — Hobah Lodge — John W. Jenks Lodtye— Jefferson Chapter — The Independent Order of Odd Fellow."! — Different Lodges in the Countv The Knights of Pythias — Different Organizations of the Order — Patriotic Sons of America The Patrons of Husbandry — The Granges in Jefferson County — Membership — Finances etc. Masonry in Jefferson County. ^ HOBAH LODGE No. 276 F. and A. M., located at Brookville Pa., was chartered by the R. W. G. Lodge of Pennsylvania, on the Sth day of September, A. D. 1853, A. L. 5853. Constituted by brother Robert E. Brown, specially appointed for that purpose on the 2d day of November, A. D. 1853. The officers were : James L. Gillis, W. M.; David S. Deering, S. W.; Evans R. Brady, J. W.; I. G. Gordon, Sec'y. The lodge room was in the upper story of the first American House. This building was burned down on the 23d day of May, 1856. There was a special meeting of the lodge held in the court- house to make arrangements for the funeral of Brother William McCandless on the 28th of May, 1856, this being the first Masonic funeral of the lodge. The stated meeting in June, 1856, was held in the building owned and oc- cupied by Louis Theil, situated on lot No. 30 on the south side of Main street, as was all the meetings of the lodge up to and including March 3, 1857. The stated meeting of March 10, 1857, and all meetings of the lodge up to January 28, 1S69, were held in the Evans building, located on lot No. 65, on the north side of Main street. On the 28th of January, 1869, the lodge moved into the Nicholson build- ing, situated on the south side of Main street on lot No. 32, the third story of which was owned by the Masonic Hall Association. This building was de- stroyed in the fire of November 20, 1874. A special meeting of the lodge was called and held in the Matson building on the same evening. The next meeting of the lodge was held December 3, 1874, in the hall, in the third story of the building of McKnight and Brother, situated on the east- ern half of lot No. 35, then occupied by the Independent Order of Red Men, at which time they purchased of the I. O. of R. M. their furniture, carpets, etc., leased the hall, and still occupy said hall. The charter members were, James L. Gillis, David S. Deering, Evans R. Brady, Henry P. Sullivan, T. H. Van Valzah, O. P. Reynolds, G. R. Barrett and Henry Raught. There are but two of the charter members now living to- wit : David S. Deering, who resides in Independence, Iowa, and Hon. George R. Barrett, who resides in Clearfield, Pa. 1 Prepared by W. D. J. Marlin. 36 3IO History of Jefferson County. The officers of Hobah Lodge for 1887 are: W. M., E. Clark Hall ; S. W., Cyrus H. Blood ; J. W., John M. Van Vliet ; Sec'y, W. D. J. Marlin ; Treas., George W. Means. The entire membership of the lodge since its organiza- tion, 273; deceased, 35 ; resigned, 103; suspended, 39; expelled, 3; present membership, 93. The following compose those who have filled the different chairs since the organization of the lodge : Past-masters, James L. Gillis, 1853-54 ; Evans R. Brady, 1855-56; Pearl Roundy, 1857; John Henderson, 1858-59; Alexis L. Gordon, 1860-61; John Henderson, 1862; Alexis L. Gordon, 1863-64; William C. Evans, 1865; Alexis L. Gordon, 1866; Lewis A. Grunder, 1867; Madison M. Meredeth, 1868; James P. George, 1869; Wilson R. Ramsey, 1870; James L. Brown, 1871 ; Robert R. Means, 1872; John McMurray, 1873; James K. Hamilton, 1874; William A. Frank, 1875; Philip H. Shan- non, 1876; Williamson D.J. Marlin, 1877; James H. Maize, 1878; Charles Corbet, 1879; John J. Patterson, 1880; Solomon Kaufman, 1881 ; George W. Means, 1882; William B. Cowen, 1883; Abraham F. Balmer, 1884; Benja- min M. Marlin, 1885. Senior wardens, David S. Deering, 1853-54; David Maclay, 1855; Oliver P. Reynolds, 1856; John Henderson, 1857; James P. George, 1858; John Henderson, 1859 ; Orlando Gray, i860; James P. George, 1861 ; William C. Evans, 1862; Augustus R. Marlin, 1863 ; Isaac G. Gordon, 1864; Madison M. Meredith, 1865; Lewis A. Grunder, 1866; Madison M. Meredith, 1867; James P. George, 1868; Irvin McFarland, 1869; James L. Brown, 1870; Robert R. Means, 1871 ; John McMurray, 1872; James K. Hamilton, 1873; William A. Frank, 1874; Philip H. Shannon, 1875; Will- iamson D.J. Marlin, 1876; James H. Maize, 1877; Charles Corbet, 1878; John J. Patterson, 1879; James P. George, 1880; George W. Means, 1881 ; William B. Cowan, 1882; Abraham F. Balmer, 1883; Benjamin M. Marlin, 1884. Junior wardens, Evans R. Brady, 1853-54; Thomas H. Van Valzah, 1855; Pearl Roundy, 1856; Hugh Brady, 1857; Orlando Gray, 1858; Au- gustus R. Marlin, 1859; James P. George, i860; Reed B. Brown, 1861 James C. Rankin, 1862; Morrow B. Lowry, 1863; William P. Jenks, 1864 Solomon Kaufman, 1865; Edward Scofield, 1866; William H. Gray, 1867 George A. Jenks, 1868; Wilson R. Ramsey, 1869; Robert R. Means, 1870 James H. Maize, 1871 ; James K. Hamilton, 1872; Philip H. Shannon, 1S73 William A. Frank, 1S74; Williamson D. J. Marlin, 1875 ; James H. Maize 1876; Solomon Kaufman, 1877; John J. Patterson, 1878; David Eason, 1879 Thomas H. Means, 1880; William B. Cowan, 1881 ; John J. Patterson, 18S2 Benjamin M. Marlin, 1883; F"rank X. Kreitler, 1884. Treasurers, Isaac G Gordon, 1853-55 ; William McCandlass, 1856; Louis Thiel, 1857; Robert R Means, 1858-59; Christopher Fogle, 1860-70; Madison M. Meredith, 1871- 74; Robert R. Means, 1875-77; Thomas H. Means, 1878; Solomon Kauf- man, 1879; Frank X. Kreitler, 1880-83 ! George W. Means, 1884. Secreta- Secret Societies. 3 1 1 ries, Isaac G. Gordon, 1853 ; Alexis L. Gordon, 1854; William McCandless, 1855; James McCahon, 1856; Wakefield W. Corbet, 1857-58; Evans R. Brady, 1859-61; John T. Reed, 1862-63; Morrow B. Lowry, 1864; Lewis A. Grander, 1865; William C. Evans, 1866; Joseph B. Henderson. 1867; E. Heath Clark, 1868; John McMurray, 1869-70; Williamson D. J. Marlin, 1871-74; Samuel A. Craig, 1875-77; Williamson D J. Marlin, 1878-84. Jcjferson Chapter R. A. M. No. 225. — On the 5th day of August, A. D. 1869, A. I. 2399, a warrant was granted by the Grand Holy Royal Arch Chapter of Pennsylvania, to Jefferson Chapter, No. 225, R. A. Masons to be held at Brookviile, Pa., the following being the charter members or officers thereof to- wit: Companions, Madison M. Meredith, M. E. H.; Philip H. Shannon, king ; James L. Brown, scribe. The chapter was constituted on the 7th day of October, A. D. 1869, A. I. 2399, by District Deputy High Priest Companion Miles W. Sage, assisted by a number of Royal Arch Masons, in Masonic Hall, in the Nicholson building, south side of Main street, Brookviile, where the meetings of the chapter were held till after said hall was burned down, when they removed with Hobah Lodge No. 276, F. and A. M. to McKnight and Brothers building, opposite the court-house where they still hold their meetings. The first offi- cers of the chapter were Madison M. Meredith, H. |P.; Philip H. Shannon, king ; James L. Brown, scribe ; and George W. Andrews, treasurer ; and Rob- ert R. Means, secretary. Madison M. Meredith served as high priest for 1869-70 and 1876; Philip H. Shannon, 1871 ; James L. Brown, 1872 and 1877 ; James S. George, 1873 ; Wilson R. Ramsey, 1874 and 1S82 ; James K. Hamilton, 1875 and 1880 ; John J. Thompson, 1878 ; Nathan Carrier, 1879 ; Thomas L. Templeton, 1881 ; John N. Garrison, 1883; Alexis L. Gordon, 1S84; George W. Means, 1885; John J. Patterson, 1886. The treasurers were, George W. Andrews, 1869 and '70; Madison M. Meredith, 1872 and '75; Williamson D. J. Marlin, 1871; Robert R. Means, 1876-77; William H. Gray, 1878 ; Isaac F. Steiner, 1879-81; James K. Hamilton, 1882-86. The secretaries were, Robert R. Means, 1869-71 ; Will- iamson D. J. Marlin, 1872-86. There have been admitted, 59; died, 7 ; sus- pended, 5 ; resigned, 7 ; leaving 40 members. John W. Jenks Lodge No. 534, F. and A. M., is located at Punxsutawney, and meets in the I. O. of O. F. Hall on the first Tuesday evening of each month. This lodge was instituted March 9, 1875, by William B. Meredith, R. W. D. D. G. M. The following members were its officers for the first year: W. M., Thomas K. Hasting; S. W., Jacob Zeitler; J. W., James C. Shields; Sec'y, James A. Minish ; S. D., John Crawford; J. D., William J. Smith; Pur., George W. Porter ; S. M. C, William Ahman ; J. M. C, Andrew P. Cox ; Chaplain, James E. Mitchell; Tiler, Adam B. Hoch ; Treas., Joseph Shields. The following are the present officers: W. M., James A. Minish; S. W., 312 History of Jefferson County. John W. Parsons; J. W,, John Davis; Treas., David P. Frampton ; Sec'y, R. M. Swisher; S. D., George W. Porter; J. D., Theophilus Pantall ; Pur., John B. Bair; S. M. C, Robert C. Robinson; J. M. C, Henry A. Ham; Chaplain, James E. Mitchell ; Tiler, John Crawford. Number of members 42. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Brookville Lodge No. 217, /. 0. of 0. F. — This lodge was instituted March 16, 1847, with the following officers: Pearl Roundy, N. G.; David S. Deering, V. G., John Hastings, Sec'y ; J. S. McCuUough, Ass't Sec'y ; William Mc- Candless, Treas. There is no means of ascertaining the names of the other charter members, the lodge being burned out and surrendering its charter September 12, 1856, to A. J. Johnstone, D. D. G. M. The lodge was reorganized December 14, 1869, by D. D. G. M., A. Ru- dolph, of Jefferson county. The lodge started with a membership of nineteen, as follows : A. Craig, B. T. Hastings, W. W. Corbett, K. L. Blood, G. W. Mc- Kinley, D. G. Gourley, S. J. Fryer, J. D. McKinley, Edwin Snyder, J. C. Sho- bert, R. M. Matson, L. Schnell, George H. Kennedy, O. H. Brown, John M. Espy, J. E. Long, A. B. McClain, Abram Snyder, and William Davie. The following officers were installed at the reorganization : A. Craig, N. G.; B. T. Hastings, V. G.; W. Corbett, Sec'y ; K. L. Blood, Treas. There were admitted at the time of reorganization by initiation eleven members. Since the reorganization there have been admitted by initiation one hundred and seventy-eight, and by card fifty-three members. Of these some have died, others have been suspended, and many have withdrawn by card to join other lodges. There are now in membership one hundred and fifteen. This lodge has furnished charter members for many of the sister lodges in this and adjoining counties. Since the reorganization it has paid out for the relief of brothers, their widows and orphans, the sum of $2,670. The present assets of the lodge are $4,679.62. The officers for the ensuing term were installed April 4, 1887, by D. D. G. M., Peter B. Cowan, as follows: N. G., J. R. Heas- ley ; V. G., E. V. Richards ; Sec'y, J. W. Walker ; Ass't Sec'y, J. C. Snyder ; Treas., John S. Moore ; R. S., to N. G., T. A. Hendricks ; L. S., E. Snyder ; W., J. W. Cox; C, L. S. Edwards ; R. S. S., O. T. Stewart; L. S. S., J. C. McMan- nigal; Chaplain, William P. Steele ; O. G., A. Snyder ; I. G., James Vasbinder ; R. S. to V. G., W. H. Hoover; L. S., K. R. Hindman. Besides administering to the relief of her own members, Brookville Lodge No. 217, has frequently cast her mite for the relief of those who had no claim upon her treasury. This lodge was among the first to respond to the call of distress at the time of the Chi- cago fire, and the response was so liberal, that a part of it was returned to the lodge. Laurel Lodge No. 672, /. 0. of 0. F., was instituted at Punxsutawney, on the 27th day of July, 1869, by D. D. G. M., A. L. McClusky, assisted by sev- Secret Societies. 313 eral of the P. G. of Palladium Lodge, No. 346 of Indiana. Six of the charter members were present, viz., J. M. Brewer, D. S. Altman, J. C. Green, J. P. Drum, H. Fackner and A. Rudolph. After the institution and organization there were four applicants for membership ; H. C. Campbell, D. R. Donnelly, J. R. North and B. Zigler, all of whom were, by dispensation, initiated in all the five degrees. The first officers of Laurel Lodge were, J. M. Brewer, N. G.; D. S. Altman, V. G.; J. C. Green, Sec'y ; J. P. Dunn, Ass't Sec'y ; H. Fack- ner, Treas.; D. R. Donnelly, S. W.; H. C. Campbell, Conductor ; J. K. North, O. G.; B. Zigler, I. G,; H. Ernst, R. S. to N. G.; H. Iserman, L. S. to N. G.; C. Spindler, R. S. to V. G. Since the institution of the lodge one hundred and seventy-seven members have been admitted. The lodge in 1887 has a mem- bership of 88 ; funds in treasurer's hands, $90.57; amount invested, $5,909.76 ; regalia and furniture, $831.70. Total assets of lodge, $6,842.03. Cicerone Lodge No. 897, /. O. of 0. F., was instituted at Brockwayville, on the 6th day of January, 1875, by Andrew Craig, of Brookville, beginning with sixteen members. The first officers elected were N. G., A. Thrush ; V. G., J. C. Moorhead ; Sec'y, R. O. Moorhead ; Treas., William G. Quigley. Num- ber of members since admitted, one hundred and twenty-eight ; members now in good standing, ninety-four; amount of receipts, $6,775. 10 ; amount of dis- bursements, $4,077.43 ; invested in real estate, etc., $3,650; in hands of treas- urer, $250. Present officers: N. G., A. R. Chapin ; V. G., T. S. Kline ; Sec'y, W. D. Clark ; Treas., James H. Groves. Dr. W. C. Niver, a member of this lodge, is believed to be the oldest in Odd Fellowship of any one in the county. This lodge has furnished many of the charter members for the lodges instituted at Ridgeway, Du Bois and Centerville. Snmmerville Lodge No. 793, /. 0. of 0. F., was instituted March 25, 1887, by District Deputy Grand Master P. B. Cowan, of Brookville, assisted by Past Grands, J. S. Moore, of Lodge 217; J. H. Groves, of Lodge 897; W. P. Steele, of Lodge 217 ; J. H. Monks, of Lodge 813 ; F. W. Space, of Lodge 963 ; R. A. Summerville, of Lodge 813 ; F. P. Hummell, of Lodge 918 ; D. D. G. P., A. Craig, of Encampment No. 202 ; P. C. P., S. Kaufman, of En- campment No. 202 ; P. C. P., J. VV. Walker, of Encampment No. 202, and others from neighboring lodges. The following officers were elected and in- stalled : N. G., W. F. Flick ; V. G., D. Davis ; Sec'y, R. B. Vermilyea ; Asst. Sec'y, J. Fenstermaker ; Treas., J. C. Smith. Noble Grand's appointments: W., J. A. Haven ; C, J. K. Brown ; O. G., G. A. Garvin ; I. G., D. K. Moore ; Chap., J. J. Guthrie; R. S., H. C. Anderson ; L. S., J. Horner; R. S. S., J. C. Simpson ; L. S. S., J. K. Myers. Vice Grand's appointments : R. S., H. W. Carrier ; L. S., D. W. Smith. The new lodge starts out with a membership of forty-five, has an excellent hall nicely furnished, and is out of debt ; conditions that indicate a prosperous career. 314 History of Jefferson County. Amor Lodge No. 608. /. 0. of O. F., was instituted at Marchand, Indiana county, and the charter granted September 2, 1867. The charter members were Hugh J. Brady, James W. Shields, A. J. Hamilton, J. M. Rifenberick, John M. Brown, S. S. Shaffer, S. C. Brown, S. W. Brewer, D. B. Brewer and James S. Crawford. The officers consisted of Hugh J. Brady, N. G.; James S Shields, V. G.; A. J. Hamilton, Sec'y ; Samuel C. Brown, Treas. From September 2, 1867, to August 12, 1879, there were two hundred initiations. Amor Lodge was the nucleus from which the lodges at Cherry Tree, Plum- ville, Smicksburg, Marion, Ringgold and Punxsutawney were organized. The charter was called in by the Grand Lodge in the latter part of 1879, and was, on the petition of J. G. Mitchell, S. S. Shaffer, John C. Neale, Sharp Neale, W. H. Heckendorn, John Frampton and others, re-issued November 13, 18S4, with authority to locate the lodge at Perrysville, Jefferson county. The first officers under the new organization were William Neale, N. G.; W. P. Pos- tlethwait, V. G.; G. A. Blose, Sec'y; R. H. L. Neale, Treas. The lodge is in a prosperous condition, with thirty-three members in good standing, and is out of debt with a surplus fund in its treasury of from $150 to $200. The pres- ent officers are Daniel Brewer, N. G.; W. H. Heckendorn, V. G.; T. D. Brewer, Sec'y ; W. L. Henry, Treas. Corsica Lodge No. 813, /. 0. of 0. F.,wa.s instituted at Corsica October 25, 1872, with twenty-three charter members, by D. D. G. M., A. Craig, of Brook- ville ; burned out June 2, 1873, all furniture and regalia saved. Met during the summer in the public school building. November 7, 1873, moved in and dedicated new hall. Charter members: H. A. Smith, C. C. Baker,|M. D., J. E. Orcutt, R. A. Summerville, John H. Dehaven, E. B. Orcutt, William Cowan, W. F. Delp, T. A. Hamilton, J. H. Monks, J. W. Martin, P. A. Fleming, A. M. Slack, G. W. McKinley, G. H. Siar, T. D. Spence, George Shultz, W. H. Scott, H. D. Morrison, T. S. Elder, T. F. Richey, A. S. McPherson, G. W. Cummings. First elective officers: N. G., C. C. Baker, M. D.; V. G., WilHam Cowan; Sec'y, T. D. Spence; Ass't Sec'y, G. H. Siar; Treas., A. M. Slack. Present elective officers: N. G., J. H. Simpson ; V. G., John Knabb ; Sec'y, A. P. Simkins ; Asst. Sec'y, A. M. Slack ; Treas., J. H. Monks. Whole num- ber initiated, 157; admitted by card, 10; withdrawn by card, 35; deceased, 2; present membership, 7J. Total available assets, $1,467.57 ; invested in regalia and furniture, $900; total, $2,367.57; amount paid out for relief, $1,150.50. Knights of Pythias. This order was first instituted in the city of New York twenty-four years ago, and now has a membership of 200,000. The declaration of principles adopted by the order show the basis upon which it is founded : " Recognizing the universality of human brotherhood, its organization is designed to embrace the world within its jurisdiction — intended solely and only Secret Societies. 31S to disseminate the great principles of friendship, charity, and benevolence, noth- ing of a sectarian or political character is permitted within its portals. Tolera- tion in religion, obedience to law, and loyalty to government are its cardinal principles. Misfortune, misery and death being written in fearful characters on the broad face of creation, our noble order was instituted to uplift the fallen ; to champion humanity; to be his guide and hope; his refuge, shelter, and defence ; to soften down the asperities of life ; to subdue party spirit ; and by sweet and powerful attractions of the glorious trinity of friendship, charity, and benevolence, to bind in one harmonious brotherhood men of all classes and all opinions. The brightest jewels which it garners are the tears of the widows and orphans ; and its imperative commands are to visit the homes where lace- rated hearts are bleeding ; to assuage the sufferings of a brother ; bury the dead ; care for the widow, and educate the orphan ; to exercise charity toward offenders ; to construe words and deeds in their least unfavorable light ; grant- ing honesty of purpose and good intentions to others ; and to protect the prin- ciples of knighthood unto death. Ifs laws are reason and equity ; its cardinal doctrines inspire purity of thought and life; its intention is 'peace on earth and good will toward man.' " District Deputy Grand Chancellor for Jefferson county, P. C, Thomas H. Scott, 1880-83 ; P- C., A. F. Balmer, 1883-84; H. C. Campbell, 1885 ; Thomas H. Scott, 1886. Valiant Lodge No. 461, Knights of Pythias, was instituted at Reynoldsville, on the 29th day of November, 1879, by the (then) Grand Chancellor, Thomas G. Sample, of Allegheny, Pa., assisted by P. C, Thomas H. Scott; P. C, \V. H. Van Lew ; P. C, David Hartman ; and Brothers Heemer and Riston, of East Brady. At that meeting there were four admitted by card, and ten new mem- bers initiated, after which the following officers were elected to serve until De- cember 30, 1880. P. C, Josiah Dent; C. C, W. H. Van Lew; V. C, W. W. Crissman ; prelate, John A. Ulrich ; M. of E., David Hartman; M. of F., James R. Johnston ; K. of R. and S., Solomon Shaffer; M. at A., J. W. Fink ; I. G., E. D. Hartman ; O. G., Joseph H. Watson; D. D. G. C, P. C, Thomas H. Scott, for Jefferson county. This lodge started out with fourteen members and an indebtedness of about two hundred dollars ; but with an increased membership, was almost out of debt when the fire of the 29th of October, 1880, destroyed the building in which their lodge room was situated, and the lodge lost nearly all its property, which was, however, partly covered by insurance. A new room was rented, and the membership went diligently to work to keep all expenses paid up, and soon cleared off all debts, and now find their order in a prosperous condition. The old hall having been rebuilt where the lodge was first organized, it was leased for a term of five years, and fitted up at a cost of about two hundred dollars. The finances of Valiant Lodge are now as follows : Invested in hall 3i6 History of Jefferson County. furniture and fixtures, together with the working materials of the lodge, $6oo ; four U. S. bonds, $517.50; one Reynoldsville borough bond $100; balance on hand (clear of all indebteduess), $218.75 ; total, $1,436.25. Since its institution the lodge has paid out for sick benefits to date, May i, 1887, $535 ; to other lodge members, $22. There have been no deaths in the active membership of this lodge ; the only death being one who had been sus- pended for non-payment of dues some two years previous to death. The pres- ent membership is seventy-seven, while seventy-five have been suspended for non-payment of dues, from the close of the December term 1881, to the close of the last term ending December 30, 1886. During the same period four have withdrawn from the lodge. The present officers of Valiant Lodge are : P. C, Lewis G. Sidler ; C. C, August Kleinhaus ; V. G., George B. Blanchard ; prelate, Alexander L. Best ; M. of E., George H. Allis ; M. of F., Wallace W. Ford; K. of R. and S., Thomas H. Scott; M. at A., William Copping; I. G., Joseph Shaffer; O. G., William Gibson; representative to Grand Lodge, Thomas H. Scott; trustees, Joseph Shaffer, M. S. Sterly, and A. J. Broadhead. Brookville Lodge No. 477, K. of P., was the second lodge of the order organized in Jefferson county; was instituted November 29, 1881, with thirty- six charter members, by D. D. G. C, Thomas H. Scott, esq., of Reynolds- ville, assisted by the following past chancellors : E. N. Geer, of Corry ; E. V. Marsh and J. L. Kribbs, of New Bethlehem ; T. J. Boyer, of Du Bois ; W. H. Van Lew, J. H. Gross, J. S. Watson, David Hartman, S. J. Broadhead, of Reynoldsville, and others. The first officers of the lodge to whom the charter was issued were as follows: P. C, J. W. Truesdell ; C. C, A. F. Balmer ; V. C, Andrew Craig ; prelate, Scott McClelland ; M. at A., Peter B. Cowan ; K. of R. and S., John McMurray ; M. of E., Thomas C. Lawson ; M. of F., E. L. Kimple ; I. G., John B. Means ; O. G., W. S. Weaver. There have been ini- tiated and received into membership in the lodge since its organization one hundred and thirty-one members, of whom two have died, three withdrawn, thirty-two were suspended for non-payment of dues, leaving the present mem- bership ninety-four. The lodge pays a weekly sick benefit of $3. 50, and in this behalf they have expended $913, also a funeral benefit of $50, and in ad- dition to having an elegantly furnished lodge-room, have over one thousand dollars in their treasury. The past officers of the lodge, according to their seniorty, are: J. W. Truesdell, A. F. Balmer, T. C. Lawson, E. L. Kimple, .W. S. Weaver, Andrew Craig, A. C. White, P. B. Cowan, 0. S. Snyder, J. R. Van Lear, W. A. Thompson, J. S. Linsinbigler, Samuel C. Ewing and Abram Sny- der. The Grand Lodge representatives were as follows: A. F. Balmer, 1881 and 18S2 ; A. C. White, 1883 and 1884; W. S. Weaver, 1885 and 1886. The present officers are: P. C, Abram Snyder; C. C, James J. Webb; V. C, George W. Snyder; prelate, Theodore W. Chesnutt ; M. at A., Lawrence M. Snyder; K. of R. and S., W. S. Weaver; M. of E., Joseph R. Heasley ; M. Secret Societies. 317 of F., J. C. Snyder; I. G., John H. Buel ; O. G., J. S. Linsinbigler. Trustees: W. A. Thompson, Edwin Snyder and Wilham Glenn. Representative to Grand Lodge : W. S. Weaver. Keystone Division No. 10, Uniform Rank K. of P., was organized October 10, 1882, the officers being sir knight commander, James E. Long ; sir knight- lieutenant commander, H. S. Deal ; sir knight recorder, P. B. Cowan ; sir knight treasurer, A. C. White; sir knight guard, J. R. Emery; sir knight sen- tinel, L. J. Boyer. This division has a membership of thirty-two — its mem- bership being made up from Brookville and Du Bois Lodges, with armory in the hall of Brookville Lodge. The beneficiary features in addition to weekly benefits consist of an En- dowment Rank, on the death of a member of which $1,000, $2,000 and $3,000 are paid according to the class to which the member belongs. The assess- ments are paid monthl)-, and are graded according to age. This feature of the order is controlled by the Supreme Lodge. The Grand Lodge of Pennsylva- nia controls a funeral benefit organization known as the " Knights of Pennsyl- vania Relief Fund." Any Knight of Pythias in general good health is eligible to membership in this fund. The monthly dues are twenty-five cents, and the funeral benefit is $250. Cliarity Lodge No. 488, K. of P., was instituted at Brockwayville, March 26, 1883. First officers, P. C, Rev. H. M. Burns; C. C., R. O. Moor- head : V. C, T. M., Myers ; P., J. G. Dailey ; M. of E., J. B. Allen ; M. of F., C. F. Green; K. of R. and S., Anthony Groves; M. at A., M. S. Longwell ; L G., Arnold Groves; O. G., R. A. McElhaney. Present officers; P. C, W. T. McLaughHn ; C. C., Thomas Kearney; V. C., M. M. Rankin; P., G. A. Bowdish ; M. of E., G. S. Himes ; M. of F., R. O. Moorhead ; K. of R. and S., F. R. Knapp; M. at A., C. H. Yates; I. G., John Chilcott ; O. G., Thomas Chilcott. Number of members, seventy. No deaths. Mountain Cliff Lodge No. 393, I'fnights of Pythias, was instituted April 8, 1873, at Barclay, Bradford county, by District Deputy Grand Chancellor H. S. Clark, of Towanda, Pa., with the following officers: W. C, Fred. Miner; V. C, William Johnston; R. S., John Noble; W. B., Henry Crawford; W. G., James Johnston; W. F. S., Thomas Dilchburn ; L S., Walter Hay; O. S., James Duncan; V. P., John Kellock. Barclay is situated on the top of a mountain, and is a small mining town. Owing to the mines becoming ex- hausted, the members had to seek employment elsewhere, and the lodge was transferred to Beechtree, Jefferson county, April 7, 1886. The lodge is in good condition, with a membership of one hundred and ten, and since it was first instituted has lost eight members by death. The paraphernalia and fix- tures of the lodge are valued at $700, and it has a fund of $1,041. The pres- ent officers for 1S87, are : P. C, John D. Cameron ; C. C, Frank Pride ; V. C, John McNeil ; prelate, William Archibald ; K. of R. and S., Andrew Beve- 3i8 History of Jefferson County. ridge; M. of E., William Cheery; M. of F., Frank Yard; M. at A., Daniel Jones; I. G., David Ruddocks ; O. G., George Buntin. Andrew Beveridge has been K. of R. and S., of this lodge since 1875. Patriotic Sons of America. This order was first organized in the city of Philadelphia, in 1847; but prior to the Rebellion its- organization was very imperfect, and its progress con- sequently slow, the camps not extending much beyond the Middle States. When the war broke out a general enlistment of its members compelled its entire suspension. In 1866 the order was reorganized and placed upon a more substantial basis. The order has for its object the inculcation of pure Ameri- can principles, the cultivation of fraternal love ; the opposition to foreign inter- ference with State interests in the United States of America ; the preser- vation of the Constitution of the United States, and the propagation of free education. Its primary object is to build up an order based upon patriotism, education, charity, and fraternity, and aims most particularly to educate its members in the principles of our government, to use all honorable means to defend and perpetuate the institutions of our country. Its immediate benefits are home benevolence, the care of its sick, the burial of its dead, the protection of and assistance to all who may be in need. There are two camps of this order in Jefferson county. Washington Camp No. 268, Patriotic Sons of America, was instituted at Reynoldsville, May 9, 1883, by District President J. D. McClintock, of Lock Haven, Pa., with eighteen charter members, The camp now numbers forty- one members, and is in a prosperous condition. George Roller is president and A. L. Best, secretary. No deaths have occurred since the camp was insti- tuted. The amount of camp property and funds in the treasury is $275.25. Washington Camp meets every Thursday evening. Past president, W. H. Van Lew and A. L. Best of this camp having successively filled the office of district president for Jefferson, Clearfield and Cameron counties. Washington Camp No. 131, Patriotic Sons of America, was instituted at Brockwayville, on March 4, 1887, with thirty charter members, and is officered as follows : Senior past president, J. P. Keys ; president, A. R. Chapin ; vice- president, R. S. Welsh ; master of forms and ceremonies, J. A. Green ; chap- lain. Rev. I. M. Smith ; secretary, R, W. Hoey ; assistant secretary, R. S. Mith ; treasurer, S. C. Bond ; conductor, E. V. Coville ; inner guard, E. A. Green ; outer guard, F. L. Himes. The camp holds stated meetings on every Tuesday evening. J. P. Keys was appointed and commissioned district pres- ident of Jefferson, Elk and Clarion counties two weeks after the organization of the camp. Secret Societies. 319 Patrons of Husbandry 1 The first organization of farmers in the association known as the Patrons of Husbandry was effected in Washington City, D. C, December 4, 1867, by a few men interested in agriculture, and at that time, connected witii the De- partment of Agriculture. The officers were: William M. Ireland, master ; An- son Bartlett, overseer; O. H. Kelley, secretary; J. _R. Thompson, lecturer; William Muir, steward ; and William Saunders, treasurer. The other offices were left vacant at the time of the organization simply because there were not members to fill them, but subsequently others were elected and Potomac Grange No. i, as it is known in history, had a complete corps of officers. From this small beginning has come the association of farmers with granges in every State and Territory and almost every count}' in the United States. The rapid increase of this association is without a parallel in history. The farmers saw in it a means by which they could improve their condition by education and social intercourse, knowing that these tend only to elevate and refine ; and they began to realize that they could not compete with other classes unless they did unite and work together for their common good. They sought relief from the grinding heel of monopolies and great moneyed corporations of our land, which had begun a series of oppressions well calculated to reduce the farmers to a condition but little better than the tenant farmers of Europe. At this critical time the grange was organized, and our farmers, believing it to be their only hope, united with it, hoping for relief. In this they were not disap- pointed, although relief came slower than was expected. When the order was incorporated in January, 1873, over twenty-three thousand dispensations had been granted to subordinate granges, mostly in the south and west, and during the years 1873 and 1874, there were eighteen thousand si.\ hundred and forty-one additional dispensations granted by the National Grange in Washington to subordinate granges, mostly in the Eastern States. Since no dispensation was granted to less than thirteen, nor more than forty persons, we can see how rapidly it grew. In fact when the first organization was effected in Jefferson county, there was an actual membership in the United States of more than eight hundred thousand. We give this brief sketch of the organization and success of the National Grange as a pre- lude to the order's history in Jefferson county. The first grange. Porter No. 252, was organized by Deputy at Large Asa Batdes, of Girard, Pa., in the commissioner's office, Brookville, May 12, 1874. R. A. Travis was elected master, and J. P. George, secretary. There were twenty- six charter members. This grange, like Potomac Grange No. i, had but few persons in it who were eligible to membership, or who would be so considered to-day ; but at that time few understood the organization or its 1 Prepared by M. A. Fitzsimmons, of Brookville. 320 History of Jefferson County. purposes. Some of its members dropped out and it was moved to Porter township, where it increased in numbers and influence until we find it num- bered seventy-seven members in January, 1883 ; this is the latest correct date received. The second was Elder No. 503, organized by Deputy R. A. Travis, at the residence of J. i\I. Elder, in Oliver township, March 16, 1875, with thirty char- ter members, twenty men and ten women. S. B. Williams was their first choice for master, and C. N. Morris sec'y. They have since then initiated fifty-one members. Some of the best patrons of our county took the degrees in this grange. Among these we recall S. B. Williams, J. N. Jordon, C. A. Morris and others, the last named having served eleven successive terms as secretary, and is now occupying the master's chair. H. M. Means is the pres- ent secretary. They have a good hall of their own, nicely finished and furn- ished, in whicli they meet regularly twice a month. Ridge Grange No. 516, was organized by Deputy R. A. Travis, in Perry township, March 24, 1875, with thirty-one charter members, and J. N. Kelly, master ; W. A. Kelly, secretary, and have since initiated ninety-three, making a grand total of one hundred and twenty-five. They have a commodious hall in which they hold interesting and instructive meetings each alternate week. Ridge Grange has furnished more active, working members of Pomona Grange than any other in the county. This is explained by the statement that the Gourleys, Kellys, Lewises, McCrackens and others have taken an interest in the work, and have made their grange what in reality it should be — a neigh- borhood home; and the result is seen in the high standard of culture and refinement to be met with among the members. Their first master has been re-elected several times, and is now occupying that position. A worthy rec- ognition of a worthy man. Beaver Grange No. 521, was organized in Beaver township, March 29, 1875, by R. A. Travis. Master, Daniel Reitz ; secretary, J. C. Simney; nineteen charter members and sixty initiates. This grange has made education a spe- cialty, and well have they succeeded in their efforts, than which none have done better. The pleasant faces and fraternal grip of Brothers T. R. Holt, Daniel Reitz, Elias Jones and others will be held in kindly remembrance long after they have received from the Great Master the pass- word into the Grange above. Mahoning No. 587, was organized by R. A. Travis, with thirty-six charter members. William C. Gillespie was chosen master, and William Perry, secre- tary. They initiated thirty-four. Among those who by earnest work have won recognition are Brothers Porter, Minish, Perry and Gillespie. MeCalmont Grange No. 590, of McCalmont township was organized by R. A. Travis, August 25, 1875, with thirty-three charter members. A. J. Lim- erich, master, Peter Uplinger, secretary. This grange although started under Secret Societies. 321 favorable auspices, through internal difficuhies lost their grip and fell by the way with no stone to mark their last resting-place. Union Grange No. 609, organized by R. A. Travis, in Pine Creek township, October 20, 1875. They had but thirty charter members, but with these as a nucleus, they soon became one of the wealthiest, most influential and prosper- ous granges in the county. D. B. McConnell was their first master, and C. A. Carrier secretary. Among those who have been active supporters not only of the grange, but of grange principles, and labored earnestly to carry them to a practical conclusion we can recall James Suftblk, Charles Shobert, Joseph Bull- ers, Charles Frost and their estimable ladies. The ladies of Union have enter- tained Pomona oftener than those of any other grange, and the tables they prepared were a sufficient guarantee that they were well skilled in the culinary department, and their hospitality was equalled only by the grace with which they dispensed it. Corsica Grange No. 640, comes ne.xt on the roll, being organized by R. A. Travis, January 6, 1S76, with twenty- two charter members. G. VV. iVIcKinley, master ; D. M. Hindman, secretary, and forty-two initiates. The members of this grange were not clothed in the proper regalia, or proper spirit, and failed to realize the benefits usually derived from this organization, and hav- ing erected a hall in the spring of 1884, they quietly expired, and the hall remains to this day as a memorial, not to what they are, but to what they might have been. We regret these things, but we are not making history, we are only writing it. Rose Grange No. 653, organized by R. A. Travis, January 27, 1876, is located on the f;irm of Joseph Thrush, in Rose township. This grange started out with twenty- nine charter members, and has kept the faith; new members uniting with it from time to time until forty-one have been initiated and in- structed in the lessons of the degrees. Abner Spyker was the first to fill the master's chair. Joseph Thrush was their secretary for many years. Pleasant Hill No. 656, with Miller Harding as master, and Mark H. Will- iams as secretary, and thirty-two charter members, began its interesting and prosperous, though checkered career, Februarys, 1876, and during their more than eleven years of active work, they rarely failed to hold their regular weekly meetings on Friday evening ; being the only grange in the county that meets once a week. Their accessions amounted to one hundred and three, and the good they have done cannot be estimated ; and they are more prosperous now than ever before. The citizens of Knox township who are prevented from uniting with it on account of its secrecy, regard it as second only to the church. Much of this success is due to the moral and religious influence of Mrs. S. A. Hunter, Mrs. M. A. Anderson, Mrs. Rosa McAninch, Mrs. Martha Chitester, Mrs. M. A. Cavanore and other ladies connected with it. There are many good men and true inside the gates, but they willingly yield the palm to the 322 History of Jefferson County. ladies. Among the ever faithful, S. A. Hunter, I. S. Davis, S. McAninch, S. R. Anderson and others are well entitled to recognition. Brother Hunter has been treasurer during all these years, while the others have filled various offi- ces. C. C. Chitester is now master, and E. E. Hunter secretary. The record of the past is only excelled by their prospects for the future. Sigel No. 666, was organized February 24, 1876, with thirty-eight charter members: James Coon, master ; G. A. Carroll secretary. It existed but a short time and then surrendered its charter to be reorganized several years later under a new name and more favorable auspices. Sugar Hill No 713, organized by O. S. Gary, June 2, 1S76, had thirty-two members : W. C. Bond, master ; Miss Florence Marshall, secretary ; thirty- seven accessions, and are in good standing in the county and State granges. Troy No. 672, and Warsazu No. 691, existed but a short time and then surrendered their charters, many of their members connecting by demit with other granges. Fidelity No. 692, of Rockdale, and Prudence No. 707, have a similar record. 0. S. Cary Gi'ange No. 6gTi, of Brock way ville, organized by O. S. Cary, April 8, 1876, with thirty charter members: A. R. Thrush, master; D. D. Groves, secretary. This grange has the largest membership and the finest hall in the county. The members are the most hospitable and generous, and their works are characteristic of the people composing it. Brothers Smith, Hutch- ison, Keys and others are familiar names in grange circles throughout the county. Jl/ill Grange No. 712, organized June I, 1876, started with a complete corps of members : J. G. Allen, master ; R. F. Morrison, secretary, and have since added forty-two. y\mong those whose names are on the roll of honor are E. Perrin and lady, J. G. Allen and wife, R. F. Morrison, T. F. Daugherty, G. W. Brenholts and others. Richardsville No. 729, A. J. Bartlett, master; G. W. Richards, secretary ; organized by O. S. Cary, January 9, 1877, with twenty-two charter members, and after initiating thirteen it yielded to the inevitable and remained dormant until May 5, 1884, when it was reorganized by C. A. Carrier; but lacking the true grange spirit it was but a question of time when it returned to its former condition, and if it is not dead it is because it has not energy enough left to die. Darling Grange No. 768, was organized by James McCracken and C. A. Carrier, February 3, 1883, with twenty members: Moses Johns, master; Miss P. R. Carrier, secretary. After its organization it promised to be the banner grange of the county ; not succeeding in that, it failed in everything else, and is no longer anything but a name. A few of its members, among them Moses Johns and family, were true to their principles and connected with Rose Grange. Secret Societies. 323 Green Valley A'o. 770, of Knox township, was organized by James Mc- Cracken, March 31, 1883, with seventeen members: S. P. Himes, master; H. D. Morrison, secretary; twenty-one additional members have since been added. They are live, earnest, active workers, and although young in years, have taken an advanced position among their fellows. Have No. y'j'j. organized by James McCracken, February 26, 1884, with sixteen charter members : W. J. Gayley, master ; G. M. Gayley, secretary ; has become a permanent organization with excellent opportunities, and the will and disposition to improve them. The recognized leaders are David White, W. J. Gayley, B. H. Whitehill and G. M. Gayley. Jefferson Grange A^o. 778, organized by Deputy James McCracken in Polk township, February 27, 1884, with sixteen members, is the youngest of the family. Lewis Evans was chosen first master, and Miss Maggie V. Smith, secretary. They have initiated twenty- four members, and are in a prosperous condition, holding their meetings regularly every two weeks in the house of Brother Perry Smith, one of their most active members. Since the first organization in the county there have been twenty-three dis- pensations granted, and a total of six hundred and thirty-three charter mem- bers, and eight hundred and fifty-six initiates. Of these, si.x granges are either dead or dormant, the others in good standing. In addition to these we have a count}' grange known as Pomona Grange No. 20, of Jefferson county, organ- ized December 4, 1875. The membership of Pomona consists of the masters of subordinate granges and their wives, and three delegates elected annually by each subordinate grange. It meets on the first Wednesday of January, April, July and October, at the different grange halls in the county. The offi- cers are elected for a term of two years. This grange has charge of the edu- cational work of the order, and also recommends the persons to be appointed deputy. The deputies have been appointed by the State Grange Master, and have been R. A. Travis from 1874 till 1876, when he was succeeded by O. S. Gary, who in turn was succeeded in 1878, by C. A. Carrier, whose successors were James McCracken, jr., and M. A. Fitzsimmons appointed in 1880. The latter being reappointed every year since. R. M. Morrison was appointed in 1884, and S. W. Temple in 1886, and James McCracken re-appointed in 1887, completing the list up to the present time. Space will permit me but a few words more of this brief history of the ori- gin and progress of the order in Jefferson county. It has proven to be "one of the most beneficent and useful secular institutions in the land." We have endeavored to show how and by whom it was inducted into our midst, by whom it was supported and upheld when its growth was slow and feeble, and when it was but little understood and less appreciated, but through all, its ad- vocates labored earnestly and diligently, and it is now to them a source of un- wonted satisfaction to know that those earlier years of toil and sacrifice for the 324 History of Jefferson County. cause have already contributed many happy hours to hundreds of farmers' families, besides otherwise securing to them innumerable benefits. The unprec- edented success of this order is one of the most prominent incentives on record to perseverance under trying and almost insurmountable difficulties. Let those engaged in the good work take courage and bear in mind that he " who causes two blades of grass to grow where but one grew before, is greater than he who taketh a city." The foregoing history of the different lodges and societies of Jefferson county is full and correct, with the e.xception of one or two organizations of Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias, the secretaries of which would not fur- nish the necessary data. There have been other orders represented in the county from time to time, but their record has died with them : notably among these was a lodge of the Sons of Malta, and one of the Improved Order of Red Men, both organized at Brookville. The former was short-lived, but the latter was kept up for several years, surrendering its charter some time during the 3'ear 1877. It was at one time strong in membership. CHAPTER XXV. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. The First Fair in the Count}' — Mountain Park — Organization of the Jefferson County Agri- ■cuUural Society — Officers — Buildings and Grounds — Receipts and Expenditures. THE first agricultural fair in Jefferson county was held on the grounds of the Mountain Park Association, October 5, 6 and 7, 1870. These grounds, now owned by the estate of Nathan Carrier, jr., were then the prop- erty of Jacob Emery and son, who advertised the fair as " Jacob Emery & Son, proprietors." The fair was quite successful, and the exhibits, though not numerous, were of an excellent character. The exhibit of stock was very good, the papers of that day speaking of this feature of the fair as a " credit to the county, and showing the interest taken by our people in improving the stock." The horses of Judge St. Clair, of Bell township, and Thomas Holt, of Beaver, received special mention. For some reason this was the last exhibition held at Mountain Park, but the race course, which was a very good one, was used for that purpose for several years. There is no record of any premiums being paid by this associa- tion. Agricultural Societies. 325 Organization of the Jefferson County Agricultural Society. On the 10th of February, 1879, a meeting- was held at the office of James T. Carroll, esq., in Brookville, for the purpose of organizing a society to be known as the " Jefterson County Agricultural Society." On motion Thomas R. Holt was elected president of the meeting, and James T. Carroll secretary; the object of the meeting being announced in a brief address by Dr. W. J. McKnight, after which the society was organized by the election of the follow- ing officers : President, Thomas K. Litch, of Brookville ; vice-presidents, Jo- seph Grube, of Henderson township ; James E. Mitchell, Punxsutawney ; Stacy B. Williams, Oliver ; James U. Gillespie, Clayville ; Robert A. Travis and George Gourley, Perry; Henry Lewis, Porter; E. W. Jones, Beaver; Joseph Thrush and U. Matson, Rose ; A. Carrier, Clover ; Robert A. Summerville, Union ; Allen Gathers, Winslow ; James McCurdy and A. L. Smith, Wash- ington ; Stephen Oaks, Eldred ; Oran Butterfield, Barnett; Thomas Craven, Polk ; Dr. John Thompson, Corsica ; John Smathers, Ringgold ; Wilham Aharah, Heath; Daniel North, McCalmont; John B. Pantall, Young; Henry Brown, Bell ; L. P. Seeley, Reynoldsville ; George K. Tyson, Big Run ; Paul Darling, Brookville ; Samuel A. Hunter, Knox ; David B. McConnell and Levi Shuckers, Pine Creek ; John Ostrander and John Fox, Warsaw ; Samuel Geist, Worthville ; secretary, Thomas L. Templeton, Brookville ; executive committee, Thomas R. Holt, Beaver ; Oliver Brady, Pine Creek ; David Eason, John Garrison, Nathan G. Edelblute, Brookville. The association was incorporated May 2, 1879, under the name of the " Jefferson County Agricultural Society and Driving Park Association," and the following officers elected for the year: Thomas K. Litch, president; Thomas L. Templeton, secretary ; J. E. Long, assistant secretary ; M. V. Shaffer, treasurer, with the same executive committee given above. A fair was held on the grounds, which had been secured by lease, within the bor- ough limits, from the John Dougherty estate, the fall of that year, which proved a success both financially and otherwise, and the association assumed a permanent, footing. Exhibitions, in every way creditable to the county, have been held each suc- ceeding year, and premiums amounting to an average of $2,000 have been paid. In 1880 N. G. Edelblute was elected president of the association, with Messrs. Templeton and Shaffer re-elected, continued the officers of the association un- til 1886, when the present management was elected : W. H. Gray, president ; S. H. Whitehill, secretary; J. B. Henderson, treasurer. Directors, W. H. Gray, H. C. Litch, S, A. Hunter, G. B. Carrier, Joseph Bullers. There were originally one hundred and twenty-four stockholders holding two hundred and forty-seven shares. In 1884 the association bought of Colonel Silas J. and .Mrs. Kate D. Marlin, 38 326 History of Jefferson County. two and one-half acres of land on the south side, upon which the main buildings of the association are erected, at a cost of $2,250, which was conveyed by deed February 7, 1887. They also rent other ground adjoining, from Bishop Broth- ers, Means's heirs, A. Beach, George A. Jenks et al., making the enclosure oc- cupied by the grounds cover about ten acres. These grounds are on level crround, lying in the bend of Sandy Lick Creek near where it unites with the North Fork and forms Red Bank. They are well adapted for the purpose, and are within easy access of all parts of the town. Two main buildings, machin- ery hall, grand and band stands, with good stabling for over five hundred horses and stock, and abundant accommodations for poultry, compose the buildings. The half-mile track is an excellent one. The ground, buildings, etc., owned by the society, are worth about $10,000. During the eight years that exhibitions have been held by the association the receipts and expenditures each year have been as follows : Expenditures. Fair Receipts. 1S79 $2,002.93 $2,315.13 1S80 3.76513 3.563-84 1S81 4.65915 5.I5I-84 ISS2 5,098.99 5,001.65 IS83 5-250.37 5.250-39 IS84 5.7S3.00 6,162.03 1SS5 5,801.47 4-558-65 1886 3.680.94 3.6S0.94 This society has done much to improve the mechanical, industrial, agri- cultural and stock raising business of the county, as it has brought the farmers together, and by competition and comparison has added a new incenti\'e to all that which was needed to bring Jefferson county up to the place she should occupy in the agricultural column of the State. CHAPTER XXVI. THE TE.MPERANCE WORK. The Eariv Temperance Work in Jefferson County — The Fir.<;t Workers for the Cause — The Good Templars — Prohibition — The Temperance AlUance — The Mm-phy ilovement — Tiie Work of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. THE first record of temperance work that we find is a call for a temperance meeting to be held in the court-house, on the evening of the 4th of De- cember, 1837, to be addressed by Rev. Mr. Hill. The call for this meeting, which appears in the Brookville Republican of November 29, 1837, is signed by J. P. McGinity, recording secretary of the Jefferson County Temperance Society. The Temperance Work. 327 Then, in 1841, Rt. Rev. Bishop Patrick Francis Kenrick, on his way from St. Mary's to Red Bank, delivered a temperance address to a large audience in the court-house in Brookville. From that time there appears to have been all over the county, at different times, societies organized for the purpose of put- ting down intemperance. In 1S43 the Washingtoiiian Society of Brookville organized temperance societies throughout the county, one of which, at Beech- woods, was organized by Colonel Hugh Brady and S. B. Bishop, esq. In 1849 the Temperance League of Brookville put forth strong efforts to crush the liquor traffic. One of their public meetings, held in the court-house, IVIay 19, 1849, was addressed by Captain W. W. Wise, and on the i8th of Febru- ary, following, Dr. C. P. Cummins delivered a lecture in the same place under the same auspices, on physiology, anatomy and temperance, with especial ref- erence to show the effects of alcohol on the human system. July I, 1854, a temperance convention was held in the court house, and an address published to the people of the county which was signed by R. Arthurs, chairman, and W. W. Wise, G. W. Andrews and D. S. Johnson, com- mittee. The result of this movement was the following official vote at the October election, 1854: For prohibition, 1,385 ; against prohibition, 1.015. Majority in favor of prohibition, 370. At the February term of court, 1854, no licenses were granted in the county, and at the May term, following, there were no Commonwealth cases. A great many temperance societies have been organ- ized, accomplished their work and sunk into oblivion, while others, with new life infused into their veins, would fill the gap caused by their death. Among the most prominent and longest-lived of these was the Independent Order of Good Templars, which was organized in Brookville, February 12, 1857, by Philip Clover, of Strattanville, D. D., G. W. C. T. L. A. Dodd was elected and installedworthy chief templar ; Frank Crandall, worthy vice-templar ; J. P. Mil- ler, worthy secretary; Charles Matson, worthy treasurer; Thomas J. Heckendorn, worthy inside guard, and Myron Pearsall, worthy outside guard. This order pros- pered and did good work for the cause of temperance until the war broke out, and so many of its members enlisting it was for a time broken up, but in February, 1866, with the following officers: worthy chief templar, Daniel Fogle ; worthy vice templar, Ellen Guffey ; worthy secretary, John Scott ; worthy treasurer, Sarah Truby ; worthy inside guard, Carrie A. Scott; worthy outside guard, James B. McLain ; worthy chaplain, James E. Long; worthy assistant secre- tary, John W. Walker; worthy financial secretary, John McMurray; worthy marshal, Myron M. Pearsall ; worthy deputy marshal. Kate M. Scott ; worthy right hand supporter, Mrs. L. Pearsall ; worthy left hand supporter, Mary J. Matson, the order was revived and started out with fifty members, and for a number of years did a good temperance work in Brookville and its vicinity, be- sides exercising a great moral and social influence. It finally succumbed to circumstances and its place was filled by some other society. A temperance 328 History of Jefferson County. convention, called by the Good Templars, was held in the Methodist church. May 14, 1868. There have been numerous other temperance societies and organizations working for the cause of temperance, at various times, in the county, notably, the Sons of Temperance, Washingtonians and Temperance Alliance. The latter, of which Dr. G. C. Vincent, then pastor of the United Presbyterian church of Brookville, was a prominent mover, did much to agi- tate the question in the county and prepare the way for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, which is now becoming a "power in the land." The local option law for the State of Pennsylvania, allowing counties to vote on the question, was passed March 27, 1872, and repealed April 12, 1875. At the election held in Jefiferson county, March 3, 1873, there was almost nine hundred majority for local option. April 16, 1877, the great Murphy move- ment was inaugurated in Brookville, in a largely attended meeting at the Presbyterian church. This meeting was conducted by Mr. Joseph Dilworth, of Pittsburgh, and was addressed by J. D. Brooks, esq., of Pittsburgh, and Dr. J. M. Davies, of Parker City, Pa. Two hundred and twenty-five persons signed the pledge. This meeting was followed by others, conducted by T- Benton Dalley, esq., of Blairsville, and so much enthusiasm was infused into the meetings that over one thousand signed the Murphy pledge in Brookville, while the work spread all over the county, until over three thousand were en- rolled under the "blue ribbon " banner of temperance. Of these, some were totally reclaimed, while a great many yielded again to temptation; but the impress of this movement has never been effaced, and its effects are still felt. Later, Francis Murphy, the great apostle of temperance, visited Brookville, and held rousing meetings in the court-house. In answer to a call made by the ministers of the different denominations, a convention was held in the Presbyterian church, July 14, 1885, to take into consideration the purpose of organizing a Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Mrs. Eva Thompson, of Indiana county, gave an explanation of the plan of the union and read the con- stitution, which had been adopted. It was then decided to form a county union, and the following officers were elected : President, Mrs. D. E. Taylor, of Brookville ; vice-president, Mrs. V. S. Blood, of Brookville ; treasurer, Mrs. Georgiana Wray, of Brockwayville ; recording secretary, Mrs. Louie Gates, of Brookville; corresponding secretary. Miss Agnes Thompson, of Punxsutawney. This union at once went to work, commencing an aggressive warfare upon the liquor traffic. Local unions were organized in different parts of the county of which there are now sixteen, viz. : Corsica, Pun.xsutawney, Frostburg, Brookville, Reynoldsville, Troy, Warsaw, Belleview, Richardsville, Cool Spring, Pleasant Hill, Baxter, Brockwayville, Sandy Valley, Beechtree and Mount Pleasant. The first license court held in the county after the Woman's Chris- tian Union was organized, was the February term, 18S6. It was a well- known fact that every one engaged in selling liquor was violating the license The Temperance Work. 329 law, and evidence enough was found by the union to close the nine bars in the town of Brookville, and out of thirty petitions presented at this court from the county, fifteen were refused on evidence. After this victory the W. C. T. U. turned its attention to the Legislature, and in order to find out the temperance status of the difterent candidates for that position, addressed the following open letter to them : An open letter to Dr. William Altman, nominee of the Republican party, and C. Miller, nominee of the Democratic party, for State Legislature : Gentlemen : — We, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, assembled in county convention at Reynoldsville, this the i6th day of July, 1886, re- spectfully submit to each of you the following questions: Will you, if elected, give your vote and use your influence to procure the passage of a bill, submitting to the vote of the people, at the earliest day prac- ticable, an amendment to the State constitution, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage ? Please give us your answer through the Brookville Republican and the Brookville Democrat. By order of convention. Mrs. D. E, Taylor, President. To this Dr. Altman returned the following reply : To the Editor of the Brookville Republican : — In response to an open let- ter published in your issue of July 21, from the Woman's Christian Temper- ance Union, assembled in county convention at Reynoldsville, on the i6th day of July, inst., asking me to define my position, I would most respectfully say that, believing in democratic principles, free government, and the freedom of speech, with the right to exercise conscientious convictions on all subjects, especially of a legislative character, I feel it is the inherent right of all or any part of the citizens of the State to ask the privilege to be heard through the ballot box. Should I be elected as representative of Jefferson county, I will vote for and aid in securing a constitutional amendment, giving the citizens a right to vote on prohibition, maintaining and believing in an old established question, that the majority should rule. Respectfully submitted, William Altman. PUNXSUTAWNEV, Pa., July 27, 1886. Mr. Miller, the candidate of the Democratic party, did not make any reply to the letter of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The result of the election for Legislature, in Jefterson county, was the election of Dr. Altman by a majority of three hundred and thirteen. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is gaining in strength steadily, and is well organized. The officers of the county union are the same as when first organized with the exception that Mrs. Emma J. Arnold, of Reynoldsville, has taken the place of Mrs. Louie Gates as recording secretary, the latter hav- ing removed from the county. History of Jefferson County. The work to be done by the union has been systematized and each depart- ment placed under a superintendent. Those having charge of these depart- ments are : Scientific instruction, Mrs. E. D. Bovard, Reynolds\-ille ; Hygiene heredity, Mrs. V. S. Blood, Brookville ; Sabbath observance, Miss Marj' J. Stewart, Brookville ; Mothers' work, Mrs. M. J. Campbell, Baxter ; Evange- listic work, Mrs. Joseph McFarland, Belleview ; Fair work, Mrs. Sarah H. Hunter, Pleasant Hill ; Press and Literature, Miss Agnes Thompson, Punxsu- tawney ; Prison and Jail work, Mrs. Martha Hall, Brookville ; Lumbermen and Miners' work, Mrs. Mary Grafifins, Punxsutawney ; Foreigners' work, Mrs. Georgiana Wray, Brockwayville ; Sunday-school work, Mrs. Torrence, Punxsutawney ; Unfermented Wine for Sacramental purposes, Mrs. Ellen Allsehouse, Belleview ; Legislative work, Mrs. C. C. Benscoter, Brookville ; Young Women's work, Mrs. Ada Green, Brockwayville. The Younc; Women's Christian Temperance Union. The Young Women's Christian Temperance Union, which is designed to work among the \'oung people of the community, was organized in Brookville, in February, 1S87, by Miss M. L Reno, of Rochester, Pa., State organizer. The officers are taken from the different cliurches and areas follows: Presi- dent, Miss Ella Van Vliet ; vice-presidents, Misses Essie Calvin, Margery Thompson, Carrie B. Jenks and Mrs. Ada Di\'eler ; recording secretary, Miss Nannie McKinney ; corresponding secretary. Miss Phcebe Keck ; treasurer, Miss Mary Kimball ; librarian, Miss Maud Bishop. This societ\' is in a pros- perous condition; has about thirty two members, with over forty dollars in the treasury. It meets on the first and third Monday evenings of each month. The work done thus far has been principally in furnishing and distributing temperance literature. The Y. W. C. T. L^. will prove a valuable auxiliary to the parent society, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, as it infuses young blood into the temperance work. CHAPTER XXVn. LAND WARRANTS AND TITLES. The Last Turcha.se from the Indians — Acts of ihe Logislature of 178."i iin and is still engaged occasionally in suits in the courts here. The Bench and Bar. 349 George Rodgers, of Brookville, never practiced ; died soon after admission. Mr. Rodgers was a brother of the late Dr. Mark Rodgers. September Term, 1855. William K. McKee, of Punxsutawney. February Term, 1859. John Hastings, of Punxsutawney. George A. Jenks, of Brookville. May Term, 1859. John Conrad read law with Hon. A. W. Taylor, in Indiana, Pa., and T. L. Heyer, Johnston, Pa. ; was examined and admitted to the bar in Ebensburg, Cambria county, in 1856, and subsequently in Indiana and other counties; Avent to Marienville, Forest county, in the fall of 1857, and in the spring of 1859 located in Brookville, Pa. Silas M. Clark, of Indiana, practiced here occasionally. He is now one of the Justices of the Supreme Court. William A. Todd, of Indiana, came here occasionally. September Term, 1859. Charles Horton, of Ridgway, practiced here but seldom. J. C. Chapin, of Ridgway, practiced here but seldom. Samuel Dodd, of Franklin, practiced at this bar occasionally. He is a very prominent lawyer, and now resides in New York, where he is attorney for the Standard Oil Company. Mr. Dodd is a brother of Colonel Levi A. Dodd. February Term, i860. Reuben C. Winslow, of Punxsutawney. September Term, i860. James Craig, of Clarion, came here occasionally. February Term, 1861. E. A. Brooks came to Brookville and was admitted, and then removed to Forest county. September Term, 1861. Charles E. Taylor, of Franklin, Pa., practiced here occasionally ; now pres- ident judge of the Franklin district. Harry White, of Indiana, now president judge of his district. Judge White served as State senator for three terms, and was elected twice to Congress from the districts of which Jefferson formed a part. Deeembtr Tenn, 1862. Alexander C. White, of Brookville; elected district attorney in 1867 and 1870, and member of Congress in 1884. Lewis A. Grunder, of Brookville. February Term, 1864. Albert C. Thompson, of Brookville, read law in Brookville and admitted to 41 3SO History of Jefferson County. this bar, but removed to Portsmouth, Ohio, in 1865, where he was in 1872 elected probate judge of Sciota county, and subsequently president judge of his district, which office he resigned to accept the nomination for Congress in 1884, to which he was elected and re-elected in 1886. May Term, 1865. Charles S. Andrews, of Brookville, read law here, but after being admitted removed to Pithole, Pa., where he opened an office, but soon afterwards re- moved to Brazil, Ind., where he is engaged in the banking business. J. B. Finlay, of Kittanning, was here but once. May Term, 1 866. J. W. Patrick, of Clarion, practiced at this bar occasionally. W. E. Lathy, of Clarion, practiced at this bar occasionally, now of Tiones- ta. Pa. T. S. Wilson, of Clarion, now president judge of this district. September Term, 1 866. R. M. Matson, of Brookville, practiced at this bar until within a few years. He still has his library in Brookville, but is now engaged in the lumber busi- ness in Forest county. V. O. Smith, of Brookville, removed to State of New York in 1868, opened law office at Dalton, N. Y., where, in his absence, his office, library and all his papers were destroyed by fire. After practicing two years left the bar to be- come a farmer in the Genesee valley. Decetnber Term, 1 866. E. H. Clark, of Brookville. John McMurray, of Brookville, was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1873, from this district, and in 1875 was appointed a clerk in the auditor-general's office, of Pennsylvania, where he remained four years. Since 1878 he has been editor of the Brookville Democrat. In July, 1885, Major McMurray was appointed chief of the division of lands and railroads, in the office of the secretary of the interior of the United States, which position he yet retains. September Term, 1867. William F. Stewart, of Brookville, practiced at this bar until December, 1S84, when he went to Atlanta, Ga., where he was admitted to the bar. He returned to Brookville and resumed his practice in April, 1885. February Term, 1868. H. Clay Campbell, of Punxsutawney, practiced in Punxsutawney until the fall of 1870, when he removed to Indiana, and from there went to Pittsburgh, where he practiced until 1879, when he returned to Punxsutawney and pur- chased the interest of John Hastings in the firm of Hastings & Brewer. He removed to Brookville in July, 1885. The Bench and Bar. 351 May Term, 1868. W. D. J. Marlin. of BrookviUe. February Tenn, 1869. John H. Fulford. February Term, 1871. Benton P. Arthurs, of BrookviUe, Pa. May Term, 1871. William M. Fariman, of Punxsutawney, elected district attorney in 1876. Charles M. Brewer, of Punxsutawney. John St. Clair, of Punxsutawney. December Term, 187 1. Camden Mitchell, of Reynoldsville. Marion M. Davis read law with A. W. Taylor, esq., of Indiana, and was admitted to practice in the courts of Indiana county in 1866. In 1867 he re- moved to Osage Mission, Kansas, where he practiced for about a year, when, on account of ill health, he was obliged to return to Pennsylvania. In 187 1 he located in Rejmoldsville, where he served as justice of the peace for a term of five years. May Term, 1872. Charles Corbet, of BrookviUe, elected district attorney in 1873. Joseph L. Covin, of Philadelphia, was here but once. September Term, 1S73. James T. Maffett, of BrookviUe, practiced here for a short time after ad- mission, then removed to Clarion, where he has since practiced. Mr. Mafifett was elected on the Republican ticket to the present Congress, from this dis- trict. May Term, 1873. John F. Craig, of New Bethlehem, has never practiced at this bar since ad- mission. February Term, 1874. H. W. Walkinshaw, of Greensburg, located here after being admitted, but removed in a short time to Saltsburg, Pa. Adjourned Term, Jiiite, 1874. Thomas T. Ritchey, admitted, and removed to New Bethlehem, then to Tionesta, where he is now practicing. December TertJi, 1874. George W. Hood, of Indiana, now State senator from this district. May Term , 1875. John T. Dilts, of Punxsutawney, removed to the West after he was ad- mitted. Henry W. Mundorff, of Punxsutawney, was for some time a member of the firm of Conrad & Mundorff, and now clerk to the prothonotary. A. J. Monks, of Punxsutawney. 352 History of Jefferson County. September Term, 1875. C. C. Benscoter, of Reynoldsville, studied in Williamsport, and was first admitted to the bar of Lycoming county, elected district attorney in 1882 and removed to Brookville ; re-elected in 1885. Decent ber Term , 1875. Samuel A. Craig, of Brookville, elected district attorney in 1879. Adjourned Term, January, 1876. Madison M. Meredith, of Brookville, removed to Edenburg, Clarion county, in 1877, ^nd from there to Clarion. He was appointed corporation clerk in the office of the secretary of the Commonwealth, during the administration of Governor Pattison. Adjourned Term, August, 1876. C. H. McCauley, of Ridgway, practices occasionally at this bar. September Term, 1876. D. E. Brenneman, of Brookville. George W. Means, of Brookville. J. A. Scott, of Brookville. C. Bartles, jr., was here but once. December Term, 1876. Burke Corbet, of Brookville, removed to Grand Forks, Dakota, in May, 1878, where he is now practicing his profession. Frank R. Hindman, of Clarion, seldom attends the courts of this county. William A. Hindman, of Clarion, seldom attends the courts of this county. February Term, 1877. M. F. Leason, of Brookville, removed to Kittanning after admission, where he is now practicing his profession. John W. Walker, of Brookville, elected justice of the peace for Brookville borough in 1885. John C. Whitehill, of Brookville. May Term, 1877. J. M. Hunter, of Kittanning, was here but once. September Term, 1877. Joseph A. McDonald, of Reynoldsville, has left the county. J. J. Frazier, of Clarion, was here but once. December Term, 1877. A. C. McCombs, of Clarion, was here but once. February Term, 1878. John E. Calderwood, of Punxsutawney. September Term, 1878. S. H. Whitehill, of Brookville. The Bench and Bar. 355 February Term, 1879. William M. Gillespie, of Punxsutawney, is entirely blind. Thomas Sutton, of Indiana, was here but once. Septe7nbcr Term, 1879. Calvin Rayburn read law in Brookville, but after being admitted located in Kittanning, where he is now practicing. George T. Rodgers, of Brookville, now cashier of the Jefferson County Na- tional Bank, not practicing. February Term, 1880. A. A. Graham was here but once. W. S. Thomas practiced at this bar and resided in Brookville for a year or two after being admitted, and then removed to Clearfield. Hiram H. Brosius, of Brookville. September Term, 1880. Cadmus Z. Gordon, of Brookville. J. W. Lee, of Franklin. February Term, 1881. John T. Shannafelt, of Clarion. May Term, 1882. James M. Corbet, of Brookville, removed to Grand Forks, Dakota, in April, 1882, where he is now associated with his brother Burke, as Corbet Brothers. September Term, 1882. John M. Van Vleit, of Brookville. Denny C. Ogden, of Brookville, removed to Greensburg after being ad- mitted, and is now district attorney of Westmoreland county. February Term, 1883. Cyrus H. Blood, of Brookville. May Term, 1883. J. Davis Broadhead, of Bethlehem, comes here occasionally, is interested in the sale of coal lands. September Term, 1883. G. A. Rathburn, of Ridgway, practices occasionally at this bar. Alexander J. Truitt, of Punxsutawney. J. F. McKenrick was here but once. February Term, 1884. A. L. Cole, of Du Bois, practices occasionally in these courts. Charles B. Earley, of Ridgway, practices occasionally in these courts. September Term, 1884. Edward A. Carmalt, of Brookville. G. S. Crosby, of Kittanning, a prominent attorney of Armstrong county, who died in 1886. He was here but once. T C. Hippie, of Lock Haven, was here but once. 354 History of Jefferson County. December Term, 1 884. John T. Gathers, of Kittanning, was here but once. Harry Hall, of St. Marys, was here but once. February Term, 1885. W. H. Ross, of Clarion. George W. Biddle, of Philadelphia. George Biddle, of Philadelphia. Silas M. Pettit, of Philadelphia. John G. Hall, of Ridgway. Robert Snodgrass, of Harrisburg, deputy attorney-general of Pennsyl- vania. May Term, 1885. F. J. Maffett, of Clarion. September Term, 1885. E. L. Davis, of Tionesta. December Term, 1885. Francis B. Guthrie, of Titusville. David I. Ball. September Term, 1886. G. Ament Blose, of Hay, Jefferson county. Charles B. Craig, of New Bethlehem. May Term, 1887. T. H. Murry, of Clearfield. William L. McCracken, of Perry township. John W. Bell. The Eminent Dead. Of those who were admitted to practice in the courts of Jefferson county quite a number have been summoned, from time to time, to appear before the bar of the court presided over by the Omnipotent Judge. We have taken these up in the order in which they were admitted to the bar, and only notice at length those who were residents of the county. Hugh Brad}' was born at Northumberland, January 29, 1798. He studied law with the late Daniel Stanard, of Indiana. On the 6th of September, 1S21, he was married at Huntingdon, Pa., to Miss Sarah S. Evans, and removed to Brookville May 5, 1832. He was admitted to the bar of Jefferson county at the December term (the first court), 1830, and his name is the seventh on the records of the court. He attended all the subsequent terms of court until he removed to Brookville. His father, William P. Brady, who resided in Indiana county, was connected with the Nicholson Land Company, and owned, or had in charge, much of the land surrounding the borough in Rose township. He was a surveyor, and was frequenth- here in that capacity in the early days of the county. He was a grandson of Captain John Brady, the great Indian The Bench and Bar. 355 fighter, from whom Hugh Brady derived his taste for mihtary affairs, and from whom also his son. Captain Evans R. Brady, inherited the heroism that he displayed so often on the field of battle, and which caused him to at last give his life for the country for which so many generations of his ancestors had fought, but for whom the honor of " dying for the flag" was reserved. Mr. Brady was generally known as "Colonel" Hugh Brady, having been appointed aid to Governor Johnston, with the rank of colonel. Colonel Brady died at his residence in Brookville, September 4, 1861. Mrs. Brady died Sep- tember 10, 1865. The only survivor of the family is Mrs. Elizabeth Craig, who is now among the very few who can remember Brookville as a wilderness. The next name on the list of the dead is that of Cephas J. Dunham, who was admitted to the bar at the September term, 1831, and practiced until his death in 1843. He is buried in the old grave-yard. None of his family reside in the county, and no record can be found of him except what we give above. Caleb A. Alexander, admitted May term, 1834. He was one of the first board of trustees of the Brookville Academy, and was elected county auditor in 1838. He was a prominent attorney, and one of the first and most earnest advocates of the public school system in Jefferson county. He resided in Brookville until about the }'ear 1842, when he removed to Memphis, Tenn., where he died during the late war. Elijah Heath was born in Warren county, N. J., in October, 1796. When about eighteen years of age he served in the State Militia during the War of 1812-15. He first came to Jefferson county in 1820, and remained until 1822, when he returned to New Jersey, and was married that year to Miss Mary W. Jenks, sister of Dr. John W. Jenks. He then moved to Punxsutawney, where he lived until about 1832, when he settled in Brookville. He read law with Benjamin Bartholomew, and was admitted to the bar at the December term, I S3 5. He entered into partnership with Isaac G. Gordon in 1846, which partnership, under the firm name of Heath & Gordon, was continued until August 9, 1850, when it was dissolved on account of Judge Heath's removal from Brookville. Mr. Heath was, from the very first, connected with the political history of the county; we first find him a candidate for constable of Perry township (which then embraced Punxsutawney) in 1821, to which office he was elected in 1823. He was elected county commissioner in 1829, and in 1830 Governor Wolf appointed him one of the first associate judges for the county, which office he resigned in 1835. In 1831 he was elected one of the justices of the peace for the borough of Brookville. In the docket kept by him during the time he held this office we find that he done quite a large matrimonial busi- ness, many of the older citizens of the county being joined in wedlock by him. Among the first to visit him in this capacity were Hiram Carrier and Marga- ret Brocius, Dr. C. G. M. Prime and Catharine Wagley ; then, a year later, 356 History of Jefferson County. appears the record of the marriage of James C Matson, of Rose township, and Harriet Potter, of Pine Creek, parents of Drs. C. M. and VV. F. Matson. Judge Heath was one of the early members of the Methodist Church, and was one of the first class formed in Brookville. He was an avowed Abolitionist in those days, when it was a heinous offense to raise a voice against slavery, and we have already recorded how dearly he paid for helping two poor slaves to escape from the Brookville jail. In 1850 Judge Heath removed to Pittsburgh, where he resided until 1863, when, shortly after the death of his wife, who died in October, 1863, he re- turned to his native State. He died at New Monmouth, N. J., in May, 1875. His only surviving child is John Heath, of Bay City, Mich. David Barclay Jenks, eldest son of Dr. John W. Jenks, was born in the State of New Jersey in 181 5 or 18 16, and came with his parents to Punxsu- tawney in 1S18. He received such education as the county afforded, and at- tended Washington College, where he graduated, and read law and was admitted to the bar of Jefferson county in 183-, and then located in Brookville. Both his brothers, William P. and Phineas W. read law with him. He was very success- ful as an attorney, and became one of the most prominent citizens of the new town„ but just when his career seemed to be begun, he was stricken down by disease while attending court at Clarion, and died after a few hours' illness. May 6, 1848. Mr. Jenks married Miss Sydney Jack, daughter of Colonel William Jack, now Mrs. George W. Andrews, of Denver, Colorado. They had two children — Mary H., married to Dr. John Mechling, now residing in Den- ver, and Annie W., married to Thomas H. Kingman, now a resident of Orange, N.J. Samuel Barclay Bishop, son of Rev. Dr. Gara Bishop and Mrs. Sarah Bishop, was born in Philadelphia, July 19, 1815, and came to Brookville in July, 1835, and was admitted to the bar about the year 1837. On the 17th of June, 1842, he was married to Miss Esther Hall. Mr. Bishop was one of the first attorneys at the bar, and a prominent and influential citizen. He died March 26, 1856, and August 18, of the same year, his wife followed him to the tomb, leaving four sons. Of these, Ely, the youngest born, died October 18, 1869, and Charles Morris died March 18, 1876, in the twenty-fourth year of his ace. Dr. William G. and Samuel Barclay Bishop, the other sons, both reside in Brookville, the latter on the same lot, on Main street, where their parents lived and died. Jesse G. Clark, son of William and Susannah Clark, was born January 22, 1816, and came with his parents to Brookville in October, 1830. In 1S37 he was admitted to the bar of Jefterson county, and in 1840 was elected to the office of treasurer. On the loth day of October, 1838, he was married to Miss Sarah W. Hastings, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth Hastings, the result of this union being two sons and one daughter. Mr. Clark enjoyed a lucrative The Bench and Bar. 357 practice, and was one of the most prominent citizens of the county. He died February 4, 1847. Of the sons, EHjah Heath, the eldest, is now a prominent member of the same bar at which his father practiced in its early days, and is a resident of Brookville. William T., the younger son, died June 20, 1885, in his forty- first year, leaving a wife and six children. He was a gallant soldier, serving in the first three months service, and for almost two years in Company E, One Hundred and Forty- eighth Regiment, being promoted to first lieuten- ant of his company. He was severely wounded at Chancellorsville. Clara Adelaide, the daughter, died December 18, 1846, in the second year of her age. Mrs. Clark, now Mrs. Means, having become the wife of Captain R. R. Means, whom she also survives, is still a resident of Brookville. Thomas Lucas was one of the first settlers in Jefferson county, and one of the first justices of the peace in the county, his old " docket " showing that he held that office in Pine Creek, and then in Brookville, after the county seat was established from 18 10 to 1S40, the first entry being Januar}- 15, 18 10, and the last March 16, 1840. In 1835 he was appointed prothonotary. Mr Lucas was admitted to practice in the several courts of the county at the December term, 1840, when he was over fifty years of age, and practiced until his death, which took place in 1847. The record on his tomb-stone in the old grave-yard, reads as follows: "Thomas Lucas, died February 11, 1847, aged sixty-four years." At the time of his death Mr. Lucas resided in the house, which he had built, opposite the United Presbyterian Church, now the prop- erty of John J. Thompson. The only member of his family living is his daughter, Nancy, now the wife of Dr. R. T. Henry, of Princeville, Lewis county, 111. John K. Coxson was born in Mercer county, July 8, 181 2, and came to Jefferson county in 1848, locating in Brookville, in the same year. He was admitted to the Erie Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1842, and appointed to Wiliiamsfield, in the Warren district. He afterwards filled the appointments at Clintonville, Red Bank, Luthersburg, and Punxsutawney. The History of the Erie Conference, in the record of the year 1846, says : " Rev. John K. Coxson settled in Jefferson county, Pa., where he entered the practice of pleading law." He read law for two years with Judge Thompson, of Venango county, and one year in the office of George W. Zeiglcr, esq., of Brookville, and was admitted to the bar of Jefferson county in 1849. January 24, 1850, he was married to Miss Thetis Thom, of Luthersburg, Clearfield county, and that same year removed to Punxsutawney, where he resided until his death, which occurred July 16, 1879. Mr. Coxson continued the practice of his profession until his death, but devoted considerable time to portrait painting and to literary work, and was engaged in the newspaper business for about five years. He was a man of more than usual mental abilities, and of great versatility of talent. 42 358 History of Jefferson County. William Williams Wise was born in Greensburg, Westmoreland county, Pa., on the 27th day of April, 1827. At an early age he attended the old academy in Greensburg, where his manly, honest character, endeared him to both his teachers and fellow pupils. At the age of fourteen, when already well advanced in the classics, he entered the office of the Indiana Register, in Indiana, Pa., where he learned the art of printing. While here he " burned the midnight oil " to prepare himself for the study of law. During his apprenticeship he pub- lished several poems which bore the impress of unusual literary merit. In 1847 the Me.xican War broke out, and young Wise laid down the composing stick for the musket, and enlisted in Company D, Second Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was mustered into the service at Pittsburgh, January 4, 1847. He re- mained with his company until December 25, when he was placed on detached Service, by order of General Patterson. In March or April he rejoined his company, and was mustered out of service at Pittsburgh, July 14, 1848. Dur- ing his stay in Me.xico, he edited and printed a paper, at General Scott's liead- quarters in the city of Me.xico. At the close of the war he decided to locate in Brookville, where his father owned some land, and June 8. 1849, entered into partnership with Captain Evans R. Brady, in the publication of the Jeffcrsou- ian. In December, 1851, the partnership of Brady & Wise was dissolved by 'Captain Wise retiring. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature from the district composed of Jefferson, Clarion and Armstrong. He was one of the most able and brilliant members of that body. At that time he was a Demo- crat in politics, but when the Republican party was formed he warmly es- poused its principles, and soon became one of the acknowledged leaders of the new party in Jefterson county. In 1858 he was the choice of Jefferson county for Congress, but withdrew his name at the convention in favor of Chapin Hall, who was nominated and elected. In December, 1852, he was admitted to the bar of Jefferson county, and was for a time a partner of Hon. D. Barclay. He was an able and successful attorney. On the 30th of August, 1855, he was married to Miss Evaline Taylor, eldest daughter of Hon. Philip Taylor, of Brookville. When the war cloud burst over the land, Captain Wise closed his law office, bade adieu to his wife and little boy, and promptly enlisted in defense of his country. He was elected captain of one of the first three months companies from Jefferson county, Company I of the Eighth Pennsylvania. Soon after these companies reached the front. Captain Wise was selected to go into the enemy's lines, and endeavor to gain information as to the number and disposition of the enemy's forces, and his plan of op- eration. We can best give an account of this hazardous service by quoting from a letter -Hritten by him to his wife. May 30, 1861: "Colonel Irwin, who was then commanding the Third Brigade, ordered me to make a recon- noissance of the enemy's post at Sheppardstown, Williamsport, and along the line of the Potomac towards Harper's Ferry. Starting the same night The Bench and Bar. 359 (in citizen's dress), I went to Hagerstown, through IVIar)-land, into Virginia, penetrated the camp of the secessionists and acquired information that high military authorities considered very valuable. It is true that I was liable to be hung or shot at any moment, but, you know, the first duty of a soldier is to obey the commands of his superiors, no matter what the consequences may be. Returning in safety, after several perilous adventures, I was sent to Har- risburg, with a report of my expedition, maps of the country through which I passed, etc., etc. There a telegraphic message from the secretary of war or- dered me to Washington, where I proceeded at once — had an interview with General Cameron, dined with him that afternoon, and also had a long and confidential conversation with General Scott, with whom I emptied a bottle of wine, and smoked a cigar Colonel Irwin, Governor Curtin, the secretary of war and General Scott, all unite in pronouncing my service in the enemy's country as most important." For this service. Captain Wise was promoted by the secretary of war, to a captaincy in the regular arm)-, and assigned to Company I, Fifteenth U. S. Infantry, and he at once resigned his captaincy in the volunteer service, and reported for duty to his new regiment. He was ordered to Johnstown, Pa., to recruit for his regiment, and his wife and little boy spent the time of his stay there with him. The Fifteenth was or- dered to join the Western Army, under Rosecrans, and Captain Wise was kept in active service, constantly taking a gallant part in several battles. At Shi- loh liis company was hotly engaged and lost heavily. On the 3 isf of Decem- ber, 1862, he was mortally wounded in the battle of Stone River, and died the following day. The story of his last fight can best be told in the words of one of his brother officers. Captain I. H. Young, of the Fifteenth, who wrote the sad intelligence to his wife. ". . . On the morning of the 31st, before Murfreesboro, the enemy had driven back the right wing of the army. Our brigade of regulars was in the division of the reserve. The moment had come, when upon them depended tiie safety or destruction of our entire army. A moment terrible in danger. Steadily at the call of our glorious Rousseau, the little battalion marched on, and amid the fury of the storm of grape and ball and shell, gained the open field he pointed out ; but they could not with- stand the hosts of the rebels who had driven back the strong division of the right. They fought on, falling back, then again advanced, and drove the foe until they reached their former position, not to hold it yet, for the thousands of the enemy were still too strong for twelve hundred men, if each had been a Rousseau ; again they fell back, again they advanced, and this time there were but six hundred hearts to beat on the open field — the field of their glory, and the six hundred held the point. The day was ours — the army was safe. It was during this glorious time, the proudest in our army's history, the moment most sublime even in a soldier's dream, that fell our brother captain. But you are not a soldier; whatever there may be of glory comes to you too faintly to 36o History of Jefferson County. be felt or heard jj/c^', amid the waihng and breaking of heart-strings. We offer you the fullest sympathy of soldier hearts, and pray you to believe with us, that heaven \s just the other side of your soldier's grave. We honored your husband, for he possessed the brave man's noblest attributes ; we loved him for the oftentimes we had seen and felt the kindly sympathies of his generous soul." His brother officers having placed the body of Captain Wise in a vault in Nashville, to await the wishes of his friends, his remains were brought home by Mr. M. H. Shannon, who had been sent for them, and on the loth of Feb- ruary, 1863, he was borne to his last home, followed by the entire bar to which he had so long been such an ornament. At the court which was then in ses- sion, a committee was appointed to draft resolutions on his death, consist- ing of Isaac G. Gordon, David Barclay and George A. Jenks, and among oth- ers was the following: " Resolved, 2, That the bar has lost an ornament — a gentleman of learning and ability, and who, from his legal acumen and surpassing eloquence, gave promise of a bright and distinguished future, and in whose intercourse was combined friendship, courtesy and kindness." Captain Wise, when he fell, had received no less than three rebel bullets in his person ; and no one ever died a nobler, braver death. In his death Jeffer- son county lost one of her best citizens, and the bar one of its brightest orna- ments ; an able lawyer, an accomplished jurist, and an orator not often excelled. He left a wife and one little boy. Mrs. Wise, on September 27, iSSa, went to join her soldier husband, and their son, Malcolm William Wise, is now a res- ident of Du Bois, where he occupies the position as cashier of the First Na- tional Bank of that place. Alexander Lewis Gordon was born in Lewisburg, Union county, Feb- ruary 14, 1829. He, in his j'outh, attended the public schools of the county, but his education was nearly all self-acquired. About 1852 he came to Brookville and commenced the study of the law with his brother, Hon. Isaac G. Gordon. In 1853 he taught school in the academy building, and at the February term, 1855, he was admitted to the bar. Mr. Gordon was married June 8, 1858, at Shelbyville, 111., to Miss Achsa J. Hardin, who survives him. In 1858 he was elected district attorney, and re-elected in 1861, and was appointed assessor of internal revenue for the district in 1864, which position he held until the office was merged with those of the collector and deputy collector. On the election of his brother, Hon. I. G. Gordon, to the supreme bench, he formed a copart- nership with Charles Corbet, esq., and the firm of Gordon & Corbet continued until his death. He was for almost twenty years secretary and treasurer of the Red Bank Navigation Company, which office he held at the time of his death. When the citizens of the county were called to face the stern realities of war, A. L. Gordon gave his whole sympathy to the cause, and though not The Bench and Bar. 361 physically able to endure the hardships of a soldier's life, he aided with his voice and means in putting men in the field, and when the safety of his own State was endangered in the summer of 1863, he assisted in recruiting Company B, of the Fifty- Seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Militia, and on the promotion ■of Captain Cyrus Butler to lieutenant-colonel, he was promoted captain, and served with his company until the needs of the service no longer demanded their services, and during that time assisted in putting down the famous " Mor- gan raid." Mr. Gordon was one of the most prominent and most widely known members of this bar, and equally prominent in tlie Republican party. For many years he was a consistent member of 'the Presbyterian Church of Brookville, and his heart was deeply interested in the Sunday-school work. The interest he manifested in the youth of the town, and the lessons he taught them have left their impress upon the school and community. An ardent lover of children, and not being blessed with any of his own, he was in the habit of selecting a number of little ones, to whom each succeeding Christmas he was a veritable Santa Claus, and by whom he will never be forgotten. In the spring of 1885, the disease, which for some time had been sapping his vitality, assuming alarming symptoms, he went to Philadelphia to obtain the ad- vice of eminent physicians there, but they could afford no relief, and on the 3d of May he passed away; his devoted wife and brother being by his side during his illness and death. The Pennsylvania Railroad placed a special car at the disposal of his friends to bring his remains home for burial, and on their arrival at Driftwood they were met by an escort from the bar consisting of Messrs. G. A. Jenks, A. C. White, S. A. Craig, W. F. Stewart, W. D. J. Marlin, and G. W. Means, who escorted the remains of their fellow-attorney to the depot at Brookville, where a detail of E. R. Brady Post, G. A. R., took charge of the remains and bore them to his late residence, from which they were followed on the Tuesday following by a sorrowing community to the cemetery; the services being conducted by Hobah Lodge A. Y. M. and E. R. Brady Post G. A. R., both of which turned out as organizations to do honor to a brother and comrade. Amor Archer McKnight, son of Alexander and Mary McKnight, nee Thompson, was born in Blairsville, Indiana county, April 19, 1S32. In the ensuing autumn his parents removed to Brookville, where, June 15, 1837, his father died. Amor McKnight at an early age evinced a deep love for study, and proved an apt and diligent student in the common schools, and the Brookville Academy, where he obtained a good common education. He was a close, careful reader, and when quite young, gathered together, as his means would admit, a collection of books, which in after years proved the nucleus of an excellent and extensive library. The death of his father when he was very young, made him the main support of his mother and her little family, and the loving care for that mother as long as she lived was one of his 362 History of Jefferson County. noblest traits. To his younger brothers his care was almost parental. At an early age he returned to Blairsville, and learned the art of printing in the Appalachian office, that paper then being edited by the late Alfred Mathias. On his return to Brookville he worked for some time in the office of the Jejfer- son Star. The late Mr. Samuel INTcElhose, who was editor of the Star, in his notice of Colonel McKnight's death said of him : " He was an excellent work- man ; what he found to do he did with all his might." The practical and general knowledge he gained in the printing office, he admitted in after years, had been of incalculable benefit to him. On leaving the Star office he entered the law office of W. P. Jenks, esq., where he applied himself to the study of the law one-half of each daj-, the balance of the time he had to work at the "case" in the printing office, as a means of support. At the February term, 1855, he was admitted to practice, and soon afterwards entered into partner- ship with G. W. Andrews, esq., now of Denver, Col. Their firm was one of the most successful, and had as large a practice as any at the Brookville bar. When the first alarm of war sounded forth he was one of the first to enlist in defense of his country, but his military record is given elsewhere in the his- tory of his regiment. The court of Jefferson county appointed R. Arthurs, W. P. Jenks, G. W. Andrews, A. L. Gordon, and D. Barclay, esqs., to report resolutions upon the death of Colonel McKnight, when he fell at Chancellors- ville, one of which reads as follows : " Resolved, That whether regarded as a soldier, patriot, citizen, friend, brother, or proctector of his aged parent, Colonel McKnight was true to duty. By his death our country has lost one of its brightest ornaments, the legal pro- fession a well informed, trustworthy and honorable member." William K. McKee was born in Bellfonte, Centre county, on the 17th day of July, 1833. His parents came to Punxsutawney when he was five years of age ; his father, Thomas McKee, behig the first sheriff elected in the county. He received as liberal an education as the county afforded. In 1853 he com- menced the study of law with J. K. Coxon, esq., and completed it with P. W. Jenks, esq. At the September term, 1855, he was admitted to practice in the several courts of the county. In October of the same year he was elected dis- trict attorney. He was a faithful and competent officer, and though suffering from the disease (consumption) which caused his death, was in his place in the court-room at the February term, but after this he sank rapidly, and died at his residence in Punxsutawney, March 8, 1858. Mr. McKee was married June 3, 1855, to Miss Martha Jane Campbell, of Punxsutawney, whom he left with two little children, to mourn his loss. The latter have both since died, Martha dying only twenty days after her father, and Bertha, who died July 1 1, 1872. Mrs. McKee, now Mrs. Stumph, still resides in Punxsutawney. Mr. McKee was a worthy and devoted member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church of Punxsutawney. He was greatly esteemed by his fellow-associates of the The Benxh and Bar. 363 bar, and at an adjourned court held March 15, 1858, the following resolutions were presented by Hon. David Barclay, and adopted : " IV/iaras, It hath pleased God to remove from our mid.st a member of this bar, William K. McKee, by death ; therefore, be it " Resolved, That in this dispensation of Providence, afflictive though it be, we recognize and acknowledge the hand of Him that ' doeth all things well,' and while we bow with submission to His will, express our heartfelt regret that a courteous gentleman, a kind friend, a promising member of this bar, and a faithful public officer should be thus suddenly called away. " Resolved, That to the family of our deceased brother we tender our warmest sympathies and invoke Him ' who tempers the wind to the shorn lamb' to support and sustain them in their sad bereavement." Mr. Barclay, in his remarks to the court on this occasion, paid a high eulogy upon the life of the young member of the bar, whom he said had been "possessed of a good mind, sound judgment, and a legal acumen, and gave promise of great usefulness and a brilliant future." Lewis A. Grunder was admitted to the bar of Jefferson county at the Feb- ruary term, 1864, and was elected that same year district attorney. He re- moved from Brookville to Warren, and subsequentlj' to Mechanicsburg, Cumberland county, where he died May 25, 1878. He was engaged in the practice of his profession when he died. In 1865 or 1866 Mr. Grunder was married to Miss Emma Smith, of Brookville, who, with one son, Harry Matson Grunder, survives him. Mrs. Grunder resides in Mechanicsburg. Benton Polk Arthurs, eldest son of Richard and Sarah J. Arthurs, was born in Brookville, November 14, 1845. After receiving all the education that the common schools afforded he attended some of the best schools in the country, and then read law with his father, Richard Arthurs, esq., and was admitted to the bar at the February term, 1871 ; but though his career as an attorney opened up very brightly, it was soon ended, as that dread disease, consump- tion, marked him for its victim ; and though all that the loving care of his family, aided by the best medical skill, could do, was done to arrest the dis- ease, he died November 25, 1872. In July, 1863, when only a boy in years, he enlisted in the Emergency Company, commanded by Captain Charles McLain, and which was attached to the Independent Battalion of Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Leisinger, and served with this company until it was discharged in January, 1864. Mr. Arthurs was married to Miss Jennie Mitchell, who as- sisted him while he was reading law, by hearing his recitations. In this way she acquired a general knowledge of the law and a taste for legal study, and after Mr. Arthusr's death, when she had returned to her parents home in Kan- sas, she prosecuted the study and was admitted to the bar at Emporia, Kan- sas, and soon after her admission was married to Judge Kellogg, an eminent jurist of .that State, and for some time was his partner in the legal business. 364 History of Jefferson County. The increasing cares of her household have, however, caused her to lay aside the duties of her profession. In the death of Benton Arthurs this bar lost one who gave promise of being an ornament and an honor to it ; and his parents and friends saw his sun go down when it gave promise of ushering in a day of brightness. Andrew Jackson Monks was born in Eldred township (now Union), Janu- ary 5, 1833. His father, John Whiteman Monks, was born in Centre county, in 1803. His mother was Elizabeth McDonald, also born in Centre county, in the year 1809. Mr. Monks came to what is now Curllsville, in Clarion county, in 1806, and in 1827 he and Elizabeth McDonald were married, and removed to Jefferson county in 1828, and settled on the farm (now owned and occupied by his son, G. D. Monks), about one and a half miles from Corsica, where he died November 6, 1854. His widow, in 1866, removed to the resi- dence of her daughter, Mrs. Ardery, of Corsica, where she died August 20, 1882. Andrew Jackson Monks, or Jackson, as his friends called him, was of a very studious disposition, and, after obtaining all the education that the com- mon schools afforded, he attended Allegheny College, and lacked but one term of graduating when he left the college, but he kept up his studies and was one of the best read men in the county ; while as a classical scholar he was ex- celled by few, as he read Latin and Greek fluently and understandingly. Dur- ing his early manhood Mr. Monks was one of the most successful teachers in this county. In 1856 he removed to Punxsutawney, and was engaged in teaching his second term of school there when the tocsin of war called him from his books, and he enlisted in Company G, One Hundred and Fifth Regi- ment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and shared all the dangers and toils of his regi- ment until he was wounded in the Battle of the Wilderness, and again severely wounded before Petersburg, Va., June 16, 1864. Sergeant Monks was com- missioned first lieutenant of Company I, One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, January i, 1865, but was not mustered. He was mustered out of the ser- vice July 23, 1865. He was ardently attached to the brave men of his regi- ment, — his comrades of almost four years' service. After the close of the war Mr. Monks returned to Punxsutawney, where he afterwards made his home. He was elected commissioner of Jefferson county in 1866, and made a careful and efficient officer. In 1869 or '70 he was appointed postmaster of the Sen- ate at Harrisburg, and was subsequently employed in the State historian's of- fice for three years, the last two volumes of the History of Pennsylvania Vol- unteers being mainly compiled under his supervision. At the May term of court, 1875, Mr. Monks w^as admitted to the bar of Jefferson county. He was well versed in the law and was ardently attached to his profession, but his fail- ing health was a great drawback to his advancement ; yet, up to a very short time before his death, his place was always filled in the court room, as he was conscientiously faithful to all business entrusted to his care. Mr. Monks was The Bench and Bar. 365 very active in all that related to the good of the county, and was a prominent worker in the Republican party. At the age of twenty years, while teaching school at Clarington, Forest county, he joined the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was a consistent member and earnest worker in the church of his choice until death opened the portals of heaven for him. He was ardently attached to the Sunday-school, and was the superintendent of the Methodist Sunday- school at Punxsutawney, for many years, until his failing health obliged him to resign. He died at his home in Pun.xsutawney, November 22, 1884, of consumption. The rebel ball, which had entered his side at Petersburg, and which he carried with him to the grave, was, by his physicians, attributed as the cause of his death. Mr. Monks was married to Mary Elizabeth St. Clair, daughter of Judge St. Clair, of Punxsutawney, January 13, 1859, and five children were born to them. Of these little Annie died July 30, 1870, in the second j'ear of her age ; Clara, the eldest daughter, was married to James J. Davis, of Punxsutawney, December 13, 1882, and died at the residence of her mother, of consumption, in the 26th year of her age, July 6, 1885, leaving a little daughter less than a year old ; Minnie E. Monks died, while quietly sit- ting in her invalid chair, on the morning of November 26, 1885, aged about twenty- one years. Minnie was a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and, though a sufferer from consumption for over four years, was an active worker in the church. Mrs. Monks, who in less than a year was bereft of her husband and two elder children, resides in Punxsutawney with her two remaining children, John and Nellie. Resident Members of the Bar of Jefferson County. The following list comprises the members of the bar, who were residents of the county in 1887, with their post-office address. They are given according to their seniority : Richard Arthurs, William P. Jenks, Brookville ; Phineas W. Jenks, John Hastings, Punxsutawney ; George A. Jenks, John Conrad, Brookville ; Reuben C. Winslow, Punxsutawney ; Alexander C. White, Elijah H. Clark, William F. Stewart, H. Clay Campbell, Williamson D. J. Marlin, Brookville ; William M. Fairman, Charles M. Brewer, John St. Clair, Punxsu- tawney ; Marion M. Davis, Camden Mitchell, Reynoldsville ; Charles Corbet, Henry W. Mundorff, Samuel A. Craig, C. C. Benscoter, Daniel E. Brenneman, George W. Means, J. Armat Scott, John W. Walker, John C. Whitehill, Brookville; John E. Calderwood, Punxsutawney; Stewart H. Whitehill, Brookville ; William M. Gillespie, George D. Jenks, Punxsutawney ; Hiram H. Brocius, Cadmus Z. Gordon, John M. Van Vliet, Cyrus H. Blood, Brook- ville ; Alexander J. Truitt, Punxsutawney ; Edward A. Carmalt, Brookville ; G. Ament Blose, Hay ; William L. McCracken. John W. Bell, Brookville. The bar of Jefferson county, which we have thus briefly sketched, is by no means mediocre in legal attainments. The record given shows to what a 43 366 History of Jefferson County. degree of excellence and renown it has attained in the past, and to-day it ranks with any body of attorneys in the State. All the resident members of this bar, except three already mentioned, have read, passed their examination, and been admitted in this county. CHAPTER XXIX. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.i FROM the date of the first settlement made at the confluence of Mill Creek and Sandy Lick, in territory afterwards a part of Jefferson county, until 1817, there is no record of the location of any physician within the boundaries of the county, as ordained by the act of Assembly, dated March 26, 1 804. Many years before the Barnetts migrated to this section of the State a band of Moravians had passed through the southern portion of the county, and were de- tained, on account of sickness among them, from which some died. Andrew Barnett, one of the original pioneers, died in the autumn of 1795, from what his companion, Scott, supposed to be an attack of cholera nwrbns. Scott was the only white man who witnessed the event, and, with the assistance of some friendly Indians, he buried him on the north bank of the mouth of Mill Creek. Andrew Barnett was one of the three who first set foot on Jefferson county soil with the intention of making a permanent settlement, and the first to die. In 1 8 10 Jefferson county only numbered 161 inhabitants. The atmos- phere, balsamic from the exhalations of the pines and hemlocks ; the water, pure freestone, with all else conducing to health, it proved no tempting loca- tion for a physician, and, consequently, it was not until some time during the year 18 17 that one is found permanently located for the practice of his profes- sion within its confines. In this year a Dr. Newton settled on land now em- bracing the present site of Summerville. Whence he came, or whither he went when he left the county some years after, is not known. It is supposed, however, that he came from the State of New York, or, possibly, from one of the New England States, as he was known among the early settlers as the " Yankee doctor." He distilled his own spirits of turpentine and essential oils, which, with .spirits, now procurable at the distillery of Ludwig Long, were transformed into embrocations for bruises and sprains so incident to pioneer life. For other remedies he seems to have depended wholly on the indigenous materia tnedica, and through his skillful prescription and compounding of these, gained quite an enviable reputation as a physician. 1 Prepared by Dr. C. M. Matson, of Erookville. The Medical Profession. 367 Dr. Newton performed the first capital surgical operation ever performed in the county, in the amputation of Moses Knapp's thigh, in 1819 ; and as this is the first operation of any kind that there is any record of, it demands a more extensive notice, even if this should somewhat detract from the reputation of Drs. Newton and Rankin, for the former was assisted by the latter, who then was located near the present site of Rimersburgh, Clarion county. Knapp was Samuel Scott's adopted son, and came to Port Barnett with his foster-father and Joseph Barnett when they returned in 1796. He was a millwright, and in taking out the timber for a mill he intended to build near the present site of Baxter station, his foot, or leg, was crushed by a falling tree. Dr. Newton was called to dress it, but on discovering the serious nature of the injury had a messenger dispatched after Dr. Rankin. On Rankin's arrival, af- ter consultation, an amputation was decided upon, but as neither of them had instruments a neighbor of Knapp's was sent to Kittanning, to procure them. But as no instruments were to be had there, another messenger was sent to Indiana, on the same errand. This also proving a failure, the doctors pro- ceeded to business with such as they could improvise. With what instrument the soft tissues were separated, is not known, but it is presumed with a hunting- knife, as, according to the testimony of eye witnesses, there were no flaps or other provisions for covering the bone, but, in their own language, " cut square off." They divided the bone with a carpenter's saw, and, as it was ever after- wards exposed, Knapp always had a tender stump. In 1 8 19 Dr. John W. Jenks removed from Bucks county to the present site of Punxsutawney where, in company with others, he had built a cabin and commenced improvements the year before. Dr. Phineas Jenks was his pre- ceptor, and he graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 18 16. He had about completed arrangements to goto Eu- rope, for the purpose of prosecuting his medical studies in one of the universi- ties there, but was dissuaded by his brother-in-law, Rev. David Barclay, who induced him to become one of a little colony of pioneers who intended settling in the wilds of Jefferson county, of which number himself was one. As the taxable inhabitants only numbered 161 in 1821, two years after the doctor's location in the county, and these, for the most part, widely separated, he could not depend on the practice of medicine for support, but was com- pelled to do as others, clear land, or turn his attention to other business, as the necessities of the settlers required. In 1824, in connection with Rev. David Barclay, he erected a grist-mill on Elk Run, a short distance above Punxsu- tawney, and in the fall of the same year was elected one of the first board of commissioners for the county; and in 1830, when full rights, powers, and privi- leges were bestowed upon the citizens of the county. Dr. Jenks was appointed by Governor Wolf to fill the position of associate judge, an ofhce he continued to fill for the most part of the balance of his life. 368 History of Jefferson County Dr. Jenks married Mary Barclay, daughter of Rev. David Barclay ; and Phineas W., David Barclay, Hon. William P., Mrs. Mary Gordon, wife of Hon. I. G. Gordon,, now chief justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Cap- tain James D., and Hon. George A., solicitor general of the United States, now residing at Washington City, D. C, were born of this marriage. He con- tinued to practice medicine until his health failed. He died in 1850. Sometime prior to the year 1825 Dr. R. K. Scott settled on land located about three miles west of Brookville, on the S. and W. turnpike, but being of a migrating disposition it is impossible to follow him in his different locations with any degree of certainty. He resided for a time in Brookville, also in Summerville, in Corsica, in Armagh, Indiana county, and somewhere in Ohio. Nothing is now known of his skill as a physician ; but as he did not enjoy any considerable reputation, it is presumed not to have been great. Justice, how- ever, may not have been done him, from the fact that when his cases began to assume a very serious phase, Dr. James Stewart, of Indiana, who had an ex- tensive and well merited reputation, was sent for, and the consequence always seems to have been that Dr. Scott was discharged, his medicines pitched out of the house, followed by fierce denunciations and a torrent of expletives of such a character as to cause the very atmosphere to smell sulphurous for days afterwards. In 1847 oi" '4^ Dr. Scott was living in Brookville, where his wife died, but where he died or at what age, is not known. The site for the county seat was selected, by the commissioners appointed for that purpose, in the spring of 1830, at the confluence of the North Fork and Sandy Lick Creeks, and named Brookville ; and in the following June lots were sold at auction, but not for more than a year after this did any physician locate in the place. About September i, 1831, Dr. Alvah Evans came to the place and opened an office for the practice of his profession. He is described as having been a young, handsome, portly man, riding what was considered a fast horse, in those days, of which he was very proud. It was he who induced Major William Rodgers to purchase a small stock of drugs, and keep them for sale with his other merchandise ; but it was a stock, the major says, he was compelled in time to close out, as he had no custom for drugs outside the doctors, and they bought on credit and never paid their bills. On examination of the account of Dr. Evans, in the day book of Major Rodgers, kept at the time, are found some items of interest in regard to the price of medicines then, such as, for example : November 16, 1831, To I lb. Dover's powder, $1.50; 3 boxes Hooper's pills, 567 cents; 4 oz. mercurial ointment, 43! cents; i pint of wine, 25 cents; i pint of brandy, 50 cents. Whisky retailed at 124- cents per quart and was purchased at 16 cents per gallon, per bbl. He was also charged with a bottle of quinine (quantity not stated), 25 cents. It would be a matter of deeper interest to know how, and The Medical Profession. 369 in what cases, he used it, as this alkaloid had only been discovered by Pelletier and Caventou, of France, in 1820, and in 1831 its physiological action was but little understood. It was probably administered as a simple tonic. Dr. Evans only remained in Brookville four or five months, and from what State he came or whither he went on leaving Brookville, none seem to have known. In the spring of 1S32, about the 1st of May, Dr. C. G. M. Prime came to Brookville to practice law, but as no reciprocity existed between the State from which he came and Pennsylvania, he could not be admitted to the bar for a year ; therefore he resumed the practice of medicine. After a residence of one year he was admitted to the bar, but as long as he remained in the place he continued to practice medicine in connection with law ; and, judging from the number of prosecutions instituted for Sabbath breaking, blaspheming, etc., in those days, his law practice was fully as remunerative as his medical. Dr. Prime amputated the arm of Henry Vasbinder, whose hand had be- come gangrenous from the inflammation, caused by his thumb having been bitten by Isaac Mills, in a fight. In this operation he was assisted by another physician, but by whom can not now be ascertained. During his residence in Brookville he married a Miss Wagley. He left the place on the night of April 3' i835> going'- 't is said, to Mississippi, where he became a plantation physi- cian, and was afterwards shot and killed at a card-table. He is described as a tall, spare man, of sandy complexion, and possessed of a reckless disposition. Nearly two years before Dr. Prime left, viz. : in June, 1833, Dr. George Darling came from Smethport, McKean county, and located in Brookville. He was born in the State of Vermont, and acquired his medical education there, but his first location as a physician was in some part of the State of New York ; thence he removed to Smethport, and afterward to Brookville. How long he remained in any of these places is not known. His wife died in Smeth- port, and of his family he only brought his younger son, Paul, to Brookville ; his eldest child, a daughter, became the wife of Dr. McCoy, of Smethport, and the elder son, Jedediah, afterwards made medicine his profession and practiced it many years in the same place. Two other children were born of this mar- riage, both dying in childhood. On July 31, 1835, Dr. Darling married Julia Clark, by whom he had three children, two dying in infancy, and Mary, the youngest of the three, afterwards became the wife of Henry Gray, of Brookville. In July or August, 1843, Dr. Darling left Brookville and located some- where in Beaver county, on the Ohio river, and afterwards in the State of Ohio ; but how long he remained in either place is not known. After some years he returned to Smethport, where he continued to practice until the in- firmities of age prohibited his further attention to the duties of his profession. After his retirement he again removed to Jefi'erson county, and lived on a farm four miles east of Brookville. His home, for the last few years of his life, was 370 History of Jefferson County. with his brother-in-law, Enoch Hall, but he spent the last few months of his life in the home of his daughter, Mrs. W. H. Gray, where he died November 1 6, 1869, aged eighty- three years. Dr. Darling was a small man, of rather dark, sallow complexion, with a pe- culiarly calm, peaceful expression of countenance, polished in manner, fastidi ous in taste, always smelling strongly of medicines, and, as a physician, sus- tained a very fair reputation. On the 23d day of June, 1835, Rev. Gara Bishop, M.D., removed to Brookville from Clearfield, for the purpose of locating in the place as a physi- cian, and also to act as a supply to the Presbyterian congregations of Brookville and Beech Woods, occasionally, also, preaching at Corsica, or rather, where Corsica is now situated. On the 3d of April, 1838, the congregation at Brookville requested one-half of his time and Beech Woods one-fourth, thus making it necessary to preach two sermons per Sabbath for three .Sabbaths out of four. He continued to act as supply for these congregations until the spring of 1840, when he was re- lieved of the Brookville congregation by their calling Rev. David Polk as reg- ular pastor ; but Dr. Bishop continued to act as supply to the congregation in Beech Woods, for some time after, and, when released from his duties as sup- ply to the latter congregation, never again accepted a call as pastor, nor acted as supply, but turned his entire attention to the practice of medicine, only preaching when invited to fill the pulpit of another minister or to assist on communion seasons. Dr. Bishop continued to practice medicine until stricken with paralysis a few months before his death, and although he partially re- covered was never able to resume the duties of his profession, dying October 17, 1852. Dr. Gara Bishop was a large man, six feet or over in height, weighing not less than two hundred pounds, of fair complexion and commanding presence, dignified in manner, as became a divine, and of a genial, social disposition, en- joying a very fair reputation as a physician among the people of his time. He is said to have read medicine while in Philadelphia during the time not occupied by his ministerial duties, as the science was always interesting to him, never in- tending to make it a profession until after his removal to Clearfield county. He married in Philadelphia, and from this union were born, William, who af- terwards read medicine with his father and practiced for many years in Emlen- ton, Venango county, now deceased ; Sarah, now wife of Edmund English ; Samuel B., for many years a member of the Brookville bar, now dead ; Jacob Janeway Jones, who also read medicine with his father, and afterwards prac- ticed in Millville, Clarion county, Plumville, Indiana county, and Punxsutaw- ney, Jefferson county, now dead ; Emma, who married John Henderson ; Ezra Stiles Ely, a member of the Brookville bar, killed accidentall}-, and Louisa, now the wife of J. H. Gates. The Medical Profession. 371 Sometime during the year 1836, Dr. Asaph M. Clark (eclectic), located in Brockvvayville. He was the son of Philetus and Penelope Clark lu'e Godard, born in the town of Granby, Hartford county, Conn., on the 22d day of March, 1808, and in the fall of the same year his parents removed to Russell, St. Law- rence county, N. Y., where they remained until the year 1819, when they emi- grated to Pennsylvania, settling on the Little Toby, about four miles from Brockwayville, in Clearfield county then, but now in Elk. They were the first settlers in that section of the State, and Philetus was the first postmaster in all that region. Dr. Clark's early educational advantages were limited, but being of an active, inquiring mind, he eagerly embraced those thrown in bis way. On this subject he himself wrote in 1878 : " My earliest instructions I received from my mother, of course. I cannot remember when I learned to read, but I can remember the old books to which I had access, — Noah Webster's spell- ing book, the Bible, the English Reader, the Columbian Orator and the Ameri- can Preceptor. Afterwards I read F'oster's Essays, Dodridge's Rise and Prog- ress of Religion in the Soul, Adams's Arithmetic, and Locke on the Human Understanding. Still later, the New Edinburgh Encyclopedia, a voluminous and very scientific work, came into my hands. This opened up a new world of thought to me, and my hunger for learning was partly appeased, though not satisfied. It has always been a pursuit under difficulties ; matches had not been invented, the flint, steel and spunk were the only means of getting fire; kerosene lamps were unknown ; candles were costly, and money to buy them out of the question, but the pitch pine which grew on the mountain sides, some of which had fallen and rotted on the ground, left a supply of pitchy knots which, being split in pieces, would burn better than candles, give a greater light and cost nothing." He was married, March 6, 183 1, to Miss R. M. Nichols, and commenced shortly afterwards to read medicine under his father-in-law. Dr. Jonathan Nichols, who was also a Baptist minister. Dr. Clark graduated from the Eclec- tic Institute, Cincinnati, O., February 25, 185 i. About January i, 1858, he removed to Brookville, where he acquired an extensive practice, but returned to Brockwayville in the fall of 1863, continuing the practice of medicine till within a few days of his death, which occurred in 1884. Dr. Clark was a man of very fair ability, well versed in the literature of the eclectic system of medicine, which he practiced, as, also in general literature; of great kindness of heart, so great, indeed, that his sympathies sometimes interfered with his duties as a physician, and almost precluded him entirely from the practice of surgery. Dr. James Dowling was born in Mercer county. Pa., October 19, 1806, and read medicine under the tuition of Dr. Crosett, of Kinsman, Ohio ; married Catherine Calvin, of Mercer county, October lO, 1831. He removed to Jef- ferson county in 1841, and located at New Prospect, afterwards known as 372 History of Jefferson County. Dowlingville, now Baxter, where he married Sarah Lucas, of Clover township, December 7, 1842, his first wife having died some years before his removal to Jefferson. In 1843 he removed to Brookville, and was elected to the Legis- lature in 1844, ^""i W'ls granted a diploma from the Pennsylvania Medical College March 4, 1S45. By the first marriage he had five children — Maggie, Mary, John C, Mathew, and James — and with the exception of Mathew, who is now living in Ken- tucky, all are dead. Captain John C, of Company B, One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, was killed at Fair Oaks, and Sergeant James, of the same company and regiment, at the battle of the Wilderness. Mary married Dr. J. G. Simons, and died in Mercer county. By the second marriage there were born four sons and two daughters, all of whom are dead e.xcept William L., now residing in Corsica. For many years Dr. James Dowling's practice was very extensive, and probably no physician who ever located in the county enjoyed so great a repu- tation as he, at one time. His manner was social and agreeable ; careful in his dress and personal appearance ; attentive to his patients, and kind to the poor. In the foil of i860 he started on a tour through the counties of Elk, Clearfield, and several places in the eastern part of the State, and had arrived at Luthers- burg, Clearfield county, on his return, when he was taken seriously sick. A messenger was dispatched to Brookville for his brother, Dr. Hugh Dowling, but before his arrival Dr. Dowling had ceased to breath. His death occurred on December 24, i860. Dr. Hugh A. Calvin, son of John and Nancy Calvin, was born in Crawford county. Pa., September 24, 1814; read medicine with Dr. James Dowling, who was then practicing in Jamestown, Crawford county, and after finisliing his course, located in Hartstown, same county. The date of his removal to Jef- ferson is not exactly known, but it was probably in 1841 or 1842, for he en- tered into a partnership with Dr. Dowling, whose brother-in-law he was, while Dowhng was practicing in Dowlingville. Dr. Calvin remained in Dowling- ville but a short time, returning to Hartstown, where he resumed his practice, and continued in it for several years, when he again removed to Jefferson county, and located in Brookville. The date of this, his second location in the county, cannot be definitely determined, but it is supposed to have been in 1850 or 1851. He married Susan Lucas, who bore him five children, all of whom are dead. He died March 11, 1853. Dr. Calvin's reputation as a physician was fair. He was a man of medium height, delicate physique, and in manner quiet and unobtrusive. Dr. Stewart H. Whitehill located in Summerville in 1S45. He was the third son of Stewart H. Whitehill, of Fayette county, Pa., a farmer and stock- holder in the Monongahela Navigation Company. His mother was a daughter of Judge Boyd, of the same county. He was born in 1821, near Connellsville, The Medical Profession. 373 Fayette county ; was educated in Uniontown, and read medicine with Dr. James Gaston, who gave him a certificate dated May 8, 1841, after which he practiced in Westmoreland county until 1845, \\hen he came to Troy (Sum- merville). On December 30, he married Lavina J., eldest daughter of Darius Carrier, from which union were born W. W. Whitehill, now of Youngsville, Warren county, and Stewart H. Whitehill, esq., of Brookville, Pa. Dr. White- hill left the county in 1850, and is now dead, but the date of his decease, with after histor}-, is not known. Nothing reliable can be gotten concerning his ability as a physician, personal appearance, etc. Dr. Hugh Dowling was born in Jamestown, Mercer county, Pa., January 17, 1819; came to Brookville in 1844 to read medicine under the supervision of his brother, Dr. James, and after taking a course of lectures at Cleveland Medical College, commenced the practice of medicine with his brother in 1847. He married Sarah Kinsman, of Trumbull county, Ohio, August 12, 1848, but from this union no children were born. Dr. Hugh Dowling was engaged con- tinuously in the practice of medicine from the year 1847 until within a few months of his death, when his health became so seriously impaired as to pre- clude its further pursuit. He died from dropsy, dependent on a valvular lesion of the heart, on the 26th day of December, 1875. Probably no physician ever practiced medicine within the confines of the county so much misunderstood and so little appreciated as was Dr. Hugh Dowling. He was a man of singularly clear judgment and unquestionable skill, yet frequently inattentive to his patients ; kind and gentle with persons he loved ; taciturn, or harsh and irritable with those he disliked ; cautious and conservative almost to a fault when in council, yet, once having expressed an opinion, he maintained it to the verge of obstinacy. In personal appearance he was about five feet ten inches in height, fair complexion, blue eyes, dark hair, with a rather pleasing expression of countenance, with a strong tendency to gravity. Dr. Mark Rodgers came to Corsica in 1847, from Henry county, Mo., where he had been engaged in the practice of medicine from 1844. He at- tended a course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania during the win- ter of 1856-7. Before this Dr. Rodgers had engaged extensively in other business, such as mercantile, droving, etc., but continued to practice until 1863^ when he removed to Brookville. He did not resume the practice of medicine after his removal, but turned his entire attention to merchandising, in which he was very successful, until within a few weeks of his death, which occurred August 10, 1883. Dr. Rodgers was born in Kittanning, Armstrong county. Pa., and was a hatter by trade, having worked several years with his father before reading medicine. He was a man of medium height, heavy in proportion, black hair, inclined to curl; hazel eyes; apparently very grave yet social in his manner, 41 374 History of Jefferson County. and abounding in genuine humor ; kind, patient, and of remarkably ev^en tem- per, but few persons ever having seen him show any manifestation of anger. For many years before his death he had been an elder of the Presbyterian Church. Dr. Charles Wood (irregular) was born at Rattlesnake Tavern, in Centre county. Pa., in 1815 ; came to Punxsutawney about 1837 '< studied medicine awhile with Dr. Young, and commenced to practice in Punxsutawney about 1845. In 1850 he went to California; returned the next year and continued to practice until his death, which occurred August 30, 1865. Rev. Charles P. Cummins, M. D., was the son of John and Mary Cummins nee Cooper, and was born near Strausburgh, Franklin county, Pa., in 1803. He was educated at Cannonsburgh ; read medicine with Dr. Hunter, of Straus- burgh, and attended medical lectures at Jefferson College, Philadelphia. He located at Fayetteville, Franklin county, where he practiced several years. During his residence in Fayetteville he was converted, and felt it his duty to preach the gospel. After passing the usual theological course, he was or- 'dained and preached for eight or ten years to the congregation of Dickinson ■Church, near Carlisle, Pa. This was his first charge, and during the time, he •continued the practice of medicine. He was then called to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, where he remained as a pastor for two years ; thence he returned to Pennsylvania to take charge of a congregation at Waynesboro, but remained only one year, as he received a call from the Presbyterian congregations of Brookville and Corsica, which he accepted February 26, 1847. I" September, 1850, he, in connection with K. L. Blood, purchased the drug store of David Deering ; but as business increased, the congregations became dissatisfied, thinking that secular afiairs too much distracted his mind from his duties as pastor, and consequently the partnership was dissolved in 1854. On Thanksgiving day, November, 1856, Dr. Cummins amputated Judge Joseph Henderson's leg above the knee, which operation was performed in presence of Drs. James Ross, of Clarion, James Dowling, Hugh Dowling, George Watt, A. P. Heichhold, J. G. Simons, and David Elliott, of Brookville, and A. M. Clark, of Brockwa\-\'iIle. Dr. Cummins severed his pastoral relations with the church in Brookville, September, 1861, and removed to Beaver, Beaver county, where he again engaged in the practice of medi- cine as a profession, in connection with the drug business. He did not remain long in Beaver, removing to Allegheny City, where he continued the practice of medicine and also his drug business. The active duties of a busy practi- tioner proved too arduous, his health failed, and he died March 23, 1865. While residing in Brookville, although not making medicine a profession, he was considered a man of excellent judgment, and very frequently called as counsel by other physicians. He was a man of very fine social qualities, whose Christian character was not questioned, and who filled the position of pastor very acceptably for man}' years. The Medical Profession. 375 Dr. Cummins was a man of medium size, light hair, blue eyes and rather sallow complexion, of pleasing expression, and when amused his face beamed with genuine good humor. In the year 1S48, Dr. Henry Wadsworth located in Brookville. He was born in county Meath, Ireland, but it is thought came here from Canada. In 185 I he married Rebecca McGrew, and left Brookville to locate in Philadel- phia, on Master street, afterwards removing to 1753 Frankford avenue. He was connected with a hospital in the city during the War of the Rebellion, and went to Paris in 1885. It is not known if he yet lives. He sustained an ex- cellent reputation as a physician ; a small, slight man of dark comple.xion, very dark hair, large dark eyes, and quick in movement. Dr. Andrew Jackson Johnson, was born in Bellefonte, Centre county, September 23, 1820. He studied medicine, for at least part of his course, with Dr. McCoy, of Bellefonte, and was for a while assistant to Dr. Harris, in a drug store in the same place; prob^tbly finishing his course of reading with him. He then went to Lock Haven, where he entered a drug store as a partner of a Mr. Wagoner, and during the winter of 1847 and 1848 attended one of the medical colleges in Philadelphia. Some time after the close of the session, in the year 1848, he located in Pun.xsutawney, where he continued to practice medicine in connection with the sale of drugs until his death, July 17, 1863. Dr. William Altman was born in Indiana, Indiana county, October 20, 1825 ; read medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. James M. Stewart, of Indi- ana. First located at Armagh, Indiana county, where he remained from Octo- ber, 1847, to July, 1848, when he removed to Punxsutawney, Jefferson county, and continued the practice there until July i, 1857, when he removed to Os- kaloosa, Mahaska county, Iowa, and remained there till June i, 1858, when he returned to Punxsutawney, and continued to practice until December, 1862- On December 17, 1862, he was commissioned assistant surgeon, and was in charge of the Twenty-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, until May, 1863, when he received a commission as surgeon of same regiment, remaining as such until the close of the war in 1865. He was elected associate judge for Jefiferson county and served in that position from 1870 till 1875. He was elected to serve in the State Legislature for the years 1885 and 1886, and re- elected for the years 1887 and 1888. He is medical examiner for several life insurance companies, and has also held a number of municipal offices in Punx- sutawney. Dr. Altman is a graduate from Jefferson Medical College, class of 1853- About the same year, 1848, Dr. James Watt located in Brookville. He was born nearly opposite Tarentun, on the Allegheny River, in Westmore- land county. Nothing is now known of the date of his birth, parentage, nor where, when, nor with whom he studied. Neither is it known whether he had practiced before his location here or not. He was in Brookville only four 376 History of Jefferson County. or five years, as his health failed him, and he returned to the place of his na- tivity, where he died sometime afterwards of consumption. He was a tall, spare man, of delicate physique and sallow complexion, a man of fine moral character, a member of the Presb}'terian Church, and was considered a good physician. About a year after the location of Dr. James Watt in Brookville, Dr. George, his brother came to the place. He had been lumbering on a tract of land the brothers owned in partnership, near Reynoldsville, but came to the county from Philadelphia, where he had previously been engaged in the prac- tice of medicine. He came to Brookville to assist his brother James in some emergency, and as he was a man of unquestionable skill, especially in surgery, and liked the place, he never returned to his lumber camp, but continued to practice ; the delicate condition of his brother's health rendering this course the more imperative. He read medicine in Pittsburgh, but with whom is not now known. He was never married, and the last few years of his life in Brookville, was deplorable. He contracted debts, judgments were entered against him, and to satisfy these his library, instruments, horse, and everything he possessed were sold. He became very dissipated ; his health failed, and for the last few months he became an object of charit}-. His condition coming to the knowl- edge of his friends, he was taken to the place of his nativity, where he died in the fall or early winter of 1858. Dr. George Watt was a large man, fully six feet in height, and weighing tuo hundred pounds or more ; of ruddy complex- ion, large gray eyes which, when surprised, assumed a peculiar stare ; polite in his demeanor, affable and agreeable in manner, of fine literary attainments and great skill. Dr. Thomas Jefferson Bennett (Thompsonian), was born in Livingston county, N. Y.; studied with his father, who had acquired considerable reputa- tion in the practice of the Thompsonian system, especially in the treatment of dysentery, and as that disease prevailed extensively in the count)' during the summer and early autumn of the year 1850, "Old Dr. Bennett," as he was called, came to Brookville to treat it. He came in August, and as the disease had proved very fatal, on the onset of the epidemic, he soon had more business than he could attend to, a considerable part of his time being taken up with the pulverization of his roots and herbs. To assist him, he sent for his son, T. Jeff- erson, who was then at Richards\-ille, and when he left in October, his son re- mained to take charge of some patients not fully recovered. Dr. T. J. Bennett has engaged continuously in the practice of medicine since 1850, and is, con- sequently, the oldest practitioner in Brookville. He has been twice married ; in 1854, to a daughter of William Richards, of Richardsville, and in 1862, to Mrs. James Moore, of Brookville. Dr. H. R. Bryant located in Summerville in 1850 and continued to prac- tice until 1868 or 1869, when he returned to the State of New York. He was postmaster for several j-ears at Summerville. The Medical Profession. 377 Dr. William C. Niver (eclectic), is the son of William and Caziah Niver, uce Utter, and was born in Friendship, Allegany county, N. Y., July 10, 1823. He read medicine with Dr. E. H. Williard. Finishing his course in 1849 he came to Ridgway, Elk county, where he taught school and practiced until May 23, 1852, when he came to Jefferson county, locating in Brockwayville. He was married August 10, 1854, to Semiramis M. Brown, who bore him six children. Dr. Niver has been engaged in the continuous practice from 1852 to the present time. On the 8th day of April, 1852, Dr. Reed Bracken Brown located in Sum- merville. He was the son of John and Mary Brown, and born at Glade Mill, Buder county, November 26, 1828; read medicine with Drs. McQuaide and Donnell, at Etna, Pa., and practiced a year there prior to his removal to Jefferson county; graduated from Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, March II, 1852; married Susan Lavely, May 25, 1854; was elected to Legislature to represent the county for the years 1875 and 1876; appointed surgeon of the Low Grade Division A. V. Railroad in May, 1873, which position he has held ever since ; appointed one of the board of pension examining surgeons August, 1884, and is now president of the board. Dr. R. B. Brown has engaged con- tinuously in the practice of medicine, the term in Legislature excepted, since the spring of 1852. He was elected treasurer of Jefferson County Medical So- ciety in October, 1877, and re-elected annually since ; was one of the first dele- gates to represent the County Medical Society in that of the State in 1878; was also delegate from the Medical Society of Pennsylvania to the American Med- ical Association, and has consequendy been a member of the Medical Society of Pennsylvania since 1878, and of the American Medical Association since 1880. Dr. David McClay was born in Union county, and came to Brookville to locate as a physician in 1852 or '53. He remained only a year or two on account of failing health, and left Brookville with the intention of locating in one of the southern States — it is thought Texas. Of Dr. McClay nothing further can be learned. Dr. Benjamin Franklin Miller was born at Stone Valley, Huntingdon county, April 16, 1830; received his literary education at Jefferson Col- lege, Cannonsburg ; read medicine with his brother, Dr Mathew Miller, at McAlavey's Fort; graduated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, March 9, 1853; located in Brookville in May, 1853; married Jane Clark December 19, 1854, and immediately after removed to Fairmount, Marion county, Va., to take the practice of Dr. Stewart, his cousin. A few weeks after his arrival in Fairmount he was attacked with t}'phoid fever, which was then prevalent there, and died January 29, 1855. Of Dr. Miller's ability as a phy- sician, nothing can be learned. He was not long enough in the county to establish much of a reputation, had he been even very skillful, but he is re- membered as a tall, handsome, quiet, well clad man of easy, graceful manner. 378 History of Jefferson County. Dr. Alexander Peter Heichhold was the son of John and Susan Heichhold, and born at Myerstown, Lebanon county, November lo, 1825. His an- cestors in either parent's family were among the earliest German settlers in the Tulpehocken Valley, their settlement there dating back long before the Revo- lutionary War. His educational advantages were limited, being confined to those of a " subscription school," which he attended between the ages of seven and twelve years, and nine months at the Myerstown Academy after he was seventeen years old. In 1841 he was apprenticed to a harness maker, but became dissatisfied and was released at the expiration of eighteen months' ser- vice. In 1845 he came to Kittanning and accepted a position as a clerk in a dry goods store owned by his brother. In 1846 he entered the office of Dr. George Goodhart, of Rural Valley, as a student, and during the following winter attended a course of lectures at the medical department of the Western Reserve University Cleveland, O., and on returning to Kittanning became a student of Dr. Josiah E. Stevenson, with whom he remained until April, 1848,, when he returned to Cleveland, and taking a summer and winter course, grad- uated from that college on February 21, 1849. On his return to Kittanning he was ofiered, and accepted a partnership with his preceptor, Dr. Stevenson. On the 13th day of June, 1850, he married Rachel Yocome, but her pre- disposition to pulmonary disease caused the doctor to leave Kittanning in 1852, and locate in Ringgold, Jefterson county, he being of the opinion that a pine region might prove beneficial to her. He remained in Ringgold until late in 1854, when he removed to Brookville and entered into partnership with Dr. Hugh Dowling. Having taken a very active part in the enlistment of volunteers to fill the call of the president for 75,000 men for three months service, and also for men for Captain A. A. McKnight's regiment, which he was recruiting after the expiration of his three months service, in October, 1 86 1, he appeared at Harrisburg for examination to enter the medical staff of the army, and was one of thirty out of two hundred and fifty who passed. He was immediately appointed surgeon with the rank of major, and assigned tO' the One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, of which Cap- tain McKnight had become colonel. He served in that regiment during the winter of 1861 and '62, and participated in the Peninsular Campaign under Mc- Clellan, and when his army reached Harrison's Landing Dr. Heichhold was the only surgeon in the brigade, some having deserted, while others were sick. For his conduct in this campaign honorable mention was made of him by Col- onel McKnight and Colonel Alexander Hays in their reports. At Fair Oaks he helped to organize about fifteen hundred stragglers, and led one wing of them into the fight. He was also in the Bull Run campaign under Pope. In September, 1862, in consequence of a misunderstanding with General Robin- son, who commanded the brigade, concerning the location of the regimental The Medical Profession. 379 e hospital he resigned. After remaining at home for three months he again entered the army as assistant surgeon of the United States army and was stationed at Presbyterian Church hospital, Georgetown, D. C, and at Lincoln hospital, Washington, D. C, for several months, and then was ordered to Camp Convalescent, where, at the request of the entire delegation in Congress from Pennsylvania, he was assigned to the Pennsylvania Division. He remained here nine months, receiving the highest praise from the commandant of the camp and the surgeon-in- chief The doctor was an ultra Republican, and an early advocate for the enlist- ment of colored troops. It is not singular, therefore, that a commission was sent him by Secretary Stanton, at Camp Convalescent, as surgeon of the Eighth Regiment, United States Colored Troops, with orders to report at Camp William Penn, near Philadelphia. In January, 1864, he accompanied this regiment to Hilton Head, S. C, and thence to Florida, where he remained till August, when he came with his regiment to Bermuda Hundred, Va., and was assigned to the Third Division of the Tenth Army Corps, being made th chief medical officer of the brigade, and when the Twenty-fifth Army Corps was organized he became the surgeon-in-chief on the staff of General WiUiam Birney, who commanded the Second Division of that corps. He held this position until mustered out at Brownsville, Tex., November 10, 1865. Dr. Heichhold served through all the operations of the army against Rich- mond, and was present at the surrender of Lee. After the surrender he ac- companied his division — then commanded by General C. R. H. Jackson, who had superseded General Birney — to the Rio Grande, where the entire Twenty- fifth Corps had been ordered to enforce the Monroe doctrine against Maximil- lian, in Mexico. After the close of his military service, he resumed the practice of medicine in Brookville, in which he continued until July, 1869, when he was appointed by Secretary Boutwell, a special agent of the U. S. Treasury Department, and remained connected with that department until the close of President Arthur's administration, a period of nearly sixteen years, after which he again resumed the practice of medicine, and located at Reynoldsville. He was also ap- pointed postmaster at Brookville, by President Lincoln, in the spring of 186 1. Dr. Samuel G. Miller removed from Armstrong or Indiana county, to Ringgold, in the autumn of 1854. He read medicine with Dr. Ferguson, at Dayton, Armstrong county. He remained two or three years, and then located somewhere in Cambria county. The last information had of him was, that he had entered the ministry of the M. E. Church, and was preaching the Gospel. In the spring of 1855, Dr. David Elliott located in Brookville. He was a son of David Elliott, D. D., President of the Western Pennsylvania Theological Seminary. Dr. Elliott remained until 1858, when he received an appointment 38o History of Jefferson County, in the Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. How long he retained this is not known, but probably during the remainder of Mr. Buchanan's ad- ministration. He was connected with the army in some capacity, not known, during the Rebellion, and returned to Brookville in the fall of 1865 or 1866, where he resumed the practice of his profession. He died of pneumonia, at Brookville, in 1868. In the spring of 1855, also, came Dr. James A. McFadden, to Brookville, who entered the office of Dr. George Watt as a partner. This partnership ex- isted about one year, when he was employed by K. L. Blood to take charge of his drue store in Brookville. Dr. McFadden married Eliza C. Marlin, in June, 1854. He left Brookville in 1858. and practiced for some time at the mouth of Mahoning, and at Elderton, Armstrong county, after which he located at Buena Vista, Allegheny county, where he was at the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion. He was appointed assistant-surgeon of the Sixty- third Regiment P. V., August i, 1861, and resigned June 17, 1862. Was ap- pointed assistant-surgeon of the Sixty-first Regiment P. V., April i, 1863, and mustered out at expiration of term, September 7, 1S64. He died about 1S70. In March or April, 1856, Dr. J. G. Simons, from Hartstown, Crawford county, located in Brookville, entering into partnership with his father-in-law, Dr. James Dowling. He had married Mary Dowling, February 26, 1856, and remained until 1859 or i860, when he returned to Hartstown, and died of hemorrhage from the division of the sublingual artery caused by his teeth in a fall. Dr. Simons was considered a man of fair skill. In 1856 a Dr. Kelley (irregular) located in Corsica, and practiced a )-ear or more and then left, and returned again in 1859, and practiced for a short time. But little is known of him. About the year 1856 Dr. James N. Beck located at Rockdale Mills, and remained a few years. Nothing is known of him further. Dr. William James McKnight (electic), was the son of Alexander and Mary McKnight ncc Thompson. He was born May 6, 1836; studied medicine with. Dr. A. M. Clark, of Brockwayville ; attended a course of lectures at the Electic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, during the winter of 1856 and 1857. Com- menced the practice of medicine in Brookville in the spring of 1857, and con- tinued to practice there until 1859, when he removed to Brockwayville, having prior to his removal married Penelope, a daughter of Dr. A. M. Clark. At Brockwayville he entered into partnership with Dr. William C. Niver, and re- mained fourj years, when he returned to Brookville some time during the au- tumn of 1863, wherejhe has remained since. In January, 1864, he opened a drug store. He was appointed by Gover- nor Curtin examining surgeon for the county in 1862, and was also examining surgeon for pensions for several years. In 1S69 he graduated from the Uni- versity of Medicine and Surgery at Philadelphia. He was elected to represent ^^*^3SSaJTs S^risJJ^'^^ The Medical Profession. 38 i Indiana and Jefferson counties in the Pennsylvania Senate in 1S80, and renom- inated in 1884, but defeated by George W. Hood, of Indiana, an independent candidate. In March, 1884, he graduated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Dr. John Calvin Dowling was a son of Dr. James Dovvling, and was born in Jamestown, Mercer county, June 7, 1835, ^"d came to Jefferson county in early childhood, when his father removed from Jamestown to New Prospect (now Baxter), Jefferson county, in 1841. Having received a common school edu- cation, he was a student for one year or more at the Brookville Academy, and, also at Annapolis, Md., one year, where he had been appointed a cadet at the U. S. Naval Academy. He did not remain at the latter school longer, as he liad resolved to follow his father's profession in consequence of which, he entered his father's office in 1854, and in 1857 entered into partnership with Dr. James Stew .rt, Greenville, Clarion county, where he continued to practice until Apiil, 1 86 1, when he returned to Brookville, and rendered very material serv- ice to Captains McKnight and Wise, in recruiting volunteers for three months military service to fill the first call of President Lincoln for volunteers to crush the Rebellion that had been inaugurated by the attack on Fort Sumter. On the organization of Company B, Eighth Regiment, he was chosen first lieuten- ant, and afterwards, when Captain Wise was appointed to the Regular Army, Lieutenant Dowling had charge of the company until the expiration of its term of service. On his return from the three months service, he entered with increased energy into the enlistment of volunteers for the regiment being recruited by Captain A. A. McKnight, for three years service. On the organization of the regiment — the famous One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers — he was chosen captain of Company B. The military history of Dr. John Dowling has already been given in the history of his regiment in the preceding chapter of this volume. When the sad intelligence reached his home of the death of this gallant offi- cer and those who fell with him on that fatal field, and who were Brookville's first offerings to the cause of freedom, the flags were draped in mourning, and suspended at half mast, and gloom and sorrow pervaded the entire community. Dr. John C. Dowling was a young man of very agreeable manner, of very fair education, and fine social qualities. He was loved and respected by those who knew him, but his professional life was too short to acquire a reputation as a physician. Dr. Charles M. Matson was the son of James C. and Harriet Matson n^e Potter; born July 22, 1833; read medicine with Drs. Dowling and Heich- hold ; married Alice Johnson, only child of David S. and Naamah Johnson, Septembers, 1857; attended lectures at Cleveland Medical College ; located in Corsica April i, 1858, as a partner of Dr. Mark Rodgers, and remained 45 382 History of Jefferson. County. until April i, 1859, when he engaged in other business till December, 1862, when he entered the office of Dr. John Mechling, of Brookville, as his assistant. In February, 1863, he entered into an equal partnership with Dr. Mechling, and in March, same year, bought the doctor out but continued the partnership until Dr. M. could find a location suiting him better. They con- tinued together until May i, 1863, when Dr. Mechling left to report to Colonel H. S. Campbell, at his headquarters, Waterford, Erie county, he having been appointed surgeon of the board of enrollment for the Nineteenth Con- gressional District, Pennsylvania, April 21, 1863. Dr. Matson continued the practice established by Dr. Mechling's energy and skill till May i, 1S64, when he was ordered to report for duty, having been appointed surgeon to succeed Dr. Mechling, who resigned, to take effect April 21, 1864. This position he held until June 15, 1865, when he was honorably discharged by Edwin M. Stanton, secretary of war. During this period of the war the duties of medical examiner were very arduous, and the number of physical examinations made by Dr. Matson — volunteers, substitutes, drafted men, and of those seeking to be stricken from the enrollment list on account of physical disability to bear arms, was nearly fifteen thousand ; probably about three thousand of these were re-examinations. On October 27, 1864, he married Amanda Truby, his wife having died May 2, 1863. After his discharge Dr. Matson resumed the practice of medi- cine in Brookville, in which he has been engaged since. He was instrumental in the organization of the Jefferson County Medical Society in 1877, and was elected its first president ; was one of the first three delegates to the State Medical Society, and the first delegate to the American Medical Association in 1878. Dr. John Mechling was born near New Washington, Butler county. Pa., in 1832 ; received a liberal education, and for some time before reading medi- cine was principal of an academy in the State of Indiana ; read medicine with Dr. Mcjunkin, of Butler, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in March, 1859, locating in Brookville in April of same year. During the first year of his residence in Brookville he acquired a very extensive practice, which he continued to maintain until May i, 1863, when he left the place to assume the duties of examining surgeon at the provost marshal's headquarters, Water- ford, he having been appointed to that position on the 2ist day of the pre- vious month. He continued in this office until April 21, 1864, when he re- signed. After his resignation he went to Denver, Col., and remained until the next fall, when the threatening attitude of the Indians caused many of the inhabitants of Denver to leave for other places of greater safety. He arrived at Salt Lake City and opened an office there, where he remained until the next spring, when he returned via San Francisco and Panama to Brookville. He then entered the office of Andrews & Conrad, attorneys at law, as a student ; The Medical Profession. 383 attended tlie Law Department of the University of Albany, graduating in the spring of 1868. He then returned to Denver to engage in the practice of law, but in time returned to the practice of medicine. He married Mary H. JenT{ 1S69, and re- :o, where he has been continuously since. -'•■ban and Catharine Thompson, Wifif .rone, Huntingdon county, Jan- trion county when the subject of this Strattanville. Her? he attended : d for about a year for his father iteen years old he was The Medical Profession. 385 employed as clerk for Isaac Jones & Sons, Greenville, Clarion county, and afterwards by Reynolds & Evans, with whom he continued for three yearsr applying himself assiduously, during his leisure hours, to the acquisition of knowledge through every channel presenting itself. At the end of the time specified he gave up his position with Reynolds & Evans and went to St. Louis, Mo., where he had a brother residing, for the purpose of reading med- icine under Professor E. H. Gregory, visiting physician to Charity Hospital and demonstrator of anatomy in the St. Louis Medical College. During the period of his student life he was Dr. Gregory's daily attendant in his hospital visits, and graduated from this college in the spring of i860, after which he was appointed assistant physician to the City Hospital by the Board of Health of St. Louis, where he remained six months, the last of which he had entire control of the hospital on account of the absence of Dr. Corning, who was brigade surgeon, and left with the brigade during the border troubles between Kansas and Missouri. At the end of a month Dr. Corning, with a part of the State troops, returned, and Dr. Thompson was appointed surgeon to those re- maining as guards of the border. He held this position till the outbreak of the Rebellion, when the govenor of Missouri ordered the return of the State troops to Camp Jackson, St. Louis, where Dr. Thompson, with the rebel troops to the number of about five thousand, were captured by General Lyon and paroled at the St. Louis Arsenal. After his parole the doctor returned home to Green- ville, Clarion county, where he entered into partnership in the practice of medicine with Dr. James Stewart, of that place, which continued for two and a half years. He married Mary A. Rifenberic, of Greenville, July 30, 1861, and located in Corsica, Jefferson county, January 5, 1864, where he has continued In the practice of his profession ever since. Dr. Barnabas Sweeny was the son of Barnabas and Margaret Sweeny, born January 8, 1826, near Tarentum, Allegheny county; read medicine first year with Dr. James L. Taylor, and the two succeeding years with Dr. James Stewart, both of Indiana; married Lena Ann Armstrong, daughter of Col- onel Thomas Armstrong, of Elderton, Armstrong county, October i, 1850, who lived but six months. Some time after the death of his first wife he mar- ried Elizabeth W. Robinson. He located first by taking charge of Dr. Thomas Allison's practice, in Middletown, now Elderton, from September 9, 1849, to May 20, 1850. He then located in Smlcksburgh, Indiana county. In partner- ship with Dr. Sims, which partnership lasted about one year, after which he continued to practice thereuntil October, 1864, when he removed to Brook- ville, where he continued to practice until April i, 1883, when he removed to Du Bois, Clearfield county, where he has been engaged in the practice of medicine since. Some time during the year 1864 Dr. William Meredeth Bruce Gibson lo- cated In Reynoldsville. He was born In Clarion county, and read medl- 386 History of Jefferson County. cine with Dr. R. B. Brown, of Summer\'ille. After practicing a few years in Reynoldsville he removed to Rockdale Mills, where he remained a few years, returning to Reynoldsville in 187 1 or 1872, where he has continued to practice medicine since. Dr. Gibson has been one of the surgeons of the L. G. Divi- sion A. V. R. R. for many years, and is also a member of the Jefferson County and Pennsylvania Medical Societies. In 1865 or 1866 Dr. George W. Barnett located in Ringgold. He was born in Young township, Jefferson county, and is said to have read med- icine with Dr. Joseph Shields. He remained in Ringgold about eleven years, when he removed to Mt. Tabor, Armstrong county, where he practiced for about three year.?, and then went to Nebraska, since which nothing is known of him. Dr. Perry McElvain was born in Butler count}-, near North Washington; read medicine with Dr. C. M. Matson, Brookvilie ; attended a course of lec- tures at Ann Arbor during the winter of 1864—65 ; located at McLeansboro, 111., in the autumn of 1866, but afterwards removed to Alto Pass, in the south- ern part of Illinois, where he now is practicing medicine. Dr. John Calvin King was the son of Jacob and Sarah A. King, 7ic'e Cor- bett ; born in Clarion county in 1841 ; read medicine with Dr. R. B. Brown, Summerville ; attended lectures at the University of New York, and located for the practice of medicine at Rockdale Mills, Jefferson county, in the spring of 1867, remaining there until the fall of 1868, when he removed to Reynolds- ville, where he has remained in the continuous practice since. He married Miss E. A. Coleman, September 23, 1869. Dr. Samuel McCartney Bleakney was born in Armstrong county ; at- tended a course of lectures at the Buffalo University during the winter of 1865-66; located in Worth ville, Jefferson county, in the year 1866 or 1867, where he has continued to practice since. About 1 868 Dr. Charles CaU'in Baker located at Sigel, Jefferson county. He was born in Smethport, McKean county, and attended a course of lec- tures at the Cleveland Medical College. He had practiced many years at Clarington, Forest county, prior to his removal to Sigel. August 20, 1870, Dr. James Albert Miller located in Perrj-sville, Jefferson county. He is the son of Samuel G. and Mary Ann Miller ttee Keener, and was born near Saltsburgh, Indiana county, August 23, 1844; read medi- cine with Dr. William Jack, of Jacksonville, Indiana county, and graduated from the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, Cincinnati, O., July 13, 1870; married Laura A. Hamilton, daughter of Robert Hamilton, of Perrys- ville, November 26, 1872, and has continued in the practice of his profession from 1870 to the present time. Sometime during the month of October, 1870, Dr. Robert Morse Boyles removed from Rimersburg, Clarion county, and located in Reynoldsville, Jef- The Medical Profession. 387 ferson county. He is the son of H. and Eleanor Boyles, and was born April 26, 1S40, near Curllsville, Clarion county; received his education at Glade Run Academy, Armstrong county, and read medicine with Dr. James N. Beck at Rockdale Mills, Jefferson county ; attended a course of medical lec- tures at Ann Arbor, Mich., during the winter of i860 and '61, and entered the practice of medicine at Goheenville, Armstrong county, in May, 1862, and removed to Rimersburg, Clarion county, in February, 1865. He graduated at the Cleveland Medical College in February, 1867 ; admitted to membership in the Clarion County Medical Society in June, 1868, and continued in the prac- tice of medicine at Rimersburg until his removal to Reynoldsville. He mar- ried Margaret A. BoUman, of Goheenville, July 4, 1864, who died Angust 7, 1876, at Reynoldsville ; was a private in Company E, Fifty-sixth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was in service while that regiment was on duty ; was appointed hospital steward and temporarily assistant post surgeon at New Creek, Va., while the regiment was on duty there. He became a member of the Jefferson County Medical Society, at its organization; is also a member of the Pennsylvania Medical Society and the Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Associa- tion. He removed to Du Bois, Clearfield county, July 28, 1884, where he continues the practice of his profession. It is thought that Dr. James William Hoey located in Brockwayville some- time in 1 87 1. He was born in Delaware county, in or near Media. He graduated from Jefferson Medical College March 8, 1856. Names of places, with length of time in each, prior to his location in Brockwayville, is not known. Dr. George Hines Hilliard located in Richardsville in 1872 or '"Ji. He was born in Clarion county, and graduated from the Jefferson Medical College March 9, 1S72. He remained in Richardsville until 1885 or '86, when he returned to Clarion county, where he is now engaged in the practice of medicine. Dr. John Wesley Foust came to Reynoldsville from Port Matilda, Centre county, in April, 1873. He was born in Shirleysburg, Huntingdon county, August 25, 1844; read medicine with Dr G. W. Thompson at Mill Creek, Huntingdon county ; attended a full course of lectures at Jefferson Medical College during the winter of 1866 and '67, and commenced the practice of medicine at Port Matilda, Centre county, in April, 186S ; was elected associate judge for Jefferson county, in 1885; has practiced medicine continuously since 1868. Dr. Daniel G. AUinder is the son of William and Mary Allinder, and was born and educated in Pittsburgh. He graduated from one of the regular colleges in Philadelphia, and practiced medicine a short time in Pittsburgh, prior to May, 1873, when he located in Brookville and remained the greater part of a year, when he returned to Pittsburgh, locating on Butler street, near Forty-Fifth, where he is yet engaged in the practice of medicine. 388 History of Jefferson County. Dr. Marcus Ale.xis Masson located in Brookville in January, 1873. He was the son of Joseph Masson, a native of the province of Tours, France. His mother, whose maiden name was Rebecca Pheugh, was born in Mercer, Mer- cer county, where also was born her son Marcus A., May 17, 1848. He read medicine with Dr. E. R. Palmer of the University of Louisville, Ky., and graduated from that university March 6, 1872, located in Foxburg, Clarion county, in March of same year, and remained until January, 1874, when he removed to Brookville. He married Charlotte Cowling, sister of the late Prof Cowling of the University of Louisville, Ky., December 17, 1872. He remained in Brookville only one year, as he removed to Reynoldsville and lo- cated there January 11, 1875. In November, 1876, he removed to Petrolia, Butler county. He practiced medicine in Petrolia until February 14, 1878, when he was taken sick, from which sickness he died at his mother's residence, Foxburg, Clarion county, November 14, of same year. Dr. Masson was a man of very fine personal appearance, agreeable and social in manner, pos- sessed of a strong personal magnetism, and withal a man of much more than •ordinary ability in the practice of his profession, which lost, by his early death, one, who in after years, would have been considered one of its most brilliant members. Dr. Jeremiah Hare Wick removed from Armstrong county, to Brook- ville, in 1873, where he remained eighteen months ; thence he went to Corsica, where he remained a year, when he removed from the count}', and his present residence is not known. About 1874 Dr. William Abram Baker located at Sigel, Jefferson county, and remained some time, afterwards removing, it is said, to Ohio. He is the son of Dr. C. C. Baker, and was born in Clarington, Forest county, and attended lectures at the Cleveland Medical College. It is thought that it was sometime during this year that Dr. William Burchfield Alexander located in Reynoldsville. He was born in Clearfield, and graduated from Jefierson Med- ical College, Philadelphia, March 7, 1868. Dr. Alexender is also engaged in banking at Reynoldsville. Dr. Michael M. Rankin is the son of Hugh R. and Margaret Rankin iicc ■Cooper; was born in Indiana county. May 11, 1851 ; read medicine with Dr. H. B. Pittman, of Gettysburg, Indiana county, and graduated from the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, March 2, 1876. He located at Rock- dale Mills, March 22, 1875 ; removed to Brockwayville in the spring' of 18S1, where he has been in continuous practice since. He is a member of Jefferson County Medical Society and also the Medical Society of Pennsylvania. He was married to Miss N. J. Getty in September, 1871. Dr. Abraham Fisher Balmer is the son of Daniel and Harriet Balmer, ncc Fisher, and was born at Elizabethtown, Lancaster county, September 15, 1849; read medicine under the supervision of Dr. A. C. Treichler, of Elizabeth- The Medical Profession. 389 town; graduated from Jefferson Medical College March 11, 1875, and com- menced to practice medicine in Brookville February 7, 1876, where he prac- tices medicine at present. Dr. Balmer is a member of the County, State, and National Medical Societies. Dr. William Ferguson Matson is the son James C. and Harriet Matson, tit'e Potter; was born September 19, 1855, near Brookville; read medicine with Dr. C. M. Matson ; graduated from the Cleveland Medical College February 21, 1887; received adeimdem degree of M. D. from Adelbert University, Cleveland, O., March 15, 1882 ; has been for several years a surgeon on Low Grade Division A. V. Railroad, and is a member of the Count}', State, and American Medical Socities. He married Fannie Z. Shields, daughter of Dr. Joseph Shields, of Punxsutawney, in August, 1886. Dr. William Wilson Woods is the son of John and Mariah Woods, and was born at Potter's Mills, Centre county, July 21, 1842; read medicine with Dr. F. H. Van Valzah, who was then located at Potter's Mills, now Spring Mills, Centre county, married Henrietta Cadwalader, of Potter's Mills, March 27, 1866; graduated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, March 10, 1877, and located at Belleview (Stanton p. o.), Jefferson county, in Octo- ber, 1877. During the year 1876, and until June, 1877, he was connected with Charity Hospital, Philadelphia. He is a member of the County, State, and National Medical Associations. Pursuant to a previous call the following physicians met September 11, 1877, at the office of Drs. C. M. and W. F. Matson, for the purpose of organ- izing the Jefferson County Medical Society, viz.: Drs. John Thompson, J. W. Foust, J. C. King, W. M. B. Gibson, W. F. Matson, A. F. Balmer, and C. M. Matson. Dr. C. M. Matson was elected president, and Dr. A. F. Balmer secretary. Drs. R. B. Brown, John Thompson, W. F. Matson, and A. F. Balmer were ap pointed a committee on constitution and by-laws, and the meeting adjourned to meet in the same place September 25, 1877. At the meeting of September 25, the report of the committee on constitu- tion and by-laws was adopted, and officers nominated to be elected at the next meeting, to be held on the 9th of October, 1877, at which Dr. C. M. Matson was elected president, Dr. John Thompson, vice-president; Dr. A. F. Balmer, recording secretary; Dr. W. F. Matson, corresponding secretary; Dr. R B. Brown, treasurer, and Dr. J. W. Foust, censor for three years. Dr. M. M. Ran- kin, censor for two years, and Dr. J. C. King, censor for one year. The meetings of the society from its organization have, for the most part, been very interesting. Every meeting of the society was made a general clinic day, and all cases brought before the society that day received the benefit of a general consultation free. Papers on various subjects were read and dis- cussed ; cases of importance were related by members and freely commented 46 390 History of Jefferson County. upon, and everything done to attain the object of its organization. The so- ciety was chartered in May, 1887. The officers of the society have been as follows : Presidents, Drs. C. M. Mat- son, John Thompson, W. M. B. Gibson, G. H. Hilliard, W. W. Woods, M. M. Rankin, and T. C. Lawson. With the exception of Dr. C. M. Matson these gentlemen have been the vice-presidents. Dr. S. S. Hamilton fills that office at present. Dr. A. F. Balmer has been re-elected annually as recording sec- retary, also Dr. W. F. Matson, as corresponding secretary, and Dr. R. B. Brown, as treasurer. After the first election one censor is elected annually to serve for the period of three years. The members, with the exception of three or four who have removed from the county, are as follows : Drs. R. B. Brown, John Thompson, A. F. Balmer, T. C. Lawson, W. M. B. Gibson, J. W. Foust, C. M. Matson, W. F. Matson, M. M. Rankin, J. C. King, R. M. Boyles, W. F. Beyer, S. C. Johnson, W. W. Woods, S. S. Hamilton, J. A. McKibbon, D. L. Paine, G. H. Hilliard, J. A. Henry. W. B. Alexander, A. P. Cox. No laws were enacted by the Legislature of Pennsylvania relating to, and ■controlling the practice of medicine in the State prior to the act of March 24, 1877, which was supplemented by that of June 8, 1881, the provisions of which are as follows : Sec. I. The standard qualifications of a practitioner of medicine, surgery or obstetrics, shall be and consist of the following, namely: A good moral char- acter, a thorough elementary education, a comprehensive knowledge of human anatomy, human physiology, pathology, chemestry, materia viedica, obstetrics, and practice of medicine and surgery and public hygiene. Sec. 2. It shall be unlawful, after the passage of this act, for any person to announce him.self or herself as a practitioner of medicine, surgery or obstetrics, or to practice the same, who has not received, in a regular manner, a diploma from a chartered medical school, duly authorized to confer upon its a/uiimi t\\c degree of doctor of medicine : Provided, That this act shall not apply to any resident practitioner of medicine, surgery or obstetrics who has been in such continuous practice in this Commonwealth for a period of not less than five years previous to the passage of this act. Sec. 3. Before any person shall engage in the practice of medicine, sur- crery or obstetrics, in this Commonwealth, or who has not a diploma as pro- vided for in section second of this act, such persons shall make affidavit, under oath or affirmation, before the prothonotary of the county where such person intends practicing, setting forth the time of continuous practice, and the place or places where such practice was pursued in this Commonwealth ; thereupon, the prothonotary shall enter the same of record in a book specially provided therefor, to be kept in his office, and open to the inspection of the public ; and for such services he shall receive the sum of two dollars, to be paid by affiant, one-half for the use of the prothonotary, the other for the use of the county. The Medical Profession. 391 Sec. 4. Any person who shall attempt to practice medicine or surgery for a valuable consideration, by opening a transient office within the Common- wealth, or who shall, by handbill or other form of written or printed advertise- ment, assign such transient office, or other place, to persons seeking medical or surgical advice or prescription, or who shall itinerate from place to place, or from house to house, and shall propose to cure any person, sick or afflicted, by the use of any medicine, means or agency whatsoever, for a valuable conside- ration, shall before being allowed to practice in this manner, appear before the clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions of the county wherein such person de- sires to practice, and shall furnish satisfactory evidence to such clerk that the provisions of this act have been complied with ; and shall, in addition, takeout a license for one year, and pay into the county treasury, for the use of the county, the sum of fifty dollars therefor ; whereupon, it shall be the duty of such clerk, to issue to such applicant a proper certificate of license, on payment of the fee of five dollars for his services. Sec. 5. Any person who shall violate or fail to comply with any of the pro- visions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor; and on convic- tion before any court, shall be sentenced to pay a fine of not less than two hun- dred dollars, nor more than four hundred dollars, for each and every offense, for the use of the county wherein such misdemeanor was committed. Sec. 6. The prothonotary of each county shall purchase a book of suitable size, to be known as the medical register of the county (if such book has not been purchased already), and shall set apart one full page for the registration of each practitioner, and when any practitioner shall depart this life, or remove from the county, he shall make a note of the same at the bottom of the page, and shall perform such other duties as are required by this act. Sec, 7. Every person who shall practice medicine or surgery, or any of the branches of medicine or surgery, for gain, or shall receive or accept for his or her services, as a practitioner of medicine or surgery, any fee or rewards, di- rectly or indirectly, shall be a graduate of a legally chartered medical college or university, having authority to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine (ex- cept as provided for in section five of this act), and such person shall present to the prothonotary of the county in which he or she resides or sojourns, his or her medical diploma, as well as a true copy of the same, including any en- dorsements thereon, and shall make affidavit before him, that the diploma and endorsement are genuine ; thereupon the prothonotary shall enter the follow- ing in the register, to- wit : the name in full of the practitioner, his or her place of nativity, his or her place of residence, the name of the college or university that has conferred the degree of doctor of medicine, the year when such degree was conferred, and in like manner any other degree or degrees that the practi- tioner may desire to place on record, to all of which the practitioner shall make affidavit before the prothonotary ; and the prothonotary shall place the copy of 392 History of Jefferson County. such diploma, including the endorsements on file in his office, for inspection by the public. Sec. 8. Any person whose medical diploma has been destroyed or lost, shall present to the prothonotary of the count}- in which he or she resides or sojourns, a duly certified copy of his or her diploma, but if the same is not obtainable, a statement of this fact, together with the names of the professors whose lectures he or she attended, and the branches of study upon which each professor lectured, to all of which the practitioner shall make affidavit before the prothonotar\' ; after which the practitioner shall be allowed to register, in manner and form as indicated in section two of this act ; and the prothonotary shall place such certified statement on file in his office, for inspection by the public. Sec. 9. Any person who may desire to commence the practice of medicine or surgery in this State, after the passage of this act, having a medical diploma issued or purporting to have been issued by any college, university, society or association in another State or foreign country, shall lay the same before the faculty of one of the medical colleges or universities of this Commonwealth for inspection, and the faculty, being satisfied as to the qualifications of the appli- cant, and the genuineness of the diploma, shall direct the dean of the facult}- to endorse the same, after which such person shall be allowed to register, as re- quired by section two of this act. Sec. 10. Any person who has been in the continuous practice of medicine or surgery in this Commonwealth since 1871, without the degree of doctor of medicine, shall be allowed to continue such practice ; but such person shall nevertheless appear before the prothonotary of the county in which he or she resides, and shall present to him a written statement of facts, to which the practitioner shall make affidavit. Thereupon the prothonotary shall enter the following in the register, to wit : The name in full of the practitioner, his or her place of nativity, his or her place of residence, the time of continuous practice in this Commonwealth, and the place or places where such practice was pursued, to all of which the practioner shall likewise make affidavit; and the prothonotary shall place the certified statement on file in his office for in- spection by the public. Sec. II. Every practitioner who shall be admitted to registration shall pay to the prothonotary one dollar, which shall be in compensation in full for reg- istration, and the prothonotary shall give a receipt for the same. Sec. 12. Any practitioner who shall present to the facult}- of an institution for indorsement, or to any prothonotary, a diploma which has been obtained fradulently, or is in whole or in part a forgery, or shall make affidavit to any false statement to be filed or registered, or shall practice medicine or surgery without conforming to the requirements of this act, or otherwise violate or neglect to comply with an)' of the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty The Medical Profession. 393 of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be punished for each and every offence by a fine of one hundred dollars, one half to be paid to the prosecutor, and the other half to be paid to the county, or be imprisoned in the county jail of the proper county for a term not exceeding one year, or both or either, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 13. Nothing in this act 'shall be so construed as to prevent any ph)^sician or surgeon, legally qualified, to practice medicine or surgery in the State in which he or she resides, from practicing in this Commonwealth ; but any person or persons opening an office or appointing any place where he or she may meet patients or receive calls, shall be deemed a sojourner, and shall ■conform to the requirements of this act. The act approved March 24, 1877, is included in the first five sections; the supplemental act approved June 8, 1881, concerning registration, etc., commencing with section 6 and concluding with section 13. The enforcement of this law in Jefferson county, with one or two excep- tions, has never been attempted. Physicians legally entitled to practice medi- cine, have, it is believed, all registered, so, also, have many who are clearly attempting to practice in violation of the provisions of the act of March 24, 1877. Some names, therefore, which are on the prothonotary's register, for this reason, have been omitted in this list, with date of registration : In 1S81, Dr. S. C. Allison registered July 21 ; Dr. C. C. Hindman, July 25 ; Dr. C. C. Baker, July 27 ; Dr. W. A. Baker, July 27; Dr. W. F. Mat- son, Jul\- 28 ; Dr. T. C. Lawson, August 2 ; Dr. J. W. Foust, August 2 ; Dr. W. M. B. Gibson, August 2 ; Dr. A. F. Balmer, August 3 ; Dr. S. Mc. Bleak- ney, August 4; Dr. T. J. Bennett, August 6; Dr. John Thompson, August 8; Dr. G. H. Milliard, August 12; Dr. A. P. Co.x, August 19; Dr. A. M. Clark, August 23 ; Dr. J. C. King, August 24; Dr. J. W. Hocy, August 25 ; Dr. C. M. Matson, August 26 ; Dr. Joseph Shields, September 13 ; Dr. A. D. McComb, September 13; Dr. S. S. Hamilton, September 13; Dr. W. F. Beyer, September 13; Dr. M. M. Rankin, September 13; Dr. William Alt- man, September 13; Dr. W. W. Woods, September 13; Dr. J. A. Miller, September 20 ; Dr. W. C. Niver, September 21 ; Dr. Samuel Reynolds. Sep- tember 22 ; Dr. R. B. Brown, September 26; Dr. W. B. Alexander, September 28 ; Dr. R. S. Hunt, October 10; Dr. W. J. McKnight, October 13 ; Dr. J. S. McCoy, October 24 ; Dr. R. M. Boyles, November 8 ; Dr. J. H. Wick, No- vember 8; Dr. W. H. Reynolds, November 15. In 1882, Dr. C. A. Wilson registered January 31; Dr. Stephen Fugate. April 27; Dr. T. R. Williams, December 12. In 1883, Dr. E. Q. McHenry registered January 12 ; Dr. G. A. Blose, April 17 ; Dr. J. H. Hoffman, May 26; Dr. F. P. Segworth, June 15 ; Dr. Julius Schefter, July 24; Dr. H. S. Barrett, August 13; Dr. D. G. Hub- bard, December 11. In 1884, Dr. C. G. Ernst registered April 7 ; Dr. J. M. Fisher, April 15 ; Dr. S. W. McDowell, June 5 ; Dr. J. K. Brown, June 16; 394 History of Jefeerson County. Dr. J. C. Wilson, June 23; Dr. D. D. Fisher, June 28 ; Dr. J. E. Hall, No- vember 19; Dr. D. L. Paine, December 31. In 1885, Dr. O. S. Sharp regis- tered April 7 ; Dr. A. P. Heichhold, April 8 ; Dr. J. B. Neale, April 27. In 1886, Dr. R. J. HiUis registered May 8; Dr. H. P. Holt. June 30. In 1887, Dr. J. C. Stahlman registered April 9. The law governing the practice of medicine, surgery, etc., the short notice of the County Medical Society, and the registration of the physicians have been given here, because they belong to the decade ending with the year 18S0. It is true that the act of Assembly, making it obligatory on physicians to register, was approved in June, 1S81, but it was merely supplementary to the act of 1877, ^'^'^ therefore a part of it. Dr. Andrew Pierce Cox located at Big Run, sometime during the sum- mer of 1877. He was born in Allegheny county, and graduated from Cin- cinnati Medical College June 21, 1877. Dr. Sylvester Sutton Hamilton located in Pun.xsutawney, in the spring of 187S. He was born in Indiana county, and graduated from the Columbus Medical College, Columbus, O., February 17, 1878. Dr. Glenn Alvin Emery, son of Jacob and Mary Emery, was born in Phil- adelphia, and read medicine with Dr. C. M. Matson ; married Olive Nich- olson, daughter of the late Hon. R. J. Nicholson, in 1868; graduated from Columbus Medical College in the spring of 1879, and soon afterwards located in Crestline, O., where he remained about a year when he removed to Rend- ville, O , where he at present is engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. William Feltwell Beyer is the son of Samuel and Caroline Beyer «f'n'f Harr, and was born October 29, 1843, ^t Lockport, Westmoreland county. His preceptor was Dr. R. Armstrong, of Lock Haven, and he graduated from the Jefferson Medical College March 10, 1865. He located at Renova, May i, 1865, where he remained until his removal to Re}-noldsville. On November 24, 1869, he married Imogen Hyatt. Dr. Thomas Chalmers Lawson located in Brookville, Ma)- 10, 1880. He is the son of James B. and Lavinia Lawson rur Orr, and was born near Law- sonham. Clarion county, July 26, 1843. He read medicine with Dr. John P. Norman, of Rimersburg, Clarion county, and graduated from Jefterson Medical College March 13, 1871, and located at Greenville, Clarion county, irt the following June, where he remained until some time in the spring of 1879, The Medical Profession. 395 when he discontinued practice for a year, spending the winter of '79 and '80 attending lectures at Philadelphia and New York. He married Alice E. Pat- ton, daughter of the late Thomas Patton of Greenville, Clarion county, Decem- ber 4, 1874. Dr. Lawson is a member of the County and State Medical Socie- ties. Dr. Charles Crawford Hindman is the son of Crawford Hindman ; was born near Corsica, Jefiferson county ; read medicine with Dr. John Thompson, of Corsica, and graduated at Jefferson Medical College March 11, 1876. He lo- cated sometime during the spring of '"j^ at Shannondale, Clarion county, but how long he remained there is not known. After leaving Shannondale he lo- cated at Scotch Hill, in the same county, but the length of time he practiced there is not known. He located in Corsica, Jefferson county, it is thought, sometime in 1880, or, possibly, in 1 881. He married Flora Taylor, daughter of the late John Taylor, of this county. He is now located at Du Bois, Clear- field county. Dr. Charles Augustus Wilson is the son of Dr. George and Anna Wilson }ice Hover, and was born January 20, 1858 ; read medicine with his father. Dr. George Wilson, and graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine and Surgery, Louisville, June 29, 1881; married Alice M. Tyson in 1879, and located at Big Run, Jefferson county, soon after his graduation. He was ap- pointed postmaster of that place in 1885, and is also engaged in the general drug business. Dr. Alonzo Dexter McComb located in Perrysville, Jefferson county, it is thought, in 1 88 1. He was born in Dayton, Armstrong county, and at- tended lectures at Cleveland, O. Dr. James Glass McCoy located in Corsica, it is thought, in 1881. He was born in Florence, Washington county, and graduated from the medi- cal department of the university of Wooster, O., February 27, 1873. Dr. Reid C. Matthews, son of John Matthews, was born in Knox township, Jefferson county, December 23, 1858; read medicine with Drs. C. M. and W. F. Matson, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in June, 1881. Dr. Matthews located in Columbus, O., where he is at present engaged in the practice of medicine. Dr. Stephen Fugate located in Reynoldsville in the spring of 188 1. He was born in Centre county, and graduated from the University of Michi- gan March 28, 1877. He also took a post-graduate course in 1880. He re- moved to Clearfield county where he now practices. Dr. Erastus Quay McHenry located at Rockdale Mills, November 7, 1882. His parents were Robert and Isabel McHenry, and he was born in White township, Indiana county, March 4, 1846. He read medicine with his brother, Dr. G. J. McHenry, and attended two full courses of lectures at the Uni- versity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor. He commenced to practice medicine in 396 History of Jefferson County. the spring of 1870, at Westover, Clearfield county, where he remained until August, 1874, when he removed to Du Bois, same county, where he continued in practice until November 7, 1882, when he purchased the property and prac- tice of Dr. M. M. Rankin, at Rockdale Mills, where he has been engaged in active practice ever since. Dr. Thornton' Riggs Williams was born near Ithaca, Dark county, O. His maternal ancestors being early pioneers of that State, having settled near Cin- cinnati as early as 1802, and his paternal ancestors were early pioneers of Washington county. Pa. His early training was received on the farm and his elementary education was obtained from the common district school under the usual disadvantages. Early in his ''teens" he attended the national normal school at Lebanon, O., where he fitted himself for teaching, which occupation he followed only for a short time when he entered the Ohio Wesleyan Univer- sity, at Delaware, O., where he remained five years, graduating with the class of '78. Subsequently he graduated from the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, Baltimore, Md., his diploma being dated March i, 1882. His first lo- cation was in Brockwayville, in December, '82, where he remained until Aug- ust, 1883, when he removed to Beech Tree, and continues to practice there. Dr. George Alvin Blose was born in Perry township, Jefterson county, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College, April 2, 1883; located at Perrys- ville, Jefferson county. Dr. Joseph Henry Hoffman was born in Rose township, near Brookville, November 8, 1858. He is the son of Jacob and Mary Josephine Hoffman nee Reuter ; read medicine with Dr. A. F. Balmer, of Brookville, and gradu- ated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, April 2, 1883 ; registered in Jefferson county, but located in St. Mary's, Elk county, on the i8th of June, 1883, where he has continued to practice since ; married Josephine Bax- ter, January 26, 1886. Dr. Franklin Pierce Segworth was born in Fryburgh, Clarion county ; graduated from College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Md., March i, 1883, and located in Ringgold soon afterwards, remaining but a short time. Present residence unknown. Dr. Julius Schefifer was born in Getmold, Germany, November 26, 1843; graduated from medical department University of Herford, Germany, in 1865, and attended a course of lectures at tl e medical department University of Pennsylvania during the winter of 1867-68, soon after which he located in Pittsburgh, where he remained until 1872, when he removed to Petrolia, But- ler county, where he continued the practice of medicine until 1880, when he removed to Bradford, McKean county. He practiced in Bradford until 1882, when he removed to Warren, Warren county. He remained in Warren one year, and then located in Punxsutawney, Jefferson county. How long he practiced in Punxsutawney, or where he is at present located, is not known. The Medical Profession. 3^7 Dr. Eugene Gustav Matson, son of Dr. C. M. and Alice Matson, ncc John- son, was born at Corsica. Jefferson county, December 26, 1858; entered Syracuse University as a student in October, 1873, and graduated in June, 1879, receiving the degree of Ph. B. ; entered his father's office as a medical student in the spring of 1S80, and attended three full courses of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating on the 20th of April, 1883 ; was chosen resident physician at Blockley Hospital, Philadelphia, September i, 1883, for one year; went to Europe in October, 1884, and attended a course of lectures at the University of Berlin, Prussia, delivered by Bergman on surgery, Schroder on gynecology, Henoch on diseases of children, and others on other branches of medicine. After completing this course he spent some time in Europe, visiting places of interest in Germany, Italy, France, and England. On the 1st of October, 1886, he located in Pittsburgh, and about the same time was elected assistant demonstrator of anatomy at the Western Pennsylvania Medical College. On April i, 1887, he removed from Oakland, Fifth Avenue, to No. 951 Pennsylvaina Avenue. He is now demonstrator of anatomy at Western Pennsylvania College in conjunction with Dr. Joseph Dickson. Dr. Henry Samuel Barrett was born in Smicksburgh, Indiana county, and graduated from Toledo Medical College, Ohio, July 13, 1S83; located in Punxsutawney. Dr. Dwight Gustavus Hubbard was born on the loth of March, 1846, at Centreville, Allegany county, N. Y. His parents were Asa Carter and Fran- ces Adeline Hubbard. He read medicine with Dr. Conrad Diehl in Buffalo, N. Y., and graduated from the University of Buffalo in the spring of 1869; first located at Farmersville, Cattaraugus county, N. Y., and remained there from the spring of 1869 to the spring of 1873, He then located at Carbon Run, Bradford county, as surgeon for the Schraeder Coal and Iron Com- pany, which position he continued to hold until November, 1883, when he removed to Punxsutawney. He was married in 1871 to Hattie C. Hall, of Wethersfield, Wyoming county, N. Y. Has been in the continuous practice of medicine since his graduation. Dr. James Alloysius McKibbon, the son of Henry and Mary McKibbon, nee Lochiel, was born March 11, 1854, at Cresson Springs, Cambria county, and read medicine with Dr. R. B. Brown at Summerville. He married Ella Brown, daughter of Dr. R. B. Brown, February 8, 1879, and graduated from Bellevue Medical College, New York, March i, 1880. He located in Allegheny City in June, 188 1, and remained till August, 1883, when he re- moved to Reynoldsville, Jefferson county, where, in connection with the prac- tice' of medicine, he carries on a general drug business. Dr. Charles Gustav Ernst was born in Punxsutawney, August 18, 1859, and is the son of Henry and Catherine Ernst, iice Speis ; read medicine with Dr. Joseph Shields, and graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 47 398 History of Jefferson County. lege March 13, 1884; located Immediately after in Punxsutawney, where he continues the practice of medicine. Dr. Samuel Wesley McDowell is the son of James C. and Anna McDowell, «£■> Mahl, and was born at Clinton Furnace, Clarion county, July 24, 1S54. His medical preceptor was Dr. James A. Miller, of Perrysville, Jefterson county ; was married May 28, 1879, to Sarah Agnes, the youngest daughter of the late James Mitchell, of Indiana ; graduated from Jefferson Medical College, at Philadelphia, March 29, 1884, and in the following May located in Ringgold, Jefferson county, where he still remains. Dr. John Monroe Fisher, son of B. K. and Sarah L. Fisher, nee Livengood, was born in Lebanon county, June 23, 1858 ; read medicine with Dr. J. W. Foust, of Reynoldsville, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College March 29, 1884. He is at present located in Philadelphia and connected with Jefferson College Hospital. Dr. John Knox Brown is the son of Dr. R. B. and Susan L. Brown, nee Lavley, and was born April 29, 1859 ; read medicine with his father at Sum- merville, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College March 29, 1884, and located in Summerville, in partnership with his father, immediately after. He married Mattie J., daughter of Robert Hamilton, of Perrysville, Jefferson county, January 15, 1885. Dr. Joseph Clinton Wilson, son of Dr. George and Anna Wilson, nee Hoover, was born at Luthersburg, Clearfield county, March 12, 1854. His preceptors in the study of medicine were his father and brother, Dr. C. A. Wilson. He graduated from the University of Maryland, at Baltimore, March 14, 1884, and located in Sigel, Jefferson cout}", June 10, 1884. Dr. David Fisher was born in Vergennes, Vt.; graduated from the Univer- sity of Vermont, July 6, 1882, and located in Brockwayville, Jefferson county, sometime in the spring of 1884, but how long he remained or whither he went is not known. Dr. Otis Shields Sharp, son of Dr. J. W. and Mary A. Sharp nee Walker, was born in Perrsyville, Jefferson county, March 24, 1861 ; read medicine with Dr. W. B. Walker and his father — Dr. J. W. Sharp ; graduated from the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, in the spring of 1884, and located in Knoxdale, June 20, 1S84. Married Emma L. Gilhousen, June 27, 1886. Dr. David Lemuel Paine, son of Alexander and Mary B. Paine nee Mc- Clain, was born at Corbett's Mills, Clarion county, July 11, 1846. He engaged in merchandising when of sufficient age, in which he continued until he read medicine. Married Elizabeth A. Matson, September 19, 1868; read medicine with Drs. C. M. and W. F. Matson, and graduated from Columbus . Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, February 28, 1878 ; located in Shippenville, Clarion county, in March, 1878, where he remained nine months. He then removed to Scotch Hill, but after three years removed to New Bethlehem, re- The Medical Profession. 399 maining about three years. On the 29th of June, 1884, he located in Brook- ville, where he now resides, engaged in the drug business connected with the practice of his profession. Dr. Joseph Everett Hall, son of Enoch and Martha Hall nee Clark, was born in Brookville, April 12, 1842. EnHsted as a private in Company I, One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, jin^August, 1862, and was mustered out as adjutant of the One Hundred and Eighty-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, July 13, 1865. Entered the office of Dr. C. M. Matson as a medical student in the autumn of 1865, attended^two full courses of lectures at the Medical Department University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College, March 12, 1869. He located in Parker City, June 10, 1869 ; married F" ranees Irene, daughter]of Hon. W. P. Jenks, September 12, 1872. In June, 1882, he located in Emlenton, Ve- nango county, but continued his office in Parker City ; took a post-graduate course of lectures in January, 1885, and located in Brookville in the following March. He is a member of the board of Pension E.xaminers] for Jefferson count)', and a member of the State Medical Society. Dr. James Buchanan Neale was born at Perrysville, Jefferson county ; read medicine with Dr. W. M. B. Gibson, at Reynoldsville, and graduated from Cincinnati College, of Medicine and Surgery, February 26, 1885, and located soon after in Reynoldsville, where he is at present engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. Robert James Hillis was born in Winslow township, Jefferson county ; read medicine with Dr. B. Sweeny; graduated from College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Md., March 15, 18S6. Dr. Hillis is now acting as assisting surgeon for the Dagus Coal Company. Dr. James Beyer Mitchell was born in Westmoreland county, but with whom he read medicine, or at what institution he attended lectures, is not known. He located in Punxsutawney some time previously to June 16, 1886. Dr. Henry Pilgrim Holt was born in Beaver township, Jefferson county, and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Md., March 15, 1886. He is now located at Tionesta, Forest county. Dr. Joseph Calvin Stahlman, was born in Redbank township, Armstrong county, September 20, 1858. He is the son of Solomon and Catharine Stahlman; was married to Mary Elizabeth McElhose, March lO, 1882; read medicine with A. D. McComb, of West Millville, Clarion county, and grad- uated from the Medical Department Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O., March 9, 1887. Located at Richardsville, April 5, 1887, where he remains at present. Dr. Elmer Brown Borland, son of William and Martha Borland, was born in Knox township, near Belleview, Jefferson county, September 29, 1861 ; read medicine with Dr. W. W. Woods, at Belleview, and graduated,;taking first prize 400 History of Jefferson County. on examination, from West Pennsylvania Medical College, Pittsburgh, March 27, 1887. He is at present located in Pittsburgh. The history of the medical profession from 181 7, to August 1S87, including a period of seventy years, is as complete and comprehensive as it is possible now to make it. Dates, in a few instances, which had to be determined by circumstances, or cotemporary events, or, where they have been taken from the recollections of old settlers may not be perfectly correct, but they are as nearly so as possible at the present time to make them. The sketches have been ar- ranged in chronological order, as being preferable to an attempt at a separate history of the profession in each borough or township, or an alphabetical one, either of which might have a tendency to confuse the mind of the reader as to the period in which these men lived and practiced in the county. The medical profession of Jefferson county is not behind that of any county in the State ; they keep thoroughly up with the advance of medical science ; many of their libraries are very extensive ; the better class of medical literature is largely patronized, and the profession of Jefferson county numbers among its members as large a proportion of careful, thoughtful observers, skillful opera- tors and successful practitioners, as are to be found anywhere. CHAPTER XXX. THE LUMBER TRADE OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. The Magnificent Forests of Timber that Have Fallen Before the Lumberman'.'; Ax — The Production of the Red Bank Valley — The Red Bank Navigation Company — The Mahoning Navigation Company ^ Statistics of Lumber Produced. NO county in the State could boast of finer bodies of timber than Jefferson county when it was first settled ; but almost the first act of the white man was to lay low the grand monarchs of the forest that clothed the hills, and from that day onward the destruction has been carried on, until now but little of the magnificent timber remains. The fame of the region in this respect was soon noised abroad, but it was not until about the year 1836 or 1837 that the lumber trade was pushed with any kind of vigor. Then capitalists began to come into the county, new mills were erected, and the lumber business became an immense one, that was not allowed to decline until the supply was ex- hausted. Acts were passed declaring the principal streams highways, and the spring and fall freshets found them full of rafts and busy raftmen. In 1854 the lumber trade of the Redbank Valley was estimated at over 20,000,000 feet; on the North Fork there were twent\--two saws cutting 10,- The Lumber Trade. 401 000,000; on Sandy Lick and its branches, twenty saws, cutting 10,000,000; on Redbank and Little Sandy, fifteen saws, cutting 3,500,000 ; total estimate, 23,500,000 feet. To this can be added at least 5,000,000 shingles, and about 1,200,000 feet linear, or square feet of timber, or about 3,000,000 cubic feet. Before the passage of the acts creating the Redbank and Mahoning Navi- gation Companies, rafting, owing to the obstructions in the channel, etc., was e.xtremely difficult and hazardous, but these companies expended large sums to remove obstructions, straighten the channels, and otherwise improve the streams. Before this was done board rafts ran out of Redbank contained from 20,000 to 25,000 feet; now they contain in many instances 50,000. At the spring flood of 1869, seventy- four board, and three hundred and fifty timber rafts were run out of Redbank by Jefterson county lumbermen, containing over 2,500,000 feet of boards, and 600,000 feet of square timber. In 1872 there were run out of Redbank from the waters of Sandy Lick, North Fork, Little Sandy, and Redbank 917 timber, and 570 board rafts. The timber rafts from the three former streams averaged 16,000 feet per raft, and those from Little Sandy, 1,000 feet ; the board rafts ran from 25,000 to 50,000, making a total run for the year of 1,500,000 feet of square timber, and 20,000,- 000 feet of boards. These comprised the shipments of one hundred and fifty individuals and firms, averaging from one to one hundred rafts each. In 1873 eight of the principal lumber firms on the North Fork, Sandy Lick, and Redbank, sent to market 428 board rafts, containing from 30,000 to 50,- 000 feet per raft, and over 100 timber rafts. The largest of these rafts came from the mill of A. Bell & Co., on Sandy Lick. To this should be added the product of the Mahoning and Little Toby, of which no statistics arc obtaina- ble. But the pristine glory of Redbank has departed ; the mighty monarchs of the forest that clothed the banks of it and its tributaries have been laid low. The lumber trade of Jefferson county in a few years will be a thing of the past. The pine timber, in the handling of which large fortunes were accumulated, and which was for so long the staple product of the county, will soon all be cut away. The destruction of timber in this pine region of the State has been wanton in the extreme, and the waste in the earlier years of the trade was incalculable. In many instances the choicest timber was cut ruthlessly away in order to clear the land for crops that were of little value ; but there was no voice raised to stop this wholesale destruction ; the ax of the woodman was heard in all directions, and no one cried, "Woodman, spare that tree." There is perhaps in Jefferson county now standing, five hundred millions of white pine ; of hemlock there is a better showing, there yet remaining fifteen hundred millions. 402 History of Jefferson County. The lowest price paid for timber was 2|- cents per cubic foot in 1846 ; the highest was 27 cents per cubic foot, paid in 1863 ; the lowest price paid for boards was $3.50 per thousand, in 1826, and the highest was $30.00 per thousand, paid in 1864. The Redbank Navigation Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature May 17, 1854, by which Thomas K. Litch, Thomas Re\'nolds, Daniel Smith, Darius Carrier, and Patrick Kerr were appointed commissioners to carry out the provisions of said act. The third section of the act gave the company power to clean and clear the Red Bank, Sandy Lick, and North Fork from all rocks, bars, and other ob- structions ; to erect dams and locks; to bracket and regulate all dams now erected ; to regulate the schutes of dams ; to control the waters for purposes of navigation ; to levy tolls not exceeding one and one- quarter cents for each and every five miles of improved creek, per thousand feet of boards or other aawed stuff, for every fifty feet, linear measure, of square or other timber. These tolls were to be collected at the mouth of Red Bank, or at such other points as was deemed necessary. This section also provided for the appoint- ment of officers and agents to carry the provisions of the bill into effect. Under the provisions of this act the streams were greatly improved, and during the first three years the tolls collected amounted to over three thousand dollars, the greater part of which sum was expended in improving the chan- nels. The company was organized August 2, 1856, by electing Thomas K. Litch, president; P. Taylor, C. H. Prescott, Michael Best, and R. J. Nichol- son, directors, and Paul Darling, secretary. The last officers, elected in 1882, were: T. K. Litch, president ; S. S. Jack- son, N. Carrier, jr., G. B. Carrier, and Abel Fuller, directors; of these the president, and one of the directors, Nathan Carrier, jr., have since died. Thomas K. Litch was continued as president of the company from August 2, 1856, until August 18, 1866, when I. G. Gordon was elected, who held the office until December 27, 1873, when Mr. Litch was again elected, and re- mained the president until his death, in 1882. A. L. Gordon was appointed secretary, treasurer, and collector October 27, 1866, and acted in those capacities until his death, in 1885, since which time Charles Corbet, esq., has taken his place. The Mahoning Navigation Company.i " This company was incorporated first by act of the General Assembly, Jul)' 31, 1845, for the purpose of controlling navigation on Mahoning Creek, and some stock subscribed and some payments made on it. But there is no rec- ord of any organization under this act of incorporation. 1 Prepared by C. M. Brewer, secretary. The Lumber Trade. 403 The present Mahoning Navigation Compan_v was incorporated by act of the General Assembly approved the loth day of August, A. D. 1858, which act empowered the company to be organized tiiereundcr to clean and clear Mahoning Creek and its branches, and to control navigation thereon perpetu- ally, and for purposes of revenue to carry out its purposes to assess tolls on all logs, rafts, boats or other craft run on the same, perpetually. Under this act of incorporation the present company was organized on the iith day of July, A. D. 1863, by the election of Stacy B. Williams as president, and Jolin Miller, John Couch, I. T. Gillespie and W. E. Bell, as managers. John Hast- ings, esq., was elected secretary to this board, and re-elected from year to year continuously, up to 1871. Stacy B. Williams was continued as president, with several changes in the directors, up to the election of July 9, 1 870, when G. W. Zeitler was chosen president, who continued up to July lO, 1871, when Jacob Zeitler was elected president. At this meeting John Hastings, esq., re- signed as secretary, and C. M. Brewer, esq., was elected secretary, and was re- elected from year to year until the present time, and is the secretary now. July 10, 1872, William E. Bell was elected president, and served in that position up to July 10, 1882, a period of ten years, when the Hon. J. U. Gillespie was elected president and served in that capacity up to July 10, 1885, when W. E. Bell was again elected president and has been re-elected from year to year since. There have been but two treasurers of this company — ,W. A. Dunlap, from the date of its organization up to 1883, a period of about twenty years, and Levi McGregor, since. The original capital stock of the company was $5,000, divided into shares of ten dollars each. It was essentially a popular corporation, created solely for the benefit of its founders, who were all practi- cal lumbermen, and all the stock was taken, and has since been held, by men in some way interested in lumbering. The company has collected and expended vast sums during its history in keeping the Mahoning Creek and its branches navigable for rafts and kindred craft. This, it will be understood, was no small undertaking, when we remember that at the time the company was created, and for many years thereafter, the Mahoning and its branches mean- dered through an almost unbroken wilderness from its source to near its mouth, where every storm felled trees, and every freshet washed up bars and rocks and destroyed dams. The mission of this company is about ended, be- cause the marketing of that which called it into being is about exhausted. It will go into history with many benedictions from the lumbermen, whose coad- jutor it has been for so many years; and with some strictures from the toll- payer because men in all ages have objected to enforced payment and unwill- ing tribute." 404 History of Jefferson County. CHAPTER XXXI. RAILROADS AND COAL. The Allegheny Valley Railroad — Bonds of Jefferson County — Building of Low Grade Di- vision — History of the Road in the County — Statement of Business for 1886 — The Rochester and Pittsburgh Road — The Toby Branch — The Reynold.sville and Falls Creek Road — Coal Pro- duction in Jefferson County — The Wallston Mines — The Clarion Mines — The Beechtree ilines — Statistics of the Coal Trade. The Low Grade Division of the Allegheny Valley Railroad. IN 1853 Jefferson county subscribed ninet_\' thousand dollars to the stock of the Allegheny Vallej' Railroad. To enable them to pay this money the commissioners of the county issued bonds of one thousand dollars each, for stock in said road, payable in thirty years from date. These bonds read as follows : " Know all men by these presents, that the county of Jefferson, in the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania, is indebted to the Allegheny Valley Railroad Company in the full and just sum of one thousand dollars, which sum of money, the said county agrees and promises to pay, thirty years after the date hereof, to the said Allegheny Valley Railroad Company, or bearer, with interest, at the rate of six per centum per annum, payable semi-annually on the first Monday of May and November, at the office of the said railroad company, in the city of New York, upon the delivery of the coupons severally, hereto annexed, for which payments of principal and interest will, and truly, be made. The faith, credit and property of said county of Jefferson are hereby solemnly pledged, under the authority of an act of Assembly of this Commonwealth, entitled a further supplement to an act entitled an act for the incorporation of the Pitts- burgh, Kittanning and Warren Railroad Company, approved the fourth day of April, A. D. eighteen hundred and thirtj'-seven, and the supplement, which became a law on the fourteenth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two. " In testimony whereof and pursuant to said act and supplement of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, and resolutions of the county commissioners, in their official capacity, passed the fifteenth day of September, 1852, the com- missioners of said county have signed, and the clerk of said commissioners has countersigned these presents, and have hereto caused the seal of said county to be affixed, this thirteenth day of June, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and fifty-three. "THOMAS Hall, [Seal]. "J. S. Steck, " Commissioners of Jefferson county. "John J. Y. Thompson, Clerk of Commissioners." Railroads and Coal. 405 To each of these bonds was attached sixty coupons, the first one of which, attached to bond No. seven, reads as follows : " 30- " County of Jefferson. " Warrant No. 60 for thirty dollars. Being for six months interest on bond No. 7, payable on the first Monday of May, 1883, at the office of the Alle- gheny Railroad Company, in the city of New York. " $30. John J. Y. Thompson, Clerk." The road not being finished in the time specified, the bonds were not paid, but were still held by the railroad company until 1869, when a compromise was effected between the commissioners of the count)' and the officers of the road, whereby the former paid to the latter the sum of forty- five thousand dollars, in lieu of the aforesaid bonds, the railroad company agreeing to run their road through the limits of the borough of Brookville. " By an act of the Legislature the commissioners of Jefferson county were authorized to borrow any sum or sums of money not exceeding forty- five thousand dollars, and to issue the bonds of said county, with or without cou- pons, or other evidences of indebtedness therefor, at a rate not exceeding eight per cent, per annum ; and the said bonds or other indebtedness shall be ex- empted from taxation, provided that the money arising from the negotiation or sale of said or other evidences of indebtedness, shall be appropriated to the payment of certain articles of settlement and compromise made by and between the county of Jefferson and the Allegheny Valley Railroad Company, dated July 29, 1869, for the redemption of ninety thousand dollars, bonds of said county issued to the said railroad company on the 24th day of June, 1853." This act was approved February 19, 1870. The Low Grade Division of the Allegheny Valley Railroad was opened eastward from Redbank to New Bethlehem, a distance of twenty-one miles, on the 6th of May, 1873. On the 23d of June trains commenced running regu- larly to Brookville, a distance of forty miles from Redbank, and on November 5 a further section of sixteen miles was opened, extending to Reynoldsville, fifty-six miles from Redbank. On the eastern end of the road a section of nineteen miles from Driftwood to Barr's Station was thrown open for business on August 4, and on May 4, 1874, the entire Low Grade Division, from Red- bank to Driftwood, was open through for business. The Low Grade Division of the Allegheny Valley Railroad enters Jefferson county twenty- eight miles westward from its junction with the main line at the mouth of Redbank Creek, and continues in the same county for a distance of thirty-four and a half miles, leaving Jefferson county and entering Clearfield county at a point immediately westward of the station called Falls Creek. The principal stations located in this county are Summervillc, Brookville, and Reynoldsville, with fourteen other stations of minor importance. 48 4o6 History of Jefferson County. to • ■^ .-* .« .t- -O -t- -CJ -t- .0» -O .00 -OC "-1 -o ••* ■=» — ■ o 00 to CT 2 73 CT . 00 "* £ • K ■tK .« CT OS .X rt X 00 •saox 01 paonpaa tt_ ?r O ^ ; iH .43 Ict o CT ' -* to .Cf.CJ. . . . IVIOX -?it-x^_.-.« 1-1 .---.:;__ o c| -i-_ t-; 'TMiO"*-!^ — 1 CT ^ t- C S-. 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I*? ■,r3 •= -rs :■= bC "■'.i'-^ — '-^.S-'.i T- i^ : X • >c:>ci>:i>S>K>7;>:;>c3>S>:2> = >T>c ^ 1 £ o s'S fe" #5 s f 5~ s t s? s 5 ST '" * ? ■*? s i Yz ;s r g h: £ § : 5 \ b. OD cjci-ci'--z^--c-; — ci; — c-;— ~ — ; — c — c-c — c „ --H . cu ■ ' o la afe, K i. K :i ^i. j^ ^ K ^ ^i. ^i. ^i. - li ;:; i. ^i K i ~~Si~"^i^ ^ oE a i - i O o : a : ; 1^5^ •::H d t< -; ; £="c *; C to •< a ^ • • fcs : : ; (c ; : : ■ H ■ • >*-^" f^" < 4) 4C CD « ^ g S ? S s 2 P S P 2 C S B . ; M S 1 J < ^ 2; Z H 1 i II '5 h n s y- ^ c - s . |^|;§ «:; < a o < u 01 O a S P. H ^ . 42. Sg 12.69 362 42.leiseys 27.34 13.70 4.17 23 Guernseys 27.43 13- 87 4.52 9 Cross breeds 43.53 12.71 3.57 It will be seen by this that the Guernseys are slightly in front in quality and quanity. The same year he bougiit a pair of choice Chester white pigs, and has recently purchased Serpolet, the best Norman Percheron stallion that was ever in the county. He is registered both in France and America; was imported when one year old. He took first prize at New York State Fair, and second at Bay State fair (Massachusetts) in 1886. as the best two-year-old. Past and Present Business of Brookville. — William Rodgers started the second store in Brookville, just three days after Jared B. Evans moved his store from Port Barnett, and opened his stock of goods in the Clark Hotel on Jefferson street. This street seems to have been the business emporium in those days; the first stores, the first tannery, and one of the first hotels, being located there. Mr. Rodgers's ledger, kept in the years 183 1-36, record many of the names of the old settlers of the country, and all the early citizens of the town. A credit system prevailed and the following is a sample of the accounts re- corded in these books, and shows the prices prevailing fifty-si.x years ago: 1831. John Christy, Dr. March 15, To i Testament $ -25 Apr. 7, To I Testament 25 " 16, To I Cotton Shawl 62>^ Aug. II, To I yd Muslin, per son John 14 " 16, To I pair combs per son John 25 Sept. 16, To I oz. indigo per daughter 25 " 28, To 5 lbs. Coffee 100 Oct. 29, To I tin bucket 62 '^ Nov. 14, To 4 yds. Cassinett 4.00 Dec. 10, To Sundries 1-39^^ Jan. 4, 1832, To Do 71 '4 " 14, To 5 lb. Coffee i.oo " 31, " I Comb per son John 50 $11.00 1831, This account is b.alanced as follows : April 16, By cash in full 50 Dec. 10, By 24 bus. oats 6.00 April II, 1832, " town order for A. Kelly 4- 50 $11.00 History of Brookville. 451 Mr. Rodgers also kept his post-office account in the same book, as the post-office was in the same room in which he sold goods, from which it appears that the receipts of the office from April i, 1835, to December 31, 1838, inclu- sive was $587. 7if. These old ledgers which are in a good state of preserva- tion, were kept with the greatest care ; scarce a blot appears on the pages, and they are legibly and well written. Jack, Jenks & Co., kept quite an extensive store in 1845, o'"" Jefferson street. In their day book of that year, is found an account of each day's sales for the month of February, which aggregates $158. The merchants of the present day can contrast these sales and the prices quoted above, with those of the present day. One of the articles kept by every merchant, has disappeared from the counter. Charges for whisky in those days appearing quite frequently on the pages of the day books of the early merchants. H. Matson, dealer in dry goods, dress goods, notions, etc., commenced bus- iness in Brookville in 1849, and has been engaged in the mercantile business for almost forty years. He opened his present store in 1870. His store is located in his own building on Main street. Mr. Matson came to Brookville in 1844. R. A. Rodgers & Co., dry goods, clothing, notions, etc. This business was established in 1862 by Dr. Mark Rodgers, and at his death August 10, 1883, the business passed into the hands of his widow and son, R. A. Rodgers, under the firm name of R. A. Rodgers & Co. This store is located in the large brick block erected in 1871 by Dr. Rodgers, on the property purchased by him from Enoch Hall. N. G. Edelblute, dry goods, clothing, notions, etc., commenced business in 1859. After the fire of 1874, he bought the lot owned by S. G. Fr}-er, and erected the two-story brick building in which is his store and residence. Thomas H. Means, general store. This business was first established by Mills and Means, in September, 1879, but since February, 1883, has been owned by Mr. Means. M. W. Dickey, dealer in dry goods, notions, carpets, etc. This store was first started in 1865 by William Dickey, George H. Kennedy and M. M. Mere- dith, as Dickey, Kennedy & Meredith, and was located in the old Evans block. In 1866 Meredith retired, and his place was filled by Dr. J. H. Wick, under the firm name of Dickey, Kennedy & Wick. In January, 1870, Dr. Wick also retired, and until the fire of 1877, Dickey and Kennedy continued the business in the same place, when they were driven out by the fire, and moved to the McCracken building ; they then bought out the store of C. M. and J. N. Gar- rison, and moved into the American House block. March, 1878 the firm sold out to a son of the senior partner, M. W. Dickey, who has since associated for a short time his brother W. W. Dickey and Steele G. Hartman. He is now sole proprietor, and is located in the Marlin Opera House building. 452 History of Jefferson County. Guyther & Henderson, dealers in dry goods, foreign and domestic dress goods, notions, etc. This business was started in October, 1876, by W. H. Gray and John W. Guyther. In July, 1880, D. A. Henderson, became one of the firm of Gray, Guyther & Co., and in March, 1SS5, Mr. Gray retired, and the firm is now Guyther & Henderson. They are located in their own build- ing on Main street, which they purchased from K. L. Blood in 1880. George H. Kennedy & Son, general merchandise. This store was started in September, 1880, and February, 1882, Mr. Kennedy formed a copartner- ship with William Campbell, as Kennedy & Campbell, which continued until April, 1885, when Mr. Campbell retired, and was succeeded by Harry H. Kennedy ; the firm now being George H. Kennedy & Son, located in American House block.'] , Charles S. Irvin, dealer in dry goods, dress goods, clothing, etc., estab- lished in 1873, first located in Commercial House block, now in new building on Main street erected in 1886. S. Kaufman, general merchandise, groceries, etc., established in i860, lo- cated in U. Matson's building on Main street. G. Loebman, general merchandise, commenced business in April, 1873. In January, 1881, he associated with him his brother Albert, under the name of G. Loebman and Brother, and December, 1885, the latter retired. This store is also located in the Uriah Matson block. Mills & Connor, dealers in dry goods, dress goods, notions, etc., established August, 1885 ; located in Marlin Opera building. Albert Loebman, dealer in dry goods, clothing, etc., commenced in March, 1886; located in Arthurs's block. W. M. Nickle. " five cent " store, started April, 1883 ; located in H. Mat- son's block. Zettler & Hoelsche, dealers in dry goods and notions, established in No- vember, 1885 ; located on Main street, in Edelblute building. Mrs. Amelia F. Henderson, dealer in millinery and fancy goods, com- menced business in 1869. She purchased the property — that erected by William F. Clark in 1846 — of R. Arthurs, on east Main street, in 1S82, which she has much improved and where she has her store and residence. Mrs. S. H. Whitehill, millinery bazar, commenced business February, 1884; located in Braden building. Main street. Miss Hattie Wilson, milliner and fancy goods, commenced business May, 1884; located in Edelblute building. Main street. The wants of the ladies of Brookville are fashionably catered to by expe- rienced dressmakers, prominent among whom are Mrs. C. E. Clements, who commenced business in 1867, and is located in the old Furley homestead on Fast Main street. Mrs. Mary McLain and Daughter, who conmienced in 1876, are located in the Rink building. Mrs. Lina Jackson and Mrs. Louie Scott History of Brookville. 453 are also on East Main street. Misses Laura Sinitli, Lavina Spare, and Mary Miller, in South Brookville ; Mrs. L. G. Kahle and Miss Eliza Thompson, on Jefferson street, and Mrs. Mary Buell on White street. Dr. W. J. McKnight and Thomas L. Templeton, of Brookville, who consti- tute the drug firm of McKnight & Bro., commenced business in October, 1863, in the east room of the Clements House, then occupying the site of the house now known as the Commercial Hotel, on Main street. In the fall of 1 87 1, November 3, they were burned out in the fire which at that time con- sumed the hotel property and all buildings on the square, extending from Dia- mond alley to Barnett street on the west. In the spring of the year preceding this time, on account of the pressing need of greater faciHties for conducting their increasing business, they set about the construction of a new brick build- ing which they erected on the lot oppjsitethe court-house, formerly owned by the heirs of Barclay Jenks, esq., deceased, which they had bought in Decem- ber, 1869. This building, which is a large three story and basement, occupied on third floor by " Hobah " Masonic Lodge, and on second floor by offices, had so far approached completion that every part was ready for occupancy, excepting the drug room, so that for the time being they were obliged to oc- cupy, — with the remnants of the drug stock saved from the fire — a room in the basement of the new building. This, however, was but for a short time, as by February term of court ensuing, the new store, which they now occupy, was completed, giving them a room in style and finish not excelled by any other in the western part of the State. Roswell P. Blood, druggist. This business was established in 1867 by Eason & Matson. David Eason, in 1868, disposed of his interest to Dr. Hugh Dowling, when it became DowHng & Matson. Then, in 1871, Dr. R. S. Hunt and R. P. Blood purchased the store, and in November, 1874, R. P. Blood purchased the interest of his partner, Dr. R. S. Hunt, and became sole pro- prietor ; now located in west room of Rodgers & Clark building, Main street. E. B. Henderson, drug store; started January, 1878, by E. B. and S. S. Henderson. December i, 1S86, the latter disposed of his interest to his brother, E. B. Henderson; located in Endress building. Main street. Verstine & Sandt, drug store, started in 1881 ; located in Verstine Hall building, Main street. E. A. Paine, drug store, managed by Dr. D. L. Paine ; started in August, 1884; located in Litchtown. C. B. Guth, jewelry store; started in July, 1878 ; located in Marlin Opera House building. Espy & Carroll, boot and shoe store. The partners in this business, Thomas Espy and Thomas M. Carroll, bought the shoe shop of J. E. Carroll in August, 1858, which was started in 1846, and have been in business ever since ; now located in Marlin Opera House building. 54 454 History of Jefferson County. S. Craig & Son, dealers in groceries. This store was established in 1865 by Samuel Craig, as a general store, until 187 1, when Mr. Craig associated with him his son, W. F. Craig, until his death, 1885, since which time W. F. Craig has continued the business under the same firm name. This store is located in the Matson block. Thomas K. Hastings, dealer in groceries, flour, etc. ; successor to A. B. McLain. This store was started in the McCracken building about 1872 by S. H. Smith, then moved to the Clements House block, and about 1876 A. B. McLain bought out Smith and removed to Central Hotel building. Mr. Mc- Lain sold his stock to T. K. Hastings, in February, 1885. Joseph Caldwell, dealer in groceries, flour, etc. ; successor to Mrs. Robert Clements, who sold to Mr. Caldwell in January, 1884; located in McCracken Hall building, on Main street. James M. Canning, dealer in groceries, flour, etc. ; established in May, 1876; located in Marlin Opera House building. William F. Wanner, dealer in groceries, flour, etc. This store was started in the spring of 1866 by S. J. Marlin, who sold to Mr. Wanner in 1876. It is now located in White Hall building. Main street. Taylor D. Rhines, dealer in groceries, flour, feed, etc. ; established in June, 1885 ; located in P. P. ]31ood's building, Main street. Joshua Jones & Son, dealer in groceries, flour, fruits, etc. This store was started about 1877 by Mrs. C. E. Clements, who afterwards sold to D. Burns, and Burns disposed of the business in January, i886, to the present firm ; located in East Main street. James Braden & Company, dealers in groceries, flour, etc. This firm was first James Braden & Brother, who purchased the store from Alpheus Walker, in Februar)', 1879. James F. Braden was associated with his father and uncle in the business, February, 18S4, and the firm changed to James Braden & Co. This store is located in their own building, on Main street. J. H. Rhodes & Son, dealers in groceries, flour, feed, etc. This business -was established in 1873 by J. H. Rhodes and S. W. Smith, as Rhodes & Smith, and after Mr. Smith retired, Mr. Rhodes having associated his son, Harvey. with him in 1878, as Rhodes & Son ; located on corner of Barnett and Main streets. Cummings & Morrison, dealers in groceries, flour, feed, etc. This store was started first by Miller & Stevens, who sold to W. P. Sted, who in turn dis- posed of the goods to Campbell & McGiffin, in August, 18S5, and in August, 1886, William Campbell bought the interest of his partner in the business. The present firm purchased from Mr. Campbell in 1887; located on Main street. W. P. Steel, grocery, b.ikery and ice cream parlor; started in 1883 ; lo- cated on ]\Iaiu street. History of Brookville. 455 Levi Lerch, dealer in j,'roceries, queensware, flour, feed, etc.; purchased the stock of Abram Snyder in 1877, which was then located on East Main street; then removed to tlie Doughert)' building, on site of present opera house, and from there, in 1883, to the Red Mill south of the iron bridge. Daniel F. Hibbard, dealer in groceries, flour, feed, etc.; established in 1877 ; located south of covered bridge, in Mabon's addition. South Side. George H. Simpson, dealer in groceries, flour, etc. ; started in business in November, 1877 ; located in " Litchtown," East Side. James P. Black & Son, dealers in groceries, flour, etc ; established in April, 1882 ; located in Litchtown. Charles Sitz, feed store; started in fill of 1881 ; located in Litchtown. George Zetler, dealer in groceries, flour, feed, etc. This business was es- tablished by James I. Brady & Co., May, 1885, and sold to Mr. Zetler, June, 1887 ; located at Longview. William H. Zetler, grocery store; started in 1886 by D. W. Leitzell and sold to Mr. Zetler in June, 1887; located at Longview. Joseph Henderson & Son, dealers in tinware and stoves; commenced busi- ness in fall of 1866 ; located in his own building, corner of Main and Barnett streets; since 1876 the business has been conducted by Mr. Henderson, indi- vidually. G. A. Pearsall & Son, dealers in hardware, successors to Long & Pearsall. This store was started June, 1867. Mr. J. E. Long retired from the firm Jan- uary, 1876, and in August, 1 881, Mr. Pearsall associated his son, Elmer E., in the business with him ; located in their own building on Main street. Kennedy & Co., dealers in hardware. Tliis store was first established by William Kennedy and M. H. Hall, under the firm name of Kennedy & Hall, in March, 1867. In August, 1873, Mr. Hall retired from the firm, and the business was conducted by William Kennedy until July, 1880, when Samuel Chambers became associated with Mr. Kennedy, and the firm is since known as Kennedy & Co. It was first located in the old Evans block, until the fall of 1873 ; then removed to Clements House, then to the present location in Marlin's Opera House building, November, 1883. George Vanvleit, dealer in stoves, tinware, and hardware ; successor to S. T. Dougherty. This store was first started by T. P. McCrea & Bro., in 1868, who disposed of it to Mr. Dougherty, in 1879, and the latter sold it to the present proprietor, December, 1880. Rankin & Dunn, dealers in tinware, stoves, and hardware ; successors to John Lutz, from whom they purchased the store in August, 1886 ; located in Brady building. East Main street. Thompson & Chesiiut, merchant tailors. The business was first started January, 1870, by M. C. and W. A. Thompson, the former retiring May, 1873. Then W. A. Thompson carried on the business until December, 1879, when 456 History of Jefferson County. he formed a copartnership with J. M. Chesnut, as Thompson & Chesnut; located in Bishop building, Main stieet. C. P. O'Loughlin, merchant tailor. This business was first started by John J. Nyland, in 1876, who closed out in 1879, and worked for some time for George Vanvliet ; then the shop was opened by C. P. O'Loughlin, an appren- tice of Mr. Nyland, January, 1880 ; located in Matson building. T. W. Chesnut, mercliant tailor; established April, 1885; located in Bonnet building, Pickering street. J. L. Reicheter, merchant tailor; established in spring of 1887 ; located in Verstine building, East Main street. J. T. Carroll, boot and shoe shop ; first started in 1862 ; located in his own building, East Main street. Enoch Loux, boot and shoe shop. This shop was started by H. S. Lithgo in the fall of 1867, and January, 1884, purchased by Mr. Loux; located on East Main street. Thomas Wesley, boot and shoemaker; started in November, 1854; located on Pickering street. John E. Carroll, boot and shoe shop ; started October, 1883; located on Pickering street. William Smith, boot and shoe shop ; successor to Glenn & Smith ; started in September, 1866. Mr. Glenn retired in April, 1886. Located on Main street. Anthony Bonnet, gunsmith ; first commenced business in Brookville, in April, 1865 ; then removed to Clarion, April, 1868, returning to Brookville, March, 1882. Ferdinand Warner, tannery; built in 1875. The work done is generally what is called " sliare work," for farmers ; located in South Brookville. Dentists. — Dr. C. W. Stebbins located in Brookville about 1S60 and prac- ticed his profession as surgeon dentist until his death in 1882. His wife, now Mrs. C. Yeaney, who had mastered dentistry under the instruction of her hus- band, has carried on the business since his death. Her office is located in the McKnight building, Main street. Dr. M. B. Lowry, surgeon dentist, came to Brookville about i860, and has practiced here ever since. His two sons have adopted their father's profession, one being a graduate of the Philadelphia Dental College, and the other a stu- dent of that institution; located in the Guyther and Henderson building on Main street. Dr. William G. Bishop, surgeon dentist, first located in Reynoldsville in 1874, and in 1883 established his office in Brookville, retaining his practice in the former place until 1885. He is located in the Bishop building. Main street. Y. W. Ingraham & Co., general agents for pianos, organs, etc. This agency was established November, 1873, by A. H. Steadman, who continued History of Brookville. 457 the business until December 31, when he left Brookville, in order to accept a position with Whitney & Raymond, manufacturers of the United States organ, and general music dealers of Cleveland, O., aud is now a member of that firm. Mr. Steadman was succeeded by F. W. Ingraham and Peter B. Cowan, under the firm name of Ingraham & Cowan. October i, 1886, Mr. Cowan retired from the firm, and the business is now conducted under the firm name of Ingraham & Co., Mr. Ingraham being the manager. Since the agenc)' was established, they have sold a large number of pianos and organs ; now located in White Hall building, Main street. D. C. Whitehill, dealer in pianos and organs, sewing machines, etc.; busi- ness established Jul}', 1 886; located in Clark bank building. John F. & G. E. Broun, general insurance agents, successors to C. O. Ham- mond. This agency was first established by McMurray & Weidner, who were succeeded by J. A. Scott. Then J. H. Maize assumed charge and formed a co-partnership with C. O. Hammond, as Maize & Hammond, and on Mr. Maize retiring from the firm the business was conducted by Mr. Hammond until his death, August, 1882, when John F. and G. E. Brown purchased the business, from the estate of the latter; located in jail building. N. G. Pinnej', general insurance agent, came to Brookville in 1878 to solicit insurance for the agency of Samuel G. W. Brown, of Kittanning, and in 1880 started in the business for himself. He now represents ten large com- panies ; located in Marlin Opera House block. Hamilton & Reed, general insurance agents, established September, 1882 ; office in the old " Red Lion " Hotel building. Cabinet Manufactory, started in 1859 by Craig & Wilson. In May, 1879, Andrew Craig purchased the interest of his partner, Enoch Wilson. He was succeeded in 1881 by Haines Brothers. It is now owned by B. F. Haines, H. B. Craig, and Bartlett & Sons ; located at foot of Jefferson street. I. Aaron, dealer in furniture, etc. This business was established by O. Brown, and purchased from his estate by Mr. Aaron in 1883; located in Corbet building. West Main street. L. R. Rousseau, upholsterer and carriage trimmer; commenced in 1885 ; located in Rodgers block. Carroll & Hamilton, harness manufactory. It was first started in 1867 by S. G. Newcom and James K. Hamilton, and in March, 1869, James K. Hamilton got entire control. Then in 1875 James T. Carroll was associated in the busi- ness. Mr. Hamilton has been in the harness and saddlery business since 1863, with the exception of three years — 1871-1874 — that he was associated with Joshua Williams in the livery business. This shop is located in the old Red Line Hotel building. Main street. Smathers & De Haven, saddlery and harness. C. Smathers first started in the harness business with the late Colonel Charles McLain, as McLain & 458 History of Jefferson County. Smathers, and in 1858 sold to McLain, who mana<,'ed the shop until he went into the army. Mr. Smathers has been runnin hn H. De Haven ; location on Main street. Samuel Frank, saddlery and harness making, started March, 1874; located in ]5rady building. East Main street. The first foundry was built on the northwest corner of Main and Valley streets, on site of McCracken Hall building, by a man named Coleman, in 1841, who in a short time sold to Evan Evans, who in turn sold to Wilkins & Cor- bet, who moved it to the location now occupied by the foundry of Edwin English. They operated it for a while and then sold to John Gallagher and George McLaughlin who, in 1850, sold to the present proprietors, Edwin and Daniel English. Since 1855 the former has owned and operated the property. This foundry was first run by water-power, supplied by a dam built for the purpose, but the water supply not proving adequate, horse-power was substi tuted. After the foundry was removed to Water street, Snyder & Adams, in 1857, started a blacksmith shop on the same site on Main street, which they con- tinued about a year, when Mr. Adams retired, and the shop was continued for some time by Mr. Sn\'der. Mr. Wilson Adams, who came to Brookville in 185 I, carried on the blacksmithing for about twelve years. He still resides in Brookville. In 1853 the Washington foundry and machine-shop was built by J. P. Wann and Patrick McTaffe. Tlie\' conmienced the manufacture of plows, stoves, etc, and done mill repairing. In 1857 McTaffe sold his interest to Orlando Brown, who, at that time, resided in Angelica, Allegany county, N. Y. The same year Mr. Brown came to Brookville with part of his family, consisting of wife and two children, Orlando H. and Carrie — now^ Mrs. J. E. Long. He brought with him new machinery and men skilled in mechanical arts and put new life into the foundry and machine business. The other son, James L., came to Brookville in 1858 from the West, and went to work for Wann & Brown as an apprentice. The principal business was building circular saw-mills and repairing. Having no railroad connection nearer than Kittan- ning, most all the goods came by boat from Pittsburgh to Mahoning. At the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, stagnation followed in all branches of business. The foundry and machine-shop was closed for six months or over, with nothing to do and no men to work, as most every able-bodied man that could stand the hardships had enlisted, either in the three months' call for vol- unteers or f^r a longer period. The finding of the Seneca oil, or petroleum, on Oil Creek, opened up a new industry. The excitement attending the dis- covery created a demand for machinery, engine and boiler and boring tools. The business, at that time in its infancy, had to be created. Mr. Brown de- History of Bkookville. 459 signed and built an eight-horse-power engine and boiler for the oil trade; five and six-horse-power was considered ample to handle the heaviest tools at that time and to bore a well to the required depth. In 1863 James L. Brown leased Mr. Warm's interest for one year. At the expiration of time of lease he bought Mr. Wann's interest in the foundry and machine business. In 1864 the partnership of Brown & Son was changed to Brown, Son & Co., having taken in Mr. John P. Roth as equal partner. By that time the business had increased to justify enlarging their works and by putting in new machinery, making a specialty on engines and boilers, gang and circular saw- mills. In 1S75 the entire property was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt immediately and put into successful operations, when Mr. Brown disposed of his interest to W. H. Jenks, son of Judge W. P. Jenks. In 1877 the new works were again destroyed by fire, this time consuming the entire plant, except the foundry. Messrs. Brown & Roth then sold the relics to W. H. Jenks, who rebuilt in 1878, and at the present time is manufacturing engines and boilers. The celebrated Hercules Turbine water-wheel, which is known all over the world as one of the most powerful wheels of its size ever produced, giving the best percentage at part and whole gate, was manufac- tured by Brown, Son & Co., where all the minute details were conceived and brought out by the patentees — James L. Brown and John B. McCormick. The sole manufacturers of the Hercules wheel are the Holyoke Machine Com- pany, of Holyoke, Mass., and at Worcester, Mass. The Hercules wheel is used in Italy, France and Germany. Mr. Jenks, who is a graduate of Yale College, has made mechanics his study. In 1886 he enlarged his shops, which are all built of brick in the most approved style. Machinery Hall. — C. A. and C. F. Carrier, dealers in all kinds of agricul- tural implements, hardware, stoves and tinware, commenced June, 1886; lo- cated in the old Rink building. Main street. Shoe Manufactory, George W. Stewart, proprietor, established autumn of 1886; located in Arthur's building. Main Street. The capacity of the manu- factorj' is four hundred pairs of shoes per day, employing twenty-seven men. Singer Manufacturing Company, J. P. Lucas, agent. This agency was first established by A. L. Schnell, who sold the Singer sewing machines from 1866 until 1879. He was succeeded by W. H. Dunlap, who was in charge until the winter of 1885. Since April, 1886, J. P. Lucas has had this agency. Since 1879 they have sold over twenty-five hundred machines. Marble Manufactory, John S. Moore, proprietor; started February, 1872; located in his own building, East Main street. Carriage manufactory, M. G. Murphy; started in 1874; located in rear of Opera House building. Mr. Murphy has worked at his trade in Brookville since 1 870. Andrew Stefl, wagon-maker, commenced business March, 1864; located on East Main street. 460 History of Jefferson County. E. Snyder & Son, blacksmiths. Mr. E. Snyder first began the blacksmith- ing business in Brookville in 1857, and has been constantly engaged in the same, with the exception of from 1872 to 1876, when he was in the hvery business. He associated his son, George W. Snyder, with him in 1876. Their shop is located in their own building, East Main street. Robert R. Brady, blacksmith, commenced in Brookville in 1851, having worked about two years at Port Barnett, where he first located in 1849. W. E. Snyder has been associated with him since February, 1885 ; located in Mr. Brady's own building, east end of Main Street. Abram Snyder, blacksmith, came to Brookville in the fall of 1852 and formed a partnership with William Stewart, which only continued about nine months. He was in the grocery business from 1865 to 1877, starting the first regular grocery store in the town. Since 1877 he has been in the blacksmith- ing business; located on Valley street, north end of iron bridge. J. C. Snyder, general blacksmith This shop was started in 1873 by D. G. Gourley and Charles Harris, J. C. Sn}-der taking the place of Mr. Harris, who removed from Brookville in 1880. In 1881 Mr. Gourley also retired, and then Mr. Snyder alone conducted it until 1884, when he associated his brother with him, and ran the business as J. C. Snyder & Brother until 1886, since which time he has had control himself In 1873 M. G. Murphy and J. S. Van Buskirk had a carriage manufactory in connection with this shop. Since 1878 George H. Grove has had charge of the wood work department, while J. S. Van Buskirk attends to the painting ; located on Barnett street. T. K. Snyder's blacksmith-shop, started in 1858 or 1859, by D. C. Riggs; then by Arad Pearsall. In 1862 Samuel \V. Snyder purchased it, and upon his death, in Jul)-, 1886, he was succeeded by his son, T. K. Snyder; located in Litchtown. Warren P. Bovvdish, blacksmith and wagon-shop, started in 1884; located in Litchtown. Mr. Bowdish has worked at his trade in Brookville since 1856. John Engle, blacksmith and machinist, located in Brookville in 1858, formed a partnership in 1867 ™'tli James L. Whitman, under the firm name of Engle & Whitman. Whitman retired in 1869, and from 1870 until 1876 he was associated in the manufacturing of carriages, buggies, etc., in connection with blacksmithing, with Daniel Barns, and since 1886, has been engaged in a machine-shop with James Brick, as Engle & Brick. A. E. Smith, plumber and gas-fitter, commenced September, 1884. D. G. Gourley, blacksmith and wagon-maker, present shop started May, 1884; location Water street. Mr. Gourley with J. J, Patterson is engaged in the sale of the Kramer wagon and buggies. Daniel Long, blacksmith and machinist and gunsmith, came to Brookville in 1848, and learned his trade with his uncle, William McCullough, and in 1856, started a shop of his own, which he ran until May, 1863, when he went to work History of Brookville. 461 in the foundry of Brown & Wann, doing the forging and machine work He remained in this estabh'shment during all the changes that took place in the management, until 1880, when he started a shop for himself on his own prop- erty, corner of Jefferson and Barnett streets. Thomas K. Litch & Sons. This is one of the largest lumber firms in Jeffer- son county. The first mill on the site of these mills was erected in 1830, by Robert P. Barr. The grist-mill was erected in 1833, the carpenter work be- ing done by Richard Arthurs, and the roofing by Luther Geer, sr. This was the last work of the kind done by Mr. Arthurs, before he commenced to lead law. In 1850 Thomas K. Litch purchased the property of Mr. Barr, and soon erected a new saw-mill. In 1856 both saw-mills were burned down, but were almost immediately replaced by a large steam mill, with a capacity of three million feet of boards per annum. The grist-mill ivas rebuilt in 1869-70, and soon after a tub and bucket factory was erected. The latter is not now in opera- tion. Mr. Litch was the indefatigable manager of his own vast business interests as long as his health would admit, and at his death, which occurred August 14, 1882, he was succeeded by his wife and sons in the management of the business. The firm which still retains the old name of the T. K. Litch & Sons, is com- prised of Mrs. T. K. Litch and her three sons, Thomas W., Harry C. and Ed- ward A. Litch. The firm cut about five million feet of lumber each year, and at this rate of cutting it will be fully twenty years before they will cause the last tree on their land to fall. They work oak, pine and hemlock timber, and manufacture lumber, lath and shingles. Bridge and building timber, however, is their specialty. Their mills and yards are situated near the mouth of the North Fork, where they occupy about ten acres of ground. In 1884, at a cost of $25,000, they erected a saw-mill fitted with the finest of modern improve- ments, and having capacity for cutting fifty thousand feet per day, it being one of two mills in this country having what is called the steam feed, the motive power consisting of an 18x24 inch Corliss engine, and a battery of three large boilers. The firm ship principally to Pittsburgh, where they have an office un- der the management of Joseph B. Eaton, a nephew of Mrs. Litch ; but they send a large share of their output to Philadelphia. When Mr. Thomas K. Litch first came to Brookville, he brought with him from Pittsburgh, Mr. Silas, Miller, who has ever since been the firm's faithful engineer. Among those who were for many years in Mr. Litch's employ were John D. Smith, Charles Sitz, and William Goss. The large flouring mill is now under the management of Mr. B. F. Haines. The biographical sketch of Mr. Litch will be found elsewhere in this volume. The Blaine Mill, — This mill was built in 1882 by James E. Long and A. J. Brady, and has since been operated by Long &jBrady. It is situated at the mouth of the Five Mile Run, on Sandy Lick, near Longview, and cuts from 55 462 History of Jefferson County. three million to five million feet of boards, and one million lath per year, be- sides manufacturing fence pickets, etc. The firm controls seven thousand one hundred and thirty acres of timber land, upon which there is enough timber to supply the mill for twenty-five years. Of these lands five thousand seven hun- dred acres is owned by J. E. Long & Son, Charles Corbet and L. A. Brady, and the balance by Brady & Long. The mill-site was purchased from R. D. Taylor and others. The firm of Marlin Brothers, composed of Silas J. and W. D. J. Marlin, was formed in November, 1872, at which time they purchased of Newton Tay- lor two tracts of land situated in Union and Eldred townships, containing about three hundred and fifty acres on which was erected a good steam saw- mill, two or three dwelling houses, barns and other buildings ; besides this they also got the timber on some other tracts, for which they paid $35,000. They went to work that fall and, up to 1886, cut, manufactured and marketed, about one million feet of pine and hemlock lumber a year. The price of lumber being low, the mill was allowed to stand during the summer of 1886, but was stocked and started up in the spring of 1887. They e.xpect to finish up on this tract in about two years more. The firm own a valuable tract of timber and coal land in Winslow township, the lumber from which they will probably manufacture after they are through on Mill Creek, if they don't dispose of it before that time. The Marlin Opera House building was erected by S. J. Marlin, in 1883. Besides the large and elegantly fitted up opera house, with a seating capacity of over nine hundred, the building contains six large store-rooms and eleven ofiices. E. Hall & Son, manufacturers and shippers of rough and dressed lumber, etc. Enoch Hall and Charles B. McCain built the planing-mill in the f^dl of 1869, and commenced working lumber April, 1870. E. Hall bought the in- terest of his partner in the establishment in December, 1870, and then formed a copartnership with his son, Clarence R. Hall, as E. Hall & Son. This firm manufactures lath, shingles, sash, doors, mouldings, etc., and besides their home trade ship extensively both rough and dressed lumber. Their mill is situated on the old depot road, west of the iron bridge. Vanleer Brothers & Co.'s planing-mill. About 1883 the planing-mill operated by J. R. Vanleer, W. N. Vanleer and T. A. Hendricks, under the title of Vanleer Brothers & Co., was built. It is situated near the passenger depot, is large and well constructed, and is fitted with machinery of the best and most improved kind for manufacturing doors, blinds, sash, flooring, siding, scroll and turned work, etc. The firm handle rough and dressed lumber very extensi\ely. Order work is their specialty. Their trade is not confined to Jefferson county, as they ship into all the adjoining counties as well as Alle- gheny county. History of Brookville. 463 Anderson & Leech, planing-mill. This mill was built by Thomas Mabon, and was first operated by Johns & Hubbard, then by Ingraham & Butler, in 1879. Harry Butler retired in one year, and his place was filled by E. V. Richards, and the firm became Ingraham & Richards, until July, 1884, when they sold to Solomon Anderson and W. A. Leech. They manufacture sash, siding, doors, blinds, flooring, dressed lumber, scroll and turned work. The mill is located on the " South Side," near the covered bridge. The Brookville axe factory was started May, 1884, by W. J. Sager, the proprietor. It is situated on the site of the old Taylor mill, now owned by I. C. Fuller. The building is two stories, 72 by 30, with a capacity for 250 axes per day; but is now only making two dozen double-bitted axes per day. Mr. Sager also manufactures "bark spuds" for peeling bark, and all kinds of edge tools, and does general repair work. His trade is local, though he has shipped goods as far west as Michigan. The "white" grist-mill, which was built by Thomas Mabon in 1849 or 1850, who disposed of an interest in the property to Henry and John Startzell. They sold, in 1S68, an interest to George C. Harvey, and in 1877 John Startzell re-purchased the interest of Mr. Harve\^ G. A. Jenks owns a third interest in the property. In June, 1887, John Startzell disposed of his share in the property to his brother, William, and George L. Reed, who are man- aging the concern under the firm name of Startzell & Reed. The " Red Mill," I. C. Fuller, proprietor, was built by Philip Taylor and John L. Barr in 1857. Barr retired from the firm in 1862 or 1863. It was then owned and operated by Judge Taylor until his death, November, 1878. Mal- colm W. Wise, who inherited the property by the will of his grandfather, Philip Taylor, then took charge of it and sold it to I. C. Fuller, May, 1881. Since Mr. Fuller purchased it he has put in the roller process. W. H. McAninch has been the miller since 1878. He succeeded J. H. Rhodes. N. E. Snyder, shaving saloon. This business was started by Frank X. Kreitler, May, 1863, who has conducted it from that time until the spring of 1887, when he sold out to N. E. Snyder; located in the American House. D. W. Gaither, shaving saloon ; started in December, 1876 ; now located in Commercial Hotel. L. C. Scott, shaving saloon ; started March, 1884; located in Matson Block, Pickering street. The St. Charles Saloon building, opposite the jail, was erected by Charles Sitz in 1859. It was then owned by Jacob Kroh, who sold the property to Casper Endress about 1863. Mr. Endress conducted the saloon for a number of years, being succeeded by his son, A. L. Endress. Since 1886 the business has been discontinued. In 1876 Mr. Endress built the large two-story brick structure adjoining the saloon building. Jackson Heber, restaurant and ice cream parlor ; purchased from Thomas 464 History of Jefferson County. Cartin, July, 1874; located in his own building, Main street. He also pur- chased the bottling business of Joseph Summers in 1872. George Heber, bakery and green grocery; started in the spring of 1887. J. J. Patterson, livery stable. This business was established by J. S. Mc- Connell, and purchased by Mr. Patterson in August, 1875 ; located in rear of Commercial Hotel stables. Parker P. Blood, livery stables; established in 1882; located on Valley street. George F. Dodd, meat market; started about 1866; located on Main street. Robert Breffit, meat market; started in spring of 1869; now located in Matson Block, Pickering street. W. C. Kuhn, meat market; started September, 1886; located in basement of Rodgers building. Diamond Alley. Swartzlander & McCullough, meat market; started November, 1885; located on East Main street. Leander Edwards, meat market. Mr. Augustus Spangenburg, who is associated with his son-in-law, Mr. Edwards, is the veteran butcher of Brook- ville, having commenced business in 1859. North Fork brewerj', S. C. Christ, proprietor. The first brewery was built by Mr. Christ in 1861, and was torn down to make room for the present one in 1863 The Spring brewer}-, M. Algier, proprietor; started in fall of 1871 ; located at Sand Spring, opposite red mill ; capacity, twenty thousand barrels per year. The Hotels. — The hotel business in Brookville dates back to the time when John Eason came to Brookville, early in 1830, and built a portion of what was afterwards the kitchen and dining-room of the first hotel, the " Red Lion." In this he and his wife boarded the surveyors who laid out the county seat, and also those who, in June of that year, attended the sale of lots in the new town. At the rear of the new " hotel " stood two large pine trees, and after the house was built the inmates, fearing that these giants of the forest might, perchance, fall upon the little structure and demolish it, cast about for some way to fell the trees (which naturally inclined toward the house), in an oppo- site direction. This was done by affixing cables to them and then having men pull them, after they were partly cut down, in the direction it was desired they should fall. Mr. Eason kept the house, building an addition to it, until his death, in 1835, when Mrs. Eason occupied it for a short time, and then William Clark kept it in 1837. I" 1838, John Smith, who had married Mrs. Eason, took charge of the house and kept it until 1S44. In 1851-53 it was kept by Rob- ert Ralston and C. B. Clark, and in 1848-50 Mr. Smith again had control of the house. The building, which is still standing, is now the property of David Eason and A. B. McLain. History of Brookville. 465 The next hotel was built on Jefferson street, in 1830, by William Clark, and kept by him until 1833, when he sold the property to Jared B. Evans, who in turn sold it to Dr. Gara Bishop, and the site is now occupied by the residence of Hon. A. C. White. The Globe Hotel was built on the corner of Main street and Spring alley in 1830, by Thomas Hastings, who occupied it as a hotel in May of that year, and occupied by him until 1839, when he was succeeded in turn by Job Mc- Creight, J. M. McCoy, William Clark, Edward Hutchinson. Then Thomas Hastings again took charge of the house, and was succeeded by William Clark and Jacob Barkett from 1845 to 1849. Isaac Walker owned and occpuied by house from 1849 to 1853, then he sold it to John Yeaney, Charles Sitz and Reuben Weiser; Charles Sitz occupying it in 1853-54. In 1855 it was pur- chased by Simon Frank who sold it again to John Yeaney. In 1857 C. N. Kretz took charge of the house, changed the name to Jefferson House, and conducted it until the fall of 1864. Then it was successively kept by Joseph Oxeurider, Stoke & Scribner, and Jacob Emery, until the winter of 1883 when the property was purchased by M. AUgier and L. L. Reitz, and the latter took possession April i, 1883. In 1832 Peter Sutton kept a hotel on Taylor street, about the site of the James L. Moore property in Litchtown. He was also contractor for building the bridge across the North Fork. He returned in the thirties to Indiana, from whence he came. "Peace and Poverty, by John Dougherty." The hotel in front of which hung tliis quaint sign, was built in 1831 by John Dougherty, on the corner of Main and Barnett streets, who kept it until 1836, when John Gallagher took possession and ran it until 1841 ; then S. M. Bell occupied it for a year, to be succeeded by George McLaughlin, for the years 1843-47. It was then changed to the " Black Horse Hotel," and kept by Samuel Lyle in 1850-51 ; then by Daniel Thayer. It was then discontinued as a hotel and rented by Mr. Dougherty to private families, until it succumbed to the fire of 1871. Then William Clark built another hotel on the corner of Main and Mill streets in 1833, which he only occupied for a short time, selling it in 1834 to John Erownlee, who had come from Centre county in that _\-ear. This house is still standing and is now the property of the A. J. Brady heirs. R. Arthurs did carpenter work on tliis house. Another old house was that owned by Mrs. Wagley, a sister of William McCullough, which stood on the lot next to the Franklin house on the east. It was built in 1831 or 1832, and was kept in 1832 by Samuel Craig, and after his death by his widow, and by Mrs. Wagley. The Franklin House, the first brick hotel erected in Jefferson county, was built in 1832 by Daniel Elgin. The first landlords appear to have been James M. Steadman in 1833, and William Clark in 1834. John Pierce had charge of 466 History of Jefferson County. it from 1836 to 1839, when James Cochran kept it about a year, being suc- ceeded by Joseph Henderson in 1841—43. Then, in 1844, J. R. and R. Ar- thurs took charge of it, followed by S. H. Lucas and John M. Turney. Jacob Steck took charge of the hotel in 1848, and conducted it for ten years. The property was then purchased by Samuel G. Fryer, who occupied it as a private residence and store until 1866, when he sold to Henry R. Fullerton, who greatly improved the property, adding an additional story, etc. He oc- cupied it for a while, and then C. N Kretz purchased the furniture, etc., and was landlord from 1869, followed by Carroll & Scribner, then A. S. Scribner, until 1 87 1 when it was purchased by J. S. King who occupied it until the fire of November 20, 1874, when it was burned down. Mr. King, besides having charge of the hotel, was cashier of the Brookville bank, located in same building. After the fire Richard Arthurs purchased the property, and in 1876 erected the large brick hotel known as the Central. He opened it as a hotel and ran it for a short time, then relinquished the management to his son, Richard Ar- thurs, jr., who occupied the house until January, 1884. Then for about a month Richard Arthurs, sr., occupied it, and then it was closed until April i, 1884, when Jacob Emery took possession and remained until April i, 1886. It was again unoccupied until December, 1886, when the present landlord, J. R. Emery, took possession. The first building on the site of the Commercial Hotel was a little frame building, built and occupied by John Clements, in 1833, who, in 1844 or 1845 built the Royal Exchange Hotel, which he occupied until it was destroyed by fire in 1856. Mr. Clements rebuilt, and the new building, which he called the Clements House, was ready for occupancy in 185S. In i860 Mr. Clem- ents died and the house was managed until September, 1863, by his widow, Mrs. E. O. Clements, when it was purchased by R. W. Moorhead, who changed the name to the Moorhead House. He kept it until April, 1864, when it became the property of Robert Clements, who occupied it for a short time, changing the name back to the Clements House, and then C. N. Kretz took possession in the summer of 1864 and remained until April, 1869. Then Robert Clements again occupied it until W. S. Barr and C. G. Matson took charge, but were burned out in the fire of 1871. Robert Clement rebuilt the house and it was opened by Alexander S. Scribner, who was succeeded by Joseph Freeman. Then M. R. Reynolds kept it as a temperance house for a short time. It was then closed for about five years, pending litigation between the Reynolds heirs and Robert Clements, when it was purchased by R. Ar- thurs and William Dickey, and was opened in January, 1883, by Matson & Arthurs, as the Commercial Hotel. After six months Matson retired, and the hotel has been in charge of R. Arthurs, jr., since that time, he having, by deed of gift from his father, R. Arthurs, sr., become owner of the property in Janu- ary, 1887. History of Brookville. 467 The American Hotel was built in 1845 by Elijah Heath, who, in 1846, added a business block to it, two stories in height, called the Arcade. D. S. Johnson, who did the carpenter work, is said to have been the first to occupy this house as a temperance hotel ; and Benjamin Bennett, who kept it in 1848— 51, seems to have been the first who opened it as a licensed house. In 1852 John J. Y. Thompson purchased the property and occupied it until it was de- stroyed by fire May 23, 1856. He commenced at once to rebuild, and the present house was ready for occupancy in 1857, being opened to the public in October by his son, W. K. Thompson, who conducted the hotel until June, 1869, when he removed to Portsmouth, O., and his brother, John J , succeeded him in the management of the house. In October, 1864, Captain R. R. Means purchased the property and kept the house until March, 1869, when he sold it to John J, Thompson and Joseph Darr, and it was run by Thompson & Darr, with Mr. Thompson as landlord, until the summer of 1 87 I, when they sold to a stock company composed of R. J. Nicholson, M. M. Meredith, Nathan Car- rier, jr., W. A. Burkett and P. H. Shannon, and the latter took charge of the house until January 16, 1872, when C. N. Kretz purchased the property and kept the hotel until May, 1879, when he sold the furniture to A. Baur, who kept the house until May, 1880, when he sold the furniture to Thompson & Darr, who had again become owners of the property, and who rented it to John S. Barr, who conducted the hotel until October, 1881, when A. B. Barr rented it from Ira C. Fuller, who purchased it from Thompson & Darr in 1880. Mr. Barr associated with him J. B. Cromer, in the management of the house, until early in 1885 Mr. Fuller sold the house and furniture to B. K. Fisher and F. P. Graf, who are now keeping the hotel. The Union Hotel, John McCracken, proprietor. This house was built by John R. McCall in 185 i, and called the " Railroad House." It was first kept by Benjamin Bennett, for about two years, and then by W. H. Schram and D. B. Rouse, successively, until 1856, when it was purchased by R. R. Means, who conducted the house until May, 1864, when he sold the property to John McCracken, who has since kept it as the Union Hotel, and has also built a frame addition to it. Mr. McCracken erected a large three-story brick block on the opposite cor- ner of Main street from the hotel, in 1868. The lower story contains two stores, and the upper a large town hall, while the other rooms are occupied by private families. The Oak Hall Hotel was built for a restaurant and kept as such until pur- chased in 1864 from George Leopold, by John S. Barr, who converted it into a hotel, and kept it as the Oak Hall Hotel until 1871, when he sold it to R. M. Bell, who conducted it until it was destroyed in the fire of 1874. Heber House. — Henry Heber, proprietor of this house came to Brook\-ille about the year 1853, and located in a little house near his present home. The 468 History of Jefferson County. house he now occupies was built by T. K. Litch, for a boarding-house for his mill hands, and purchased by Mr. Heber in 1S63, who has since kept it as a temperance hotel. It is the onh' hotel in the " East End." Brookville House, E. Bevier, owner and proprietor. This house was built by Andrew Stefl, about 1869, who sold it to Mr. Bevier April, 1876. It was kept previous to Mr. Bevier purchasing, b\' Andrew Stefl and John J. Hen- derson. Hotel Longview. — Work on this hotel was begun in March, 1885. In July of that year A. Baur and wife began furnishing the hotel. It was opened on September 22, 18S5. When the hotel was first opened no trains stopped at Taylor's (as the station opposite the hotel was then called). In one week after opening the hotel first-class trains stopped there. In two months after the opening, two trains each day stopped for meals, and in eighteen months after the opening, all trains were stopped there. All railroad buildings were moved from the old station site, and the old station entirel}- abandoned. One of the veteran hotel men of Brookville was Jacob S Steck, who re- moved to Brookville from Greenburg, March, 1848, and took charge of the Franklin House, which he occupied for ten years. In 1852 he was elected county commissioner, on the Democratic ticket. He was appointed one of his aids by Governor Bigler, with rank of colonel. Colonel Steck died in 1859, and his wife, ncc Christiana S. Waltz, died in 1 863. Two of their daughters, Mrs. Mary Eason and Mrs Rose Rowe, reside in Brookville. Another of the veteran hotel keepers in Brookville was Jacob Burkett, who came to Brookville in 1845 from Indiana count)', where he removed from Blair county in 1828, settling in Smicksburg. He was "mine host" of the Globe Hotel for a number of years, and it was then one of the most popular houses in the county. He afterwards removed to Punxsutawney, and then for a time resided in Georgeville, Indiana county, and then returned to Brookville in 1872, and died July 26, 1880, being buried on the ninet\'-first anniversary of his birth. His wife, Mrs. Catherine Burkett survived him — dying April, 1884, '" the sevent}-- third year of her age. Of a large family of children, nearly all of whom grew to manhood and womanhood in Brookville, but one, Mrs. Joseph Darr, resides here now. Mr. Burkett was a genial, kindly man, and enjoyed the respect of all who knew him. One of the best known and most successful hotel men that Brookville has ever known, was Charles N. Kretz, who came to the place from Reading in 1857, and was almost continuously engaged in hotel keeping in Brookville for over twent)- years. The different houses which he managed in that time is given above, and to all of them he gave a first-class tone during his occupanc}-. Mrs. Kretz, his excellent helpmeet, died in the American Hotel in 1872, and Mr, Kretz also died in the same house in 1879. Only one of his family resides in Brookville, Mrs. A. Baur, the accomplished hostess of Hotel Longview. History of Brookville. 469 Another prominent hotel keeper was Jacob Emery, who came to Brook- ville from Philadelphia, in 1863, and was almost continuously, as the hotel record shows, in the business for over twenty years. He kept a first-class house wherever he was. Mr. Emery died March 10, 1887, aged seventy-four years. There is probably no one in Jefferson county who has so long and contin- uously engaged in the hotel business as John S. Barr, who commenced in the Exchange Hotel in Corsica, in 1854-57 ; then he engaged in store-keeping in 1858 and 1859 in Troy, and from i860 to 1864 kept the Carrier Hotel in that place. He then removed to Brookville, and purchased the restaurant of George Leopold, in 1864, which he changed into a hotel, which he ran until 1S71, as the Oak Hall Hotel, when he sold to R. M. Bell. The Oak Hall was destroyed in the fire of 1874. In 1872 he was elected sheriff of the county, and after his term of office expired, he bought the American House in Pittsburgh, which he ran for two years, when he returned to Jefferson county and resided for a time on his farm, in Pine Creek township. Then in 1879 he built the St. Cloud Hotel in Du Bois. In 1880 was proprietor of the American House, in Brookville, but soon sold out to A. B. Barr, and bought the Red Lion Hotel in Pittsburgh, which he ran until March, 1886, when he sold out and again returned to his farm, where he remained for a short time, then bought the City Hotel in Punx- sutawney. TJic Unioji Express. — The express business was first started in the old staging days in the American House. John J. Y. Thompson was the first agent, being succeeded by R. R. Means, then by Thompson & Darr, who in turn handed it over to John Scott, who removed the business to the post-office, and has in turn been succeeded by John H. Buell, Parker B. Hunt, Joseph M. Galbraith, C. M. Garrison, jr., and the present agent, J. O. Edelblute. Western Union Telegraph. — The Western Union Telegraph office was opened in Brookville early in July, 1865, Mrs. Berryhill being placed tempor- arily in charge, and remained a short time, when S. H. Lane, of Yarmouth, Me., succeeded her. He retained the management but a short time, when the office was placed in charge of A. Baur, who retained the management until late in 1879, when J. S. Carroll, a student in the office for a number of years, was placed in charge. Mr. Carroll was succeeded in 1881 by Joseph Breen, and the latter by M. E. Sullivan, the present manager, in 1882. Brookville Water Works. — On the 28th of July, 1883, W. D. J. Marlin, esq., in the belief that a place of the size and importance of Brookville should have water works, determined to see what the citizens of the town would do toward organizing a stock company, drew up a subscription paper and started out to raise five hundred shares at $50.00 per share, or $25,000, for the purpose of putting in the works, by evening he had the satisfaction of making a tem- porary organization with $23,000 of the stock taken, and on the 30th a perma- 56 47° History of Jefferson County. nent organization was made with all the stock taken, and every dollar of it hv citizens of the borough. A charter was applied for, and on the 25th of Sep- tember ground was broken for the erection of the works. By the ist of December the compan}- had built a substantial brick pump- house, had placed therein a thirty-horse power boiler, and two sets of Worthington pumps, with a capacity of pumping one million gallons of water daily, built two wooden tanks, each to hold twelve hundred and fifty barrels, erected a substantial frame build- ing around them, laid one thousand eight hundred feet of six inch wrought iron flange pipe from pumps to tanks, which are situated on the east side of Barnett street, opposite the public school building, and laid cast iron supplj' pipes on Barnett street to Main : on Main, from White to Mill ; Pickering, from Main to Jefferson ; Jefferson, from Barnett to Mill ; Church, from Diamond alley to Matson street, and down to W. H. Gray's residence. In the summer of 1884 the lines were extended by laying along Matson street from Church to Butler ; along a cross street from Matson to Dougherty ; from Mill down Jefferson, and over North Fork Creek out Pike to old borough line ; from Pike out Rebecca street to Maple alley ; down Pickering street across Redbank Creek, and out to B. Verstine's ; down White street from Main to Water; along Water from White to E. C. Hall's lot ; along west line of E. C. Hall's lot to Troy road ; across it to Susquehanna turnpike ; from thence west along turnpike to the borough lines ; along Water street from near the bridge to fair ground, to Barnett street ; on Church street from Diamond alley to James Brick's residence ; on White street from Main to north line of C. M. Garrison's property, and on Mill from Jefferson to Levi Lerch's property. In the summer of 1886 the companj' increased their capital stock from $25,000 to $28,000, and laid a line from Maple alley along Rebecca street to Second street, in Litch's addition ; from thence along Second street to Brady's avenue ; out Brady's avenue to Central avenue, in Taj-lor's addition ; thence down Central avenue to Seventh street ; down Seventh street to Western avenue, and along Western avenue to the railroad ; and on Water street from Barnett to the western line of lot of Charles B. Guth. The company have twenty-six fire hydrants, twelve of which are leased to the borough at $25 per year, twelve at $16 per year, and two to individuals. There has been one hundred and four taps made into the lines, and the company are now supplying one hundred and forty customers. The company have laid and are using about 1,900 feet 6 inch wrought iron flange pipe ; 5,000 feet 8 inch cast iron pipe ; 15,500 feet 4 inch cast iron pipe; 1,900 feet 3 inch kalamain wrought iron pipe; 300 feet 2 inch galva- nized wrought iron pipe, or over four and one- half miles of pipe, all of the supply pipe being laid from four to four feet six inches in depth. The ground being very hard, and in some places rocky, requiring blasting, the labor was very expensive. History of Bkookville. 471 The first officers of the company were : Directors, Silas J. MarUn, E, A. Litch, Joseph Darr, C. M. Carrier and B. Verstine, Silas J. Marlin being elected president. In July, 1884, B. Verstine and C. M. Carrier sold their stock, and F. X. Kreitler and Jackson Heber were elected to fill the vacancies. This board has been retained since said time with S. J. Marlin as president up to August 23, 1886, at which time E. A. Litch was elected president. W. D. J. Marlin has been elected and served the company as secretary and treasurer ever since its organization, and together with the superintendent, Wilson R. Ramsey, has had general charge of the business of the company. The water furnished by the company is pumped from the North Fork Creek, a stream unsurpassed for purity, being fed by innumerable springs along its banks, being but seldom unfit to use on being pumped from the stream. Natural Gas in Brookvillc} — In 1875 the first well for oil was drilled south of Brookville, one mile from the court-house, on lands belonging to R. D Tay- lor. Mr. R. J. Nicholson at that time was the enterprising spirit in its devel- opment, having secured the leases and given contract to have the well put down. At the depth of 783 feet sufficient gas was struck to supply the boiler. The well was drilled to the depth of 1,620 feet and abandoned, and on account of the abandonment it was currently reported that Mr. Nicholson had been paid large sums of money by the Standard people for the abandonment. In those days, if the people had any cause of suspicion that their neighbors were getting along in worldly affairs any better than they were, it was the Stand- ard Company that was helping them. Everything was laid to the Standard Oil Company — a monopoly that was consuming the earth If in digging a well you should be fortunate enough to strike a good vein of water, it would be ex- pected that the Standard agent would be around before night to make advances on the well. I speak of this as being the first well drilled for oil. Several at- tempts have been made, but with light tools and crude machinery, such as were used in the early days of the oil excitement. In 1861 John Smith drilled a well on the point near Christ's brewery, but owing to such light tools could not penetrate our hard rocks very far. William Reed drilled a well at the depth of 280 feet at his planing-mill in 1862. The well is situated near the creek, below Taylor's dam. It used to flow to the height of three or four feet above the wood conductor ; but of late years, owing to the curiosity of boys, in putting in stones and other rubbish, it has ceased to flow as a fountain. It escapes over the conductor, coloring the rocks in its descent to the creek. It has been known as our sulphur spring, the water having a peculiar taste, of a sulphurous nature, coming undoubtedly from off a coal bed. In 1875 the e.xcitement ran high as to the finding of oil. Every one who 1 Prepared by James L. Brown, of Brookville. 472 History of Jefferson County. owned a patch of ground could count his weaUh, or at least could locate how many wells it would do to have on his lands. The thousands of derricks that imagination could picture out, sticking in and around our hills, caused some to sell their beautiful homes, because they could not bear the thoughts of living in an oil town — such as their imaginations had pictured out — but finally the excitement died away and remained so until the gas craze took the country in 1882. Charter after charter of towns throughout Western Pennsylvania were being piled up in Harrisburg, giving to corporations certain rights and a mo- nopoly. Every town of importance was seized upon. The struggle for the supremacy in Pittsburgh brought out the decision of the Supreme Court, giv- ing equal rights to those who were legally incorporated. In 1883 the Brookville Natural Gas and Heating Company was incorpo- ■ rated, a charter being granted to William B. Meredith, V. Neibert, Joseph McCullough and George Fox, of Kittanning borough, and James L. Brown, of Brookville; but owing to a feeling of jealousy existing among some of the citizens of the borough of Brookville, in having our charter controlled by non- residents, the Kittanning party sold their interest to James L. Brown and J. B. Henderson, from which a new company was organized, comprising James L. Brown, J. B. Henderson, S. A. Craig, J. E. Long and Henry Gray. The or- ganization being complete, James L. Brown was chosen president, and S. A. Craig, secretary and treasurer. A contract was entered into with Shaner & McLain to drill a well to the depth of two thousand feet. Drilling was com- menced April I, 1884, on a town lot located in the central portion of the town, belonging to Mrs. Sebastian Christ. A large vein of salt water was struck at 230 feet, while at 1,920 feet, gas sufficient to supply the boiler; but, not being satisfied, the company concluded to send the drill down deeper ; but, owing to poor machinery and too light for the business, 2,430 feet was as far as the con- tractors could go. Well No. 2 was located seven hundred feet south of No. i, on lot belong- ing to the president, James L. Brown. It was drilled to the depth of 1,950 feet, and abandoned, after putting in a forty- quart torpedo. The torpedo did not increase the flow of gas, the supply being somewhat limited. J. L. Brown utilized what little there was for his own private use. The company being somewhat discouraged, J. L. Brown and S. A. Craig bought the remaining stock and piped the gas from No. i w^ell to Main street, making attachments to forty fires. A new company was then organized. Brown & Craig selling part of the stock to Keatley Brothers, of North Clarendon, T. L. Templeton, of Warren county, E. H. Clark and J. N. Garrison, of Brookville. A contract was given to Keatley Brothers for a well to be located in what was called Ghost Hollow, two and one-half miles from town, west, on the Clarion pike. The well was abandoned at the depth of 2,210 feet. A second contract was made with Keatley Brothers to drill a well one mile south of History of Brookville. 473 Corsica, on David Simpson's land, to be located on what was supposed to be the Anthony's Bend nntichnal. This well was abandoned as a duster at the depth of 2,260 feet. The company having been unfortunate in their invest- ments concluded to increase the number of shares of stock, many of our citi- zens taking stock. Well No. 5 was located on lands belonging to Thompson & Darr, three- fourths of a mile northwest of town. Drilling was commenced November 16, 1886, and finished January 25, 1887, at the depth of 2,186 feet. Gas was struck at 1,203 feet, but not enough to supply the boiler. A sixty-quart tor- pedo was inserted, and increased the flow of gas one-half more ; but after stand- ing several months it dropped back to its former condition. The well was sold to E. H. Clark and W. D. J. Marlin, at one-third its cost. They then piped it into town and now are utilizing the gas for their own use. The Brookville Natural Gas and Heating Company have expended over $14,000 in trying to obtain gas, in the five wells they have down. If every- body's advice had been followed, they probably would have had plenty of gas to supply the town. From actual count kept of the different localities where they ought to bore for gas, 3S6 wells would have determined the gas question in and around Brookville. Photogj-apliy. — The first dawn of photographic light diflused its rays upon the rural village of Brookville, in 185 I, when Simon Snyder, the "itinerant pioneer" of the art, "took your picture for cash in advance" in room No. 2, Arcade building. He was followed in 1853, by a Mr. Bridge who, by a side- light window of a room in the old court-house, "took the pictures" of Brook- ville's pioneers. The same year, J. S. Chase in the month of July in the same building, catered to the public desire of having an impression of their face and figure in shape for future generations to gaze upon. W. D. J. Marlin, daguerreotj'pe artist displayed his skill in the profession in same building during 1854. About 1857 Charles Windsor opened a studio in the second-story west room of the Evans block. The new brick "Blood block," now occupies the ground. He used the process then known as the melainotype. L. C. Dillon and Abram Hall imported a "picture car" during 1858, which was located on the south side of the street, in front of the present " Marlin block;" made daguerreotypes, experimented with photographs by develop- ment, not meeting with much success. Ira C. Fuller in 1S59, was the first to use a side and sky-light studio in Brookville. It was in the second story of a frame building, on the site of the Caspar Endress brick block; he made melainotypes and ambrotypes, in con- nection with a book-store on first floor of same building. During the summer and winter of 1861-62 Henry Darr occupied the second 474 History of Jefferson County. story northeast room of the Uriah Matson block, as a studio for the produc- tion of ferrotypes and ambrotypes on dark purple glass. In March, 1862, E. Clark Hall started a studio in the second story over Enoch Hall's store for the production of ferrotypes and ambrotypes. In the latter part of July he went to Meadville and learned the new art of producing photographs on paper. J. D. Dunn of that place was his preceptor. Return- ing in September, he rented the Dillon car, located it on Main street, in front of Edmund English's residence, and in the spring of 1863 remodeled the second story of Enoch Hall's store building, by putting in a large sky and side- light, reception and chemical room, using the entire second story. This was the pioneer effort of successful working of paper pictures in Jefferson and sur- rounding counties. The nearest studio was that of Mrs. DeWolf, in Franklin, Venango county. Meadville and Pittsburgh had photographic studios, which were the only ones in Western Pennsylvania. In I 863 he re- visited J. D. Dunn, at Meadville; from there he went to Newburg, N. Y., on the Hudson, taking lessons for one month of Mr. Reynolds, in the improved art of photography and porcelain miniatures. At that time Mr. Re\-nolds was one of the foremost operators in the profession ; from there he went to New York city, gathering information relating to the art in the studios of Sarony, Gurney, Fredericks and Kurtz, considered the master hands and minds of the United States in the art, and visited the best studios in Philadelphia and Harrisburg, in June, 1866. On account of failing health, sold his studio to \V. H. Gray, who had taken in- structions of him, and went to reside in Philadelphia. In 1869 Arnold Hoff- man refitted the P'uUer studio, and shared the public's patronage with Mr. Gray. September 3, 1870, E. Clark Hall returned, bought Mr. Hoffman's studio outfit with half interest of Mr. Gray's studio, consolidated the two under the firm name of Hall & Gray in 1875. Wilt Brothers, of Franklin, started a new studio in a one- story frame building; the new Methodist Church now occupies the site; they sold out to Ferdinand Hoffman, who retired in 1876. In 1875 E. C. Hall purchased Mr. Gray's interest in the studio, which was destroyed in April, 1876, by fire, with all its contents; he immediately leased ground on the burnt district from C. M. Garrison, built a one-story temporary studio, went to New York, bought an entire new outfit, and commenced work again, June i. On the 4th of July a cyclone, which demolished chimneys, etc., nearly closed him out again ; water was two inches deep on the floor, and the former warmth of his ardor for success was very much dampened. November, 1878, he moved into the large, commodious and elegant studio in the new Rodgers block, fitted w ith large sky and side-light, operating room 20x 58^ feet, two chemical rooms 16x20 feet, each adjoining. A rack holding six back grounds, sliding into the wall out of the way, all fitted with newest styles of interior, palace, forest, park and lakeside scenes, with accompanying accesso- ries, chairs, rocks, stumps, bridges, balcony, cottage, rustic fence, iron fence. History of Brookville. 475 gate-stile, etc., making it as complete in its appointments as any of the city studios. Cameras, large and small, enamellers of latest improved style, enable him to complete work in style and finish up to the times in every particular. Mr. Hall has followed the gradual progress of the art for over a quarter of a century, keeping posted and wide awake for improvements in every depart- ment which tend to produce superior work. Persons who have not visited his studio, have no idea of the complete manner in which it is furnished. All sizes of work from the smallest locket miniature to the largest portrait, taken direct from the sitter, and finished by himself Taxables, Population, etc. — The taxables in Brookville in 1849 were 177 ; in 1856, 273 ; in 1863, 297 ; in 1S70, 526; in 1880, 689 ; in 1886, 837. The population by census of 1840, was 276; 1850, 1,063; i860, 1,360; 1870, 1,942 ; 1880, 2,136 ; in 1887, it is over 3,000. In i860 there were 346 dwellings, 383 families and 400 voters. The triennial assessment gives the number of acres seated as 378; valua- tion, $12,765 ; value per acre, $34.56 ; number of houses and lots, 837 ; valu- ation, $189,758; three grist and four saw-mills, valuation, $13,350; acres un- seated, 20 ; valuation $250 ; number of horses, 170 ; valuation, $4,243 ; aver- age value, $24.90; number of cows, 138; valuation, $1,138; average value, $24; occupations, 461; valuation, $11,235; average, $24.37. Total valua- tion subject to county tax, $232,739 ; money at interest, %^6,6'ii6 ; carriages, 62 ; valuation, $2,1 15. Elections. — The first election of which there is any record for the borough of Brookville, was in 1835, when Joseph Sharp was elected constable, and re- elected in 1836. The next entry in the record of elections is tlie following: 1837, Brookville borough, constable, John McLoughlin ; burgess, Thomas Lucas; council, James Corbet, John Dougherty, John Pierce, Samuel Craig, William A. Sloan ; school directors, L. G. Clover, Samuel Craig, David Henry, C. A. Alexander, William A. Sloan, James Corbet. The following comprise the officials of the borough of Brookville for 18S7 : Justices of the peace, Robert R. Brady, John W. Walker; constable, J. Mc- R. Mohney , tax collector, I. F. Steiner; assessor, Charles J. Hodgkinson ; town council, John J. Thompson, Thomas M. Carroll, Thomas L. Templeton, Robert Stewart, John N. Garrison, F. W. Ingraham ; burgess, Samuel Cham- bers ; high constable, George H. Grove ; auditors, D. A. Henderson, E. A. Litch ; school directors, John J. Patterson, Thomas R. Hastings, A. F. Balmer, George H. Kennedy, Frank X. Kreitler, Cyrus H. Blood; judge of election, Joseph Darr ; inspectors, F. W. Ingraham, B. T. Hastings. 476 History of Jefferson County. CHAPTER XXXII. HISTORY OF PINE CREEK TOWNSHIP. PINE CREEK township was established by act of Assembly in 1806, and by some writers is supposed to have been named from the creeks running through its bounds, the banks of which were covered with pine trees ; but we are inclined to beheve that the name was given to the township by Joseph Barnett, who first settled within its limits, and gave it the name from his old home, "Pine Creek," in Lycoming county. This township was the mother of all the others, and until 181S, when Perry was organized, was the only town- ship in the count}' — the only place where any kind of business could be e.xe- cuted. So that in writing the early history of the county, that of Pine Creek, which for over twenty years comprised all that was known of the county, has been written in the foregoing pages of this work. No township in the county is more broken by deep ravines and valleys than this of Pine Creek. Its surface indeed is a continuous succession of rugged hills, forbidding alike to the farmer and miner, because, in the one case tillage is extremely difficult, and in the other, the rocks, with few exceptions, contain little of value. Within its bounds are three of the principal streams of the county which unite to form Redbank. These are Sandy Lick, which flows along the southern edge of the township. Mill Creek flowing southwest across it, in a ravine no less deep than the other, though less wide ; North Fork flowing south along the western side. Water level at Port Barnet (where Mill Creek and the Sandy Lick come together and make a curious succession of bends in tlie channel way) is about 1,225 feet above mean tide, Atlantic Ocean. The highest sum- mits on the upland, as for example one especially prominent point on the Reynoldsville Road, east of Baum's Hotel, is not less than 1,750 feet above tide. The names given to these streams by the Delaware Indians are furnished us by Mr. John W. Jordon, vice-president of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. "The North Fork was ' Tangawunsch-hanne,' i. e. Little Brier Stream, ' the stream whose banks are over-grown with the green brier.' Sandy Lick was called ' Leganwimahoni.' In the Delaware tongue Sandy was, or is Legamwi-(a Lick)-mahoni, also Sandy- Legamwi(Creek)-hanne, these are for Sandy Lick and Sandy Creek." That the Indians inhabited Pine Creek is proved b\- the reminiscences of the late Mrs. Graham, given elsewhere. The names given to streams, towns and localities by the red men of the forest were generalh' based upon some natural characteristic, hence the name given to the Little Brier. Pine Creek Township. 477 Fines for Misdemeanors. — In the early days of the county's history the penalties prescribed by the laws of the Commonwealth for any offense against any of the statutes was rigorously enforced, seemingly without regard to the social standing of the oftender. Sabbath breaking, swearing, and intoxication seem to have been the sins most vigorously punished by the arm of the law. In an old docket, opened on the 15th day of Januar}-, 18 10, by Thomas Lucas, the first justice of the peace of Pine Creek township, are the following entries : [L. S.] " Jefferson county, ss. " Be it remembered that on the Seventh day of May, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and ten, Gabriel Puntus, of sd County is Convicted before me Thos. Lucas, Esqr, one of the justices of the peace in and for sd Count}-, going to and from the mill unneasersirly upon the Sixth day of May instant being the Lord's day Commonly Coled Sunday at the county aforesaid. Contrary to the act of asembly in Such case made and pro\'ide, and I do adjudj him to forfeit for the same the Sum of four dollars. Given under my hand the day and year aforesaid. "Thos. Lucas. ■" Commonwealth vs. John Dixkson. — Jefferson count}', ss. [L. S.] "Be it remembered that on the 13th day of January, in the year of otu" Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twelve John Dixkson, of pine Creek township in the county of Jefferson is Convictted before me Thomas Lucas one of the justices of the peace in and for sd county of being intoxicated with the drinking of Spiritus Liquers and for Cursing one profain Curse in these Words God Dam, that is to say this Day at pine Creek township aforesaid Contrairey to the Act of general assembly in such Case made and provided. And I Do agudge him to forefit for the Same the Sum of Sixty Seven Cents for each ofence. Given under m\- hand and Seal the day and Year afore s'd. " Thos. Lucas. "Justices costs 35 cents. "Constable cost 31 cents." Lewis Long is also convicted in 1815 for " having hunted an carried the Carcis of one Dear on the 23d Day of July instant being the Lords Day Com- monly Coled Sunday, up pine Creek township aforesaid" and sentenced to pay four dollars penalty. The first entry in this old docket is an action for debt. " Thomas McCart- ney vs. Freedom Stiles, to recover, on a promisary note, dated June 20, 1805, for $4.25." The next entry is an action of surety of the peace : 57 478 History of Jefferson County. Surity of the peace and good behavour on oath of Fudge Van Camp, January 25, 1810. Warrant issued January 25, 1810. " Commonwealth vs. Henry Vasbinder. yiistzce Costs. information 1 3c. Warrant 15 2 recognizants 40 notice to refferees 15 I Sum', 3 names 19 I Sum*, I name 10 I Sum', 3 names 19 Swearing 3 witnesses 56 5 referees 35 Eenteringruleof renewment 10 Constable's cost §1.96 referees 2.50 Witnesses i . 50 " We the refferees within named refferees having heard the partis the proofs and alligations to wit, we find from Evidence that the run is to be the line between Fudge Vancamp and Henry Vasbinder, from the line of the tract of land to the corner of by the camp and thence along the old fence Fudge Van Camp, principal tent ) £.. " 1 to appear, &c. Samuel Lucas, (bail) tent $100. '"! to prosicute, &c. referred to Sam' Scott, John Scott. Elijah M. Graham, Petter Jones and John Matson. row to the corner, thence by a direct line the same across the ridge to the run and each party to enjoy these clearings till after Harvest, next, Fudge Van- camp to enjoy the benefit of his sugar camp till the line is run and John Jones and Moses Knap is for to run the line between the parties and eavery one of the partis is to move there fence on there one ground Sd Vancamp is to leave sixteen feet and a half in the Clear between the stakes of the fences for a Lane or outlet between the partis and each party is to give surity for there Good Behavour unto each other, there goods and Chatties for the term of one year and one day from entring of surity to be entried ameditly if it can be had, if not to be had at the present time Bail is to be entred on Tuesday the Sixth day of Febuary A. D. 18 10, the plaintiff to pay fifty cents costs, and tlie defendant the remainder of the cost of Sute, Witness our hands and seals this second day of febuary A. D. 18 10. " Samuel Scott [L. S.] " John Scott [L. S.] " Elijah M. Graham [L.S.] " Peter Jones [L. S.] "John Matson, [L. S.] " Before me, " Thos. Lucas." The fines for Sabbath breaking, profane swearing and intoxication seem to have been rigidly enforced all through the term of office of Mr. Lucas, as we find numerous entries, in some instances the fines amounting to twelve dollars for one person. Numerous other offences are entered, the most curious being Pine Creek Township. 479 the indictments of the " Commonwealth z's. Francis Godyear and MoUie Tay- lor for Poligamy " September 12, 1835. In these same old dockets is the account of Thomas Lucas, fees on pro- bates on fox, wolf and wild cats, from February 14, 1832, to June 11, 1838. Among the hunters are the names of William and Michael Long, Adam, Philip, Henry and William Vasbinder, John, Samuel and James Lucas, John and Thomas Callen.'lacob Shaffer, James Linn, Ralph Hill, John Wyncoop, William Dougherty, Frederick Hetrick, Nelson T. McQuston, William Horam and William Douglass. The list embraces thirty wild cats, forty-eight wolves, seventy-six foxes and one panther, (shot by Thomas Callen). The justice's fee on each probate was twelve and a half cents. On the whole, however, the early settlers of the county seem to have been a law abiding people, for, with the exception of a few actions for " assault and battery," there were no serious breaches of the peace in the first quarter of a century that this old docket legally chronicles. The first births that occurred in Pine Creek township were those already stated of Joseph Barnett's children — Rebecca born in 1802, and J. Potter in 1803. The first marriage was that of Joseph Barnett's daughter, Sarah, who was married to Elisha M. Graham, on the 30th of March, 1807. There was no minister or justice of the peace within the bounds of the county at that time, so the young couple went to Armstrong, now Clarion county, and at the house of John Hindman had the knot tied by John Corbet, esq., an uncle of Colonel W. W. Corbet, of Brookville. The first minister of the gospel who penetrated into these wilds was a man by the name of Greer, who had been a friend and neighbor of Joseph Barnett when he lived on Pine Creek, in Lycoming county, and who, as Mrs. Graham says, came to visit his old friend in 1800, when he spent two weeks and preached to the few settlers then in the county. A year or so after he made them another visit, and again dispensed the Word of God. The first death we have already recorded, was that of Andrew Barnett, whose grave " no man knoweth the place thereof" The early settlers of Pine Creek, beginning with the Barnetts, have already been mentioned. The first family who followed the Barnetts into this wilder- ness was that of Peter Jones, who came from Mash Creek, in the Bald Eagle Valley, in Centre county, in 1 80 1. Peter Jones was the son of Swiss parents, who came to the United States from Switzerland in the latter part of the eighteenth century. His father, Abraham Jones, served for a time in the American army in 1 8 12. His son, Peter, was born and raised near Philadel- phia, but after his marriage to Rebecca Scott, a daughter of John and Rebecca Scott, who had emigrated from Scotland and settled in Dauphin county, he removed to Centre county. When Peter Jones and his wife first settled in Centre county, the early set- 48o History of Jefferson County. tiers were in almost constant peril of their lives from the sudden incursions of the Indians. On one of these occasions the family of Mr. Jones had taken ref- uge, with many others, in a stockade fort, built in Penn's Valley, by General James Potter. It is said of Mrs. Jones, that "she worked with a will in making cartridges for the men to use in defending the fort." Peter Jones resided in Pine Creek township until 1 817, when he removed to Armstrong county (now Clarion) and settled near Strattanville. Of his sons, John, Samuel and Isaac, the latter alone survives, and now resides in Corsica. John Jones is men- tioned by Mrs. Graham as being a frequent companion of Jim Hunt in his hunting excursions, and Samuel was the father of Joshua Jones, now a resident of Brookville, Jared of Polk township, John of Clarion and Sarah, wife of John Clark, Mrs. Isaac Lyle, of Warsaw township and Mrs. James Harris of this township. Among the early settlers was Lewis (or Ludwig) Long, who settled in 1803 on the farm now owned by David McConnell. Mr. Long, at an early day, re- moved to the State of Ohio, but his sons, William, Michael, Daniel and John remained, and lived and died amid the scenes of their early exploits. They were all great lovers of the chase, the two former, especially, being hunters, of whose deeds of prowess and woodcraft a volume might be written. The tragic death of Daniel has already been noted. John was the other member of the family who was, for more than half a century, connected with the histor_\' of Pine Creek township. Though a farmer he was as fond as his brothers of hunting, and on one occasion, while on a bear hunt with his brother Michael and John Vasbinder, had quite an encounter with one of these animals. They had separated, — Mike, with the dogs, was on top of a ridge, the other two on the flat below him, when Vasbinder came across some bear cubs. He shot one, and the little thing cried out with pain, which brought its mother to the rescue. As she bounded past John Long, he called for Mike to let the dogs loose, and soon bear and dogs were rushing pell-mell down the hill. The infuriated animal was just reaching for Vasbinder's heels when he jumped over a large log, which the bear, not seeing, ran against, and b\- the time it recovered itself the dogs had hold of it, and the hunters soon dispatched the animal and saved Vasbinder's life. Mr. Vasbinder lived to be an old man, but nothing could induce him to go bear hunting again. Another time, while camping out, John Long's dogs treed a bear, and he started with his rifle to shoot it. A trait in a bear is, that when pursued it will always run in the same direction, and to see to shoot it Mr. Long had to get between it and the rays of the moon ; this always brought him in the way of the animal when he shot at it, which he did several times, that night. Once in getting out of its way, he lost his hat and the dog and bear, in one of their fights, trampled it into the snow, so that he never re- covered it. He finally succeeded in killing the^ huge beast. Pine Creek Township. 481 On one occasion, a friend of Mr. Long's, from Ohio, who was visiting him, wanted to see a wolf, and they went out in quest of one. Mr. Long could call them up by howling as they did, and soon had the satisfaction of showing his friend a " big dog wolf," which the latter shot, but on going up to it he found that it was only slightly wounded. Mr. Long caught hold of it by the hind legs, and when it would snarl and turn around to bite, he would jerk it oft' the ground, his friend all the time trying to knock its brains out with the muzzle of his gun. The wolf snapped off his ramrod and left the marks of its teeth on the iron barrel of his gun, but finally he got in a blow that stunned the infuri- ated brute, and Mr. Long, letting go, grabbed up a pine knot and finished him. Mr. Long said he never liked to kill these old wolves, as they would bring a mate and rear their young upon the same ground, year after year, and up to the year 1858 he got cubs every year for which he was paid a bounty of ten dollars per scalp. The hardest fight he ever had with a wild beast was with an otter, which he shot and wounded on the ice. After shooting it he ran up and caught it by the hind legs, when it flew around and tried to bite him, and the only way he had of killing it was to beat its brains out on the ice ; but the water was running over the ice, and he had to keep swinging it around his head and bringing it down on the ice, as he carefully made his way to the shore, when he dispatched it. At that time otter skins were worth twelve dollars apiece. There was nothing the hunters so feared as an encounter with a she bear or a wounded buck. Mr. Long continued to hunt as long as his age permitted him. The farm upon which he resided for so long in this township is now owned and occupied by his son-in-law, Edward C. Shobert. Among the earliest settlers in Pine Creek township were the Butlers, — David, Cyrus and Nathaniel. Their father, James Butler, was a native of Ver- mont, and died there in 1 8 1 2, in the seventieth year of his age. He had served, during the Revolutionary War, in a cavalry regiment. His wife was Esther Wadsworth, niece of that Captain Wadsworth who so boldly saved the charter of the State of Connecticut, when it was demanded by Sir Edmund Andros, in 1685.^ Mrs. Butler died in Brookville, in the house recently torn down by C. C. Benscoter, esq. C)n her tombstone, in the "old grave-yard," is this -in- scription : "Esther Butler, born in Hartford, Conn., December 25, 1759. Died June 29, 1840." She v\'as an estimable woman, a worthy representative of the name she bore. The Butler brothers came from their home in Connecticut, and after re- 1 "The lights were extinguished as if by accident; and Captain Wadsworth, laying hold of the charter, disappeared with it before they could be rekindled. He conveyed it securely through the crowd, who opened to let him pass and closed their ranks as he proceeded, and deposited it in the hoi- low of an ancient oak tree, which ret.iined the precious deposit until the era of the English Revolu- tion." — Goodrich^ s " History of America.'''' 482 History of Jefferson County. maining some time in tlie city of New York, made their way to Jefferson count)'. Cyrus located in Brookville and the other two in Pine Creek town- ship. David came to Pine Creek in 18 16. He was employed on the Susque- hanna and Waterford turnpike, and as there were no white women in the neighborhood except the Barnett famil}', he was cook for the rest of the men employed on the section east of Port Barnett. The " Barnett girls," who baked the bread for the men, made a calico dress and cap and sent it to the pseudo cook, who donned the feminine garments, and while busily engaged at his unwonted task and habited in his unwonted garb, was accosted by a trav- eler with, " Madam, can you tell me where this road leads to ? " " Yes ; this is the right road ; just follow the blaze on the trees," said " Madam," nervously, as he saw the stranger glance very suspiciously at the heavy cowhide shoes that showed below the rather short dress. David Butler settled and cleared the farm upon which his son David and his motlier and sister, Mrs. Chloe Wadsworth Hallet, now reside, building the present house about fifty-three years ago. He married Catharine Fey, of Clearfield county, who now, in the eighty-third year of her age, is the only one of those early settlers who yet remain. Mr. Butler died August 12, i860. Of their eleven children a daughter died in infancy, and Colonel Cyrus Butler, the oldest son, was killed in Clearfield county during the war, (an account of which has already been given) ; the rest are all living. Mr. Butler was one of the first Methodists in Jefferson county, — one of the pioneers, as will be seen in a history of that denomination, and was a good citizen in every sense of the word. He also held several offices in Pine Creek township, being elected at the election held March 20, 1829, both supervisor and fence viewer. Nathaniel, the youngest of the three brothers, on his arrival in this county, worked for a while on a saw- mill on the North Fork, situated about the head of the present mill dam of T. K. Litch & Sons. In 1827 he was married to Rebecca Barnett, daughter of Joseph Barnett, the first white child born in Jeffer- son county. He removed to the farm, upon which he resided until his death, in 1828. Mr. Butler was one of the foremost citizens in the county, and was ap- pointed county treasurer in i84i,and in 1830 was elected township auditor. Mrs. Butler died June 17, 1875. She was an excellent woman, and took great delight in recounting to the younger generation the history of the early days of the county, among which she was reared. She remembered the Indians well, and told of one poor squaw who sickened and died, and was buried near Port Barnett, telling how grateful the poor, dusky stranger was for the delicacies that she and her sisters carried to her during her illness. Nathaniel Butler died in March, 1878, being at the time seventy-eight years of age. His family consisted of five sons, three of whom, Samuel, James and Charles are living, all residents of this county. In addition to those already mentioned there appears to have been the fol- Pine Creek Township. 483 lowing persons residents of the township, up to 1818 : Jacob Mason, Richard Van Camp, Freedom Stiles, George Reynolds, Henry Graham, William Brooks, James Potter, Henry Fey, Jesse Kelsey, Samuel Dixson, Elisha Dickes, William Lucas, James Monks, Benjamin Carson, Jacob McFadden, Samuel States, John Hice, Henry Lott, Joseph Clements, Charles Sutherland, Robert Dickson, Innis Van Camp, Frederick Frants, John Mason, George Evans, Robert Knox, William Hayns, Izrael Stiles, Hulett Smith, John Tem- pleton, Joseph Greenawalt, whose names all appear in the official records of the county. Farms. — There are some good farms in Pine Creek, which have been re- claimed from the wilderness by hard work and sturdy blows by the pioneer settlers, and those who came after them. One of the first tliat is reached on leaving Brookville, on the Ridgway road, is the old McCulIough place, settled by Joseph McCulIough. He was one of the first to settle in that neighborhood, and raised a large family of children, nearly all of whom settled in Jefferson county. This farm, now owned by John, and part by Harry McCulIough, sons of Joseph, are good farms, with good buildings. Next comes the farm first settled in 1803 by Lewis Long, and then owned by John Lattimer, who sold to Hamilton Moody, and which is now owned by David B. McConnell. This farm, which is one of the best in the township, with good buildings, formerly contained one hundred and thir- teen acres; but since Mr. McConnell became its owner he has sold forty acres to Barton Hutchens. One of the features of this place is an excellent market garden of over an acre in extent. The land is all cleared, and in an excellent state of cultivation, except thirty acres of woodland. The Nathaniel Butler farm, on which Mr. Butler settled in 1828, is now owned by Elijah H. McAninch. This farm contains about two hundred acres, all cleared. It is under good cultivation, and has good orchards. Mr. Mc- Aninch has erected good buildings, and much improved the property since it came into his possession. He raises some of the finest stock in the township. Then we come to the place where Mr. Graham says " Fudge Van Camp built his cabin." This man, who was the first of the colored race to set his foot within the bounds of Jefferson county, that cold wintry day in 1800 when he and his companions almost perished by the way, seems to have been a provi- dent sort of a fellow, for it is recorded of him that he brought apple seeds with him and planted them upon this place from which was raised the first fruit ever grown in Jefferson county. This farm soon passed into the hands of Samuel Jones, a son of Peter Jones, and at his death became the property of John Clark, whose wife is a daughter of Mr. Jones. The farm originally contained two hundred and eighteen acres, but about twenty years ago it was divided, and Joshua Jones, a son of Samuel, became owner of one-half, Mr. Clark re- taining the old Jones homestead. The buildings are old, but in good repair. 484 History of Jefferson County. These two farms are both good, and yield good crops of grain and hay, with good orchards of fine fruit. The ne.xt farm is where WilHam Vasbinder settled in 1S02 or 1803, and which for many years has been known as the Kirkman homestead. Mr. Thomas Kirkman has sold it to his son-in-law, Charles Frost. This is an ex- cellent farm of over two hundred acres; buildings good. The Harris place, for a great many years the home of Thomas Harris, sr., was first settled in 1802 or 1803 by Adam Vasbinder. It is a good farm of eighty acres, well cultivated. James Harris purchased this farm of his father a year or two ago. Thomas Harris, now one of the oldest citizens of the county, was born at Clithero, Lancashire, England, June 29, 1S05, and em- igrated to the United States in 1842, locating in Philadelphia in April of that year. The sea voyage consumed six weeks. Mr. Harris remained in Phila- delphia until 1849, when he removed to Brookville, where he lived two years, until he purchased the farm now owned by his son James. His wife, ncc Ellen Whitaker, was also a native of England, and was born in Yorkshire October 22, 1806, and came to this country with her husband and family in 1842. She died on the farm in Pine Creek, January 17, 1878. Of their eight children John died in Brooklyn, N. Y., and is buried in Greenwood Cemetery; Mrs. Anna Fetzer resides in Greenville, Mercer county ; Mrs. Mary McLain in Brookville ; James on the old homestead ; Mrs. Sarah Kirkman in Brookville ; William in Ringgold ; Mrs. Ellen Carrier in Brookville ; and Thomas R. in Warsaw township. Mr. Harris now resides with his daughter, Mrs. McLain, in Brookville, and is in the eighty-third year of his age. In a grove of pines on this firm is an old grave-yard, where some of the old settlers were buried. Just beyond the borough limits, on the " Creek road," is the place known as the " Cummins farm," where Dr. C. P. Cummins resided during his residence in Brookville, as pastor of the Presbyterian Church. It formerly belonged to William Jack, and is now owned by the children of Ira C. Fuller. John S. Barr owns the ne.xt place in this vicinity. It is the place settled at an early date by John Roll, then owned by Peter Ostrander and Da\id Mason. Mr. Barr, since he purchased the property, has greatly improved it, and it is now, with its good buildings and pretty lawn, one of the nicest farms in the township. Three large apple trees planted by Mr. Roll, are still living. The Jacob Hoffman farm was first improved by Charles Sutherland. Mr. Hoffman, whose age will not allow of such active work as farming, has retired, and the farm is now in the hands of his sons, John and Ferdinand. Parliament Hutchins owns the farm originally settled by Joseph McCul- lough. He has it under good cultivation, with excellent buildings. The L. S. Geer place, now owned bj- A. L. and C. M. M. Geer, was or- iginally settled by Daniel Long, who was residing upon it when he was killed by the Greens in 1843. Pine Creek Township. 485 John Geer owns a good farm with good buildings, and in this neighbor- hood is to be found the farms of Wadsworth and Perry Butler, Jeremiah Oiler, John Alford, J. Dunham, Joshua and William D. Knapp, G. Wank, J. Miller, J. McMillen and Cornelius Stahlman. Mr. Stahlman owns a tract of timber land also in this part of the township. Henry Parker's farm adjoins that of John Clark, and is well improved, with good buildings. Leaving Port Barnett by the pike going eastward, we first come to the farm of Oliver Brady, containing one hundred and fifty acres. It is one of the very best farms in the township, with good buildings. It is part of the Barnett property, and was first improved by Andrew Barnett. IMr. Brady has resided here since 1855. Adjoining this is the old Long place, already mentioned, then comes the Baum farm, first settled by a man named Talmadge, who sold to John Baum. It is now owned by Mrs. Joanna Baum. C. G. Baum, Mrs. Hatten and W. A. Andrews own small farms in this vicinity. William D. Kane, the present county treasurer, owns the farm improved by his uncle, Quinton O'Kain, in 1843. It contains ninety-five acres, the last of the orig- inal purchase of four hundred acres. Mr. Kane raises excellent fruit. George Ossewandle, sr., Andrew Ossewandle and George Ossewandle, jr., own farms in this neighborhood. The " Mile Hill " property is one of the prettiest located places in the town- ship. It is just one mile west from Emerickville, and derives its name from the traveler being able to see all the road for that distance. It was originally a portion of the Jeremiah Parker lands, and then became the property of the Portland Land Company, who in turn sold three hundred and seventj* acres, comprising this property, to Joseph E. Hall and E. H. Darrah, in June, 1857. It was heavily timbered with magnificent pine, which the new firm at once began operations upon. The first boarding-house was kept by Samuel Lyle, who was succeeded by Mrs. Julia Darling. In 1865 Joseph E. Hall sold his interest in the property to W. R. Darrah, and then E. H. Darrah sold the east half of the tract to Henry Buzzard, who resides upon it. W. R. Darrah sold his half to B. F. Taylor, who in 1887, disposed of it to Mrs. Hettie Haines. Benewell Kroh owns one of the best farms in the township, upon which is one of the finest orchards to be found in the county. The George Ford place, on the Warsaw line, is also an excellent farm, with good buildings and excel- lent fruit. D. Mason and Henry J. Kroh own farms in this part of the town- ship. The Patrick Smith farm, that of \\'illiam Ohls, and Joseph Stahlman, are all situated north of Five Mile Run. West of Emerickville there is quite an area of waste land, so rugged and utter!)' unfit for cultivation that no one has ever been hardy enough to attempt to settle upon it. There is considerable unseated land in the township, the principal tract being the Sulger lands, which contains .over three thousand acres. P. P. and H. W. Carrier, James Humphrey and Clark & Darrah are the prin- cipal owners of the rest of the unseated. ^ 486 History of Jefferson County. The first to settle in the vicinity of Emerickville was Isaac Packer, who located on what is now the Peter Baum place about 1 830. He erected a log house and kept a hotel in primitive style. Henry Vasbinder was also one of the first to settle in this vicinity, on what is now the John Emerick farm. The principal farms around Emerickville are: John Emerick's, which was cleared by Hance Vasbinder, then owned by John Emerick in 1834. Mr. Emerick has now twenty acres of this farm, and Emanuel Schuckers one hundred and twenty-four acres, upon which he has good buildings. The land is under excellent cultivation, and yields good crops of hay, oats, corn, etc. E. Weiser farms fifty- eight acres, with good buildings thereon. It was cleared by Weiser and Jacob Weidner, in i860. Good spring crops and a fine yield of hay are raised on this farm. Joseph Schuckers in 1882 purchased the farm originally cleared by Artemus W. Purdy. It was successively owned by Robert Darrah, John K. Smith, John Emerick, Charles Murphy and E. Schuckers. Mr. Schuckers has since he purchased it added to it si.xty acres purchased from Sarah P. Moore in 1886. The improvements are good, and this is one of the best farms in the township. The James V. Moore farm, now •owned by his daughter, Sarah P. Moore, was cleared by Mr. Moore about 1830. It is a good farm of over one hundred acres, with a good house. The William Moore farm, cleared and improved by Archibald McMurray, in 1840, and sold by him to James F. Moore, is also a good farm, with pretty good buildings. The James Murphy farm, now owned by Mrs. Susannah Emerick, was cleared and improved by Mr. Murphy in 1840. The farm of Joseph Zim- merman, first improved by his father, Joseph K. Zimmerman, who came to the place from Schuylkill county, in 1845, is a good farm with good buildings. George Zetler now owns the farm cleared in 1845 t>y David Ishman, who sold it to George Ossewandle. It is under e.xcellent cultivation, with good build- ings. The John Cable farm, improved by Daniel Cable, the Gerson Doney farm first settled by John K. Smith, the farm of Mrs. Emeline Fails, the Levi Cable farm, the Milliron farm, the Ishman farms, August Huntzinger's place, and that of Perry Brittoii, are all in the neighborhood of Emerickville. John Emerick, now in the cight\'-fourth }'ear of his age, came to this part of the township in 1847, and bought the farm originally improved by Hance Vasbinder. Mr. Emerick only owns a small portion of this place now. Sarah Emerick owns seventy acres and Henry Emerick forty-two. The farm im- proved and owned for a number of years by Jacob Kroh, which is one of the best in the county, is now known as the Peter Baum property. Izrael Snyder owns a good farm near Raum's All the farms in the vicinit\' of Emerickville are well tilled, and show thrift and good management on the part of the owners. The apple seeds planted by Fudge Van Camp, and the three trees that sprang up from seeds sown by his fellow-traveler, Roll, on the spot now occupied by Adam Miller, followed soon Pine Creek Township. 487 after by the fruit trees planted in the flat by the Barnetts, where James Hum- phrey's orchard now is, have yielded an hundred fold, for Pine Creek is famous for its excellent fruit ; on all its farms where there is any pretense made in the way of living, are to be found good orchards and apples, pears, plums, cher- ries and grapes are raised in profusion, and of excellent varieties, while every hillside, woodland pasture and ravine furnish blackberries in luscious profusion. The stock in Pine Creek is generally native or common, very few thorough- bred animals being found, John Clark, E. H. McAninch, David Butler and W. H. Miller being the only ones who have improved stock. Some fine Jersey cattle are to be found on their farms. Geology of Pine Creek. — The most noticeable feature of the geological for- mation of Pine Creek township is the massiveness of the Homewood and Con- noquennessing sandstone. The former is extensively quarried for building purposes, and is found over fift\'-five feet thick ; the latter, of a greyish white color, and micaceous, is found seventy feet thick in the cut at Garrisons; un- like the Homewood, it is irregularly bedded, and in weathering breaks into small fragments. By some the first coal discovered in Pine Creek is said to have been dug out of a run on the Harry McCuUough place, by a colored man named Doug- lass, while it is also claimed that it was first found by David Butler, on his farm. The principal coal banks in the township are those of William Carberry (first opened by Nathaniel Butler). This vein is from 3' 2" to 3' 6" thick, with a hard slate roof, and fire-clay floor. The David McConnell bank is said to be 5' thick, with an upper seam from 2' to 3' thick. John McCullough's, David Butler's and P. Hutchen's banks are about the same in size and quality as the others. The coal is the Brookville seam, and the coal is all of a fair quality, good for home consumption, but containing too much iron pyrites to make it of value for shipment. The most extensive coal operations in Pine Creek were made a few years ago by the Jefferson and Rocky Bend Coal Companies and by Abel Fuller, in the vicinity of Fuller Station. These works were first opened about the year 1872, by Perkins & Co., of New York, on land owned by Lindsay Moore, part of the Holden tract. It was then purchased by Captain John M. Steck, of Brookville, and Corydon Karr, of New York, and was run by Adams & Moul- ton, of Buffalo, N. Y., for about two years, then leased to Elias Rodgers & Co., with Howard Nicholson, manager. The coal first mined was bright, firm and black, and was analyzed by the Buffalo Gas Company, as follows : Gas, 9,000 cubic feet ; coke, U bushels ; candle power, 13.6. The coal was about 5' thick, and is pronounced by W. G. Piatt in his geological report to be the Mercer upper coal. After getting the mine in good order, and admirably arranged for shipment, the coal was found to not realize the expectations formed by the outcrop, the bed being 488 History of Jefferson County. found " faulty," and the coal hard to mine and yielding rather indifferent fuel, and the mine was abandoned. It is still owned by the Rocky Bend Company. The Abel Fuller mine on the right bank of Sandy Lick was the same in every respect as that described above. The Freeport lower coal is twice opened on the Reynoldsville road in the vicinity of Peter Baum's hotel, where it was found 5' thick. There are very few e.xposures of limestone in the township, and it has not been used to any extent. Iron ore is found on the Joshua Knapp farm, but it has not been investigated. Valuable deposits of excellent fire-clay are found in Pine Creek, along Sandy Lick. James L. Brown, of Brookville, made the first shipment of fire- clay from Jefferson county. In 1878 William French picked up, in the cut near the railroad at Bell Port, a substance resembling in texture a Turkish whetstone. He took a sample to James L. Brown, who pronounced it fire- clay. They then sunk a shaft on the hill at Bell Port, and were rewarded for their labors by going through a five-foot solid vein of fire-clay. Air. Brown then purchased the property of Mr. Crawford and commenced develop- ments, and soon other discoveries were made, the result of which was a sale of a half- interest in the property to James Erskine, of Youngstown, O., and John McMath, of Clearfield. Improvements were made, giving the firm of Brown, Erskine & Co. capacity for mining and shipping tweh'e carloads of clay per w eek. New openings have been made and the firm is now shipping from three different mines. The clays vary in thickness from two to eleven feet. These deposits are very uncertain and limited to a small area. In the Bell Port mine there are four qualities of fire- clay. Experience alone determines their use. We give below an analysis, by Mr. McCreath, of Harrisburg, of their No. i hard clays, which, with proper mixtures and well manufactured fire-brick, finds a ready market for the steel trade: Silica 44.220 Alumina (by difference) 38,151 Proto.\ide of Iron 510 Titanic Acid 2, 150 Lime 020 Magnesia 234 Alkalies 035 Water 14,680 100,000 Lumber and Saw-mills. — Pine Creek has been the scene of some of the most active operations in the lumber trade of the county, and no part of it has produced finer timber. In all the j'ears of her history lumbering has been the principal occupation of her citizens, and since the little mill was erected on Mill Creek, by the Barnetts, in 1795, many such structures, gaining in utility and importance with the progress of the county, have been erected upon the streams within her borders. Pine Creek Township. 489 The next mill built after that of Joseph Barnett is said to have been erected on the North Fork in 1800, by Moses Knapp, near the head of the present Ltich dam. Mr. Knapp, after building several other mills in different localities, returned to the North Fork in 1836 and built one about a mile from the pres- ent " Company mill." This he sold in a short time to William Paine who in turn sold it to his brothers, Alexander B. and Sinton Paine, and Leonard Walters, of Pittsburgh, and Sinton Paine also sold out to the latter and re- moved to Kentucky. A. B. Paine and Leonard Walters, after remodeling the mill somewhat, ran it until about 1878, when the machinery was taken out and the mill abandoned. The mill-site has since been sold to C. M. Carrier. The next mill on the North Fork was erected by HoUenbeck, Coryell & Co., of New York, in 1855. This company owned five thousand acres of land in Jefferson county, four thousand acres of which were heavily timbered with pine, situated in Pine Creek and Warsaw townships. C. M. Garrison super- intended the building of this mill. Mr. Garrison was a lumberman of long experience, having been engaged extensively in the business in Apalachian, N. Y., from whence he came to take charge of the new enterprise of Messrs. Hollenbeck, Coryell & Co. In 1861 this firm sold to Carrier, Jackson & Co., of which latter firm Mr. Garrison was a member, and made the purchase from Hollenbeck, Coryell & Co. The firm was then changed to Jackson, Moore & Co., and then known for several years as Jackson, Verstine & Co., and for the last ten years as Car- rier, Verstine & Co. Some question having been raised as to the capacity of the " Company mill," as it is called, Bernard Kline, then sawyer on the mill, claiming that he could cut 30,000 feet of good, merchantable boards in twelve hours, the 2d day of August, 1865, was set apart for the trial, and in the time specified he sawed 44,325 feet of good boards, R. J. Nicholson measuring the same. Only one saw was used. During the first years the firms operating this mill shipped large quantities of square timber, but in the last fifteen years the principal shipments have been boards and bill stuff, amounting to about 4,000,000 feet per year. The present firm is composed of Cassius M. Carrier, Bernard Verstine and Bernard Kline. They own over 5,000 acres of land in Jefferson county, sit- uated in Pine Creek, Rose, Warsaw and Eldred townships. In 1837 James C. Matson built a saw-mill on the North Fork, which was burned down in 1844. In 1865 Mr. Matson erected a portable mill on Little Mill Creek, which was also destroyed by fire September 12, 1867. On this there was no insur- ance, and Mr. Matson's loss was very heavy. The mill, however, was at once rebuilt. William McCullough built a mill on Little Mill Creek in 1837, which he afterwards exchanged for the property on Pickering street, in the borough of 490 History of Jefferson County. Brookville, owned by D. B. Jenks, esq., and where Mr. McCuIlough resided until his death. In 1839 James S. McCuIlough built a mill on Big Mill Creek, above Port Barnett, which he afterwards sold to Parliament Hutchens. Mr. McCuIlough also built a mill on Little Mill Creek in 1847 or 1848, which he afterwards sold to H. H. Parker. Matson Knapp built a mill on the Geer or Knapp Run about the year 1848, and Joseph Knapp built one on the same run shortly after. George Ford built a mill on Little Mill Creek about 1858, two miles above the Parker mill. About the year 1865 John Carrier and Andrew Baum built a steam mill on Big Mill Creek. In the spring of 1871 Nathan Carrier, jr., purchased John Carrier's interest in this property, and after running it about a year removed the machinery to the new mill erected by him on Red Bank. The " Iowa" mill, on Sand}' Lick, was built in 1847, t>y Elijah Clark & Sons (Samuel K. and Charles B.) and Joseph E. Hall. It was named " Iowa," (which name it has always retained) by Rufus Kent, of Maine, a cousin of the Clarks, as a joke at the expense of the younger Clarks and J. E. Hall, who had for some time entertained their friends with their plans and intentions for em- igrating to the West and locating in the State of Iowa. In July, 1850, Joseph E. Hall sold his interest to the Clarks, who ran the mill as Clark & Sons until November 5, 1850, when Elijah Clark died, and then it was managed by the Clark Brothers until July, 185 1, when E. H. Darrah, who had been working on the mill as a sawyer, purchased a third in- terest in the mill and the tract of seven hundred and seven acres of timber land belonging to the property, which had been purchased from the Portland Land Company, by article of agreement dated February 10, 1847. Novem- ber 22, I 85 I, Samuel K. Clark died while down the creek with lumber. Mr. Darrah, after the death of Samuel K. Clark, became an equal partner in the property with Charles B. Clark, and the business was conducted by Clark & Darrah, until they sold to James Neal in 1853, who owned it until June 21, 1871, when he sold to Robert R. Means and Robert J. Nicholson. In 1877 Mr. Means died, and the business was conducted by Mr. Nicholson and the heirs of Captain Means, until February 22, 1884, when Mr. Nicholson also died, and the business passed into the hands of the Means heirs and the e.xecutors of R. J. Nicholson, Mr. Thomas H. Means having the management of the business. During all this time the firm was known as Means & Nich- olson. In 1886 the property was sold to A. D. Deemer, of Emerickville, who is now operating the mill. The capacity is about 15,000 feet per day. The first mill built where Bellport now is, was erected some time in the 30's by Benjamin Bailey. It was carried away by a flood after only one log had been sawed. Then, in 1838, John J. Y. Thompson built another mill on the Pine Creek Township. 491 same site. It was built by Samuel Baird, and was called a double mill, having a saw at both ends of the building. Mr. Thompson sold the mill to Alpheus Shaw, who in turn sold to Amos Austin and Josiah Rodgers, two restless, Yankee lumbermen from New England, who on the lookout for a more pro- ductive lumber country, had wandered down into the Southern States, and on retracing their steps, struck the Sandy Lick region, and bought the mill from Shaw, in June, 1841. Rodgers, after a few years, returned to New England, but Mr. Austin, who had voted for Harrison for president, one day in New Hampshire, left the next day, and has never since beheld the granite hills of his native State. He cast his lot in with the people of Jefferson county, and has for many years been one of the most respected citizens of Brookville. In 1848 the m.ill burned down, and was rebuilt in 1849; and in 1854 Mr. Austin sold the property to F. D. Lake, who in 1856, sold it to Hon. Alfred Bell, of Rochester, N. Y. The present mill was built in 1868 ; the machinery is propelled by water power, and the production has averaged something over two million feet per annum, or about sixty-five million feet since the property came into the possession of Judge Bell. According to his estimate, however, only about one-fifth of the stock cut at this mill was the product of Jefiferson count)', the balance coming from his lands in Clearfield county. The pine timber on Judge Bell's lands in the two counties is exhausted, but he has some twelve million feet of hemlock timber on land owned by him in Washington township. The late E. D. White and his sons, G. W. and A. A. White, now of Ken- tucky, were for a number of years in charge of the Bellport mill, and were well known lumbermen. For the last eight years it has been ably managed by Mr. John B. Campbell. Next comes the " Garrison mill " upon the site of which a portable mill was built in 1863, but it being burned down shortly after, the present mill was built by Garrison, Fuller & Co., in 1864. This co-partnership continued for about ten years, when Mr. Sidney Fuller retired, and the firm was changed to C. M. & J. N. Garrison, under which title it continued until 1882, when C. M. Gar- rison retired from active business, and the business passed into the hands of his sons, John N. and Lorenzo S. Garrison, under the firm name of J. N. Gar- rison & Brother. This is one of the most extensive lumber establishments in the county, fully five million feet being cut per annum. Cornelius M. Garrison, the pioneer of this and of the " Company mill " on the North Fork, was always kind and thoughtful for the welfare of his em- ployees, and when his death occurred August 18, 1886, there were three men in the employ of the firm who had worked for^him for thirty years. These are still working on the same mill for his sons, and are Reuben B. Lyle, Joseph Plyler and David D. Demott. The shingle mill of Sidney Fuller, is also situated at Garrison Station. It 492 History of Jefferson County. was built about four years ago, and turns out ten thousand shingles per day; the shingles manufactured are eighteen inches in length. Mr. Fuller has a well cultivated farm of seventy-five acres here, with good house and other improvements. This was his residence until a few years ago when his increasing lumber business, obliged him to locate in Pittsburgh. The farm and shingle mill are now superintended by Mr. Fox. Mr. Fuller cleared his farm, and made the first improvements at Garrison. In the neighborhood of Emerickville are a number of saw-mills; the E. Weiser mill was built on land owned by Weiser, by J. C. Wilson, in 1 886. The capacity of the mill is about nine thousand feet per day. The Frederick Starr mill, on land of J. Klepfer, was built about ten years ago. The mill cuts about one million feet per year. A good deal of custom sawing is done. The steam saw-mill of John Rhinehart, on land of Emanuel Shuckers, was built in 1886. This mill replaced a water-mill built by Benjamin Schwartz, in 1859. This mill saws about five hundred thousand feet per year. Shobert Brother's (James and John) mill, on a one hundred acre tract, owned by Daniel Rhodes, saws about one million feet per \'ear. The timber is owned by Shobert Brothers. The steam saw-mill of Orr, McKinley & Co., was built in June, 1886. The capacity of this mill is about ten thousand feet per day. It is built upon land of B. P. Bell, of Indiana county, containing four hundred and seventy-six acres of hemlock and hard wood timber. The pine timber is almost a thing of the past in Pine Creek, and it will take but a few years to exhaust the hemlock. The grand forests of magnificent trees that caused Joseph Barnett to locate in this region, have all fallen before the lumberman's axe. Schools. — The first school in the township was that one built of logs, and with greased paper windows, and the huge chimney at one end, that Mrs. Gra- ham tells about. It stood on what is now the McConnell farm, and in con- trasting it and the primitive kind of instruction then imparted, with the ad- vantages of tiie present da\', we may well rejoice in the greater advantages in this respect now enjoyed by the school children. In 1886 there were eight schools in Pine Creek ; average number of months taught, five ; male teachers, five ; female, three ; average salary of teachers, thirty-five dollars per month ; number of male scholars, one hundred and sixty-five; females, one hundred and forty-four; average number attending school, two hundred and forty; average per cent of attendance, eighty-five; cost per month, ninety-three cents. Tax and rate per cent, number of mills levied for school purposes, thirteen. Total amount of tax levied for school and building purposes, $1,391.25. Total expenditures for schools, buildings, etc., $1,681.33. Pine Creek Township. 493 The number of churches in the township are three ; Methodist Episcopal, Protestant Methodist and Lutheran. Cemeteries. — The first graveyard started in the township or in the county, was located some place near the forks of the road between Brookville and Port Barnett, and here the first who died after Andrew Rarnett, were buried ; but all trace of its locality is lost, and the lowly mounds have long since disap- peared, and are now covered with dwellings, and the careless passer-by treads unwittingly over the spot where repose the early dead of the township and of the county. The next graveyard was the one laid out on the farm of Nathaniel Butler, and in which his son, Winfield Scott Butler, a boy of only two summers, who died February 28, 1842, was buried, Mr. Butler then setting apart the spot that is now known as the " Butler graveyard," and where the parents of the little boy, and Samuel Jones and his wife, and many of the other old settlers of Pine Creek, and their children and children's children, are buried. At Emerickville the Lutheran graveyard was laid out in 1858, Daniel Shuckers being the first laid therein. The Methodist graveyard, on the Moore farm, was laid out on ground donated by James F. Moore, about 1862, and a child of Russell and Emeline Vantassel, and grandchild of Mr. Moore, was the first interred, followed soon by Willie Britton. Since then Mr. Moore and many others have laid down in this silent spot by those little ones to " rest from their labors." There are three monuments in this cemetery ; one of granite, erected to the memory of James F. Moore, who died October 2, 1881, and one of marble over the daughters of Abel Fuller, also one of marble erected by George Zetler, to the memory of his son. Port Barnett, Port Barnett, the little hamlet where the first settlers of Jefferson county first found a home, the history of which has already been given in former chapters, was originally the property of Joseph Barnett and Samuel Scott. The records of the county describe this property as follows: " The Port Barnett property containing two hundred and fifty-six acres and one hundred perches — One part conveyed to Samuel Scott by Jeremiah Parker by deed dated i6th day of 1818 ; recorded in Lidiana County in Deed book No. 2, Page 727, and by Sundry Conveyances to Andrew Barnett. Other moiety conveyed to Joseph Barnett by Jeremiah Parker, by deed dated 26th June 1821, Recorded in Indiana County, in deed book No. 4, page 482, and by will of Joseph Barnett, devised to Adrew Barnett." The Barnetts kept store and hotel at Port Barnett for many years, beside running their mills, and part of the old hotel is still standing. After the death of his father Andrew Barnett continued to reside upon the property until about the year 1850, when he sold the property to Andrew J. Brady and Irvin Long, 59 494 History of Jefferson County. and removed to the West. The hotel, which was for a long time the only one in the county, after it passed out of the hands of the Barnetts was kept by several parties, one of whom was Joseph Shobert. In 1850 A. J. Brady as- sumed charge of it, and we find quite an extensive advertisement in the papers of that day of the "Port Barnett Hotel," under his management. In 1852, Mr. Brady sold to Jacob Kroh, who was the last man to play mine host at the first hostelry in the county. Joseph Shobert, now of Brookville, is the only one living who was its landlord. The auditor general's report for 1831 gives the following record of licenses in Jefferson county: " Andrew Barnett, tavern license, $33.44, Andrew Barnett, dealer in for- eign merchandise, $31.69." The records of the county show that tavern licenses were granted in Pine Creek township to Andrew Barnett for 1833-41, at Port Barnett ; Isaac Packer, for 1834-42, where Peter Baum now lives; Jacob Kroh, for 1842-47, at Port Barnett; George S. Mathews, 1846; George Leitner, 1840. The first store was kept by the Barnetts and Samuel Scott, who, in 1826, was succeeded by Jared B. Evans, who removed it to Brookville in 1830. William McMannigle, who still resides at Port Barnett, came there in 1834 from Westmoreland county, at which time there was no house between Port Barnett and Reynoldsville, except the log hotel of Isaac Packer on the Peter Baum place.^and a log house occupied by Hance Vasbinder, where Emerick- ville now is. The first mill erected by the Barnetts was replaced in 183 i by a new one erected by Andrew Barnett, and this in turn ga\e way to the present steam- mill erected in 1870, and remodeled in 1882 by James Humphrey, who purchased the property of Jacob Kroh. While building the dam for the present mill the workmen came across the timbers of the first mill, which were in a good state of preservation considering the length of time they had lain in the water. The logs had huge wrought iron spikes firmly imbedded in them. The present grist-mill was built in i860. Port Barnett is still the property of James Humphrey, wlio, in connection with his mills, has a store under the management of his son, W. N. Humphrey. Their saw-mill does a large business. Nearly all the houses in the place be- long to Mr. Humphrey, and are occupied by his workmen. He resides in the residence built by Jacob Kroh, jr., on the Brookville road, west of the mills. In 1880 the census gives the population of Port Barnett as seventy. E.MERICKVILLE. This little village is situated on the " pike," about six miles east of Brook- ville, and has aboutjj^one hundred inhabitants. The census of 1880 gives its population as_fifty-seven,[showing, according to the population now claimed by Pine Creek Township. 495 the citizens, an increase of almost one-half more. It contains one hotel, two stores, one blacksmith shop, and twenty dwellings. The hotel, which was built about the year 1S43 by Jacob Kroh, is now kept by Emanuel Weiser, who came to the township from Northumberland in 1852, and engaged in lumber- ing and merchandising. He started his present store at Emerickville in 1870. The other store is owned by George Zetler, jr., who removed to Emerickville from Philadelphia in 1848. His father, the late Edward Zetler, when he came to the place with his fcimily in that year, found it impossible to find a dwelling house, and was obliged to move into a school-house on the Moore farm until he could erect a house. The blacksmith shop is owned by E. Weiser. The first blacksmith^was George Gray, who rang the anvil in 1858. The shop is now run by George Raymer. There are two churches, the Lutheran Church, on the Bliss farm, and the Methodist on the Moore farm. There is also a new church being built by the denomination known as the Church of God. Fuller's Station. Fuller's Station, on the Low Grade Division of the Allegheny Valley Rail- road, is situated at the eastern end of the township, on Sandy Lick Creek. It contains about one hundred inhabitants, and is the principal shipping point for lumber, bark, etc., for that section of the county, about one hundred cars of lumber being shipped per month, averaging 10,000 feet to the car, and in the fall months the shipments of bark are over ninety cars per month, averaging nine cords to the car. The Fuller saw-mill was built in 1862 by Abel Fuller, after whom the place and post-office are named ; its capacity is from 15,000 to 20,000 feet per day. In 1868 the aggregate business of this mill was over 2,100,000 feet of boards. Mr. Fuller has 265 acres of timber land, on which there is yet some 20,000 feet of timber, principally hemlock. This mill was remodeled, and new ma- chinery put in about two years ago. Mr. Fuller also has a store at this point, which was started in 1876. The post-office is kept in this store. Mr. Fuller cut the first stick of timber, and made the first improvements in this part of the township. Abel Fuller is a son of Salmon Fuller, one of the first settlers of Clover township, who settled there in 1829. He was a native of Duffin's Creek, Upper Canada, but removed to Painesville, O., where his son Abel was born in 1S26. He has spent fifty-eight years of his life in Jefferson county. Mr. Fuller owns a farm of sixty-five acres, bought eight or nine years ago from Henry Milliron, and on which he has erected a good house and barn. He raises excellent fruit — apples, pears and peaches. Population, Taxables, etc. — The population of the township did not in- crease very fast in the first twenty-five years. The census of 18 10 gives it 496 History of Jefferson County. as i6i ; 1820, 561, (which also included Perry); 1840, 628; 1850, 778; i860, 729; 1870,941; 1880, 1189. The taxables in 1807 were 23 ; in 1814, 35 ; in 1821, (including Perry), 161 ; in 1828, 60 ; in 1835, 103 ; in 1842, 98 ; in 1849, 1 5*5 ; in 1856, 125 ; in 1863, 183 ; in 1870, 247 ; 1886, 368. The triennial assessment for the year 1886, gives the number of acres seated as 10,872, and the valuation $44,004; average per acre $4.46. Num- ber of houses and lots 118; valuation $8,537. Grist and saw-mills 7 ; valua- tion $9,613. Unseated lands 5,936; valuation $18,171; average per acre $3.06. Number of horses 186; valuation $7,714 ; average valuation $41.47. Number of cows 255 ; valuation $2,850 ; average, $1 1. 18. Occupations 164 ; valuation $5,500 ; average $33.84. Total valuation, subject to county tax, $96,434. Money at interest $24,122. The basis of taxation adopted in all the townships of the county is one- fifth of the real value on real estate, and one-third on personal property. This would make the real value of real estate in Pine Creek township, for the year 1886, $1,908,000, and of personal property $150,000. The assessed valuation of real estate in the township for 1886 is $381,600; personal property $50,000. Elections. — The first elections in Jefferson county, which were also the first held in Pine Creek, have already been given. We give below the last election held before Perry was organized : " 1817, Pine Creek township. At an election held at the house of Joseph Barnett in said township on Friday, the 14th day of March, A. D. 1817, the following persons were duh- elected : Constable, Elijah Graham, 22 votes ; John Dixson, 13. Supervisors, Joseph Barnett, 25 votes; Thos. Lucas, 28. Overseers, Henry Fey, 9 votes ; John Matson, 6. Fence appraisers, Moses Knap, 7 votes; William Vasbinder, 7. Town clerk, Elijah Graham, 22 votes. Signed, Adam Vasbinder, Walter Templeton, judges." The last election, held in February, 1887, resulted in the election of the following persons to fill the various offices in the tov\nship : Justice of the peace, Z. T. Chambers ; constable, John Cable ; supervisors, S. R. Milliron, Calvin Hutchins ; school directors, A. H. Yost, John Carberry ; poor over- seer, E. C. Wilson ; auditor, A. D. Deemer ; tax collector, Charles Wetzel ; judge of election, Frank Grady; inspectors, Joseph Dempsey, Frank P. Plyler ; assessor, William DeMott ; town clerk, Z. T. Chambers. The justices of the peace in Pine Creek now are George Zetler, jr., and Z. T. Chambers. The members of the school board previously elected are Michael Mowry, John Cable, Thomas Montgomery, and Barton Hutchins. Perry Township. 497 CHAPTER XXXIV. HISTORY OF PERRY TOWNSHIP. PERRY was the second township organized in Jefferson count)', being taken from Pine Creek in 1818. It embraced the whole of the county south of Little Sandy, and the dividing line was for a long time called the " Mason and Dixon line of Jefferson county." It was organized soon after the brilliant victory gained on Lake Erie, by Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, and was named for him. Perry township, until 1826, was bounded on the north by Pine Creek township, on the east by Clearfield, west by Armstrong, and south by Indiana county. The township now contains about twenty- eight square miles, or 18,000 acres, principally good farming land. Its shape is nearly square, with boun- dary lines running due east and west, and north and south. The surface is mostly elevated. With the exception of Mahoning Creek the streams are small and flow through narrow ravines. The Mahoning Creek flows in. a tortuous course through a deep, wide valley extending along the southern border of the township. A narrow divide, trending east and west, crosses the northern portion of the township and separates the waters of the Mahoning from those of the Little Sandy. Frostburg is at the summit of this elevated plateau. The fiirst settler in what is now Perry township, was John Bell, who was born in Virginia on the 28th of January, 1770, and when but an infant was taken by his family to Cumberland county, and subsequently to the Sewickly settlement, then in Westmoreland county, where he resided until 1800, when he moved to the vicinity of what is now the town of Indiana, where he was, in 1805, on the formation of Indiana county, elected the first constable in that county. In 1809 he decided to penetrate still further into the wilderness, and settled upon the farm about one mile north of the Big Mahoning Creek, and made the first improvement in that part of Jefferson county. Until the year 18 1 2 his nearest neighbors were nine miles distant, in Indiana county, and the nearest, in what is now Jefferson county, were those living in the Barnett Settlement, over twenty miles north of him. For a long time after Mr. Bell took up his abode in this wilderness his ri- fle, in the use of which he was an adept, was the only source of subsistence for himself and family ; and in hunting and clearing off his heavily timbered land the first years of his residence in this wilderness were passed. As a proof of his skill as a hunter it is stated, on creditable authority, that during his resi- dence in Jefferson county John Bell killed two panthers, ninety-three wolves, three hundred and six bears and over six hundred deer, to say nothing of 498 History of Jefferson County. wild turkeys, which were then very numerous, and other small game. The red men, too, yet lurked in the forests, and though we have heretofore had nothing but their friendly actions towards the early settlers to chronicle, it is stated that on one occasion Mr. Bell, who had been to Port Barnett on busi- ness, and was obliged to camp out for the night on his way home, saw an In- dian taking aim at him from behind a tree. In relating this incident he re- marked, " that Indian was never seen afterwards ;" from which it was easily inferred that the savage fell before his unerring rifle. In l8i8 Governor Findley appointed him justice of the peace, an office which he held for twenty- five years, and in which his jurisdiction was honest and creditable. He was known all his life afterwards, all over this region of country as " Squire Bell." One of Mr. Bell's strongest characteristics was his love of truth and his sterling honesty. He would call no man friend whom he could not respect, and he disdained to conceal his opinions or dislikes. For those whom he professed friendsliip he would make any sacrifice of personal convenience. He was a true type of the earh' American pioneer. But while he was famous as a hunter and woodsman, he did not neglect his farm, upon which he worked so zealously that he soon had it under a good state of culture, and long before he was obliged to relinquish the oversight of it he had made it productive, erected comfortable buildings and planted one of the finest orchards in the count}' ; and when the evening of his days came he was able to " sit under his own vine and fig tree ;" to look out over the fertile fields which he had reclaimed from the dense wilderness, and enjoy the fruit from the trees of his own planting. This farm, still one of the best in Jefferson county, is now the property of Robert Hamilton. Mr. Bell was married twice. His first wife died, leaving him with three children, John, Hugh and Mary; (the latter married David Postlethwait), and he then married Jane Potter, a daughter of the first settler of Reynoldsville, who survived him for a number of years. The only child of the second mar- riage is Mrs. Rachel Weaver, of Perry township. He died on the 19th of May, 1855, in the eighty-si.xth year of his age, having resided in Jefterson county for forty-six years. He was one of the most widely known citizens cf the county, and his home was for many years the resting place of the wayfarer, no one ever being turned away from his hospitable door. For over twenty-five years the members of the Indiana county bar made his home their stopping place on their way to and from their attendance at the courts held at Brookviile, and among his warmest friends were Judge Thomas White, and Messrs. Banks, Stannard, Car- penter, Coffey, and others who visited him on those occasions. The ne.Kt settler who came into what is now Perry township was Archibald Hadden, who located about a mile southeast from John Bell in 18 10. Mr. Hadden also came from Westmoreland county. He built the first grist-mill in Perry Township. 499 Perry township, near the present town of Perrysville. Mr. Hadden died a number of years ago. His son, Wilham Hadden, is now the oldest resident of OHver township. Then came Hugh McKee, a soldier of the War of i8i2, from Westmore- land county, who settled on a farm about half a mile from where Perrysville now is. Mr. McKee was a prominent citizen of this portion of the countj' during the few years that he resided there, and held the office of auditor and supervisor. He was killed in 1822 by falling from the roof of a log barn he was building, and was the first adult buried in the grave-yard at Punxsutawney (then in Perry township). A daughter of Hugh McKee, Mrs Susannah Hall, died in Brookville, May 4, 1887, aged eighty-one years. She came with her parents to Jefferson county when a little child, and lived within its limits for over seventy years. The only remaining member of the family, William Mc- Kee (son of Hugh), resides in Oliver township. John Postlethwait came from Westmoreland county in 1818, and settled a mile and a half northwest of Perrysville. Near the same time the family of John Young settled two miles west of the present town of Perrj'sville. Another of the pioneer settlers of Perry township was Reuben Hickox, who came in 1822. He was a great hunter, and in less than three days caught six bears, and in about three months had killed over fifty of these animals. He trapped and hunted principally for bears and wolves, as the skin of the wild cat and other animals were of little or no value. Deer, wild turkey and wild ducks supplied his family with food. Mr. Hickox was born in New Haven, Conn., his father being a soldier in General Washington's own com- mand, for several years during the Revolutionary War. He was married in 18 1 8 to Catharine Williams. Mr. Hickox died about 1884, aged over ninety years. His son, Charles Hickox, and others of his descendants, still live in Perry. William Johnson came to Perry township in March, 1830, from Mahoning township, Indiana county. He put up a little shanty to live in while he hewed logs to build a house, and one day when he came to the shanty he found the tracks made in the ashes by a large bear which had visited it in his absence. When his house was ready to raise, James McCombs, John Hender- son, William Neal, James McHenry and James Chambers came from Indiana county to help at the " raising." They came to give this assistance in com- pensation for similar services rendered them by Mr. Johnston prior to that time. He occupied this house for seven years, and then built a large frame house, in which he yet resides. He had, in the meantime, built a large frame barn, which is yet standing. Thomas Hopkins, late of Shamoka, did all the carpenter work of these buildings. When Mr. Johnston was engaged in grubbing his second field, he saw a large bear coming towards him. He ran to the house for his gun and shot it. 500 History of Jefferson County. The animal showed fight, but soon became exhausted from loss of blood, and crept into some bushes near by and died. While he was following the bear into the thicket, a young fawn sprang up in front of him, and, frightened at the unwonted visitor, sped swiftly away into the recesses of the forest. When Mr. Johnston was thirteen years of age he worked for a while for " Squire" John Bell. One day Bell's horses ran away, and after a long time spent in hunting for them he met Andrew Barnett, who was on his way to Indiana, who informed him that he had heard the bell, which the horses wore, when he was going through the woods through the Gomper's improvement, which consisted of a patch of buckwheat sown in the woods, on land now owned by William J. Smith. Mr. Johnston took a small sack of salt and a bridle and started after the runaways, and after traveling through a wilderness infested with wild beasts, and where danger lurked in every thicket, he found them where the farm of George Ickes now is, in Oliver township, and five miles from home. The boy took the horses safely home, and to use his own words, thought he had " won as great a victory as Columbus did when he dis- covered America." It was while making this trip that Mr. Johnson's attention was called to the piece of land which pleased him so much, and which he afterwards bought, in 1829, from Charles C. Gaskill, agent of the Holland Land Company, paying him one hundred and forty dollars and twenty- five cents for two hundred and ten acres. This tract was surveyed by John J. Y. Thompson, of Brookville, and on which Mr. Johnston made the first improvement between John Bell's and Port Barnett. This property which Mr. Johnston selected when a bo\-, is still his home, and is one of the finest farms in Jeffeison county. He done all the work of clearing and farming his land until the spring of 1873. While repairing his barn he had his left foot bruised very severely, which caused hiin months of the most intense suffering, and terminated at last in his having his foot ampu- tated and then the limb three different times. Since that time he has been unable to help himself, but has spent his time in a wheel chair. He is now in the eighty-third year of his age, and is respected and esteemed by all who know him for the good he has done. Mr. Johnston's wife, who was Miss Mary Postlethvvait, daughter of David Postlethwait, has been dead for a number of years, and as they had no chil- dren, a nephew, Mr. Levi Postlethwait, resides with him. In 1822 David Postlethwait purchased land in the Round Bottom from Benjamin McBride and William Stewart, who had settled there a year before, and cleared a few acres Samuel Newcom, James Wachob, Isaac Wachob, Stephen and Isaac Lewis, Joseph Croasman, James Stewart, Nathaniel Foster, Isaac London, John 'Van Horn, Thomas Gourley, William Marshall, George Blose, David and James Hamilton were among those who first settled in Perry township, and their descendants are still among the foremost and best citizens. Perry Township. 501 Thomas S. Mitchell was for many years a prominent citizen of Perry town- ship, and kept a general store at Perrysville. In 1854 he was elected sheriff. He has been dead for a number of years, but several of his family still reside in the township. James McCracken, another prominent citizen of the county, was born in Count)' Down, Ireland, in 1816. His parents came to Philadelphia in 1823, and from there removed to Schuylkill county. Mr. McCracken came to Jef- ferson county in 1839, and in 1848 was elected sheriff of the county. Since his term of office expired he has resided on his farm in Perry township. He has engaged in lumbering and farming. In 1839 he was married to Martha Lyon, of Port Carbon, also a native of Ireland. Of their ten children three daughters and one son are dead. Hugh, the eldest son, resides in West Vir- ginia, James resides on the homestead in Perry township, and William L. is practicing law in Brookville. The three surviving daughters are all married to citizens of the county. Charles R. B. Morris was three years old when his father, Obed Morris, re- moved to Jefferson county. In his youth he taught in the common schools of the county in winter, and worked on the farm or lumbered in the summer. He was twice elected county commissioner. In 1863 he removed to a farm in Perry township, where for a number of years he was engaged in merchandis- ing at Frostburg, a little village located on his farm. The Means, Depps, Jordans, Ruths, Baths, Travis, Weavers, Dilts, Palmers, Hopkins, Niselys, Groves, Mosiers, Smiths, Kellys, Crissmans, Reddings, Galls, Kinsells, Whitesells, Neels, Swabs, Shillings, are also among the old and prom- inent families in the township. Perrysville is the principal village, and is located at the extreme southern end of the township. Its population in 1880, according to the census, was one hundred and seventeen. It is situated on the banks of the Mahoning, and contains two stores, owned and operated by Mitchell & Neel, and A. L. Gib- son, and two hotels, the proprietors of which are Sharp Neel and George Jor- don. The post-office at Perrysville was called Hamilton, for Robert Hamilton, the first postmaster, and bore that name for thirty-four years, when it was changed to Hay, being so called for the late Malcolm Hay, who was appo's'Qv te first assistant postmaster-general by President Cleveland. There are four post-offices in Perry township, — Hay, Frostburg, Valier and Grange. Frostburg, the next village in Perry township, is located on the farm of C. R. B. Morris and contains a post-office and the store of Swisher & Gahagan. The potter)' of the Messrs. Swisher was for a long time located at this place. Valier post-office is located in Whitesville, a little village in the Round Bot- tom settlement, which is in the midst of a good farming countr)-. Grange, the other post-office in the township, is located near Daniel Sprankle's. The store of L. F. Sutter is located there. ^^ 502 History ok Jefferson C(junty. The first church in the township was built at Perry in 1835, and the first school-house, as has already been stated, was the one built in 1820, of logs, near the present site of Perrysville. The first saw-mill was built by Elijah Heath on the Mahoning, above the Round Bottom. The first hotel was kept in Perrysville by Irwin Robinson, and the first store was started near that plate by Alva Pain. The first grave-yard was located where Perry church was afterwards built, and Robert Stunkard was the first buried tliere, about 1830. There many of the first settlers of the south side and their children and children's children have been laid in later years. There are now seven churches and nine school-houses in the township with cemeteries attached to each church. There is only one grist-mill in the town- ship, that of William White, on Big Mahoning Creek. There are five black- smith shops, three furniture manufactories, two tan yards and one harness shop. Perry township is one of the very best farming districts in the county, con- taining many large and well-improved farms, among the best of which are those of J. H. Lewis, S. Neel, C. R. B. Morris, J. M. Jordon, L. Gourley and D. Hamilton. But little attention has been paid to raising thoroughbred stock. The township is admirably adapted to fruit culture, and the best varieties of apples, peaches, plums, quinces, pears, cherries, grapes and strawberries are raised. In 1823, according to the "Collector's Duplicate for the Township," Charles C. Gaskill, being collector, there were the following taxables in Perry township: Jesse Armstrong, Joim Bell, James Bell, S. M.,^ Rev. Charles Bar- clay, Joseph Bell, S. M., John Bell, jr., George Baker, Philip Bowers, John Bowers, Joseph Grossman, Daniel Cauffman, Benijah Corey, Isaac Condon, Isaac Carmalt, Elizabeth Clawson, Mathias Clawson, Benjamin Dike, Peter Dorman, S. M., Charles C. Gaskill, Samuel Genoa, Daniel Graffius, Adam Gearhart, David Hamilton, James Hamilton, S. M., Archibald Hadden, Jacob Hoover, John Hoover, Elijah Heath. Stophel Hetrick, Peter Henry, William Hemingway, James Irvine, Dr. John W. Jenks, Thomas Jackson, John Kuhn, S. M., Stephen Lewis, Isaac Lewis, Michael Lantz, Adam Long (cooper), Ad- am Long, Francis Leech, John Leas, Isaac McHendry, Elizabeth McHendry, James McClelland, James McBride, John McDonald, Isaac McElvaine, Will- iam McElvaine. David McDonald, Thomas McKee, S. M., James McKee, S. M., John Miller, David Milliron, Thompson McKee, Henry Milliron, Joiin New- com, Samuel Newcom, Lawrence Nolf, Conrad Nolf, John Postlethwait, sr., David Postlethwait, John Postlethwait, S. M., Thomas Payne, Peter Reed, Samuel States, William Smith, James Stewart, John Stewart, Nathaniel Tindel, John Vanhorn, James Wachob, Isaac Wachob, Carpenter Windslow, jr., Abra- ham Weaver, Carpenter Windslow, sr., James Windslow, Reuben Windslow, IS. M., means single ivi.in. Perry Township. 503 Joseph Whitman, Pearlin White, Richard Wainwright, Samuel Wainwright, John Young, James Young, S. M., Jacob Young, S. M." Statistics of Population, Assessments, and Schools. — The number of tax- ables in Perry township was in 1820, 205; in 1828, 88; in 1829, 86, with three deaf and dumb, and votes cast at the spring election, were 22, and at the general election, 36. In 1829 the number of taxables was 86, and ac- cording to Gordon's Gazetteer, the length of the township in 1 83 i was 1 1 miles ; breadth, 9 miles; area in acres, 49,280. In 1835, there were 209 taxables; in 1849, 325; in 1856, 2o6 ; in 1863, 238; in 1870. 288; in 1 880, 343; in 1886, 383. In 1820 the population of Perry was included in Pine Creek. For the year 1830 the census returns did not give the population of the townships sepa- rately. In 1840 the census gives Perry's population as 1,076 ; in 1850, 1,738 ; 1860,1,073; 1870,1,222; 1880,1,293. The taxables in 1828, were 88; 1829, 86; 1835, 209; 1842,251; 1849, 325: 1856, 206; 1863, 238; 1870,288; 1880, 1,293. The triennial assessment for the year 1886 gives the number of acres seated as 15,625, and the valuation $74,609; average per acre, $4.77; number of houses and lots, 84; valuation, $6,259; unseated lands, 40 acres; valuation, $40; number of horses, 275; valuation, $12,349; average valuation, $45; number of cows, 351; valuation, $4,071 ; average valuation, $11,31. Occu- pations, 99 ; valuation, $2,583 ; average, $25.08. Total valuation subject to county tax, $100,191. Money at interest $44,411. The basis of taxation in Perry township is one-fifth of the real valuation, which would make the value of real estate in the township $500,955. The school statistics of Perry township as given in the report of the State superintendent of public schools, for the year ending June 30, 1886, is as fol- lows : Whole number of schools, eight ; average number of months taught, 5 ; male teachers, 7 ; female teachers, i ; average salary of teachers, $31.85 ; num- ber of male scholars, 200 ; females, 162 ; average number attending school, 338 ; average per cent, of attendance, 95 ; cost per month, 70 cents ; number of mills levied on for school purposes, 12. Total amount of tax levied for school purposes, $1,373.39. Total expenditures for schools, buildings, etc., $1,477.73. Elections. — " Perry township. At an election held at the house of John Bell, in said township, on Friday, the 20th day of March, 1818, the following persons were duly elected : Constable, David Hamilton had 5 votes, Jacob Hoover, 3 ; supervisors, John Bell 5 votes, Hugh McKee, 5 ; auditors. Archi- bald Hadden 5 votes, Jess Armstrong 5, James McClennen 5, Michael Lance 5 ; fence appraisers, Jos. Crossman 5 votes, Adam Long 5 ; overseers, Henry Lott 5 votes, Liga Dycus 5. (Signed) Archibald Hadden, Hugh McKee, Judges." At the next election the voters had increased to eight, and at the last elec- 504 History of Jefferson Couxtv. tion, before Young township was formed, the number of voters appears to have been seventy- seven. At this election in 1825, "schoolmen " were voted for, John W. Jenks, Charles C. Gaskill and John Bell being elected. This is the only record of any such office in the election returns of the county from 1807 to 1830. Tliese elections were all held at the house of John Bell, and in the first ten years he was eight times elected to office, being supervisor, auditor, overseer of the poor and schoolman. The following persons were elected at the election held February 15, 1887 : Constable, William I. Lamison ; supervisors, R. S. Blose, William Doverspike ; school directors, Joseph Means, jr., William Smith ; overseers of the poor, David Neel, Sharp Hamilton; asses'^or, A. G. Gourley; auditor, Henry Xeel ; judge of election, Craig Dilts; inspectors, T. D. Brewer, J. C. Crissman ; col- lector, George Gourley. The justices of the peace in Perr_\- are C. R. B. Morris, and Daniel Brewer. The school directors elected previous to February 15, 1887, are, Aaron Depp, W. R Postlethwait, William H. Diltz, A. H. Neel. CHAPTER XXXV. HISTORY OF YOUNG TOWNSHIP AND PUNXSUTAWNEY. THE township which completed the first trio, was Young, organized in 1826, and taken from Ferry township. It was then quite large, embracing all the southeastern portion of the county. It was named for Judge Young, at that time president judge of the Westmoreland judicial district. The town- ship is now bounded on the north by McCalmont, south by Indiana county, east by Belle township, and west by Perr)-. It is rectangular in form, six miles long by three wide — eighteen square miles, and contains 11,520 acres. The Mahoning Creek flows across the township from east to west, in a deep, wide valley in which Punxsutawney is situated. South from the creek the region is an upland plateau, the top of which is three hundred and fifty feet above the creek level, and is but little broken by ravines. The region north of the creek is, on the other hand, no less high, is much diversified by hill and vale — a for- tunate topographical arrangement for the commercial interests of the town- ship, as it makes access easy abo\'e water level to the large and valuable coal beds. The small tributary vallej's of which there are four, trend southward, and are roughly parallel to one another. The most important of these is the Elk Run Valley. Geology. — The Freeport Lower Coal is the one which gives value to Young township, and nearly all of the township is underlaid with it. The Freeport Young Township and Punxsutawney. 505 Upper Coal, though a bed of considerable thickness, j'ields much inferior coal. The coal trade of Young township is now second to none in the count)-, as will be seen from a report of the Wallston mines given elsewhere. The Freeport upper limestone is of very little account in Young township, showing but few exposures, and these of an impure character. Early Settlers. — Among the olden time settlers of Young township, the Carmalts are prominent features. They were of Quaker extraction, and with the Gaskills infused into the early life of the south side of the county an element that was an important factor in the history of those days of early pioneer struggle. Isaac P. Carmalt was born in Philadelphia in 1794. His father was a rela- tive of William Penn, with whom his ancestors came from England on his second voyage to this country. His mother's family was a prominent one in North Wales, where, it is said, " they owned an entire township." Isaac was a carpenter by trade, but tiring of city life, he started to look up a home in the then far West. In company with William Patterson, he left Philadelphia in 1818, with a good team of horses and a Dearborn wagon, and in about three weeks arrived at their journey's end, a place some twelve miles from Indiana- town. His father, not hearing from him for some time, became anxious about him, and started, in company with a man named Harvey, to hunt him up. Harvey had his family with him, and the journey was a long and toilsome one. When near its end their wagon stuck in the bed of a creek. The horses gave two or three pulls, but failing to extricate it, balked, and no persuasion could induce them to proceed. Fortunately they had sent a messenger ahead to apprise Isaac of their coming, and he appeared on the scene with his servant, and at once went to work to help them out of their dilemma by unloading and prying the wagon out of the hole in which it was imbedded. He persuaded Mrs. Harvey, who weighed about one hundred and seventy-five pounds, to sit on his neck, with her feet on either side, and he, in this way, carried her to the shore. They soon had the wagon out and proceeded to his house, where they rested from their toilsome and perilous journey. The following incidents of Mr. Carmalt's pioneer experience, as related in his own language, were published in Caldwell's " Historical Atlas of Jefferson County :" '■ I had no grindstone, and so I concluded to go to Squire Bell's, twelve miles distant (John Bell, who first settled in Perry township), borrow his mare, and go for a rock out of which I could make a grindstone. On my way back with the stone in one side of a bag and potatoes in the other, to balance, I be- came belated and so concluded to stay over night with the squire. It was a moonlight night, and as the mare approached a short turn in the path she began to snort. I looked up and beheld something sitting erect, about the size of a man, on one side of the path, and on approaching it had the appear- So6 History of Jefferson County. ance of two balls of fire. My horse instantly sprang, became uncontrollable, and away she went. Her colt was following after, and so I looked back to see what had become of it. As the colt passed, the animal screamed like a paint- er and leaped for it, but the colt barely escaped, and come on at a dead run. I soon reached Squire Bell's, it being about midnight, opened the barn door, rushed the mare and colt in, fastened the door, and called to the squire for his son, John, the big dog, and the gun. The squire raised the window and sa'd, ' Carmalt, what's the matter?' I replied, ' I want John, the big dog, and the gun to go back and catch some big animal.' The old man laughed and said, ' Carmalt, you must have been frightened by the fall of the limb of a tree. There is no big animal there.' ' I know there is,' I said, ' and I want John, the big dog, and the gun.' The squire then called John. He brought his gun and called up the dog, and we started for the path, and near the place where I saw the animal, John said, ' Carmalt, you make a noise like that you heard.' I imitated the cry, and the animal answered. I called again and again, and each time there came the same scream from the animal. I said, ' John, thee had better set the dog on it.' John tried, but the dog refused to go. Then I said, ' We'd better go back to the house as soon as we can if the dog won't go.' So we went to the house, and soon we were abed asleep. The next morning I left the mare and the stone, and started back on foot, as I was afraid that my colored man, whom I had left at the cabin, was out of provisions. I walked several miles and stopped at a house where they told me that some strange animal had driven in all their stock the night before. I told them that it was a painter. I again started and walked on through the woods till 1 got to another house, and, as it was about dark, I called in. After speaking a few words, I started out towards the road, or rather path, with a view to go home. The man went with me, and, as we were talking, we saw two objects at a dis- tance, coming in the path. On a nearer approach I saw that they were two tall hunters, each six and a half feet high, with their guns, hunting apparatus, etc., and a big dog. They had coon skin caps on, with the tails projecting in front like plumes. They asked the man if tliey could stay over night with him, as they had their own provisions and beds, and their wives were coming on behind in the path. ' We only want a place to sleep,' they said. ' You can stay. You are welcome. We never turn any one away,' the man replied. As the women approached, I saw that they were on horseback, and the first one had a straw bed thrown over the horse, and the head-board hung on one side, and the foot-board on the other. She also had a large spinning-wheel in front of her, and a child before and behind. The second one was attired in the same manner, riding on a horse. Her spinning-wheel was a small one, and she, too, had a child before and one behind. They went into the house, and I concluded also to stay over night. Pretty soon a neighbor woman came running in and said, ' a woman's cow's entrails have been torn out, and the Young Township and Punxsutawney. 507 cow came home dragging them on the ground.' The hunters hstened to the story, and then one of them spoke and said, ' There's the fellow that will take him,' pointing to the dog. At two o'clock the next morning the hunters and the dog were missing. They got on the animal's trail during the day, but returned at night without him. The second day at two o'clock they started out again. They came on his track and followed it for some distance. All of a sudden the dog barked, and the panther leaped on him from a tree and escaped without injury. The hunters became very angry, and returned to the house again. They said, ' We'll have him if he is in the State, for he's killed our dog. They asked the man if their families could stay a few days longer, and of course they received permission. The next morning they started out again at two o'clock, and traveled till noon. They sat down, ate their lunch, and as one was wiping his mouth with his hand, he looked up and saw the panther just in the act of springing on them. He never spoke a word, but drew up his gun, winked at his brother, aimed at the animal, both firing at the same time, and the balls passed each other in the animal's heart. One of them called out, ' Now we've got him ! Now we've got him !' They got out their knives, skinned him, and one of them wrapped the skin about his body, with the head hanging over his shoulder, and the hind parts and tail dragging be- hind. I still waited with anxiety for the panther and my colored man, and went again and again to the road to see if the hunters were coming. I soon saw them coming, one having a long tail dragging behind, and the head hang- ing on his shoulder. My friend and I cried, ' They've got him ! They've got him!' That evening — a happy man — I started for home. On meeting my man, he threw his arms around my neck, and said, ' I'm so glad to see you ! I'se had nothing to eat for three days. I knows when you come with the gun you'd soon kill a deer, and we'd have a big feast.' The next morning I killed a deer, and there was a general rejoicing." On account of some dispute about his title Mr. Carmalt found he was likely to lose his improvement in Indiana county, and he removed to Punxsu- tawney in 1 82 1 and bought a lot, but the following year he purchased the tract of land about a mile from Punxsutawney, in Young township, where he made his home, allowing a beautiful grove of pine trees to remain about his dwelling, and making the Carmalt place one of the most attractive in that section. His farm now belongs to the Rochester and Pittsburgh Mining Com- pany, and Mr. Carmalt a short time ago took up his residence with his son in Philadelphia. He is ninety-three years of age. In 1822 Miss Hannah P. Gaskill came to Jefferson county to visit her brother. C. C. Gaskill, where she met and made the acquaintance of Isaac P. Carmalt, to whom she was married on the 1st of April, 1823, at the Friends' meeting-house in Philadelphia. Mrs. Carmalt was born in Philadelphia in 1788, her father being a merchant, whose counting house was directly op- 5o8 History of Jefferson County. posite that of Stephen Girard, with whom he was on the most intimate terms. She had received the best education that her native city then afforded, and her mind was of more than ordinary order, but she cast aside all the pleasures of belleship and the attractive and congenial society to be found in the city of Philadelphia, and became the wife of a Jefferson county pioneer, exchanging the gayety of the city for the wilderness, and from that time she was identified with the history of the county. Some years after her marriage the settlement was visited by an epidemic which made sad inroads among the sparse population. Mrs. Carmalt, who was skilled in the medicaments then in use, and whose home was a dispensary for the sick and afflicted, with Mrs. Heath, wife of Judge Heath, and sister of Dr. Jenks, laying aside all fears of contagion, attended daily at the bedsides of the sufferers, and to their care and nursing many of those prostrated by the disease owed their lives. Mrs. Carmalt lived to a good old age, dying a few years ago. Another of the pioneers of Young township was Obed Morris, who was born in Bucks county December 8, 1792. When he was a year old his family removed to Northampton county, where he remained twenty-four years, and where, in 1814, he married Mary Bowman. In 1820 he removed to Indiana county, settling near the present village of Covode. In 1824 he bought a tract of land within the present limits of Young township. Here he labored early and late, and by the strictest economy was able to pay for his land and add to it from time to time, until he had one of the largest and best cultivated farms in the township. He was a whole souled, public spirited citizen, a man of strong religious convictions, and temperate in all things. His wife died on the 2d of February, 1859. His family consisted of three sons and two daugh- ters — James Madison, Elizabeth Bowman, Theodore, Charles R. B., Mary Barclay, Joseph Bowman and Moses A. Of these Theodore, Joseph and Moses are prominent and influential citizens of Young township. Mr. Morris died several years ago. His son, Theodore, resides on the old homestead. Daniel Graffius was one of the early settlers of Young township, to which he first came about 1818, and removed with his family from Huntingdon county in 1823. His descendants are among the best citizens of Jefferson county at the present day. His daughter, Mrs. Mary Caldwell, widow of Jo- siah Caldwell, now over eighty years of age, is probably the oldest citizen of the township. She is yet able to attend to her household duties and is in posses- sion of all her mental faculties, and delights to talk of those early days when she found a home in the wilderness of Jefferson county. The first lumber taken out in Young township was by Jesse Armstrong and William Neel, an account of which has already been gi\en. The first coal was discovered by Obed Morris and John Hutchinson about 1820. There is but one large saw-mill now in Young tow^nship, that owned and Young Township and Punxsutawney. 509 operated by the Rochester and Pittsburgh Mining Company at Adrian mines ; its capacity is 20,000 per da\'. There are two grist-mills in the township, that of James St. Clair, and P. W. Jenks's mill, located on the Mahoning, about three and one-half miles below Punxsutawney. The stores are those of H. P. Brown & Co., and M. L. Smith, at Adrian and Walston. There is no licensed hotel in the township. Young township is noted for its fine farms and excellent buildings. Among the best improved are those of John North's estate, now owned by his sons — S. T. North, Joseph K. North, Thomas North — William Long, Theodore Mor- ris, Joseph B. Morris, Robert Law, Irwin Simpson. What has been said in regard to fruit culture in Perry township will apph' to Young. Number of Taxables, Population, and School Statistics. — The number of taxables in Young township in 1828 was Ji; in 1829, 70; in 1831, 70; in 183s, 146 ; in 1842, 271 ; in 1849, 399; in 1856, 381 ; in 1863, 177 ; in 1880, 293; in 1886, 590. The population, according to census of 1840, 1,321; 1850, 1,891 ; 1S60, 776 \ 1870,954; 1880,909. The number of acres seated in the township, according to the triennial assessment for 1886,9,600; valuation, $74,300; average per acre, $7.74 ; houses and lots 233; valuation $23,990; one grist-mill, $800; 2,645 acres of mineral land ; valuation $21,703 ; average value per acre, $8.20 ; number of horses, 184; value, $5,167; average value, $28.07; number of cows, 209! value, $2,284; average value, $10.93; occupations, 441; value, $10,975 ! av- erage, $24.89; total valuation subject to county tax, $139,219; money at interest, $10,657. Tlie whole number of schools in Young township for the year ending June 30, 1886, was seven; number of months taught, five; male teachers, six; female, one; average salary of males, $34; female, $32; scholars, males, 239; females, 219; average attendance, 347; per cent, of attendance, 90; cost per month, 72 cents; number of mills levied for school purposes, 13; total amount of tax levied, $1,55350; total expenditures, $1,648.49. There were eight schools during the winter of 1886. Elections. — The first two elections held for the township of Young, after it was separated from Perry, as the returns appear in the office of the prothon- otary, at Indiana, are as follows : " Young townsliip return for 1826. Constable, Joseph Long had 32 votes, Jno. Hum, 1 1 votes. Signed Philip Bowers, judge, etc. " 1827. — Young township. At an election held at the house of Elijah Heath, in Punxsutawney, on the i6th of March, 1827, the following persons received the number of votes, to wit: "Constables, Joseph Long had 22 votes, Ohed Morris, 13; supervisors, 61 5IO History of Jefferson County. Nathaniel Tindal, 29, Benoni Williams, 32; auditors, Andrew H. Bowman, 30. Josiah Caldwell, 27, Matthias Clawson, 24, Philip Bowers, 18 ; poor overseers, Frederick Rinehart, 15, Christian Rishel, 20; fence appraisers, Adam Long (cooper), 20, John Hum, 9. Signed, Frederick Rinehart, Joseph Long, Jos- iah Caldwell, judges, Mathus Clawson, A. H. Bowman, clerks." At the election held February 15, 1887, the following township officers were elected : Young township, north. — Justice of the peace, J. B. Morris; constable, Samuel Williams ; supervisors, D. B. Hinton, Jos. W. Long ; school directors, S. T. North, Morgan Lloyd ; poor overseer, J. C. Smith; auditor, F. M. Bow- man ; judge of election, H. W. Moore; inspectors, A. J. Haymaker, John Weber ; assessor, J. C. Smith ; collector and treasurer, A. J. Smith ; town clerk, F. M. Bowman. Young, south. — Judge of election, H. E. Clawson ; inspec- tors, B. Zeigler, John Hutchinson. The justices of the peace are Philip D. Wolf, and J. B. Morris. The members of the school board previously elected are, L. S. McQuown, W. C. Williams, D. B. Hintor, and M. L. Smith. PUNXSUTAWNEY. Origin of the Aavic. — We quoted principally from tradition in the prepara- tion of the chapter upon Indian history, and some of the statements therein made concerning the origin of the name of Punxsutawney, are disproved by the origin here given in the journal of Brother Ettewein, the Moravian mis- sionary, who visited the place in 1772. It has been claimed that the great Moravian missionary. Rev. John Heck- weilder, spent "six weeks in the Indian town of Punxsutawney, where he was detained by seme of his band having small-pox," but this Mr. Jordon refutes, and says : " Among his (Heckweilder's) papers, he has prepared a list of the journeys he made, with the number of miles (30,000) between 1762 and 1814, and I nowhere find any reference to his visit to Punxsutawney, directly but indirectly. He may have spent a day or so on the site of the town, where some few Indians yet resided in 1762. In writing his narrative, he refers to his visit in 1772, and states that thirty years before it was almost a deserted spot." About the year 1765, the Moravian missionary, David Zeisberger, estab- lished the mission of Friedenshnetten, near the present town of Wyalusing, in Bradford county. This town, the name of which signifies " tents of peace," contained "thirteen Indian huts, and upwards of forty frame houses, shingled and provided with chimneys and windows." There was another mission about thirty miles above Friedenshnetten, " Tschechschequanink," or as it was trans- lated, "where a great awakening had taken place." This latter mission was under the charge of Brother Roth. These missions prospered greatly, and Young Township and Punxsutawney. 51 i much good was done among the Indians, until 1768, when the Six Nations by the treaty made that year, "sold the land from under their feet," and the mis- sionaries encountered so much trouble from both the Indians and whites that, in 1772 the brethren decided to abandon these missions and remove to the new field which had been planted by the indefatigable Zeisberger, on the banks of the Ohio. They therefore started from Wyalusing on the I2th day of June, 1772, in number two hundred and forty-one souls, mostly Indians, of all ages, witli their cattle and horses. Their destination was Friedenstadt.^ near the present site of Beaver, Pa. They were under the guidance of Brothers Roth and Ettewein, and their course was from the North Branch across the Alle- gheny Mountains, by way of Bald Eagle to the Ohio River. Brother Roth conducted those who went by water, and Brother Ettewien those who traveled by land. In 1886 the Moravian, published at Bethlehem, gave the journal of Rev. John Ettewein, and we give the extracts from it of the progress of the party through the territory now comprised by southern Jefferson county, with the explanatory foot-notes in the Moravian, translated by Mr. Jordan. " 1772. "Tuesday, July 14. — Reached Clearfield Creek, where the buffalos form- erly cleared large tracts of undergrowth, so as to give them the appearance of cleared fields. Hence, the Indians called the creek 'Clearfield.' Here at night and next morning, to the great joy of the hungry, nine deer were shot. Whoever shoots a deer has for his private portion, the skin and inside ; the meat he must bring into camp and deliver to the distributors. John and Cor- nelius acted in this capacity in our division. It proved advantageous for us not to keep so closely together, as we had at first designed ; for if the number of families in a camp be large, one or two deer, when cut up, afford but a scanty meal to each individual. So it happened that scarce a day passed with- out there being a distribution of venison in the advance, the centre and the rear camp. (On the route there were one hundred and fifty deer and but three bears shot.) In this way our Heavenly Father provided for us ; and I often prayed for our hunters, and returned thanks for their success. " Thursda\% July 16, . . . I journeyed on, with a few of the brethren, two miles in a falling rain, to the site of Chinklacamoose, where we found but three huts,' and a few patches of Indian corn. The name signifies ' No one tarries here willingly.' It may, perhaps, be traced to the circumstance that some thirty years ago an Indian resided here as a hermit, upon a rock, who was wont to appear to the Indian hunters, in frightful shapes. Some of these, too, he killed, others he robbed of their skins ; and this he did for many years. We moved on four miles, and were obliged to wade the West Branch three '"The Annals of Friedenschnetten, on the Susquehanna, with John Ettewein's Journal of the Re" moval of the Mission to Friedenstadt, 1765 and 1772," by John W. Jordan. 512 History of Jefferson County. times, whicli is here like the Lehigh at Bethlehem, between the island and the mountain, rapid and full of ripples. " Friday, July 17. — Advanced only four miles to a creek that comes down from the northwest.' Had a narrow and stony spot for our camp. "Saturday, July 18. — Moved on without awaiting Roth and his division, who on account of the rain had remained in camp. To-day Shebosch lost a colt from the bite of a rattlesnake. Here we left the West Branch three miles to the Northwest, up the creek, crossing it five times. Here, too, the path went precipitately up the mountain, and four or five miles up and up to the summit — to a spring the headwaters of the Ohio.- Here I lifted up my heart in ])rayer as I looked westward, that the Son of Grace might rise over the heathen nations that dwell beyond the distant horizon. "Sunday, July 19. — As \'esterday, but two families kept with me, because of the rain, we had a quiet Sunday, but enough to do drying our effects. In the evening all joined me, but we could hold no service as the Ponkis were so excessively annoying that the cattle pressed toward and into our camp, to escape their persecutors in the smoke of the fires. This vermin is a plague to man and beast, both by day and night. But in the swamp through which we are now passing, their name is legion. Hence the Indians call it the Poiiksute- nink, /. c, the town of the Ponkis.-'' The word is equivalent to living dust and ashes, the vermin being so small as not to be seen, and their bite being hot as sparks of fire, or hot ashes. The brethren here related an Indian myth to- wit : That the aforecited Indian hermit and sorcerer, after having been for so many years a terror to all Indians, had been killed by one who had burned his bones, but the ashes he blew into the swamp, and they became living things, and hence the Ponkis. " Monday, July 20. — After discoursing on the dail\' word — ' The Lord our God be with us, may he not forsake us' — we traveled on through the swamp, and after five miles crossed the path that leads from Frankstown* to Goshgo- shink, and two miles from that point encamped at a run. At 5 P. M., came Brethren Peter, Boaz, and Michael, with fourteen unbaptized Indians, from La- gundontenink, to meet us with four horses, and five bushels of Indian corn, also Nathaniel's wife from Sheninga-^ with a letter from Brother Jungmann. I thought had I but milk or meat, I would add rice, and prepare a supper for the new-comers. But two of them went to hunt, and in half an hour Michael brought in a deer to my fire. My eyes moistened with tears. Sister Esther 1 .\nderson's Creek, in Clearfield county, wliicli tliey struck at a point near the present Curwens- ville. 2 " Probably the source of the North Branch of the Mahoning, which rises in Brady township, Clearfield county, and empties into the .■\llegheny, in Armstrong county, ten miles above Kittanning." 'Kept down the valley of the Mahoning, into Jefferson county. Punxsutawney is a village in Young township, Jefferson county. The swamp lies in Gaskill and Young townships. * Near Hollidaysburg. See Scull's map of 1759, for this path. ^ Sheninga is a township in Lawrence county, just above Friedenstadt. Young Township and Punxsutawney. 513 hunted up the large camp kettle, and all had their fill of rice and venison, and were much pleased. That night and the following morning there were four deer shot by my company. "Tuesday, July 21. — The rear division came up, and the destitute, viz., such as had lived solely upon meat and milk, were supplied each with one pint of Indian corn. We proceeded six miles to the first creek. In the evening a number of the brethren came to nij' fire, and we sat together right cheerful until midnight. Once when asleep I was awakened by the singing of the brethren who had gathered around the fire of the friends from Lagundonten- ink. It refreshed my inmost soul. "Wednesday, July 22. — We journeyed on four miles, to the first fork^ where a small creek comes down from the mouth. "Thursday July 23. — Also four miles to the second fork, to the creek, coming in from the south-east.- As a number of us met here in good time we had a meeting. Cornelius's brother-in-law stated that he was desirous of be- ing the Lord's ; therefore he had left his friends so as to live with the breth- ren, and to hear of the Saviour. " Friday, July 24. — The path soon left the creek, over valleys and heights to a spring. Now we were out of the swamp, and free from the plague of the Ponkis. Also found huckleberries, which were very grateful. Our to-day's station was five miles, and about so far we advanced on. "Saturday, July 25. — On which day we encamped at a Salt Lick, and kept Sunday some three miles from the large creek, which has so many curves, like a horseshoe, so that if one goes per canoe, when the water is high, four days are consumed in reaching the Ohio, whereas, by land, the point can be reached in one day.^ Our youngsters went to the creek to fish, and others to hunt ; and at sunset they came in with two deer, and four strings of fish." To prove farther that Punxsutawney was one of the Delaware towns, we quote from the narrative of Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger:* " Marie Le Roy was born at Brondrut, in Switzerland. About five years ago she ar- rived with her parents in this country. They settled fifteen miles from Fort Schamockin. Half a mile from their plantation lived Barbara Leininger, with her parents, who came from Reuttingen about ten years ago. " Early in the morning of the i6th of October, 1755, while Le Roy's hired man went out to fetch the cows, he heard the Indians shooting six times. Soon after eight of them came to the house and killed Marie Le Roy's father 1 A branch of the Mahoning. - Query — The creek that comes in and up below Punxsutawney. s " The Mahoning, formed by the junction of the East and South Branch, which meets at Nichols- burg, in Indiana county. This route to the Allegheny was the same path taken by Post in 1758, when returning from his second visit to the Ohio Indians, in that year, and between Chinklacamoose and the Allegheny, over the same path traveled by Barbara Leininger, in 1755, when Chinklacamoose and Puncksatawney were villages." — yordan. * Vol. 7, Petinsylvania Archives. 514 History of Jefferson County. with tomahawks. Her brother defended himself powerfully for a time, but was, at last, overpowered. The Indians did not kill him, but took him pris- oner, together with Marie Le Roy and a little girl who was staying with the famil)-. Thereupon they plundered the homestead and set it on fire Into this fire they put the body of the murdered father, feet foremost, until it was half consumed. The upper half was left lying on the ground with the two tomahawks with which they had killed him sticking in his head. Then they kindled another fire not far from the house. While sitting around it, a neigh- bor of Le Roy, named Bastian, happened to pass on horseback. He was im- mediately shot down and scalped. "Two of the Indians now went to the house of Barbara Leininger, where they found her father, her brother, and her sister Regina. Her mother had gone to the mill. They demanded rum, but there was none in the house. Then the}' called for tobacco, which was given them. Having smoked a pipe, they said : ' We are Allegheny Indians, and your enemies. You must all die.' Thereupon they shot her father, tomahawked her brother, who was twenty years of age, took Barbara and her sister Regina prisoners, and conveyed them into the forest for about a mile. They there were soon joined by the other Indians, with Marie Le Roy and the little girl. " Not long after the rest of the savages returned with si.K fresh scalps which they threw at the feet of the poor captives, saying that they had a good hunt that day. " The next morning we were taken about two miles further into the forest, while the most of the Indians again went out to kill and plunder. Toward evening they returned with nine scalps and five prisoners. " On the third da\' the whole band came together and divided the spoils. In addition to large quantities of provisions, they had taken fourteen horses and ten prisoners, namely, one man, one woman, five girls and three bo}'s. We two girls, as also two of the horses, fell to the share of an Indian named Galasko. " We traveled with our new master for two days. He was tolerably kind, and allowed us to ride all the way, while he and the rest of the Indians walked. Of this circumstance Barbara Leininger took ad\-antage, and tried to escape. But she was almost immediately recaptured and condemned to be burned alive. The savages gave her a French Bible, which they had taken from Le Roy's house, in order that she might prepare for death, and when she told them she could not understand it, they gave her a German Bible. Thereupon they made a large pile of wood, and set it on fire, intending to put her in the midst of it; but a young Indian begged so earnestly for her life that she was pardoned, after having promised not to attempt to escape again and stop her crying. "The next day the whole troop was divided into two bands; the one march- Young Township and Punxsutawney. 515 inc;; in the direction of the Ohio, the other, in which we were with Gaiasko, to Jenkiklamuhs,! a Delaware town on the West Branch of the Susquehanna. There we staid ten days, and then proceeded to Puncksotownay,^ or Eschen- town. Marie Le Roy's brother was forced to remain at Jenkiklamuhs. "After having rested at Puncksotownay, we took our way to Kittanny. As this was to be the place of our permanent abode, we received our welcome according to Indian custom ; it consisted of three blows each on the back. They were, however, administered with great mercy. Indeed we concluded that we were beaten merely in order to keep up an ancient usage, and not with the intention of injuring us. The month of December was the time of our arrival, and we remained at Kittanny until the month of September, 1756. " The Indians gave us enough to do. We had to tan leather, make shoes, moccasins, to clear land, to plant corn, to cut down trees, and build huts, to wash and cook. The want of provisions caused us, however, the greatest suf- fering. During all the time we were at Kittanny we had neither lard nor salt, and sometimes we were forced to live on acorns, roots, grass and bark. There was nothing in the world to make this new sort of food palatable except hun- ger itself" After being prisoners for over three years, these two girls, with two Eng- lishmen, escaped, and after innumerable perils, succeeded in reaching Fort Duquesne, at Pittsburgh. The Mahoning Creek, upon which Punxsutawney is situated, was called by the Indians, " Mohulbucteetam,-* /. c, where canoes are abandoned," and is one of the historic streams of the country. The signification of the name proves what has already been said about the Indians ascending as far as Punx- sutawney in their canoes, and then proceeding across the mountain by the Chincklacamoose path on foot. Some writers have claimed that the name Mahoning meant in the Indian tongue, "dancing waters," and "fountain of the clouds;" but both these sig- nifications are erroneous. Mr. J. W. Jordan, of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, who is familiar with the Indian dialects, says: "The Delaware word Mahoni means a lick. This name was a very common one for rivers and places in the Delaware country, along which or where the surface of the ground was covered with saline deposits or efflorescence provincially called licks, from the fact of deer, elk, and other animals frequenting them and lick- ing the saltish earth. I may add the following, Mahoni is Delaware for a lick. Mahonitty signifies a diminutive lick, and Mahon— haine a stream flowing from or near a lick." This proves, therefore, that the white settlers discarded the Indian name of the stream, " Mohulbucteetam," and merely retained the signification of ' Chiiiklacamoose, on the site of the present town of Clearfield. 2 Punxsutawney, in Jefferson county. 3 Corrupted from Mochoolpakiton. — J. W. Jordan. 5i6 History of Jefferson County. the licks from where it had its source, which has become corrupted into Mahoning. Early Settlers. — In 1818 Dn John W. Jenks came to Punxsutawney and at once began to make preparations for a permanent settlement there, and for over thirty years was oue of the most prominent citizens of the county. In 1820 he built, in connection with David Barclay, the mill on Elk Run. " His first house was a small log one built a little north of what was known as Farmer's Alley," and he afterwards built a commodious residence where his son Phineas now resides. Dr. Jenks kept open house all those early years of his residence in Punxsutawney. Travelers from far and near made his house their stopping place. His hospitality was dispensed liberally, and without any compensation, and it was owing to this hospitality and generosity that he did not become a rich man. It was said of him, that while his house was the best patronized in the county in those early days, the only difference between it and the hotels was that the "Jenks House had no license, and made no charge." Rev. David Barclay came with Dr. Jenks in the summer or fall of 1818, and selected the land upon which Punxsutawney is now located, for their future home. They then returned east for their families and were accompanied on their return to the wilderness by Nathaniel Tindle and family, and PLlijah Heath. Dr. Jenks on his arrival left his wife and one child, David Barclay Jenks, at the house of Carpenter Winslow, while he got his own cabin ready for them to occupy. Mr. C. R. White, an aged citizen, of Covode, Indiana county, who came with hife parents to this region in June, 1818, says: " I went with my father, John White, to the place (where Dr. Jenks was building his house), and there were three persons besides Dr. Jenks, and they were raising the rafters on the roof of the house, the house had been raised a day or two before. There was Johnston Bailes, Dr. Jenks, and I think Daniel Graffius, a millwright, father and grandfather of the Graffiuses that live about there yet. The other man's name I cannot remember. C. C. Gaskill and James E. Cooper came here in the year 1818, and Mr. Gaskill married Eliza Weaver, of Freeport, and Mr. Cooper married Molly Brady." Mr. Gaskill had been sent by the Holland Land Company to act as their agent, in the disposal of their vast tracts of lands in Jefferson and adjoining counties. He settled in Punxsutawney in 1821, and his daughter, Cornelia, now the wife of Rev. John Graham, of the Erie Conference, was the first white female child born in the place. Phineas Jenks being the first child born there. Mr. Gaskill remained in Punxsutawney until 1849, when, having sold the remainder of the Holland Lands that he had not disposed of to settlers, to an eastern company, he returned to his home in Philadelphia, and died at Coop- er's Point, N. J., opposite Philadelphia, in 1872. Aunt Betsy Gray, as she is familiarly called, is probably the oldest living resident of Punxsutawney. She is eighty-seven years of age, and came to the I^TLSI^JZ^^T^ Young Township and Punxsutawney. 517 town in 1825 from Westmoreland county, making the journey on horseback, and carrying her child, Fleming Caldwell. Isaac P. Carmalt, John B. Henderson and John Hess, came to Punxsu- tawney in 1821. The former purchased a lot, but the following year pur- chased the property in Young township, where his history has already been given. Joseph Long settled in Punxsutawney in 1824. Then came William Campbell, Thomas McKee, John R. Reese, G. A. Mundorft", Ephraim Bair, William Davis, George Slaysman, James Torrence, John Drum, John C. Zeitler and others. Joseph Long was born on the Rhine, at Radenloch, but had become a citizen of the United States in time to participate in the War of 1812, being commis- sioned an ensign by Governor Snyder, of Pennsylvania. In 1824 he removed from his home in Centre county, and settled in Pun.xsutawney, where he built a house on the southeast corner of the public square in 1825, occupied at present by Captain John T. Bell. In 1829 he purchased the Charles Barclay property on the site of the former St. Elmo Hotel, where he died on the 30th of November, 1832. His son William, who is still a resident of Punxsutawney, was born in Cen- tre county in 1816. In 1839 he was elected first lieutenant of a volunteer company called the Jefferson Rangers, and was commissioned by Governor Porter. In 1840 he was chosen captain of the company, which office he held for seven years. His company, which was in the ^Third Battalion, Second Brigade, Fifteenth Division of Pennsylvania Militia, offered their services to the government during the first engagements in the war with Mexico in 1846, but their offer was not accepted by the president, enough troops being already in the field. Mr. Long still resides in Punxsutawney. James St. Clair located in Punxsutawney in 1831, and lived first in a house on the corner of Penn street, north of the public square In 1839 '^e kept the National Hotel, but removed from it to Brookville, upon being elected sheriff in 1849. After his term of office expired he returned to Punxsutawney and resumed hotel keeping, which he continued for fifteen years, when he removed to Bell township, residing there until the spring of 1880, when he removed to Young township, adjoining the borough of Punxsutawney, where he now re- sides. In 1848 he was elected one of the associate judges, and in 185 1 he built his grist-mill, which he still operates. Mr. St. Clair is now in his seven- ty-eighth year, and is yet active and able to superintend his business. Mrs. St. Clair, nee Margaret Mitchell, is but a year or two younger. Of their seven children, all are married, and all but one reside in the county. Robert, the oldest born, being a resident of Denver, the'others, with the exception of the youngest daughter, Mrs. J. A. Scott, who resides in Brookville, live in Punx- sutawney. William Campbell and his twin brother, Robert, came from Williamsbur<>- (i2 Si8 History of Jefferson County. Huntingdon county, in 1832, to Punxsutawney, and engaged in merchandis- ing and lumbering. The first lumber they took out they ran to Pittsburgh, where they found the cholera so bad that they could not sell, and ran on to Cincinnati, where they found the same state of things. There being no sale for timber, Mr. Campbell rented a saw- mill and manufactured his timber into boards, which he sold before he returned home. In 1833 he brought his fam- ily to Punxsutawney, where he continued a prominent and useful citizen until his death, March 30, 1868. Mrs. Campbell, nee Martha Siaysman, died Octo- ber 12, 1873. Both were members of the Baptist church. Two of their sons, Thadeus and George, are prominent business men in Punxsutawney. William F., the other son, died August, 1887. Of the daughters, Mrs. Anna Altman and Mrs. Martha Stumph reside in Punxsutawney, Mrs. Amelia Murray in Gaskill township, Mrs. Margaret Little in Buftalo, N. Y.,and Mrs. Sarah Smith in Brookville. John Drum came to Punxsutawney in 1832. He was born in 1806 in Westmoreland county, where he learned the trade of a carpenter. He was an excellent mechanic, and there are many mementoes of his handiwork in the buildings erected b}' him in Punxsutawney. He served as county commis- sioner in 1844-6, and as justice of the peace for fifteen years. Mr. Drum and his wife are both dead. Of their children, only two reside in Punxsutawney — Mrs. John Evans, and Mrs. R. C. Winslow. The first church was erected in Punxsutawney, a few rods west of the pres- ent Baptist Church ; it was built of hewed logs, and was used by the Presby- terians ; it was also used for a school-house. The first school-house in the locality was built about 1822, of round logs, and was located near the site of T. P. Pantall's residence. Punxsutawney, though the oldest town in ail this region of country, having received its name over two hundred years ago from the Indians who first dwelt along the banks of the Mohulbucteetam, and planted their coin in the " Indian bottom," and being also the first town laid out by the white man, its history as a " white man's town," dating from 1821, when it was laid out by Rev. David Barclay, did not improve very fast, and was but a small town until the devel- opment of the rich coal fields in its vicinity, and the building of the Buffalo Rochester and Pittsburgh railroad wakened it into life, and made it a town of importance as a coal center. At the same time that he laid out the town, Mr. Barclay donated the plot of ground known as the public square, in the center of the town, which he had farmed for several years, and thus made it ready for the use to which he designed it — a public park. The deed of gift was duly recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds of Indiana county, but for over sixty years this spot that was no doubt designed by the generous donor to be made a "thing of joy and beauty forever," received no attention from the citizens of tlie town. Young Township and Punxsutawney. 519 but was allowed to lie unfenced and uncared for, a pasture for the festive geese, and the spot where the traveling showman erected his tent, until within a year or two a fence has been erected, and trees planted, and a promise is thus held forth that the people of Punxsutawney will yet convert this spot to the use for which it was undoubtedly intended. Fire in Punxsutawney. — On the night of October 9, 1886, Punxsutawney was visited by a disastrous fire which destro}-ed the best part of the business portion of the town. The most prominent losers were : I. S. Rosenberger, large brick block and store goods, $14,000; insurance, $6,800. Mrs. M. A. Reese, dwelling and barn ; loss, $4,000 ; no insurance. Mrs. M. J. Stumph, millinery store ; loss, $500. F. Hummell, National Hotel; loss, $20,000 ; in- surance, $3,500. St. Elmo Hotel; loss, $20,000; insurance, $1 1,000. G. S. Campbell, groceries ; loss, $600 ; no insurance. Mrs. John G. Graf residence ; loss, $2,500; insurance, $1,500. George M. Graf, furniture dealer; loss, $250. First National Bank, $600. Joseph Williard, household goods, $1,500; insurance, $500. Barr & Cromer, loss on hotel, furniture, etc., $I2,000 ; insu- rance, $4,700. Dr. Joseph Shields, drug store, $I,000. Jacob Zeitler, two story brick block and residence, $5,000. The Business of Piinxsutaivney. — The first store was started in Punxsutaw- ney in 1820 by Charles R. Barclay, where the City Hotel now stands; the next by William Campbell, in 1832, who continued in the business of general merchandising for several years. The third store was started in 1836 or 1838 by John McCrea. In 1832, according to Gordons Gazetteer of Pennsylvania, Pun.xsutawney contained fifteen dwellings, two taverns and a store. Since those first small beginnings, merchandising has been conducted by various parties, and those operating the difterent business enterprises, in 1887, are recorded below, with the changes that have occurred from time to time in the respective firms. Ephraim Bair, general store; commenced in spring of 1865 ; he owns the brick building in which his store is located. George W. Zeitler, general merchandise, from 1854 to 1879 ; now engaged in the grocery, flour and feed business. I. S. Rosenberger has been in the general merchandising business for about twenty- two years. North & Miller, general store ; dealers in carpets, millinery, etc. This firm own a large brick building ; their store, two rooms connected, one hundred and sixty feet in length ; started April, 1883. Johnson & Fink, general store; established December, 1886; own a large brick building. Dr. Joseph Shields, drug store ; also dealer in dry goods and groceries ; established in 1864; owns building in which he does business. S20 History of Jefferson County. N. D. Corey, dealer in dry goods, groceries, etc., established by Shields & Dinsmore in 1885, then Dinsmore purchased the interest of Shields, and in turn sold to N. D. Corey in 1886. J. A. Weber, clothing store, established in the fall of 1881. St. Elmo clothing store, owned by Loeb & Co.; M. Fishman, manager; established in 1882. Greer Brothers, hardware store; established IVIay, 1883. F. J. Norton, general hardware store; established February, 1887. E. N. Wherle, watchmaker and jeweler; established February, 1883. W. M. Nickle, five cent store ; established June, 1885 ; Miss Cora Camp- bell, manager. J. A. Lowry, dealer in tinware and stoves ; established April, 1882. Dr. William Altman, drug store ; established May, 1883. Dr. W. F. Beyer & Bro., drug store; established April, 1880; owned by J. M. Beyer since 1883. George S. Campbell, dealer in groceries and confectionery ; established in 1879. Mrs. M. J. Stumph, millinery store; established about 1882. Jacob Zeitler, saddlery and harness; established about 1852. James C. Shields, dealer in furniture. Furniture factory was started in 1873 by Morris & Shields, then W. A. Custer bought Morris's interest and it was run by Custer & Shields, then by J. C. Shields, then L. P. Graff became a partner, and was run by Shields & Graft' for a short time, and then J. C. Shields again became sole proprietor. William Riddle, shoemaker. North & Morris, clothing store ; established in the spring of 1887. B. Stumph, shoemaker; established about 1868. D. W. Robinson, merchant tailor; established in 1870. Miller & Swartz, merchant tailors; established 1886. Mr. A. B. Miller, of this firm, has been in the business in Punxsutawney for over thirty years. Nancy A. Y. Hoover, millinery store; has been engaged in the business for about eighteen years. Kate R. Laughlin, milliner)' ; established in 1887. Low's music store ; established spring of 1887. Thomas Pantall, harness maker; established in 1882. F. S. Thompson, Keystone Billiard Parlor; established October, 1885. J. W. Brown, billiard parlor; established in 1885. George A. Young, meat market ; established about 1884. J. J. Young, meat market; established in the spring of 1 88 1. Haag & Co., meat market, 1887. John Lanzendorfler, watch maker and jeweler ; established November, 1873. W.J. Brillhart, jewelry store ; established in 1887. George Graf, dealer in furniture; established in 1884. Young Township and Punxsutawney. 521 A. C. Robinson & Bro., marble works; established in 1875. This firm are also engaged in tlie undertaking business, having bought out J. C. Shields, who had been engaged in the business for fourteen years. M. Cohn, boot and shoe store ; established November, 1886. E. H. Weiss, grocery and bakery; established September, 1882. S. E. Wilson, wholesale liquor store ; established April, 1886. Joseph C. Gibson, feed store ; established fall of 1886. Frampton & Work, photographers; established, 1883. Mr. J. W. Green was engaged in the photography business from i860, until his death. A. N. McQuown, dealers in stoves and tinware ; established in 1886. J. T. Kelso, flour and feed store; established in 1887. W. F. Zeitler, flour and feed store. William Ake, grocery. C. K. McCartney, news depot and green grocery. Samuel Ake, Acme Restaurant; started in 1886. Rowe Brothers, saloon and restaurant; established in 1882. Joseph McDonald, restaurant and billiard parlor; established in 1877 by James St. Clair, since which time it has changed hands several times. Mr. McDonald has been in possession since April, 1887. Lanzendorffer & McLaughlin, restaurant; started May, 1887. Harry North, barber shop, started in 1883; Frank Grosse, about 1874; L. C. Smith, 1886; Charles R. Zeitler, 1886; Charles Bilduck, 1882. John Cricks, livery stable ; established about 1869; L. C. Myers, livery and sale stable, 1885 ; Rishel & Fackiner. John Crawford, blacksmith, about 1862 ; John Walton, 1875; J. S. Drum- mond, 1885. The town of Pun.xsutawney is supplied with natural gas by the Mahoning Gas and Heat Company, which was organized November 11, 1884, with the following stockholders : H. P. Malone, R. F. Thompson, E. D. Willis, A. C. Weill, of Bradford ; John Q. Hoyt, New York ; H. C. Campbell, of Punxsu- tawney. H. P. Malone is treasurer, and Christian Miller, of Punxsutawnej', superintendent. The well from which the gas is supplied is situated in Canoe township, Indiana county, about four miles south of Punxsutawney, and about two and a half miles from the Jefferson county line. Hotels. — The first hotel was kept by Abram Weaver, who built a log house in which he entertained travelers as early as 18 16, and where he got license to sell liquor in the thirties. This " hotel " stood just above where the drug- store of Dr. Shields is now located. The Eagle Hotel was built by Elijah Heath, in the year 1824, and a brick addition built to it by Isaac Keck, who \n2a ye landlord for man>' years. Hon. James St. Clair also owned and occupied this house in 1839-49. It is now known as the City Hotel, and is owned and occupied bv John S. Barr, who has had the buildings refitted, repaired and remodeled. 522' History ok Jefferson County. The first building erected on the St. Elmo site, on the northwest corner of the pubhc square, was built by Charles R. Barclay, in 1820 or 182 1. It was purchased in 1829 by Josepli Long, who died there in 1832. It was then pur- chased by James Campbell, who first turned it into a hotel, calling it the Ma- honing House. It then passed into the possession of Henry Jennings, and was known as the Jenning's House, until his death, when George Kramer bought the property, and erected the large hotel known as the St. Elmo. It then be- came the property of B. K. Fisher, and was destroyed by fire, in June, 1879, who immediately rebuilt in the fall of 1S80, completing it in the spring of 188 1. In May, 1886, Mr. Fisher exchanged hotels with A. B. Barr and J. B. Cromer, of the American House, Brookville. He taking charge of the American, while Barr & Cromer assumed control of the St. Elmo. It was destroyed in the fire of October 9, 1886, and has not been rebuilt. Since which time the property has passed into the hands of the Mahoning Bank. The National Hotel was built in 185 i by Ezra Root, for a boarding house. In 1853 John Gilpin purchased the property from Root, who built an addition to the house, and made it into a hotel. Since then its landlords have been Jo- seph Carr, Jacob Burkett, George Weiss, who in i860 enlarged it, Jacob Her- wick, James McHenry, James St. Clair. It is now owned and managed by Barr & Cromer, who purchased the property from John Foutz, in the fall of 1886, after they had been burned out in the St. Elmo Hotel. The Washington Hotel was built by John Drum. Those who have had charge of this house since that time have been Henry Jennings, William Gillespie, Charles Pounds, Isaac Keck, Edwin H. Little and Peter Weaver. Frederick Hummell purchased the property in 1869, and about iSSoitwas destroyed by fire, and rebuilt by Mr. Hummell, and was again destroyed in the great fire of October 9, 1886. Mr. Hummell is now erecting a large brick hotel building on the site of the ill-fated Washington House. In 1858 J. P. Covert commenced keeping the Temperance House in Punx- sutawney, which he continued for several years. Mr. Covert was one of the early settlers of Young township, having moved into the Morris settlement in 1822. He is now dead. Statistics of Population, AssessJiients and Schools. — Punxsutawney was or- ganized as a borough in 1849. The population by census of i860, was 415 ; 1870, 553; 1880, 674. The number of taxables in 1856, were 108; 1863, 105 ; 1870, 245 ; 1880, 205 ; 1886, 380. The triennial assessment for 1886 gives the number of acres seated as 40; valuation, $5,528; average per acre, $138; number of houses and lots, 259 valuation, $72,758 ; number of horses, 59; valuation, $2,010; average value, $34; number of cows, 40 ; valuation, $515; average value, $13 ; number of occupations, 232 ; valuation, $7,680 ; average, $33. Total valuation subject to county tax, $88,491 ; money at interest, $62,068. YouNc; Township and Punxsutawney. 523 The number of scliools in Punxsutawney for the school year ending June 7, 1886, were 4; term 6 months ; number of male teachers, 2 ; females, 2 ; aver- age salary of male teachers, $60; females, $32.50; number of male scholars, 115; females, 108 ; average number attending school, 172 ; average per cent., 88; cost per month, $1.05; number of mills levied for school purposes, 13; for building, 2. Total amount of ta.x levied for school and building purposes, $1,403.81. Elections. — The first election held in Punxsutawney after it became a sep- arate election district, was on the 5th day of May, 1857, when the following persons were elected: Constable, William A. Dunlap ; assessor, John Drum ; school directors, James Torrence, Ephraim Bair ; overseers of the poor, George Miller, Adam Keck. The following comprise the elective officers of the borough for 1887 : Jus- tices of the peace, John T. Bell, John St. Clair; assessor, J. T. Kelso; high con- stable, A. Stockdale ; councilmeii, S. S. Hamilton, William B. Weiss; consta- ble, H. H. McHenry ; school directors, I. S. Rosenberger, A. B. Miller; tax collector, John Lang; auditors, H. F. Fishman, L. C. Myers; overseer of poor, J. M. Beyer; judge of election, W. C. Torrence; inspectors, John T. Mitchell, G. A. Weiss. The members of the school previously elected are, J. B. Bair, S. C. Allison, J. M. Brewer, and W. W. Winslow. Clayvili.e. Jacob Hoover was the first white man to settle in what is now the village of Clayville. He was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, in 1793, and spent his early days in Baltimore. In 1814 or 1815 he came to the Mahoning Valley, and purchased land of the Holland Land Company, comprising what is now the village of Clayville. His land extended as far east as the residence of Cap- tain Hastings, in Punxsutawney. He built his log cabin a little east of the Gil- lespie mill, and then proceeded to build a story and a half log grist-mill 18 x 25, in which he used burrs of native stone. He afterwards erected a frame grist- mill 40x40, three stories high, with a carding-machine in the upper story. The old mill became the wheel-house, and there were two sets of burrs in use. He then built a saw-mill, on Mill Run, between his cabin and grist-mill. In 1840 he built a foundry, the first in the county, in Clayville, and in 1852, ■erected the large steam mill lately burned down, as the property of J. U. Gil- lespie. For a long time after he settled at Clayville, Mr. Ploover " kept bachelor's Jiall." His lonely cabin life being enlivened occasionally by visits from his younger sister, Nancy. In 1 820 he married Nancy A., daughter of William and Jane Young, old residents of Armstrong (now Clarion county). Nine children, .all girls, were born to them, of whom only three survive : Caroline, now Mrs. 524 History of Jefferson County. James E. Mitchell (first married to H. W. Mundorff, deceased) ; Nancy A. Y. Hoov^er, of Punxsutawney, and Mary Jane, wife of Gibson A. Mundorff, of Pittsburgh. Mr. Hoover led a busy life, farming, lumbering, and overseeing his mills. He was one of the best and most enterprising of the early settlers, and an earnest Christian, being one of the early Methodists of the county. He died in 1853, and his wife in 1851. Clayville, which was made a borough in 1864, adjoins Punxsutawney on the west. It is the present terminus of the Rochester and Pittsburgh railroad. In 1870 the population was 189, and the census of 1880 gives 248. The number of taxables in 1870 was 47, in 1880, 85, and in 1886, 142. The triennial assessment of 1886 gives the number of acres seated as 213 ; valuation, $7,436. Number of houses and lots, 120; valuation, $16,627, Number of horses, 16 ; value, $507 ; average value, $31.63. Number of cows. 28; valuation, $252; average value, $9.00. Number of occupations, 73; valuation, $2,088 ; average, $28.33. Total valuation subject to county tax, $26,910; money at interest, $32,999. For the year ending June 7, 1886, Clayville had two schools. Average number of months taught, 5 ; one male teacher, salary $35 ; one female teacher, salary, $25 ; number of male scholars, 58; female, 52; average number at- tending school, 81 ; average per cent, of attendance, 73 ; cost per month, 60; number of mills levied for school purposes, 13 — for building purposes, 13 ; total amount of tax levied for school and building purposes, $592.68. Elections. — The following is the entry on the election docket of the first election held in the borough of Clayville, June 6, 1864: Justices of the peace, William E. Gillespie, J. K. Coxson ; constable, J. C. Pierce ; judges of election, S. W. Depp, W. E. Gillespie ; town council, J. K. Coxson, L. R. Davis, W. E. Gillespie, J. U. Gillespie, S. W. Depp, J. G. Wilson ; auditors, W. Sperry, Peter Hettrick, William E. Gillespie ; assessor, Thomas Rodgers ; school direc- tors, J. K. Coxson, J. C. Pierce, W. Sperry, Daniel Duncaster, Peter Hettrick, 1. U. Gillespie; overseers of the poor, J. K. Coxson, J. U. Gillespie. The result of the election held February 7, 1887, was as follows: Justice of the peace, W. W. Crisman ; constable, W. C. Gillespie ; burgess, W. S. Hughes ; council, A. H. Murray and F. Crisman ; school directors, Levi Mc- Gregor and W B Sutt-p r ; high constable, L. R. Davis ; auditor, Clark Rod- gers ; assessor. W. S. Perry ; collector, J. B. Sutter ; judge of election, J. Hi Spencer ; inspectors, S. H. Parkhill and J. M. Sutter ; poor overseer, Lev. McGregor. The justice of the peace is W. T. Rodgers, and the school directors pre- viously elected are, J. ]\I. Sutler, Joseph Spencer, George \V. Porter, and R. J. Crissman. Business of Clayville. — J. W. Parsons, general store; started in 1878 by James U. Gillespie, then Gillespie & Parsons; since February, 1886, Mr. Par- sons has had the store in his own control. Young Township and Punxsutawney. 525 J. F. Goheen, dealer in general merchandise; established March 5, 1886. M. E. Wall, groceries; established February, 1887. Isaac Rodgers, groceries. Lindsay House, Michael Haley, proprietor. The house was built in 1866 by J. U. Gillespie, who sold it to Nicholas Phillips, who yet owns the property. Planing-mill and factory built in 1887 by Elijah Kinsell. Clayville wagon and carriage manufactory ; first built and operated by Gillespie Brothers, but for the last sixteen years owned and operated by W. B. Sutter. Planing mill, J. & R. R. Evans; built by Joseph Collins, and since 1871 owned and operated by Messrs. Evans. Cabinet shop built by J. B. Morris in 1867, and operated by Shields & Crissman, then McCormick & Crissman, and since 1883 by R. J. Crissman. There are two brick-yards in Clayville, in which the brick are burned and dried by natural gas; one owned by W. P. Rodgers, established in 1873, and the other by James O. S. Spencer, established in 1875. They manufacture about 600,000 brick each, per year, and employ about ten men each. James U. Gillespie is erecting a large steam flouring mill on the site of the old mill burned down in 1886, in which he will introduce all the modern im- provements, roller process, etc. The building will be five stories high, and will do wholesale and custom work. One of the main industries of Clayville is the foundry now owned and operated by George Porter. The principal work done in this establishment is the making and repairing of mining tools and machinery. Wallston and Adrian. Since the opening of the coal mines in Young township in 1883 by the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company, two new towns have sprung up, as if by magic, in that township. Wallston, which is situated on the Buf- falo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad, about two miles east of Punxsutaw- ney, was begun when the mines were first opened. It is now a town of two thousand inhabitants, containing two hundred houses (double blocks), one store, seven hundred coke ovens, two fan houses, two drifts and one slope. Mr. John McLeavy is the assistant manager at Wallston. Adrian, which is situated on Elk Run, is also about two miles from Punxsutawney, and was commenced in 1887, and now contains about five hundred of a population, fifty houses (double blocks), one store, four hundred and fifty coke ovens, one fan house, one drift and one slope. G3 526 History ok Jefferson County. CHAPTER XXXVI. HISTORY OF RIDGWAY TOWNSHIP. RIDGWAY, the fourth township, was organized in 1826, being taken from Pine Creek. It was named for Jacob Ridgway, of Philadelpliia, who was the owner of a large body of land in McKean county, and also of another large tract in Jefferson county. It was then bounded on the north and east by Mc- Kean county, and on the south and west by Pine Creek township. The taxables in 1826 were 20; in 1828 there were 26 taxables, I deaf and dumb person; votes cast at election, 16; votes cast at general election, 19. In 1829 the taxables were still only 26; in 1835, 40; in 1842, 75. The pop- ulation, according to the census of 1830, was 50, and in 1840, 195. In 1 83 1 the greatest area of the township was, length twenty-three miles, breadth seventeen miles. The first election, as recorded in the office of the prothonotary, at Indiana, was as follows : " Ridgway township. At an election held at the house of James Galagher, in said township, on the i6th of March, 1827, the following named persons were duly elected : Constables, Nehemiah Bryant had 8 votes, Man- son Vial had seven votes ; supervisors, James Gallagher and Alonzo Brock- way were unanimously elected ; poor overseers, Naphtala G. Barrus and William Maxwell were unanimously elected ; fence appraisers, Nehemiah Bryant and William Taylor were unanimously elected ; town clerk, James Gallagher. Signed, John Stratton, inspector; Nehemiah Bryant, James M. Brockway, Alonzo Brockway, judges; attest, James Gallagher, clerk." "From 1825 to 1845 the plan of Fourier — that of communities with a union of labor and capital, and working under fixed rules — was actively put into operation in this section of Pennsylvania. On the main road from Ridg- way to Smethport are the remains of the town of Teutonia, once a large com- munity; but jealousies grew up, and the members dispersed among the people at large, and became industrious and useful citizens. The sudden advent and exit of this community had its prototype within half a mile of Teutonia. The mouldering wood and growth of trees of half a century mark the spot where was laid out the town of Instanter. Its plot is duly recorded in McKean county. Mr. Cooper, a large landholder, was the instigator, if not the forerunner of the settlement. As the streets were marked out, the buildings went up like magic ; but Madam Rumor spread a report that the land title was unsound, and on in- vestigation such was found to be the fact. Work suddenly ceased, and the settlers left."i Part of the Cooper lands were situated in what was then Jefferson county, 1 Dr. Eggles's " History of Pennsylvania." RiDGWAY Township. 527 and the flaming handbill which was gotten up to advertise these lands, gave the following very explicit directions for getting to them : "Title. Three hundred thousand acres of land, for sale and settlement ■ In the counties of McKean and Jefferson, in the State of Pennsylvania, joining the New York line and the Genesee lands, extending forty miles and situate about two hundred and fifty miles northwest from Philadelphia, etc., etc. Settlers and others wishing to go into the aforesaid lands from the northern part of Jersey, New York and New England States, take the Newburgh and Cohecton turnpike or such roads as will be most direct to the Painted Post, then cross the York and Pennsylvania line, taking the Tioga road to Dr. Wil- lar's or widow Barry's ; thence west to and on the east and west road, passing Wellsborough and Cowdersport to Smithport ; thence ten miles to Instaiiter (proposed county town of McKean). For settlers and others south of Easton, fall into the Lehigh and Berwick or Sunbury pike ; from thence to Williams- port, passing by Jersey shore to the aforesaid east and west road. For such as go out on foot or horseback they can take the Ellicott road from Jersey shore, passing through Dunnstown, and up the Susquehanna and Sinncmahon- ing to Coxe's Settlement and Instanter. ....... Benjamin B. Cooper. Cooper's Point, April 25, 18 12." Day' s Historical Collections of Pennsylvania, published in 1 843, says : " A road leads from Brookville to Ridgway, a settlement of New England people, made some years ago on the Little Mill Creek branch of the Clarion River, in the northeastern corner of the county. It took its name from Jacob Ridgway, of Philadelphia, who owned large tracts of land in this vicinity." Mr. Ridgway selected high ground about six miles northeast of the present town of Ridgway, for his settlement, on the Jefferson county lands, which was about four hundred and fifty feet above the Clarion River, at Ridgway. In locating this settlement he experienced many difficulties. It was twenty-five miles from his settlement at Bunker Hill, in McKean county, and twenty-two miles from Judge Bishop's (in McKean county), through a dense and heavily timbered wilderness. Mr. Ridgway secured for his agent in this undertaking, James L. GiUis, a relative by marriage, who came on from his home in Ontario county, N. Y., in June, 1820, to look at the land, and moved on it in December, 1821. Mr. Gillis gave the name of Montmorency to his new home in the wilderness. As the roads were very bad in summer Mr. Gillis brought their furniture and household effects in sleighs from the old home. It took two days, and some- times longer, to make the trip, and the travelers had to camp out at night. Mr. Gillis had ample means at his control, and being a man of unusual energy he soon had some four hundred acres of land cleared and ready for cultivation. He also erected a mill and carding-machine at Kersey. Mrs. J. C. Hauk, of 528 History of Jefferson County. Ridgway, a daughter of Mr. Gillis, who came with him to Montmorency, and from whom we obtained most of these facts, says : " We had very little furni- ture except what was made on the place by a man who could use a saw and hammer." The first settlers to penetrate into this wilderness came about the year 1812, and located on the Bennett's Branch. Leonard Morey, D wight Cald- well, John Mix and Eben Stephens were probably the pioneers of the Ben- nett's Branch. Morey built the first saw-mill. About this time the lands of Fox, Norris & Co., and Shippen, McMurtrie & Co., large landholders of Phil- adelphia were thrown upon the market, and settlements made there by these companies. The former company constructed a road into their lands, and built a grist-mill on Elk Creek, about two miles from the present town of Centreville (in Elk county) about the time that the Kersey mill, as it was called, was built. The Clarkes, Brockways, Vialls, Greens, Johnsons and others who followed these first settlers, locating in this section about the j-ear 1823, are all mentioned under the head of "Early Settlers," in a preceding chap- ter. They were principally from the New England States, and were a hardy, honest, intelligent type of manhood, and they have left their impress upon the people of Elk county, and the northern portion of Jefferson county, where their descendants are yet found among the best citizens of the localities in which they dwell. The privations and disadvantages under which these early settlers in this part of the county suffered, can be told from the fact that they were obliged to travel from Montmorency to Indiana to transact all legal business. Mr. Gillis erected a grist-mill and a carding machine soon after he located at Montmorency. It will be wondered at that the latter was necessary in the wilderness, but by the utmost vigilance and watchfulness the people of the settlement contrived to guard their sheep from the wolves, and soon raised enough wool to clothe themselves and their families. Among those who accompanied Mr. Gillis, and settled at Montmorency, were Reuben A. Aylesworth, a brother-in-law of Mr. Gillis, Enos Gillis, his brother, James Gallagher. These, too, were the first property holders in the present town of Ridgway, where Mr. Gillis made the first improvements by erecting two or three log houses and a saw-mill, the first house being built in 1824. The Olean road crossed the Ridgway lands, but this road not proving of as much benefit in helping to open up and develop the region through which it passed as its projectors e.xpected, Mr. Gillis, in the winter of 1824, con- ceived of the project of building a road from Bellefonte to the New York State hne, an undertaking that demonstrated the spirit of the age, and of the man, for the route was through the densest wilderness, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles, but Mr. Gillis having gotten his neighbors in the county to RiDGWAY Township. 529 sign his petition for a charter, took his horse and sleigh, crossed the Bennett's Branch near Morey's, going from there to Karthaus, his being the first team ever driven through that wilderness. At Bellefonte he secured a few signers to liis petition, and then proceeded to Harrisburg, and there, with the aid of Judge Burnside, State Senator, and John H. Mitchell, a member of the House, and both citizens of Centre county, the bill granting the charter asked for was passed, but the Legislature failed to make any appropriation for the work. However, Mr. Gillis persevered, and the next winter the Legislature subscribed twenty thousand dollars to the stock of the road, and it was finally completed. In 1826 Mr. Gillis succeeded in having a mail route extended to Montmo- rency, and a post-office established there, Reuben A. Aylesworth being ap- pointed postmaster February 14, 1826. Prior to this time the nearest post- office was at Coudersport, sixty miles from Montmorency, and and it took a man from two to three days to make the trip on horseback. This was the second office established in Jefferson county. Mr. Gillis represented the districts to which Brookville was then attached in both Congress and the State Senate, and was appointed associate judge by Governor Porter, but as Elk county was then organized taking Ridgway town- ship from Jefferson county, he resigned. Judge Gillis was a remarkable man, and his long connection with the busi- ness and politics of the county, deserves more than a passing notice, and we cull a few facts of his career from a very able sketch of the " Late James L. Gillis, the Pioneer of Elk and Forest," contributed to the Philadelphia Times in 1 88 1 by Hon. Henry Souther, of Erie. " He was born in Washington county, N. Y., October 2, 1792, and was one of a large familj' of sons — all hardy, sturdy men. His father lived to a ripe old age, and visited his sons, James and Enos, late in life, when they resided at Ridgway. A few years prior to the War of 1812 the family re- moved to Ontario county, N. Y., and there James enlisted in a company of New Yprk Volunteers, and was immediately commissioned a lieutenant of cav- alry, and assigned to a regiment commanded by one Colonel Harris, regular dragoons. He was in the battles of Fort George, Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. Shortly after this battle he was taken prisoner by tlie British and confined at various places in Canada, and in 18 14, while under parole he was arrested and put on board a transport about to sail for England. Gillis and several others were successful in making their escape by capturing a boat belonging to the transport, and gaining the bank of the St. Lawrence River, opposite Quebec, at which place the vessel was lying. All were finally retaken. They wan- dered about for several days wishing to reach the United States frontier, but made little headway in that direction. Finally they made terms with a Cana- dian Frenchman, who promised to guide them to the boundary, but betrayed them. The red coats got them, returned them to confinement, and Lieutenant S30 History of Jefferson County. Gillis was not again permitted to escape. He remained in confinement till the close of the war, when he was exchanged at Salem, Mass. When Con- gress, about 1853, passed a law giving a bount}' of one hundred and sixty acres of land to the soldiers of the War of 1812, Judge Gillis had no trouble in proving his title to one. He considered it too sacred to part with, and for years kept it hanging in his home in a gilt frame, which was a luxury in the way of fine arts that his neighbors generally could not indulge in. In 1816, he married Miss Mary Ridgway, of Philadelphia, a niece of his future employer. By that marriage he had three children : Ridgway B., Charles B. and Caroline, now the widow of Judge Houk, late of Ridgway. In that wild region he reared these three children. His wife died in 1826, and in 1828 he married Miss Celia A. Berry, who died in 1855, leaving seven chil- dren. In 1830 he moved from his farm, which he had cleared, six miles from Ridgway, to that place to which he gave its name, of Ridgwa}'. Here his family resided for many years. In that country, where the benefits of educa- tion were very limited, he brought up his ten children, giving them such edu- cation as the county aftbrded, and all of them have acquitted themselves very creditably in life. One of his sons. Captain James H. Gillis, United States Navy, did gallant service during the late Rebellion. He was in command of a war vessel, throughout the war, and at the bombardment of Mobile, his vessel came in contact with a torpedo, was sunk to the gun deck, but he fought her as long as there was enough of her above water to stand upon. While he was a mid- shipman, and the vessel to which he was attached was in a South American port, he called for volunteers from his crew, took one of the ship's boats, and saved the crew of a Chilian vessel, which was going to pieces in a fierce storm, two miles from shore. He took the crew from the rigging, and brought them safely to land. The act was recognized by the Chilian government in a fitting manner. Captain Gillis, who was born at Montmorency, in Jefterson count}', is now a commodore in the United States Navy. After Judge Gillis retired from Congress, he was appointed agent for the Pawnee Indians, and located them upon their reservation, built buildings for them, among others a grist-mill, and was their faithful friend and protector, as long as he remained with them. No act of peculation was ever laid to his charge, either there or in any of the other public offices that he held. As an evidence of his kindness of heart, he adopted from the tribe a little Pawnee girl aged five or six years, under the following circumstances : Both the par- ents of the child were dead ; she had no relatives, who under the laws of the the tribe, were bound to care for her, or support her, and was, therefore cast off" by every one. The story goes that Judge Gillis found her picking the pieces of fat off the entrails of a decayed buffalo. He immediately took her to his own quarters, had her washed up, clothed and cared for, as if she was the Rose Township. 531 most precious child in the world. He brought her to Ridgway with him when he returned ; she lived in his family while he remained there, went West with him when he moved to Iowa, and died there." While Judge Gillis lived at Montmorency, he was obliged, as was all the other settlers in Jefferson county, to go to Indiana to attend to all legal busi- ness, and also to report there for military duty. On one occasion he had failed to report for the latter, and also paid no attention to the fine imposed upon him, and an officer was sent to arrest him. The officer on his arrival, near nightfall, was cordially received by Judge Gillis, and entertained with the lavish hospi- tality for which Montmorency was noted. The judge suspected his errand, but did not in the least remit any of the attentions that he would have bestowed upon the most honored guest. In the morning the officer, overwhelmed by the kindness of his reception, began in a shamefaced way to explain his errand, when Judge Gillis, similating the greatest wrath, ordered him to be gone, tell- ing him if his errand was known, his life would not be worth much in those woods, etc. The poor fellow, frightened by this storm of wrath, mounted his horse and rode off with all speed, and this was the last his prospective prisoner ever heard of him or the militia fine. Judge Gillis was throughout his life a staunch Democrat, and on his last visit to Ridgway, at a Democratic meeting in October, 1880, he made a speech for Hancock and English. He died at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, in June, 1881, in the eighty-ninth year of his age, having lived through the three wars that this country has seen. CHAPTER XXXVII. HISTORY OF ROSE TOWNSHIP. ROSE township was the fifth to fall into line in the county history, being formed from Pine Creek, in 1827. It was named for a gentleman named Rose, then a prominent owner of lands in the county. The present bounds of the township enclose a long, narrow area, about eight and a half miles in length, and not over three and a half miles in width at the widest part. Its boundaries are now Eldred township on the north, Pine Creek and Knox on the east, Oliver on the south, and Beaver, Clover and Union on the west. It is a broken, hilly region, and is traversed by numerous deep rugged valleys. Redbank Creek traverses it from east to west, the North Fork and Five Mile Run skirt its eastern border, Beaver Run rises in the vicinity of Belleview and Coder Run diversifies the topography with great variety of hill and valley, west of 532 History of Jefferson County. Brookville. The highest summits in the township are about four hundred feet above the bed of Redbank Creek, and sixteen hundred feet abo\e the ocean level. The Geology. — The Kittanning, Clarion and Brookville coal seams are found in Rose township, and furnish the principal coal beds. The Freeport Lower coal comprises but a small area, the principal bed being that upon which the Enoch McGeary bank is opened. Here the coal is of comparative purity, without partings, and with scarcely any pyrites. Limestone is found in all parts of the township and generally of a good quality, and is from three to five feet thick. Much of the coal in the vicinity of Brookville is from the Brookville seam, especially that brought from the banks in the vicinity of the pottery. The Brookville coal is claimed to be the best for generating steam, of any bituminous coal that has yet been discov- ered. Fire-clay and iron ore are also found. The former being extensively used in the pottery, near the Catholic grave-yard. Early Settlers. — Uriah Matson with his family, emigrated to the United States from near Fannet, County Donegal, Ireland, landing at Philadelphia sometime in September, A. D. 1786. He settled first in Chester county, Pa., near Philadelphia, but how long he remained there, is not now known. Some time before A. D. 1800, he removed to Indiana county, where he died. Of his character nothing is known outside the evidence of his certificate of mem- bership of the Presb}'terian Church at Fannet, which he brought to this coun- try with him, and which is now in possession of one of his great-grandchildren. It reads as follows : •' That the bearer hereof, Uriah Matson and Belle, his wife, have been mem- bers of this congregation from their infancy, and always maintained an honest, sober and industrious character, free from public scandal of any kind, and now intending to settle in some of the United States of North America, are there- fore recommended as regular members of any Christian society, where God in his Providence may appoint their lot. " By James Delay, V. D. M. "Dated at Fannet, iith of June, 17S6, County of Donegal, and Kingdom of Ireland." The Matsons were originally from Denmark, settling in England about the time of or soon after the Danish conquest of that country. About the begin- ning of the last century, some of them emigrated to Ireland, to engage in the manufacture of linen, locating on Loch Swilly, County Donegal. John Matson, son of Uriah, was born in Ireland, in 1774, came to the United States with his fath- er's family in 1786 ; married Mary Thompson, in 1803 or '4, in Indiana, and re- moved to Jefterson county, locating on land of which the farm now owned by Robert L. Matson, situated on the Clarington road, one mile northeast of Brookville is a'part, in 1S05. He was the father of eleven children: Isabella, Rose Township. 533 Jane, James C, Uriah, John, Lydia, Rebecca, Robert L., William F., Harry and Mary Ann. Lydia died in infancy, and was buried in the old graveyard about one mile east of Brookville, near the junction of the Ridgway road with the turnpike. The site of this old burying-place is now almost forgotten, every vestige of its former use being obliterated, and its surface covered with fruit- trees or gardens, yet under these rest the bones of some of Jefferson county's- first settlers. Jane died in Pittsburgh, April, 1874, from the effects of a severe surgical operation. James C. died July 27, 1878, of diseases contracted while a resident of Tennessee. Isabella died in 1879 or 1880. William F. went to- California about 1856, and since February, 1864, when he was residing in San Francisco, nothing is known of him. Isabella married William Ferguson, to whom she bore six children. Ferguson died from injuries received in a fall from a house in 1845, and she afterwards married Mr. Barbour. Jane never married ; James C. married Harriet Potter, by whom ten children were born ; Uriah married Minerva Reynolds, who bore him one child ; John mar- ried Margaretta Conner, by whom he had two children ; Rebecca married Benjamin Bennett, to whom she bore six children ; William F. is not known to have married ; Harry married Eliza Smith, by whom he had three children, and Mary Ann married H. H. Clover, and bore him five children. The next pioneer to settle in the neighborhood of the Matsons was Joseph Clements, who came from Meadville soon after. He located on the farm now owned by his daughters, Mrs. Metz and Mrs. Pysher, where he resided until his death. Mr. Clements married Sarah, daughter of John Vasbinder, and their children numbered eight ; three boys, John, Robert and Joseph, and five girls : Sarah, married William Rodgers ; Isabel, married a man named Kelsey ; Mary, married Eli Snyder; Eliza, married Stephen Pysher; and Margaret Andrew Metz. Of tliese all are living but John, who died about i860. Mrs. Kelsey resides in Chicago, Robert and Joseph in Eldred town- ship, and the rest in Rose township, in the neighborhood of the farm upon which they were all born and reared. When Mr. Clements first took up his abode in the wilds of what is now Rose township, there were no mills, no store, and no conveniences of any kind in the county. They depended upon the game, which roamed through the forests, and the products of their little patches of corn and potatoes, for food, and the sheep, which were a necessity with every pioneer family, and the flax, which was sown as soon as a spot could be cleared for it, furnished the cloth- ing. Mr. Clements constructed a hand-mill to grind his corn, and the meal was sifted through a seive made by punching holes with an awl in a dried deer-hide. Mr. Clements died in 1867, aged about seventy- two years. Andrew Vasbinder, son of John Vasbinder, was also one of the first settlers in the northern part of Rose township, on the farm now occupied by his widow, where he li\-ed to a good old age. He married a sister of Joseph Clements, 64 534 History of Jefferson County. and Mr. Clements married his sister. A number of Mr. Vasbiiider's children and grandchildren live in Rose township. John Lucas came from Crooked Creek, in 1816 or 1S17, and settled on the farm now occupied by his son, Samuel. He died in 1869, in the seventy-third year of his age. His wife died in 1864, aged sixty-nine years. Only two of the family survive, their sons William and Samuel. John Kennedy, who was born in 1777, in County Antrim, Ireland, came to this countrj' in 1813, and settled in Huntingdon county, from whence he removed to Jefferson county, in the spring of 1822, and settled on the farm now owned by his son, William Kennedy. Mr. Kennedy died April 14, 1869. in the ninety-second year of his age, having lived on the farm which he cleared with his own hard labor, fifty- seven years. Mr. Kenned}''s nearest neighbor was James Shields, who settled on the farm now owned bj- his grandson, Samuel Shields. The other neighbors were Walter Templeton (grandfather of Thomas L. Templeton, of Brookville), John Matson, John Kelso, John Lu- cas and Thomas Lucas, esq. 'Squire Lucas saw that justice was administered in the neighborhood, Mr. Templeton did all the mechanical work that was needed, repairing all the guns, and making the plows — those with the old- fashioned wooden mould-board, and John Lucas the blacksmithing. The only road then in that region, was one from Port Barnett, which crossed the Sand\- near where Fuller's dam is now built, and from thence to Indiana. There were fourteen men employed in cutting it out, under the direc- tion of Judge Shippen, of Meadville. The party had a wagon to haul their pro- visions, and was composed of Mr. Kennedy, two men named Holloway and Williamson. No respect was had for the future comfort of the traveler, or the poor horses that had to toil over this road ; no digging was done, and it was up one hill and down another. The other road was from Port Barnett to Troy, and was made in the same manner as the other. These roads were made so as to pass the homes of as many settlers as possible. The unseated taxes were sufficient to pay all expenses. The nearest grist-mill was run by a man named Parks, and was the Knapp mill. The bolting was done by hand, and William Kennedy says he often took his turn at this work when waiting for his grist. Mrs. Kennedy nee Ann Kelso, who was also a native of Ireland, died Feb- ruary 6, 1857, in the ninetieth year of her age. Their son, William Kennedy, resides on the old farm, and although in his seventy-seventli \ear, is able to superintend his farm, and ride daily to Brookville, where he is senior partner jn the hardware firm of Kennedy & Co. In the year 1826 Samuel D. Kennedy came from Mifflin county with his wife and son and settletl on the pike across the road from Major Trimble's farm, where he built a log cabin, in which he lived- for some time without win- dows or doors. The only house near them was a small log house, where Cor- sica now stands. It stood in the old McAnult\- orchard, and a man named Rose Township. 535 Powers kept hotel in it. Indians were frequently seen, and the family were often chased indoors b\- panthers. Mr. Kennedy afterward removed to the vicinity of Coder's dam, and from there to Corsica, where he lived until the death of his wife, after which he made his home with his son, George H. Ken- nedy, at Brookville, where he died October 13, 1881, in the eighty- first year of his age. Mrs. Jane Kennedy, ne'e Slack, died January 27, 1878, aged sev- enty-seven )'ears. Five children survive: Mrs. Elizabeth Garvin of Corsica, Mrs. Amelia P. Barnes, and Miss Mary A. Kennedy of New Bethlehem, and Mrs. Susan Hughes and George H. Kennedy, of Brookville Isaac Mills was born in Bedford county in 1801, and from there removed to Westmoreland county, from which he came to Brookville in the year 1831, remaining there three years, when lie removed to a farm four miles west of Roseville, where he lived until his death, in 1836. Mr. Mills was the father of John Mills, of Brookville. Luther Geer, sr., started with his family from Indiana county on the 15th day of March, 1833, and on the i8th reached his destination in Jeft'erson count}-, where he located on the farm now owned by K. L. Blood, in Rose township. Mr. Geer was born in Connecticut in 1796, and was married to Nancy A. Spiers, in 1818. He was a millwright- and carpenter by trade, and put the roof on the grist-mill built by Robert P. Barr. After residing in Rose township he moved to the Clarion river where he built the Grant mill. He then moved to Brookville, where he staid awhile, and then located permanently in Pine Creek, where he died August 15, 1875, and his wife died November 29, 1880, in the eighty- fourth \ ear of her age. They both resided with their son, Lawson S., during the last years of their lives. They had thirteen chil- dren — eight sons and five daughters — and of these nine are living, and all but one reside in Pine Creek township. Peter Thiush came from Cumberland county and settled in the southern part of Rose township in 1837, on the farm now owned by his son, William Thrush. His land was all in an uncultivated state, and he cleared and made a good farm. Mr. Thrush died in 1869 or 1870, in the seventy- sixth year of his age. His family consisted of three sons — Samuel, Joseph and William B., — Anne, married to Dewalt Piolee, who remained in Cumberland county ; Sydney, married to John Kirker, now residing in Ohio ; filiza, married to John F. Himes. They all reside in Rose township except Mrs. Piolee and Mrs. Kirker. Peter Himes came to Jefferson county about the year 1838, and settled on the farm on J5eaver Run, about lialf a mile from the old Hamilton road, now owned by John Baughman and C. Brocious. Mr. Himes cleared three dift'er- ent farms in Rose and adjoining townships. He died at the residence of his son, John F., in 1884, in the eighty-second year of his age. John V. Himes purchased the farm on which he now resides, about six- teen years ago. It was partially cleared by David Van Dyke many years ago- 536 History of Jefferson County. The Hall family was one of the pioneer families of Rose township, and Enoch and Joseph E. were early identified with the lumbering and other business interests of Brookville. The former, who has for many years resided in Brook- ville, and who is now in the seventy-eighth year of his age, relates the follow- ing story of the trials endured by his father's family in a journey westward sixty )'ears ago. Then Ohio, to which they intended to emigrate, was in the " far west :" " The starting point was a place on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, almost fifteen miles above what is now Lock Haven, but at that time only a small farm with a log house built upon it. In that house I was born and lived the first few years of my life. My father was a stone-mason, and did not own a farm of his own, and during the first ten years of my life we moved two or three times, but did not go away from the river. This was then in Lycoming county. During the winter of 1826-7, father having previously heard that land could be bought very cheap along the river valley in Ohio, and that the land was very fertile, decided upon taking his family early in the spring to secure a farm in that desirable locality. He ascertained that in mak- ing the journey he could secure transportation by water the entire distance, with the exception of one trip overland of twenty-four miles. " The start was made in March, 1827, the first part of the trip being made in two canoes, each made by hollowing out a large pine log, smoothing it on the outside, and pointing the ends, that it might be pushed through the water more easil_\ . Two of these canoes, nearly forty feet long each, held our family of four boys and five girls, with mother and a young man, a relative, who went with us, together with tlie household goods we intended to take along. Each canoe was in charge of a man with a stout pole, and the boys that were large enough secured poles also, and assisted in pushing along, for the first part of the journey was made up stream, and required hard pushing against the cur- rent. Our route lay up West Branch to Sinnemahoning, up that stream to the mouth of Driftwood Creek, where we also found Bennett's Branch, up this stream to Benezette. This journe\- we made in about four days, and each night during that time had found either some vacant hut or hospitable cabin along tlie shore in which mother and the girls, at least, found a place to sleep. Upon reaching Benezette we found an unoccupied log house, into which we were glad to move on account of an interruption, occasioned by the illness of my younger brother, Hiram, then about six years of age. The last day or two of the canoe voj'age he seemed quite sick, and grew worse until we be- came alarmed, and upon finding refuge at Benezette, I was dispatched in search of a doctor. There was an old mill there and a couple of houses, but I am not certain that any one was living in either of them. There were a few per.sons living in the vicinity, however, and upon inquiry I found a doctor al- most eight miles awav. At his first visit he was unable to tell exacth- the Rose Township. 537 nature of the case, but by the time he came back the next day or two, an eruption on the boy's face told him it was measles, and we all felt worried, for none of us had had measles, and of all times to get them thought this the most unsuitable. " F'ather was not with us in the canoes, but had left home a week in ad- vance to secure wagons to take us across from Benezette to the Clarion River, at the mouth of Elk Run, where Ridgway is now located, and having done this, went on to the Clarion to make a raft to float down that river on our way west. " After getting the doctor's opinion about Hiram, I was started across the country to find father, and inform him of what had happened to delay us, and walked the twenty-four miles in one day, finding him without special diffi- culty. He was quite surprised at the nature of the delay, but left me in charge of the raft he had nearly completed while he went back to see what could be done to get the family along. All I could see of Ridgway at that time was a field or two cleared, but thickly dotted with stumps, a house, occu- pied by a Mr. Gallagher and family, and a short distance up Elk Run a small saw- mill with one or two other buildings. Father's raft was made of small dry pine logs, about forty feet long, squared and enough put together to make it about sixteen feet wide. On this he had built a shanty of boards from the mill, and in this shanty we were to live during the remainder of our journey. While in charge of the raft I boarded for a week with Mr. Gallagher and fam- ily, and was quite amused at seeing a strange companion that seemed to afford amusement for the Gallaghers as well. A young cub bear had been captured and tamed until it hung around the house like a dog. Occasionally the boys would have a romp with it, and it was so taught that when one of them would say, ' Now, let us wrestle,' it would get up on its hind feet, and there would be a mutual grasp and tussle in which the boys would generally come out best. They would also chase each other around the field, just like any dog, though the bear was not a very swift runner. " I spent the week quite pleasantly, and about its close was pleased to see father with two wagons containing our family, including the sick boy, and all our effects. A day or two more here and we moved into the shanty and were soon on our wa)- down the Clarion River. The water was not very high, and not being familiar with the channel our craft would occasionally stick, but was generally lifted off easily and started on its way again. The banks of the river were covered by an unbroken forest most all the way, and as we floated leisurely along down the stream there was very little to break the monotony except the sight of a deer occasionally, the song of a bird or the scream of an animal. There were, however, two dams across the river, the first at Wyn- coop's, where we stopped to give mother a chance to bake some bread. A -day was spent here, and the men in the vicinity tried to secure us a deer by 538 History of Jefferson County. making a half-circle back from the river and driving him into the water, but they were unsuccessful though deer were plenty. In going over the dam the ladies of our party got off the raft and walked around, getting on again below. I remember that in going over the second dam I remained on the raft and stood on a chair to keep from getting wet when the raft dove under the water as it did, but the chair proved treacherous, fell forward, throwing me flat on the raft, and giving me a complete wetting, which the rest of the party seemed to enjoy much better than I did. " As we neared the mouth of the river, some of the family began to feel quite sick, and mother suspected we were coming down with measles, which suspicion proved to be well founded shortly afterwards. We floated along the Allegheny River without special incident, moving by day and t)-ing up for the night, as we had been doing, except that the younger persons were in no con- dition to enjoy the trip. I do not remember how long it took us to float to Freeport, but remember that by the time we got there we could display more measles to the square inch than any family we knew of. and father thought we had better call a halt for repairs. We were landed below Freeport, and while there heard of a vacant house a few miles below, near the mouth of Pine Run. Floating down near this house, we were taken out of the shanty and into the building, which was fairly comfortable, and we remained here until all recov- ered. " Father, in the mean time, while waiting for us to get well enough to go on, went out in Butler county, near Zelienople, to visit some relatives, and while there his friends represented to him that the valley of the Ohio was sick- ly, and persuaded him to rent a good farm near where they lived, and for a few years we resided in that county. The desire to secure a farm of his own, how- ever, caused him to continue to make further inquiries as to inducements held out to beginners by different localities, and learning that land was cheap in the new county of Jefferson, he bought a tract of woodland in what is now Rose township, a part of which is at present occupied by W. H. Hall, where, in 1833, he commenced to clear out a farm. Here my father ended his days, and I have been a resident of the county ever since. Thus you see that so small a thing as a crop of measles kept us residents of the old Keystone State> and I think now, taking all things into consideration, that we fared as well as if we had gone farther west." \'ery few men have been more prominent in the affairs of Jefferson county, than was Joel Spyker. He was born in Jonestown, Swatara township, Dau- phin (now Lebanon) county, in 1803, and came to this county in 1835, and settled upon the farm in Rose township, where he resided until his death. His early education was very limited, but by untiring efforts, he learned the common English branches in his youth, so as to be able to teach school. In after life he was a close student, and a careful reader, and was one of the best Rose Township. 539 informed men in the county. In 1848 he pubHshed a little book entitled " A Collection of Geographical, Moral, Re.igious and Political Chapters," which was a compilation of useful and varied information, and showed great research. Mr. Spyker was a prominent leader in the Democratic party of Jefferson county for o\'er thirty j-ears. In 1824 he cast his first vote for General Jack- son, and he never departed from the political faith of his youth. In 1853 he was elected county surveyor, and in 1857 he was elected a member of the Legislature. He also served as county commissioner, and in 1S60 was ap- pointed assistant United States marshal to take the census of Jefferson county. He was elected seven terms, consecutively, justice of the peace of Rose town- ship. He was a man of sterling honesty and integrity of character, and was administrator and executor of more estates, guardian of more minor children, and arbitrator of more disputes and difficulties than any other man in the county, and in all these pt)sitions he acquitted himself creditabl\- and honestly. Mr. Spyker died in 1877. His son Abner has succeeded to the old homestead and to his father's office of justice of the peace; but he has left his political faith, being a straight-out Republican. Two of his daughters, Mrs. Catharine Alsehouse and Mrs. Mary Edmonds, reside in Rose township, and the wife and children of his son Peter, who was drowned in Little Sandy, in 1864, just after his discharge from the army, reside in Brookville. George Himes was one of the first who settled and made improvements on Beaver Run. He still resides there and is past eighty years of age. John Darr came to Jefferson county in April, 1846, and settled in the northern part of the township on the farm how owned by J. M. Pierce, where he died in May, 1859. He was sixty- five years of age. His wife wri? Sarah Johns, died at the residence of her daughter, Mrs. J. M. Pierce, in Rose town- ship, October 16, 1885, in the eighty-si.xth year of her age. Their family consisted of ten children, six sons and four daughters, of whom four survive; Jacob, living in Indiana county ; George, in Venango count\', and Joseph T., and Mrs. J. M. Pierce in Brookville. They were worthy people and earnest members of the Lutheran church. Among other early settlers in Rose township were Thomas and Robert and James VVitherow. In 1832 Thomas cleared and improved the farm now owned by John Crate, and Robert the farm now occupied by his son, James R. Witherow, in 1834. James died in 1868, Thomas in 1876, and Robert F. in 1 88 1. They all resided upon the farms upon which they located, in Rose township, until death ended their labors, Robert being eighty-seven years of age when he died. His aged wife, nee Mary C. Campbell, yet survives, and resides upon the old homestead with her son. William Carr, in 1833, settled on the farm now owned by Michael Hinderliter. Mr. Carr opened a coal bank on his farm and for many years delivered coal to customers in Brookville. He S40 History of Jefferson County. removed to West Virginia. Peter Groves settled on the farm now owned by Jacob Diener, in 1834; Moses Campbell, on the farm now owned by Joseph McFarland, in 1835 ; William McGeary, on the farm he now owns, in 1837 ; Jacob and Henry Bodenhorm settled, in 1838, on the farm now owned by Ed- ward and Benjamin Reitz ; Andrew Ohl on the place now owned by his son George, in 1838 ; Clement McGeary and John Kirker settled in Rose in 1833 ; William Morrison and Charles Boner, in 1834; Robert Morrison and Joseph Millen, in 1831. These families came from W^estmoreland, Cumberland, Dauphin and Lebanon counties. William Thompson came to Rose township in 1834, and cleared the farm now owned by the heirs of his son, John Thompson. He died at the age of about eighty years. He was married to Susan Brady, who is also dead. John Thompson was born February 3, 1823, and married January 11, 1849, to Jane, daughter of Clement McGeary. Mr. Thompson lived on the farm ad- joining the borough of Brookville, for about fifty years. He was one of the most upright and useful citizens of the county. In 1858 he w'as elected one of the county commissioners, and in 1880 one of the associate judges, but died December 4, 1884, before his term of office expired. He was a prominent member of the United Presbyterian Church. His children numbered twelve, all of whom except the eldest son, John Irvin, survive. William H., Mary A. (married to C. R Vasbinder), John C, David F., Perry E., are married and have homes of their own, while the other sons, Winfield S., Charles C, Thomas I., Everett A., James M. and Edison R., remain on the homestead farm with their mother. Another of the prominent citizens of Rose, was Nathan Carrier, jr. He was a son of Darius Carrier, and was born at Troy on the 9th of February, 1830. At a very early age he engaged in lumbering. While a resident of Troy he kept store for about three years, and for five years was engaged in the hotel business there. He removed to Rose township in 1863, and was elected sherift'in 1867. He lumbered very extensively, being a member of the firm of Carrier & Scott, whose mills were located near Reynoldsville, and built the Carrier mill, below the Wainwright & Bryant mills, which was burned down in iS — . Up to 1869 he handled square timber exclusively, and is said to have manufactured 300,000 feet of his own and bought and sold at least one million feet. In 1871—73 he was a partner in the large mercantile house of Nicholson, Meredith & Co., and having purchased his partner's interest he sold out in 1874 to Charles S. Irvin. He was also for a short time with P. H. Shannon and R. J. Nicholson, one of the proprietors of the American Hotel. He was a great admirer of fine stock, and was one of the pioneers in introduc- ing thoroughbreds into the county. Mr. Carrier, his wife, nee Mary E. Rich- ards, and his youngest son, Bertie, all died within two weeks, of a fatal fever, in the fall of 1886. Rose Township. 541 Early Iniprovctiieiits. — The first person to make any improvements in Rose township was John Matson, on his farm, where he built first a log cabin He also built the first grist-mill in the township above where the present company mill stands. James Corbet built the first saw- mill, on Red Bank. The first church built in Rose was the old "Bethel" log church, erected about 1824 on the farm of Joseph Hughes, and the first school-house was the one erected in the present town of Brookville, in 1S30. Prior to that time the nearest school was the one on the present McConnell farm, in Pine Creek township, of which Mr. Matson is ifientioned as one of the principal patrons. There seems to have been several hotels in Rose, in the first and second dec- ades of its history. Among those to whom the court granted licenses were William Vasbinder, William Christy, John Shoemaker, David Orcutt, Anthony Rowe, Joseph Henderson, James Green, Isaac Mills (Roseville). and Joshua McKinley. The first birth of which we have any record in Rose township is that of Jane, daughter of John and Mary Matson, born in 1806; and the first death Lydia, daughter of the same, who died in infancy. The first land was cleared in South Rose by Robert Morrison and Joseph Millen, the latter making the first improvements. The first person born in this part of Rose was H. J. Millen, and the first marriage was William McGeary and Mary A. Hall, in 1837. The first death was Robert Morrison, who was accidentally killed. The first grave-yard was located on the farm of Andrew Ohl, and the first buried there was Mrs. Josiah Lehman, in 1837, and in 1839 four children of Joel Spyker. The next was on the farm of Joseph Millen, in 1842, Moses Campbell being the first buried there in 1844. The first school-houses were built on the farm of William Carr, in 1837, and in Belleview in 1842 ; and the first churches on the land of Andrew Ohl, in 1836, and at Joseph Millen's, in 1842. The first saw-mill was built by John J. Miller, in 1843, on the place now belonging to the Shaffer heirs, and the first lumber was run in 1S35. The first coal was dicovered on the Dougherty farm in 1840. Lumber and Saw viills. — The timber has nearly all been cut off Rose, and there is now but one saw- mill within its boundaries — the large mills of Wainwright & Bryant. This mill was erected in 1872 by Robert J. Nicholson, who sold the property to Straub & Burkett, from whom it was purchased in 1884 by C. P. Wainwright, and W. L. Bryant, of Philadelphia. Since the new firm com- menced operations they have put in new machinery, consisting of one circular saw, one gang saw, edger, lath and pick mill. They also, in 1887, placed in their mills a new patent "band saw" with the necessary machinery for its successful operation, at an expenditure of about $5,000. The new saw is simply a band, and while it will do as much and better work than the circular saw generally in use, cuts a kerf fully one-eighth less, and saves lumber to C5 542 History of Jefferson County. that extent, making eight inch boards where the old process would make but seven. The gentlemen have given the new saw a trial, and they are sat- isfied that it will do all that is claimed for it. Their saw-mill cuts about 13,000,000 of pine and hemlock per year, and employs seventy men. They also have a planing and shingle-mill. The former was destroyed by fire in 1886, but at once rebuilt. They manufacture all kinds of dressed lumber, flooring, siding, etc. The shingle mill cuts about 25,000 eighteen inch, and about 15,000 twenty-four inch shingles per day, and employs twenty men. These mills are situated on Redbank, at Nicholson Station, on the Low Grade Railroad, about two miles below Brookville. Mr. Willis L. Bryant, the junior member of the firm, resides in Brookville, and gives a general supervision to the business. The superintendent at the mills is Frank Jobson, and J. R. Brannan attends to the shipping of the lumber after it comes from the mill. R. E. Clover, of Brookville, is book-keeper. The firm controls some 5,000 acres of timber land in the northern townships. Farms. — Farming is the principal business of the citizens of Rose since the decline of the lumber trade, and there are some excellent farms in the town- ship, with good buildings. Among the best in the northern part of the town- ship are those of Uriah Matson, Robert Matson, W. H. Gray, D. G. Gourly, William Green, Eli Snyder, H. C. Litch, K. L. Blood, and in the southern portion are those of Andrew Ohl, George and Jacob Diener, Henry Boden- horm, James Breakey, John Hill, John Johns, William and Enoch McGeary, William Hall, Samuel Thrush and Abner Spyker. There is only one post-office in Rose, Stanton, at Belleview, the majority of its citizens receiving their mail matter through the Brookville office. Belleview. Belleview is the metropolis of Southern Rose, and is quite a brisk little town. It was laid out and named by Hugh Campbell in 1844. The first stores were kept by John Philiber in 1849, and James Hill in 1850. The latter came to Jefterson county in 1838 and purchased one hun- dred and seventy-five acres of land in the vicinity of Belleview, now occupied by his son, John Hill. In 1850 he removed to Belleview, where he kept store until his death, in 1863. His wife, nee Mary Kinnear, died just six weeks be- fore her husband. Both were natives of Ireland. Hill was succeeded by A. J. Smathers, and the Reitz brothers — Manuel W., Edward and Aaron, who bought the Hill property in 1866. The store is now the property of E. Reitz & Son. Joseph Spare has also a store in Belleview. The first cabinet shop was started in Belleview in 1849. The present shops are the wagon and blacksmith shops of Joseph Spare and William Mooney. There is a temperance hotel in Belleview, kept by Mrs. Carrie Simpson. Rose Township. 543 Belleview is noted for its morality, temperance and education. It contains three churches, the United Presbyterian, organized in 1842; the Reformed Presbyterian, organized in 1846, and the Methodist Episcopal in 1871. It also contains large and excellent select schools. The population of Belleview in 1880 was ninety-six. Elections. — As there was no returns made of the elections held in Jefferson county in 1828,' the first record of votes cast by the township is that of 1829, copied from the records of Indiana county, as follows: " Rose township. — At an election held at the house of J no. Lucas, in said township, on Friday, the 20th of March. 1829, the following named persons were duly elected, to wit : Supervisors, Moses Knapp had 39 votes, James Shields, 30; poor overseers, John Lucas. 10, John Avery, 10; auditors, John Hughs, 50, Alonzo Baldwin, 42, Robert K. Scott, 16, William Morrison, 32; constable, William Love, jr., 51 ; fence viewers, Jno. Kelso, 16; Elijah M. Graham, 14; town clerk, Jno. Christy, 3; James Corbett, 3. Signed Alonzo Baldwin, Jno. Lucas, judges." At the election held February 15, 1887, the following persons were elected: Cohstable, George Boner; supervisors, Gilniore Vasbinder, J. N. Hall; school directors, J. Snyder, Nathan Diener, Edward McLauglilin ; auditor, Alexan- der Kennedy and James Chambers (tie vote 1 14 votes each); assessor, Joseph Thrush ; tax collector, J. R. O'Conner ; township clerk, Abner Spyker ; over- seer of the poor, William H. Hall ; judge of election, Newton Lantz ; inspec- tors, W. C. Kelly and J. J. Hinderliter. The justices of the peace in Rose are Abner Spyker and M. W. Reily. The members of the school board pre- viously elected are E. V. Richards, R. D. Richards, David G. Gourley, Uriah Bender. Area, Taxables and Population. — In 1831 the "statistical table" of Jeffer- son county gives length of Rose township as 39 miles; breath, 12 miles; area in acres 289,520. In 1828 the number of taxables was 123, with one deaf and dumb person. The votes cast at the spring election were 65, and at the general election 66. In 1829 the number of taxables was 115 ; in 1835, 252 (this included the taxables in the borough of Brookville) ; in 1842, 232; in 1849, 104; 1856, 132; 1863,173; 1870, 271 ; in 1880, 480; in 1886, 561. The population by the census in 1840 (including Brookville) was 1,421 ; 1850, 559; i860, 828; 1870, 1,058; 1880, 1,601. Assessments and Valuations. — The triennial statement for 1886 gives the number of acres seated in Rose township as 10,321 ; valuation, $65,646; aver- age value per acre, $5.36; houses and lots, 407 ; valuation, $31,453; gnst and saw-mills, 3; valuation, $8,850; unseated, 843 acres ; valuation, $2,789; '^Hazard's Rfgisler gwes tlie number of votes cast at township ^eclion for 1S28 as 65, and at gen- eral election 66. 544 History of Jefferson County. average value, $3.31 ; number of horses, 226; valuation, $7,523 ; average value, $33.29; cows, 294; valuation, $2,829; average value, $9.62; occupa- tions, 131; valuation, $3,125; average valuation, $23.85; total valuation subject to county tax, $122,265 ; money at interest, $39,965. School Statistics. — The number of schools in Rose is 8 ; length of term, 5 months; 2 male and 6 female teachers; average salary of teachers, $30; num- ber of male scholars, 216 ; females, 201 ; average attendance, 3 13 ; percent, of attendance. So; cost of scholar per month, 62 cents; number of mills levied for school purposes, 13 ; for building, 5 ; whole amount of tax levied for school and building purposes, $1,495.67 CHAPTER XXXVni. HISTORY OF BARNETT TOWNSHIP. BARNETT is the sixth township, organized in 1833, and was named for Joseph Barnett, the pioneer of Jefferson county. It was taken from Rose township, and until 1838 comprised all that part of Jefferson county lying north of tiie Clarion river. This township is now bounded on the north by Forest county, from which it is divided by the Clarion River ; on the east by Heath township ; on the south by Eldred, and on the west by Clarion county. Topogi'aphy and Geology. — Situated at the western side of the county, Bar- nett is one of the northern tier of townships. The greater part of the town- ship is a wilderness. Its northern side is a long slope five hundred feet in height, stretching to the Clarion River. Its southern side, bordering on Eldred, is traversed nearly its whole length by the ravine of Cathers Run, which heads at the eastern side of the township, and deepens rapidly westward. A narrow strip, therefore, of high land, trending east and west, occupies the center of the township, along which runs its main road, leading from Brookville to Clar- ington, in Forest county. The coal beds are of the Mercer group, and are from 2' to 3' in thickness, and where opened has been found good, clean coal. Iron ore is also found, that at Orin Butterfield's having been tested by Mr. S. W. Smith, of Brook- ville, and found to be 2' on the west face, and 4' on the eastern face of the hill. It is a brown hematite ore. This deposit might become valuable were there any railroad facilities to allow of its being brought to market. Early Settlers. — The first to settle in what is now Barnett township, were William, George and Samuel Armstrong, who came from Crawford county Barnett Township. 545 about 1827, David and Joseph Reynolds, John Cook, John H. Maze and Alex- ander Murray came about 1829. David Reynolds cleared the first land, and made the first improvements. Alexander Forsythe, Robert Wallace, Richard Burns, and William Thomas also came at an early da)-. Orin Butterfield came from Watertovvn, Jefferson county, N. Y., in 1837. Probably the first birth was Evaline Armstrong, daughter of William Armstrong, and the first record to be found of any mar- riages are those of Thomas Maze, who married Martha Hall in 1836, and Rob- ert Hulings and Polly Maze, in March, 1837; then in 1838 William Maze and Sophia Herron were married by Orin Butterfield, esq. The first deaths were those of James Maze, who died in 1 831, and was buried in what is said to be the first grave-yard, at the old school-house at Troutman Run ; then David Reynolds and Alexander Murray died about 1838, and were the first buried in the grave-yard on the Armstrong land, at Clarington. The first school-house was built at the mouth of Troutman Run. It was built of round logs, and a huge rock formed one end of the building, against which the fire-place was made. The next was built at Butterfields, in 1840. The first saw- mill was built by William Armstrong, at the mouth of Maple Creek, about 1829, and the first lumber taken out about 1829 by David Rey- nolds. The next saw-mill was erected by John Cook, at the rnouth of Thom's Run. The first grist-mill was built by William Armstrong, on the Clarion River, at what is now known as Clarington, and he opened the first store at the same place about the year 1830. Charles Johnson afterwards built a saw-mill and opened a store on Maple Creek. The first hotel was kept by Alexander Murray, afterwards by his widow ; then Grove Reed kept the first licensed house. Oramel Thing also kept a hotel at an early day, on the Clarion River. The first blacksmith shop was started by Mr. Armstrong at his mill, and an Englishman named Andrew Clough, was the first blacksmith. The old settlers now living are: Mrs. Polly Williams, a sister of the Armstrong brothers, who has resided in Barnett township about fifty-five years, and is past eighty years of age. Orin Butter- field has resided there fifty years. Mr. Butterfield first purchased the farm where he now resides from Richard Burns and William Thomas, who had arti- cled for the same with C. C. Gaskill, agent for the Holland Land Company^ but had made no payments upon it. He has resided upon it ever since, and has now a good farm of about two himdred acres, and four hundred acres of timber land, from which most of the timber has been cut. Mr. Butterfield has been one of the most prominent citizens of the township, having been four times elected justice of the peace. He has now a comfortable, pleasant home, the result of his hard labor, and where he is enjoying the evening of his days 546 History of Jefferson County. in comfort and luxury. He is over eighty years of age, but is as hale and sprightly as a man of sixty. Among other prominent settlers of later years are : John Dobson, whose wife is a daughter of John H. Maze, she having been born and raised in the wilds of Barnett; A. J. Maze, Mrs. Dobson's brother, John Agnew, William Painter, the Wallace brothers and G. G. Frazier. Present business. — The only store in the township is that of S. & W. Shields^ at Clarington. There is no hotel now in Barnett. The saw-mills are those of Abram Braden, above site of old Armstrong mill, George G. Frazier (this mill was, in 1887, disposed of to a Reynoldsville company), William Wallace. George Shawkey, George Means, and Peter Stahlman ; A. C. Wiggins does the blacksmithing for the community with a shop at Clarington. There are three school-houses, at Butterfield's, Wallace's, and at Pine Grove. There is no church in Barnett, but one is about to be built at Pine Grove. The present grave-yards are located, one at Pine Grove, one on the James Daniels farm, and one on the \\'ing farm, now Shields place. There are now two post-offices in Barnett — the Clarington office having been in 1887 moved to the Jefferson side of the Clarion River, and the office of Ella, on Hominy Ridge, at William Painter's. Farms. — Although a lumbering region, Barnett boasts of some excellent farms, well cultivated, and with good buildings, and upon which the finest varieties of apples, peaches, pears, cherries and grapes are grown. The best farms in the township are those of William and Archie Wallace, Grant heirs. Orin Butterfield, J. W. Daniels, John and James Truby and Thadeus Songer. The stock raised in Barnett is confined to the common grades. E/ectiotis. — At an election held in the township of Barnett, in the year 1833, the following named persons were elected township officers: Constable, John Maze; supervisors, David Mead, William Armstrong; auditors, John Wynkoop, Wihiam Manross, Edwin Forsythe ; overseers of the poor, Enos Myers, John Maze. At the election held February 15, 1887, the following persons were elected : Constable, D. L. Henry; supervisors, Michael Asel and James Cook; school directors, John Campbell and W. W. Braden ; auditors, Henry Dunkle and A. R. Braden; poor overseers, J. R. Cook and J. H. Grant; assessor, W. W. Braden ; township clerk, W. A. Mathews ; collector, W. W. Braden ; treas- urer, William Wallace ; judge of election, W. W. Callen ; inspectors, A. R. Braden and Robert Wolford. The justices of the peace in Barnett township are J. F. Songer, John H. Kuhns. The members of the school board pre- viously elected are Robert Wolford, W. W. Braden, John Coon, O. D. Butter- field. Population and Taxables. — The number of taxables in Barnett township in 1835 was 70 ; in 1842, 6j ; in 1849, 75 ; in 1856, 78 ; in 1863, 50; in 1870, Snyder Township. 547 6"] ; in 1880, 92; in 1886, 103. The population in 1840, by census, was 259; 1850,579; 1860,303; 1870,223; 1880,296. Valuation of property. — The valuation of real and personal property in Barnett township, according to the triennial assessment of 1886, gives the number of acres seated land as 5,213 ; valuation, $13,625 ; average value per acre, $2.61. Grist and saw-mills, 2 ; valuation, $550. Acres unseated, 2,844 ; valuation, $11,264; average per acre, $3.96. Number of horses, 44; valua- tion, $1,660; average value, $37.02. Number of cows, 65 ; valuation, $663 ; average, $10.20. Occupations, 30 ; valuation, $1,435 ; average value, $47.83. Total valuation, subject to county tax, $29,442. School statistics. — Whole number of schools in 1886, 4; average number of months, taught, 4 ; i male and 3 female teachers ; average salary of teach- ers, $23 ; number of scholars, males 53, females 44; average number attend- ing school, 53 ; average per cent, of attendance, 65 ; average cost per month, 83 cents ; number of mills levied for school purposes, 13 ; total amount of tax levied for school and building purposes, $536.85. CHAPTER XXXIX. HISTORY OF SNYDER TOWNSHIP. SNYDER, the seventh township, was organized in 1835, being taken from Pine Creek, and was called for Governor Simon Snyder. In 1843 a por- tion of the township was taken from it, on the formation of Elk county. The present boundaries of Snyder are : On the north, by Elk county ; on the east, by Elk and Clearfield ; on the south, by Washington township and Clearfield county, and on the west by Polk and Warsaw. Topography . — The northern part of the township is an almost unbroken wilderness on both sides of the Little Toby, being made so by the near ap- proach of the Homewood sandstone, in very massive condition, to the uplands there. The southern part, covered mostly by coal measure strata, is the agri- cultural part, and is generally cleared land. The Ridgway road crossing the township from east to west, very nearly defines the forest region from that under cultivation The drainage is mainly into the Clarion River, through the valley of Little Toby, and its tributaries. At the western side of the town- ship, the headsprings of Mill Creek interlock with one branch of the North Fork. It is interesting to observe how very small is the interval separating these Redbank waters from the Little Toby. Those of Mill Creek, in fact, approach in places, nearly to the abrupt hills which overlook the other stream. 548 History of Jefferson County. Geology. — Snyder township is one of the principal coal producing districts of the township, as will be seen from the report of the Clarion mines. The coal seam worked is the Freeport Lower, averaging four feet in thickness. The Northwestern Mining and Exchange Company, operating these mines, own the mineral on 5,791 acres in Snyder township, the assessed value of which is $11,582. Early Settlers. — In 1822 Alonzo and James W. Brockway settled on the Pfefter tract, lottery warrant No. 34, which their father, John P. Brockway, had purchased at treasurer's sale, in Indiana, the year previous. This was the first settlement in Snyder township, and is where the town of Brockwayville now is. The next to settle in what is now Snyder township, was Jacob Shaffer, •who located in 1823 on the Henry Sivert tract, and his brother-in-law, Henry Walborn, who located on the run known as Walborn Run, about a mile and a half above Brockway's. Although the land was heavily timbered and hard to clear, they found the soil very productive, and the Brockways soon found themselves able to live comfortably, and even luxuriously, in the wilderness. Wild game was abun- dant, and with elk, bear, deer and wild turkey, to furnish the meat, the bees the honey, and the magnificent groves of sugar maple the molasses and sugar, while the luxurious vegetation furnished their cattle with abundant food, there was no lack of good wholesome food. Flour was the hardest to get, but soon mills were erected, as we have already stated, and this difficulty was obviated in a measure, and cornbread, or " pone," as it was called in those days, took the place of the white rolls made from the Vienna flour of the present day. Ami Sibley was one of the pioneers of Snyder township, locating in that region in 18 18. He was one of the most noted hunters in the northern part of the county. He died in 1861. Mr. Sibley raised a family of nine children, nearly all of whom are now residents of Snyder, and among her best citizens. Among the settlers who followed the Brockways into Snyder were James Pendleton, Hiram Wilson, Henry and Ira Walsh, A. R. Frost, Samuel Beman, William Bennett, Stephen Tibbetts, Jacob Myers, Alonzo Firman, James Mc- Minn, R. W. Moorhead, Bennett Prindle, Paul Robinson, J. H. Robinson, Thomas Brian, John Johnson, James Marshall, Thomas Calhoun, James Pen- field, Benjamin Shaw, John Atwell. James W. Green, Robert McMinn, William McMinn. There are some excellent farms in Snyder, among the best improved being those of John Atwell, Mathew Bovaird, Charles Bovaird, John Bryant, Joseph Barber, John Calhoun, James Calhoun, Alonzo Firman, Thomas Hutchison, John Keys, James McMinn, Joseph and Robert Morrison, Daniel Pendleton, John H. Robinson, Mrs. Mary M. Lane, Henry Kearney. The fruit raised, such as apples, pears, plums, is equal to that of any of the other townships. Lumber and Saw-mills. — The first thing that the early settlers of Snyder Snyder Township. 549 turned their attention to was lumbering. Dr. Clark's account of the first timber run out of Little Toby, has already been given. Then it took several weeks to dispose of the small fleet, and the highest price paid for " clear stuff" was only ten dollars per thousand feet, while the common lumber only brought about four dollars per thousand. Though this first venture almost proved a failure, the business was prosecated with renewed vigor from year to year, and as it was the only business that brought money into the township, the timber was ruthlessly sacrificed. In 1828 John S., Alonzo and James M. Brockway, built a saw-mill, and about the same time the mill about three miles above Brock- way's, called the " Balltown mill," was built by Isaac Horton, Chauncy Brock- way, Hezekiah and L. Warner and Alanson Vial. One of the first mills built in Snyder was that erected by Dr. William Bennett, father of Dr. J. T Bennett, of Brookville ; it was afterwards called the Jenkins mill. In 1836 Hoyt & Wilson bought timber lands of Jacob Shaffer, about two miles above where Brockwayville now is, built a saw-mill, and ran it for some time, when the property was purchased by Alonzo Firman, who erected a new steam mill. This mill cuts about half a million feet per year. Mr. Firman owns some seven hundred acres of timber land in connection with the mill property. In 1845 William McCullough built a mill on the site of the present " Lane mill." It was then owned by Hyde & Scott, then by Lane, Conklin & Phelps, who erected the present large establishment. The property, which is sit- uated on Little Toby Creek, about two miles south of Brockwayville, is now owned by Mr. N. B. Lane, and cuts three million feet per year. There is about two thousand acres of timber land belonging to this property. James Pendleton, in 1841, built a saw-mill, grist and carding-mill, on Rat- tlesnake Run, about one mile south of where Brockwayville now is. The saw- mill was rebuilt in 1846, and is now owned by Daniel Pendleton, son of the first builder. This mill cuts from one to two hundred thousand feet per annum, and has about one hundred acres of timber land connected with it. The Forest Lumber Company's mill, formerly the " Galusha mill," was built by Peter Galusha in 1850, who owned it until his death. It is now the property of the Forest Lumber Company, and has about forty thousand acres of timber land in connection with it, and cuts four million feet per an- num. A store is connected with this establishment. The Atwell mill, located four miles west of Brockwayville, on the Brook- ville road, was built by Shaw & Atuell in 1878, and is now owned by Nelson Atwell ; its capacity is about half a milliun per j-ear. The Buzzard mill, situated on Little Toby, one-half mile north of Brock- wayville, was built by E. G. and C. ]\I. Carrier in 1874. The property was then owned by John Alexander, and is now the property of R. L. Buzzard. (iC 5SO History of Jefferson County. It cuts from three to four million feet per annum, and has about three thou- sand acres of timber land in connection with it. Allen's mills — grist and saw-mill — built in 1874 by Dillis Allen. The car- penter work was done by Philo Bowdish. Since the death of Mr. Allen the property is owned by his estate and William Bond, as Bond & Allen. The flouring mill is run by F. J. Lord, lessee, and is known as the Eureka Flour Mill. The saw-mill is run by S. C. Bond, who has leased it for a term of years. G. S. Himes, planingniill, situated in Brockwayville ; built in 1885. Planing and shingle-mill, built in September, 1886, by William Frederick. Elections. — At an election held in Snyder township in 1835, the follo\ving persons were elected township officers : Constable, Myron Gibbs ; supervisors, John McLaughlin, Ami Sibley; auditors, Milton Johnson, Thomas McCormick, Joseph McCurdy ; township clerk, Thomas McCormick ; overseers of the poor, Myron Gibbs, Joseph Mc- Afee ; assessor, Milton Johnston; inspector, Myron Gibbs; fence appraiser, James Ross. At the election held February 15, 1887, the following persons were elected : Constable, James Graybill; supervisors, Samuel Clodgers, Henry Humphrey ; school directors, R. J. Thompson, John Britton ; poor overseer, James Kear- ney ; auditor, William Bond, sr. ; judge of election, Thomas Hutchinson ; in- spectors, M. B. Holt, S. B. Firman ; town clerk, Frederick Lane ; tax col- lector, John H. Robinson ; assessor, A. J. Firman ; treasurer, John Ke\s. The justices of the peace in Snyder township are J. N. Atwell and H. Humphrey. The members of the board of school directors previously elected are John Frost, Nelson Atwell, Neil McCay and Henry Humphrey. Snj'der township paid a bounty for volunteers during the war, of $3,365.90. Statistics of Population and Taxables. — In Snyder township the number of taxables in 1835 was 41 ; 1842, 72 ; in 1849, 69 ; in 1863, 117; in 1870, 245 ; in 1880, 317; in 1886, 270 (Brockwayville was made a borough in 1883, which accounts for the decrease in taxables and population). The population, according to the different census reports was, 1840, 291 ; 1850, 306; i860, 597 ; 1870, 792 ; 1880, 1,048. In 1843 P'^'"'^ of Snyder township was separ- ated from it and annexed to Elk, which accounts for little or no increase in the population from 1840 to 1850. Value of Property — The triennial assessment of 1886 gives the number of acres seated land 11,356 acres; valuation, $39,261; value per acre, $3.46; number of grist and saw-mills, 8 ; valuation, $2,355 ; unseated, 6,915 acres ; valuation, $23,083 ; average per acre, $3.34 ; niunber acres surface, 5,462; valuation, $13,062 ; average, $2.39; number of acres mineral, 7,743 ; valua- tion, $15,486; value per acre, $2; number of horses, 189; valuation, $3,- 473; average value, $18.37 ; cows, 268 ; valuation, $2,095; average value, Snyder Township. 551 $7.82; 23 oxen ; valuation, $94 ; i i 2 occupations ; valuation, $3 i, 150 ; aver- age, $27.90; total valuation subject to county tax, $102,059 ; money at in- terest, $23,330. School Statistics. — According to the report of education for the year ending June 6, 1886, there were six schools in Sn\-dcr township ; term, si.x months ; number of male teachers, 4; females, two; average salary, $30 for male, and $25 for females ; number of scholars, 108 males; females, 132; average num- ber attending school, 157; per cent, of attendance, 87; cost per mouth, 78 cents; number of mills levied for school purposes, 12 ; for building purposes, 8 ; total amount of tax levied for school and building purposes, $1,336.28 ; for the winter of 1886—7 there are 7 schools reported, with 259 scholars. Brockw.wvii.le. Brockwayville is the only borough in Snyder township, and was incorpo- rated September 13, 1883. In 1880 it had only a population of three hundred and sixty, but this has largely increased since the place has become a railroad and shipping point. Where the town is now located, the first settlement in Snyder township was made in 1822, when Alonzo and Chauncey Brockvvay, for whom the town is named, built their cabins upon its site. The town was not started, however, until 1836, when Dr. A. M. Clark bought property there and removed to it. He at once began to lay out the town in lots, and was the first to give it an onward impetus. One of the old residents of Brockwayville, who, in 1887, passed off the scene of earthly action, ending a lojig and useful life, was James W. Green. "Squire" Green, as he was called, came to Snyder township in 1818 or 1819. He was a prominent member of the Methodist Church, and held many offices of trust in the township. He was justice of the peace when he died, and Gov- ernor Beaver appointed his son to fill his place. Mr. Green's children are among tlie prominent citizens of the town. Among the other old citizens are : Dr. W. C. Niver, whose biography appears in another column, A. J. Thompson, and R. W. Moorhead. Cemeteries. — The first death in Brockwayville was that of a little child of Alonzo and Huldah Brockvvay, who died in 1828 or 1829, and was buried on the bank of the Toby Creek, near where the old hotel stands, but its grave has long since disappeared. The next burial place for the dead was a field by the roadside, on what is now the Marvin Alien farm, and where, in one cornt- r, the first to die in the township, also a little child of Jacob Shaffer, was laid away. In that little city of the dead, which was called " the Shaffer's burying ground," were buried Joel Clark, and Chloe, his wife, Bailey Hughes, A. J. Ingalls, Jacob Myers, Comfort D. Felt, Joel Clark, jr., and Mary, his wife, with their children, Hiram, Willie and Jane. This grave- yard, w^hich is about one mile 552 History of Jefferson County. from Brockwayville, is not now used, as Mr. Marvin, at his death, requested that no more interments should be made there. There is also an old grave- yard back of the John Morrison lots, on the Alexander place, but the bodies of those resting there have been nearl)' all removed to the new cemetery, and the place is not now used as a burying ground. The Clark family burial plot, on the old homestead farm, where several of Dr. Clark's children, two of Dr. McKnight's, and children of Dr. W. C. Niver and C. K. Hahn were buried, has also been vacated by the dead being removed to Wildwood Cemetery. Wildwood Cemetery was started in 1866 by twenty five citizens of Sns'der township subscribing twenty- five dollars each. It contains ten acres, and is beautifully situated about half a mile from the center of the town, on land pur- chased from Dr. Clark. Prominent among those furthering this project were Dr. A. M. Clark, Dr. W. C. Niver, W. W. Wellman, Peter Galusha, N. B. Lane and A. J. Thompson. The first person buried in Wildwood was Mrs. Fannie P. Johnson, wife of John Johnson, who died August 26, 1868. Part of the ground is laid out in lots, some of which are tastefully ornamented with shrubberj' and flowers, one of the most noticeable being the lot of Conrad K. Huhn. It is circular in shape, surrounded with a hedge fence ; a little brook meanders through it, the sides of which are beautifully terraced. Robert Humphrey has a nicely arranged lot, surrounded by an iron fence, with marble posts. The lot of R. W. Moor- head, where his wife, Mrs. Olive Moorhead, is laid, is surrounded by an iron fence, and is tastefully kept. In this inclosure is a large Italian marble mon- ument. There are some other fine monuments in these grounds, prominent among which is the Scotch granite one of James McClelland. The officers of the Wildwood Cemetery Company (1887) are: President, Henry Humphrey; secretary, Robert Humphrey ; treasurer, William D. Clark. Elections. — The first election held in Brockwayville after its incorporation as a borough, was in 1883, and then the following persons were elected to the different town offices : Justice of the peace, John Morrison ; constable, L. S. Short ; high con- stable, J. L. Bond ; assessor, W. T. McLaughlin ; town council, O. A. Sibley, Arnold Groves, B. T. Chapin, A. L. Hoy, R. W. Moorhead. P. Bowdish ; bur- gess, W. C. Niver; school directors, J. G. Dailey, Alton Chapin, C. G. Knight, Ira Felt, James Groves ; overseers of the poor, T. Myers, William Morey ; auditors, A. J. Thompson, Daniel Riley ; judge of election, M. B. Moorhead ; inspectors, Joseph Prindle, H. A. Frost. At the election held February 15, 1887, the following were elected : Burgess, R. A. McElhaney ; councilmen, J. L. Bond, 3 years, W. D. Clark, 3 years, B. T. Chapin, i year ; constable, L C. Bond ; high constable, Henry ^:^/^4>/ ^A^^^ ^ } Snyder Township. 553 Leeper; assessor, Samuel McLaughlin; tax collector, L. C. Bond; overseer, Peter Burkhouse; auditor, D. D. Groves; treasurer, A. R. Chapin ; school directors, M. B. Moorhead, 3 years, Peter Galusha, 3 years, J. H. Groves, 2 years ; judge of election, D. C. Nelson ; inspectors, Peter Galusha and Edward Green. The justices of the peace for Brockwajville are W. D. Clark and E. A. Green. The members of the school board previously elected are C. G. Knight, P. Berkhouse, Ira Felt and George S. Himes. Population, Taxables and Assessments. — The number of taxablcs in Brock- wayville in 1886, was 204. The population, according to the census of 1880, was 360. The triennial assessment gives the number of acres of seated land in Brockwayville as 394; valuation, $4,857; average per acre, $12.33 ; num- ber of houses and lots, 213; valuation, $13,032 ; number of horses, 44 ; val- uation, $945 ; average value, $21 ; number of cows, 32; valuation, $288; average value, $9; number of occupations, 137; valuation, $5,355 ; average value, $39 ; total valuation subject to county tax, $24,477; money at interest, $1 1,146. School Statistics. — The number of schools in Brockwayville for the year ending June 7, 1886, was 3 ; term, five months; number of male teachers, i ; female teachers, 2 ; average salary of male teachers, $40 ; females, 32 ; num- ber of male scholars, 59 ; females, 60 ; average attendance, 106 ; per cent, of attendance, 94 ; cost per month, 99 cents. Thirteen mills were levied for school, and seven for building purposes. Total amount of tax levied for school and building, $565.16. The number ot scholars for winter of 1886—7 '^^ere 150. Past and Present Business. — The first store started in Brockwayville was by Robert W. Moorhead, in 1854, who conducted the business of general mer- chandising until 1861, when he disposed of the business to Wellman Brothers, who in 1872, resold to R. W. Moorhead & Son, the Wellman Brotheis return- ing to the State of New York, where they engaged in the banking business. The store then passed into the hands of Mrs. R. W. Moorhead, who sold to B. T. Chapin & Co., in 1878. The store is still owned by B. T. Chapin, and is one of the best in the town. D. D. Groves, general merchandise, started November, 1881, is, with Cha- pin's, the principal store in the place. Daly & Kearney, dealers in boots and shoes and gentlemen's furnishing goods; established by J. G. Daily in 1882; copartnership established in 1884. The Buffalo Clothing Store, R. Cohen proprietor, keeps a large stock of clothing and men's furnishing goods; established in March, 1886. Bond & Cooper, dealers in hardware ; established in March, 1882. J. R. Baird, drugs, agent for J. L. Bond ; established in May, 1884. Dr. J. W. Hoey, drugs; established in August, 1886. Rankin & McClelland started a drug store in December, 1883. Scott Mc- 554 History of Jefferson County. Clelland retired from the firm December i, 1884, and William Condick pur- chased his interest, the firm being Rankin & Condick. Ira Felt, groceries and provisions; established in November, 1882; asso- ciated his son, C. Felt, with him in the business January i, 1887. Mr. Felt is also engaged in the manufacture and sale of cigars. George W. Sibley, dealer in groceries; established July, 1882. J. W. Smith, dealer in groceries, jjrovisions, flour and feed ; established in September, 1883. Mr. Smith also has an extensive meat market in connec- tion with his store, furnishing nearly all the meat consumed at the Clarion mines. H. D. Hodgkinson, dealer in groceries and confectioneries; established in 1887. Mr. Hodgkinson also runs a five cent counter. R. A. McElhaney, dealer in furniture and undertaker; established in 1875. R. A. Hubbard, watchmaker and jeweler, 1887. Thomas Ralston, saddlery and harness ; established in the fall of 1882. A. Miller, shoemaker; established in 1885. Miss N. McMinn, millinery and dressmaking; established in 1878. Mrs. J. R. Kelts, millinery and dressmaking, September, 1881. Mrs. M. C. Slagle (now Mrs. R. A. McElhaney), millinery; established May, 1884. J. A. Adams, billiard room; established by Webster Reed in 1883 ; sold to Adams, December, 1885. Alexander Hynd, barbershop; established May, 1886. Smith Strickler, blacksmith shop; established fall of 1870. McLaughlin Brothers, wagon making and general blacksmiths ; established May, 1872. Frederick Walker, blacksmith ; established fall of 1881. Mr. Walker has also been engaged in the livery business since 1871. The Railroad House was built in 1853 b)' John Arner, but only partly completed, and was first kept as a hotel by John Russell, afterwards by W. H. Schram, Nathaniel Clark, Henry Welsh, B. F. Townley, R. M. Bennett, R. T. Kelly, R. M. Overheiser. It is now under the supervision of Andrew Logan, who took charge of it in April, 1885, and is known as the Logan House. It has been owned by R. W. Moorhead, Smith & Waterhouse, Henry Welsh, and now by Robert Smith and A. J. Thompson. Clark House, started in 1886. Restaurant, boarding and eating-house, Mrs. E. A. Andrews ; established December, 1882. The present physicians are Drs. W. C. Niver, J. W. Hoey and M. M. Rankin. The town has no member of the legal fraternity, or dentist, Dr. E. I. Marsh, of Du Bois, paying stated visits to the place to look after the molars of the communit)'. Elured Township. 555 CHAPTER XL. HISTORY OF ELDRED TOWNSHIP. ELDRED was the eighth township organized, and was taken in 1836 from Rose and Barnett, and was named for Hon. Nathaniel B. Eldred, then president judge of the judicial district of which Jefferson county formed a part. This township is bounded on tlie north by Barnett and Heath townships ; on the east by Warsaw ; on the south by Union, Rose and Pine Creek, and on the west by Clarion county. Its eastern and western sides consist of rugged forest land. The cleared and cultivated portion of the township lies mainly along the Brookville and Sigel road, which follows a high and narrow divide, running almost due north. This divide is crossed at Sigel, in the northern part of the township, by an- other belt of high land extending nearly east and west, so that the skeleton of the drainage system has the shape of the letter T. North of the cross-piece (along which runs the Spring Creek road), the waters go direct into the Clar- ion River ; south of it, and on the left hand side of the upright arm of the let- ter, the}' go into Big Mill Creek, while on the right hand side of that arm they flow into the North Fork. Geology. — There is considerable coal found in Eldred, but the seams are small, and are principally the Mercer coals, not over 3' 6." The principal banks are those of Jacob Mineweaser, John Beach, and the bank on the farm of E. Robinson. The latter is bright, firm coal, well protected from moisture by a compact roof of tough, black slate. Iron ore is also found in the township, and specimems from the farm of Perry Kable have been analyzed by Mr. S. W. Smith, of Brookville, the bed showing twenty-nine inches of ore in a depth of three and a half feet. The ore is of good quality. The Early Settlers. — The first settlers who came into Eldred were Isaac Matson, in 1828, James Linn, Walter Templeton and Robert McCreight, in 1829, and were followed the next year by E. M. Graham and John McLaugh- lin ; Jacob Craft, David English, in 183 1 ; Paul Stewart, James Templeton and James Trimble, in 1832 ; Stewart Ross and John Wilson, in 1833, and Thomas Hall in 1834, William and George Catz, and James Summerville. The first settler of whom we find any mention, in the northern part of Eldred township, was Frederick Kahle, who settled there in 1836. Mr. Kahle first came to Clarion county, where he hired a hunter named Tommy Guthrie to go with him into the wilds of northern Jefferson, where he designed locat- ing. After reaching their destination and looking about for a suitable place for Mr. Kahle to make his future home, night overtook them and they were obliged to camp out in the woods. During the night they were attacked by 556 History of Jefferson County. wolves, numbering hundreds, as it appeared to Mr. Kahle ; but the old woods- man was not at all disconcerted, pouring some powder on a piece of bark, he set fire to it, and then fired his gun, and the wolves scampered off to be heard no more. Mr. Kahle moved his family, consisting of a number of small chil- dren, into these woods that same year, and their first years were scenes of danger and hardship. During the first summer he killed seventeen large rat- tlesnakes near his own door. Mr. Kahle was an excellent man, and worked early and late to rear his large family, and before he died had one of the best and largest farms in that region under good cultivation, with good orchards, etc. His family was raised carefully and conscientiously, his only regret being that the exigencies of the times did not admit of his giving them a good education. He died in No- vember, 1878, aged about eighty years, and his son, David, now resides on the old homestead. One of the next to penetrate into the wilds was S. \V. Smith, who came to Eldred in 1842. Mr. Smith, who was a native of Livingston county, New York, started in the fall of that year to hunt up a place to make a home for himself. He was accompanied by a young man named Nathan Smith (not a relative of his, however). On reaching the little town of Ceres, on the Alle- gheny River, the two young adventurers embarked in a skiff, and started on their trip down the Allegheny. They proceeded on after night fall, and were soon surprised to hear the loud roar of falling waters. Thinking that they were approaching an island, they rowed on, but soon found to their horror that they were approaching the State line dam. It was impossible to tarn back or reach the shore, and soon the frail boat was engulfed in the seething, rushing flood. Down, down it dashed, twice dipping bucketsful of water, but at length reached the safe waters below the dam, and looking back the voyagers beheld the peril they had passed. Mr. Smith says that to this day he cannot recall that night of danger without a shudder. As soon as a landing could be ef- fected, they pulled to shore. After this they proceeded on their voyage with- out further trouble. After stopping for a while at the Indian Reservation, in Warren count}^ they at last landed in Butler county, but not likrng the " lay of the land " in either Butler or Clarion, they made their way into Jefferson county. Mr. Smith relates a singular incident of their journey. While on their way down the Allegheny River, they saw thousands of black squirrels, all journeying eastward. They would climb the trees on the west bank of the river, and drop from the outspreading branches into the stream, and then swim to the other shore. Mr. Smith and his companion would hold out their pad- dles to the little creatures, and they would scramble into tlie skiff, and some- times stay with them for hours, when they would spring into the water again and make for the eastern shore. When Mr. Smith and his companion reached Eldred Township. 557 Strattaiiville, on their way into Jefferson county, they found the citizens shoot- ing the squirrels off their fences, the migration still going on. They did not seem to avoid towns or people, their only aim being to travel towards the ris- ing sun. The older citizens will remember what a bitter cold winter that of 1842-3 was, when the snow was three feet deep, with a frozen crust that would bear man and beast. Surely it is wonderful that instinct alone should have caused these timid animals to thus migrate from the sure death that awaited them. Mr. Smith settled in Eldred township, on the farm now owned by Joseph Raught, and went to work resolutely to reclaim it from the wilderness. He worked there in company with his brother, Claude, for three or four years, and then returned to New York, where he married a daughter of Captain Van Nostrand and brought her to share his home in the wilderness. They resided in Eldred until about 1855, when he removed to BrookviUe, at the solicitation of the trustees of the BrookviUe Academy, to engage as principal of that institution. After several years of service in this capacity, he served two terms as superintendent of common schools, and has resided in BrookviUe ever since. Nathan Smith, the other voyager, located near his companion, and cleared and improved a large farm. He was a very earnest Methodist, and a man of strong self-will. When the war commenced he was opposed to it, as he claimed that the slaves should be at once liberated, and would have nothing to do with it until Mr. Lincoln issued his emancipation proclamation, when he at once shouldered his gun and set out for the front, declaring that the war was now a holy one, and that it would succeed, as God would now prosper the cause of the North. No persuasions of friends or family could deter him from entering the service, in which he served until the end of the rebellion, and then returned to Eldred township, where he soon sold his farm, and removed to Frankfort, Kan., where he is living in comfort, and where he was elected jus- tice of the peace. The forests being covered with such a dense growth of pine and underbrush, and homes of the settlers being so far apart, traveling was very unsafe, from the prevalence of wild beasts, and the danger of being lost in the woods. In February, 1836, James Beals, who had been assisting to raise a log cabin for a neighbor, who lived five miles distant, started home late in the night, and while going through the woods was overcome by the cold, and perished near his own door. About the year 1857 James Cowan, who with his brother, William, had previously purchased some land in Eldred, came from Schuylkill county, with his family. On their arrival at BrookviUe, they could get no team to take them to their destination, and, shouldering their bundles, started on foot. Before they reached their destination, the house of Mr. Winlack, near where their 67 558 History of Jefferson County. own land was situated, night overtook them, and they were unable to proceed in the darkness. Mr. Cowan, leaving the family with strict injunctions for them not to stir from the spot until his return, started to hunt a house which he knew to be in the vicinity, and finally reached it. The owner of the cabin, Mr. Fiscus, was absent, but his wife got up at Mr. Cowan's call ; but on his re- quest for a candle to show them the way through the woods, said she had not a single one in the house. She, however, proceeded to rake out the coals on the hearth, and then put some butter in a saucer, melting it, put a rag in the liquid, and lighted it. After trying to induce Mr. Cowan to remain with his family for the night at her house, with this feeble light Mr. Cowan returned to his fright- ened wife and children, and by its aid they finally reached their destination about midnight. There was no house ready for the family, and they moved into a school- house, and Mr. Cowan started oft' to hunt work at his occupation of coal digger. While he was absent in Clarion county, and while his family was domiciled in the school-house, Mrs. Cowan was ill for some time. At length a cabin was put up, but Mr. Cowan had to work at his trade to keep the wolf (hunger) from the door, and his wife, in his absence, chinked and daubed the cabin with mud, and made it ready for winter. As soon as a piece of ground was cleared, Mr. Cowan proceeded to plow it with a yoke of oxen. He was not skilled in the work of a farmer, and in going over some roots the plow was jerked with such force that he was thrown to the ground, breaking several ribs. This placed him hors de combat for the time being, and his son, Peter, took the helm, or the plow, rather, and though but a boy, he contrived to scrape over the ground sufficiently to get in some potatoes. Mr. Cowan, who had his farm to pay for as well as his family to support, took out coal whenever he could get such work to do, and for some time worked at the old BrowMi furnace in Clarion county. He would walk home on Saturday night and back to his work on Monday, and labored in this way for nine years. On one occasion, wishing to bring a wheelbarrow with him, he put a bag of flour on it, and started to wheel it home. At Corsica he stopped and added some groceries and a bag of beans, and then proceeded homewards, and this extra toil was accomplished after a hard day's work in the coal bank. Mr. and Mrs. Cowan came from the city of Glasgow, in Scotland, and of course did not know anything about the hardships of settlers in the wilderness, and were totally unacquainted with farm life. When they landed in this country their only acquaintance with that useful animal, the cow, was the diluted arti- cle called milk, sold by the city milkman. Soon after his arrival in Schuylkill county, Mr. Cowan bought a cow, but the next morning the family found they could not use the milk on account of the thick, yellow substance that had formed upon it. He took the cow back to the farmer from whom he had pur- chased, and informed him of the fact, and got another in exchange ; but the farmer did not enlighten him as to the difficult}'. However, it was not long Eldred Township. 559 before they learned what good, rich cream was like. Mr. Cowan, after clear- ing the farm in Eldred, now owned by Milton Stahlman, sold it, and removed to Union township, where he purchased the farm of Richard Hughes, where his wife and several of his children reside. He died in 1878. He was an ex- cellent, upright man, and was able to enjoy the fruits of his hard labor in his later days His eldest son, William B., follows his father's occupation, and has one of the best coal banks in Union township. Peter, from 'the day he first took the plow in his hands, when but a boy, was delegated to follow that occu- pation, and until a year or so back, when he engaged in other business, has had charge of the home farm. While living on the farm in Eldred, Mr. Cowan one day while carrying home some fruit trees to set out, stopped at the house of Paul Fiscus, and while resting employed the time in pruning the trees. Mrs. Fiscus gathered up the twigs and planted them, and thus started a good orchard on her own farm. One of the best known citizens of Eldred township was Michael Woods, who was born in County Letrim, Ireland, in 1822, and who emigrated to America when he was about eighteen years of age. He worked for about two years in Philadelphia, where he met Levi G. Clover, who took a great liking to the young Irishman, and brought him to his home in Brookville. He re- mained in the employ of Mr. Clover for two years, when he married Margaret Kerr, and moved on to the farm of John Dougherty, (now the Marlin farm), about two miles north of Brookville, in Rose township, where he lived about five years, and then bought a farm from Benjamin McCreight, in Eldred town- ship, where he resided until his death, which occurred October 11, 1S77. He was buried at the Red Bank Roman Catholic cemetery, in Clarion county. During the time that Mr. Woods worked for Clover and Dougherty he carried the mail, for about seven years, from Brookville to Indiana, making one trip a week, the round trip occupying two days and a half He held many lo- cal offices in Eldred township, being tax collector and constable for a period of almost twenty years, and served as court crier for about eighteen years. He was a man of the strictest integrity, whose word was as good as his bond. His wife and sons reside in Eldred, where they are among its best citizens. None of those who first settled Eldred township are now living. The old- est citizens are Joseph White, eighty-five years of age, settled in township in 1850; George Weirick, eighty-three years, in 1871; William McAdoo, seven- ty-five years, in 1846, and James Frost, sixty-five years, in 1849. First Iinprovcmciiis. — The first church was built in 1856 near Sigel, and the first school-house, called Hall's, in 1839. John Burns built the first saw- mill about 1S49. '"id Eullerton & Truman started the first store. The first hotel was kept near Sigel in 1847, by A. Shall. The first lumber was taken out in 1847, ^'''d the first coal discovered by James Summerville. The first death in the township was a child of D. Coder, and the first 56o History of Jefferson County. grave-yard was made at Mount Tabor, a child of J. Beer being the first in- terred therein. Lumber a7id Saw- Mills. — This township was well covered with fine tim- ber, principally pine ; but the first settlers, who had no idea of its value, seemed to have but one wish in regard to it, and that was to get rid of it as fast as possible, and a vast amount was wantonly destroyed, the value of which cannot be computed. The greater part of the timber has been cut off. The saw- mills are now those of Stephen Oaks, H. R. Moore and Garrison & Het- zell, each with a daily capacity of about 10,000. SiGEL. This is the only village in the township, and is a pretty little hamlet lo- cated on the road from Brook\'ille to Clarington. In 1880 the population was 115. There are two stores in the place owned by Henry Truman and White & Hepler, and two hotels, kept by J. J. Henderson and T. Jones, but no li- censed house in the township ; and the blacksmith-shops of Jerry Tapper, Henry Mathews and J. G. Gumbert. Sigel post-office is located here. The other post-office in the township is called Howe. It is kept in the store of B. H. Whitehill, about four miles north of Brookville. There are four churches in the township, a history of which has been given elsewhere. There are three cemeteries. Since the timber, that once engrossed the attention of all classes, has disappeared, the citizens have turned to farming, and Eldred is now taking a first place in that respect. Among the best improved farms are those of Timothy Caldwell, A. M. Larrimer, John White, R. R. McKinley and James Frost. Apples, pears, cherries and grapes are the fruits grown, and are of excellent varieties. Considerable attention is being paid to the introducing of thoroughbred stock in the township, and there are some fine herds of short-horn Durham, Jersey and Holstein cattle, and Cottswold sheep. Elections. — The first election was held in Eldred township in the year 1836, and the following persons were elected : Constable, Elijah M. Graham ; super- visor, Thomas Arthurs, Thomas Barr ; school directors, George Catz, Henry Boil, Thomas Hughes, Thomas Hall, Jacob Craft, John Maze ; overseers of the poor, Michael Troy, Thomas Callen ; town clerk, Jacob Craft. The election held February 15, 1887, resulted in the election of the follow- ing persons: Justice of the peace, W^illiam Park; constable, Joseph Wilson; tax collector, H. G. Katz ; supervisors, H. G. Katz and W. M. McManigle ; school directors, David White and George Gailey ; poor overseer, Jacob Mine- weaser ; auditor, Thomas McNeal ; assessor, Jeremiah Greeley ; clerk, F. Cald- well ; judge of election, William Snipp ; inspectors, W. H. Alford and Peter Mineweaser. The justices of the peace in Eldred are William Park and J. J. Jenks and Tionesta Townships. 561 Henderson. The members of the school board previously elected are Filmore Caldwell, R. R. McKinley, Milton Stahlman and J. W. Knopsnyder. The number of taxables in Eldred township in 1835, was t^"] ; in 1842, 123 ; in 1849, 97 ; in 1856, 157 ; in 1863, 188 ; in 1870, 211; in 1880, 338 ; in 1886, 412. The population in 1840 was 395; 1850, 492; i860, 826; 1870, 832; 1880, 1,271. The census of 1850 gives the number of houses as 88 ; families, 93. According to the triennial assessment of 1886, the number of acres seated in Eldred was 18,266; valuation $66,678; average value per acre, $3.65. Forty-two houses and lots; valuation $2,790. Seven grist and saw-mills, $275. Number of acres unseated 8,776; valuation $29,445; average value per acre $3.35. Number of horses, 263; valuation $7,338; average value $24.00. Cows, 343 ; valuation $2,831 ; average value $8.22. Fourteen oxen ; valuation $260. Occupations 115; valuation $2,865; average $24. Total valuation subject to county tax, $1 12,482. Money at interest $1 1,830. There were eight schools reported in Eldred for the year ending June 30, 1886 ; average number of months taught five ; number of male teachers three ; number of female teachers five. Average salary $28.00. Number of male scholars 279 ; females 186. Number attending school 258 ; average percent, of attendance 82 ; cost per month 53 cents. Number of mills levied for school purposes 10. Total amount of tax levied for school and building purposes $1,230. CHAPTER XLI. HISTORY OF JENKS AND TIONESTA TOWNSHIPS. JENKS township was organized in 1838, and made the tenth in line. It was taken from Barnett, and comprised all that portion lying north of the Clarion River. It was named after Dr. John W. Jenks, who was then one of the associate judges of the county. At the same time Tionesta was also organized, making the present town- ship, being also taken from Barnett township, so that these two have very properly been called the twin townships. Tionesta was called for a stream of that name. Taxables and Population. — In 1842 the taxables in Jenks township num- bered 16, and in 1S49, 32. The population in 1840 was 40, and in 1850, 88. The number of ta.xables in Tionesta in 1842 was 9, and in 1849, 24. The population in 1840 was 27, and in 1850 it had increased to 106. S62 History of Jefferson County. First Election in Jcuks Township. — At an election held in Jenks township in 1838 the following township officers were elected : Constable, Cyrus Blood ; supervisors, Cj^rus Blood, John Hunt; school directors, Cyrus Blood, John Hunt, Aaron Brockway, Aaron Brockway, jr., Josiah Lacy, John Lewis; au- ditors, John Hunt, Aaron Brockway, sr., Aaron Brockway, jr. ; overseers of the poor, Cyrus Blood, Aaron Brockway, sr. ; town clerk, John Hunt;. fence viewer, Aaron Brockway, jr.; inspector of election, John Hunt. First Election in Tionesta Township — xA-t an election held in Tionesta township in 1838 the following were elected : Burgess, D. W. Mead ; inspector of election, John Nolf Colonel Cyrus Blood was the pioneer of Jenks and Tionesta townships. About the time that Brookville was first laid out Colonel Blood, who was re- siding in Hagerstown, Md , had a dream that impressed him greatly. He thought he was traveling northward, and came to a beautiful country, with magnificent trees, springs of the purest water, and the land rolling and fertile. He awoke, clapping his hands and crying, " Come on, boys, my fortune is made ! " Unable to get rid of the impression this dream had made, Mr. Blood started northward to look out for such a location as his vision indicated. He traveled all over this tier of counties without finding what he desired, until he penetrated into the wilds of what was afterwards Jenks township, when he realized that he had found the spot described in his dream. He at once purchased six thousand acres of land and proceeded to clear a farm in the wilderness, he being the first white man to set foot in Jenks township. His home was for a long time called " Blood's Settlement." He returned to Hagerstown and brought his family to the new home in 1833. He made arrangements for about twenty families of his neighbors and friends from Hagerstown to follow him to the new settlement ; but some time after he had arrived at his new home, he was one day, while working in the woods, suddenly impressed with the idea that his presence was needed in his old home, and so strong was this feeling that he threw down his tools, mounted his horse and started for Hagerstown. On his arrival he found that cholera had broken out and devastated the place, leaving very few of those whom he e.xpected to join him in building up his new home in the wilderness of Jefferson county, his brother, Parker Blood, being one of the victims. In those days there were no telegraph and very lit- tle mail facilities, and Mr. Blood had no news of the cholera until he reached Hagerstown. This terrible visitation put an end to the colonization scheme, only one of those who had intended coming to join the Bloods in Jefferson county, Trumbull Hunt, settling in the place. When Mr. Hunt moved his family he had to cut his way through the woods from Brookville, camping out each night at the end of the road made, several days being consumed in making the trip from what is now Clarington Jenks and Tionesta Townships. 563 to the present site of Marien\ille. At that time that region of country was full of Indians, and panthers, wild cats, deer and bear. Foxes, mink and marten abounded, while elk were also occasionally seen, and some very narrow escapes were made from panthers, wolves and wild cats. Parker P. Blood, the young- est son of Colonel Blood, who was not yet two years old when his family moved into the woods, remembers being chased by these ferocious animals ; but he says his worst fright was caused by being chased by a large buck. This deer, which had been caught when a small fawn, after a couple of years escaped to the woods and became quite wild and cross. It had been accustomed to man long enough to lose all fear of him, and did not hesitate to attack any one it met. The animal, when captured, had been adorned with a small sheep bell, which was suspended from its neck by a leather strap, which was securely sewed together by a " wax end," so that he was easily recognized. On one occasion Parker Blood, then a boy of about twelve years, had been sent on an errand to a neighbor living some four or five miles distant, and on his return home, while passing through a chopping, he heard the "tingle" of a sheep bell, and looking back, to his horror discovered the big buck in swift pursuit. Mr. Blood says he made " tall time," and reached a small hemlock into which he climbed just in time to escape the infuriated animal, which took up its po- sition beneath him, snuffing the air, stamping the ground with its sharp hoofs, and occasionally shaking the tree with its huge antlers. The boy, as night came on, was devising means of escape, when a dog came along and engaged the deer in a fight, and while this was going on he slipped from the tree and ran home. Game was so plenty that a good hunter could kill seven or eight deer in one day, while in the streams trout by the hundreds could be caught. This abundance of game and fish caused the Indians to frequent this region, but they were always peaceable and friendly visitors. On one occasion a party of them came to Colonel Hunt's and asked for supper, throwing down a fine saddle of venison, which they said was to pay for their meal, but intimated that they wanted some of it cooked for their supper. Marien Blood went to work to cook it for them, and the more she cooked the more they ate, until only the bones remained. Her brothers and sister yet delight to remind her of the time the Indians gave her a saddle of venison in exchange for their supper. As soon as he got his family settled and his farm cleared Colonel Blood began to agitate the idea of a new county, and it was owing to his persever- ance and energy that the county to which he gave the name of Forest was established, April 11, 1848. It was formed from the counties of Jefferson and Venango, taking from the former that portion lying north of the Clarion River, and which comprised the townships of Jenks and Tionesta. It was through the efforts of Judge Gillis, then member of the State Senate 564 History of Jefferson County. from the district, that the bill creating Forest county was passed. He had passed in the Senate a resolution creating the new county, which also passed the House of Representatives, and is the only instance in the history of the State where a new county was created by a joint resolution. It was at once approved by the governor and thereby became a law. It was near the close of the session, and the joint rules would not allow of its passage in any other form. Judge Gillis did this to oblige his fellow pioneer in the wilds of the new county, Colonel Cyrus Blood. Subsequently Forest county was enlarged, as it at first only comprised four townships, with the county seat at Marienville. The new town Colonel Blood had named for his eldest daughter Marien, who, as the wife of Mr. John D. Hunt (brother of Trumbull Hunt, who came with her father), still resides on the old homestead at Marienville, which continued to be the county seat until 1868, when the county was enlarged and the county seat moved to Tionesta, a town situated at the western side of the county. That portion of the county made up of our seceding townships of Jenks and Tionesta is still called " Old Forest." Colonel Blood was the first associate judge of the new county, and was well-known throughout Jefferson county, every part of which he had visited as county surveyor. He died at his home in Marienville in 1S60. Of his children, besides the daughter already men- tioned, Mrs. Clarine Rohrer also resides at Marienville; Mrs. Louisiana Hunt (wife of Dr. R. S. Hunt) died in Brookville, June 26, 18S1 ; Kennedy L. and Parker P., the sons, reside in Brookville. The latter remained on the farm at Marienville until the summer of 1852, when he joined an engineer corps, who were survej'ing a railroad almost along the route now traversed by the Fox- burg Narrow Guage Road. In the winter of that }-ear lie taught school in Farmington township, Clarion count}', and the following April went to Brook- ville to clerk in the store of Cummins & Blood. CHAPTER XLII. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. WASHINGTON, the eleventh township, named in honor of the "Father of his Country," was organized in 1839, being taken from Pine Creek. It is bounded on the north by Snyder and Warsaw townships; on the east by Clearfield county; on the south by Winslow township, and on the west by Pine Creek and Warsaw. Washington is one of the largest townships in the county. Its surface area is about fifty square miles, or nearly one-twelfth of the entire surface area of Washington Township. 565 the county. It is over seven miles long from north to south, at its longest part, and nearly nine miles wide, from east to west at its widest part. Geology. — The principal coal bed in Washington township is the Frccport Lozver, the principal coal mines are at Beechtree, on the Rattlesnake Run, a branch of the Little Toby, which starts at the Covenanter Church, and flows in a direct course eastward along the northern edge of the township. The thick- ness of the seam, etc., are given in the report of the Beechtree mines in a pre- ceding chapter. The Jefterson Coal Company owns 3,269 acres of mineral in Washington, and the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company 2,825 acres. The superb coal which is found in Washington was always , known to exist there, from the fact of its outcrop in the ravines. The ferriferous lime- stone is found in Washington. It is very near the surface, of good quality, and could be easily and cheaply quarried, and would be of inestimable value to the farms, which would be much benefited by its use. The village of Rockdale stands at the edge of the coal measures, just above the Homewood sandstone. Within this latter formation, and close to the vil- lage store, is an extensive bog, the soil of which is saturated with natural oil — petroleum — that has oozed from crevices in the sandstone Pits and holes dug into the bog attest the presence of oil. In 1880, during the excitement that prevailed in the eastern part of Jeffer- son county, this locality was seized upon by practical oil men, as a favorable spot for drilling, the bog being regarded as an almost sure indication that the Bradford sands 1,500 feet below the water level were oil-bearing, but after going down some 1,500 feet the well was abandoned, no oil being found, indicating that the oil is merely on the surface. The Early Settlers. — In 1824 Henry Keys, Alexander Osborn, John Mc- intosh, John McGhee and Thomas Moore, first settled in what is now Wash- ington township. To their new home they gave the name of " Beechwoods," from the great quantity of beech trees which they found growing there, an appellation which still clings to the locality. They were followed in 1826 by Andrew Smith, William Cooper and John Wilson, with their families, and in 1829, James Smith, with his family, also located in the Beechwoods. These first settlers came from the eastern counties of Centre and Adams. The early history of this section of the county has been graphically por- trayed by Rev. Boyd McCullough, who settled with his parents in the Beech- woods in 1832, in his "Sketches of Local History," and the "Shamrock," published by him, from which the following interesting incidents are taken : "In 1828 there was a beautiful fall. Keys's folks sowed wheat in Novem- ber. The next spring was favorable, and it was a bountiful crop. This was a great loss to the settlement, for the people were encouraged to sow as much wheat as they could get in any time through October, and the rust generally ruined it, till they learned wit by dear experience. 68 566 History of Jefferson County. The winter of 1831 was a very cold one, and in the severest part of it the house of John Hunter was burned down. The neighbors soon gathered to- gether and put up a log house for him, but he lost nearly everything he owned by the fire. It was in the spring of 1832 that we moved into the woods. There were seventeen families in the woods at the time. We stopped at Andrew Smith's. I was seven years old. The next morning I ran in with the news that there was an ass with very slim legs and a small nose in the yard. I was told that it was a deer. They had petted several young deer at different times. That fall the first school was started in the place. The log school-house had one regular window, with six lights. The other window was made by removing a log and placing the panes of glass in the cavity joining each other. A writing desk was made by driving pins in a log below this window, and laying a rough board upon it. The fire-place was made by building a stone -wall against the logs as high as the loft, from this a kind of flue was made of pine sticks and clay. Sometimes the smoke found its way up the chimney, and sometimes it wandered through the house. William Reynolds taught this first school for ten dollars a month, half in cash, and half in grain, after harvest. People who do not Icnow half as much would turn up their noses at treble that pay now. The kindly spring came gently on, and we then commenced to make sugar. Right pleasant it is to see the luscious juice drop, drop, dropping from the trees all over the hill, while the roaring fire makes the syrup go foaming and dancing in the kettle till it is time to take it out and put fresh sap in. It is hard work, but then you can see the progress you are making, and you get your pa}' immediately. There was no school in summer, but we attended Sabbath- school in the school house. This school was organized by Rev. Mr. Riggs (in 1831), but it existed before that. Robert Mcintosh and Betty Keys had started it when there were but a few families in the place. It went from house to house be- fore there was any scho-'l-house. James and Andrew Smith, father and son, Thomas Ledlie and Alexander Cochran might be mentioned as men whose deep thought gave an intellectual tone to the discussions. Robert Mcintosh, sr., was the first superintendent. He was not a man of extensive information, but his devoted spirit, and warm, cordial impulse gave a great interest to his devotional exercises, and made him universally respected. Well do I remember the last time I saw him in the Sabbath-school. He closed by singing the sixth psalm, long meter, in the old version: " Lord, in thy wrath, rebuke me not." That was in the fall of 1833, and he died in the fall of 1S34. Betty Keys was also the life of the school, as long as her health enabled her to attend. She was said to be very self-willed and opinionative, and on one Washington Township. 567 occasion the voung women, returning from Sabbath-school, were walking ahead, and the men in a company behind, all except Oliver McClelland, who was walking with the girls. She invited him to fall back in the company of the men, and so maintain the decorum due tlie day. That she loved to rule might be true, but certain it is that if she ruled, it was by the gentle power of love. We, children, no matter what class we belonged to, were ac- customed to look up to her as to one superior to the rest, and as one who could scarcelv do anything wrong. We carried our dinners with us, as there was Sabbath-school in the morning and prayer-meeting in the afternoon. When we came to the Beeclnvoods the soil was rich and the vegetation luxurious, but the subsoil is poor. Thousands of j-ears ago great currents of water must have swept westward carrying the soil into Ohio, Indiana and Ill- inois, leaving the heavy deposits of iron and rock. When the climate became dryer and the streams shrank to their present size, a growth of forest followed. The decaying leaves of two or three thousand years formed this rich mold. Scarcely was the snow of winter gone when the wild leeks peeped up like corn. At first they had not much of their rampant taste, and cattle nipped them off greedily. Before they got strong the curly weed showed itself; vel- lera and broad leaf followed. All these had a thick, juicy root, which lived over winter. By the middle of June the wild pea vine gave pasturage. Be- sides these, which the cattle ate, there were many flowers that they did not eat, the mandrake, the sweet-william, the phlox, the honeysuckle and the violet. Bees found homes in the hollow trees, as conveniently as food in the flowers. The blossoms of the trees also gave them their choice honey. The crops were often good. In 1835 we planted a bushel and a half of potatoes in one patch of new ground, covering them with leaves, and scratching enough clay over them to keep the leaves down. It was a wet season, which was the most suitable for such planting, and we dug thirty-six bushels of potatoes. The same year the Keyses had four hundred bushels to the acre. Another year James Smith had as good a yield. One year, perhaps in 1836, William Smith, sr., had soft corn, owing to the season, and the next year he thought he would plant more. His wife planted a patch by the house and took every care of it. The crop yielded at the rate of a hundred bushels of shelled corn to the acre. In those days people hardly ever sowed timothy seed at all. A little seed in the wheat got into the ground, and taking hold in fence corners and around stumps was ready to spread when a field was thrown out. Two tons of hay to the acre was thought nothing re- markable, yet all this was the product of rich mold on the surface. People did not know how poor the subsoil was, or they would have kept up the con- dition of their land. Rev. Joseph McGarrah assisted Rev. Mr. Riggs to hold the first commun- ion in the Beechwoods. A son of Mr. McGarrah told me, in a chat about old 568 • History of Jefferson County. times, that in 1815 he went to a store with a bag of wheat. He went on horse- back twelve miles, and i^ot seventy-five cents a bushel for his wheat, and paid fifty cents a pound for coffee, and twenty-five cents a piece for tin cups to eat mush and milk out of It was night when he got back, and he brought two pounds of coffee and two tin cups for his bag of wheat. It was not so bad in 1836 as in 1815, but still we had the difficulty of cheap produce and dear store goods. It was five pounds of coffee, four yards of coarse muslin, or si.x yards of poor calico for a dollar, when a dollar repre- sented two days of hard work. And then cash could not be had for work, and many articles the merchants would not sell without money. If the young people want to know how we got along in those days, I will tell them we got along exactly as we do now. When tired, we grunted ; when hurt, we grinned ; when pleased, we laughed, exactly as we do now. The young men winked at the girls, and the girls smiled back as often and pleas- antly as you do now. But to be more definite, the men shore the sheep, the women scoured the wool, and the girls made a frolic to pick it. It was sent to the carding machine, and then spun by hand. The \'arn was carried to the weaver. The cloth was soused in soap-suds and thrown on the kitchen floor, where the boys kicked it until it was fulled up ; then colored with but- ternut, it was made up into men's clothing. The women were a little more tasty, and wore barred flannel colored with indigo, matfder, etc. If people did not look quite so well in homespun as in broadcloth, they felt as happy. In 1 841 Billy Richards set up a fulling-mill on North Fork, and started Richardsville. This was a great relief, as before we had to carr\- our cloth to Frederick Holopeter's, somewhere in Clearfield county. Remember, this home- made cloth cost more, counting the labor, than fine cloth does now ; but it was the best we had, and we felt proud of it. In May, 1S32, Robert Morrison, sr., was making his way from Philadel- phia to Beech ivoods. On the Allegheny Mountains he was walking ahead of the wagon and met a man even more venerable than himself, with a staff in each hand. " Bands and beauty," exclaimed Mr. Morrison, in allusion to Zechariah 11,7. Delighted to meet a stranger so familiar with the Bible, Mr- Robert Mcintosh (for such he proved to be), stopped short, and the two old gentlemen had a chat. Mr. Morrison was uncertain about the road he was to take, and to his happ)' surprise he found that Mr. Mcintosh liad just come from his destination, and that they were to be neighbors. He now received directions which made his wa\' easy. They were afterv\'ards elders in the same congregation, and in course of time the son of the one and the daughter of the other were married. That, however, was not the first marriage in Mr. Morri- son's family. The first was the marriage of Thomas Ledlie to Letitia. After they were married Mr. Ledlie told her about a strolling woman, who was a great matcli-maker, that often told about a little girl near McGilligan's Head, Washington Township. 569 in Ireland. Our match-maker was a sharp observer of human nature. She took it for granted that Mr. LedHe was hard to suit, but she thought this girl, when grown up, would do for him. Mrs. Ledlie knew the woman by the de- scription, and when Mr. Ledlie made inquiry lie was satisfied that Letitia Mor- rison was the girl laid out for him. They were only ten miles apart, but they never saw one another until they met in the Beechwoods. He was quite an old bachelor and she a young woman, but in this case the union of May and September was a happy married life. In October, 1836, Mathew Smith and Betty Hunter were married. On that day Hugh McCullough happened into James Bond's house. The young peo- ple inquired, "When will your wedding come off?" He answered: " In ten years I will be thirty-five, and that is the marrying age." The old lady spoke and said, "That is a good age. I am glad you put it off so long, for perhaps you will rob me of one of m\- daughters. It is well the evil day is so far ofif." In the tenth year from that time he led to the altar the youngest and fairest of the daughters. The ten }-ears had not run out. They both sleep now in the narrow house. The free school system went into force in 1835. William Kennedy taught in the winter of 1834-5. He was hired by subscription, but in the spring the money came out of the school fund to pay him. After that we had three months in the winter, taught by a male teacher, and three months each sum- mer by a female teacher. The following is a list of the teachers in the Beech- woods from 1832 to 1842: First teacher, William Reynolds. In 1833, Alex- ander Cochran; 1834, William Kennedy; 1835, Betsy McCurdy and Thomas Reynolds; 1836, Nancy Jane McClelland and Oliver McClelland; 1837, Fanny McConnell and Andreu' Smith ; 1838, Fanny McConnell and Dexter Morris; 1839, Peggy Mcintosh and Finley McCormick ; 1840, Nancy Mc- Clelland and Joseph Sterrett. In 1841 the second school was started, so we had Nancy J. McClelland and Marjory Sterrett, in the summer, and in the win- ter Henr)' Potts was the only teacher, and he was turned out for lack of a cer- tificate, but finished his school by subscription. In 1842 a log school-house was built beside Andrew Smith's, and Nancy Bond was the first who taught in it, while Nancy Jane McClelland taught in the Cooper school- house. The sum- mer before Marjory Sterrett had taught in a house of Jacob Zeck's. In the winter of 1842-3 William Patton and George Sprague were the teachers. The summer of 1836, being the only summer I had the pleasure of attend- ing, I will speak of it in detail. There were thirty scholars in attendance. The teacher and sixteen of those scholars reside in the Beechwoods yet. One is in Perrysville, two in Pittsburgh, four in the far west, and seven are in the land of silence. What is very singular, there is not an old bachelor or an old maid among them. James Hunter was drowned when a young man, rafting in Clarion. The rest were all married. All these teachers were residents of 570 History of Jefferson County. Jefferson county or vicinity, except S. D. Morris, so I will give a sketch of him. Samuel Dexter Morris was a live Yankee, from the State of New York. Although a Baptist minister and an earnest Christian, he was full and running over with Avit and humor. When he commenced teaching he told us, gravely, that we might devote all our time to our books, and he would do the whisper- ing all himself We appreciated this kind offer, but we thought it too much trouble for him to teach such a large school and do the whispering too. When the hissing conversation went on, he proceeded to check it by mirth-provok- ing punishments. He had the faculty of interesting his scholars in their les- sons ; fastening ideas in their memorj'. Those were the days when officers, parents, all, combined to sustain the teacher. Whatever the statute law might be, two simple laws were impressed upon the public mind, — one was, that the teacher was responsible for the deportment of the scholar, and the other, that the scholar must obey. Two scholars, who shall be nameless, behaved rudely at table, and would not obey their mother. The school mistress was present. She told them she would settle with them in school, which she did, effectually. Now-a-days teachers confine their responsibility and children their good order to the school room. In the days of slavery Beechwoods had its share of the " irrepressible con- flict." In 1834 two darkeys made their appearance there and remained a good, part of the winter. William Smith, sr., had been working in Maryland for a large iron manu- facturer, named Columbus O'Donnell. He hired a couple of slaves named Jim and Harry, to work in the furnace. Those men William Smith taught the iron business. One he made a puddler and the other a refiner. The slaves hired their time from their master, and then got their own wages from O'Donnell. This gave them a chance to save money to buy their freedom. Although their master had broken the bargain more than once by raising the price, still they had nearly paid for themselves, when their master, who still kept the money, sold them to a trader. Mr. Smith knew it, but they did not. In the evening they came into his shop when the other hands were gone. He told them the fate in .store for them, and advised them to skedaddle. They said they had no money, no friends, and nowhere to go. He told them to fol- low the Chestnut Ridge on out to where it was called Boone's Mountain. Then to strike out to the left and inquire for the Irish Settlement in Jefferson county. He charged them to travel by night and speak to no one until they had, at least, gone one hundred miles. Deacon William Smith, a nephew of Mr. Smith's, was working there too, at the time. They got up a purse of money between them, and prepared for them a bag full of bread and boiled ham. The fugitives pursued the best course to avoid being taken. They hid in a hay-mow three days, while those who sought them were scouring the coun- tr\'. Tlien, when the search was over, they started and traveled by night, till Washington Township. 571 they were sure they were well advanced on Pennsyh'ania soil. The mountain range guided them all the way, and the}' arrived safely. However, through the indiscretion of a man who had taken too much liquor, the story was com- municated to peddlers who carried the news to their master. He wrote to Mr. Smith, offering five hundred dollars for them. He notified the boys that they had better clear out, and they took their course for Canada. Nobody in Beechwoods was lost long enough to suffer much, but some were, not far away. In 1846 a boy of Mr. Washburn's, on Boone's Mountain, was lost going home from the .'=ugar camp. I think he perished with cold the first night. It was a cold night in April, and he was a small boy. It was nearly a week before he was found. In 1834 Moftet Ledlie went out after a deer, after he had his breakfast. He lost himself, and did not get home until the next day. He was middling hungry, but he fretted more about the dog than himself, as the dog had fol- lowed him before it had its breakfast. He shot a squirrel which he roasted, ate a leg, and gave the rest to his dog. He came on his own tracks, but could not believe it until he tried his boot and the dog's feet in their respective prints. In 1832 David Dennison found his way out of the woods by driving home Keys's cows. No matter how you started cattle, they knew hovv to make for home. Mr. Dennison looked so wild with fright and hunger, that Mr. Keys said, " Davy, dear, whar did you get the whisky ?" My brother, Hugh, was but twelve years of age when he slept in the woods all night ; but it was a warm night in May, and he did not suffer with cold. The cows brought him home safely in the morning, but already half the settle- ment was out in search of him. As late as 1847, when there were roads in all directions, John Groves got lost. Robert Morrison went to look for him, and both passed the night in the woods. That so few accidents occurred by frost, considering the bad roads and a severe climate, is wonderful. In 1839 James Rainey, who lived where James Shaw now resides, was returning from Brookville in company with Robert McBride, when he expressed a desire for a few hours sleep. Shortly after he fell and could not rise. Mr. McBride carried him to the nearest house. In 1830 or 1 83 1 George McConnell was killed by the falling back of a stump. The tree had turned out of root, and the rebound threw him in the air when he cut it off. The family had not come on from Centre county, and he and his brother James were alone. James McConnell also had the misfor- tune to cut off his brother David's fingers in 1833. Joseph McDowell was killed by a tree as he worked on the roads in the summer of 1843. They car- ried him home, and as Mrs. McDowell was not at home, Mrs. William Max- well went for her, and told her she was wanted at home. She intended to 572 History of Jefferson County. break the news to her on the way. To this end she remarked, " You and Joe have had your troubles and hard work." " Indeed we have. One time when we were clearing that field down there, we had nothing but greens to eat, and scarcely enough of that." " Oh! Joe's hard work is all over now," said Mrs. Maxwell. " Ah, yes, poor man ! I hope it is. We have got the farm cleared, and the worst is over." Finding herself so completely misunderstood, Mrs. Maxwell had not the heart to say any more, and Mrs. McDowell knew noth- ing more until she saw the disfigured corpse. James Smith helped to carry him home, and in less than two years by one unlucky and cowardly blow, his own wife was left a widow, and his children fatherless. Twice the corpse was raised to decide whether the blow was the only cause of his death. The first day was a time of frightful wind Mrs. McDonald was confident that the unhallowed act of disturbing the repose of the dead raised the wind. Little did she then think that her own end would be more tragic than Mr. Smith's, and her husband's death more unhallowed than her own. Unlike the western settlers, the pioneers of the Beechwoods enjoyed good health. For thirty years nothing like an epidemic prevailed, except twice. The dysentery prevailed in 1838, and the erysipelas in 1846. Both were of a malignant type. The dysentery appeared about the last of August. Several children died, but no grown people. James Kyle, like the rest, was forbidden the use of cold water. He said he would give the half of Pennsylvania for one drink. In the absence of the family Betty Keys assumed the responsibility of giving him half a cupful. Had he got it every two hours it would have done him no harm ; but doctors had their notions in those days — perhaps they have yet. The erysipelas which prevailed in 1846 was different from an\' I have ever seen since. A sore spot appeared about the fiice ; it might be inward, in the throat, or outward, on the cheek, nose or eye. Presently the patient was taken with a chill, and soon was in a burning fever. I do not remember that in any case but that of Thomas Atwell it proved fatal, but on Brandy Camp, in Elk county, it was often mortal. About midway between Rockdale and Osburns the ruins of an old mill may be seen among the weeds and underbrush. John Wilson put up the mill as early as 183 1. In 1836 he sold it to Blood, Baily & Hunt, who proceeded to put up a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a carding-machine, and a store. The store, the carding-machine, and the saw-mill existed only in imagination, but the grist-mill was a matter of fact. That a man without money or knowledge of the mill- Wright trade should go to work and build a mill was a wonder, in- deed, and yet I am told it did not do bad work until Baily got hold of it. Under his management it did miserable work, and only run a few months. Had Blood come on he might have done very well, for it was a good mill site. ■Washington Township. 573 But Blood and Hunt lived in I'^orest county, and had entered into a partner- ship vvitli Baily, who made them beheve he had money and skill in the busi- ness, when he had neither. Some years after Mr. Wilson said he would put up a saw-mill on a cascade near his own house, in opposition to Dillas Allen, at Rockdale. People laughed at him ; but while there was difficulty in any undertaking, he persevered. When he could do a thing easily he was apt to give it up. The old timber may be seen there yet, some fifty feet long, and about a foot square, yet ail these he set up with the aid of his wife and an old blind mare. The water of the mill would pass through a four-inch pipe, yet he actually sawed some. Indeed the mill might have done a good business, as the fall was so good, but he got into a quarrel with Joseph Scofield and was put in jail for a week, and during that time the sherift* levied on his mill irons, and that w^as the end of his mill after all his hard work. The farm of Billy McDonald was destined to be the scene of so many trag- edies that vve might imagine that some Indian powwow had left a curse on the place. The beginning, however, was romantic, for it was here that Katy Wil- son, in the bloom of sweet sixteen, caught Henry Keys at the first glance, and was herself caught with a few months' wooing. Mr. Kennedy came from Rose- ville to marry them. But a good beginning had a bad ending. Scarcely was the minister gone when Butler Amos, the hired man, quarreled with John Wil- son about making a fire. This led to more, until a few nights afterwards Billy McDonald, provoked that guests should be insulted in his house, sent Amos out, heels foremost, and his traps after him. This led to a law suit which cost a hundred dollars. At the trial William Cooper was so badgered by Amos that he struck him. The blow cost Mr. Cooper his team. It was on this farm that Tommy Moore built his cabin, and had the delirium tremens so bad that to escape the hobgoblins he took his life. James Downs, on his death-bed, received some money. Fancying he heard robbers, he leaped out of bed and fell on the floor, which hastened his death. People laughed at his fears ; but that very monej' drew the robbers, who murdered his sister (Mrs. Betty Mc- Donald) in that very house. Her husband's end was still more horrible, when he cut his throat a few years before." Rev. Boyd McCullough, from whose sketches nearly all the incidents con- nected with the early settlement of the Beechwoods have been culled, was the first minister raised in Washington township. In 1843 he walked, with his books and extra clothing on his back, to study with Rev. James Milligan, at New Alexandria, Westmoreland county, a distance of seventy-three miles. For two years he studied under this private tutor, going home twice a year, and many a time his feet were sore ; but the love of knowledge prevailed abo\-e all personal discomfort. W'hen at home he delved among his books without any teacher. Once while laboring at a Greek verb, he became completely dis- C9 574 History of Jefferson County. couraged, and throwing down his books, went out to dig a ground hog out of a hole. He missed the ground hog but caught the verb, for while throwing up the fresh earth the whole conjugation came to his memory. Another time he labored for an hour over a sentence in Longinus, when he was called out to assist in penning up a flock of sheep. While the animals were defiling through the gate, the author's idea struck his mind. He went back to the Greek text, and found that the idea corresponded with the connection. He was nearly as much delighted as Adam Clarke when he found the half guinea which bought his Hebrew grammar. To John J. Patterson and John H. Groves, two other Beechwoods boys, is due as much credit for pursuing knowledge and gaining an education under similar difficulties. Boyd McCuUough was licensed to preach in 1852, and accepted a commis- sion as colporter from the American tract society, and canvassed Forest county, where he organized a temperance society under the old Washingtonian banner. He was afterwards ordained in Novi, Mich., where he labored twenty years; then preached ten years at Pepin, Wis. In 1886 he returned to the Beechwoods, and now resides among the scenes of his boyhood. Between the time of his two pastorates, he visited England, Scotland and Ireland, where he lectured in every town in Ulster except two, and where he collected all the traditions concerning St. Patrick. A small book of poetry, called the "Sham- rock " was the result of his Irish travels. In this volume is also embodied " Beech Leaves, or Life in the Backwoods," which gives his early recollections of the Beechwoods. The first wife of Mr. McCuUough was a daughter of Rev. Dr. Johnston, of St. Clairsville, Ohio, who was a descendant of Archibald Johnston, earl of War- riston, Scotland. Dr. Johnston's grandfather and granduncle once took the notorious Simon Girty prisoner. Had they shot him he would have gone to his reward with fewer crimes on his head. The present Mrs. McCuUough is a native of Blairsville, and a grandniece of the old pioneer minister, Rev. John Jamison, from whom the Thompsons and McKnights, of Brookville, are also descended. Early Improvements and hicidents. — The first one to make any improve- ments in the Beechwoods, was Alexander Osburn. He also built the first grist-mill on Falls Creek. The first saw-mill was built by Dillas Allen, at Rockdale, about the year 1841. The first store was started on G. W. Brown's farm, about 1 840, by William Acklin. The first school-house was built in 1832, at Waites. The first church was built on the farm of Henry Keys, about 1840. The first person born in Washington was William McGhee, born in 1825, and the second, Ninian Cooper. The first marriage was that of Henry Keys and Catharine Wilson in 1826, and the first death was that of Mrs. Mary Hunter, wife of John Hunter, who died in 1830. She was buried on the Washington Township. 575 Hunter farm. The first grave-yard was started in ICS31, on Cooper's Hill, and Mrs. Eleanor Smith, wife of James Smith, and mother of Andrew Smith, was the first person buried there. Present Business. — The only large saw-mill in Washington township is that of Osburn & Shatter, on Falls Creek, but there are a number of portable mills in different localities. The only grist-mill is also on Falls Creek, and is the property of Wilson & Notter. The stores in the township are those of Charles D. Evans, Rockdale, H. P. Brown, Beechtree, and Thomas Craven, and the Company Store at Coal Glen. The only hotel is that operated at Beechtree by the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company. This is the first hotel that has ever been in the township, and was started in 1883. Tliere are twelve school-houses in Wash- ington, and five churches, with two cemeteries — the Cooper grave-yard and Beechtree cemetery. Farms. — The sturdy Irish pioneers have handed down to their sons some fine farms in Washington, among the best of which are those of James Daven- port, Robert Dougherty, James Dennison, S. J. Dean, James R. and Thomas Groves, George Horam, S. N. Morrison, William Morrison, James and J. J. McCurdy, Charles Mathews, jr., David McGeary, John Osburn estate, James Ross, George Senior, Andrew H. Smith, William and M. Logan, William Stevenson, James S. Smith, William and John Shaw, and Robert A Smith. Considerable attention is paid to the growing of the best varieties of fruit, such as are found in the other townships, fine apples being a specialty. Elections. — The first election was held in Washington township in 1837, and resulted in the election of the following persons : Constable, John McGhee ; supervisors, John Mcintosh, Tilton Reynolds; auditors, Andrew Smith, Oliver McClelland, William Reynolds, Joshua Rea ; school directors, Oliver McClelland, Andrew Smith, James McConnell, Will- iam Reynolds, John Fuller, John Horm ; fence appraisers, James Smith, Oliver Welch ; overseers, Henry Keys, Tilton Reynolds ; town clerk, John Wilson. At the election held February 15, 1887, the following persons were elected: Judge of election, Archie McCuUough ; assessor, James E. Smith; auditor, R. A. Smith ; constable, McCurdy Hunter ; ta.x collector, M. L. Smith ; poor overseer, James S. Dougherty; inspectors, D. B. McConnell, Charles Mathews; supervisors, James Davenport, George Brenholtz; justice of the peace, Thomas Craven ; school directors, S. J. Smith, F. B. Harvey. The justices of the peace are A. T. Strang and Thomas Craven ; the other members of the school board, R. C. Osburn, Ezekiel Sterritt, J. j\I. Smith, William Patterson. By a decree of court, June 2, 1887, Washington township was divided into two election districts, to be known as Upper Washington, which holds its election at Beech- tree, and Lower Washington, at Rockdale. Taxables and Population. — The taxables in Washington township in 1842 576 History of Jefferson County. were 1 12 ; in 1849, 149 ; in 1856, 215 ; in 1863, 249; in 1870, 273 ; in 1S80, 342; 1886. 577. Tlie population by census of 1840, T,6y ; 1850, 646; i860, 1,079; 1870, 1,124; 1880, 1,282. Assessments and Valuations of Property. — According to the triennial assess- ment of 1886 the number of acres seated were 18,694; valuation, $74,285 ; average value, per acre, $4.97 ; houses and lots, 89; valuation, $5,180; grist and saw-mills, six ; valuation, $2,200; number of acres unseated, 5,037 ; valua- tion, $15,199; average value per acre, $3; number of acres surface, 4,894; valuation, $14,591 ; average value per acre, $2.97 ; number of acres mineral, 6,786 ; valuation, $24,096; average valuation, $3.55 ; number of horses, 404 ; valuation, $9,051; average value, $22.40; number of cows, 447; valuation, $3,558; average value, $7.96; 6 oxen, valuation, $140; occupations, 272; valuation, $12,677; average value, $46.60; total valuation subject to county tax, $160,977 ; money at interest, $52,326. School Statistics. — Number of schools in Washington township reported for the year ending June 7, 1886, 1 1 ; length of term, 6 months ; 4 male and 7 female teachers; average salary for male teachers, $33 ; for females, $24; number of male scholars, 274; females, 214; average number attending school, 308 ; average per cent. 74; cost per month, 75 cents; number of mills levied for school purposes, 10; for building purposes, lO; total amount of tax levied for school and building purposes, $2,938.97. CHAPTER XLIII. HISTORY OF PORTER TO\VNSHIP. THE twelfth to^\nsilip was Porter, organized in 1840. It was taken from Perry township, and named for David R. Porter, then governor of Penn- sylvania. This township occupies the southwestern corner of Jefferson county. Pine River flows in a deep valley along its northern edge. It is bounded on the north by Ringgold township; on the east is Perry; on the south, Indiana county, and on the west Armstrong county. The surface is much diversified by hill and valley. The valleys narrow, with only" small streams flowing through them, are straight, and usually have gentle slopes which admit of easy and profitable cultivation. The uplands are more in the nature of an elevated plain, overspread by a thin covering of Lower Barren rocks. The Lower Productive Coal Measures are in the valleys, by which distribution of the strata the proportion of upland surface to valley is appro.ximately shown by the geological survey. Porter Township. 577 The drainage is all into Mahoning Creek, which here flows a few miles south of the Jetterson county line in Indiana county. A narrow divide, along the crest of which runs one of the principal wagon roads of the township, crosses from west to east, dividing the township in that direction nearly in half. South of it the waters run direct into the Mahoning, whereas north of it, tliey go first into Pine Run, and afterwards into the Mahoning, at Eddyville, in Armstrong county. Geology — Excellent coal is found in Porter township, both the Upper and Lower Freeport coals, averaging over four feet in thickness. The coal is even and regular. In 1886 a vein of coal, said to be nine feet thick was discovered on the farm of J. C. Neal. The vein which was being worked, was about four feet thick at the entrance, but it gradually grew in height until it reached five feet, and then, by a fall of slate from the roof, it was found that there was an- other vein immediateh' above, four feet thick. The two veins are separated by only a thin seam of slate, so that it is practically a single vein nine feet in thickness. The Kittanning middle coal has also been worked on the R. Adams farm, where it was found to be three feet thick. The Kittanning lower coal, though present in the township, has not been investigated. Limestone in abundance is found in the township. The stratum is from four to six inches thick, of good stone, compact, brittle and fossiliferous. It has long been quarried, having been opened on the Travis and McClelland farms when the old Phcenix furnace, at Milton, in Armstrong county, was in blast The farmers in Porter, as in nearly all the other townships of the county, have no excuse for not using lime freely for fertilizing. Early Settlers. — The first settlement was made in Porter township by James McClelland, in 1803; Benjamin Irons came in 1804 or 1805; David Hamilton, in 1806 or 1808. These all settled in the southwestern part of the township. After them came Elijah Ickes, in 18 14 or 181 5 ; Michael Lantz and William Smith about 1 81 5. The first person born in the township was Robert Ham- ilton. The first grave-yard was started in 1843, '^'^^ Stephen Londen was one of the first buried there. Another grave-yard was made at the Fairview school- house. The first church organization was by the Methodist society in 1838, and the first church was built in 1843. The history of the churches has already been given. Sunday Schools. — The first Sunday-school was started in 1844, with Thomas Stockdill superintendent. There are now two schools in Porter. The Zion Methodist Episcopal Sunday school has about ninety scholars ; T T. Adams superintendent in 1887, and James Stockdill assistant superintendent. The Union Sunday-school, held at the Fairview school- house, had in 1887, thirty scholars; George Bish, superintendent. 578 History of Jefferson County. Present Business. — There is one post-office in the township called Porter, and the store of J. H. Elkins, started in 1883, is located there. It is the only store in the township. There is also one blacksmith shop, that of Jacob Lettie, located at the same place. The first blacksmith shop was started in 1840 by George Travis, and another in 1845 by John Silvis. There has never been a hotel in the township. Rebellion Record. — Like all other sections of the county, Porter promptly responded to the call for troops to assist in putting down the Rebellion. Among those who enlisted were T. B. Adams, Daniel Barnett, John Chapman, Levi Ellenberger, Samuel Brumbaugh, J. Wesley McDonald and D. C. Mc- Gregor, of the Seventy-eight Pennsylvania Regiment; G. B. Shraiiger and Philip Shranger, of the One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania, and Henry Chapman, Daniel Kish, P. Davis, Jacob Howard, Elisha Gahagen, S. M. Mc- Donald, Daniel Timblin, Ephraim Adams, of other organizations. The record of these men will be found in the history of their regiments given in a previous chapter. There was no bounty paid to volunteers by Porter. Farms. — There are now one hundred and twenty- five farms in the town- ship, among the best being those of Thomas B. Adams, of 204 acres, first im- proved by A. Timblin in 1840; Richard Adams, of 165 acres, first improved in 18 14 by R. Adams; T. T. Adams, of 130 acres, first improved in 1839 by Thomas Adams ; George Bish, 98 acres, improved by E. Coleman ; William Bahme, 80 acres; William Doak, 160 acres, first improved by L. Yeager ; T. K. Drummond, 142 acres, first improved by David Hamilton in 1815 ; John Elkins, 196 acres; Thomas Elder, 168 acres; Thomas Gahagen, 167 acres ; John Y. Gahagen, 145 acres; James Kennedy, 161 acres; Allen Kelsey, J. E. Lantz, 140 acres, first improved by William Smith in 181 5, then owned by John Lantz about 1830; D. C. McGregor, 215 acres, improved by H. Coon ; Daniel McGregor, 205 acres ; William McHenry, 1 1 1 acres, improved by George Travis; Charles Miller, 81 acres: S. M. McDonald, 138 acres; Joseph McClelland's heirs, 178 acres, first improved by J. McClelland, sr., in 1806; Hugh Neal, 86 acres, improved by Michael Lantz in 1815; Reuben Rhineard, 96 acres, first improved by James McClelland in 1803 ; Jacob Snyder, 166 acres; Frederick Stear, 128 acres; James Stockdill, first im- proved by Thomas Stockdill about 1840; J. A. Timblin, 88 acres, first im- proved by George Yeager in 1830; Johnston Welchons, 123 acres, first im- proved by George Timblin and William Wearer. Considerable attention is paid to the raising of graded stock, principally Holstein cattle and Southdown sheep. Fruit is largely cultivated, especially apples and peaches, it being one of the best peach growing sections in the county. Elections. — At an election held in Porter township in 1840, the following persons were elected : Porter Township. 579 Justice of the peace, John Robinson ; constable, John Hice ; supervisors, Conrad Nolf, George Miller; auditors, John McAninch, John Robinson, Will- iam Fergus(Mi, William McAninch; judge of election, William Fosters; in- spectors of election, Daniel McGregor, Robert E. Kennedy. At an election held Feburary 15, 1887, the following persons were elected to fill the various offices : Constable, J. A. Timblin ; supervisors, James Kennedy, Samuel Kroh ; assessor, William Snyder ; school directors, T. T. Adams, William Weaver ; judge of election, William Postlewait ; inspectors, A. M. Gahagan, R. F. Ne- ville ; auditor, G. C. Gahagan ; poor overseer, James Kennedy ; collector, J. A. Timblin. The justices of the peace are S. M. McDonald and T. B. Adam The members of the school board previously elected are J. H. Elkins, D. C. McGregor, S. M. McDonald and C. K Gahagan. Taxables and Population. — The number ol taxables in Porter township in 1842 were 192; in 1849, 176; in 1856,86; in 1863,99; in 1870, 142; in 1880, 191 ; in 1886, 198. The census report gives the population in 1840 as 977 ; 1850, 728 ; i860 516; 1870, 525; 1880, 669. The decrease in the population and taxables of Porter was owing to Ring- gold being taken from it in 1848, and another portion being attached to the same township in 1855. Assessments and Valuations of Property. — According to the triennial assess- ment of 1866, the number of acres of seated land in Porter township, 9,658 ; valuation, $33,726 ; average value per acre, $3.49. Number of horses, 142 ;• valuation, $2,739; average value, $19.28. Number of cows, 201 ; valuation, $1,573; average value, $7.83. Occupations, 48; valuation, %'j6o\ average value, $15.83. Total valuation subject to county tax, $38,819. Money at interest, $9,829. School Statistics. — The number of schools in Porter township, according to the report of 1886 was 4; average number of months taught, 5 ; number of male teachers, 3 ; females, i ; average salary, $26 ; number of male scholars, 103 ; females, 80; average number attending school, 117; per cent, of attend- ance, 75 ; cost per month, 57 cents; number of mills levied for school pur- poses, II. Total amount of tax levied for school purposes, $585.55. 58o History of Jefferson Countv. CHAPTER XLIV. HISTORY OF CLO^'ER TOWNSHIP.' CLOVER was the thirteenth township organized, and was taken, in 1841, from Rose. It was named for Levi G. Clover, then prothonotary of the county. It is almost square, and contains about seventeen square miles. It is bounded on the north by Union ; on the east by Rose ; on the south by Beaver, and on the west by Clarion count}'. Drainage. — The surface is generally hilly, and the drainage through small tributaries from all parts of the township, flows into Redbank Creek, which traverses the township, through a deep and irregular valley, from northeast to southwest. North of the creek the smaller streams make a number of deep ravines ; south of it the county is less broken, but not less high, in both cases the summits being 300 feet above the bed of Redbank, which is here 1,160 feet above ocean level. Population and Taxahlcs. — In 1850, according to the census, the popula- tion of Clover was 737; in 1860,910; in 1870,868; in 1880, 1,054. The census of 1880 gives the population of Summerville at 348. The number of taxables in 1842 was 145 ; in 1849, 190; '^ 1856, 166; in 1863, 183; in 1870, 199; in 1880, 262; in 1S86, 316. Asscssine7it and Valuation. — The triennial assessment of the county for 1886, gives the number of acres of seated land in Clover as 9,813 ; valuation, $42,121 ; average per acre, $4.29; number of houses and lots, 120; \-aIua- tion, $8,8i6. Number of acres of unseated land, 6; valuation, $70.00; aver- age per acre, $11.66. Number of horses, 160; valuation, $4,164; average, $26.02. Number of cows, 232 ; valuation, $2,208 ; average, $9.51. Occupa- tions, 144; valuation, $3,040 ; average, $21.11. Total valuation, subject to county tax, $60,349. Money at interest, $42,285. School Statistics. — There were six schools in Clover according to the report of public instruction for the year ending June 30, 1886; average number of months taught, 5 ; number of male teachers, 5, and i female teacher; average salary of male teachers per month, $33.40; salary of female teacher, $30.00; number of scholars, 174 males; 149 females; average number attending school, 238; average per cent, attendance, 89; cost per month, 64 cents; 13 mills levied for school tax ; 5 mills levied for building tax ; total amount of tax levied for school and building purposes, $1,300.56. First Election. — At an election held in Clover township, in 1842, the fol- lowing person was elected: Fence viewer, William Magill. In 1843 the following were elected: Inspectors of election, Samuel Mill- 1 Prepared by Capt.iin J. C. Kelso. \^^^" '^ «? '/-^^ Clover Township. 581 iron, Euphrastus Carrier; judge of election, Solomon Fuller; supervisors, James Sowers, Hazard Jacox ; school directors, Hiram Carrier, Mathew Dickey, John Shields, Henry Scott, Samuel Lucas, Christopher Fogle ; constable, Charles Jacox; assessor, Euphrastus Carrier ; auditors, D. Fayerweather, P. I. Lucas; overseers of the poor, Elijah Heath, Robert Andrews ; town clerk, A. Bald- win. The election held February 15, i.SSj, resulted in the election of the follow- ing persons in Clover township : Justice of the peace, W. B. Mohney ; consta- ble, C. E. Anderson ; supervisors, G. R. McAninch and S. C. Carrier ; school directors, D. B. Shields and A. A. Carrier; poor overseer, G. B. Carrier; tax collector, R. D. Corbet ; assessor, W. S. Kelso ; judge of election, William Covert ; inspectors, William Guthrie and J. C. Wilson. The school directors previously elected are W. S. Osburn, A. Osburn, B. T. Shields and G. A. Carrier. Topographical. — Lying on both sides of Redbank Creek, Clover township is very hilly. There is not in one place a hundred acres which could be said to be level except the site of Summerville. There is another small piece of creek bottom land on the farm of Captain J. C. Kelso, one mile farther up the creek, and another on Joseph Knapp's farm (the old Lucas place, below Puckerty). Most of the hill land is moderately productive, especially on the eastern side of the hill. Of late years the land has suffered some damage from the wash of heavy rains on a loose soil. There is an abundant supply of coal and limestone in Clover, also a good well of salt water on the north bank of the creek in the suburbs of Summerville. Thomas and John Lucas bored for salt in 1823 on the bottom land below Puckerty. They obtained a small flow of salt water, but as they worked the drill with a pole in trying to get deeper, the drill stuck fast and they abandoned the enterprise. Some of the first set- tlers were told by the Indians that there was a lead mine on the bank of the creek one mile below John Lucas's. The mine has never been found, but the hope of finding it has never been abandoned. Mr. James Anderson, sr., who erected the salt works, had previously been a partner with a Major Johnston in saltworks on the Kiskiminetas, Westmore- land county. In 1 840 Major Johnston came out and purchased three hundred and sixty acres of land on Redbank, and with a pole power sank a shaft eight hundred and fifty feet deep, finding at that depth what salt producers know as a three barrel well. The major then failed in business, and turned over the Redbank property to James Anderson, who settled at Coal Hill in 1843 and manufactured salt there for about twenty-five years. This property is now owned by ex-Sheriff S. P. Anderson, James Anderson, and W. H. Anderson. It contains two fine farms, and a large amount of mineral wealth. Geological. — The following minerals have been found in Coal Hill, on the property of ex-Sheriff S. P. Anderson. ™ S82 History of Jefferson County. First. The salt shaft developed a vein of coal eight feet thick at a depth of eighty feet. Second. Vein of coal four feet thick, thirty feet above the creek. Third. Vein of limestone si.x and a half feet thick, forty feet above four feet coal vein. Fourth. Fire-clay undeveloped. Fifth. Vein of coal thirty- two inches thick, about twenty- five feet above limestone. Sixth. Vein of coal seven feet thick, about eighty feet above thirty-two inch vein of coal. Seventh. Vein of iron ore under seven feet coal vein, undeveloped, seems to be eighteen inches thick at surface, and has been pronounced by an expert the very best quality. There are but few farms in Clover which have no coal developed, and many of them have three veins. There are ten coal banks in active operation within one mile of Summer- ville, and good coal can be bought at two to four cents per bushel at the banks. There has never been a well of sufficient depth put down in Clover to test it as oil territory. Native Forests and Animals. — It would perhaps be difficult to find any- where in the world a more valuable forest than that which clothed Clover ownship at the time of its first settlement. It was all covered w ith white pine, white oak, and other valuable timber. Fifty years ago very valuable timber was cut down, logged, rolled on great heaps and burnt in order to clear the land; this, too, within sight of the creek. There are hundreds of acres of land in Clover which would readily sell for fi\-e hundred dollars per acre if they contained the original forest untouched. There is still, however, enough timber for building and fencing purposes, if carefully handled. Wild animals are .seldom seen now, and no wonder, for there is scarcely one hundred acres together of woodland to shelter them. A large bear was killed on Baxter's property in 1882. It had probably been driven in from the lar^e forests up north. If we could have a law that there should be no fishing done in Redbank Creek for three years, fish would then be plentiful, and with ,a little protection might remain so. Early Settlement. — The first settlement in Clover tow^nship was made in Troy, now Summerville, about the year 181 2, by Summers Baldwin, who pur- chased the land on which Summerville now stands from the Holland Land Company. Solomon Fuller and John Welch each purchased land of Baldwin ; but as Baldwin never perfected his title, they, after some time and trouble, obtained their titles from the Holland Land Company, which at that time owned the greater part, if not all of what is now Clover township. Summer- Clover Township. 583 ville is named for Summers l^alduiii. It is located on Redbank Creek, seven miles below Brookville. The above named families — Baldwin, Fuller and Welch — were the only ones which " Uncle " Darius Carrier found located in Troy in 1816; but some time previous to this a man named Scott had built a saw-mill on what is now known as Hiram's Run, and for some cause unknown had gone away and left the mill standing idle. Between the years 18 16 and 1820 Frederick Hettrick, Henry Lot, Alonzo Baldwin, and MchHwaine were added to the Troy settlement, and the Carriers in 1 S20. The next settlement was also on Redbank Creek, three miles above Troy, at a place afterwards called Puckerty, because of the difficulty of navigating rafts around the rapid current of a short and sharp S shaped bend. The first settlers at the lower end of Puckerty shute were Thomas and John Lucas. They built their cabins there in 18 18. The next >'ear they were joined by Moses Knapp, Robert Andrews and Walter Tcmpleton, as neighbors Then, in 1820, there came from Huntingdon county the following named per- sons and their families: James Shields, William Morrison, Hugh William- son, Samuel Magill, John McGiffin, John Kenned)' and John Kelso. These came on wagons, the distance being about one hundred miles, and the road mostly tiirough woods. They purchased land north and west of the Lucases, and formed what was afterwards known as the Irish Settlement; that at Troy was called the Yankee Settlement, and one further down the creek, in what is now Beaver township, of Jefferson, and Redbanl-, of Clarion county, was called the Dutch Settlement. The Irish Settlement is just north of Diiwling- ville. The buildings north of the creek a: Baxter Station are called Dowling- ville ; those on the south side are called Baxter. Pioneer Incidents. — It does not appear why Thomas and John Lucas chose to settle at Puckerty. The place does not look very inviting, even at this date, but it seems that the first settlers followed the streams, and a little patch of creek bottom may have been the inducement. It is related that Mrs. Esther Lucas, wife of John Lucas, having occasion to visit a neighbor who resided o\\ the hill, found a wolf caught in a trap, and fearing that it might get loose and escape, she killed it with a stick. A man named Scott built a saw-mill on Hiram's Run, in Troy, about 18 14. For some cause unknown Scott abandoned the mill for a time. About 18 16 the mill was stolen and re-erected on Welch Run. " In 1820 a g-ood mill could be built for three hundred dollars, the saw and irons costing about one hundred." Moses Knapp built seven mills, viz : Two on the North Fork, one on Knapp's Run, and four on Redbank Creek. Major A. A. Carrier says : " My father, having sold lumber and bought some goods at Pittsburgh, put them into a canoe and poled it from Pittsburgh to near Heathville." 584 History of Jefferson County. Troy being located on low ground, some of which was marshy and some- what unhealthy, when a man named Lot settled there some wag gave the place the name of Sodom. Then having met Lot's flitting, leaving the place. he announced that Sodotn was about to be destroyed, " For," said he, " I have just now seen Lot flying from it." " In the fall of 1826, at a manure hauling at James Shield's, at which there were twelve or fifteen teams, there was only one horse team and wagon, the other teams being oxen and hitched to sleds. " Most of the work was done by bees or frolics. I have seen six frolics in a week ; that week we were at home only on the day of our own frolic. " About 1826 boards were sold as low as three dollars per thousand feet in Pittsburgh. " In 1833 the wages for a hand for a trip on the creek was one dollar and fifty cents. Fred Hettrick sold a lot of large choice pine timber for six cents per foot, linear measure." Lumbering. — Lumbering in Clover is chiefly a thing of the past, still there are a few lumbermen remaining, and most of the older citizens have taken a hand at it in bygone days. The Carriers especially have cleared immense forests of timber, and handled millions of dollars worth of lumber. The late ex-Sherifl" Nathan Carrier was a partner in a firm which in one year (about 1866) ran over one hundred rafts of pine timber. About this time there were as high as two thousand rafts ran out of Redbank from March till November inclusive. As to the value of these the following estimate is not far from cor- rect: 1,000 rafls timber, 4,500 feet per raft, 20 cents per cubic foot $900,000 1,000 rafts, boards, 40,000 feet per raft, $20 per thousand feet 800,000 Shingles, lath, boat gunwales, spars, etc 300,000 Total $2,000,000 This estimate gives us an aggregate of two millions as the annual value of Redbank's lumber at that time, and Clover did perhaps as much as any other township in the handling of it. The above estimate of the value of the timber is perhaps a little high, but on tlie boards it is low. Brown & Fuller in 1866 sold boards in Pittsburgh for twenty-four dollars per thousand in the water, the boards being what lumbermen understand as the "run of the logs." In those days the men of Clover were nearly all raftmen. A pilot's wages was twenty dollars and expenses from Brookville to mouth of Redbank, and although it took him a day to walk back (unless he did the walking in the night) he earned ten dollars a day, and thus some pilots earned as high as a hundred and fifty dollars in one season, and in less than a month's work, and common hands half as much. But all this has been changed by the railroad, and an old-fashioned raft on the creek will soon be as much of a curiosity to the rising generation as an Indian. There are still two saw-mills in Clover — Carrier's and Baxter's — doing a ^ -*^ ./ y. J. {j^CiyT/tMyL^ Clover Township. S^S considerable business, and several of the citizens have some lumber interests elsewhere. The sights and scenes of the old rafting times would be both in- structive and amusing. Sometimes the creek was so full of rafts that some were crowded out of the channel. These sometimes formed a gorge, or jam. Then at the mouth of the creek there was sometimes the greatest of all jams, and as there was sometimes a thousand men there and accommodations for only half of them " the night was filled with drinking, and the cares that infested the day folded their tents like the Arabs and silently flitted away." Churches. — In 1828 the Associate Presbyterian (Seceder) congregation of Jefferson was organized in the Irish settlement of Clover township. In 1 83 1 this congregation built a church on the property of Robert An- drews, a half mile north of Dowlingville. This was one of the first frame church buildings, if not the very first in the county. Some years passed be- twixt the erection of this building and the seating of it. During this time each family provided a board, or slab, and placed it on blocks of wood, or stone, for a seat. Then, when the seats were inserted, they were sold, and the name of the purchaser was written on the end of it with a red pencil. "When I was a small boy I took great pleasure in deciphering those names, and am able, after the lapse of forty years, to furnish from memory the following list of them : James Shields, Moses Knapp, Robert Andrews, William Morrison, John Kelso, John Kennedy, Matthew Dickey, John McGififin, Joseph Magiffin, Will- iam Kelso, John Fitzsimmons, George H. S. Brown, George Trimble, John Ferguson, Hugh Millen, Christopher Barr, Beech Wayland, Solomon Cham- bers, James Ross, Thomas Sharp, Isaac Covert, and perhaps some others. This (Jefferson) congregation has never been long without regular preach- ing services. The following pastors have been at different times installed, a part of the time in connection with Beaver Run, and a part of the time, as at present, in connection with Brookville: Revs. James McCarrol, John McAuley, John Todd, J. C. Truesdale, A. B. Struthers, G. C. Vincent, D. D., and at the present time Rev. G. A. B. Robinson. In 1866 the Jefferson congregation erected a new church building about a half mile north of where the first one stood. In 1876 a new church was built near the site of the old one by a few persons who refused to enter into the union formed by the Associate and Associate Reformed Presbyterians. This last named is commonly known as the Seceder Church. Standing on a hill which is in sight of Baxter Station, a person can see four church buildings, viz.. United Presbyterian, Reformed Presbyterian (Covenanter), Associate Presbyterian (Seceder), and United Brethren. Each of these has a Sabbath- school in connection, except the Seceders. The first three use the Bible psalms exclusively in worship. Jefferson Sabbath-school has an enrollment of one hundred and fifty members. The following sketch of the Covenanter Church was furnished by Mr. Jo- seph Magiffin : 586 History ok Jefferson CoUiNTV. "The Reformed Presbyterian (Covenanter) Church had for a number of years occasional preaching in Clover township. But their first church building was built in the year A. D. 1865. "The carpenter work was done by Mr. Patterson Leech, and the stone work by Mr. John B. Shields. The cost of the building of the church, as nearly as it can be ascertained, was two thousand and ten dollars. There was a church belonging to the same body in Rose township, near Belleview, built some years before. The membership belonging to both was about eighty- two. The pastors who presided over the congregations were Revs. R. J. Dodds, who went to Syria as a missionary, and died there, T. M. Elder and A. J. McFar- land." The United Brethren Church building in Dowlingville was erected in 1874. Although it is probable that a Methodist congregation was organized in Sum- merviile at a much earlier date, an old citizen tells us that the first Methodist Church was built in 1842. It was a large building, and was frequently filled. This building was replaced by a new one in 1885. The new church, though not as large as the old one, is very handsome and commodious. The name of the present pastor is L. G. Merrill. There is a Sabbath- school in connection with this church. The first church at Mount Pleasant (Johns')' was built in 1850 b\' the United Brethren, and purchased in 1855 by the Methodist Episcopal congre- gation. The second church building, which was erected on the site of the first, in 1875, by the Methodist Episcopal congregation, is a neatly finished build- ing, size 56 by 36 feet. The name of the present pastor is R. M. Felt. There is a Sabbath-school in connection with this church. A Presbyterian congregation was organized in Summerville in 1870. They built a church in 1874, There is a Sabbath- school in connection with this church, but not kept open in winter. This congregation has no pastor at present. Schools. — Charles C. Gaskell, the agent of the Holland Land Compan\-, donated four acres of land for school purposes at the corners of land pur- chased by John Lucas, Robert Andrews, William Morrison and John Kelso. In 1825 a small log shanty was built on the acre reserved from the Lucas prop- ert\-. This was the first school- house in Clover, and was also used for preach- ing services. A Presbyterian minister named William Kennedy preached a few sermons in this house, and thus it was that this lot came to be used as a cemetery. The first school teacher was Robert Knox. The house was not floorey D. W. Moorhead, who also kept the first hotel. The first school was taught about 1840, by a Mr. Wilson, in an old log school, that stood where Miles Flack now lives. He was followed in 1 84 1 by Miss Rachel Drain. Present Business. — There are two stores in Richardsville, those of Mathew Humphrey and William Evans, both doing a fair business. The Moorhead Lumber Company have a steam saw- mill, planing- mill and grist-mill. G. W. Richards owns and operates a steam tannery. 6o4 History of Jefferson County. There are three churches at Richardsville, — tlie Presb}-terian and Baptist, built in 1858, and the Methodist, in 1871. Jackson Moorhead, a son of Joseph Moorhead, was one of Richardsville's most enterprising and best citizens. He was postmaster for about twenty- three years ; kept the only store, for a long time. In 1867 he built the saw- mill now operated by his heirs as the Moorhead Lumber Company, and in 1873 erected the large grist-mill. In 1881 removed to Brookville, but still superintended his business at Richardsville until his death, which occurred very suddenly August 19, 1885. Richardsville is quite a pleasant little town, but grows quite slowly. In 1853 it contained one store and about eighteen dwellings. The census of 1880 gives its population at eighty-three. M.\YS\TLLE OR HAZEN. Another little town situate in East Warsaw, was, for a long time, called " Boot-Jack," from the roads that center there, forming a place, in which the town is built, in the shape of a boot-jack. The name given to the place was, however, Maysville ; but in 1S82 a post-office was established and named Hazen, for the first assistant postmaster-general, since which time the place has taken that name. It is quite a brisk little town, and in 1886 its citizens erected a large school building in which an excellent select school is main- tained and well patronized. Maysville has one store kept by Trimble & Company, and the hotel of W. R. Anderson. In 1880 the town had a population of eighty-two. Joshua Vandevort first settled in Maysville in 1825. He died in 1861, aged eighty- six years. Pekin. This little hamlet, situate between Brookville and Richardsville, was set- tled in 1845 by Emory Bartlett, who built a chair manufactory there which he successfully operated until a short time before his death, in 1883. He was then eighty years of age. Mr. Bartlett's chairs were substantial!)- and well made and found a ready sale, and there are few houses in Jefierson county that do not own one of his comfortable, old-fashioned rockers. This manufac- tory is now carried on by his son, A. J. Bartlett. The name of Pekin was given to the place by Mr. Bartlett, for one of the chief cities in the celestial empire, though he did not carry his admiration so far as to encircle his little town with an impregnable wall. Elections. — At the first election held in Warsaw township, in 1843, t^'i^ fol- lowing persons were elected : Inspectors of election, Thomas McCormick, Peter Chamberlain ; judge of election, John Moorhead ; supervisors, William Weeks, James K. Hoftman ; school directors, Ira Bronson, O. P. Mather, G. D. Fred- Warsaw Township. 605 erick, Arad Pearsall, James A. Wilkins, Peter Chamberlain ; constable, Da\id C. Riggs ; assessors, Andrew McCormick, Jacob Moore, Eli B. Irwin ; audit- ors, John Pearsall, Finley McCormick, Thomas McCormick ; overseers of the poor, Jacob Vasbinder, William R. Richards ; town clerk, Ira Bronson. May 9, 1887, by a decree of court, Warsaw township was divided into two election districts. East and West Warsaw ; the former holding its election at Mays\'ille, and the latter at Richardsville. The following is the result of tlie election held P'ebruary 15, 1887, for both precincts: Warsaw, East — Justice of the peace, J. R. Trimble ; constable, N. P. Clark; supervisors, Isaac Lyle, An- drew Shaffer ; school directors, Lewis Evans, Simon Stahlman ; tax collector, T. Satterlee ; poor overseer, G. W. Corbin ; assessor, Joseph McCracken ; audi- tor, J. G. Allen ; town clerk, S. M. Humphrey ; judge of election, Reuben Mc- intosh ; inspectors, Moses Slawson, A. C. Williams. Warsaw, West — Judge of election. Perry Smith ; inspectors, Amos Riggs, James Yount. The justice of the peace for West Warsaw is William Wasson. The school directors pre- viously elected are, Thomas Love, Perry Smith, G. H. Hilliard, S. W. Temple. Taxablcs, Population, Asscssinetits and Valiiatioti. — The number of taxa- bles in Warsaw township, in 1842, were "]"] \ in 1849, 149; in 1856, 156; in 1863, 220; in 1870, 336; in 1880, 402; in 1886,437. The population, ac- cording to the census of 1850, was 870; i860, 930; 1870, 1,122; 1880, 1,414. The number of acres seated in Warsaw township in 1886, was 18,675 '■> valuation, $86,226; average value per acre, $4.62. Eighty-seven houses and lots, valuation $8,215. Grist and saw-mills 9 ; valuation, $3,700. Acres un- seated 11,443; valuation, $56,143; average value per acre $4.92. Number of horses 299; valuation, $1 1,540 ; average value $35.53. Number of cows 386; valuation, $4,603 ; average value $1 1.92. Number of oxen 10; valua- tion, $285. Occupations 139; valuation, $3,954; average $22.69. Total valuation, subject to county tax, $173,866. Money at interest $13,940. Schools. — The number of schools in Warsaw township, according to the re- port for year ending June, 1886, was 1 1 ; average term five months. Number of male teachers 6 ; females, 5. Average salary of male teachers $38.28 ; females, $30.28. Number of male scholars 267 ; females, 209. Average attendance 311. Per cent, of attendance 85. Cost per month "]"] cents. Number of mills levied for school purposes 13. Total amount of tax levied for school pur- poses $2,048.71. 73 6o6 History of Jefferson County. ' CHAPTER XLVII. HISTORY OF WINSLOW TOWNSHIP. THE next to form in line, making the sixteenth township, was Winslow, which was organized in 1847, being taken from Washington, Pine Creek and Gaskill. It was named for Hon. James Winslow, then one of the asso- ciate judges of the county. It is situated on the east side of the county, and its boundaries are as follows: On the north by Washington, on the east by Clearfield county, on the south by McCalmont and Henderson, and on the west by McCalmont and Pine Creek. It is almost square — the distance across it north and south is six and a half miles, and east and west about seven and a half miles. Much of its surface is uncultivated, owing to the steep slopes of the valley, and in others to the rocky condition of the land from the out-crop of sand- stone deposits. Decidedly, the best farming land in the township is on the uplands south from Reynoldsville, around the heads of Trout Run, where the barren measure shoals and slates make a smooth soil, mingled with much lime. Topography. — The topography of Winslow township is much diversified, with alternating hill and valley. Sandy Lick is the main artery of the drain- age system, to which all the other streams, excepting Stump Creek, are trib- utary. It follows an irregular course through the township, entering at the northeast corner and flowing first westward, then southeast by a sharp turn upon itself at Sandy Valley, and then west again from Reynoldsville by another turn equally sharp. Both bends are closely connected with the Perrysville anticlinal, whose structure has indeed in a large part created them. The creek bed falls from about 1,350 feet above tide level at Evergreen to about 1,300 feet at Prindable's, which, as the creek flows, is a fall of less than five feet to the mile. Some high points in the uplands attain an elevation of more than 1,800 feet above tide level, but the average range of the upland region is between 1,600 and 1,700 feet. Geology. — The Freeport lower coal is so exceedingly excellent a bed throughout the Reynoldsville region that it has given great value to all the land it overlies. The work of development has been vigorously conducted for several years, but still there is a vast expanse of coal untouched. This coal is found seven feet thick, and is of so good a quality that it is in great demand for gas and steam purposes. A number of collieries have been opened upon it in the Reynoldsville basin, which are now all controlled by Bell, Lewis & Yates, who are vigorously prosecuting tlieir mines. A large number of coke ovens are in operation, but the company not being willing to furnish any statistics of their mines, it has been impossible to give any account of the production, as has been given of the other mines in the county. WiNSLow Township. 607 Other coal beds are found in the Reynoldsville basin, but they are of so inferior a character to the Freeport lower coal that, until it is exhausted, they will receive no attention. The Freeport lower limestone is found at Pancoast and at Reynoldsville. Mr. W. G. Piatt, in his report, says of this limestone stratum: " Another exposure of it is in a small ravine on the property of A. Reynolds, adjoining Powers and Brown, where it shows two feet of excellent stone, grey- ish in color, streaked with calcite, and non-fossiliferous. The same stratum was worked some years ago further west, at Douthitt's saw-mill, to obtain lime for the masonry work at the time the Bennett's Branch Railroad was building. Mr. Wilson, engineer of that road, informed me that all the lime required for his purpose in the vicinity of Reynoldsville was obtained at small expense from this quarry. Under such circumstances, and considering the scarcity of lime in this neighborhood, and how much it is required upon every field being cul- tivated there, it is surprising to me that the farmers have allowed the quarry to fall shut and the draw-kiln to go to decay. I know of no limestone stratum than this Freeport lower in all the measures of Winslow township, and even that stratum is very irregular and uncertain. But in those places where its existence is proved, and in good condition, the farmers should certainly avail themselves of it for a fertilizer." Early Settlers. — The first settlers in what is now Winslow township were John Fuller and Rebecca, his wife. Mr. Fuller, who was born in Saratoga county, N. Y., May 5, 1794, and served in the War of 1812, came to Pennsyl- vania in 1 8 18, and in 1820 married Rebecca Gathers, of Armstrong, now Clarion county. In 1822 they located in Winslow township, making the first trip to their new home on foot, through the wilderness, the only house on their route being at Port Barnett. They built a cabin on the spot now covered by the Fuller garden on the old homestead, and went to work to hew and dig out a home in the wilderness, Mrs. Fuller worked early and late by her husband's side, and the first season dug over a piece of ground, upon which the stumps stood too thick to admit of its being ploughed, and planted their first potatoes. Their first team was an ox and a cow. Mr. Fuller was a blacksmith, and was frequently called away from home to do work at his trade. At one time he was absent six weeks helping to build a bridge over the Susquehanna, and Mrs. Fuller remained at home with her little children, the only door to the dwelling being a quilt hung up before the entrance, and at night she would lie and listen to the cry of the wild beasts that infested the woods, the howling of the wolves bringing fear to her heart. She was expert in the use of the rifle, and with it over her shoulder would take long tramps through the woods in search of her cows, who would stray a long distance from home, often going as far as the present town of Luthersburg. 6o8 History of Jefferson County. On one occasion she was out hunting the cows, accompanied by one of her little boys and her dog, when night came on and she could not find the way home. She sat down on a log, near where the coke ovens of Bell, Lewis & Yates are now built, and put one arm around her boy and the other around the dog, both of \\ hich nestled up to her and were soon sound asleep ; but no sleep visited her eyes — she could hear tlie wild beasts in the distance, and did not know how soon they would come prowling about her. Along in the night she heard her husband calling her, but as he was very hard of hearing she knew that he would not hear her, and she feared to answer him for fear of dis- covering her whereabouts to some of the wild animals that she knew were lurking in the forest. At length, towards morning, she heard the shouts of the McCreight boys, whom Mr. Fuller had called up to help him in his search, and answering them they soon found her and she was conducted home. Mr. McCreight, who had moved into the neighborhood in 1832, did not know of the presence of the Fullers, nor had they any knowledge that they had any neighbors nearer than Port Barnett, until one day, when Mr. Mc- Creight was out hunting his cows, he heard a crashing in the bushes, and great was his amazement to see emerging therefrom, instead of the deer or bear he expected to see, a woman with a rifle over her shoulder, Explanations fol- lowed, and each was glad to find that they had a neighbor. Mr. Fuller first dug the coal out of the creek bed at Reynoldsville to use in his blacksmith work, as it increased the heat of the fire. He would fre- quently go to Pittsburgh or Indiana and carry home bars of iron on his shoul- ders. He done all the first blacksmith work in the county, and as far as can be learned was the pioneer blacksmith. These were days of toil and deprivation, and with no mills near, and no stores from which to purchase any of the necessaries of life, it was no easy task for Mrs. Fuller to provide for and raise her family of fifteen children. She was obliged to toil early and late, and then when the outdoor tasks were done, to contrive something to clothe her little ones. The home also was to pay for, and there was no revenue coming in. The land that was cleared barely afforded a sustenance, and the main source of revenue was the making of maple sugar, which sold at eight and ten cents per pound. To this was added occasionally a few dimes received from some isolated traveler after the making of the Waterford and Susquehanna turnpike opened up a thorough- fare through their place. As the money was gathered penny by penny and sixpence added to sixpence, it was tied up in an old stocking and deposited in the bureau drawer until enough to make a payment on the farm was gotten together, and then at stated times the landowners, or their agents met pur- chasers to receive these payments. Miss Beckie Fuller says that she has heard her mother relate how, on one occasion, they had almost enough saved to make a payment (sixty dollars being the desired amount), and while she was T. B. London. WiNSLOw Township. 609 absent helping to work in the fields, some tramp stole the precious stocking, with the hard-earned savings. In those days there were no bolt nor bars, the latch string always hung out, and the bureau drawers were also unlocked, and the thief, perhaps some tramp whom they had befriended, as no one was ever turned from their door, had taken the opportunity to pillage the house while jMrs. Fuller was absent ; then all had to be gone over again, the payment was delayed, and the slow process of saving went on as before. Mr. Fuller as soon as he got the land cleared planted a large orchard of apple trees, which soon yielded him quite an income, and he sold the first fruit in Brookville. In time they built a larger house, which has now given place to the com- modious, and pleasant home where Mr. George W. Fuller, the youngest son, with his family resides. It is also the home of the youngest daughter. Miss Rebecca Fuller. Mr. Fuller died in 1868. Mrs. Fuller survived him several years. They both sleep with their nine children, who preceded them, in the "Fuller grave-yard," just " across the garden wall." The McCreight family were the next to penetrate into this wilderness. Mr. McCreight came first in 1832 and prepared a home for his family in what has since been called the Paradise Settlement. After clearing a small potato patch and building a small log house, Andrew McCreight, in the winter of 1832-3, brought his family from his former home in Indiana county, to this paradise in the wilderness. The family consisted of Mr. McCreight, his wife, Ann Sharp McCreight, and ten children, aged from three to twenty- one respectively. On the way one of the little ones was lost from the load, and had not some of the boys been walking behind and picked her up, she would perhaps have been devoured by wild beasts, or perished with cold before her loss was discovered from the bedding amid which she had been placed for safe keeping. She was carried for some miles in the arms of her brothers after being found in the road. The ax in the hands of the sturdy boys soon felled the trees, and cleared the land, and it was not long before a home of plenty and comfort was made where they found a dense forest. The parents, more than twenty years ago, went to their reward ; full of years they passed out from the scenes of their early toil, but of the thirteen children, the three younger of whom were born in Jefferson county, all are living, though the family is now widely scattered. Thomas and Smith now own the old homestead farm, and in October, 1884, twelve out of the thirteen gathered about the old fireside, only one brother, Jamieson, li\ing in Kansas, being unable to be present. About the year iS34TiIton Reynolds came to what is now Winslow town- ship, from Chateaugay, N. Y. The family, which consisted of Mr. Reynolds, his wife and three children, his brother, William Reynolds, and a young French boy, Francis Delorm, by name, who afterwards married a sister of Thomas Reynolds's wife, and yet resides in Winslow, traveled in a wagon drawn by 6io History of Jefferson County. two yoke of oxen, and were four weeks on the road in making this journey of eight hundred miles. Dr. Wilh'am H. Reynolds was the eldest of these chil- dren, and the youngest was a babe in its mother's arms. On account of this babe the mother put up at hotels when they could be found, the rest generally slept in the wagon, and cooked their meals by the roadside. After they reached their destination they staid one week at the house of Mr. John Fuller, until their cabin was built, which stood on the present site of Rathmel. Tilton Reynolds went to Punxsutawney to buy land from C. C. Gaskill, who wanted to article for it at once, but Mr. Reynolds thought this would not be exactly right, as Rossell Luther had made some improvement on the land, though he had paid nothing for it, so he went to Luthersburg and struck a bargain with Mr. Luther by giving him one of the yoke of cattle for his improvements, and then made his bargain with Mr. Gaskill. The Reynolds brothers had been to Chester county some time previous and on their way home passed through this part of Jefferson county, and were so much pleased with the immense forests of pine timber, that they went home and at once made preparations to move here. Soon after they got settled Tilton's wife's brother, Samuel B. Sprague, and two sisters, Rebecca Smith and Anna Welsh, and her father, came and settled near them, and soon also their brother Thomas followed them to their new home. He found them comfortably settled in a log cabin, where Rathmel now is. The first fall they captured fourteen swarms of bees ; they also made a large amount of maple sugar. Tilton and William Reynolds kept the first store in the township at Prospect Hill in 1839. William died in 1854 and Tilton some 3'ears later. Tliomas Reynolds, whose biographical sketch will be found in another part of this work, surveyed and named Winslow township, he being a warm friend and admirer of Judge Winslow, for whom it was called. Valentine A. P. Smith, father of Mrs. Thomas Reynolds, also settled in Winslow in 1835. He came from Dutchess county, N. Y., and located on the farm now owned by T. B. London. Samuel, David and Joshua Rea, Patrick Fehley, Thomas Doling preceded the Reynoldses to this region. The Yeomans, Yohes, Alexanders, Claytons, Brodheads, Welshes, Ferrises, were among the early settlers in Winslow township. Old Mr. Yeomans, the father of the wives of Samuel and Joshua Rea, was frozen to death in Cold Spring Hollow while on his wa\' home from Reynolds- ville. His granddaughter, Miriam Rea, who was living at Thomas Reynolds's, was on her way home, when she found his dead body lying in the road. David Rea, one of the three brothers noted above, was killed by a limb that had lodged in a tree. He went to the spring to get water with which to prepare breakfast, when the limb fell and killed him instantly. His wife, Sally Wilkins, wondering what kept him so long, went to see, and found him dead. She afterwards married Truman B. London. WiNSLow Township. 6ii The oldest residents of Winslow township now are Mrs. Benjamin Clayton, aged about eighty years, Mrs. Fannie Wilkins Rea, about the same age, and Mr. Truman B. London, who is in his eightieth year. Farms. — Farming is the general business of the citizens of Winslow, and among the many well cultivated farms with excellent buildings, are the follow- ing : In F.ast Winslow, Sharp and John McCreight, G. W. Fuller, Truman B. Lon- don, Thomas Reynolds, sr., estate, George D. Sprague, Francis Delorm, James A. and W. T. Gathers, William H. Reynolds. West Winslow, Amos, Jacob, Noah and Martin Strouse, Noah, Joseph and Daniel Syphert, Henry Stevens, Levi Shuckers, David Reynolds, Zackariah Deemer, Alexander Dickey, Will- iam and John Doughert\', Henry Kroh. Cemeteries. — The first burying-ground in Winslow township was just back of the old school-house in Cold Spring Hollow, where Mrs. Joshua Rea, with her two children, and several others were buried. The Fuller burying-ground, which is a private one, was started at an early day, when a child of John Ful- ler's died, and they had no place to lay it. The dysentery, which was very fatal in that region, took several more of their children, who were also laid there, and now the father and mother, with nine of their children, are buried there, only five out of fifteen surviving. Joshua, the eldest son, died and was buried at Brookville, Mrs. Rachel Gathers, Mrs. Fuller's mother, and her brother, Robert Gathers, and his wife are buried in the Fuller grave-yard. The McCreights have a family burying-ground on the old homestead farm. Prospect grave-yard was commenced soon after Tilton Reynolds settled there, and his little twin daughter, Margaret, was the first to rest therein. Many of the old settlers are sleeping their last sleep in that much neglected spot. There is another burj-ing-ground in Paradise, near an old Dutch church, where some of the oldest settlers in that settlement were buried, among whom Jacob Smith and wife, Adam Yohe and many others of those who endured the first hardships of pioneer life. " Beulah Land " was started in 1S76, being laid out by Thomas Reynolds, and Arthur Parke Reynolds, his son, was the first interred there. Since then his father, brother John, and his brother-in-law, Gould J. Scott, have laid down beside him. July 5, 1876, R. Prott, of the firm of McGregor & Prott, who built the Summit Tunnel, and some of the railroad bridges of the Low Grade Railroad, was buried in Beulah, where, the February before, two children of his brother, Alexander Prott, had been laid, and about a year after a fine stone monument was erected to their memory by the father and brother, Mr. A. Prott, of Brook- ville. In 1882 Mrs. Amelia Reynolds removed the bodies of her husband, Wood- ward Reynolds, and her children, John and Joana and Richard, with two who 6i2 History of Jefferson County. died in infancy, from Prospect to Beulah. It is beginning to be improved by those whose dead he there, and will in time become a beautiful city of the dead. There are now two hundred and twenty-five graves in Beulah. The Baptist cemetery, near Beulah, was laid out by Rev. C. H. Prescott, on his land, about 1883. Saiv-niills. — The saw-mills in Winslow, operating in 1887, are those of Andrews, Keatley &Co., Bond, McGhee & Carrier, at Sandy Valley; Collins & Shaffer, at Falls Creek ; Waite, Hutchins & Co., Sandy Valley; David Wheeler, Reynoldsville ; J. C. Swartz, near Reynoldsville ; Levi Schuckers, near Emerickville ; Silas Brooks, near Sykesville, and Hopkins, Irwin & Co., on Sandy Lick, below Reynoldsville. The latter mill was built by Nathan Carrier, and for a time was the property of N. Carrier and Gould J. Scott, when it was one of the most extensive lumbering establishments in the county. There are also two portable saw-mills in Winslow, owned by Edward Rupert and M. B. Wynkoop & Brother. There are four post-ofifices in Winslow township, — Sandy Valley, Pancoast, Sykesville and Rathmel. Elections. — The first election was held in Winslow township in 1847, when the following persons were elected : ^ Constable, Joseph McCreight, Oliver Welch, Tilton Reynolds; supervisors, Clark Lyon, Joseph Syphert, M. Best; .school directors, Andrew McCreight, Thomas Reynolds, John Phillipi ; over- seers of the poor, Woodward Reynolds, Thomas Reynolds ; assessors, Oliver Welch, Robert Douthett, John Foltz ; judge of election, Andrew McCreight; inspectors, John Barr, Jonathan Strouse. The best varieties of apples, pears, plums, and all the small fruits, are raised in profusion. Winslow township was divided into two election districts by a decree of court September 17, 1887. The citizens of East Winslow vote at Prescottville, and the election for West Winslow is held at the Moore House, in Ohiotown. The election held February 15, 1887, resulted as follows: Winslow, East, jus- tice of the peace, David Bollinger ; constable, Benjamin Haugh ; collector, A. W. Mulholland ; assessor, Martin Strouse ; .supervisors, William Grimes, Fulton Henry ; school directors, W. J. Hillis, William Grimes ; auditor, J. M. Norris ; poor overseer, J. L. Beebe ; judge of election, John Smith ; inspectors, Benja- min Haugh, John Marshall. Winslow, W^est, judge of election, Allen Gathers ; inspectors, R. B. Kline, John Dougherty. The justice of the peace for West Winslow is Luther A. Hays. The other school directors composing the board are Benjamin Kline, James A. Gathers, Henry Stevenson and W. T. Gathers. Taxables ami Population. — The number of taxables in Winslow township in 1849 were lOO; in 1856, 171; in 1863, 240; in 1870, 364; 1880, 506; 1886, 849. The population by the census of 1850, 507; i860, 1096; 1870, 1320; 1S80. 1904. 1 This is taken from the election docket and does not specify which candidates were elected. ■£''tj^«^ RSSoU: Soni J."?!^'^''^ ^//?P^/j^ ^L WiNSLOW Township. 613 Assessments and Valuation. — Tlie number of acres of seated land in Wins- low in 1886, was 18,587 ; valuation, $91,361 ; average value per acre $4 92. Number of houses and lots 439 ; valuation, $47,739. Number of grist and saw-mills 14; valuation, $8,150. Number acres unseated 8,613 ; valuation, $48,899; average value per acre $5.68. Number of acres surface 2,085 J val- uation, $8,538. Acres mineral 1,367; valuation, $7,093; average value per acre $5.19. Number of horses 29S ; valuation, $7,795 ; average value $26.16. Number of cows 406 ; valuation, $4,912; average value $12.10. Twelve oxen ; valuation, $240. Number of occupations 292; valuation, $5,995; average, $20.53. Total valuation, subject to county tax, $230,722. Money at inter- est $2,503. School Statistics. — The number of schools in Winslow township, for the \-ear ending June 7, 1886, was 16. Average term, five months. Number of male teachers 12; females 4. Average salary of male teachers $30.66 ; fe- males $25.00. Number of male scholars 398; number of females 334. Aver- age attendance 474 ; per cent, of attendance 64. Cost per schokr 68 cents. Mills levied for school purposes 10; for building, 5. Total amount of tax lev- ied for school purposes $3,975.10. Revnoldsville. In 1837 David Reynolds, of Kittanning, sent his son. Woodward, to settle upon some lands in what is now Reynoldsville and Winslow township, for which he had a title. Woodward Reynolds had that year married Miss Amelia Ross, also of Kittanning, and in the spring of 1838 the young couple came to the new home in the woods. Some years before Charles C. Gaskill, who then owned the land, had erected a log house of two rooms, to be used as a tavern, as they were called in those days. Woodward Reynolds found a man named Potter keeping this house, having squatted there, and it was with some difficulty that he was induced to give up his claim. Two men, by the names of Caldwell and Banks, had preceded Potter as keepers of this hostelry. Mr. Reynolds built additions to the " log hotel," and entertained the public there for a number of years. In this house, which occupied the site of the present residence of Albert Reynolds, David Reynolds, the first white child born in what is now the town of Reynoldsville, first saw the light. Mr. Rey- nolds, in 1850, built the brick hotel still known as the Reynolds House, which he kept until his death, in January, 1861. He at first owned three hundred acres of land in Reynoldsville and vicinity, to which he added, by purchase, eight hundred acres more. This was all valuable timber land, and, after he was gone, and the timber too, the land being good coal territory, was sold by his sons David and Albert, who laid out the home farm in Reynoldsville into town lots, streets and alleys, which is now the main business portion of the town. Mrs. Reynolds lives in a comfortable residence, one door east of the 74 6i4 History of Jefferson County. Reynolds House, with her daughter, Ida, the only one of her family who has not made a home for herself Though the Indians had left this region before Reynoldsville became the abode of the white man, one lady yet living has cause to remember the visit of one of the last of his race, and it yet makes her shudder when she recalls her narrow escape from the scalping-knife of the bloodthirsty red man. One day in the year 1843, an Indian came to the house of Woodward Rey- nolds, and demanded food. Mrs. Reynolds, who happened to be alone at the time, placed bread and meat before him, but he refused to eat until he was provided with tea. Mrs. Reynolds assured him that she had no tea in the house ; but he would not believe her, and throwing the bread and meat on the floor to the dog, he glared savagely at her, and stalked away. In the evening he returned, but Mr. Reynolds and his two hired men were present, and after asking this time for whisky, he again left. In a short time news came that he had murdered the Wigton family in Butler county, and Mrs. Reynolds had no doubt then, that his last visit would have resulted in her death, had he not been deterred by the presence of the men. She can yet recall the murderous looks he cast upon her. Mrs. Reynolds calls the Indian Blackhawk, but the following narrative published in the Pittsburgh Commercial o{ ]w\y ii, 1887, of his bloody deed in Butler county, gives his name as Sam Mohawk : " The news of the death of James Wigton, who died at Salina, Venango county, a few days ago, aged seventy-six, recalls one of the most dreadful chapters in the criminal history of Pennsylvania, Wigton's entire family, consisting of his wife and five children, having been murdered in Slipper}' Rock township, But- ler county, in 1S43. " At that time an Indian named Sam Mohawk, who lived on the Seneca Reservation, in Cattaraugus county, N. Y., made periodical trips down the Al- legheny Valley, and he was the terror of the region. He came to Butler in the latter part of June, 1843. His first demand was for whisky. He was refused at ever)' place, which enraged him so that the inhabitants, fearing the result of his temper, made up a purse to pay his stage fare to Meadville. This •was paid to the driver, and Mohawk got aboard. At Stone House, twelve miles from Butler, he left the stage and disappeared, and the conveyance went on without him. At midnight of that day he appeared at the stage-house, ■which was kept by a man named John Sills, and demanded the money that had been raised for his fare in Butler and also whisk)'. Sills was compelled to drive the Indian from his house with a club. At da\'break, on the morning of July 1st, lames Wigton, who lived on a farm a few miles from Stone House, left his home to go to his father's farm, two miles and a half distant, on an errand. He did not return until eight o'clock. He saw a crowd of people about his house. He was stopped at his gate, and the terrible news was broken to him that during his absence Sam Mohawk had entered his house, and bru- WiNSLOW Township. 615 tally murdered his wife and five children. The news so stunned Wigton that he was unconscious for three days. The murder had been discovered by James Wigton's brother John, who lived a mile or so from the former. He had seen the Indian pass the house just after daylight. John Wigton went to his broth- er's house an hour latei' to borrow a wagon. On entering the house he dis- covered the dead bodies of his sister-in-law and her five children lying on the kitchen floor, the children being piled in a heap on the body of the mother. Their brains had been beaten out with a large stone, which la\' covered with blood on the floor near by. Mrs. Wigton was thirty years old. Her children were aged respectively eight, five, four, three and one years. Mrs. Wigton was partially dressed, but it was evident that the children had been taken from their beds by their murderer and killed. "The Indian was arrested and placed in tlie Butler jail, which was guarded by armed men day and niglit to prevent a rescue by wandering bands of In- dians, which were common in the Allegheny Valley forty years ago. Mo- hawk was tried in the following November, and was hanged on the 22d of March, 1844. One of the witnesses of the hanging was James Wigton, hus- band and father of the Indian's victims." Thomas Reynolds in 1841 built a little log liouse on a site now situated on Jackson and Tenth streets, and the following year he was married to Julia Anna Smitli. The wedding trip was a two-mile journey on a path through the forest to the little shanty. While on their way seven full grown deer were seen walking leisurely along, and exhibited no fear, as they stopped and gazed a few moments at the couple, and then proceeded leisurely on their way. The footprints of bear, deer, and other animals were often discovered near the house, and Mr. Reynolds once shot a deer while standing in his _\'ard. The Indians had a hut near the spot upon which he built, by a fine spring where the old logs were yet to be seen. Miss Rebecca Fuller relates the fact that the wolves seemed to have some way of surrounding the deer and killing them in great numbers, near the cold spring above Prescottville, as she said her parents would find the bones and blood there frequently in those early days, showing how the rapacious, blood- thirty brutes had surrounded and killed numbers of the timid creatures. In 1842 Thomas Reynolds built a large log house on East Main street, near where the present Reynolds mansion now stands. He also put in opera- tion a tannery and saw-mill at the same locality. These were the onl)- busi- ness enterprises between the years 1840 and i860. In 1845 Tilton Reynolds, who was postmaster at Prospect Hill, brought down \.h.e post-office in a cigar-box, and handing it to his brother said, " Here, Tom, is the post-office. I am going away, and you will have to attend to it." For some time no attention was taken of the change'^ by the post-office de- partment, until Mr. Thomas Reynolds requested that the name of the office be 6i6 History of Jefferson County. changed from Prospect Hill to Reynoldsville, which was done, and he was appointed postmaster. When Thomas Reynolds gave the name to the town by having the post-office called Reynoldsville, there were no houses west of the school-house hill, between Thomas Reynolds and Woodward Reynolds's homes, except a small house built by Woodward Reynolds, on the site of the present Belnap house, and a log house that stood somewhere near the present Presbyterian Church, until Archibald Campbell put up a row of small build- ings east of what is now Sixth street. Archie Campbell, as he was called, was one of the pioneers of the town, and up to his demise in 1876, was well known throughout the county. He was a zealous patriot, a true friend to those whom he liked, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. The editor of the Pun.\sutawney Tribune, who is a native of Reynolds- ville, tells the following story of Archie Campbell's peculiarities: "Whoever has lived long in Jefterson county must have known Archibald Campbell. 'Archie' was an Irishman by birth, and a financier by profession. He lived with his good wife, Mary Ann, in a little striped house on Main street, Rey- noldsville, for many years, and was at one time sole proprietor of the Sandy Lick Hotel. The ' Sandy Lick ' was the theater of many a lively scene during the palmy rafting days of twenty years ago. Archie made a good deal of money in those days by selling ' swate molasses' to the raftsmen at a dollar a pint. ' Egad ! No,' Archie would say, ' I kape no whusky, but I've got plenty of swate molasses.' But with all his faults Archie was a pretty good kind of an Irishman when he was asleep. The peculiarity, however, which rendered Archie unique and original, was the eagerness with which he sought money, and the tenacity with which he clung to it. To illustrate : Once, when the writer was a little boy, Archie engaged him and his elder brother, Sid, to clean out his Augian cow stable. Archie kept a cow and a horse in a very small stable, which was never cleaned out as long as the animals were able to stand upright inside. ' Now clain it out good boys,' Archie said as we went to work with shovel and mattock, ' and I'll pay yees woll fer it' We worked hard all that day and the next day. finishing the job in the evening. Archie pro- nounced it first rate, and told us to go with him to the house and get our money. As times were pretty flush then, we didn't expect to receive less than two dollars, but Archie soon put all our sordid calculations at rest by produc- ing a three-cent ' shinplaster,' and presenting it to Sidney with the remark : ' Guv Wully a cint av that ! Egad, he earned it ! ' " For many years afterwards, when, in playing ball, we happened to catch a fly or make a run, there was always some bad boy to yell, ' Guv Wully a cint of that ! Egad he earned it ! ' "Archie was a warm friend of Dave Reynolds, and once he opened his heart so far as to give Dave's little boy a little pig. A few months afterwards Archie got it into his head Dave was indebted to him, and he accordingly demanded WiNSLOW Township. 617 a settlement. The settlement was made at once, and, very much to his cha- grin and surprise, Archie came out two dollars in debt. He scratched his head a moment, then said ! " ' Sure that pig is chape enough at two dollars ! ' " ' But,' said Mr. Reynolds, ' I thought you gave that pig to the boy ! ' " ' Egad ! an I did,' said Archie, ' but sure I'm not the mon to allow a but of a pig sthand in the way of a settlement betwixt meself and Dave Rey- nolds ! ' " "Jimmy Kile was also an odd character, who figured in the early history of Reynoldsville. Although he and Archie Campbell prided themselves on their open-handed generosity, as most Irishmen do, they were chiefly cele- brated for their penuriousness. Many and ingenious were the schemes that Archie would invent to avoid parting with a penny that would not bring him two in return. Once on a time the citizens of Winslow township took a notion to fix up the Prospect Cemetery, and in order to reach the Kiles and Camp- bells, who were wealthy, a subscription paper was put in the hands of Jimmy Kile. He called on Archie Campbell one morning with his paper, when the following colloquy took place : " ' Gud morning, Muster Cummel.' " ' Gud morning. Muster Kile.' " ' Are ye's all wull, this morning. Muster Cummel ? ' " ' Yes, Muster Kile, there's only meself and Mary Ann, and we're all wull.' " ' Muster Cummel, I've got a superscruption paper here to fix the grave- yard beyand, an' wud yer be afther puttin' somethin' down ? ' " ' Egad ! no, Muster Kile, not a cint for that oul cow-pastuie. As long as I lav I won't be buried there. Egad, I won't ! ' " ' Wull, Muster Cummel, we duffer in opunion on that, for if I luv and kape my health, / iviilll ' " Early Schools and Churches. The first school-house in this localit}', a little log one, was built in 1836, on the hill above the present flouring-mill at Prescottville, It was known as the Fuller school-house, and in it Thomas Reynolds taught the first school under the common school system. A few years later another building was erected in Cold Spring Hollow, which was in constant use until 1874, when, it with a building of later date, was sold, and the large school building on Cen- tral Main street was erected in 1875. In the first few years of Reynoldsville's existence religious services were only occasionally held. An old house on East Main street, afterwards remodeled and occupied by Milton Coleman, was often used for the purpose of holding religious meetings, and on one occasion, about the year 1852, the floor gave way, precipitating the congregation to the basement, and it is said that five persons perished in the accident, which was 6i8 History of Jefferson County. augmented by the fire from the over-turned stove. The school- house in Cold Spring Hollow was used for Sunda3'-school purposes and as a place of worship for many years ; then about 1861 C. H. Prescott built a Baptist Church in Pres- cottville, and in 1870 the Presbyterians built a church east of the residence of Thomas Reynolds, which was succeeded in 1881 by a large brick church on Main street. The Methodist and Lutheran Churches are also commodious and fine structures. In the latter the Episcopal services of the church, organized in Reynoldsville by that denomination in the spring of 1887, are held. The Baptist congregation have the foundation built for a large' and elegant church, which they will occupy before the close of 1887. The Catholics, in 1873, built a commodious frame church, which took the place of a little building, which they had heretofore occupied in the eastern suburbs of the town. Miss Harriet Fuller, who taught school at the Fuller school-house about the year 1834, started the first Sunday-school. She was a very zealous worker, and when any of her scholars whispered or misbehaved at Sunday-school she would punish them the next day. She was afterwards Mrs. Guthrie, of Troy. In this school-house James McCreight and Mr. Ross also taught. In those days a debating society was held in the school-house, and Thomas Reynolds, who had been a strong temperance man in his New York home, where he was a prominent lecturer, organized the first temperance society in the township. Mr. Reynolds, in after years, acquired a taste for spirituous liquors from having brandy administered to him (much against his will) by his physician during a severe illness. It is a strange coincidence that Woodward Reynolds and Thomas Reynolds, coming from different localities, one from Kittanning and the other from the State of New York, and with no kinship or previous knowledge of each other, should have chosen this place for their home, and locating about a mile apart, one at the eastern and the other at the western part of what is now the thriv- ing town of Reynoldsville. The town has beeu aptly named, called as it was for the pioneers who first settled there, and whose descendants make up so large and important portion of the citizens both of the town and township. Of the older members of these families, nearly all have passed awaj', Mrs. Thomas Reynolds and Mrs. Woodward Re^-nolds alone remaining. There are three distinct families of Reynoldses now residing in Reynoldsville. Tilton, William, and Thomas were brothers, and their descendants now living number seventy-three. Of these Tilton Reynolds's descendants are three children, thirty-three grand-children, and ten great-grand children living. William Reynolds's descendants are five children and ten grand children living. Thomas Reynolds, sr., five children and seven grand-children living. Woodward Reynold.s, eight children living and eighteen grand-children. Dr. Samuel Reynolds, who settled in Reynoldsville in the last decade, and represents the third family, has five children. WiNSLow Township. 619 Seal that was here broken out J Clayton There are thirty-six in the town of Reynoldsville who answer to the name of Reynolds, and one hundred and four in the township. Dr. William Reynolds, son of Tilton Reynolds, has in his possession the marriage certificate of his grandfather Reynolds, of which a copy is given below : The President of the Deleware State To any Minister or Preacher of the Gospel. Whereas Application hath been made unto me, by Thomas Reynolds and Ann Reynolds to be joined in Holy Matrimony, and finding upon due examination, that there is not any lawful Let or Impediment, by Reafon of Pre- contract Confanguinity, Affinity, or any other just Caufe whatfoever, to hinder the faid Marriage : Thefe are therefore to licence and authorize you to join the faid Thomas Rey- nolds & Ann Reynolds in the Holy Bands of Matrimony, and them to pronounce Man and Wife. Given under my hand, and attefted by the Secretary of the faid State, under the public I the underwritten do hereby. Seal of his Office, this Sixth day of October certify that I joined the above in the year of our Lord one Thoufand Seven Parties in Holy Matrimony the hundred and ninety one day & year above mentioned Chas H Wharton The prevalence of the names of Reynolds and Smith was pretty aptly illus- trated by the following, which appeared in the Reynoldsville "Paper" a few years ago : " Reynolds vs. Smith — Quite a mirthful explanation was given by Smith, the evangelist, of his non-arrival at Reynoldsville, as expected, some time since. Mr. W. H. Smith, the engineer, received the telegram which should have been sent to Mr. W. J. Smith, the evangelist, thus delaying the latter and puzzling the former. " The evangelist remarked : ' Smith is a very honest name, but often very inconvenient, but, indeed, not more so than other names in some localities. For instance, as I came up the Low Grade the last word I heard on board the train was ' Reynoldsville,' and stepping off confronted Mr. Reynolds. Of course I thought he was the founder of the town. As I perambulated the streets I saw 'Reynolds House,' 'Reynolds Opera House,' and 'Reynolds Jas Booth Sect 620 History of Jefferson County. Restaurant.' I picked up a newspaper of the town, and lo ! ' Reynolds Her- ald,' published by a ' Reynolds' company, and edited by W. S. Reynolds, met my eyes. Then there are ' Reynolds Colliery' and ' Reynolds Grove.' ' Miss Reynolds ' is too numerous to mention, and ' Mr. Reynolds ' is exceedingly plentiful. There are Dr. Reynolds and Albert Reynolds, both about six feet and three inches high; in fact every Reynolds I saw -bordered on the Brog- dingnag in stature, and when we consider their avoirdupois and number, we wonder where the rest of the people get room to live. So now if I get any of your names mixed, just blame it on Reynolds. "The evangelist was seen in the post-office next morning enquiring for mail. ' Smith ?' queried the postmistress. ' Oh, that's a horrible name ! It used to be mine, but I changed it to Reynolds.' Smith wore a sardonic smile as he marched away to the time of a sad tune. REYNOLDS." Early Stores and Indjistries. — Thomas Reynolds kept the first store in 1 844 in his residence. Frederick Farmer and Daniel Dunham are also mentioned as pioneer mer- chants of Reynoldsville. They kept in an old black house, six doors east of where King & Co.'s store was established in later years. They were followed by Washington Rhodes, who in turn gave way to Henry Gordon, and he, again, retired to make way for his son, Charles H. Gordon. Previous to i860 Charles H. Prescott also kept store in Reynoldsville. In i860 John Reynolds, second son of Woodward Reynolds, returned from Kittanning, where he had been engaged in merchandising, and was elected jus- tice of the peace for Windsor township, and in 1869 he introduced the first industry of the new town by erecting a planing-mill and sash and door manu- factory on the corner of Main and First streets. This establishment was after- wards owned by James McGhee and C. R. Hall. In 1871 George Thompson came to Reynoldsville, and a year later en- gaged in the planing-mill, sash, door and furniture manufactory, in conjunc- tion with J. S. Winslovv. This manufactory, which was located on the corner of South and Tenth streets, was afterward operated by Mathew R. Reynolds. One of the most potent reasons adduced by Thomas Reynolds for wanting a town was to induce a physician to locate there, as there was none nearer than Brookville. Those who have practiced the esculapian art will all be found noticed at length in Dr. C. M. Matson's sketch of the medical profession of Jefferson county. In 1 87 1 Dr. R. M. Boylcs and J. Van Reed came from Clarion county, erected a large store building on the corner of Main and Fifth streets, and kept a well-stocked drug store, until the fall of the following year they were burned out. Dr. William H. Reynolds was also engaged in the drug business in 1871. Until 1870-71 Reynoldsville was one straggling street of widely separated houses, extending from. the residence of Thomas Reynolds to the Reynolds WiNSLow Township. 621 House, and the population did not exceed two liundred ; but the surveying of the Bennett's Branch Raih-oad, as it was then called, infused new life into the people, and the well known excellence and extent of the coal fields in and about the town directed the attention of capitalists to the place. As has al- ready been stated, the home farm of Woodward Reynolds was at once laid out into lots and sold by his sons, David and Albert, and at the same time E. C. Shultze, of St. Mary's, Elk county, obtained the agency of the Thomas Rey- nolds lands, and at once proceeded to lay out over twenty streets of town lots, and to the push and energy of Judge Shultze is Reynoldsville greatly indebted for the opening up of the town. He died in 1875, and the lands which he had widely advertised, reverted, with the exception of the lots already sold, to their original owner. Alititicipal Poivcrs. — In 1873 Reynoldsville was incorporated into a borough, and M. M. Miner was appointed chief burgess to fill the office until the ne.xt election. The next burgesses elected, were : J, W. Faust, M. D., F. M. Cole, R. C. Faust, David Hartman, and Albert Reynolds. The rapid growth of the town until 1875, was astonishing, and it put on the airs of a little city ; but the big fire of 1875, followed by another the fol- lowing year, almost crushed the life out of the place and business languished, and it was not until the building of the Soldier's Run railroad, and the open- ing of the mines, that the town " got on its feet again." The mines furnish the principal industry of the town, and William Sharpe, tlie pioneer of this coal region, deserves the praise for the first development of the now famous bitu- minous coal region of Reynoldsville. The Fire Record of the Tozvn. — There has been several scathing fires in Reynoldsville, the greatest conflagration occurring on the 25th of August, 1875, by which twenty-one buildings in the heart of the town were destroyed, involving a loss estimated at almost $100,000, on which there was only $42,- 000 insurance. Tlie principal losers were D. C. Oyster & Co., bankers, $3,000, insurance, $1,500; Burgess & Alexander, $4,000, insurance, $2,550; Reilley's Arcade Block, $7,500, insurance, $4,500; C. H. Butler, $1,000, insurance, $600; E. L. Brown, $1,000, insurance, $500; F. M. Cole, $13,000, insurance, $7,500; A. M. Cotton, $3,000, insurance, $1,500; C. H. Gordon, $3,500, insurance, $1,580; Thompson & Degnan, $5,000, insurance, $2,000; L. P. Seeley, $10,000, insurance, $4,000; M. Winslow, $2,000, insurance, $1,100; Brandon & Reynolds, Herald, $4,000, insurance, $2,500; A. Bogner & Co., $11,000, insurance, $5,700; D. Reynolds, $4,000, insurance, $1,000; H. M. Iseman, $4,000, insurance, $2,500; Thompson & Reynolds, $5,000; John A. Doyle, $3,000, insurance, $2,000; S. B. Ake, $6,000, insurance, $2,400; A. Bogner, $1,000, insurance, $200 ; and a number of other losses ranging from $50 to $800. Another disastrous fire occurred in 1S76, by which all the dwellings on the 75 622 History of Jefferson County. north side of Main street, between Centennial Hall and the residence of Mrs. Amelia Reynolds, were destroyed. In the fall of the same year the planing- mill and sash and door factory of E. Campbell, and the machine-shop of Bar- clay & Crowell, with several dwelling-houses between First and Second streets, were destroyed. The following year the St. Charles hotel was burned down, and the saw-mill of H. S. Belknap, the large tenant house of Dr. R. M. Boyles, on Third street; the residence of W. H. Kneeland, on South, and above Grant, the shoe store and residence of Isaac Winters, on Main street ; the Warmick House in Ohio town, the large flouring mill of T. & S. McCreight, of Prescott- ville, have fallen victims to the devouring element. In the decade ending in 1870, some fifty of the best buildings on Main street were destroyed. War Record, — The war record of Reynoldsville is one of which they can well feel proud. The majority of their boys in blue marched to the front under Captain Tracy, of the One Hundred and Fifth Pensylvania, and subse- quently served under Captains Conser and Reynolds. Of those who laid down their lives for the old flag, were Major John C. Conser, George W. Cross- ley, Benjamin L. Johnson, Joseph F. Green, Irvin R. Long, Philip N. Tapper, Daniel G. Carl, George Howlett, John Kirker, Joseph Rutter, John W. Rea, Hiram P. Sprague, Peter Sharp and John Winkleby. A few enlisted in other organizations, but they will all be found in that part of this work devoted to the war record of Jefferson county. During the war the village was almost deserted. The men and the boys were doing the fighting, while the wives and children and the aged parents they had left behind were waiting in dreary suspense for "news from the war." General Business. — There is one banking house in Reynoldsville, estab- lished about 1874, by F. K. Arnold & Co. It is now owned by Seeiey, Alex- ander & Arnold. W. B. Alexander is the cashier. Charles H. Gordon, general store (double) clothing, dry goods, etc., was started in 1867, by C. H. Gordon & Brother, then C. H. Gordon, until 1875, when a co-partnership was formed by Mr. Gordon, with L. P. Seeiey, as Gor- don & Seeiey. Mr. Seeiey soon retired, and the business has since been con- ducted by C. H. Gordon. McKibbon & Brown, drug store established November, 1874. E. D. Seeiey, dealer in groceries, established May, 1886. Dr. S. Reynolds, drug store, established about 1879. King & Coleman, drug store, established about 1871. H. A. Stoke, drug store, successor to Stoke & McConnell, established in 1882, owned by Mr. Stoke since April i, 1887. J. B. Arnold, dry goods and clothing store, established by Arnold & Alex- ander, owned by J. B. Arnold, since 1884. C. C. Gibson, dry goods and clothing store, established spring of 1882. B. E. Wellendorf, dealer in all kinds of hardware, and house furnishing goods, carpets, etc., established October, 1875. WiNSLOw Township. . 623 N. Hanan, general store, established in 1875, b)' Hanan & Strause. Since 1878, owned by N. Hanan. Joseph Strause, general store, established June, 1879. Guth & McConnell, jewelry store, established in April, 1883. Hamilton & Dennison, dealers in dry goods, groceries, etc., successors to J. C. King & Co.; owned by present firm since March, 1S86. D. McCracken, dealer in groceries, established June, 1867- J. A. Harding, grocery store, started in October, 1878, by Gordon & Hard- ing. Since 1880, owned by J. A. Harding. I. H. London, grocery, flour and feed store, started May, 1881. S. J. Iseman, grocery store, established in 1885. A. G. Milliron, grocery store, started by Jameson & Spears, in 1882, then sold to Jacob Schwem, who in turn disposed of it to A. G. Milliron, in 1885. E. S. Lawrence, grocery store, successor to Degman & McDonald. The business has been run by the present proprietor since 1883. W. S. Sankey, general store and grocery, established December, 1871. Joseph S. Morrow, general merchandise, established April, 1885. E. T. McGraw, boot and shoe store, established September, 1882. S. T. Dougherty, grocery store. This store was removed from Brookville, about 1883, by I. C. Fuller, who run it a short time, when it was purchased by Mr. Dougherty. Frank J. Black, book store, and news depot, established December, 1877. Joseph ZoUner, jr., jewelry store, and dealer in pianos, organs, etc., estab- lished in 1 885. Priester & Brother, dealers- in furniture, established in 1887. M. Cartin, grocery store, established by H. I. Cartin, in 1873. Bell, Lewis & Yates, "company store," established in 1885, E. J. Lofts, manager. Mrs. Mary G. Brown, millinery store, established in 1 88 1. Miss R. McCallin, millinery store, established in 1879. Miss Hattie Cotton, millinery store, established April, 1887. Mary E. Moore, millinery store, established in 1879. Miss Florence Best, millinery and dressmaking, established April, 1887. D. Bolger, merchant tailor, established December, 1879. M. Geisler, merchant tailor, established August, 1884. A. J. Broadhead, undertaking, painting and paper hanging, established in 1885. J. C. Williams, photographer, established in spring of 1880. William Foster, dealer in confectionery, established November, 1886. William Barclay, bakery and confectionery, established in 1883. John Barto, bakery, established April, 1885. Charles Fries, bakery, established May, 1887. 624 History of Jefferson County. J. & H. C. Dible, wagon manufactory, established in 1875. David Hartman, blacksmith and repair shop, established in 1874. Samuel Sutter, blacksmith and general repair shop, established in 1878. Aaron Rodgers, marble works, established in 1875, by Fulton & Rodgers. Rodgers sold his interest to his partner, William Fulton, in 1876, and re-pur- chased it in 1877. T. H. Scott, shoemaker, established February, 1874. William Barclay, saddlery and harness, establisiied in 1884. Felix Weber, saddlery and harness, established in 1886. C. N. Lewis, general insurance agent. H. H. Lewis, planing-mill, established in 1882. William E. Fhilippi, and Burton E. Hoover, dentists. Michael O'Halloran, tailor. Joseph Shaffer, agent Adam's Express Company. H. M. Iseman, agent American Express Company. Elwood DeHaven, cabinet maker. Burns House, built by O. Grey, in 1S55 or 1856, and sold to Thomas Rey- nolds in 1858. It is now owned by Charles Burns. Valentine Smith was the first landlord ; the next was William Ferris, then Thomas Montgomery, William Vandevort, John Rodebaugh, then Charles Burns, who has had charge of it since, with the exception of one year, when it was run by John Uillman, until 1886, when H. L. Kastrop, took charge of the house. The Reynolds House was built in 1850, by Woodward Reynolds, who kept the house until his death in 1861. Then it was managed for a time by his sons. It is now the property of his widow, Mrs. Amelia Reynolds, and has had numerous landlords in the last twenty- five years, among whom were H. S. Belknap and G. W. Stoke. Thomas Evans ib now occupying the property. The Belknap House was built in 1873-74, by H. S. Belknap, who kept the hotel until 1883, when J. H. Clover became the landlord. Schwem House, built in J 879, by Jacob Schwem, who occupied it until 1887, when the property was purchased by Frank A. McConnell, who has refitted and remodeled the house, and is now yi: landlord of the same. A, M. Cotton, billiard parlor, established about 1875. J. C. Dillman, billiard parlor. William Priester, barber, successor to James Gale, established since 1879. William Loding, barber, started in 1886. R. Thomas, barber shop, established in 1887. Thomas Tapper, livery, sale and exchange stable, established in 1873. In April, 1887, Mr. Tapper purchased the livery stable of Homer B. Leech, who had been in the business in Re\noldsville, since 1875, and consolidated it with his own. Thomas Mahone}-, meat market, established about 1873. WiNSLOW Township. 625 Blissell Brothers, meat market, established September, 1885. William VVilie, meat market. Prescottville. In 1853 Charles H. Prescott settled about a mile east of Reynoldsville, where the large flouring mill of R. S. Gathers, was located. Mr. Prescott entered largely in the lumber business, established a store, and gathered quite a number of workmen about him, and from i860 to 1870, Prescottville was the centre of business in Winslow township. R. S. Gathers was also one of the prominent lumbermen of this place, and J. H. Gorbet succeeded Mr. Prescott in the mercantile business. Mr. Prescott was an active member of the Baptist Ghurch, and in 1870, was licensed to preach by the Reynoldsville Ghurch. In 1876, he, in connection with John H. Corbet, built the Centennial Hall in Rey- noldsville, in order to have a suitable place for religious services. The rooms underneath the hall are rented for secular business purposes, and the revenue thus derived, is, after the expenses are deducted, devoted to general missionary work Mr. Prescott removed to Michigan about 1880, and his business interests in Jefferson coimty are now managed by his partner, Mr. Corbet. Prescottville is no longer a busy mart, the only industry of any kind being the large grist- mill now owned by T. & S. McCreight. Dr. W. H. Reynolds's drug store is the only store now in the place. In 1880 the census gives the population of Prescottville as one hundred and thirty. Ohiotown. This is that part of Reynoldsville situated on the west side of Sandy Lick, where the depot and offices of the Low Grade division of the Allegheny Rail- road are situated. It has sprung into life since the building of the railroad, and since the building of the West Penn tannery is quite a busy place. In 1880 the census gave the population of Ohiotown as two hundred and forty- two ; but it has been largely increased since then. There are two graded schools in this suburb, and the Ross and Moore hotels are also located there. General Business. — William Burge, grocery and general merchandise, established about 1878. M. Sloppy, grocery store. William Gibson, grocery, established in 1886. The Ross House, built in 1878 by W. S. Ross, owner and proprietor. In 1883 an additional story was added, making it a three-story building, and in 1885 it was again enlarged, refitted and refurnished. The Moore House, James Moore, owner and proprietor. This house was built by Dr. R. M. Boyles, in 1878, who sold it to Frank Best, .who opened it as the Best House. It was then purchased by A. U. Moore, who changed it to the Moore House. 626 History of Jefferson County. Reynoldsville machine shop, Herpel Brothers proprietors, started July, 1884. The proprietors of this shop are graduates of the Pittsburgh Locomo- tive Works, and make to order and repair mill, tannery and mine work. Jones & Wilson, planing mill. Saw and shingle-niill, built as a shingle-mill bj' H. S. Belknap, about 1S83. It was then destroyed by fire, and rebuilt as a steam saw and shingle-mill. It is now owned and operated by David Wheeler. M. T. McLain, manufacturer of Anchor pick, and general line of miner's tools, established in 1S79. The West Penn Tannery ranks next to the coal mines in importance. It was built in 1 88 1 by P. K. Grim & Son, from the eastern part of the State. They sold the concern to Messrs. Hall ,& Vaughn, of New York, in October, 1882. When they assumed control of it they were working one hundred and seventy-five sides per day, while they are now turning out every day as many as six hundred. Their plant is situated along the Low Grade division of the Allegheny Valley Railroad, on twenty-five acres of land, on which they have bark-mills and sheds with switch tracks running into them. They have room under roof for twelve thousand tons of bark, and they consume annually about twenty thousand tons of this material, five tliousand tons of which is brought to them in wagons, while the remainder is conveyed to them by the Allegheny Valley and the Rochester and Pittsburgli Railroads. The output of the works is sole-leather exclusiveh', known as the "Union Backs," and having ''West Penn " stamped on them. In the process of tanning, both the oak and hemlock bark is used, and the claim made by many of the consumers that it is more serviceable than other similar leather, seems irrefutable. The firm allow noth- ing to go to waste at the tannerv. The grease they get from the fleshings taken from the hides, is made into three thousand pounds of tallow each week, while they separate the white hair from the dark, wash it and sell it to manufacturers of cheap clothing and carpets. The lime, after they are through with it, and the ashes of the burnt bark, which they use for fuel after they take the strength out of it, are sold for fertilizing. Not only is the West Penn Tannery orte of the largest in Pennsylvania, but it is as well a model industry in evevy respect. It is equipped with eveiy device and improvement necessary for the constant promotion of the business, and all of the buildings devoted to it are roofed with slate and iron. These buildings are protected against fire by large force- pumps, buckets and ample hose to reach any part of the premises, which are illuminated throughout by the incandescent system of electric light produced by a plant the firm owns for tiie purpose. Messrs. Hall & Vaughn have never experienced any strike among their workmen, for they paj' them good wages in cash every week and provide many of them with homes at very reasonable rent. The hides, the management work, are all of the Chicago slaughter, and when tanned the bodies are shipped to New York, while the scraps are sent to WiNSLow Township. 627 Boston to manufacturers of cheap stock. The grease is shipped to New York, and the hair, averaging 400,000 pounds per year is shipped to Pittsburgh, Harrisburg and Philadelphia. A. P. Utter, is inside manager, and James Woodring is outside manager. They employ one hundred and twenty men. Elections. — The first election in Reynoldsville after it became a borough, was held October 21, 1873, and resulted in the election of the following per- sons to fill the different town offices : Burgess, M. M. Miner ; justices of the peace, George E. Wisner, William H. Jackson ; town council, J. B. McCracken, Joseph Pence, H. S. Belknap, W. S. Sankey, William K. Reynolds, J. Van Reed; auditors, D. Burgoon, J. L. Test, Albert Reynolds; constable, Samuel Saxton ; high constable, William Heckman ; assessor, B. F. Barris ; assistant assessors, E. DeHaven, William Seeley ; judge of election, William Ferris ; inspectors, H. M. Clark, R. M. Boyles. At the election held February i 5, 1887, the following persons were elected : Justice of the peace, C. J. Kerr; burgess, A. G. Milliron ; constable, Jerry Heckman ; high constable, James Tigue ; collector, Albert Reynolds ; town council, James Spear, D. P. Wormer; school directors, J. W. Foust, H. C. Dei- ble ; assessor, O. F. Smith ; auditors, C. C. Gibson, three years, H. H. Stoke, one year, A. T. Bings, unexpired term ; poor overseer, James Butler, two years, William Ferris, one year, E. T. McGaw, unexpired term ; judge of elec- tion, J. C. Swartz ; inspectors, J. C. Ferris, Harry Cartin. The other justice of the peace for Reynoldsville, is Thomas H. Scott. The other members of the school board are P. F. Bolger, David Wheeler, C. Mitchell and W. B. Al- exander. Taxables and Population. — The number of taxables in Reynoldsville in 1880, were 631 ; in 1886, 729. The population according to census of 1880, was 1,410. Assessments and Valuation. — The triennial assessment for 1886, gives the number of acres of seated land in Reynoldsville as 200, valuation $3,710; av- erage per acre, $18.55 ! number of houses and lots, 661 ; valuation $95,523 ; unseated lots, 170; valuation, $6,755; average, $35.74; number of horses, 125 ; valuation, $8,041 ; average value, $24.33 ! cows, 113 ; valuation, $973 ; average value, $8.61; occupations, 51.10; valuation, $12,777; average value, $25.05. Total valuation subject to county tax, $122,779. Money at interest, $17,501. School Statistics. — The number of schools in Reynoldsville, for the year ending June 7th, were 8; length of term, 6 months; number of male teachers, 4 ; female teachers, 4 ; average salary of male teachers, $40 ; female, %t,o ; number of male scholars, 246; female scholars, 233 ; average attendance, 424; percent, of attendance, 90; cost per month, 54 cents. Thirteen mills were levied for school, and five for building purposes. Total amount of tax levied, $2,407.14. 628 History of Jefferson County. Pancoast. Pancoast is another little village in Winslow township, situated on the Low Grade Railroad, which owed its existence to the opening of the mines of the Reynoldsville and Washington coal companies, and was for several years quite a brisk little mining town, but the collieries are now worked out. In 1880 the census gave the population of Pancoast as 131. Sandy Valley. This is also a little hamlet situated on the same railroad. It has one store and the post-ofifice of Sandy Valley. William Boner manages both. In 1S80 the population of Sandy Valley was TJ. R.\thmel. Rathmel is at the terminus of the Soldier's Run Railroad, and where the upper mines of Bell, Lewis and Yates are situat';d. It is a small place, started about the time of the finishing of the Low Grade Railroad, by John A. Wilson, of Philadelphia, chief engineer of the road, who built a large steam saw-mill there. CHAPTER XLVIII. nLSTORY OF Hf:ATH TOWX.SHIP. THE seventeenth township organized was Heath. It was taken from Bar- nett, in 1847, and was called for Elijah Heath, one of the first settlers of the county, and for many years a prominent citizen of Brookville. It is bounded on the north by Forest county, from which it is divided by the Clarion River, on the east by Polk township and Elk county, on the south by Eldred, Warsaw and Polk, and on the west by Barnett. Geology. — This region being an almost unbroken wilderness, verj- little coal or limestone is found. Wood being in such great abundance, no atten- tion has been paid to the small coal deposits. The most of the uplands being rugged, unbroken wastes, the massive rocks of the Homewood sandstone be- ing the principal features of the geology. In the region of Raught's Mills, huge boulders of these rocks are found, which from their gigantic size, deserve the celebrity they have acquired as curiosities. Early Settlers. — The first settlers in Heath township appear to have been Job Carr, James Aharah and John Wynkoop. Mr. K. L. Blood, of Brookville, says of the early settlement of this region : " My father took me, in the fall Heath Township. 629 of 1833, to what was then Ridgvvay township, now Heath Job Carr lived there, and was running a saw-mill, and was then building a dam across the Clarion River. James Watterson, of Armstrong, now Clarion county, had made a settlement at the mouth of Spring Creek, and built a saw- mill in 1833, and a man named Ransom and Ralph Hill, had built a shanty, and took up- what was then supposed to be vacant land, in the Beech Bottom, now owned by Calvin Rodgers." This mill of Job Carr, which was about one mile above Millstone, was the first mill built in what is now Heath township. Mr. Carr took out and ran to market the first lumber. The first school-house was built at Lathrop's, and the first church was built on the Edeburn farm, about 1883. Lumbering has always been the principal business of the township, Heath being noted for its fine timber, and the majority of those operating in the town- ship have resided elsewhere. One of the principal steam mills was owned by George G. Frazier. This property has recently been sold by Mr. P'razier. The other mills in operation in 1887, are those of L. C. Wynkoop, of Pittsburgh, and William Dickey, of Brookville. Farms. — The rugged wilderness condition of Heath has precluded farming to any great extent, but some good farm land is found especially along Spring Creek, where farms have been opened up, the best of which are those of Sam- uel Wallace, R. S. Winlack, William Kelly, George Frazier and William Cris- pin. The only post-office in Heath township is Dunkle. There is some tim- ber yet to be found in Heath, and deer and bears are found amid its rocky wil- derness, while its streams especially Clear Creek, are noted for excellent speck- led trout. Elections. — The first election was held in Heath township, February 22, 1847, ^"^ resulted in the election of the following persons : ^ Justice of the peace, John Kenning, John Wynkoop, Abram Winsor ; supervisors, Abram Winsor, David Rankin, William Dougherty, John Kenning, D. H. Dimmon ; assessors, Abram Winsor, John Kenning, John G. Cayle ; auditors, Henry Raught, David Rankin, Patrick O'Neil, Abram Winsor, John Wynkoop, George Vasbinder, John G. Cayle ; constable, Robert Aharra ; judge of elec- tion, David Rankin ; inspectors, John Knopsnyder, D. H. Dimmon, John Ken- ning ; school directors, Henry Raught, John Wynkoop, David Rankin, Abram Winsor, D. H. Dimmon, Patrick O'Neil, William Dougherty. At the election held February 15, 1887, the following were elected: Justice of the peace, Naman Kirkland ; constable, Michael Bott ; super- visors, Adam Hidinger and Jacob Hidinger; school directors, Adam Hidinger and R. M. Painter; auditor, Elrod Aharrah ; assessor, R. M. Painter; tax collector, Martin Disque ; treasurer, Thompson Crow; clerk, Mathias Melzer; poor overseer, S. H. Wallace ; judge of election, William Aharrah ; inspect- l This is the election return just as given in the election docket, which does not specify who were elected justice of the peace, supervisor, assessor, or school directors. 76 630 History of Jefferson County. ors, J. B. Haight and T. J. Crow. The other justice of the peace is \\'illiam Kelly. The other members of the school board are John B. Haight, S. H. Wallace, James Aharrah and A. J. Harriger. The number of taxables in Heath township in 1849, were 62 ; in 1856, 56; in 1863, 37; 1870, 78; 1880,65; 1886, 84. The population by census of 1850, was 203 ; 1860,214; 1870,247; 1880,207. The number of acres seated land in Heath, in 1 886, were 5,267 ; valuation, $14,737; average value per acre, $2.79; one saw-mill, valuation, $300; num- ber of acres unseated, 5,287; valuation, $16,107; average value per acre, $3.06; number of horses, 47 ; valuation, $2,170; average value, $46; num- ber of cows, 63; valuation, $778; average value, $1235; occupations, 30; valuation, $920; average, $30.61. Total valuation subject to county tax, $350.12. Money at interest, $1,158. The number of schools in Heath township, for the year ending June 7, 1886, were 4; length of term, 5 months; number of female teachers, 5; average salary of teachers, $20; number of male scholars, 19; female, 19; average attendance, 22; per cent, of attendance, 60; cost per scholar, $2.33 ; mills levied for school purposes, 13. Total amount of tax levied for school purposes, $5,581. CHAPTER XLIX. HISTORY OF lUNGGOLD TOVYXSHIP. RINGGOLD, the eigtheenth township, was organized in 1848, being taken from Porter township. It was named in honor of Major Ringgold, a gal- lant officer of the United States army, who was killed at the battle of Palo Alto, in 1846. The township is bounded on the north by Beaver township, on the east by Rose and Oliver, on the south by Porter, and on the west by Arm- strong county. Topography and Drainage. — Little Sandy Creek flows along its northern jdge, and Pine Run along its southern edge. Both streams occupy deep and -wide valleys. The centre of the township is high, but much broken by small, lateral ravines, one set of which trends north towards the Little Sandy, and the ■other south, to Pine Run. Along the beds of the main valleys, the elevation above tide-water ranges from twelve hundred and fifty to thirteen hundred and fifty feet ; on the uplands the summits occasionally attain an altitude of sixteen hundred feet above the ocean. Geology. — There is coal found in nearly all parts of Ringgold township, the only important beds being the Freeport Upper, and the Kittanning Lower coal. e Ringgold Township. 631 These beds are from three to four feet thick, of good coal, but have been but httle investigated, as there is no demand except for local supply. Limestone of good quality is plentifully found. Mr. W. G. Piatt thus describes it: "The ferriferous limestone is below water level, at A. Enty's, at which place it is well exposed, being quarried for fertilizing purposes. The stratum is about four feet thick, in one compact layer of light grayish color, brittle, of good quality, and fossiliferous, displaying in this respect its characteristic encrinite stems." The Early Settlers. — The first settlers in what is now Ringgold township, were Andrew Shaffer, David Milliron and Vanlear, who settled there in 18 18. Tliey came from Northumberland and Westmoreland counties. They cleared the first land, and made the first improvements. A number of their descend- ants yet reside in the township. Daniel Geist, who is the oldest citizen of Worthville, came to Jefferson county in 1834. He was born in Upper Mahanoy township, Northumberland county, June 17, 1809, and when sixteen years of age learned the millwright trade, at which he worked for several years in his native county, and then came the great cry of " Westward Ho !" and Mr. Geist became engulfed in the tide of emigration that was flowing westward, principally to Illinois, and started on a packet boat on the canal, intending to take the cars at Hollidays- burg, but when he reached that place he found that a train had been wrecked on the Portage Railroad, and several persons killed, so he decided not to go west, but instead came to Jefferson county, having had some knowledge of the " Pine woods country.'.' He purchased two mill-sites, one at New Maysville, in what is now Clarion county, and one where Worthville now is, with a large tract of land in the same vicinity. He spent about a month travelling over all the region of country embraced now in Jefferson and Clarion counties, and then returned to his home in Northumberland county, taking the stage where Strat- tonville now is, on the Susquehanna and Waterford turnpike, and introduced the people of the eastern part of the State to Jefferson county. Mr. Geist returned the next spring and erected a grist-mill at Maysville, and through the influence of his recommendation, within three j-ears time, Ringgold and Porter townships were largely settled by people from the eastern counties, who had not means to take them farther West. Among those who were thus induced to come to Jefferson county was John Martz, who purchased a large tract of land near the village of Ringgold, all of which he still owns. Mr. Geist furnished him his flour until he had cleared a portion of land and was able to raise his own grain. Mr. Martz is still liv- ing, and is the oldest citizen of the township, being eighty- nine 3'ears of age, and is still a healthy, active man. Among others who came to Ringgold with barely means to bring them there, but who now own good farms, and are in easy circumstances, are, Jacob Wagner, John Kiehl, Levi Mottern, Jesse Geist and Samuel Geist. 632 History of Jefferson County. The county was full of wild game, especially wolves, bears, and deer, which naturally attracted hunters, and Mr. Geist relates the followin