THE McKINLEY BINDERS For use in connection with any loose-leaf system of note-taking. McKiNLEY Publishing Co., 1619-1621 Ranstead Street, - Philadelphia, Pa. Student's Name. Class School - Subject Class _^X^_0__ Book j j. , ? CopyrightN" ^__ copyRiGHr DEPOsm Illustrated Topics FOR American History ARRANGED BY albert e. Mckinley, Ph. d. PUBUSHED BY McKINLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY PHILADELPHIA, PA. Copyright. 1912. by McKlnley Publlshinj Co. ©CI.A327JJ37 McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. Topic U 1. Physical Basis of American History. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Physical Features of North America. a") Shape and Coast Line; principal indentations; West Indian Islands. b) ^fountains of North America. 1) The Appalachians. 2) The Cordillera: The Rockies. .Sierra Nevada, Cascade. c) Drainage of United States. 1) Atlantic Coast. 2) Central Valley. 3) Valley of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes. 4) Plateau Region. 5) Pacific Coast. d) Climate. 1 ) Isothermal lines. 2) Rainfall. 3) Comparison with climate of same latitude in Europe. 4) Effect of climate upon Euro]ieans. e) Accessibility of Country. 1 ) Atlantic Coast shut off by Alleghanies. 2) .Significance of Valley of St. Lawrence. 3) Mississippi Basin. 4) Western arid lands. 5) Pacific Coast accessible only from Mexico. 2. Resources. a) Character of soil and agricultural advantages. 1 ) Atlantic coastal plain. 2) Piedmont region. 3) Great ^Mississippi Plain. 4) "Great American Desert." 5) Pacific Coast. b) Material Resources. 1) Forest area; original and present; kinds of usable timber. 2) Location of principal metals, coal, and minerals. S) Fur-bearing animals; importance in American history. 4) The buffalo, and deer. 5) The fisheries. 3. Commercial Advantages. a) Location with reference to Western Europe. b) River systems as an aid to internal and foreign commerce. c) Principal Indian portages. d) Principal harbors on: Atlantic Coast. Gulf Coast, Pacific Coast. 4. Influence of Geographic Conditions upon American History. REFERENCES. Textbooks. — Ashley, 1-11; rhanning, l-l(i; Hnrt, 17-i.); -Montgomery, 31-32, "42-43. For Collateral Heading. — Bogart, Economic History, 1-1 (>; Conian, Industrial Historv, 4-7; Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 1; Mill, International Geography, oh. 37, 3S, 30; Thwaites, The Colonies, 1-7. For Topical Study.— 1. Brighani, Geographic Influences, ch. 1-3; Doyle, English Colonies, I, ch. 3; Farrand, Basis of .American History, ch. 1-2; Semple, American History and Its Geographic Conditions; Shaler, Man and Xature in America; Shaler, U. S., I, oh. 1-3, 5-6. 2. Brigham, ch. 4-10; Farrand, ch. 3-4; Semple; Shaler, Man and Xature in America; Shaler, U. S., I, ch. 7-10. 3. Brigham, ch. 4, 11; Dovle, English Colonies. I, p. 6-8; Shaler, U. S., I, oh. 10. Source References. — Hart, Source Rook, 39-:i2. SOURCE -STUDY. The following selections have been chosen to show the nat- ural environment of the early settlers in America. The first is a description of the Middle .A-tlantic region, taken from a remonstrance sent to Holland by the Dutch settlers of Xew Amsterdam. The second is the earliest description we possess of the buffalo; the description should be compared with the pictures presented with this topic. The other extracts arc quotations from a large body of colonial legislation dealing with the wild beasts which infested the country around the- settlements. The land of itself is fertile, and capable of being en- tirely cultivated by an abundance of people, were it judiciously divided according to circumstances. The climate liere is pleasant, and more temperate than in Netherland. The winds are changeable and blow from all points, but generally from the Southwest and North- west. The summer furnishes the first of these, the winter the latter, which sometimes blows very sharply. . . . The Coast is generally clean and sandy; the Foreland doubles or is broken into Islands. The Country generally is in many places hilly, with some high Mountains, likewise many very fine Flats and Maize lands, together with extensive Valleys, some of which are salt, others again are fresh; all very good Meadows. With the exception of the Maize lands, flats and valleys, which have few or no trees and could with little labor be converted into good tillage land, the soil is commonly covered with all sorts of timber, standing, however, without order as in other wildernesses. The Seasons here are about the same as in Netherland, but the summer is warmer and begins more suddenly; the winter is cold, and far in the interior, or towards the most northern part, colder than in Netherland; 'tis like- wise subject to a great deal of snow which also remains a long time, far in the interior, however, fully 3, 4 to o months on the ground ; but near the Seacoast it is quickly dissolved by the Southerly wind. ... It produces sev- eral kinds of timber, suitable for the construction of houses and ships, be they large or small, consisting of various sorts of oak, . . . various sorts of nut timber, such as oil nut, large and small; hickory, also large and small. . . . Chestnuts, as in Netherland, but they grow wild without regularity ; three sorts of Beeches, . . . ax- handle wood, two sorts of canoe wood, ash, birch, pine, lathwood, Imberen or wild cedar, linden, alder, willow, thorn, elder, with divers other species. . . . The fruits which the country naturally produces con- sist chiefly of acorns, some of them very sweet, nuts of various sorts, chestnuts, beechnuts, but not many, mul- berries, plums, medlars, wild cherries and black currants, gooseberries, abundance of hazel nuts, small apples, a great abundance of strawberries throughout the entire country with considerable other fruits and roots of which the Indians make use. . . . Almost the whole country, as well the forests as the maize lands and flats, is full of vines, but principally — as if they had been planted there — around and along the banks of the brooks, streams and rivers which course and flow in abundance very con- veniently and agreeably all through the land. The crapes are of many varieties; some white, some blue, some very fleshy and fit only to make raisins of; some again are juicy, some very large, others on the contrary small: their juice is pleasant and some of it white, like French or Rhenish Wine; that of others a very deep red ; . . . the vines run far up the trees and are shaded bv their leaves, so that the grapes are slow in ripening (Continued on Page 4.) PhilaJdpliia. Pa MCKINLEY'S Desk Outline Maps. No. SSb. NORTH AMERICA. (Coast lines only.) Map Work for Topic U 1. Show oil iii,i|i llic iiiouiitaiil .systems, principal ri\irs mikI ccononiii' areas McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American history. SOURCE -STUDY- Continued. and a littlu sour, but were cultivation and knowkdgt- ap- plied here, doubtless as fine wines would then be made as in any other wine-growing countries. . . . The \Vild animals here consist principally of lions [panthers], but they are few; bears, of which there are many; elks, a great number of deer, some of which are entireh' white and others wholly black, but the latter are very rare. The Indians say that the white deer have a great retinue of other deer, bj' which they are highly esteemed, beloved and honored, and that it is quite the contrary with regard to those that are black. There are, besides, divers other large animals in the interior, but they arc unknown to Christians; also wolves, but dan- gerous only to small cattle ; likewise beavers, otters, fish- ers, catamounts, foxes, racoons, minks, hares, muskrats about as large as cats, martens and squirrels, some of which can even fly; there are, besides, woodchucks and divers other small animals, but for the most part, as we are informed, unknown to the Christians. The country is in no wise deprived of its share of birds, for there are found great numbers of birds of prey, such as: two varieties of Eagles. . . . Also Hawks, Sakers, Sparrow-hawks, Duck-hawks, Chicken-hawks and va- rious other sorts, all birds of prey, and capable of being trained and used for falconry, though some of them differ somewhat in shape from those in Netherland. Here is, also, a bird of a white color with a head like a cat's, and a body like a big owl. We know no name for it in Dutch [Cireat Horned Owl]. . . . The other land birds con- sist mostly of Turkeys, the same as in Netherland, but wild, and best and plentiest in winter; also various sorts of Partridges, some smaller, some larger, than in Nether- land ; Plover, wood and water Snipe, Pheasants, Heath- hens, also Cranes, Herons, Bitherns, multitudes of Pigeons closely resembling wood pigeons, but a little smaller; likewise Quails, Merlins, Thrushes, Sand-pipers. . . . There are also other small birds, some of which sing, but the names of most of them are unknown to us, and would also take too long to enumerate. Different sorts of water fowl likewise are found there, which are all ver^- good and fit to eat ; such as Swans, '. . . three species of Geese, . . . Ducks of various sorts. Widgeons, Divers, Coots, Spoonbills and several other kinds. . . . The river Fish here is almost the same as in Nether- land, and consists of Salmon, Sturgeon, Striped-bass, Drum-fish, Shad, Carp, Perch, Pike, Trout, Roach, Bull- heads, Suckers, Sun-fish, Eels, Nine-eyes or lampreys, but much more abundant and larger than in Netherland ; there are various other species of fish, of which we know not the names. In the salt water are found Cod-fish, Shell-fish, Weak- fish, Herring, Mackerel, Thorn-backs, Flounders, Plaice, Sheeps-heads, Black-fish, Sharks, . . . and divers others, together with Lobsters, Crabs, Coucks, from which the Indians make white and black wampum, abundance of oysters and mussels, with many other similar sorts of shell fish resembling each other, with the names of which we are not acquainted. There are, also, both sea and land tortoises. The venomous reptiles found there, consist chieflj' of .\dders and Lizards, but they do little or no harm; there arc various sorts of snakes, but not dangerous; if they possibly can, they retreat before people (else they are usually killed) except the rattle-snake, which has a rattle on the tail, wherewith it makes a' verv loud noise when- ever it is angry, or intends to bite; it grows a joint longer every year. This snake is very malignant and not in- clined to retreat before a man or other creature. Whoever is bit by one runs great risk of his life, if not imme- diately attended to; but the best of it is, they are not numerous; and the true Serpentaria grows s])ontaneously here, which is very highly prized by the Indians, as being an unfailing cure. . . . Documents Relatinc/ to the Colonial Histori/ of New York, Vol. I, pp. 275-278. Van der Donck's Remon- .strance of New Netherland, July 28, 1649. Now that I wish to describe the appearance of the bulls, it is to be noticed first that there was not one of the horses that did not take flight when he saw them first, for they have a narrow, short face, the brow two palms across from eye to eye, the eyes sticking out at the side, so that, when they are running, they can see who is fol- lowing them. They have very long beards, like goats, and when they are running they throw their heads back witli the beard dragging on the ground. There is a sort of girdle around the middle of the body. The hair is very woolh', like a sheep's, very fine, and in front of the girdle the hair is very long and rough like a lion's. They have a great hump, like a camel's. The horns are short and thick, so that they are not seen much above the hair. In May they change the hair in the middle of the body for a down, which makes perfect lions of them. They rub against the small trees in the little ravines to shed their hair, and they continue this until only the down is left, as a snake changes his skin. They have a short tail, with a bunch of hair at the end. When they run they carry it erect like a scorpion. . . . — From Win- ship's translation of Castaneda's account of Coronado's expedition. Bureau of Ethnolor/i/ Report, 1892-93, Part I, p. 542. It is enacted by the Court that all the Townes. w^'in the Gou^'ment shall make woolfe trapps and bayte them and looke vnto them dayly vpon the penalty of X" a trap that shalbe neglected. the number that eich Towne is to make is as followeth. Plymouth five Duxborrow five Scittuate foure Sand- wich three Taunton two Boonestable three Yarmouth three & Marshfeild two. (Plymouth, September 7, 1642; Plymouth Records, Laus. p. 38.) BE IT ENACTED . . . That ... if any Person or Persons shall kill or destroy any Bear or Wild Cat within any Town in this Government, being any of the Inhabi- tants of said Colony, such Person or Persons shall re- ceive as a Premium or Reward therefor, the Sum of Twenty Shillings for each of them. . . . (Rhode Island, February, 17^S-3i; Acts and Laws of Rhode Island, ed. of 17'15,"p. 178.) An Act, for destroying Vermin in this Province. Be it Enacted . . . That from and after the Ratifica- tion of this Act, any Person or Persons that shall kill any of the Vermin hereafter mentioned, shall be intitled to a Claim upon the Parish where such Vermin was killed, the several Rewards as follows, vis. For every Panther, Ten Sliillings, Proclamation Money; for every Wolf, Ten Shillings, Proclamation Money; and for every Wild-Cat, Two Shillings and Six Pence, Proclamation Money. . . . (North Carolina, 1748 ; -lefs o/ -issem^/.y, ed. of 1751, p. 261.) McKinley'9 Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 2. The Indians of North America. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Prc-historic ]Man in Anifrici. Mound-builders, cliff dwellers, etc. 2. Indian Civilization in Mexico, Central America, and Peru. 3. Principal Indian Tribes of North America. Locate on map. 4. Studv in detail the Indian Tribes of some section. One of: a) Algonquins. b) Iroquois. c) Creeks, Chocktaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws, etc. d) Sioux. e) Indians of Pacific Coast. 4. Indian Civilization. a) Tribal organization. b) Family relations ; dwellings ; house-life. c) Religious customs and myths. d) Methods of agriculture. e) Hunting and fishing. f) !Modes of travel. g) Intertribal relations and wars, h) Numbers of the Indians. 5. Relations of the Indians to Europeans. a) Occupation and purchase of their lands. b) Organization of trade with Indians: by indi- viduals, by companies, by colonial laws. Coureurs de blois. c) Wars of extermination in English Colonies. d) Treatment b}' Spaniards and by French. e) Attempts to convert to Christianity b}' French, by Spaniards, and by English. f) Effect of intercourse upon Europeans and upon Indians. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 1-6; A.shley, 11-17; Hart, iJj-^O; Johnston-MacDonald, 1-2; McLaughlin", 1-4; McMaster, ()K-73; Montgomery, 32-:58; Muzzey, 2'3-2(i. For Collateral Reading.— Elson, U. S., 28-40; Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 2; Sloane, French War, etc., 37-37; Thwaites, Colonies, 7-20. For Topical Study. — ■ 1. Doyle, Eng. Colonies, I, 9-10; Farrand, Basis of Ameri- can History, ch. .5; Fiske, Discovery of America, I, 1-147; VVinsor, America, I, ch. fi. 2. Winsor, America, I, ch. .'?-l. 3. Farrand, ch. 6; Fiske, I, 1-147; Parkman, .Tesuits in Xorth America, Introduction; Conspiracy of l'nntia<', ch. 1. 4. Farrand, ch. 7-12. a. Doyle, Eng. Colonies, I, 12-17; Farrand, ch. 13-17; Fiske, I, 1-147"; Hildreth, U. S., I, ch. 2; Parkman, .Tesuits in Xorth America, Introduction; Conspiracy of Pontiac. ch. 1; Shaler, Man and Nature in America, 180-lSS; .Shaler, 1'. S., I, ch. 4; Winsor, America, ch. .'>. Source References.— Hart, Source Book, 23-26; Hart, Con- temporaries, I, 203-206, 318-324, 501-.507, 525-.?28, ,M7-559, II, eh. 18; Old South Leaflets, Xos. 21, 22, 52, 87, 88, 143, SOURCE -STUDY. INDIAN TREATIES. The Indian's language was symbolical and metaphorical; with him certain signs stood for long harangues or extended doc- uments. The settlers easily learned the few catch words or phrases which meant so much to the Indian, and, putting aside the European conventionalities in their conferences with the Indians, they used almost to excess the language and .symbols of the aborigines. That the Indians appreciated this consideration is shown by the reply of the Six N'ations to Colonel William Johnson, on September 10, 1753: "We are pleased with everjthing you have said, and return you a great many thanks for speaking in our own way, which is more intelligible to us, because more conformable to the Customs and Manners of our Forefathers." (Documentary History of New York, II, 640.) The following two extracts illustrate the metaphorical lan- guage of the Indians; they show the nature of the gifts made to the Indians and the method of punctuating their spoken discourse by the presentation of gifts. The spelling of the originals has been preserved. The Governor delivered the following speech : Brother Teedyuscung, and you my Brethren now present — Yesterday I sent two Gentlemen of the Council and the Provincial Interpreter to meet you at Germantown and to conduct you to this old Council Fire. I now, in behalf of the Inhabitants of this Province, by this String of Wampum, bid you heartily welcome. Gave a String. Brother: As I am assured you come on Business of Importance in the first place I with this String wash the Sweat off your Body, and wipe the dust out of your Eyes, that you may rest easy, and see your Brothers with a clean and chearful Countenance. A String. Brother: As you come thro' thick dark Woods, where many Bushes and prickly Bryars grow that may have hurt your legs, I with this String pull out the Bryars and anoint your I-egs with healing salve. A String. Brother : With this String I wash all bitterness and dust that may stick in your throat, and I clear the Passage from your heart to your mouth, that you may speak openly and ifreely whatsoever you may have to communicate to me. A String. Brothers: As vour Cloaths are worn out and torn by the Briars in your long .lourncy, the good People of Pennsylvania ))resent you with some others, which you will divide, amongst you as you think proper. A LIST OF THE fiOODS PRESEXTFD TO THE INDIANS. I Piece of Stroud, 1 Piece of Red Stroud, 2 Pieces of white halfthick, 2 Pieces Purple ditto, 20 fine Tandem Ruffled Shirts, 30 good plain Shirts, 3 Groce Star Garters, 12 Strouds, 3 pieces Blankets, 3 tti Vermillion, 3 fine laced Hatts, 2 doz. fine felt Hats, 1 pee. 18 yds Callicoe, 2 doz. large white wro' Buckles, 2 doz. Cutteau knives, 2 doz. large ditto, 1 doz. hulgee Silk Handker- chiefs, 1 thousand needles, .50 Hi Tobacco, 6 painted frame Glasses. 24 neat pocket ditto, 1 Cag Pipes, conte 3 Groce, 20 pr. Mens Shoes. (Philadelphia, .July 6. 17.')8; Penna. Archives, 1st Series, Vol. Ill, 457, 467. Copyrlalit. 19i: 155. McKinley Publishinj Co. (Continued on Page 4.) PhUa(ltlphi«. P«. MCKINLEY'S Desk Outline Maps. No. 85 b. NORTH AMERICA. (Coast lines only.) Map Work for Topic U 2. Show on the nr.tp ttie locjtinn of tlio ])rin(ipMl Indian nations of Xorlh Anicricn, McKinley's Illustrated Topics ior American History. SOURCE - STUD Y.-Continued. Extracts from tlic Journal of Governor Benjamin I'letclier's Visit to Albany, Sept. 17-Oct. 5, 1696. His Exccll : called the Sachems together and spake. . . . Brethren I do acquaint you from my most illustrious Master the King of Great Brittaine France and Ireland that he will alwayes extend his gracious proteecon to you and as a seal of it His ^Majesty has commanded me to deliver you tiiese jiresents to keep bright the Covenant Chain from all rust and to strengthen it in behalfe of all his Majestyes subjects, not only of this Province, but those also of New England, Connecticut, the Jerseys, Pensil- vania, Maryland and Virginia. A List of the presents sent from the Kings Most Ex- cellent Majesty & given to the Indians (viz') 2-1 blew Coats [laced wih 1 barrell powder broad Lace] -lOO weight lead 24 laced hatts 1000 flints 24 pr .shoes with buckles 1 grose of tobacco pipes, 24 Shirts wood & tinn 2-2 dozen hose 2 grose knives :10 gunn barrils & locks 6 pound vermilion 30 brasse kettles prime cost in England of the above goods £200 sterling. . . . Sanonguiresc a Sachim of the Mohaques was Speaker Brother Caijenquiragoe [Indian name for Gov. Fletcher] We returne you thanks for what you have said the day before yesterday in coodoling of our losse, and for the kettles which you gave us to boyle our victuals in the room of those that are lost by the enemy as also for the two Belts of Wampum given us as a token of yo'' sin- cerity, by which our hearts are mightily rejoiced and lifted up in this our poor condition. Brother C * We are exceedingly rejoyced that the Great King over the Seas has sent us in this our low condition, by which our hearts are lifted up, we were ready to sink in a miserable perishing condition and this makes us revive again. He laid down six Beaver Skins. . . . Brother C We again thank you for the message you have brought from the Great King. And we Jiray you to send again to him for us with all vigour and speed, and to lay before the King what we have here said : faile not in writeing, faile not to let the King know it. We give these five beavers to the man that writes, to pay for the paper penn & ink. Brother C— We desire you to acquaint the Great King as before, tiiat we are a small people and he has a great people and many cannoes with great guns ; we desire you to write to him to know whether he will send them to distroy Canida or not, against the next time the trees grow green ; and if he will not send forces to distroy Canida then to send us word thereof that we may make peace for our- selves, for ever, or for some time. And we earnestly prav you will desire the Great King to send us an answer by the next time the trees grow green. He laid down a bundle of six bevers. . . . Dackashata a Sachim of the Sinnekes was Speaker Brother C We come to condole the losse you daily receive having daily alarms of sculking partyes of the enemy doing mis- chiefe. Then laid down a belt of Wampum. Brother C I am come with the whole House to consider what tends to the common good of the whole House. Brother C We come here to quicken the fire, and renew the Cove- nant Chain. Brother C We come to renew the Covenant Chain with all the brethren of New England, Connecticutt, New Yorke, the Jerseys, Pensilvania, Maryland & Virginia tiiat they may partake of the warmth of the fire. Brother C We recommend to all that are in the Covenant Chain to be vigorous to keep it up. Brother C When all is said I drinck to all yo'' licaltlis & then I deliver you the cupp. Brother" C There has been a cloud and we come to remove it, as the sun in the morning remove the dar[k]nesse of the night. Brother C The Tree of safety and welfare jilanted here we con- firme it. Brother C As the tree is planted here and confirmed, so we make fast all the roots and branches of it, all the brethren of the F'ive Nations and the brethren of Virginia, Maryland, Pensilvania, the Jerseys, New Yorke, Connecticutt, & New England. Brother C We wish we may rest in quietnesse under that tree. We fill it with new leaves, and wish all that are in the Covenant Chain may have the benefite to sitt down quiett under its shaddow. . . . Brother C We wish the Cannoes may go to and again in safety that the Great King may know what we have here said and that we may have an answer. We now have made our word good ; here is the cup. Then laid down some small bundles of bever saying, — It is but small, but is as it were saved out of the fire. His Excel! stood up and said: — Brethren. I have heard what you have said, and have here re- newed the Covenant Chain with all the Five Nations the Mohaques, Oneydes, Onnondages, Caijouges, and Sin- nekes, in behalf of the Brethren of this Province, Vir- ginia, Maryland, Pensilvania, the Jerseys, Connecticutt & New England; and I assure the Five Nations of his Maj''^' proteecon. I have provided for you some vietualls and drink to drink the King's health, and in confirmacon thereof that it may last as long as the sun k moon endures I give this Belt Wampum. The ])rinci])le Sachim of the Mohaques called — Oheee The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. The Principle Sachim of Oneyde called — Oheee The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. The ]irinciple Sachim of Onnondage called — Oheee The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. The principle Sachim of Caijouge called — Oheee. The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. The principle Sachim of Sinneke called — Oheee The whole Assembly answered Heeeeee Hogh. In the evening His Excell. did appoint the principle Sachims to meet him at a private conference next morn- ing. (Albany, Sept. 17-Oct. C>, l6<)6; Documents Relating to the Colonial Histori/ of New York, IV, 235-23i[> jiassim.) ^!n the original Ihe spelt ■ McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 3. European Background of American History. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. General Awakening of Europe in Ijth and iGtIi Centuries. 2. The Renaissance. a) Antecedents in Crusades and medieval trade. b) The New Learning: study of classics. c) Printing; Gutenberg, c. 1450: learning placed on a democratic basis. d) An age of personal, individual activity, displac- ing the guilds and social organi.-'.ations of Middle Ages. e) An age of invention and discovery: 1 ) In astronomy — Copernicus. 2) In other sciences. 3) Invention of gunpowder — overthrow of feudalism and chivalry. 4) In geography — see below. .'!. The Reformation. a) Relation to Renaissance. b) Prominent persons — Lutlier, Zwingli, Calvin, Knox, Loyola. c) Results: 1) Irreparable split in Cliristian chureli. 2) Persecutions and civil wars: (a) The Inquisition. (b) The Revolt of the Netherlands. (c) Wars in CJermany. l.T IT-iri.Tri ; ]6lS-l(i48. (d) Wars in France, 1 ")58-l;J98. (e) Wars in England — tile PuritaJi Revolt. 3) Reform in Catholic Church: Council of Trent, Jesuits, etc. 4) Multiplicity of sects. 5) Eventual toleration in religion in countries where sects were nearly equally divided. 6) New missionary activity among both Catholics and Protestants. 4. Conditions in Great Britain. a) Strong national monarchy of Tudors. b) Organization of English government. 1) The Nation. Executive — the King and his ministers. Legislature — Parliament: Kin", Lords and Commons. Judiciary — House of Lords, Privy Coun- cil, King's Courts. 2) Local Government. The County — sheriff, coroner, justice cf peace, county court. The Parish or Town — local duties: care of church, of jjoor, of local roads, etc. The Borough — incorporated by King: usually governed by select few of pojiulation. The city — cliartered by King: An elab- orate government possessing few )io)iular features. c) Religious sects. ] ) Church of England — legally su|)))orteil by )>ublic taxes. 2) Puritans — believed in state eliurcli. but wished to purify it. riipypiilh(. I'Jli MiKinl.y Piihlishi: 3) Separatists-^rwould establish congrega- tions largely independent of each other and of the state. 4) Catholics: — treated as public enemies, al- though many were loyal to monarchy. d) Social and Industrial Conditions. 1) Growth of enclosed estates and spread cf sheep-raising. 2) Large number of vagrants. 3) City population increasing. 4) Growth of new industries, and scareii for new markets. 5) Overthrow of guild system. 6) Existence of many legal monopolies. 7) Rise of chartered companies for commer- cial purposes. . Knowledge of Geogra))hy. a) Medieval trade routes. b) Journeys of Marco Polo and other travellers. c) Early maps. 4. d) Explorations along African coast by Portu- guese. e) Ideas of the sliape and size of the eartli. f) Inventions aiding geographical discovery; Mari- ner's compass, astrolabes, quadrant, nauti- cal tables, map-making, globe-making. . Trade witli the East. a) Routes — Alexandria, Constantinople. b) Controlled by Italian cities. c) Articles of commerce. d) Conquests by Turks and influence on commerce. c) Demand for new routes. . Trading. Companies. a) An age of legal monopolies in commerce. b) Commercial monopolies to trade with certain places given by France, England, Spain, the Dutch, etc., to select companies of their citizens. c) Often became instrumental in discovery and settlement of new lands. . The National ^Monarchies of the Ifitli and 17th Cen- turies. a) England — under Tudors and Stuarts. b) France — under Louis XI, Francis I, and the Bourbons. c) Spain united under Ferdinand and Isabella. d) Austria — under Hapsburg family, c) Sweden — under Gustavus Adolphus. f) The Dutcli — a confederation with an hereditary presidency. g) Struggles of tile new monarchies with one an- other: Hapsburgs and Bourbons; Spain and England; Spain and the Dutch; Eng- land and France. REFERENCES. Texthooks.— Hnrt, l:i-17; .iMiiirs niid Sruiford, 1-R; Mc- ■Miighlin, G-10. For Topical .Study. — J. Robinson, Western Knrope, cli. J.'. :!. Bancroft, I, 177-ISI; Clicviiev, Kiiropean B.U'ki.'r(iMiul, cli. -10; Rol)ins(in, cli. )}:i-:i). 4. Bancroft, I, 181-l. Fiske, Discovery of .America, I, ■?95-.'J:U: .Sjiarks, F,\- ansion of .American Ppo))Ie, cli. 1; Winsor, I, cli. I. (). Chevnev, ch. 1-4; Fiske, Discoverv of .\iiierlca, I, JjC-^g t. T. Cheynev, ch. 7-8. 8. Cheyney, ch. 5-6. . PhiLiadplila. Pa. McKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. Source References. — Hart, Contemporaries, I, ch. C, 7, 8; Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 1-10; Kendall, Source Book of English History, ch. S-14; Lee, Source Book of English His- tory", ch. 14-23; Prothero, Select Statutes: Robinson, Readings ill European History. I. ch. 33, H, ch. 33-30. Biography. — Lives of Prince Henry, the Navigator, Marco Polo. SOURCE- STUDY. ORIENTAL TRADE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE. The first of the following extracts are .selected in order to .how the current European ideas respecting the Orient. Marco Polo, a Venetian, with his father and uncle, made a journey into tlie Far East, an account of which was made pul)lic in 1398, three years after the return of the family to Venice. The account had a wide influence in moulding western ideas respecting the east. Cohnnbus himself possessed a copy of the travels of Marco Polo, and his annotations upon its margins, showing his great interest in the eastern trade, can be seen today. The selections have been chosen to show mainly the condi- tions of trade and industry in the east. Note the articles of commerce mentioned, and the lines of trade; also the descriptions of golden scenes, always prefaced, however, with the remark that others say such things exist. Marco Polo describes accurately what "he himself has seen; and always distinguishes between his own information and that derived from others. The second extract is from a modern account of the Eastern trade and the influence of the Turks thereon. The third is a brief quotation from Prof. E. P. Cheyney's notable volume in the American Xation. To this city [Pekin] every thing that is most rare ,ind valuable in all parts of tlie world, finds its way, and more especially does this apply to India, wliich furnishes precious stones, pearls, and various drugs and spices. From the . . . provinees of the empire, whatever there is of value is carried tliither, to supply the demands of those multitudes who are induced to establish their resi- dence in the vicinity of the court. The quantity of mer- chandise sold there exceeds also the traffick of any other place; for no fewer than a thousand carriages and pack- horses loaded with raw-silk make their daily entry, and gold tissues and silks of various kinds are manufactured to an immense extent. . . . The noble and handsome city of Zai-tun, which has a jiort on the seacoast celebrated for the resort of shipping, loaded with merchandize that is afterwards distributed througli every part of the province of Manji. The quan- tity of pejjper imported there is so considerable, that what is carried to Alexandria, to supply the demand of the western jiarts of the world, is trifling in comparison, perhaps not more than the hundredth part. It is indeed impossible to convey an idea of the concourse of mer- chants and tile .-iccunnilation of goods, in this wjiich is lield to be one of tlie largest and most commodious ])orts in tlie world. . . . Tlie ships are freighted by them [merchants] at the rate of tliirty per cent, for tine goods, forty-four for pepper, and for lignum aloes, sandal-wood, and other drugs, as well as articles of trade in general, forty per cent.: so that it is computed by the merchants, that their charges, including customs and freight, amount to half the value of the cargo; and yet u|)on the half tliat remains to them, their profit is so considerable, lliat they are always disposed to return to tlie same market witli a further stock of merch.nndise. . . . Zipangu [.lapan] is .an island in the eastern oce.an. situated at the distance of about fifteen hundred miles from the main land or coast of Manji [China]. It is of considerable size; its inhabitants have fair complexions, are well made, and arc civilized in their manners. Their religion is the worship of idols. They are independent of everj' foreign power, and governed only by their own kings. They have gold in the greatest abundance,, its sources being inexhaustible, but as the king does not allow of its being exported, few merchants visit the country, nor is it frequented by much shipping from other ports. To this circumstance we are to attribute the extraordinary richness of the sovereign's palace, .accord- ing to what we are told by those who have access to the place. The entire roof is covered with a plating of gold, in the same manner as we cover houses, or more properly, churches, with lead. The ceilings of the halls arc of the same precious metal ; many of the apartments have small tables of pure gold considerably thick; and the windows also have golden ornaments. So vast", indeed, are the riches of tlie pal.ace, that it is impossible to convey an idea of them. In this island there are pearls also, in large quantities, of a red (pink) colour, round in shape, and of great size ; equal in value to, or even exceeding that of the white pearls. . . . In this kingdom [of Aden at the entrance to the Red Sea] there are many towns and castles, and it has the advantage of an excellent port, frequented by ships arriving from India with spices and drugs. The mer- chants who purchase them with the intention of conveying them to Alexandria, unlode them from the ships in which they were imported, and distribute the cargoes on board of other smaller vessels, with which they navigate a gulf of the sea for twenty days, or more or less, according to the weather they experience. Having reached their port, they then load their goods upon the backs of camels, and transport them overland thirty days' journey, to the river Nile, where they are again put into small vessels, called jerms, in which they are conveyed by the stream of that river to Kairo, and from thence, by an artificial canal, called KaUzene, at length to Alexandria. This is the least difficult and the shortest route the mer- chants can take with their goods, the produce of India, from Aden to that city. In this port of Aden likewise the merchants ship a great number of Arabian horses, which thev carry for sale to all the kingdoms and islands of India, obtaining high prices for them, and making large profits. . . . The inhabitants of the city [Hang-cheu, China], are idolaters, and they use paper money as currency. The men as well as the women have fair complexions and are handsome. The greater part of them are always clothed in silk, in consequence of the vast quantity of that ma- terial produced in the province of Kin-sai, exclusively of what the mereliants import from other provinces. Amongst the handicraft trades exercised in the place, there are twelve considered to be superior to the rest as being more generally useful ; for each of which there are a thousand workshops, and each shop furnishes ein- ]3loyment for ten, fifteen, or twenty workmen, and in a few instances as many as forty, under their respective masters. Tlie opulent principals in these manufactories do not labour with their own hands, but on the contrary assume airs of gentility and affect jiarade. Their wives equally abstain from work. They have much beauty, as has been remarked, and are brought u]i witli delicate and languid habits. The costliness of their dresses, in silks and jewelry, can scarcely be imagined. . . . An island of very great size named Java, according to the reports of some well-informed navigators, is the largest in the world ; being in circuit above three thousand miles. . . . The country abounds with rich commodities. (Continued on Page 4.) O cS s s ~ OS! «J > o ^ « o ° Ss S 2 £ I §2 Cut!. g 11 1 ol g .5° 5 o "3, s s a -^ C <5< « C McKinley"5 Illustrated Topics lor American History. SOURCE -STUDY.-Continued. Pepper, nutmegs, spikewood, gahmgal, eubebs, eloves, and all the other valuable spices and drugs, are the jiroduee of the island ; whieh oecasion it to be visited by many ships laden with merchandise, that yields to the owners considerable profit. The quantity of gold collected there exceeds all calculation and belief. From thence it is that the merchants of Zai-tiin and of Manji [China] in gen- eral have imported, and to this day import, that metal to a great amount, and from thence also is obtained the greatest part of the spices that are distributed through- out the world. . . . — The Travels of Marco Polo (ed. by W. Marsden, London, 1818), j). 351, .121, SiiP, 569, 590, 725. AA'hile Greek and Roman merchants had enriched themselves by the Indo-European trade, the actual sea- passage from India to Egypt, like the actual caravan route from the Persian Gulf to the Levant, remained in the hands of Semitic races. Colonies of Arabs and Jews settled in an early century of our era, or perhaps be- fore it, on the southern Bombay coast, where their descendants form distinct communities at the present day. The voyages of Sinbad the Sailor are a popular romance of the Indian trade under the caliphs of Baghdad, prob- .ibly in the ninth century A. D. . . . Sinbad traverses the ocean regions from the Persian Gulf to Malabar, the Maldive Islands, Ceylon, and apparently as far as the ]\Ialay Peninsula. . . . Egypt had passed to the Saracens in GiO A. D. But under its . . . sultans the Indo-Egyptian trade con- tinued to flourish, and probably gained rather than lost !)y the temporary interruption of the Syrian land-route during the Crusades. Ibn Batuta (1301-1377), who travelled for twenty-four years in Asia, Africa and the Mediterranean, declared Cairo to be the greatest city in the world "out of China," and mentions Alexandria as one of the five chief ports which he had seen. . . . But the same Turkish avalanche that had thrown itself across the Syrian and Black Sea routes was also to de- scend on Egypt. The Venetians on their expulsion from Constantinople in 1261 transferred their eastern com- merce to Alexandria, and after the capture of Constan- tinople by the Turks in 1453, Egypt for a time enjoyed almost a monopoly of the Indian trade. . . . The growth of the Ottoman navy from M'70 onwards began, however, to imi)eril the ^Mediterranean outlets of the Indo-Egyp- tian trade. It was in vain tliat Venice in 1 1'51' made an un-Christian peace with the Moslem conquerors of Con- stantinople, and sought to secure the passage from the Adriatic to Alexandria by fortified stations and island strongholds along the route. Venice had ruined the naval power of Genoa, and the gallant defence of the Knights Hospitallers at Rhodes in 1480 could only delay, not avert, the Ottoman seizure of the Alediterranean highway. In 1470 the Turks wrested the Xegropont from Venice with a fleet of one hundred galleys and two hundred transports. Before ten years passed their squadrons swept the Adriatic and ravaged along the Italian coast. In their work of destruction the Turks were aided by an even more savage sea-force from the West. The rise of the Barbarv corsairs . . . formed the maritime com- l^lement of the Turkish conquests by land. . . . During a quarter of a century before this [1504] final develop- ment, the galleys of the African Moors outflanked the Venetian and Genoese fleets in the western Mediter- ranean, and thus strengthened the Turks in their struggle for the naval suj)remacy of the Levant. The same year, 1480, which saw the temporary failure of the Ottomans at Rhodes saw also their capture of Otranto in Italy. In 1499 they crushed the naval force of V^enice at Zouehio and Lepanto. By this time the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea had become Turkish lakes. Turkish fleets and fortresses dominated the Helles- pont, tlie Sj'rian coast, the Greek harbours, and most of the island trading-stations of the ^Egean and the Le- vant. The use of the Ottomans as -a sea-power thus blockaded the Mediterranean outlets of the Indo-Egyj)- tian trade as their use as a land-power had obstructed the Indo-Syrian and Black Sea routes. . . . The Ottoman seizure or obstruction of the Indian trade brought disaster not alone to the Mediterranean republics. The blow fell first on Genoa and A'^enice, but it sent a shock through the whole system of European commerce. The chief channel by which the products of Asia reached the central and northern nations of Christendom was the Hanseatic League. . , . The Indian trade formed an important contributary to this Hanseatic commerce. When the Eastern traffic be- gan to dry up, its European emporiums declined ; when . . . the Cape route was substituted, they withered away. "Grass grew," says Motley, "in the fair and pleasant streets of Bruges, and sea-weed clustered about the halls of Venice." Augsburg which had financed the commerce of Central Europe dwindled into a provincial town. Novgorod suffered in addition to mercantile decay the abolition of its charters by Ivan III in 1475. . . . The Mediterranean marts of Eastern commerce, from Lisbon looking out on the Atlantic, to Venice once mistress of the Adriatic and the Levant, shared in varying degrees the common fate. In the first years of the sixteenth cen- tury the Indo-European trade of the ]\Iiddle Ages lay strangled in the grip of the Turks. — Sir William Wilson Hunter, A Hisfori/ of British India, I, 47-53. . . . One of the chief luxuries of the Middle Ages was the edible spices. The monotonous diet, the coarse food, the unskilful cookery of mediaeval Europe had all their deficiencies covered with a charitable mantle of Oriental seasoning. . . . Pepper, the most common and at the same time the most valued of these spices, was frequently treated as a gift of honor from one sovereign to another, or as a courteous form of payment instead of money. . . . The amount of these spices demanded and consumed was astonishing. Venetian galleys, Genoese carracks, and other vessels on the Mediterranean brought many a cargo of them westward, and they were sold in fairs and markets everywhere. "Pepper-sack" was a derisive and yet not unappreciative epithet applied by German robber- barons to the merchants whom they plundered as they passed down the Rhine. ... In romances and chron- icles, in cook-books, trades-lists, and customs-tariffs, spices are mentioned with a frequency and consideration unknown in modern times. — Cheyney, European ISack- f/round of American History^ 10-12. McKinley'a Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 4. Period of Discovery and Exploration. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Reasons for Exploration. New route to Indies; economic interests; love of adventure; new converts to Christianity; northwest passage. 2. Reasons for Colonization. Commercial advantage of trading companies ; profits in fur-trade ; surplus population in Eu- ropean states ; political and religious rivalry at liome; national advantage and rivalries; ambitious individuals ; glowing accounts of new lands. 3. The Xortlunen. a) Proof of their voyages. b) Probable landfall'. c) Lack of historic significance. 4. Columbus. a) Early life; interest in navigation; sources of his plans for westward voyages. b) Attempts to obtain assistance. e) First voyage; dates; incidents; landfall, imme- diate results of liis discovery; what he thought he discovered. 5. The Naming of America. a) Americus Vespucius and his voyages. b) His name applied to (South) America by Wald- seemuller, 1507. c) Current beliefs respecting contributions to geog- rapliy by Columbus and by Vespucius. 6. Determination of the American Coast Line. a) Cabots. b) Columbus' later voyages. c) Vespucius. d) Balboa. e) de Leon. f) de Ayllon. g) Verrazano. 7. Determination of World Position of America. a) Theories of position of New A^'orld with refer- ence to China and East Lidies. b) Voyage of Magellan — positive proof of isolation of America. 8. Exploration of Interior — Spaniards, f). Exploration of Interior — French. 10. Exploration of Interior — English. Reasons for slight influence of English. 1 1 . Contributions to American Geography. Hakluyt, Purchas, Smith, etc. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 7-23; Ashlev, 2.5-38; Channing, 19-46; Hart, 31-43; .lames & Sanford, 9-3.;; ,lolinston-Mac- Donald, 3-10; iMoI.aughlin, 4-6, 10-27; McMaster, <)-lH, 10-24; Montgomery, 1-31; Muzzey, 1-26. For Collateral Reading. — Bogart, Economic Historv, 17-33; Elson, 1-27, Jl-59; Fisher, Colonial Era, eh. 3; Sparks, Ex- pansion, ch. 2-3; Thwaites, Colonies, 20-37. For Special .Study. — 3. Bourne, Spain in America, ch. 1; Chnnning, V. .S., I, eh. 1. 4. Bancroft, U. S., I, 7-13; Bourne, ch. 2-4; Channing, V. S., I. ch. 1; Dovle, Eng. Colonies, I, ch. 4; Fiske, Discoverv of America, I, 33.5-516; Hlldreth, U. S., I, ch. 1; Thwaites, France in .America, ch. 1; Wilson, American People, I, eh. 1; Winsor, America, I, ch. 2; IT, ch. 1. 5. Bourne, ch. 7; Winsor, TI, ch. 2. 6. Bancroft, V. S., I, 10-18; Bourne, ch. 6; Winsor, IT, ch. 3-4; III, ch. 1-2; IV, ch. 1. 7. Bourne, cli. 9; Fiske, II, 2-212; Hiidretli, I'. .S., I, cli. 1; Wilson, American I'eoi)Ie, I, ih. 1; Winsor, II, ch. !>. H. Bancroft, C. S., I, 22-49; Bourne, ch. 10-11. 9. Bourne, cli. 10-11; Thwaites, France in .Vmerica, ch. 1. 10. Bourne, ch. 10-11. Source References. — .\merican History Leaflets, 1, 3, 9, 13; Caldwell & Persiiiger, Source Hi.storv, 1-17; Hart, Source Book, 1-17; Hart, Contemporaries, I, ch. 3-.); Old South Leaf- lets, 20, 29. 33-.36, 3;), 71, 89, 90, 102; Original Narratives of Early American Flistory, The Xorthmen, Ci>luiiil)us and Cahot. Biography. — Lives of Columbus, .Magellan, Drake and of other Euglisli seamen. SOURCE -STUDY. THE LANDFALL OF COLUMBUS. The original of Columbus's Journal is not to he found today; the extracts here printed are simply parts of sum- marie:; prepared by others from the Columlms documents. The first extract is from a narrative believed to be in the hand- writing of Las Casas, a famous Spanish writer upon colonial historv. The .second is from the life of Columbus by his son I'erdinand, which contains some details not given in the first. The two docimients should be compared to discern the differences between the original narrative of Columbus and the account given by his son. The first is more nearly con- tem])orary, while the second is written years afterwards, in order to present Christopher Columbus before the world in a most favorable light. Thursday, 11th of October. The Course was W. S. W., and there was more sea than had been during the whole of the voyage. They saw sandpipers, and a green reed near the sliip. Those of the caravel Pinfa saw a cane and a pole, and they took up another small pole wliich appeared to have been worked with iron ; also another bit of cane, a land-plant, and a small board. The crew of the caravel Nina also saw signs of land, and a small branch covered with berries. Every one breathed afresh and rejoiced at these signs. The run until sunset was 27 leagues. After sunset the Admiral returned to his original west course, and they went along at tlie rate of 1'2 miles an hour. Up to two hours after midnight they had gone 90 miles, equal to 22 14 leagues. As the caravel I'infa was a better sailor, and went ahead of the Admiral, she found the land, and made the signals ordered by the Admiral. The land was first seen by a sailor named Rodrigo de Triana. But the Admiral, at ten o'clock, be- ing on the castle of the poop, saw a light, though it was so uncertain that he could not affirm it was land. He called Pero Ciutierrez, a gentleman of the King's bed- chamber, and said that there seemed to be a light, and tliat lie slionld look at it. He did so, and saw it. The Admiral said the same to Rodrigo Sanchez of Segovia, wliom the King and Queen had sent with the fleet as in- spector, but lie could see nothing, because lie was not in a place whence anything could be seen. After the Ad- miral had spoken he saw the light once or twice, and it was like a wax candle rising and falling. It seemed to few to be an indication of land ; but the Admiral made certain that l.md was close. AVheii they said the Salve, whicli all the sailors were accustomed to sing in their waj", tlie Admiral aske-d and admonished the men to keep a good look-out on the forecastle, and to watch well for land ; and to him who should first cry out that he saw land, he would give a silk doublet, besides the (Continued on Page 4.) CnpyriBht. 1912. McKinlpy rublbhinn Co.. PhilarlHphia. Pa. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 4. !^^ J / ^ \ ~— ' J- kr -^ c \ ^ -A^ y ./ ^hJ^^S --^..-^^isfc*!^-*--;^^ II^H^^^L ■ H HB|JHB HHHI lil^^'^~' BPP* '^iBbI HP< PP^'^T^ "1 1 X i ^ l. ^/ f 1 \ / ' / i ■ 1 M M i / *^.y % ft %y'M- ^m^y^ S ^p '^^^EbI ■ '% III 3 i Hi WM.. ' The views on this page represent the types of vessels used by the explorers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. No. 1. A Dutch engraving (1706) of the landing of the Frenchman, John Ribault, in Florida, in 1562. Note the high "castle" in the stern. No. 2. A Dutch man-of-war, of 1626. Note the long projecting prow, the high stern and the location of the guns. Reproduced by permission of "The Rudder Publishing Co.," New York. No. 3. A photograph of the replica of the Half Moon, used in the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, in New York, 1909. A good view of the rigging of these early vessels. No. 4. A photograph of the replica of the Santa Maria (Columbus' flagship), taken in 1892, as she was entering Hamp- ton Roads, Va. A good view of the sail capacity of the early vessels. Copyright, 1912. McKinley Publiahiad C^.. Pfailadelpbla. Pa. McKlnley'3 Illustrated Topics for American History. SOURCE - STUDY- Continued. other rewards promised by the Sovereigns, which were 10,000 maravedis to liiin wlio should first see it. At two liours after niidniglit the land was sighted at a distance of two leagues. Tlicy shortened sail, and lay by under the mainsail without the bonnets. [Friday, 12th of October] The vessels were hove to, waiting for daylight; and on Friday they arrived at a small island of the Lucayos, called in the language of tiie Indians Guanahani [prob- ably M'atling Island in tiie Bahamas]. Presently they saw naked people. The Admiral went on shore in the armed boat. . . . The Admiral took the royal standard, and the captains went with two banners of the green cross, which tiie Admiral took in all the ships as a sign, with an F ;!nd a Y and a crown over each letter, one on one side of the cross and the other on the other. Having landed, they saw trees very green, and much water, and fruits of diverse kinds. The Admiral called to the two captains, and to the others wlio leaped on shore, and to Rodrigo Escovedo, secretary of the whole fleet, and to Rodrigo Sancliez of Segovia, and said that they should bear faithful testimony that he, in presence of all, had taken possession of the said island for the King and for tlic Queen, his Lords, making the declarations that are required, as is now largely set forth in the testi- monies which were then made in writing. — Original Nar- ratives of Early American History, The Northmen, Columbus, and Cabot, ed. by J. E. Olson and E. G. Bourne, pp. 108-110. . . . But they were now so eager to see land, that they had faith in no signs whatsoever; so that though on Wednesday the 10th of October, they saw abundance of birds pass by both day and night, yet the men did not cease to complain, nor the Admiral to blame them for their want of courage. . . . The Admiral being no longer able to withstand so many as opposed him, it pleased God that on Thursday the 1 1th of October, afternoon, the men took heart and re- joiced, having manifest tokens tliat they were near land. . . . By these tokens, and reason itself, tlie Admiral being assured he was near land, at night, after prayers, he made a speech to all the men in general, jiutting them in mind how great a mercy it was that God had brought them so long a voyage with such fair weather, and com- forting them with tokens which every day were plainer and plainer ; therefore he prayed them to be very watch- ful that night, since tiiey well knew that in the first article of the instructions he gave each ship at the Canary Islands, he ordained that when they had sailed seven hundred leagues to tlie westward, without discover- ing land, they should lie by from midnight till day. Therefore, since they had not yet obtained their desires in discovering land, they should at least express their zeal in being watchful. And forasmuch as he had most assured hopes of finding land that night, ever_v one sliould wateli ill iiis place; for besides tlie gratuity tlieir liigii- nesses had promised of thirty crowns a year for life, to him that first saw land, he would give him a velvet doublet. After this, about ten at night, as the Admiral was ill tile great cabin, lie saw a ligiit ashore, but said it was so blind he could not affirm it to be land, though he called one Peter Gutieres, and bid him observe whetiier he saw the said Hglit, who said he did; but presently they called one Roderick Sanchez of Segovia, to look that way, but lie could not see it . . . nor did they see it afterwards above once or twice, which made them judge it might be a candle or torch belonging to some fisherman or traveller, who lifted it up and let it fall down, or perhaps that they were people going from one house to another, because it vanished and suddenly ap- peared again ; so that few would guess but that thej- were near land. Being now very much upon their guard, the}' still held on their course, till about two in the morning the caravel Pinta, which being an excellent sailor was far a-head, gave the signal of land, which was first discovered by a sailor whose name was Roderick de Triana, being two leagues from shore. But the thirty crowns a year was not granted by their Catholic majes- ties [Ferdinand and Isabella] to him, but to the Ad- miral, who liad seen the light in the midst of darkness, signifying the spiritual light he was then spreading in those dark regions. Being now near land, all the ships lay by, thinking it a long time till morning, that they might see what they had so long desired. . . . Day a))pearing, they perceived it was an island, fif- teen leagues in length, plain, without hills, and full of green trees and delicious waters, with a great lake in the middle, inhabited by abundance of people, who ran down to the shore astonished and admiring at the sight of the ships, believing them to be some living creatures, and were impatient to know certainly wliat they were. Nor were the Christians less hasty to know them, whose curiosity was soon satisfied, for they soon came to an anchor; the Admiral went ashore with his boat well armed, and the royal standard displayed. . . . Having all given thanks to God, kneeling on the shore, and kissed the ground with tears of joy, for the great mercy re- ceived, the Admiral stood up, and called that island St. .Salvador. After that he took possession for their Catho- lic jNIajesties, in the usual words, and with the solemiiity proper in those cases ; abundance of the natives that were come out being jiresent, and consequently the Christians admitted him as Admiral and Viceroy, and swore to obey him as representing their Highnesses ]>ersons, and with such expressions of joy as became their mighty success, all of them begging his pardon for all the affronts they had done him through fear and irresolution. Abundance of the Indians being come down to this rejoicing, and the Admiral perceiving they were ])caeeable quiet, and very simple people, he gave tliem some red caps, and strings of glass beads, which they hung about their necks, and other things of small value, which they valued as if they had been stone of high price. — LJfe of Columl)us; bi/ his Son Ferdinand, Pinkerton's J'oi/aiies and Travels (Lon- don, 1812), XII, pp. 32-34. McKinley's Illustrated Topics tor American History. Topic U 5. Early Attempts at Colonization. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Spain. a) West Indies — Cub.-i, Porto Rico, Hayti. b) Mexico and Peru. c) Florida. d) Southwest and Pacific Coast. 2. France. a) Voj'ages of Verrazano and Carticr. b) Attempts at settlement in Florida (Carolina). c) Conditions favoring colonizing ventures about UJOO. d) Acadian settlements. e) Champlain — Quebec, HiOS. Relation with In- dians. f) Spread into the interior of Valley of Great Lakes. S. England. a) Cabots and Elizabethan seamen. b) Attempts of Gilbert and Raleigh. c) Reasons for early failure. d) Later colonizing companies of Plymouth and London. e) Proprietary settlements. f) Unauthorized settlements by ))rivate individuals or groups of settlers. 4. The Dutch. a) Dutch relations to Spain, Portugal and England. b) Dutch East India Company. c) Hudson's voyage. d) Early fur trading on Hudson River. Permanently occupied from 1613. e) Later West India Company. 5. Sweden. a) Importance of Sweden in Europe in 17th cen- tury. b) Plans of Gustavus Adolphus for colony. c) Resumption under Queen Christina and her minister Oxenstern. Influence of discon- tented Dutch colonists, fi. Summary. a) Basis of claim of each nation to land in America. b) Reasons for varying success of several states. c) Condition of Colonies, 1600; \650. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, lG-^3; Ashley, 33-38; Channing, 33-46; Hart, 40-43; James & Sanford, ^e-36; Johnston-.Mae- Donald, 13-21; McLaughlin, 20-36; McMaster, 19-29; Mont- gomery, 20-30, 38-40; Muzzey, 15-22. For Collateral Reading.— Fisher, Colonial Era, cli. 3; Ihwaites, p. 31-32, 33-44. For Topical Study.— 1. Bancroft, I, 50-59; Bourne, Spain in Arr.erica, oh. 10-12; Channing, U. S., ch. 3; Doyle, English Colonies, I, 75-81; Fiske, Discovery of America," II, 213-482; Hildreth, U. S., I, ch. 3; Parkman, Pioneers of France, ch. 1; Wilson, American People, I, ch. 1; Winsor, America, IT, all. 2. Channing, U. S., I, ch. 4; Doyle, I, 81-100; Hildreth, V. S., I, ch. 3; Parkman, Pioneers, ch. 2-10; Thwaite.s, France in America, ch. 1; MMIson, I, ch. 1; Winsor, IV, ch. 2-3. 3. Bancroft, I, 60-83; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 5-6; Dovle. I, 43-74; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 1-59; Hildreth, V. S., I, ch. 3; Tvler, England in America, ch. 1-2; Wilson, I, ch. 1; Winsor, III, ch. 4, 6. 6. Bourne, ch. 13; Fiske, Discovery, II, 463-569. Source References. — Caldwell & Persinger, Source Kistorv, 17-34; Hart, Source Book, 18-29; Old South Leaflets, 17, .37, 46, 91, 92, 94, 115-121; Original Xarratives of Early American History, volumes on Spanish Explorers, Early English and French Voyages, and on Champlain; Trail Makers' Series, volumes ujion journeys of Caljeca de Vaco, de Soto, Coronado, Champlain, and of LaSalle. Biography.— Lives of Cortez, Coronado, Pizarrn, Champlain, Hudson. SOURCE -STUDY. The first quotation below i, a d<-scrii)tii)n li\ ^iii eye-witness of the last days of the life of La Salle. The hazardous situa- tion of his force is shown by the number of surrounding Indians; the means taken to prevent surprise upon the town; the resort to cruelties in order to overawe the Indians; and the effort to keep the leader's death secret. The second selection is an account of Champlain's first con- flict with the Iroquois Indians; a battle of very great im- portance in the history of New France and New England. DEATH OF FERNANDO DE SOTO. . . . The Governor had betaken himself to bed, being evil handled with fevers, and was much aggrieved that he was not in case [not able] to pass presently tlie river [Mississippi] . . . considering the river went now very strongly in those parts; for it was near half a league broad, and sixteen fathoms deep, and very furious, and ran with a great current; and on both sides there were many Indians, and his power was not now so great, but that he had need to help himself rather by slights [strategy] than by force. . . . And seeing how many Indians came daih' to the town, and what store of people was in that country, fearing they should all conspire to- gether and plot some treason against him ... all night the horsemen went the round ; and two and two every squadron rode about, and visited the scouts that were with- out the town in their standings by the passages, and the cross-bowmen that kept the canoes in the river. . . . And because the Indians should stand in fear of them, he de- termined to send a captain . . . that by using them cruelly, neither [of the Indian tribes] should presume to assail him. . . . Nufies de Touar and his company made such speed, that before the Indians of the town could fully come out, thej' were upon them : . . . There were about five or six tliousand people in the town: and as manv people came out of the houses, and fled from one house to another, and many Indians came flocking together from all parts, there was never a horseman that was not alone among many. The captain had commanded that they should not spare the life of any male. Their disorder was so great, that there was no Indian that shot an arrow at any Christian. The shrieks of women and children were so great, that they made the ears deaf of those that followed them. There were slain a hundred Indians, little more or less ; and many were wounded with great wounds, whom they suffered to escape to strike a terror in the rest that were not there. . . . The Governor felt in himself that the hour approached wherein he was to leave this present life, and called for the king's officers, captains, and principal persons, to whom he made a speech. . . . And presently he named Lui/s de Moscoso de Alvarado, his captain-general [to be his successor]. The next day. being the 21st of May, l.')42, departed out of this life, the valorous, virtuous, and valiant Captain, Don Fernando de Solo, Governor of Cuba, and Adelantado of Florida: whom fortune ad- vanced, as it useth to do others, that he might have (rontlnued on Page 4.) CopytUhl. 1912. HcKlnley Publlshinc Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. MCKINLEY'S Desk Outline Maps. No. SSb. NORTH AMERICA. (Coastlines only.) Map Work for Topic U 5. Show on the map tlie Journeys of the i)rineii)al explorers ami the location of the earlv settlements hv each nati Indieate the land held or elaiiiied l)y each, in KiJO. %, 1 Ik *-'?» ^'\ ^> ';•, K -^'. I 5f *V \ •^ i; :Jl '■J; ^^. ir Mfei":-^->^:4^ l: : 1 Mr 11. 'i Vy' «3h- -rMt'' ® ^ ' Wm . , J m J, H©-*. ' 1^ «B 9^?~eV'' 1 |;i ISffi ^H WBtz ^B? :§.S 3 -E >^ 5 ~ - f o ^ McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. SOURCE - STUDY —Continued. the higher fall. He departed in sucli a place, and at such a time, as in his sickness he had but little com- fort. . . . Luys dc Moscoso determined to conceal his death from the Indians, because Ferdinando de Soto had made them believe that the Christians were immor- tal; . . . As soon as he was dead, Luijs de Moscoso commanded to put him secretly in the house, where he remained three days; and removing him from thence, commanded him to be buried in the night at one of the gales of the town witliin the wall. And as the Indians had seen him sick, and missed him, so did they suspect what miglit be. And jiassing by the place where he was buried, seeing the earth moved, tliev looked and spake one to anotiier. Luys de Moscoso understanding of it, commanded him to be taken up by night, and to cast a great deal of sand into the mantles, wherein he was wound up, wherein he was carried in a canoe, and tlirown into the midst of the river. . . . — Narrative of I.uis Hernandez de Biedma, in French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, II, 188-19I. CHAMPLAIN AND THE IROQUOIS, 1609. Now as we began to approach within two or three days' journey of the abode of their [the Algonquins'] enemies, we advanced only at night, resting during the day. But they did not fail to practise constantly their accustomed superstitions, in order to ascertain what was to be the result of their undertaking; and they often asked me if I had had a dream, and seen their enemies, to which I replied in the negative. Yet I did not cease to encourage them, and inspire in them hope. When night came, we set out on the journey until the next day, when we withdrew into the interior of the forest, and spent the rest of the day there. About ten or eleven o'clock, after taking a little walk about our encampment, I retired. While sleeping, I dreamed that I saw our enemies, the Iroquois, drowning in a lake near a moun- tain, within sight. When I expressed a wish to help tliem, our allies, tlie savages, told me we must let them all die, and that they were of no importance. When I awoke, they did not fail to ask me, as usual, if I had had a dream. I told them I had, in fact, had a dream. This, upon being related, gave them so mucli confidence that they did not doubt any longer that good was to happen to them. When it was evening, we embarked in our canoes to continue our course; and, as we advanced very quietly and without making any noise, we met on the 29th of the month [July, 1609] the Iroquois, about ten o'clock at evening, at the extremity of a cape which extends into the lake on the western bank. They had come to fight. We both began to utter loud cries, all getting their arms in readiness. We withdrew out on the water, and the Iroquois went on shore where they drew up all their canoes close to each other and began to fell trees with poor axes, which they acquire in war sometimes, using also others of stone. Thus they barricaded themselves very well. Our forces also jiassed the entire night, their canoes being drawn up close to each other, and fastened to poles, so that they might not get separated, and that they might be all in readiness to fight, if occasion required. We were out upon the water, within arrow range of their barricades. When thev were armed and in arrav, they despatched two canoes by themselves to the enemy to inquire if they wished to figlit, to wjiich the latter re- plied that they wanted notiiing else; but they said that, at present, there was not much light, and that it would be necessary to wait for daylight, so as to be able to recognize each other; and that, as soon as the sun rose, they would offer us battle. This was agreed to by our side. ]\Ieanwhile, the entire night was spent in dancing and singing, on both sides, with endless insults and other talk. . . . After this singing, dancing, and bandy- ing words on both sides to the fill, when day came, my eom])anions [rrenehmen] and myself continued under cover, for fear that the enemy would see us. We ar- ranged our arms in the best manner possible, being, how- ever, separated, each in one of the canoes of the savage Montagnais. After arming ourselves with light armor, we each took an arquebusc, and went on shore. I saw the enemy go out of their barricade, nearly two hundred in number, stout and rugged in appearance. They came at a slow pace towards us, with a dignity and assurance which greatly amused me, having three chiefs at their head. Our men also advanced in the same order, telling me that those who had three large plumes were the chiefs, and that they had only these three, and that they could be distinguished by these plumes, which were much larger than those of their companions, and that I should do what I could to kill them. I promised to do all in my power, and said that I was very sorry they could not understand me, so tliat I might give order and shape to their mode of attacking their enemies, and then we should, witliout doubt, defeat them all ; but that this could not now be obviated, and that I should be very glad to show them my courage and good-will when we should engage in the fight. As soon as we had landed, they began to run for some two hundred paces towards their enemies, who stood firmlv, not having as yet noticed my companions, who went into the woods with some savages. Our men began to call me with loud cries ; and, in order to give me a passage-way, they opened in two parts, and put me at their head, where I marched some twenty paces in ad- vance of the rest, until I was within about tliirty paces of the enemy, who at once noticed me, and, halting, gazed at me, as I did also at them. When I saw them making a move to fire at us, I rested my musket against my cheek, and aimed directly at one of the three chiefs. With the same shot, two fell to the ground ; and one of their men was so wounded that he died some time later. I had loaded my musket with four balh. When our side saw this shot so favorable for tliem, they began to raise such loud cries that one could not have heard it thunder. Meanwhile, the arrows flew on both sides. The Iro- quois were greatly astonished that two men were so quickly killed, although they were equipped with armor woven from cotton thread, and with wood which was proof against their arrows. This caused great alarm among them. As I was loading again, one of my com- panions fired a shot from the woods, which astonished them also to such a degree that seeing their chiefs dead, they lost courage, and took to fliglit, abandoning their cam]) and fort, and fleeing into the woods, whither I pur- sued them, killing still more of them. Our savages also killed several of them, and took ten or twelve prisoners. The remainder escaped with the wounded. Fifteen or sixteen were wounded on our side with arrow-shots ; but thev were soon healed. . . . — Grant, J'oi/ages of Samuel de'Champlaiii, ir;04-lGlS,p. i6'2-l65. Mckinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 6. English Colonies : Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Virginia. a) London Company. Charters of I606, 1609, l(jl2. Grant of land as finally made; gov- ernmental powers under several charters. b) Early difficulties : poor character of colonists ; plural governing council ; bad climate and water ; search for , gold ; attempt to make profits for London Company ; bad Indian policy ; absence of individual ownership of land or of products of labor. c) Attainment of economic and political success. 1 ) Single executive ; strong governors ; codes of law. 2) Land given in severalty to settlers. 3) Tobacco cultivation — economic prosperity. 4) Laboring class obtained: white servants; Indian and black slaves (Ifil*)). d) Representative government established by Com- pany, 161.9. First representative assembly in America, c) Forfeiture of charter and establishment of roval government ; form of royal control ; con- tinuance of popular elections and assem- blies. f) Attitude toward Commonwealth government. The Navigation Acts. g) Governor Berkeley and tlie Restoration, li) Cirowth of aristocrac}'. i) Bacon's rebellion — causes; results. 2. Alaryland. a) Position of Catholic Englislnnen. b) Lord Baltimore's cliarter: grant of land; govern- mental powers ; commercial privileges. c) First settlement— St. Mary's. 1634. d) Establishment of representative government. e) Religious toleration. f) Civil wars and disorders, 1640-1660. g) Revolution of 1688-89; Catholics disfranchised; English church established, h) Province restored to later Lord Baltimore (1714) after his conversion to Protestant- ism. i) Severe laws against Catholics down to Revolu- tion. 3. The Carolinas. a) Early settlements by Virginians, 16.').'?. b) Grants to eight proprietors, 1663, etc. c) Settlements at north and at south of the grant; hence from first divided into two distinct economic and political districts. d) Early privileges granted to colonists (the "con- cessions"). e) Failure to establish feudal aristocracy under I-ockc's Fundamental Constitutions. f) Popular government estiiblished. g) Many uprisings against proprietary govern- ments. h) Surrender of South Carolina to Crown, 1718. i) Surrender of North Carolina to Crown. 1728. j) Forms of royal government established. 4. Life in Southern Colonies. a) Industry. 1) Agriculture: tobacco, Indian corn, indigo, rice. 2) Other products: naval stores, pitcli, tur- pentine, masts, spars, etc. ; salted meats; potash; silk (?). b) Labor system. White servants ; Indians ; negro labor. c) Religion: Church of England established; re- pressive attitude toward Catholics, Puri- tans, Quakers; government of tlie parish. d) Local government: county court the principal feature; justices of peace almost liereditary tenure. REFERENCES. Textliooks.— Adams & Trent, 2i-20, 37-42, 57-59, 66-68 ; .-Vsh- ley, 40-44, 59-61, 73-76; Channing, 5U-6i, 101-104; Hart, 46-56, 84-85; James & ijanford, 37-49, 74-79, 85-90; Johnston-Mac- Donakl, 51-66; McLaughlin, 38-66; McMaster, 29-36, 54-55; Montgomery, 41-58, 89-93, 97-101; Muzzey, 27-35, 52-58. For Collateral Reading. — Coman, Industrial History, 22-47; Elson, U. S., 60-98; Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 4-6; Thwaites, Colonies, 51-111. For Topical Study. — 1. Andrew.s, Colonial Self-Government, ch. 13-14; Bancroft, r. S., I, 84-153, 442-474; Cambridge Modern Histor)', VH, 2-10; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 7-8; II, ch. 3; Doyle, English Colonies, 1, ch. 6-9; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 1-97; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 59-254; II, 1-130; Hildretli, U. S., I, ch. 4, and 210-214, ch. 11, 15; Lodge, English Colonies, ch. 1; Tvler, England in .Vnicrica, ch. 3-6; Wilson, American Xation, I," p. 34-69, 256-280; V'insor, America, III, ch. 5; IV, ch. 4. 2. Andrews, ch. 15; Bancroft, I, 154-176, 437-441; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 31-35; Channing, U. S., I, ch. 9; Doyle, I, ch. 10-11; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 220-265; Fislte, I, 255-318; II, 131-173; Hildreth, I, 204-209, ch. 11, 15; Lodge, ch. 3; Tvler, ch. 7-8; Wilson, I, 126-138; Winsor, III, ch. 13, IV, ch. 4. 3. Andrews, ch. 9-10; Bancroft, I, 408-436, Cambridge Mod- ern History, VII, 35-39; Channing, V. S., II, ch. 12; Dovle, I, ch. 12; Fiske, II, 270-369; Hildreth, II, ch. 16; Lodge, "ch. 5, 7; Wilson, I, 246-255, 290-294; Winsor, IV, ch. 4. 4. Bancroft, II, 3-23; Dovle, I, cli. 13; Fislce, Old Virginia, II, 174-269; Lodge, ch. 2, 4, 6, 8. Source References. — American Historv Leaflets, 27, 36; Cald- well & Persinger, Source Historv, p. 21-28, 50-51, 65-72, 75-80, 86-88; Hart, Source Book, 33-37, 48-51, 65-67, 91-95; Hart, Contemporaries, I, ch. 9-13; MacDonald, Source Book, p. 1-19, 20-22, 31-35, 53-55, 63-66, 76-78; MacDonald, Select Charters, 1-23, 34-36, 53-59, 104-106, 120-125, 148-168; Old South Leaflets, 167, 170, 172; Original Narratives of Early American History: Narratives of Earlv Virginia, of Earlv Maryland, of Early Carolina; Preston, Documents, p. 1-29," 32-36," 62-78. Biography. — Lives of Captain John Smith. SOURCE -STUDY. FIRST REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY IN AMERICA (1619). The records of tlic first Virginia assembly were not known to be in existence until discovered in England, by the historian George Bancroft, about the middle of tlie nineteenth century. They have been republished several times. The student should notice the arrangements for seating the delegates (2 from each of 11 plantations), the method of procedure, the use of committees, and the subject-matter of such of the laws as are given below. [Friday, July 30, I619.] The most convenient place we could finde to sitt in was the Quire of the Churche Where Sir George Yeardley, the Governour, being sett downe in his accustomed place, those of the Counsel of Estate sate nexte him on both handes, excepte onely the Secretary then appointed Speaker, who sate right before him, John Twine, clerke of the General assembly, being placed nexte the Speaker, and Thomas Pierse, the Sergeant, standing at the barre, to be ready for anv service the Assembly shoulde coni- (Continued on Paje 4.) I PublUlune Co. , PhiltdrlphU. Pa. McKinley's Series of Geographical aud Historical Outline Maps. Xo. 34a Soutliem Atlantic Coast of U. S. Explanation . Lougitudc W Copyright, 1907, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ' Map Work for Topic U 6. Show on map land grants and jdare.s (if scttlniu nts. Sec Ashley, W; Clianning, (iO, (iJ, 70. 80; Fiskc, CG, US; Hart, U, 3(i, 8j; James and Sanford, 'M, +0; .lohnston-.MarDonald, 5.5, 5(i, 61); ilacCoun, IGOS, IGOi); .McLaufrhlin, 3.j, +1, o6. tii; McMaster. 38, 32, 33, 3.>, .54, 57; Montgomery, Student's, 33, 49, 108, 118; Mlizzev, 28, 55; Scudder, 43, 45; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 193; Tyler, Enghmd in America, 99, 133, 5 '-- s3, 136-148, 171-204, 217-222, 224-229; Old South Leaflets, C9, 95, 96, 150, 168, 171; Original Narratives of Early Ameri- can History: Narratives of New Netherland, of Pennsylvania; Preston, Documents, 130-146. Biography. — Lives of Hudson, Stuyvesant, Governor Andros, William Penn. SOURCE -STUDY. DESCRIPTION OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. The following extracts are taken from the first printed description in the English language, of the country now form- ing the States of New York and New Jersey. Daniel Denton, the author, was a resident of Jamaica, Long Island; later he went to England, and there, in 1670, was published his "Brief Description of New York: Formerly called New Netherlands." To give some satisfaction to people that shall be de- sirous to transport themselves thither (the Countrey being capable of entertaining many thousands), how and after what manner people live, and how land may be procured, &c., I shall answer, that tlie usual way, is for a Company of people to joyn togetlier, either enough to make a Town, or a lesser number; these go with the con- sent of the Governor, and view a Tract of Land, there being choice enough, and finding a place convenient for a Town, they return to tlie Governor, who upon their desire admits them into the Colony, and gives them a Grant or Patent for the said Land, for themselves and Associates. These persons being thus qualified, settle the place, and take in what inhabitants to themselves they shall see cause to admit of, till their Town be full ; these Associates thus taken in have equal privileges with them- selves, and the}' make a division of the Land suitable to every man's occasions, no man being debarr'd of such (Continued on Page 4.) CcpyrlShl. 1912. McKinlcy PuUishir . Philadelphia. Pa. McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. No.38 Middle Atlantic States. -Subject- Date- So Lou^icad' Copyright, 1902, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Map Work for Topic U 8. Show land grants and principal settlements. See Ashley, 73; Channing, 116; Fiske, 126, 128, 130, 142; Hart, io, 65; James and Sanford, 73, 80; Johnston-MacDonald, 71; MacCoun, 1664; ' McLaughlin, 106; McMaster, 56; Montgomery, Stu- dent's, 33, 3.5, 10; Muzzey, 5.>; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 192. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 8 Map of Xew N'etherland, 1656, by Van der Donck. The coast line is quite accurately shown; the rivers and their tributaries are well drawn, except in the unexplored interior, where the South (Delaware) Kiver connects with the North (Hudson) River. The map will repay a careful study. Copyright. 1912. McKinley Publishing Co. . Philadelphia. Pa. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. SOURCE - STUDY.-Continued. quantities as he liatli oecasion for, tlie rest they let lie in common till tliey have occasion for a new division, never dividing their Pasture-land at all, which lies in common to the whole Town. The best Commodities for any to carry witii them is Clothing, the Country being full of all sorts of Cattel, which the}' may furnish them- selves withal at an easie rate, for any sorts of English Goods, as likewise Instruments for Husbandry and Building, with Nails, Hinges, Glass, and the like; For tlie manner how they get a livelihood, it is principally by Corn [grain] and Cattle, which will there fetch them any Commodities; likewise they sowe store of Flax, which they make every one Cloth of for their own wearing, as also woollen Cloth, and Linsej'-woolsey, and had they more Tradesmen amongst them, they would in a little time live without the help of anj' other Country for tiieir Clothing: For Tradesmen there is none but live happily there, as Carpenters, Blacksmiths, Masons, Tailors, Weavers, Shoemakers, Tanners, Brickmakers, and so any other Trade; them that have no Trade betake themselves to Husbandrj', get Land of their own, and live exceed- ingly well. Thus have I briefly given you a Relation of New- York, with the places thereunto adjoyning; in which, if I have err'd, it is principally in not giving it its due commendation ; for besides those earthly blessings where it is stor'd. Heaven hath not been wanting to open his Treasure, in sending down seasonable showers upon the Earth, blessing it with a sweet and pleasant Air, and a Continuation of such Influences as tend to the Health botli of Man and Beast : and the Climate hath such an affinity with that of England, that it breeds ordinarily no alteration to those which remove thither ; that the name of seasoning, which is common to some other Countreys hath never there been known ; That I maj' say, and say truly, that if there be any terrestrial happiness to be had by people of all ranks, especially of an inferior rank, it must certainly be here: here any one ma}' furnish himself with land, and live rent-free, yea, with such a quantity of Land, that he may weary himself witli walking over his fields of Corn, and all sorts of Grain : and let his stock of Cattel amount to some hundreds, he needs not fear their want of pasture in the Summer or Fodder in the AVinter, the Woods af- fording sufficient supply. For the Summer-season, where 3'ou have grass as high as a man's knees, nay, as high as his waste, interlaced with Pea-vines and other weeds that Cattel much delight in, as much as a man can press through ; and these woods also every mile or half-mile are furnished with fresh ponds, brooks or rivers, where all sorts of Cattel, during the heat of the day, do quench their thirst and cool themselves ; these brooks and rivers being invironed of each side with several sorts of trees and Grape vines, the Vines, Arbor-like, interchanging places and crossing these rivers, does shade and shelter them from the scorching beams of Sols fiery influence ; Here those which Fortune hath frown'd upon in Eng- land, to deny them an inheritance amongst their Brethren, or such as by their utmost labors can scarcely procure a living, I say such may procure here inheri- tances of lands and possessions, stock themselves with all sorts of Cattel, enjoy the benefit of them whilst they live, and leave tiiem to tlie benefit of their children wlien they die: Here you need not trouble the Shambles for meat, nor Bakers and Brewers for Beer and Bread, nor run to a Linnen Draper for a supply, every one making their own Linnen, and a great part of their woollen cloth for their ordinary wearing: And how prodigal, If I may so say, hath Nature been to furnish the Countrey with all sorts of wilde Beasts and Fowle, which every one hath an interest in, and may hunt at his pleasure: where be- sides the pleasure in hunting, he may furnish his house with excellent fat Venison . . . and the like ; and wearied with that, he may go a Fishing, where the Rivers are so furnished, that he may supply himself with Fish before he can leave off the Recreation : Where you may travel by Land upon the same Continent hundreds of miles, and passe through Towns and Villages, and never hear the least com])laint for want, nor hear any ask you for a farthing; there you may lodge in the fields and woods, travel from one end of the Countrey to another, with as much security as if you were lockt within your own Chamber; and if you chance to meet with an Indian- Town, they shall give you the best entertainment they have, and upon your desire, direct you on your way: But that which adds happiness to all the rest, is the Healthfulness of the place, where many people in twenty years time never know what sickness is ; where they look upon it as a great mortality if two or three die out of a town in a years time ; where besides the sweet- ness of the Air, the Countrey itself sends forth such a fragrant smell, that it may be perceived at Sea before they can make the Land ; where no evil fog or vapour doth no sooner appear but a North-west or Westerly winde doth immediately dissolve it, and drive it away: What shall I say more? you shall scarce see a house, but the South side is begirt with Hives of Bees, which increase after an incredible manner : That I must needs say, that if there be any terrestrial Canaan, 'tis surely here, where the Land floweth with milk and honey. The inhabitants are blest with Peace and plenty, blessed in their Countrey, blessed in their Fields, blessed in the Fruit of their bodies, in the fruit of their grounds, in the increase of their Cattel, Horses and Sheep, blessed in their Basket, and in their Store; In a word, blessed in whatsoever they take in hand, or go about, the Earth yielding plentiful increase to all their painful labours. Were it not to avoid prolixity, I could say a great deal more, and yet say too little, how free are those parts of the world from that pride and oppression, with their miserable effects, which many, nay almost all parts of the world are troubled, with being ignorant of that pomp and bravery which aspiring Humours are servants to, and striving after almost every where: where a Waggon or Cart gives as good content as a Coach; and a piece of their home-made Cloth, better than the finest Lawns or richest Silks: and though their low-roofed houses may seem to shut their doors against pride and luxury, yet how do they stand wide open to let charitj' in and out, either to assist eaeli other, or re- lieve a stranger, and the distance of place from other Nations, doth secure them from the envious frowns of ill-affected Neighbours, and the troubles which usually arise thence. . . . — Daniel Denton. A Brief Description of New York (reprint of ISiS), pp. 17-22. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 9. Spanish and French Settlements. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Spanish Settlements. a) Explorations by Spaniards. b) Colonies established: West Indies, Mexico, Peru, Florida, south and western parts of United States. c) Character of occupation. d) Relations to Indians. e) Form of government: arbitrary, by officers from mother country, not by colonists. f) Colonial industry: mining; plantations; limi- tations on colonial trade. g) Religion: missionary activity. h) Extent of Spanish occupation and claims. 2. French Settlements. a) In general: followed the river vallej's into the great interior plains ; shut off from English bj' Alleghanies ; from the Spaniards by the trackless plains of southwest. b) Early settlements in Acadia (1603-1605) and Canada (1608). Importance of work of Champlain. c) Controversy with English to 163-1. d) Spread through the St. Lawrence vallev, 1631- 1669. e) Entrance into Mississippi Valley, 1669- 1) Joliet and Marquette. 2) La Salle: his life and work. 3) Hennepin, 1680. 4) Settlements on the Gulf Coast, Biloxi, 1699-1701; New Orleans, 1717. f) Relation to English in Hudson Bay region. g) Chain of forts from Canada to Gulf of Mexico, h) Life in French colonies. 1) Industry: fur-trade, fisheries, agriculture. 2) Feudalism; monopolies; artificial re- straints on trade with Europe. 3) Government: arbitrary; controlled by governor, intendant and council ap- pointed by king; usually natives of France, not colonists; no representa- tive government, no local self-govern- ment, no meetings of colonists. 4) Religion: established by law; missionary activities. 3. Comparison of Spanisli and French colonies with the English. a) Emphasis placed upon military occupation ; forts and trading jiosts. b) Importance of relation to Indians ; fur-trade ; Indians as agricultural workers and work- ers in mines. c) Population: comparatively small for extent of territory occupied. d) Many restrictions on trade and industry. e) No participation of colonists in government or trade. f) Large place in society held by clergv; compare New England. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 7^-79; Ashlev, 86-94; Chan- ning, 36-40, SO, 114-115; Hart, 69-75, 124-12T"; James & San- ford, 104-120; Johnston-MacDonald, 83-86; McLaughlin, 129- 138; McMaster, 60-65, 76-80; Montgomerv, 47, 109-113; Muzzey, 81-92. For Collateral Reading. — Conian, Industrial Historv, 8-21; Thwaites, 49-50, 245-257. Kor Topical Study. — 1. Bourne, Spain in America, ch. 14-20; Fiske, Discovery of America, II, 483-569; Winsor, America, II, ch. 5-9. 2. Bancroft, U. S., II, 137-174, 224-237; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 70-113; Channing, U. S., II, ch. 5; Fiske, Dis- covery, II, 483-569; Fiske, New France and New England, 1-132; Hildreth, U. S., II, ch. 18, and p. 220-226, 280-284; Parknian, Jesuits in North America, Pioneers of France in New World, ch. 1-17, LaSalle and the Discovery of the Great West, Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV, ch. 1-8; Thwaites, France in America, ch. 1-5; Winsor, IV, ch. 4-7. 3. Cambridge Modern History, VII, 98-109. Source References. — Hart, Source Book, 96-98; Hart, Con- temporaries, II, ch. 17; Trail Makers' Series, Journeys of de Soto, Coronado, Champlain, LaSalle. Biogra])hy. — Lives of Champlain, LaSalle. SOURCE-STUDY. LA SALLE'S EXPLORATION OF THE MISSIS- SIPPI, 1682. The following extracts are taken from the account written by leather Zenobius Merabri!, a Recollect monk who accom- panied La Salle: On the 21st of December, I embarked with the sieur de Tonty and a party of our people on Lake Dauphin (Michigan), to go toward the divine river, called by the Indians Checagou, in order to make necessary arrange- ments for our voyage. The sieur de la Salle joined us there with the rest of his troop on the 4th of January, 1682, and found that Tont}' had had sleighs made to put all on and carry it over the Chicago which was frozen; for though the winter in these parts is only two months long, it is notwithstanding very severe. We had to make a portage to enter the Ilinois river, which we found also frozen ; we made it on the 27th of the same month, and dragging our canoes, baggage, and provisions, about eighty leagues on the river Seignelay (Ilinois), which runs into the river Colbert (Missis- sippi), we traversed the great Ilinois town without find- ing any one there, the Indians having gone to winter thirty leagues lower down on Lake Pimiteaui (Peoria), where Fort Crevecoeur stands. We found it in a good state, and La Salle left his orders there. As from this spot navigation is open at all seasons, and free from ice, we embarked in our canoes, and on the 6th of February, reached the mouth of the river Seignelay, at 38° north. The floating ice on the river Colbert, at this place, kept us till the 13th of the same month, when we set out, and six leagues lower down, found the Ozage (Missouri) river, coming from the west. It is full as large as the river Colbert into wliich it empties troubling it so, that from the mouth of the Ozage the water is hardly drink- able. The Indians assure us that this river is formed by many others, and that they ascend it for ten or twelve days to a mountain where it rises ; that beyond this mountain is the sea where they see great ships ; that on the river are a great number of large villages, of many different nations ; that there are arable and prairie-lands, and abundance of cattle and beaver. Although this river is very large, the Colbert does not seem augmented by it; but it pours in so much mud, that from its mouth the water of the great river, whose bed is also slimy, is more like clear mud than river water, wthout changing at all till it reaches the sea, a distance of more than three hundred leagues, although it receives seven large rivers, the water of which is very beautiful, and which are al- most as large as the Mississippi. (Continued on Page 4.) Copyriilht. 1912. McKinlcy Publishine Co . Philndctphia. Pn. McKinley's Series of GeograpEical and Historical Outline Maps. No.36. The Mississippi Valley. Copyright, 1901, The JMcKinley Publisliing Co., Pliiladelpliia, Pa Map Work for Topic U 9. Show on llic map 1) tlie route of LaSalle; iJ) the primipal I'rcnch posts in the region .sliowii. See Adams and Trent, 73; Hart, 70; James and Sanford, 105, 109; Johnston-MacDonald, 85; MacCoun; MeMaster. 6-2; Montgomery, Leading p'acts, 111; Montgomery, Student's, 139; Muzzey, 88; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 190; Thomas, 68. i •s ^ S o ,, "^ •£.3 5 a S sr t^' '<• ■ wT"^ 'S 3 k §f-' "03 a . 2*^ fen i. a S 3 -/'-> ~ .- ^ u s 2 j: a, o z '■" ^ ° a t: c ^ *i s 5 ^ £ ^ :• y. ? e S & ~ '■ 'u c c ^ 1, o i -5 •? '5 ^^ 4) C ^tI^-< —■ o< *< m ■* ~ McKinley'a Illustrated Topics tor American History. SOURCE - STUDY— Continued. On the lHh, six leagues further, we found on the east the village of the Taniaroas, who had gone to the chase; we left there marks of our jieaeeful eoniing, and signs of our route, aeeording to praetice, in such voyages. We went slowly, because we were obliged to hunt and fish almost dailj', not having been able to bring any pro- visions but Indian corn. Forty leagues from Tamoroa is the river Oiiabache (Ohio), where we stopped. From the mouth of this river you must advance forty-two leagues without stop- ping, because the banks a^e low and marshy, and full of thick foam, rushes and walnut trees. . . . On the IHh of the same month, tiie sieur de la Salle took poss<'s.sion of this country witii great ceremony. He planted a cross, and set up the king's arms, at which the Indians showed a great joy. You can talk much to Indians by signs, and those with us managed to make themselves a little understood in tlieir language. I took occasion to explain something of the truth of God, and the mysteries of our redemption, of whicli they saw the arms. During this time they showed they relished what I said, by raising their eyes to heaven, and kneeling as if to adore. We also saw them rub their hands over their bodies after rubbing them over the cross. In fact, on our return from the sea, we found that they had surrounded the cross with a palisade. . . . The whole country is covered with palm-trees, laurels of two kinds, plums, peaches, mulberry, apple, and pear trees of every kind. There are also five or six kinds of nut-trees, some of which bear nuts of extraordinary size. Thej' also gave us several kinds of dried fruit to taste; we found them large and good. They have also many other kinds of fruit-trees which I never saw in Europe; but the season was too early to allow us to see the fruit. We observed vines already out of blossom. The mind and character of this people appeared on the whole docile and manageable, and even capable of reason. I made them understand all I wished about our mysteries [re- ligion]. They conceived pretty well the necessity of a God, the creator and director of all, but attribute this divinity to the sun. Religion may be greatly advanced among them, as well as among the Akansas, both these nations being half civilized. . . . The 26th of March resuming our course, we perceived, twelve leagues lower down, a periagua or wooden canoe, to which the sieur de Tonty gave chase, till approaching the shore, we perceived a great number of Indians. The sieur de la .Salle, with his usual jirecaution, turned to the opposite banks, and then sent the calumet of peace by the sieur de Tonty. Some of the chief men crossed the river to come to us as good friends. They were fisher- men of the Nachie tribe (Natchez), enemies of the Taensa. . . . At last, after a navigation of about forty leagues, we arrived, on tlie sixth of A])ril, at a point where the river divides into three channels. The sieur de la Salle di- vided his party the next day into three bands, to go and explore them. He took the western, the sieur Dautray the southern, the sieur Tonty, whom I accompanied, the middle one. These three channels are beautiful and deep. The water is brackish; after advancing two leagues it became perfectly salt, and advancing on, we discov- ered the o|)cn sea, so that on the ninth of April, with all possible solemnity, we performed the ceremony of plant- ing the cross and raising the arms of France. After we liad chanted the hymn of the church, "Vexilla Regis," and the "Te Deum," the sieur de la Salle, in tile name of his majesty, took jiossession of that river, of all rivers that enter it, and of all the country watered by them. An authentic act was drawn up, signed by all of us»there, and amid a volley from all our muskets, a leaden plate in- scribed with the arms of France, and the names of those who had just made the discovery, was deposited in the earth. The sieur de la Salle, who always carried an astrolabe, took the latitude of the mouth. Although he kept to himself the exact jx)int, we have learned that the river falls into the gulf of Mexico, between 27° and 28° north, and, as is thought, at the point where maps lay down the Rio Escondido. This mouth is about thirty leagues distant from the Rio Bravo, (Rio Grande), sixty from the Rio de Palmas, and ninety or a hundred leagues from the river Panuco (Tanipico), where the nearest Spanish post on the coast is situated. We reck- oned that Es])iritu .Santo Bay (Anpalachee Bay), lay northeast of the mouth. From the Tlinois' river, we al- ways went south or southwest; the river winds a little, preserves to the sea its breadth of about a quarter of a league, is everywhere very deep, without banks, or any obstacle to navigation, although the contrary has been published. This river is reckoned eight hundred leagues long; we travelled at least three hundred and fifty from the mouth of the river Seignelay. . . . When you are twenty or thirty leagues below the Maroa [Indians], the banks are full of canes until you reach the sea, except in fifteen or twenty places where there are very pretty hills, and spacious, convenient, land- ing-places. The inundation does not extend far, and behind these drowned lands you see the finest country in the world. Our hunters, French and Indian, were de- lighted with it. For an extent of at least two hundred leagues in length, and as much in breadth, as we were told, there are vast fields of excellent land, diversified here and there with pleasing hills, lofty woods, groves through which you miglit ride on horseback, so clear and unobstructed are the paths. These little forests also line the rivers which intersect the country in various places, and which abound in fish. The crocodiles are dangerous here, so much so that in some parts no one would venture to expose himself, or even put his hand out of his canoe. The Indians told us that these ani- mals often dragged in their people where they could any- where get hold of them. . . . You meet prairies everywhere, sometimes of fifteen or twenty leagues front, and three or four deep, ready to receive the plough. The soil excellent, capable of sup- porting great colonies. Beans grow wild, and the stalk lasts several years, always bearing fruit; it is thicker than an arm, and runs up like ivy to the top of the highest trees. The peach-trees are quite like those of France, and very good ; they are so loaded with fruit, that the Indians have to prop up those they cultivate in their clearings. There are whole forests of very fine mulberries, of which we ate the fruit from the month of May; many ])lum-trees and other fruit trees, some known and others unknbwn in Europe ; vines, pomegranates, and horse-chestnuts, are common. They raise three or four crops of corn a year. To conclude, our expedition of discovery was accom- plished without having lost any of our men, French or Indian, and without anybody's being wounded, for which we were indebted to the protection of the Almighty, and the great capacity of Monsieur de la Salle. . . . — French, Historical Collections nf Louisiana, IV, 1(5,5-18 !■. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 10. Sixty Years of Colonial Life 1689-1750. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Increase in Population. a) In New England — natural increase mainly. b) In Middle Colonies: natural increase, and immi- gration, particularly from Germany, also from Ireland and Scotland. " c) In Southern Colonies : by natural increase ; by colonists from England, France, Switzer- land, Germany and Scotland ; importations of African negroes. 2. Pushing back the Frontier. a) In New England: into Elaine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. b-) In Middle Colonies: up the river vallej-s; the Mohawk, Chester, Shenandoah, and Susque- hanna vallej's ; across the Alleghanies into the Ohio region. c) In the South : into the uplands distant from coast ; and toward the south into Georgia. 3. Settlement of Georgia. a) Reasons for settlement. b) Philanthropic character of Oglethorpe and the trustees. c) Silk culture insisted upon. d) Overthrow of Trustees' restrictions; introduc- tion of slavery ; land given in fee-simple ; local self-government established. e) Establishment of royal government, 1755. f) Boundaries of province enlarged, by proclama- tion, 1763. 4. English Control of Colonies. a) Parliamentary Acts: Navigation Acts: Colonial trade only in English or colonial vessels ; enumerated articles to be taken first to England; all European products to come to colonies from England. b) Parliamentary Acts: forbade or restricted manu- facture of iron and steel, wool and felt (hats); forbade printing of English Bible; regulated colonial currency and naturali- zation ; encouraged by bounties the produc- tion of raw materials, as pig iron, hemp, naval stores. c) Parliamentary Acts: The Molasses act of 1733, levying duties on sugar, molasses, etc., from foreign West Indies to colonies, not en- forced. d) Change of colonies from charter and proprietary to royal provinces: New Hampshire, New York, New .Jersey, Carolinas, Georgia. e) English Lords of Trade and Plantations (Board of Trade). 1 ) Obtained information from colonial gover- nors. 2) Recommended to King (Cabinet) persons for colonial offices. 3) Advised King concerning colonial legisla- tion. 4) Heard disputes between colonies or colo- nial proprietors. f) English repeal of colonial legislation: Possible in all colonies except Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland ; often used against popu- lar measures. g) Church of England in colonies: under jurisdic^ tion of Bishop of London ; influence of So- ciety for Propagation of the Gospel in For- eign Parts; character of clergymen and missionaries sent out ; importance of fact that all ministers must go to England for ordination ( ,io colonial bishops to perform this ccremi ny). 5. Plans for Colonial L nion. a) New England Confederation, l6l3. b) The Dominion of New England (attempt to unite colonies from New Jersey to Maine). c) Efforts made in the colonics during French War of 1689-90. d) Projects from various sources tor intercolonial union: by William Penn, by Board of Trade, etc. e) Albany Convention plan, 1754. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Aflams & Trent, 67-71; Ashley, 89-93; Channing, 107-113; Hart, 107-118; James & Sanford, 134-140; Johnston- MacDonald, 76-80; McLaughlin, 116-128; McMaster, 100-108; Montgomery, 106-108; Muzzey, 66-71. For Collateral Heading.— Bogart, Economic History, 34-47; Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 12-20; Sparks, Men Who Made Na- tion, ch. 1; Thwaites, 233-244, 258-284. For Topical Study. — 1. Channing, U. S., II, ch. 14; Doyle, English Colonies, V, eh. 1; Fi.ske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, H, 3,30-356; Greene, Provincial America, ch. 14. 3. Bancroft, U. S., H, 281-291; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 01-64; Doyle, V, ch. 8; Greene, Provincial America, ch. 15; Hildreth, U. S., II, 362-386; Lodge, English Colonies, cli. 9-10; Wilson, American People, II, 01-72; Winsor, America, V, ch. 6. 4. Andrew.s, Colonial Self-Government, ch. 1-4; Bancroft, III, 238-206; Cambridge Modern HLstory, VII, 65-68; Channing, U. S., II, ch. 1, 6, 8-10; Doyle, V, ch. 2; Greene, Provincial America, ch. 1-4, ch. 11; Hildreth, II, ch. 21 and p. 284-298. 5. Bancroft, VL 5-8; Cambridge Modern Historj% VII, 69. Source References.- American Hi.storv Leaflets, 14, 16, 19; Caldwell & Persinger, Source History, '139-104; Hart, Source Book, 71-73; Hart, Contemporaries, ' II, ch. 0; Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 11; MacDonald, Source Book, 55-59, 72-74, 78-79, 90-105; MacDonald, Select Charters, 106-120, 133-136, 168-170, 212-217, 235-251, 253-257; Preston, Documents, 146- 188. Biography. — Benjamin Franklin, John Woolman (journal). SOURCE -STUDY. ENGLISH LEGISLATION RESPECTING THE COLONIES. The following quotations show the completed colonial policy of Great Britain: 1) Colonial trade limited absolutely to English or colonial vessels; 2) certain colonial products, "enumerated articles," to be transported to England before being .shipped to any foreign country; 3) all European prod- ucts to come to the colonies from England; 4) imports from foreign countries to England must come in English or colonial ves.sels, or in vessels of the nation producing the goods; 5) bounties or freedom from duties to be granted to certain raw materials produced in the colonies (pig iron, hemp, tar, masts, etc.); 6) discouragement of colonial manufacture. An Act for the Encourarfeing and increasing of Shipping and Navigation. For the increase of Shiping and incouragement of the Navigation of this Nation, wherein under the good provi- dence and protection of God the Wealth, Safety and Strength of this Kingdome is soe much concerned Bee it Enacted by the Kings most Excellent Majesty and by the Lords and Comons in this present Parliament assembled and the Authoritie therof 'That from and after the First daj' of December One thousand six hundred and sixty and from thence forward noe Goods or Commodities whatso- ever shall be Imported into or Exported out of any Lands Islands Plantations or Territories to his Majesty belonging or in his possession or which may hereafter ((Continued on Page 4.) Copyright. 19li McKinley Publishing Co. . Philadelphia. Pa. McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historica] Ontline Maps. No. 64. North America. Qre^tjAii h 60 Copyright, 1901, The McKinley Publish. iig Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. Map Work for Topic U 10. Show European possessions in ,\nicrica, in 1750. See Adams and Trent, 81; .\shlev, 90; Epoch Maps; Hart, li20; James and Sanford, 113; Labberton, 60; MacCoun, lT5j; JlcLaughlin, 141; Montgomery, Student's, 143; Scudder, 89 (East. U. S. only); Thomas, 100; Thwaites, at end. McKintey's Illustrated Topics fur American History. SOURCE- STUD Y.-Continued. belong unto or be in tlu- jjosscssion of His Majesty His Heires and Succcssers in Asia Africa or America in any other Ship or Ships \ essell or Vessells whatsoever but in such Sliips or Vessells as doe truly and without fraude belong only to the people of England or Ireland Dominion of Wales or Towne of Bcrwicke upon Tweedc or are of the built of, and belonging to any of the said Lands Islands Plantations or Territories as the Pro- prietors and riglit Owners therof and wherof the Mas- ter and three fourthes of the Marriners at least are Eng- lish under the penalty of the Forfeiture and Losse of all the Goods and Commodityes which shall be Imported into, or Exported out of, any of the aforesaid places in any other Ship or Vessell, as also of the Ship or Vcssell with all its Guns Furniture Tackle Ammunition and Ap- parel. . . . [SHI]. . . . noe Goods or Commodityes whatsoever of the growth production or manufacture of Africa Asia or America or if any part therof, or which are discribed or laid down in the usuall Maps or Cards of those places be Imported into England Ireland or Wales Islands of Guernsey or Jersey or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede in any other Ship or Ships Vessell or Vessels whatso- ever, but in such as doe truely and without fraude belong onely to the people of England or Ireland, Dominion of Wales or Towne of Berwick upon Tweede or of the Lands Islands Plantations or Territories in Asia Africa or America to his Majesty belonging as the proprietors and right owners therof, and wherof the IMaster and three fourthes at least of the Mariners are English under tlie penalty of the forfeiture of [goods and vessel]. . . . [SIV]. And it is further Enacted . . . that noe Goods or Commodityes that are of forraigne growth pro- duction or manufacture and which are to be brought into England Ireland Wales, the Islands of Guernsey & Jer- sey or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede in English built shiping, or other shiping belonging to some of the afore- said places, and navigated by English ^Mariners as afore- said shall be shiped or brought from any other place or Places, Country or Countries, but onely from those of their said Growth Production or Manufacture, or from those Ports where the said Goods and Commodityes can onely or are or usually have beene first shiped for trans- portation and from none other Places or Countryes. . . . [§XVIII.] . . . from and after the first day of Aprill which shall be in the yeare of our Lord One thousand six hundred sixty-one noe sugars Tobaccho Cotton Wool In- dicoes Ginger Fustick or other dyeing wood of the Growth Production or Manufacture of any English Plan- tations in America Asia or Africa shall be shiped carryed conveyed or transported from any of the said English Plantations to any Land Island Territory Dominion Port or place whatsoever other than to such English Planta- tions as doe belong to His Majesty His Heires and Suc- cessors or to the Kingdome of England or Ireland or Principality of Wales or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede there to be laid on shore under the penalty of the Forfeiture of [goods and vessel]. . . . — 12 Charles II, ch. 18 [1660], Statutes of the Realm, V, 2t6-250. An Act for the Encouraf/ement of Trade. [§IV.] . . . [For maintaining a greater correspond- ence and kindness between this Kingdom and the Plan- tations] and makeing this Kingdome a Staple not only of the Commodities of those Plantations but alsoe of the Commodities of other Countryes and Places for the suj)- plying of them, and it being the usage of other Nations to keepe their Plantations Trade to themselves, [Be it enacted that after March 25, 1664] noe Commoditie of the Growth Production or Manufacture of Europe shall be imported into any Land Island Plantation Colony Territory or Place to His Majesty belonging, or which shall belong hereafter unto, or be in the Possession of His Majesty His Heires and Successors in Asia Africa or America (Tangier only excepted) but what shall be l)ona fide rad without fraude laden and shipped in Eng- land Wa) s and the Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede and in J^nglish built .Shipping . . . and whereof the Master and three Fourthes of the Marriners at least are English, and which shall be carried directly thence to tile said Lands Islands Plantations Colonyes Territories or Places, and from noe other place or places whatso- ever Any Law Statute or Usage to the contrary notwith- standing, . . . — 15 Charles II, cha])ter 7 [166.S]; Statutes of the Realm, V, tig. All Act for encouraging the Importation of Xaval Stores from her Majcstif's Plantations in America. ... Be it therefore enacted . . . That everj' Person or Persons that shall [within nine j'ears from Jan. 1, 1705] import or cause to be imported into this Kingdom, directly from any of her Majesty's English Colonies or Plantations in America, in any Ship or Ships that may lawfully trade to her Majesty's Plantations . . . shall have and enjoy as a Reward or Premium for such Importation ... as follows, (viz.) II. For good and merchantable Tar per tun, contain- ing eight Barrels, . . . four Pounds. For good and merchantable Pitch per tun, ... to be brought in eight Barrels, four Pounds. For good and merchantable Rozin or Turpentine per tun, ... to be brought in eight Barrels, three Pounds. For Hemp, Water rotted, bright and clean, per Tun, . . . six Pounds. For all Masts, Yards, and Bowsprits, per Tun, allow- ing forty-Foot to each Tun, . . . one Pound. . . . — 3 and 4. Anne, ch. 10 [1704] ; Statutes at Large, IV, 182. An Act to prevent the Exportation of Hats out of any of his Majesty's Colonies or Plantations in America. . . . from and after the twenty-ninth Day of Sep- tember in the Year of cur Lord one thousand seven hun- dred and thirty-two, no Hats or Felts whatsoever, dyed or undyed, finished or unfinislied, shall be sliipt, loaden or put on Board any Ship or Vessel in any Place or Parts within any of the British Plantations, upon any Pretence whatsoever, by any Person or Persons whatsoever, and also that no Hats or Felts, either dyed or undyed, finished or unfinished, shall be loaden upon any Horse, Cart or other Carriage, to the Intent or Purpose to be exported, transported, shipped off, car- ried or conveyed out of any of the said British Planta- tions to any other of the British Plantations, or to any other place whatsoever, by any Person or Per- sons whatsoever. . . . — 5 George II, ch. 22 [1732]; Statutes at Large, VI, 89-90. IX. And, that Pig and Bar Iron made in his Majesty's Colonies in America may be further manufactured in this Kingdom, Be it further enacted . . . [that] no Mill or other Engine for Slitting or Rolling of Iron, or any Plateing Forge to work with a Tilt Hammer, or any Fur- nace for making Steel, shall be erected, or after such erec- tion, continued, in any of his Majesty's Colonies in America; and if any Person or Persons shall erect, or cause to be erected, or after such erection, continue, or cause to be continued, in any of the said Colonies, any such Mill, Engine, F^orge or P'urnace, every Person or Persons so offending shall, for every ?uch Mill, Engine, Forge or Furnace, forfeit the Sum of two hundred Pounds of lawful Money of Great Britain. . . .^23 George II. eh. 2P [1750]'; Statutes at Large, VII, 261- 263. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 11. Intercolonial Wars, 1689-1763. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Situation and extent of American Colonies of Spain, France, and England, in l689. 2. European Conditions, 1689-1750. a) Louis XIV's wars with Dutch. b) English Revolution of 1688. c) War of Spanish Succession. d) Commercial rivalry between England and Spain; War of Jenkin's Ear. e) War of Austrian Succession: Contest of Fred- erick the Great and ^laria Theresa. Influ- ence on America. 3. Wars in America, 1689- 17 18. a) Causes: European conflicts as above; colonial rivalries in the West Indies, on the fishing banks, along the i\Iaine Coast, in the In- dian country, and on Carolina frontier. b) General jNIilitary Policy: 1) French: border warfare with Indian allies; no serious attack on principal En- glish towns. 2) English: combined military and naval at- tacks on French maritime provinces. 3) Spanish: attacks on southern English colonies and arousing of Indians. c) Names and dates of Wars: 1) King William's W^ar, 1689-1697. 2) Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713. 3) King George's War, 171-1-1748. d) Results: 1) By treaty of Utrecht (171.'!): Cession of Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay country to England ; commercial rights in Spanish colonies (assiento treaty). 2) By treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (17-i8): Louisbourg, taken after great expense on part of colonists, returned to France. 3) Frontier massacres along both northern and southern borders. 4) Development" of colonial military organi- zation. 4. French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), 1754-1763. a) Situation of French, Spanish and English in Europe, and with reference to their colonies. b) Significance of the Ohio Valley: should English be hemmed in ea.st of the mountains .'' c) Colonial causes productive of war. d) Comparison of population, location of forts, military strength, etc., of French and En- glish colonies. e) Posts of the French which English determined to take. f) Albany Congress, and plan of union, 1754. g) Early failures of the Englisli, 1754-1756. h) Political change in England; William Pitt in power; great influence upon tlie world posi- tion of England and colonies. i) English successes, 1758-1760. j) Treaty of Paris, 1763. 1) Acquisitions by England 2) Acquisitions by Spain. 3) Overthrow of colonial empire of France. k) Royal proclamation of 1763: forbidding settle- ment in newly acquired lands. 1) Pontiac's conspiracy ; use of British troops to quell it. m) General results of the war: 1 ) Removal of the French freed colonists from need of English protection. 2) Gave military experience to colonists. 3) Royal attitude toward newly acquired lands aroused colonial opposition. 4) Turned English attention to need of stronger control of colonies. REFERENCES. ,^ Textbook.'!.— Adams & Trent, 75-86; .Vshley, 86-101; Chan- ning, 112-119; Hart, 125-133; James & Sanforcl, 111-127; Jolin- ston-MncDonalil, 83-101; McLaughlin, 129-150; McMaster, 79-92; Montgomery, 114-124; Muzzey, 91-104. For Collateral "Reading.— Elson," U. S., 160-197; Fisher, Colonial Era, ch. 12-20; Hart, Formation of the Union, 22-41; Sloane, French War and Revolution, ch. 1-9; Sparks, Expan- sion, ch. fi; Thwaites, 252-257. For Topical Study.— 1. Bancroft, U. S., U, 312-223; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 108-110; Channing, U. S., II, ch. 5; Greene, Provincial America, ch. 7; Thwaites, France in America, eh. 4-6. 3. Bancroft, II, 177-223, 292-318; Cambridge Modern His- tory, VII, 114-122; Channing, II, ch. 18; Greene, ch. 8-10; Hildreth, U. S., II, ch. 20-21, and pp. 258-268, 330-336, 374- 382; Thwaites, ch. 6-7; Wilson, American People, II, 1-76; Winsor, America, V, ch. 7. 4. Bancroft, II, 367-559; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 122-143; Channing, II, eh. 19; Dovle, English Colonies," V, eh. 9; Hildreth, II, ch. 26-27; Parkraan, A Half Century of Con- flict, Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XI^', Montcalm and Wolfe, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Thwaites, ch. 9-17; Wilson, American People, II, 76-97; Winsor, V, ch. 8. Source References. — American Historical Leaflets, 5; Cald- well & Persinger, 123-125; Hart, Source Book, 98-107; Hart, Contemporaries, II, eh. 19, 20; MacDonald, Select Charters, 222-223, 229-232, 251-272; Old South Leaflets, 9, 73, 187. Biography. — Lives of Count Frontenac, Montcalm, George Washington, General Wolfe, Sir William Johnson. SOURCE-STUDY WASHINGTON'S JOURNEY TO THE FRENCH FORTS, 1753-1754. The indomitable character of Washington, his accuracy in detaiLs, and the difficulties of frontier travel are well shown in the following journal of Washington's journey. Major Washington's Journal of a Tour over the Allegany Mountains. I was commissioner and appointed by the Honorable Robert Dinwiddle, Esquire, Governor of Virginia, to visit and deliver a letter to the commandant of the French forces on the Ohio, and set out on the intended journey on the same day; the next, I arrived at Fred- ericksburg, and engaged Mr. Jacob Vanbraam to be my French interpreter, and proceeded with him to Alex- andria, where we provided necessaries. From thence we went to Winchester and got baggage, horses, &c., and from thence we pursued the new road to Will's Creek, where we arrived on the 14th of November [1753]. Here I engaged Mr. Gist to pilot us out, and also liired four others as servitors . . . ; and in company with those persons left the inhabitants the next daj'. . . . [On Nov. 22, Washington arrived at the present site of Pittsburg where he had to wait for a canoe.] As I got down before the canoe, I spent some time in viewing the rivers, and the land in the Fork, which I think extremelv well situated for a fort, as it has the abso- (Continued on Page 4.) Cnpyrifiht. 1012. McKinley Publishing Co.. PhilHdelphia. Pa. McKinley's Series of Ggographical and Historical OntUnt Maps. No. 64. North America. 31 Copyright, 1901, The McKinley Publishing Co.. rhiladelphia, Pa Map Work for Topic U 11. Show on map the princiiMil fort.s; the h\n(l ccssion.s by treaty of 178:{. See .\shley, 100; Channiiifr. Ifl; Ri>oeh Ma|).s; Fiske, 175; Hart, 1:21; Hart, Formation, at end; Jame.s and Sanford, 1^;.); Labbcrton, Gl; MaeCoun, ITliS; Mel.aiifililin, '.1-9; McMaster, 90; Montgomery, Student's, l.W; Muzzev, \0-2; Shejiherd, Historical .\tlas, 194; Thoma.s, 100. fe: 1 ' * ., " a b'^L^"*^ ^o^.E£i^sia£i.t No. 1. View of Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, asit appeared in 1755. Note tlu- harlm houses, etc. From a contemporary paint. , „ .,. j ,. c- i. .tcc ■- - ■ - _ - - . jyg^ pjg 3 ^ pljiij „f pujt \iagara under the French, 1756, ; of building, the arrangement of tents. store- No. 2. A view of Fort Du Quesne, in 1754. No. 3. A plan of fort Niagara under tiler reiicn i/Do, j,=„;,r ^ No. 4 A viewof the battle fought near Lake George, on September 8. 1755. between 2.000 English and KO Mohawks under General Johnson and 2,500 French •end Indians under General Dieskau, in which the English were victorious. Note the strong fortified camp of the English and the method of the 1-rench attack. From an old engraving. CouyrHhi, I9i2, McKinky PuWishingru,. Phiijdi'iiiiiiii. Pa McKlnley's lllustruted Topics for American History. SOURCE - STUDY .- Continued. lute command of botli rivers. The land at tlie point is twenty or twenty-five feet above the common surface of the water; and a considerable bottom of flat, well-tim- bered land all around it, very convenient for building. The rivers are each a quarter of a mile or more across, and run here very nearly' at right-angles ; Allegany bear- ing northeast; and Monongahela southeast. . . . [Nov. 26, Washington met some of the Indian chiefs at I.ogstown.] 26. — We met in council at the long-house about nine o'clock, when I spoke to them as follows : "Brotiiers, I have called you together in council, by order of your brotiier, tiie Ciovernor of Virginia, to ac- ([uaint you, tliat I am sent with all possible desi)atch, to visit and deliver a letter to the French commandant, of very great importance to your brothers, the English; and I dare say to you, their friends and allies. . . ." [The party arrived at Venango on Dec. i, where they met Captain Joncaire and some other French officers.] They told me, that it was their absolute design to take possession of the Ohio, and by G they would do it; for that, although they were sensible the English could raise two men for their one, yet they knew their motions were too slow and dilatory to prevent any undertaking of theirs. They pretend to have an undoubted right to the river from a discover}' made by one La Salle, sixty years ago; and the rise of this expedition is, to prevent our settling on the river or waters of it as they heard of some families moving out in order thereto. From the best intelligence I could get, there have been fifteen hun- dred men on this side Ontario Lake. But on the death of the general, all were recalled to about six or seven hun- dred, who were left to garrison four forts, one hundred and fifty or thereabouts in each. 7th. — . . . We found it extremely difficult to get the Indians off today, as every stratagem had been used to prevent their going up with me. . . . At twelve o'clock, we set out for the fort, and were prevented arriving there until the 1 1th by excessive rains, snows, and bad travelling through many mires and swamps ; these we were obliged to pass to avoid crossing the creek, which was impassable, eitlier bj' fording or rafting, the water was so high and rapid. . . . [The distance travelled was about sixty miles. The next day Washington presented his letters to the Commandant, who with his officers retired to hold a council of war; meanwhile, Washington] could get no certain account of the number of men here, but according to the best judg mcnt I could form, their are a hundred exclusive of offi- cers, of whom there are many. I also gave orders to the people who were with me, to take an exact account of the canoes, which were hauled up to convey their horses down in the spring. This they did, and told fifty of birch bark, and a hundred and seventy of pine; besides nianv others, which were blocked out, in readiness for being made. . . . This evening I received an answer to his Honor the Governor's letter from the commandant. 1 .'Jth. — The commandant ordered a plentiful store of liquor, and provision to be put on board our canoes, and appeared to be extremely complaisant, though he was exerting every artifice, which he could invent, to set our Indians at variance with us, to prevent their going until after our depart\ire ; presents, rewards, and every thing which could be suggested by him or his officers, I can- not say that ever in my life I suffered so much anxiety, as I did in this affair. . . . Kitii. — . . . We h.id a tedious and very f.itiguing pas- sage down the creek. Several times we had like to have been staved against rocks ; and many times were obliged all Iiands to get out and remain in the water half an hour or more, getting over the shoals. At one place, the ice had lodged, and made it impassable b_v water; we were, therefore, obliged to carry our canoe across tiie neck of land, a quarter of a mile over. . . . [Washington reached Venango on Dec. 22.] 23d. — The horses became less able to travel every daj- ; the cold increased very fast; and the roads were becoming nmch worse by a deep snow, continualh' freez- ing; therefore, as I was uneasy to get back, to make re- jwrt of my proceedings to his Honor the governor, I determined to prosecute m_v journey, the nearest way through the woods, on foot. ... I took my necessary papers, pulled off my clothes, and tied myself up in a watch-coat. Then, with gun in hand and pack on my back, in which were my papers and provisions, I set out with Mr. (list, fitted in the same manner, on Wednesday', [Dec.] the 26th. The day following, just after we had passed a place called Murdering Town (where we in- tended to quit the i)ath and steer across the country for Shannopin's Town)^ we fell in with a party of French Indians, who had lain in wait for us. One of them fired at Mr. Gist or me, not fifteen steps off, but fortunately missed. We took this fellow into custody, and kept him until about nine o'clock at night, then let him go and walked all the remaining part of the night without mak- ing any stop, that we might get the start so far, as to be out of the reach of their pursuit the next day, . . . The next day we continued travelling until quite dark and got to the river about two miles above Shannopin's. We expected to have found the river frozen, but it was not, only about fifty yards from each shore. The ice, I suppose, had broken up above, for it was driving in vast quantities. There was no way for getting over but on a raft, which we set about, with but one poor hatchet, and finisl>ed just after sun-setting. This was a whole day's work ; we next got it launched, then went on board of it, and set off; but before we were half way over, we were jammed in the ice in such a manner, that we expected every mo- ment our raft to sink and ourselves to perish. I put out my setting-pole to trv' to stop the raft, that the ice might pass by, when the rapidity of the stream threw it with so much violence against the pole, that it jerked me out into ten feet water ; but I fortunately saved my- self by catching hold of one of the raft-logs. Notwith- standing all our efforts, we could not get to either shore, but were obliged, as we were near an island, to quit our raft and make to it. The cold was so extremely severe, that Mr. Gist had all his fingers and some of his toes frozen, and the water was shut up so hard, that we found no difficulty in getting off the island on the ice in the morning. . . . . . . This day, [,Ian. 7], we arrived at Will's Creek after as fatiguing journey as it is possible to conceive, rendered so by excessive bad weather. From the 1st day of December to the 1,1th, there was but one day on which it did not rain or snow incessantly. . . . [Wasli- ington] arrived in Williamsburg the l6th, when I waited upon his Honor the governor, with the letter I had brought from the French commandant I hope what has been said will be sufficient to make your honor satisfied with my conduct; for tliat was my aim in under- taking the journey, and chief study throughout the prose- cution of it. — J. Sparks, ed.. The IVnliiif/s of Georcje WasMnqton, 11, 432-447. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 12. Colonial Life and Institutions. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Classes of Population. a) Society more democratic than that of England or Europe ; absence of hereditary aristocracy or feudal land tenures. b) Aristocracy, wlicre existing, was generally based on differences of wealth, gained from com- merce in New England, from landed estates in the South ; sometimes based on official position. c) Greater portion of the inhabitants of New Eng- land and ^Middle Colonies were farmers, with a few tradesmen and mechanics. d) White servants: apprentices, indentured serv- ants, redeniptioners. Up to 1700 outnum- bered the negro slaves in all colonies ; later declined relatively in the South ; but re- mained the real laboring class of the Nortli. e) Negro slaves. 1) Unprofitable in New England, except as house-servants. 2) In Middle Colonies used sparingly as farm -t. laborers. Quakers opposed to slavery. 3) In the South. (a) In Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, the principal laboring class, held relatively in small num- bers, working under master's super- vision ; patriarchal relationship. (b) In South Carolina and (later) Geor- gia : large plantations directed by overseers. 4) Laws regulating servants and slaves: Master's treatment of his servants and slaves ; apprehension of runaways ; punishments for crime; equipment at the end of period of apprenticeship. 2. Home and Social Life. a) In New England and Middle Colonies. Early log-cabins and eave dwellings ; later clap- board, stone and brick houses; articles of food; modes of dress; means of transpor- 5. tation; domestic and agricultural imple- ments; social life: the church, town-meet- ings, the coffee-house, the public-house and taverns, training-days, local social events. b) In the South : Early rude dwellings ; later more permanent dwellings ; occasional mansions ; food; clothing; imports from England; means of transportation; social life: the church, parish meetings, county court-days, sessions of assembly, life in Charleston. S. Vocations. a) Agriculture: In New England, meagre returns except in fertile river valleys; in Middle Colonies, widely diversified agriculture; in South, dependent upon a single or a few great staples, tobacco, indigo, rice. b) The Fisheries: great source of income for New England ; better grades of fish shi)3ped to Catholic countries of Europe ; the poorer grades to West Indies for food for slaves on sugar plantations. c) Lumber and ship-building: Country thickly wooded with valuable, timber; large exports from New England and Middle Colonies of masts, spars, barrel staves and shingles ; ship-building begun early in New England; developed particularly in New Hampshire, ^Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware valley ; colonial-built ships often sold abroad. d) Commerce: largely controlled by New England, New York and Pennsylvania. L'nder navi- gation acts colonial vessels shared in com- mercial monopoly of English trade. Trade to West Indies very important ; fish ex- changed for molasses ; latter made into rum in the colonies and sold for domestic con- sumption or for barter on African coast for negro slaves. Other exports : floiir, rice, salted meats. e) Manufactures: rudimentary, discouraged by England; blast furnaces and iron mills; felt hats made from furs; woollen and linen manufactures. Religion. a) Establislied churches: 1) Congregational church in New Hamp- shire, Connecticut, and Massachu- setts. 2) Church of England in Maryland, Vir- ginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. b) Voluntary system in Rhode Island, Pennsyl- vania, Delaware, and largely in New York and New Jersey. c) Attitude toward dissenters: at first persecuted in New England and the South; sects perse- cuted at times : Quakers, Baptists, Puritans, Presbyterians, Catholics, Jews. e) Growth of more liberal spirit in the 18th cen- tury, both in New England and in the South. f) Great revivals of the 18th century. g) Names of men prominent in religious life of colonies. Education and Intellectual Life. a) In New England: the beginnings of public school system. b) In Middle Colonies: denominational and neigh- borhood .schools. c) 111 the South: neighborhood schools, private tutors, ministers of Church of England, many sons sent to England. d) Educational methods: hornbook, primer; place of Latin, and logic in higher schools ; voca- tional training, well provided for in the ap- prenticeshi)) system. e) Colonial colleges in order of founding: Har- vard, William and Mary, Yale, University of Pennsylvania (College and Cliarity School of Pliiladelphia), Princeton, Colum- bia (King's), Brown. Dartmouth, Rutgers (Queen's), Hampton-Sydney. Character of faculty, of students, of curricula. f) Colonial ])rinting-presses. g) Colonial newspapers. Ii) Colonial literature. i) Knowledge of science. j ) Prominent men in intellectual life. Copyrishl. 1912. McKinley Publbhing Co.. Philuilelphia. Pa. McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American Hlslory. 6. Political Organization. a) Features common to all the colonies. 1) Representative assembly elected bj- people. ■ 2) Local self-government in town or county. 3) Rights of Englishmen: share in levying taxes, jury trial, security of life and property. 4) English common law and many of the great statutes of parliament were the basis of colonial legal systems. 5) Court systems and procedure copied after those of England. 6) English citizenship enjoyed by colonists. b) Three forms of colonial government: royal, char- ter, and proprietary, not a vital difference; mainly a difference in method of appoint- ing governor, except in Rhode Island and Connecticut. c) Local government. 1) In New England: the town with its meet- ing of all citizens ; method of trans- action of business ; county unim- portant. 2) In Middle Colonies: a division of author- ity between townships and counties : town meetings rare. 3) In the South: The county court the prin- cipal organ of local government : parishes, boroughs and towns rela- tively unimportant. d) The right to vote: limited universally to those holding some property, usually landed prop- erty ; in a few colonies open to tliose holding- personal property; in 1775 not more than four per cent, of population had right to vote. 7. ^lilitia Regulations. a) Such laws existed in all colonies except Penn- sylvania. b) All able-bodied male inhabitants with few ex- ceptions required to equip themselves and train with tlie militia on certain days — training days; soldiers called tlie "train- band." e) Forms of weapons and accoutrements. 8. Peculiar Laws and Punishments. a) .Sumptuary laws: against extravagance in dress and entertainment. b) Laws regulating prices of goods, provisions, and wages of labor. c) Punishments: whipping-post, ducking-stool, tlie stocks, tlie pillory, branding, cutting ears and nose; eajiital pnnishmt-nt for nianv crimes. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, CO-68; Ashlev, 104-124; Chan- niiig, 11H-Ii(j; Hart, 9U-I0(i; James & Siinford, 128-141; Jolin- ston-MucDoiiald, 7G-T9, 97-101; McLaughlin, 1.51-168; Mc- Master, 93-109; Montpoiiiery, 124-1,32; Muzzcy, 67-80. For Collateral Reading;. — Bogart, Economic History, 49-96; ('i)nuiii. Industrial History, 48-88; Elson, U. S., 198-221; Fisher, ('i)li)ni,il Era, cli. 12-20; Hart, Formation of the Union, 1-21; .Sliiane, I'Vench War and Revolution, 10-21; .Sparks, Ex|)ansion, ()). In answer to the peticon of Robert Cox, in behalfe of Sebastian, negro, his servant, the Court judgeth it meet to grant the peticoners request, the life of the sajd Bastian Negro, and orders, that the sajd Bastian be seuerely whipt w"' thirty nine stripes, and allwayes to weare a roape about his neck, to hang doune two ffoot, that it may be scene, whilst he is in this jurisdiction, and when euer he is found w"'out his roape, on complaint thereof, to be severely whipt w"' twenty stripes. — Massa- chusetts Colony Records, V, pp. 117-1 18 (Oct. 1 1, 1676). Davy Hickbourne, for his grosse misdemeano"^ & foule miscarriage, was censured to bee severely whiped, to weare an iron coller till the Co't please, & serve his m' 3 weekes longer for lost time & trouble of his m'. — Massachusetts Colony Records, I, 378 (June 1, 1641). Robte Coles is flSned X', & enioyned to stand w"" a white sheete of [paper] on his back, wherein a drunkard shalbe written in great Ires [letters], & to stand therew"' soe longe as the Court thinks meete, for abuseing him- selfe shamefully w"' drinke, intiseing John Shotswell wife to incontinency, & oth"^ misdemean"^. — Massachusetts Colony Records, I,"l07 (Sept. 3, 1633). It is ordered, that Philip Ratliffe shalbe whipped, have his eares cutt of, fyned 40', & banished out of y'' lymitts of this jurisdiccon, for vttering mallitious & scandulous speeches against the goum* & the church of Salem, &c. . . . — Massachusetts Colony Records, I, 88 (June 14, 1631). It is ordered, that Josias Plastowe shall (for stealeing 4 basketts of corne from the Indians) returne them 8 basketts againe, be ffined V , & he>-eafter to be called by the name of Josias, & not j\F, as formly hee vsed to be. . . . — Massachusetts Colony Records, I, 92 (Sept. 27, 1631). . . . And if any person or persons, shall the second time offend, by stealing any hog, shoat, or pig, he or she so offending, and being thereof the second time con- victed, shall stand two hours in the pillory, on a court day, and have both ears nailed thereto, and at the end of the said two hours, have the ears cut loose from the nails: which judgment, the county courts in this colony, are hereby impowered to give respectively, and to award execution thereon accordingly. — Hening, Statutes at Larc/e of Virginia, III, pp. 276-277 (Oct.. 170,1). Be it Enacted, . . . That whosoever shall commit Burglary, by breaking up any Dwelling-House, or Shop wherein Goods, Wares and Merchandizes are kept ; Or shall Rob any Person in the Field, or High- Way; such Person so Offending shall for the I'irst Offence be Branded on the Forehead with the Capital Letter B, on a hot Iron, and have One of his Ears nailed to a Post, and cut off, and also be Whipt on the naked Body, Fif- teen Stripes. And for the Second Offence, such Person shall be Branded, as aforesaid; and have his Other Ear nailed, and cut off, as aforesaid ; and be Whipped on the naked Body, Twenty Five Stripes. And if such Person shall commit the like Offence a Third Time, he shall be put to Death, as being Incor- Copyrijhl. 1912. McKinlpy Publishing Co. , Philailelphla. Pi. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. rigible. — .lets and LauKt of Connecticut , 1750 (fourth edition), p. 18. It is ordered^ that Robte Coles^ for druiikenes by liini comitted att Rocksbury, .shalbe disfranchized, weare aboute his necke, & see to hange vpon liis outward garm', a D, made of redd cloath, & sett vpon wliite ; to contynue this for a yeare, & not to leave it of att any tyme when hee comes amongst company, vnder the pen- .ilty of -x^ for the first offence, & v' tlie second, & after to be punished by the Court as they thinke meete ; also, Iiee is to weare the D outwards, & is enioyned to appeare att the nexte Genall Court, & to contynue there till the Court be ended. — Mas.incJui.irtts Colonial Records, I, 112 (March 4, l634). Robert Sliorlhose, for swearing by the bloud of God. was sentenced to have his tongue put into a cleft stick, & to stand so by the space of haulfc an houre. — Massa- chus-etts Colony Records, I, p. 177 (Sept. 6, 1636). [Be it Enacted] That if any person shall ])resume wil- fully to Blaspheme the Holy Name of God, Father, Son, or Holy Ghost, either by Denying, Cursing, or Re- proaching the true God, liis Creation or Government of tiie World; or by Denying, Cursing, or Reproaching the Holy Word of God, that is, the Canonical Scrijjtures, contained in the Books of the Old and New Testament, Namely . . . [each book named] ; Every one so offend- ing shall be punished by Imprisonment, not exceeding .Six Months, and until they find Sureties for their good Behaviour, by setting in the Pillory, by Whipping, boar- ing through the Tongue with a red hot Iron, or setting upon the Gallows with a Rope about their Neck. . . . Provided that no more than Two of the fore-mentioned Punishments, shall be inflicted for one and the same fact. . . . — Acts and Laws of New Hampshire, 1726, p. 121 (May 13, 1718). And for the better putting a restraint & securing of- fendo''s that shall any way transgress against the lawcs, title Saboath, cither in the meeting house by abusiue carriage or misbehavious, b_v making any noyse or other- wise, or during the daytime, being laid hold on by any of the inhabitants, shall by the said person appointed to in- spect this law, be forthwith carried forth & put into a cage in Boston, which is appointed to be forthwith, by the select men to be set up in the market place, and in such other townes as y'' County Courts shall appoint, there to remain till authority shall examine the person offending, & giue order for his punishment, as the mat- ter may require, according to the lawes relating to the Saboath. — MassacJiusetts Colon i/ Records, V, p. 133 (May 24, 1677). BE it Enacted . . . That, from and after the End of this present Session of Assembly, if any Person or Per- sons whatsoever within this Province, shall Blaspheme God (that is to say) Curse him, or Deny our Saviour Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall Deny the Hoh' Trinity, the Father, Son. and Holy Ghost, or the Godhead of the Three Persons, or the Unity of the God- head, or shall utter any Profane Words concerning the Holy Trinity, or any the Persons thereof, for his, her, or their First Offence shall be bored through his, her, or their Tongue, and fined the Sum of Twenty Pounds Sterling; [or] shall in lieu of such Fine suffer Six .Months Imprisonment of his, her, or their Bodies, with- out Bail or Main)irize; . . . and for every Second Of- fence, whereof such Offender or Offenders shall be legally convicted, he, she, or they shall be stigmatized by branding in the Forehead with the Letter [B] and be fined by the Court where he, she, or they .shall Ix- convicted. Forty Pounds Sterlinc/, . . . [or] suffer Twelve Months Imprisonment; . . . and for every Third Offence, whereof such Offender or Offenders shall be legally convict, he, she, or they so offending shall be ,id judged Felons, and shall suffer Pains of Death vvith- out any Benefit of Clergy. . . . — Acts of Assembly of Maryland, ed. of 1723, pp. 111-112 (June 3, 1715). It is ordered, Cominon Scoulds shall be punished with the Ducking Stoole. — Rhode Island Colony Records, I, 185 (1647)^ IV omen causing scandalous suites to he ducked. WHEREAS oftentimes many brabling women often slander and scandalize their neighbours for which their poore husbands are often brought into chargeable and vexatious suites, and cast in greate damages ; Bee it there- fore enacted by the authority aforesaid that in actions of slander occasioned by the wife as aforesaid after judg- ment passed for the damages the women shalbe punished by ducking; and if the slander be soe enormous as to be adjudged at a greater damage then five hundred pounds of tobacco, then the woman to suffer a ducking for each five hundred pounds of tobacco adjudged against the husband if he refuse to pay the tobacco. — Hcning, Statutes at Large of Va., II, pp. 166-167 (Dec, 1662). Court Proceedings of New Netherland. . . . Fiscal vs. Philip Geraerdy, a soldier, for having been absent from the guard without leave ; sentence, to ride the Wooden horse during parade, with a pitcher in one hand and a drawn sword in the other. . . . Peter Wolpherson (van Couwenhouven) vs. Michiel Christoff'elsen, Paulus Heyman and Ruybert Jan- sen, for cutting his wainscot with their cutlasses ; plead guilty ; sentence, Heyman and Jansen to ride the Wooden horse for three hours; Christoffelsen, being his second offense, is to stand three hours under the gallows, ^yith a cutlass in his hand. . . . Fiscal vs. Rem Dircksen . . . chief mate of the Amandare, for striking and drawing a knife on com- missary Van Heusden, aiding in landing negroes sur- reptitiously at Barbadoes, &c., sentence, to jump three times from the yard-arm, to be whipped by all the crew, and immediately afterwards turned out of the ship, with loss of three months' wages. Fiscal vs. Hendrick An- tonissen, (steward of the ship Amandare, for purloining ship's provisions, theft, and smuggling; sentence, to jump three times from the yard-arm, to be flogged by all the ship's crew, his snniggled sugar to be confiscated, and himself to be turned out of the ship. . . . .Jonas .lonassen, a soldier, for robbing hen roosts and killing a pig: to ride the Wooden horse three days, from two o'clock in the afternoon until the conclusion of the parade, with a fifty pound weight tied to each foot. . . . Rouloff Cornelissen, a soldier, for wounding the cor- poral, to ride the M'ooden horse two hours a day for three days, with a ten pound weight fastened to each foot, to pay the surgeon's bill, and to forfeit six months' wages. . . . Nicholas Albertsen, for deserting his ship and be- trothed bride after publication of the banns ; to have his l\ead shaved, then to be flogged and have his ears bored, and to work two years with the negroes, . . . Ral])h Turner, from Lancashire, a soldier, for fighting on the Sabbath : to stand sentry for six hours a day, on six consecutive days, with two muskets on his shoul- ders, . . . — Calendar of Historical Manuscripts (of New York), Part I, pp. 7.0-198 (1642-1658). McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 13. Antecedents of the Revolution. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. General attitude of colonies in 1763: self-satisfied; prosperous ; not accustomed to restraint. 2. Review of rights of Englishmen, as interpreted in the colonies. a) Right to representation in government and tax- levying. b) Jury trial, according to legal forms. c) Economic and religious liberty. 3. English and Colonial Theories of the Powers of Par- liament. a) English: Parliament supreme for every purpose throughout the empire. b) Colonial: Parliament supreme only in imperial concerns ; in other matters only the equal of the colonial assemblies : a local legisla- ture for Great Britain alone. c) Hefice colonists acknowledged that Parliament could control navigation and trade through- out the colonies and whole empire; but could not tax colonies internally any more than colonial assemblies could tax England. d) Increasing divergence of English and American institutions and political theories. 4. Colonial Policy of Great Britain Reviewed. a) Navigation Laws. b) Molasses Act of 1733. c) Prohibition of manufactures. d) Bounties on raw materials. e) These laws not strictly enforced ; extensive smuggling prevailed ; English officials con- nived at this. f) Comparison of colonial policy of England with that of Spain, France, the Dutch. 5. Minor Conflicts. a) The Parson's Cause in Virginia. b) Writs of Assistance in Massachusetts ; Otis' argument. c) Attempt to establish English bishops in America. d) Irritation between colonial governors and assem- blies. 6. New Colonial Policy of England. a) Character and public policy of George III. b) Colonial Policy of Grenville. 1 ) Smuggling and illicit trade to be stopped with help of naval vessels. 2) Standing army in America. Alleged and real reasons for. S) Raising a revenue from colonies for partial support of troops. 7. The Stamp Act, 1765. a) Provisions. b) How opposed in America. 1 ) Riotous opposition : refusal to use stamped paper; burning of stamped paper; mob riots ; intimidation of stamp dis- tributors. 2) Literary opposition: newspaper articles and pamphlets. 3) United opposition: Sons of Liberty (a military organization) ; non-importa- tion agreements; Stamp Act Con- gress; Declaration of Rights. c) Repeal of Act. Why ? Franklin's examination ; losses of English merchants. d.) Passage of Declaratory Act. e) Great rejoicing over repeal of Stamp Act. 8. The Townshend Acts, 1767. a) Established commissioners of customs to try smuggling cases without a jury. b) Legalized writs of assistance. c) New- York assembly punished for not making proper provision for troops sent there. d) Laid duties on certain goods imported into colo- nies. 9. Opposition to Townshend Acts. a) Refusal of New York Assembly to grant su])- plies. b) Failure to collect taxes. e) John Dickinson's "Letters of a Farmer." d) Massachusetts Circular Letter relating to colo- nial riglits. e) Non-importation agreements. f) Partial repeal of acts (1770); duty retained on tea alone. g) Colonists change their arguments from no taxa- tion, to no legislative control of them by Parliament. 10. Progress toward Rebellion. a) Troops in Boston; Boston Massacre, 1770. b) Burning of Gaspee, 1772. c) Organization of Committee of Correspondence. d) Attempts to send tea to colonies; reception in Philadelphia, New York, Charleston, etc.; Boston Tea Party. 11. The Intolerable Acts, 177'1, a) Boston Port Bill. h) Massachusetts Act. c) Quartering Act. d) Transportation Act. e) Quebec Act. 12. First Continental Congress, Sept.-Oct., 1774, at Philadelphia. a ) Membership and organization. b) Its work: Massachusetts supported in its oppo- sition to late acts ; its declaration of rights ; "The Association" (non-importation and non-exportation agreement) ; state papers addressed to King, parliament, people of colonies, etc. ; provisions for another con- gress. l.S. Rebellion. a) Colonial conventions undertake duties of the assemblies. b) New England Restraining Act, March, 177.'5. c) Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775. d) Proclamation of Rebellion, August 23, 1775. e) Trade and intercourse with colonies forbidden, Dec. 22, 1775. ] l. Steps in Patriot Organization. a) Albany Congress and earlier plans of union. b) Intercolonial spirit at close of French and In- dian War. c) Stamp Act Congress. d) Sons of Liberty. e) Non-importation agreements. f) Self-appointed and locally appointed commit- tees to enforce the agreements. g) Committees of correspondence in Massachusetts. Cupyrifiht. 1912. McKinley Publishinfi Oi, , Philadelphia. Pa. McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. h) Intercolonial committees of correspondence pro- posed by Virginia. i) First Continental Congress. j) Provincial congresses and conventions taking place of assemblies and governors. k) Collection of military supplies; training of militia ; appointment of certain proportion in turns to act as "Minute Men." 1) Second Continental Congress, m) Provincial conventions develope into state gov- ernments. REFERENCES. Textbooks,— Adams & Trent, 87-106; Ashlev, 127-153; Chan- ning, 131-lGG; Hart, 135-14T; James & Sanford, 142-161; John- ston-MacDonald. 102-119; McLaughlin, 169-189; McMaster, 101-123; Montgomery, 131-141; Muzzey, 107-126. For Collateral Heading. — Coman, Industrial History, 89-105; Elson, U. S., 222-242; Hart, Formation of Union, 42-68; Sloane, French War and Revolution, eh. 10-15. For Topical Study.— I. Cambridge Modern History, VII, 144-148; Howard, Pre- liminaries of Revolution, ch. 1; Lecky, American Revolution, 1-52; Wilson, American People, II, 98-124. 3. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 175-208; Fiske, Ameri- can Revolution, I, 34-38; Lecky, 154-165; Wilson, II, 142-153; Winsor, America, VI, 1-15. 4. Fiske, I, 1-10; Howard, ch. 2-3. 5. Fiske, I, 12-19; Howard, ch. 4, 5, 12. 6. Bancroft, U. S., Ill, 30-40; Fiske, I, 15-17; Hildreth, U. S., II, 514-524; Howard, ch. 6-7; Lecky, 52-67; Wilson, II, 124-132; Winsor, VI, 15-27. 7. Bancroft, III, 50-121, 134-164, 198-214; Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 148-152; Fiske, I, 17-28; Hildreth, II, 524-536; Howard, ch. 8-9; Leckv, 68-104; Wilson, II, 131-142; Winsor, VI, 27-35. 8. Bancroft, III, 238-256; Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 153-159; Fiske. I, 28-38; Hildreth, II, 537-540; Howard, ch. 9; Leckv, 97-117; Wilson, II, 153-158; Winsor, VI, 38-42. 9. Bancroft, III, 263-302, 341-351; Fiske, I, 46-74; Hildreth, II, 540-554; Howard, ch. 11; Leckv, 117-126; Wilson, II, 158- 164; Winsor, XI, 43-46. 10. Bancroft, III, 368-381, 404-458; Cambridge Modern His- torv, VII, 159-161; Fiske, I, 66-93; Hildreth, II, 554-570; HI, 25-32; Howard, ch. 14-15; Leckv, 127-154; Wilson, II, 164-187; Winsor. VI. 46-62. II. Bancroft, III, 470-482; Fiske, I, 93-99; Hildreth, III, 32-43; Howard, ch. 15; Leckv, 154-179; Wilson, II, 187-192. 12. Bancroft, IV. 3-77; C"imibridge Modern Historv, VII, 161; Fiske, I, 100-110; Hildreth, III. 42-46; Howard.'ch. 16; Leckv, 180-185; Wilson, II, 192-204. 13." Bancroft, IV, 153-166, 213-246, 291-308, 332-331; Cam- bridge Modern Historv, VII, 161-166; Fiske, I, 111-126; Hil- dreth, III, 46-76; Howard, ch. 17-18; Leckv, 185-199; Wilson. II, 205-227. 14. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, ch. 7, 8, 9, especially footnotes. Source References. — .\merican History Leaflets, 11, 21, 33; Callender, Economic History, ch. 3; Caldwell & Persinger, 165-198; Hart, Source Book, 137-143; Hart, Contemporaries. II, ch. 21-25; Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 12; Johnston, American Orations, I, .3-38; MacDonald, Source Book, 105- 194; MacDonald, Select Charters, 258-396; Old South Leaflet.s, 68. 156, 173, 199, 200; Preston, Documents, 188-210. Biography. — Lives of Samuel Adams, James Otis, Patrick Henry, John Dickinson, William Pitt, George III. SOURCE -STUDY. THE FIR.ST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. The following selections are taken from the proceedings of the First Continental Congress, and they include the principal positive actions taken 1)V that body, with the exception of the many state jjapers issued by the Congress, which are too voluminous for insertion here. Saturday, September 18, l??*. Besolved vnnv. That this assembly deeply feels the suffering of their countrymen in tlie Massachusetts-Bay, under tlie operation of the late unjust, cruel, and oppres- sive acts of the British Parliameiit— that thef most thor- oughly approve the wisdom and fortitude, with which opposition to these wicked ministerial measures has hitherto been conducted, and they earnestly recommend to their brethren, a perseverance in the same firm and temperate conduct as expressed in the resolutions deter- mind upon, at a (late) meeting of the delegates for the county of Suffolk, on Tuesday, the 6th instant, trusting that the effect (s) of the united efforts of North America in their behalf, will carry such conviction to the British nation, of the unwise, unjust, and ruinous policy of the present administration, as quickly to introduce better men and wiser measures. Resolved unan. That contributions from all the colo- nies for supplying the necessities, and alleviating the dis- tresses of our brethren at Boston, ought to be continued, in such manner, and so long as their occasions may re- quire. — Journals of the Continental Congress, 177 J/, (ed. ]f)04), Vol. I, pp. 39-40. Tluirsday, September 22d, 1771. Resolved unanimously, That the Congress request the Merchants and others in the several colonies, not to send to Great Britain, any orders for goods, and to direct the execution of all orders already sent, to be delayed or suspended, until the sense of the Congress, on the means to be taken for the preservation of the liberties of America, is made public. — Ibid., Vol. I, p, 41. Tuesday, Sept' 27, 1774, A M Resolved unanimously. That from and after the first daj' of December next, there be no importation into British America from Great Britain or Ireland, of any goods, wares or merchandizes whatsoever, or from any other place, of any such goods, wares or merchandizes, as .shall have been exported from Great-Britain or Ireland ; and that no such goods, wares or mercliandizes imported after the said first day of December next, be used or purchased. — Ibid., Vol. I, p. 43. Friday, Sept 30 Resolved, That from and after the 10th day of Sepf, 1775, the exportation of all merchandize and every com- modity whatsoever to Great Britain, Ireland and the West Indies, ought to cease, unless the grievances of America are redressed before that time. — Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 51-52. Saturday, October 8, 1774. Resoh'ed, That this Congress approve of the opposi- tion by the Inhabitants of the Massachusetts-bay, to the execution of the late acts of Parliament; and if the same shall be attempted to be carryed into execution bv force, in such case, all America ought to support them in their opposition. — Ibid., Vol. I, p. 58. Monday, October 10, 1774. Resolved unanimously. That it is the opinion of this body, th.at the removal of the people of Boston into the country, would be not only extremely difficult in the execution, but so important in its consequences, as to re- quire the utmost deliberation before it is adopted ; but, in case the provincial meeting of that Colony should judge it absolutely necessary, it is the opinion of the Congress, that all America ought to contribute towards recompensing them for tlie injury they may thereby sus- tain ; and it will be recommended accordingly, CContinvied on Page 4.) McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No. U 13. Tl,; TlMi;S a. «^>rl•a^ful. £>»fmal Doleful •Doloious, JuJ T)oLLAR -LESS Copyright 1912. McKinlcy Publishing Co.. Phiiadeiplitj. Pa. . of tl>« STAMP Tburf.U. tJ/^i^ 3,, 17&5 , T H K ■ NUMB 1195 PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL; AND WEEKLY Advertiser. EXPIRING. In Hopes of a Refurrection 'o Life agani- □AM foi rj to be obliged to acqaairtt itty ReaJ eM.thatafl TheST>Mp- Act. iafear'a to be ob \igatory u;(jon \>s after rcu'l ,he FablTPin- of this Paper uiiaWe to bfST theBiwtJien, has thouglit it expedient TO STOP a "while, morder toaelibcTatc, whc- tVier (myMcthotls ""S'l tefoiindto elude- the CKains forged for us. and efcape the infup. portible Slavery , wliicli it is liopcd, from th& lafl ReprefcTitatioiis now niaJe agatnft tlial A^t. may be effected. Mcatt while. I mart earneftly Rtcjuffl every Individual f my Subfcnbers. ina»\-y of whom have ircM long behind Hand, that (hey would iniinediatel3r IJifdiarge their rcfpedtivc At rers , that I may be able, not only to ftpport tnyfcif Jiinug tlic Interval. Ijtit he better prepared to proceed again vntK this Piper, wieivevcr aii opening for that Purpole appears, which 1 hope will b« Teorx. WILLIAM BRADFORD- I'or N EJ/ .yo A' A THE sloop EPILDwr.! L ,". . . /■ m Elq »r Wa.tl.*.l = !"'J- i.on Long'v.l,,..ll.' ^ ' ""' B.>fti)ii, Mat ^.:.' '■.-.;.' ti .- ', . / /'.y'. i^aUal n, S:.:/< a A..-» .-. ,, ' ('.■ te/j,,.,-, . ^i^^t if,^„, ,„_, „, . , Dif.-ut-v^:-,i 1 -1 Jl Itrriiu, h,r,t,f Jc-.l^',, li^.i t -, vc- .i,A t::>:'r uni ,!•:, lM „ Ouii, or any Stirl cf «,... roi SnJ.try f „^j ,j- ^„y jut^Tiwg \ the Commitref of Mc,ch>nil, And ig be Sold hy By Elizabeth C!ark dr Nowell, Al llKi/Siiop Cx Doom m the Soi,iIi«»vd of tb« Mill- 1 All forts of. GAllbElvJ'SEEDS. ' RTSD in Capr Chzseau fiora LON'OON, Elizabeth^Greenleaf, bi .s ahum Tw*. Milts Weft from Hi.- Mm-ng- I e. on tlit Kits: Kt .Ml ; U Ijcifg^he EtUte o<" Jof.dh \ ■.tr, 1.;^; i?t=. sJ ^v^ivvitttvdKfav'xt*. £ar iui^Sv .] The upper engraving on this page is the title page of the Pennsylvania Journal antl Weekly .Vdvertiser for October 31. iTfii thp flav before the Stanin Act went into effect. . . t i. i r n i • i ^ 1,65, the da5 ''«'*'"<^.^t"[^^^^ \^^^ ^^^ p„jt„„ G^^^tte for March \i, ITTO, and gives an interesting account of the bunal of The lower one the persons killed in the Boston Massacre Both extracts give a good idea of the new.spapers of the eighteenth centt.ry and of the meagre means of >1 "strat^n t ^S^ ^imost^othing was used except the n^dest of .-c^d cut. and a pl^ of black rules. The dispi coffin figures in the lower view were drawn bv Paul Revere, and his bill for the same is still extant. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. SOURCE - STUD Y.-Continued. Resolved, That the Congress recommend to the in- habitants of the colony of Massachusetts-bay, to submit to a suspension of the administration of Justice, where it cannot be procured in a legal & peaceable manner, under the rules of their jiresent charter, and the laws of the colony founded thereon. Resolved unanimously. That every person and persons whatsoever, who shall take, except, or act under any commission or authority, in any wise derived from the act passed in the last session of parliament, changing the form of government, and violating the charter of the province of Massachusetts-bay, ought to be held in de- testation and abhorrence by all good men, and considered as the wicked tools of tliat despotism, which is preparing to destroy those rights, which God, nature, and compact, have given to America. — Ibid., Vol. I, pp. .59-60. Tuesday, October 11, 1774. Resolved unanimously. That they be advised still to conduct themselves peaceably towards his excellency General Gage, and his majesty's troops now stationed in the town of Boston, as far as can possibly be con- sistent with their immediate safety, and the security of the town ; avoiding & discountenancing every violation of his Majesty's property, or any insult to his troops, and that they peaceably and firmly persevere in the line they are now conducting themselves, on the defensive. — Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 61-62. Friday, October 1-i, 1771. The good people of the several Colonies of New-hamp- shire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhode-island and Providence plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Penn- svlvania, Newcastle, Kent and Sussex on Delaware, ^laryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Caro- lina, justly alarmed at these arbitrary proceedings of parliament and administration, have severally elected, constituted, and appointed deputies to meet and sit in general congress, in the city of Philadelphia, in order to obtain such establishment, as that their religion, laws, and liberties may not be subverted: Whereupon the deputies so appointed being now as- sembled, in a full and free representation of these Colo- nies, taking into their most serious consideration, the best means of attaining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first place, as Englishmen, their ancestors in like cases have usually done, for asserting and vindicating their rights and liberties, declare. That the inhabitants of the English Colonies in North America, by the immutable laws of nature, the principles of the English constitution, and the several charters or compacts, have the following Rights: Resolved, N. C. D. *1. That they are entitled to life, liberty, & property, and they have never ceded to any sovereign power whatever, a right to dispose of either without their consent. Resolved, N. C. D. 2. That our ancestors, who first settled these colonies, were at tlie time of their emigra- tion from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural-born sub- jects, within the realm of England. Resolved, N. C. D. 3. That by such emigration they by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of those rights, but that they were, and their descendants now are, entitled to the exercise and enjoyment of all such of them, as their local and other circumstances enable them to exercise and enjoy. Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a rigiit in the people to participate in their legislative council: and as the Eng- lish colonists are not represented, and from their local and other circumstances, cannot properly be represented in the British parliament, they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several pro- vincial legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved, in all cases of taxation and in- ternal polity, subject only to the negative of their sov- ereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed. But, from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries, we cheer- fully consent to the operation of such acts of the Britisli parliament, as are bona fide, restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respec- tive members ; excluding every idea of taxation, internal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects in America without their consent. Resolved, N. C. D. 5. That the respective colonies are entitled to the common law of England, and more especially to tlie great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according to the course of that law. Resolved, 6. That they are entitled to the benefit of such of the English statutes as existed at the time of their colonization ; and which they have, by experience, respectively found to be applicable to their several local and other circumstances. Resolved, N. C. D. 7. That these, his majesty's colo- nies, are likewise entitled to all the immunities and privileges granted & confirmed to tliem by royal char- ters, or secured by their several codes of provineial laws. Resolved, N. C. D. 8. That they have a right peace- ably to assemble, consider of their grievances, and peti- tion the King; and that all prosecutions, prohibitory proclamations, and commitments for the same are illegal. Resolved, N. C. D. J). That the keeping a Standing army in these colonies, in times of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony, in which such army is kept, is against law. Resolved, N. C. D. 10. It is indispensably necessary to good government, and rendered essential by the Eng- lish constitution, that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each other; that, therefore, the exercise of legislative power in several colonies, by a council appointed, during pleasure, by the crown, is unconstitutional, dangerous, and destructive to the free- dom of American legislation. — Ibid., I, pp. 66-70. Saturday, October 22, 1774. Resolved, as the Opinion of this Congress, that it will be necessary, that another Congress should be held on the tenth day of May next, unless the redress of griev- ances, which we have desired, be obtained before that time. And we recommend, that the same be held at the city of Philadelphia, and that all the Colonies, in Nortli- America, chuse deputies, as soon as possible, to attend such Congress. — Ibid., Vol. I, p. 102. •N. C. D., iilibreviiition for nemo conlmdiceiis. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for A Topic U 14. Revolutionary Period — Military Events. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Campaign in the North. a) Around Boston. Why here? 1 ) Lexington and Concord. 2) Bunker Hill. S) Army around Boston declared a continen- tal army by the Second Continental Congress. 4) Washington takes command. 5) Difficulties of fall and winter, 1775-6. 6) Occupation of Dorchester Heights ; British compelled to leave Boston. b) In Canada ; Purpose. 1) Ticondcroga and Crown Point, May 10, 1775. 2) Montgomery and Arnold against Quebec and ^Montreal; failure; retreat; spring of 1776. c) Hudson Valley; Burgoyne's Campaign. 1) Failure of St. Leger and Howe to co- operate. 2) Burgovne hemmed in. 3) Surrender, Oct., 1777. 2. In the Middle States; English object; secure New York Harbor, Philadelphia, the capital, and use the lukewarm population of tliis region. a) Taking of New York inevitable owing to British fleet. b) Retreat of Washington up the Hudson and across New Jersey. c) Dark hours of December, 1776. d) Brilliant victories of Washington at Trenton and Princeton. e) Taking of Philadelphia ; Influence on Burgoyne ; Battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777; Entrance into Pliiladelphia ; Battle of Ger- mantown. f) Evacuation of Philadelphia. Cause — French alliance and fear of arrival of French fleet. Battle of Monmouth — treachery of General Lee. g) From this time to the close of war, no military events of importance in the middle States ; W^ashington's lines extended in semi-circle around New York. 3. In the South. a) Savannah and Charleston taken. b) Defeat of Gates at Camden. c) British conquest of South Carolina and Georgia. d) American victories in the Soutli. e) Greene's retreat; military significance. f) Cornwallis in Virginia. g) Co-operation of French troops and fleet possible, li) Washington's remarkable transfer of his army to the South, i) Cornwallis' surrender, October, 1781. 4. War in the West. a) Spread of population across the mountawis, 1769-1775, in spite of Proclamation of 1763. b) English expedition into land northwest of Ohio. c) George Rogers Clark with Kentuckians and Vir- ginians drives out English. d) Wins Northwest for Union. 5. War on the Seas. a) Early efforts at ship-building. b) John Paul Jones; his assistance in French ports ; his victories. c) Privateers attack English commerce. 6. Causes of American Successes. a) Poor generalship of English. '' b) Ability of Washington. c) French assistance. d) Difficult}^ of land communication. e) Failure of loyalists actively to support the Brit- ish. f) Employment of Hessians. g) Distance of England from base of supplies. h) European coalition against England. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 107-175; Ashley, 154-182; Channing, 170-i;00; Hart, 165-187; James & Sanford, 162-181; Johnston-MacDonald, 120-165; McLaughlin. 190-214; Mc- Master, 126-U9; Montgomerv, 142-170; Muzzey, 127-14^. For Collateral Reading.— Elson, U. S., 243-318; Hart, For- mation of Union, 82-89; Sloane, French War and Revolution, 179-373. For Topical Study. — For military campaigns, see Carrington, Battles of the Revolution, and Lossing, Field Book of the Revolution. 1. Bancroft, U. S., IV, 152-166, 213-2-16, 291-308, 322-331; Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 165-173; Fiske, American Revolution, I, 120-171; Hildreth, III, 67-76, ch. 33, pp. 121- 129; Lecky, American Revolution, 201-234; Van Tyne, Ameri- can Revolution, ch. 2, 10; Wilson, American People, II, 223- 219; Winsor, America, VI, ch. 3. 2. Bancroft, IV, 24-48, 65-110, 145-198, 209-221, 261-278; Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 209-217; Fiske, I, 198-343; II, 50-81; Hildreth, HI, ch". 34, 36, 37 and pp. 164-171; Leckv, 248-283, 31.3-329, 358-375; Van Tyne, ch. 6-9; Wilson, II, 249- 293; Winsor, VI, ch. 4, 5. 3. Bancroft, IV, 366-403, 476-524; Cambridge Modern His- tory, VII, 219-231; Fiske, II, 164-205, 244-290; Hildreth, III, ch."42, 43 and pp. 274-295, 304-317, 325-329; Leckv, 383-391, 437-456; Van Tvne, ch. 17; Wilson, II, 308-330; Winsor, VI, ch. 6. 4. Bancroft, IV, 309-316; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 221-222; Fiske, II, 82-109; Hildreth, HI, 352-353; Van T^-ne, ch. 15; Wilson, II, 293-303; Winsor, VI, ch. 8, 9. 5. Fiske, II, 116-162; PauUin, The Na%y of the American Revolution; Wilson, II, 303-306; Winsor, VI, ch. 7. 6. S. G. Fisher, Struggle for American Independence, I, ch. 45, 46; II, ch. 59, 63, 68, 87; Hildreth, III, 331-335. Source References.— -Caldwell & Persinger, 204-208, 219-224; Hart, Source Book, 143-160; Hart, Contemporaries, II, ch. 28. 29, 31, 34; Old South Leaflets, 47, 86, 152; Niles, Principles and Acts of the Revolution. Biography. — Lives of Washington, Greene, Putnam, Lafay- ette, Paul Jones. SOURCE-STUDY. It is difficult to select adequate source material upon the Revolution, with the narrow space limitations of the series. 'ITie letter below shows the difficulties which faced Congress and Washington, after the enthusiasm of the early years of the war had worn off. From the Committee of Co-operation of tlie Conti- nental Congress, to Governor Livingston. Camp Tappan, August 1.0, 1780. Sir, — When America stood alone against one of the most powerful nations of the earth, the spirit of liberty (Continued on Page 4.) Copyright. 1912. McKinley Publishing Co . Philadelphia. Pa. Z -SB -^ r : 1^ ; o .^ x^. ./-^ A PlCTlTlllR^ailE. "VlTl^W ot'Vhe titaicof ix IK it^A-T E»lU:.rAIX for- Yf J viiu.^vur.uni.1 \ Xn. 1. No at the Battle of Bunker Hill, from an early engraving. A contemporary (1778) engraving, from the original in the Historical Society of Pennsyl following "Expl I. The Commerce of Great Britain, represented in the figure of a Milch Cow. II. The American Congress sawing off her horns, which are her natural strength and defenct just a going. 111. The jolly, plump Dutchman milking the poor tame Cow with great glee. IV. and V. The French and Spaniards, each catching at their respective shares of the produi full, laughing to one another at their success. VI. The good ship Kagle laid up, and moved at some distance from Philadelphia, without sail port-holes, all the rest of the fleet invisible, nohodv knows where. VII. The two brothers (Howes) napping it; one against the "other, in the City of Philadelphia: VIII. The British Lion lying on the ground fast asleep, so that a pug-dog tramples upon him as c hear nothing, and feel nothing. IX. A Free Englishman in mourning, standing by him, wringing his hands, casting up his eyes rouse the Lion to correct all these invaders of his Royal Prerogative and his subjects' property, Conyright, 1912. McKinley Publlshlnt Ca. Plilladelpliiii. Pa. Beneath the drawing is the the one being already gone, the other and running away with bowls briraminff r guns, and showing nothing but naked t of sight of fleet and army. I lifeless log, he seems to see nothing, despondency and despair, but unable to McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. SOURCE - STUD Y.-Continued. seemed to animate her sons to the noblest exertions, and each man cheerfully contributed his aid in support of her dearest rights. When the hand of tyranny seemed to bear its greatest weight on the devoted country, their virtue and perseverance appeared most conspicuous and rose superior to every difficulty. If then such patriotism manifested itself throughout all ranks and orders of men among us, shall it be said at this day, this early day of our enfranchisement and independence, that America has grown tired of being free. Let us, sir, but for a moment take a retrospective view of our then situation and compare it with the pres- ent, and draw such deductions from the premises, as every reasonable man or set of men ought to do. In the earlj' stage of this glorious revolution we stood alone; we had neither army, military stores, money, or in short any of those means which were requisite to authorize assistance. The undertaking was physically against us, but Americans abhorred the very idea of slavery; there- fore, reposing the righteousness of their cause in the hands of the Supreme Disposer of all human events, they boldly ventured to defy the vengeance cf a tyrant, and either preserve their freedom inviolate to themselves and Ijosterity, or perish in the attempt. This was the situa- tion and temper of the people of this country, in the beginning of this controversj'. At this day America is in strict alliance with one of the first nations of the earth, for magnanimity, power and wealth, and whose affairs are conducted by the ablest statesmen, with a Prince at their head who hath justly acquired the title of the protector of the rights of mankind. A respectable fleet and army of our ally are already arrived among us, and a considerable reinforcement is hourly expected, which when arrived will give us a decided superiority in these seas ; the whole to co-operate with the force of this country, against the common enemy. Another powerful nation, (Spain) though not immediately allied with us, yet, in fighting her own, she is daily fighting the battles of America, from whence almost every advantage is de- rived to us that could be produced in a state of alliance. An army we have now in the field, part of whom are veterans, equal to any the oldest established can boast. Our militia from a five years war, are become inured to arms. You have at the head of your army a general, whose abilities as a soldier, and worth as a citizen, stands confessed even by the enemy of his country. Our officers of all ranks are fully equal to the duties of their respec- tive stations. Military stores are within our reach; our money, though not so reputable as that of other nations, with proper attention, we have reason to expect, will shortly emerge from its present embarrassed state, and become as useful as ever. Now, sir, from a comparative view of our circum- stances at the beginning and at this day, how much more pleasing and important must the latter appear than the former, to every dispassionate man. Then shall we leave to future generations to say, — shall we at present commit ourselves to the world to exclaim, that when Providence had benignly put into our hands the most essential means of obtaining by one decisive blow the inestimable prize we have been contending for, it was lost — disgracefully lost — for want of proper exertions on our part? That avarice, luxury and dissipation had so enervated the boasted sons of American freedom, that, rather than forego their present ease and wanton pleas- ures, they would tamely, cowardly submit to the loss of their country and their liberty, and become those abject slaves which their generous nature but a few, very few years before would have revolted at the bare idea of .^ These reflections arise, sir, from the extraordinary backwardness of some states, and great deficiencies of others, in sending the men into the field that were re- quired of them near three months ago, and ought to have joined the army fifty daj's past, and an apprehension that from this torpitude America has forgot she is con- tending for libertj' and independence, and that the good intentions of our generous ally will be totally frustrated by our unpardonable remissness. Our former letters to the states have been full on this very important subject, and we are concerned to be driven to thfe necessity of reiteration ; but our duty to our country, our respect for the reputation of the commander-in-chief of our army, impel us to it, for a knowledge of the force that has been required of the states for the campaign, and which was allowed to be adequate to an important enterprise, will induce a belief in our countrymen and in the world, that it has been furnished ; and they must stand amazed to see our army inactive and things not in that train for opera- tion, which ought in such a case to be expected, espe- pecially at this advanced season of ithe year. Again, the force of our ally now with us, and the shortly expected arrival of its second division, must clearly evince the utility of our army being put in a condition to undertake an enterprize which if successful, must give a deadly wound to our unrelenting and ambitious foe. But what apology can be made, if when the commander-in-chief of our army should be called on by the commander of the forces of our generous ally, and informed he is ready to undertake with him whatever measure he shall think proper to point out, he shall be reduced to the cruel necessity of acknowledging his inability to engage in any enterprize that can possibly redound to the honor or reputation of the arms of either nation. Sir, the reflec- tion is too humiliating to be dwelt on without the ex- tremest pain ; nay, horror ! You must pardon us, worthy sir, for the freedom with which we have now declared our sentiments on this truly interesting subject. We flatter ourselves great allow- ances will be made for our situation, when we daily have before our eyes specimens of that want of energy in conducting our affairs, which must shortly so far embar- rass us as to render all future exertions inadequate to the attainment of those great purposes at which we aim. America wants not resources ; we have men (independent of those necessary for domestic purposes) more than sufficient to compose an army capable of answering our most sanguine expectations ; and our country teems with provisions of every kind necessary to support them. It requires nothing more than a proper degree of energy to bring them forth to make us a happy people. This, we trust, sir, the state over wliich you preside, will show no reluctance in contributing her aid to, by taking such decisive measures as will without loss of time, bring into the field the remainder of your quota of men, that have been required for the campaign. The articles of pro- visions, forage and teams are no less important than men, but as the committee had the honor of addressing you but a few days ago, on the subject of provisions, and the other articles being so nearly allied to that, we will not intrude it on you at this time. — Sfleciions frovi the Correspondence of ihe Executive of yeic Jcrseji, 1770- 1786', pp. 218-2,53. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 15. Revolutionary Period — Political Events. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Second Continental Congress. a) Membership and places of meeting. b) Its work: executive, legislative and judicial. 1) Managed the vear: (a) Adopted army around Boston; passed ordinances for its gov- ernment. (b) Raised money to carry on war: loans, foreign and domestic ; continental currency ; conti- nental lottery. (c) Raised troops and supplies by call- ing on states. 2) Declared Independence. a) Progress toward. b) Resolution of R. H. Lee. c) The Declaration of Independence, analysis of. S) Organized governmental departments: a) Board of War. b) Committee of Foreign Affairs ; naval committee. c) Financier and finances. d) Judicial ftommittees. 4) Framed a Constitution (the Articles of Confederation) presented to States October, 1777; adopted by last state March, 1781. Why the long delay? 2. Continental Finances. a) Paper money — excessive amount; depreciation. b) Loans at home, and abroad from France, Hol- land and Spain. c) Continental lottery. d) Seizure of supplies as needed. e) States called upon for contributions (quotas). f) No power to tax individuals. S. Foreign Affairs. a) Mission of Franklin to France. b) Secret assistance by French. c) The French Treaty of Alliance and Commerce, 1778; value to the United States; reasons for French support. d) Relations to Spain and the Dutch. e) Design of Spain to secure western country. 4. The Loyalists. a) Their numbers and influence. b) How treated by patriots. c) Of little military advantage to British. 5. Treaty of Peace, 1783. a) Negotiations for. b) Attempts to limit western boundaries. c) Provisions of treaty. 1) Recognition of independence. 2) Boundaries. 3) Fisheries. 4) Miscellaneous. 5) No commercial provisions. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 118-136, 146-149, 164-169, 175- 179; Ashlev, 157-166, 174-176, 183-190; Channing, 170-184, 188- 195, 200-211; Hart, 149-164, 183-187; James & Sanford, 173-176, 179-184; Johnston-MacDonald, 130-124, 130, 144, 148-149, 165- 167; McLaughlin, 195-198, 205, 211-214; McMaster, 131-134, 149- 159; Montgomery, 143-168; Muzzey, 137-135, 150-161. For Collateral Reading. — Coman, Industrial Historv, 105- 133; Dewev, Financial History, 34-48; Elson, U. S., 343-244, 250-354, 375-279, 311-317; Hart, Formation of Union, 69-101; Sloane, French War and Revolution, 195-198, 308-220, 337- 237, 300-308, 373-376, and ch. 29; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, ch. 3, 4. For Topical Study. — 1. Bancroft, U. S., IV, 190-193, 300-313, 337-243, 313-316, 333-346, 413-452; V, 199-308; Fiske, American Revolution, I, 173-197; II, 35-49; Friedenwald, Declaration of Independence; Hildreth, III, 76-89, 130-139, 171-185; Lecky, American Revolu- tion, 334-348; McLaughlin, Confederation and Constitution, ch. 3-4; Van Tvne, American Revolution, ch. 3-5; Winsor, America, VI, ch. 3; Vll, ch. 1. « 3. Bancroft, V, 439-460; Fiske, I, 198-343; Hildreth, III, 264-365, 371-375, 300-304, 358-364; Leckv, 383-294, 379-383; Van Tvne, ch. 11, 12, 13, 16. 3. Bancroft, IV, 359-373, V, 344-258; Fiske, II, 1-12; Hil- dreth, III, 177-181, 367-370; Lecky, 296-310; Van Tyne, ch. 12, 17; Winsor, VII, ch. 1. 4. Lecky, 479-485; Van Tyne, ch. 14; Van Tyne, Loyalists in American Revolution. , 5. Bancroft, V, 111-135, 404-433; Fiske, Critical Period, ch. 1; Hildreth, III, 411-430; Lecky, 464-479; McLaughlin, ch. 3; Wilson, American People, III, 1-18; Winsor, VII, ch. 3. Source References. — American History Leaflets, 11, 30; Callender, Economic History, ch. 4; Caldwell & Persinger, 198-201, 208-219, 334-333; Hart, Source Book, 143-lBO; Hart, Contemporaries, II, ch. 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35; Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 12-14; MacDonald, Source Book, 195-209; Mac- Donald, Documents, 1-21; Niles, Principles and Acts of the Revolution; Old South Leaflets, 2, 3, 15, 97, 98; Preston, Docu- ments, 210-340. Biography. — Lives of Jefferson, John xVdams, Robert Morris, Franklin. SOURCE-STUDY. TREATIES OF 1778 AND 1783. The first selections below are taken from the treaty of Alliance with France, February 6, 1778, and they include those portions of the treaty which later led to difficulties between the two countries. The second series are from the treaty of peace with England, September 3, 1783; it was not possible to print here the entire treaty. Article II. The essential and direct end of the present defensive alliance is to maintain effectually the liberty, sovereignty, and independence absolute and unlimited, of the said United States, as well in matters of government as of commerce. Article VIII. Neither of the two parties shall conclude either truce or peace with Great Britain without the formal consent of the other first obtained ; and they mutually engage not to lay down their arms until the independence of the United States shall have been formally or tacitly assured by the treaty or treaties that shall terminate the war. Article XI. The two parties guarantee mutually from the present time and forever against all other powers, to wit: The United States to His Most Christian Majesty, the pres- ent possessions of the Crown of France in America, as well as those wliich it may acquire by the future treaty of peace: And His Most Christian Majesty guarantees on his part to the United States their liberty, sovereignty and independence, absolute and unlimited, as well in matters of government as commerce, and also their pos- sessions, and the additions or conquests that their con- federation may obtain during the war, from any of the dominions now, or heretofore possessed by Great Britain in North America, conformable to the 5th and 6th arti- cles above written, the whole as their possessions shall be fixed and assured to the said States, at the moment of (Continued on Page 4.) CoDyriillit. 1912. McKSsley Publishing Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. McKinley-s Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. N0.33, Eas tern United States. Copyright, 1900, The McKii.ley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Map Work for Topic U 15. m" Montgomerv, Studenfs, 218; Mu^^ey, US; Scudder, 177, 182; Shepherd, 195; Thomas, 160. So. I. S'dtlrrorthJtveral States: Adams and Trer.. Y^^.^f^y.r^^:^' o^: m'^^-.^ tion, at end; James and Snnford, 187; Johnston-MacDonald, 166; Labberton 62; McLaughln .Mc Master, ery, Leading Facts, 170, 172; Montgomery, Student's, 226; Muzzey, 1.52; Shepherd, 196; Thomas, 108. 76 ; James and , Leading Facts, ; Hart. Forma- , 1.56; Montgom- VIcKinley's Illustrated Topics lor American History. No. U 15. [n congress. Jm-4. //7fij -Uy'--- ■ - ■ - ■ ' -•- ^ -^^ il-y&*2£r* ^.wiai-^ ^<. Jii^t^^L-u a^^^r.4 /i^/W*,-w»<"- ^i^f^M^ iC-/i^*tyC 9*^./li0^ anJtar-;^ /^t ^^iS,^ >^,_ ^. ^'.,.^, c/^ A^ ^A..,.j-i- c.-iv,«..,w^- :^,*^' J..-ia»^ ^ HJ^ty^ (:A.^teCm^aiU4.-*^t0yif^>tf^mr6M^ —-^ ^^ h** f.i,„^\ml ev< ¥raj c«#Ma/<-i^<3MC^ ^'Xtt^ieCi^ at^.^A-HiJt/--i. ^ ' \ ^/^aake ; thence through the middle of said Long Lake, and the water communication between it and Ihe Lake of the Woods, to the said Lake of the Woods; thence through the said lake to the most northwestern point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to the river Mississippi ; thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of the said river Mississippi until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of north latitude. South, by a line to be drawn due east from the determination of the line last mentioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degrees north of the Equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Catahouche; thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint River; tlicnce straight to tiie head of St. Mary's River; and thence down along the middle of St. Mary's River to the Atlantic Ocean. East, by a line to be drawn along the middle of the river St. Croix, from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy to its source, and from its source directly north to the aforesaid Highlands, whicli divide the rivers that fall into the Atlantic Ocean from those which fall into the river St. Lawrence. . . . Article III. It is agreed that the people of the United States shall continue to enjoy unmolested the right to take fish of evcrj' kind on the Grand Bank, and on all the other banks of Newfoundland ; also in the Gulph of Saint Law- rence, and at all other places in the sea where the in- habitants of both countries used at any time heretofore to fish. ... Article IV. It is agreed that creditors on either side shall meet with no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full value in sterling money, of all bona fide debts heretofore contracted. Article V. It is agreed that the Congress shall earnestly recom- mend it to the legislatures of the respective States, to provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties which have been confiscated, belonging to real British subjects, and also of the estates, rights, and prop- erties of persons resident in districts in the possession of His Majesty's arms, and who have not borne arms against the said United States. . . . Article VI. That there shall be no future confiscations madt, nor any prosecutions commene'd against any person or per- sons for, or by reason of the part which he or they may have taken in the present war. ... Article VII. There shall be a firm and perpetual peace between His Britannic Majesty and the said states, and be- tween the subjects of the one and the citizens of the other, wherefore all hostilities, both by sea and land, shall from henceforth cease: All prisoners on both sides shall be set at liberty, and His Britannic Majesty shall, with all convenient speed, and without causing any de- struction, or carrying away any negroes or other prop- erty of the American inhabitants, withdraw all his arm- ies, garrisons, and fleets from the said United States, and from every port, place, and harbour within the same ; leaving in all fortifications the American artillery that may be therein. . . . Article VIII. The navigation of the river Mississippi, from its source to the ocean, shall forever remain free .and open to the subjects of Great Britain, and the citizens of the United States. . . . Done at Paris, this third day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty- three. D. Hartley, [l.s.] John Adams, [l.s.] B. Franklin, [l.s.] John .Iay. [l.s.] — Treaties, Conventions, etc., I. pp. .'58fi-.5.QO. McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 16. Confederation and Constitution, 1783-1789. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. The Critical Period— 1781-1789. 1. Review of Government under Second Continental Congress. •i. The Articles of Confederation. a) Review formation and adoption. b) Analysis of principal provisions. c) Defects of the articles: 1 ) In organization of congress : equal repre- sentation of states ; limitation of term of service of members. 2) In powers of congress: no taxing power; no power to coerce individuals or states ; no power over commerce ; could not enforce treaty engagements; no control over money and contracts. 3) No separation of executive, legislative, judicial duties; all vested in congress. 4) Difficulty of amendment. d) Value of articles: 1 ) Best that could be obtained. 2) Kept alive sentiment of union. 3) Secured and organized western lands for union. 4) By very defects pointed way to satisfac- tory government. 5) Principle of inter-citizenship. 6) Principle of division of powers. 3. The State Governments. a) Developed from provincial congresses and con- ventions in several colonies, 1774-1776. b) Constitutions passed and adopted by these bodies. c) Character of these state constitutions: 1 ) Confidence in legislature. 2) Distrust of governors. 3) Court systems continued from colonial days. 4) In the main continued the legal systems of the colonies and even of England ; changing mainly the method of a])- pointing governors. 5) Jealousy of the federal government. 4. Forces tending to dissolve the Union. a) Jealousy of the states of the Federal govern- ment. b) Jealous}' of the states of one another. c) Conflicts over boundaries: Pennsylvania and Connecticut in the Wyoming Valley ; New York, New Hampshire and Massachusetts in Vermont; Pennsylvania and Virginia in the Ohio region ; Virginia and North Caro- lina boundary line. d) Growing impotence of Congress. 1 ) Troubles with army over pay. 2) Failure to enforce treaties. 3) Failure to obtain revenue. 4) Decline in ability of members sent to Con- gress. e) Internal disorders; Shay's rebellion. f) States' policy in financial and commercial affairs. g) Influence of foreign nations. 5. Forces tending to strengthen the Union. a) Far-siglited leaders — Washington, Madison, Hamilton. b) Holders of national debt. c) Common part in late war. d) Common interests. (). Forces tending to strengthen tiie Union — the Western Lands. a) Conquest of the Northwest under G. R. Ciark. b) Action of Maryland in demanding land cessions before agreeing to Articles of Confedera- tion. c) Completion of land cessions by New York, Y\r- ginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut. d) Later cessions by North Carolina, Soutli Caro- lina, and Georgia. e) Method of survey of western lands: townships six miles square, Ordinance, 178.5. f) Northwest Ordinance, July 13, 1787. 1) Earlier proposals: Jefferson's ordinance of 1784; other suggestions, 1786- 1787. 2) Origin of Ordinance of 1787. 3) Provisions of ordinance: Slavery for- bidden ; religious and civil liberty ; common school support ; form of tem- porary government; admission of new states. 7. Finances of the Confederation. a) Source of revenue; by requisitions upon states — only partially paid ; by renewed loans abroad. b) Failure of revenue — could not pay running ex- penses ; even defaulted on interest on debt. c) No power to control state issue of paper money. 8. Foreign Relations. a) Commercial treaties; already one with France; new ones with Prussia. Failure to obtain one from England; diffi- culty with Spain over the Mississippi River. b) Relations with England. Failure to enforce terms of treatj' of 1783. England's refusal to relinquish western forts. 9. Antecedents of the Convention of 1787. a) Futile attempts to amend articles to give Con- gress power to lay custom duties and con- trol trade. h) Proposals for a convention to amend articles as early as 1780. c) Conference at Mt. Vernon, 178,'5. d) Annapolis convention, 1786, called a general convention to meet next year. 10. The Federal Convention, May 25-September 17, 1787. a) Character of members; their powers. b) Extant records of the convention. c) Early contest over amendment or new constitu- tion. Copyrighl. 1912, McKlnley Publishine Co. . Philadelphia. Pa. McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History, d) Plans .submitted for new eonstitution. e) Coraproniises. 1 ) Upon representation of small and large states. 2) Upon representation of negroes. 3) Upon control over commerce. 4) Many other compromises. f) ('oni])letion of the work. g) Constitution submitted to vote of jieople in sev- eral states. 11. Ratification of Constitution, 1787-1790. a) Arguments for and against. b) Principal friends and opponents. c) Contest in important states — Massachusetts, Virginia, New York. d) The Federalist papers. 12. The Constitution. a) Supremacy of Constitution and laws. b) Character of union — federal; division of powers between states and nation. c) Organization of departments of national govern- ment — rendered largely independent of each other. d) Acted on individuals not on states. e) Grant of large powers to Congress; taxes, com- merce, currency, public lands, army and navy, etc. f) Method of amendment. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 179-190; Ashler, 189-209; Chan- ning, 3\5-i>52; Hart, 189-i?19; James & Saiiford, ISa-^U; John- ston-MacDonald, 171-185; McLaughlin, 215-332; McMaster, 158-173; Montgomery, 170-176; Muzzey, 159-183. For Collateral Reading. — Bogart, Economic History, 100- 103; Conian, Industrial History, 12;3-131; Dewey, Financial History, 49-74; Elson, U. S., 318-340; Hart, Formation of Cnion, 102-135; Sparks, Jlen Who Made Nation, ch. 5; Walker, Making of the Nation, ch. 1-4. For Topical Study. — 1. Bancroft, U. H., VI, 5-23; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 305-314; McLaughlin; Confederation and Constitution, ch. 3; Schouler, U. S., I, 1-23; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 1. 2. Fiske, Critical Period, ch. 3; Hildreth, V. S., Ill, 395- 410; Johnston, American Political History, I, 57-69; McLaugh- lin, ch. 3; Schouler, I, 15-23; Sparks, u! S., I, ch. 4; Wilson, American People, III, 18-37. 3. Bancroft, V. 111-125, 404-422; Fiske, ch. 2; Hildreth, III, 374-395; Van Tvne, American Revolution, ch. 9. 4. Bancroft, VI, 59-86, 167-176; Fiske, ch. 4; Hildreth, III, 421-444, ch. 46; McLaughlin, ch. 4-6, 9-10; McMaster, V. S., I, ch. 2-3; Schouler, I, 20-25; Wilson, III, 5.3-60. 5. Bancroft, VI, 136-166; McMaster, I, ch. 2-3; Schouler, 1, 25-31. 6. Bancroft, VI, 114-118, 125-135; Fiske, ch. 5; Hildreth, III, 527-530; Johnston, American Political History, I, 83-105; McLaughlin, ch. 7-8; McMaster, I, ch. 2-3, pp. 504-524; Sparks, Fixpansion, ch. 7-11; Sparks, V. S., I, ch. 2-3; Wilson, III, 38-53. 7. Bancroft, VI, 24-35; McLaughlin, ch. 4-5, 9; McMaster, I, 139-144. 8. Bancroft, VI, 36-58; McLaughlin, ch. 6; McMaster, I, 221-245, 371-381, 406-416. 9. Bancroft, VI, 177-203; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 23.5-244; Fiske, 212-229; McLaughlin, ch. 11-13; McMaster, 1, 276-280, 390-.391; Schouler, I, 2.5-38; Wilson, HI, 61-64. 10. Bancroft, VI, 207-367; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 246-304; Fiske, ch. 6; Hildreth, III, ch. 47; Johnston, American Political History, I. 70-82; McLaughlin, ch. 13-16; McMaster, I, 417-423, 436-1.53; Schouler, I, 39-53; Sparks, V. S., I, ch. 5-6; Wilson, III, 64-76; Winsor, America, VII, ch. 3. 11. Bancroft, VI. 371-437, 452-462; Fiske, ch. 7; Hildreth, ITT, 533-546; McLaughlin, ch. 17-18; McMaster, I, 454-501; Schouler, I, 53-79; Wilson, TII, 76-98. 12. Bancroft, VT. 441-451; Winsor, VII, ch. 4. Source References. — Americin History Leaflets, 8, 22, 28, 32; Callender, Economic History, cli. 5; Cakhvell & Persinger, 233-284; Hart, Source Book, 161-180; Hart, Contemporaries, III, ch. 2-12; Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 15-17; Johnston, American Orations, I, 39-74; M.icDonald, Source Book, 209- 232; MacDonald, Documents, 21-46; Old .South Leaflet.s, 1, 12, 13, 16, 41, 42, 43, 70, 99, 197; Preston, Documents, 240-277. Biography. — Lives of Madison, Hamilton, James Wilson, Manasseh Cutler, Daniel Boone. SOURCE -STUDY. THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE, JULY 1.3, 1787. An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, north-west of the river Ohio. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress as- sembled, That the said territory, for the purposes of tempor.-iry government, be one district; subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid. That the estates, both of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said territory, dying intestate, shall descend to, and be distributed among their children and the descendants of a deceased child in equal parts. . . . Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be appointed, from time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Con- gress, he shall reside in the district, and liave a freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. There shall be appointed, from time to time, by Con- gress, a secretary, whose commission shall continue in force for four years, unless sooner revoked ; he shall re- side in the district, and have a freehold estate therein, in ."jOO acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. . . . Tliere shall also be appointed a court to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a freehold estate in 500 acres of land, while in the exercise of their offices; and their commis- sions shall continue in force during good behavior. The governor and judges, or a m.ajority of them, shall adopt and publish in tlie district, such laws of the original states, criminal and civil, as may be necessary, and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress, from time to time ; which laws shall be in force in the district until the organization of the gen- eral assembly therein, unless disapproved of by Con- gress ; but afterwards the legislature shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit. The governor, for the time being, shall be commander in chief of the militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same, below the rank of general officers ; all general officers shall be appointed and commissioned by Con- gress. Previous to the organization of the general assembly, the governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good order in the same. After the general assembly shall be organized, the powers and duties of the magistrates and (Continued on PaSe 4.) McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. No U 16. ) 1 1 JUtmW^WAoiumlywtlmft caui J A dial oNxl_^ ■t<5 J^^mmj^Y^- ONE SlXTltKKA Sl'ANC-H thereof tn Go^UorSi/i-c r /<7^<:givinmixc!i.iiigf at Trcasiirvof VJKfi/^'/-■\, ^^» KJ^« J^'>rsuanl to j\ C T <)/ «/H o^ «J'^ j10; Ashley, 331-217; Channing, 257-2!)2; Hart, 235-239; James & SanfoVd, 215-210; Johnston-MacDonald, 189-209; McLaughlin, 2.33-259; McMas- ter, 197-215; Montgomery, 177-190; Muzzey, 184-205. For CoUateral Heading.— Coman, Industrial llistorv, 132- 15G; Dewey, Financial History. 75-117; Elson, U. .S., 3tl-37i; Hart, Formation of Union, J3fi-175; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, ch. 6; Stanwood, History of Presidency, ch. 2-5; Walker, Making of the Nation, ch. 5-8. For Topical Stndv.— 1. Bassett, Federalist System, ch. 1 ; Hildrcth, U. S., IV, ■J5-(H, Ull-129, 220-224, .301-32G; Johnston, American Political History, I, 106-130; McMaster, U. S., I, 525-561; Schouler, U. S., I, 79-143; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 7; Wilson, American People, HI, 98-108. 3. Bassett, ch. 2; Ilildreth, IV, 65-101, 154-218, 253-267, 275- 277; McMaster, I, 545-551, 568-585; II, 25-41; Schouler, I, 143-156, 173-177; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, I, ch. 3-4; Wilson, III, 108-112; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 8-9; Woodburn, Political Parties, ch. 2. 3. Bassett, ch. 3; Hildreth, IV, 290-301, 331-410; V, 35-45; Johnston, I, 203-2.34; McMaster, II, 49-53, 204-212; Schouler, .03-60, 180-203, 368-384; Sjiarks, U. S., I, ch. 11; Wilson, III, 112-129. 4. Bassett, ch. 4, S, 7; Hildreth, IV, 281-287, 4.43-446, 498- 530; McMaster, I, 59J-604; II, 32-35, 41-48, 141-159, 189-203; Schouler, I, 162-173, ;^. 8-213, 290-301, 376-378; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 10; von Hoist, U. S., I, 80-88, 93-112. 5. Bassett, ch. 4-6, 8, 15-16; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 317-322; Foster, Century of American Dii)Iomacy, ch. 5; Hildrcth, IV, 132-137, 411-442, 486-492, 539-615, 645-682, V, 46-96, ch. 11; Johnston, I, 131-180; McMaster, I, 89-141, 188, 212-280, ch. 10; Schouler, I, 259-289, 304-340, 358-368, 385-403, 469; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 11; von Hol.st, I, 112-137; Wilson, III, 129-152. 6. Hildreth, IV, 381-382, 685-691, V, 25-35; McMaster, II, 85-88, 289-307. 7. Bassett, ch. 14-19; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 322; Hildreth, V, ch. 12, 13, and pp. 319-321; Johnston, I, 181-202; McMaster, II, 374-495; Powell, Nullification and Secession, ch, 2; Schouler, I, 397-446; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 12-13; Von Hoist, I, 138-168; Warfield, Kentucky Resolutions; Wilson, III, 152- 158. 8. Bassett, cb. 19; Hildreth, V, ch. 15; McMaster, II, 497- 537; Schouler, I, 472-510; Sparks, U. S., I, cb. 14; Von Hoist, I, 168-176; Wilson, III, 158-172. Source References. — American History I,eaflets, 15; Cal- lender, Economic Historv, cb. 6; Caldwell and Persinger, 285- .307; Hart, Source Book", 181-196; Hart, Contemporaries, III, cb. 13-15; Hill, Liberty Document.s, ch. 17; Johnston, Ameri- can Orations, I, 75-146; MacDonald, Source Book, 233-278; MacDonald, Documents, 46-160; Maclav, Journal; Old South Leaflets, 4, 10, 74, 103; Preston, Documents, 277-299. Biography. — Lives of Washington, Jefferson, Hamilton, John Adams, Madison, Monroe. SOURCE -STUDY. The extracts following show the provisions of the Federalist measures which led to wide-spread opposition to the party. This opposition found expression in tlie resolutions of the Virginia and Kentucky legislatures; the former written by Madison, the latter by Jefferson. Alien Act, June 25, 1798. Section 1. Be it enacted . . . That it shall be law- ful for the President of the United States at any time during the continuance of this act, to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United States. . . . And in case any alien, so ordered to depart, shall be found at large within the United States after the time limited in such order for his departure, and not having obtained a license from the President to reside therein, or having obtained such license shall not have conformed thereto, every such alien shall, on conviction thereof, be im- prisoned for a term not exceeding three years, and shall never after be admitted to become a citizen of the United States. ... Sec. 2. And he it further enacted. That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States, whenever he may deem it necessary for the public safety, to order to be removed out of the territory thereof, any alien who may or shall be in prison in pursuance of this act; and to cause to be arrested and sent out of the United States such of those aliens as shall have been ordered to depart therefrom and shall not have obtained a license as afore- said, in all cases where, in the opinion of the President, (Continued on Page 4.) McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. SOURCE - STUDY.-Continued. the public safety requires a speedy removal. And if any alien so removed or sent out of tlie United States by the President shall voluntarily return thereto, unless by permission of the President of the United States, such alien on conviction thereof, sliall be imprisoned so long as, in the opinion of the President, the public safety may require. . . .- — United States Statutes at Large, I, 570-571. SEDITION ACT, JULY 14, 1798. Section 1. Be it enacted . . . That if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be directed by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding a place or office in or under the govern- ment of the United States, from undertaking, perform- ing or executing his trust or duty; ... he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on convic- tion, before any court of the United States having juris- diction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years. . . . Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That if any per- son shall write, print, utter or publish, . . . any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government, or either house of the said Congress, or the said Presi- dent, or to bring them, or either of them, into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them, or either or any of them, the hatred of the good people of the United States, or to stir up sedition within the United States, or to excite any unlawful combinations therein, for opposing or resisting any law of the United States, or any act of the President of the United States, done in pursuance of any such law, or of the powers in him vested by the con- stitution of the United States, or to resist, oppose, or defeat any such law, or act, or to aid, encourage or abet anj' hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United States, their people or government, then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be pun- ished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years. . . . — United States Statutes at Large, I, 596-597. Kentucky Resolutions, November 16, 1798. 1. Resolved, that the several states composing the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that, by compact, under the style and title of a Constitu- tion for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special pur- poses, delegated to that government certain definite pow- ers, reserving, each state to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; and that whenso- ever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force: That to this compact each state acceded as a state, and is an integral party, its co-states forming, as to itself, the other part}': that this government, created by this compact, was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself, since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that as in all other cases of compact among parties having no common judge, each party has ail equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress. 2. Resolved, that tlie Constitution of the United States having delegated to Congress a power to punish treason, counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States, piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the laws of nations, and no other crimes whatever; . . . therefore, also, the same act of Congress passed on the 14th day of July, 1798, ... as also the act passed by them on the 27th day of June, 1798, . . . are altogether void and of no force. . . . 9. Resolved, lastly, . . . that, therefore, this common- wealth is determined, as it doubts not its co-states are, tamely to submit to undelegated and consequently unlimited powers in no man, or body .of men on earth ; that if the acts before specified should stand, these con- clusions would flow from them — that the general gov- ernment may place any act they think proper on the list of crimes and jiunish it themselves, whether enumer- ated or not enumerated by the Constitution as cognizable by them: that they may transfer its cognizance to the President, or any other person, who may himself be the accuser, counsel, judge, and jury, whose suspicions may be the evidence, his order the sentence, his officer the executioner, and his breast the sole record of the transaction : that a very numerous and valuable descrip- tion of the inhabitants of these states being by this pre- cedent, reduced, as outlaws, to the absolute dominion of one man, and the barrier of the Constitution thus swept away from us all, no rampart now remains against the passions and the powers of a majoritj' of Congress, to protect from a like exportation or other more grievous punishment the minority of tlie same body, the legisla- tures, judges, governors, and counselors of the states, nor their other peaceable inhabitants, who may venture to re- claim the constitutional riglits and liberties of the states and people, or wlio for otlier causes, good or bad, maj' be obnoxious to the views, or marked by the suspicions, of the President, or be tliought dangerous to his or their elections, or otlier interests, jniblic or personal ; that the friendless alien has indeed been selected as the safest subject of a first experiment; but the citizen will soon follow, or rather has already followed ; for, already has a sedition act marked him as its prey: That these and suc- cessive acts of tlie same character, unless arrested on the threshold, may tend to drive these states into revolution and blood, and will furnish new calumnies against re- publican governments, and new pretexts for those who wish it to be believed, that man cannot be governed but by a rod of iron: that it would be a dangerous delusion were a confidence in the men of our choice to silence our fears for the safety of our rights ; that confidence is ever^'where the parent of despotism : free government is founded in jealousy and not in confidence; . . . In questions of power then let no more be heard of confidence in man, but bind him down from mischief by the claims of the Constitution. That this Commonwealth does therefore call on its co-states for an expression of their sentiments on tlie acts concerning aliens, and for the punishment of certain crimes herein before specified, plainly declaring whether these acts are or are not au- thorized by the Federal Compact. And it doubts not that . . . the co-states, recurring to their natural right not made federal, will concur in declaring these [acts] void and of no force, and will each unite with this com- monwealth in requesting their repeal at the next session of Congress.- — Elliot, Debates . . . on the Federal Con- stitution, IV, 540-544. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 18. Jeffersonian Democracy, 1801-1812. Except the Louisiana Purchase (Topic U 19.) OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Public experience and character of Jefferson. ~. His political theories as given in inaugural address — "wise and frugal government." 3. Policy of retrenchment and reduction of taxes and of debt. a) Policy a success because of period of peace and prosperity. b) Retrenchment — army and navy reduced ; navy j'ards sold; vessels tied up; foreign minis- ters recalled ; expensive court system abol- ished ; many officials discharged. c) Unpopular direct taxes and excises repealed. d) Debt rapidly reduced owing to reduced expenses and to large income from tariflf. 4. Civil Service and Judiciary. a) Office holders reduced in numbers; and many Re- publicans put in. b) Recent judiciary acts repealed. c) Attacks on judges; impeachments of Judges Pickering and Chase. 5. Democratic Spirit. a) Repeal of Naturalization Act. b) Informal methods in relations to Congress and foreign governments ; written messages. c) Life in Washington, 1801-1805; Contrast with official life in Philadelphia. 6. Barbary Wars — causes ; results. 7. Struggle for Rights of Neutrals. a) Internecine character of European struggle. b) Position of American commerce: down to 1806 very prosperous, carrying goods to bellige- rents and their colonies. 8. Commercial Warfare of France and England. a) Continental system of Napoleon. b) Berlin decree. c) English orders in Council. d) Milan decree. J). Relations with France. a) Attempt to force the United States into war with England. b) Seizure of American vessels under false pre- tences. 10. Relations with England. a) Maritime rights. 1) Impressment of sailors. Note: question of expatriation. 2) Search of American vessels. Note : warranted by international law ? 5) Enemy's goods can be seized in neutral vessels. Note: United States contended "free ships make free goods." ■4) Rule of 1756. Note "continuous" and "broken voyage." 3) Admiralty decisions confiscating American vessels. 6) Paper blockades. b) Other causes of dispute. 1) Expiration of commercial provisions of Jay treaty and impossibility of get- ting satisfactory new treaty (1806). 2) Violations of American hospitality by En- glish naval vessels. 3) Chesaneakc and Leopard, 1807. 4) Indiscretions of English ministers to the United States: Erskine, Jackson. 5) Henry letters, showing desire to aliiii.ite New England. 6) Tampering with Indians. 7) Refusal to repeal orders in council. 8) President and Little Belt. 11. American Retaliatory Measures. a) Non-importation act, 1806. b) Embargo, 1807. c) Non-intercourse act, 1809. d) Macon Bills, 1810. e) Failure of tliese measures to win respect eitlier from England or France. f) Great injur}' to American commerce. g) Fostered dissatisfaction in New England. 12. Change in Political Control. a) Congressional election of 1810. Large gains of Young Republicans, favoring war with England. b) Henry Clay leader in session of Congress open- ing in December, 1811. REFERENCES. Textbooks. — Adam.s & Trent, -211-2-27; Ashley, 217-266; Chan- ning, 295-331; Hart, 261-280; James & Sanford, 241-258; John- ston-MacDonaki, 210-221; McLaughlin, 260-280; McMaster, 216- 231; Montgomery, 191-200; Muzzey, 205-218. For Collateral Reading. Bogart, Economic History, 104-109; Dewey, Financial History, 118-128; Elson, V. S.", 376-41.'$; Hart, Formation of Union, 176-205; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, ch. 7; Stanwood, History of Presidency, ch. 6, 7; Walker, Making of the Nation, ch. 9-11. For Topical Study.— 1. Channing, Jeffersonian System, ch. 1 ; John.ston, Ameri- can Political History, I, 237-252; Sparks, U. S., I, 263-269. 2. Adams, U. S., I, ch. 7; Channing, ch. I; Hildreth, V, 419-421; McMa.ster, U. S., II, 533-535; Schouler, II, 1-16; Von Hoist, U. S., I, 177-182; Wilson, American People, III, 173-177. 3. Adams, I, ch. 8, 9, 10; HI, ch. 1; Channing, ch. 2; Schouler, II, 22-34; Sparks, U. S., I, 270-371; Wilson, III, 176-180. 4. Adams, I, ch. 11, 12; II, ch. 7, 10; Channing, ch. 9; Hil- dreth, V, 426-448, 509-515; Johnston, I, 270-287; McMaster, II, 583-587, 607-611; Schouler, II, 6-12, 25-27; Sparks, U. S., I, 271-276. 5. Hildreth, V, 451-465; Schouler, II, 90-97. 6. Adam.s, I, 243-246; II, 425-437; Channing, ch. 3; Hildreth, V, 448, 482-484; McMaster, 588-602; 111, 162-199; Schouler, II, 75-78, 104-106. 7. Adams, IV, ch. 5; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 323- 331; Channing, ch. 13; Hildreth, V, 573-580; Johnston, I, 288- 304; McMaster, III, 219-275; Schouler, II, 108-123. 8. Wilson, III, 188-193. 9. Adams, III, ch. 17-18; V, ch. 2, 7, 11, 16, 18; Channing. ch. 15; Hildreth, V, 646-650; VI, 31-35; Schouler, II, 335-345. 10. Adams, III, ch. 16; IV, ch. 1-4; V, ch. 3-6; VI, ch. 2; Channing, ch. 15; Hildreth, V, 534-539, 563-565, 674-685, VI, 165-176, 183-192, 214-222; Schouler, II, 310-332. 11. Adams, IV, ch. 7, 11, 14-19; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 331-334; Channing, ch. 16-19; Hildreth, VI, 36-79, 84-138, 180; McMaster, HI, ch. 19-20; Schouler, 11, 178-220; Sparks, V. S., I, 301-310; Von Hoist, I, 200-226; Wilson, HI, 192- 199. 12. Adams, VI, ch. 6-7; Babcock, Rise of American Na- tionality, ch. 1, 3-5; Channing, ch. 20; Hildreth, VI, 197-202, 959, 291-295; McMaster, III, 412-432; Schouler, 11, 353-374; Wilson, HI, 200-214. 13. Channing, ch. 20; Hildreth, VI, 295-298; McMaster, III, 430-458; Schouler, II, 374-392. Source References. — Callender, Economic History, ch. 6; Caldwell and Persinger, Source History, 307-326; Hart, Source Book, 197-211; Hart, Contemporaries, III, ch. 16-19; Johnston, American Orations, I, 147-179, 205-218; MacDonald, Source Book, 282-288; MacDonald, Documents, 171-191; Old South Leaflets, 104. Biography. — Lives of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Albert Gallatin, Henry Clay. Copyritht. 1912, HcKinley PubilshiiK Co . Philadelphia. Pa. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. SOURCE-STUDY. JEFFERSON'S D(?MESTIC POLICY. AND FOREIGN The first inaugural address of Jefferson is an excellent epitome of his political jjrinciples. Expressed in the some- what formal English of the eighteenth century statesman, it yet embodies his theories of democracy and the relation of the government to the citizen. The first annual message goes into detail as to the means to simplify government, to reduce expenses and consequently taxation, and to return to the states tlieir principal share in the government of the country. The embargo and non-intercourse acts illustrate the Jeffer- sonian policy toward the warring European states, a policy which injured our own country and its trade more than it did the European combatants. Jefferson's In.^ugural Address, March 4, 1801. During the contest of opinion through which we have passed the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think freely and to speak and to write what they think; but this being now decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course, arrange them- selves under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the common good. All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the ma- jority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be right- ful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to vio- late would be oppression. Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we coun- tenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. During the throes and convulsions of the ancient world, during the agonizing spasms of infuriated man, seeking through blood and slaughter his long-lost liberty, it was not won- derful that the agitation of the billows should reach even this distant and peaceful shore ; that tliis should be more felt and feared by some and less by others, and should divide opinions as to measures of safety. But every difference of opinion is not a difference of princi- ple. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combate it. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a republican government can- not be strong, that this Government is not strong enough ; but would the honest patriot, in the full tide of success- ful experiment, abandon a government which has so far kept us free and firm on the theoretic and visionary fear that this Government, the world's best hope, may by possibility want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it is said that man can not be trusted with the government of himself. Can he, then, be trusted with the government of others ? Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to govern him? Let history answer this question. Let us, then, with courage and confidence pursue our own Federal and Republican principles, our attachment to union and representative government. Kindly sepa- rated by nature and a wide ocean from the exterminat- ing havoc of one quarter of the globe ; too high-minded to endure the degradations of the others ; possessing a chosen country, with room enough for our descendants to the thousandth and thousandth generation ; entertain- ing a due sense of our equal right to the use of our own faculties, to the acquisitions of our own industrj', to honor and confidence from our fellow-citizens, resulting not from birth, but from our actions and their sense of them ; enlightened by a benign religion, professed, indeed, and practiced in various forms, yet all of them inculcat- ing honesty, truth, temperance, gratitude, and the love of man ; acknowledging and adoring an overruling Provi- dence, which by all its dispensations proves that it de- lights in the happiness of man here and his greater happi- ness hereafter — with all these blessings, what more is necessary to make us a happy and prosperous people? Still one thing more, fellow-citizens — a wise and frugal Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government, and this is necessary to close the circle of our felicities. . . . — Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 , Vol. I, pp. 322-323. Jefferson's First Annual Message, December 8, 1801. . . . weighing all probabilities of expense as well as of income, there is reasonable ground of confidence that we maj' now safely dispense with all the internal taxes, com- prehending excise, stamps, auctions, licenses, carriages, and refined sugars, to which the postage on newspapers may be added to facilitate the progress of information, and that the remaining sources of revenue will be suffi- cient to provide for the support of Government, to pay the interest of the public debts, and to discharge the principals within shorter periods than the laws or the general expectation had contemplated. War, indeed, and untoward events may change this prospect of things and call for expenses which the imposts could not meet; but sound principles will not justify our taxing the industry of our fellow-citizens to accumulate treasure for wars to happen we know not when, and which might not, per- haps, happen but from the temptations offered by that treasure. These views, however, of reducing our burthens are formed on the expectation that a sensible and at the same time salutary reduction may take place in our habitual expenditures. For this purpose those of the civil Gov- ernment, the Army, and Navy will need revisal. When we consider that this Government is charged with the external and mutual relations only of these States; that the States themselves have principle care of our persons, our property, and our reputation, con- stituting the great field of human concerns, we may well doubt whether our organization is not too complicated, too expensive; ... I will cause to be laid before you an essay toward a statement of those who, under public employment of various kinds, draw money from the Treasury or from our citizens. Time has not permitted a perfect enumeration, the ramifications of oflSce being too multiplied and remote to be completely traced in a first trial. . . . But the great mass of public offices is established by law, and thereby by law alone can be abolished. Should the Legislature think it expedient to pass this roll in review and try all its parts by the test of public utility, they may be assured of every aid and light which Execu- (Continued on Page 4.) LLi LL ^-;,t, L-, I LLLLL_,^LL-I U' ULLLLL l[lVL lVLLLI I/LLLL 1-' , LLI LL CL L 1/ X- /L ^ \L U.-^L_L_ \UUI \_L. , i_l lLVLLu'--UI/i^lLLVVLL lLlL^LLLL.^ 1l\L1 l u^ll I_LLL_ VI ULL UL LLI ^L.L^'; L, — LU1_L LI L^I_/.LV_U UL..l^L^_l_VU_U-l l-L V-U :.ll.lll-Lll.l_ /.lll l _L1_LLULLUL _LL1-.V -LL-ULLl LL\ /.l_LLL_L' "^LLll zLt^LLL lL' ^ LL tlziLLLLLL C_ V-LI_ LUL_L /LL">L_LLL_^L l_LLLUL.L. '. ^ L_ L ,L'Lt_iLLLl 0^ ^L I ^, 3u L L_ LLLL ^ » "-^'^ L L/ ) v LI L UL . LLLI LLLzILLVll LL L.L LL ,L LI L\ LLL 1 [ L L LLLL /1Ll_LL 'lnL ^ l_l_l I UL_ ULl ^5]^ l_L _ LL L L. _Lu<^L, .v^^ ^LLLLLLLL..: LUUUUL.L.L-L LLLLLLLLl LLl.l-LLL llll-: l ■ I 1 i %:i McKlnley's Illustrated Topics for American History. SOURCE - STUD Y— Continued. tive information can yield. Considering the general tendenc_v to multijjly offices and dependencies and to in- crease expense to the ultimate term of burthen which the citizen can bear, it behooves us to avail ourselves of every occasion which presents itself for taking off the surcharge, that it never may be seen here that after leaving to labor the smallest portion of its earnings on which it can subsist. Government shall itself consume the whole residue of what it was constituted to guard. — Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, Vol. I, pp. 327-329. Embargo Act, December 22, 1807. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress as- sembled, That an embargo be, and hereby is laid on all ships and vessels in the ports and places within the limits or jurisdiction of the United States, cleared or not cleared, bound to any foreign port or place; and that no clearance be furnished to any ship or vessel bound to such foreign port or place, except vessels under the immediate direction of the President of the United States: and that the President be authorized to give such instructions to the officers of the revenue, and of the navy and revenue cutters of the United States, as shall .ppear best adapted for carrying the same into full effect: Pro- vided, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the departure of any foreign ship or vessel, either in ballast, or with the goods, wares and merchan- dise on board of such foreign ship or vessel, when noti- fied of this act. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That during the continuance of this act, no registered, or sea letter ves- sel, having on board goods, wares and merchandise, shall be allowed to depart from one port of the United States to any other within the same, unless the master, owner, con- signee or factor of such vessel shall first give bond, with one or more sureties to the collector of the district from which she is bound to depart, in a sum of double the value of the vessel and cargo, that the said goods, wares, or merchandise shall be relanded in some port of the United States, dangers of the seas excepted, which bond, and also a certificate from the collector where the same may be relanded, shall by the collector respectively be trans- mitted to the Secretary of the Treasury. All armed ves- sels possessing public commissions from any foreign power, are not to be considered as liable to the embargo laid by this act. — Statutes at Large of U. S., II, 451- •152. Non-Intercourse Act, March 1, 1809. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represen- tatives of the United States of America in Congress as- sembled. That from and after the passing of this act, the entrance of the harbors and waters of the United States and of the territories thereof, be, and the same is hereby interdicted to all public ships and vessels be- longing to Great Britain or France, excepting vessels only which may be forced in bj* distress, or which are charged with despatches or business from the govern- ment to which they belong, and also packets having no cargo nor merchandise on board. And if any public ship or vessel as aforesaid, not being included in the excep- tion above mentioned, shall enter any harbor or waters within the jurisdiction of the United States, or of the territories thereof, it shall be lawful for the President of the United States, or such other person as he shall have empowered for that purpose, to employ such part of the land and naval forces, or of the militia of the United States, or the territories thereof, as he shall deem necessary, to compel such ship or vessel to depart. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That from and after the twentieth day of May next, the entrance of the harbors and waters of the United States and the territories thereof be, and the same is hereby interdicted to all ships or vessels sailing under the flag of Great Britain or France, or owned in whole or in part by any citizen or subject of either; vessels hired, chartered or employed by the government of either country, for the sole purpose of carrying letters or despatches, and also vessels forced in by distress or by the dangers of the sea, only excepted. And if any ship or vessel sailing under the flag of Great Britain or I'rance, or owned in whole or in part by any citizen or subject of either, and not excepted as aforesaid, shall after the said twen- tieth day of Maj' next, arrive either with or without a cargo, within the limits of the United States, or of the territories thereof, such ship or vessel together with the cargo, if any, which may be found on board, shall be forfeited. . . . Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That from and after the twentieth day of May next, it shall not be law- ful to import into the United States or the territories thereof, any goods, wares or merchandise whatever, from any port or place situated in Great Britain or Ireland, or in any of the colonies or dependencies of Great Brit- ain, nor from any port or place situated in France, or in any of her colonies or dependencies, nor from any port or place in the actual possession of either Great Britain or France. Nor shall it be lawful to import into the United States, or the territories thereof, from any foreign port or place whatever, any goods, wares or mer- chandise whatever, being of the growth, produce or manufacture of France, or of any of her colonies or de- pendencies, or being of the growth, produce or manu- facture of Great Britain or Ireland, or of any of the colonies or dependencies of Great Britain, or being of the growth, produce or manufacture of any place or country in the actual possession of either France or Great Britain: . . . Sec. 6". And be it further enacted, That if any article or articles, the importation of which is prohibited by this act, shall, after the twentieth of May, be put on board of any ship or vessel, boat, raft or carriage, with inten- tion to import the same into the United States, or the territories thereof, contrarj' to the true intent and mean- ing of this act, and with the knowledge of the owner or master of such ship or vessel, boat, raft or carriage, such ship or vessel, boat, raft or carriage shall be forfeited, and the owner and master thereof shall moreover each forfeit and pay treble the value of such articles. Sec. 11. A7id be it further enacted, That the Presi- dent of the United States be, and he hereby is authorized, in case either France or Great Britain shall so revoke or modify her edicts, as that they shall cease to violate the neutral commerce of the United States, to declare the same by proclamation; after which the trade of the United States, suspended by this act, and by the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States, and the several acts supplementary thereto, may be renewed with the nation so doing. . . . Sec 12. And be it further enacted. That so much of the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States, and of the sev- eral acts supplementary thereto, as forbids the departure of vessels owned by citizens of tlie United States, and the exportation of domestic and foreign merchandise to any foreign port or place, be and the same is hereby repealed, after the fifteenth day of March, one thousand eight hun- dred and nine, except so far as they relate to Great Brit- ain or France, or their colonies or dependencies, or places in the actual possession of either. . . . — Statutes at Large of U. S., II, 528-53.^. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 19. Louisiana Purchase and the West, 1789-1812. OUTLINE OF TOPIC. Review : a) Settlement of Kentucky and Tennessee. b) Cession of western lands to tlie United States. c) Ordinance of 1787. d) Attitude toward slavery northwest and soutii- west of the Oiiio. Migration to the Northwest, 1788-1802. Transportation (sec also To])ic No. 2(i). a) Lines of travel to the west. b) Modes of traiisj)ortation: foot, wagon, boats of the day. c) Beginnings of the steamboat. d) Early settlements; influence of New England; revolutionary soldiers; Virginia settlers; Georgia and Carolina settlers in the south- west. Settlement of Indian claims. Defeat of St. Clair; Wayne's victorj- ; treaty of Greenville, 17!);"); re- lations of Georgia to the Indians. New States admitted. (Vermont, 1791); Kentucky, 1792; Tcnnes.see, 179(5; Ohio, 1802. Colonial History of Louisiana: Under French; under Spaniards. Restlessness in the West: Irritation at Spaniards; Blount's Conspiracy; Burr's Conspiracy. Purchase of Louisiana. a) Transfer by Spain to France. b) Jefferson's alarm and attempts to purchase part of Gulf Coast. c) Reasons for Napoleon's willingness to sell. d) Terms of treaty of 1803: 1 ) Financial consideration. 2) Boundaries: indefinite. .')) Rights guaranteed to inhabitants of ceded territory. e) Discussion in Congress over: 1 ) Appropriation. 2) Constitutional right to purchase lands. 3) Moral right to erect new states in west and thus outweigh the east (New Eng- land). Exploration of the New Territory. a) Ignorance of territory. b) Journey of Lewis and Clarke. c) Journey of Pike. The Oregon Country. a) Captain Gray and the Columbia. b) Lewis and Clarke. c) Hudson Bay Conlpan^^ d) John Jacob Astor — Astoria. e) Incidents in War of 1812. Controversy over West Florida. Indian Boundary pushed back. a) Harrison and Tippecanoe. New States: Louisiana, 1812; Indiana, 1816. Forms of Territorial Government. Following lines laid down in the Ordinance of 1787 (see source ex- tract in Topic No. 16). Life in the West, 1788-181;). a) The backwoodsman: 1) His character and part played in history of the United States. 2) His camp or cabin. 3) Clearing the land. 4) His means of earning a living: liunting, fishing, primitive agriculture. b) (irowth of communities; Early western towns — ■ Marietta, Cincinnati, Pittsburg. c) Growth of institutions : 1) The public school — provision made by the United States for. 2) Local government — copied after the states from which the settlers came ; New England and Middle States influence in the nortiiwest; southern influence in southwest. 3) Territorial government by action of con- gress ; popular features. 4) Religion and churclies, .'>) Social customs. d) Contact with outside world: 1 ) Across the Alleghanies. 2) Down the Mississippi. 1 6. Influence of the Frontier in American Life. REFERENCES. Textbooks. — Adams & Trent, :316-i?18; Ashley, ;J19-2:21, 252- 257; Channing, 219-22T, 315-318; Hart, 191-19{), :.'.'7, 265-270; .lames & Sanford, 185-190, 244-2+9; Johnston-.MacDoiiald, 173- 176, 201, 214-216; McLaughlin, 3l9-iJ2, 261-264, 269-271, 278; McMaster, 159-162, 190-194, 218-221, 241-246; .Monteomerv, 172, 183, 193-198; Muzzey, 161, 165, 207-211. For Collateral Reading.— Bogart, Economic Historv, 109-114. 170-175; Conian, Industrial Historv, 123-131, 156-174; Elson, U. S., 383-388; Hart, Formation of Union, 185-191; Walker, Making of the Nation, 177-18C. For Topical Study. — 2. McMaster, U. S., Ill, 112-142. 3. McMaster, I, 434-435, III. 486-495; Selioiiler, V. S., II, 295-298, 306-308. 4. McMaster, III, 118-120. 6. Adams, U. S., I, ch. 13-17; Channing, Jeffersonian Sys- tem, ch. 4; Schouler, 11, 40-46; Thwaites. France in .\raerica, ch. 18. 7. Adams. Ill, ch. 10-14, 19; Hildreth, U. S., V, 594-626; McMaster, HI, 49-88; Sparks, Expansion, ch. IS; Sparks, U. S., I, 283-288. 8. Adams, H, ch. 1-6; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 324-326; Channing, ch. 5; Hart, Foundations of .American Foreign Policy, ch. 6; Hildreth, V, 468-470, 478-499; Johnston, American Political Historv, I, 253-269; McMaster, II, 620- 631, III, 1-30; Roosevelt, Winning of West, IV. ch. 6; Schouler, II, 46-59; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 17; Spark.s, U. S., I, 283- 299; Von Hoist, I, 183-199; Wilson, American People, III, 180-188. 9. Channing, ch. 7; McMaster, II, 631-6.34, III, 142-145. 10. McMaster, II, 634-635. 11. .\dams, III, ch. 5-6; Bahcock, Rise of American Na- tionality, ch. 2; Channing, ch. 10; McMaster, III, 31-41, 209- 215; Powell, Nullification and Secession, ch. 3, 5; Schouler, II, 345-349; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 18. 12. Adams, IV, ch. 4-5; Bahcock, ch. 2; McMaster, III, 528-540; Schouler, II, 81-86. 13. Bahcock, cli. 2. 14. Channing, ch. 6; Sparks, Ex|>ansion, cli. 19; Willoughhy. Territories and Dependencies. 15. Bruce, Daniel Boone, McMaster, III, 469-48C; Schouler, II, 270-280; Sparks, Expansion, ch. 12-13. Source References. — Callender, Economic Historv, ch. 12; Caldwell and Persinger, 310-316; Hart, Source Book, 200-202; Hart, Contemporaries, III, ch. 5, 17; Johnston, American Ora- tions, I, 180-204; MacDonald, Source Book, 279-282; Mac- Donald Documents, 160-171; Old South Leaflets, 40, 44, 105, 128, 131, 163, 174; Trail .Makers' Series, Expedition of I.ewis and Clarke. Biography. — Lives of Jefferson, Lewis and Clarke, .Varon Burr, Andrew Jackson, William Henrv Harrison. Coprrilht. 1912. McKlnley rublUhinj Co . Philadelphia. PiL -J 5 o ■£ -I ? C o y E .> *" 3 IJ ^ «J 4> be o Ji c 2 *" = '2 so ^ c = ==1=3 _ 5 3 u J s « _^ -a ■" ., - ■= ^ ■^ — .S J'" o " »' tH n ^ . V- • . =3 o o o o _ McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. SOURCE-STUDY. The first extract bt-low is from a letter of President Jeffer- son, to Robert K. Livingston, on April IH, ISOU; it shows Jefferson's alarm over the French acquisition of Louisiana. The second selection comprises extracts from the treaty of cession, of April 30, 1803. The money consideration does not appear in this treaty, but is arranged for in a separate con- vention. The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain to France works most sorelj' on the U. S. On this sub- ject the Secretary of State has written to you fully. Yet I cannot forbear recurring to it personally, so deep is the impression it makes in my mind. It completely reverses all the political relations of the U. S. and will form a new epoch in our political course. Of all nations of any consideration France is the one which hitherto has offered the fewest points on which we could have anj' conflict of right, and the most points of a com- munion of interests. From these causes we have ever looked to her as our natural friend, as one with which we never could have an occasion of difference. Her growth therefore we viewed as our own, her misfortunes ours. There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market, and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole pro- duce and contain more than half our inhabitants. France placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance. Spain might have retained it quietly for years. . . . Not so can it ever be in the hands of France. The impetuositj' of her temper, the energy and restlessness of her character, placed in a point of eternal friction with us, and our character, which though quiet, and loving peace and the pursuit of wealth, is high- minded, despising wealth in competition with insult or injury, enterprising and energetic as any nation on earth, these circumstances render it impossible that France and the U. S. can continue long friends when they meet in so irritable a position. They as well as we must be blind if thej' do not see this; and we must be very im- provident if we do not begin to make arrangements on that hypothesis. The day that France takes possession of N. Orleans fixes the sentence which is to restrain her forever within her low water mark. It seals the union of two nations who in conjunction can maintain exclu- sive possession of the ocean. From that moment we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation. We must turn all our attentions to a maritime force, for which our resources place us on very high grounds ; and having formed and cemented together a power which may render reinforcement of her settlements here impossible to France, make the first cannon, which shall be fired in Eu- rope the signal for tearing up any settlement she may have made, and for holding the two continents of America in sequestration for the common pur])oses of the united British and American nations. This is not a state of things we seek or desire. It is one which this measure, if adopted by France, forces on us, as necessarily as any other cause, by the laws of nature, brings on its necessary effect. — The Jf'orks of Thomas Jefferson (ed. by P. L. Ford), Vol. IX, pp. S6-i-366. Article I . . . And whereas in pursuance of the Treaty [of France with Spain] and particularly of the third article the French Republic has an incontestible title to the do- main and to the possession of the said Territory — The First Consul of the French Republic desiring to give to the United States a strong proof of his friendship doth hereby cede to the said United States in the name of the French Republic forever and in full sovereignty the said territory with all its rights and appurtenances as fully and in the same manner as they have been acquired by the French Republic in virtue of the above mentioned Treaty concluded with his Catholic Majesty. Art: 11 In the cession made by the preceding article are in- cluded the adjacent islands belonging to Louisiana all public lots and squares, vacant lands and all public buildings, fortifications, barracks and other edifices which are not private property. The Archives, papers and documents relative to the domain and sovereignty of Louisiana and its dependencies will be left in the posses- sion of the Commissaries of the United States, and copies will be afterwards given in due form to the Magistrates and Municipal officers of such of the said papers and documents as may be necessary to them. Art: III The inhabitants of the ceded territorj' shall be incor- porated in the LTnion of the United States and admitted as soon as possible according to the principles of the Federal Constitution to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages and immunities of citizens of the United States ; and in the mean time shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property and the Religion which they profess. Art: IV There shall be sent by the Government of France a Commissary to Louisiana to the end that he do every act necessary as well to receive from the Officers of his Catholic Majesty the said country and its dependencies in the name of the French Republic if it lias not been already done as to transmit it in the name of the French Republic to the Commissary or agent of the United States. . . , Art: VI The United States promise to execute such treaties and articles as may have been agreed between Spain and the tribes and nations of Indians until by mutual consent of the United States and the said tribes or nations other suitable articles shall have been agreed upon — Art: VII As it is reciprocally advantageous to the commerce of France and the L'liited States to encourage the commu- nication of both nations for a limited time in the country ceded by the present treaty until general arrangements relative to the commerce of both nations may be agreed on ; it has been agreed between the contracting parties that the French ships coming directly from France or any of her colonies loaded only with the produce and manufactures of France or her said Colonies ; and the ships of Spain coming directly from Spain or any of her colonies loaded only with the produce or manufac- tures of Spain or her Colonies shall be admitted during the space of twelve years in the Port of New-Orleans and in all other legal ports-of-entry within the ceded territory in the same manner as the ships of the United States coming directly from France or Spain or any of their Colonies without being subject to any other or greater duty on merchandize or other or greater tonnage than that paid by the citizens of the L'nited States. — . . . — Treaties, Conventions, etc. (ed. 1910), I, 469-t70. McKinley's Illustrated Topics tor American History Topic U 20. The War of 1812 and Its Results J OUTLINE OF TOPIC 1. Review of Causes. 2. American Unpreparcdncss for War. a) Finance — income from customs falling off; diffi- culty in raising direct taxes ; national bank not rechartered in 1811. b) Navy — suffered to decline; very few men-of-war. c) Army — small, inexperienced ; State militia prin- cipal dependence, but uncertain. d) Politics — New England strongly opposed to war. 3. Hasty preparations, 1812. A number of measures passed in spring of 1812 in the hope of getting ready for approaching conflict. 4. Declaration of War, June 18, 1812. 5. Comparison of Great Britain and the United States. a) Location with reference to one anotlier. b) Comparison of armies and navies. c) Vulnerable points. 6. Military and Naval Policy of Combatants. a) Of the United States: 1) Attack Canada from Lake Champlain, Niagara River and Detroit River. 2) Injure English commerce by navy and pri- vateers. b) Of England: 1 ) Blockade coast. 2) Attack coast towns. 3) Invade from Canada. 4) Attack Southern Mississippi Valley. 7. American Military Failures, 1812. a) At all three points of attack. 1) Hull's surrender at Detroit. b) British conquest of northwest. 8. American Successes. a) Perry's victory of Lake Erie. b) Harrison's campaign, reconquest of northwest, and invasion of Canada. c) Petty successes at Niagara: Capture of York (Toronto). d) Net result: naval control of Lake Erie; military control of Northwest and Upper Canada; failure to conquer Canada. 9. The Year 1814. a) Continuation of petty campaigns along Niagara frontier. b) British invasion defeated at Plattsburgh. c) Britisli burning of Washington and attack on Baltimore. d) Terror in other coast cities. e) Great armament sent against New Orleans. 1 ) Jackson's early victories over Indians in South, 1812-1811.. 2) British use Spanish Florida as base. 3) Attack on New Orleans: Jackson's vic- tory (1815). 10. Naval Warfare. a) Naval duels — Americans usually successful. b) Attack by privateers on English commerce. In- flicted great injury. 11. Internal conditions. a) Controversies over use of the militia. b) Jealousies among army officers. c) Inefficiency of cabinet officers. d) ^Madison himself not a great administrator. e) New England dissatisfied; Hartford Convention, 1814. f) Economic conditions. 1) Means of transportation. 2) Home manufactures. 3) State banks and currency. 12. Treaty of Ghent, 1814. a) Negotiations for. b) Terms of treaty. c) What subjects ignored. d) Why was treaty accepted? 13. Results of the War. a) International — gained respect for the United States, and for rights of neutrals. b) National: 1 ) Downfall of Federalists. 2) Demand for. (a) Protective tariff. (b) New national bank. (c) Internal improvements. S) Widened activity of national government by adoption of a) and b) above; c) not adopted owing to constitutional objections. 4) The Democratic-Republican party forced by conditions of time to adopt many of old Federalist measures. 5) Hence the "era of good feeling"; few dif- ferences of opinion among statesmen. REFERENCES Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, 22~-2U; Ashley', 269-379; Channing, 335-348; Hart, 277-388; James & Sanford, 359-372; Johnston-MacDonald, 323-250; McLaughlin, 380-295; MeMaster, 233-240; Montgomery. 199-210; Muzzey, 218-230. For Collateral Reading. — Bogart, Economic History, p. 142- 152; Coman, Industrial Historv, p. 177-199 (results); Dewev, Financial History, p. 128-143; "Elson, U. S., p. 414-450; Hart, Formation, p. 303-223; Taussig, Tariff History, p. 1-G7; Walker, Making of the Xation, ch. 12-13. For Topical Study. — In General: Cambridge Modern His- torv, VII, ch. 10; Johnston, American Political History, I, p. 303-323. 1. See references under Topic No. 18. 2. Wilson, American People, III, p. 214-218. See references under Topic Xo. 18. 3. Adams, U. S., VI. ch. 7-10; Babcock, Rise of American Nationality, ch. 4-5; Hildreth, U. S., VI, p. 302-312; Von Hoist, U. "S., I, p. 236-336. 4. Adams, U. S., VI, ch. 11; Babcock, ch. 5. 7. Adams, U. S., VI, ch. 14-16; Babcock, ch. G; Hildreth, V. S., VI, p. 335-363; MeMaster, U. S., HI, p. 556-560. IV, p. 1-33; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 397-403; Wilson, III, p. 218-330. 8. Adams, U. S., VII, ch. 4-10; Babcock, ch. 6; Hildreth, U. S., VI, p. 393-397; 409-437; MeMaster, U. S., IV, p. 31-69; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 423-433. 9. Adams, U. S., VIII, ch. 2-6, 13-14; Babcock. ch. 6, 8; Hildreth, U. S., VI, p. 434-45,3, ch. 38-29; JIcMaster, U. S., IV, 131-190; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 446-458; Wilson, III, 220- 225. "lb. Adams, U. S., VI, ch. 17, VII, ch. 11-13, VIII, ch. 7; Babcock, ch. 12; Hildreth, U. S., VI, p. 364-400, 430-423; Me- Master, U. S., IV, ch. 25; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 402-406, 434- 438. 11. Adams, U. S., VI, ch. 18-30. VIII, ch. 9-11, IX, ch. 4-5; Babcock, ch. 6-9, 13; Hildreth, V. S., VI, p. 379-391; MeMaster, U. S., HI, p. 543-556. IV, ch. 30; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 438- 442, 458-477; Von Hoist, U. S., I, 237-272. 12. Adams, U. S., IX, ch. 1-3; Babcock, ch. 10; Hildreth, U. S., VI, p. 565-574; MeMaster. V. S., IV, p. 256-270; Schouler, U. S., II, p. 443-444, 477-485; Wilson, HI, p. 225-237. 13. Adams, U. S., IX, ch. 5-8; Babcock, ch. 11-M; Hildreth, U. S., VI, ch. 30; MeMaster. U. S., IV, ch. 31; Schouler, U. S., p. 493-513; Wilson, HI, p. 237-231. Source References. — American History Leaflets, No. 35; Caldwell and Persin^rcr, Source History, p. 337-339; Hart, Source-Book. p. 212-335; Hart, Contemporaries, HI, ch. 19; Johnston, American Orations, I. 205-218; MacDonald, Source- Book, p. 288-306; MacDonald, Select Documents, p. 183-213. Copyright, 1912, McKinley Publishing Co. , Philadelphia. Pa McKinley's Series of Geographical and Historical Outline Maps. No.38 Middle Atlantic Slates. Subject- Explanation- 80 Loiiyirodi Greenwich It Copyright, 1902, The McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Map Work for Topic U 20. McKinley's Illustrated Topics for An Source-Study for Topic U 20. The Capture of Washington, August 2i, 1814. The three extracts which follow are drawn from very dis- tinct sources and well illustrate the character of material which historians must judge and use in the constriiction of their narratives. The first is taiven from Niles' Weekly Register, of Baltimore, probably the most carefully edited paper of its day; its account is sober and relatively accurate. The second extract is from the letters of Mrs. Madison, and shows vividly the emotions of the president's wife, left without pro- tection in the White House. The third account is that of a participant untrained to observe carefully the events taking place about him. ... At two o'clock [in the afternoon of August 21, 1812] the enemy had nearly reached the Baltimore volunteers, and opened a Iieavy fire upon them from the right and left, as well as in front — the rear was onlj' left open to them, and, being unsupported, they were ordered to disperse, and shift every one for himself — this was about twcnt}- minutes past two. They carried off all their artillery (except one piece that was lost by the unruliness of the horses) and their arms ; but tlie rout of the militia stationed immediately in their rear was disgraceful. They generally fled without firing a gun, and threw off every incumbrance of their speed !- — Col. Rarjan done all that a man could do to rally them, in vain, and was thus taken prisoner. It was now that the enemy came within reach of Barney and his gallant spirits, who had just gained the ground from a station near the navy yard, and from his three 18 pounders he opened the hottest, most active and destructive fire that, perhaps, ever was seen — tlicy fell before him like the grass before the mower's scytlie, until they had nearly reached the muzzles of his guns. Greater exertion or more determined courage could not have been exhibited ; but what could 3 or 400 men, supported by a few marines only, do against 6000.'' The veteran commodore, who has yet all the fire and spirit that distinguished him when he captured the Gen- eral Monk in the early part of the revolutionary war, fell badly wounded, and many of his brave fellows were killed — but he yet encouraged his men, and cautioned them not to waste their powder, until the last moment that it appeared possible for them to escape, when he ordered a retreat. . . . The fight being now done — the U. S. infantry and cavalry and other troops not having engaged, a strange rout and absolute confusion ensued. There seemed to be no rallying point given to the men, and they generally fled as many ways Jis there were in- dividuals of them. A small party of the enemy, with admiral Cochburn and gen. Ross, entered the city. The male population was chiefly in arms among the fugitives, and many of the women and children had left it. — The navy yard, with all its shipping and stores, including the new frigate and sloop of war, was fired, blown up or destroyed by our own people. The capital and presi- dent's house, with all the public oflices, except the post office (which they thought a private building) with sev- eral private buildings were fired by the enemy. . . . They otherwise behaved much better than was expected. They did not enter Georgetown, and retired in the night of the 25th so quietly that even at Bladensburc/ our peo- ple, whom they had made prisoners, knew not that their guards had gone. . . . — From Niles' Weekly Register, Vol. 6, pp. 44.2-444. Tuesday, August 23, 1811. Dear Sister, . . . [!Mr. Madison writes that] I should be ready at a moment's warning to enter my carriage, and leave the city; that the enemy seemed stronger than had at first been reported, and it might happen that thej' would reach the city with the intention of destroying it. I am accordingly ready ; I have pressed as many cabinet papers into trunks as to fill one carriage; our private property must be sacrificed, as it is impossible to pro- cure wagons for its transportation. I am determined not to go myself until I see Mr. Madison safe. . . . Wednesday Morning, twelve o'clock. — Since sunrise I have been turning my spy-glass in every direction, and watching with unwearied anxiety, hoiiing to discover the approach of my dear husband and his friends ; but alas ! I can descry only groups of military, wandering in all directions, as if there was a lack of arms, or of spirit to fight for tlieir own fireside. Three o'clock. — Will you believe it, my sister.^ we have had a battle or skirmish, near Bladcnsburg, and here I am still, within sound of the cannon! Mr. Madison comes not. May God protect us ! Two messengers, cov- ered with dust, come to bid me fly; but here I mean to wait for him. ... At this late hour a wagon has been procured, and I have had it filled with plate and the most valuable portable articles, belonging to the house. Whether it will reach its destination, the 'Bank of Mary- land,' or fall into the hands of British soldiery, events must determine. Our kind friend, Mr. Carroll, has come to hasten my departure, and [is] in a very bad humor with me, because I insist on waiting until tlie large pic- ture of General Washington is secured, and it requires to be unscrewed from the wall. This process was found too tedious for these perilous moments ; I have ordered the frame to be broken, and the canvas taken out. . . . And now, dear sister, I must leave this house, or the re- treating army will make me a prisoner in it by filling up the road I am directed to take. When I shall again write to you, or where I shall be tomorrow, I cannot tell ! DOLLY. ■ — From Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison (Houghton, Mifflin and Co.), pp. 109-111. Being in possession of a strong position, they [the Americans] were of course less exposed in defending, than the others in storming it; and had they conducted themselves with coolness, and resolution, it is not con- ceivable how the day could have been won. But the fact is, that, with the exception of a party of sailors from the gun boats, under the command of Commodore Barney, no troops could behave worse than they did. The skir- mishers were driven in as soon as attacked, the first line gave way without offering the slightest resistance, and the left of the main body was broken within lialf an hour after it was seriously engaged. . . . The defeat, how- ever, was absolute, and the army, which had been col- lected for the defence of Washington, was scattered be- yond the possibility of, at least, an immediate reunion. . . . the troops advanced forthwith into the town, and having first put to the sword all who were found in the house from which the shots were fired, and reduced it to ashes, they proceeded, without a moment's delay, to burn and destroy every thing in the most distant degree con- nected with government. In this general devastation were included the Senate-house, the President's palace, an extensive dock-yard and arsenal, barracks for two or three thousand men, several large storehouses filled with naval and military stores, some hundreds of cannon of different descriptions, and nearly twenty thousand stand of small arms. There were also two or tliree public rope- walks which shared the same fate, a fine frigate pierced for sixty guns, and just ready to be launched, several gun-brigs and armed schooners, with a variety of gun- boats and small craft. . . .■ — From A Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army. . . by an Officer Who Served in the E.xpedition, Phila., 182i, pp. 125-137. Copyrialit, 1912, UcKlnley Publishing Ca. PhUadelphla. Pa. McKlnley'9 Illustrated Topics tor American History. Topic U 21. Political Reorganization, 1817-1829. OUTLINE OF TOPIC 1. Monroe's election. a) Monroe's ch.aracter. 2. Era of Good P'eeling. a) Meaning of term. b) Monroe's tour. 3. Republican party adopts national policy. •!■. Influence of Supreme Court in nationalizing the gov- ernment. a) Work of John Marshall. b) Great decisions. .'). Foreign Affairs. For details see Topic 22. a) Settlement of National Boundaries. 1) Treaty of 1818 with England. 2) Treaty of 1819 with Spain. 3) Treaty of 1821 with Russi.i. b) The Monroe Doctrine; for details see Topic 22. 1) American antecedents. 2) European antedeccnts. 3) Influence of England. 4) Authorship of doctrine. 5) Later applications. e) The Panama Congress, see Topic 22. 6. The Missouri Compromises, see Topic 23. a) History of slavery to 1818. b) Growth of the West to 1818. c) Slave and free states equal. d) Demand of Missouri for admission claimed cs a right. Why ? e) Struggle in Congress. 1 ) House — anti-slavery. 2) Senate — pro-slavery. 3) Thomas compromise. a) Slavery in Missouri. b) No slavery in rest of Louisiana north of 36 degrees 30 minutes. 4) Admission of Maine. f) Objections to Missouri Constitution; Clay's compromise. g) Seriousness of crisis, h) Was compromise final.'' 7. Election of 1824-2.5. a) Absence of party lines. b) Candidates. c) Election of Adams in House. Influence of Clav. d) Charge of corrupt bargain. 8. Internal improvements. a) Demand for, after 181.'). b) Monroe's vetoes of bills for. c) State activities in building roads, bridges, canals. d) The Erie Canal. 1) De Witt Clinton. 2) Immediate success of canal. 3) Effects upon West. U])on New York City, upon other coast cities. 9. Administration of J. Q. Adams. a) Compare J. Q. Adams' character and his admin- istration with his father's character and ad- ministration. b) Revival of patriotic interest seen in : 1 ) Lafayette's visit. 2) Effects of deaths of J. Adams and .Tef- ferson, July 4, 182fi. c) Failure of Panama Mission. d) Georgia and the Indians. c) The Tariff of Abominations. f) Opposition to Adams. 10. Election of 1828. a) Candidates. b) A democratic movement. c) Election of Jack.son. 11. Political and Social Changes. a) Spread of democratic thought and practice from West to East. b) Growth of a city population and manufacturing industries. c) Removal of restrictions on suffrage. d) Extension of elective principle to new offices. e) Attenijits to control judiciary. f) Breakdown of old party machinery; beginning (1830) of national platforms, and national conventions. / g) Overthrow of presidential traditions:/ v''irginia dynasty ; succession of secretary' of state to presidency, h) More democratic structure of society; demo- cratic dress of men. i) Anti-Masonic movement. REFERENCES. Textl)Ooks. — .\(lanis & Trent, 2i5--26-2; Ashley, 279-998; Chan- nlng, ;U8-374.; Hart, 303-31 J; James & Sanford, 273-396; John- ston-MacDonald, 254-270; McLaughlin, 296-321; McMaster, 2JJ-278, 294-301; Montgomery, 211-222; Muzzey, 229-275. For Collateral Reading.— Burgess, The Middle Period, cli. 1-8; Conian, Industrial History, 200-206; Dewey, Financial Hi.story, 143-196; Elson, U. S., 451-480; Hart, Formation of Union, 222-262; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 18-20; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, ch. 8; Stanwood, History of Presidencv, ch. 9, 10, 11; Taussig, Tariff History, 68-108. For Topical Study.— 1. Hildreth, U. S., VI, 620-623; McMaster, U. S., IV, 363- 371, 376-380; Schouler, U. S., Ill, 1-8; Wilson, American People, III, 232-248. 2. BaI)eock, Rise of American Xationalitv, ch. 12; McMaster, IV, 380; Schouler, III, 8-13. 3. Babcock, ch. 12-15; Schouler, III, 40-54. 4. Babcock, ch. 18; McMaster, V, 394-416; Sehoiil-r. Ill, 195-197. 5. Babcock, ch. 16-17; Cambridge Modern Historv. VII, 362- 371; Hildreth, VI, 626-660; McMaster, IV, 34-35; V, 18-27, 28-54; Schouler, III, 22-37, 57-99, 121-133, 175-178, 274-293, 358-.367; Turner, Rise of New West, ch. 12; AVilson, III, 255- 266. 6. Cambridge Modern Hi.storv, VII, 357-361; Hildreth, VI, 660-711; McMaster, II, 15-21; McMaster, IX, ch. 39; Schouler, III, 99-10.3, 134-173, 178-189; Turner, ch. 10; Von Hoist, I. 273-381 ; Wilson, III, 249-255. 7. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 372-374; McMaster, V, .55-81; Schouler, III, 234-244, 256-270, 304-335; Turner, ch. 15; Wilson, HI, 266-278. 9. Hart. National Ideals, eh. 16; McMaster, V, 121-151; .Schouler, III, 247-255, 395-297, 346-3.55; Sparks, V. S., I, ch. ~ 30; Turner, ch. 13. 9. Cambridge Modern Historv, VII, 375-377; McMaster, V, eh. 46; Schouler, III, 336-426; Stanwood, Tariff Controver.sie.s, 1. ch. 6-8; Turner, ch. 16-19; Von Hoist, I, 409-458; Wilson, III, 278-289. 10. McMaster, V, 488-,520; Schouler, III, 409-449; Wilson, III, 289-291. 11. McMaster. IV. .522-5.55; V, 82-120, ch. ,',0; Scliouler. IIT, 200-232. 507-529; IV, 1-31; Turner, ch. 1-8. .Source References. — Caldwell and Persinger, 334-352; Hart, Contemporaries. Ill, ch. 30-23; Hill. Liberty Documents, ch. 19; Johnston. .Vmerican Orations, II, .3-101; .MacDonald, Source Book, .306-320; .MacDonald. Documents, 213-237. Biography. — Lives of Monroe, Clay, Calhoun, Webster, John Marshall. J. Q. Adams, DeWitt Clinton, Andrew Jackson. Copyright. 1912. McKiiili-y Publishing Co Philadelphia. P& V McKlnley's illustrated Topics for Amerlcun History. SOURCE -STUDY. THE ERIE CANAL. I'p until the bopiniiing of the Panamii Canal, probably no more important |)ublie work was ever imdertaken in America than that broufrht to completion by the State of N'ew York, in 18-' J. The credit for building IheKric Canal belongs properly to Governor De Witt Clinton. His sagacity saw the possi- bilities in the enterprise, and his perseverance and practical knowledge of politics secured the necessary legislation under which the canal was built. The first two selections below well reiiresent the arguments used by Clinton to obtain support for the canal, and they show his clear insight into its future value. The other extracts are from a contemporary newsi>aper, and give an idea of the quaint ceremonies attendant ujion the o])cning of the canal. ... It must be obvious, from these united considera- tions, that she [New York] will engross more tlian suffi- cient [of western trade] to render her the greatest com- mercial city in the world. The whole line of canal will exliibit boats loaded with flour, pork, beef, pot and pearl ashes, flax-seed, wheat, barley, corn, hemp, wool, flax, iron, lead, copper, salt, gypsum, coal, tar, fur, pelfry, ginseng, beeswax, cheese, butter, lard, staves, lumber, and the other valuable productions of our country ; and also, with merchandise from all parts of the world. Great manufacturing establishments will spring up; agri- culture will establish its granaries, and commerce its warehouses in all directions. Villages, towns, and cities, will line the banks of the canal, and tlie shores of the Hudson from Erie to New York, . . . . . . However serious the fears wliich have been en- tertained of a dismemberment of the Union by collisions between the north and the south, it is to be apjirehended that the most imminent danger lies in another direction, ,ind that a line of separation may be eventually drawn be- tween the Atlantic and the -western states, unless they are cemented by a common, an ever-acting, and a power- ful interest. . . . New Y'ork is both Atlantic and west- ern ; and the only state in whicli this union of interests can be formed and perpetuated, and in which this great centripetal power can be energetically applied. Stand- ing on this exalted eminence, with power to prevent a train of tiie most extensive and afflicting calamities that ever visited the world, (for such a train will inevitably follow a dissolution of the Union,) she will justly be con- sidered an enemy to tiie human race, if she does not exert for this purpose the high faculties which the Al- mighty has put into her hands. I.astlv. It may be confidently asserted, that this canal, as to the extent of its route, as to the countries which it connects, and as to the consequences which it will produce, is without a parallel in the history of man- kind. ... It remains for a free state to create a new era in history, and to erect a work more stupendous, more magnificent, and more beneficial than has hitherto been achieved by the human race. . . . — Hosaek, Memoir of De Witt Clinton, 406-120. As an organ of communication between the Hudson, the :Mississi|)pi, the St. Lawrence, the great lakes of the north and west, and their tributary rivers, it [the Erie Canal] will create the greatest inland trade ever wit- nessed. The most fertile and extensive regions of America will avail themselves of its facilities for a market. All their .surplus productions, whether of the soil, the forest, the mines, or the water, their fabrics of art and their supplies of foreign commodities, will con- centrate in the city of New-Y'ork, for transportation abroad or consumption at home. Agriculture, manufac- tures, commerce, trade, navigation, and the arts, will re- ceive a correspondent encouragement. That city will, in the course of time become the granary of the world, the emporium of commerce, the seat of manufactures, the focus of great moneyed operations, and the concen- trating point of vast, disposable, and accumulating cajn- tals, which will stimulate, enliven, extend, and reward the exertions of human labor and ingenuity, in all their processes and exiiibitions. And before the revolution of a centurv the wliole island of Manhattan, covered with habitations and replenished with a dense population, will constitute one vast city. — De Witt Clinton, in J'iew of the Grand Canal (N. "Y., 1825), p. 20; quoted in Tur- ner, Rise of the Nexv West, pp. 32-3;i. The first gun, to announce the complete o])ening of the New York Canal, was to be fired at Butt'alo, on Wednesday last, at 10 o'clock, precisely, and it is prob- able that so it was. It was repeated, by heavy cannon stationed along the wliole line of the canal and river, at convenient distances, and the gladsome sound reached the city of New York at 20 minutes past 11 — when a grand salute was fired at fort Lafayette, and reiterated back again to Buffalo. It passed up the river to Albany, l6o miles, in 18 minutes. The cannon that were used on this memorable occasion, on the line between Buffalo and Rochester, were some of those that Perry had before used on Lake Erie, on the memorable 11th of September, 1814. . . . . . . [A] splendid ceremony took place [at Buf- falo] on the 2(ith ult. when the boat "The Seneca Chief," started on her voyage to the city of New York. Gov. Clinton and lieut. gov. Tallmadge were present — also the New York delegation and committees from many other places. The Seneca Chief was followed by many other boats, among them one called "Noah's Ark," filled with animals and creeping things — among them a bear, two fawns, many birds and fish, and two Indian youths in the dress of their nation. ... As was expected, the first boat from lake Erie arrived at New Y'ork on the 4th inst. She was convoyed by a fleet of steam boats, gaily dressed and decorated, and received with thunders of artillery, and the acclama- tions of rejoicing scores of thousands. Accompanying the "Seneca Chief," from Erie, was the "Young Lion of the West" from Rochester, and the "Niagara" from Black Rock. The Rochester boat had on board wolves, deer, racoon, a fox, and two Eagles — to denote the sub- jection of the wilderness to man. ... At about 9 o'clock, the fleet from Albany, being joined by many other vessels, splendidly dressed, and some of which were ornamenied with a profusion of flowers, started on a voyage to the sea. . . . When the procession reached Sandy Hook, gov. Clinton performed the ceremony of uniting the waters, by pouring a keg of that of lake Erie into the Atlantic; upon which he delivered the following address : "The solemnity, at this ])lace. on the first arrival of vessels from Lake Erie, is intended to indicate and com- memorate the navigable eonnnunication, which has been accomplished between our Mediterranean seas and the Atlantic ocean, in about eight years, to the extent of more than four hundred and twenty-five miles, by the wisdom, public spirit and energy of the people of the state of New York, and mav the God of the heavens and the earth smile most jiropitiously on this work, and ren- der it subservient to the best interests of the human race."— Niles' Register, Vol. 29, pp. 129, 147, 17.'i-174 (Oct. 29, Nov. .5/12, 1826). McKinley's Illustrated Topics for American History. Topic U 22. Foreign Affairs, 1817-1826. I OUTLINE OF TOPIC. 1. Relations with England. a) Questions under discussion: 1) Northeast boundary. 2) Northern boundary of Louisiana. 3) Oregon question. 4) Trade with West Indies. b) Provisions of Treaty of 1818. 1 ) Commission to decide Northeast boundary. 2) Line of -IQ" from Lake of Woods to Rock- ies. 5) Joint occupation of Oregon for ten years and thereafter until notice given. 4) Slight privileges in West Indian trade. 2. Relations with Sjiain. a) Controversies over southeastern and southwestern boundaries of Louisiana (West Florida and Texas). 1 ) West Florida actually occupied by the United States after 1810. b) Troubles along Florida boundary. 1) English use of Florida in War of 1812. 2) Florida a refuge for runaway slaves and marauding Indians. 3) Seminole War, 1818: Jackson's destruc- tion of negro fort ; Englishmen exe- cuted ; advances into Spanish terri- tory. 4) Questions arising out of Jackson's action. c) Claims for damages to property of American citizens and for runaway slaves. d) Popular demand for American occu])ation of Florida. e) Treaty of 1819. 1 ) Florida ceded to the United States. 2) L^nited States to pay not more than .$5,000,000 to American claimants vs. Spain. 3) Western boundary settled, giving Texas to Spain. 4) Long delay in ratifying the treaty. f) Jackson first governor of Florida territory. .'!. The Monroe Doctrine. a) American conditions: 1) Rebellion and independence of Spanisli- American colonies. 2) United States recognized tlieir independ- ence, 1822. 3) Advance of Russia in Northwest; order of 1821 closing north Pacific to all but Russians. b) European conditions : 1) Holy Alliance — Russia, Prussia, Austria — later France. 2) Popular revolutions suppressed by Allies in Spain, Portugal, and Naples. 5) Proposal to restore colonies to Spain; or to establish monarchies therein. c) Authorship of Doctrine. 1 ) Early expressions by Hamilton, Jeffer- son, Washington. 2) Clay's speeches in Congress, 1818-1820. 3) J. Q. Adams' diplomatic correspondence. 4) Proposals of British minister Canning. 5) J. Q. Adams in Cabinet meetings, Novem- ber, 1823. 6) Monroe's message, December 2, 1823. d) Provisions of doctrine: 1) LInited States not to interfere in jiolitics of Europe. 2) No interference with independence of new American republics. 3) No new European colonies in America. 4) No establishment of monarchial system in America. e) Results of message: 1) Action of England and United States pre- vented the Allies from interfering in America. 2) Treaty of 1824 with Russia: Withdrew north of 54° 40' north latitude. f) Later applications of doctrine. 1) 1845 — Texas and Oregon. 2) 1851-52-54— Cuba. 3) 1861-66 — French in Mexico. 4) 1895 — English in Venezuela and Nica- ragua. 4. Panama Congress, 1825-26. a) Purpose of meeting. b) Failure of the United States to participate. REFERENCES. Textbooks.— Adams & Trent, J 17-250; Ashlev, 288-292; Chan- ning, 352-359; Hart, 30T-309; James & Sanford, 28T-289; Joliii- ston-MacDonald, 256", 259; McLaughlin, 307-309; McMaster, 259-265; Montgomery, 210, 217; Muzzey, 236-243. For Collateral Reading. — Burgess, Middle Period, ch. 2, and pp. 122-128; Elson, U. S., 463-464; Hart, Formation of Union, 241-244; Sparks, U. S., I, ch. 19. For Topical Study.— 1. Babcoek, Rise of American Nationality, ch. 16; Cam- bridge Modern History, VH, 362-371; Hild'reth, U. S., VI, ch. 31; McMaster, U. S., IV, 457-474; V, 463-487. 2. Babcoek, ch. 17; Hildreth, U. S., VI, ch. 32; McMaster, IV, 430-456, 474-483; Schouler, III, 24-37, 57-99, 175-178. 3. Cambridge Modern History, VII, 362-371; Edgington, Monroe Doctrine; Hart, Foundations of American Foreign Policv, ch. 7; Hildreth, VX, ch. 31; Jolinston, American Polit- ical Historv, I, 324-340; McMaster, V, ch. 41; Reddaway, .Monroe Doctrine; Schouler, III, 255, 274-293; Tucker, Monroe Doctrine; Turner, Rise of New West, ch. 12. 4. McMaster, V, 433-461; Schouler, III, 358-367. Source References. — American Historical Leaflets, 4; Cald- well and Persinger, 343-344, 346-349; Hart, Contemporaries, HI, ch. 22; Hill, IJbertv Documents, ch. 20; MacDonald, Source Book, 306-311, 318-320; MacDonald, Documents, 213- 219, 228-231; Old South Leaflets, 56. Biography, — Lives of Monroe, .Jackson, J, Q. Adams, Bolivar. SOURCE -STUDY. The source extracts imder this topic have l)cen cliosen to show the course of foreign relations at the time. Selections are given from the Florida treaty with Spain, the conventions of 1818 and 1827 with England, concerning the northern boundaries and Oregon, and the convention of 1824, with Russia, concerning the same territory. Other extracts show the early expressions of foreign policy by Washington and .lefferson, preparatory to the definitive statement hy Monroe. SPANISH TREATY, FEBRUARY 22, 1819. Article I. There shall be a firm and inviolable peace and sincere friendsliip between the LInited States and their citizens and His Catholic Majesty, his successors and subjects, without exception of jiersons or places. Article II. His Catholic Majesty cedes to the United States, in full property and sovereignty, all the territories which belong to him, situated to the eastward of the Missis- sippi, known by the name of East and West Florida. . . , (Continued on Pafie 3.) CopyrUht. 1912, McKinley Publishing Co . Phll3