a\ ^ y-v. ^V^ A -^^ ^^ ^: ^^ 7^* V^ N<^ :p.A.DEti«.:E;xjXj;, nE:i«.DE«.iisr<3r «fe co- 6S9 Olxestnnt Sti-eet, (Jayne's Hall,) Pliiladelpliia. ^^ .i^^< 4®= Passengers going South of 'Washington Gity should inquire for Ayres^and-Book of the great Southern Route.^^^ I ■a DESCRIPTIVF^AND-^OK O F T H E ^ y ! TRAVELER'S GUIDE Sf"? o BY GEORGE B. AYRES. PITTSBURGH: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY W. S. HAVEN, Corner of Market and Second and Wood and Third Streets, • Awarded Prize Medal at World's Fair, Lond. '51, & Crystal Palace, N. Y. '53. rfh^^^M^^^*^4Ma o V ^ KOMJiv^ O 4^ If you want DELICIOUS C6FFEE always^ and at a saving of from FORTY TO FIFTY PER CENT., get an "OLD DOMINION" COFFEE POT. Over forty different styles and varieties are manufactured. The "OLD DOMINION" TEA POT takes only half the usual quantity of Tea. You will save the price of either in two months, and secure daily a table luxury prized above all others. Jl^^ Sold by dealers in Housekeeping Articles, and by Store- keepers generally. ARTHUR, BURNHAM & CILROY, Nos. 117 and 119 South Tenth Street, Philadelphia, Manufacturers under the Patent for the United States. RTHUR'S PATENT SELF-SEALING Fruit Cans & Jars. "These celebrated Cans and Jars," says the editor of the Lady's Book, _^ the first introduced, and, by all odds, the best, are steadily coming into general use. Thousands of housekeepers, who, in past seasons, were tempted to try other Cans and Jars, and who lost more or less of their fruit in conse- quence, will be glad to learn that ARTHUR'S never fails. For tiuo seasons tve have said, use no other, and we repeat the advice.''^ Housekeepers want no better authority than this. "ARTHUR'S" Cans and Jars have a channel around the mouth, on the outside, filled y^ith cement tohen sold, and all ready for seal- ing. You have, after filling your vessel with hot fruit, only to heat your lid and press it into the cement, when the work of her- metical sealing is done. They are made of Tin, Glass and Earthenware. ARTHUR, BURNHAM & CILROY, Manufactirers under the Patent, Nos. 117 AND 119 South Tenth St. Philadelphia. Also, manufacturers under the Patent for the United States, of the celebrated "OLD DOMINION" COFFEE AND TEA POTS. 41®=" Sold by dealers in Housekeeping Articles and Storekeepers generallj'. BECK ^ LAWTON, e3S Ohestnnt Street, MUSIC PUBLISHERS, c^or^ign and g^mcstiii |ilitsk, BECK & LAWTON ARE CONSTANTLY PUBLISHING THE MOST VALUABLE MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS, BY EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN AUTHORS. THEIR CATALOGUE COMPRISES A VAST NUMBER OF WORKS, ADAPTED TO THE WANTS ALIKE OF THE TYRO AND OF THE CULTIVATED CON- NOISSEUR. Promptly supplied upon the most liberal terms. Spoken, at this Stoi'e. DISCRETI09{iRY ORDERS FOR TEACHERS FILLED BY ONE Who understands the Wants of Pupils IN EVERY STAGE OF PROGRESS. i IN THE VERY BEST STYLES. I INSTRUCTION BOOKS FOR EVERY INSTRUMENT, AND A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF MUSIC FOR BANDS. BECK & LAWTON. WOODEMFS PATENT SEATS AND CODCnSS FOB RAILROAD fik¥ Proprietors of Patent— T. T. Woodniff, G. R. Dykeman, J. S. Miller, 0. W. Childs, Syracuse, T. T. WOODRUFF & Co., title of firm. Interior View of T. T. Woodrnff & Co's. Seats and Coiiclies. For particulars see inside. «rji=- «*vpi Rtpclc A? T^awton's Advci-tiitieinent inside of this Corer NEW DESCRIPTIVE HAND-BOOK eira^jlteiiia lailrnair, TRAVELER'S GUIDE TO THE GEEAT WEST! E X n I E I T I N G T H GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF THE ENTIRE COUNTRY TRAVERSED BY THE ROAD; (SatfjerrTj an tfje ^pot anli (lompilcti from tfje JSfst '^utfjortttes. ALSO, VALUABLE HINTS TO TRAVELERS. BY GEORGE B. AYRES. PITTSBURGH: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY W. S. HAVEN, Corner of Market and Second and Wood and Third Streets. p^2 A n I / Entered-according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by GEORGE B. AYRES, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, The Advertisements contained in this book are from sources of the most unquestionable character. The author being personally acquainted with every establishment, is pleased to be \ able to RECOMBiEND his advertising patrons as thoroughly merito- rious and responsible. PREFACE. With the issue of this work I beg leave to liope that 1 have supplied a desideratum on this Great Central Route, and that the present endeavor may prove more successful than certain of its predecessors. Respecting Guide-Books, I reduce the desires of every tra- veler to three main points, viz. Whei^e is he ? What sort of a place or country is he in? How far has he traveled? An- swers to these interrogatories comprise the prominent fea- tures of this book; and I trust they may be received as satis- factory. In the preparation of this work,^I was materially assisted by many valued friends, among whom I am pleased to mention the especial aid of Morris Fahnestock, Esq. of Harrisburg. It can scarcely be expected that a Hand-Book — the various data of which is necessarily collected from innumerable (and sometimes, uncertain) sources — should be, at first, altogether perfect. I therefore submit this humble effort to the chari- table judgment of those for whose wants I have endeavored to provide. THE AUTHOR, / THOS. A. SCOTT, Esq. €lK GstccmclJ anir (efficient G-IElsrJElIRJLX. STJIF'iEiKIIsrTIBnsriDIEllsrT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, THIS HAND-BOOK Is I^espectfully (2)edioated. INTRODUCTION. THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. This magnificent avenue of trade and travel may be properly considered the rigbt arm of Philadelphia ; whether regarded as an achievement of scientific engineering, or as a competitor with its great rivals on the north and south, we must unhesitatingly recognize its superior exoellence- Nurtured by the united interests of the two great commercial and manufacturing centres of the Keystone State,- it has assumed a magnitude already beyond the anticipations of its originators ; and is destined— by means of its important connections with the " Queen City " — to a glorious triumph over all competition in obtaining the lion's share of the business of the Great West Twenty years hav« elapsed since the idea of this great work ** entered the mind of man." In 1841, a complete survey for a rail route was accomplished between Pittsburgh and Harrisburg, at which latter point connections were then available with Phila- delphia. An act of incorporation was obtained on April 13, 1846 ; private and corporate subscriptions for capital stock were soon procured, and the work of construction began. No pro- phetic eye was required to discern the future of a project so grand in its aspirations, and so certain in its result. The streams were bridged, the mountains cut dovn, the valleys filled 2 VI INTRODUCTIOK. up, and the Pennsylvania Railroad bade weicotne to Old Ocean and to the Father of Waters. Still controlled by the same master mind which guarded its progress from infancy to its present gigantic proportions, who will essay to foretell the destiny of Pennsylvania's grandest avenue of internal Com- merce. PRESENT OPERATIONS. The great Pennsylvania Central Route embraces the former Philadelphia and Columbia (State) Railroad, 82 miles ; the Ilarrisburg and Lancaster Rail Road, 36 miles, and Branch to Columbia, 19 miles ; Pennsylvania Railroad as originally in- corporated (from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh), 249 miles — to- gether with its Branches to Hollidaysburg and Indiana, 28 miles ; making a total of 414 miles under the direction of this Company. Control of the Columbia Railroad, together with the Main Line of the State Canals (285 miles), was obtained by pur^- chase, August 1st, 1857. The price required to be paid was ?p7,500,000, in bonds of the Company, bearing five per cent, interest — the State also relinquishing her reserved right to pur- chase the Pennsylvania Kailroad. The amount paid for these works, although deemed more than their true value to the State, or than could have been safely paid for them by any other pur- chaser, is justified by the greater efficiency with which the Pennsylvania Railroad Company will be enabled to operate the whole line between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh : a desideratum which the unflagging competition between the four great East and West lines — in price, speed, and other facilities— rendered a paramount consideration. INTRODUCTION. til That portion of the route owned by the Harrisburg and Lan- caster Railroad Company, is worked under a lease of twenty years (consummated April 21, 1849), nearly one-half of which has expired. The Rolling Stock of the Company consists of about 209 freight and passenger locomotives ; 68 passenger cars ; 3 1 emigrant cars ; 27 baggage and mail cars ; 8 express cars; 188 eight-wbeeled stock cars ; 1276 eight -wheeled, and 109 four- wheeled house cars for general merchandise; 273 eight- wheeled, and 101 four-wheeled cars for coal and lumber; 72 eight- wheeled platform cars for wood ; 99 four-wheeled gravel cars ; 282 four-wheeled road and handcars; and 24 sqow plows. The Cost of the Pennsylvania Railroad proper with its outfit up to February, 1858, is estimated at $19,766,981 ; to which add $7,500,000, cost of Main Line of Public Works purchased from the State, and the total cost of the railroads and canals owned by this Company is swelled to the enormous amount of $27,266,981! The earnings of the road are shown, by the reports of its Presi- dent, to be more than sufficient for a dividend of eight per cent, upon the amount of its capital. The Officers of the Pennsylvania Railroad have been identified with it from the beginning. Whether engaged in superin- tending the active operations for working the road, or in auditing and preserving tiie office accounts, they are found to be gentle- men of high character, possessing ample reputations for minute knowledge, and a thorough acr{uaintance in the various depart- ments of railway science. They are as follows : President, S . Edgar Thomson; Vice President, Wm. B. Fos- ter, Jr.; Treasurer, Thomas T. Firth; Secretary, Edmund Smith; Controller and Auditor, Herman J. Lombaert; Gene- yiU INTRODUCTION. ral ISuperintendent, Thomas A, Scott ; General Ticket Agent, Lewis L. Holtpt ; General Freight Agent, E. J. Sneeder ; Assistant Superintendents, George C. Franciscus, A. L. RouMFORT, Joseph D. Potts; Resident Engineer, W. H. Wilson; Master of Machinery, George W. Grier; Foreman of Car Shops, Ambrose Ward ; Engineer and Superintendent of Canal Departrnent, Thomas T. Wierman. The General Office of the Company is situated en Third street, west side, below Walnut. It is a towering structure, of bix)wn stone, magnificently designed, thoroughly fire-proof, and variously adapted to the departments of business. The current freight accounts are kept at the General Freight Depot office, Market street, near Broad, Philadelphia. PENNSYLYANIA CENTRAL RAILROAD PHILADELPHIA, The great emporium of commerce, manufactures, and the arts, is now tbe eastern terminus of the Pennsylvania Railroad. To detail its history — the story of its early days, and its iden- tification with subsequent "times that tried men's souls" — to recount the galaxy of its illustrious sons and daughters, and the glorious deeds which have rendered their names immortal — to enumerate the momentous political measures which have origina- ted within its precincts, or the important advances which this city has wrought in the various departments of science, litera- ture and art — would be inexpedient within the limits of a work like this. Rather let us assume the task of merely enumerating the various matters of curiosity and interest to he seen by visitors in this '* city of brotherly love " — leaving the more inquiring to obtain further details from the proper City Guide Books. Note. — The general order of our Philadelphia references is adopted from *' The Stranger's Guide in Philadelphia," published by Messrs. Lindsay & Blakiston, No, 25 So. 6th street, Philadelphia ; and to the purchase of whose cheap, useful and interesting work we recommend all who wish those details, illustrations, and complete maps, which it would be inexpedient to embrace in this work. See their advertisement. 2* 10 KAUAlOAh UAND-BOOK. Foremost among the objects of Philadelphia pride, stands her magnificenfe Public Buildings — the principal of which, and those most calculated to interest travelers, are the following : The State House, or Independence Ball, (Chestnut street,) justly ranks first among Philadelphia's objects of curiosity and historic interest. This edifice now contains the court rooms, municipal offices, and halls for other corporate purposes. Every tourist visits Independence Hall, where various memorials of continental times have been carefully preserved— not the least interesting of which is the old bell, which, on July 4th, 1776, "proclaimed liberty throughout the land," Strangers have free access to the steeple of the building, from which the pano ramie view of the city and its environs is strikingly beautiful. The Ciisiom House (Chestnut street, above Fourth,) was for-^ merly the celebrated *' United States Bank," It is built in imitation of the Parthenon, and is 87 feet front and 161 feet deep. Its building required five years, and was completed at an expense of about $-300,000. Connected with the business of the Custom House, are various other buildings in the city, used by the Storekeepers, Appraisers, Inspectors, &c. Waterworks. — •'' Fairmount,^'' from which the city is principally supplied, is certainly one of the most beautiful reser- voirs in the world — situated oa the east bank of the Schuyl- kill river, from which the water is supplied. The machinery at this place is calculated to raise into the reservoir about one and a half million gallons per twenty-four hours, the perpendicular elevation being ninety-two feet. The total capacity of the four main reservoirs is estimated at 22,031,976 ale gallons, and elevated fifty-six feet above the highest ground in the city. There are also the Schuylkill Water Works, three-quarters of a mile above Fairmount ; the Delaware Water Works, on the Delaware front, and the Twenty fourth Ward Works, on the west side of the Schuylkill, Sj)ring Garden and Northern Liberties Water Works, is located on the east side of the Schuyl- kill, about a mile above Fairmount, ''i''|ilii'''|iF!Nlii/l]'r'": I 1 i 12 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Gas Works. — The buildings comprised by these extensive works, are seen by travelers in the cars, at the eastern end of the Market street Bridge. They comprise 2 retort houses, 2 puri- fying houses, 2 metre rooms, 4 conical governors, 2 ranges of work shops, coke sheds, and 11 gas holders. The quality of illumating gas is of a high standard, and designated as " twenty candle gas," and obtained by the use of certain varieties of coals from the western part of our own State. The aggregate extent of main pipes laid, is 1,040,745 feet, supplying gas to 225,000 lights. Spring Garden District Gas Works are located on the east bank of the Schuylkill, below Fairmount ; Northern Liberties Gas Works are situated on Laurel street, near Beach. Navy Yard. — This national establishment is situated on the Delaware, in Southwark District, and embraces about twelve acres, inclosed by a brick wall. The various buildings are the offices, residences, quarters for the marines, the moulding lofts, workshops, storehouses, — and two shiphouses, one of them being the largest in the United States. South of these is the Government Dry Docks, capable of holding the largest steam vessels and ships of the line ; and greatly superior to similar facilities offered at any other harbor in the country. Additional means are furnished on extraordinary occasions, whereby the ca- pacity of the Dock can be made equal to that of three of the largest stone docks in the world. The reputation of this Navy Yard, and the excellence of the vessels it has furnished to the Government, amply attest the superiority of Philadelphia ship- wrights. The United States M'w^( Chestnut, near Broad street,) presents a front of 122 feet, and is of the Tonic order. The steam engine in this building is the perfection of its kind, and the mechanical contrivances for milling, stamping, &c. are curious and interest- ing. Visitors are admitted daily from 9 to 12 o'clock, except on Saturdays and Sundays. The Merchants Exchange (Walnut, Dock and Third 14 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. streets,) is constructed of Pennsylvania marble. It is occupied by Insurance Companies, the Koard of Brokers, the Merchants Reading Room, and by various other commercial offices. The vicinity of the Exchange is one of the most enlivening in the city. The Philadelphia Board of Trade (Room No. 30) aims to render its commodious apartment a meeting point among business men, where suggestions can profitably be exchanged for the promotion of local interests, and where harmony of action can be secured by the contact of intelligence and experience. Education — another feature of this city's pride, can boast among her temples : Girard College, the history of which is well known, and which as a work of art alone, is not rivaled. The design of the main building is that of a Greek temple ; the additional buildings are appropriated to the officers, pupils, tutors, governesses, &c. The grounds contain 41 acres, and the build- ings were completed at a cost of $1,993,821. The remains of its immortal founder rest within this, his proudest monument. The mode of education and genera] conduct of the College, is in strict accordance with Girard's will. Tickets of admission can be obtained from any of the Directors ; but clergymen are exclu- ded, in compliance with a singular stipulation in the founder's will. Philadelphia is justly styled the Medical Metropolis of the Union; and the labors of a Sliippen, Rush, Wistar, Physick, Barton, Dewees, Godman, Eberle, and a host of others, have rendered its institutions famous. They are as follows : The University of Pennsylvania, Ninth street, below Market. • Jefferson Medical College, South street, between Chestnut and Walnut. Medical Institute of Philadelphia. Pennsylvania College, Ninth, below Locust. Philadelphia College of Medicine, South Fifch street, near Walnut. 'W^^^^j^^im. ' iifv 16 RAILROAD HAND DOOR. Homceopathic Medical Oollege of Pennsyhcmia, Filbert street, between Eleventh and Twelfth. Female Medical College of Pennsylminia, No. 229, Arch street. Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, Haines street, west of Sixth. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Lane street, above Sev- enth. Penn Medical University ; Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery; Philadelphia School of Anatomy ; College Avenue Anatomical School. There is no city in the Union which presents so many advan- tages for giving a thorough knowledge of medicine as Philadel- phia, and at a cost so trifling. In addition to those especially identified with the medical institutions already mentioned, there are the following : Hospitals, &c. — Pennsylvania Hospital ; Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane : Philadelphia Hospital, Bleckley ; Wills Hospital (disease of eye and limbs) ; City Hospital (small pox, ship fever, &c.); St. Joseph'' s Hospital; Epis- copal Hospital; Children's Hospital; Lazaretto Hospitdjl^nd Quarantine Station ; Friends^ Asylum for the Insane ; Pres- ton Retreat (Foster Home Association ); Charity Hospital ^ Buttonwood street ; Philadelphia Lying-in Charity ; Home for Invalids tvith Disease of the Chest; Western Clinical In- firmary ; Philadelphia Dispensary ; Northern Dispensary ; Medical Department ; House of IndiMry ; Homceopathic Hos- pital. These Charitable Institutions, proud monuments of the benevolence of Philadelphia, rear their heads in all parts of the city. They are not excelled, perhaps not equaled, by those of any other city of the same extent in the world. In this particu- lar, Philadelphia has admirably illustrated its name, "brotherly love." The Bank Buildings of Philadelphia, taken as a whole, are undeniably more beautiful specimens of architecture than those PHILADELPHIA. IT of any other city in the United States. Oonspicaous among them we enumerate : Bank of North America (Chestnut street, between Third and Fourth,) is an elegant brown stone structure, of the Florentine style. This, it will be remembered, was the first bank estab- lished in the United States. Farmers and Mechanics Bank (Chestnut street, between Fourth and Fifth,) occupies an elegant white marble building, and which in point of beauty is one of the most attractive in the city. Bank of Pennsylvania (Second, below Chestnut,)— whose recent notorious demise renders the building of which we speak, its mausoleum — is a most exquisite specimen of Grecian archi- tecture, designed from the Temple of the Muses, and is construct- ed of Pennsylvania marble. The new and splendid granite building erected by this institution on Chestnut street, opposite the Custom House, may be regarded as a cenotaph to the memo- ry of the illustrious defunct. Philadelphia Bank and the Western Batik (Chestnut and Fourth streets,) occupy the same fine building. G¥urd Bank (Third, opposite Dock street) , formerly used by the illustrious benefactor whose name it bears, is a stately edifice, and was built originally for the first United States Bank. In this building, Girard prosecuted, in person, his extensive con- cerns as a banker, anl instructed and received reports from his numerous agents and captains of his vessels. Bank of Commerce (Chestnut, west of Second street,) is a brown-stone building, exhibiting the idea of utility more than ar- chitectural display ; yet disclosing the genius of a true artist. r Penn Building, the first erected here of cast iron ; Farqahar and Vandyke Building, of brown stone, are elegant structures. Conspicuous among the Places of Amusement, and worthy of a stranger's patronage, are the following : The Academy of Music (Broad and Locust streets,) is un- deniably the most perfect Opera-House in the world, and so de- 8 18 KAILROAD HAND-BOOK. clared by the numerous foreign artistes who have appeared on its stage. It occupies 140 feet, by 238 feet of ground, and it is cab culated to seat an audience of three thousand ! The building itself is well worth seeing, even to those having no taste for the per- formance. Better still, it is paid for, and its stage is also the most refined and profitable in the country. Musical Fund Hall (Locust, above Eighth street,) is the favorite place for concerts, balls, lectures, and singing schools. Its saloon is 128 by 60 feet, considered in regard to musical effects unrivaled, and capable of accommodating an audience of two thousand. There are additional Places of Amusement as follows : Arch Street Theatre, Arch, above Third. Walnut Street Theatre, northeast corner Ninth and Walnut. City Museum (German Theatre), Callowhill, below Fifth. National Theatre and Circus, Walnut, above Eighth. Sanford's Opera House (Ethiopian), Eleventh, below Market. Literature and Science here boast among their Temples such institutions as the American Philosophical Society, Fifth street, below Chestnut; Philadelphia Library Company, at same place ; Athenceum, Sixth and Adelphi streets ; Frcmklin Institute, Seventh street, above Chestnut ; Historical Society of Pennsylvania, at same place ; Academy of Natural Sciences, Broad and George Btreets, a place of absorbing interest — open every Tuesday and Friday afternoons — tickets obtained from the directors ; Mercantile Library, Fifth and Library streets ; Library of the Law Association of Philadelphia, in County Court-house, Sixth and Chestnut streets ; Spring Garden In- stitute, Broad and Spring Garden streets ; School of Design for Women, corner of Locust and Eighth streets ; besides numerous Libraries belonging to the various associations. Philadelphia has the proud distinction of enumerating among her many useful public institutions, four incorporated associations devoted to the cultivation of the Fine Arts, viz.: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Chestnut street, be- PHILADELPHIA. 19 tween Tenth and Eleventh, a place where visitors can spend a delightful and profitable hour. The specimens of painting and sculpture comprise a collection of rare value. Its principal exhibition occurs every spring. The A7-t Union of Philadelphia, the Graphic Association, and the Artist Fund Society, are institutions for the promo- tion 0^ Art, joint study, and social converse ; and for the assist- tance of families of deceased artists. In no part of the country does the Press maintain a higher tone, or is more characterized by originality, courtesy and pro- priety, than in Philadelphia. The Daily Morning issues number ten English and three German papers ; the Daily Evening issues number three ; the Weekly issues are twenty-six There are fourteen Religious publications, four Sunday Morning papers, and twenty-two Monthly Magazines and other Journals of a character honorable alike to their editors, publishers and the city. Among them are some of the oldest and most popular Magazines in the country. The United States Naval Asylum ; Pennsylvania Institution for the Educatio7i of the Deaf and Dumh^ Broad and Pine streets ; Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, Race and Twentieth street ; Philadelphia Almshouse, and the Friend's Ahnshouse, are auxiliary to the city's re putation for charity and benevolence ; and which is further assisted by many minor hospitals, dispensaries, retreats, houses of industry, orphan societies, and similar humane associations. Keltgious Societies of all denominations are exceedingly numerous in Philadelphia — a fact creditable to the memory of its founder, whose desire was that every one might worship God according to his own conscience. It would be impossible to enumerate even the most prominent churches, in so small a space as our work affords — as they number about three hundred. Among them are many whose design and architecture are not ex- celled by church buildings elsewhere, while they also boast of having their pulpits supplied by men who shine as "bright par- 50 IMILKOAI) HAND-BOOK. ticular stars" in the galaxy of America's intellectual glory. These are nucleuses of various associations for the distribution of books, periodicals, tracts, &c. The American Sunday School Union, the Pennsylvania Bible Society, and others, are among the principal religious institutions. Numerous also are the Masonic Lodges, and other Orders. The Masonic Temple^ in Chestnut street, is a magnificent build- ing, and well repays visitors who are fortunate enough to obtain admission into its halls. Cemeteries. — No one should visit Philadelphia, and leave without traversing the paths through its Cities of the Dead. The oldest and most highly ornamented of these, is LAUREL HILL CEJIETERY, Laurel Hill Cemetery, which occupies a beautiful along the Schuylkill. Hero may the heart, half desolate aixi broken, I'ar from the city's pomp its vigils keep. And M' rcath with fairest flowers, affection's tokea, The pale, cold marble, where its loved ones sleep. biufr PHILADELPHIA. ~ 21 The statue of Old Mortality arrd Walter Scott ; the Godfrey monument; tomb of Oscar Douglas ; the imposing tribute to General and Major Twiggs; the Gothic Chapel; the monu- ment of General Mercer; the stately monument which conj- memorat(^s the Pennsyivanians who found " a martyred patriot's bed" at Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va.; the classic tomb of Commodore Hull ; the monument of Stephen Decatur Lavalette ; the tomb of the M'Kean family ; the obelisk of Holden ; the marble rock where Neal lies ; the Colman monument ; the cave tomb of the illustrious Dr. Kane ; together with the resting places of many other distinguished persona, are sufficient to at- tract and impress the stranger. Visitors obtain tickets of ad- mission at the Philadelphia Library, South Lifth street. Odd Fellows' Cemetery, " Glenwood,''^ " Monument, ^^ *' Woodland'^ and '^ Mount Vernon,^' are beautifully situated; and like their parent Laurel Hill, repletj with the combined loveliness of nature and art. The House of Refuge, the Eastern Penitentiary, and the County Prison, compare favorably with any others in the United States. Dr. Jayne's Drug House, Chestnut street, is the "tallest" individual enterprise among the buildings of this city Phila- delphia is also indebted to him for Jayne's Hall, and other ornaments to its good appearance. The Principal Hotels of Philadelphia are as follows : The St, Lawrence, Chestnut street, above Tenth ; Girard House, Chestnut street, near Ninth; Washington House, Chestnut street, between Seventh and Eighth; Merchants Hotd, Fourth street, below Arch ; Franklin House, Chestnut street, between Third and Fourth ; La Pierre House, Droad street, below Chestnut ; American Hotel, Chestnut street, opposite State House ; Union Hotel, Arch street, west of Third ; Eagle Hotel, Third street, above Race ; Giiy Hotel, Third street, below Arch ; Red Lion Hotel, Market street, above Sixth; Arcade Hotel, Chestnut street, between Sixth and Seventh ; Mansion Hovse, IMarket 3* 22 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. and Eleventh street; Madison House, Second street, below Arch ; Mount Vernon House, Second street, above Arch ; White Sican, Race street, above Third ; Bloodgoocfs Hotel, South Wharves ; Ridgway's Hotel, Market and North Wharves ; Jones' Hotel, Dock, below Third street ; BuWs Head Hotel, Sixth street, above Callowhill ; De Laney^s Restaurant, Chest- nut and Thirteenth streets ; together with many others. The Butler House, now building, on corner of Ninth and Chestnut streets, is intended shall equal, if not surpass, any similar estab- lishment in the United States. Among the Kelics of the Past which have withstood the onward tide of modern innovation, and which are interesting to strangers, are The Penn Cottage, situated in Letitia street, Market street, between Front and Second ; probably the first brick building, and also the residence of William Penn in 1682-83. Slate- Roof House, erected prior to 1700, and occupied by Penn and his family ; it was also the boarding place of General Forbes, John Adams, Hancock, Lee, Baron DeKalb, and other immortal spirits. Its location is corner of Norris alley and Second street. Carpenter's Hall, in Carpenter's court, Chestnut street, below Fourth. Here sat the first American Congress; a fact sufficient to render this spot sacred to every American. Within a few years, many other interesting and revolutionary spots have become the sites of modern utilitarian establishments. Recently, an opening has been made in the brick wall, at Christ Church Burying Ground, corner of Fifth and Arch streets, for the purpose of allowing a view of the Grave of Benjamin Franklin and his ivife. Strangers are pleased to visit and contemplate this spot, the last resting-place of America's great Philosopher and Statesman. Level witli cartli tlie lettered stone, And liidden oft by winter's snow. Its modest record tells alone M lidso dnst it is thiU Hleep;; l.elow. PHILADELPHIA. 23 Public Squares. — Perhaps no other city in America can boast as many and as beautiful public promenades as Philadel- phia. Distributed as they are, too, throughout the city — filled with a great variety of beautiful shrubs and plants and lofty trees, " With seats beneath the shade, For talking age and whispering lovers made " — Provided with gushing fountains — they serve not only as the great lungs and ventilators of the city, but also afford a delight- ful summer retreat, where the clear, sweet voice of childhood mingles with the song of numerous birds, and its sportive life is only excelled by the playful squirrels and rollicking deer. The Squares are designated as follows : Independence, Wash- ington, Franklin, Penn, Rittenhouse, Logan, Jefferson, &c. PiiiLADELpniA AS IT IS, oxtcnds from north to south twenty miles, and from east to west eight miles — about one hundred and twenty-five square miles. One of the avenues, Second street, is the longest in the world. The city and county were consolidated into this great city, June, 1 854 ; population at present, 650,000, of which the Germans are numbered at eighty thousand. The total number of dwelling houses is over 73,000, more than contained in New York. Philadelphia has a line of packets to London, and four lines of sailing packets to Liverpool ; together with other lines to Charleston and Savannah ; to Norfolk, Petersburg and Rich- mond ; to Hartford and Boston ; to New York ; besides several lines of propellers, via canal, to New York, and one line to Baltimore. Many of these vessels have been built- here. The value of imports is about $20,000,000 per annum. The total value of the anthracite coal sent to market, is over $30,000,000 per annum. The Manufactures of Philadelphia, both as regards their magnitude and value, are unrivaled. The goods and ware man- ufactured here consist of every variety ; many articles of orna- ment and use being lirought to more than an ordinary degree of iiorfcftion. 24 KAILKOAD HAND-hOOK. Among the Railroads diverging from Philadelphia our own Great Central is the "first and foremost," but upon this we need not enlarge, leaving the tourist to judge of what he shall see. The others are as follows : Philadelphia, Reading and Fottsville Railroad, depots corner of Vino and Broad streets, and CDrner of Cherry and Broad streets. Philadelphia and Trenlon Railroad —Passengers by this road leave the foot of Walnut street by steamboat, to Taconey. Camden and Amhoy Railroad, leaves Philadelphia at Walnut street Wharf, by ferry over the river to Camden, tbence by railway to New York. Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, depot, Broad and Prime streets. Norristown and Germantown Railroad, depot, Ninth and Green streets West Chester Railroad, depot, Market, between Eighteenth and Nineteenth stretits. North Pennsylvania Railroad, leaves Cohoquinoque depot, corner Front and Willow streets. Philadelphia and West Chester Railroad, via Media. Depot, iVIarket and Eighteenth streets. Camden and Atlantic Railroad. — Passengers leave Vine street Whyrf. Steamboatis leave Philadelphia daily for New York, Balti- more Trenton, Wilmington, Salem, Chester, New Castle, Bridgeton, Burlington and Bristol. A line also runs during the bathing season to Cape May. Stenmboats ply also on the romantic Schuylkill, from Fairmount to Columbia Bridge, Laurel Hill and Manayunk Fehry Boats run every half hour to Gloucester and Red Bank, and every hour to Port Richmond, Bridesburg and Ta- coney. Those to Camden run every five minutes. None of these ferry boats charge more than six and a quarter cents per trip PHILADELPHIA. 9f. Leaving the Fmmsylvania Railroad Depot, at Eleventh and Market streets, the first mile is traveled through the chief avenue in Philadelphia ; passing by the General Freight Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Penn Square, the State Armory, the new Western Market House, and the Philadelphia Gas Works, we arrive at the Market street Railroad Bridge, (formerly the Permanent Bridge,) one of the finest and most substantial structures in the United States. jBrljfHYM ARRET STREET RAILROAD BRIDGE. Emerging from the Bridge, fine views are afforded up and down the Schuylkill river. Coospicuous among the various objects which "lend enchantment to the view," are the Alms- house, Girard College, Fairmount Water Works, bridges span- ing the river, the various domes and spires of the city ; while in the immediate vicinity is the "Powelton Race Course" and Grounds, used by the County and State Agricultural Societies. The Company has also at this point a large machine shop, under direction of A. W. Taylor; numerous sidings, cattle yards, &c. 26 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Exchanging now the horse of flesh for the great iron horse, we bid aciieu to Philadelphia, and commence our journey over what was formerly the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad. This, among the pioneer iron ways, was commenced in the year 1829, and completed with, double track in 1834, at a cost of $3,754,577. Winding along, for a short distance, the western bank of the Schuylkill, catching occasional glimpses of attractive objects in the distance, we see immediately before us "Fairmount," and the Wire Bridge. This elegant suspension bridge was erect- ed by the county in 1841, at a cost of $55,000, and occupies the }>osition of a former beautiful structure, whi':h consisted of a single arch of three hundred and forty feet span, and was said to have bee a at least 90 feet longer than that of any other bridge in the world. The present structure is much admired for its beauty and simplicity, as well as the ingenuity of irs con- struction. Continuing through a vicinity appropriated to the culture of vegetables for city consumption, we arrive at Hestonville (Philadelphia 4 miles — Pittsburgh 352 miles,) now within the corporate limits of Philadelphia, is a residence village for persons doing business in the city, and contains' about three hundred inhabitants. A splendid Asylum and Cathedral Cemetery are located here. City Avenue (flag station,) is the line dividing Philadel- phia and Montgomery counties. rVlarion (flag station,) is situated in Marion township, Montgomery county, a district originally settled by Welsh emi- grants. LibeptyvlHe, (Philadelphia 7 miles — Pittsburgh 349 miles,) a flag station. Athensville, (Philadelphia 9 miles — Pittsburgh 347 miles,) a village of Monto;omery county, containing a population of two hundred. Haverfopd (flag station). At this place is located Haver- HESTONVtLLE — PAOLl. 2? ford College, belonging to an association of Friends, and con- ducted by them, for the classical education of the youth of that Society— though not esclusively confined to them. It is in a part of Delaware county celebrated as being the birth district of the illustrious painter, Benjamin West. White HaSJ (Philadelphia 11 miles — Pittsburgh 845 miles,) takes its name from White Hall Hotel, a place of summer resi- dence for the people of Philadelphia. West Haverford (flag station) . Villa Nova (Philadelphia 12 miles — Pittsburgh 344 miles,) is the site of a Roman Catholic College, which occupies a beau- tiful elevation at the left of the road. Morgan's Corner (Philadelphia 14 miles— Pittsburgh 342 miles,) comprises a '* corner " of Delaware county, in its extreme north. Eagle (Philadelphia 17 miles-^Pittsburgh 339 miles,) Station is the railroad outlet for the country surrounding the old "Spread Eagle " tavern, and is a place of summer resort for the city. About one and a half miles south, in a secluded spot, and shaded with cedars and other forest trees, stands an ancient Welsh church, erected in 1717. In the burial-ground attached lie the remains of Gen. Anthony Wayne, whose family homestead is in- the vicinity. Afmira (flag station). Reeseviiie (flag station). PaoH (Philadelphia 21 miles — Pittsburgh 335 miles,) Station is a general lunching place for trains. About two miles south- west from this hotel occurred the noted ''massacre," on the night of September 20th, 1777. On this occasion, Oen. Wayne, with 1,500 Americans, was surprised by a larger force of English, under Gen. Gray. The action, as is well known, proved disastrous to the Americans, Gen. Gray having ordered his troops to give " no quarter." The bodies of the slain were decently interred by the neighboring farmers, in one grave, immediately adjoining thi^ awful scene of unpitying ferocity. About thirty-five years ago, a military company of Chester county, aided with individual subscriptions, erected a monument over the remains of the gallant victims. It is a pe- destal of white marble, surmounted by a pyramid, and bears appropriate 28 RAILKOAB HAND-BOOK. inscriptions. The monument is neatly inclosed, and shaded with stately trees ; but not visible from the rail road. The neighborhood of Paoli is replete with interesting reminis- cences of the Revolution. A few miles to the right is " Valley Forge/' the well known history of which renders unnecessary any further details. Paoli tavern was occupied by Gen. Washington as his head-quarters, during the revolutionary movements in this section of country. Green Tree fflag station) Hotel. In this vicinity stands the bouse in which Gen. Anthony Wayne was born, Jan. 1st, 1745. After a life of honor and usefulness, he died December, 1796, at a mili- tary post on the shore of Lake Erie. From thence, in 1809, his remains were removed to Delaware county, where, by direction of the Pennsyl- vania State Society of Cincinnati, an elegant monument (before men- tioned) was erected, of white marble, appropriately inscribed. West Chester Intersection (Philadelphia 22 miles— Pitts- burgh 334 miles,) is the junction point of a railroad branch to the town of West Chester, 12 miles distant, and capital of Ches- ter county. Garret's Siding (flag station). After leaving this point, the tourist is regaled with an ex- tended view of the magnificent " Chester Yalley," thickly dotted with neat farm houses and barns, and every description of com- .fortable out-houses for horses, cattle and the smaller stock. The wide-spread fields of golden grain or luxuriant grass, which greet the eye in the summer season— -the herds of cattle and flocks of sheep everywhere to be seen — indicate the thrift and progress in agriculture of the inhabitants of Delaware, Montgomery and Chester counties. Chester Valley averages a|)out two miles in width, is skirted on both sides with timber-covered hills, from which issue innu- merable springs, and is noted for its fertility and beautiful ftirms ; travelers seldom view a more magnificent agricultural panorama than is hero afforded. This valley supplies Philadelphia with its far-famed butter, and the finest beef. Steamboat (Philadelphia 26 miles— Pittsburgh 330 miles,) Station derives its name from an old hotel on the Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike, which had a "steamboat" for its sign. Located in Chester county. GREEN TEEE — DOWNINGTOWN. $$ Walkertown (flag station). Oakland (Philadelphia 30 miles — Pittsburgh 326 miles.) Hotel. This station is located on the south side of Chester Val- ley. A triweekly stage line connects Oakland with Reading and West Chester. Near this station there is operated a plum- bago or black lead mine. Between Oakland and the next station, we cross one of the largest and highest bridges on the route, constructed over the north branch of Brandy wine creek. Ifc is composed of four spans, of one hundred and thirty feet each ; the original was de- stroyed by fire, and the present bridge erected in 1838. Chester Valiey Railroad Intersection (Philadelphia 33 miles — Pittsburgh 323 miles). This improvement, traversing the Chester Yalley — unsurpassed in the abundance and fertility of its crops and farming produce, limestone quarries, and iron- ore beds — extends twenty-one miles, in an almost direct line, to Bridgeport on the Schuylkill river, sixteen miles from Phila- delphia, where it connects with the Philadelphia and Norris. town, and Philadelphia and Reading Railroads. With the exception of a light grade near Bridgeport, the road is per- fectly level. The Reading Railroad Company has obtained a lease of this road, and will use it for five years, commencing January 1, 1859. Downingtown, (Philadelphia 34 miles — Pittsburgh 322 miles, J like Paoli, is a regular lunch-place for all trains. This vil- lage is located in the heart of the Grreat Valley, and was originally settled by emigrants from Birmingham, England, as early as 1728. Thomas Downing became proprietor, and established the place. Its location is immediately on the old turnpike; the houses sur- rounded with neat giirdens, trees and shrubbery 5 and a stranger would here be reminded of William Penn's original design for the plan of erec- tion of houses in Philadelphia, " that every house be placed in the middle of his plat, as to the breadthway of it, so that there may be ground on each side for gardens, or orchards, or fields — that it may be a greene country towne, which will never be burnt, and always be wholesome." Unfortiinately, however, for Philadelphia, these wholesome counsels were 4 30 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. disregarded. There is a mbl e quarry a short distance from Downhig- town, where excavations have been made beyond a hundred feet in depth. At Downingtown the route crosses the north branch of Bran- dywine Creek. This stream commemorates the battle of Bran- dywine, which took place in 1777, between Lord Cornwallis and General Washington, at Chad's Ford, about fifteen miles below this place. On that memorable occasion (as it is record- ed,) these pure waters flowing between the contending armies, were dyed by the blood of the combatants, thus bearing witness to their deadly struggle. Gallagherville, (Philadelphia 35 miles — Pittsburgh 321 miles,) a small village to the right, and situated in Chester county. Thorndale, (flag station,) named after the extensive thorn- hedge surrounding an adjoining field, is the site of the " Thorn- dale Rolling Mill," for the manufacture of boiler iron, &c. Cain (Philadelphia 38 miles — Pittsburgh 318 miles,) is situ- ated in Cain township, Chester county. In this vicinity — as also at various times before on the route — • tourists have observed that the railroad crosses the old Phil- adelpMa and Lancaster Turnpike. This improvement, celebrated among Pennsylvania's ancient thor- oughfares, was commenced in 1792; and is probably among the very first of its kind in the United States. It is sixty -two miles in length, and cost $500,000. Subsequently it was extended to Pittsburgh, and beyond the State line into Ohio. Upon this, and a large number of similar roads, radiating from the main thoroughfare, plodded the famous " Connestoga teams," the principal dependence for mercantile transport- ation in the early times. These venerable appliances, however, are now among " the things that were." The crack of th« burly wagoner's whip — the ponderous jar of the heavy wheels, keeping time to his jocund song — the tintinnabulation of the bells surmounting each horse-collar, no longer resound along the plain and amid the valleys traversed by this grand old highway. Their " occupation's gone." On ! — on with a haughty front ! A puff, a shriek and a bound — While the tardy echoes wake too late To babble back the sound. And tlie old pike road la left alone, And the stagers seek the plow; We have circled the world with an iron rail, And the Kteam king rules ua now. GALLAGHERVILLE — PARKSBURG. 81 9 Coatesville, (Philadelphia 39 miles — Pittsburgh 317 miles,) beautifully located amid the hills which border the great valley, was originally settled by Lindsay Coates, about 1725. The town is built mostly of brick and stone houses, and contains a population of 600 ; the Chester Valley Bank is located here, and it is also the business centre for five rolling mills which op- erate in the vicinity. The town lies on the west branch of the Brandywine, across which the Railroad passes on a bridge 75 feet high, stretching over a chasm of 850 feet. The stream affords water-power for various iron manufactories, and irrigates an agricultural section where " every rood of ground maintains its man." Midway, (Philadelphia 40 miles — Pittsburgh 316 miles,) which is properly an environ of Coatesville, is so named from its being the old midway-point boiween Philadelphia and Columbia. Chandler's, (flag station,) situated on the north side of the valley, is an outlet for grain raised in the vicinity. Parksbupg, (Philadelphia 45 miles — Pittsburgh 311 miles,) a village located on the former estate of John Parke, Esq., was commenced about the year 1832. It contains 500 inhabitants, a female seminary, and a very large male academy. The sur- rounding township is productive in staple grains, which supply a number of flour mills. There are also several woolen facto- ries, bark mills and forges. The water at this place is valued for its excellence, and maintains a water-cure establishment. Parksburg derives its importance chiefly from having the Philadelphia Division of the Railroad repair-shops here, super- intended by George H. Kinzer. It was selected by the Com- monwealth for this purpose ; but had also a former importance as a halting-place for cattle-drovers, Connestoga teamsters, and stage travelers on the old turnpike. A large number of hands are employed in the road-shops. The Railroad Company has also erected here a stone reservoir, with a capacity of 42,000 gallons, and which, in addition to road purposes, supplies the village. 32 RAILROAD HAND BOOK. Penningtonvitle, (Philadelphia 49 miles — Pittsburgh 307 miles,) the last station in Chester county, is on a small branch of the Octorarra creek, and contains two hotels, together with a population of 400. Christiana (Philadelphia 50 miles — Pittsburgh 306 miles,) is a neat and thriving village, situated just over the line in Lan- caster county, and at the very head of Chester Valley. It contains 300 inhabitants, whose conduct is well remem- bered in a riot which occurred theie in 1851, occasioned by some Maryland slave-owners attempting to arrest their runaway negroes, The melancholy result of this altercation was the kill- ing of one and the wounding of several other persons. In passing from Chester to Lancaster county, the route leads through Mine liidge ; which range, winding around the county on its south-eastern border, looks down upon that portion of the Keystone State which has been justly designated (by an intelli- gent English tourist) the " Garden of America." Gap (Philadelphia 52 miles — Pittsburgh 301 miles,) Station — so called from its locality at the mouth of a gap through Mine Ridge — is the highest point above tide-water on the old State road, being 560 feet. Here we enter Pequea Valley, of Lancaster county, watered by Pequea creek, and no less beauti- ful and fertile than the charming vale which we traversed in Chester county. Contiguous to this station, is the Gap Smelt ing Works, which is supplied with nickel and copper, found in the neighboring ridge. Travelers will not fail to be struck with the enchanting pano- rama which stretches out over the luxuriant acres now before them. Kinzer's, (^Philadelphia 55 miles — Pittsburgh 301 miles,) named after Henry Kinzer, is the junction-point of a small Branch Eailway to Strasburg, three miles distant, which place is an early German settlement, containing three churches, an academy, a number of stores, and a population of about 1,000. Lemon Place (Philadelphia 59 miles — Pittsburgh 297 miles,) Depot, is located in the Pequea country. PENNINGTONVILLE — BIRD IN-HAND. 83 The creek which bears this title, and whose main channel is crossed by the railroad, west of this depot, was originally the favorite stream of the Shawanese, who had a village exiled Pequa, or Pequehan, at its confluence with the Susquehanna. They emigrated thither from the South, under their chief, Opessah; but ever restless, sought other hunting-grounds at the head of the Ohio, in 1755. Concord, (flag station,) or Gordonsville, is a grain depot ; contains a hotel, two stores, and a population of about 200. Bird-in-Hand,(Philadelphia 63 miles — Pittsburgh 293 miles,) or, according to its true name, Enterprise, is another cluster of houses whose "enterprise" exists more in name than in nature; and the record of whose history has been " More honor'd in the breach than iu the observance." For lack of this, we have vainly inquired the origin of its present singular name ; but it is said to arise from an emblemat- ical tavern-sign, appertaining to an establishment here, which ** entertained" man and beast in that grab-game style derived from the principle that "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush ! " After leaving Bird-in-Hand, the road crosses Mill creek, a branch of the celebrated Connestoga. The section of country as we approach Lancaster city, is un- doubtedly one of the few spots in this wide, wide world which can present the noble scenes which are here afforded to the eye. The farms are generally small, but in the highest state of cultivation ; and in the economy which characterizes the general agricultural system, there is probably not a more prolific region in the United States. The sturdy German population of this county — like others of their class throughout the State — discarding the excitements and turmoils of modern progress, in a "fast" sense, are upon the whole, purer in sentiment, more patriotic in feeling, and more industrious, honest, and straight-forward in their course through life, than any other class of people. One mile east of Lancaster, Connestoga creek is crossed. This stream, with its branches, traverses the heart of Lancaster county, and is named after the celebrated aboriginal tribe which dwelt in this section, the Connestogas. This people, it is supposed, were a part of the Five Nations ; and sent messengers with corn, venison and skins to wel- come William Penn, and concluded a treaty of amity between him and them, " to endiire as long as the sun should shine, or the ^vaters run into the 4* 84 KAILR0AI> HANI) BOOK. rivers." They were visited by all the prominent personaues connected witli the early State government, and their chief village was the scene of many important councils. They enjoyed many years of peaceful resi- dence, in friendly intercourse with the people of Lancaster, until the sad catastrophe which exterminated the tribe. LANCASTER, (Philadelphia 70 miles — Pittsburgh 286 miles,) which, with the county, derives its name from Lancaster, England, was laid out in 1730, by Andrew Hamilton, and is now the fourth important city of Pennsylvania. The city bears a remarkable impress of European peculiari- ties; its principal streets being designated as King, Queen, Orange, Duke street, &c. Its inhabitants are chiefly of German descent, and formerly exhibited an intense disposition for one-storied houses. In 1763, occurred at the Lancaster work-house the bloody massacre of Connestoga Indians, (already alluded to,) who re- treated here for safety, after an onslaught by the famous "Pax- ton Boys" at their village on Connestoga creek. In 1777, Congress met at Lancaster, while the British occupied Philadel- phia, but subsequently adjourned to York. On account of its inland position, Lancaster was also a place of confinement for Briti-h prisoners during the Revolutionary war; and its celebrated gun-smiths were active in furnishing muskets for that eventful struggle. In 1779, it became the seat of State govornm':nt, but in 1812 the same was removed to Harrisburg The city is substantially built, with streets laid off at right angles, and contains a population of seventeen thousand. Among its public buildings is a court-house of extraordinary architec- tural beauty — erected at a cost of $100,000 — eighteen churches, of various denominations, three public halls, and ten hotels. There are also two banks, four banking and discount oiBces ; two daily, and nine weekly newspapers, and three other monthly publications. Besides Franklin and Marshall College, its educa- tional institutions comprise two seminaries and academies, and about forty free schools. The new Penitentiary (conspicuous on the left, as the city is approachevl from Philadelphia,) is a finely arranged and substan- tinlly built structure, and cost $110,000. Among various in- LANCASTER — DILLERVTLLB. OD (^ustrial establishments, is the Lancaster Jjoeomotive Works, and the Connestoga Cotton Mills. The immense amount of cereal products which centre here, from this glorious county, are mostly forwarded to Philadelphia. The city is abundantly supplied with water, obtained from the Connestoga, which winds along the southern outskirts. The city is also lighted with gas. Connestoga navigation — which consists of eighteen miles of slack-water pools, to Safe Harbor, vn ihe Susquehanna — is nav- igable for boats of the largest class ; but is noted more as a means of mill water-power, than for an excess of shipping. From Lancaster ten macadamized roads radiate to different parts of the country ; the most prominent of which are the " old Continental Road" to Philadelphia, and the " old King's Plighway," now called the West Chester road. The well-known " Ephrata " Mountain and Springs, and " Wabank " — both delightful summer resorts — are accessible from Lancaster. This county had the honor of giving to the country the im- mortal George Ross, and Robert Fulton ; and among other of her distinguished sons were Jasper Yeates, Henry Earnest Muhlenburg, David Ramsay, Simon Snyder, and John H. Raueh, an ingenious blacksmith, who invented the screw-auger; and it is said that his first specimen is still preserved in the county. Lancaster is also the residence of the Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, Hon. Ellis Lewis, and James Buchanan^ President of the Uni- ted States. Departing from Lancaster, travelers will notice on the left a new brick structure built in Gothic style ; this is Franklin and Marshall College. Looking further back, in the same direction, a distant view is also obtained of " Wheatland," Mr. Buchanan's home-residence — ^a brick house, thickly surrounded with trees. Hereabouts too, on the right, may be seen a model specimen of that "peculiar institution" in Pennsylvania agriculture, a roomy and weather-tight barn. Dillerville, Cflag station,) one mile west of Lancaster, is the 36 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. point of intersection with the Harrisburg and Lancaster Rail- road. From this point, also, the old State Road — now prop- erty of the Pennsylvania Company — deflects toward the Sus- quehanna, terminating at Columbia, where it connects with the Harrisburg and Lancaster Railroad Branch, extending from thence along the river nineteen miles, to Middletown. D^" Passengers by trains via Columbia, are referred to the APPENDIX, for description of the BHANCH ROUTE to Middletown. Beyond Dillerville (named after Gen. Adam Diller,) we cross the " Little Connestoga " creek, and approach the Cone- wago Hills which border Lancaster county on the north, and which, with Mine Ridge, (afore-mentioned,) presents, as we have seen, one broad basin of fertility and loveliness. Landisvilie (Philadelphia 78 miles — Pittsburgh 278 miles,) is a small village situated on the ridge dividing the waters of Little Connestoga and Big Chiquesalanga creeks. West of Landisville, we cross a 300 feet bridge, over Big Chiquesalunga creek, the name of which is an Indian word, sig- nifying '' Turkey Crooked-creek." At a spring along its banks, there was formerly a noted Indian village, where many of the children of the forest are said to have dwelt until the close of the Revolution, Soon after, we arrive at the Little Chiquesalunga creek, a branch of the former stream, and on the banks of which, contig- uous to the road, is Cedar Hill Seminary, an institution at which many of the fair daughters of Central Pennsylvania have received excellent educations. At this well known locality, enthusiastic young-gentlemen tourists invariably keep on the qui vive for the soft glances, gracious smiles, and waving handkerchiefs . which render this a charmed spot ; while those of the other sex who have in former years dwelt amid its green shades, now view the familiar spot with increased pleasure. Mount Joy (Philadelphia 82 miles — Pittsburgh 274 miles,) was settled about 1812, by emigrants who named it after the LANDISVILLE — ELIZABETHTOWN. 87 "Mount Joy" which they had left in the north of Ireland. Various additions were subsequently made, and the borough in- corporated in 1851. The settlers of the surrounding township of Donegal, were active in furnishing supplies during the winter of 1777-78, whilst Washington was encamped at Valley Forge, and General Antbony Wayne, with a portion of the army, lay about a mile west of Mount Joy. The surrounding valley is an excellent and productive lime- stone region. A singular cave near the town, is an interesting object to visit, and said to be one of the most curious among subterranean labyrinths. Chestnut Hill, 3^ miles south of Mount Joy, contains immense beds of hematite iron ore ; while at various other points Potomac marble is found. The industrial establishments of the town consist of three foundries and machine shops, one edge tool factory, and a steam flouring mill, besides an extensive car manufactory. There are five churches, two halls, one savings institution, one banking firm, three hotels, and one newspaper office. Population about 1800. Besides five common schools, there is also the Mount Joy Academy, a flourishing and well patronized institution. Richland, a village scattered along the hill-slope beyond Mount Joy, is part and parcel of the latter. Between Mount Joy and Elizabethtown, the road passes through a fine Tunnel, 900 feet long, 15 feet wide, same in heighth ; and which cost over $100,000. W. Milnor Eoberts, Esq., was the original chief engineer of the Harrisburg and Lancaster Railroad. Elizabethtown, (Philadelphia 89 miles — Pittsburgh 267 miles,) a mid-way point between Harrisburg and Lancaster, is situated on Conoy creek, in the township of Mount Joy, Lan- caster county. The Connoys or Ganawese Indians, a southern tribe, came to this section in the year 1700 ; and with the Connestogas and Shawanees, "engaged to our government for their peaceable deportment and behavior among us." 38 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Elizabethtown contains about 800 inhabitants, and is one of those old-time points on the turnpike which have lost their former interest and prosperity, since the invention of the railroad and its iron-horse. Kirk Few, Esq., the efficient Superintendent of the Harrisburg and Lancaster Company, resides at this place. From the vicinity of Elizabethtown, westward, we traverse the "Conewago Hills." Here great blocks of trap-rock are scattered over the surface; and from their rounded form, seem to indicate that they belong to the earliest epochs of the earth's eventful history. The portion of this rock-range toward the Susquehanna, still battles to intercept its rolling waters, and indubitably points to a moment when the river broke through and secured its final passage. Looking out upon this almost grassless waste, it can scarcely be realized that we are still within the borders of Lancaster county — but so it is. The "extremes" of fertility and barren- ness seem to ''mest" within this district. Now we cross Conewago creek by a splendid two-span bridge, 450 feet long and 85 feet high. This stream rises in Lebanon county, flows along the north base of the Conewago hills to the Susquehanna river, and forms the boundary between Lancaster and Dauphin counties. It has been amusingly related, that its name arises from the expression of an Indian, who made an unsuccessful attempt to cross it during a flood ; and who, in endeavoring to pronounce in English, " Can no way go,"' muttered, Cau-naugh-wau-gah — from which has been abbreviated the word Conewago. Across this stream we enter upon Dauphin county, which was separated from Lancaster in 1785 ; and which was named after the Dauphin, son of Louis XVI. king of France. Its first settlers emigrated from the north of Ireland, or were Scotch-Irish. Among the remarkable men it has produced were Liudley Murray, the illustrious English grammarian, and William Darby, the distinguished geographer. About two miles below Middletown, we catch our first glance of the Susquehanna river, flowing smoothly along its pebbled banks, and dotted with wooded and vine-grown islands, while some of the larger ones are finely cultivated. MIDDLETOWN HIGHSPIRE. 39 This magnificent stream drains over thirteen millions of acres, much of which is coal and valuable mineral land; and had the former policy of Pennsylvania's State improvements inclined to its navigation by steam, what a different spectacle and a greatly advanced condition of things would we now behold ? Middletown (Philadelphia 97 miles — Pittsburgh 259 miles,) and Portsmouth, now essentially one place, are located at the junction of Swatara creek and the river. The former stream, and also the Union canal, are both crossed before arriving at the depot : creek bridge, 310 feet long. Middletown, so named from its having been the old turnpike half-way-point between Lancaster and Carlisle, was laid out in 1755, by George Fisher, upon the site of an ancient village of the Susquehanna Indians. Middletown is one of the most im- portant lumber depots on the lower Susquehanna, and transacts also an extensive business in coal, brought thither from Pine- grove, over the Union canal. Within a few years past, Mid- dletown has grown rapidly. Its business embraces two furna- ces, a foundry, extensive flouring and saw-mills — the united operations of which are greatly facilitated by a bank. Popula- tion about 3,000. At the right hand stands the Emmaus Orphan Institute, founded by the will of George Frey, and endowed with a large property under direction of the Lutheran Church. D5^ Eastward Passengers, who travel in Trains run- ning via Columbia, are referred to the APPENDIX for description of Stations on BRANCH SOAD. A short distance west of Middletown, the railroad crosses the Susquehanna Division (or main-line) of the Pennsylvania canal. Highspire, (Philadelphia 101 miles — Pittsburgh 255 miles,) situated in Swatara township, was laid out about forty years since, on the Harrisburg and Middletown turnpike. It contains about 600 inhabitants, an extensive distillery, a saw-mill, and other smaller establishments. In this vicinity, on the opposite side of the river, commence the "York Hills" and ''South Mountain Eange," between which and the Kittatinny or Blue Mountain on the north, lies 40 EAILROAD HAND-BOOK. the great Cumberland Valley, another of Central Pennsylvania's garden-spots. This magnificent valley, which in Pennsylvania extends about one hundred and sixty miles, with a breadth of about twelve miles, is a most valuable limestone and agricultu- ral section, and contains also many excellent iron ores. Few districts in the State can rival this vale of "old Mother Cum- berland," Within two miles of Harrisburg, we pass by — on a beautiful bluff at the right — '*Lochiel," the residence of Gen. Simon Cameron, the distinguished statesman and financier, and at pres- ent United States Senator from this district. Then looking up the river, a first view is obtained of the noble bridges at Harris- burg. A mile east of town^ we cross the mouth of Paxton creek - — a stream noted in the early history of this county — and where originally existed a village of the Peixtan, or Paxton Indians. It was from this district of Paxton, where many outrageous murders having been committed, the celebrated " Paxton Boys" went to Lancaster, and (as before related,) exterminated by an avengeful massacre, the tribe of Connestoga Indians, in the work-house of that city. At Paxton church, near Harris- burg, the early settlers always carried their rifles with them to service, and Rev. John Elder, the pastor, was obliged to carry his own with him into the pulpit ! HARRISBURG, (Philadelphia 107 miles— Pittsburgh 249 v miles,) the capital of Pennsylvania, occupies a delightful bluff | position on the eastern bank of the Susquehanna. Its location is undeniably one of the most desirable and beautiful of any town in the United States. Nestled in the fertile Kittatinny Valley, and looking out upon magnificent scenery — the broad river studded with islands, and spanned by noble bridges — surrounded by gentle undulations and highly cultivated farms, while the distant mountains ''lend enchantment to the view " in every direction — with canals, rail- If roads and turnpikes radiating to all points of the compass — mar kets furnishing an abundance of the choicest products — its unin terrupted health, &c., reader it a place of varied attractions. HARRISBUBG* 41 Its history is replete with the romance and thrilling circum- stances incident to pioneer times ; but which we have no space to enlarge upon. It was laid out by John Harris, and became the county seat, in 1785; and also the capital of Pennsylvania, in 1812. It contains the usual county buildings, among which the Dauphin county prison is a very creditable institution. It boasts seventeen churches and mission-houses, two public halls, three banks, two larp^e anthracite furnaces, two rolling-mills, a number of foundries and machine shops — among which are those belonging to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, superintended by Charles W. Gordon, Foreman — the "Novelty" and " Eagle" works, an extensive car manufactory, one large cotton mill, a number of large warehouses suitable to accommodate shipping by canal or railroad ; together with the other innumerable com- ponents of a large and flourishing borough : it ought to be a city. Harrisburg sustains two daily and four weekly newspapers- spicy and ably edited. Among its institutions are the Harris- burg Female Seminary and the Pennsylvania Female College, both highly popular and well-conducted schools ; together with a male academy and a number of excellent public schools, largely attended. There is also a fine Gymnasium, maintained by subscription. Strangers visiting Harrisburg find their chief attractions on Capitol Hill. The superb government buildings, though eclipsed in point of striking architecture, ornament and cost by those of sister States, are deemed prominent among the most substantial and well-arranged in the Union . The beautiful elevation upon which they stand, is tastefully laid off with gravel walks, shaded with numerous trees, and in- closed with a heavy iron fence. The main building contains the spacious and elegant Senate and Representative chambers, the State Library, (up stairs,) the Supreme Court-rooms, and various other apartments for State ofiicers. Visitors to the Hall of Representatives are advised to notice the Speaker's venerable chair — it being the same one used by John Hancock, as Presi- 5 42 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. dent of the Continental Congress, during its momentous sessions and the framing of the Declaration of Independence. The Senate Chamber contains admirable full-length paintings of Washington and Penn ; portraits of Columbus and Vespu- eius ; and an interesting delineation of the attempt, by the In- dians, to burn John Harris. [This thrilling incident occurred on the river shore, below the railroad bridge, where the tree- stump still remains — the only monument to the pioneer Harris, who reposes at its base.] The view from the dome of the Capitol, (to which free access is had,) is one which, for extent and grandeur, is very rarely surpassed. From this height is obtained full confirmation of the assertion relative to Harrisburg's priority in the matter of beau- tiful and advantageous location. From this fitting point, also, travelers can realize what a position Harrisburg occupies as the great interior railroad centre of the Keystone State. Look ! Northward extends through yonder mountain-gaps, the Northern Central way toward the great Lakes ) through the same pass leads the Pennsylvania Railroad to the mighty West ; behind the mountain on the right lies the Dauphin and Susque- hanna Road, now connected with the East Pennsylvania lines, and aiming direct to New York city. Across the river, behold the iron-horse speeding up the fertile Cumberland Valley to Chambersburg, beyond which is now also progressing the exten. sion to Hagerstown, and a further connection with the Baltimore and Ohio Road. See, adown the Susquehanna's western bank the line to Baltimore ; while upon its eastern shore a double track connects with Columbia, Lancaster and Philadelphia. A second route, too, extends to Philadelphia, via Lebanon and Heading, which latter place will also be another diverging point for the new route to New York, already mentioned. Thus railroad intercourse is furnished in every necessary direction — eight out- let thoroughfares are supplied with the great motive power of the age — what more auspicious *' start in life " should Harrisburg desire ? Strangers are also welcome to the Governor's Chamber, in the wing-building toward the Reservoir. Here may be seen the HARRISBUBG. 4S original charter given by Charles 11. of England, to William Penn ; and the portraits of the Grovernors of this Commonwealth, from William Penn down to the present able Executive, William F. Packer. Also, a number of original State papers, Proprietary codes, Indian deeds, and other interesting relics. A pleasant jaunt may be taken to the Pennsylvania Lunatic Asylum, or to the beautiful " Harrisburg Cemetery," both adjacent to town, and worthy of a visit. • The principal hotels ia Harrisburg are, the Jones House — the finest establishment in interior Pennsylvania — Herr's Hotel, Buehler's, Brady House, Omit's, Pennsylvania House, and United States Hotel, at the Depot. Beside these are a number of excellent private boarding houses. Twenty years before the town was laid out, and nearly half a century before it became the seat of government, John Harris, the original proprietor, predicted that Harrisburg would eventu- ally become the capital of the State ; and in 1785, conveyed to the Commissioners, '"in trust for public use," the ground which is now occupied by the public buildings and the State Arsenal. "Mount Ayre Water-works " supply the borough. The reservoir has a capacity of 1,582,195 gallons, and the cost of the whole was $120,000. The Depot of the Company at Harrisburg is an elegant brick structure, in the Italian architectural stylo, 400 feet long, 103 feet wide, having a front of 122 feet. Two stately towers of 77 and 64 feet crown its elegant proportions; while the interior contains a dining room sufiicient to accommodate 250 persons — besides the necessary ticket and other offices, receptioa rooms, &e. The entire Depot cost over $58,000, and is the finest of its kind in the State. The Lebanon Valley Company's Depot is a spacious wooden structure, 300 feet long and 90 feet wide. For the benefit of travelers over the Pennsylvania Railroad, who diverge from it at Harrisburg, we give a full table of dis- tances on next page. 44 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. TABLE OF DISTANCES O N RAILROADS CONNECTING AT HARRISBURG. HAKRISBURG TO BALTIMORE. Northern Central Railroad. Miles from Miles from Harrisburg. Baltimore. HARRISBURG 82 1. Bridgeport 81 16. Yank 66 26. York 56 36. Symers 46 37. Hanover Junction 4.5 41 . Glenrock 41 49. Frecland's 33 54. Parkton 28 60. Monkton 22 64. Cockey sville 14 71. Timoninm 11 73. Rider's 9 75. Relay 7 81. Bolton 1 82. BALTIMORE Cumberland Talley Railroad. Miles from Miles from Harrisburg. Chambersburg. HARRISBURG 52 1 . Bridgeport 51 5. Shiremanstown. 47 8. Mechanicsburg 44 1 1 . Kingston .41 Middlesex 28. Carlisle.... 34 Good Hope 25. Alterton ...27 30, Newville 21 34. Oakville 15 41. Shippensburg 12 47. Scotland 8 52. CHAMBERSBURG 74. (Hagerstown.) Harrisburg to Reading and Philadelphia. Miles from Reading. 54 I^ebaiion Valley Railroad Miles from Harrisburg. HARRISBURG Hummelstown 44 Palmyra 37 Annville 33 26. Lebanon 28 33. Meyerstown 21 39. Womelsdorff 14 42. Robesonia • 12 54. READING 9. 16. 21. Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. Miles from Milps from Reading. Pliiladelphia. READING 58 9. Birdsborough 49 13. Douglasville 44 18. Pottstown 40 24. Limerick 34 26. Rogers' Bridge 32 30, Phoenixville 27 34. Valley Forge 23 36. Port kennedy 21 41. Norristown 17 44. Consobocken 13 50. Manayunk 7 58. PHILADELPHIA " HARRISBURG. 45 IVorthern Central Bailrond. | Dauphin and Susquehanna l&ailroad. Miles from Miles from Ilarrisburff. .Auburn. Miles from Miles from Harrisburg. Elmira. HARRISBURG 172 8. Marysville 164 9. Dauphin 163 15. Clark's Ferry 157 22. Halifax 150 28, Millersburg 144 38. Georgetown — 134 43. Trevorton Junction .... 129 54. Snnbury 118 56. Northumberland 116 HARRISBURG 64 5. Penna. Railroad .Junction . . 59 8. Dauphin 56 21. Rattling Run 43 24. Yellow Spring 40 26. Cold Springs 38 28. Junction 36 63. Lewisburg 109 „„ -d„„„„i, n^^ or; 67. Milton .f 105 29- Rausch Gap 35 71. Watsontown 101 | 41. Pine Grove 23 78. Montgomery 94 i 47^ ^^yinte Horse 17 82. Muncv 90 I „ . ^ 94, Williamsport 78 59- Auburn 5 172. ELMIRA .. I 64. PORT CLINTON Leaving the State capital, will be seen on a fine bluff at the right, the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, one of the most elegant structures and well-arranged establishments of its kind in the Union. It has accommodations for about 250 patients; is supplied with water and gas, and has attached to it a large and produc- tive farm. Among the patients now under treatment, are some who have shone as " bright particular stars" in Pennsylvania society ; and one of New York's most gifted sons, Charles Fenno Hoffman, once so distinguished a poet and novelist, is also there. The institution is open to visitors. . Immediately opposite the Hospital, on the left, is the Harris- hiirg Park Race-course, which inclosure is also used for the Dauphin county agricultural fairs. Passing by the village of Coxtown, on tbe bank of the river a little distant, we approach a picturesque gap in the Kittatinny or Blue Mountain, which constitutes the western boundary of the great Dauphin and Cumberland Valley region. This, with the two or three mountains beyond, incloses a portion of country which was known at an early period as " Saint Anthony's Wil- derness," and the whole range designated by the aboriginal tribes as the *' Endless Hills." 46 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Rockville (Philadelphia 112 miles — Pittsburgh 244 miles,) is located along the river road, at the eastern end of one of the finest railroad bridge structures in the country, and which here spans the Susquehanna amid a scene of unrivaled picturesque- aess and beauty. We have seen nowhere upon the various rail- routes in the Union, a bridge-view equal to the various elements of landscape beauty beheld at this place, and which has been elegantly lithographed and distributed by the Company. One mile above Eockville, at the first settlement of this county, stood Fort Hunter, one of those military stations to which the pioneers fled when distressed by the Indians. The locality may at present be discerned by a row of stately trees on the river bank. From Hockville extends the Dmi'ph.in and Susquehanna Railroad to the town of Dauphin, whence it deflects eastward through Stony Creek Valley to Auburn and Port Clinton, a point on the Philadelphia and Pottsville Railroad. By this road the vast coal region of Schuylkill county, and other sections of Eastern Pennsylvania, finds an outlet on the Susquehanna, and a consequent access to the Baltimore markets. The Susquehanna Railroad Bridge is 8,670 feet in length, and was built by Daniel St®ne, Esq., the eminent bridge architect, who also erected the Market Street Bridge at Phila- delphia. The stone work at the eastern end is of the finsst and most durable character; the material of this was brought some fifty miles by water, ready dressed for the builder's use. Al- though the work was at first retarded by a violent tornado, which carried away six spans, the whole bridge was completed in about two years. The views which travelers obtain up and down the river, while passing over this bridge, combine beauty, grandeur and great extent ; and the scene is prominent among the finest railroad views in America. (See Frontispiece.) Travelers along the Susquehanna clo not fail to notice the contrivance for catching the tinny tribe, scattered all along the shallow rapids, and whi 'h is commonly denominated a " fi^h basket." The victims to this ROCKVILLE — COVE. 47 wily arrangement are principally "slippery eels," which reach their prime condition in the fall of the year. The unsuspecting fish come idling down the stream, amid the angular precincts, in social glee with each other, when suddenly the forcing waters drive them over the plat- form of lath, and where they find themselves emphatically " fishes out of water." Although for a little while they appear to have a merry time of it, kicking and frisking about among each other— Avhile new customers are also constantly rolling in — they soon behold a drowsy fisherman emerging through the foggy vapor of day-break, from his bed of straw in the cabin, and who very leisurely consigns the whole floundering assemblage to a bag : this, unhappily for those concerned, seals their eternal fate. Many who dwell along the river and its principal trib-itaries, derive most of their sustenance from this vocation. The Northern Central Railroad Bridge, (Marysville,) which spans the river amid the wild magnificence of this Kitta- tiny region, is 3,845 feet long, and was completed within the space of two years, at a cost of about $160,000. This structure crosses the river diagonally, and connects on the opposite side with the flourishing little town of Dauphin, formerly called Greenshurg. It is the depot for transhipping a considerable amount of coal, and is otherwise a pleasant place of about 1,000 inhabitants. Cove (Philadelphia 117 miles— Pittsburgh 239 miles,) Sta- tion is situated in a portion of Perry county, in which Peter's Mountain, crossing the Susquehanna, forms a loop or cove, and returns again below, near the bridge. The geological appearance of this section, and the course of the river through the gaps, tells unmistakably of a mighty effort to pierce these barriers, (as we may suppose,) immediately after that period when " the waters covered the iface of the earth." The Cove has been designated as the junction point of the Sherman's Valley Railroad, by which it is proposed to con- nect the Pennsylvania and Northern Central roads with the Broadtop region ; some of the work is now under contract. Above Cove station, the rail-track passing around a frowning bluff, forces the old wagon road to a. passage eighty feet on high, and overhanging the railroad. This is one of the " high places " into which the iron-way often corners the slower improvements of the days of yore, and which, in abject obedience to the "inevitable force of circum- 48 " RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. stances," are looked upon from a liglitning-train with a mingled feeling of ridicule and pity. Across the river from this narrow pass, will be seen, at the base of the bold elevation called Peter's Mountain, the Northern Central Railroad, in a rather similar predicament ; and which, in addition to the Pennsylvania Canal, is here obliged to occupy the smallest possible amount of space. Duncannon, (Philadelphia 121 miles — Pittsburgh 235 miles,) well known for its iron manufactures, is located at the mouth of Sherman's creek, which rises in Franklin county, near Roundtop, about forty miles distant. These works, consisting of a rolling-mill and extensive nailery, employ a considerable number of hands ; they also include the operations of a furnace here, and one a mile -or two distant. Anthracite coal is brought from the Shamokin region and other distant localities, and laid under contribution with the best varieties of ores. Duncannon stretches along the Susquehanna until it joins Petersburg, (once called '* Peachtown,") from which it is separated by the Little Juniata. Both of these villages contain about 1,000 inhabitants, are pleasantly situated, and may be regarded as one place. Sherman's Yalley and its immediate vicinity, was the scene of depredations committed by Shingask, or ''King Shingas," as he was called by the whites ; the greatest Delaware warrior of his time, and whose exploits, if all recorded, "would form an interesting document, though a shocking one." The site of Duncannon was occupied for mill purposes as early as 1784. A stage line connects Duncannon with the Perry county Warm Springs, a place of considerable resort in summer time. BaskinsviSfe Station is the railroad outlet for the village of same name on Duncan's Island. The place is best known to lumbermen and canal navigators. Railroad facilities are ob- tained also over the Northern Central Railroad, on the opposite side of the river. At Baskinsville is seen the mouth of the Juniata river, where, " With isle-crowned Su'squelianna wide, She links her dianiond-flashins tide." DUNCANNON — AQUEDUCT. 49 and between this stream and the broad river, lies that well known and much frequented spot, Duncan'' s Island — created by a small channel on the north side, connecting the two rivers. The Island, though apparently in Perry county, is really a part of Dauphin county, (over the river,) with which it is connected by a steam ferry boat, which plies over what is known to lumber-men as " Green's Dam," erected to unite the Juniata division with the Central main-line of Pennsylvania canal. The bridge which formerly stood here was blown down in March, 1859. This ferry was once a great fording place, and the locality was called by the Indians, Queenashawakee ; now univer- sally known as " Clark's Ferry." Juniata Island — now called Duncan's Island, ^in conse- quence of being owned by the Duncan family for many years — must have been a very Paradise to the sons of the forest. Westward, before them, lay their beautiful hunting-grounds in the Juniata valley ; toward the south the eye rested upon the Susquehanna or " long crooked river," over whose rippling bosom danced the light, bark canoe, and whose waters were filled with the choicest of fish. The wigwams of two distinct tribes, Shawnees and Conoys, dotted this beau- tiful island, and the most friendly intercourse existed between them. Their traditions spoke of a terrible battle between the Delawares and the Cayugas, fought on this island many years agone, at which time the gullies ran red with the blood of mighty warriors, and the bones of the slain were entombed in one common grave upon the battle field. — Jones. The Rev. Daniel Brainard, a devout and pious missionary, visited this island in 1745. Various attempts were made in after years, by the early pioneers, to settle upon this desirable spot ; many deadly conflicts were had with the Indians, but at the commencement of the Revolutionary period, the entire country about the mouth of the Juniata was thickly populated by white settlers, who had within their reach ample means of defense. The Island now embraces several hundred acres of excellent farming land ; and during the lumber season, dealers in that article resort thither from various river towns below, in order to make advantageous purchases. It was also, in former years, a place of resort for summer recreation ; the remembrance of Mrs. Duncan's hospitality will remain ^* a joy forever." Aqueduct (Philadelphia 124 miles — Pittsburgh 232 miles,) Station™ between which and Northumberland once plied the line of canal packets — -lost its importance when the Northern Cen- tral Railroad was completed to the latter point. The process of packet traveling to those who have enjoyed it, is one of those life-moments which cannot be forgotten. Those 50 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. delightful reminiscences of bilge-water and mosquitoes, the com- forts of narrow berths and the chances of suffocation, crying babies, rough-and-ready " Yankees/' steam and the fragrance of roasts from the kitchen, an overloaded boat, rainy weather, and the thousand other items, " too tedious to mention,'^ make up a picture which belongs alone to this "peculiar institution" of the past. Yet " hours there were to memory dear," when a canal- packet ride, with entertaining company, a polite captain, a good cook, no hurry of time, fine weather and moonlight nights, was considered the consummation of traveling; and when the heart gladly reechoed the poet's feelings : ! boatman, wind that horn again, For never did the listening air Upon its jo^Bus bosom bear So wild, so soft, so sweet, a strain! What though thy notes are sad and few. By every simple boatman blown. Yet is each pulse to nature true, And melody iu every tone. Bailey's, (Philadelphia 130 miles— Pittsburgh 226 miles,) on the residence of Gen. Joseph Bailey, is located where Maho- noy and Limestone Ridges approach the river. The Juniata Canal and the Harrisburg and Huntingdon Turnpike, find their ■ course along the left bank of the river. We have now fairly launched into the valley of the Juniata. On the occasion of a visit to fhe beautiful scenes along this stream, that accom- plished English traveler, Hon. Mr. Murray, exclaimed, " To my shame be it spoken, I have never looked upon the Juniata until to-day." Many others, no doubt, have thus reproached themselves for leaving the fairy beauties of this charming region to blush so long unseen. The very name of the Juniata — one of those sweet and apposite Indian words of which the barbarous taste of the age has left so few — always arises with whispers of poetry and romance, to be enjoyed in some "gude time a comin'." Thirty years ago this region of the Juniata was a great highway, as it is now, over the mountains to the Ohio, but then the rude journey of the ponderous wagons was a long and painful matter, while to-day the route is traversed with all modern ease and speed of locomotion. — T. A. Richards. Newport (Philadelphia 134 miles — Pittsburgh 222 miles,) is situated at the confluence of Little Buffalo Creek with the Juniata, and where was formerly the first Indian village located above the mouth of the river : the interveaiag country seemed 51 to have little attraction for the forest children, so completely is it hemmed in by the mountains. Newport is the second important town in Perry county, and a place of considerable shipment both by railroad and canal. It was laid out in 1814, by one Reider, who named it Reidersville. When Perry county was sliced off from Cumberland, it was for a while the shire-town. It contains 500 inhabitants. The Rail- road Company has erected good wood-and-water houses, and made it a conspicuous point for this purpose. Above Newport the railroad crosses Big Buffalo Creek, by means of a splendid stone viaduct of five spans. Further on, the attention of travelers is attracted to a Rope Ferry, which transfers the canal navigation to the opposite side of the river. The water is deepened by a dam, and the rope winding around a wheel on each side of the river, the boats at- tached are drawn to and fro by water-power supplied from the canal. Milferstown (Philadelphia 139 miles — Pittsburgh 217 miles,) occupies a position on the opposite bank of the river, amid the bluffs of the Tuscarora mountains. As early as 1758, William Patterson erected a mill at this place, but which was subsequent- ly swept away by a flood. The present village was laid out nearly sixty years ago, and now contains a population of 400. Buffalo Valley, a very productive region, lies back of the town, ** o'er the hill and far away," extending to Liverpool on the Susquehanna. Now the railroad enters the Tuscarora Ridge, and continues along its northern slope for some miles ; then emerging into the famous Tuscarora Valley, which lies in Juniata county. Like Perry, this county has its seams of iron-ore and limestone, and its furnaces have long enjoyed a golden reputation for the quali- ty of the metal they produce. Thompsontown (Philadelphia 145 miles — Pittsburgh 211 miles,) is a small village, situated in a vale across the river, and was laid out about the year 1800. 52 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Near Thompsontown was formerly a remarkable natural phe» nomenon, commonly known as the " Roaring Spring," the waters of which rose with great force below the surface of the river, causing a violent ebullition accompanied with noise. It is, however, no longer visible ; the unsparing progress of im- provement having entombed it beneath the rocky embankments of the road-bed. Mexico, (Philadelphia 150 miles — Pittsburgh 206 miles,) a small village on the canal, bears the high-toned cognomen of the Aztec capital. The first settlement along the river, in this county, was made near this place, in 1761, by an adventurous Scotch-Irishman, known as Captain James Patterson, who was an intrepid pioneer, and exactly what the Indians designated him, a " Big Shot." The admirers of rural architecture are here delighted with an elegant country-house and fine barn, on the river bank — owned by James Thompson, Esq., and a credit to his taste. Peppyville (Philadelphia 153 miles — Pittsburgh 203 miles,) stands at the junction of Tuscarora creek with its parent stream ; and in Tuscarora *' Path " Valley (as it was formerly called,) a most fertile and beautiful extent of country. At this place a good bridge spans the Juniata, and the town is a principal de- pot for the storage and shipment of the produce of the surround- ing country. Airy View Academy is located near Perry ville, and which, with Tuscarora Academy, eight miles distant, are reputable institutions. One mile above Perryville, the road passes along the face of Lane's Ridge, an extremely steep and rocky bluff, consisting of variegated shales and sand-stones, which present a most singular appearance, the strata being bent and curved in every direction, sometimes forming semi-circles. Tuscarora is an Indian name, its meaning being unknown. The val* ley took this name from the Tuscarora Indians who occupied it. It ex- tends from the river between Tuscarora Mountain and the Shade and Black-log Mountains, in a south-easterly direction, to Fulton county, a distance of over forty miles. The valley averages about eight miles in width, comprises every variety of soil, and is irrigated by Tuscarora creek. The Tuscaroras originally came from the south, and succeeded MEXICO — - MIFFLIN^ 63 the Iroquois in this valley about 1712. But a meagre remnant of this once powerful tribe survives a few miles from Niagara Falls, objects of pity and charity. Soon the sun of life will set on the last of tlie Tus- caroras. IVlifflin, (Philadelphia 156 miles— Pittsburgh 200 miles,) the capital of Juniata county, occupies an elevated site com- manding a fair view of the neighboring mountains and valleys. It was laid out about 1791, by John Harris, and named after Governor Thomas Mifflin. The town contains an academy, the county buildings, and a number of handsome private residences. Population 1,000. The railroad side of the river is designated Patterson, after "Wm. C. Patterson, Esq., a former President of the Company. Besides a very fine hotel, the '* Patterson House," kept by Gen. Wm. Bell, the Company has also located one of its ma- chine repair-shops at this place — under the superintendence of Caleb M. Lewis — while comfortable l.ouses have also been erected, for the accommodation of its employees. The progress of. the new town itself has not altogether realized the earlier ex- pectations of its originators. Leaving this place, the road pursues the river- course toward the north-western boundary of the county, where it enters Mif- flin county through a gloomy and protracted passage beween the Black-log Mountain on the left, and Shade Mountain on the right — known as the " Long Narrows." Few scenes pre- sent an appearance of wilder grandeur than those to be wit- nessed through this narrow gorge — wherein the railroad, river, canal and turnpike are sometimes crowded within a space of one hundred yards. Along the summits of both tliese mountains are huge rocky promon- tories, black and dismal, and broken into irregular peaks, with sharp intervening fissures and valleys of denudation. Covered with moss of a dark and sombrous color, they give to the scene a stamp of positive wild- ness, the beauty of which is increased by the overhanging foliage, sloping to the ragged banks of the Jnniata, which leaps over its rocky bed as if bewildered with the scene aroiiuu. There are many other scenes in our mountain ranges similar to this ; but there is none in this broad conti- nent which surpasses it in picturesque oxxtWne.-- Boiven. 54 BAILROAD HA]Sri>-BOOK. Lewlstown (Philadelphia 167 miles — Pittsburgh 189 miles). Previous to settlement by the whites, the flat on which Lewis- town now stands was occupied by an Indian town of considera- ble importance. It was the outlet of a large and fertile valley, watered by the Kishicoquillas creek, along which dwelt five or SIX tribes. For the safety of early settlers, attracted to this fascinating locality, Fort Granville was wected, a mile above Lewistown, about 1765. In after years (about 1790,) a town was formally commenced by Wm. Lewis, a Philadelphian, who gave it his own name, and through whose exertions it was made the county-seat, in opposition to Mifflin, now in Juniata county. Lewistown is well built, and has the appearance of a busy place. The splendid water-power found here is used (in addition to steam-power,) for sundry flouring mills, and other factories. Besides the county buildings, it contains several churches, a banking-house, and a number of fine stores. It is also the depot for the well-known " Freedom Iron Works," (see advertisement,) and for several furnaces which operate in the adjacent country. Population, 3,000. Few places can vie with Lewistown in respect to beauty of location and surrounding scenery, or advantages necessary to conduct almost any description of manufactures. An omnibus runs between the depot and town. Logan, the celebrated Mingo chief, during his youth, accompanied his father Shickalemy, a Cayuga chief, on a visit to old Kishicoquillas, who resided in the lamous valley which bears his name, back of Lewis- town, and through whicli meanders Kishicoquillas creek. Pleased with such beautiful grounds, Logan settled here soon after the demise of his father's friend. It is unnecessary to recount the familiar scenes of the varied history of one whose honored name is perpetuated by (bounties, vallevs, towns, paths, mountains, and which will live "until the last syllable of recorded time." Logan was the Clay of the Indian peo- ple; probably the most eloquent among all their orators, and in natural dignity, independence of spirit, and loftiness of purpose, few whites have surpassed him. His eloquent outburst to Lord Dunmore, after the mur- der of his family by the infamous Colonel Cressap, on the Ohio, is not only f^^miliar to every school-boy, but deemed an example of oratorical pathos and strength. LEWISTOWN — NEWTON HAMILTON. 65 Anderson's, (Philadelphia 173 miles— Pittsburgh 188 miles,) a depot of inconsiderable importance ; located in what is denomi- nated the Valley of Lewistown, which comprises the major por- tion of the agricultural land in Mifflin county. It is traversed by the Juniata, and bounded by Jack's Mountain on the north- west and Blue Ridge on the south-east. Between Anderson's and M'Veyton, upon a flat near a larj^e spring, stood an old Shawnee town. It is mentioned as early as 1731, in the report of a number of Indiana accompanying the deposition of some tra- ders. The town Avas called Ohesson, on the " Chuniata/' and supposed to be sixty miles from the Susquehanna. iVI'Veyton, (Philadelphia 179 miles— Pittsburgh 177 miles,) formerly called Waynesburg, is situated on the canal and turn- pike, three-fourths of a mile from the depot. It is a place which in former years flourished by the operations of an extensive fur- nace and forge near town. It has, of late years, however, felt ^^ the times" very severely. Its population is about 500. Conspicuous among various caverns in the limestone rocks of Mifflin county, is Henawalt's Cave, near M'Veyton, and which is large and curious ; a crude quality of saltpetre has frequently been found within its windings. Manayunk, (Philadelphia 184 miles — Pittsburgh 172 miles,) a title familiar in the vicinity of Philadelphia, as being the In- dian name for the Schuylkill river ; but the appropriation of it to this point we attempt not to determine. Manajung, Mani- junk, or Manayunk, is the Indian synonym for "hidden creek." Newton Hamilton, (Philadelphia 189 miles — Pittsburgh 167 miles,) or Hamiltonville, (formerly called Muhlenburg,) is situ- ated near a remarkable bend in the river, which, after a south- eastern course of several miles, turns suddenly to the north-west and approaches within a few hundred yards of its channel above the bend. Shipping by the canal constitutes the principal busi- ness of the town, which is the depot for an enormous quantity of iron, flour, grain, cured meat, and butter, gathered from the fertile and productive country around. Population, over 300. A few miles further, the road crosses the Juniata, at which b6 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. place, also, Schaffer's Aqueduct conveys the canal at a lower elevation. Both of these structures are admirable specimens of their kind ; the bridge is seventy feet above the water. The river at this place divides the counties of Mifflin and Huntingdon. Mount U.nion (Philadelphia 192 miles — Pittsburgh 164 miles,) is a small village at the entrance of the gap of Jack's Mountain. From this point stages run to Shirleysburg in the Aughwick Valley, and Milnwood Academy at Shade Gap. After leaving Mount Union, travelers find themselves em- phatically in the midst of mountains — bold, rugged, awful moun- tains ! — the steep ascending sides of which are almost entirely destitute of vegetation, and covered with immense masses of gray, time-worn rocks. Here moiiutain on moimtaiji exultingly throws, Through storm, mist, and snow, its black crag3 to the skies. This pass is called "Jack's Narrows," and named after Captain Jack — the "black hunter," the "black rifle," the "wild hunter of Ju- niata," the " black hunter of the forest." He entered the woods with a few enterprising companions, built his cabin, cleared a little land, and amused himself with ;he pleasure of fishing and hunting. He felt happy, for he had not a care. But on an evening, when he returned from a clay of sport, he found his cabin l)urnt snd his wife and children murdered. From that moment he forsook civilized man, lived in caves, protected the frontier inhabitants from the Indians, and seized every opportunity for revenge that offered. Ee was a terror to the Indians, a protector to the whites. Duiing his career he org.^nized a band, famous as " Captain Jack's Hunter's," and which he equipped in full Indian style. Their hvrd'mg was, however, for scalps of Indians. With this band he also of- fered his services, gratuitoudy^ to Braddock, who refused them because of their lack of strict milita3y discipline; but the result of the not- to-be-advised Englishman's defeat, near Fort Duquesne, proved his great error in neglecting to secure the services of just such men. The closing scene of this intrepid spirit is shi'ouded in mystery. It is gene- rally believed that "After life's fitful fever, he sleeps well," near a gurgling spring, at the base of the mountain which bears his name, and which is a fitting and eternal monument commemorative of his in- valuable frontier services, Mapleton (Philadelphia 195 miles — Pittsburgh 161 miles,) is an unimportant depot for Hare's \^alley; on the north of which is the range of the famous " Sidling Hill," well known to travelers on the National road, between Hancock and Cumber- land, This valley was the former home of an infamous tory, MOUNT UNION — HUNTINGDON. 57 named Jacob Hare, who, through fear of losing this, remained lojal to the king, and contributed largely to distress the colo- nists. The course of the railroad, canal, and river, through the mountain gaps here, is extremely tortuous, and rather a *' tight place'' for this number of thoroughfares. Mill Creek (Philadelphia 199 miles— Pittsburgh 157 miles,) Station, located near the stream whose name it takes, is a depot outlet for the agricultural products of the west end of Kishico- quillas Valley, and also for the smaller vales watered by Mill Creek. A furnace back of the village is important to its busi- ness. Opposite Mill Creek, Terrace Mountain lifts its awful form along the river's course ; and which, with Sidling Hill, com- pletes a most singular topographical formation, known as ''Trough Creek Valley." With the river now on our left, half-way toward Huntingdon, we discern on the opposite bank, the mouth of the Raystown Branch, a tributary of the Juniata; named after Ray, who, in 1751, built three cabins on its bank, where Bedford now stands. Every one familiar with Washington's early career, will remember his military march from Raystown (called Fort Bedford) to the Youghiogheny river. Although the scenery along the Juniata is characterized by great beauty, probably no portion of it is more diversified and picturesque, than that which is presented to the eye of the trav- eler in the vicinity of Huntingdon. As we approach the upper waters of the Juniata, the character of the country grows much more strongly marked. The hills wear a more imposing front, and encroach further upon the area of the valleys. Huntingdon (Philadelphia 204 miles — Pittsburgh 152 miles,) boasts a history which strongly vindicates the truth of its present soubriquet, '* ancient borough." It was a well fenown Indian post, where the very earliest traders could never ascer- tain by Indian tradition how long it had been a village. Here existed the celebrated " Standing Stone," which name was given 6* 58 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. to its earliest settlement, and is still retained by the stream which flows into the Juniata at this place. Huntingdon was laid out previous to the Revolutionary war, by Rev. William Smith, Provost of the University of Pennsyl- vania. He named it after Salina, Countess of Huntingdon, a pious English lady, who had subscribed liberally to the Univer- sity funds. It is a county town of some business, contains a population of 2,000, and 's a place of considerable wealth and refined society. In addition to the county buildings, it has several churches, and an academy. The celebrated Hugh Brady was born here, in 1768; who, in addition to his celebrated cam- paigns against the Indians, was greatly distinguished by his gallantry and bravery during the war of 1812. About five miles from ibis ancient aod quiet place, situated in the valley of the Standing Stone creek, are the " Warm Springs," owned by General A. P. Wilson — a place of consid- erable resort — whose waters "are chalybeate, "light on the stom- ach, diuretic, and said to contain magnesia." Tlie Standhig Stone — that is, the original stone — was, according to John Harris, fourteen feet liigh and six inches square. It stood on the right bank of Stone creek, near its moutii, and in sucli a position as to enable persons to see it at a considerable distance, cither from up or down the river. The original Standing Stone, we are induced to be- lieve, in addition to serving a similar capacity to that of a guide-board at a cross-road, was the official record of the tribe. On it, no doubt, were engraved all the important epochs of its history — its wars, its mighty deeds, its prowess in battle and its skill in the chase. It might, too, have served as a sacred tablet to the memory of many a noble chief who fell by the arrow of an enemy. These things were no doubt in ca- balistic characters ; and although such inscription may have b2en small, its meaning may have taken in almost unbounded scope, as Indian brev- ity generally does. — Jones. The Huntingdon and Bkoad-Top Railroad — the operations of which are conducted with great regularity by its efficient Superintend- ent, John J. Lawrence, Esq. — Avas built for the development of a valu- able coalfield located in Huntingdon and Bedford counties, and which has been deemed eminent among the richest mineral deposits of the country. This Broad-lop coal region, independent of its vast deposits of a good quality of semi-bituminous and semi-anthracite coal, is said to contain also more valuable and extensive beds of iron ore of various kinds, than can be found in any other coal region in the State. PETERSBURG. 59 The railroad extends, at present, 32 miles to Hopewell, and has also a Branch ten miles in length. Along its route many pleasant villages have sprung up. The road is intended finally to accommodate the sum- mer travel to Bedford Springs, while it will also afford an outlet to the products of three or four fertile counties. The work of extension is now in progress. About two miles above Huntingdon, we traverse ^^ Warrior Ridge, ^^ which derives its name from an Indian " path" which ran. along its crest. Would that some Indian historian of an early day had transmitted to posterity one half the events which we may suppose transpired upon Warrior Kidge ! ^ On its summit, about a mile from the river, stand those most singular piles well known as the Pulpit Rocks — not unlike the altars of the Druids, shaped into fantastic forms by the hand of nature, as well as the wild romantic scenery around them, at once suggests the idea of a place of meeting of the warriors — a spot where the councils of the brave were held, with the green sward of the mountain for a carpet and the blue vault of heaven for a canopy. Were we not so well aware of the fact that the Indians preferred the low lands of the valleys for places of abode, we could almost fancy the neighborhood of " Pulpit Rocks " to have been a glorious abiding-place. — Jones. Petersburg (Philadelphia 211 miles — Pittsburgh 145 miles,) stands upon the old site of Anderson's Fort, at the mouth of Shaver's creek, where a settlement was commenced in 1770. Here we will bid farewell to the canal and railway, which have been our temperate " traveling companions " for a long distance. The river and canal sweep off to the left, while the railroad fol- lows the rugged path of the Little Juniata. The grand old mountain giants, which here behold our divorce from the old- fogy canal, and the still more venerable river, smile upon the lovely valley to the left, in which lies the neat little town. of Alexandria, the social centre of a pleasant country, situated '■ Where sweep the waters Of tlie Blue Juniata," about three miles distant. Near that place once lived an old German Indian-trader, Hart, whose name the valley perpetuates from this circumstance: when he took up his residence along the river, he .hewed down an immense tree and turned it into a trough, out of which he fed his own and travelers' horses and cattle — hence the name, " Hart's Log" Valley, 60 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Barree Forge, (Philadelphia 214 miles — Pittsburgh 142 miles,) seen from the road, is operated by G. Dorsey Green, Esq. At this forge there is still standing an old Continental mill, built about the year 1774, and one of that kind denomina- ted a "tub mill." The interior arrangements of this relic of the past, are ex- tremely unique and interesting, and present a capacity for grind- ing, which iu this day and generation might be disrespectfully termed a "one-horse concern." However, it bad its day of glory, when the early fathers traveled long distances to obtain its services; and we love them and it for the dangers and vicissi- tudes they surmounted when all was an unconquered wilderness. Huntingdon is cue of the chief iron counties of the State, for the man- ufacture of which valuable metal it possesses every advantage. The ore is of the best quality and in great abundance. Wood for the foi-mation of cliarcoal is equally plenty, and limestone is found in every township. Water-power for propelling the necessary machinery is abundant, and the fertile soil of the valleys produces all the necessaries of life. Added to all this are the great facilities for getting to market, afforded by the railroad and canal ; the whole forming a combination of advantages not often surpassed. The number of iron works already in operation is therefore considerable, and will beyond all doubt increase. Leaving Barree Forge, we follow the Little Juniata through a gorge of Tussey's Mountain. In this same ridge, about two miles southward, the Big Juniata breaks through a narrow defile, called Water Street, for the reason that, during very low water in summer-time, the early emigrants to the West passed directly through the almost waterless bed of the stream. The scenery at this spot baffles description, and has often been made the theme of the poet and a subject for the painter. About two miles above Barree, the river (Little Juniata,) in passing through this gorge, makes a very circular bend; but instead of following its course, the railroad pierces a spur of the mountain by a tunnel. This perforation is 1,264 feet in length, 16 feet in height, and 20 feet wide. Spruce Creek (Philadelphia 216 miles — Pittsburgh 140 miles,) Station takes i:s name from the stream which drains the valley back of it, and empties into the Little Juniata at this point. Spruce Creek Valley contains some very extensive iron BARREE FORGE- — BIRMINGHAM. 61 fui'Daces, whose business finds its outlet here. A railroad is contemplated from Spruce Creek to Lewisburg, and by which a link would be formed direct between Eastern and Western Pennsylvania, avoiding the circuitous connection via Harrisburg. This road, traversing Centre and Union counties, would open up an avenue through one of the most fertile grain regions in the State. Union Furnace (flag station,) is our entrance-point into the county of Elair. While passing, we are here reminded of the adjacent " Sinking Spring Valley," in which was built, in 1778, Fort Eobertdeau — then the largest and best defended frontier post. As early as 1750, it is believed, the French sought, through the Indians, to obtain a clew to certain lead mines in this valley, from which many Indian tribes doubtless procured lead for bul- lets, when the white settlers were entirely destitute. To reverse this advantage, many an Indian's jug was filled with whisky, on promise of sharing the lead mines — promises, however, that were always "kept to the ear, but broken to the hope." The Arch Spring and the cave in Sinking Valley, are probably among the greatest curiosities to be found in any country. The spring gushes from an opening arched by nature, in such force as to drive a mill, and then sinks into the earth again. The subterranean passage of the water can be traced for some distance by pits or openings, when it again emerges, runs along the surface among rocky hills, until it enters a large cave having the appearance of an immense tunnel. This cave has been explored as far as it will admit — some four hundred feet — where there is a large room, and where the water falls into a chasm or vortex, and finds a subterranean passage through Canoe Mountain, and emerges again at its southern base, along which it winds down to Water Street and emp- ties into the Juniata river.-*-Jbnes. Birmingham (Philadelphia 221 miles — Pittsburgh 135 miles,) is romantically situated *' high and dry" in the midst of an extensive iron country. It is located in the township of "Warrior's Mark," Huntingdon county, which the river divides here from Blair. In 1824 it contained but nine houses, was incorporated in 1(S28, and now boasts 200 inhabitants ! The Female Seminary, at the right of the town, is delightfully located, and in a floarishino; condition. 62 RAILROAD HAND BOOK. Warrior's Mark was another celebrated place in Indian his- tory, and a spot where (it is supposed) the Nestors of the vari- ous tribes convened to debate measures and devise their schemes for future movements. The name originates from certain oak trees in the vicinity having a crescent-shaped hitchet-mark upon them, and so deep that traces can still be discerned. Their signification was known only to the Indians ; and (it is also re- lated,) every tima a band of savages came into the valley, one or more fresh '^ warrior -marks " were put upon the trees. Accompanying the meanderings of the petite river, we enter a narrow pass between Brush Mountain on the left, and Bald Eagle Mountain on the right, and in which Tyrone Forges is located. Emerging again into a valley country, we find at the mouth of Little Bald Eagle creek, the young city of Tyrone, (Philadelphia 224 miles — Pittsburgh 132 miles,) situated in the county of Blair, and a very spirited and thriving place, which has sprung up since the construction of the rail- road. Tyrone contains about 1,000 inhabitants, several hotels, a foundry, machino-shop, planing' mill, churches, &c. An ex- cellent plankroad radiates from Tyrone to Bald Eagle Furnace, five miles distant, and thence to the Clearfield district. A railroad is also in rapid progress, to connect Tyrone with Lock Haven, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna ; and the work upon which has so far progressed, that it is confidently expected the shrill neighing of the iro7i horse will be heard throughout the whole length of Bald Eagle Yalley before the 1st of Octo- ber, 1859. This road (says President Thomson,) penetrates a region rich in products of the mine and forest, and when brought into use, will doubtless be a valuable tributary to the Pennsylvania Rail- road, developing a portion of the State which has hitherto been without the facilities of reaching a market. Back of Tyrone is to be found one of the many subterranean wonders which exist in this mountain-country, in the shape of a run, which sinks into the base of a limestone ridge, passes be- neath a hill and makes its appearance again at the edge of the town. TYRONE — FOSTORIA. 60 From Tyrone we fairly commence " a getting up in the world," and as we now ascend the milder slope of the Alle- gheny, we are nearly 900 feet above tide-water. From the mouth of Bald Eagle creek to i^ltoona, we traverse the noted " Tuckahoe Valley," in which, it is said, lived two such intrepid pioneers and notorious In&ian-haters, that although the old Kittanning path ran directly through Tuckahoe, the " cowardly redskins " alwajs avoided it, fearing to iind those old and experienced hunters ambuscaded along their route ! The general width of the valley is about three miles ; the north- ern side is a clay soil, topping deposits of bituminous coal, while the southern portion is generally rich limestone land, containing extensive beds of iron ore, from which are drawn the supplies for neighboring furnaces. Tipton, (Philadelphia 228 miles — Pittsburgh 128 miles,) the name of an early settler, is perpetuated by the title of a neighboring stream, and of this station. It is a railroad-village located on the property of Wm. P. Dysarfc, Esq., and intended principally as an outlet for the Clearfield lumber district, which is connected with this point by a plankroad ov«r the Allegheny Mountains. The " Phoenix Lumber Company '' has extensive mills thir- teen miles distant, which forward, from Tipton, many varieties of lumber to the Philadelphia and Baltimore markets. Four flouring and saw-mills and an extensive planing mill contribute to the general business, Fostorla, (Philadelphia 230 miles— Pittsburgh 128 miles,) a railroad village named after Wm. B. Foster, Jr., Vice Presi- dent of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ; and another point where considerable business is transacted in lumber. The valley here traversed is called " Logan's Valley," in honor of Captain Logan, a very prominent friendly Indian who resided here ; and who was noble and warm in his attachments, but, like all his kindred, revengeful in his character. He was formerly chief of a warrior-band on the Susquehanna, but having lost one of liis eyes in an engagement, was considered disgraced and deposed ; owing to which cause, he retired to the wilder section of the Juniata Valley. He became identified with t)4 RAILROAD HAKD-iBOOK. our Revolutionary cause, and was instrumental in furthering its success in this region. Subsequently Logan retired to Chickalocamoose creek, (near Clearfield,) and was interred on its banks. Unlike Logan, the Mingb chief, Captain Logan, the Cayuga chief, had no biographer like Thomas Jefferson to embellish the pages of history with his eloquence. It is to be regretted that more of his history has not been preserved, for according to all accounts of him, he possessed many noble traits of char- acter. ^ Bell's IVIins (Philadelphia 231 miles— Pittsburgh 126 miles,) Station, called after the proprietor of the land, B. F. Bell, Esq., one of the most energetic and progressive among men. Consid- orable business is done here in wood and lumber. On the slope of a hill at the right, travelers will notice a pyr- amidal building, in which, for years, worked the nacessary ap- paratus for boring an Artesian Well. A depth of 1,200 feet has been reached, and, too, throagh a vast deal of solid rock, but water not yet obtained. Continuing up the valley — with the Brush Mountain on our left, and the gigantic AUeghenies frowning upon us at the right ' — we pass *• Elizabeth Furnace," owned by Martin Bell, Esq. This gentleman (we are told,) avers that a furnace can, audi his furnace does, " remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy " — a matter not universally believed among furuice owners, or re- garded, i/* believed. Blair Furnace (Philadelphia 237— Pittsburgh 119 miles,) is located emphatically on the railroad, for we pass beneath the '' bridge" leading to its tunnel-head. It is owned by H. N. Burroughes, Esq. The only massacre ever committed by savages in Tuckahoe Valley, occurred near this spot, in 1778, despite the vigilance of the famous twin " Indian-killers, "(before mentioned,) and who, even in this instance, were at the bloody scene upon the very heels of the murderers ! In Brush Mountain, near this spot, is probably the heaviest deposit of iron ore in Western Pennsylvania, owned by Elias Baker, Esq., and although it has been efl&ciently worked for more than a generation, seems inexhaustible. bell's mills -— altoona. 65 ALTOONA, (Philadelphia239 miles— Pittsbutghin miles,) the great centre of the road's operations, is one of those children of modern progress which have been ^' born into the world" along all the great railroads in the country. Some half dozen years ago^ its site was marked only by a dilapidated log hut, whose " solitary" inhabitant was the precursor of the five thousand industrious citizens which the town now contains. Marking, as this point does, an important change in the char^ acter of the road-grades, east and west, and proving an essential locality for the Main Shops of the Company, it was obliged, from the force of circumstances, to become the important place it now is. The office of the General Superintendent, Thomas A. Scott, Esq. — -than whom there is no more able and efficient railroad officer in the country — 'is located here, and occupies the hand' some building just in rear of the hotel. The mechanical operations at this place comprise machine and car-shops, iron and brass foundries, shops for blacksmiths, pain- tors, trimmers, pattern-makers, tinners, and workers in sheet- iron, departments for setting up locomotives, and for making boilers and iron bridges; together with a company store-room — from which the shops at other places are principally supplied — and the necessary offices to preserve the varied accounts. There are also two engine-houses, the larger of which is an extra building, able to accommodate twenty-six locomotives and ten- ders. The immediate supe'vvision of the machine-shop here is con- ducted by Lewis C. Brastow; car-shop, by J. L. Piper; paint- shop, by Ralph Greenwood ; and the Accounts, by B. F. Custer, chief clerk of Motive Power. Much of the general carpentering of the road is prepared here. To the great^ credit of the numerous employees of the road, we record the existence of the " Altoona Mechanics' Library and Reading Room Association," an organization aided by the Company, and which is in abjanding prosperity. (See card to the public, among advertisements.) 66 RAILROAD HANI>BaOK. The town contains four churches and a newspaper. The Lo- gan House, owned by the Company, is one of the most complete hotel buildings to be found. From Altoona there is both a plankroad and a branch railroad to Hollidaysburg, eight miles distant. Travelers to Bedford Springs often go there, via Altoona and Hollidaysburg, from which latter point extends a plankroad and turnpike, twenty- eight miles to that delightful watering-place. HOLLIDAYSBURC^ BRANCH ROAD. Leaving Altoona, in the direction of Hollidaysburg, we pass near Allegany Furnace, situated in '' Pleasant Yalley," and the property of Elias Baker, Esq. This gentleman has here also one of the finest flouring-mill structures in the State. Duncansvilie (on Branch-road, 6 miles from Altoona,) is situated at the eastern foot of the series of inclined planes, by which the mountains were formerly crossed over the old Portage Railroad. This place is about 1,200 feet above tide, and contains a pop ulation of 500. It is ever-memorable among the older patrons of the road, for its celebrated Mountain House — a hotel at which, in winter-time, regularly occurred sundry " indignation meetings," held by the passengers of such trains as, during inclement weather and deep snows on the mountaiLS, were unavoidably belated, and "missed the connection" with trains eastward. Hollidaysbupg, (on Branch-road, 8 miles from Altoona,) which now also includes the village of Gaysport, is located on a branch of the Big Juniata, and at the head of canal navigation. It was laid out by Adam Holiiday, an early Scotch settler, who when driving his first stake into the ground remarked, *' Whoever is alive a hundred years after this, will see a tolera- ble-sized town here" — a prediction which has been singularly verified before the expiration of the allotted time. The place contains 5,000 inhabitants, and is the centre of a country teem- ing with mineral and agricultural resources, its mechanical establishments comprise several foundries and machine-shops ; DUNCANS VILLE — HOLLIDAYSBURG. 07 while the canal business demands the facilities afforded by seve- ral immense forwarding warehouses, sundry docks, &c. It is the county seat, and also contains a number of fine churches and excellent schools. There are in the country about Hollidaysburg, several smaller towns which contribute to its business. *' Chimney Rocks, '^ which form a sort of a natural rampart, crowning an immense hill near by, are a matter of interest and speculation with the lovers of nature. mml^ route, comTmuED. Bidding adieu to the busy operations of industrious Altoona, we begin to climb the Allegheny Blountains ; and although we ascend at the rate of about 95 feet per mile, we scarcely per- ceive a diminution of speed in the iron horse. Clambering along the mountain sides, as we look back over the hills and valleys which our elevation enables us to view at the left, we begin to descry those magnificent scenes of land- scape beauty which have enraptured the soul of every tourist. Afar down behind us is seen the crown-points of the lovely val- ley where, (as every body has sung,) *''Wild roved an ladian girl, bright Alfarata," and where, as we passed along, we found its history replete with most thrilling reminiscences of the past, and interesting and sat- isfactory in its index of the present. The Future of the Juniata Valley no man knoweth. We even tax the Yankee characteristic in vain, when we attempt to "guess" its future. Many yet unborn may live to see the fires of forges and furnaces without number ilkiminating the rugged mountains, and hear the screams of a thousand steam-engines. They may live, too, to see tlie day when pop- ulation shall have so inci'eased, that the noble stag dare no longer ven- ture down from the mountain to slake his thirst at the babbling brook, and when the golden-hued trout, now sporting in every mountain- stream, shall be extinct. — Jones. I should just like to ask, (says the author of the "Switchman's Story,") whether there's nothing grand and picturesque in an express train going at full speed along — say the ridges of the Alleghenies ? Nothing romantic in a tunnel or deep cutting, where, for anything you know, you may be whizzing, cheek by jowl, past the skeleton of some mammoth or mastodon, or other 08 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. iiionfetiousi critter that scholars tell of V Why, only yesterday, I heard a gentleman saying that the poet Dante — I think that was the name — might have got a new idea of the entrance into hell from the rush of a locomotive into a dark tunnel ! I don't know about that mypelf, and really am not very curious about the for- mer locality ; but this I'll maintain, that there's as much romance about railroads — if people care to look for it — as about anything. Talk about railroads taking romance out of a country — what all-fired nonsense ! Just as if one got romance, like fever and ague, in swamps; or found it along break-neck corduroy roads; or in uncleared forests; 'mong bears, rattlesnakes, cata- mounts and such-like varmint ! Tell you what, folks who say that don't know what they're talking about. Kitlanning Point, (Philadelphia 243 miles— Pittsburgh 113 miles,) a water station, at the head of a *' loop" made by the road in crossing a valley, and from either side of which opposite trains [resent a very unique appearance while they bound along the mountain's side. The " Point" itself is reached afc the top of a very heavy grade ; arriving at which, no one should omit witnessing the view here afforded — over an apparently illimitable expanse of country — and, without doubt, the grandest on the line of the ro-d. Of this, the accomplished geologist, Dr. Jackson, writes : " The poet and painter are here presented with a boundless field, as the element of beauty seems alone to have been recognized and consulted in its crea- tion. " Immediately below reposes the range of beautiful valleys at the south- east base of the Alleghenies, their north-west margins sloping up to the mountain in a range of round, soft, billowy hills, as it were the gentle heavings cf a summer sea, breaking against the shore upon whose rocky heights the beholder stands. It is also beautiful to perceive, that in the space between the lines which represent the distance between the mountain summits, the tint, from the increased distance, becomes deeper and deep- er, until lost in the clear blue of ether. As the eye follows the azure steps of this kingly portal to the skies, line rising above line, it can scarcely be realized, that within each of these tints of deeper blue, t't ere reposes a range of the richest and loveliest limestone valleys of Pennsylvania. Often, with bars cf clouds reposing on the horizon, it is impossible for the eye to distinguish the distant lines, or iix where, the earth ceases and the heavens commence," The celebrated '-'■ Indian PaihH'' from Kittanning to Philadelphia — the great western highway for footmen and pack-horses — must have been a famous road in its day. It commenced at Kittanning, on the Allegheny KITTANNING POINT — TUNNEL. 69 river, and crossed the mountains in a south-eastern direction, the descent on the eastern slope being through a gorge at what is now known as Kit- tanning Point. Here, this path, although it is seldom that the foot of any one but un occasional hunter or fisher treads it, is still the same path that it was when the last dusky warrior who visited the Juniata Valley turned his face to the west, and traversed it for the last time. It is filled up with weeds in summer-time, but the indentation made by the feet of thousands upon thousands of warriors and pack-horses, which have traveled it for an unknown number of years, are still plainly visible. There are still to be seen the ruins of old huts, and the roads, which evidently never re- ceived the impression of a wagon-wheel, and the very stones along which bear the marks of the iron-shod horses of the Indian-traders. From Kittanning Point " the path" diverged toward Hollidaysburg, and thence pursued its well known course down the valleys and along the streams of the Juniata country, — Jones. After rounding " the Point," travelers will observe upon the moun- tain-side across the valley, the road-cuttings of the New Portage, which-— after seeing the mountains crossed without planes by the Pennsylvania Railroad — the State directed to be made, in order to avoid the delay and difficulties incident to the passage over the old inclined-plane road. However, before this second road was completed, the main-line of State improvements was purchased by the Pennsylvania Company ; and so much of the iron as had already been laid, was removed to the western portion of the Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, to assist in closing up the grand route between Philadelphia and Chicago. Alas ! for the glory of Moncure Robinson, the very colossus of roads and stately engineer imported from England to build the venerable Port- age Railroad and its ten inclined planes ! Now, a Yankee engineer transports us over the heads of these rugged old Titans, without a single plane or other extra contrivance. The grandeur of the immortal Thom- son's success is really magnified by the simplicity with which it is accom- plished. Hurrying on, we notice " Harriette Furnace," (formerly Ben- nington,) snugly ensconced among the mountains, and now owned by the Blair County Coal and Iron Company. Before entering the lengthened darkness of the Great Tun- nel, it is gratifying to know something of it. This perforation through the rocky bowels of these grand old mountain giants ranks high among similar triumphs of engineering throughout the world. Its total length is 3,612 feet, width 24 feet, height above the rails 21 i feet. Distance below the summit of the mountain, 203 feet. The work of boring was aided by three shafts : depth of eastern 150 feet, middle 196 feet, western 185 feet It was commenced Oct. 14, 1851, and finished Jan. 21, 1854, at a cost of about $540,000. 70 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Gallitzin (Philadelphia 250 miles— Pittsburgh 106 miles,) is a station created at the western end of the Tunnel, and named in honor of Rev. Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin, said to have been a Russian prince, and -who, with a laudable desire to devote his means to charitable purposes, settled at Loretto in 1789. In the capacity of a Roman Catholic priest, he became a ben- efactor throughout this section ; and such was the extent of his benevolence, that it was said of him, " If his heart had been made of gold, he would have coined it for the poor." After a long life, mostly spent in the discharge of his sacred duties, amid the bleak summits of the AUeghenies, he died in 1840, aged 72. Gallitzin Station is in Cambria county, the line between which and Blair runs along the top of the ridge pierced by the Tunnel. Between Gallitzin and Cresson, and thereafter, travelers will observe " the remains" of the New Portage Railroad, before alluded to. En pas- sant, we may take occasion to speak of the Old Portage Railroad. This trans-montane operation was designed to connect the canals terminating at HoUidaysburg and Johnstown, and was, in its day, deemed a magnifi- cent triumph of engineering. The railroad was nearly forty miles in length, and overcame 1,398 feet of eastern ascent, and 1,172 feet of western descent. The rise and fall was obtained by means of ten inclined planes, lifting from 130 to 307 feet, and varying in inclination between 4^ and 5-6 degrees. The short-^ est plane was 1,585 feet long, and the longest 3,100 feet. The tunnel through the mountain, at the staple bend of the Conemaugh, was 870 feet long and 20 feet high. The cars were elevated by stationary steam- engines at the head of each plane, and locomotives and horses were used on the intervening levels. Its total cost, including stationary engines, exceeded $1,500,000. Cresson, (Philadelphia 253 miles — Pittsburgh 103 miles,) named after Elliot Cresson, of Philadelphia, stands at the cross- ing-point of the railroad over the old Pittsburgh turnpike. Here resides the enterprising and intelligent Dr. R. M. S. Jack- son, and who, as proprietor of the celebrated Springs and hotels at this place, has made it a desirable resort among the seekers of health and the lovers of nature. These " Allegheny Mountain Springs" are more than 2,000 feet above tide ; surrounded by original forests, where " The niuruiuriug pine, and the hemlock" GALLITZIN — SUMMERHILL. 71 kiss the purest breezes of the upper air. The water is almost free from the presence of earthy substances, and the purest on the mountains. The largest spring here is said to be the foun- tain head of the Conemaugh river. Dr. Jackson's enterprise has been chartered as the Allegany Mountain Health Institute ; and the contemplated village is christened Bhododendron. About a mile distant, on the turnpike, is Summit village, a never-to-be-forgotten place with those who tasted the pleasures of a drag over the Old Portage Eailroad. Lilly's, (Philadelphia 258 miles — Pittsburgh 100 miles,) a station of little importance, at the foot of old plane No. 4, on the western mountain-slope. Lilly Station being the first fairly among the streams flowing adown toward the Ohio, we are in- duced to quote from the writings of Dr. Jackson : On the western side of the Allegheny mountains, the streams have slower and gentler currents, presenting irregular courses, and with more winding and circuitous channels. As the high table lands fall off more gradually from the Allegheny spurs westward to the Mississippi, the streams flow through the irregular washes of denudation which separate the labyrinth of hills more slowly. Many of these streams are quiet and sluggish, appearing as mere passive and dead drains of the surface. Their waters appear different from those of the eastern shed, where they flow through the beds of the larger currents. Descending these streams, the waters become turbid from the intermingling of the softer mineral elements which form this region. Portage (Philadelphia 260 miles — Pittsburgh 96 miles,) Station, at the foot of old plane No, 2, (it will be remembered the planes were numbered from west to east,) is also on the head waters of the Conemaugh river, which the railroad follows to Blairsville Branch Intersection, over 40 miles distant. A considerable amount of coke is produced in this vicinity, from the coal mined. Wilmore (Philadelphia 263 miles — Pittsburgh 93 miles,) is the depot for the town of Jefferson, which contains about 1,000 inhabitants. A plankroad extends from this place to Ebensburg, the capital of the county, and thence to Loretto and Clearfield. Wilmore is an outlet for considerable trade from the large sec- tion of country northward. Summerhill (Philadelphia 266 miles — Pittsburgh 90 miles,) 72 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. adjoins the old " Half-way House" on the Portage Road, and is in Cambria county. Cambria contains that which is rare in Pennsylvania, a deserted village — the town of Beulah near Ebensburg, the establishment of which as the county-seat caused Beulah to be abandoned. Like its prototype which Goldsmith has immortalized. Obscure it sinks, nor shall it more impart An hour's importance to the poor man's heart — Thither no more the peasant shall repair To sweet oblivion of his daily care. ****** These far departing seek a kinder shore, And rural mirth and manners are no more. Viaduct, (Philadelphia 269 miles — Pittsburgh 87 miles,) or Big Viaduct, spans the Conemaugh with a single arch of 80 feet in length, and nearly 75 feet above the water ; and is con- sidered one of the finest specimens of massive architecture in the country — durable as the eternal foundation upon which it rests. Passing through a cut of drift-shale rock of over 100 feet — a depth of excavation seldom witnessed elsewhere — the road crosses a splendid iron bridge, having an elevation of 73 feet. Mineral Point (fiag station). Passing by, reminds us that we are within the great Allegheny Bituminous Coal Region — that vast and extraordinary assemblage of vegetable matter, which with the anthracite of Eastern Pennsylvania, statistics have shown to be more valuable than the gold of California ! The greatest length of the Allegheny coal-field is seven hundred and fifty six miles; its greatest breadth one hundred and seventy-three, and its average breadth about eighty-five miles. There are some thirty or forty points Avhere coal is reguUirly mined, the average thickness of the veins worked being about ten feet — some of them being twenty-two, while those along the Conemaugh and Portage liaih'oad near us, are from ten to fifteen feet thick. The greatest amount raised is consumed in and around Pittsburgh, and sent down the Ohio, although a large share is shipped eastward, by way of the Juniata avenues and the Sus- quehanna. — Boiven. Conemaugh (Philadelphia 275 miles — Pittsburgh 81 miles.) is the site of the Company's repair-shops for this portion of the VIADUCT — JOHNSTOWN. 78 Western Division. Although we may here consider ourselves down from the mountains, we are yet 1,226 feet above tide. From this point and Johnstown, the Conemaugh expands to more noticeable dimensions. Over the stream we notice the route of the Portage Railroad, which formerly connected its business with the canal at Johnstown. Johnstown, (Philadelphia 277 miles — Pittsburgh 79 miles,) the largest place in the county, is situated on a broad jQat, en- circled by mountains, at the confluence of Stony Creek and the Conemaugh. It occupies the site of an old Indian locality, called Kickenapawling' 8-town^ and derives its name from its founder, Joseph Johns. The place contains various basins, and other matters connected with the former canal navigation — warehouses, boat yards, &c. The dwellings are generally of brick, and the town considered, healthy. The State had a large depot here for repairing loco- motives, and other machinery necessary for launching and haul- ing up the section-boats which crossed the mountain on trucks. Population, 7,000. After leaving the depot; and crosbing a splendid iron bridge, is seen the extensive works of the Gamlria Iron Company — one of the largest in America. The Company's property, embracing about 25,000 acres, was purchased a few years ago for $300,000, and is a most singular and valuable tract. It comprises the richest deposits of iron ore, bituminous coal, hydraulic cement, fire-brick clay and lime- stone, all contiguous. From these sources the Company works seven blast furnaces, which employ 1,500 operatives. This seat of enterprise and industry is called Millville. The Company has additional furnaces in the vicinity, and a bridge over the Conemaugh in order to reach tjie railroad. A short distance from Johnstown, commences the slack-water navigation of Conemaugh river, which in its picturesque meander- ings, yielding to the necessities of internal commerce, is forced to lay aside its poetical rippling and become a prosy " raging canawi." 74 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Following, parallel with the "river-canal, we traverse a long narrows, through a gap in Laurel Hill Ridge, in which we pass, (as in a former instance,) under the '^bridge" of Conemaugh Furnace, (Philadelphia 284 miles — Pittsburgh 72 miles,) owned by C. Ihmsen, of Pittsburgh, and which, when in blast, furnishes a livelihood to some 200 operatives, and maintains a rather important local trade. We here part com- pany with the canal navigation, which enters the land-tracts over the river. Emerging from Laurel Hill, which is a county dividing-line, we enter upon Westmoreland, now a very fertile and valuable mineral district, but which, previous to 1758, was a wilderness, trodden only by the wild beast, the savage, and an occasional white trader or frontier-man. Nineveh, (Philadelphia 286 miles—Pittsburgh 70 mile?,) situated on the Conemaugh, among the lesser slopes of Ligonier Valley, is a considerable depot for the lumber and other products of the Black Lick Greek section of country, back of Nineveh. Two miles distant is the village of Armagh, an old Irish settle- ment, bearing a very broguish name. Florence, (Philadelphia 290 miles — llttsburgh 66 miles,) a new railroad town and outlet for Centreville, a small place lo cated on the river at some distance. It is surrounded by a fine mineral region, in which there are several furnaces. From Flo- rence, roads diverge to Ligonier and other towns southward, and to Indiana county on the north. It was once projected to form a new county out of the beautiful and productive Ligonier Val- ley, and to make Florence the capital. Lockport (Philadelphia 295 miles— Pittsburgh 61 miles,) is situated in a gently undulated country approaching Chestnut Ridge. Here the canal crosses the river by one of the finest stone aqueducts in the country, of five spans, and which (it is said,) does not leak a drop. The little clusters of creeping weeds and water-plants clinging to its sides, gives it quite a ro- mantic and poetic appearance. The moving spirit of this place CONBMAUGH I^URNACE — BOLIVAR. T5 is the Hon. John Covode, who has built a capacious and sub* stantial brick warehouse, to accommodate the local trade. An iron furnace is also located here, and near the town lies a con- siderable yein of coal of excellent quality. Lockport is connected by roads leading south through Covodeville to Ligonier and the southern turnpike. Bolivar (Philadelphia 297 miles— Pittsburgh 59 miles,) is located contiguous to a circuitous defile through the great Chest- nut Ridge, and along the north-eastern side of Ligonier Valley, Considerable business arises at this point from the manufacture of fire-bricks. Slack-water navigation is also resumed, and con-* tinues until we cast upon it our " last, long, lingering look," near B lairs vilie Intersection. The beautiful Ligonier Valley has a north-east and soufeb- west course, and consists of a very long and narrow belt of land, lying between the parallel elevations above mentioned. It com- mences in Virginia, traverses the eastern portions of Fayette and Westmoreland, and finally spreads out into the adjoining county of Indiana. During the Revolution, and for many years prior to it, this extensive valley was the scene of many interesting and stirring events. During the passage through this gorge in Chestnut Ridge, travelers cannot fail to be delighted with the wild magnificence of the mountain sides, and experience the height of enthusiasm on beholding what is termed the ''Pack-saddle." At this place an almost perpendicular bluff towers to an immense height, frowning upon the locomotive as it encircles its rocky sides, while, at a depth of 80 feet in the valley below, flows the winding Conemaugh — comprising a scene which, viewed from the edge • of the river or the lofty mountain-top, is calculated to fill the mind with grandeur, and render the impressions of its superb beauty indelible. From the top of Chestnut Ridge, the last of the Alleghenies westward, a view is obtained of the formation and character of this part of the Val- ley of tlie Ohio. The whole comitry, as far as the eye can take it in, descends very gradually toward the West. It has evidently the appear- j ance of having once been the bottom of some vast lake or inland sea. The receding waters, or the streams formed by the rains that have -since fallen, appear to have worn the nearly level f^urface into innumerable 76 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. ravines and valleys, leaving those rounded intervening hills that now compose the fertile but uneven fields of this rich agricultural region, BfairsviHe Branch Intersection (Philadelphia 802 miles — Pittsburgh 54 miles,) occurs as we leave the Gap ; and here v^re part company with the river (and canal), which flows off due west, while we hie along the slope of Chestnut Ridge, ia a more southerly direction, very nearly through the centre of Westmore- land county. At Blairsville, two miles from this place, the North-western Railroad, now in progress, will connect the Pennsylvania Road, by its direct course, with Cleveland and the Lakes, Telegraph station. (Through passengers see Hillside.) Bfairsvilie (on Branch Road, three miles, J is located on the Pittsburgh Turnpike, and on the Conemaugh, amidst the wild- est scenery imaginable. Below Blairsvilie, the canal passes through a tunnel over 900 feet in length ; and emerging from it, is passed over the river through a massive stone aqueduct. The river is also spanned by a fine old bridge 295 feet long, and used by the turnpike company. This place during the golden age of canal naviga* tion, boasted of its importance, and also derived much benefit from the turnpike trade ; but since the completion of the rail- road, its merchants now behold much of their former business " passing by on the other side." The surrounding country con- tributes much in agricultural shipments, and a number of houses are engaged in the pork business. The Female Seminary here is prominent among the educational institutions of Western Pensylvania. Population 2,000, Indiana (19 miles from Intersection,) is the capital of Indi- ana county, and terminus of the Branch Pvailroad. It is a neat and pleasant place ; possessing a moderate trade. The turnpike from Kittanning to Ebensburg passes through the town. It is situated in the very heart of the county, upon land granted by the immortal George Clymer, for town purposes, in 1805. Population 1,500. Hillside, (Philadelphia 806 miles — Pittsburgh 50 miles,) a wood and water depot, located on the western slope of Chestnut llidoQ. Millwood (fl^j-r station) BLAIRSVILLB INTERSECTION — LATROBE. 77 Derry f Philadelphia 309 miles— Pittsburgh 47 miles,) Sta- tion is about a mile south of an ancient village of that name, and in a section of country celebrated for the exploits of its earliest pioneer, Wilson^ of whose unerring rifle-performances many thrilling incidents are related. Roads diverge from here to various parts of Westmoreland county. Saint Clair (Philadelphia 311 miles — Pittsburgh 45 miles,) is a small station named after the immortal patriot, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, of whom it is recorded : That, after an eventful military life, " with the profuse liber- ality of a soldier, he became reduced in his old age to poverty, and resided in a dreary part of Westmoreland county, on Chest- nut Ridij^e. He applied to Congress for relief. His claims on the sympathy of his country were listened to with indiflfer- enee, and admitted with reluctance. After a long suspense, he obtained a pension of $60 per month." He died Aug. 31st, 1^18, in his 84th year. Latrobe, (Philadelphia 314 miles — Pittsburgh 42 mile3,) a new railroad town, was laid out by Oliver W. Barnes, Esq., and named in honor of B. H. Latrobe, the distinguished engi- neer. It is located on the fork of the Loyal Hanna River, which the road crosses here by a substantial stone askew bridge Latrobe is handsomely built, and is elevated above tide- water a little more than 1,000 feet; and in its few years has num- bered 1,500 inhabitants, and reached a point which bids well for future importance. In addition to the handsome depot hotel, it contains large warehouses, and sundry manufacturing estab- lishments, comprising railroad car-works, flour-mills, iron foun- dry, &c. Good roads diverge from here in every direction through the surrounding rich agricultural country, and a stage connects regularly with Youngstown. A railroad has been projected to extend from Latrobe to IJniontowD, via Meunt Pleasant, and thence through Kanawha to the Big Sandy in Virginia, where it would connect with other important routes. T8 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. The Loyal Hanna River (which we have just crossed,) flows north-west through the county, and uniting with the Con- emaugh at Saltsburg, forms the Kiskiminitas river, which is a principal branch of the Allegheny. Down the Loyal Hanna, in spring-time, when the melting snow swells its waters, a large quantity of lumber is Seated, and formed into rafts upon the larger streams — d^tinod to the markets at Pittsburgh, Cincin- nati and Louisville. This description of labor (as is well known,) gives a period of annual employment to that class of individuals termed lumber men. " The lumbermen," says Eli Bowen, " are essentially original charac- ters. A more devil-may-care set of fellows never handled an axe or swung an oar; good-natured, robust and hard-working, they have an inexhaustible fund of humor and forest-adventure, which does much to smooth down their exterior roughness. In the fall of the year they repair to the depths of the forest, and one after one fall the stately tree-giants. The ox-tcams are busied, tugging off the logs to the saw-mill hard by ; and in the spring, the sawed lumber is drifted down the mountain streams to the Allegheny, where long rafts are formed, and then piloted down the river. Year after year they pursue this pe- culiar vocation, and lighten their toil with jocund song. 'A-liiraboring we'll go, so n-lnnibering we'll go, 0, we'll rango the vrild woods over, and a-lumbering we'll go!" Beatty's (Philadelphia 31G miles— Pittsburgh 40 miles,) Sta- tion, named after the proprietor of the ground, is contiguous to a tributary of Loyal Hanna, and connected with the southern turnpike by a branch of the same. In the vicinity of Heatty's, and located on beautifal farms, ad- mirably cultivated, is the Roman Catholic Abbey of St. Vin- cent, and a young ladies' boarding school, conducted by the Sisters of Mercy. These educational institutions have extensive and well arranged buildings; the former is under the direction of Rev. Doniface Wimmer, who has been chosen to the life- office of Abbot. Passing through a small perforation denominated Carr's Tun- nel, we traverse the Crabtree Creek section, at George's Summit, 35 miles from Pittsburgh, and in the very heart of Westmore-, land county. This great interior region comprises the rich table lands of BEATTY'S — GREENSBURO. 79 the Allegheny, and a country sufficiently rolling to adapt it admi- rably to all the purposes of agriculture ; including that of sheep- husbandry, whish is extensively pursued in the adjoining county of Washington, and others adjacent to the Monongahela, in this State and Virginia. Darting again through a tunnel, we emerge in full view of the capital of Westmoreland county. Greensburg, (Philadelphia 324 miles — Pittsburgh 32 miles,) which commemorates the name of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of the revolutionary army, was laid out in 1783, not long after the burning of Hanna's Town. It is also situated on the old turn- pike from Bedford to Pittsburgh, in the midst of a fertile country. It is one of those tranquil places which contribute little to the "noise and confusion" of the bustling world; and where ** simplicity, virtue and contentment are the distinguishing char- acteristics of the population." Its history recalls the primeval days when Ross, Brackenridge, Baldwin, Wilkins, and others learned in the law — -each prepared with "his quiddits, his quil- lets, his cases, his tenures and his tricks" — -made their regular pilgrimages to Greensburg. The lamented Richard C. Coul- ter, one of Pennsylvania's most eminent Supreme Judges, re- sided here. After a lethargic existence from its infancy, Greensburg has somewhat awakened to the value of its railway advantages, which have already added enormously to its wealth ; not only in the impetus given to town business, but in the enhanced value of the adjacent country traversed by the iron way. It numbers a population of 2,500. The new court-house is built of cut stone, and is very con- spicuous. Gas has been introduced. The surrounding bluffs offer commanding and eligible sites for residences. Good roads radiate from Greensburg to all parts of the coun- try, and stages leave for Mount Pleasant, Somerset, Uniontown, Bedford, Ligonier, and Cumberland, Md. In the Presbyterian church-yard at this place, repose the ashes of the braye but unfortunate Gen. Arthur St. Clair. The spot 80 RAILROAD HAND BOOK. is now marked by an imposing monument, erected in 1832, by the Masonic fraternity, '' to supply the place of a nobler one due from his country." The Hempfield Railroad, now operating between Wheeling and Washington, Pa., will connect with the Pennsylvania Rail- road at Greensburg, if ever finished. LuDWiCK, an environ of Greensburg, is the station for re- ceiving and forwarding the freight of the town and surrounding country; to store and tranship which, the Company has erected a large brick warehouse and other buildings. This point joins the estate of Will. A. Stokes, Esq., the able Solicitor of the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company, and who has laid out here a consid- erable number of building lots. Travelers will observe his tasteful residence (*' Ludwick") on the hill-slope, at the right. Radebaugh's (Philadelphia 326 miles — Pittsburgh 30 miles,) Station, now rather "lost to sight," but perhaps "to memory dear," with the early travelers over this route, when a stage gap existed between this place and Turtle Creek. Imagination easily conceives it to have been the "boiling point" with crusty passengers, and the place where the swearing commenced ! Grapeville (Philadelphia 328 miles — Pittsburgh 28 miles, ^ is a depot-outlet for the old village of that name, situated on the turnpike to Pittsburgh, about one mile northward. Manor (Philadelphia 331 miles — Pittsburgh 25 miles,) Sta- tion, situated on Brush Creek, designates a large body of very rich land which was selected by the Penns, and reserved as their private property. These Proprietary Manors form a curious feature in the history of Pennsylvania land titles. In 1779 the Legislature vested in the Com- monwealth the riL'hts which the Penns derived from the charter of Charles II. to William Penn, declaring that the claims of the proprie- taries to the whole of the soil contained within the bounds of the (barter was no longer consistent with the safety, liberty and happiness of the peo- ple ; and for which action unanswerable reasons were given and recog- nized. With strict regard for justice, however, this same law provided i that all the private estates, lands, &c., of any of the proprietaries whereof I they were then possessed, or to which they were then entitled in their | private several right and capacity, and all the lands known as proprietary manors, should be confirmed, ratified and established. rabebaugh's — wall's station. . 81 Between Manor and Irwin's, Messrs. Hays, Shaw & Co. bave extensive coal works, using steam power. Irwin's (Philadelphia 333 miles— Pittsburgh 23 miles,) is a very extensive business point, located along the meandering Brush Greek. The Westmoreland Goal Gorapany's mining op erations have their outlet here ; and the shipments of the coal— - which is of an unsurpassed and rarely equaled kind — are from 200 to 300 tons per day. This particular article is used in the gas works of Philadelphia and New York, and considered fully equal, if not superior, to any of the foreign coals. A village is fast accumulating ; there is also a steam saw-mill and a barrel factory in operation here. Larimer's (Philadelphia 335 miles — Pittsburgh 21 miles,) is a station named after General William Larimer, formerly a resident of this county, and is also the centre of extensive coal operations. These operations are upon the same vein as at Ir- win's, and which, as has been already said, is of excellent quality — the demand for eastern supply rather exceeding the quantity mined. Steam power is also applied to the manufacture of flour. This quarter of the State is scarcsly less remarkable for its coal, iron, and lumber, than for its excellent salt springs. The saline properties of the water, underlying the upper stratum of the soil, Avere noticed at an early period; but no efforts were made to extract the salt until 1813, at which time, owing to the war, it became exceedingly scarce and corres- pondingly high in price. The water in many places along the Kiskimin- etas and Allegheny oozed out of the ground, and those spots were much frequented by deer, who would stand around them licking up the water with great satisfaction. This fact finally led to experiments, which have since resulted in extensive mining operations. — Bowen. Stewart's (Philadelphia 338 miles— Pittsburgh 18 miles,) Station is located contiguous to the western boundary-line of Westmoreland county, and near the confluence of Brush Run with Turtle Creek. Wall's Station, (flag,) situated on Turtle Creek, and the first point we arrive at in Allegheny county. It is the depot for the coal operations of the Springhill Mining Company. 8* 82 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Turtle Creek (Philadelphia 342 miles — Pittsburgh 14 miles,) Depot is named after the stream which accompanies the route of the railroad, and located on the turnpike to Pittsburgh. The principal buildings are seen from the road, while the re- mainder of the town is invisible. Brinton's (Philadelphia 343 miles — Pittsburgh 13 miles,) is situated in a bend of Turtle Creek, not far from its junction with the Monongahela River at Port Perry. At (his point the road crosses the creek, and also intersects the plank road to Pittsburgh. Passengers leave this place by the Monongahela and Youghiogheny Slack- Water for Brownsville and West New- ton. Here and at other points in the neighborhood, coal-mines and lime-quarries are operated, and their products sent to Pitts- burgh. From this and the intermediate stations to Pittsburgh, Accomraodation trains are run for the convenience of business men residing out of Pittsburgh, and whose beautiful homesteads occupy the bluffs along the Monongahela. The Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad diverges from Brinton's southeastwardly to Connellsville, Fayette county, sixty miles distant, aiming to form a connection with the Balti- more and Ohio Road at Cumberland, Md. This road pursues the course of the Youghiogheny river, and touches at M'Kees- port, West Newton, and other towns. The company at present uses the track and motive power of the Pennsylvania, between Brinton's and Pittsburgh, intending, ultimately, to construct their own road down the Monongahela river. Soon after leaving Brinton's station, looking to the left, trav- elers will observe a pool made by a dam across the river. This designates the vicinity where the army, composed of British reg- ulars and provincial militia, under command of Gen. Braddock, (that obstinate incarnation of technical pedantry and military conceit, united with unquestionable bravery,) crossed the river on his way to subjugate Fort Duquesne. We now traverse the identical locality of that fatal action. Braddock's Fieid, (Philadelphia 345 miles — Pittsburgh 11 TURTLE CREEK — BRADDOCK'S FIELD. S8 miles,) the very mention of which recalls one of the most impor- tant events in the early history of our State and country, lies along the north-eastern bank of the Monongahela river. Here, it will bo remembered, on the 9th of July, 1755, Gen. Braddock was totally defeated by a body of French and Indians, under Capt. Beaujeu, who had sallied out from Fort Duquesne to obstruct atid harass the advance of the British. Ascendino; from the river, the alluvial bottom will be found interspers- ed with ravines of various extent, and which increase in number and depth as they approach the railroad, and ascend the bank on the right. In these ravines, and completely concealed by " the forest primeval," lay the French and Indians. The British forces, in " all the pomp and circumstance of glorious war," ascended from the river with drums beating, fifes playing, and col- ors flying. " Had Braddock been schooled in the warfare of the woods," says Washington Irving, " or had he adopted the suggestions of Washington, which he rejected so impatiently, he would have thrown o,ut liidian scouts or Virginia rangers in the advance, and on the flanks, i\j beat up the woods and ravines ; but, as has been sarcastically observ- ed, he suffered his troops to march forward through the centre of the plain, with merely their usual guides and. flanking parties, ' as if in a review in St. James' Park.' " The details of this disastrous engagement, as well as its re- sults, being familiar to almost every American reader, makes a repetition of the same unnecessary here. The obstinacy of Braddock, in driving his troops out on tlie open field, to " fight like Englishmen" — but in reality to be mowed down by an ambuscaded enemy — was indu1)itably tlie cause of defeat, and in singular contrast to the ever-memorable deportment of the youthful Washington, who saved the remnant of the array. As is well known, too, Braddock, in his death hour, apologized to Washington for the petulance with which he had rejected his advice, and more than once expressed admira- tion of his gallantry. Respecting this battle, Wnshington wrote : " We have been most scan- dalously beaten by a trifling body of men." * * * * " The Vir- ginia troops," says he, in a letter to his mother, " showed a good deal of bravcr3% and were nearly all killed. The dastardly behavior of those they called regulars, exposed all others that were ordered to do their duty, to almost certain death ; and, at last, in despite of all the eflbrts of the officers to the contrary, they ran, as sheep pursued by dogs, and it was impossible to rally them. By the all-powerful dispensations of Providence, I have been protected beyond all human probability or ex- pectation : for I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me, yet escaped unhurt, though death v/as leveling my compan- ions on every side of me !"^ * When Washington went to the Ohio, in 1770, to explore the wild 84 EAILBOAD HAND-BOOK. The most humiliating circumstance connected with this defeat, is the fact that the enemy were but a mere detachment of 855 men, sent out to harass rather than fight Braddock's army of over IjSOO; and, says Irving, "no one could be more surprised than the French commander himself, (at Fort Duquesne,) when the ambuscading party returned in triumph with a long train of pack-horses laden with booty, the savages uncouthly clad in the garments of the slain, grenadier caps, officers' gold- laced coats and glittering epauletts ; flourishing swords and sabres, or firing off muskets and uttering fiend-like yells of victory. But when informed of the utter rout and destruction of the much-dreaded British army, the joy of De Contrecceur Avas complete." The defeat of Braddock remains a memorable event in American his- tory, and has been characterized as " the most extraordinary victory ever obtained, and the farthest flight ever made." It struck a fatal blow to the defense for British prowess, which once amounted almost to big- otry, throughout the provinces. " This whole transaction," observes Franklin, in his Auto- biography, "gave us the first suspicion that our exalted ideas of the prowess of British regular troops had not been well founded ;" a remark (we would add,) which all our country's subsequent dealings with its " mother " confirms to this day. SvvJssvale (Philadelphia 347 miles — Pittsburgh 9 miles,) Station was the former country residence of Mrs. Joseph Swiss- helm, who was for many years the Editress of a Pittsburgh journal, able in its efforts to propagate the peculiar tenets of " woman's rights," et id omne genus. The beauty of the loca- tion has induced many Pittsburghcrs to erect neat residences, which adorn the road and the bank of the river in the neigh- borhood. Wilkinsburg (Philadelphia 348 miles — Pittsburgh 8 miles,) is named after Kon. VVilliam Wilkins — a venerable and distin- guished son of old Allegheny — whose charming country-seat is in the vicinity. The town is pleasantly situated on the north- lands near the mouth of the Kanawha river, he met an aged Indian chief, who told him through an interpreter, that during the battle of Braddock's field he had singled him out as a conspicuous object, fired his rifle at him many times, and directed his young warriors to do the same ; but none of his bal's took effect. He was then persuaded that the young hero was under the special guardianship of the Great Spirit, , and ceased firing at him. lie had i;ow come a long way to pay homage to tlie man who was the peculiar favorite of heaven, and who could nevei' die ill battle. SWISSVALE — EAST LIBERTY. 85 eastern side of the railroad and turnpike, and contains about 600 inhabitants. For a long time the prosperity of this delightful village was paralyzed, and its people disheartened by litigations attending uncertain titles to the ground ; but this difficulty was removed, a new impetus was given to business, good buildings were erected, and other important measures were consummated for making Wilkinsburg and its vicinity a very desirable location for country-seats. Homewood, (Philadelphia 349 miles — Pittsburgh 7 miles,) located on a small tributary of the Allegheny river, receives its name from "Home wood," the country seat of Mr. Wilkins, which lies about a mile distant, and is an extensive and romantic place, highly cultivated, adorned with a beautiful residence, fit for the home of the distinguished and venerable statesman, whose genius has honored the country abroad, and reflects lustre on his native State. East Liberty, (Philadelphia 350 miles— Pittsburgh 6 miles,) "loveliest village of the plain," is located at the intersection of several roads leading to Pittsburgh, and in the midst of a de- lightful section, over which are scattered many beautiful country residences. It was laid out nearly 40 years ago, by Jacob Negley, Esq., whose descendants still enjoy an honored promi- nence in the society of the place. The railroad station house is a fine specimen of old English architecture. A few miles from East Liberty is the former residence of Col. George Croghan, a distinguished frontier man, who figured in various pioneer capacities, and experienced so many vicissitudes in the early times of Western Pennsylvania. Washington visited this abode of his friend Croghan, when performing his famous mission to Fort Duquesne, and met here assembled several chiefs of the Six Nations. The history of Croghan is replete with Most disastrous chauccs, Of moving accidents by llood and field, Of hair-breadth 'scapes, Of baing talten by llie iusoleut foe: 86 KAILROAD HAND BOOK. and designates hini prominently among the foremost instrumen- talities which made *'the wilderness to blossom as the rose." This beautiful homestead occupies the top of a hill bordering upon the Allegheny river, is under perfect cultivation, and occupied by Capt. Schenley, son-in-law of Col. Croghan. Milfvale (flag station,) is near the residence of the late Hon. Harmar Denny, once a distinguished citizen of Western Penn- sylvania. Immediately adjoining the extensive estate of the Denny family, is the Western Pennsylvania Hospital, erected chiefly by the generosity of the people of Pittsburgh, on ground donated by the 'Haras and Dennys. Opposite this institution, are the inclosed grounds of the Alle- gheny County Agricultural Society, and which are used alter- nately with those at Philadelphia by the State Society. The Outer Depot (Pittsburgh,) of the Pennsylvania Rail- road, consists of about twenty acres, upon which is located the various shops, store-houses, ofiices, wood and coal sheds, water- stations, cattle-yards, weigh-scales, &c., essential to the Com- pany's business. Also a local freight-house 300 feet long, iron and lumber yards, and a circular engine house 900 feet in circum- ference, containing 45 stalls for locomotives — one of the largest buildings of its kind in America. These buildings are mostly of brick, substantially erected, and contain machinery of the best quality, and suited to every purpose. The whole property is under-drained by brick and stone culverts, and its operations under the immediate control of Charles A. Nauman. ^PITTSBURGH, (Philadelphia 356 miles,) located at the junction of the Monongahda and Allegheny rivers, tho head waters of the Ohio, commands an immense inland navigation, and combines more geographical advantages of position than any interior city in the United States. With tho romance of the early settlement of this city — although it is a field that the =^' For most of the data comprised in the chapter on Pittsburgh, the author is pleased to express his indebtedness to an interesting work entitled "■Pittsburgh as it is," by Georire H. Thurston, Esq., and wliich, as an exhibit of the "facts and figures" of the Iron City, well deserves a careful examination. Published by W. S. Haven. MILLVALE — PITTSBURGH. 8Y thought lingers upon, and withdraws from reluctantly — this vol- ume has no purpose ; we seek rather to present ''facts and fig- ures" suited to the utilitarian spirit of the age. PiTTSBDRQii i*s IT IS, includcs Allegheny City and the bor- oughs of Manchester, Buquesne, Lawrenceville, East Birming- ham, Birmingham, South and West Pittsburgh ; all of which, in the absence of a general consolidation, occupy the relation of wards to the city proper. The city extends along the Ohio and Monongahela rivers four and a half miles, and an equal distance along the Allegheny, and fills a triangular space between the rivers of two and a half miles base, by three miles on either side. The growth of Pittsburgh has been apparently slow, but its results are sound ; the prevailing characteristics of the commu- nity having been to create wealth without noise. While some of her western rivals boast a more rapid progress in population, business and wealth, she pursues a steady course, with but one- tenth of the mortgages which embitter the nectar-cup sipped by her western friends. The disastrous conflagration of April, 1845, it will be re- membered, swept away ten millions of her capital; while great draughts, severe frosts, and the visitation of pestilence, have at various times seriously affected her business. In the ab- sence of these providential causes, it is fair to conjecture that Pittsburgh would have now been far ahead of her present con- dition, and eojoying freedom from public misfortune. From this time forward, she must become prominent among the most accu- mulative and progressive cities of the Union. Situated in the heart of the bituminous coal formation of the Apalachian field, and equally located as to the deposits cf iron ore, her geographical relations to the staple materials of Pennsylvania, as well as of the Union, are unrivaled. Her situation at the head of the Ohio constitutes her the very " Gate- way to the West," and a key-point to the great railway systems beyond. Her river navigation readies to fourteen States and two 88 EAILEOAD HAND-BOOK. Territories — not only the border counties thereof, but the interior country. By her canals also she is enabled to transport to the Lakes, through Pennsylvania to the Atlantic seaboard, and a portion of New York State, those heavy articles produced in her manufactories, which demand cheap in preference to rapid transportation. The PRESENT POPULATION numbers about 140,000 ; and but for the coal smoke, which is objectionable to strangers, there is not a pleasanter location in the United States. This famed smoke, which necessarily arises from its hundreds of manufacto- ries and the thousands of bushels of coal daily consumed by pri- vate families, pervades the atmosphere to so great an extent as to have elicited for Pittsburgh the soubriquet of the " Smoky City." However, this very smoke, it is affirmed, contains in- gredients highly favorable to lung and cutaneous diseases; asthmatic patients have found great relief in breathing it. Its MANUFACTURING ADVANTAGES are dcrivcd from itemsof fuel, material, and living — reception, distribution, and manufac- turing sites — unbroken labor, lessened expenses, and increased income. So eminent are these considerations, that it may safely be denominated the cheapest point in the Union for the manu- facturing of most articles, especially those in which iron, wood, cotton, wool, and fuel, are important components. There are in Pittsburgh ahundant openinys for manufactories^ and which will not fail to be highly remunerative if properly conducted. The prices of real estate are generally low, aod (says a Pittsburgh writer) there is no point in the United States where the same opportunities for investments in real estate exist, with the same certainty of a heavy increase in the next five or six years. ■ Pittsburgh is richer in her coal fields than the balance of the world in all its deposits of precious metals. The extent of the bituminous region contributing to her welfare, is fifteen thousand square miles. The estimated value of one of its main- seams has been estimated to surpass in value the gold of Cali- fornia ! As a criterion of the coal business, wo furnish the PITTSBURGH. 89 estimate fur 1857 at 61,730,358 bushels, of which there were exported 26,480,350 bushels, the total valae of which is com- puted at $6,336,720. The department of boat-building is of great prominence in the general business. On account of the great abundance of the different kinds of timber, the cheapness of iron, of labor, of paint, and of all other materials used in the construction of steamboats, they can bo built at a less cost at Pittsburgh than in any western port, and consequently there are built and fitted out here more steamers than at any other three or four cities of the West. This city having been for nearly fifty years engaged in the construction of western steamboats, there has accumulated among its contractors and mechanics a vast fund of practical knowledge, which is attested in the production of her boats — unequaled on the western waters for speed, beauty, comfort, convenience, and cheapness. The estimated business for 1857, was the building of 84 steamboats, valued at $1,680,- 000. Besides the construction of steamboats, a heavy business is conducted in building keel-boats, barges, and coal-flats — the average annual consumption of the latter amounting to about $3,880,000. The expression, ** Pittsburgh Manufactures," has become world-wide as the synonym of excellence. This meritorious position is the result of her long years of investigation, industry, and experience. Chief among these is her great Ikon establish- ments, which consume great quantities of pig-metal from the Allegheny, Anthracite, and Juniata regions of Pennsylvania ; the Hanging Rock region on the Ohio ; and from the States of Tennessee and Missouri. In its consumption of immense quan- tities of iron, Pittsburgh seems a fitting repository for the staple product of Pennsylvania's hills and mountains. Although the consumption of iron enters more or less into all the business of Pittsburgh, her iron "■ manufactures''^ are par- ticularly understood to comprise the products of her rolling mills, her foundries and machine-shops. Foremost in the list stands 90 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. the rolling-mill — of which Pittsburgh contains more than any other city or county in the State, Among her numerous foun- dries is one for the manufacture of cannon, and at which were cast a number of "peacemakers" used by the fleet on Lake Erie, and for the defense of New Orleans during the war of 1812 — together with others used at the more recent battles in the Cri- mea. Among its machine- sho'ps are those for the manufacture of tools, the qualities of which are recognized for superiority throughout the mechanical world. Considerable attention is also given to agricultural implements, domestic and saddlery hardware, guns, wire, cutlery and surgical instruments, forges, and the making of boilers, chains, railing, safes, spikes, life- boats, &c. &c. Pittsburgh being largely interested in the Copper business in ill its branches, and its management of copper-mining having aeen peculiarly successful, the products of this metal may be ranked among staple manufactures. The establishments for smeltinoj and rollino; are numerous and estensive. Cotton cloths, cotton yarns, and batting, are also among the more important branches. The manufacture of xohite lead in this city in 1S37, amount- ed to over 900 tons, and is carried on with facilities equal to establishments not so remote from the mines. If there are any special products which " every body" iden- tides with Pittsburgh, it is that noble trio — coal, iron, and GLASS — of the latter we now speak. The first glass-house was erected by Gen. O'Hara, in 1796. In 1857, there were 34 large factories, carried on by 19 firms, employing 1,982 hands, whose yearly wages amounted to $910,116. They used twenty steam-engines, and produced flint and window glass, demijohns, vials, bottles, druggists' ware, &;c., amounting to $2,631,990. Among the establishments is one for producing stained glass, after the style of ancient Gothic churches, and in modern pat- terns ; also, others for making looking-glasses. Having referred to the most prominent departments of manu- ! PITTSBURGH. 91 factures and mecbariics, we can but allude to the numerous additional establishments for turning out cars, kegs, buckets, carriages, wagons, leather, crackers, cabinet-ware and chairs, soap and candles, glue, lime, matches, oils, tobacco, paper, flour, ' trunks, files, ropes, pianos ; besides breweries, lithographers, marble-works, &c. Although it is conceded that the railroad avenues to Phil- adelphia, New York and Boston, have somewhat deprived Pitts- burgh of her former johhing trade, she is again emerging into new vigor, and will again enjoy her quondam glory — a fact proved by the business transacted within the last three years. There is ample room here now for the enterprise and capital of additional wholesale jobbing dry-goods houses. The Wholesale Business comprised in dry goods, hardware, drugs, groceries, and liquor-rectifying, are carried on to a great extent. The forwarding produce and commission houses are also numerous and reliable. The Lumber Trade comprises shops, mills, fac- tories and yards, which transact an aggregate business of $1,500,000 per annum. The pine timber of the Allegheny Valley is rapidly enhancing in value, while the head-waters of the Monongahela also contain dense forests, which must always render Pittsburgh a point of heavy shipment. Salt is another staple article of trade, and a source of the city's wealth. Great quantities are received here from the Kis- kiminetas works, and others of Western Pennsylvania. The operators in salt look not only to Pittsburgh for the sale of their productions, but also for the purchase of their supplies. The " art preservative of arts" is well represented here. The daily newspapers issued comprise seven in English, and four in German ; out of these also grow«a goodly number of weeklies and monthly periodicals. There are twelve book and job ofiices, using $120,000 worth of material. Living in Pittsburgh is said to compare, in cost and com- fort, most favorably with other cities. Rents are lower, fuel cheaper, marketing generally low, and groceries and flour very reasonable. 92 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. The Financial Institutions of the '* Iron City" comprise six banks of issue, and nine savings and deposit banks. There are also a number of institutions known as loan associations, which haye been very successful and profitable to their stockholders. The private banking-houses number about thirteen. It is prob- lematical whether there is elsewhere as large a business trans- acted with as limited an amount of banking capital— the entire sum of which in the whole city, does not exceed $6,000,000. Among the Public Institutions of Pittsburgh, we may enumerate the Western University; two Commercial Colleges; nearly one hundred Churches of the various religious beliefs ; three public Libraries; twenty public and two High Schools; a number of private Academies, and several fine Halls for mu- sical, dramatic, literary and concert purposes. The utilitarian spirit of the place, however, has been antagonistic to the cul- ture of the fine arts generally; and although there are a "fa- vored few" of the Muses' children here, we are inclined to believe that Pittsburgh will ever boast more of the real than the ideal. Her best known musical genius, is Stephen C. Fos- ter, composer of '^ Lilly Pale," "Uncle Ned," *^01d Dog Tray," and many other of those extremely popular (and profita- ble ) melodies of the day. Pittsburgh and Allegheny are both amply supplied with water and gas. Its principal hotels are the Monongahela, the St. Charles, the St. Clair, the Girard, Perry, Eagle, Mansion, and Scott Houses. The Through Freight Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is built nearly 700 feet in length on Liberty street, by 110 feet in width, extending from Marbury street to the Monongahela river. This is emphatically one of Pittsburgh's "institutions," and well worthy of a visit by those who are interested in things appertaining to modern transportation. This Depot occupies the site of" Fort Duquesne," erected by the French. The annexed extract is from the Oration delivered by Hon. A. W. Lcomis at the great Centennial Anniversary of the Evacuation of Fort Duquesne by the French, in Novem- ber 25, 1758 ; held in this Depot, November 25, 1858 : PrM'SBURGH — liEE llAILV/AY SYSTEM. m -' What object could be more suo^irestivc of contrast; of civilization and improvement, than the theatre of this celebration '? One hundred years ago, the smoking ruins of a deserted fortress presented, upon this spot, a spectacle delightful to the eye and heart of the soldier who had fortu- nately escaped the perils and carnage of an expected encounter, and who saw in the scenes before him the final fate of French supremacy in these deserted regions. To-day, multitudes of happy and independent free- men assemble here, in one of the most capacious depots of the world, erected to fi\ciiitate the exchanges of commerce. From this point, at the head of the beautiful Ohio, cxhaustless treasures of the East are wafted Upon the noble stream to supply the incre.ising demands of the West. Here, at the termination of the great railway which has surmounted and perforated lofty mountains, the boundless productions of the fertile West are placed upon tlieir sure and speedy transit to the capacious harbors and endless markets of the East. Stimulating the faculties of produc- tions and augmenting the accumulations of industry, may these expand- ing exchanges, through all coming time, signalize the diffusion of pros- perity and multiply the means of enjoyment." The *' Old Redoubt," the only ves- tige of Fort Duquesne, is situated north of l^enn street, about forty six feet west of Point Street, a few feet back from Brewery Alley — and is wor- thy of a visit from all strangers. It was the first brick house erected west of the Allegheny Mountains. A stone slab in the wall records the name of the builder and the date of its erec- tion, *'A. D. 1764. Col. Bouquet." THE BAILWAY SYSTEM OF PITT3BXJRGH Comprises, in addition to the Pennsylvania Central Road, the l^ittsburgh, Port Wayne and Chicago Bailroad. This road extends from the depot of the Pennsylvania Rail- road, in the city of Pittsburgh, to the Union depot on the west side of the Chicago river, in the city of Chicago, a distance of 467 miles. While the two large cities at the termini of this road are strongly contrasted in geographical position, and in the physical characteristics of the country surrounding them, this very contrast is adapted to develop extensive commercial rela- tions between them, Pittsburgh is a great centre of raanu^'ac- 94 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. tures j Chicago equally great as tbe centre of agricultural pro- ducts — the one a type of the East, the other a type of the West. HISTORY OF TUE ROAD. The present corporation came into existence for practical ef- fect, by the organization of the Board of Directors on the 1st day of August, 1856; the election for Directors having been held on the 30th of July, two days before. The corporation was created by the legal consolidation into one body, of the Ohio and Pennsylvania, the Ohio and Indiana, and the Fort Wayne and Chicago Eailroad Companies. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad Company was incorpo- rated by the Legislature of Ohio, on the 24th day of February, 1848, with power to construct and operate a railroad from a point on the State line of Ohio, in the county of Columbiana, westwardly, by way of Bucyrus, in Crawford county, to the western boundary of the State ; anl, to effect the objects of its incorporation, the Company was clothed with all the powers and privileges of the general railroad law of Ohio, passed February 11th, 1848. On the 11th day of April, 1848, the Legislature of Pennsyl- vania adopted and enacted the charter of the Ohio and Penn- sylvania Company, as granted in Ohio, and empowered the Company to construct their road from the boundary line of Pennsylvania to a connection with the Pennsylvania Railroad in the city of Pittsburgh. Under the authority conferred by these charters, the Ohio and Pennsylvania Company was duly organized in June, ISIS; General William Robinson, Jr. of Pittsburgh, being chosen President, and Solomon W. Roberts, of Philadelphia, Chief Engineer. The preliminary surveys were soon after made, and the work commenced. Much difficulty was experienced, as well from the topographical features of the country as from the con- flict of local interests in determinino; the route and location of PITTSBUKGH — HER RAILWAY SYSTEM. 96 the road. It was the pioneer road from Pittsburgh westwardly, designed to secure to that city and to Pennsylvania the largest share of traffic springing from the growing cities and wide and fertile plains of the West. The road was finally located upon the route, which, while it combined the largest advantages for local trade, gave it, as part of a great through line, a general northwesterly course in the direction of Chicago, without losing its value, as a leading route, in the direction both of Cincinnati and St. Louis. It was not deemed expedient at that early pe- riod in railroad enterprises, to attempt to construct the road under the powers of one charter to the western line of Ohio, an entire length of 300 miles ; the present town of Crestline, on the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad, 187 miles west of Pittsburgh, was therefore adopted as the western terminus of the road. Through many embarrassments, the road progressed steadily and rapidly to completion, and on the 11th day of April, 1853, was opened for business over its whole length of 187 miles, from Federal street, in Allegheny City, to Crestline. The enlight- ened and liberal views which governed in projecting and carry- ing forward to completion this first work, in no small measure laid the foundation of this great work which we are now de- scribing. On the 20th day of March, 1850, the Legislature of Ohio incorporated the Ohio and Indiana Eailroad Company with all the powers conferred by the general railroad law of Ohio, to construct and operate a railroad from the western terminus of the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad at Crestline, by way of Bucyrus and Upper Sandusky to Fort Wayne, in the State of Indiana. On the 15th day of January, 1851, the Legislature of Indiana adopted and reenacted the Ohio charter of the Ohio and Indiana Railroad Company. The Company was soon after organized, and the work was commenced in the spring of 1852. 96 RAlLKOAi) HAND-BO 0£. On the first clay of November, 1854, the road was opened for business from Crestline to Fort Wayne, a distance of 181 miles, and occupied from, Crestline to the west boundary of Ohio, the route intended to be occupied by the Ohio and Pennsylvania Eaihoad Company under the charter. The nineteen miles from the Ohio State line to Fort Wayne is the only portion of this Company's road not covered by the charter to the Ohio and Pennsylvania Company. On the 14th day of September, 1852, the Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad Company was organized by Articles of Association, in pursuance of the general railroad law of Indiana of May 11, 1852, for the purpose of constructing and operating a railroad from Fort Wayne to a point on the west line of Indi- ana, within the county of Lake, in the direction of Chicago. On the 5th day of February, 1853, the Legislature of Illi- nois incorporated the Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad Compa- ny, as organized under the . law of Indiana, with full powers to construct and operate their road from the State line of Illinois to the city of Chicago. Under the powers thus acquired, the Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad was located on the most direct practicable route from the terminus of the Ohio and Indiana Road at Fort Wayne to the city of Chicago, a distance of 147 miles. The work was commenced in the summer of 1853, and notwithstanding many embarrassments and delays, consequent upon the re-action of opinion in 1854 and 1855, on the subject of railroad securities, the Company maintained its financial credit, and in February, 1856, twenty miles of the road from. Fort Wayne to Columbia, the county town of Whitley county, were opened, making a contin- uous line of 838 miles, of uniform gauge, from the city of Alle- gheny to Columbia, on a direct route to Chicago. The Ohio and Pennsylvania, the Ohio and Indiana, and Fort Wayne and Chicago roads, were neither of them projected sim- ply as local roads, or to accommodate alone the towns and coun- PITTSBURGH — HER RAILWAY SYSTEM. 97 try Immediately adjacent to them. Local wants and interests stimulated and encouraged them, but views of their value as component parts with the Pennsylvania Kailroad, of a Great Central Line from the seaboard to the Northwest, entered largely into all the financial plans for their construction, and the estimates of their success. Philadelphia and Pittsburgh being united by railroad, it was a natural fruit of their union that efforts should be made to connect them by the same mode of intercourse with the most important focal points of the commerce of the Great West, Cin- cinnati, St. Louis, and Chicago. The intimate relations which had long subsisted between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia on the one hand, and Cincinnati and St. Louis on the other, by means of the Ohio River and the Pennsylvania Canal and Columbia Railroad, naturally led the two former cities to look first toward Cincinnati and St. Louis, as the most important points to be reached by railroad. The Managers of the Ohio and Pennsylvania Road, almost with the inception of that enterprise, saw the necessity and value of the extension of the line in the direction of Chicago, and to a connection with that point. In his first report to his Company in 1849, Mr. Roberts, Chief Engineer, pointed out, as an object of primary importance, the extension of the line to Chicago, and the same views were subsequently repeatedly urged in the re- ports of the President and Chief Engineer. In accordance with these views, the Ohio and Pennsylvania Company extended liberal aid to the Ohio and Indiana Road, first, by a stock subscription of $100,000, and afterward, by purchase of bonds to the amount of $305,000 ; and in the month of July, 1854, a stock subscription, payable in bonds, was made to the Fort Wayne and Chicago Road to the amount of $100,000. In March, 1856, a conference was held in Philadelphia, be- tween the Presidents of the Pennsylvania, the Ohio and Penn- sylvania, the Ohio and Indiana, and Fort Wayne and Chicago 98 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. Railroad Companies, with a view to some plan, first, for the temporary relief of the two western roads, and secondly, for the early completion of the line to Chicago. At that time the consolidation of the three companies into one corporation, and the merging of the three distinct roads into one GRAND ROAD from Pittsburgh to Chicago, was suggested and adopted as the best and most feasible plan for the early comple- tion and ultimate success of the whole line. Adequate legisla- tion for the consummation of this plan then existed in Indiana and Illinois, and before the 20th April, the necessary legislation was obtained in Pennsylvania and Ohio. In May, 1856, committees appointed by the Boards of Direc- tors of the three companies, met in Pittsburgh, to arrange the terms of consolidation; which were then agreed upon, and the articles drawn up and executed by the Directors of the three companies, bearing date May 6th, 1856. They were duly rat- ified on the 24th day of June, 1856, by the stockholders of the Ohio and Indiana Company; on the 26th day of June, 1855, by the stockholders of the Fort Wayne and Chicago Company; and on the 2d day of July, 1856, by the stockholders of the Ohio and Pennsylvania Company. The first election for Directors of the consolidated corporation took place in the city of Pittsburgh, on the 30th day of July, 1856, and the organization was perfected on the 1st day of August, 1856, from which date the operations of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad commence. At the date of consolidation, or of the creation of the present corporation, the road was in operation from Allegheny City to Columbia City, the county seat of Whitley county, Indiana, a length of 839 miles. On the 10th of November of the same year (1856,) the road was opened to Plymouth, the county seat of Marshall county, an additional length of 339 miles; after which and until the opening of the whole road in December, 1858, the business between Pittsburgh and Chicago was carried over the Michigan Southern Road via La Poite. The first of January, PITTSBURGH — HER RAILWAY SYSTEM. 99 1859, may be stated as the elate at whicli the business of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Raih'oad Company was regularly carried over the entire length of its own road from Pittsburgh to Chicago, 467 miles. The Pittsburgh and Steuhenville Road, though another and distinct route, forms a different connection with the Ohio roads above-mentioned, and affords a direct route to St. Louis, 140 miles shorter from New York than via Buffalo and Cleveland. The Pittsburgh and GonneUsville Road, completed (from Brinton's, ) 60 miles southward to Connellsville, and ultimately terminating at Cumberland, Md., where, by means of the Bal- timore and Ohio Road, it derives a valuable connection with the southern Atlantic coast. The Allegheny Valley Road, completed 44 miles northeast- wardly to Kittanning, seeks connections with the New York roads at Olean, where it also intersects the Genesee Canal, and other roads from Attica and Rochester. The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Road, already built from Cleveland to Rochester, Pa. — whence it uses the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago track to the city — provides a connec- tion with the Lakes, and with roads to Chicago and Detroit. As a northern route, this one is extremely valuable. The Cleveland and Mahoning Road, now constructing, pen- etrates through a very wealthy section of Ohio, known as the Western Reserve, and furnishes another route to Cleveland and the Lakes. The Pittsburgh and Erie Road forms a direct northern con- nection with Erie and the Lakes, and runs through a rich min- eral and agi icultural country. This, and the Cleveland and Ma- honing Road, will probably intersect each other at New Castle, in Lawrence county, whence they will use the same track to Dar- lington, and thereby reach Pittsburgh over the Fort Wayne and Chicao;o road. 100 RAILROAD HAND-BOOK. The Chartiers Valley Road, from Pittsburgh to Washington, Pa., proposed — if the consolidation with the Hempfield and the Marietta and Cincinnati roads is consummated — is equally im- portant ; forming a third route to the country along the Ohio river, ?nd gaining additional advantages from proposed connec- tions with the roads of Kentucky and the South. Geographical examination thus indicates a glorious future for Pittsburgh, as a railway centre ; and as the portal between the demand and supply of the East and the West, she will not fail to reap the benefit of the rare advantages which seem naturally to flow into her lap. PENNSYLVANIA RAILKOAD STATISTICS. During the year 1858, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company employed two hundred and nine engines on their road, which made 980,338 miles running with passenger trains, and 2,209,148 miles with freight trains. Total number of miles run by engines, 3,189,486, at a cost for repairs of. $244,959 44 Cost for fuel, 262,762 02 «' " oil and tallow,, 34,609 29 Total cost of power without labor, $542,330 75 The greatest mileage made by passenger trains was as follows : Be- tween Philadelphia and Harrisburg, Engine No. 27, 27,449 Ilarrisburg and Altoona, " " 109, 37,290 Altoona and Pittsburgh, '• " 55, 31,291 No. miles with three engines, 96,030 The greatest mileage with freight trains was made as follows : Be- tween Philadelphia and Columbia, Engine No. 171, 23,200 Columbia and Mifflin, " " 30, 24,172 MitTlin and Altoona, " " 146, 25,181 Altoona and Conemaugh, " " 51, 18,600 Conemaugh and Pittsburgh, " " 78, 25,479 Total number miles, 11 6,632 TABLES OF RAILWAY DISTANCES ON THE PEINCIPAL WESTERN MAIN-llOIJTES, TO o:h:icj^C3-o„ Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne &- Chicago Bailroad. Miles from Miles from Pittsburgh. Cluca;t bank of Detroit river, ,and extends about 3| miles along the river ; it is 7 miles from Lake St. Clair, 18 from Lake Eric, and r>00 from Washington. The streets arc wide, some bcinir 200 feet and others 120 feet. Jefferson and Woodward Avenue^ are the principal streets. The city contains numerous exten- sive manufactories, and a population reachijig nearly 70,000. m MiJ^i^EmiiT. iNIINGDOIl AID BROAD TOP HAILROAD, Visitors to this CELEBRATED and FASHIONABLE WATERING PLACE, will find this the QUICKEST, CHEAPEST and most popular route. Close connections made with the Penn'a. Railroad Trains. TWO DAILY PASSENGER TRAINS EACH WAY. Leaves Huntingdon every morning, except Sunday, at 9.25 A. M. con- necting with Pennsylvania Railroad Express Train West and Mail Train East, stopping at all Stations — connecting at SAXTON with Trains on SHOUP'S RUN BRANCH to the MINES, COALMONT, and BROAD TOP CITY— running through to HOPEWELL— con- necting with Coaches to FULTO]>T COUNTY, &c., &e. RETURNING, leaves Hopewell at 12.20, P. M., Saxton at 12.56; arriving in Huntingdon at 2.32 P. M. Leaves HUNTINGDON at 5.00 P. M., connecting with Pennsylvania Railroad Mail Train West — running through to COALMONT and HOPEWELL. RETURNING, leaves Coalmont at 7.00 P. M., Hopewell at 7.28 P. M.; and arriving in Huntingdon at 9.36 P. M. — connecting with Penn- sylvania R. R. Fast Line East at 10.45 P. M. g@- THROUGH TICKETS can be had at Philadelphia, Bal- timore, Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. J. J. LAWRENCE, Huntingdon, June 20th, 1859. Superintendent. 12^ _■_ , __ W. W. WALLACE, iffsgf*'" AND Ofiaee, 319 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. STEAM ENGINES, all sizes, warranted best quality; STEAM BOILERS, of Stamped Juniata Iron; SALT PANS: MILL GEAR- ING; ENGINE AND MACHINE CASTINGS; GRATE BARS, all sizes, always on hand. Catalogues of Patterns given to all those who want Gearing. PORTABLE MILLS, for Flouring and Chopping, various sizes. FRENCH BURR MILL STONES, ANCHOR BOLTING CLOTHS, warranted and sold at the lowest prices. M'GEORGE'S PATENT EXCELSIOR SHINGLE MACHINES,- BOSS'S PATENT TFATEB "WHEEIiS, Used in 8,000 Mills, are the best in use — better than the Overshot for Saw Mills— are cheap, and warranted to give satisfaction. Lull's Improved French Burr Smut Machines, Used in the City Mills, Pittsburgh, and in 1,000 other mills — are cheaper than the iron machines, and whilst they 'clean faster and better, are many times more durable, and are warranted to give satisfaction. CAST IRON PROOF STAFFS ; FLAX BELTING, for Eleva- tors, one-third price of leather; MILL SCREWS, &c. GRIND STONES, all sizes, and various grits. MARBLE MANTLES, manufactured by machinery, always on hand, at very low prices. No good house should be without Marble Mantles — they are always neat, and add more to the beauty of a room than any other article that can be purchased with the same money ; and besides they do not endanger the safety of house and family by taking fire, as Avood Mantels often do. MARBLE TOPS, for Furniture, Wash Stands and Counters. MONUMENTS, TABLETS AND CRAVE STONES, Manufactured by machinery, always on hand, at low prices. ra/S^K®!^ S@L© L@W TO) TMi TTiAB)!. Wareroom, 323 Liberty Street; Mantle Room, Second Story, HYDRAULIC CEMENT AND PLASTER PARIS. The subscriber is exclusive agent in this county for the sale of BELMONT CEMKNT. This Cement is equal to Roman Cement and superior to any other Cement in this market for f)ublic Works, Cisterns, Foundation?, Fire Walls, &c. A large stock always on hand, and sold wholesale and retail. PLASTER PARIS for land and Stucco Work, always on hand. W. W. WALLACE, S19 Jjihertf l$*re«t, Pittabnrgii, Pa. WM. SELLERS. .lOHN SELLERS, Ja. WM. SELLERS & CO. PENN'A. AVENUE AND SIXTEENTH ST. MANUFACTURE WmUW & MACHINISTS' TDDIS, IBAPROVED SHAFTING, With Self-adjusting Bearings and Double Cone Couplings, to admit of easy attachment. Also, EAILWAY TURNING AND SLIDING TABLES, AND PIVOT BHID6ES, The Turn Tables md Pivot Bridges fitted with Parry's Patent Anti- Friction Box. A. WHITNEY & SONS, m WiEEl «^»»* Cailowhill and Sixteenth Streets, PHILADELPHIA, PENN'A FURNISH FOR CARS, TRUCIiS AKO TEx^PERS, CHILLED DRIVING WHEELS ANO TIRES FOR LOCOMOTIVES, WHEELS AND AXLES PITTED COMPLETE. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 1859. Sm^^^^S^^ 1859. THE PENNSYLVANIA CENTRAL RAILROAD. The oapaeity of this Road is now equal to any in the country. THREE THROUGH PASSENGER TRAINS BETWEEN PHILADELPHIA AND PITTSBURGH, Connecting direct at Philadelphia with THSOUGH TRAINS from BOSTON, NEW YORK and all points East. and in the Union Depot at Pittsburgh with Through Trains for C L EVE L .^ IV 13 ^ ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO, C I NCI NN AT!, Burlingtou, St. Paul^ Iiiiliauapolis, LouisTille^ N. Orleans, And all intermediate points in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska — thus furnishing facilities for the transpor- tation of Passengers unsurpassed for speed and comfort by any other route. EXPRESS and EAST LINES run through to Pittsburgh without change of Cars or Conductors. SMOKING CARS ARE ATTACHED TO EACH TRAIN. WOODRUFF'S SLEEPING CARS to EXPRESS and FAST TRAINS. The EXPRESS RUNS DAILY- Mail-find Fast Lines, (Sundays excepted.) Tickets Westward may be obtained at the offices of the Company in Philadelphia, New York, Boston, or Baltimore ; and Tickets Eastward at any of the important Railroad Offices In the West ; also on board any of the Regular Line of Steamers on the Mississippi or Ohio rivers. il^^Fare Always as Low as by any other Route.'^^fil The completion of the Western connections of the Pennsylvania Rail- road to Chicago, makes this the Direct Line between the East and the Great North-West. The connecting of tracks by the Railroad Bridge at Pittsburgh, avoid- ing all drayage or ferriage of Freight, together with the saving of time, are advantages readily appreciated by Shippers of Freight, and the Trav- eling Public. FREIGHTS WESTWARD By this Route Freig^hts of all descriptions can be forwarded from Phil- adelphia, New York. Boston, or Baltimore, to any point on the Railroads of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, or Missouri, BY KAILROAD DIRECT. The PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD also connects at Pittsburgh with STEAMERS, by which Goods can be forwarded to any Port on the Ohio, Muskingum, Kentucky, Tennessee, Cumberland, Illinois, Mis- sissippi, Wisconsin, Missoud, Kansas, Arkansas and Red rivers ; and at CLEVELAND, SANDUSKY and CHICAGO, WITH STEAMERS TO ALL PORTS ON THE isroi^i?i3:--v^ESTE:Eei5r XjA.ic:h3S, MERCHANTS and SHIPPERS intrusting the transportation of their Freight to this Company, can rely with confidence on its speedy transit. im iA\tii M mmmi To any point in the West, by the PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, are at all times as favorable as are charged by other Railroad Companies. Be particular to mark Packages, "via Pennsylvania R. R." Merchants in the West, ordering goods from the East, will do well to direct them to be shipped by this route. For PBEIGHT CONTRACTS OH SHIPPUiTG- DI- RECTIONS, apply to, or address either of the following Agents of the Company : D. A. STEWART, Pittsburgh; Doyle & Co., Steubenville, Ohio ; H. S. Pierce & Co., Zanesville, Ohio , J. J. Johnston, Ripley, Ohio ; R. M'Neely, Maysville, Kentucky ; Ormsby & Cropper, Portsmouth, Ohio; Paddock & Co., Jefferson ville, Indiana; H. AV. Brown & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio ; Athern & Hibbert, Cincinnati, Ohio; R. C. Mcldrum, Madison, Indiana; William Bingham, Louisville, Kentucky; P. G. O'Riley & Co., EvansviUe, Indiana; N. W. Graham & Co., Cairo. Illinois ; R. F. Sass, St. Louis, Missouri ; John H. Harris, Nashville, Tennessee ; Harris & Hunt, Memphis, Tennessee ; Clarke & Co., Chicago, Illinois ; W. H. H, Koontz, Alton, Illinois ; Murphy & Walle, Dubuque, Iowa, or to Freight Agents of Railroads at different points in the West. Parties attending to their own shipments froxn the East, will find it to their interest to call on the Agents of this Company at the following places before shipping, or letters addressed to either of them on the sub- ject of freights, will meet with prompt attention. E. J. SNEEDER, Philadelphia. MAGRAW & KOONS, 80 North Street, Baltimore. LEECH & CO., No. 2 Astor House, or No, 1 S. Wm. St. New York LEECH & CO., No. 54 Kilby Street, Boston. H. H. HOUSTON, General Freight Agent, Philadelphia. L. L. HOUPT, General Ticket Agent, Philadelphia. THOS. A. SCOTT, General Superintendent, Altoona, Pa. 12* riTn&UTJIlYiE&CUO It .4. I L H O A I> . THE 6EEAT ROAD COMPLETED ! ! ! HAREISBURG brought in direct connection with CHICAGO and the NORTH-WEST, by the completion of ihe PITTSBURGH, FT. WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD, Extending from Pittsburgh to Chicago. The Great Line formed by the PENNSYLVANIA CENTRAL and the RAILROADS, IS RENDERED THE C RAND AIR LINE BETWEEN IIAREISBUP.G, CHICAGO and the NORTH-WEST. THROUGH FROM HARRJSBURG TO CHICAGO WITH ONY ONE CHANGE OF CARS. Passenger Trains leave Pittsburgh daily (Sundays excepted,) on the arrival of the trains from Harrisburg, via the Pennsylvania Central Rail Road, running directly through to Chicago without change of cars, thus rendering it im mm mnm ^®i ipaii,^^^^'^^^ <^ FROM HARRISBURG TO CHICAGO AND THE NORTH-WEST. -ST. LOUIS, CINCINNATI, INDIANAPOLIS, AND ALL POINTS IN OHIO, INDIANA, ILLINOIS AND MISSOURI. NO FERRYING, NO OMNIBUS RIDES, BUT CONTINtOTTS KAIL THROUGHOUT. Accompanies each Night Train on "this road, by which passengers can get a comfortable night's rest if required. No exertion spared to make this the most desirabSe route between the East and West, both as to speed and comfort. SECURE YOUR TICKETS Via Peiiiisylvania Central md Pittsburgli, Ft. Wayne & Chicago* Railroadg, to all points in the West. TICKETS can be procured at the Office of the PENNSYLVANIA CENTRAL RAILROAD, HARRISBURG. FREIGHTS CARRIED AS LOW AS BY ANY OTHER RAIL ROAD ROUTE BETWEEN To IMercliants and. Shippers ilTfWiili* THi i^STT m® WtST, This route offers great inducements, both from its being the SHORTEST AND MOST DIRECT ROUTE Between Boston, New York, Pliiladelpliia or Harrisburg, to tie fireat West, As well as from the less frequent changes or handling of the freight, there being but ONE CHANGE OF CARS BETWEEN PHILADELPHIA and CHICAGO, OK. TWO BETWEEN PHILADELPHIA AND ST. LOUIS. No Braying^, no Ferrying, nor exposure to the weather. Or any information will be furnished Shippers by application to {No. 5 Kilby Street, - Boston, " 2 Astor House, - New York. " 8 South William St. " 8 Battery Place, - " " " Dock Street, - Philadelphia. E. J. SNEEDER, Esq. Agent P. R. R. CLARKE & CO-. .^ u _ _ Pittsburgh. CLARKE & CO. «' *' . _ Chicago. JISO. J. HOXJSTOIV, Gericrr/l Freight and Passenger Agent. Jri-y 1st, 1859. PITTSBURGH, PA. INCOBPORATED BY THE lEGISLATDRE OF PENNSYLVANIA WITH PERPETUAL CHARTER. F@M!?i]©i© m mm. Removed to the New Buildings in Fifth Street, 1859, one of the most splendid specimens of Iron Architecture in the world ; the entire front, 101 feet by 73 feet high, being of Iron. TMM CDSli.EB'® SDOMS Were constructed expressly for this institution, and are the most elegantly finished and furnished educational apartments in America. This is believed to be the most extensive and thoroughly Organized Mercantile Col- lege in the Union. Its long established pre-eminent reputation may be ascribed to the pi'oprietor's extensive experience as an accountant, as a merchant, and as an author; and to his having uniformly excluded from his classes all studies but the prominent branches of the Merchant's Education, viz. : COMMERCIAL. COMP«JTATIOi\^S5 fljommer^ial laur and folittal (Kronomg, PENMANSHIP AND MERCANTILE PRECEDENTS, DETECTING COUNTERFEIT MONEY, Which are taught to the highest degree of perfection by Professors standing. at the head of their profession. The following works can be ordered through any Bookseller: Ilarpei-'s New Enlarged Edition, $1.50; postage 20 cents. Adopted in the Public Schools of New York. Price $1.00; postage 9 cents. Containing nearly 500 specimens. Crown Quarto, |5.00 ; mailed post paid. DUNCAN'S ENGRAVED SCHOOL COPY BOOKS, Extensively used in the Public Schools. In 8 numbers, 12 j cents each; postage 9 cents. 24 pages fine demy paper in each number — the most complete School Copy Book published. A liberal discount to wholesale purchasers. Jgt^For Samples of Prof. Duncan's Penmanship, the College Circular of 50 pages and an Engraving of the New College Buildings, inclose 5 postage stamps. Address : P. DUFF, Merchants College, Pittsburgh, Pa. INDI/IK/IPOLISi TERRE HAUTE ST. liOnS lillVE. PASSENGERS FOR ST. LOUIS WILL FIND THE ROUTE TIA IMl>IANAPOI.IS, TRAINS LEAVE IIIAMPOLIS FOR ST. LOWS AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE TRAINS FROM PITTSBURGH, DAILY, (SUNDAYS EXCEPTED.) Connections are made with the EVANSVILLE AND CRAWFORDSVILLE KAIL ROAD, FOR VINCENNES AND EVANSVILLE. .A.LSO, J^T MATTOON AND PAJS^A WITH THE ILUHOIS CEHTBJSiL HAILWAY For the various places on the line of that Eoad and its connections. Baggage Checked from Pittsburgh to St. Louis. Preset, and Sup't. Indianapolis and Terre Hante R. R. CLEVELAND & TOLEDO THE ONLY ALL RAIL ROAD ROUTE TO DETROIT, South of the Lakes, from the Eastern cities ; and the most pleasant and desirable route to Chicago and Points in the West and North-West. This road is well ballasted and the track and machinery is kept in the most thorough repair, having all the advantages of being an old road, and running in connection with oldest and best organized roads in the Western States. Need not be urged to take this route after once knowing the many advantages it possesses over all other routes, in its SURE CONNEC- TIONS, SMOOTH TRACKS, EXSY RIDING CARS, FINE DEPOTS, AND EXCELLENT DINING ROOMS (at Toledo and Cleveland,) that cannot be surpassed in the Union. Passengers via this line can avail themselves of the choice of seven ROUTES FKOM CLEVELAND TO NeW YoRK, viz. : Via Lake Shore, New Tork Central and Hudson River Railroads. " " " " and Harlem Railroads. to Buffalo and Buffalo & New York & Erie. " " to Dunkirk and New York & Erie. " Cleveland & Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. " " Wheeling and Baltimore, and The IVe^vr IJ^oute noTV Opened VIA PITTSBniGH, HAHRISBUKG All ALLSNTOWN., CONNECTIOIVS AKE MAlttE At Toledo with Detroit and Toledo Railroad. " " " Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana R. R. " " " Toledo, Wabash & Western. *' Fremont, " Eremont & Indiana Railroad, " Clyde " Sandusky, Dayton & Cincinnati Railroad. " Monroeville " Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark Railroad. " Grafton " Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad. " Cleveland " Lake Shore Line. " " " Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad. *' " " Cleveland & Mahoning Railroad. JOHK U. PARSONS, J. B. WARING, GeJi. Ticket Agent, Fresideni. CLEVfiliAND, O, Richard Norris, Henry Latimer Nobris. RICHARD MORRIS & SOI, LOCOMOTIVE STEAM ENfilNE BUILDERS, Seventeenth Street, above Callowhill, ENGAGED EXCLUSIVELY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RAIlWiy TOOLS m MACHimRF. Manufacture to order, Locomotives of* any arrangement, weight or capacity. In Design, Material and Workmanship, the Loco- motives produced at these Works are equal to, and not excelled by any. The materials used in construction are made on the spot, in- suring the best quality and most reliable stock. The large extent of shops and equipment of Machinery and Tools, enables them to execute orders with great dispatch, for Locomotives, Chilled W^heels, Hammered Axles, from Charcoal Blooms, and Wrought Iron Forgings, of any shape or size. Iron and Brass Casticgs, with Tools for Machinists* and Railway Shops, aad for every article used in building or repairirig Locomotives. G. G. LOBUELL. H. S. M'CoMBs. T>. P. Bush. Bum « i0BeEii WILMINGTON, DELAWARE MAKUFACTURERS OF c:^ XE X jc< Xi s: SB WHEELS AND TIRES IF" O S; RAILROAD OARS LOCOMOTIVE ENCBNES, Are prepared to execute promptly, orders to any extent, for their Either Single or Double Plate, with or without Axles. WHEELS FITTED T HAMMERED OR ROLLED AXLES i In the best manner, at the shortest notice, and on most reasonable terms. ^ I0B ^s^^ ^ IM §oolis, fai^r & ^Momrg. ^ =+= W. S. HATEISr, STATIONER, CORNER OF MARKET 4 SECOND STREETS, AND CORNER OF WOOD &. THIRD STREETS, OP I T T s B Tj i^ a- s: , o/iM/na ^e ^'Ci^ PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL y 'O ^/^^;^^ AMERICAN AND POREIGlSr Oix liand. and. dParnislied. to order, ALL ARTICLES USED BY CIVIL ENGINEERS, J ^y^amm^ amJ oJeicimu €on\ vo-'yi' MANIFEST AN1> liETTEIt €©g)f tag B©Q)ks amd ^'t^%%%%. 14 BURKE & BARNES, PRACTICAL MANTTFACTURERS OF Fire Proof Salamander Safes WAKii^N)?!© FRil PR@RB mm^ m^ HQiL©, AND AS FIRE-PROOF AS ANY SAFE MANUFACTURED IN THE f OBID. ALSO, Powder Proof Locks, Bank Vault Doors, BURGLAR PROOF STEEL LINED BOXES, IRON WINDOW SHUTTERS, &a 129 & 131 THIRD STREET, BETWEEN WOOD AND SMITHFIELD STREETS, PITTSBURGH, PA. REFERENCES: KRAMER & RAIIM, IRON CITY BANK, ALLEGHENY BANK, PITTSBURGH TRUST CO. AND OUR BANKS GENERALLY. JAMES W. WOODWELL, EMBRACING EVERY STYLE OF ROSEWOOD, MAHOGANY & WALNUT, SUITABLE FOR PARLORS, CHAMBERS & DIKma ROOMS, EQUAL TO ANY IN NeA/V York or PMladelpliia, AM® AT S^OWEm Fmi(SES. WAREROOMS, Nos. 97 & 99 THIRD ST. MONONCAHELA HOUSE, .B£AU1.I£U 0£L. JOHN M'DONALD CROSSAN, PROPRIETOR, <«»»!> C. G. HUSSEY & CO. MANUFACTURERS OF Sragi^rs, golt ^ Sheathing ^^p\, Eaised Still Bottoms and Flats of all sizes, Brass Kettles, Sheet and other Brass, SPELTER SOLDER, COPPER RIVETS, &C. DEALERS IN BLOCK TIN, TIN-PLATE, LEAD WIRE, SHEET ZINC, ANTI- MONY, SHEET IRON, TINNERS' TOOLS, &c. PITTSBURGH, PSNN^l. Slieets Copper C Tit to any pattern. JOHN F. SINGER. JOHN If. JBNNINOS. SHEFFIELD IRON & STEEL WOEKS. SINGER, NIMICK & CO. SPRINGS, AXLES, CROWBARS, VISES, &c. Maf-ekaime, S'S /l/fate^ &Y00 ^i^t SFt&. PITTSBURaH, PA. A. M. WALLINGFORD. A. & W. K. NIMICK. F. R. BRUNOT. THOMAS PALMER, DEALER IN FRENCH & IMEHICIN Warehouse, Ko. 91 Wood Street, Second Door below Diamond Alley, DAVID CAMPBELL, JAMES POLLOCK. CAMPBELL & POLLOCK, DM GOODS, NOTIONS, CUTLERY, PERFUMERY, LACE GOODS, &o. No. lOi Wood Street) 3 doors above Diamond Alley, A^' IiaaLi>pr tiers £iiiealei:*s In HARDWIRE ^o. . ^S*-* ^*^.o. ^nve^' C. H. Wolff, / JrlllbDUxlurl. (Thos. H. Lane. Kensington iron and Nail Works, LLOYD & BLACK, MANUFACTUEERS OF bar; sheet, hoop, IV^ILS & SPIKES, Also, Small Sized T, and Plat Bar Bail Road b,j^ Screen Iron, suitalple for Coal Worki, and T Iron for Roofing Purposes, Wareliouse, No. 99 Water Street, JAMES. WILLIAM J. JOHN. LIPPINCOTT & CO. ! mi f I M:^]VXJFA.CTXJIiEIiS, No. 118 Water St. 4 doors below Monongahela House, PITTSBURaH, PA. IMPORTER AND DEALER IN m '^ LIQUORS & SECARS, 6 "Wood Street, A. B. CURLING. M. ROBERTSON. E. DITHRIDGE. CURLIMG, ROBERTSOIV & CO. FLm GLASS WARE, No. IT "W^ood Street, ORIGINAL BSSHIYE, C. HANSON LOVE, Formerly lonng, SteTenson & love, and love Brothers, IMPORTER, JOBBER Se RETAILER OP BBY OOD Bet'vveeii Fourtli and the Diamond, PITTSBOHGH, PA. The subscriber invites particular attention to his large stock of SILKS and DRESS GOODS of all kinds, Shawls, Talmas, Cloaks, Mantles, Needle- Work, Hosiery, Mourning, House-Furnishing, And a full assortment of DOMESTICS of every description. As he visits Philadelphia, New York and Boston from six to eight times a year, and has made arrangements with the Leading Houses in each of the above named cities, to forward him anything NEW that may arrive bj^ the European Steamers between times, his customers and the public generally may rely on finding all the Novelties and desirable articles in his line in their season. Please call and examine before purchasing elsewhere. C. HANSON LOVE, Formerly Young, Stevenson & Love, and Love Brothers, Kc. U Market Street, between Fourth and the Diamond, Pittsburgh, Penn'». f {itnsglcattia Jnsttratit^ C|0mptig Ofllce, IVo. 03 DPoiirtli Street. Capital and Surplus over - $150,000.00 JACOB PAINTER, C. A. COLTON, N. VOEGHTLY, WADiB HAMPTON» RODY PATTERSON, A. A. CARRIER, I. GRIER SPROUL, ROBERT PATRICK, HENRY SPKOUL, A. J. JONES, GEO. W. SMITH, JAS. H. HOPKINS. This Company has paid losses from the date of its incorporation in 1854, up to May, 1859, to amount of $302,835.07, in addition to regular semi-annual Dividends of from 5 to 15 per cent, afford- ing evidence of its stability and usefulness. LOSSES LIBIRALLY ADJUSTED AND PROMPTIY PAID. A* A. CARRIER, Pres't. I. GRIER SPROUL, See'y. JOHN M. ROBERTS, DEALER, IN IIS, SL(3)SKE, JEWELRY & SILVER WARE, IVo. lO FifTth Street, near Mlai-lcet, PITTSBURGH, PA. FINE WATCH REPAIRING. GILDING AND ENGRAVING. ^IWiLRY & §BL^ii WABl RJABl IT® @K©iK. JAMES P. TANNER, ^9. BONNETS, PALM LEAF HATS, &c. 3Vo. SO TTood Street, Between Third and Fourth Streets, PITTSBUROH, PA. IMPROVED gLiii-SEiiiiiEi An Invaluable Remedy for all Diseases having their Origin in The efficacy of this medicine has been tested in the following diseases, and in every instance where it was used according to the directions, and its use persevered in a reasonable length of time, a cure has been feiFected, and in many cases such results have been accomplished after patients have been given up as incurable by some of the best physicians j Scrofula, Erysipelas, Boils, Canoerous Formations, Cutaneous Diseases, Sore Eyes, Scald Head, Tetter Affections, Pimples, Old Sores, Ulcers, Dyspepsia, Rlieumatic Disorders, Costireness, Jaundice, Salt Rheum, Mercurial Diseases, General Debility, liiver Complaint, Loss of Appetite, Low Spirits, Fold Stomach, Liver Complaint, AND IN SHORt EVERY DISEASE ARISING FROM IMPURITY OF THE BLOOD. It is not claimed for this medicine, like it is for the thousands of quack nostrums of the day, to be a sovereign cure-all for all the ills that human flesh is heir to, but the proprietor claims for it the power of alleviating the ills, and in nearly every instance eftecling a radicul cure of such diseases as arise in the fluids of the system; and such has been its success that he is ready and willing to return every dollar paid for the BLOOD SEARCHER where it alFords no relief. THE BLOOD SEARCHER Is a vegetable preparation, containing no mineral poisons whatever; and, although powerful in driving disease from the body, no deleterious effects follow an overdose, or its continued use for an indefinite periods Mr. Lindsey, the discoverer of this invaluable remedy, was engaged for years in experimenting on vegetable conlpounds, but it is only a few years since complete success crowned his long and deep researches; yet the merit of the medicine is attested by the fact that within the last year thousands upon thousands of bottles have been sold, and the demand is still increasing. Orders for the BtiOOO SEARCHER to b« addressed to R. M. LEMON, HoUidaystaurg, Pa. OR TO Oi\ GEO. P. KEYSER, Wholesale Agent, Pittsburgh, Pa. 18 kf. t. ftOWARD. C. t. HOWARD. Q. E. iiowARii: KAILKOAII AND CAR IIIILDERS* GENERAL SUPPLY STORE, HARTFOBD, CONN. JAMES L HOWARD & CO. MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN FURNISHING GOODS, HOWARD'S CAR WINDOW FASTENERS, ^Brackets, Hat Hooks, SAFETY RUSSET LEATHER BELL CORD AND FIXTURES, WHITE METAL LETTERS AND RINGS, PLAIN AND FIGURED PLUSHES, CURLED Ham, OIL CARPETS, VARNlSHESt COTTON WASTE, &c., &c<, &c. MaDufacturers' Agents for " Fitchburg " Roofing Duck/ any width, Enameled Head Linings, Locomotive and Signal Lanterns^ &ic. Importers of French Window Glass, Car Sizes. ETNA STOVE WORKS. A. BBADL Mla-nij.factii.x'er Sl Dealer* in EVERY VARIETY OF 3 ^f AN P Plain & Fancy Enameled Grate Fronts, TEA. KETTLES, &:c. ^c, SOLE PROPRIETOR OF THE CELEBRATED PATENT GAS BURNING AN D SMOKE mmm coot stoves (Celebrated, \vlierever irLtroclu.cecl.) OFFICE & SALESROOM, Tfo. 4 WOOD STREET, 1136 RI»0£ AVBWUE, BELOW SPBING GARDEN STREET, PHILADELPHIA. For Cemetery Inclosures, Public Squares, Churches, Private Residences, &c., &6, IRON VERANDAHS, IRON BALCONIES, IRON STAIRS, in every variety. IRON FOUNTAINS, IRON CHAIRS AND SETTEES, IRON TABLES, IRON BRACKETS, IRON TREE BOXES, IRON COUNTERS, &C.&0, Which they offer, in great variety of designs, at lower prices than the same character of work can be obtained elswhere. THE ALTOONA MECHANICS LIBRARY READING ROOM ASSOCIATION HAVE TMR ROOMS IN THE SECOND STORY OF THE MOTIVE POWER OFFICE, OPPOSITE THE liOOAJV HOUSE. Their LIBRARY is a choice one, containing about 500 Volumes ; composed of valuable works on Mechanics and general literature. The most important from all sections of the country, together with the best PERIODI- CALS AND QUARTERLIES, are regularly received. STRANGERS who may pass the night at Altoona, will find it the most agreeable place in which to spend the evening. They will be courteously received by the Librarian at any time between the hours of 7 and 10 P. M., and Avill be afforded every facility which may render the evening pleasant and profitable. ANY DONATIONS, Whether of BOOKS, PERIODICALS OR MINERALS, will BE THANKFULLY RECEIVED. HUNT «( MINER, jytasonic Hall, Fifth Street, PITTSBURaH, PA. WHOLESALE & RETAIL DEALERS IN CHEAP PUBLICATIONS, &C. THE PUBLIC Can always obtaia at this establishmeut any work or works puMislicJ, at the HUNT & MINER have unequaled facilities for Packing and For- warding anything in their line, with the 'P^ffiOSl' Fm@MF¥I^W®E AM® ®2SFA¥(SM. All goods packed with the greatest care, and forwarded in all instances by the earliest train following receipt of orders. Dealers will find it convenient to have all their orders PACKED AT THIS ESTABLlSHMEMTt As we can supply them in advance of any other house. Subscriptions received for Magazines, Newspapers, &o. HUNT & MINER Are the only Authorized Agents for Western Pennsylvania, for all of APPLETOK & CD'S. SUBSCRIPTION WORKS, A N D FOR T H E 18* JAMES Hill. \^'M. M. Faber. Benjamin P. Kane. W, M, FIBER 4 CO. Liberty St. near the Penn'a. R. R. Passenger Depot, tm A N D Machine Card and Woolen Machine Have coriSt-uiti,y on hand, and build any description of Eng'i]ie^?, suitable for CRIST MILLS, SAW MILLS, B^RK MILLS, TOCIETHEIl WITH EVERY 31ESCRIPTI0N OF ilfiii WROUGHT IRON SHIFTING, ^ AND PULLEYS, &;c. rders from all parts of (lie c.nintry pvomplly oxecntefl. LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, .25 SOUTH SIXTH STREET, ABOVE CHESTNUT, PHILADELPHIA. j|^°=Particular attention given to filling Miscellaneous Ordei'S for Books from Booksellers, Public or Private Libraries, &c. NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED. WATSON'S POETICAL QUOTATIONS. Containing Elegant Extracts on every subject. Compiled from various sources, and arranged under appropriate heads, by John T, Watson, M. D. 1 volume octavo, with 9 illustrations. "It is a casket filled with precious gems of learning and fancy, so arranged as to fascinate, at a glance, the delicate eye of taste. By referring to the index, which is arranged in alphabetical oi'der, you can find, in a moment, the best ideas of the most inspired poets of this country, as well as Europe, upon any desired subject." — Chronicle MISS MAY'S AMERICAN FEMALE POETS. With Biographical and Critical Notices, and Selections from their Writings, 1 volume octavo, with 9 illustrations. " We regard this volume as a proud monument of the genius and cultivation American women, and wo heartily recommeudit to all our female readers as eminently worthy of their attention." — Louisville Journal. DR. BETHUNE'S BRITISH FEMALE POETS. With Biograph- ical and Critical Notices, and Selections from their Writings. In 1 volume, octavo, with 9 illustrations. •• As a treasury of nearly all the best pieces from their pens, and as a manifestation uf femali? talent, of Avomau's imaginative and sensitive excellence, and the influence 1 hey exercise over social manners, it is a valuable contribution to English literature Tlr^ poems are selected with much judgment and good taste." — Ledger. WELD'S SACRED POETICAL QUOTATIONS: or, Scripture Themes and Thoughts, as paraphrased by the Poets. (Selected aad arranged by the Rev. H. Hastings Weld. 1 volume, octavo, with 9 illustrations. "The design was an equally happy and original one, that of collecting the fine moral and religious passages of the poets, which are paraphrases of the Scriptures; the execution of it has obviously involved much labor, as it required the good taste and critical j udgment which no one was better qualified than Mr. Weld to bring to the task." — North Avierican. PROCTOR'S HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES FOR THE RECOVERY OF JF,RUSALEM AND THE HOLY SEPUL CHRE. With over 150 illustrations. A handsome royal octavo volume. " No other historian of the Crusades iias succeeded in comprising so complete aal euteriaiiilug a narrative in so reasonable a compass." 4 liber Q,l deduction to those who buy to sell again. Address, LIHDSAY & BLAKISTON, Publishers, Philadelphia. SAPONIFIER: W A RRANTED TO MAKE SOAP WITHOUT LIME, AND WITH LITTLE TROUBLE. Every Family cau make their own Soap out of any kind of refuse Grease combined with the SAPONIFIER. ET WllLL m^^E Hl^K© WATEK S@PTj WILL CLEAN TYPE TO PERFECTION, And for all purposes where a strong lye is required, nothing can equal it. It is put up in 1 pound air-tight Iron Boxes, with full directions ac- companying each package. 0^= The only GENUINE ORIGINAL PATENTED article is man- ufactured by the PENNSYLVANIA EAST TARENTUM, ALLEGHENY COUNTY, Office and Warehouse, No, 396 Penn Street, above Canal, PITTSBURGH, PA. Patentees and. Sole Manufacturers. ALSO, Caustic Soda, Manganese, FOR Soap Makers, Nitric Acid, Soda Ash, Chloride of Calcium, Beflned Soda Ash, Muriatic Acid, Sal Soda, Aqua Portis, Bleaching Powder, Chloroform, Copperas, Soda Saleratus. Extra ReliBied Siio^v-Wliite Table, Kalry aaid PackiiBg Salt, vi^'arranted entirely Pore and ©ry, put up fin various packages- and styles. J. HARVY DAVIS. JOHN PHILLIPS. JOS. H. DAVIS. DAVIS * PHILLIPS, Bmss Foiiidei's and Mansfactnrers, CAS & STEAM FITTERS, MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, MANUFACTORY, NO. 110 WATER & 104 FRONT STREET, I>ITTSBXJIiOH:, FA.. Warerooms, 67 Wood St. Pittsburgh, and Federal St. Allegheny. OLOlVtE IIVSTITXJTE, 20 MILES SOUTH-WEST OF PITTSBURGH. This long established and well known Institution — located in a beautiful and healthy- section of the State, and in the midst of a community distinguished for its intelligence and morality — offei's rare opportunities for the acquirement of a liberal and polished education. The principles which govern its administration ai-e such as recommend it to the cordial patronage of those who have daughters to educate; while great atten- tion is given to physical and hygienic improvement. The Principal is amply assisted by competent teachers; and the course of study is calculated to insure thoroughness and proficiency, (in contradistinction to superficial acquirements,) while it is pleasurable and enduring. ilor circulars of terms and further particulars, address Mrs. 0. J. FKENCH, Principal, Canonsburg, Washington Co., Pa. J. J. GILLESPIE, Ltiilit tLISS MANUFACTURER, -♦ j^r-FKAMES, MOULDINGS, LOOKING GLASS PLATES, WINDOW GLASS, &;c. The undersigned would respectfully call the attention of the | TRAVELING PUBLIC to their COUCH CARS, One of wliich accompanies eack and every Niglt Train on the TO I>ITTSBURGMI , AND FROM Pittsburgh to Chicago VIA FORT WAYNE. THESE CARS ARE UNEQUALED. THEY ARE Ventilated upon Hew and Improved Principles, THE MOST PERFECT OF ANY YET CONSTRUCTED. Each Car is accompanie^lhe whole distance by a competent and n D 1.6. ^^""^ Conductor. No means will be left untried to add to the comfort of passengers occupying these cars A sectional view of the interior will be found upon the outside page. T. T. WOODRUFF & CO. 1*7^14 BroTvn Street, P*li.ila