Book.JT3L Copyright}l __ COECUGIIT DKPOS1R PLUMBING Questions With Answers ON THE New York City Rules and Regulations AND USEFUL INFORMATION FOR PLUMBERS ARCHITECTS ESTIMATORS MASTERS INSPECTORS DRAFTSMEN BY JOSEPH E. TAGGART, S.E. -I C* -r Copyright, 1922, by Joseph E. Taggart Published by TAGGART PUBLISHING CO. 137 Nagle Avenue New York, N. Y. Printed in the United States )C1A600848 PREFACE The following pages have been prepared in response to many requests for interpretations of the plumbing code. Realizing the importance of strict compliance with sanitary regulations, the author has endeavored to set forth all information essential to such compliance in a form instructive and convenient. Many years of effort and experiment have gone into building the Plumbing Code of New York City to its high level of standards, until to-day it stands as a model for sanitary rules and regulations not excelled in any city in the world. Jos. E. Taggart, Member of the American Society of Sanitary Engineers, past member of the U. A. Journeymen Plumbers and Master Plumbers of New York City, teacher of plumbing and sani- tary engineering in the Murray Hill Evening Trade School, New York City, formerly teacher of plan reading and esti- mating in the College of the City of New York, and chief estimator for the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity in the City of New York. At present teacher of plumbing in Junior High School 64, Manhattan. BOOKS NOW IN PREPARATION BY THE AUTHOR PLAN READING FOR PLUMBERS MATHEMATICS FOR PLUMBERS PLUMBING- INSTALLATION AND OPERATION CONTENTS Requirements of Examining Board 1 Filing of Drawings, Descriptions, Etc 4 Definitions and Terms . . • • 12 Materials and Workmanship 13 General Regulations 19 Yard, Area and Other Drains 24 Leaders 28 House Sewer, House Drain, House Trap and Fresh Air Inlet 29 Soil and Waste Lines 33 Vent Pipes 35 Traps • • 39 Safe and Refrigerator Wastes 46 Water Closets, Sinks and Washtubs 48 Water Supply for Fixtures 54 Acid Wastes 58 Sewage Lifts 61 Oil Separators 63 Testing Plumbing System 65 Modifications 65 Tenement House Plumbing 66 Gas Piping and Fixtures 67 Anti-Syphon Traps 72 Departmental Offices and Their Locations ........ 81 Measures of Weight, Capacity and Area 82 Mensuration of Surfaces and Volumes 83 Area of Circles 84 Circumference of Circles 85 Miscellaneous Tables 86 Loss of Friction of Water Pipes 87 Loss of Pressure 88 Velocity of Flow of Water 88 VII Plumbing Questions with Answers REQUIREMENTS OF EXAMINING BOARD Q. — What are the requirements before a plumber may engage in business as a master or contractor? A. — He must first appear before the Examining Board of Plumbers and furnish to the Board such information as may be required. Each applicant shall furnish two vouchers, who shall appear before the Board and sign under oath on form prescribed by the Board, certifying to the time the applicant has been employed by them as a journeyman plumber. Such vouchers at the time of signing applications must be lawfully engaged in the plumbing business in the city of New York. All appli- cations must be under oath. The Board shall refuse to receive an application from any person who, at the time of making, may be unlawfully engaged in business, as a master or employing plumber. A photograph of appli- cant is also required to be filed with application. Q. — What is the length of experience required to become a master plumber? A. — No person shall be examined unless he shall have had an experience of at least three years as a journey- man plumber and is able to furnish satisfactory evince of such fact. 1 Plumbing Questions and Answer^ Q. — Shall the applicant be a citizen of the United States? A. — Yes — no application will be received from any person who is not a citizen of ,the United States. Q. — How are applicants examined as to fitness and qualifications? A. — The examinations are conducted in two parts, namely: a practical test to determine the applicant's skill as a journeyman. (This test consists of joint wiping of various sizes and shapes and a written exam- ination consisting of questions and plan reading, ques- tions on the rules and regulations, theory, and violation plans.) Q. — Are applicants required to answer all questions in writing? A. — Yes, all examinations shall be answered in writ- ing by the applicant and must be in English. (The applicant's spelling or writing will not be counted against him as long as the writing is legible.) Q. — How often are examinations conducted by the Board? A. — The time and place of holding examinations shall be at the discretion of the Board. Ample notice shall be given to the applicants. Q. — Do applicants receive a certificate upon passing the required tests? A. — Yes, persons who pass the tests, as prescribed by the Board, shall be eligible to receive a certificate of competency as master or employing plumber. Q.—Can an applicant who fails in one or both tests apply for a re-examination? A. — Yes, an applicant who fails in the practical test shall not be eligible for another test until the expiration of three months ; should he fail in the second test, he will not be eligible for a third test until the expiration of six months, and failing in the third test he will not 2 Plumbing Questions and Answers be eligible for a fourth test until the expiration of one year. An applicant who fails in the written examina- tion shall not be eligible for a re-examination until the expiration of one month; should he fail in the second examination, he will not be eligible for another ex- amination until the expiration of three months. Should he fail in the third examination he will not be eligible for another examination until the expiration of six months, and should he fail in the fourth examination, he will not be eligible for another examination until the ex- piration of one year. Q. — For what length of time may an application be active? A. — All applications will expire and be cancelled after a period of one year, if the applicant does not appear for examination within that period. Q. — Are there any other requirements, other than passing the examinations required of an applicant before receiving a certificate? A. — Yes, the Board shall inquire into the applicant's fitness and qualifications for conducting such business, and may require the applicant to submit, under oath, such evidence as will satisfy the Board that he is a person of good repute, character and responsibility. Q. — What is the cost of taking examination and re- ceiving certificate? A. — Each applicant for examination shall pay the sum of five dollars, and the further sum of five dollars, plus the amount of revenue stamp tax, or both, upon the issuance of a certificate to engage in business. Q. — Should the applicant fail in the examination after paying the -first five dollars, what is required? A. — He shall pay an amount to be fixed by the Board, not to exceed five dollars. Q. — Where a master plumber loses his certificate what action is taken by the Board? Plumbing Questions and Answers A. — The Board may issue a duplicate where the orig- inal was issued during the term of office of all members of the Board in office when duplicate certificate is re- quested. In other cases a certificate of record is issued. Q. — Is any charge made for a duplicate or a certificate of record? A. — Yes, the sum of two dollars. Q. — Is a metal sign or plate necessary? A. — Yes, same to be conspicuously placed at the office or shop. It is obtained from the Board upon the pay- ment of five dollars. Q. — What is required of a master plumber who is re- tiring from business? A. — He shall surrender to the Board the metal plate or sign. Failure to do so is a misdemeanor, under the Laws of 1916 — Chapter 305. Q. — What are the requirements of every employing or master plumber, carrying on his trade or business in the City of New York? A. — Once each year he shall register his name and address at the office of the Bureau of Buildings in the Borough in which his place of business is located, under such rules and regulations as said Bureau shall prescribe, in accordance with Section 141 (new Section 604) of the Building Code of the City of New York. Filing of Drawings, Descriptions, Etc. Q. — What are the rules governing the filing of draw- ings, descriptions, etc.? A. — Drawings and triplicate descriptions, on forms furnished by the Bureau of Buildings for all Plumbing and Drainage, shall be properly filled in, and filed by the owner or architect in the said Bureau. The plans must BUREAU OF BUILDINGS BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, CITY OF NEW YORK NOTICE— This Application must be TYPEWRITTEN and filed In triplicate P. & D. APPLICATION NO _ 1)1 JJj Plan No..._ - 191 LOCATION , BLOCK LOT When properly signed by the Superintendent of Buildings of the Borough of Manhattan, this applica- tion becomes a PERMIT as. required by the. Building Code of the City of New York, 'to perform such work as is described in the foregoing statement and the attached plans and specifications which are a part hereof. Examined and Recommended for Approval on „.„., _ _ _....,„..,. .......... _ 191 APPROVED. Superintendent of Buildings, Borough of New York City, I 191 To the Superintendent of Buildings: Application is hereby made for approval of the plans and specifications herewith submitted, and made a part "hereof, for the PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE of the building herein described,— with the under- standing that if no work is, performed hereunder within one year from the time of issuance, this approval shall expire by limitation as provided by law; and the applicant agrees to comply with all the rules and regulations of the Bureau of Buildings for the Borough of Manhattan and with every other provision of law relating to this subject in effect at this date. State, County and ) < ClTV OF NEW YORK, f Typewrite Name of Applicant being duly sworn, deposes and says: That^he resides at Number in the Borough of m the City of in the County of In the State of , that he is owner in fee of all that certain lot, piece or parcel of land, shown on the diagram annexed hereto and made a part hereof, situate, lying and being in the Borough of Manhattan, City of New York aforesaid, and known and designated as Number and hereinafter more particularly -described; that the work proposed to be done upon the said premises, in accordance with the accompanying detailed statement in writing of the specifications and plans of such pro- posed work— including all amendments to the same which may be filed hereafter— is duly authorized to be performed by Name o( Owner n L e ti oe and that duly authorized by the aforesaid to make application for the-approval of such detailed statement of specifications and plans (and amendments thereto) in .'bfsbaJUV f Page 1) 5 Deponent further says that the full names and residences, street and number, of the owner or owners of the said land, and also of every person Interested in said building or proposed buDding", structure or pro- posed structure, premises, waU, platform, staging or flooring, tuner as owner, lasses, or In any repaeseatativ* capacity, are as follows- . , No._„ , No.. _No.„ The said land and premises above referred to are situate at, bounded and described as follows, vis.: BEGINNING at a point on the side of distant feet from the corner formed by the Intsrsectioa of and running thence feet; thence' (set: toence feet; thence to the point or place of beginning. Sworn to tyort mo, <*«*___ tupplo pip- it prehtlitod. Plumbing Q u e s t i o n s and Answers be drawn to scale in ink, on cloth, or they must be cloth prints of such scale drawings, and shall consist of such floor plans and sections as may be necessary to show clearly all plumbing work to be done, and must show partitions and methods of ventilating water-closet apart- ments. f Brass Plug with Flo or^ ^Countersunk Nut i — i/- ^ Brass Traj?Screw_. M'ppJe ~ a .Long Turn 90° y 6a h. CI. Ell 1> DECK PLATES FOR FLOOR CLEANOUTS Q. — What governs the commencement of work after plans are Hied? A. — The said plumbing and drainage shall not be com- menced or proceeded with until said drawings and descriptions shall have been so filed and approved by the superintendent of buildings. Q. — Is it necessary to install the work as shown on plans or called for in descriptions? A. — No modification of the approved drawings and descriptions will be permitted unless either amended drawings and triplicate descriptions, or an amendment to the original drawings and descriptions, covering the proposed change or changes, are so filed and approved by the superintendent of buildings. Q. — Under what ruling is the installation of plumbing installed in buildings? A. — The drainage and plumbing of all buildings, both public and private, shall be executed in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bureau of Buildings. Q. — Is it necessary to file plans for repairs and altera- tions to plumbing work? Plumbing Questions and Answers A. — Repairs or alterations of plumbing or drainage may be made without filing drawings and descriptions in the bureau of buildings, but such repairs or altera- tions shall not be construed to include cases where new vertical lines or horizontal branches of soil, waste, vent or leader pipes are proposed to be used. Q. — What is required by the plumber making repairs or alterations? A. — Notice of such repairs or alterations shall be given to the said Bureau before the same are commenced in such cases as shall be prescribed by the rules and regulations of the said Bureau, and the work shall be done in accordance with the said rules and regulations. Q. Give complete details of new section 604 of the Neiv York Building Code. A. Registration of plumbers — (a) Once in each year every employing or master plumber carrying on his trade, business or calling in the city shall register his name and address at the office of the Bureau of Buildings in the borough of the said city in which he performs work, under such rules as the said bureau may prescribe. Such registration may be cancelled by the superintendent of buildings for a violation of the rules and regulations for plumbing and drainage of such city duly adopted, or in force pursuant to the provisions of this article, or when- ever the person so registered ceases to hold a certificate from the examining board of plumbers or to be actually engaged in the business of master of employing plumber, after a hearing had before said superintendent upon prior notice of not less than 10 days. (b) No person, corporation or co-partnership shall engage in or carry on the trade, business or calling of employing or master plumbers in the city unless the name and address of such person and the president, secretary or treasurer of the corporation, or of each 8 Plumbing Questions a n d Answers and every member of the co-partnership shall have been registered as above provided. (c) It shall be unlawful for any person, corporation, or co-partnership in the City of New York, unless said person, corporation or co-partnership shall have com- plied with the requirements of this section, to hold him or themselves out to the public as a master or employing plumber by the use of the word "plumber" or "plumb- ing" or words of similar import or meaning, on signs, cards, stationery, or in any other manner whatsoever. (d) It shall be unlawful for any person, corporation or co-partnership in the City of New York to engage in or carry on the trade, business, or calling of employing or master plumber, unless such person, corporation, or co-partnership has conspicuously posted in the window of the place where such business is conducted, a metal plate or sign appropriately lettered or marked "licensed plumber in accordance with rules adopted by the super- intendent of buildings. (e) No person, corporation or co-partnership regis- tered as provided in this section, or who holds a certifi- cate from the examining board of plumbers, shall, for the benefit of any person engaged in the plumbing business, who is not so registered, apply for, receive or make use of, any permit granted to him by reason of being so reg- istered, or holding such certificate from the examining board of plumbers. Q. — What action should be taken by the plumber who is about to make repairs or alterations that have been ordered by the Tenement House Department or the Board of Health? A. — Where repairs or alterations, ordered by the Board of Health or Tenement House Department for sanitary reasons include cases where new vertical and horizontal lines of soil, waste, vent or leader pipes are Plumbing Questions and Answers proposed to be used or old ones replaced, drawings and descriptions must be filed with and approved by the Superintendent of Buildings before same shall be com- menced or proceeded with. Q. — Where repairs or alterations are to be made to an old building, is it necessary to perform such work ac- cording to the present plumbing rules? A. — Repairs and alterations may comply in all re- spects with the weight, quality, arrangement and vent- ing of the rest of the work in the building. Except when an existing soil, waste or vent line has been dam- aged by fire or other causes to the extent of fifty per cent or more of its entire length, same must be replaced by new lines installed in accordance with the rules and regulations governing new lines. Q. — What is required by the Building Department before any part of the plumbing zvork is commenced? A. — No plumbing and drainage or any part thereof shall be commenced until the plumber who is to do the work shall sign the specifications and make affidavit that he is duly authorized to proceed with the work. Affidavit must give the name and address of owner and plumber, etc. No registered plumber shall sign the specifications and act as the agent for a plumber who has not obtained a certificate of competency from the Exam- ining Board of Plumbers as an Employing or Master Plumber. A violation of this rule will be deemed a sufficient reason by the Superintendent of Buildings for the cancellation of a Certificate of Registration, in accordance with Chapter 803, Laws of 1896. Q. — What is required when the work is begun? A. — Written notices must be given to the Superin- tendent of Buildings by the plumber when any work is begun, and at such times as the work is ready for inspection. 10 BUREAU OF BUILDINGS BOROUGff OP MANHATTAN, CITY OF NE\y YORK NOnOB-fhU application must b» typewritten and Sled In triplicate. AH proposed Work under this application must b» shown on plans and section. All rertteal UheeSbf aofl, waste, leader and refrigerator pipes should be designated by ■ numbers or letters. A soil or waste line and Its attendant vent line may be considered as one stack, and so nam* bered or lettered. In alterations, new work only should be specified. When new fixtures are to be connected to present lines, the location and diameter of said lines must be shown on the pfauv P. & D. AmiCATIOfl fit.. .Ill waT»«_ Number of buildings? Dimensions of each building:. HOW to be orrupied? SPECIFICATIONS .New or old hm'lHing*? Ft. front, . Ft. rear,_ ..Number of stories. _Ft. deep,. ^Ft high. How wut the 6ewage and drainage of the buildings be disposed of, if by other than a public sewer ?_ House sewers— State number for each building. o Material ? , House traps— Number? Fresh-air inlets— Sta4te number for each building. Location of inl«»t? House drains— Number for each building?. Area, shaft, court and yard drains— Number?. Diameter. Fall per foot. Diameter__ Diameter _ inches, inches. .inches. Fall .per foot inches. Diameter inches. If floor, cellar or stall drains are to be installed, stafe location, number and method of maintaining the water seal in traps: Material o(.soil, waste and vent-pipes ?. Soil -lines — .Number in each building? Waste- lines— Number in each building?. Vent- lines — Number in each building?. Refrigerator waste-pipes— State number in each hnilding? Roof drainage— State number of outside leaders?. Diameter.. inches Diameter of traps. Diameter. Diameter_ Diameter. Diameter. State number and material of inside leaders- Diameter.: , ,. Diameter of traps. How will the floor and base of water-closet apartment be made water-proof?. Describe water-closets , .. , , , Describe "rinals , ,. , , , Jnches. .inches, .inches. .Xn'ches. (Pacb 2] 11 ICOWTP'VtD OK OlXSft MSB I Plumbing Questions and Answers Q. — Is it necessary to file separate specifications for each building if the houses are exactly alike? TABLE OK FIXTURES TO INCLUDE FIXTURES RESET WHERE NEW ROUGHING 13 INSTALLED taditftte Nombar Fixture? on i>D s 1 ! J t s 1 I J b | I g b | 2 b 1 fl b a J | 3 b 1 I b 1 5 H b 1 1 1 | f 1 j b j I b 1 ■2 1 i 1 ! | I i c | Orin»l» •- Wub-b*4oi - , W««h-tub* Stop Sinks Dnnkiof Pououlni Stowm . Plunge B»th» REMARKS A. — One set of specifications will be received for not more than ten houses, and then only when on adjoining lots and houses are exactly alike. Definitions and Terms Q. — Define the following terms: Private sewer. House sewer. House drain. Soil line. A. — The term "private sewer" is applied to main sewers that are not constructed by and under the super- vision of the Department of Public Works. 12 Plumbing Questions and Answers The term "house sewer" is applied to that part of the main drain or sewer extending from a point two feet outside of the outer front wall of the building, vault or area to its connection with public sewer, private sewer or cesspool. The term "house drain" is applied to that part of the main horizontal drain and its branches inside the walls of the building, vault or area and extending to and connecting with the house sewer. The term "soil line" is applied to any vertical line of pipe having outlets above the floor of first story for water closet connections. Q. — Define the terms, waste line and vent pipe. A. — The term "waste line" is applied to any vertical line of piping having outlets above the first floor for fix- tures other than water closet. The term "vent pipe" is applied to any special pipe provided to ventilate the system of piping and to prevent trap siphonage and back pressure. Q. — What are the requirements as to material and workmanship? A. — All materials must be of the best quality, free from defects, and all work must be executed in a thor- ough, workmanlike manner. Q. — What are the requirements for the use of cast iron pipe and fittings? A. — All cast-iron pipes and fittings must be uncoated, sound, cylindrical and smooth, free from cracks, sand holes and other defects, and of uniform thickness. Q. — May standard C. I. pipe be used to install the plumbing system? A. — Standard pipe may be used above ground in residence buildings not exceeding two stories and base- ment in height. In all other buildings extra heavy pipe shall be used. Q. — How can you tell if the C. I. pipe is of proper weight? 13 Plumbing Questions and Answers Q. — Give the weights per linear foot for cast iron pipe, Standard and Extra Heavy. A. — Pipe, including the hub, shall weigh not less than the following average weights per linear foot : Weights per Linear Foot Diameters Standard Extra Heavy 2 inches 3 3/5 by 2 pounds 3 inches 5 1/5 9 l / 2 pounds 4 inches 7 13 pounds 5 inches 9 17 pounds 6 inches 11 20 pounds 7 inches 14 27 pounds 8 inches 17 33 y 2 pounds 10 inches 23 45 pounds 12 inches S3 54 pounds A. — The size, weight and maker's name must be cast on each length of pipe. Q. — How shall joints be made betiveen C. I pipe, and how much lead is required for each joint? A. — All joints must be made with picked oakum and molten lead and be made gas tight. Twelve ounces of fine, soft pig lead must be used at each joint for each inch in the diameter of the pipe when extra heavy pipe is used, and nine ounces when standard pipe is installed. Q. — When wrought iron pipe is used for the plumbing or drainage system, what grade or quality should it be? A. — All wrought iron and steel pipes must be equal in quality to "standard," and must be properly tested by the manufacturer. All pipe must be lap-welded. No plain black or uncoated pipe will be permitted. All wrought iron or steel water supply, vent, waste and soil pipes must be galvanized. Q. — Where galvanized steel or wrought pipe is in- stalled, what kind of fittings must be used? A. — Where galvanized wrought iron or steel pipe is required, the fittings used on the same must also be galvanized. Fittings for waste or soil and refrigerator waste pipes must be cast-iron recessed and threaded 14 Plumbing Questions and Answers drainage fittings, with smooth interior waterway, and threads tapped, so as to give a uniform grade to branches of not less than one-fourth of an inch per foot. Q. — Where close nipples are used on the plumbing system, what are the requirements? A. — Short nipples on wrought iron or steel pipe, where the unthreaded part of the pipe is less than one and one-half inches long, must be of the thickness and weight to correspond to weight of pipe. Q. — What average thickness and weight per linear foot of the following sizes of wrought iron pipe must be used? A.— The pipe shall not be less than the following average thickness and weight per linear foot : Weights per Diameters Thicknesses Linear Foot iy 2 inches 14 inches 2.68 pounds 2 inches 15 inches 3. CI pounds 2 x / 2 inches 20 inches 5.74 pounds 3 inches 21 7.54 pounds 35^ inches 22 inches 9.00 pounds 4 inches 23 inches 10.66 pounds 4^ inches 24 inches 12.34 pounds 5 inches 25 inches 14.50 pounds 6 inches 28 inches 18.76 pounds 7 inches 30 inches 23.27 pounds 8 inches 32 inches 28.18 pounds 9 inches 34 inches 33.70 pounds 10 inches 36 inches 40 06 pounds 11 inches 37 inches 45.02 pounds 12 inches 37 inches 48.98 pounds Q. — Where brass pipe is to be used on the plumbing and drainage system, zvhat are the requirements? A. — All brass pipe for soil, waste and vent pipes and solder nipples must be thoroughly annealed, drawn, brass tubing, of standard iron-pipe gauge. Q. — How are connections between brass pipe or brass and iron pipe to be made? A. — Connections on brass pipe and between brass pipe and traps on iron pipe must not be made with slip joints or couplings. Threaded connections on brass pipe must be of the same size as iron pipe thread for same size of pipe and be tapered. IS P I u m b i n g Questions and Answers Q. — What average weight and thickness, per linear foot, brass pipe, must be used? A. — The following average thicknesses and weights per linear foot will be required: Weights per Diameters Thicknesses Linear Foot iy 2 inches 14 inches 2.84 pounds 2 inches 15 inches 3.S2 pounds 2H inches 20 inches 6.08 pounds 3 inches 21 inches 7.92 pounds 3 T / 2 inches 22 inches 9.54 pounds 4 inches 23 inches 11.29 pounds \y 2 inches 24 inches 13.08 pounds 5 inches 25 inches 15.37 pounds 6 inches 28 inches 19.88 pounds Q. What quality and weights should brass ferrules be for (a) hravy pipe, (b) light pipe? A. (a) Where heavy pipe is used brass ferrules must be of best quality cast brass, not less than four inches long and two and one-quarter, three and one-half and four and one-half inches in diameter, and not less than following weights : Diameters Weights 2 l / 2 in. i lb. o oz. 7,y 2 in. I lb. 12 oz. 4y 2 in. 2 lb. 8 oz. (b) Where light pipe is used brass ferrules must be of best quality cast brass, not less than 2 in., and 3 in., and 4 in. in diameter, and not less than the following weights. Diameters Weights 2 in. 1 lb. o oz. 3 in. 1 lb. 12 oz. 4 in. 2 lb. 8 oz. Q. — Are one and one-half inch ferrules permitted to be used? A. — One and one-half inch ferrules are not permitted. Q. — What quality and weights for solder nipples must be used? 16 Plumbing Questions and Answers. A. — Soldering nipples must be heavy cast brass or of brass pipe, iron pipe-size. When cast they must not be less than the following weights : Diameters Weights 1 x /z inches pound 8 ounces 2 inches pound 14 ounces 2J<£ inches 1 pound 6 ounces 3 inches 2 pounds ounces 4 inches 3 pounds 8 ounces Q. — State the type and quality of cleanout plugs per- mitted to be used. A. — Brass screw caps for cleanouts must be extra heavy, not less than one-eighth of an inch thick. The screw cap must have a solid square or hexagonal nut, not less than one inch high, with a least diameter of one and one-half inches. The body of the cleanout ferrule must be at least equal in weight and thickness to the caulking ferrule for the same size of pipe. Q. — How should the size of cleanout compare with the size of pipe or trap? A. — Where cleanouts are required by rules and by the approved plans, the screw cap must be of brass. The engaging part must have not less than six threads of iron-pipe size and be tapered. Cleanouts must be of full size of trap up to four inches in diameter, and not less than four inches for larger traps. Q. — Are long lengths of lead pipe permitted to be used for soil or waste pipe? A. — The use of lead pipes is restricted to the short branches of the soil and waste pipes, bends and traps, roof connections of inside leaders. 'Short branches'' of lead pipe shall be construed to mean not more than : 8 feet of \y 2 inch pipe. 5 feet of 2 inch pipe. 2 feet of 3 inch pipe. 2 feet of 4 inch pipe. Q. — How must connections between lead pipe, lead and brass or copper pipe be made? 17 Plumbing Questions and Answers A. — All connections between lead pipes and between lead and brass or copper pipes must be made by means of "wiped" solder joint. g. — What grade of lead pipe must be used on the plumbing system and what weights per linear foot? A. — All lead waste, soil, vent and flush pipes must be Oak Iron Pipe ^^ Galv. Iron jCouph'tag I — < -^~ } .'Flash in a v i I- ==^l ROOF FLASHING FOR GALVANIZED IRON PIPE of the best quality, known in commerce as "D" and of not less than the following weights per linear foot : Weights Per Diameters Linear Foot 1 l /i inch (for flush pipes only) 2J4 pounds 1 y 2 inches t . . . S pounds 3 inches 6 pounds 2 inches 4 pounds 4 and 4^ inches 8 pounds Q. — What grade and weight must the lead traps and bends be? A. — All lead traps and bends must be of the same weights and thicknesses as their corresponding pipe branches. Sheet lead for roof flashings must be six- pound lead, and must extend not less than six inches from the pipe, and the joint made watertight. Q. — Where copper tubing is used for roof connections 18 Plumbing Questions and Answers on inside leaders, what gauge must it be? What gauge must be used in roof flashings? A. — Copper tubing, when used for inside leader roof connections, must be seamless drawn tubing, not less than 22 gauge, and when used for roof flashings must be not less than 18 gauge. General Regulations Q. — Should each building be separately connected to public sewer, private sewer, or cesspool, or can two or more buildings use the same house sewer? _i Rear Blfo Front .iotLtn^j z - -House Sewer Streef Sewer^ CORRECT WAY TO INSTALL A HOUSE SEWER FOR TWO BUILDINGS UPON THE SAME LOT WHEN ONE IS A REAR BUILDING A. — Each building must be separated and indepen- dently connected with a public or private sewer, or cesspool, except where a building is located on the rear of the same lot with another building, when its plumb- 19 Plumbing Questions and Answers ing and drainage system may be connected to the honse- drain of the front building behind the house trap and fresh air inlet which shall be used for both buildings if sewer connected; or may be connected to an existing cesspool of front house and be provided with a separate house trap and fresh air inlet. Q. — Where should the sewer connection be made in reference to the location of the building? •Party Wat) House Sewer Mo. I Ho. 2 Street Sewer *-Hovse Sewer =r . House Sewer ^Street Sewer (LEFT) PROPER WAY TO CONNECT HOUSE SEWER (RIGHT) IMPROPER WAY TO CONNECT HOUSE SEWER A. — Every building must have its sewer connections directly in front of the building, unless permission is otherwise granted by the Superintendent of Buildings. Q. — Where there is no public sewer in the street upon which a building faces, may the owner install a private sewer and how must this be constructed? A. — Where there is no sewer in the street or avenue, and it is possible to construct a private sewer to connect in an adjacent street or avenue, a private sewer may be constructed, to be used in common for one or more buildings. It must be laid outside the curb under the roadway. 20 Plumbing Questions and Answers Q. — Are cesspools and privy vaults permitted to be installed? A. — Cesspool and privy vaults will be permitted only after it has been shown to the satisfaction of the Super- intendent of Buildings that their use is absolutely necessary. When allowed, they must be constructed strictly in accordance with the terms of the permit issued by the Superintendent of Buildings. Cesspools must not be used as privy vaults nor can privy vaults be used as cesspools. Cesspool and urivy vaults must be located at least fifteen feet from any building and on the same lot as building for which their use is intended. Walls of cesspools and privy vaults when constructed of brick must be eight inches thick; if of stone, eighteen inches thick. Bottoms of cesspools and privy vaults must be of stone concrete six inches thick. The entire interior surface of cesspools and privy vaults must be finished with a coating of Portland cement mortar one inch thick. As soon as it is possible to connect with a public sewer, the owner must have the cesspool and privy vault emptied, cleaned and disinfected and filled with fresh earth, and have a sewer connection made in the manner herewith prescribed. Q. — How should pipe lines be supported to prevent settlement? A. — All pipe lines must be supported at the base on brick piers, or by heavy iron hangers from the cellar ceiling-beams, and along the line by heavy iron hangers at intervals of not more than ten feet. Q. — At what distance should the soil, waste or vent pipe terminate from any window? A. — All pipes issuing from extensions or elsewhere, which would otherwise open within twenty feet of the window of any building, must be extended above the 21 Plumbing Questions and Answers top of any window located within such distance. When a building exceeds in height that of an adjoining build- ing, and windows or openings are cut in the wall on the lot line within twenty feet of the roof terminal of any soil, waste or vent line now in place or subsequently installed in the lower building, the owner of the higher building shall defray the expense of extending said soil, waste or vent lines above the roof of the higher build- ing, or shall himself make such alteration. NOTE — VALIDITY OF PLUMBING RULE The Validity of Rule 50 of the plumbing rules of the several bureaus of buildings is established in a decision by the Appellate Division, First Department, handed down in the case of City of New York v. Conrad Alheidt. The case is reported in the New York Law Journal of January 10, 1918, and is there summarized as follows: Section 50 of the Plumbing Rules, which provides "that all pipes issuing from extension or elsewhere which would otherwise open within twenty feet of the window of any building must be extended above the top of any window located within such distance" is a valid provision, and should be liberally construed in the interest of the public health in order that noxious gases should not be drawn into nearby windows. The use of the word "adjoining" in another and distinct part of the ordinance, providing, where buildings are of different height, for the extension of vent lines along the roofs of higher buildings, does not restrict the application of such provision to buildings actually contiguous to build- ings containing vent lines. The decision would seem to carry with it also a recognition of the plumbing rules in general, so that they have in effect, the same force as any city ordinances. Q. — Are offsets permitted on the drainage system? A. — The arrangement of all pipes must be as straight 22 Plumbing Questions and Answers and direct as possible. Offsets will be permitted only when unavoidable. i -//--- FIG. 13 rn d \<---H--A FIG. 14 &a FIG. 13. OFFSET C TO C. FIG. 14. BACK TO CENTER. Q.—Is it good practice to expose all piping of the plumbing system to view? A. — All pipes and traps should, where possible, be exposed to view. They should always be readily ac- cesible for inspection and repairing. Q. — Is it necessary to carry at least one four-inch line above the roof for every building? A. — In every building where there is a leader con- nected to the drain, if there are any plumbing fixtures, there must be at least one four (4) inch pipe extending above the roof for ventilation. 23 Plumbing Questions and Answers Yard, Area and Other Drains Q. — How should yard, area and court drams be con- nected? >i\i \ 3/NK WXSTfr 2 HOUSE JJ&/7/N* . , DRAINAGE CONNECTIONS IN BASEMENT 3CJ . Brass CO. Plug*, I 1 /? Galv. Iron ^ HalfSTrap^'-M Brass CO. Plug /'//VVt y/£x/£W Tee ^"Casihroa ■ P-Trap] Drinking Cost ' ron Connection Fountain +° Drinkina, Fountain CAST IRON AND SCREW PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR DRINKING FOUNTAINS 45 Plumbing Questions and Answers Safe and Refrigerator Waste Pipes Q. — If installing refrigerator or safe waste-pipes, what kind of pipe must be used, and what size pipe must be used for the main waste and branches? A. — Safe and refrigerator waste-pipes must be of galvanized iron, and be not less than one and one-quarter inch in diameter nor larger than one and one-half inch in diameter with pipe branches at least one inch in diameter with strainers over each inlet. Q. — Must refrigerator waste pipes be trapped? A. — Safe and refrigerator waste-pipes shall not be trapped. They must discharge over a properly water- supplied, trapped sink, with trap vented unless an ap- proved anti-siphon trap is installed in the manner pre- viously stated, such sink to be publicly placed, and not more than four feet above the floor. In no case shall any refrigerator or safe waste-pipe discharge over a sink located in a room used for living purposes. Q. — How must branch waste pipes for refrigerators connect to the waste line? A. — The branches on vertical lines must be made by Y or TY fittings and carried up to the safe with as much pitch as possible. Q. — Where lead safes are used how must they be in- stalled? A. — Lead safes must be graded and neatly turned over bevel strips at their edges. Q. — How must offsets or change in direction be made on the refrigerator waste-pipe? A. — Where there is an offset on a refrigerator waste- pipe in the cellar, there must be cleanouts to control the horizontal part of the pipe. 46 Plumbing Questions and Answers Q. — Must the refrigerator waste line be carried above the roof? h Roof Strainer 3rd. Floor <-- Drainage F/'ff/hp cW Floor 7 7*- 1st. Floor KO. REFRIGERATOR WASTE FOR TENEMENTS A. — In all lodgings and tenement houses the safe and refrigerator waste-pipes must extend above the roof. 47 Plumbing Questions and Answers Water Closets, Sinks and Washtubs Q. — What are the requirements for water closet ac- commodations in buildings? A. — In all buildings occupied as stores, dwellings, lodging or boarding houses, hotels, offices, lofts, work- shops, factories or storage houses, there must be at least one water-closet in each building. There must be sufficient water-closets so that there will never be more than fifteen persons to each water-closet. In places of public assembly, the number of toilets and the most available location are to be determined by the Superin- tendent of Buddings. Q. — Does the above answer completely cover the water-closet accommodations in all classes of buildings? A. — No ; special regulations govern tenements and fac- tory buildings. For factory buildings see factory laws of the State Labor Department. For tenements see Tenement House Laws. Q. — In buildings used for business purposes, public assembly or hotels must separate toilet rooms be pro- vided for men and women? A. — Separate water-closets and toilet rooms must be provided for each sex in buildings used as work- shops, lofts, office buildings, factories, hotels, and all places of public assembly. Q. — What are the rules governing water-closet ac- commodations in lodging houses? A. — In lodging houses, there must be one water- closet on each floor, and where there are more than fif- teen persons on any floor there must be an additional water-closet on that floor for every fifteen additional per- sons or fraction thereof. 48 Plumbing Questions and Answers Q. — How must the floor and walls be constructed in water-closet apartments? A. — In tenement houses, lodging houses, factories, workshops, and all public buildings, the entire water- closet apartment, and side walls to a height of six inches from the floor, except at the door, must be made water- proof with asphalt, cement, tile, metal or other water- proof material as approved by the Superintendent of Buildings. 'Replead 4?0z Brass Floor Flange *| Section A-A J HEAVY FLOOR FLANGE AND CONNECTION Q. — Is it necessary to use a floor slab when setting W. C. bowl? A. — Every earthenware water-closet with connection through the floor in all new work, and in all alterations, must be set on an approved floor slab of porcelain, slate or other material impervious to moisture, same to be not less in size than the base of the water-closet set thereon. Q. — Of what material must W . C. bowls be made, and how set? A. — All water-closets must have earthenware flush- ing rim bowls. They must be set entirely free and open from all enclosing woodwork. 49 Plumbing Questions and Answers Q. — Are long hopper W. C. bowls permitted? A. — Long hopper water-closets will not be permitted, except earthenware hoppers where there is an exposure to frost. Q. — May drip trays be installed on W. C. bowls? A. — Drip trays on water-closets will not be per- mitted. Q. — May water-closets or urinals be directly connected with the domestic water supply of a building? A. — Water-closets and urinals must never be con- nected directly with or flushed from the water-supply pipes, except when flushometer valves are used. WALL TYPE WATER CLOSET DETAILS Q. — How must W . C. apartments be ventilated? A. — In all buildings, the water-closet and urinal apartments must be ventilated to the outer air by win- dows opening on the same lot upon which the building is situated or by a ventilating skylight placed over each room or apartment wherein such fixtures are located. 50 Plumbing Questions and Answers Q. — How must partitions forming W. C. apartments be constructed? A. — In all buildings, the outside partition of any water-closet or urinal apartment must be air-tight and extend to the ceiling or be independently ceiled over. When necessary to properly light such apartments, the upper part of the partitions must be provided with trans- lucent glass. The interior partitions of such apartments must be dwarfed partitions. 2 Dh. Lead Pipe, Wipedjoirris * x? Flush Valve A Lead Pipe Brass Caulking Ferrule 4ClPipe 2-90 Elbow i Cast Iron Connection to Water Closet j/4 "Diarn. Lead Bend Oalv Iron Coupling f 4" Oaf v. Iron Pipe Nipple Wiped v Brass Soldering Nipple Joint WROUGHT IRON AND CAST IRON CLOSET CONNECTIONS Q. — May the general W. C. accommodations of a building be placed in the cellar or outside the building? A. — The general water-closet accommodation of any building cannot be placed in the cellar, nor can any SI Plumbing Questions and Answers water-closet be placed outside of a building except to replace an existing water-closet. Q. — How must an interior room, used for a W. C. apartment, which has no window to the outer air or sky- light, be ventilated? A. — In alteration work where it is not practicable to ventilate a water-closet or urinal apartment by windows or a skylight directly to the outer air, there may be pro- vided a galvanized wrought iron vent duct extended to the outer air which must be equal in area to at least one hundred and forty- four square inches for one water- closet or urinal, and an additional seventy-two square inches for each water-closet added therein. Q. — May W . C. seat be supported on iron legs? A- — Where water-closets will not support a rim-seat, the seat must be supported on galvanized iron legs. Q. — How must the water supply to W. C. and urinals be connected? A. — Each water-closet and urinal must be flushed from a separate cistern, the water from which is used for no other purpose, or may be flushed through flusho- meter valves. Q. — Where flush-valves are used how must they be supplied? A— Where "Flushometers" are used, they must be supplied from tank pressure, unless otherwise permitted by the Superintendent of Buildings ; the rising lines shall be at least one and one-half inches in diameter, and the branches shall be at least one and one-quarter inches in diameter for water-closets and three-quarters inch in diameter for urinals. Q. — Where may the overfow of water-closet cisterns discharge? A. — The overflow of cisterns may discharge into the bowl of the closet, but in no case connect with any part of the drainage system. 52 Plumbing Questions and Answers Q. — May iron cisterns or automatic flush valves be installed for water-closets or urinals? A. — Iron water-closet and urinal cisterns and auto- matic water-closet and urinal cisterns are prohibited, un- less approved by the Superintendent of Buildings. Q. — How may wood cisterns for W. C. and urinals be lined? A. — The copper lining of water-closet and urinal cis- terns must not be lighter than ten (10) ounce copper. Q. — Where flush pipes are installed what size and grade of pipe must be used? A. — Water-closet flush pipes must not be less than one and one-fourth inches and urinal flush pipes one (1) inch in diameter, and if of lead must not weigh less than two and one-half pounds and two pounds per linear foot. Flush couplings must be of full size of the pipe. 0. — May connection between flush pipe and W. C. bowl be made with rubber connections? A. — Rubber connections and elbows are not permitted on flush pipes. Q. — May Latrines or trough water-closets be installed? A. — Latrines, trough water-closets and similar ap- pliances may be used only on written permit from the said Superintendent of Buildings, and must be set and arranged as may be required by the terms of the permit. Q. — What type of urinals and Urinal apartments may be used? A. — All urinals must be constructed of materials im- pervious to moisture, and that will not corrode under the action of urine. The floor and wall of the urinal apart- ments must be lined with similar non-absorbent and non- corrosive material. Q. — May the platforms or treads of urinals be directly connected with the plumbing system? A. — The platforms of treads of urinal stalls must Plumbing Questions and Answers never be connected independently to the plumbing sys- tem, nor can they be connected to any safe waste-pipe. Q. — Where trough W . C. or urinals are installed of what material must they be constructed? A. — Iron trough water-closets and trough urinals must be enameled or galvanized. Q. — May sinks be inclosed with woodwork? A. — In all houses, sinks must be entirely open, on iron legs or brackets without any inclosing woodwork. Q. — May wooden or cement wash tubs be installed? A. — Wooden wash tubs are prohibited, except when used in hotels, restaurants or bottling establishments for washing dishes or bottles. Cement or artificial stone tubs will not be permitted unless approved by the Super- intendent of Buildings. Water Supply for Fixtures Q. — Must all plumbing fixtures be water supplied? Where fixtures are supplied from flush tank what size tanks should be used? A. — All water-closets and other plumbing fixtures must be provided with a sufficient supply of water for flushing to keep them in a proper and cleanly condition. Flush tanks must have a capacity of eight gallons for water-closets and five gallons for urinals. Q. — How must house service pipes be connected with street mains? A. — House service pipes must be connected to the street mains by means of taps, and a stop-cock or valve placed under the sidewalk at the curb, in compliance with the rules and under the supervision of the De- partment of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. Note. — The connection and inspection of service pipes 54 Plumbing Questions and Answers for water supply is now under the supervision of the Bu- reau of Engineering, Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. The size of tap or connection is com- puted according to the combined floor area of the build- ing. Corporation taps are installed in sizes from five- eighth inch up to two inch. For connections larger than two inch fittings or wet connections are installed. Q. — How must the house main for water supply be controlled at the front wall zvhere it enters the building? A. — A separate stop or valve must be placed upon the service pipe inside the front wall. Q. — What is the smallest size of service pipes per- mitted to be installed for different classes of buildings? A. — The diameters of street service pipes must not be less than three-quarter inch for dwellings and tenements occupied by six families or less ; one inch for tenements or apartment houses occupied by more than six families and one and one-half inch for hotels, factories and other miscellaneous buildings, provided that in no case can the diameter of the service pipes be less than the diameter of the tap installed under the supervision of the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. Riser Lines Q. — What is the smallest size rizer lines permitted? How must the riser and branches from same be con- trolled? A. — The diameter of all riser lines in plumbing systems shall be not less than three-quarters (24) inches; except that when lead or brass is used, the minimum diameter may be one-half (^2) inch. Separate stop-cocks or valves, so located as to be accessible at all times, shall be placed at the foot of each riser line and, in all buildings other than residence 55 Plumbing Questions and Answers buildings occupied exclusively by one or two families or having not more than fifteen sleeping rooms, on each branch line from the riser for each isolated fixture or each group of fixtures, such as bathroom fixtures, kitchen fixtures, etc. ; except that only one stop-cock or valve shall be required for the fixtures contained in any one apartment, suite, store or loft occupied by one tenant when all the fixtures contained in each such apartment, suite, store or loft are supplied from one branch line. Q. — What is the smallest size pipe permitted for water supply branches to fixtures? A. — Diameters of branches to any fixtures must not be less than one-half inch, except when used to supply water-closets, cisterns or lavatories. When the material used is lead or brass pipe, the minimum diameter may be three-eighths inch. Branches for flush valves for water-closets must not be less than one and one-quarter inch in diameter and for urinals not less than three- quarters of an inch in diameter. Q. — What type of W. C. bowls are prohibited? A. — Pan, plunger, offset-washout and washout, or other water-closets having an unventilated space, or the walls of which are not thoroughly washed out at each dis- charge, will not be permitted. Q. — At what distance apart should the hot and cold water risers be installed? A. — Where a hot water supply system is installed, the distance between the hot and cold water risers should not be less than six inches. Where it is im- possible to place them six inches or more apart, the hot water riser must be covered with an approved insulating material and a method of circulation provided that will insure a prompt delivery of hot water at the faucee when required. Q. — How should risers and branches be supported? A. — All risers and branches must be properly fastened. 56 Plumbing Questions and Answers Q. — Where the street pressure is insufficent to prop- erly supply all fixtures, what other equipment is re- quired? A. — When the water pressure is not sufficient to sup- ply freely and continuously all fixtures, a house supply tank must be provided of sufficient size to afford an ample supply of water to all fixtures at all times. Such tanks must be supplied from the pressure or by power pumps, as may be necessary ; when from the pressure, ball cocks must be provided. 0. — Where house tanks are used for the water supply of a building how must the water be protected from contamination? A. — House supply tanks must be metal-covered so as to exclude dust and so located as to prevent water contamination by gas and odors from plumbing fixtures. Q. — Of what material must house tanks be con- structed? A. — House supply tanks must be of wood or iron or or wood lined with tinned and planished copper. Q. — How must house tanks be supported? A. — House tanks must be supported on iron beams. For tank supports see section 428 of the building code. Q. — How should the overflow pipe from house tank he connected? A. — The overflow pipe should discharge upon the roof, where possible, and in such cases should be brought down to within six (6) inches of the roof, or it must be trap- ped and discharged over an open and water-supplied sink not in the same room, nor over three and one-half feet above the floor. In no case shall the overflow be con- nected with any part of the plumbing system. (?. — How must emptying pipes for house tanks be con- nected? What size must they be and how controlled? A. — Emptying pipes for such tanks must be provided and be discharged in the manner required for overflow 57 Plumbing Questions and Answers pipes, and may be branched into overflow pipes. Empty- ing pipes for tanks containing more than five hundred (500) gallons must be four (4) inches in diameter and provided with a valve of same size fitted with a wheel or lever handle. Acid Waste Q. — What size and kind of pipe is required for acid waste? How must this waste connect to the plumbing system and how must joints be made on acid waste pipe? A. — Acid wastes must be "B" lead pipe or earthen pipe; if of lead pipe they must be at least two inches in diameter, and if of earthen pipe at least three inches in diameter. They must be extended through roof for ventilation and continued down to the lower story of building and so arranged as to discharge into a lime box and diluting sink properly trapped and vented and connected inside of house trap. If the lime box and diluting sink is not used the acid waste must be ex- tended to an earthen house sewer or separately and in- dependently connected to a public or private service in street and provided with an accessible running trap lo- cated just inside of front wall of building. All branches and joints on lead acid wastes must be made by means of burnt lead joints. If earthenware pipe is used, vertical joints must be made with a mixture of asphaltum and cement. Each length of pipe on vertical runs and on horizontal runs when above the cellar floor must be supported at each hub by proper supports. All floor drains and fixture connections must be trapped and run as direct as possible. 58 Plumbing Questionsand Answers &MrJ*y#7i?#/esi ACID WASTE WITH INDIRECT CONNECTION AND LIME BOX 59 Plumbing Questions and Answers w (73 W W H « < W O h 2; o P b w fc c u h u w « F w U < 60 Plumbing Questions and Answers Sewage Lift Q. — How must sewage lift of sewage ejector be con- nected? How must a sump system be installed in re- lation to the plumbing system of a building? A. — When it is necessary to use a sump system and sewage lift to receive the discharge from the waste or soil connection of fixtures, same shall be arranged to be accessible. If discharged with compressed air it shall be connected to the house drain on the sewer side of all leader or area drain traps and fixture connec- tions or may be connected to house drain on the sewer side of house trap. A separate trap and fresh air inlet must be provided on the inlet side of sump and a four- inch pipe line continued from drain discharging into sump up to and above roof, for purposes of ventilation. Relief pipes must be provided on sewage receptacles of sumps. Traps of fixtures connected to sump systems must not be vented to vent lines which are used to venti- late traps of fixtures on gravity system. Sump sys- tems should be entirely separate both as to discharge and venting from rest of plumbing system in buildings. For connections and installation of sump system see following page. The connection shown in broken lines to Y branch in front of house is where mechanical force is used to discharge the contents of sump. 61 Plumbing Questions and Answer ioctf dAoqopuv cy. dn uivjq Luo'jij. panuyubo W O S* ^* *2 w p W u o w ffl 55 o . u o 2 " S S o g £ o a -PS ° wS ^ H< < £ ffl tf >H U < B § £ S w < CO W U H O co o w £ o O ffi U CO 62 Plumbing Questions and Answers Oil Separators Q. — What is required for the installation of oil separators? A. — Oil separators installed in any building where volatile fluids are used must be arranged to be readily accessible. They must not receive the discharge of any water-closet, rain leader, yard, court or area drain. They must, if discharged by gravity, be connected by a Y branch fitting to the house drain behind the house trap in such a manner that they will not interfere with the house drain and the rest of the plumbing and drain- age system. When mechanical force is used to discharge the contents, the connection must be made by a Y branch fitting on the sewer side of house trap. No separate running trap need be provided on the drain entering oil separators, but a separate fresh air inlet and vent line must be provided to keep the system of drain- age controlled by the oil separator entirely separate from the rest of plumbing and drainage system. The size of fresh air inlet shall be determined by the size of inlet connection to oil separator, which shall be considered the same as the term house-drain for de- termining the size of all fresh air inlets, which shall con- form to the same requirements as regards size and ar- rangement of terminals for fresh air inlets as called for in regulations. Vent lines shall conform in all respects to vent lines tor plumbing fixtures as regards size and arrangement. Relief pipes must be provided at least one and one-half inches in diameter. They may be connected to a vent line when installed as a separate system or must be car- ried independently above the roof. 63 Plumbing Questions and Answers \ — -? £ o < < w in w o < < o o t— t 64 P I u m b i n g Questions and Answers Modifications Q. — Can a modication of any section of the plumb- ing rules be granted by the Superintendent of Buildings? A. — When for any reason it may be impracticable to comply strictly with the foregoing rules, the Superin- tendent of Buildings shall have power to modify their provisions so that the spirit and substance thereof shall be complied with. Such modications shall be indorsed upon the permit over the signature of the Superin- tendent of Buildings. Testing the Plumbing System Q. — Must the installation of a plumbing system be tested? By whom should this test be made? A. — The entire plumbing and drainage system within the building must be tested by the plumber, in the pres- ence of a plumbing inspector, under a water test. All pipes must remain uncovered in every part until they have successfully passed the test. The plumber must securely close all openings, as directed by the Inspector of Plumbing. The use of wooden plugs for this purpose is prohibited. Q. — How must the water test be applied for the entire system or for different sections? A. — The water test will be applied by closing the lower end of the main house-drain and filling the pipes to the highest opening above the roof with water. The water test shall include at one time the house drain and branches, all vertical and horizontal soil, waste and vent and leader lines and all branches therefrom to a point 65 Plumbing Questions and Answers above the surface of the finished floor and beyond the finished face of walls and partitions. If the drain or any part of the system is to be tested separately, there must be a head of water at least six (6) feet above all parts of the work so tested, and special provision must be made for including all points and connections in at least one test Q. — Is any other test required other than the zvater test, if so what kind? A. — After the completion of the plumbing work in any new or altered building and before the building is oc- cupied, a final smoke test must be applied in the presence of a Plumbing Inspector. Except that for a building not over six stories in height, a peppermint test may be applied. Q. — By whom should the material be supplied for a peppermint test and how much peppermint should be used to apply this test? A. — The material and labor for the test must be fur- nished by the plumber. When the peppermint test is used, two ounces of oil of peppermint must be provided for each line up to five stories and cellar in height and an additional ounce of oil of peppermint must be pro- vided for each line when lines are more than five stories in height. Plumbing of Tenement Houses Q. — Have the plumbing rules of the Tenement House Department any relation to the plumbing rules of the Building Department? A. — All sections or parts of sections of the tenement house law relating to plumbing and drainage of tene- ment houses are to be observed, and are hereby made a part of these rules and regulations. 66 Plumbing Questions and Answers Gas Piping and Fixtures Q. — May gas outlets be placed at any part of the building? A. — Gas outlets for burners shall not be placed under tanks, back of doors or within four feet of any meter. Q. — How must the size of piping for gas -fitting be computed? A. — All buildings shall be piped according to the fol- lowing scale: Diameter Length Burners H inch 26 feet 8 Yz inch. 36 feet 6 y A inch 60 feet 20 1 inch 80 feet 35 W A inch 110 feet 60 iy 2 inch 160 feet 100 2 inch 200 feet 200 iy 2 inch 300 feet 800 8 inch 450 feet 450 zy 2 inch 500 feet 600 4 inch 600 feet 750 Q. — What size outlets must be installed for gas ranges and how must this outlet be controlled? A. — Outlets for gas ranges shall have a diameter not less than required for six burners, and all gas ranges and heaters shall have a straightway cock on service pipe. Q. — Is brass tubing permitted to be used as gas piping outside of plaster or woodwork? A. — When brass piping is used on the outside of plastering or woodwork, it shall be classed as fixtures. Q. — What gauge tubing shall be used on gas fixture work, and how must connections be made between tubing and fittings? A. — All brass tubing used for arms and stems of fix- tures shall be at least No. 18 standard gauge and full size outside so as to cut a full thread. All threads on brass pipe shall screw in at least five- sixteenths of an inch. All rope or square tubing shall 67 Plumbing Questions and Answers be brazed or soldered into fittings and distributors, or have a nipple brazed into the tubing. Q. — Where brass fittings are used such as cocks, swing joints, etc., how must they be constructed? A. — All cast fittings, such as cocks, swing joints, double centres, nozzles, etc., shall be extra heavy brass. The plugs of all cocks must be ground to a smooth and true surface for their entire length, be free from sand- holes, have not less than three-quarters of an inch bear- ing (except in cases of special design), have two flat sides on the end for the washer, and have two nuts in- stead of a tail screw. All stop pins to keys or cocks shall be screwed into place. Q. — What test is required on all jobs of gas fitting? A. — After all piping is fitted and fastened and all outlets capped up, there must be applied by the plumber, in the presence of an inspector of the Bureau of Build- ings, a test with air to a pressure equal to a column of mercury six inches in height, and the same to stand for five minutes; only mercury gauge shall be used. No piping shall be covered up, nor shall any fixture, gas heater or range be connected thereto until a card show- ing the approval of this test has been issued by the Superintendent of Buildings. Q. — Would the gas company install a meter or supply gas to a joh that has not been tested? A. — No meter will be set by any gas company until a certificate is filed with them from the Bureau of Build- ings certifying that the gas pipes and fixtures comply with the foregoing rules. Q. — How must all outlets be protected when install- ing new work? A. — All outlets and risers shall be left capped until covered by fixtures. Q. — Are unions or running threads permitted to be used on gas fitting? Where it is necessary to make re- 68 Plumbing Questionsand Answers pairs on long runs of piping how may connections be made without removing the entire run of pipe? A. — No unions or running threads shall be permitted. Where necessary to cut out to repair leaks or make ex- tensions, pipe shall be again put together with right and left couplings. Q. — May gas Utters' cement be used for installing gas piping? A. — No gas fitters' cement shall be used, except in putting fixtures together. Q. — What is the minimum distance belozv the ceiling that gas outlets must be located? What governs this distance? Are szving brackets permitted? Wliat is the minimum length for gas brackets? How must gas out- lets be protected when placed near combustible material? A. — All gas brackets and fixtures shall be placed so that the burners of same are not less than three feet be- low any ceiling or woodwork, unless the same is properly protected by a shield, in which case the distance shall not be less than eighteen inches. No swinging or folding gas brackets shall be placed against any stud partition or woodwork. No gas brackets on any lath and plaster partition or woodwork shall be less than five inches in length, meas- ured from the burner to the plaster surface or wood- work. Gas lights placed near window curtains or any other combustible material shall be protected by a proper shield. q. — What kind of fittings must be used for installing gas piping. A. — All fittings (except stop-cocks or valves) shall be of malleable iron. Q. — How must the gas service be controlled where it enters the building. A. — There shall be a heavy brass straightway cock 69 Plumbing Questions and Answers or valve on the service pipe immediately inside the front foundation wall. Iron cocks or valves are not permitted. Q. — What is the best location to install gas risers? A. — Where it is not impracticable so to do, all risers shall be left not more than five feet from front wall. Q. — How should all gas piping be layed to insure a good job? How should it be protected from dampness? A. — No pipe shall be laid so as to support any weight (except fixtures) or be subjected to any strain what- soever. All pipe shall be properly laid and fastened to prevent becoming trapped, and shall be laid, when prac- ticable, above timbers or beams instead of beneath them. Where running lines or branches cross beams, they must do so within thirty-six inches of the end of the beams, and in no case shall the said pipes be let into the beams more than two inches in depth. Any pipe laid in a cold or damp place shall be properly dripped, protected and painted with two coats of red lead and boiled oil or tarred. Q. — How must gas piping be layed in concrete or ce- ment floors to protect it from corrosion? A. — No gas pipe shall be laid in cement or concrete unless the pipe or channel in which it is placed is well covered with tar. Q. — How must ceiling drops be fastened and how far below the finished plaster must the drop terminate? A. — All drops must be set plumb and securely fast- ened, each one having at least one solid strap. Drops and outlets less than three-quarters of an inch in diameter shall not be left more than one inch below plastering, centrepieces or woodwork. Q. — Is it the duty of the plumbing inspector to in- spect the installation of gas piping in new and old build- ings? A— Hereafter the gas piping and fixtures in all new buildings and all alterations and extensions made to the 70 Plumbing Questions and Answers gas piping or fixtures in old buildings must be done in accordance with the following rules, which are made in accordance with the provision of section 89 of the Build- ing Code. For additional requirements of public buildings, thea- tres, and places of assemblage, see Part XXI of the Building Code. Q. — Is it necessary to be a registered master plumber to install new gas piping or make alterations to same? A. — Before the construction or alteration of any gas piping in any building or part of any building, a permit must be obtained from the Superintendent of Buildings. This permit will be issued only to a registered plumber. Small alterations may be made by notifying the Bureau of Buildings, using the same blank forms provided for alterations and repairs to plumbing. Q.—What grade and quality of pipe must be used for installing gas piping? A. — All gas pipe shall be of best quality wrought iron or steel and of the kind classed as standard pipe, and shall weigh according to the following scale : Weights per Diameters Linear Foot H inch 0.56 pound X A inch 0.85 pound H inch 1.12 pound 1 inch 1.67 pound 1 Va inch 2.24 pounds 1H inch 2.68 pounds 2 inch 3.6I pounds 254 inch 5.75 pounds 3 inch 7.54 pounds 3H inch 9.00 pounds 4 inch 10.66 pounds No pipe allowed of less than H inch in diameter. 71 Plumbing Questions and Answers Anti-Siphon Traps A hearing was held by the Board of Standards and Appeals of New York City on Dec. 27, 1918, in refer- ence to changing the rules and regulations governing plumbing in the city of New York. The changes voted upon at this meeting affected eight sections of the plumbing laws covering trap and back venting. Q. — What tests are required for anti-siphon traps or fixtures before such traps or fixtures shall be approved t INSTRUCTIONS 1. The entire cost and responsibility for the installa- tion of the necessary equipment for such test shall be borne by the person or firm submitting the appliance. 2. Such person or firm shall also furnish the board, together with the application for test, the following ma- terial and information. (a) A stock trap of the size and design to be tested, which shall be of the P and S type and shall be of lead or brass, cast in one piece, and without interior par- titions or mechanism. (b) A similar trap cut in half. (c) A similar trap, to be used in the test, provided with glass observation ports of sufficient size to permit clear observation of the action occurring within the trap during test, and such observation ports shall be so located that the amount of water seal remaining after each test can be readily observed. (d) An affidavit that the three traps submitted are regular stock traps. (e) A list of all cities, towns or municipalities where such trap has been officially approved for use without back venting. 72 Plumbing Questions and Answers The testing apparatus shall be located within the City of New York, and in a place, building or structure to meet the approval of the testing authorities. Such appa- ratus shall be so located that every part is easily acces- sible for inspection. APPARATUS The apparatus shall consist of the following: A tank of not less than fifty nor more than one hun- dred and fifty gallons capacity, with adequate water sup- ply for refilling same during the test. A vertical wrought iron or steel pipe line fifty feet long, connected to the underside of the tank, and of the same internal diameter as the trap to be tested. A quick-opening valve, located ten feet below the underside of the tank. A TY fitting located two feet below the quick-open- ing valve, with horizontal branch pipe connected there- to, of the same diameter as the vertical line, this branch line not to exceed two feet in length, with a pitch to- wards the vertical line of two inches to the foot, and the trap to be tested shall be connected to this horizontal branch pipe. A wash basin, or fixture answering the same purpose, which can be conveniently connected or disconnected from the inlet side of the trap. The test shall be conducted as follows : FOR ANTI-SIPHON QUALITIES For the purpose of determining the efficiency of the trap, the tank shall be completely filled, a water seal established in the trap ; and : — The quick-opening valve shall be opened for five sec- onds, then closed for five seconds, and this alternating process repeated five times. The quick-opening valve shall be opened and the entire contents of the tank discharged at one time. 73 Plumbing Questions and Answers The wash basin shall be connected to the trap, filled with water, and both wash basin and tank discharged simultaneously. The quick-opening valve shall be kept open until the entire contents of the tank has been dis- charged. The trap shall be disconnected and a bridge of solid soap formed across the lower half of the discharge end of the trap, so as to effectually block one-half of the clear water way, and the foregoing tests repeated. Each operation shall be repeated several times, if de- sired by the testing authorities. FOR SELF-CLEANSING QUALITIES For the purpose of determining its self-cleansing quali- ties, the trap shall be filled with sand and the wash basin filled with water and allowed to discharge. A similar operation shall be repeated with tea leaves, coffe grounds, sawdust and grated soap. FOR SERVICE QUALITIES The service qualities of the trap may be tested as fol- lows : A trap which has been in actual constant use for a period of not less than one year shall be removed under the supervision of a representative of the testing authori- ties, split into two halves, and submitted for inspection, for the purpose of determining whether sediment or coating of grease or other foreign matters has accumu- lated in the trap during service conditions. APPROVAL An approval shall not be issued for any anti-siphon trap which has been subjected to the foregoing tests un- less the trap has: i. Maintained its water seal throughout the test. 2. Been successfully scoured of any foreign sut> 74 Plumbing Questions and Answers tances placed in the trap, when water has been dis- charged through same. 3. Upon inspection, after service, shown no excessive accumulation of grease or other foreign substance. Deep Seal Siphon-Jet Fixtures, or Anti-Siphon Fix- tures. Instructions Applicants for approval of deep seal siphon- jet or anti-siphon fixtures shall submit the fol- lowing with their application: — (a) A stock fixture of the size and design to be tested. (b) A similar fixture, cut in half. (c) A similar fixture, to be used in the test, provided with glass observation ports of sufficient size to permit clear observation of the action occurring within the fix- ture during test, and such observation ports shall be so located that the amount of water seal remaining after each test can be readily observed. (d) An affidavit that the three fixtures submitted are regular stock fixtures. APPARATUS The apparatus shall be similar to that required for anti-siphon traps, except that vertical and horizontal pipes shall have an internal diameter of three inches for testing slop sinks and four inches for testing water closets; tank shall have a capacity of not less than one hundred gallons and the fixture shall be provided with its usual water supply so that same may be flushed when required. TEST For the purpose of determining the efficiency of the fixture to maintain a water seal, it shall be tested in a manner similar to that prescribed for anti-siphon traps, except that no soap bridge need be provided at the outlet. 75 Plumbing Questions and Answers Rules and Regulations for the Installation of Water Supply definition of terms The term city main is applied to all water mains that are constructed by, or under the supervision of, the De- partment of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. The term private main is applied to water mains that are constructed by private water companies or consumers in the public highway. The term tap or wet connection is applied to connec- tions made by and under the supervision of the Depart- ment of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity to the city mains. The term house service is applied to that part of the main supply extending from the point of connection to the city main to the stop-cock or valve inside the front wall of building. The term curb stop is applied to the stop-cock or valve placed upon the service with an extending rod to the level of the walk. The term curb box is applied to the casing placed over the curb stop to protect the extending rod. The term main stop-cock or valve is applied to the con- trolling stop placed inside the front building wall. The term house main is applied to the main supply pipe extending from the main-stop or valve through the house cellar to its connections with the risers, pumps or suction tank. The term riser is applied to the vertical lines extending through the building from its connection with the house main or pump. The term tank line is applied to the vertical line through the building supplying tank water. The term hose-bib is applied to the faucet, valve or connection placed outside of a building or within the building for the use of a hose supply. 76 Plumbing Questions and Answers GENERAL REGULATIONS Taps and Connections All taps or connections of any kind made to the city water mains are to be made by, and under the supervision of, the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Elec- tricity. No one but employees of the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity shall make connec- tions of any kind to the city mains. All applications for a new tap or connection to the city mains must be accompanied with a copy of the ap- proved plans showing the area of floors and the intended use of the building. Applications for tap or connection must be made by a licensed plumber to the Bureau of Water Register, which will determine the size of tap, charge, kind of service pipe, and whether same is to be metered or not. All work in connection with taps or services, new or repair work, shall be under the supervision of the De- partment of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity, and passed by inspectors connected with this department. The size and number of taps for any shall be com- puted upon the floors area of said building, according to the following table: 7,500 square feet 1-^$" tap 7,500 to 151,000 " " 1-Va" " 15,000 to 20,000 " " 2-H" " 20,000 to 30,000 " " 3-^"' or equivalent 30,000 to 40,000 " " ±-H" " 40,000 to 50^000 " " 5-H" V 50,000 td 60|,000 " " &M" " For buildings over 60,000 square feet, size of connec- tions shall be decided by the Commissioner of the De- partment of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. One inch is the largest screw tap allowed on eight inch mains. Two inch screw taps shall be placed only in mains ten inches or larger. 77 Plumbing Questions and Answers, No screw tap larger than two inches shall be permit- ted. Where connections larger than two inches are re- quired, they shall be made by wet connections. All two inch-connections to mains less than ten inches shall be made by wet connections. Connections to screw taps up to two inch shall be made by standard brass couplings furnished with the taps by the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity, and leather washers. Connection between couplings and lead services must be made by wiped joints, and all work must be done in a thorough and workmanlike manner. Connections made between lead services and wet con- nections shall be made with a brass nipple not less than six inches in length, with a short thread on one hand, to which a follower is to be screwed to form a spiket end for caulking. Caulked joints must be made with picked oakum and molten lead and be made water-tight. Twelve ounces of fine, soft pig lead must be used at each joint for each inch diameter of pipe. Connections between galvanized iron services and wet connections shall be made by lead caulked joint as above stated including the follower placed on the end of the iron pipe: Services All work of repairing or installing of services shall be done by a registered licensed plumber. Notice must be left at the Bureau of Water Register, of the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity, by the plumber, fixing the day on which he wishes a tap or plug inserted. This notice must be given at or be- fore three o'clock, at least one day previous to the ex- cavation for the insertion of the said tap or plug. No. tap will be driven until the service shall have been laid. 78 Plumbing Questions and Answers The opening must be made two feet each side of the main, three feet long and six inches clear under main, and be free from water so that the tapper can do his work properly. All new service pipes of two inches in diameter or less shall be of "AA" lead of the following weight: }i inches 2$£ pounds per ft. H 1 2 3y 2 " II « m II II l w « in II 7$ *.' II II 9 '* II II Services larger than two inch must be of "AA" lead or double strength galvanized iron. This material must be used from the tap all the way into the building to the main stop-cock or valve. (A roundeay stop-cock or gate valve must be placed on the service at the street curb with an extending rod encased in a cast iron curb box with cover at the level of the sidewalk pavement.) Each new service must be laid in a straight line from main to curb-box, and this line must be at right angles with the main to which it is connected. From this point the direction of the service should be as direct as pos- sible as all change of direction retards the pressure. Whenever the supply is discontinued and service cut off, all abandoned taps or connections shall be drawn from water mains and plugs inserted in their stead at the expense of the owner of abutting property towards which the tap faces. All pipe fittings, valves or curb-cocks required to be installed under these rules must be of a pattern and material approved by the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. The use of the Grove Electric Indicator for the loca- tion of taps shall be furnished by the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. Upon application of a licensed plumber, a charge will be made for each 79 Plumbing Questions and Answers tap — if the indicator is successful — to be paid within fifteen days after the bill for services is rendered. No street shall be opened for work on service pipes or connections, or water mains tapped, or service pipes laid without written permission from the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. Only persons licensed to perform this class of work will receive such permission. The particular person to be employed will be named in the permit in each case. Licensed plumbers of this city, and employees of the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity, are the only persons authorized to make connections with water mains, or to set or remove meters. For services larger than two inch, where double strength galvanized iron pipe is installed not less than two feet of "AA" lead pipe should be used at the con- nection of the service to the main to secure flexibility and avoid effects of settling. The use of hose inside of buildings for any purpose whatever is allowed only where the premises are fully metered. Hose-bibbs or connections outside of buildings are prohibited, except where the premises are fully metered. The use of hose outside of buildings is not permitted, except where the premises are fully metered and a special permit obtained from this department. Permits will be issued yearly, free of charge, upon applications, for use of hose for sprinkling or washing of sidewalks, stoops, areas, house fronts, yards, courtyards or gardens. The use of hose in or about any premises that are not fully metered is prohibited, except where a special per- mit has been issued, for which a charge of five dollars a year will be made. Permits must be shown on request of police or in- spectors of the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. 80 Plumbing Questions and Answers DEPARTMENTAL OFFICES AND THEIR LOCATIONS Factory Law State Department of Labor, Main Office, Albany, N. Y. New York City Office: 124 East Twenty-eighth Street Plumber's License Examining Board of Plumbers, Municipal Building, New York City. Plumbing Permits Building Departments: Manhattan — Municipal Building, 20th Floor. Brooklyn — Borough Hall, 4th Floor. Queens — Queens Subway Building, 2nd Floor. Richmond — Borough Hall. Bronx — Tremont and Third Avenues, 1st Floor. Water Meter and Service Permits Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity : Main Office — Municipal Building, 24th Floor. Bronx — Tremont and Arthur Avenues. Brooklyn — 50 Court Street. Queens — Municipal Building, Court Square. Richmond — Borough Hall, St. George. Tenement House Law Tenement House Department — Municipal, 19th Floor. Plumbing Laws Board of Standards and Appeals 81 Plumbing Questions and Answers Measures of Weight, Capacity and Area Long Measure 12 Inches = 1 Foot 3 Feet = 1 Yard 5y 2 Yards = 1 Rod 4 Rods = 1 Chain 10 Chains = 1 Furlong 8 Furlongs = 1 Mile Liquid Measure 4 Gills = 1 Pint 2 Pints = 1 Quart 4 Ouarts = 1 Gallon 31% Gallons = 1 Barrel 2 Barrels = 1 Hogshead Cubic Measure 1728 Cubic Inches = 1 Cubic Foot 27 Cubic Feet = 1 Cubic Yard 24.75 Cubic Feet = 1 Perch 128 Cubic Feet = 1 Cord Avoirdupois Measure 16 Ounces = 1 Pound 100 Pounds = 1 Hundred Weight 20 Cwt. = 1 Ton Square Measure 144 Square Inches = 1 Square Foot 9 Square Feet = 1 Square Yard 30*4 Square Yards = 1 Square Rod 160 Square Rods = 1 Acre 640 Acres = 1 Square Mile Rule for the Weight of Pipe D — Outside diameter of pipe in inches. a — Inside diameter. w — Weight of a lineal foot of pipe in lbs. W== K (D 2 — a 2 ) K = 2.45 for cast iron. K = 2.64 for wrought iron. K = 2.82 for brass. K = 3.03 for copper. K — 3.86 for lead. 82 Plumbing Questions and Answers Mensuration of Surfaces and Volumes Area of triangle = base x y 2 perpendicular height. Circumference of circle = diameter x 3.1416. Area of circle = square of diameter x .7854. Area of surface of cylinder = circumference x length -f- area of two ends. To find diameter of circle having given area : Divide the area by .7854, and extract the square root. To find the volume of a cylinder : Multiply the area of the section in square inches by the length of inches = the volume in cubic inches. Cubic inches divided by 1728 = volumes in cubic feet. Surface of a sphere = square of diameter x 3.1416. Solidity of a sphere = cube of diameter x .5236. Area of the base of a pyramid or cone, whether round, square or triangular multiplied by one-third of its height = the solidity. Double the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times. A "miner's inch" of water approximately equals a supply of 12 U. S. gallons per minute. 83 Plumbing Questions and Answers AREA OF CIRCLES Diam- Diam- Diam- Diam- eter Area eter Area eter Area eter Area % 0.0123 10 78.54 30 706.86 65 3318.3 8 0.0491 ioy 2 86.59 31 754.76 66 3421.2 0.1104 11 95.03 32 804.24 67 3525.6 V2 0.1963 1154 103.86 33 855.30 68 3631.6 k 0.3068 12 113.09 34 907.92 69 3739.2 i 0.4418 uy 2 122.71 35 962.11 70 3848.4 0.6013 13 132.73 36 1017.8 71 3959.2 i 0.7854 13H 143.13 37 1075.2 72 4071.5 VA 0.9940 14 153.93 38 1134.1 73 4185.4 VA 1.227 uy 2 165.13 39 1194.5 74 4300.8 m 1.484 15 176.71 40 1256.6 75 4417.8 1% 1.767 1554 188.69 41 1320.2 76 4536.4 i 5 /^ 2.073 16 201.06 42 1385.4 77 4656.6 13/4 2.405 i6y 2 213.82 43 1452.2 78 4778.3 1?J 2.761 17 226.98 44 1520.5 79 4901.6 2 3.141 vy 2 240.52 45 1590.4 80 5026.5 254 2^ 3.976 18 254.46 46 1661.9 81 5153.0 4.908 i8y a 268.80 47 1734.9 82 5281.0 234 5.939 19 283.52 48 1809.5 83 5410.6 3 7.068 19^ 298.64 49 1885.7 84 5541.7 354 8.295 20 314.16 50 1963.5 85 5674.5 3jS 9.621 20^ 330.06 51 2042.8 86 5808.8 334 11.044 21 346.36 52 2123.7 87 5944.6 4 12.566 21^ 363.05 53 2206.1 88 6082.1 4y 3 15.904 22 380.13 54 2290.2 89 6221.1 5 19.635 22^ 397.60 55 2375.8 90 6361.7 5^ 23.758 23 415.47 56 2463.0 91 6503.9 6 28.274 2zy 2 433.73 57 2551.7 92 6647.6 ey 2 33.183 24 452.39 58 2642.0 93 6792.9 7 38.484 24^ 471.43 59 2733.9 94 6939.8 7H 44.178 25 490.87 60 2827.4 95 7088.2 8 50.265 26 530.93 61 2922.4 96 7238.2 8H 56.745 27 572.55 62 3019.0 97 7389.8 9 63.617 2$ 615.75 63 3117.2 98 7542.9 9}4 70.882 29 660.52 64 3216.9 99 7697.7 To compute the area of a diameter greater than any in the above table: RULE— Divide the dimension by 2, 3, 4, etc., if practicable, until it is reduced to a quotient to be found in the table, then multiply the tabular area of the quotient by the square of the factor. The product will be the area required. EXAMPLE— What is area of diameter of 150? 150 -r- 5 « 30. Tabular area of 30 = 706.86 which x 25 = 17,671.5, area required. 84 Plumbing Questions and Answers CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES Diam- Circum- Diam- Circum- Diam- Circum- Diam- Circum- ter ference eter ference eter ference eter ference H .3927 10 31.41 30 94.24 65 204.2 N .7854 1054 32.98 31 97.38 66 207.3 H 1.178 11 34.55 32 100.5 67 210.4 fc 1.570 11J4 36.12 33 103.6 68 213.6 H 1.963 12 37.69 34 106.8 69 216.7 H 2.356 1254 39.27 35 109.9 70 219.9 H 2.748 13 40.84 36 113.0 71 223.0 l 3.141 1354 42.41 37 116.2 72 226.1 W 3.534 14 43.98 38 119.3 73 229.3 M 3.927 WA 45.55 39 122.5 74 232.4 W 4.319 15 47.12 40 125.6 75 235.6 W 4.712 1554 48.69 41 128.8 76 238.7 m 5.105 16 50.26 42 131.9 77 241.9 \% 5.497 1654 51.83 43 135.0 78 245.0 5.890 17 53.40 44 138.2 79 248.1 2 6.283 vy 2 54.97 45 141.3 80 251.3 254 7.008 18 56.54 46 144.5 81 254.4 2J4 7.854 1854 58.11 47 147.6 82 257.6 m 8.639 19 59.69 48 150.7 83 260.7 3 9.424 1954 61.26 49 153.9 84 263.8 3 10.21 20 62.83 50 157.0 85 267.0 10.99 2054 64.40 51 160.2 86 270.1 3K 11.78 21 65.97 52 163.3 87 273.3 4 12.56 2154 67.54 53 166.5 88 276.4 f 14.13 22 69.11 54 169.6 89 279.6 15.70 2254 70.68 55 172.7 90 282.7 5% 17.27 23 72.25 56 175.9 91 285.8 6 18.84 2354 73.82 57 179.0 92 289.0 654 20.42 24 75.39 58 182.2 93 292.1 7 21.99 2454 76.96 59 185.3 94 295.3 7% 23.56 25 78.54 60 188.4 95 298.4 8 25.13 26 81.68 61 191.6 96 301.5 854 26.70 27 84.82 62 194.7 97 304.7 9 28.27 28 87.96 63 197.9 98 307.8 954 29.84 29 91.10 64 201.0 99 310.0 To compute the circumference of a diameter greater than any in the above table: RULE— Divide the dimension by 2, 3, 4, etc., if practicable, until it is reduced to a diameter to be found in table. Take the tabular circum- ference of this diameter, multiply it by 2, 3., 4, etc., according as it was divided, and the product will be the circumference required. EXAMPLE.— What is the circumference of a diameter of 125. 125 -f- 5=25. Tabular circumference of 25 = 78.54; 78.54x5 = 392.7, circum- erence required. 85 Plumbing Quest ions and A n s w e r s Miscellaneous Tables Feet Head of ■ Water and Equivalent Pressure Feet Pounds Feet Pounds Feet Pounds Head Per Sq. In i. Head Per Sq. In. Head Per Sq. In. 1 .43 60 25.99 200 86.62 2 .87 70 30.32 225 97.45 3 1.30 80 34.65 250 108.27 4 1.73 90 38.98 275 119.10 5 2.17 100 43.31 300 129.93 6 2.60 110 47.64 325 140.75 7 3.03 120 51.97 350 151.58 8 3.40 130 56.30 400 173.24 9 3.90 140 60.63 500 216.55 10 4.33 150 64.96 600 259.85 20 8.66 160 69.29 700 303.16 30 12.99 170 73.63 800 346.47 40 17.32 180 77.96 900 389.78 50 21.65 190 82.29 1,000 433.09 Pressure and Equivalent Feet Head of Water Pounds Feet Pounds Feet Pounds Feet Per Sq. In. Head Per Sq.In. Head Per Sq.: In. Head 1 2.31 40 92.36 170 395.52 2 4.62 50 115.45 180 415.61 3 6.93 60 138.54 190 438.90 4 9.24 70 161.63 200 461.78 5 11.54 80 184.72 225 519.51 6 13.85 90 207.81 250 577.24 7 16.16 100 230.90 275 643.03 8 18.47 110 253.08 300 692.69 9 20.78 120 277.07 325 750.41 10 23.09 125 288.62 350 808.13 15 34.63 130 300.16 375 865.89 20 46.18 140 323.25 400 922.58 25 57.72 150 346.34 500 1154.48 30 69.27 160 369.43 1,000 2308. 86 Plumbing Q u e s t i o n s an d Answers LOSS BY FRICTION OF WATER PIPES This table shows the loss in pounds pressure per square inch for each 100 feet in length due to friction when discharging the given quantities of water per minute. SIZES OF PIPES— INSIDE DIAMETER SHOWING U. S. GALLONS IN GIVEN NUMBER OF CUBIC FEET Cubic Feet Gallons Cubic Feet Gallons Cubic Feet Gallons 0.1 0.75 50 374.0 9,000 67,324.6 0.2 1.50 60 448.8 10,000 74.805.2 0.3 2.24 70 523.6 20,000 149.610.4 0.4 2.99 80 598.4 30,000 224,415.6 0.5 3.74 90 673.2 40,000 299,220.7 0.6 4.49 100 748.0 50,000 374,025.9 0.7 5.24 200 1,496.1 60,000 448,831.1 0.8 5.98 300 2,244.1 70,000 523,636.3 0.9 6.73 400 2,992.2 80,000 598,441.0 1 7.48 500 3,740.2 90,000 673,246.7 2 14.9 600 4,448.3 100,000 748,051.9 3 22.3 700 5,236.3 200,000 1,496,103.8 4 29.9 800 5,984.4 300,000 2,244,155.7 5 37.4 900 6,732.4 400,000 2,992,207.6 6 44.9 1,000 7,480.0 500,000 3,740,259.5 7 52.4 2,000 14,961.0 600,000 4,488,311.4 8 59.8 3,000 22,441.5 700,000 5,236,363.3 9 67.3 4,000 29,922.0 800,000 5,984,415.2 10 74.8 5,000 37,402.6 900,000 6,732,467.1 20 149.6 6,000 44,883.1 1,000,000 7,480,519.0 30 224.4 7,000 52,363.6 40 299.2 8,000 59,844.1 From the above any cubic feet reading may readily be converted in U. S. gallons as follows: How many gallons are represented by 53,928 cubic feet? 50,000 cubic feet = 374,025.9 gallons 3,000 " = 22,441.5 " 900 " = 6,732.4 " 20 " = 149.6 " 8 " = 59.8 " 53,928 cubic feet = 403,409.2 gallons 87 Plumbing Questions and Answers TABLE GIVING LOSS IN PRESSURE DUE TO FRICTION, IN POUNDS, PER SQUARE INCH, FOR PIPE 100 FEET LONG BY G. A. ELLIS, C. E. Gallons Discharged per H 1 VA w 2 2% 3 4 Minute Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch 5 3.3 0.84 0.31 0.12 .. . 10 13.0 3.16 1.05 0.47 0.12 * • • 15 28.7 6.98 2.38 0.97 ... 20 50.4 12.3 4.07 1.66 0.42 . . . 25 78.0 19.0 6.40 2.62 0.21 0.10 30 27.5 9.15 3.75 0.91 35 37.0 12.4 5.05 40 48.0 16.1 6.52 1.60 . .. 45 20.2 8.15 50 24.9 10.0 2.44 0.81 0.35 0.09 75 56.1 22.4 5.32 1.80 0.74 100 3.90 9.46 3.20 1.31 0.33 125 14.9 4.89 1.99 150 21.2 7.0 2.85 0.69 175 28.1 9.46 3.85 200 37.5 12.47 5.02 1.22 TABLE GIVING VELOCITY OF FLOW OF WATER IN FEET PER MINUTE, THROUGH PIPES OF VARIOUS SIZES, FOR VARYING QUANTITIES OF FLOW Gallons per y A Minute Inch 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 218 436 653 872 1090 1 Inch 122*4 245 36754 490 612J4 735 857% 980 110254 Inch 78% 157 235^ 314 392% 451 549*4 628 706% 785 1177% 1% Inch 5454 109 16354 218 272% 327 38154 436 49054 545 81754 1090 2 Inch 3054 61 91% 122 15254 183 213*4 244 274% 305 457*4 610 762*4 915 1067% 1220 2X Inch 19% 38 5854 78 97*4 117 136% 156 17554 195 292*4 380 487% 585 682*4 780 3 Inch 13*4 27 40% 54 67*4 81 94*4 108 121*4 135 202% 270 337*4 405 472*4 540 4 Inch TV. 15V. 23 30% 38*/, 46 53V, 61V. 69 7&/ M 115 153V. 191V, 230 268V. 306V, AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTS Index Page No. A Application, license 1 Area drain, connection of 24 Acid wastes 59-60 Anti-syphon traps 72 Areas of circles 84 B Bends, lead 17 Blow-off or drip pipes 30 C Certificate, master-plumbers 2 Certificate, lost 3 Commencement of work 10 Connections, lead, brass, copper, pipe 15 Cess pools, permitted 21 Court drain, connection of 24 Connections, indirect 26 Cisterns, water closet and urinal 52 Connections, water supply 77 Circumference of circles 85 D Departmental offices and locations 81 Drawings, filing of 4 Drains, floor 26 Drain, cellar connection , 26 Drain, sub soil 26 Dental cuspidors 44 Drinking fountains 45 Drip trays 50 Drain, size of 26 E Experience, required of master plumbers 1 Examinations, master plumber 2 93 Index Page No. F Fittings, cast iron 13 Ferrules 15 Fresh air inlets 32 Fall required for soil and waste pipes 34 Fittings, prohibited 34 Flushometers 50 G Gas piping, weight of 71 Gas fittings 68 Gas risers 70 Gas piping, sizes of 67 Gas tests 68 H House sewer 13 House drain 13 House sewer, use of old 29 House sewer, earthen ware 29 House drain, connection of 30 House drain, support of 30 House drain, size of 31 House sewer, size of 31 House drain, trap 32 House trap, clean outs 32 Hose bibbs 80 Hopper bowls 50 I Indirect, waste connections 26 j Joints, cast iron pipes 14 L Leaders, connections inside 28 Leaders, connections of 28 Leader traps 28 Lines, soil, waste, vent, termination of 33 Lead safes 46 Latrines 53 M Metal sign, plumbers 4 Material and workmanship lj 94 Index Page No. Measures of weight, capacity and area 82 Mensuration of surfaces and volumes 83 N Nipples, short 15 O Offsets, permitted 35 Overflow pipe, connection of 57 Oil separators 63 Off sets 35 P Plans necessary , 7 Private sewer 12 Pipe, brass 15 Pipe, wrought iron 14 Pipe, cast iron 14 Plugs, clean out 17 Pipe, lead 12 Piping, exposed 23 Pipes, supports 21 Pipe, sizes of 34 Plunge baths 42 R Re-examination license 2 Retiring, master plumber 4 Requirements, master plumbers 1 Repairs and alterations 8 Refrigerator wastes 46 Risers, water supply 55 Rubber connections 53 S Soil line 33 Soldering nipples , 17 Sewer, separate house 19 Sewer connections 20 Sewer, private 20 Soil line, examination of 23 Steam, exhaust 30 Soil and waste lines, connection to 34 Service pipe connections 54 Sewage lifts 61 Services, water 78 Specifications, separate 11 95 Index Page No. T Tables, miscellaneous 86 Tenement house repairs 9 Traps, lead 18 Traps, form of 39 Traps, prohibited 39 Traps, fixture 39 Traps, size of 42 Tanks, flush, size of 54 Tanks, house 57 Tests, water 65 Tests, smoke, peppermint 66 Traps, anti-syphon 72 Taps for water supply 77 U Useful information 83 V Vent pipes 35 Vacuum cleaners, connections of 27 Venting traps 35 Vent lines 35 Vent branches 36 Venting yoke 36 Vent pipes, sizes of 36 Vent line, termination of 33 Velocity of flow of water 88 W Waste line 33 Water closet accommodations 48 Water closet, apartments 49 Water closet seat, support of 52 Water closet bowls 49 Wash tubs, wooden, cement 54 Water supply, branches 50 Water closet, bowls prohibited 50 Water supply, definitions of 76 Waste line, termination of 33 Water — loss and pressure 88 Water — f rictional loss 87 Y Yard drains, connection of 24 Yoke venting 36 96 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: May 2004 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724)779-2111