^' U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLETIN NO. 116. A. C. TRUE, Director. DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CITT IN 189e> and 1897. BY W. 0. ATWATER, Ph. D., Oljir'' of Ivrjirrliiieni Slut ions, A. P. BRYANT, M. S., AxslstdiU in Xutritinii Jiutsligations. ifBh/'nr WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19 2. SEP Book ^ ^^ -r 1 ^ T y. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICUETURE. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLETIN NO. 116. A. C. TRUE, Director. J' 2-- 6 DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YOUK CITY 189(3 and 1897. W. O. ATWATER, Ph. D., Professor of VhemiMnj, W'cx/ci/dn I'nin rtfilji: < 'liirf af JS'iitvition I iiresligal tail's, (Iffwr iif Exjicriiui'iil Staliaiis, A. P. BRYANT, M. 3., Ai^siMaid in yuli-lLlun Iiircsligatid-iis. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1902. I TX5S ■A ^-2^ OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. A. C. True, Ph. D., Direrlor. E. W. Allen, Ph. D., Assistant Director and Editor of Exprrimnd Station Record. C. F. Langu'okthy, Ph. D., Editor and Expert on Foods (did Animal Production. NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS, MIDDLETOWN, CONN. W. O. At\vater, Ph. D., Chief of Nutrition Investigations. C. D. AVooDs, B. 8., Special Agent at Orono, Me. F. (t. Benedict, Ph. D., Physiological Chemist. R. D. Milner, Ph. B., Editorial Assistant. V K 5rS h' U ^ ^ IJnir.R OF TRANSMITTAL U. S. Dki'artment of Ach [culture, Office of Experiisient Stations, W>/.'^/u'ji^/fo/t, I). C, J>ili/'2, 100'2. Sir: In order to socun* satisfactory dietury standards, it is neces- sary to know the amounts of food actually consumed l)y a considerable number of persons ol" ditt'erent food habits and living under different circumstances as I'ciiards oc('uj)ati()n and enyii'onment. The studies made under the auspices of this I)e])artment have furnished nuich infor- mation regarding- the dietaries of farmers, prt)fessional men, laborers, mechanics, college and university students (botli men and women), persons of limited incomes living in large citi(\s, etc. The studies reported herewith were made with families for the most part in ]X)or circumstances, living in the thickly congested districts of New York City. The statistics regarding the families studied and their food consumption were gathered by Dr. Isabelle Delaney. Almost without exception the families were of the type frequiMitiy receiving help from charitable organizations. In some cases the income was as large as many families live upon in comparative comfort. In other cases the income was very small. The data recorded show that the lack of proper food was frequently due to ignorance in buying and preparing it, or to sonn^ similar cause. Before the condition of families like inany of those studied can be per- manently improved, it is necessary to learn the errors which are com- monly made in their domestic economy. Studies like those reported are a help in this regard. Indeed, the results already obtained haye been made use of by the New York Society for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, which cooperated with this Department in carrying on this investigation. The investigations were made under the immediate direction of the chief of the nutrition investigations. Prof. \V. O. Atwater, of Wes- leyan University. The report is submitted with the recommendation that it be published as Bulletin No. llC. of this Office. A. C. True, Director. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. 3 CONTENTS Page. Introduction ' Dietary stndies in New York City S Details of the studies liere reported •' Dietary study of a jiripnian's family (No. 154) 10 Dietary study of a longshoreman's family (No. 15.'i) 12 Dietary study of a })lumV)er's family (No. 158) 14 Dietary study of a washerwoman's family (No. 15i) ) Ifi Dietary study of a truekman's family (No. 160) 17 Dietary study of a washerwoman's family (No. 161 ) 10 Dietary study of a longshoreman's family (No. 162) 21 Dietary study of a carpenter's family ( No. 166) 22 Dietary study of a carpenter's family ( No. 167 ) 24 Dietary study of a housekeeper's family (No. 168) 25 Dietary study of a caretaker's family ( No. 1 70) 27 Dietary study of a tanner's family ( No. 1 71 ) 29 Dietary study of a foundryman's family ( No. 1 72 ) HO Dietary study of a truckman's family (No. 177) 33 Dietary study of a longshoreman's family (No. 1 78 ) 34 Dietary study of a carpenter's family (No. 180) 36 Dietary study of a sail rigger's family ( No. 183) 38 Dietary study of a day laborer's family (No. 185) 39 Dietary study of a fruit vender's family (No. 186) - 40 Dietary study of a watchman's family (No. 187) 42 Dietary .study of a bookbinder's family (No. 188) 44 Dietary study of a butcher's family (No. 192) 45 Dietary study of a sail rigger's family ( No. 193) 46 Dietary study of a washerwoman's family ( No. 194) 48 Dietary study of a stableman's family ( No. 195 ) 49 Dietary study of a truckman's family ( No. 196) 51 Dietary study of a huckster's family ( No. 197) 52 Dietary study of a longshoreman's family (No. 198) 54 Dietary study of a carpenter's family ( No. 199 ) 56 Dietary study of a painter's family ( No. 200) 57 Dietary study of an exi)ressman's family ( No. 201 ) 59 Dietary study of a waiter's family ( No. 204 ) 61 Dietary study of a landlord's family (No. 205 ) 62 Dietary study of a caretaker' s family ( No. 206 ) 63 Dietary study of a sailor's family (No. 209) 64 Dietary study of a housekeeper's family (No. 210) 66 Summary and discussion 68 Pecuniary economy of food purchased 69 Summary of amounts of nutrients and energy per man per day 73 Conclusion - 77 A 1 tpendix 79 5 DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CITY IN 1896 AND kSg;. INTRODUCTION. The most relial)lo data concei'iiing- the food coiisninption ot people of different nationality, age, sex, and occupation, living under diti'er- ent financial and hygienic conditions, are obtained by means of dietary studies. These have been carried on quite actively in the United States during recent years, to some extent l)y independent investi- gators, but more extensively by individuals and institAitions in differ- ent parts of the country working in cooperation with the ITnited States Department of Agriculture. A num))erof these investigations were made with families with very limited incomes, more particularly those living in the congested districts of some of the larger cities, so that considerable information concerning the normal and usual food consumption of such persons has accunudated. The information thus obtained is of much importance, for besides being of direct value to those interested in imjn-ovingthe conditions of the less favored classes of the community, it forms an indispensaliie part of the general data of an adequate and comprehensive science of nutrition, especially in establishing dietary standai'ds. The present bulletin reports thirty-six studies made under the aus- pices of the Department of Agriculture among peoph^ with very lim- ited means living in the more congested districts of New York City. They are a contiiuiation of })revious studies," which were similar in character to studies carried on about the same time in Pittsburg''' and in Chicago.'" Studies made among Mexican families in New Mexico'' and among negroes in Alabama' and Virginia' show the food con- sumption of people with very limited means l)ut not crowded together in cities. Among other studies made among families of very limited means in « U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations BuL 46. f> U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bnl. 52. cU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 55. S. / U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experinient Stations Biil. 71. this country that might l)e especially mentioned here is an extensive series carried on ])v Miss Amelia Shapleigh, with the aid and super- vision of Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, among poor families in Philadelphia and Chicago," but not yet pul)lished in detail. Some interesting studies were also undertaken in Hartford, Conn,, by Miss Helen M. Hall under the joint auspices of the Hartford School of Sociology and the Storrs (Conn.) Experiment Station.^' Investigations of a similar nature have been carried on in other countries. Among these the recent dietary studies among laboring classes in Edinl)urgh by Drs. Noel, Paton, J. Craufurd Dunlop, and Elsie M. Inglis,' and those of laborers' families in York, England, made by Mr. B. Seebohm Rowntree,'' are of particular interest in this connection, both because of their large intrinsic importance and because they were carried on l)y the same methods as those of the studies here reported and amojig famlUes in much the same circumstances. DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CITY. As already suggested, the ])articular purpose of the iiivestigations reported on the following pages and in the hulh^tin previou.sly men- tioned' was to obtain reliable data concerning the food consumption of the classes of peoph^ living in the crowded districts of New York City. It seemed most advisable to make dietary studies among selected fam- ilies that were believed to 1)e representative of the regions in which t\w\ lived. To make such a selection, how(n(M', and to secure accurate and reiia})le statistics, it was necessary that the work be done by some one who w^as in sympathy with the peoph' and familiar with their daily life. Those who are brought officially and personally into direct con- tact with them and have the opportunity and the means for studying their modes of life it is believed can ))est collate the facts regarding their food, what they buy, how much they pay for it, how they cook jind eat it, and how in an}' or all of these respects improvements can be made. Such favorable conditions were. secured in these investiga- tions ])v the cooperation of the New York Association for the Improve- ment of the Condition of the Poor, one of the oldest and largest benevolent associations in the United States, which had the advantages of large resources, long experience, and close connection with the people in the congested (piarters of the city. The selection of the families to be studied and the collection of the various statistics regard- ing their circumstances and their food consumption devolved upon Dr. Isabelle Delaney, whose long experience in mission work, and « "A study of dietaries." Partial report of Dutton Fellow, College Settlements Association, 1892-9.3. &Conn. (Storrs) Sta. Rpt. 1896, p. 117. cDiet of Laboring Classes in Edinburgh. '^Poverty, a Study of Town Life, p. 222. «U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bnl. 46. 9 especially as the family ph^'sician of a v(M'y laryc nuinhor of ])eo]ilo in the reg-ions referred to. gave her umisiuil opportunities for under- standing the people and their conditions, experiences, and ideas, while her S3'rapathy with them and their contidence in her secured the freest admission to their homes to herself and anyone she brought with her. In addition to those alread}^ reported (see p. 7), studies of thirty- six families were made during 189H and 1897, the details of which jire here given. The families selected represented many nationaliti(\s and occupations. The range in total income per family was from an amount not sufficient to buy the actual necessities of life to an amount equal to that upon which families in other connnunities have been found to live comfortably. In some instances the persons studied were slovenly and thriftless, taking little interest in their homes. Other familie,s, though ignorant, were willing and anxious to learn how to impi'ove their habits of living. DETAILS OF THE STUDIES HERE REPORTED. The studies were carried on, and the tinal results were (calculated, according to methods described in detail in previous bulletins." The data sought included (1) the nsitionality, age, sex, and occupation of the diflerent members of the family and their general physical condi- tion; (2) the income of the family; (;^)) the expenditures for rent and for food; (4) the kind, ({uality, and (juantity of the food consumed; and (5) the number of meals taken by each person present during the study. From these data and the standard tables showing the compo- sition and fuel value of the ditferent food materials used the quantities of nutrients and energy consumed per man per day were computed. It was then possible, upon comparison with the results of similar studies elsewhere and with recognized standards, to judge whether the families studied were properly nourished, and whether they were wise in their selection and purchase of food; also to poi)it out, in many instances, how a more nutritious diet might have been obtained at the same cost, or one equally nutritious for less. The results of the thirty -six dietary studies are given in the follow- ing pages. The text and the tal)les for each study contain all the data from which the cost and quantities of nutrients and energy per man per day have been computed. The tinal tigures represent very nearly, if not exactly, the amounts actually consumed, as, although the waste was not determined, in the majority of cases it was observed to be very small, if indeed there was any at all. The circumstances of most of the families positively prohibited their throwing aw\ay any edible material. No analyses were made in connection with these studies. The com- position of each of the diflerent food materials used was assumed to « U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 4H, and others given in list on cover of ttiis bulletin. 10 be the same as that g-iven in tables of average con.position of food materials." The percentages of nutrients and the fuel values employed for calculating the amounts of nutritive ingredients in these dietaries are given in Table 47 in the Appendix. The numbers in the column headed "Reference number''' in this table are the same as those given in parentheses in connection with the weights and cost of the food materials in the table for each dietarj^ studj% and thus serve to indicate the data used to calculate the quantities of nutrients in the different materials. The fuel values of the nutrients were calculated ]\v the use of the same factors as were employed in previous bulletins. Somewhat smaller factors have been proposed recently/ but the older factors have been here retained in order that these studies may be directly comparable with those previously reported. In several instances in the following pages there is given in the dis- cussion of the dietary a table showing the price per pound of the various food materials purchased, the amounts of protein and energy in i pound, and the total (inantity of each material and of protein and energy that could l)e obtained for 10 cents at the given price per pound, as well as the total amount expended for each food during the period of study. By the figures in such a table it is possible to form an estimate of the pecuniary economy of the diU'erent materials at the prices paid. DIETARY STUDY OF A GRIPMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 154). This study was made with a family consisting of the father, the mother, and one child. The father was a strong, healthy man, Amer- ican born, weighing '2'M) pounds, and was employed as gri])man on a cable car. He was on duty from noon until midnight, and usually took one meal each day away from home. The mother, Italian l)orn, was strong and healthy, and weighed 175 pounds. She was a capable housewife. The boy, 14 years of age, weighed 75 pounds, and was rather delicate. The income of the family was $12 per week, of which '$'4.50 was taken ])v the father to pay for his meals away from home. Thirteen dollars a month rent was paid for three rooms, two well- lighted and one on an air shaft. The family was well dressed and carried considerable insurance, hut saved nothing otherwise. The study began June 1. 1896, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 22 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Boy, 14 years (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 70 Equivalent to one man twenty-three days. "U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 28. ''By the present writers. See Conn. (Storrs) Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 110. 11 Taklk 1. — ]Vc'uj]ih (uid c()i4. Kinds, aiiiouiits, and cost of food for trii days. ANIMAL FOOD. Beof: Sirloin, 2.3S pounds, 42 eents (33); bologna, ().'J5 iiound, 5 cents (1); gelatin, 0.44 i)ound,7 cents iirn. Veal: Clioiis. 4. 9;> pounds, (it) cents (.'S4) I'urk: Ciiops, 4:! pmuids, 4 cents (GO); ham, smoked, .').25 pounds, 03 cents ((id) Poultry: Chicken, 3.37 pounds, 40 cents (83) Fish, etc.: Cod, fresh, 1.U9 pounds, 2.5 cents (90); her- rings, smoked, 1 pound, 10 cents (9(1); oysters, 2.19 pounds, 20<-cuts (101) ! Kkxs, i;.:u piiunds, .S3 cents (11.5) Butter, 2.7.5 pounds, 47 cents (118) Cheese, 1.75 pounds, 2.5 cents (120) Milk, 24.02 pounds, (■)2 cents (124) Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. 2.9 1.7 2.4 3.0 2.0 1.1 Total animal food VEGETABLE FOOD. (Cereals: Rice. 0.50 pound, 4 cents (130); l)reail, 14. ,50 pounds, 04 cents (134); cake, 2.94 pounds, 2.S cents (142) ; macaroni, 2.60 pounds, 15 cents (158) Sugar, (1 pounds, 'A2 cents ( 109) Vegetables: Asjuiragus, 1 pound, 10 cents (174); let- tuce, 4.30 pounds, 22 cents (193); onions, 2.51 pounds, cents (l.9.5i: potatoes, 14.20 pounds, 45 cents (204); radislirs. :i.24 pounds, 13 cents (208); tomatoes, canned, l;;.OI pounds, 51 cents (210) Fruits: Bananas, (i. (.9 pnund, 5 ccuts (22.5): cherries. 0.87poiuid, lOcents (227 ); strawberries, 2.70 pounds, 25 cen ts (239 ) Protein. Total vegetable food Total food 4.S 1.4 Grams. Fat. Gro.ms. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. Calories. 410 165 194 432 153 340 2, 080 1 , 200 484 357 54 4,175 » The numbers in parentheses after each food material in this and succeeding tables refer to corresponding numbers in Table 47, ]). 79. The diet in thi.>^ .study was unusuidly l;iru-e; hut, on the other hand, the father and mother were unusually heavy and the man wa.s at rather hard muscular work. Based on the standard of 1-J5 g-raras of protein and 2,500 calories of energy for a man at moderate work, it would a])pear that the family had more food than they needed. Tak- ing into account, however, their weight and the occin)ation of the father, it is prohahle that they were receiving al)out what would sat- isfy the physiological demands of the body. According to the stati.stics of the study the food cost at)out -1^5.75 per week, or, approximatel3^ half the income. This sum was equiva- lent to 30 cents pei\ man })er day, which, though jierhaps not excessive considering the variety of food materials and the<}uantity of nutrients and energy obtained, \yas nevertheless larger than was necessary. Yet there was evidently careful management, as is shown by the variety in the food obtained at the price paid and also by the fact that there wa.s no waste, " left-over" pieces lieing carefully utilized. The relative economy of the food luaterials })urchased by this familv is illustrated bv the figures in the following tal>le: 12 Table 2. -Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents in eacli, In dietary study No. 154- Kind of food material. Beef, sirloin Veal chops Smoked ham Chicken Fish, fresh (assumed as cod ) . Herring, smoked Oysters Eggs Butter Cheese Milk Bread Cake Macaroni Sugar Green vegetables: Asparagus lettuce, onions, radishes Potatoes Tomatoes, canned Fruits: Bananas, cherries, strawberries Price per pound. Cents. 17.6 12. 2 12.0 11.9 14.8 10.0 9.1 13.1 17.1 14.3 2.6 4.4 9.5 6.0 5.3 4.6 3.2 3.9 In 1 pound. Protein. Pound. 0. 165 .199 . 142 .193 .165 .205 .060 .148 .010 . 2.59 .033 . 092 .063 .134 .022 .012 Fuel value. Calories. 985 825 1,675 1,045 325 750 230 720 3,605 1,950 325 1,215 1,675 1,665 1,860 385 105 Amount bought for 10 cents. Total food. Pounds. 0.57 .82 .83 .84 .68 1.00 1.10 .76 .59 .70 3. s.'S 2. 27 1.05 1.67 1.89 2.17 3.13 2. .55 Protein. Fuel value. Pound. 0.09 .16 .12 .16 .11 .21 .07 .11 .18 .13 .21 .07 .22 Calories. 555 675 1,395 890 215 755 260 .545 2, 105 1,360 1,250 2, 745 1,760 2, 780 3, 485 280 1 , 220 265 Total amount ex- pended during studv. Cents. 42 60 63 40 25 10 20 83 47 26 62 64 28 15 32 51 45 51 40 The prices paid for various food materials were, as a rule, ver\' reasonable. Fresh bread at 4.4 cents a pound was cheap, and, together with macaroni at (5 cents a pound, formed by far the most (Monomical source of both protein and energy in the diet. As compared with the protein and energy obtained for the money expended for bread and macaroni, it is interesting to note the amounts ()])tuin('d in H) cents' worth of gi'een vegetables, canned tomatoes, and fruits. L)uring the time of the .study $1.42 was expended for these latter materials, the amount of nutrients obtained being about the same a . in 1.5 cents' worth of bread. The meats used were the more expensive cuts. Had they bought the cheaper cuts of meat and used less oysters and fewer eggs, the cost of the diet might have been reduced materially. If, in addition, .some of the money expended for canned tomatoes, fresh fruit, and green vegetables had been used to purchase more econom- ical food, the diet might have l)een .still further reduced in cost, and at the .same time have been equally or more nutritious. DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 155). The family in this study was beli(»ved to be typical of a large class living "from hand to mouth," buying food in small quantities as wanted for each meal. The members of the famil}^ were the father, the mothei', the grandmother, and four boys, aged, respectively, 13, 11, S, and 3 years. The father, Irish born, was a longshoreman, weighing 160 pounds, and rather quiet in disposition and stolid. His income varied with the amount of work he could get. During the period of study he was earning about $8 per week. The mother, weighing 130 pounds, 18 was thrifty and hard working. She took care of the halls in the build- in*;- in which the family lived. For this service she was allowed rooms which would prol)al)ly have rented for about $1'S per month; she also did washing and cleaning- when the father was out of work and it was necessary for her to earn money. 'J'he gi-andmother was strong and well and did considerable housework. The boys were small for their age and sickly, and ai)peared to be insufficiently nourished. The oldest was (Mupioyed as errand boy and earned $1.50 a week. The family occupied four very small, dark rooms, in only one of which was a win- dow that would admit miich light or air, the other three opening- upon an air shaft. The dimensions of each of the two l)edroonis were (5 by 7 feet. The study began June 3, 1896, and continued ten days. The num))er of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 30 Two women (60 nicaln X 0.8 meal of man), e(]uivalent to 48 Two boys, lo and 11 years (60 meals X 0.(>"meal of man), eijuiva- lent to o6 One l)oy, 8 years (80 meals X OJ^ meal of man), equivalent to 15 One boy, 3 years (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 Visitor 2 Total num)>er of meals taken e(]uivalent to : 143 Equivalent to one man forty-ei.irht days. Table 3. — Weights (oul cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 155. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL KOOD. Beef: Steak, ohiick, T; pounds, 48 cents (27); sotip, fore shank, 1.51 pounds, 9 cents (23); corned bris- ket, "J.r> pounds, tiO cents (4); tripe, .'i.88 pounds, 30 cents (:;s ) ; suet. 0.38 pound (37) Cents. 3.1 1 S Grams. 33 13 drama. 31 :>o 1 30 9 Grams. Calories. 424 I'ork: Ham, lioiled, O..SS pound, 21 cents (64); spare- rib, roast, .'1.02 pounds, 53 cents(81); pig's head, 2.06 pounds, 10 cents (70); lard, 0.50 pound, 6 cents (69) . Fish- Cod fresh 6 5 pounds 28 cents (89) 332 .6 1 7 .2 1 1.5 1.2 1 7 29 13 279 Milk, 23.62 pounds, 56 cents (124) li' 158 Total animal food . 8.4 61 101 11 1.235 vi;getable food. Cereals: Broad, 7.5 pounds, 39 cents (131); bread. 1.4 .8 1.8 24 3 1-24 62 60 634 Sugar- 6.5 pounds, 39 cents (169) 254 Vegetables: Beans, string, 2 pounds, 7 cents (177); cabbage. 4.82 pounds. 10 cents (179); cucumbers, 0.87 pound, 5 cents (186); onions, 1.19 pounds. 3 cents (195); potatoes. 31.18 po\tnds, 55 cents (204); 9 1 292 4.0 33 4 246 ! 1,180 Total food 12.4 94 105 257 2,415 «This factor was used instead of the more common one because the boys were small for their ages. 14 The expenditures for food in this dietary were on the Avhole well made. In spite of the fact that food was purchased in small amounts, and that there was an unnecessar}' though pleasing variety of yege- tables, the cost per man })er da}^ was but 12.4 cents. The ration was, however, deficient in protein and especially lacking in energy. Had half the li?> cents expended for fresh vegetal)les, other than potatoes, been expended for dried beans, and the 39 cents used to purchase fresh bread been spent for "stale" bread (that is, liread a day old but not so old as to l)e unpalatable or unwholesome) at the i)rice paid for the latter, the ration per man per day would have been increased by 25 grams of protein and 510 calories of energ3^ While this would have reduced the variety in the diet to some extent it woidd have pei-haps improved the general condition of the children, who seemed insuffi- ciently nourished. DIETARY STUDY OF A PLUMBER'S FAMILY (NO. 158). This family consisted of the father, an American, 28 years old, weighing 110 pounds; the mother, 2H years old, weighing 125 pounds; and two daughters, respiH-tively 1 and 2 years old and rather small for their age. The grandfather, aged 74 years, weighing 150 pounds; a great uncle, 75 years old, weighing IHO pounds; and an uncle, 28 years, weighing 135 pounds, also li\ed with them. The father, a steamfitter's helper, was a strong, healthy man, ))ut was idle at the time and did not seem anxious to woik. His wife was thrifty and neat and a good manager. She and the two children appeared to be poorly nourished. The grandfather was in good health but without ambition. The great uncle earned his pocket money but contributed nothing to his support. The uncle, who was a plumber, paid $5 a week for support of himself and the great uncle. He took his din- ners away from home. The family occupied three rear rooms, for which they paid $S.5(» a month rent. One room was lighted from the rear yard, the other two opened on a hall and an air shaft. Two beds and a lounge served as sleeping quarters for the seven people. They lived in the easiest manner possible, set no table, bought their food by the meal, cooked it in the simplest manner, sat out of doors until late at night, and slept late in the morning. The food purchased was of poor quality, the milk being especially so. The study began July 21, 1896, and continued ten days. The luunber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Men (four) Ill "Woman (29 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 23 Two children, 4 and 2 years (60 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equiva- lent to 24 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 158 Equivalent to one man fifty-three days. 15 Table 4. — Weiglitx and cost of food and niitnnds hi. diiinri/ Mudij Xo. 158. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Brisket, eorned, 6.31 pounds, 39 cents (4); steak, chuck, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (27); steak, round, 2 pounds, 22 cents (29); tripe, 1 pound, 6 cents (39). Mutton: Shoulder, 1.75 pounds, Scents (60) ■ hreast SO pound, 8 cents (-10) Cnil)'. 1.9 1.5 (iram.<. 21 s 1 4 Ornins. 26 GraviK. Valorifs. 291 Pork: Chops, O.SQ pound, 10 cent.s (60); shoulder, smoked, 5.25 pounds, 43 cents (79) ; bacon, 2 pounds, 2"' cents (59)" lard 13 pound 2 cents (69) 275 Fish: Clams, 1 pound, 10 cents (85) Eggs 3 34 pounds 40 cents (114) ' .2 .1 1 8 3 20 6 45 1.0 .9 1S6 Milk, 16.92 pounds, 47 cents (124) 5 7 1U5 6.2 39 77 s 910 VEGETABt^E FOOD. Cereals: Bread, 20.56 pounds, 54 cents (1:38); cake, 1 1.2 .9 20 3 100 66 39 .520 270 Vegetables: Calil^aKC, 3.69 pounds, 9 cents (179); corn, 2.25 pounds, s cents (1X4): unions,!. 07 pounds, 4 cents (195); potatoes, 19.43 pounds, ;32 cents (204); tomatoes, fresh, 5 pounds, 10 cents (215); tomatoes. 1.3 5 1 190 Total vegetable food 3.4 25 4 205 980 Total food 9.6 64 81 213 1,890 The amounts of protein and energy per man per day in this dietary were but little more than half of what is called for by the ordinary standard for a man at moderate work. Although the father was out of work at the time, and therefore required less food than if he had been actively employed, and two of the other men in the family did no work, still if the results g-iven represent the average food consump- tion of the family it is not surprising that some of them appeared to be undernourished. Considerable improvement in the nutritive value of the diet could have been made by diminishing the amounts of some of the foods selected and the substitution of others not used at all. For instance, animal foods were purchased in larger amounts and greater variety than was necessary, over three-fifths of the total expenditure having been for such materials, while but about one-eighth was for the cereals, which constitute the most economical source of nutriment ordinarily obtain- able. They used no legumes, and no oatmeal, wheat, or other cereal foods, except bread and cake. The cabbage, corn, onions, and toma- toes cost more than the potatoes used, though they furnished less than half as much protein, and but little more than quarter the energy obtained in the potatoes. Had half of the $2.15 expended for meat, fish, and eggs been expended for bread, corn meal, oatmeal, dried beans and peas, and the like, the quantity of nutrients in the diet would have been greatly increased, while the co.st would have remained the same. With proper cooking, the diet thus modified would doubt- less have been no less attractive than the usual fare. DIETARY STUDY OF A WASHERWOMAN'S FAMILY NO. 159). The members of the famih' here studied were the mother, 38 years of age, and six children — four girls, aged respectively 17, 1-i, 5, and 3 years, and two bo3^s, aged respectively 10 and 7 years. The weights of all except the two younger girls were respectively 130, 140, 125, 85, and 05 pounds. The mother, English born, was refined and intel- ligent, her first husl)and having been a clergyman; her second mar- riage, however, had been unfortunate. The members of the family were not strong and found it difficult to obtain sufficient food for proper nourishment. The mother endeavored to support the family by washing and by house cleaning. A daughter, not living at home, contributed $5 a month toward the rent. A sailor, 19 j^ears old, weigh- ing 150 })()unds, boarded with the family during three days of the study, paying $2.15. Provisions were bought for cash by the meal at small markets. There was no visible waste and but very little refuse. The family occupi(>d three well-lighted rooms for which they paid f>10 a month. The rent was low for the localit}', owing to the fact that the building was notorious for crimes that had been committed in it, and the rooms were not in demand. The stud}' began July 21, 1890, and continued ten days. Three of the children went to the country before the close of the study. The numl)er of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Two girls, 17 and 14 years old (19 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equiva- lent to - 13 Boy, 10 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 Boy, 7 years old (28 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 14 Two girls, 5 and 3 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), e(|uiva- lent to 12 Boarder 7 Visit(»r 2 Total number of meals taken ('(|ulvalent to 90 Equivalent to one man tliirty da\.'^. 17 Tablk 5. — \Vrights avd cosl of faod ami iiiitriciils in (lictitvii stiuli/ iVo. 159. Kiniis, iiiriouiits. mikI cost iif food for Icii (lay> ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Liver, 2 pounds, 14 cents (18); sausage, bolo- gna, 0.25 pound, 5 cents (1); shank, fore, 3 pounds, 20 cents (23): steak, round, 2 pound.s, 24 cents (29); steak, skirt, 2 pounds, 14 cents (3.')); steak, sirloin, 1 pound, 12 cents (33) Pork: Bacon, 1 pound', 12 cents (59); chops, 2.5 pounds, 20 cents (61 ) P'ish: Fresh mackerel, 3pounds,15eents(97); canned .salmon, 2 i>ounds. 10 cents (104) Eggs, 0.:!2 pound, ■) cents (114) Butter, 1 pound, 20 cents (118) Milk, ll.s;', pounds, ;3r) cents (124) Milk, condensed, 2.5 pound.s, 22 cents ( 125) Total animal food VEOKTABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 1 pound, 5 cents (131): oatmeal, 3.51 pounds, 8 cents (128); bread, rye, fi pounds, 17 cents (13ti): bread, wheat, 17.15 pounds, 86 cents (138); soda biscuit, 2.5 pounds, 25 cents (i;'.9); cakes, 1 pound, 10 cents (142); crackers, 6 ]iounds, 26 cents (1-53): apple pie, 0.25 pound, 10 cents (160). Sugar, 4 jiouuds, 22 cents (169) Vcgctaliles: Canned corn, 2 pounds, 9 cents (185); onions, 1 pound, 4 cents (195); potatoes, 7.9 pounds, 15 cents (204): radi.shes, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (209); tomatoes, 3 pounds, 6 cents (215); canned toma- toes, 4 pounds, 12 cents (216) Fruit: Apples, 2 pounds, 7 cents (221); currants, 2 pounds, 7 cents (228); pears, 2 pounds, 10 cents (236) i Cost,_nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. cost. I Protein. Fat. ^arbohy- ^Fnel_ Cfiits. dm 111 K. 3. 1.1 1.8 11 1 1.6 .8 Total vegetable food Total food Calories. 270 200 80 15 120 125 125 329 61 1,835 2.50 165 50 434 2, 300 3, 235 The rcf?ults of thi.'^ study nitiy hv tak(Mi as a typical illustration of the fact that :i varied and nutritious diet c:ui be ol)tained at a compara- tively small cost. The ({uantities of protein and energy per man per day in the ration were not greatly ])elow the standard, and, considering the co.st of the food, 16.3 cents, perha})s the ration could not be much improved upon. There was a considerable variety of animal food, the greatest expenditure for any one item being for canned salmon, which, it is interesting to note, furnished less nutriment than was obtained in the fore shank of beef for half tis much money. Cereal foods were purchased in considei'al)le variety and ([uantity. There was also a variety in the vegetal)les and fruits, though no sort was used in large amounts. By reducing the variety of vegetables and fruits the cost of the i-ation could lia\(^ been still further reduced without materially diminishing its nutritive value. If sufficient care were taken in cooking, the less expensive diet could be made about as attractive as that costing more. DIETARY STUDY OF A TRUCKMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 160). This study was carried on in ti family somewhat above the average in intelligence and thrift for the vicinit}. It included the father, Amer- 27147— No. 110-02 2 18 ican born, of Scotch-Irish descent, 29 years old; the mother, 24 years old, and three children — a bo}' of 5, a girl of 3. and an infant of 1^^ years of age, all of whom were in good health. They weighed 165, 138, 45, and 35 pounds, respectively, the weight of the infant not being ascertained. The father, a truckman, earned $14 a week. The family dressed neatly, and made a good appearance. They occupied two large, well-lighted rooms, for which $10 a month rent was paid. The rooms were furnished very simply, ])ut were kept very neat and clean. Food was purchased for cash at the large or small markets, according to the nature of the material. Ice was used, and food was well cared for. There was practically no waste. The woman was thrifty, and though not an expert cook, was bright, and eager to learn how to improve the character of the diet. She had already profited much from lessons in domestic management given by one of the prominent local charitable organizations. The study began October 2<>, isiMi, and continued ten da3'S. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals, Man 26 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Two children, 5 and 3 years old (46 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equiv- alent to 18 _ Infant, 1^ years old, equivalent to 9 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 77 Equivalent to one man twenty-six days. Table 6.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 160. Kimls, amounts, and cust nf foori fur ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. A.MMAI. FOOD. Beef: Round steak, 3 pounds, 48 cents (29): fore shank, 4 pounds, 28 eents (23); plate, corned, 3.2.') pounds, 20 cents (7). Mutton: Leg, 4.26 pounds, 9ti Ceidi. 7.9 . 7 1.3 2.0 .5 .9 (irnniK. 42 6 1 3 5 Grams. 49 11 6 46 4 5 Grams. Calories. 628 Pork: Sparerib 2.08 potinds, 17 cents (81) 127 Fish: Mackerel, .salt, 1.63 pounds, 17 cents (99); .sal- mon canned 0.50 pound 18 cents (105) 84 Butter, 3.13 pounds, 52 cents (118) 432 Milk, 6 pounds, 12 cents (124) 5 81 70 Milk, condensed, 3.25 pounds, 23 cents (125) 194 Total animal food 18.3 1 64 121 36 1,535 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Oatmeal, 1.75 pounds, 8 cents (129); maca- roni, 1 pound, 10 cents (158); bread, 10 pounds, 50 cents (134); biscuit, 2.25 pounds, 10 cents (139); buns, 7 pounds, 29 cents (140); cake, coffee, 2 pounds, 20 cents (143) 4.9 .6 2.8 .3 39 21 234 44 71 12 1,316 Sugar, 2.5 pounds, 15 cents (169) 181 Vegetables: Cabbage, 8 pounds, 12 cents (179); onions, 0.56 pound, 2 cents (195); peas, dry, 2 pounds, 6 cents (200); potatoes, 10.69 pounds, 24 cents (204); corn, canned, 1 pound, 10 cents (185); peas, canned, 1 pound, 10 cents (199); tomatoes, canned, 2 pounds, 9 cents (216) 17 2 1 380 Fruit: Jelly, currant, 1 pound, 10 cents (232) 59 Total vegetable food 8.6 21.9 56 24 361 1,935 Total food 120 145 397 3,470 19 The re.sults of thi.s (lietary study indiciitr that the I'aniily wei'o obtain- ing about the normal <[uantity of protein and (mkm'u-v in their daily food. The cost of the ration — 22 cents ])(M- man jx-r day — was not exces- sive, although it might easily have been rc(hiccd. TIh^ ex{)enditure of 9ut iitth" more than half the protein and nmch less than half the fat that was ol)tained for a similar amount expended for cheap cuts of beef. Cei'eal products were used in considerabl(> Aariety. 'I'he price of the bread — ."> cents per pound — was higher than that paid by a number of the families studied. If food had been ))ought in larger <_juantities, and a portion of the money expeiKh^d for meat had been used to incr(>a^e th(> ((uantity of cereals, the mitritive value of tiie I'ation wouhl iiave })een increased with little or no diminution of its \ariety and pahitability. The variety of vege- tables might ])ei'haps also have been reduced and only the more econ- omical kinds ])urchased without decreasing apprecial)ly the pahitability of the ration. DIETARY STUDY OF A WASHERWOMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 161). This study was carried on with the same family as in study Ko. 1.59, after the return of the children from an outing in the country. The income during the study was $5. The study began August 6, ISiHJ, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Woman (30 jueals X 0.8 meal of man ), e^. (rvnint 3.4 1.0 1.4 .3 6.1 59 101 145 284 80 Fuel value. 1,599 328 173 15 2, 115 This study shows, as did the earlier one with the same family, unusu- ally careful management of the household expenses. The vaiMety of the food was consideral)le. and the (|uantity of nutrients obtained j)er man per day as large as has hccn found in many studies of farmers, mechanics, and other workingnicn in the Tnited States, thoiio-h the cost was less than 15 cents per day. This is an instance of what can be done by careful management. The following table, showing the amounts t)f protein and energy purchased for 10 cents in some of the more important food materials used by this family, illu.strates the relative economy of their purchases: Table 8. — ( 'o,s< of food materials per pound, and amoiuds of nutrients and energy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 161. Priceper pound. In 1 pound. Amounts bought for 10 cents. Total Kind ot food material. Protein. Fuel value. Total food. Protein. Fuel value. ex- pended during study. Beef; Flank Cen,ts. 8.0 .5.6 20.0 13.7 18.5 11.2 7.0 20.0 6.0 18.6 2.7 7.3 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.3 4.7 5.0 20.0 5.5 2.4 2.0 1 5.3 Pound. 0.170 .128 .263 .187 .160 .166 .019 .218 .237 .010 .033 .088 .161 .109 .090 .093 .098 .005 .005 Calories. 1,115 545 1,280 1,540 1,695 1,580 3,670 915 950 3,605 325 1, 520 1,860 1,215 1,180 1,730 1, 925 1,675 1,270 1,860 PouTids. 1.25 1.79 ..50 .73 ..54 .90 1.43 .50 1.67 .54 3.70 1.37 4.35 3.85 3.33 3.00 2.14 2.00 ..50 1.82 4.17 .5.00 1.88 Pound. 0.21 .22 .14 .14 .09 .15 .03 .11 .39 Calories. 1,460 975 560 1,120 915 1,410 5,250 4.50 1,580 1,935 1,180 2,090 8,135 4,820 3,940 5, 185 4,130 3,365 640 3,380 575 1, 975 495 Cents. 12 14 20 18 Do 15 Pork: Chops, edible portion Salt 25 28 10 9 Butter 51 Milk .12 .12 .70 .42 .30 .28 .21 .13 .02 51 Milk, condensed Oatmeal Bread : Wheat 31 8 52 Rye Biscuits, soda ( 'rackers, soda 12 20 14 5 Pie, apple Sugar Green vegetables: String beans, cabbage, onions, and 5 33 .06 .11 .02 17 Potatoes Fruit: Bananas, currants, muskmelons .022 385 22 13 21 The canned corned Imm^" at "JO ccMits a poinul was very hio^h priced, and the lanih chops at 18^ cents, thou<^'h more economical than the corned lieef, were also high. The most economical food material was oatmeal, which was purchased at 2.3 cents per pound, while stale bread at 2.6 cents per pound was also very economical and was purchased in considerable amounts. The amount spent for green vegetables and fruit was perhaps no larger than health demanded. It is interesting to compare the <[uantities of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents bv this family with corresponding amounts in dietary study No. 154: (p. 10). DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 162). The family consisted of the husband, a German, 33 years old, weigh- ing 155 pounds; the mother, a Scotch woman, 35 years old, weighing 130 pounds; two sons of the latter, one 1!) years old, weighing 125 pounds, the other 12 years of age, and a woman boarder 18 years old. The weights of the younger son and the ))oarder were not ascertained. The income of the family was larger than most of those studied. The father earned from |18 to >^25 a week at his work as longshoreman, and the mother alnjut $5 a week selling papers. The older son was apprenticed to a printer and earned $3 a week. The boarder was out of work at the time of the study and was seeking employment, mean- while hov board remained in arrears. The family occupied three rooms, })aying $8.50 a month I'cnt. They dressed well and had a con- siderable sum of money laid by. AI)out the only form of recreation in the warm weather was an occasional day at some seaside i-esort. Food was purchased in small (juantities, although ice was used continually. The study began August <>, iSlH), and continued ten da3's. The numbci- of meals taken was as follow^s: Meals. Two iiicn 60 Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man), e(iuivalent to 48 Boy, 12 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 Total numljer of meals taken equivalent to 126 K(juivalent to one man forty-two tlays. 22 Table 9. — Weights and cost of food . Cereals: Bread, 25.87 pounds, 97 cents (1:54); cake, coffee, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (14;!) Sugar, 4 [)Ounds, 18 cents (109) Vegetables: Cabbage, 10 pounds, 18 cents (179); po- tatoes, 24 pounds, 40 cents (204); tomatoes, 6.50 pounds, 14 cents (215); turnips, 2.37 pounds, 5 cents (218) O'nts. 3.0 1.7 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.0 (") .5 .6 11.9 2.6 .4 1.8 Total vegetable food Total food 4.8 Grams. 23 8 9 8 1 («) 35 95 1 Carbohy- Fuel drates. value. drams. \ Gi'ams. 17 21 I (") («) 253 228 (") 348 76 70 110 159 43 1,220 S09 176 1,260 2,480 a.\monnts too .small to affect results. The (iiuintity of mitriiMits and (Miero-y per man per day o])tained by this family seem.s small in view of tiie fairly .severe work of the father. The income was laroc enoug-h to warrant a more li))eral diet, and there was no apparent reason why the family should not he well nourisiied, 80 it may be tiiat the diet was sutiieient for their needs. The cost was moderate, especially considering- the relatively lai'ge proportion of protein as compared with the energy. Had the amount expended for cereal food )>een doulded and expended as judiciously as in tlu^ previ- ous dietary study, the quantity of protein per man ])er day could have been increased to about 135 grams and the energy to o,65<» calories, although the total cost would have b«>en but 11>.3 cents. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER'S FAMILY (NO. 166). This study was with the same family as that in dietary study No. 'SI, the details of which have been published in a former report." Thev were at this time in rather better circumstances than at the time the first study was made. The members of the family were all Cxerman born, and comprised the father 47 and the mother 37 years of age, and three children — a boy of 18, a girl of 14, and a boy of 11 years. All aU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 46. 23 were apparently in excellent health, and weighed, respectively, 157, li>2, 150, 148, and 88 pounds. The father was a carpenter and earned $10 a week when h(^ had steady work. The mother acted as house- keeper or janitor in tlic building- in which they lived and received in payment for her services th(> rent of four rooms, worth about $12 a month. The older son was employed by an electrician and earned $7 a week; he spent 15 cents a day for his lunch. The daughter earned $3 a week as salesgirl; the younger boy went to school. The food purchased was of good quality and there was no avoidable waste. The study began September 3, 1896, and (x^ntinued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meal.s. Two inen« 55 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 ineal 1); rolls, Vienna, 1 pound, Scents (165); d(.iughnuts, 6 pounds, 30 cents (157).. 3.3 1.0 3.0 .2 36 18 232 81 104 4 1,267 332 Vegetables: Beans, 2 poinids, lOcents (175); cabbage, 5 pounds, 7 cents ( 179i; corn, 1.50 pounds, 5 cents, (1S4); onions,] i>ound,3 cents (195); potatoes, 35.69 pounds, 15 cents (201); salad, 3 pounds, 7 cents (211); sauerkraut, 2 i>o\nids, 12 cents (212); soup greens, 1.94 pounds, 15 cents (1S9); tomatoes, 6 pounds, 11 cents (21S) l.S 2 519 17 7.5 20.7 54 ' 20 421 2, 135 Total food 126 135 452 3,625 "As the meal taken away from home by the young man was only a lunch, it was assumed that he was absent from home for only 5 meals, rather than 10, and would eat at the other meals at home suthcient to make up the difference. 24 Th(^ results obtained in this study indicate that the family was receiv- ing ample nourishment, perhaps a little more than was absolutel}^ nec- essary; the cost, however, was not excessive. In the previous study of this same family they consumed 14.S grams of protein and 3,825 calories of energy i)er man per day, quantities considerably in excess of those here found. The cost of the diet in the previous study was 23 cents per man per day as compared with 20.7 in this. In the dis- cussion of the earlier study it was pointed out that a reduction in the food might easily have been made, and that such a change would prob- ably not be a disadvantage. A still further reduction in cost might have been made in the present dietary, while still keeping its nutritive value equally high, by a wiser selection of vegetables. One of the highest priced of the articles of animal food purchased was sirloin steakj but the 15 cents thus expended furnished very much more nutriment than was ()})tained for the same sum expended for soup greens. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER'S FAMILY (NO. 167). The family consisted of the father, (Tcrman ])orn, 47 years of age; the mother, also (ierman, :>-2 years of age; and four sons, aged respec- tive] v 20. 11>, 15, and 7 years. The weights of the members of the family were respectively 220. iso, 120, 110, 75, and 47 pounds. The father was a carpenter and usually had steady work. At the time of the study he was recovering fi'om an illness, and received $6 a week from a ])enelit organization. Th(> oldest son was a janitor in a club- house, the second son was a glasswoikcr ; neither earned large wages, yet each paid $4 a week board. Thest^ two boj^s got their lunches each woi-king day away from home. Sinc»> these were only light meals, it has been assumed that each on(> was present at 25 full meals during the study. The third son w;is Icai'ning the printer's trade; he paid 12.75 a week toward his support. The mother was well trained in household management. The ta))lc was neat and inviting, the food well prepared, and there was little or no waste. The rent of the four well-lighted rooms occupied was ^0 per month. The rooms were comfortaljly furnished, and the family dressed better than was to be expected from their income. The study began September 2, 1896, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Three men "f Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Boy, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Boy, 7 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man ), equivalent to 15 Total number of meals taken eciuivalent to 143 Equivalent to one man forty-eight daj's. 25 Table 11. — Weights and cost of fnod mid viUricnt>i in dielnnj sfi(di/ No. 167. Kinds, amo\nits, ami crjst of food fur ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man jier (lay. Cost. 1 Protein. 1 Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL KOOI). Beef: Round steak, 3 pounds, 10 cents (29); .^teak, chopped, 3 pounds, 30 cents (31); loin, 2.50 pounds, 20 cents (34); shoulder, corned, edible portion, 4.50 pounds, 40 cents (5); suet, 0.12 pound (37). Veal: Leg, 4 pounds. 36 cents (50) Cents. 3. 5 .0 Grani)'. 34 4 (iramif. 28 16 1 12 2 Graiii.t. Cnlorirs. 400 Pork: Shoulder, smoked, 3.25 pounds, 23 cents (79): 165 Fish: Cod, dry, 0.S« pound, 7 cents (91); mackerel, fresh 3 pounds, 16 cents (98) 30 1.5 7 85 110 40 Butter 1.50 pounds, 33 cents (118) . . 7 Milk, 0.12 pounds, 15 cents (124) ■> 3 Milk, condensed, 3 pounds, 27 cents (125) .5 1 3 15 95 7.6 55 67 18 925 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 1.50 pounds, 5 cents (131); farina, 1 pound, 4 cents (127); bread, 4.50 pounds, 19 cents (134); bread, rye, 5.44 pounds, 25 cents (136); sugar buns, 7.13 pounds, 35 cents (140); sweet buns, 7.75 pounds, 35 cents ( 141 ) ; rolls, 0.75 pound, 5 cents (166) . 2. 7 .6 l.S 23 10 145 47 81 5 782 193 Vegetables: CahViage. l.i:: pounds, 5cents (179); corn, green, O.^iOiiouiui, 5 cents ( 1S4); greens, 0.19 pound, 1 cent ( l.ss ) ; onions, ] .19 pounds, 3 cents (195) ; pota- toes, 40.49 pounds, 51 cents (204); tomatoes. 17 11 1 385 Fruit: Bananas, 0.17 pound, 2cents (225); grapes, 3..')0 pounds, 10 cents (230) 20 Total vegetable food 5.3 34 11 278 1,380 12.9 89 78 296 2, 305 The cost of food per man per day in this study wa.s very small, amounting to ])ut 13 cents. On the other hand, the ration was scanty, even taking* into account the fact that the father was recovering from sickness at the tinu^ and doubtless ate considerably less food than when at active work. One of the most expensive purchases as regards the nutritive return was tomatoes. Twenty-two cents expended for this vegetable furnished about three-quai-ters of the protein and energy obtained for 5 cents in wheat Hour. Nevertheless, evidence of careful management is marked throughout the study. Meats were purchased in large amounts and considerable xariety, but the cost was moderate. It must be remem])ered, however, that, generally speaking, the meats are a much more expensivt* source of nourishment than the cereals. The variety and ({uantity of cereals used was large. The quantity of nutrients might easily have been considerably increased, with but little or no increase in the cost of the diet. In* the purchase of more cereals and less meat. DIETARY STUDY OF A HOUSEKEEPER'S FAMILY (NO. 168). This family consisted of the mother, 55 years of age, weighing* 130 pounds; her three daughters, one 22, one 20, and the other 1-1 3^ears old, and weighing 140, 130, and 98 pounds, respectively, and one son, ITyears of age, weighing 120 pounds. The mother and three oldest children 26 were born in Ireland. All were in excellent health and all were wage- earners. The rent of the rooms occupied was $15 a month. Of this the mother paid $9 a month by her work as housekeeper or janitor. One room was let for fl..5() a week. The total income from the chil- dren amounted to $20 a week, which was all turned into the family treasury. Each one carried a lunch from home and spent 5 cents daily for tea or coffee. The home was kept neat and clean and the table was attractive. The family dressed well and appeared to be in good cir- cumstances. No member of the family was familiar with cooking, and all of the pastr}' was purchased of a baker; the girls, however, were anxious to learn how to cook. The study began September 20, l8lHi. and continued ten days, number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Three women (90 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 72 Boy, 17 yeara old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), eijuivalent to 24 Girl, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man) , equivalent to 21 Woman visitor (4 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 3 Man visitor -1 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 124 Equivalent to one man forty-one days. Table 12. — Weight.^ and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 168. The Cost, nutrients, and fuel val per day. ue of food per nmn Kiiitl.s, amoiiiits, and cost of food for ten days. Cost. Protein. Pat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOG 11. Beef: Steak, chuck, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (271 ; steak, sirloin, 3.50 pounds, 56 cents (33); corned rump, 6 pounds, 60 cents (10); stew meat, 2 pounds, 13 cents (23). Mutton: Chops, 3 pounds, 36 cents (46); chops, 2 pounds, 24 cents (44); leg, 8.50 pounds, 81 10 (47) Cads. 3.7 .6 2. (■) 1.5 Grama. 47 20 6 3 1 6 Granif!. 55 63 Grams. Calories. 704 Pork: Ham, smoked, 9 pouids, $1.20 (65); bacon. 668 24 42 8 30 394 Milk 17 07 po\inds 63 cents (124) 10 140 16.8 83 170 10 1,960 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Biscuit. 6.94 pounds, 35 cents (139): bread, 10.78 poiuids, 48 cents (134); coffee cake, 7.81 pounds, 60 cents (144); corn cake, 2.19 pounds, 10 cents (15W); currant loaf, 1.25 pounds, 10 cent.s (147); doughnuts, 3.50 pounds, 15 cents (157); jelly cake, 0.49 pound, 10 cents 1146); rolls, milk, 1 pound, 5 cents (163); rolls, water, 6.69 pounds, 35 cents (166); sweet cake, 0.75 pound, 10 cents (148).. Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, 9.99 pounds, 48 cents (169)- cocoa 50 pound 20 cents (171) ,5.6 1.6 1.9 .8 39 1 1 33 1 1 1 245 113 57 25 1,471 476 Vegetables: Cabbage, 4 pounds, 10 cents (179) ; corn, canned, 1 pound, 6 cents (185); potatoes, 23.94 pounds, 30 cents (204); tomatoes, 1.76 pounds, 3 cents (215); tomato clitsup, 2.50 pounds, 28 cents (217^ 272 Fruits: Apples, 11.36 pounds, 20 cents (222); lemons, 1 pound, 5 cents (233); prunes, 0.76 pound, 10 cents (237) 116 9.9 48 36 440 2,335 Total food 26.7 131 206 460 4,295 27 The results of this study are interestiuo-. Although the famih' con- sisted of women and one IT-year-old boy, the averag-e daily diet fur- nished more than eighth-tenths as much as the commonly accepted standard requires for a man at moderate labor. Judged by the stand- ard, therefore, they ate more than they actually required. If the quantity of protein had been reduced a tenth and the ([uantity of energy a fifth, the ration would ha\e been still as large as is needed theoreti- cally. The fact that the excess of energy was larger than that of protein indicates that the fats and carbohydrates were in excess. One reason for this is found in the large amount of pork eaten. The (juan- tity of })read and pastry was also large. All such food was i)urchased of a baker, and its cost was much greater than would have Ixmmi the case had it been made at home. The amount of cake purcliased was quite large, and cost considerably more than th(^ l)read eaten. One of the least economical purchases was 2^ pounds of tomato catsup, which cost 28 cents and contained almost no nutriment. If the $1. 20 expended for smoked ham had ])een used to purchase dried legumes or some of the leaner cuts of beef, the nutritive ratio of the diet would have been improved. During the study $1.80 was expended for tea and coffee. This sum has not l)een included in the cost of the food. The income of the famil}" was sutiicient to maintain them coiufortably, and the}' apparently made very good use of it. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARETAKER'S FAMILY (NO. 170). This family is typical of a large nunibei-in tliis region, in which the woman is the breadwinner. It consisted of the mother, 25 yeai's old; her mother, ()5 years old and her sister, IT years old; a child and one 3 years old, weighing 1()0, 130, 127, 35, and 30 pounds, respectively, and apparently in good health. The mother earned ^15 a month cleaning an office. Her sister paid $3 a week for room and board, and until a short time previous to the study there had been another hoarder who paid ^5 a week for room and board. The rent of four rooms was J^ll: a niontli, hut uiih^ss they succeeded in olitaining anotlier boarder, the faiuily intended to take cheaper rooms. Food was bought in small quantities foi' cash and no ice was used. The house was kept neat and clean but the kitchen was so dark that no table was spread. There was no visible waste. Judging from the appearance of the family it would be supposed that their circumstances were better than was act- ually the case. The study began October 1, ISilG, and contiiuied ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meiils. Two women (60 meals X O.S meal of man), equivalent to 48 Girl, 17 years old ( ;]0 meals X 0.7 meal of a man), equivalent to 21 Child, 6 years old (20 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 10 Child,;} 3'ears old (20 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8 Total number of meals taken ecjuivalent to 87 Equivalent to one man twenty-nine days. 28 Table 13. — Weights an(] cost of food and nutrienls in dirlar;/ ftfi(di/ No. 17 Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Corned, 2..50pounds, IScents (2). Veal: Shoul- der, ] pound, 8 cents (58). Lamb: Leg, 7 pounds, 56 cents (42) Pork: Head, 1 pound, 5 cents (70); sparerib, 2.36 pounds, 15 cents (81); salt, 2.25 pounds, 17 cents (72) Fish: Mackerel, salt, 1 pound, 12 cents (99); oysters, 0.63 pound, 10 cents (101 ) ." Eggs, 0.41 pound, 5 cents (114) Butter, 1.82 pounds, 37 cents (118) Milk, 2.62 pounds, 5 cents (124) Milk, conden.sed, 6.51 pounds, 45 cents (125) Total animal food VEGETABLE Fool). Cereals: Bread, rye, 9.70 pounds, 37 cents (136); bread, wheat, 6.62 pounds, 25 cents (134); macaroni, 1 pound, 10 cents (158); rolls, milk, 1.13 pounds. 5 cent.s (163); rolls, water, 2.82 pounds, 15 cents (166) Sugar, 4.31 pounds, 22 cents ( 169) Vegetables: Beans, 1.75 pounds, 9 cents (175); cab- bage, 2.50 jiounds, 2 cents 1 179); corn, 0.50 pound, Scents t IS) i; onions, 1.25 pounds, Scents ( 195); po- tatoes, 14.41 pounds, 17(ents(204); potatoes, sweet, 1.50 poiHids, ;i cents (206): tomatoes 8.50 pounds, 13 cents (215); turnips, 2.50 pt>unds, S cents (218). Fruit: Apples, 5 po\uids, 10 cents (221 ) Total vegetable food Total food Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Cents. 2.6 1.3 .2 1.3 .2 l!6 7.9 1.8 .3 49 Tj. (. Carbohy- Fuel ^"^'^- I drates. value. economically purcha.sed. The leg of lanih and the oysters, howeviM'. were ex|)en- sive in proportion to the nutrients furnished. Had tho ;>() cents sjxMit for the leg of lamb been used to bu}' nioi'e of the corned beef at the price paid, and the 10 cents spent for oysters used to ])uy more veal shoulder, the <|uantity of nutrients in the diet would have been increased by IS grams of prot«Mn and LSo calories of energy per man per day. If, in addition, the 21 cents spent for cabbage, corn, onions, and toma- toes had been used to purchase more potatoes and sweet potatoes, the ration would have been still further increased by 3 grams of protein and 385 calories of energy per man per day. AVhile these changes would not bring the amount of protein in the ration up to the com- monly accepted standard, they indicate how, for the same expenditure, more nutriment could have been obtained than was actually the case. Each family must of course determine the extent to which variety shall give way to economy. Had the diet in actual use been increased by one-sixth it would probably have more nearly met the physiological requirements of the family, and even then, at the prices paid, would have cost but 16.7 cents per man per day. 29 DIETARY STUDY OF A TANNER'S FAMILY (NO. 171). The t'iiniily is tv])ic:il of the sober, honest, ;uid industrious poor, who nmintiiin a continual stru*^, one 14. and one 1(> 3'ears old, and two ^"irls, one 12 and the other S years of age. Their weig-hts were KJS, 184, 185, 75, 65, 57. and 51 {)<)unds, respectively. The father worked in a neighboring tannery and (Mirned $10 per week. The oldest bo}' had just obtained night work in a flour mill, but at the time he received no wages, and probably would not receive more than $8 per week at first. The 14-year-old boy was .subject to epilepsy and could neither go to school noi' work, lie could not be left alone in the house, and thus prevented the mother from going out to work. The other children attended school. The mother had l)een for years a house servant and was an excellent cook. Ibead was baked at home, and it is estimated this was at least $4: a month cheaper than a corresY)onding amount of bakers' brt'ad. It was the ambition of the mother to l)e able some da\ to buy a whole barrel of Hour. There was no visible waste. A table was spread and the family sat down together morning and night. The rent paid for four rooms, two light and two dark, was 'YU a month. The kitchen was supplied with hot and cold water. The study began October 14, 189(), and continued ten days. The luunbcr of meals taken was as follows: Meals. T\\ > llU'll HO \\'i 11 nan ( ?>0 meals X 0.8 meal of man ), equivalent to 24 P)oy, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 (iirl 12 and 1)oy 10 years old (60 meals X 0.6 meal of man), eciuiv- aliMit to 36 (iirl, S years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Total nunil)er of meals taken equivalent to 159 Kf I'lunl fur ten day.s. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per day. per man Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Corned, 2 pounds, 13 cents (3); steak, chuck, 5.50 pounds, 56 cents (27): steak, round, 5 pounds, 36 cents (30) ; tripe, 2 pounds, 10 cent.s (39). Mut- Cents. 4.0 2.0 .8 . .4 1.5 .4 38 15 9 1 Grams. 30 35 (Iriiius. Caloriig. 435 Pork: Chops, 3.50 pcnuids,:i5cents (61): ham, corned, 2 pounds. 15ccn'is (tJCi); sausaije, 2 pounds, 20 cents (74): shouMcr, salt. 5.10 pounds, 35 cents (78) Fish: Cod, l)(>nc!css. 1.75 pounds, 13 cents (88); cod, 387 37 Egg.s 119potinds 20 cents (117) 1 30 4 1 2 13 Butter, 4.11 pounds, SO cents (118) 279 Cheese 1 50 pounds 20 cents (120) 3 1 2 49 Milk 2 pounds, 4 cents (124) 1 13 15 .3 80 Ti)tal aiumal food 9.4 69 103 14 1, 295 30 Table 14. — Wrii/hts and cnsl of fowl (i i>iiunds, 7 cents (215); 1.1 10 1 64 313 3.3 44 5 342 1,630 Total food 12.7 113 108 356 2, 925 The average food consumption ])er man per day during this study was a trifle below the commonly accepted standard as regards protein, and about one-sixth below it as regards energ3\ The cost, 12.7 cents per man per day, was small, indicating careful management on the part of the mother. The foods which furnished the least nutriment for the money expended on them were the soup greens, onions, tomatoes, and turni])s. While a certain amount of variety in vegetable foods is desirable, a part of the 28 cents thus expended might have been used for the purchase of a larger quantity of potatoes and thus have increased the nutriti\'e value of the ration. The cost of animal foods was 75 per cent of the total cost of the food, which is somewhat hirger than usual. In other A\ords, the famih' expended more than was necessary for meats, which are at best quite expensive. If. for instance, from a third to a half of the !>6 cents spent for a leg of mutton had l)een used to purchase wheat flour, and the rest for a cheaper cut of meat, the quantit}' of protein and energy per man per da}" would have been nearer that indicated li}' the standard for a man at moderate work. If the ration had been increased in amount bA^about one-tenth it would probably have been suflicient for the needs of the family, and would then have cost but 14 cents per man per day. This family, like those in dietary studies Nos. 159, 161, and 17er man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- d rates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Neck, 2 pounds, 16 cents (21); liver, 2 pounds, 16 cents (18); shank, hind, 2 pounds, 8 cents (24). Mutton: Leg, 10.50 pounds, 76 cents (48); neck, ( 'enls. 2.2 3.1 1.0 2.2 .3 1.0 9.8 Grams. 21 18 9 1 2 4 Grams. 18 60 1 38 3 4 Grams. Calories. 254 Pork: Bacon, 0.50 pound, 6 cents (59); chops, 9.75 pounds, 98 cents (61); feet, 5.86 pounds, 35 cents (62) : salt, 4 pounds, 39 cents (72) 632 Fish: Blue, 4.50 pounds, 27 cents (84); cod, fresh, 5.61 j)o\nids, :i"i cents (89) 46 Butter, 5.75 pounds, $1.26 (118) 358 Milk S..5,s pounds, 20- cents (124) 3 25 49 Milk, condensed, 5. 87 pounds, 59 cents (125) 156 Total animal food 55 124 9.H 1 495 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 44 pounds, $1.06 (131): bread, white, 1.1 pounds, 5 cents (134); rolls, 1 pound, 5 cents (166). Sugar, 15. 12 pounds, 70 cents ( 169) 2.0 1.2 .8 40 4 266 118 50 1,292 484 Vegetables: Cabbage, 6.75 pounds, 7 cents (179); potatoes, 29.60 pounds, 31 cents (204); tomatoes, 4.50 pounds, 4 cents (215); turnips, 6.37 pounds, 3 cents (219) 7 234 Total vegetable food 4.0 47 4 434 2,010 Total food 13.8 102 128 462 3,505 The quantity of energy per man per day in this study was equal to that called for by the commonly accepted standard. The quantity of 32 protein, however, was rather small, although as larg-e as has been found in a considerable number of studies of families of mechanics, farmers, and other working people in comfortalde circumstances. The cost, 13.8 cents per man per day, was very reasonable. No suggestion for improvement seems to be chilled for in this case. The satisfactory results obtained are d<>ul)tless due to the fact that the woman was a good cook and could do her own marketing. They are interesting as showing that it was possilde under the given conditions to live in New York City on a ration of considerable variety and at the same time of small cost. The (piantities of protein and energy obtained foi* 10 cents in some of the more important food materials pun-hased by this family are shown ill the following table: Table 1H. — ( 'oxt , 18!>7, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 30 Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man) , equivalent to 48 Boy, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Boy, 13 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 Boy, 9 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Boy, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 Infant, equivalent to 9 Visitor 1 Total mmiber of meals taken equivalent to , Equivalent to one man fifty-two days. 157 Table 18. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 178. Kind.s, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Corned, 9.40 pounds, 49 cents (4); shank, hind, 4.31 pounds, 20 cents (24) ; steak, chuck, 2.75 pounds, 30 cents (27); tripe, pickled, 2 pounds, 10 cents (38) Pork: Loin, ii.43 pounds, 42 cents (60); trimmings, 1..50 pounds, 12 cents (82) , Fish: Cod, salt.l pound, 8 cents (91); herring, fresh, 2.76 pounds, 15 cents (95) .' , Eggs, 0. 48 pound, 5 cents (114) , Butter, 2.50 pounds, 46 cents (118) Milk, 7.57 potinds. 24 cents (124) Total animal food VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 4 pounds, 11 cents (131); bread, 24.06 Dounds, 51 cents (138); buns, 6.88 pounds, 30 cents (140) Sugar, 6 pounds, 34 cents ( 169) Vegetables: Beans, dried, 1.87 pounds, 7 cents (175); cabbage, 5.25 pounds, 7 cents (179); carrots, 0.37 pound, 1 cent (182); onions, 0.66 pound, 3 cents (196); peas, 1 pound, 2 cents (200); potatoes, 22.74 pounds, 30 cents (204) ; turnips, 4.75 pounds, 6 cents (218) Total vegetable food Total food Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. 2.1 1.0 43 43 Tj, J. Carbohy- Fuel '^"'- drates. value. Grains. Calories. 335 43 4 168 49 171 52 282 850 213 1,405 2, 2.55 The income of this familj^ during the time of the study was very limited, indeed, and the amount expended for food, 8.5 cents per man per day, was unusually small. The food materials obtained for this .sum supplied 86 grams of protein and 2,25.5 calories of energy, which gives evidence of considerable careful management on the part of the mother. The quantity of nutrients, however, was insufficient for the proper nouri.shment of the famih. It is interesting to note that in this case 2 pounds of dried beans were used during the time of the study. The prices paid for meats were very reasonable and the cost of vegetables, other than potatoes, was small. 36 The following table shows the quantity of protein and energy in 10 cents' worth of the different food materials purchased by this family: Table 19. — Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 178. Kind of food material. Beef: Corned Hind shank ChiK'k steak Pickled tripe Pork: Loin Trimmings Fish: Salt cod Fresh herring Butter Milk Flour Bread Buns Sugar Beans, dried Green vegetables: Cabbage carrots, onions, peas, tur nips Potatoes Price per pound. Cents. 5.2 4.6 10.9 5.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 5.4 18.4 3.2 2.8 2.1 4.4 5.7 3.7 1.6 1.3 In 1 pound. Protein. Pound. 0.183 .096 .166 .117 .166 .050 .190 .195 .010 .033 .112 .109 .081 .225 Fuel value. Calories. 1,385 405 735 270 1,580 2,835 3,670 660 3,605 325 1,645 1, 215 1,450 1,860 1,605 385 Amounts bought for 10 cents. Total food. Pounds. 1.92 2.17 .92 2.00 1.30 1.25 1.25 1.85 .54 3.13 3.57 4.76 2.27 1.75 2.70 6.25 7.69 Protein. Pound. 0.35 .21 .15 .23 .21 .06 .24 .36 .21 .17 Fuel value. Calories. 2,650 870 675 545 2,045 3,535 460 1,215 1,960 1,020 5,975 5, 920 3, 325 3, 280 4, 285 1,855 2, 945 Total amount ex- pended during study. Cents. It will be seen that flour, stale bread, and beans were the most economical sources of both protein and energy. As sources of pro- tein, the pork trimmings and the milk, and as sources of energy some of the meats were the least economical. The most economical meat was the corned beef, which the family obtained for about 5 cents a pound; the most expensive was the chuck steals. It is difficult to make sug- gestions for improvement in such a case unless more money was avail- able for the purchase of food. If the family had been willing to eat more beans and bread, less vegetables, less meats, and rather less sugar, more nutriment could have been obtained for the same money. If the}^ had had means to increase the ration one-third in amount with the same relative distribution of purcha.ses as was actually found, the protein and energy would have been neady sufficient for their needs, and the cost would have been less than 12 cents per man per day. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER'S FAMILY (NO. 180). This study was made with the same family as in studies No. 16fi above, and No. 31 previously published." The father had work at his trade of carpentering only a few hours a da}', and earned not more than $5 a week. The older son (aged 20 3^ears) gave his mother IT a week. The 14-year-old daughter also gave her wages of $3 a week to her mother. The family were in good health. « U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 46, 37 The study began February IT, 1897, ami continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Two men 60 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Girl, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 Boy, 11 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man ), equivalent to 18 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 123 Equivalent to one man forty-one days. Table 20. — WeigJds and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. ISO. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. y ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Shoulder, 2.50 pounds, 25 cents (2G); steak, round, 5.00 pounds, 05 cents (29); fore shank, 1 pound,? cents ('23); kidney, 2.29 pounds, 20 cents (17) ; cottolene, 2.13 pounds", 22 cents (12) Pork: Loin, fresh, 2.81 pounds, 33 cents (81); ham, smoked, 2.76 pounds, 50 cents (65): ham, boiled, 0.80 pound, 10 cents (64) Chickens, 3.50 pounds, 40 cents (83) Eggs, 6.12 pounds, 71 cents (117) Butter, 3.31 pounds, 77 (>ents (118) Cheese, 0.19 pound, 5 cents (120) Milk, 37.75 pounds, 90 cents (124) Total animal food , VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour,4.82 pounds, 15 cents (131); rice, 1.50 pounds,8 cents (i:30): iirci);ircd flour, 2.13 pounds, 8 cents (133); bread, 17. (is jiouuds, 56 cents (134); bread, brown, 0.94 pound, 2 cents (135); rolls, plain, 11.62 pounds,60 cents (164); doughnuts,3. 37 pounds, 20 cents (157) Sugar, 3.93 pounds, 15 cents (169) Vegetables: Beans, 1.75 pounds, 7 cents (175); cab- bage,3.50 pounds, 5 cents (179); onion.s,l. 19 pounds. Scents (196); peas, green, 2 pounds, 5 cents (199); potatoes, 33.31 pounds, 39 cents (204); soup greens, 0.68 pound. 5 cents (189); tomatoes, I pound, 8cents (215); sauerkraut, 3.63 pounds, 10 cents (212) Fruits; Apples, 3.92 pounds, 7 cents (222); raspberry jelly, 1 pound, 14 cents (232) ". . Total vegetable food Total food Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. 3.4 2.3 4.1 .4 2.0 .5 19.6 Fat. Gravia. 119 59 Carbohy- Fuel drates. value. Grams. 276 44 138 Calories. 263 84 288 13 302 1,445 1,470 180 2, 145 3,590 The quantities of protein and energy per man per day found in this dietary study were in close agreement with those called for by the commonly accepted standard for men at moderate muscular work. The cost, while reasonaV)le, was considera])ly larger than in .some of the previous studies, and in view of the small and uncertain income of the father might advantageously have been reduced by the substitution of cereal foods and dried legumes for the larger portion of the vege- tables other than potatoes, and for part of the meats. It must be remembered that while meats form an appetizing part of the diet, and one which the average American workman thinks he can not do with out, they are probabl}^ not absolutely indispensable. 38 DIETARY STUDY OF A SAIL RIGGER'S FAMILY (NO. 183). This study was made in a family comprising the father, 50 years old, Irish born; the mother, 45 years old, also Irish born; and three sons, one 15, one 12, and one 6 years of age, weighing 200, 180, 78, 60, and 40 pounds, respectively. They were all in good health. The father, a sail rigger, earned $3 per day when working full time, but seldom was fully employed. During the time covered by the study he worked but two days on account of wet weather. Three rooms, all light, cost the family $10 a month. The study began March 13, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 30 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Boy, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Boy, 12 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 Boy, 6 years old (24 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 12 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 108 Equivalent to one man thirty-six days. Table 21.— Weights and cod of food and nutrients in dietary sttidy No. 183. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per day. per man Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Flank, corned, 4.68 pounds, 35 cents (44a); heart, 3.88 pounds, 12 cents (16); neck, 2 pounds, 15 cents (21); steak, chuck, 3.25 pounds, 41 cents (28) Cents. 2.8 2.4 .6 .4 .4 .9 Grams. 27 23 6 2 Grams. 42 34 Grams. Calories. 501 Pork: Bacon, 1.24 pounds, 10 cents (59); chops, 2.32 pounds, 35 cents (60); feet, pickled, 8.37 pounds, 12 cents (63) 411 Fish ■ Cod, fresh 2 81 pounds, 21 cents (90) 26 1 7 6 18 Butter 62 pound 13 cents ( 118) 65 Milk, 11.12 pounds, 33 cents (124) 5 7 105 Total animal food . 7.5 63 90 7 1,125 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Barley, pearled, 0.31 pound, 2 cents (126); bread, 40.36 pounds, 11.32 (134) 3.7 .8 2.9 47 7 273 73 93 1,376 299 Vegetables: Beans, 2 pounds, 8 cents (175); cabbage, 8.99 pounds, 20 cents (180); onions, 1.25 pounds, 6 cents (196); potatoes, 28.75 pounds, 45 cents (204); soup greens, 1.25 pounds, 5 cents (189); tomatoes, 4 pounds, 16 cents (216); turnips, 1.75 pounds, 2 cents (218) 17 1 460 Total vegetable food 7.4 64 8 439 2,135 Total food 14.9 127 98 446 3,260 The quantit}^ of protein consumed per man per day by this family was slightly larger, while the energy was somewhat smaller than called for by the commonl}^ accepted standard for a man at moderate work. 39 Inasinufh as protein is tho most expoiisive luitriont and is furnished hy animal foods in relatively lar^-er proportions than in veg-etable foods, it would a[)pear that this family mioht hsive had a rather better balanced ration ])y substituting- cereals for a portion of the animal food. Such a chang(^ would certainly not ha^'e increased and perhaps might have diminished the cost of the diet. As it was, how^ever, the cost was ver}'^ reasonable, amounting- to l)ut 15 cents per man per day. DIETARY STUDY OF A DAY LABORER'S FAMILY (NO. 185). This family comprised the father, 45 years old; the mother, 45 years old, and four children; two boys, one 21 and the other 16 years old, and two girls, one aged 13 and the other 7 years. Their w^eights were 169, 235, 169, 130, 89, and 63 pounds, respectively. The health of the family was good. The father, a day laborer, had been idle for some time. The mother earned fi-om $1 to $1.50 a week washing. The young man was a helper on a truck wagon receiving |3 a week wages. The rent of two back rooms, one dark, which they occupied was $5.50 a month. Food was bought In' the meal and there was no visible waste. They used stale bread which could be purchased at half the price of fresh bread. Any food left from one meal remained on the table till the next. The study began March 2, 1897, and continued tenda3\s. The nuiu- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Two men 60 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Boy, 16 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man ), equivalent to 24 Girl, 13 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man ), equivalent to 18 Boy, 7 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 141 Equivalent to one man forty-seven days. T.\BLE 22. — WeigJils and cost of food and milrienls hi dietary study No. 185. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Shoulder clod, 2 pounds, 20 cents (26); skirt- ing steak, 3.50 pounds, 36 cents (36) Pork: Shoulder, corned. 5.56 pounds, 42 cents (78); sausage meat, 2 pounds, 18 cents (75) Eggs, 1.12 pounds, 25 cents (114) Butter, 2.75 pounds, 54 cents (118) Cheese, 1 pound, 13 cents (120) Milk, 18.70 pounds, 46 cents (124) Total animal food Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Cents. 1.2 1.3 .5 1.1 .3 1.0 Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. Grams. 9 12 1 Grams. 8 24 1 23 3 7 Grains. Calories. 112 273 14 214 3 6 40 9 127 5.4 31 66 9 780 40 Table 22. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in diefanj stndi/ ^o. 185 — Continued. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Oatmeal, 6 pounds, 20 cents (128); bread, 39.37 pounds, 78 cents (138); buns, 1.14 pounds, 5 cents (140); crackers, soda, O.SOpound, 4 cents (150); Cents. 2.4 1.0 Grams. 51 1 3 Orams. 10 6i-ams. 249 89 21 Calories. 1 3''3 Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 6.20 pounds, 22 cents (170); sugar, 4. .56 pounds, 24 cents (169); cornstarch, 0.37 pound, 3 cents (172) 3G9 Vegetables: Cabbage, 4 pounds, 4 cents (180); pota- toes, 9.19 pounds, 21 cents (204); turnips, 3.44 pounds, 7 cents (218) 98 Total vegetable food 4.1 9.5 55 86 10 359 1 790 Total food 76 368 2,570 The family here studied, like that in No. ITS, had a very small income. This fact was apparent in the (juantit}" of nutrients and energy in the food (>aten. A considerable deg-ree of good management was dis})layed, however, in the selection of food, which cost but 0.5 cents per man per da}'. The chief suggestion for the improvement of this dietar}^ would be an increase in the amounts of protein and enei-gv by one-fourth or two-fifths. If this were done l)y increasing proportionally the quantities of food materials actually used it would make the cost only about 11.5 cents per man per day. If, however, the family felt that they could not increase the living expenses, an increase of nutriment might still have been obtained by using less animal food and a corres- ponding larger amount of cereal foods. This might, of course, have detracted to some extent from the palatability of the diet according to the opinion of the average working man. but would have furnished the protein and energy required for proper nourishment of the body. At the same time the diet would have been wholesome. DIETARY STUDY OF A FRUIT VENDER'S FAMILY (NO. 186). This study was carried on in, an Italian family comprising the hus- band, 55 years; his wife, 36 years; a nephew of 16 years, a niece of 8 years, a brother-in-law, 45 years, and his wife, 40 years of age. The weights of the members of the family were 200, 130, 120, 45, 120, and 130 pounds, ]"espectiyel3\ All were natives of Italy, and the three men were employed at fruit vending. The head of the family earned $10 or $12 a week, and his wife, who sewed for a clothing house, earned a few dollars a week. The brother-in-law and nephew worked for their board. During the study the men worked eight days. They had a cup of coffee when they went out to work at 4 o'clock in the morning, and later in the day purchased a cup of coffee and some rolls; the other meals were taken at home. It has been assumed, that, 41 as the food eaten away from home was small in amount, each one of the men had the e({uivalent of twenty-six full meals at home during the study. Ten dollars a month rent was paid for the three rooms which they occupied. Food was bought by the da3\ The study began March 17, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Two men 52 Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man ), equivalent to 48 Boy, 16 yeai'H old (26 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 21 Girl, 8 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), ecjuivalent to 15 Total number (,)f meals taken equivalent to 136 Equivalent to one man forty-flve days. Table 23. — Weiglds (ind cod of food (ind ludrienls in didarii stndi/ Xo. 186. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Chopped, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (29); shank, fore, 6 pounds, 44 cents (23): steak, sirloin, 4 pounds, 52 cents (33); steak, round, 2 pounds, 24 eents(29); suet, 1 pound, 5 cents(37). Veal: Chops, l.Gl pounds, 20 cents (54); cutlets, 1 pound, 14 cents (55) . 3.9 1.2 1.0 2. 9 drams. 27 12 11 16 Gram.f. 2C 40 10 3 13 23 7 17 Grams. Calories. 353 Fork: Chops, 2.68 pounds. 26 cents (60); ham, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (66); lard, 3 pounds, 18 cents (ti9). Chicken 6.11 pounds 98 cents (83) 393 142 Kish: Cod, salt, 3 pounds, 18 cents (91); shad, fresh, 2.fsl piiiinils, 2S cents (108) 73 Ekks 12 12 pdinids S^l 29 (114) 187 1.2 214 r. 86 Milk, 40.98 pounds, 96 cents (124) 2.1 1 14 21 302 15.2 1 90 1:^9 21 1 750 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Corn meal, 2 pounds, 8 cents (151); rice, 4 pounds, 25 cents (130); macaroni, 6.50 pounds, 40 cents (158); vermicelli, 1 pound, 9 cents (168); bread, 25.08 pounds, $1.16 (134); cake, 1.25 pounds, 15 cents (142); pie, apple, 1 pound, 10 cents (160) . . Sugars, starches, oils, etc.: Sugar, 6 pounds, 29 cents, (169); cocoa, 0.50 pound, 11 cents (171); olive oil, 1 .36 pounds, 34 cents (173) .5.0 1.6 3.4 .3 39 1 10 1 7 15 3 2 249 62 39 6 1,246 397 Vegetables: Beans, dry, 1 pound, 5 cents (175); cab- bage, 4 pounds, 6 cents (180); greens, dandelion, 2 pounds, 17 cents (188); greens, 5.43 pounds, 30 cents (189); onions, 1 pound, 5 cents (195); parsley, 0.12 pound, 1 cent (197): pickles, mixed, 1 pound, 10 cents (203): potatoes, 10.49 pounds, 14 cents (204); spinacli, 4.12 iiouuds, ;33 cents (214); toma- toes, 8 poiuids :;() cents ( 215) 21U Fruits: Jelly, currant, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (232) ; nuts, 0.50 pound, 5 cents (242) 47 9.3 51 25 356 1,900 Total food 24.5 141 164 377 3,650 Judged by the usual dietary standards, this family consumed food in excess of their needs. The protein might have been reduced b}' one-seventh and still have been sufficient according to the commonly accepted dietai-y standards. The energy, however, could have been 42 reduced but very little. The cost of the food, 24.5 cents per man per day, was much greater than in some of the dietary studies previously described. This was due in part to the use of more expensive meats and in part to the purchase of green vegetables. The cost of the diet could have been largel}^ reduced by the selection of cheaper meats and lish, the use of fewer eggs, and especially by decreasing the amount of green vegetables and using cereals and dr}" legumes in their place. The relative values of some of the principal items in this study are illus- trated in the following talile, showing the amounts of protein and energy in 10 cents' worth of each at prices actually paid per pound: Table 24.- -Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained jor 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 186. Price per pound. In 1 pound. Amounts bought for 10 cents. Total amount Kind of food material. Protein. Fuel value. Total food. Protein. Fuel value. pended during study. Beef: Cents. 10.0 7.3 13.0 12. 5.0 12.5 14.0 9.6 20.0 6.0 16.0 6.0 10.0 10.6 20.0 17.0 2.3 4.0 6.2 6.2 9.0 4.6 12.0 10.0 4.8 22.0 25.0 5.0 1.5 8.5 5.5 5.0 10.0 1.3 8.0 3.8 10.7 10.0 Pound. 0.190 .128 .165 .190 .047 .199 .201 .166 .142 Calories. 895 545 985 895 3, MO 825 690 1,580 1,675 4, 220 1,045 315 750 720 3,605 1,950 325 1, 655 1,630 1,665 1,625 1,215 1,675 1,270 1,860 2, 320 4, 220 1,605 125 285 220 205 110 385 110 105 1,560 1,600 Pounits. 1.00 1.37 .77 .83 2.00 .80 .71 1.04 .50 1.67 .63 1.67 1.00 .94 .50 .59 4.35 2.5^^ 1.61 1.61 1.11 2.17 .83 1.00 2.08 .45 .40 2.00 6.67 1.18 1.82 2.00 1.00 7.69 1.25 2.63 .93 1.00 Pound. 0.19 .18 .13 .16 .09 .16 .14 .17 .07 Calories. ^l 760 745 7,080 600 495 1,645 835 7,035 655 525 750 680 1,800 1,145 1,415 4,140 2,630 2,685 1,805 2, 640 1,395 1,270 3,875 1,055 1,690 3,210 835 335 400 410 110 2,960 140 275 1,460 1,600 Cents. 15 Fore shank 44 52 Round 24 Suet 5 Veal: Chops 20 Cutlets 14 Pork: 26 10 18 .193 .190 .188 .134 .010 .259 .033 .092 .080 .134 .109 .092 . 0C)3 .031 .i2 .32 . .19 .13 98 Cod salt 18 Shad 28 129 Butter 55 .15 , .14 .23 .13 .22 .12 .20 .05 .03 34 Milk 96 Corn meal 8 Rice 25 Macaroni 40 9 Bread 116 Cake 15 10 29 Cocoa .216 .10 11 Olive oil. 34 Beans, dried .225 .014 .024 .042 .014 .011 .022 .021 .009 .020 .079 .45 .09 .03 .08 .03 .01 .17 .03 .02 .02 .08 5 6 G reens, dandelion 17 Greens 30 Onions 5 Pickles 10 14 Spinach 33 Tomatoes 30 Jellv 8 Nuts 5 DIETARY STUDY OF A WATCHMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 187). This study was made in the same family as that in dietary study No. 34, reported in a previous publication.'* The family comprised the father, 50 years old; the mother, 40 years old; an aunt, 26 years old, and seven children — three boys, one 20, one 15, and one 13 years, and four girls, one 16, one 12, one 7, and one 3 years of age. « U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 46. 43 The weights of the different members were 150, 120, 95, 117, 83, 65, 10(>, f)0, 50, and 30 pounds, respective!}'. The father, a night watchman, was unemployed at the time of the study; the mother went out cleaning and earned $3 a week. The oldest son was a printer, and always gave his mother $10 or 1|12 a week. The older daughter was learning to make kid gloves and earned $3 a week. The aunt was employed at book folding^ and paid 13 a week for board. The family paid $13 a month rent for four rooms. Food was pur- chased by the day for cash. The family were thrifty in their habits and neat in appearance. The study began March 24, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Two men 60 Two women (56 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 45 Girl, 16 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 Boy, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Boy and girl, 13 and 12 years old (60 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to , 36 Girl, 7 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Girl, 3 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 213 Equivalent to one man seventy-one days. Table 25. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 187. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Co.st. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- Fuel drates. value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Steak, sirloin, 4.68 pounds, 60cents(33) ; corned, 5 pounds, 30 cents (3) . Lamb, 3.5 pounds, 32 cents (43a) Pork: Ham, 5 pounds, 09 cents (66) Chicken, 3.37 pounds, 39 cents (83) Fish: Salmon, canned,! pound, 18centsil04); .smelts, 5 pound.s, 45 cents (109); oysters, 1.38 pounds, 25 cents ( 101 ) Eggs, 7.22 pounds, 63 cents (114) Butter, 4.62 pounds, S1.07 (118) Cheese, 0.5 pound, 8 cents ( 120) Milk, 12.07 pounds, 29 cents (124) Milk, condensed, 5.5 pounds, 40 cents (125) Total animal food VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Barley, pearled, 0.44 pound, 2 cents (126); bread, 6.25 pounds, 20 cents (134); bread, rye, 39.2 pounds,|1.42 (136); crackers, soda, 1 pound, 7 cents (156) Sugar, 13.5 pounds, 62 cents (169) Vegetables: Beans, 2 pounds, 8 cents (175); cabbage, 2.94 pounds, 8 cents (179); cabbage, 2.74 pounds, 7 cents(181); carrots,0.62 pound, 1 cent (182); greens, 0.5pound,3 cents (189); onions, 0.87 pound, 3 cents (196); peas, dried, 1 pound, 4 cents (200); potatoes, 24.95 pounds, 29 cents (204) ; tomatoes, 2 pounds, 8 cents (215); tomato catsup, 2 pounds, 5 cents (217) . . Fruits; Prunes, 6.24 pounds, 58 cents (237) Total vegetable food Total food , CenU. 1.7 .9 .6 1.2 .9 1.5 .1 .4 .6 GraviK. Grams. Calories. 234 118 40 38 71 232 13 56 118 2.4 .8 1.2 .8 162 86 794 353 240 123 13.1 346 1,510 2, 430 44 The quantities of protein and energy in this studj^ were below those which it is believed suffice for the proper nourishment of a man at moderate muscular work and should have been increased b}" about 40 per cent. The cost of the increased ration, provided it consisted of the same kinds of food materials and in the same proportions, w^ould have been about 18.5 cents per man per day. Such a sum is quite reasonable. However, the amounts of nutrients might have been increased, without much increase in cost, by the purchase of cheaper meats and fewer green vegetables and by the use of more cereals and legumes. DIETARY STUDY OF A BOOKBINDER'S FAMILY (NO. 188). This study was made in a family which consisted of the father, 36 years old, the mother, 39 years old, and eight children — six daughters, aged, respectively, 18, 16, 14, 10, 6, and 4 years, and two sons, one 12 and the other "2 years of age. The weights of the family were 165, 125, 110, 100, 86, 65, 50, 40, 75, and 35 pounds, respectively. The father, a bookbinder, who had worked in the same place for twenty 3'ears, earned $12 a week. The two older girls were wage-earners, one work- ing at bookbinding, the other at kid-glove making. Each paid their mother $2.50 a week. This family had occupied the same four rooms, for which they paid $13 a month rent, for thirteen vears. Food was bought in small quantities for cash. There was no avoidable waste. The study began March 24, 1807, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 30 Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 48 Two girls, 16 and 14 years old (60 meals X 0.7 meal of man), ecuiiv- aleiit to 42 Two children, 12 and 10 year.s olil (60 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 36 Child, 6 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Two children, 2 and 4 years old (60 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Total mimber of meals taken equivalent to 195 Equivalent to one man sixty-five days. 45 Table 26. — Weights and cost of food and miirients^ in dietary study No. 1S8. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Corned, 11.50 pounds, SI. 15 (3); steak, round, 4 pounds, 48 cents (29); steak, sirloin, 4 pounds, .53 cents (33) Cents. 3.3 1.4 .6 2.6 .2 2.4 Grams. 22 9 4 Grams. 27 1 3 33 2 1.5 Grams. Calories. 341 Fish: Cod, fresh, 3 pounds, 24 cents, (89); cod, salt, 3 pounds, 21 cents (91): oysters, 3.30 pounds, 25 cents (101 i: salmon, canned, 1 pound, 18cents(104). Eggs, 4. .58 pounds, 41 cents ( 117) 1 50 44 Butter, 5.5 pounds, SI. 65 (118) 307 Cheese, 1 pound, 10 cents (120) 2 12 26 Milk, 52.92 pounds, $1.56 (124) 18 262 Total animal food 10. 5 49 1 81 19 1,030 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Rice, 1 pound, 6 cents (1:30); bread, rye, 1.06 pounds, 5 cents (13r;i; bread, wheat, ,59.32 pounds, SI. 79 (134); buns.d.ss ]H,iuid, 5 cents(140); cakes, sweet, 1 pound, 16 cents i li2i : crackers, 0.50 pound, 9 cents, (152); mufftns, 0.68 pound, 5 cents (159): rolls, plain, 3.76 pounds, 20 cents (164) Sugar, 8..55 pounds, 41 cents (169) 3.8 .6 1.2 _2 31 6 183 60 39 8 933 246 Vegetables: Corn, canned, 3 pounds, 20 cents (185): potatoes, 25.12 pounds, 28 cents (204); tomatoes, 1 5 1 1 189 ?.'>. 1 5.8 :S6 1 7 1 290 1,400 Total food 16.3 85 88 1 309 ! 2.4:50 As in the previous study, the quantities of nutrients and energy consumed per man per day should have been about 40 per cent larger in order to equal the amounts usually considered as desirable for men at moderate work. The father, however, worked indoors and at not especially active labor, so that it ma}^ be that the family needed rather less than is called for by the standard suggested. At the time of the study the family expended '$7.40 per week for food, which was about half their income. If the diet selected had been increased b}' 40 per cent the cost would have been 22,8 cents per man })er day. The rela- tively high cost as compared with that olxserved in some of the pre- vious studies is accounted for by the use of more expensive meats, by the higher price paid for some of the cheaper cuts of meat, and prob- ably also for bakers' goods, and by the expenditures for canned corn and canned tomatoes. DIETARY STUDY OF A BUTCHER'S FAMILY (NO. 192). The family in this study consisted of the husband (a butcher's assist- ant) and his wife, both natives of Ireland. The husl)and was sober and industrious and earned $11 per week. He also received a late breakfast at his employer's expense. His work began very early in the morning. The family paid J^7.50 a month rent for two rooms. Food was bought by the day for cash. 46 The .stud}^ began April 3, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 22 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of nT n), equivalent to 24 Woman visitor (5 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 4 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 50 Equivalent to one man seventeen days. Table 27. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 192. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Steak, sirloin, 2 pounds. 24 cents (33). Lamb chops, ft..5 pounds, 46 cents (46). Mutton, shoul- Cents. 5.0 3.5 1.0 2.5 1.2 .2 .4 Grams. 43 19 6 17 Grams. 56 45 Grams. Calories. 697 Pork- Ham. 5 pounds, 60 cents (66) 496 Fish: Cod, 2 pounds, 16 cents (89) 24 14 17 1 2 200 Butter, 0.75 pound, 21 cents ( 118) 158 Milk, 1.25 pounds, 4 cents (124) 1 3 2 14 22 88 13.8 89 135 16 1,685 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals' Bread, 8.25 pounds, 29 cents (134) 1.7 2.0 1.9 20 3 11 3 4 1 117 105 74 590 Sugars, starches, and oils: Sugar, 3.75 pounds, 18 cents (169); cocoa, 0.5 pound, 16 cents (171) Vegetables: Cabbage, 5 pounds, 5 cents (180): dan- aelion greens, 75 pound, 2 cents (188): potatoes, 11.74 pounds, 15 cents (204); tomatoes, 2 pounds, 7 cents (215); turnips, 2.75 pounds, 3 cents (218) 480 360 Total vegetable food 5.6 34 8 296 1,430 Total food 19.4 12;^ 143 312 3,115 In this study the cost of food per man per day is not excessive in proportion to the income, while the nutrients and energy obtained are not far from the amounts called for by the usual dietarv standard. DIETARY STUDY OF A SAIL RIGGER'S FAMILY (NO. 193). The famih' here studied consisted of the father, born in Germany, aged 42 j^ears, weighing 160 pounds; the mother, born in Sweden, aged 62 years, weighing 202 pounds; and a daughter, 6 years old, weighing 52 pounds. The father, a sail rigger, earned $21 per week. On working da3^s he bought his breakfasts at a restaurant. The family occupied four rooms, for which the}^ paid $14 a month rent, but sublet one room for $B a month. Food was bought for cash in small quantities at the small markets. 47 The study began April 3, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 23 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man ), equivalent to 24 Girl, 6 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 62 Equivalent to one man twenty-one days. Table 28. — Weiglds and cost of food and nidrienls in dietary study No. 193. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Round steak, 4.5 pounds, 54 cents (29); blood, 2 pounds, 10 cents (39a). Veal: Cutlets, 1.5 pounds, 12 cents (55) ; leg, 5.5 pounds, 55 cents (56) Cents. 6.2 1.4 3.6 Grams. 47 9 20 Grams. 24 8 3 Grams. Calories. 416 Chicken, 2.25 pounds, 30 cents (83) 111 Fish: Cod, 2 pounds, 10 cents (87); pike, fresh, 4 pounds, 24 cents (103): perch, yellow, 2 pounds, 15 cents (102); sardines, canned, 1 pound, 25 cents (107) Eggs 9 37 pounds 75 cents (114) 110 3.6 ; 27 i 21 2.3 1 : 39 .9 ' 5 7 2.3 ' 13 1 12 306 Butter, 2.11 pounds, 49 cents (118) 367 Milk 7 44 pounds 19 cents (124) 8 82 119 Milk, condensed, 7 pounds, 49 cents (125) 501 20.3 122 114 90 1 , 9:W VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 3 pounds, 12 cents (131); cake, coffee, 1.13 pounds, 8 cents (143): bread, rye, 3.88 pounds, 18 cents ( 136) : bread, wheat, 2 pounds, 8 cents (134) ; 2.4 1.0 2.2 .5 23 5 144 105 91 5 731 Sugar 4 87 pounds, 20 cents (169) 431 Vegetables: Leeks, 0.39 pound, 1 cent (192); onions, 1 pound, 2 cents (195) ; parsnips, 4.25 pounds, 2 cents (198); potatoes, 17.92 pounds, 20 cents (204); sweet potatoes, 0.36 pound, 1 cent (207); tomatoes, 6 11 1 428 Fruits; Apples, green, 2 pounds, 10 cents (221) 20 6.1 34 6 345 1,610 Total food 26.4 156 120 435 3,540 The famil}^ here studied were in better circumstances than the majority of those described in this bulletin. The quantity of protein in the food per man per day was largely in excess of that called for by the commonly accepted dietary standard; the energy, however, was very close to that called for by the dietary standard for a man at moderate work. The excess of protein indicates that a considerable reduction might have been made in the amounts of such animal foods as meat, fish, and eggs, which furnished protein rather than energy. At the same time this would have reduced the cost of the ration, owing to the relativel}^ large amount expended for animal foods as compared with vegetable and more particularly cereal foods. The 21 cents expended for tomatoes furnished but little actual nutriment, but doubt- less added to the palatability of the diet. 48 DIETARY STUDY OF A WASHERWOMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 194). This famil}^ consisted of the mother, 55 years old, and two adult chil- dren, a son 21 years old and a daughter 36 years old. There were also two children of the latter, girls, one aged 11 and the other 6 years, and two children of another daughter who was out at service, namely, a girl 11 years old and a boy -1 years old. The weights of the mem- bers of the family were 135, 140, 160, 80, 42, 75, and 30 pounds, respectively. The father and the two sons-in-law were dissipated and did not live with the family. The persons included in the study were sober and economical, but in very poor circumstances; the children were in rags. All. however, were in good health. The mother and the daughter did washing to pay the rent, and the daughter earned $2.50 a week in addition. The son was a truck driver and earned $7 a week. Food was purchased for cash by the day at the small markets. The stud}' l)egan April 14. 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. INlan 30 Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent, to 48 Two girls, 11 years old (60 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to. . 36 Girl, 6 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Boy, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man) , equivalent to 12 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 141 Equivalent to one man forty-seven days. Table 29. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietai-y study No. 194- Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost. ANIM.\L FOOD. Beef: Shank, fore, 1 pound, 8 cents (23) ; steak, round, 7.75 pounds, 79eents (29). Veal: Chops,0.8o pound, 15 cents (54). Mutton: Side, 4.38 pounds, 56 cents (52) Pork: Fresh (as ham), 5 pounds, 33 cents (71); chops, 0.40 pound, 5 cents (60) Fish: Smelts, fresh, 1.50 pounds, 12 cents (110) Eggs, 6.80 pounds, 77 cents (114) Butter, 1.25 pounds, 29 cents (118) Milk, 37.20 pounds, 84 cents (124) Total animal food . VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Barley, pearled, 0..50 pound, 2 cents (126); bread, 17.31 pounds, 51 cents (134); buns, 15.50 pounds, 75 cents (140) ; buns, hot cross, 4.32 pounds, 25 cents (141); cake, coffee, 1 pound, 10 cents (143); cake, mixed, 2.20 pounds, 10 cents (142); cake, fruit, 1..50 pounds, 15 cents (145) Sugar, 11 pounds, 52 cents ( 169) Vegetables: Cabbage, 4.31 pounds, 15 cents (180^; carrots, 0.75 pound, 2 cents (182); cucumber pickles, 1 pound, 5 cents (202); greens, soup, 0.44 pound, 6 cents (189); onions, 1 pound, 3 cents, (195); potatoes, 23.25 pounds, 21 cents (204); tur- nips, 1.61 pounds, 3 cents (218); sauerkraut, 3 pounds, 8 cents (212) Fruits: Apples, 1.75 pounds, 5 cents (221) Total vegetable food. Total food Cents. .8 .3 1.6 .6 1.8 Protein. Fat. Carbohy- ^Fuel 4.0 1.1 1.3 .1 Grams 54 Grams. Grams. 223 106 Calories. 321 172 4 102 93 253 1,2:31 435 235 9 1,910 2, 855 49 The family here studied represents a type of those who need to live as economically as possible. The cost of the food, 15 cents per man per day, was reasonable, but the amounts of protein and energy were small and might have been increased with probable advantage. Had they been increased onc-tifth by increasing the amounts of food mate- rials purchased, but keeping the kinds and proportions the same, the cost of the daily ration would have been about 18 cents. The nutritive value of the ration could have been increased without raising the cost by substituting more economical materials for some of those pur- chased. One of the most expensive items of food used was veal chops at 18 cents a pound. The most economical foods were as usual the cereals, although here there was consideral)le difference in the relative economy, the buns and cakes being much more costly sources of nutri- ment than the bread. A considerable variety of fresh vegetal )les was also used. If two-thirds the cost of these fresh vegetal)les had been expended for dried beans or peas, if the money expended for buns and cakes had been used to purchase bread at the price paid, and if the veal chops and nuitton side had been omitted from the diet and the money spent for them had l)een expended for round steak at the prices paid, the quantity of protein and energ}^ per man per day woidd have been increased 39 grams and 575 calories, respectively, without in- creasing the cost. If at the same time the woman had been able to do her marketing as skillfully as the woman in dietar}" studies Nos. 31, 155, and 180, still more nutriment would have })een ol)tained for the same money. The changes suggested, it is believed, need not have made the diet less palatalile or attractive. Had a still greater reduction in cost seemed necessar}' it might have l)een accomplished by diminishing still further the quantity of meat and increasing the amount of cereal foods correspondingly. DIETARY STUDY OF A STABLEMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 195). This study was with a family consisting of the father, -l-l years of age, the mother, 39 years of age; four daughters, aged respectively 21, 17, 11, and 9 years; and three sons, aged respectively 15, 13, and 4 years. The weights of the members of the family were 170, 135, 145, 155, 75, 60, 120, 100, and 25 pounds, respectiveh\ The father earned $7.50 a week truck driving, but spent a good deal of it for drink. The older daughter earned $7 a week in a box factory, of which she paid $4 to her mother; the second daughter was idle at the time of the study. The oldest l)oy was a plumber's apprentice, and from his wages paid his mother $4 a week for board. Food was bought by the day on one week's credit at the smaller markets. The members of the family were in good health. 27147— No. 116—02 4 50 The study began April 16, 1897, and continued ten da3^'^. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. I\ian 30 Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man) , equivalent to 48 Girl, 17 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 Boy, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Two children, boy 13 and girl 11 years old (60 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 36 (iirl, 9 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Boy, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man) , equivalent to 12 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 186 Equivalent to one man sixty-two days. Table 30. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 195. Kinds, amount.*, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Round, 1 pound, 11 cents (29): shank, fore, 3 pounds, 15 cents (2.3); shank, huid, 5 pounds, 30 cents (24); steak, round, 5..50 pounds, 52 cents, (29); corned, rib, 12.19 pounds, $1.05 (8); roast, round 6 81 pounds 73 cents (22) Cents. 4.6 1.7 .2 .9 .6 .9 Grams. 43 11 1 6 Grams. 63 25 Grams. Calories. 763 Pork: Bacon, O.-'iO pound, 5 cents (69): ham, 5.25 pounds, 75 cents (65); ribs, sparerib, 3.50 pounds, 25 cents (81) . . 278 Fi>*h- Cod fresh 1 50 pounds 10 cents (87) 4 5 71 Butter 1 38 pounds 38 cents (118) 9 84 Milk '^0 12 pounds .58 cents (124 i 5 7 105 8.9 66 108 7 1,305 VE(iKTABI.K KOOI). Cereals: Rice, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (i;W): bread, 19.45 pounds, 81 cents (134): crackers, soda, 3.3t) pounds, 14 cents (1.56); rolls, 1.25 pounds, 9 cents (164) 1.7 .6 17 4 102 53 36 525 217 Vegetables: Cabbage, 4.26 pounds, 5 cents (180); onions, 1 pound, 1 cent (195): potatoes, 21.19 pounds, 34 cents (204); tomatoes, 8 pounds, 20 cents, (215): turnips, 4.25 pounds, 5 c^nts (218) 1.1 5 1 178 3.4 22 5 191 920 Total food 12.3 1 88 1 113 198 2,225 As in the preceding study, the quantities of protein and energy were less than are usually regarded as desirable for persons with moderate w^ork; the cost also was quite small. However, the total cost of food during the study was $7.60, or 10 cents more than the total income which the mother had for running expenses. As already indicated, the father drank so that the family received but a portion of his very limited wages, and food was purchased on one week's credit. The prices of the food materials were on the whole larger than were paid for similar materials by some of the other families studied who lived in the same region. The quantity of meats consumed was largely in excess of that used by many families in similar or even better circum- stances. The money would have l)een more economically expended had one-half of that spent for meat been used to purchase cereals, and had the sum expended for the fresh vegetables been diminished one-half. With these changes the protein and energy per man per da}^ would 51 have been increased by about 10 grams and 625 calories, respectivel\% If the diet had then been increased by about one-fourth, it is probable that the family would have been better nourished, although so far as could be seen their health at the time of the study was good. Of course, it must be borne in mind that the food consumption during so short a period does not necessarily give a fair indication of the normal food consumption of the family. DIETARY STUDY OF A TRUCKMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 196). This study was carried on in a family consisting of the father, 52 years old; his wife, 46 years old; and two children, a boy of 15 and girl of 8 3'ears, all Americans. Their weights were 125, 120, 75, and 50 pounds, respectively. The father, a truckman, had been in poor health and out of work for some time. The woman earned a little by washing, scrubbing, etc. The}' occupied two rooms, for which they paid $7.50 a month rent. The family appeared poorly nourished. Food was bought in small quantities for cash and there was no visible waste. The study began April 28, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 30 Woman (26 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 21 Boy, 15 years (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Girl, 8 years old (29 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 14 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 89 Equivalent to one man thirty days. Table 31. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 196. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Tripe,1.69pounds, 12cents(38). Mutton: Leg, 2.69 pounds, 34 cents (47) Crnls. 1.5 .8 .7 1.0 .8 .1 .7 Grams. 11 4 2 7 Grams. 7 8 1 5 14 1 4 Grams. Calories. 110 Pork: Loin, fresh, 2.13 pounds, 23 cents (61) 91 Fi.sh: Halibut, fresh, 1 pound, 22 cents (94) 18 Eggs, 3.50 pounds, 30 cents (114) Butter, 1.06 pounds, 24 cents (118) 131 Milk, 1.31 pounds, 3 cents (124) 1 4 1 24 18 Milk, condensed, 3 pounds, 21 cents (126) 152 5.6 29 40 25 595 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 0.50 pound, 3 cents (131); rice, 0.2-5 pound, 2 cents (130); bread, 5.82 pounds, 19 cents (134); crackers, fancy, 5 pounds, 50 cents (155); rolls, coffee, 2.25 pounds,8 cents (143); rolls, sweet, 3 pounds, 22 cents (144) 3.5 1.6 .9 3 21 17 150 133 29 9 859 Sugar, 8.76 pounds, 47 cents (169) 545 Vegetables: Beans, dried, 1.75 pounds, 10 cents (175) ; onions, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (195); peas, canned, 1 pound, 8 cents (199); potatoes, 4.11 pounds, 5 cents (204); turnips, 1 pound. Scents (218) 8 1 160 Fruits: Raspberry jelly, 1 pound, 10 cents (231) :?fi Total vegetable food 6.3 29 j 18 321 j 1 600 Total food 11.9 .58 1 58 346 '> l«5 52 This study is remarkable for the small amounts of protein and energy which, according to the statistics, were consumed per man per day. The protein was about half and the energy two-thirds the normal amount for a man at moderate work. The cost, 12 cents per man per day, would have been v^ery moderate had the diet been sufficient, but to bring the diet up to the standard by use of the same materials in the same proportions would require an expenditure of from 18 to ^i cents. The food purchases of this famih", as a rule, were not marked by wise economy. The meats purchased were the higher priced cuts and the prices per pound were considerably in excess of those paid by some other families for similar cuts. Another evidence of the inju- dicious selection of food when the income was so limited was the pur- chase of fanc}'^ crackers at 10 cents a pound and sweet rolls at 7.3 cents a pound instead of bread which might have been purchased at 4 cents, or stale bread at 2 cents a pound. The selection of vegetables also was not such as would give the largest amount of nutriment for the expenditure. Dried beans furnished the most nutriment for the money expended. Had the famil}^ purchased less expensive cuts of meat, spent less for crackers, rolls, canned and green vegetables, and more for flour, rice, bread, dried beans, and potatoes, the quantities of protein and energy in the diet might have been increased without increasing the cost. If the same kinds of food as used had been increased in amount by about one-third to one-half, the famih' would dou})tlcss have been better nourished and the cost would have been but 16 to 18 cents per man per day. All the family seemed poorly nourished and were rather sickly in appearance, hence an^^thing which would increase tiie quan- tity of nutriment, even if it detracted to some extent from the variety of the diet, would have been advantageous. If, in addition to the changes alread}- suggested, less had been expended for animal foods and more for cereals the diet would have been rendered still more nutritious although it might not have l)cen quite as appetizing. Of course in cases like this it must V)e borne in mind that where the mother works out herself she has not the time and opportunity for the small domestic economies possible for a woman who remains at home. Meats, fancy breads and pastries, and a variety of vegetables are easil}- pre- pared in such a waj' as to be appetizing and palatable, while it requires some skill and thought to prepare the more common cereals so that they will be as attractive and appetizing. DIETARY STUDY OF A HUCKSTER'S FAMILY (NO. 197). The family here studied consisted of the father, a native of Scot- land, 50 years old; the mother, a native of Ireland, 35 j^ears old, and six children, born in America — a girl 14, a boy 12, a boy 10, a girl 8, and a bo}' 2 j^ears old, and an infant 3 months old. The weights of 53 the memliers of the family were 185, UO, Y5, 65, 60, 50, 25, and 15 pounds, respectively. The father, a huckster, sold wild flowers and shrubs, making about $4.50 a week. Neither the mother nor the chil- dren were able to add anythino- to th(^ family income. The family occupied two rooms, for which the}^ paid $6.50 rent per month. The study began April 28, 1897, and continued ten days. The mun- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 30 Woman ( 30 meals X 0. 8 meal of man ) , equivalent to 24 Girl, 14 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 Two boys, 12 and 10 years old (60 meals X O.G meal of man), equiv- alent to 36 Girl, 8 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Boy, 2 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 Infant, equivalent to 9 Total nuud)er of meals taken e(juivalent to 147 Equivalent to one man forty-nine days. Table 32. — Weiglittt and rod of food and niitrientx in dietary Mndi/ Xo. 197. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. ANIMAL K001>. Beef: Liver, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (19); drippings, 0.25 pound, 1 cent (13): corned beef, 2 pounds, 25 cents (3). Veal: Head-cheese, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (67). Mutton: Chops, 2.75 pounds, 36 cents (45)... Pork: Bacon, 4 pounds, 48 cents (59); lard, 1 pound, 6 cents (69) Fish: Cod, fresh, 4 pounds, 24 cents (87); halibut, 8.06 pounds, 18 cents (93); chowder, clam, 6 pounds, 20 cents (86); mussels, pickled, 3 pounds, 15 cents (100) Eggs, -1.84 pounds, 50 cents (114) Butter, 1 pound, 29 cents (118) Cheese, 0.50 pound, 6 cents (120) Milk, 12.50 pounds, 33 cents (124) Total animal food VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Corn meal, 1.50 pounds, 3 cents, (151); oat- meal, 2 pounds, 11 cents (128); rice, 1 pound, 6 cents (130); bread, 28.46 pounds, 11.02 (134); flour, . prepared, 3 pounds, 12 cents (133); crullers, 7 pounds, 22 cents (157); macaroni, 1 pound. Scents (158) Sugar. 5.37 pounds, 27 cents ( 169 ) Vegetables: Greens, 4.13 pounds, 15 cents (190); let- tuce, 1 pound, 10 cents (194); onions, 1.25 pounds, 5 cents (195); peas, split, 1.50 pounds, 9cents (200); potatoes, 12.76 pounds, 17 cents (204); potatoes, 1 pound, 1 cent (205); scullions, 1 pound, 10 cents (213); tomatoes, canned, 2 pounds, 7 cents (216) .. Total vegetable food Total food Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. 1.6 1.0 .6 .1 38 Carbohy drates. 231 50 328 Fuel value. Otlories. 240 310 885 1, 279 205 186 1.670 2,555 54 This family might be classed among- the very poor, the income being but 75 cents a day. The quantity of nutrients per man per day in the food which they consumed was scarcel}^ what would be required, accord- ing to the usual standard, by a man at light work, and probably was not sufficient for the needs of the family, for although they appeared to be in good health they were not robust. Had the diet been increased about one-third it would doubtless have more nearly suited the require- ments of the people nourished; the cost would then have been a trifle over 18 cents per man per da}'. The corned beef used was expensive for a family in such circumstances. Equally nutritious meat of similar character could have been purchased at half the price, as was evident from purchases made b}' other families studied who lived in the same region. The mutton was also perhaps more expensive than the famil}' could afl'ord. The 35 cents spent for clam chowder and pickled mus- sels would have furnished nuich more nutriment had it been expended for some of the cheaper cuts of beef. It is also doubtful if the use of so many eggs (3i dozen at 16 cents a dozen) was warranted, although the}' furnished as cheap a source of nutriment as some of the meats used. A considerable variety of cereal products was used, the most expensive being the crullers at 7 cents a pound. The variety of green vegetables was, in this study as in the majority of those here reported, larger than the resources of the family would seem to warrant. Much the same suggestions for improvement as in the previous study could be made. DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 198). The Polish longshoreman's family here studied consisted of the father, SG 3'ears old; the mother, 28 years old; and three children — a girl of 9, a bo}^ of 5 j^ears, and an infant 4 months old. The weights of the members of the family were 215, 165, 75, and 50 pounds, respectively, the weight of the infant not being stated. The father earned $9 a week, and they paid !^10 per month rent for three rooms, two of which were light. Provisions were bought in small quantities for cash. The family appeared well nourished. The stud}^ began May 8, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 30 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Girl, 9 years old (30 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 15 Boy, 5 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 Infant, equivalent to 9 Total number of meals equivalent to 90 Equivalent to one man thirty days. 55 Table 33. — ]Vel(jh(s and cost of food and nHtrientx hi. dietarii study Ao. 19S. Kinds, amoiiutM, iiiui cost of food for ten days. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Steak, sirloin, 4.50 pounds, 54 cents (33); chuck, 4.8 pound.s, 47 cents (27); round, 2 pounds, 30 cents (29); .soup piece, 2 pounds, 16 cents (23);' corned, 3.50 pounds, 35 cents (3). Veal: Loin, 5 pounds, 42 cents (57) Pork: Chops, 3.13 pounds, 'Si cents (til); trimmings, 12 pounds, $1.20 (82); bacon, 1 pound, 12 cents, (59); ham, smoked, 4.2(i ])Ounds, 48 cents ((iO) Fish: White, l.fid ]i()\nids, iscents(113) Eggs, 3.44 piiunils, 2.1 cents (117) Butter, 4 pounds, .so ceuls ( 118) , Cheese, 2 pounds, 24 cents (120) Cream, 0.44 pound, 4 cents (123a) Milk, 50.92 pounds, $1.03 (124) , Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125) Total animal food VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Barley, 2 pounds, 10 cents (126); flour, 3..50 pounds, 10 cents (131); rice, 1 pound, 6 cents (130); bread, 42.32 pounds, $1.78 (134); cake, 8..50 pounds, 95 cents (142) Sugars, starches, etc.: Sugar, 12.87 pounds, 59 cents (169) ; olive oil, 0.44 pound, 4 cents (173) Vegetables: Cabbage, 7 pounds, 22 cents (180); horse- radish, 0.50 pound, 7 cents (191); onions, 3.50 pounds, 15 cents (195); potatoes, 24.71 pounds, 37 cents (204) Fruits: Prunes, 4 pounds, 50 cents (237); raisins, 2 pounds, 20 cents (238); jelly, 0.50 pound, 3 cents (231) Total vegetable food Total food Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. 7.5 7.1 .0 .8 2.7 .8 10.0 2.1 2.7 2.4 123 160 1 5 .52 10 1 31 1 Carbohy- Fuel drates. value. Ordiiis. Calork'f l,f)94 17 71 4S7 130 9 555 46 305 496 195 3,535 2, 545 856 374 305 40.5 The results of this dietary study are amono- the most interesting- of those here reported. The protein in the ration was nearly double and the energy more than double that of the commoniy accepted dietary standard for men at moderate muscular work. It must be borne in mind, however, that the man and the woman were large per- sons and that the man was engaged at quite active work. Food was purchased not only in large quantity, Imtalso in considera))le variety, so that the cost per man per day was unusually high. If it had been desired, the cost could have l)een reduced in the same way as has been indicated in the discussion of previous studies. The family consumed a large amount of pork trimmings during the study, an average of 1.2 pounds a da3^ and an unusually large quantity of bread, averaging 4i pounds a day. One-third the protein and one-third the energy of the diet were obtained from these two tirticles, at a cost of about one- fourth of the total. Even making allowance for the activity and size of the members of the family, it would seem that the diet was larger than was called for, and that a material reduction might have been made. It is difficult to understand how this food consumption, costing $8.50 per week, could have been maintained for any length of 56 time on the income of the father, which was but $9 a week. It has been observed that among the families studied, and especially those of foreign birth, thjre was at times during dietary studies a tendency to change somewhat the ordinary mode of living. This change is some- times one of increased and sometimes one of decreased food consump- tion. In the present case it seems hardly probable that the study represents the average normal food consumjition of this family. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER'S FAMILY (NO. 199). This study was made in a German family comprising the father, 48 years old, weighing 100 pounds; the mother, 4S years old, weighing 150 pounds; their daughter, 10 years old, weighing 75 pounds, and a boy boarder, 5 years old, weighing -10 pounds. All were in good health. The father, a carpenter, had steady work, but iit rather low wages, earning $1> per week. The mother earned $1.50 pel- week washing. The young boy who lived in the family l)rought in $1.25 a week for board. During half of the study he was away visiting his father. The family occupied three rooms, paying $11 a month rent. Provisions were bought daily for cash at the small markets. The food was prepared in the manner to which they Avere accustomed in Germany. The study began May 11, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man : 21 Woman (30 ineals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Girl, 10 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 Boy, 5 years old (12 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 5 Total number of meals taken equivalent to. Equivalent to one man twenty-three days. 68 Table 34. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 199. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Chopped, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (29): shank pieces, 3.13 pounds, 25 cents (23); bologna, 1 pound, 10 cents (1); tripe, 2 pounds, 12 cents (38); liver, 1.50 pounds, 12 cents (19) Cents. 2.9 3.0 .6 1.1 .3 .4 Grams. 25 14 3 7 Grams. 12 52 Grams. 1 Calories. 220 Pork: Shoulder, 3.50 pounds, 35 cents (77); salt, 1.14 pounds, 8 cents (73) ; shoulder, smoked, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (79); lard, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (69) 550 Fish: Flounders, 3 pounds, 15 cents (92) 10 Eggs, 3.19 pounds, 27 cents (117) 6 4 7 8 3 85 Butter, 0.25 pound, 7 cents (118) 35 ("heese, 1 pound, 10 cents (120) 5 85 Milk, 10.32 pounds, 25 cents (124) 1.0 1 7 .6 1 3 10 19 135 Milk, condensed, 1.75 pounds, 14 cents (125) 120 Total animal food 9.9 64 92 30 1,240 57 Table 34. — Weiut little, if any, increase in the cost per man per day. DIETARY STUDY OF A PAINTER'S FAMILY (NO. 200). This family consisted of the father, 23 years old; the mother, 20 years old; an infant, .5 months old, and 2 male relatives (boarders), one 28 and the other 23 years of age. The weights of the adult members of the family were 135, 80, 135, and I-IO pounds, respectively. The father earned $7 a week painting chairs in a factory. The two board- ers together paid $B a week for Ijoard; one of them was idle during the time of the study. The family is representative of a class known locally as " furnished roomers." They paid $2.25 per week for a sin- gle room 12 bj' 6 feet, with a bed, stove, table, and two chairs. There was no waste, all crumbs even being used up. Employment was unsteady, and the family were alwaj^s in del)t. The study began May 22, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Three men 89 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man) , equivalent to 24 Infant, equivalent to 9 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 122 Equivalent to one man forty-one days. 58 Table 35. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 200. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per day. per man Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Steak, chuck, 2 pounds, 20 cents (27); frank- furters, 2 pounds, 20 cents (14); meat, 1.50 pounds, 16 cents (20); .steak, round, 2 pounds, 23 cents (29); skirting, 3 pounds, 15 cents (36); stew piece, 0.75 pound, 6 cents (24). Mutton, 0.75 pound, 6 Cml». 2.6 1.1 .1 1.5 .1 .4 Crranis. 22 7 1 Orams. 21 13 1 26 Grams. Calories. 285 150 13 241 1 15 4 3 2 92 5.8 33 63 16 785 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Bread. 20.50 pounds, 80 cents (134); bread, rve, 2 pounds, 10 cents (136); cake, coffee, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (143); rolls, plain, 1.75 pounds, 10 cents (164); rolls, sweet, 1 pound, 5 cents (144) 2.6 .7 1.7 26 5 152 52 65 776 214 Vegetables; Corn, canned, ;> poinids, 20 cents (185); onions, 0.37 pound, 3 cents (195); potatoes, 28 pounds, 28 cents (204); radishes, 1.61 pounds, 11 cents (208); tomatoes, canned, 1 pound, 8 cents (216) 8 1 310 5.0 34 6 269 1,300 Total food 10.8 67 69 285 2,085 The quantities of protein and energy consumed per man per day bj^ this family were but little more than half the amount ordinarily con- sidered necessary for men at moderate Avork, and undoubtedly more food than this would be required to maintain the family in good phys- ical condition. A certain grade of work might of course be done upon a small amount of protein and energy; but it has been observed that within certain limits the character of the work improves as the diet becomes more liberal. The family was very poor, always in debt, and the utmost economy in expenditure of all kinds was necessary. But while the cost of the food per man per day was small, the expenditures were not in all cases the wisest, for a more nutritious diet could have been purchased for the same amount of money. The relative economy of the materials purchased during this study is illustrated by the figures in the follow- ing table, showing the quantities of nutrients and energy in 10 cents' worth of each at the prices paid per pound. Table 86. 59 -Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein arid energy ohtaived for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. WO. Kind of food material. Beef: Chnok stenk Frankl'urtfrs Round steak Skirting Stew piece Mutton, .stew piece Pork, chops Butter Milk, condensed Bread: Wheat Rye Rolls Rolls, sweet Sugar Corn , canned Potatoes Green vegetables: Onions, rad ishes Tomatoes, canned Price per pound. Cents. 10.0 10.0 11.0 5.0 8.0 8.0 9.4 22.5 6.8 3.9 5.0 5.7 5.0 6.9 6.7 1.0 7.0 8.0 In 1 pound. Protein. 0.166 .196 .190 .161 .096 .135 .134 .010 .088 .092 .090 .097 .081 Fuel value. Pound. Calories. . 028 . 022 735 1,170 895 1,040 405 1,445 1, 270 3,605 1,520 1,215 1,180 1,470 1,450 1,860 455 385 Amount bought for 10 cents. Total food. Pounds. 1.00 1.00 .87 2.00 1.25 1.25 1.06 .44 1.47 2.56 2.00 1.75 2.00 1.70 1.50 10.00 1.43 1.25 Protein. Pound. 0.17 .20 .17 .32 .12 .17 .14 .13 .23 .18 .17 .16 Fuel value. Calories. 725 1,165 775 2, 075 505 1,805 1,355 1,600 2,235 3,110 2, 365 2, 575 2,905 3,155 680 3, 875 210 130 Total amount ex- pended during study. Cents. The most expensive materials purchased in any quantity were the butter, beefsteak, canned corn, and radishes. The variety and amount of animal food and of green veg'etables might have been reduced and the money thus saved used to purchase dried legumes, oatmeal, rice, flour, and bread. Apparently this would not have materially reduced the palatabilit}^ of the diet, yet the quantity of nutrients would have been increased without increasing the cost. Had the family spent their money for food as wisely as those described in dietary studies Nos. ITS and 185, they would not have been so poorly nourished. The use of stale bread instead of rolls, and of oatmeal and dried beans instead of canned corn, would have resulted in a considerable increase of nutriment, l)ut not of cost. DIETARY STUDY OF AN EXPRESSMAN'S FAMILY (NO. 201). This study was made in a family comprising the father, 30 years old, weighing 135 pounds; the mother, 25 years old, weighing 130 pounds; a girl, 11 years old, weighing 75 pounds; a girl, 9 years old, weighing 60 pounds; a boy, T years old, weighing 55 pounds; a girl, 5 years old, weighing 38 pounds, and a boy 3 years and an infant 10 months old, whose W'eights were not stated. The father, an expressman, who owned his horse and wagon, earned on an average $10 a week, although his income was variable. The mother apparently understood nothing about the purchasing and preparation of food; the home was poorly managed, and the table unattractive. Each member of the family had a small insurance, which required about $1 a month to maintain. They occupied three rooms, for w hich they paid $12 per mouth rent. 60 The .study l)eg-an Ma_y 22, 1897, and continued ten days. The luunber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 30 Woman ( 30 meals X 0. 8 meal of man ) , equivalent to 24 Girl, 11 years old (30 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 18 Girl 9 and boy 7 yeans old (60 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equiva- lent to 30 Girl 5 and boy 3 years old (60 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equiva- lent to 24 Infant, 10 months old, equivalent to 9 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 135 Equivalent to one man forty-five days. Table-37. — -Weights and co.s-/ of food and natrie'nts in. dietary .study No. 201. Kind);, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Steak, chni-k, 11 pounds, 11.11 (27); round, ehopped, 7.99 pounds, st coiils (29); sliiu, 2pounds, 12 cents (23); corned, (i iiouiids. ;iri cents (3) Pork: Ivoin, fresh, 4.."i(t pounds, 41 cents (tls); bacon, Cents. 5.4 1.1 .7 1.5 .2 .9 9.8 Grams. 45 7 3 1 Grams. 37 18 3 26 1 5 Grams. Calories. 529 196 Eggs 2 13 pounds 30i'ents(n4) . 40 242 Milk, 3.7() pounds, 11 cents (121) 2 33 22 206 62 90 35 1,235 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Bread, 20.40 pound.s, SI (134); buns, 1.26 pounds, 5 cents (140); cakes, 2 pounds, 20 cents (149); cakes, coffee, 1 pound, 10 cents (143); cakes, sweet, 2.50 pounds, 20 cents (142); crackers, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (l.Vi); crullers, 7.75 pounds, 65 cents (l,'i7); rolls, wMtcr, 1. 7r> pounds, 25 cents (166); pie, apple, 0..'j(l jxiund. .'i eeiils (160) 5.6 1.2 .7 .4 33 27 222 107 19 2 1,297 439 Vegetables: Cjilibage, :> pnunds, .'> cents (bSO); onions, l!."iO ixmnds, .seents (19')); i>iiIiitoes, 7.62 pounds, 10 cents (204): rhubarb, :! pounds, 5cents (210); .soup greens 1 jiound 2cents(18iS) 3 1 100 Fruits: Apples, 1 pound, 10 cents (221); strawberries. 9 Total vegetable food 7.9 36 28 350 1,846 Total food 17.7 98 118 385 3,080 As regards the amounts of nutrients eaten little need be said con- cerning the results of this study. The quantity of protein and energy was not greatl}' }>elow that found in the diet of working people in different parts of the United States and the cost was not large. By more judicious use of some materials at the prices paid and the sub- stitution of more economical materials for some of those used the quantity of nutrients might haye been sufficiently increased to meet all demands of the body without increasing the cost. Care and skill in the preparation of the food could have made this diet much more attractive. 61 DIETARY STUDY OF A WAITER'S FAMILY (NO. 204). This faniil}' coiiipriscd only tlie lnis})!iiul, 40 years old, and liis wife, 35 years old, weii^hiiio- 175 and 125 pounds, respectively. The hus- band was a waiter in a restaurant, and earned $7 a week and })oard. Ho was at home for ))ut thr(»e meals during the time of the study. The couple occupied one furnished room, for which (hey paid $2.25 per week rent. Provisions were ])ought daily at the small marki^ts. In the opinion of those making' the study the (-ouple belonged to the lowest typo found in the city among those who claim to have a homo. The study hegau flune 22, 181)7, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. IMan 8 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), e(|uivalent to 24 Total nnml)er of meals taken equivalent to 27 Equivalent to one man nine days. Tablk 38. — TI'''/V//(/.s- and cost of food and, nvtrifidx in. dletani slitd)/ JVo. 204- Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Beef, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (20): steak, sirloin, Q.hQ pound, t) cents (;?3). Mutton, 0.7.5 pound, 7 cents (Vih) Pork: Chops, 2.37 pounds, 30 cents (61); sparerite, 3 pounds, 18 cents (61); bacon, 0..50 pound, 6 cents (.59) . Eggs, 1.02 pounds, 10 cents (115) Butter, 0.43 pound, 9 cents (118) Milk, 7 pounds, 16 cents ( 124) . . . Total animal food . VEGETABLE F001>. Cereals: Flour, 1 pound, 5 cents (131); bread, Ipound, 5 cents (134); bread, dry, 0.25 pound. 1 cent (134); bread, rye, 1.-50 pounds, 5 cents (i;^7i; biscuit, 0.2.5 pound, 2 cents (139) Sugar, 2 pounds, 10 cents (169) Vegetables: Potatoes, 14.44 pounds, 31 cents (204); tomatoes, canned, 2 pounds, 10 cents (216) Total vegetable food Beverages: Beer, 13..50 pounds, 45 cents (243) Total food Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- ^F.^l_ Centx. 6.0 1.1 1.0 1.8 2.0 1.1 4.6 24.9 Gi'ams. 15 38 8 12 113 GravDi i:59 143 Grain!<. Calories. 247 909 79 177 18 263 18 115 101 3.54 450 1,665 .581 414 645 1,640 335 3,640 The quantities of protein and energy in this study approached quite nearly to the standard for persons at moderate work. The co.st, however, 25 cents per man per day, might easily have been reduced by more careful selection of food, if such reduction had been desired. It should be mentioned, however, that the cost includes one item which doubtless should be included in man}' of the other studies, but for vari- ous reasons could not be ascertained, namely, the amount paid for beer. The family used, on an average, about a quart a day. 62 DIETARY STUDY OF A LANDLORD'S FAMILY (NO. 205). This family consisted of a man 55 years old, weighing 200 pounds, and his wife 50 years old, weighing 175 pounds. The couple lived very simply, occupying two rooms. They rented twenty-five rooms for which they paid $80 per month, and sublet the rooms for about 'f2 or $3 each per week. Their income was probably not far from $200 per month. They did all the Avork in the house themselves and were very thrifty, owning several pieces of property outside of the city. Provisions were bought for cash partly in quantity and partly by the day. The study began June 1, 1897, and continued ten da3's. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 30 Woman (30 meals X 0. 8 meal of man ) , equivalent to 24 Visitor 2 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 56 Equivalent to one man nineteen days. Table 39. — Weights and cost of food and nut runts in dietary study No. W5. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per day. per man Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Steak, 0.76 pound, 10 cents (33); round, 6 pounds, 87 cents (29): sirloin. 1 pound, 16 cents (33). Pork: Ham. smoked, 4 pounds, 48 cents (66); head- Cents. 6.9 :^.l 2.0 1.9 .5 .3 1.6 .6 Grams. 34 18 14 1 6 7 16 3 Grnms. 25 40 10 35 8 10 19 3 Grams. Calories. 372 446 Eggs, 3.94 pounds, 38 cents (115) 160 Butter, 1.75 pounds, 36 cents (118) 329 i 24 19 103 Cheese, cottage, 1.50 pounds, 6 cents (122) 121 Milk, 19.69 pounds, 30 cents (124) 341 Milk, condensed, 1.50 pounds, 11 cents (125) 118 15.9 99 150 44 1,980 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 2 pounds, 10 cents (131); fiour, pre- pared, 1.60 pounds, 5 cents (133): bread, 8.13 pounds, 42 cents (134); bread, rye, 1.50 pounds, 5 cents (136); cake, 0.88 pound, 10 cents (149); rolls, water,;o 25 pound, 1 cent (166); rolls, Vienna, 0.75 pound, 5 cents (165); pie, lemon, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (162) . .... 4.6 1.7 3.3 .6 34 7 216 161 67 2 1,086 Sugars, starches, etc. : Cornstarch, 0.56 pound, 5 cents (172): sugar, 6.25 pounds, 27 cents (169) 660 Vegetables: Cabbage, 1 pound, 3 cents (180); cucum- bers, 0.50 pound, 2 cents (187); onions, 2.50 pounds, 9 cents (195); potatoes, 10.10 pounds, 29 cents (204); radishes, 0.50 pound, 1 cent (209); tomatoes, 1 pound, 5 cents (215); tomatoes, canned, 4 pounds, 13 cents (216) ; pickles, cucumber, 0.25 pound, 1 cent (202) 8 1 276 Fruits: Lemons, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (233) ; strawber- ries, 1.19 pounds, 9 cents (239) 8 Total vegetable food 10.2 42 1 8 435 2,030 Total food 26.1 141 158 479 4,010 63 The daily food consumption per niaii per da}' in this .study was con- siderably in excess of the ordinary standard for a man at moderate muscular work. The weights of both man and woman were, however, above the average, and it is very likel}' that they required more than the average quantities of nutrients, judging by what has been found with other families in good health who performed similar amounts of work. It seems proba))le that the dietary could have been reduced about one- eighth and still have been sufficient for the needs of the consumers. Such suggestions for changes are l)ased on theoretical considerations. The fact is recognized that individuals vary considerably in their requirements. However, the changes suggested in this and other studies seem warranted on the basis of average results. It is interest- ing to note that, in spite of the fact that the couple were quite well-to- do, the amount paid for food, 2<3 cents per man per day, was not excessive. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARETAKER'S FAMILY (NO. 206). This family consisted of the mother, born in Ireland, and three children born in America; the mother was 30 years old, and weighed 131> pounds; one daughter ll> years old weighed 110 pounds, and the other, 17 years old, weighed 100 pounds; the weight of the •J-j'ear-old son was not reported. The mother earned $1G a month cleaning offices. The elder daughter earned |7 a week as telephone operator, and the younger daughter earned |3 a week as })ook folder. The family paid $9 per month for the rent of three rooms. During three days of the study they' had a poor woman helping about the house, who took her meals with them. Provisions were bought by the day for cash at the small markets. The study began June l,">, 1S1»T, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Three women (63 ineals X 0.8 meal of man) , equivalent to 51 Girl, 17 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 Boy, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 Visitor 1 Total number of meals taken equivalent to 85 Equivalent to one man twenty-eight days. 64 Table 40. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Xo. 206. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Steak, round, 3.25 pounds, 48 cents (29); sir- loin, 1 pound, 15 cents (33); cottolene, 0.7.5 pound, 8 cents (12) Cents, ■l.b 3.7 Grams. 13 Grams. 21 62 2 28 15 1 Grain.^. Calories. •49 Pork: Sparerib, neck, 2.25 pounds, 8 cents (80); spareribs, 6.62 pounds, 47 cent.s (81) ; ham. boiled, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (64); ham, smoked, 3 pounds, 35cents(66); frankfurters, 0.25 pound, 4cents (14).. 716 Fish: Cod, fresh, 0.75 pound, 7 cents (87) .3 1 .4 2 1.6 9 3 1 19 4 I*"SKs, 0.87 pound, 10 cents (115) 27 Butter, 2 pounds, 44 cents (llS) 260 Milk, 22.78 pounds, (13 cents (124) 18 9 9 963 Buttermilk, 2.50 pounds, 4 cents (119) .1 .2 1 2 19 Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125) 54 11 1 e^ 129 29 1 585 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Bread, 14.75 pounds, 75 cents (134); cakes, coffee, 1 pound, 10 cents (143); cakes, sweet, 0.50 pound, 5 cents (149); crackers, soda, 0..50 pound, 4 cents (1 .56) : wheat, rolls, 4.50 pounds, 5 cents (167) . Sugars, starches: Cocoa, 0.50 pound, 22 cents (171); sugar, S..50 pounds, 40 cents ( 169) 3.5 2.2 2. 7 2.5 31 2 8 1 6 2 1 1 192 141 50 24 971 605 Vegetables: Cabbage, 6.25 pounds, 15 cents (180); cauliflower, 2.94 pounds, 10 cents (183); cucum- bers, 1 pound, 3 cents (186); onions, 2 pounds, 5 cent>s (195); peas, green, 0.75 pound. 5 cents (201); potatoes, 12.82 pounds, 38 cents (204) 247 Fruits: Apricots, fresh, 0..50 poiuid, 4 cents (224); cherries, 0.50 pound, 4 cent.s (227); gooseberries. 1..50 pounds, 8 cents (229); lemons, 0.75 i)ound, 5 cents (233); peaches, preserved, 1 i»>und. 10 cents (235); raspberries, jam, 1.50 povnids, Kiccnts (240): straw- berries, 2 pounds, 20 cents (2:'.'.h: watcniiclons. 0..50 pound, 3 cents (241) 112 Total vegetable food 10.9 42 10 407 1,935 Total food 22 1 107 139 436 3 520 The quantities of protein and energy per man per day in this study are about equal to those found on the average in the dietary of farm- ers, mechanics, and other woi-king people in comfortable circumstances in various parts of the country". The cost, 22 cents per man per day, was not excessive for the kinds and amounts of food purchased. If the family had so desired, the ex[)enst could have been reduced to some extent b}' a diti'erent selection of food materials. DIETARY STUDY OF A SAILOR'S FAMILY (NO. 209). This study was made in a family comprising the father, 50 years old; the mother, 39 years old; three bovs, one 17, one 5, and one 3 3'ears of age, and two girls, one 15 and the other 10 years of age. The weights of the members of the family were 150, 200, 100, 35, 25, 88, and 50 pounds, respectivel}^ All were in good health. The father worked on a tug boat, earning $30 a month. The oldest son was a porter and paid $4.50 a week to his mother for board. The family 65 occupied three rooms, for whii-h they paid $11.50 per month rent. Provisions were purchased daily at the small markets for cash. The study began June 15, 1897, and continued ten daA's. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man 23 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Boy, 17 years old (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 24 Girl, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 Girl, 10 years old (23 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 14 Boy, 5 years old (23 meals X 0.4 meal of man), eijuivalent to 9 Boy, 3 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 Total number of meals taken e(juivaleiit to 127 E(juivalent to one man forty-two days. Table 41. — ■Wciylit^ laul c.M of food (ind nulrienU in (lu'tunj stmh/ Xo. JOO. Kiuds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Protein. ' Fat. Carbohy-' Fuel drates. value. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Steak, skirt, 3.50 pounds, 24 cents (o'.'); shin, 2 pounds, 10 cents (23): shank, 4.50 pounds, 25 cents (24). Mutton, 9.75 pounds, fl (52) Pork: Chops, 5 pounds, 50 cents (61); spareribs, 3 pounds, 32 cents (01) Eggs, 3.70 pounds, 38 cents (115) CmU. 3.8 2.0 .9 .7 .9 ^ 2 Grain!<. 32 12 6 1 6 1 42 Grama. Calorics. 21 4 14 244 62 Butter, 1.50 pounds, 30 cents (118) 130 23 Milk 16.34 ppunds, 39 cents ( 124) 9 126 Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125) 1 6 38 Total animal food .... . 8.7 58 91 ' 15 1 145 VEGETABLE F')OD. Cereals: Barley. 0.44 pound, 2 cents (126); flour, 2.3S pounds, 7 cents (131): bread, 3.50 pounds, 22 cents (134): bread, stale. 11.25 pounds, 28 cents (138); crullers, 5 pounds, 35 cents (15;); cakes, 3 pounds, 25 cents (149): doughnuts, 1..50 pounds, 10 cents (157): rolls, water, 2 pounds, 10 '^ent.s (166); pie, apple, 0.39 pound, 5 cents (160) 3.4 .6 1.8 29 1 21 179 62 47 1.049 Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 3.50 pounds, 8 cents (170)- sugar, 3.25 pounds, 16 cents (169) 2.59 Vegetables: Beans, 2 pounds, 9 cents (176); corn, canned, 3 pounds, 12 cents (185); greens (soup), 2 pounds, 7 cents (188); onions, 1.25 pounds, 5 cents (195); potatoes, 15.88 pounds, 22 cents (20-1); peas, green, 0.75 pound, 10 cents (201); tomatoes, canned, 4 pounds, 12 cents (216) 1 5.8 37 22 2S.S ' 1,.54U Total food 14.5 95 113 mo 2,685 ' 1 This family were apparentlv in good health and it may be that the food was sufficient. It is probable, however, that had there been a little more protein and considerable more energy the diet would have been more suited to their needs. With an increase of the same kinds of food materials the cost would necessarily have been greater, but had 27147— No. 116—02 5 66 the increased expenditure been for flour, bread, dried legumes, etc., the cost of the diet would not have been proportionately increased. Thus, if they had purchased 2 pounds more of beans and 22i pounds of stale bread in addition to the other foods used, the diet would have fur- nished 122 grams of protein and 3,375 calories of energy per man per da}^, at a cost of 10 cents. Had the}' omitted the canned tomatoes, corn, soup greens, and green peas the expense would have been reduced 1 cent per man per day, with a reduction of only 2 grams of protein and G-t calories of energy. The cost of the diet was very moderate and in this, as in other cases, the family were justitied in spending a sum reasonable in proportion to their income to render the diet attractive and p;Uatable. DIETARY STUDY OF A HOUSEKEEPER'S FAMILY (NO. 210). This family consisted of the mother, 54 years of age; two adult sons, one 31 and the other 27 years old; two daughters, one 18 and the other 15 years old; and three grandchildren, a girl of 9, a boy of 6, and girl of -4 years. The mother. German born, acted as house- keeper or janitor for the building in which they lived, thus paying the rent of their flat, which was valued at $11.50 per month. The sons were ])oth at work, the 3'ounger earning $12 a week. The older son paid $3.50 a week for his board. The older of the two daughters earned $5 a week in a flower store, and the younger $2.50 a week book folding. Food was purchased daily for cash. The family were not in the best of health; none of the meuibers seemed strong. The study began June 20, 1897, and continued ten daj-s. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Two men 51 Two women (60 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 48 Girl, 15 years old (.30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 21 Two children, jrirl and boy 6 years old (51 meals X 0.5 meal of man ) , equivalent to 26 Child, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 12 Total nundjer of meals taken eqtiivalent to 158 Equivalent to one man fifty-three days. 67 Table 42. — Weii/hLs and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 210. Kinds, amounts, and cost of fdod for ten days. ANIMAL FOOD. Beef: Steak, chuck, 5.50 pounds. 51 cents (27); bolo- Kna. 1 poinid, 5 eent.s (1). Mutton, 5..50 pounds, ti5 cents (.52) Pork: Head-cheese. 1 pound, 10 cents ((i?); loin, 7 l)0unds, 70 cents (in ); bacon, 1 pound, 10 cents (.59) : ham, bulled, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (64) Fish: Clam chowder, 2 pounds, 10 cents (80); salm- on, 1 pound, 10 cents (104); weak (fresh), (> [jounds. 30 cents (112a); sturj^reon, 0.50 pound, 10 cents ( 112) Butter, 1.75 pounds, 42 cents (US) Milk, 25.72 pounds, 00 cents (124) Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Cost. Ctnii. 2. .3 1.9 1.1 'i."9' Total animal food . VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Bread, 15.25 pounds, 03 cents (134): bread, rye, 3.50 pounds, 15 cents (136); cake, 3 pounds, 30 cents (149); doughnuts, 1 pound. 5 cents (157); rolls, 1..50 pounds, 10 cents (166) Sugar, 4 pounds, 21 cents ( 169) : . . Vegetables: Beans, 1 pound. 4 cents (176); greens, soup, 0.50 pound, 1 cent (188); onions, 0..50 pound, 2 cents (]9.'>): potatoes, 13.60 pounds. 30 cents (204); sauerkraut, 4.. ^0 jiounds, 20 cents (212); tomatoes, cannt-d, 2 pounds, ,s cents (216) Fruits; Apple butter, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (223) Total vegetable food Total food Protein. Fat. 1.2 .1 4.0 Grams. Gmmn. Carbohy-, Fuel drates. i value. G-rams. 13 ■ 9 11 113 34 Calorics. 256 273 52 121 1.58 860 592 139 132 12 1,735 This famih' wa.s certainly in.sufficiently nourished. Like the family in dietary study No. 15S and that in No. 200, the diet furni.shed only little over half the normal amount.s of protein and energy. It is not surpris- ing", in view of this fact, that the family did not appear strong and robust. While there were no particular extravagances in the diet; the food materials could have been selected much more wisely. The sugges- tions which have been given in connection with some of the preceding studies appl}^ equally well in this case. Under the conditions.it appears that choice must he made between variet}' of food and quantity of nutrients, as the sum available for food was not great enough to secure both. The mother had comparatively little time to devote to the prep- aration of the food and to marketing, which doubtless rendered it more difficult in this ca.se to secure the greatest possible returns for the money expended. The relative economy of the ditterent materials used is shown in the table following, giving the quantities of nutrients and energy in 10 cents' worth of each at the prices paid per pound. 68 Table 43. — Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 210. Kind of food material. Beef, chuck steak Mutton Pork: Head-cheese Loin Bacon "... Boiled ham Fish: Clam chowder Salmon Weakfish Sturgeon Butter Milk Bread Rye bread Cake Doughnuts Rolls Sugar Green vegetables: Heaii greens, and onions Potatoes Sauerkraut Tomatoes, canned I Price per pound. In 1 pound. Amounts bought for 10 cents. Fiiel value. Total food. CcnU. 9.3 11.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 20.0 24.0 2.3 4.1 4.3 10.0 5.0 6.7 5.3 3.5 2.2 4.4 4.0 Pound. 0.166 .192 .195 .134 .091 . 202 ,018 .195 . 08G .193 .010 .033 . 092 .090 .003 .067 .090 Calorics. 735 1,560 1,790 1.270 2, 795 1,320 195 680 205 950 3,605 325 1,215 1,180 . 1,675 2,000 1,300 1,860 .022 .017 . 012 385 125 105 Pounds. 1.08 .85 1.00 1.00 1.00 .50 2.00 1.00 2. 00 ..50 .42 4.35 2.44 2.33 1.00 2.00 1.50 1.89 2.86 4.55 2.25 2.50 Protein. Pound. 0.18 .14 .20 .14 .09 .10 .04 .20 .17 .09 Fuel value. Calories. 790 1,315 1,790 1,275 2, 800 655 380 680 415 475 1,505 1,385 2,935 2, 760 1,675 4,015 1,950 3,545 885 1,755 280 260 Total amount ex- pended during study. Ccnls. Among- the least econoiuical foods in this study may ])o mentioned boiled ham at 20 cents a pound, clam chowder at 10 cents a quart, sturgeon at 20 cents a pound, cake at 10 cents a pound, sauerkraut at 10 cents a <|uart. and canned tomatoes at 8 cents a can. The most eco- nomical food Avas bread. ))ut even this might have been purchased cheaper, judging ])y the facts brought out in other studies. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION. The tinaucial ciriumstances of the families included in the dietary studies here reported varied wideh'. The regular income of one family was such that they might be called comfortably well-to-do; a few others had means at least sufficient for their actual needs, while there were some whose total income during- the period of study was not equal to the cost of food alone. The large majority of them were in such circumstances that in all their purchases it was neces.sarv that every cent should count. The results of the studies show a wide difference, however, in the ability of the families to make the most of the means at their disposal; some of them obtained ample nourish- ment at a reasonable cost, while others for the same or even a larger expenditure were not sufficiently nourished. A number of the poorer families were especiall}' undernourished, but some of them obtained much more nutriment for the mone}^ expended than did others. It is interesting to compare the studies in these respects. G9 PECUNIARY ECONOMY OF FOOD PURCHASED. In the di.scu.sision of the .studies in the preceding' piige«, some tables have been given showing the amounts of protein and energ}' obtained for 10 cents in the different food materials used. The studies for- which such tables were provided are believed to be more or less typ- ical, so that the remarks made concerning the econonn* of the pur- chases may be applied in a general way to all the studies. In order to show the variations in the prices paid by different families for similar food materials, and especially to illustrate the relative value and economy of different materials as sources of pi'otcin and energy, these tallies are summarized here. Table 44. — Cost jxr 'pound oiul protrlu (nxj fnergj/ in 10 cents' vorth of various food viaterlah in so))ie tijpU'al dietary studies. Food miUcrials Beef: Chopped Sirloin Do Flank Fore shank Do Hind shank . . . Shank Neck Chuck steak . . . Do Do Round Do Skirting Stew piece Corned Corned, canned Liver Tripe, pickled . Suet Veal: Chops Do Cutlets Lamli chops Mutton: Chops Leg Neck Stew piece Side Pork: Chops Do Do Do Loin Do Head-cheose . . . Trimmings Ham, smoked . . Do Ham, boiled ... Bacon Do Salt Do Feet Lard Sausage, Frankfurt Chicken Do Dietary study! 186 1.5-1 186 161 161 186 178 172 172 178 200 210 200 186 200 200 17.S 161 172 178 186 1.54 186 186 161 161 172 172 200 21 U 161 172 186 200 178 210 210 178 1.54 186 210 172 210 161 172 172 186 200 154 186 Price paid per pound. Amount for 10 cents. Total weight. Cents. 10.0 17.6 1)5. 8.0 4.6 4.0 8.0 10.9 10.0 9.3 11.5 12.0 5.0 8.0 5.2 20.0 8.0 5.0 5.0 12.2 12. 5 14.0 13.7 18. 5 7 2 4.1 8.0 11.8 11.2 10.0 9.6 9.4 10.0 10.0 8.0 12.0 20.0 20.0 12. 10.0 7.0 9. s 6.0 6.0 10.0 11.9 16.0 1.00 1.25 1.79 l.:57 2.17 2. .50 1.25 .92 1.00 1.08 .87 .83 2.00 1.25 1.92 ..50 1.25 2.00 2.00 Energy. 42 59 97 104 8« 94 109 82 69 75 81 75 73 146 55 1.59 64 117 106 41 .82 74 .80 73 .71 64 .73 62 ..54 39 l.;59 95 2. 22 123 1. 25 77 . 85 62 .90 67 1.00 61 1.04 77 1.06 65 1 . 30 97 1.00 61 1.00 89 1.25 28 .83 54 ..50 32 ..50 46 ..H3 35 LOO 41 1.43 12 1 . 02 9 1.67 120 1.67 1 . DO 89 .84 74 .63 ,54 Calorie.". .S95 .5-55 760 1,400 975 745 870 1,005 970 675 72b 790 775 745 2, 075 505 2,6.50 560 720 545 7,080 675 660 495 1, 120 915 1, 245 2, 180 1, 805 1,315 1,410 1,265 1,645 1, 355 2,04.^ 1, 275 1,790 3, 5:^5 1, 395 835 6.55 2,330 2,800 5, 2.50 3, 765 2,&50 7, 035 1, 165 890 655 Table 44. 70 -Cost per pound and protein and energy in 10 cents' worth of various food materials in some typical dietary studies — Continued. Food materials. Fish: Cod, salt Do Cod, fresh Cod, fresh (assumed as cod). Shad Bluefish Herring Salmon Weakfish Sturgeon Herring, smoked Salmon, canned Sardines Clam chowder Ovsters Butter Do Milk. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do- Do Do Do Do Do Milk, condensed. Do Do Cheese Do Eggs Do Flour Do Bread Do Do Do Do Do Do Bread, rye Do Do Biscuit, soda .. Crackers, soda. Rolls, water ... Rolls Do Cake Cake, mixed... Cake Do Buns Doughnuts Pie, apple Do Sugar Do Do Do Do Do Do Cornmeal Rice Do Oatmeal Macaroni Do Vermicelli Green vegetables. Do Do Do Dietary study. Price paid per pound. Amount for 10 cents. Total weight. Cents. Pounds. 186 6.0 1.67 17S 8.0 1.25 1,'>4 14.8 .68 172 6.2 1.61 186 10.0 1.00 172 6.0 1.67 178 5.4 1.85 210 10.0 1.00 210 5.0 2.00 210 20.0 .,50 154 10.0 1.00 161 20. .50 161 6.0 1.67 210 5.0 2.00 1,54 9.1 1.10 154 17.1 .59 161 18.6 .54 172 21.9 .46 178 18.4 .54 186 20.0 .50 200 22.5 .44 210 24.0 .42 154 2.6 3.85 161 2.7 3.70 172 2.3 4.35 178 3.2 3.13 186 2.3 4.36 210 2.3 4.35 161 7.3 1.37 172 10.0 1.00 200 6.8 1.47 1,54 14.3 .70 186 17.0 .59 154 13.1 .76 186 10.6 .94 172 2.4 4.17 178 2.8 3.57 154 4.4 2.27 161 2.6 3.85 172 4.6 2.17 178 2.1 4.76 186 4.6 2. 17 200 3.9 2. 56 210 4.1 2.44 161 3.0 3.33 200 5.0 2.00 210 4.3 2.33 161 3.3 3.00 161 4.7 2. 14 172 5.3 1.89 200 5.7 1.75 210 6.7 1.50 154 9.5 1.05 161 5.0 2.00 186 12.0 .83 210 10.0 1.00 178 4.4 2.27 210 5.0 2.00 161 20.0 .50 186 10.0 1.00 154 5.3 1.89 161 5.5 1.82 172 4.6 2.17 178 5.7 1.75 186 4.8 2.08 200 5.9 1.70 210 5.3 1.89 186 4.0 2.50 154 8.0 1.25 186 6.2 1.61 161 2.3 4.35 154 6.0 1.67 186 6.2 1.61 186 9.0 1.11 154 4.6 2.17 161 2.4 4.17 172 .8 12.50 178 1.6 6.25 Protein. Energy, Grams. 145 108 60 81 86 76 163 89 78 43 93 49 179 16 30 68 ,55 64 47 64 64 ,55 40 69 82 68 61 69 211 185 95 190 91 233 91 107 101 136 82 96 127 95 76 77 61 30 58 23 28 84 60 8 14 104 46 .59 320 101 100 54 13 27 66 97 Calories. 525 460 215 460 750 350 1,215 680 415 475 755 450 1,.580 380 260 2, 105 l,y35 1,615 1,960 . 1,800 1,600 1, 505 1,250 1,180 1,385 1,020 1,415 1,385 2,090 1,515 2,235 1,360 1,145 645 680 6, 820 6,975 2,745 4,820 2,640 5,920 2,640 3,110 2, 935 3,940 2, 365 2,760 5, 185 4,130 2,440 2, 575 1,950 1,760 3, 365 1,395 1,675 3,325 4,015 610 1,270 3,485 3,380 4,020 3, 280 3,875 3, 155 3, 485 4,140 2,030 2,630 8,136 2,780 2,686 1,805 280 575 1,620 1,865 71 Table 44. — Cost per pound and protein and energy in 10 cents' worth of various food materials in some typical dietary studies — Continued. Food materials. Green vegetables. Do Potatoes Do Do Do Do Do Do Fruits Do Sauerkraut Tomatoes, canned Do Do Corn, canned Beans, dried Do Cabbage Greens, dandelion Greens " Onions Pickles Spinach Tomatoes Jelly Nuts Cocoa Olive oil Dietary study. 200 210 154 161 172 178 186 200 210 154 161 210 154 200 210 200 178 186 186 186 186 l,x6 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 Price paid per pound. Amount for 10 cents. Total weight. Cents. 7.0 3.5 3.2 2.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.0 2.2 9.3 5.3 4.4 3.9 8.0 4.0 6.7 3.7 5.0 1.5 8.5 5.5 5.0 10.0 8.0 3.8 10.7 10.0 22.0 25. Pounds. 1.43 2.86 3.13 5.00 9.10 7.69 7.69 10.00 4. .55 1.08 1.88 2. 25 2. 55 1.25 2. 50 1.50 2.70 2.00 6.67 1.18 1.82 2.00 1.00 1.25 2.63 .93 1.00 .45 .40 Protein. Energy. Grams. 8 45 32 51 95 77 77 100 45 5 8 18 14 6 14 19 273 204 41 14 36 14 5 14 9 9 36 45 Calories. 210 885 1,220 1,975 3, 695 2,%0 2,960 3, 875 1,755 280 495 280 265 130 260 680 4,280 3,210 835 335 400 410 110 140 275 1,460 1,600 1,055 1,690 The beef used by the different families included in this table varied from canned corned beef at 20 cents a pound in one stud}^ to beef shank at 4 cents in another, and the (juantity of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents ranged from 159 grams and 2,650 calories, respectively, in corned beef (not canned) at 5.2 cents per pound to 42 grams of protein and 555 calories of energy in sirloin steak at 17.6 cents per pound. When the quantities of both protein and energy obtained are taken into account, this sirloin steak was perhaps the most expensive meat purchased. A characteristic difference l^etween beef and pork is well illustrated by the figures in the table, the pork, as a rule, furnishing considerably less protein and considerably more energy for 10 cents than beef. The price paid for fish and shellfish ranged from 5 cents a pound for weakfish and clam chowder to 20 cents a pound for sturgeon and canned salmon. The fish most economically purchased was canned sardines at 5 cents a pound, furnishing 179 grams of protein and 1,580 calo- ries of energy for 10 cents. The lea.st economical purchase was clam chowder at 5 cents a pound (10 cents a quart), furnishing 16 grams of protein and 380 calories of energy for 10 cents. The price paid for butter varied from 17.1 to 21 cents a pound, and the energy in 10 cents' worth from 2,105 calories at the lower price to 1,505 calories at the higher price. ]Milk was purchased at prices for actual delivery ranging from 4.6 72 to 6.4 a quart, and constituted a fairly economical source of ])oth pro- tein and energy. The price at which sugar was purchased varied from 4.6 to 5.9 cents per pound, with corresponding differences in the fuel value of 10 cents' worth, ranging from 4,020 to 8,155 calories. The greater number of the families studied used little or no flour, but the majorit}' of them purchased considerable quantities of ])akers' goods. It is interesting to note in the studies summarized in the table the differences in the price paid foi" such articles. In 10 cents' worth of stale bread for 2.1 cents a pound one famih' obtained 233 grams of protein and 5,920 calories of energy, while another family paid 5 cents a pound for rj'e bread, and obtained for 10 cents only 82 grams of pro- tein and 2,365 calories. The price paid for cake varied from 5 cents to 10 cents a pound, with corresponding differences in the quantities of protein and energy in 10 cents"' worth. Bun^ at 4.4 cents a pound were fiiirly economical food, while pie at 20 cents a pound furnished comparatively little nutriment for the money. The family which made this latter purchase, however, obtained many of their food materials at very reasonable rates, and the pie, of which only a small amount was purchased, was probably deemed a deserved luxury. This same family obtained protein and energy very econom- ical h' in oatmeal at 2.3 cents a pound. It is interesting to note the difference between the nutrients in oatmeal at this price and in rice at 6 cents a pound, or in almost any of the other food materials included in the table. At such a price oatmeal undoubtedly consti- tuted one of the most, if not the most, economical sources of nutriment noted in these dietary studies. The amounts of protein and energy in green vegetables, such as onions, soup greens, green corn, and the like, are small. While vege- tables are more or less of a necessity, in order to provide bulk, to sup- ply the body Avith mineral salts, and to add to the palatability and attractiveness of the diet, these purposes could probably be served as well by a small as by a great variety. It is a question, therefore, whether it was wise under the circumstances to purchase green vege- tables in such variety as was observed in some of the studies. The amount of money spent for soup greens by some families Avas out of all proportion to their food value. They contain practicall\' no nutri- ment, and as flavoring materials they were rather expensive at the prices paid; that is to sav. it is possible to season soups so that they are palatable with condiments, etc., which cost less. For instance, celery seed could probably be used at less cost than the fresh vege- table. The matter is important chiefly as an illustration of the fact that the practice which is easiest may not be the most economical. It requires more thought and more knowledge to use the less common kitchen condiments, which would in the end be cheaper, than to buy and use the soup greens. 73 Coniparatively few of the fiimilios studied made use of such econom- ical materials as tlie dried le^i^-umos in their diet. In the two instances included in the above table the price paid per pound by one family was 8.7 cents, while another paid 5 cents. Even at the latter })rice there was ten to fifteen times as much protein and energy obtained for 10 cents as there was in canned coi-n, canned tomatoes, or g-i-een veg'c- tables that were used l)y so many of the families. The economy in the use of the dried legumes and the cereals has been repeatedly pointed out on preceding- pages, especially as substitutes for the very uneconomical materials mentioned. It has also lieen sug-g-ested that thev might very readily take the place of at least a part of the meat that is so generally considered a necessity ]\v the laboring classes. They supply the same ingredient, protein, as the meat and at a much lower cost. As will be seen from the tal)le, potatoes were purchased at prices ranging from 1 cent to 8.2 cents per pound, with a corresponding range of 100 to 32 grams of protein and 3,875 to 1,220 calories of energy in the amounts o])tained for 10 cents. Canned tomatoes, which seems to have been a favorite food mate- rial with many of the families studied, constituted one of the most costly sources of ])oth protein and energy. Under the circumstances, perhaps this food product should be regarded principally as an appe- tizer since undoubtedl}' it rendered the diet more palatable and accept- able and thus doulitless increased the consumption of bread or other food of less marked flavor. Under some circumstances, when used in this way, it perhaps need not be considered as an expensive dish. Its use l>v families so poor and so undernourished as some of those included in these studies certainly seems unwise, as it simply took the place of other materials very much more nutritious and not unpala- table which could have been purchased for the same sum. SUMMARY OF AMOUNTS OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY IN FOOD CONSUMED PER MAN PER DAY. The relative economy of the different dietaries may ho shown ])y a comparison of the cost and the quantities of nutrients and energy per man per day in each. Results of the studies reported in this bul- letin are thus summarized in Table 45, which also include for purposes of comparison the results of some similar studies previously reported. ** For convenience m comparison the results have been grouped accord- ing to the amounts expended for food, the basis for each group having been adopted arbitrarily, as follows: Group A includes those in which the cost per man per day is less than 13 cents. « IJ. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bnl. 46. 74 Group B includes studies in which the cost per man per da>' ranged from 13 to 16 cents. Group C includes studies in which the cost per man per day ranged from 17 to 20 cents. Group D includes studies in which the cost per man per day ranged from 21 to 23 cents. Group E includes studies in which the cost per man per day ranged from 25 to 28 cents. Group F includes studies in which the cost per man per da}^ was more than 28 cents. The results of each group have then been averaged together, and the averages compared with one another. In the last group, however, the variation in cost and in amounts of nutrients and energy obtained is rather too wide to include the individual families in an average that could be taken as representative of an}^ class. Table 45. — Summari/ of results of dietary studies made in Neiv York City. Diet- ary No. Cost. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Fuel value. 48 Group A. — Studies in ivhich the cost per man per day was less than 1$ cents. Cents. 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 Grams. 67 86 86 64 67 65 94 88 58 84 Grams. 41 79 76 81 69 75 105 113 58 93 Grams. 237 285 368 213 285 188 257 198 346 328 Calories. 1,585 178 Longshoreman's family 2 '2.55 185 Laborer's family 2,570 1,8P0 158 Plumber's family 200 Painter's family 2,085 210 Housekeeper's family 1,735 15.3 195 Longshoreman's family Stableman's family 2,415 2, •225 196 2, 195 197 Huckster's family 2,5.55 Ayerage of 10 studies 11 75 79 •271 2, 151 Group B.— Studies in which the cost per man per day ranged from 13 to 16 cents. Caryer's family 37 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 • 87 89 113 98 79 94 102 87 81 101 127 95 95 72 79 84 119 85 105 89 78 108 83 74 116 128 96 109 145 98 90 113 98 1-25 114 91 88 104 262 2% 356 337 346 391 462 296 355 446 446 397 303 314 347 •227 463 309 3^29 2, •2.55 167 Carpenter's family 2,305 171 Tanner's family 2, 925 177 Truekman's family 2, 555 187 Watchman's family 2,430 170 3, 065 172 3, .505 34 2, 465 51 Shopkeeper's family 2, 800 161 3, ,590 183 Sail rigger's family 3,260 194 2, 855 209 Sailor's family 2, 685 35 2, 455 110 •2, 910 112 2, 335 1,59 3, 230 188 Bookbinder's family 2, 430 199 2. 715 Average of 19 studies 15 94 102 352 2, 779 Group C— Studies in which the cost per man per day rangedjrom 17 to 20 cents. Sailors' boarding house 38 17 17 18 18 18 19 20 20 96 95 101 93 98 123 99 r21 129 100 106 104 118 143 125 138 181 283 296 509 385 312 327 442 2, 335 162 Longshoreman's family 2,480 32 2,610 52 Hcuisekeeper's family. 3, 435 201 3,080 192 Butcher's family 3,115 111 Tin roofer's family 2, 910 180 Carpenter's family 3,. 590 Ayerage of 8 studies 18 1 103 1'20 342 2, 944 75 Table 45. — Summary of reiiulls of dietary studies made in Xeiv York City — Continued. Diet- ary No. 166 107 106 160 206 31 47 96 108 204 33 186 193 20.5 168 97 30 122 154 147 198 109 Group D. — Studies in which the cost per man per day ranged from 21 to 25 cents. Carpenter's family Truckman's family Printer's family Truckman's family Caretaker's family Carpenter's family Truckman's family Laborer's family Caretakers in day nursery Average of 9 studies Group E.— Studies in which the cost per man per daij ranged from 25 to 28 cents. Waiter's family Sailor's family .''... Fruit vender's family Sail rigger's family Landlord's family Housekeeper's family Porter's family Average of 7 studies Group F. — l^tudies in which the cost per man per day was more than 28 cents. Mechanic's family Mission worker's family Cable gripman's family Builder's family Longshoreman's family Builder's family '. Average of 6 studies Cost. Cents. 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 Grams. 126 136 116 1'20 107 151 104 139 1'22 125 113 140 141 156 141 131 142 138 Carbohy- ! drates. Fuel value. 91.4 14.8 13.7 20.7 20.7 14.8 14.5 22.3 12.8 9.6 20.9 16.4 16.6 18.5 19.0 16.4 14 Frankfurters 200,206 1 1 15 Gelatin 151 16 Heart 183 17 Kidnev 180 18 Liver 159,172 1 5 19 Liver sausage 160,166,197,199 1 5 20 Meat 200,204 21 Neck 172,177,183 22 Roast 195 23 Shank, fore 155, 159, 160. 161, 166, 168, 177, 180, 186, 194, 195, 198, 199, 201, 209. 172,178,200,209 24 Shank, hind 25 Do 195 26 Shoulder 180,185 27 Steak, chuck .' Do 155, 158, 166, 168, 171, 177, 178, 198,200,201,210. 183 28 29 Steak, round Do 158, 159, 160, 162, 166, 167, 180, 186, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199,200,201,205,206. 171 30 «U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 28, revised. 79 80 Table 47. — Percentage composition of different food materials used in computing the nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City — Continued. Ref. No. 31 32 33 31 35 36 37 38 39 39a •10 41 42 43 43a 43b 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 55a 56 57 58 Kind of f( od material. Beef— Continued. Steak, round, chopped. Steak, .skirt Steak, sirloin Do Steak, skirt Steak, skirting. Suet Tripe Do Blood Lamb: Breast Chops Leg Do Shoulder Mutton: Side Chops Do Do Leg Do Neck Shoulder Do Side Veal: Breast Chops Cutlets Hcad-eheese" Leg Loin Shoulder Pork: Bacon Dietary studies in which used. Protein. 166,167 209 154, 159, 162, 166, 168, 186, 187, 188, 192, 198, 204, 205, 206. 167 1.59,161,177 IS.5.200 I.i5, 167,186 155, 177, 178, 19(!, 199. 158,171 197 158. 161. 170. 160. 187. 204 160,168,200,204. 161,177,197 168,192 168,171,196 172 172 158 177,192 194,209,210 162 154,186,194. 186, 193 197 193 198 170 Chops . Do. Feet Feet, pickled . Ham, boiled.. Ham, smoked Do 158. 159, 162, 168, 172, 183, 195, 197, 198,201.204,210. 1.54,158.161.178,180,183,186,194. 1.59. 166. 171, 172,196, 198, 200,204, 209, 210. 172 Head-cheese Loin, fresh Lard Pig's head Pork as fresh ham. Salt Do Sausage Sau.sage meat Shoulder Shoulder, fresh Shoulder, .salt Shoulder, smoked . Sparerib Sparerib, roast Trimmings Poultry: Chickens Fish: Bluefish. fresh Clams Clam chowder Cod Cod, boneless Cod, fresh Do Cod, salt Flounders Halibut Halibut, fresh Herring, fresh Herring, smoked . . Mackerel 183 155,"i77,'i86,"266,"2i6'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 16,*;, ISO, 195.. l.>4, 162, 166, 171, 186, 187, 192, 198, 205. 206. 205,210 , 201 , 155, 158, 166, 177, 186, 197, 199. 1.55,170 194 161,167,170,17 199 171 185 170 199 171,185 158,167,199 206 •155,160,170,195,206. 178,198 1.54,180,186.187,193. 162,172 158 197,210 193,19.5,197,206 171 155,162,171,172,188,192. 154,183 167,168,178,186,188 199 197 196 177,178 154 1.59 Per cent. 20.3 19.7 16.5 13.3 17.0 16.1 4.7 11.7 16.8 7.5 19.1 18.7 15.9 19.2 18.1 13.0 13.5 16.0 16.0 18.5 15.1 12.3 17.7 13.7 16.2 19.5 19.9 20.1 15.5 16.6 15.1 16.6 13.4 15.8 16.3 20.2 16.3 14.2 19.5 13.2 13.4 15.3 1.9 7.4 13.0 17.4 15.1 12.0 15.9 13.0 17.3 16.6 5.0 19.3 10.0 10.6 1.8 8.4 27.7 11.1 16.5 19.0 5.4 18.6 1.5.3 19.5 20.5 10.2 Fat. Per cent. 13.6 17.7 16.1 42.3 19.0 17.5 81.8 1.2 8.5 Carbohy- drates. Per cent. 23.6 28.3 13.6 16.5 29.7 24.0 28.3 33.1 24.1 18.0 14.7 17.9 19.9 15.5 ' 29.8 j. 14.0 |. 10.8 |. 7.5 '. 7.9 9.0 6.0 30.1 24. 2 26. 3 14.8 22.4 38.8 33.4 33.8 26.0 100.0 41.3 28.9 86.2 59.6 44.2 32.5 6.0 29.8 32.5 26.6 31.1 30.1 65. 16.3 .6 1.1 .8 2 .3 .2 .4 .4 .3 5.2 4.4 7.1 8.8 4.2 "Composition assumed. 81 Table 47 .—Percentage composition of different food materials used inccnnpiding the nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City — Continued. Ref. No. 99 100 101 102 103 104 xm 100 107 108 109 110 111 112 112a 113 114 116 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 123a 124 12.5 126 127 128 129 130 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 14.5 146 147 14.S 149 150 1.51 1.52 153 154 155 1.56 157 158 1.59 160 161 162 163 Kin87, 188, 193, 200, 205, 210. 204 155, 158, 1.59, 161, 178, 185, 209. . . 1.59, 160, 161 , 168, 204 160, 167, 178, 185, 188, 194, 201. . . 167,194 154, 158, 159, 161, 185, 186, 188, 194,198,201,210. 160, 162, 193, 194, 196, 199, 200, 201,206. 168,196,200 194 168 168... 168 201,20.5,206,209. 168 186,197 188,201 1.59 199 196 161, 177, 185. 187, 195, 206 166, 168, 180, 197,201,209, 210. 1.54, 160, 170, 186, 197 188 159,161,186,199,201,209. 199 205 16S, 170 Per cent. 11.6 16.3 8.7 6.0 6.6 9.9 19.5 21.8 19.5 23.7 18.8 17.6 10.1 15.1 19.3 8.6 10.6 13.4 14.8 13.1 11.9 1.0 3.0 25.9 26.1 18.7 23. 2. 5 3.3 8. S 8. .1 11.0 16.1 16. 7 8.0 11.2 14.0 10.2 9. 2 .5.4 9.0 y. (•) 10. 9 9.3 8.1 7.9 6.3 7.1 8.1 5.9 6.3 6.7 5.9 6.3 7.9 9.2 10.7 9.7 10.9 7.4 9.8 6.7 13.4 7.9 3.1 4.2 3.6 8.5 Per cent. 3.5 17.4 1.1 1.3 7.0 12.1 7.5 12.1 9.5 1.8 1.0 1.6 14.0 1.1 3.0 10.5 Per cent. 10.5 9.3 9.3 So. .5 33.7 33.5 27.4 29.4 18. 5 4.0 8.3 1.1 1.4 7. 2 7.3 .3 1.0 1.9 1.2 1.3 1.8 .6 .6 1.3 13.7 6.9 4.8 9.0 6.9 10.9 10.7 7.6 9.0 9.0 4.7 1.9 8.8 12.1 6.0 13.0 9.1 21.0 .9 4.7 9.8 6.3 10.1 9.6 4.1 3.3 4.8 2.4 2.3 1.5 .4 4.5 .5.0 .54.1 76. 3 07. o 66. 2 79.0 74.9 71.2 73.0 53.1 47.1 .53. 2 48.9 53.6 52.0 54.2 49.7 63.3 63. 2 .54.2 64.1 65. 9 57. 6 64.8 63.3 46.3 7.5.4 71.9 69.7 72.9 63. 7 73.1 .53. 1 74.1 46.3 42.8 26.1 37.4 .54.4 27147— No. 116—02- -0 82 Table 47. — Percentage composition of different food materials used in computing the nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City — Continued. Kind of food material. 217 21 S 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 Dietary studies in which used. Cereals — Continued. Rolls, plain 177, 180, 1S8, 193, 195, 199, 200. . Roll.1, Vienna 1 166, 205 Rolls, water , 167, 168, 170, 172, 201, 205, 209, 210. Rolls, wheat 206 -. . . Vermicelli ! 186 Sugars, starches, and oils: Sugar Used in all Molasses 185, 209 Cocoa 168, 186, 192, 206 Cornstarch Olive oil. Vegetables: .\sparagu Beans ... Do Beans, string . Do Cabbage 185, 205 186,198. 180, 183, 18G, 187 Do 154 166,170, 17 196. 209,210 155 161 155,158,160, 161, 162, 166, 167. 168, 170, 172, 177, 178, 180. 187. 183.185. 186,192, 194, 195, 198, ; 201,205,206. Cabbage sprouts 187 Carrots | 178, 187, 194 Cauliflower : 206 Corn 1 158, 166, 167, 170 Corn, canned 159, 160, 161, 168, 188, 200, 209. . . Cucumbers 155, 206 Do I 199, 205 Greens I 167, 179, 186, 201, 209, 210 Do t 166, 171,177, 180, 183, 186,187, 194. Do ! 197 Hor.se-radisli I 198 Leeks 193 Lettuce ' 154 Do 197 Onions 154, 1,55, 158, 159, 160, 161 , 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, 186, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201 , 205, 1 206.209,^210. Do 177, 178, 180, 183, 187 rarsle.v 18ti, 192, 199 Parsnips 193 Peas, canned 160, 180, 196 Peas, dried 160, 178, 187, 197 Peas, green j 206, 209 Pickles, cucumber 194, 205 Pickles, mixed i 18(i Potatoes Used in all I^otatoes, cooked 197 Potatoes, sweet i 170 Do 193 Radishes 1.54, 200 Do I 159, 205 Rhubarb 201 Salad I 166 Sauerkraut ! 166, 180, 194, 210 Scallions Spinach Tomatoes Tomatoes, canned Tomato catsup Turnips Do Fruits: Apples, dried. Apples Do Apple butter . Apricots Bananas Do Cherries Currants Gooseberries. . 197 155,186 158. 159, 161, 162, 16(), 1(>7, 168, 170, 171, 172, 180, 186, 187, 192, 193, 195, 205. 154, 158. 159, 160, 162. 177, 183, 188. 197, 199, 200, 204, 205, 209, 210. 168,187 162, 170, 171, 178, 183, 185, 192, 194, 195, 196. 172.199 177 159,170,193,194,201. 166,168,180 210 20*5 154,167 161 154,206 159,101 206 Protein. Per cent. 9.7 8.5 9.0 9.4 10.9 2.4 21.6 1.8 22.5 4.7 2.3 2.1 1.6 4.7 1.1 1.6 3.1 2.8 .8 . 7 2.4 4.2 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.6 2.4 1.3 3.6 24.6 7.0 .5 1.1 2.2 2.5 1.4. 1.8 1.3 .9 .4 1.2 1.7 1.4 2.1 .9 1.5 1.3 Fat. Per cent. 4.2 2.2 3.0 100.0 .2 L8 .3 .3 .3 .3 1.1 .4 .1 1.1 1.2 .2 .2 1.0 .6 .4 .2 .4 .3 .2 .3 .3 1.0 .4 .2 1.0 .5 .3 .4 .1 .1 .6 . 7 .1 .1 .4 .3 .5 .5 .3 .4 Carbohy- drates. 1.6 2.2 .3 .3 .4 .5 1.2 .1 1 1.3 .6 .8 .4 1.0 .8 1 5 .4 .6 Per ce7it. 59.9 66.5 54.2 59.4 72.0 100.0 69.3 37.7 90.0 3.3 59.6 14.6 7.4 6.9 5.6 4.8 4.3 9.3 4.2 19.7 19.0 3.1 2.6 10.6 6.3 1.7 11.3 5.0 2.9 2.5 8.9 9.9 10.6 10.8 9.8 62. 16.9 2.7 4.0 18.4 20.9 21.9 27.4 5.8 4.0 2.2 2.9 3.8 9.2 3.2 3.9 12.3 8.1 5.7 66.1 10.8 14.2 58.5 12.6 22.0 14.3 16.7 12.8 9.9 R Mr '07 83 Table 47. — Percentage comjjosHion of different food materials used in computing the nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City — Continued. Ref. No. 230 231 232 233 234 235 23t) 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 Kind of food material Dietary studies in which used. Protein. Carbohy- drates. Fruits— Continued. Grape.s Jelly Jelly, currant Lcnmns Mnstaiielon Fcaclics, preserved !V;us Prunes Raisins Strawberries Raspberry jam Watermelon Nuts Beer 167 1%, 19S 160, l.SO,lWi.... 168,205,206.... 161 206 1.59 168,187,188,198 198 154,201,20.5,206 •206 206 186 204 • cent. 1.0 1.2 .2 .7 .6 2.1 2.3 .9 1.2 Per cent. 1.2 7.1 .5 3.0 .6 .1 31.5 Per cent. 14.4 59.8 67.5 5.9 9.3 10.8 12.7 73.3 68.5 7.0 59.8 2.7 , 6.7 11.5 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 424 442 4