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AITKEN MEIGS, M. D. Librarian of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &c. " Of all the peculiarities in the form of the bony fabric, those of the skull are the most striking and distinguishing. It is in the head that we find the varieties most strongly characteristic of different races." — Prichard. " Hence our zoological study of man will be greatly assisted by carefully examining genuine speci- mens of the skulls of different nations, which are easily prepared and preserved, may be conve- niently handled and surveyed, considered in various points of view, and compared to each other." Lawkesce. PHILADELPHIA. J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO 1857. z*fifJL ■ V\c MERRIIIEW & THOMPSON, PRINTERS. EXPLANATORY NOTE. Since the death of the late lamented President of the Academy of Natural Sciences, — Dr. Samuel George Morton, — his magnificent Col- lection of Human Crania, recently increased by the receipt of 67 skulls from various sources, has been permanently deposited in the Museum of the Academy. Prior to his demise, Dr. M. had received 100 crania in addition to those mentioned in the third edition of his Catalogue. Since 1849, therefore, the Collection has been augmented by the addition of 167 skulls. To complete the Catalogue in a uniform manner, these have been carefully numbered and measured in accordance with the methods re- corded in the Crania Americana, &c. In a portion of these measurements I was kindly assisted by our fellow-member, Dr. Thos. J. Turner of the United States Navy. The entire Collection, — numbering 1035 crania, — was purchased by forty-two gentlemen* from the executors of Dr. Morton, for the sum of $4,000, and by them generously presented to the Academy. The Collection occupies 16 cases on the first gallery, on the south side of the lower room of the Museum. For convenience of study and exam- ination I have grouped the crania according to Pace, Family, Tribe, &c, strictly adhering, however, to the classification of Dr. Morton. It will be seen, also, that the same arrangement has been adopted in this edition of the Catalogue, so that it is an exact representation of the Collection as it stands upon the shelves. While the old numbering has been carefully preserved for the sake of reference to the various published descriptions of Dr. Morton, new numbers have been added to designate the position of any skull in the natural division or subdivision to which it belongs. The Suevic, Cimbric and Scandinavian divisions of the great Teutonic Pace, are represented by 32 crania and 3 casts, distributed as follows : * Their names are as follows: — Charles Henry Fisher, Thomas Biddle, Henry J. Williams, Charles D. Meigs, Thomas T. Lea, John Farnum, John A. Brown, William Welsh, Richard Price, Morris L. Hallowell, Joseph D. Brown, William Piatt, Joseph Swift, Singleton A. Mercer, A. J.Lewis Geo. W. Carpenter, Geo. B. Wood, J.Francis Fisher, David S.Brown, John B. Meyers, Lewis R. Ashhurst, Caleb Cope, Richard D. Wood, Samuel V. Merrick, James Dundas, J. Pemberton Hutchinson, Henry Pepper, John Cooke, John Lambert, Robert Pearsall, Joseph S. Lovering, J. G. Fell, Caspar W. Pen- nock, John Grigg, Joseph Jeanes, Thomas P. Remington, John Price Wetherill, Henry Seybert, Thomas McEwen, Robert Swift, Jacob G. Morris, and Wm. S. Vaux. (See Proceedings of the Academy, Vol. VI. pp. 321, 324. 4 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 1 Norwegian, 7 Swedish peasants, 2 Swedes from Finland, 3 Swedes from Sndermanland, 1 Ostrogoth, 1 Tnrannic Swede, 2 Cimbric Swedes, 1 Oimbrian from Bffoen Island, 11 Germans, 1 Dutchman, 4 Prussians, and I AmuMit Bnrgundian. Among these I have also placed 3 Swedish-Finns. which, thongh mixed, are more Swedish than Finnish. Next to these from their affinity, have been arranged the heads of 9 true Finns and a cast of a Finlander's skull. Of 4 Swedish peasants, the highest internal capacity is 99, the lowest 65, while the average of the group is 83 cubic inches. Of 2 Swedes from Finland, the larger is 107.5, the smaller 93.75, and the mean 100.62. Of 3 Swedes from Sudermanland, the highest measurement gives 108.25, the lowest L02, and the mean 101.41 inches. Of two Cimbric Swedes, the higher is 94, the lower 80, the mean 87. Of 10 German heads, the highest is 104, the lowest 70, and the mean of the series 88.6. The skull of a Dutch gentleman (No. 434) is the largest in the entire collection, for it measures 114 cubic inches of internal capacity. Four Prussian skulls give 92 for the highest, 80 for the lowest, and 83.5 for the mean. The average for this branch of the Teutonic Family, as deduced from the foregoing measurements is about 94 cubic inches. Of 3 Swedish Finns, the highest internal capacity is 89, the lowest 85, and the mean 87 inches. Of 9 true Finns, the highest is 112.5, the lowest 81.5, the mean 94.3. A large portion of this valuable series— from Nos. 1545 to 1550, and from 1542 to 1541,— were received from Prof. Retzius. after the death of Dr. Morton. Many of the above Crania "have been obtained from hospitals and institutions for paupers, whence we may infer that they pertain to the least cultivated portion of their race."* The brief histories attached to Nos. 1539, 1540, 1542 and 1546, were written in the Danish language, on slips of paper, which had been placed in the cavity of each cranium. Of these I obtained translations through the kindness of Dr. L. Elsberg. The Anglo-Saxon race differs from the Teutonic in having a less spheroidal and more decidedly oval cranium. 11 1 have not hitherto exerted myself to obtain crania of the Anglo- Saxon race, except in the instance of individuals who have been signalized by their crimes ; and this number is too small to be of any importance in a generalization like the present. Yet, since these skulls have been procured without any reference to their size, it is remarkable that live give an average of 96 cubic inches for the bulk of the brain ; the smallest head measuring 91, and the largest 105 cubic inches. It is necessary to observe, however, that these arc all male crania ; but on the other hand- they pertained to the lowest class of society, and three of them died on the gallows for the crime of murder." ♦This and the following quotations are taken from the unfinished memoir left by Dr. Morton. The MS was kindly loaned to me by his son, Mr. Robert P. Morton. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 5 "The Anglo-Americans, the lineal descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, conform in all their characteristics to the parent-stock. They possess, in common with their English ancestors, and in consequence of their amal- gamation, a more elongated head* than the unmixed Germans. The few crania in my possession have, without exception, been derived from the lowest and least cultivated portion of the community — malefactors, paupers and lunatics. The largest brain has been 97 cubic inches ; the smallest, 82 ; and the mean of 90 (nearly) accords with that of the collective Teutonic race. The sexes of these 7 skulls are 4 male and 3 female." "The Celts who, with the cognate Gauls, at one period, extended their tribes from Asia Minor to the British Islands, are now chiefly con- fined as an unmixed people to the west and south-west of Ireland, whence have been derived the 6 crania embraced in the Catalogue. These range between 97 as a maximum and 77 as a minimum of the size of the brain ; and the mean, which is 87 cubic inches, will probably prove to be above that of the entire race and not exceed 85." In the following table, the reader will find some of the European races compared together in relation to their cranial capacities. TABLE L European Crania. FlNNS. Swedes. Germans. Anglo- Saxons. Anglo- Americans. Kelts. ClMBRI. No. ia JVo. in JVo. in No. in No. in No. in No. in Cata- I. C. Cata- i. a Cata- i.e. Cata- /. a Cata- /. a Cata- i.e. Cata- i.e. logue. logue. logue. logue. logue. logue. logue. 1534 94.5 1486 99. 706 94. 80 91 552 97 21 93 1255 80 M 1535 97.5 1545 107.5 1063 86. 539 92 999 91 42 97 1532 80 1536 112.5 1546 93.75 1188 85. 991 105 1108 95 52 82 1550 94 1537 84.25 1547 102. 1189 78. 59 99 985 93 s 1538 105. 1548 94. 1191 95. 1186 77 1539 81.5 1549 108.25 1187 104. 1564 87.5 1540 88.5 434 114. 1541 99. 1065 92. 1066 80. Mean. 95.34 100.75 85. 92. 96.75 94.33 88.25 84.66 1247 1064 91. 7 83. 18 78. 1249 83 1487 65. 1062 93. 24 82. -J 1192 82. 1193 80. < Mean of two Sexes. 94.31 90.3 89.6 86.78 84.25 In the above table, the reader will observe the high cranial capacities of the Swedes, Finns, and Germans; he will also perceive that the Anglo- * "This peculiarity must continue to develop itself still more obviously in the United States, in consequence of the immense influx of a pure Celtic population from the south and west of Ireland ; for this population by intermarriage with families of English and German descent, while it rapidly loses its own national physiognomy, will leave its traces in a part at least of the Anglo-Saxon race by whom it is every where surrounded." 6 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. Saxons and Anglo- Americans possess the same large average ; while the mean for the Kelts and Gimbri is several inches less. It is a enrions fact, that in the column marked " Kelts," Nos. 21, 42, 52, and 985 exhibit the Gothic type, and have generally the high internal capacity of the Northern : while Nos. 18, 118G, and 15G4, which are of the Cimbric type, possess a lower internal capacity. The Table is not extensive enough to upon this interesting fact any positive conclusion ; but as far as this fad goes, it appears to indicate that the Cimbric and Keltic types of skull are closely allied, if not indeed identical. " I much regret that my cranial series possesses but a single example derived from the Sclavonic race, the skull of a woman of Olmutz, sent me by Prof. Retains, and which measures only — inches.* I record this de- ficiency in my collection, in the hope that some person interested in pur- suits of this nature may be induced to provide me with materials foi making the requisite comparisons. My impression is that the Sclavonic brain will prove much less voluminous than that of the Teutonic race.'' ••] do not use the term Pelasgic with ethnological precision, but in this designation place the Greeks and Romans, and their descendants in various parts of Europe, Greece and Italy, and in more isolated ex- amples, in Spain, France and Britain. In the same category I place the Persians, Armenians, Circassians, Georgians and many other kindred tribes, together with the Grae co-Egyptians. "Of 4 adult Circassian crania, brought me by Mr. Gliddon, two male and two female. The former, which we may suppose, from appear- ances, to have been associated with a full share of manly beauty, measure 00 and 94 cubic inches of internal capacity; the female heads measure 7<» and 80; whence we obtain 8G cubic inches as the mean of all. One of ;hese skulls, that of a woman who had passed the prime of life, is remark- able for the harmony of its proportions, and especially for the admirable conformation of the nasal bones. ••Of A adult Armenian skulls, 3 pertain to men; and the average size of the brain is but 83 cubic inches. I have felt some hesitancy in admit- ting these skulls in this place, for two reasons: 1st, because their charac- teristics incline almost as much to the Arab type as to the Pelasgic ; and. 2dly, because the term Armenian is not always used in a strictly national sense in the East, but is applied to a class of merchants whose ethnologi- cal afhnities must be often very mixed and uncertain. •'I possess, through the kindness of Mr. Gliddon, two female V skulls, which, though small, present a beautiful form. One measures 89 •ubic inches, the other only 75." Of 'i:\ Greco-Egyptian heads, the highest internal measurement is 07 cubic inches, the lowest 73, and the mean 86.11, which is about "7 cubic .aches ab< ve that of the pure Egyptian race, and but three in than the average I have assumed for the Teutonic nations. * * I find upon i ■xamination, Uiat this head, in its present condition, is incapable of it, in consequence of the presence of the falx cerebri and tentorium. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. Some of these present the most beautiful Caucasian proportions, while others merge by degrees into the Egyptian type ; and I am free to admit that in various instances I have been at a loss in my attempts to classify these two great divisions of the Nilotic series." The Semitic race "includes the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Syrians, and Lydians of antiquity, together with the Arabians and Hebrews." "Five of my embalmed Semitic heads are susceptible of measurement; and give the low average of 82 cubic inches — the largest measuring 88 ; the smallest 69.* In these crania, and also in others of existing Semitic tribes, I have looked in vain for the pit described by Mulder as situated on the outer wall of the orbit at the attachment of the temporal muscles ; and consequently there is no trace of the corresponding elevation, also described by him, within the orbitar cavity. "I have had but little success in procuring the crania of the modern Semitic tribes ; and for the 3 that I possess, I am indebted to Mr. Glid- don. Of these, two are Baramka, or Barmecide Arabs; the third a Be- douin. The largest measures 98 cubic inches; the smallest 84; and the mean is 89 ; but if we take the average of these 8 Semitic heads, ancient and modern, it will be 85 inches." The Nilotic race comprises the ancient Egyptians of the pure stock. and the modern Fellahs. Most of the Egyptian skulls were presented by Messrs. G. R. and W. A. Gliddon, A. C. Harris, of Alexandria, in Egypt, and Dr. Chas. Pickering. Of the 88 crania which present the Egyptian conformation, 55 are capable of measurement. At least eleven of these heads " are of the unmixed type, and present the long, oval form, with a slightly receding forehead, straight or gently aquiline nose, and a some- what retracted chin. The whole cranial structure is thin, delicate, and symmetrical, and remarkable for its small size. The face is narrow, and projects more than in the European, whence the facial angle is two de- grees less, or 78°. Neither in these skulls, nor in any others of the Egyp- tian series, can I detect those peculiarities of structure pointed out by the venerable Blumenbach in his Decades Craniorum ; and the externa! 1 meatus of the ear, whatever may have been the form or size of the carti- laginous portion, is precisely where we find it in all the other races of men. The hair, whenever any of it remains, is long, curling, and of the finest texture." " On comparing these crania with many fac similes of monumental effi- gies, most kindly sent me by Prof. Lepsius and M. Prisse d'Avesnes, I am compelled, by a mass of irresistible evidence, to modify the opinion expressed in the Crania JEgyptiaca — viz : that the Egyptians were an Asiatic people. Seven years of additional investigation, together with greatly increased materials, have convinced me that they were neither Asiatics nor Europeans, but aboriginal and indigenous inhabitants of the Valley of the Nile, or some contiguous regions ;f peculiar in their phy- * Crania iEgyptiaca, pp. 41 and 46, and the accompanying plates, t This opinion, with some modifications, has been entertained by several learned Egyptologists — Champollion, Heeren, Lenormant, &c. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. siognomy, isolated in their institutions, and forming one of the primordial centres of the human family." {)[' the 55 measured Egyptian heads, the largest measures but 96 cubic inches; the smallest 68; while the mean of all is about 80. The crania from the ancient tombs of (tizch give an average of about 84 inches. Concerning these Dr. Morton Bays: "The persons whose bodies had re- posed in these splendid mausolea were, no doubt, of the highest and most cultivated class of Egyptian citizens; and this fact deserves to be con- sidered in connection with the present inquiry. To this we may add that the most deficient part of the Egyptian skull is the coronal region, which is extremely low, while the posterior chamber is remarkably full and pro- minent." i)\' ID Fclla^ skulls, the highest measurement is 9G cubic inches; the lowest 66; and the mean of all about 79. Nos. 771, 772, and 773 were sent by Mr. GHiddon as Jewish crania, but Dr. Morton, guided by their form, has classified them, perhaps erroneously, with the Fellahs. Mr. (Hidden, in a note in "Types of Mankind" (p. 723, No. 390) says : "They came from the old Jewish burial-ground, behind Muss 'r-cl-Ateeka, on the desert, toward Bussatcen ; and no Muslim is interred near a Jew." From the form of the skull, the mental and moral character of the peo- ple, and their existing institutions, such as phallic worship, Dr. Morton considers these Fellahs or Arab-Egyptians of the present day to be the lineal descendants of the ancient rural or agricultural Egyptians blended with the intrusive Arabian stock. •The skull of the Fellah is strikingly like that of the ancient Egyptian. It is long, narrow, somewhat flattened on the sides, and very prominent in the occiput. The coronal region is low, the forehead moderately re- ceding, the nasal bones long and nearly straight, the cheek-bones small. the maxillary region slightly prognathous, and the whole cranial struc- ture thin and delicate. But notwithstanding these resemblances between the Fellah and Egyptian skulls, the latter possess what may be called an otteologicai exprestion, peculiar to themselves, and not seen in the Fel- lah." ••Of 35 adult Indostanic skulls in the collection, 8 only can be identified with tribes of the Ayra* or conquering race ; nor even in this small num- ber is there unequivocal proof of the affinity in question. The largest head in the series, that of a Brahmin, who was executed in Calcutta for murder, measures 91 cubic inches for the size of the brain — the smallest head 79. Two others pertain to Thuggs, remarkable for an elongated form and lateral flatness. The mean of these Ayra heads is 86 cubic inches." • A fair race, with Sanscrit speech, whose primal seats were in Eastern Persia. They now occupy the country between the Himalaya Mountains on the North, the Vindya on the South, and between the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal — a region known as Ayra. oarta, ©r India Proper. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 9 li Contrasted with this people, and occupying the country adjacent to the Bay of Bengal, are the Bengalees — small of stature, feeble in consti- tution, and timid in disposition. They are obviously an aboriginal race, up- on whom a foreign language has been imposed ; and are far inferior, both mentally and physically, to the true Ayras. "Weak and servile themselves, they are surrounded by warrior castes ; and perhaps the most remarkable feature of their character is the absence of will, and implicit obedience to those who govern them." Of these child-like people, the Collection embraces 26 adult crania, of which the largest measures 90 cubic inches ; the smallest 67 ; and the mean of all is 78. The Mongolian group has received several additions since the death of Dr. Morton. It is at present represented by 17 crania and 4 casts, distri- buted as follows : — 11 Chinese, 1 Japanese, 1 Burat-Mongol, 1 Kamschat- kan, 1 Kalmuck, 5 Laplanders, and 6 Eskimos. Of ten Chinese crania, the largest measures 98 cubic inches ; the small- est 70 ; while the mean is about 85. Through the kindness of Mr. Cramer, of St. Petersburgh, a well marked Kalmuck skull has been added to the Col- lection. It measures 93.75 cubic inches of internal capacity. Two true Lap- lander's skulls measure respectively 94 and 102 inches; while a hybrid Lap- land skull gives 78.75. Of the 4 Eskimo crania, presented by the late Dr. E. K. Kane, the largest internal capacity is 98 ; the smallest 80.5 ; giving a mean for all of 85.94. During his stay in this city, Mr. Combe, the Phrenologist, loaned to Dr. Morton three Eskimo skulls, which were brought from the Polar regions by C apt. Parry. The average measurement of these was 86.83 inches.* The mean size of the brain of this remarkable and inter- esting Hyperborean people, (as deduced from this series of 7 skulls,) is therefore about 86.32 inches. The Malay group comprises 26 crania of Malays proper, and 12 Poly- nesians. The largest Malay skull measures " 97 cubic inches; the smallest 68 ; and they give a mean of 86 ; a large brain for a roving and unculti- vated people, who possess, however, the elements of civilization and re- finement." The largest portion of this series has been collected with eth- nological precision, "and so much resemble each other as to remind us of the remark of Mr. Crawfurd — that the true Malays are alike among them- selves, but unlike all other nations. * * * * They have a rounded cranium, with a remarkable vertical diameter and ponderous structure. The face is flat, the cheek-bones square and prominent, the ossa nasi long and more or less flattened, and the whole maxillary structure strong and salient." The Polynesian family is represented by 7 Kanaka, 1 New Zealand and 1 Marquesan skulls. The Kanaka crania give a mean of 83 cubic inches of internal capacity. The great American group is, in several respects, well represented in the Collection. It includes 490 crania, and 13 casts, making a total of 503 * Crania Americana, p. 247. 10 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. from nearly TO different nations and tribes. Of this large number 256 be- bo the Toltecan Race,* and 217 to the Barbarous Tribes scattered the continent. It will thus bo seen that they are nearly equally di- vided between the two primary divisions of this group. Of L64 measurements of crania of the Barbarous Tribes, the largest is I'll cubic inches ; the smallest 01) ; and the mean of all 84. One hundred and fifty-two Peruvian skulls give 101 cubic inches for the largest internal capacity, 58 for the smallest, and 75.3 as the average of all. Of 25 skulls of the Mexican Family, the largest measures 92; the smallest 07 ; while the mean is 81.7 inches. The number of cranial measurements and themeans ofthese measurements forthe different tribes, &c, ofthe two American Fam- ilies, are given below in a tabular form. TABLE II. American Crania. t> rr No. of skulls Mean Barbarous Tribes. m J lwndm { L c North Americans. Arickarees 3 Assinaboins 3 Chenouks 4 Oregon Tribes 5 Cherokees 4 Chetimaches 2 Chippcwavs ... 2 Cotonay 3 Creeks ••• 4 Dacota l Ilurons • •• 4 Iroquois • •• 2 Lenane ••• 4 Lipanfl 2 Marxians ... 7 Menominecs j... 7 Miamis > r > MLinetaria 4 Mohawks [••• 3 Narragansetts 10 ••• 2 3 Ottawas 4 Ottigamies - Pawnees - I'tMHlbsCOt ... 1 ' Pottawatomies '■'> Seminoles Shawnees Shoshones (Jpsarookas Winnebago* gamassee California^ 7G 00 79 82 88.7 79.5 91 86 88.7 90 81.5 9G 79.5 91.5 83.5 84 86 86.5 84 81 82.5 85.6 81.7 93.5 7-1.5 80 91 90.7 84 89.6 80.7 94 H9 70 87 Barbarous Tribes, j No. of skulls measured. Miscellaneous, "| Mound, Caves, >■ Uncertain, &c. J ... 27 ... ... 1 ... South Americans. Araucanians ... 7 ... Brazilians ... 3 Charib 1 Toltecan Race. Peruvian Family. Arica ... 14 ... Pachacamac ... 77 ... Pisco ... 44 ... Santa Lima Miscellaneous ... 7 ... Mexican Family. Tlahuica ... 1 ... Azteck ... 2 ... Otumba ... 3 ... Tacuba ... 3 ... Otomie ... 5 ... Chechemeean ... 1 ... Tla scalan ... 1 ... Panics 2 M iscellaneous ... 4 ... Modern .Mexicans ... 3 ... Mean J. C 84.8 91 76 73.6 89 79 74.9 74 78 78 84 80.5 B2.I B1.6 7<>.t 83 84 79 ' 87 •%■• It' we take the collective races of America, civilized ami savage, we line that the average size of the brain, measured in the whole series of 341 skulls, is but SO. 3 cubic inches. • 'I'lit Toltecan Race i mbracea the scmi-civilizcd communities of Mexico, Bogota anu Pern INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 11 The Negro Group embraces 117 skulls and 2 casts, divided as follows : 16 American-born negroes, 88 native Africans, 2 Hovahs of Madagascar, 11 Australians, and 2 Oceanic Negroes. Of the American-born Negroes, the largest measurement is 86; the smallest 73; while the mean is 80.8. The largest of the native African series is 99 ; the smallest 65 ; and the mean of 64 measurements is 83.7. For the Hottentot family, 3 skulls give a mean of 75.3 cubic inches ; two Hovah skulls of Madagascar average 82.5 ; and lastly the Alforian family gives for 8 Australian crania 75, and for two skulls of Oceanic Negroes 76.5 cubic inches. Under the head of Mixed Races have been placed 5 Coptic (3 ancient and 2 modern), 12 Negroid Egyptian, 4 Nubian, 2 Hispano-Peruvian, 3 Negroid Indian, 1 Hispano-Indian, 1 Malayo-Chinese, and 2 Mulatto crania. " Almost every investigation into the lineage of the Copts results in considering them a mixed progeny of ancient Egyptians, Berabera, Ne- groes, Arabs, and Europeans ; and these characteristics are so variously blended as to make the Copts one of the most motley and paradoxical communities in the world. The Negro traits are visible, in greater or less degree, in a large proportion of this people, and are distinctly seen in the three skulls in my possession." Eighteen crania of lunatics and idiots, seven illustrative of growth, two phrenologically marked, and eleven of uncertain origin, complete the Collection. Extensive and unique as is this Collection, it is, nevertheless, still too limited to justify any positive and comprehensive conclusions concerning the great fundamental problems of Ethnology. That it will be capable, when sufficiently extended, of throwing much light upon these obscure and unsettled questions is amply attested by the scientific publications of Dr. Morton. It is earnestly hoped, therefore, that this magnificent nu- cleus, the result of much pecuniary sacrifice and many years of enthusias- tic labor on the part of its late illustrious owner and founder, will not be neglected, but that its efficiency will be increased, and the objects for which it was gathered together attained by contributions from all who may be interested in the advancement of this youngest, most intricate, and most important of the sciences. The Norwegians and Danes of the Scandinavian race, the Bas-Bretons, the Celtic Scotch, Welsh, Spanish, and Portuguese, the ancient and mo- dern Greeks, the Magyar people, the great Tartar and Scythic hordes, the entire Basque family, and many other races, are without a single re- presentative in the Collection. Of the Polar and Tchudic Families it contains but 4 and 9 skulls respectively; while the ancient Romans and their descendants, the modern Trasteverini beyond the Tiber, the great Sclavic race, and the Berber tribes, are each represented by but one skull. These deficiencies — and many others could easily be particularized— [ 2 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. ;i re- recorded in the hope that the attention of the scientific community being directed to them, they will sooner or later be supplied. Hall of flu Academy, December, 1855. N T E . From my paper on the Cranial Characteristics of the Races of Men contributed to the fort h-eoming work of Messrs. Nottand Gliddon, entitled "Indigenous Races of the Earth," I have selected and embodied in the Catalogue several brief paragraphs descriptive of some of the heads in the Collection. These paragraphs are enclosed in brackets, thus, [ ]. For the use of the wood-cuts which embellish the succeeding pages, and which were originally executed for Crania Americana, Crania iEgyp- tiaca, Types of Mankind, and Indigenous Races of the Earth, I am in- debted to the kindness of Messrs. G. R. Gliddon and R, P. Morton. February, 1857. INTRODUCTION.* I commenced the study of Ethnology in 1830 ; in which year, having occasion to deliver an introductory lecture on Anatomy, it occurred to me to illustrate the difference in the form of the skull as seen in the five great races of men. After the lapse of but twenty years, the fact seems strange even to myself, that when I sought the materials for my proposed lecture, I found to my surprise that they could be neither bought nor borrowed. Caucasian and Negro crania were readily procured, and two or three Indian skulls were placed at my disposal; but for the Mongolian and Malay I inquired in vain. I resolved, therefore, to supply this re- markable deficiency in an important branch of science ; and much time? toil, and expense have been rewarded by the acquisition of 867f human skulls and 601 of the inferior animals.. Yet I need hardly add, that had it not been for the exertions of my friends in every quarter of the globe my object would have remained unaccomplished. The following pages afford emphatic evidence on this point ; and it gives me great pleasure thus to record the kindness of those persons who have aided me in an enterprise that, for obvious reasons, has been attended by many diffi- culties. The primary motive in making the following Collection, has been to compare the characters of the cranium in the different races of men, and these again with the skulls of the inferior animals ; not only in reference to exterior form, but also to internal capacity as indicative of the size of the brain. Beside these strictly Ethnographic objects, some others of a different and subordinate kind have been had in view; such as pathological condi- tions of the skull from diseases and from wounds ; remarkable develop- ments illustrative of the principles of Phrenology, and preternatural growths of every description. The Indian crania contained in this series have received my especial attention, both in respect to their number and authenticity, for they have been collected with great care by the gentlemen whose names are asso- ciated with them. In every instance where a doubt is entertained as to the tribe or nation to which the skull belonged, it is expressed by a mark of interrogation ; and where no clue exists for such information, the defi- ciency is noted accordingly. I have sometimes had the skulls of both * Reprinted from the Catalogue of Skulls of Man and the Inferior Animals, in the Collection of Samuel George Morton, M. D., Philada , 1849. t Since increased to 1035. 14 INTRODUCTION. Europeans and African? Bent mo by mistake for those of Indians; that these Bhonld occasionally be mingled in the same cemeteries is readily understood; bnl a practised eye can separate them without difficulty. Larue as this Collection already is. a glance at the Ethnological Table will show that it is very deficient in some divisions of the human family. ixample it contains no skulls of the Eskimaux, Pnegians, Califor- or Brazilians. The distorted heads of the Oregon tribes are also but partially represented, while the long-headed people of the Lake of Titicaca, in Bolivia, are altogether wanting. Skulls of the great divi- -f the Caucasian and Mongolian races are also too few for satisfac- tory comparison, and the Sclavonic and Tchudic (Finnish) nations, to- srwith the Mongol tribes of Northern Asia and China, are among the especial desiderata of this Collection.* The following analysis exhibits an Ethnographic view of the materials embraced in the entire series.f I. Caucasian Group. 1. Scandinavian Race. Norwegian 1 Swedish Peasants 1 Finland Swedes 2 Sudermanland Swedes 3 Ostrogoth 1 Turannic Swede 1 Oimbric Swedes 3 ?h Finns 3 21 2. Finnish or Tchudic Race. True Finns 10 3. 8 Germans 1 1 Dutchman 1 Prussian? 4 Burgundian 1 IT 4. Anglo-Saxon. English 4 5. Anglo-American. 8 6. Celtic Race. Irish 8 Celtic (?) heads from Catacombs of Paris 4 Celt (?) from the field of Waterloo.. 1 L3 7. Sclavonic Race. Sciavonians 2 8. Felasgic Racc.i Ancient Phoenician 1 Ancient Roman Greek Circassians Armenians Parsees Anglian Graeco-Egyptians 39 , Prussians £ English Anglo-Americans True Finns ■ Native Irish- Persians Armenians ■ Circassians • Tchudic Family. Celtic Family. Pelasgic Family. NO. OF SKULLS. Arabs ■ • Fellahs Semitic Family. Nilotic Family. Indostanic Family. Ayras Bengalees Ancient Caucasian Group. jg.3 ) Pelasgic Family. "§ 1 Grasco-Egyptians I J f Nilotic Family. '■*£ ) Egyptians Mongolian Group. Chinese Family Hyperborean Family Malay Group. Malayan Family Polynesian Family American Group. Toltecan Family Peruvians Mexicans Barbarous Tribes. Iroquois Lenape- Cherokee Shoshone, &c , Negro Group. American-born Negroes Native African Family Hottentot Family Alforian Family Australians Oceanic Negroes 10 18 25 LARGEST SMALLEST. 108.25 114 105 97 112.5 97 96 18 97 55 96 10 8 98 102 20 5 97 90.5 152 25 101 92 65 70 91 82 81.5 78 75 94.3 73 78.75 68 ^164 104 83 81 86 87 C5 86 84.3 75.3 81.7 81.7 S7 84 83.7 75.3 75 76.5 ■ 82.25 Extracts from it will be found in the fore- * Dr. Morton died before this memoir was completed. going Explanatory Note. 1 1 have enlarged this Table by the addition of 40 measurements, with the effect of increasing the mean cranial capacity of the Teutonic Family, the Mongolian and American Groups bv 1 5 5 "and 1 o cubic inches respectively; and slightly diminishing that of the Negro Group. In the preceding Explanatory IS ote the reader will find a more detailed account of these measurements, togethef with others which have been made since Dr. Morton's death. ' ^ lue£ 2 18 INTRODUCTION. Id this table the measurements of children, idiots and mixed races are omitted, excepting only in the instance of the Fellahs of Egypt, who. however, arc a blended stock of two Caucasian nations, — the true Egyp- tian and the intrusive Arab, in which the characteristics of the former greatly predominate. No mean lias been taken of the Caucasian race* collectively, because of the verygreal preponderance of Hindu, Egyptian, and Fellah skulls over those of the Germanic, Pelasgic and Celtic families. Nor could any just collective comparison be instituted between the Caucasian and Negro groups in such a table, unless the small-brained people of the latter divi- sion (Hottentots, Bushmen and Australians) were proportionate in number to the Eindoos, Egyptians and Fellahs of the other group. Such a com- putation, were it practicable, would probably reduce the Caucasian average to about 87 cubic inches, and the Negro to 78 at most, perhaps veil to 7."), and thus confirmatively establish the difference of at least nine cubic inches between the mean of the two races. f Philadelphia, Nov. 1, 1849. • It is necessary to explain what is here meant by the word race. Further researches into Ethnographic affinities will probably demonstrate that what are now termed the fivi races of men, would be more appropriately called groups — that each of these groups is main divisible into a greater or smaller number of primary races, each of which has ex- panded from an aboriginal nucleus or centre. Thus I conceive that there were several centres for the American group of races, of which the highest in the scale are the Tolte- can nations, the lowest the Fuegians. Nor does this view conflict with the general prin- ciple, that all these nations and tribes have had, as I have elsewhere expressed it, a com- mon origin ; inasmuch as by this term is only meant an indigenous relation to the country they inhabit, and that collective identity of physical traits, mental and moral endowments, language, &c„ which chracterize all the American races. The same remarks are appli- cable to all the other human races; but in the present infant state of Ethnographic sci" < nee, the designation of these primitive centres is a task of equal delicacy and difficulty* 1 may here observe, thatwhenever 1 have ventured an opinion on thisquestion, it has been in favor of the doctrine of primeval diversities among men — an original adaptation of the several races to those varied circumstances of climate and locality, which, while conge- nial to the one, are destructive to the other; and subsequent investigations have confirmed me in these views, See Crania Americana, p. 3; Crania AZgyptiaea, p, 37; Distinctive Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America, p. 30; Sillimans American Journal 6f Science and the Arts, 1847j and my letter to J. R. Bartlett, Esq., in Vol.2 of the Tran- sactions of the Ethnological Society of New York. t From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for Sep- tember and October, 1849. CATALOGUE. I. CAUCASIAN GROUP. I. SCANDINAVIAN EACE. {Case 1.) 1. 1260. Cast of a Norwegian skull. From Prof. Retzius, of Stock- holm, A. D. 1845. [This cast is remarkable for its great size. It belongs to the dolicho- cephalic variety of Retzius. The fronto-parietal convexity is regu- lar from side to side. The occipital region as a whole is quite pro- minent ; but the basal portion of the occiput is flat and parallel with the horizon when the head rests squarely upon the lower jaw. The glabella, superciliary ridges, and external angular processes oi the os frontis are very rough and prominent, overhanging the orbits and inter-orbital space in such a manner as to give a very harsh and forbidding expression to the face. The semi-circular ridges passing back from the external angular process, are quite elevated and sharp. The nasal bones are high and rather sharp at the line of junction ; orbits spacious ; malar bones of moderate size, and flattened antero-laterally ; superior maxilla rather small in com- parison with the inferior, which is quite large, and much flared out at the angles. The facial angle is good, and the whole head strongly marked.] 1. 117, Swede. 2. 1247, Swedish peasant : woman, setat. 30. I. C. 85. 3. 1249. Swedish woman of the 13th century, setat. 60. I. C. 83. 4. 1258. Cast of the skull of a Swedish child. 5. 1486. Swedish peasant : man, aetat. 30. I. C. 99. 6. 1487. Swedish peasant : woman, setat. 30. I. C. 65. 7. 1488, Swedish child of four years. The six preceding skulls are from Prof. Retzius, of Stockholm, A. D* 1845 and 1850. CATALOGUE OF [The Swedish form of skull, judging from the above specimens, bears a family resemblance to the Norwegian, and in several respects is Dot unlike the Anglo-Saxon head figured in the first decade of the Crania Britannica of Messrs. Davis and Thurnam. IntheAnglo- Saxon, however, the chin is more acuminated, and the maxillary rami longer. The chief points of resemblance about the calvaria, are the slightly elevated forehead, the rather flattened vertex, and the inclination of the parietalia downwards and backwards towards the occiput. This latter feature is also possessed by the Norwe- gian cast referred to above.] 8. 1545. Swede from Finland. I. C. 107.5. F. A. 86°. 0. 1546, Swede from Finland. I. C. 93.75. F. A. 83°. Man named Carl Bli, from Borga Parish, in the Province of Nyland. For vagrancy he was imprisoned May 17th, 1831, and in default of bail, sentenced to a half-year's hard labor. He died setat. 64 years. Xos. 1545 and 1546, descendants of colonists who settled in Finland in the most remote times. L( 1547. Swede from Sudermanland. F. A. 83°. I. C. 102. 11. 1548. Swede from Sudermanland. F. A. 85°. I. C. 94. 12. 1549. Swede from Sudermanland. F. A. 86°. I. C. 108.25. Nos. 1545 to 1549, inclusive, were presented by Professor Retzius, of Stockholm, just after the death of Dr. Morton. 13. 1255. Skull of an ancient Ostrogoth, from a burial-ground of Os- trogothia, in Sweden. Woman, octat. 50. I. C. 80. 14. 121. Turannic Swede. 15. 1532. Ancient Cimbric inhabitant of Sweden. I. C. 80. F. A. 85°. From Professor Retzius, after Dr. Morton's decease. 16. 1550. Ancient Cimbric Swede. F. A. 88°. I. 0. 94. Probably descended from the oldest Scytho-Turannic inhabitants, (Brachy-cephali ?) who always have black hair, and are of small stature. From Professor Retzius with No. 1532. 17. 1362. Cast of the skull of an ancient Cimbrian, from the Danish Island of Moen. Prof. Retzius. 1. 1542. Swedish Finn, (mixed.) F. A. .81°. 5. I. C 89. Man, named Elias Alhonen, from Lampis Parish, in the Province of Fosdelhuus. For committing murder he was imprisoned (May 8th, 1840,) in the Fort to hard labor for life. Died in the Laza- retto, cetat. 02 years. HUMAN CRANIA. 21 2. 1543. Swedish Finn, (mixed.) F. A. 80°. I. C. 85. 3. 1544. Swedish Finn, (mixed.) F. A. 77°. I. C. 85.25. [In No. 1249 the singularly protuberant occiput projects far behind the foramen magnum. Nos. 1255, 1550 and 1532 evidently belong- to the same peculiar type. These four heads resemble each other as strongly as they differ from the remaining Swedes, Finns, Ger- mans, and Kelts in the collection. They call to mind the kunibe- kephalse, or boat-shaped skulls described by Prof. Wilson in his Pre-historic Annals of Scotland. No. 1362, presents the same elongated form. It differs from the four preceding skulls in being larger, more massive, and broader in the forehead. Nos. 117, 1258, and 1488 possess the true Swedish form as described above. Nos. 1545 and 1546 are broader, more angular, and less oval than the true Swedish form. The horizontal portion of the occiput is quite flat, and the occipital protuberance prominent. The three Suder- manland Swedes have the same general form, while the three Swedish Finns have a more squarely globular, and less oval cranium than the true Swedes. In No. 121 the posterior region of the calvaria is broader, and does not slope away so much. In general configuration this cranium approaches the brachy-cephalic class of Ketzius.] 1. 1534. True Finn. 2. 1535. True Finn. 3. 1536. True Finn. II. FINNISH RACE. (Casel.) I. C. 94.5. F. A. 87°. I. C. 97.5. F. A. 84.5°. I. C. 112.5. F. A. 83°. 4. 1537. True Finn. Finn (1537). I. C. 84.25. F. A. 82.5°. CATALOGUE OF [The Finnish skull has a square or somewhat angularly round appear- ance. The antero-posterior diameter being comparatively short, it falls within the brachy-cephalic class of Retzius. The forehead is broad, though less expansive than in the true Germanic race. This frontal breadth, the lateral expansion of the parietalia, and the flat- ness of the os occipitis, give to the coronal region, when viewed perpendicularly, a square, or rather slightly oblong appearance. The face is longer and less broad than in the Mongolian head, while the lower jaw is larger, and the chin more prominent. Hence, the lower part of the face is advanced, somewhat in the manner of the Sclavonian face. The whole head is rather massive and rude in structure, the bony prominences being strongly cha- racterized, and the sutures well defined. The general configura- tion of the head is European, bearing certain resemblances, how- ever, to the Mongolian on the one hand, and the Sclavonian on the other.] 5. 1538. True Finn. I. C. 105. F. A. 83°. G. 1539, True Finn. I. C. 81.5. F. A. 85°. A laborer, named Matts Johansson Lans, from the city of Abo. Convicted of deser- tion and theft while in the Emperor's service, he was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment, and died, xt 22 years, in the Prisoners' Lazaretto. 7. 1540. True Finn. I. C. 88.5. F. A. 84°. A man named Jacob Nurkkala, alias Karry, from Storkyro Parish, in the Pro- vince of Wasa, who, for committing burglary for the third time, was imprisoned July 6th, 1835, to hard labor in the Fort for life. He died in the Lazaretto, set. 59 years. 8. 1541. True Finn. I. C. 99. F. A. 83°. The preceding 11 skulls were sent to the Academy by Professor Retzius, of Stockholm, just after the demise of Dr. Morton. i>. 1252. Skull of a Finland woman, from the Parish of Kemi, setat. 40. I. C. 86. L0 1259. Cast of the skull of a Finlander. Prof. Retzius, 1845. III. SUEVIC RACE. (Case 1.) 1. 37. Oirman : woman, u>tat. 30. I. C 90. [Round form.] -1. 706. (J human ? man, eetat. 30. P. A. 80 J . I. C. 94. . 1060. GERMAN of Tubingen : woman, ;otat. 30. I. C. 70. HUMAN CRANIA. 23 4. 1063. German of Tubingen : man, setat. 40. I. C. 86. [Square form; occiput flattened j face large and long.] 5. 1064, German of Tubingen : woman, setat. 40. I. C. 91. [Has the Swedish or Northern angular oval, a type distinct from the oval of Southern Europe, with which hasty observers are apt to confound it. It is a well-formed head, and in some respects resembles the Anglo-Saxon skull figured in Crania Bt'itannica.~] 6. 1188. German of Tubingen : man, setat. 30. I. C. 85. [Resem- bles the preceding skull in form.] 7. 1189. German of Tubingen : man, setat. 40. I. C. 78. [Bears the Swedo-Finnic type.] 8. 1190. German dwarf: female of Tubingen, 20 years of age and three feet in height. I. C. 46.5. 9. 1191. German of Frankfort: man, setat. 70. I. C. 95. [Ap- proximates the square form.] 10. 1062. German of Frankfort-on-the-Main : woman, setat. 40. I. C. 93. 11. 1187. German of Frankfort-on-the-Main: man, setat. 50. I. G 104. For the preceding 8 skulls of the Germanic or Teutonic Race, I am indebted to Dr. George Engelmann, now of St. Louis, Missouri. 1. 434. A Dutchman of noble family, born in Utrecht, and for several years a captain in the army at Batavia, in the Island of Java, where he died under thirty years of age. He was handsome, not de- ficient in talent, and of an amiable disposition, but devoted to con- viviality and dissipation, which finally destroyed him. Dr. Doornik, late of Batavia, from whom I obtained this cranium, gave me the above facts from personal knowledge. F. A. 81°. I. C. 114. [The calvaria is very large j the face rather small, delicate, well- formed, and tapering towards the chin. The frontal diameter or breadth between the temples, is 4g inches; the greatest breadth between the parietal protuberances is 6| inches; the anteroposte- rior or longitudinal diameter is 7f inches; the height, measured from the anterior edge of the foramen magnum, in a direct line to the sagittal suture, 5H inches. A certain angularity or squareness of the frontal and posterior bi-parietal regions, gives to this head the Teutonic form. The posterior or occipital region is flat and broad, and presents to the eye a somewhat pentagonal outline. The temporal regions are full, the mastoid processes large, and the basis cranii nearly round. The outline of the coronal region 1>4 CATALOGUE OP resembles a triangle, truncated at the apex. This latter feature is also seen in one of the Finnic skulls (No. 1538).] 1. 1065. Prussian of Berlin : man, a>tat. 30. I. C. 02. 2. 1066, Prussian of Berlin : man, setat. 40. I. C. 80. 3. 1192. PRUSSIAN of Berlin : woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 82. 4. 1193. Prussian of Berlin : woman, aetat. 20. I. C. 80. The preceding 4 crania from Dr. Geo. Engelmann. 1. 1533. Fragments of an Ancient Burgundian skull, from a tomb near Lausanne in Switzerland. Procured by Mr. Troyon, a cele- brated Archaeologist, who considers this skull to have been 2000 years in the tomb. Presented by Prof, lletzius subsequent to Dr. Morton's death. IV. ANGLO-SAXON RACE. {Case 1.) 1. 80. Skull of an Englishman named Samuel Gwillym, a con- vict in Australia, whose history is thus briefly given by my friend Dr. C. Huffnagle, now of Calcutta : — " Transported to Van Dieinen's land in 1820 for house-breaking ; was orderly on ship-board, but subsequently robbed his master, for which he was sent for two years to Maria Island : while there was flogged for combination, and also received 100 lashes for stealing articles from the wreck of the Apollo. Returning to Van Dieinen's land he was fined twice for drunkenness ; and was executed there on the 16th of March, 1837, for the murder of Mary Mills, a young woman whom he had previously violated." I. C. 91. [This skull belongs to the dolicho-cephalic class, but is not strictly oval, being flattened posteriorly. In general configuration it re- sembles the Northern or Gothic style of head. The face bears the Finnic stamp.] 2. 539. Skull of James Moran, an Englishman, who was executed at Philadelphia for piracy and murder, May 19, 1837. MtoA. '10. F. A. 79°. I. C. 92. [This skull is long, flat on the top, and broad between the parietal bones. The posterior portion of the occiput is prominent, the basal surface is flat. In its general outline, the calvaria approaches the kumhe-kephalic form.] 3. 991. English Boldier? from Bloody Pond, near Lake George, York; the scene of Montcalm's massacre of the English HUMAN CRANIA. 25 garrison, A, D. 1757. F. A. 82°. I. C. 105. Jacob Morris, Esq., of Philadelphia. 4. 59. Anglo-Saxon head : skull of Pierce,* a convict and canni- bal, who was executed in New South Wales, A. D. 18 — . F. A. 85°. I. C. 99. [A long and strictly oval head.] V. ANGLO-AMERICAN RACE. {Case 1.) 1. 7. Anglo-American: female, ajtat. nearly 100 years. I. C. 83. [Germanic form.] 2. 24. Anglo-American : female with an open frontal suture. Fille-de-joie, eetat. 26 years. F. A. 77°. I. C. 82. [Interme- diate in form between the German and Swedish types.] 3. 88. Anglo-American : child. Dr. F. Turnpenny. 4. 98. Anglo-American ? Remarkable for the fulness of the occipital region, and obliquity of the foramen magnum. [Germa- nic form.] 5. 552. Anglo-American : man, aetat. 30. I. C. 97. This skull belonged to the collection of the late Dr. Doornik, and was pre- sented to me with other crania, by Dr. Jones, of New Orleans, * A letter addressed to me by Wm. Cobb Hurry, Esq., of Calcutta, contains the following particulars of this man's singular career : — " With regard to the cannibal Pierce, all that is known of him is, that he was a native of Scotland, or the north of Ireland, and a seaman. He was a convict in Van Diemen's land, and escaped with others into the woods. Hunger com- pelled them to prey upon each other, till only Pierce and another were left. A romantic tale might be made from Pierce's own narrative of the feelings with which these two men watched each other, till, overcome with fatigue, the last of the band fell a victim. Pierce was relieved by a party who fell in with him, and the cannibalism of which he was guilty being attributed to necessity, was not punished. From that time his propensities acquired their full development and he succeeded repeatedly in persuading his fellow prisoners to escape with him, for the sole purpose of killing them and devouring their flesh. > He used to return secretly to the depot, and persuade a fresh victim that he had been sent by others who were waiting in the woods. He was at last caught ; and being asked if he knew where one of his companions was, deliberately pulled an arm out of his jacket and showed it to the soldiers. Mr. Crockett, from whom I had this account, and who gave me the skull, is the Colonial Surgeon, and attended Pierce in the hospital both before and subsequently to his crimes. He stated to me his conviction that Pierce was insane, which, however, did not prevent him from being hanged." 26 CATALOGUE OF through B. F. French, Esq. [In form it resembles the Norwegian skull.] G. 899. Anglo-American : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 91. 7. 1108. Anglo-American: man. I. C. 95. Dr. C. H. Came- ron. [Northern or Gothic form.] 8. 724. Conical skull of a white woman, aetat. 40, of whose history nothing is known. 1839. I. C. 81. VI. CELTIC RACE. (Case 1.) 1. 18. Celtic Irish : from the Abbey of Buttevant, county of Cork, Ireland. Woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 78. See No. 52. [Form intermediate between the Cimbric and Swedish types.] 2. 21. Celt : supposed to be a British soldier, killed at the battle of Chippeway. ^Etat. 40. I. C. 93. This skull is remarkable for the great size of the superciliary ridges ; that of the right side hav- ing a corresponding frontal sinus, that on the left being represented by solid bone upwards of half an inch in horizontal thickness. Dr. Mickle, 1831. [In this head the Gothic calvarial form is asso- ciated with a heavy, massive face.] 3. 42. Celtic Irishman, aged 21, imprisoned for larceny, and in all respects a vicious and refractory character. Died A. D. 1831. I. C. 97. [Approaches the square Germanic form.] 4. 52. Celtic Irish from the Abbey of Buttevant, County of Cork, Ireland. Woman, aetat. 50. F. A. 80^. I. C. 82. Dr. Smith (Hist, of the County of Cork) says that these are the bones of the Irish slain at the battle of Knockinoss, A. D. 15—. [The same form as the preceding.] 5. 985. Celtic Irish: man, aetat. 60. F. A. 77°. I. C. 93. [This head being rather broad between the parietal tubers, approxi- mates the Gothic type. The face resembles that of some of the Finns, but is smaller and less massive.] 6. 986. Anglo-Irish : girl, aetat. 12. 7. 1186. Irish cranium from Mayo county. [Belongs to the peculiar boat-shaped Cimbric type.] 8. 1356. Cast of the skull of one of the ancient Celtic race of Ireland. Pri P. Retzius. [This head, the largest in the group, is very long, clumsy and massive in its general appearance. The forehead is low, broad, and ponder- ous ; the occiput heavy and very protuberant ; the basis cranii lomr, HUMAN CRANIA. 27 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. broad, and flat ; the orbits capacious ; and the distance from the root of the nose to the upper alveolus quite short. In its general form, it very much resembles the Cimbric skull, No. 1362. The Cimbric type, however, is somewhat narrower in the frontal region, and widens more posteriorly towards the parietal protuberances.] 661. 662. 663. 664. 1564. Celtic (?) skull, Celtic (?) skull, Obtained from the Catacombs at Paris by the late Dr. Harlan. Presented by Mr Harlan. Celtic (?) skull, Celtic (?) skull, Celtic (?) skull from the field of Waterloo. Presented by Mr. Harlan. [The very heavy skull from the field of Waterloo (No. 1564) is strictly and beautifully oval. Of the four heads from the Catacombs at Paris, three are decidedly brachy-cephalic, and one of the Germanic form.] VII. SCLAVONIC RACE. {Case 1.) 1. 1251. Sclavonian, from Olmutz, in Moravia : woman, aetat. 30. ScLAVONrAN (1251). [This skull presents the following characters : ^-General form of the head globular, though wanting in symmetry, in consequence of the posterior portion of the right parietal bone being more fully de- veloped than the corresponding portion of the left; the calvaria quite large in proportion to the face, and broadest posteriorly be- tween the parietal protuberances; the forehead is high, and mode- rately broad ; the vertex presents a somewhat flattened appearance, in consequence of sloping downwards and backwards towards the occiput; the occipital region is also flat, and the breadth between 28 CATALOGUE OP the mastoid processes very great. The face is small and delicate, the nasal bones prominent, the orbits of moderate size, the malar bones flat and delicately rounded, and the zygomatic processes small and slender. The lower jaw is rather small, rounded at the an- gles, and quite acuminated at the symphysis. If classified according to its form, this head would find its place near to, if not between, the Kalmuck and Turkish types.] 2. 1253. Cast of a Sclavonian head from Morlack, in Dalmatia. Nos. 1251 and 1253 from Prof. Retzius. VIII. PELASGIC RACE. (Case 2.) 1. 1352. Ancient Phenician ? I received this highly interesting relic from M.F. Fresnel, the distin- guished French archaeologist and traveller, with the following memo- randum, A. D. 1847 :— " Crane provenant des caves sepulchrales de Ben-Djemma, dans l'ile de Malte. Ce crane parait avoir appartenu a un individu de la race qui, dans les temps les plus anciens, occupaitla cote septentrionale de TAfrique, et les iles adjacentes." Phenician (1352). [This cranium is the one alluded to in the interesting anecdote narrated by the late Dr. Patterson, in his graceful memoir, as illustrating the wonderful power of discrimination, the tactus visits, acquired by Dr. Morton in his long and critical study of crani- ology.* From this circumstance, and from the many singular and interesting associations inseparably connected with its antiquity, the introduction of the above figure cannot fail to be received with a * Sec Types of Mankind, p. xl. HUMAN CRANIA. 29 lively sense of interest by those engaged in these studies. It is in many respects a peculiar skull. In a profile view, the eye quickly notices the remarkable length of the occipito-mental diameter. This feature gives to the whole head an elongated appearance, which is much heightened by the general narrowness of the calva- ria, the backward slope of the occipital region, and the strong prog- nathous tendency of the maxillae. The contour of the coronal region is a long oval, which recalls to mind the kumbe-kephalic form of Wilson. The moderately well-developed forehead is nota- ble for its regularity. In its form and general characters the face is sui generis. It may not inaptly be compared to a double wedge, for the facial bones are not only inclined downwards and remarkably forward, thus tapering towards the chin, but also in consequence of the flatness of the malar bones and the inferior maxillary rami they appear laterally compressed, sloping gently, on both sides, from behind forwards, towards the median line. The lower jaw is large, and much thrown forwards. The slope of the superior max- illa forms an angle with the horizon of about 45°. Notwithstanding this inclination of the maxilla, the incisor teeth are so curved as to be nearly vertical. Hence the prognathism of the jaws is quite peculiar, differing, as it does, from that of the Eskimo and true African skulls presently to be noticed.] 1. 1049. Fragments of an ancient Eoman? head, from a tomb on the road between Cumse and the ruins of Baiae, near the latter place, A. D. 1841. Dr. M. Burrough. 1. 1354. Cast of the skull of a young Greek. Prof. Retzius. [The calvarial region is well developed ; the frontal expansive and prominent ; the facial line departs but slightly from the perpen- dicular, and the facial angle consequently approaches a right angle. A small and regularly-formed face, devoid of asperities, harmonizes well with the general intellectual character of the head proper. The malar bones are small, flat, and smooth, with just enough lateral prominence to give to the face an oval outline ; the alveolar mar- gins of the maxillae are regularly arched, and the teeth perpen- dicular.] Circassians. 1. 762. Saraska, or pure Circassian : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 75°. I. C. 94. 2. 763. Circassian woman, jetat. 50. F. A. 81°. I. C. 81. oO CATALOGUE OF o. 764. Circassian man, ©tat. 40. F. A. 78°. I. C. 90. Circassian (764). [The calvaria of No. 764 is well developed and regularly arched, and in size considerably exceeds the face. The proportions between the vertical, transverse, and longitudinal diameters are such as to con- vey to the eye an impression of harmony and regularity of structure. The high and broad forehead forms with the parietal region a con- tinuous and symmetrical convexity. The occiput is full and pro- minent. The face is strongly marked j the orbits moderate in size ; the nasal bones prominent j the malar bones small and rounded • the teeth vertical j the maxillae of medium size, and the chin pro- minent. The fulness of the face, its oval contour, and general want of angularity, decidedly separate this head from the Mongo- lian type, as represented by the Kalmuck skull, No. 1553.] . 765. Circassian : woman, aetat. 18. F. A. 80°. I. C. 79. Armenians. 789. Armenian: girl, aetat. 16. I. C. 86. 790. Armenian child of twelve years. 791. Armenian : man, setat. 80. I. C. 83. 792. Armenian girl of fourteen years ? 793. Armenian : man, aetat. 75. I. C. 80. 794. Armenian: man, aetat. 60. I. C. 80. Persians. 1. 731. Parsee, or Persian fire -worshipper, from the " Tower of Silence/' Bombay, India : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. "J. 743. Parsee, or Persian fire-worshipper, from the "Tower of Silence," near Bombay : woman, aetat. 50. I. C 89. The 12 preceding skulls from G. R. Gliddon, Esq. HUMAN CRANIA. 31 3. 1333. Affghan boy, about 16 years of age, killed at Jugdalluk . during the memorable massacre of the 44th English regiment A D. 1845. [A general family resemblance pervades all these crania. They are all, with one exception, remarkable for the smallness of the face, and shortness of the head. In the Armenian skull, the forehead is narrow but well formed, the convexity expanding upwards and backwards towards the parietal protuberances, and laterally towards the temporal bones. The greatest transverse diameter is between the parietal bosses. This feature, combined with the flatness of the occiput, gives to the coronal region an outline somewhat re- sembling a triangle with all three angles truncated, and the base of the triangle looking posteriorly. In fact, the whole form of the calvaria is such as to impress the mind of the observer with a sense of squareness and angularity. The dimensions of the orbits are moderate; the malar bones small, flat, and retreating; the zygo- matic processes slender, and the general expression of the face re- sembling that of the Circassians, from which latter it differs in being shorter. The Persian head is less angular, the frontal region broader, the occiput fuller, and the malar bones larger. The lower jaw is small and rather round. The Affghan skull resembles, in several respects, the Hindoo type.] Gvozco-Egypiians. Nos. 798 to 804 are ancient Egyptians from the necropolis of Mem- phis, north-west of the Pyramid of Five-Steps, viz :— 1. 798. Pelasgic or Grrse co-Egyptian form. F. A. 80°. I. C. 84. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 3, fig. 6. Under this name I embrace all those crania that conform to the highest Caucasian type. The Egyptian or Nilotic form includes the pure Egyptian race. The Negroid form expresses that mixture of the Egyptian and Negro in which the latter predominates. See Crania JEgyptiaca, passim. 2. 799. Pelasgic form : man, cetat. 35. F. A. 82°. I. C. 87. Cra- nia iEgyptiaca, plate 3, fig. 4. 3. 801. Pelasgic form : woman, eetat. 25. 4. 804. Pelasgic form : girl, aetat. 12. Crania ^gyptiaca, plate 3, fig. 3. 5. 808. Pelasgic form. F. A. 77°. 1. C. 97. Crania ^gypti- aca, plate 2, fig. 1. £jr CATALOGUE OF Pelasgic (808). G. 812. Pelasgic form : woman, aetat. 20. P. A. 80°. I. C 82. Crania jEgyptiaca, plate 2, fig. 3. Pelasgic (812). 7. 814. Pelasgic form : man, aetat. 90. I. C. 97. Crania ./Egypti- aca, plate 2, fig. 5. 8. 815. Pelasgic form. P. A. 81°. I. C. 88. Crania ^Egypti- aca, plate 2, fig. 2. Pelasgic (815). 9. 817. Pelasgic form. P. A. 80°. I. C. 89. Crania iEgypti- aca, plate 5, fig. 3. 10. 821. PELASGIC form. F. A. 79°. I. C. 74. Crania ^Egypti- aca, plate 12, fig. 6. 11. 824. Infantile mummy. 12. 825. Pelasgic form. Memphite necropolis. P. A. 81°. I. C. 93. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 3, fig. 9. 18. 856. Pelasgic form. I. C. 87. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 9. HUMAN CRANIA. 33 The two following crania were found by Mr. Perring, Civil Engineer, in the gallery leading to the newly discovered chamber in the Pyramid of Five Steps, at Saccara. These are, perhaps, the most ancient human remains extant. Mr. Perring is of opinion that they date with the erection of the Pyramid, and are therefore in all pro- bability upwards of 4000 years old. See Yyse, Pyramids of Gizeh, vol iii. p. 44. 14. 837. Pelasgic form : man, setat. 50. F. A. 83°. I. C. 97. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 1, fig. 2. 15. 838. Pelasgic form : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 81°. I. C. 90. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 1, fig. 1. 16. 840. Pelasgic form : man. F. A. 79°. I. C. 89. Skull ob- tained from a tumulus recently opened at the ancient quarries of Toora, (on the left bank of the Nile, seven miles above Cairo,) whence was taken the stone used in building the Pyramids of Gizeh, and other and much later structures in Egypt. The bodies were covered with coarse matting, and enclosed in sarcophagi, and are doubtless the remains of quarrymen. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 2, fig. 9. 17. 850. Pelasgic form : man, setat. 70. I. C. 86. Crania iEgypti- aca,plate 6, fig. 4. 18. 859. Pelasgic form : woman, setat. 80. Hair long and fine. I. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 6, fig. 5. Pelasgic form : child. Pelasgic ? form : man of 80. I. C. 88. Pelasgic form : woman, aetat. 70, with long, fine hair. 1. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 9. Pelasgic form : woman, aetat. 30, with a profusion of long, silky hair. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 10, fig. 8. C. 82. 19. 868. 20. 873. 21. 875. C.73. 22. 884. Pelasgic (884). 23. 893. Pelasgic form : man of 60. Thebes. 85. Crania ^Egyptiaca, plate 6, fig. 3. Nos. 798 to 893 from G. Pv. Gliddon, Esq. 3 F. A. 8P. I. C. CATALOGUE OF IX. SEMITIC RACE. (Case 2.) Arabs. 1 . 780. Baramka, or Barmecide Arab of Gemardasli : nian, setat. SO. F. A. 76°. I. C. 86. •J. 781. Baramka : man, setat. 40. F. A. 88°. I. C. 84. 3. 784. Bedouin of the Eastern Desert : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 98. 4. 1296. Cranium of an embalmed body taken by Mr. Fresnel, A. D. 1839, from one of the hypogea called MaghairShudyb, or Grot- toes of Jethro, in Midian, east of the Gulf of Akaba, in Arabia Petraca. M. Fresnel, through Mr. Gliddon. Nos. 780 to 1296 from G. ft. Gliddon, Esq. [These four heads are characterised by a low, recedent forehead, a broad and flattened occipital region, and a comparatively short occipito-frontal diameter. They fall within the brachy-cephalic class, and have therefore been separated from the group of longer and more oval Fellah skulls. (See pages 43-4).] 5. 671, Os Frontis of a Midianite. Hebrews (. ? ) L. 1299. Cast in plaster of a bas-relief Semitic head brought by M. Botta from the ruins of Khorsabad. G. E. Gliddon, Esq. 1846. 2. 807. Semitic? form: man, aetat. 30. F. A. 74°. I. C. 88. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 2, fig. 8. :;. 818. Semitic form. F. A. 77°. I. C. 69. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 5, fig. 4. 4. 842. Semitic form. Thebes : man, cetat. 40, with smooth, brown hair. I. C. 85. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 11, fig. 2. Semitic (842). 5. 845. SEMITIC fjform : man, with fine hair. I. C. 92. Thebes Crania tian s . (Case 3.) 1. 1266. Embalmed head of the pure Egyptian form. I. C. 77. 2. 1267. Embalmed head of the Egyptian form. 3. 1268. Ancient Egyptian. Egyptian form: man, aetat. 60. I.C.78. The preceding three heads were found in a rock-tomb, with Greek mis, about four miles west of the city of Alexandria. This tomb was accidentally discovered in blasting rocks for a fortification, A. D. 1845, and probably belonged to the Ptolemaic era. The skulls were procured by Mr. Win. A. Gliddon, and by him presented to me, A.I). 1S48. Egyptian* from Gizeh* (Case 3.) The following sixteen ancient Egyptian crania were obtained from the tombs opened by Prof. Lepsiua at the base of the great Pyramid of HUMAN CRANIA. 41 Grizeh, and presented to me by Mr. Wm. A. Gliddon, A. D. 1846. . See Proceedings of the x\cademy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, November, 1845. 1. 1194. Egyptian form: woman, ©tat. 16. F. A. 85o. T. C. 83. 2. 1195. Egyptian form : man, ©tat. 50. F. A. 78°. I. C. 88. 3. 1196. Egyptian form, ©tat. 30. F. A. 82°. I. C. 80. 4. 1197. Egyptian form, ©tat. 25. F. A. 78°. I. C. 77. 5. 1198. Egyptian form, ©tat. 45. F. A. 82°. I. C. 93. 6. 1199. Egyptian form : child of ten years. F. A. 91°. 7. 1200. Egyptian form : man, ©tat. 30. F. A. 82°. I. C. 77. 8. 1201. Egyptian form : child of 6 years. 9. 1202. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 80. 10. 1203. Egyptian form, ©tat. 60. F. A. 80 Q . I. C. 79. 11. 1204. Egyptian form, ©tat. 50. F. A. 79°. I. C. 83. 12. 1205. Egyptian form, ©tat. 60. I. C. 91. 13. 1206. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 25. F. A. 83°. 14. 1207. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 20. F. A. 86°. I. C. 76. 15. 1208. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 30. I. C. 86. 16. 1209. Egyptian form: man, ©tat. 60. F. A. 79*. I. C. 83. Kens or Ancient Nubians. {Case 3.) Nos. 826 to 829, " Kens, or ancient Nubians ? from the pits at De- bod, the ancient Parembole, 30 miles south of Phil©. Some writers maintain that there are no mummies in Nubia. Here is proof to the contrary." Gr. R. 0. 1. 826. Egyptian form. F. A. 77°. I. C. 74. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 13. 2. 827. Egyptian form : man, ©tat. 40. I. C. 82. Crania i£gyp- tiaca, plate 12, fig. 9. 3. 828. Egyptian form : juvenile head. F. A. 90°. 4. 829. Egyptian form. F. A. 85°. I. C. 70. Crania ^Egypti- aca, plate 12, fig. 8. Ombite Egyptians. Nos. 830 to 832, " Ancient Egyptians from the pits at Koum Ombos : probably inhabitants of the Ombite nome." Gr. R. Gr. 1. 830. Egyptian form: woman, ©tat. 30. I. C. 77. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 12, fig. 3. 2. - 831. Egyptian form : woman, ©tat. 30. I. C. 68. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 12, fig. 4. 42 CATALOGUE OP 3. 832, EGYPTIAN form: woman, setat. 30. F. A. 81°. I. C. 68. Crania J^gyptiaca, plate 12, fig. 5. Maabdeh Egyptians. -NTos. 833 to 836 : "Ancient Egyptians from the Crocodile mummy- pits culled M< n-7. 567. Naumkeag Indian of Massachusetts : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 75. Dr. A. L. Pearson. Crania Americana, plate 33 and page 187. 38. 33. Oneida warrior, Iroquois confederacy. I. C. 95. Dr. B. Tappan. Crania Americana, plate 30 and page 193. 39. 1036, Pocasset Indian. 40. 26. Quinnipiack (Mohegan) Indian. I. C. 80. East Haven, Connecticut. Mr. E. C. Ilerrick. 41. 1516. Seneca Indian : man, aetat. 60. Exhumed from an old burying ground near Seneca Lake, New York. I. C. . Dr. Jas. Bryan, 1850. 42. 1557. Indian cranium from the banks of the Susquehanna river. From Dr. Alexander Janney, May, 1852. HUMAN CRANIA. 73 43. 215. Aboriginal cranium from South Carolina. F. A. 75°. • From Dr. R. W. Gibbs, of Columbia, S. C., November, 1853. 44. 216. Indian cranium from Gambel's Western collection. Pre- sented by Dr. Wilson. 45. 217. Fragment of cranium from the Grave Creek mound. 46. 218. Fragments of cranium from a mound, with a portion of the os fern oris. 47- 219. Fragment of cranium from Tippecanoe battle-ground. Pre- sented by Mr. L. H. Sands. 48. 220. Cast of the skull of an Indian named Walk-in-the-water. Presented by Mr. Harlan. b. CENTRAL AMERICANS. (Case 8.) 1. 990, Maya Indian of Yucatan : man, setat. 50. I. C. 91. Cheva- lier Friedrichthal, of Vienna. 2. 1050. Fragments of the skull and other parts of the skeleton of a young aboriginal female, taken from an ancient tomb at Ticul, a ruined city near San Francisco, in Yucatan, A. D. 1842. From J. L. Stevens, Esq. Vide Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, vol. i. 3. 1067. Fragments of cranial and other bones of three human skele- tons, obtained by Mr. B. M. Norman from mounds in Yucatan. Vide Rambles in Yucatan, page 217. C. SOUTH AMERICANS. Araucanians. 1. 651. Aratjcanian Indian (Arauco) of Chili : woman, aetat. 50. F. A. 73°. I. C. 73. 2. 652. Aratjcanian Indian : woman, aetat. 50. F.A.74°. I.C. 75. 3. 654. Indian of the Aratjco nation of Chili : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 72°. I. C. 78. Crania Americana, plate 78 and page 241. 4. 655. Indian of the Arauco nation: man, setat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C. 86. Crania Americana, plates 76, 77, and page 241. 5. 656. Araucanian woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C. 76. I received this and the four preceding skulls through the kindness of Dr. J. N. Casanova, of Valparaiso, who informed me that the three heads, Nos. 654, 655, 656, were taken from chiefs killed in an en- counter with the Chilian army under General Bulnes, on the river Bio-Bio, in 1835, I took occasion, however, to intimate to Dr. 74 CATALOGUE OF Casanova my suspicion that these were not recent crania, inasmuch as they had yet adhering to them some shreds of a peculiar mummy- cloth common in the old cemeteries of Peru and Chili, at the same time that they bore unequivocal evidences of long inhumation. Dr. Casanova, however, could not suppose that he had been de- ceived by his agent, and I therefore published the circumstances as related by him, and on his authority, in my Crania Americana, page 243. I may add that, judging from the size and conforma- tion of the skull No. G54, I inferred that it had belonged not to a chief, as was supposed by Dr. C, but to a woman. Subsequent examinations have satisfied me that my suspicions were well founded; and I am further confirmed in this belief by com- paring these crania with the plates of a series obtained by the Naturalists of the Astrolabe from an ancient cemetery on the Bio- Bio river, near its confluence with the Moticha in Chili. It is sufficient to add that both collections of skulls were evidently ob- tained from the same place ; and, although Dr. Casanova was mis- led as to particulars, the crania I received from him pertain to a veritable but ancient Araucanian tribe, and possess a great interest, both in regard to their sepulchral locality and their admirably de- veloped characteristics. See Voyage deV Astrolabe: Anthropologic par le Dr. Dumouticr, planche 27. 6. 995. Araucanian woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 77. 7. 997. Araucanian : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 77. The two preceding Araucanian skulls from the interior of Arauco, were received from Dr. Thomas Page, of Valparaiso, in Chili. S. 221. ^ Two Araucanian skulls in a fragmentary condition. Ob- 9. 222. ) tained from a well on the premises of Mr. Keen, at Talca- huano. One of the heads was enclosed in an earthen, unglazed jar. Near it was found a peculiar lozenge-shaped stone. Presented by Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger, U. S. N., June 10th, 1856. 10. 223, Araucanian skull. 11. 224. Araucanian skull. 12. 120. Cast of an Araucanian skull. From Mounds. 1. 1242. " Indian cranium from an ancient town called Chiuchiu, or Ataoama Baja, situated on the river Loa, at the eastern edge of the Desert of Atacama, eight leagues from Calamo, and 57 from the Pacific Ocean. Here are extensive remains of Indian houses, and a fortress built of mud, and loop-holed. The huaco or burial place HUMAN CRANIA. is along a terrace of soft sandstone, and the bodies are buried in the sitting posture." From Dr. John Houston, of Valparaiso, who obtained this and the following skull and presented them with the above memorandum : Indian Cranium (1242). 2. 1243. Indian cranium, found with the preceding. Both these heads are elongated upwards in the sugar-loaf form, by pressure applied both back and front. See Crania Americana, page 116; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, for December, 1845, and American Journal of Science and Arts, for July, 1816. For original sources of information on these singular artificial modi- fications of the form of the cranium, see Cieza, Chronica del Peru, cap. XXYI, and Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, T. II. p. 581. Fol. Madrid, 1723. Charibs. 1. 638. Skull of a Charib of Venezuela, flattened by art : found in a terra cotta vase, with the os sacrum and some small bones. Man, aetat. 40? F. A. 70°. From Ex-President Vargas, of Caraccas. Crania Americana, plate 64 and page 237. 2. _ 692. Skull of a Charib of the Antilles, obtained in the island of Nassau by the late Rev. Thomas Leaver, for several years a mission- ary there. He presented the cranium to Dr. Thomas C. Dunn, of CATALOGUE OF Newport, Rhode Island, by whom it was added to the preseDt col- lection, A. D. 1849. Man, aetat. 30. I. C. 89. I 225. Cast of a Charib skull. Patagonians. 1. 1357. Cast of the skull of a Patagonian. Prof. Retzius. 1. 1359. Cast of the head of a Puelche girl of Patagonia. Prof. Retzius. B 226, Cast of a Patagonian skull. Presented by Mr. Harlan. Brazilians. 1. 1254. Skull of a Tapuyo Indian of Brazil. 2. 1513. Head of a Brazilian Indian, artificially preserved with false eyes, &c. : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 75. From the interior of Brazil. Mr. Henry Bond Dewey, of Para, A. D. 1850. Vide Blumenbach, Decades Craniorum, tab. xlvii. 3. 1528. Desiccated head of a Brazilian Indian, from the head waters of the Tapajos river, a tributary of the Amazon : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 69. Amory Edwards, Esq., of New York, 1851. 4. 1529. Brazilian Indian, prepared like the last and obtained with it : man aetat. 70. I. C. 76. Amory Edwards, Esq., 1851. No. 1513 has probably been obtained from this aboriginal cemetery, and no doubt pertains to the same tribe. 5. 1530. Guaycuru Indian of Brazil : girl, aetat. 13. Died at Bcunos Ayres in the professional care of Dr. Kennedy, who presented me the skull, A. D. 1851. 6. 1555. ) Gentoo Indians: two prepared heads from the Purus 7. 1556. j river, a tributary of the Amazon. Presented by Mr. Amory Edwards, March, 1852. I. C. II. TOLTECAN RACE. a.. PERUVIAN FAMILY. From Arica. ( Case 9.) 1. 67. Ancient Peruvian from Arica : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 73c. I. C. 86. Dr. Ruschenberger. See Crania Americana, plate 4 and page 108. 2. 496. PERUVIAN child of five years, from Arica: artificially elon- 1. Crania Americana, plate 2. HUMAN CRANIA. 77 o, 1045. Ancient Peruvian head, artificially elongated: woman, setat. 30. F. A. 68°. 1.0.77. From Arica. Dr. P. B. Goddard. See Crania Americana, plate 3. The following highly interesting series of crania, ten in number, (1275 to 1284, inclusive,) was sent me by my friend William A. Foster, Esq., now of Lima, who obtained them from the cele- brated Peruvian cemetery at Arica. " This cemetery," he observes, " lies on the face of a sand-hill, sloping towards the sea. The ex- tent of surface occupied by these tombs, as far as we explored, I should say was five or six acres. In many of the tombs three or four bodies were found clustered together, always in the sitting posture, and wrapped in three or four thicknesses of cloth, and a mat thrown over all. Each one has about the person a pouch or bag, an ear or two of maize, fruit of some kind, and not unfre. quently a drinking vessel." Lima, December 17, 1845. See Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, for April, 1846 ; and American Journal of Science, for July, 1846. 4. 1275. Cranium of a child, partially compressed and elongated. 5. 1276. Cranium of a child about four years old : natural form. 6. 1277. Skull of a man, aetat. 65, remarkably altered by art into the elongated, symmetrical form. I. C. 69. The annexed wood-cut shows the course of the bandages used in ob- taining this singular modification of the cranium. The forehead was pressed downwards and backwards by a compress probably of folded cloth. To keep it in its place, a bandage was carried over it from the base of the occiput and thence across the forehead. To confine the lateral portions of the skull, and in order to produce Peruvian skull (1277). the symmetrically elongated form, the same bandage was continued over the top of the head, immediately behind the coronal suture, probably with an intervening compress; and the bandaging was CATALOGUE OP repeated upon these parts until they were immovably confined in the desired position ; thus permitting the head to expand only in the posterior direction. See my Illustrated System of Human Anatomy, p. 90. 7. 1278. Skull of a man, setat. 50, of similar form to the preceding, but in less degree. I. C. 85. 8. 1279. Man, of the same configuration as 1277 : aetat. 40. I. C 87. 9. 1280. Peruvian, conformation same as the last : woman, aetat. 50. I. C. 70. 10. 1281. Peruvian skull moulded in the same manner as the last : woman, aetat. 20. 11. 1282. Peruvian head, same form as the preceding: aetat. 50. I. C. 87. 12. 1283. Peruvian head, same form as the preceding : man, aetat. 65. I. C. 75. 13. 1284. Peruvian, same form as the preceding, but wants the face. The following six crania were obtained at the ancient Peruvian ceme- tery at Arica, by my friend and former pupil Dr. S. J. Oakford, A. D. 1847. 14. 1363, Peruvian skull from the cemetery at Arica : man, aetat. 70. Artificially elongated and symmetrical. I. C. 71. 15. 1364. Female Peruvian cranium from Arica; elongated by art. JEtat. GO. I. C. 74. 16. 1365. Elongated skull of a Peruvian : man, aetat. 50. I. C 76. From Arica. 17. 1366. Peruvian, artificially elongated : man, setat. 70. I. C. 101. From Arica. 18. 1367. Elongated Peruvian skull from Arica : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 76. 19. 1368. Peruvian female bead, artificially elongated : aetat. 60. I. C. 78. From Arica. 20 227. Peruvian from Arica (?) From Pachacamac. (Cases 9-10.) 1 13. Ancient Peruvian, Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 83. W. A. Foster, Esq. 2. 30. Ancient Peruvian, Pachacamac: woman, cetat. 25. I. C. 78. W. A. Foster, Esq. 3, 75. Peruvian from Pachacamac, or the Temple of the Sun, near Lima : woman, aetat. 60. F. A. 72°. I. C. 87. Dr. Kuschen- HUMAN CRANIA. 79 berger. No one was permitted to be buried in this sanctuary but the families of priests, nobles and other persons of distinction. See Herrera, Hist. Lib. vi. Dec. 5, and Crania Americana, page 132. 4. 76. Peruvian from Pachacamac. F. A. 73°. I. C. 62. Dr. Ruschenberger. 5. 77. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. F. A. 75°. I. C. 76. 6. 84. Peruvian from Pachacamac. I. C. 75. W. A. Foster, Esq. 7. 85. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 80 p . I. C. 76. See Crania Americana, plate 11 B, and page 129. 8. 86. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 81°. I. C 88. See Crania Americana, plate 11 and page 127. 9. 87. Peruvian from Pachacamac. F. A. 75°. I. C. 73. See Crania Americana, plates 8 and 9, and page 125, 10. 90. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 75°, I. C. 71. 11. 92. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 75. 12. 93. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 79°. I. C. 79. Nos. 85, 86, 87, 90, 92 and 93 from Dr. Ruschenberger. 13. 95. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. F. A. 80°. I. C. 91. Dr. Ruschenberger. See Crania Americana, plate 11 A, and page 127. 14. 96. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 73°. I. C. 80. 15. 97. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, setat. 50. F. A. 75c. I. C. 77. See Crania Americana, plate 11 D, and page 131. Peruvian (97). 16. _ 99. Peruvian child of three years. Pachacamac. 17. 100. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 70^, I. C. 67. 80 CATALOGUE OF 18. 108. Peruvian from Pachacamac. 19. 400. Peruvian from Pachacamac : wonian/oetat. 50. F. A. 76 c . I. C. 75. 20. 402. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 50. F. A. 7T C I. C. 78. 21. 403. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 74 c . I. C. 77. 22. 404. Peruvian from Pachacamac : child of five years. 2:5. 405. Peruvian from Pachacamac. F. A. 75°. I. C. 70. 24. 406. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, setat. 30. F. A.76 c . I. C. 70. Nos. 402 to 406, inclusive, from Dr. Ruschenberger. 25. 409. Peruvian from Pachacamac: woman, aetat. 70. I. C. 8C. W. A. Foster, Esq. 2G. 446. Peruvian from Pachacamac. F. A. 80°. I. C. 75. Cra- nia Americana, plate 11 C, and page 130. Lateral view. Peruvian (446). Coronal view. Posterior view. 27. 450. Peruvian from Pachacamac: woman, octat. 50. F. A. 75°. I. 0. 77. Nob. 44G and 450 from Dr. Ruschenberger. HUMAN CRANIA. 81 28. 453. Peruvian child. Pachacamac. 29. 541, Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aefcat. 55. I. C. 80. 30. 562, Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. 0. 79. 31. 568. Peruvian of Pachacamac. 32. 570. Peruvian of Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 69. 33. 571. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 35. I. C. 75. 34. 631. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 35. I. C. 68. 35. 642. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. Q. 73. 36. 685. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 35. I. C. 78. 37. 686. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 70. 38. 687, Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 30. I. C. 71. 39. 688. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 50. I. C. 58. 40. 696. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 68. The preceding 13 skulls, Nos. 453 to 696, inclusive, are from W. A. Foster, Esq. 41. 697. Ancient Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. F. A. 73°. I. C. 74. Dr. Ruschenberger. 42. 699i Ancient Peruvian from Pachacamac: woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 74. I. C. 76. Dr. Ruschenberger. 43. 750, Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 69. W. A. Foster, Esq. 44. 752. Peruvian from Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 67. 45. 947. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 4. Mr. Foster. 46. 1042. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 6. 47. 1059. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 2. "W. A. Foster, Esq. 48. 1104. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 8. "W. A. Foster, Esq. 49. 1225, Peruvian of Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 85. 50. 1232. Peruvian of Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 80. I. C. 68. 51. 1241. Peruvian of Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 67. 52. 1453. Peruvian child from Pachacamac : aetat. 9 years. For the following series of Peruvian skulls, 1456 to 1509, I am in- debted to my friend Wm. A. Foster, Esq. 53. 1456. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 79. The atlas is anchylosed to the occiput. 54. 1457. Peruvian. Pachacamac. Remarkable for the number of ossa triquetra. Girl of 16. I. C. 69. 55. 1458, Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 67. 56. 1459. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 68. 57. 1460, Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. 6 I. 0. 64. 1. c. 75. I. c. 64. I. c. 66. 82 CATALOGUE OF 58. 1461. Peruvian. Pachacamac: woman, aetat. 80. 59. 1462. Peruvian. Pacliacamac : woman, aetat. 45. 60. 1463; Peruvian child of four years. Pachacamac. 61. 1464. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 60. 62. 1465. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 35. 63. 1466. Peruvian child of five years. Pachacamac. 64. 1467, Peruvian child of four years. Remarkable for the fulness of the occipital region. Pachacamac. 65. 1468. Peruvian child of eight years. Pachacamac. 66. 1469. Peruvian child of eight years. Pachacamac. 67. 1470. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 82. 68. 1471- Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman. I. C. 72. 69. 1472. Peruvian : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 77. 70. 1473. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 55. I. C. 83. 71. 1474. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 86. 72. 1475. Peruvian : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 81. Pachacamac. 73. 1476. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 70. 74. 1477. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 74. 75. 1478. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 83. 76. 1479. Peruvian. Pachacamac. 77. 1480, Peruvian : woman, aetat. 16. I. C. 78. Pachacamac. 78. 1481. Peruvian: man, aetat. 80. I. C. 81. Pachacamac. 79. 1482. Peruvian : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 82. Pachacamac. 80. 1483. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. 81. 1489. Peruvian : woman, aetat. 16. I. C. 77. Pachacamac. 82. 1490. Peruvian : man, aetat. 80. I. C. 78. Pachacamac. 83. 1491. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 70. I. C. 77. 84. 1492. Peruvian child of six years. Pachacamac. 85. 1493. Peruvian child of twelve years. Pachacamac. 86. 1494. Peruvian : woman, aetat. 16. I. C. 69. Pachacamac. 87. 1495. Peruvian : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 73. Pachacamac. 88. 1496. Peruvian from Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. 89. 1497. Peruvian child of four years. Pachacamac. 90. 1498. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 40. 91. 1499. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 45. I. C. 75. 92. 1500. Peruvian. Pachacamac: woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 69. 93. 1501. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 74. 94. 1502. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 83. 95. 1503. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 45. I. C. 70. 96. 1504. Peruvian. Pachacamac: man, aetat. 70. I. C. 77. 97. 1505. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 70. 1. 38. 2 72. 3 445. 4. 497. HUMAN CRANIA. 83 98. 1506. Peruvian. Pachacamac : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 66. 99. 1507. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, aetat. 20. I. C. 75. 100. 1508. Peruvian. Pachacamac : woman, setat. 50. I. C. 72. 101. 1509. Peruvian. Pachacamac: man, aetat. 70. I. C. 76. 102. 228. Peruvian. Pachacamac. 103. 229. Peruvian. Pachacamac. 104. 230. Peruvian. Pachacamac. The three preceding skulls were found on the side of a hill two miles south of the Temple of the Sun, July, 1845. From Pisco. (Cases 10-11.) Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 83. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco. Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco : woman, aetat. 16. I. C. 62. 5. 498. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, setat. 50. I. C. 63. 6. 630. Peruvian child from the ancient cemetery at Pisco. 7. 996. Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 84. 8. 1048. Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco. 9. 1061. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 50. I. C. 66. 10. 1221. Ancient Peruvian : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 82. From the Huacas of Pisco. 11. 1269. Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 72. 12. 1326, Peruvian from the ancient cemetery at Pisco : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 75. Nos. 38 to 1326, inclusive, from W. A. Foster, Esq. 13. 1369. Peruvian from the Huacas of Pisco : woman, aetat. 80. I. C 71. 14. 1370. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 80. 15. 1371. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 60. I. C. 77. 16. 1372: Ancient Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 40. 17. 1373. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco : man, setat. 60. I. C. 77. 18. 1374. Ancient Peruvian from Pisco; forehead compressed : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 74. 19. 1375. Peruvian child of six years old. Pisco. 20. 1376. Peruvian child eight years of age. Head elongated in the upward direction. Pisco. 8 l CATALOGUE OF 21. 1406. Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 35. I. C. 72. 22. 1407. Peruvian from Pisco : man, setafc. 60. I. C. 77. 23. 1408. Peruvian from Pisco: man, oetat. 45. I. C. 81. 24. 1409. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 70. 25. 1410. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 73. 20. 1411, Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 50. I. C. 89. 27. 1412. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 88. 28. 1413. Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 60. 29. 1414. Peruvian from Pisco. 30. 1415. Peruvian from Pisco : child of twelve years. 31. 1416. Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 50. I. C. 73. 32. 1417. Peruvian from Pisco: man, setat. 70. I. C. 79. 33. 1418. Peruvian from Pisco: woman, aetat. 50. I. C. 64. 34. 1419. Peruvian from Pisco: woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 62. 35. 1420. Peruvian from Pisco ; conical form : man, aetat. 55. I. C. 76. 36. 1421. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 81. 37. 1422. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, setat. 80. I. C. 77. Atlas anchylosed to the cranium. See also Nos. 1263 and 1456. 38. 1423. Peruvian from Pisco : child of two years: 39. 1424. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 60. Skull compressed, with frontal suture. 40. 1425, Peruvian from Pisco : aetat. 40. I. C. 72. Much com- pressed. 41. 1426. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat 60. I. C. 85. Conical form. 42. 1427. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 77. Conical form. 43. 1428. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 40. 44. 1429. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 70. I. C. 71. 45. 1430. Peruvian from Pisco: a child of 8 years. Head com- pressed. 46. 1431. Peruvian from Pisco : boy, aetat. 17. I. C. 66. Conical form. 47. 1432. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, rctat. 35. I. C. 74. Conical form. 48. 1433. Peruvian from Pisco : child of seven years. 49. 1434. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. Much compressed. 50. 1435. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 66. Conical form. 52. 1437. 53. 1438. 54. 1439. 55. 1440. 56. 1441. 57. 1442. 58. 1443. 59. 1444. 60. 1445. HUMAN CRANIA. 85 51. 1436. Peruvian from Pisco: man, aetat. 50. I. 0. 76. Strongly resembles a Malay skull. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aefcat. 70. I. C. 74. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 55. I. C. 72. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 50. I. C. 69. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 84. Peruvian from Pisco : child of 8 years. Conical form. Peruvian from Pisco : woman aetat. 35. I. C. 72. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 50. I. C, 73. ( Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. QQ. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 80. For the preceding series of Peruvian crania from Pisco, I am indebt- ed to my friend Wm. A. Foster, Esq., formerly of this city, and now a resident of Lima, who accompanied them with the following memorandum : — " These skulls were all collected from the surface of three or four huacas (tumuli) within a short distance, perhaps a couple of miles, of each other, having been disturbed and left lying there by pre- vious diggers ,* that is, by the common people of the country, who are full of notiqns about buried treasure. All the huacas I saw were evidently those of the poorer classes. " The whole country around Pisco is covered with Indian remains. It is a rich valley, with a small stream running through it, and has every appearance of having been thickly populated and well and extensively cultivated." 61. 1484. Peruvian from Pisco : man, aetat. 50. 62. 1485. Peruvian from Pisco : woman, aetat. 40. From Santa. (Case 11.) 1. 71. Peruvian child from Santa. Dr. Waters Smith, U. S. Navy. 2. 73, Peruvian from a mound near Santa : woman, aetat. 40. P. A. 71°. I. C. 75. Dr. Waters Smith, U. S. Navy. See Cra- nia Americana, plate 56 and page 225. 3. 79. Peruvian from Santa : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 74°. I. C. 76. 4. 81. Peruvian from Santa: woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 76°. I. C 77. 5. 82, Peruvian from Santa : woman, aetat. 60. F. A. 79°. I. C. 76. Nos. 79, 81 and 82 from Dr. Ruschenberger. bb CATALOGUE OF 6. 449. Peruvian from Santa : man, setat. 60. F. A. 77°. I. C. 88. 7. 569, Peruvian child of 8 years, from Santa. Dr. Ruschen- berger. S. 109. Peruvian from Santa. From Lima. 1. 68. Peruvian from a tumulus near Lima: man, setat. 40. F. A. 74°. I. C. 90. Dr. H. S. Rennolds, U. S. Navy. 2. 91. Peruvian from Chorillos, near Lima : woman, aetat. 60. F. A. 75°. I. C. 66. Dr. Ruschenberger. 3. 412. Peruvian from a tumulus at Rimac, near Lima : woman, setat. 60. F. A. 74°. I. C. 79. Dr. H. S. Rennolds, U. S. N. See Crania Americana, plate 57 and page 226. 4. 414. Peruvian, the os frontis flattened by art. From a tumulus at Rimac, near Lima. F. A. 72 Q . I. C. 81. Dr. H. S. Ren- nolds, U. S. N. See Crania Americana, plate 57 and page 226. 5. 452. Peruvian from near Lima: man, setat. 30. F. A. Q^. I. C. 83. From Dr. Ruschenberger. 6. 576. Peruvian from a mound near Lima. I. C. 72. Dr. H. S. Rennolds, U. S. N. 7. 231. Peruvian from an Indian tumulus in the valley of Lima, near Magdalena, June, 1845. Miscellaneous. {Case 11.) 1. 11. Ancient Chimuyan from the ruined city near Truxillo, in Peru : woman, setat. 40. I. C. 71. Dr. M. Burrough. See Crania Americana, plate 6 and page 112. 2. 451. Peruvian : woman, setat. 30. F. A. 78°. I. C. 87. 3. 637. Quiciiua Indian of Upper Peru : man, setat. 40. F. A. 70c. I. C. 82. Ex-President Vargas. 4. 1348. Peruvian skull, artificially elongated upwards and back- wards : man, setat. 50. I. C 66. Dr. Dickeson. 5. 1517, Peruvian child of 8 years. Payta. Dr. S. J. Oakford. 1850. 6. 1518. Peruvian: man, actat. 50. I. C. — . From a mound in the province of Payta. Dr. S. J. Oakford. 1850. 7. 113. Peruvian of the Inca race. 8. 232. Peruvian. Atacames. !). 1046. PERUVIAN from an ancient cemetery at Guamay. I. C. 74. Dr. Paul Swift 1843. HUMAN CRANIA. 87 1. 447. Peruvian from near Callao: woman, setat. 40. F. A. 74°. I. C. 76. 2. 448. Peruvian from near Callao : woman, aetat.40. F. A. 74°. I. C. 73. Nos. 447 and 448 from Dr. Ruschenberger. 3. 233. Peruvian from vaults at Callao Fort, May, 1845. 1. 710. Cast of an elongated Peruvian skull. Dr. 0. S. Fowler. 2. 711. Cast of another ancient Peruvian skull. Dr. O. S. Fowler. 8. 700. Cast of the head of an ancient Peruvian, from a tomb on the Island of Titicaca, in Bolivia. Crania Americana, page 97, &c. 4. 701. Cast of an ancient Peruvian skull, from a tomb on the Island of Titicaca. 5. 702. Cast of a skull found with the preceding. 6. 703. Cast of a skull taken by Mr. Pentland from an ancient tomb at Coracolla, latitude 17° 38' south. 7. 704. Cast of a skull of the ancient Peruvian race* taken from the tombs between Pomete and Chimgauge, by Mr. Pentland. 8. 705. Cast of a skull taken by Mr. Pentland from a large tomb in the Island of Titicaca. See Crania Americana, page 97, and Jour- nal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. viii. See also my Distinctive Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America, p. 7, 41, and M. D'Orbigny, L'Homme Americain, planche 2. b. MEXICAN FAMILY. (Case 12.) 1. 34. Mexican Indian of the Tlahiiica tribe : woman, setat. 40. F. A. 76°. I. C. 84. W. Maclure, Esq., 1836. The following is a copy of Mr. Maclure's note to me : — " The skull of an Indian from Acapancingo, eighteen leagues south of Mexico, and a league and a half from Cuernavaca, State of Mexico." See Clavigero' s Hist, of Mexico <, Cullen's Trans., vol. i. p. 7 ; and Crania Americana, plate 18 A, and page 156. 1. 734. Skull of an ancient Mexican, of the Aztec? nation; ex- humed near the Indian village of Guahapan, on the mountain Popo- catapetl. Man, setat. 40. I. C. 85. Dr. J. Macartney, of Mexico. 2. 735. Aztec? found with the preceding. Woman, setat. 40. I. C. 76. Dr. Macartney. 88 CATALOGUE OP 1. 714. Mexican Indian from an ancient cemetery at Otumba : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 90. Crania Americana, plate 61 and page 233. 2. 715. MEXICAN Indian from Otumba : woman, aetat. 20. I. C. 77. Crania Americana, plate 59 and page 231. 3. 716. Mexican Indian from Otumba: woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 77°. I. C. 81. Crania Americana, plate 60 and page 232. 1. 717. Ancient Mexican from Tacuba: man, aetat. 50. I. C. 80. 2. 718, Ancient Mexican from Tacuba : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 81. 3. 719. Mexican Indian from near the city of Mexico. I. C. 92. 4. 720. Ancient Mexican from Tacuba : woman, aetat. 60. I. C. 84? The preceding seven skulls, 714 to 720, inclusive, were transmitted to me by the late "William Maclure, Esq., with the following note : " Skulls obtained by Mr. Joseph Smith from the ancient tombs of Tacuba and Otumba, for Dr. Morton, May, 1, 1839." 1. 1323. The skull of Vicente Kivaz, an Otomie Cazique of the pure Mexican race, born and died in the village of San Piedro Flax- coapan, in the department of Tula, 20 leagues from the city of Mexico. He lived to be 80 years of age, and was remarkable for his literary attainments and amiable disposition. Sent mebySenor Don Jose Gomez de la Catina, of the city of Mexico, A. D. 1848, through Dr. Henderson, U. S. A. I. C 72. 2. 1000. Ancient Mexican. Otomie nation : man, aetat, 50. From a mound near Ajacuba. F. A. 80°. I. C. 92. 3. 1001. Ancient Mexican. Otomie nation : woman, aetat. 30. From the same place. F. A. 75°. I. C 67. 4. 1002. Ancient Mexican. Otomie nation : woman, aetat. 40. From a mound near the village of Doxey. F. A. 73°. I. C. 76. 5. 1003. Ancient Mexican. Otomie nation : man, aetat. 18. From a mound near the Sierra de Zumpanga. F. A. 70°. I. C. 76. 1. 1004. Ancient Mexican. Tlascalau nation : man, aetat. 40. From a mound in the suburbs of Tlascala. F. A. 75°. I. C. 84. 1. 1005. Ancient Mexican. Chechcmccan nation : woman, aetat. 30. From a mound at Tezcuco. F. A. 75°. I. C. 83. The six preceding crania were obtained and presented by Don J. Gomez de la Cortina, of the city of Mexico, through Mr. W. HUMAN CRANIA. 89 Augustus Twigg. See Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences for July, 1841. 1. 1226. Ancient Mexican skull, from the cemetery of Santiago de Tlatilolco, near the city of Mexico, in which many thousands of the natives were interred after the brave defence of their city against Cortes. I. C. 79.5. From his Excellency the Baron von Gerolt, A. D. 1845. See Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences for July, 1845. 1. 681. Mexican Indian of the Pames tribe, from San Lorenzo, near the capital : woman, setat. 50. F. A. 77°. I. C. 78. Crania Americana, plate 17 A, and page 154. 2. 1313. Pames Mexican : woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 81. From the village of San Lorenzo, near the city of Mexico. W. S. Parrott, Esq. 1. 1314. Ancient Mexican chief, exhumed, together with various aboriginal arms and utensils, from the Cerro de Quesilas, near the city of Mexico, and brought from thence by the Hon. J. R. Poin- sett, U. S. Minister to Mexico. F. A. 72°- I. C. 86. See Cra- nia Americana, plate 14 and page 152. 2. 682. Mexican Indian: man, setat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 91. Crania Americana, plate 17 and page 153. In that work, table 1, page 257, this skull is erroneously referred to No. 559. 3. 234. Skull said to be taken from under the vast Altar of Sacri- fices at Mexico. Presented by Dr. E. H. Barton, of N. Orleans. 1. 1353. Cast of a singularly deformed Mexican skull. Prof. An- dreas Retzius, of Stockholm. 1. 1566, Indian cranium. Pimos village, Mexico. Presented by Dr. Heermann, August, 1854. F. A. 78o. I. C. — . 1. 1345. Skull of a chief of the Lipan tribe of Indians, killed in a skirmish with Col. Doniphan's legion, on the 5th of May, 1847, at Poyo, near Parsos, in New Mexico. Man, aetat. 40. I. C. 84. This skull was procured and presented by Dr. A. Wislizenus, of St. Louis, Missouri. 2. 1346. Skull, supposed to be of an ancient tribe of Lipan Indians, from the celebrated sepulchral cavern of Bolson de Massimi, be- 90 CATALOGUE OF tween San Sebastian and San Lorezo, in the State of Durango, [New Mexico. Man, aetat. 50. I. C. 99. Obtained and pre- sented by Dr. A. Wislizenus, of St. Louis, Missouri, A. D. 1847. 1. 1515. Modern Mexican Indian: man (?) aetat. 30. I. C. 78. Brought from Perotd, A. D.1847, by Capt. G. W. Smith, U. S. Army, and presented by Dr. J. H. B. McClellan. 2. 1347, Head of a young Mexican sergeant, killed at the battle of Buena Vista, in New Mexico, May, 1847. An example of natural desiccation. Dr. R. S. Holmes, U. S. A. 3. 555. Mexican soldier, aetat. 40, with three cicatrized gunshot wounds through the right parietal bone. Slain at the battle of San Jacinto, in Texas, A. D. 1836. 4. 556. Mexican soldier, aetat. 40, with cicatrized depression of the frontal and nasal bones. Slain at the battle of San Jacinto. 5. 557. Mexican soldier, aetat. 50, slain at San Jacinto. A rifle ball has entered the occipital bone and passed out of the left parietal. 6. 558. xMexican soldier, aetat. 40, slain at San Jacinto. Skull perforated by a ball. Nos. 555 to 558, inclusive, from J. J. Audubon, Esq. 7. 722. Singularly formed skull from the battle-field of San Jacinto, in Texas, A. D. 1836. I. C. 79. Dr. Trudeau. 8. 689. Mexican Indian, slain at the battle of San Jacinto, in Texas, A. D. 1836. Man, aetat. 30. I. C. 91. W. M. Black- ford, Esq. V. NEGRO GROUP. 1. American-Bom. {Case 12.) 1. 1. Negro, born in the United States, aetat. 30. I. C. 83. 2. 2. Negro, born in the United States, setat. 50. F. A. 69 c . I. C 83. 3. 69. Negress, aetat. 80 years. I. C. 79. 4. 74. Negro ; died of malignant polypus of the antrum. I. C. 76. Dr. F. Turnpenny. 5. 548. Negro of St. Domingo, aetat. 30. I. C. 86. 6. 549. Negress, aetat. 20. I. C. 83. HUMAN CRANIA. 91 7. 900. Negro, born in the United States, setat. 60. I. C. 75. 8. 983. Negro, born in the United States. F. A. 76°. I. C. 84. Negro (983). 9. 984. Negro, born in the United States, setat. 50. F. A. 79°. I. C. 86. 10. 1301. Fragment of a Negro skull of remarkable thickness. 11. 1302. Negro convict. 12. 1318. Negro. History unknown. 13. 1320. Negress of South Carolina, aetat. 30. I. C. 73. X)r. Hardy. 14. 1321. Cast of the skull of a Negro, remarkable for the flatness of the lateral or temporal regions, and for a grooved surface over the posterior part of the coronal suture, and deep depressions which supply the place of the parietal protuberances. Dr. J. Wyman, of Boston. See Nos. 444, 893 and 1290. 15. 235. Cast of a Negro skull. 16. 236. Cast of a Negro skull. 2. Native Africans. (Cases 12-13.) 1. 12. Native African boy. Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger. 2. 114, Negro, from Western Africa. 3. 421. Native African, male of the Benguella tribe, aetat. about 40 years. I. C. 88. Dr. J. W. Russell, 1835. 4. 422. Native African, female of the Mina tribe, setat. about 30 years. I. C. 80. Dr. Russell. 5. 423. Native African, male of the Mozambique tribe, aetat. between 40 and 50 years. I. C. 85. Dr. Russell. 6. 1245, Mozambique Negro : man, setat. 60. I. C. 80. Mr. Jno. Watson, through Dr. G-. Watson, 1845. 7. 237. Cast of a Mozambique skull. Presented by Mr. Harlan. [In the Benguella skull (No. 421), the forehead is broad and capa- 92 CATALOGUE OF cious, the calvarial arch full and regular, the posterior region ap- pears elongated in consequence of the angle formed by the junction of a large Wormian piece and the occiput proper ; face regular, superior maxilla} prognathous. The Mozambique skull (No. 423), resembles in form that of the Benguella and Kroos. In another Mozambique hoad (No. 1245), however, the forehead is narrower and higher. The cast of a Mozambique skull (No. 237), pre- sents an exceedingly low and degraded form.] 580. Native African of the Mactja tribe : boy, setat. 16. F. A. 75°. I. C. 67. Dr. Lobe of Havana. 9. 640. Native African of the Dey tribe, Liberia. Dr. Skinner. 10. 645. Native African of the Grabbo tribe, near Liberia : man, setat. 30. F. A. 77°. I. C. 97. 11. 646. Native African of the Bass a tribe of Liberia: woman, setat. 30. F. A. 80°. I. C. 77. 12. 647. Native African of the Bassa tribe of Liberia : man, cetat. 30. I. C 98. 13. 648. Native African of the Bassa tribe, aetat. 50. I. C. 88. I received this skull, together with the preceding three, from Dr. Robert McDowell, with the following memorandum : — " The skull of an African Gree-gree man, or doctor. For commit- i ting some crime he was tried by the ordeal of drinking red-wood water f and being found guilty, was cut in pieces, and thrown into the St. John's river, Grand Bassa, Africa, where his skull was found — a very good specimen of the Bassa tribe. A. D. 1835. 14. 823. Negress, setat. 60, with gray, woolly hair. I. C. 73. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 12, fig. 7. Negres^s (823). 15. 898. Native African. The following series of 29 skulls, of Native African Negroes, was received from Don Jose Rodriguez Cisneros, M. D., of Havana. HUMAN CRANIA. 93 16. 901. Native African. F. A. 76°. I. C. 76. 17. 902. Native African, aetat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C. 86. 18. 903. Native African. F. A. 77*. I. C. 80. 19. 904. Native African, setat. 20. F. A. 76°. I. C. 79. 20. 905. Native African, setat. 30. 21. 906. Native African, aetat. 12. 22. 907. Native African, aetat. 14. 23. 908. Native African, aetat. 25. 24. 909. Native African, aetat. 16. 25. 910. Native African, aetat. 20. 26. 911. Native African, aetat. 14. 27. 912. Native African, aetat. 25. 28. 913. Native African, aetat. 30. 29. 914. Native African, aetat. 17. 30. 915. Native African, aetat. 25. 31. 916. Native African, aetat. 16. 32. 917. Native African, aetat. 25. 33. 918. Native African, aetat. 40. 34. 919. Native African, aetat. 30. 35. 920. Native African, setat. 25. 36. 921. Native African, setat. 14. 37. 922. Native African, setat. 14. 38. 923. Native African, aetat. 20. 39. 924. Native African, aetat. 16. 40. 925. Native African, aetat. 30. 41. 926. Native African, aetat. 14. 42. 927. Native African, setat. 16. 43. 928. Native African, aetat. 35. 44. 929. Native African, setat. 40. Second series of crania of Native African tribes, Nos. 958 to 981, inclusive, from Don Jose Kodriguez Cisneros, M. D., of Havana. 45. 958. Native African Negro, aetat. 30. F. A. 79°. I. C. 89. 46. 959. Native African, aetat. 7. 47. 960. Native African Negress, setat. 18. F. A. 76°. I. C. 82. 48. 961, Native African : girl of 14 years. F. A. 82°. 49. 962. Native African Negro, aetat. 18. F. A. 76°. I. C. 87. 50. 963. Native African Negro, setat. 30. F. A. 71°. I. C. 82. 51. 964. Native African Negro, aetat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 93. 52. 965, Native African Negress, aetat. 16. F. A 77°. I. C 72. 53. 966. Native African Negress. F. A. 79 Q I. 0. 79. 54. 967. Native African : girl of 18. I. C. 71. F. A. 75o. I. C. 85. F. A. 79°. F. A. 82°. I.C. 99. F. A. 79°. I. C. 89. F. A. 75°. I. C. 78. F. A. 79*. F. A. 76°. I. C. 87. F. A. 76°. I. C. 92. F. A. 73°. L C. 78. F. A. 77°. I. C 88. F. A. 79*. I. C. 80. F. A. 78°. I. C. 73. F. A. 75°. I. C. 87. F. A. 80°. I. C. 96. F. A. 74*. I. C. 72. F. A. 74*. F. A. 81°. I. C. 86. F. A. 73°. I. C. 76. F. A. 81*. I. C. 80. F. A. 80*. I. C. 90. F. A. 77°. I. C. 88. F. A. 77°,. I. C. 83. 94 CATALOGUE OF 55. 968. Native African Negro, aetat. 25. F. A. 73°. I. C. 87. W. 969. Native African : girl of 12 years. F. A. 74°. 57. 970. Native African : girl of 16. F. A. 78°. I. C. 76. 58. 971. Native African Negro, aetat. 25. F. A. 80°. I. C. 86. 59. 972. Native African : boy of 15 years. F. A. 75°. 60. 973. Native African Negro, aetat. 25. F. A. 79*. I. C. 93. 61. 974. Native African Negro. F. A. 72°. I. C. 85, 62. 975. Native African Negro, aetat. 25. F. A. 81°. I. C. 99. 63. 976. Native African Negro, aetat. 18. F. A. 80 p . I. C. 82. 64. 977. Native African, aetat. 16. F. A. 83°. I. C. 86. 65. 978. Native African Negro, aetat. 20. F. A. 80°. I. C. 78. (yQ. 979. Native African, aetat. 16. F. A. 73*. I. C. 77. 67. 980. Native African, aetat. 14. 68. 981. Native African Negro, aetat. 30. F. A. 75°. I. C. 97. 69. 993. Native African Negro, aetat. 30. F. A. 81°. I. C. 78. 70. 994. Native African Negro, aetat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C. 76. 71. 1093, Golah Negro, warrior, aetat. 70. F. A. 77°. I. C. 85. Liberia. 72. 1094. Golah warrior, aetat. 40. F. A. 77°. I. C. 90. 73. 1095. Pessah : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 80°. I. C. 90. 74. 1096. Pessah : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 76°. I. C. 80. 75. 1097. Pessah : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 77°. I. C. 83. The five preceding skulls are of Negroes killed in the attack on Heddington, in Liberia, A. D. 1840. 76. 1098. Krooman, aetat. 40. F. A. 79°. I. C. 92. 77. 1099. Krooman, aetat. 50. F. A. 73°. I. C. 95. 78. 1100. Dey : man, aetat. 30. F. A. 79°. I. C. 89. 79. 1101. Eboe : man, aetat. 40. F. A. 74°. 80. 1102. Eboe : woman, aetat. 30. F. A. 75 Q . I. C. 71. The last two were hanged in Liberia for murder. 81. 1103. Native African : woman, aetat. 25. F. A. 75°. I. C. 65. The preceding eleven skulls of Native Africans were received A. D. 1842, from Dr. S. M. E. Goheen, for several years physician to the colony of Liberia in Western Africa. [The Golah skull (No. 1093), is remarkable for its massiveness and density. The calvaria is well-formed, expanding fron the frontal region back towards the occiput, which is flat and shelving. The two halves of the os frontis form a double inclined plane, whose summit coincides with the sagittal suture. The basis cranii is full and round, and the mastoid processes large; nasal bones flat, aud falling in below the glabella; orbits large, and widely sepa- HUMAN CRANIA. 95 rated ; malar bones laterally prominent. This latter feature, in conjunction with the double inclination of the os frontis, gives to the head a pyramidal form. The superior maxilla is distinctly everted at the alveolar margin. Another head of the same tribe is longer and narrower, and, in consequence of the flatness of the malar bones, has less of the pyramidal form. — The calvaria of a Pessah skull (No. 1095) is oblong in figure ; the forehead flat, and receding ; superciliary ridges ponderous ; malar bones large and flat; upper jaw everted; lower jaw retracted, occiput pro- tuberant. In a Kroo head (No. 1098), I find the forehead broad and high ; the calvaria regularly arched, and having its greatest diameter between the anterior and inferior parts of the parietalia ; the occipital region flat and shelving downwards and forwards to a small foramen magnum; mastoid processes large; face very broad ; malar bones shelving slightly like those of the Eskimo ; inter-orbital space very large; upper jaw slightly everted ; teeth rather small, and vertical ; zygomatic fossae deep. In another Kroo skull, the vertex is flat, the forehead recedent, and the jaws more prognathous. The calvaria of a Dey skull is narrow in front and broad posteriorly, with a flat vertex ; face small, regular, and compact, and, were it not for the projection of the superior alve- olus, might be considered as almost European. The skull of an Eboe (No. 1102), presents characters similar to those just de- tailed. It is chiefly remarkable for the great obliquity of the orbital opening, and the unusual smallness of the mastoid pro- cesses.] 82. 1224. Congo Negro ; a young native. Remarkable for the ab- sence of the coronal, sagittal and lambdoidal sutures. Dr. David Gilbert, 1844. 83. 1107. Hottentot: woman, aetat. 35. F. A. 75°. I. C 68. 84. 1244. Hottentot : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 75. 85. 1351. Hottentot : woman, aetat. 25. I. C. 83. The above three Hottentot skulls were sent me by Mr. John Watson , of Cape Town, through Dr. Gavin Watson, 1845-8. 86. 1358. Kaffer skull : man, aetat. 50. I. C. 80. From Mr. John Watson, through Dr. G. Watson. 87. 1360. Cast of a Kaffer skull. Prof. Retzius. 88. 238. Cast of the skull of a Bosjie woman. Presented by Mr. Harlan. [The three Hottentot heads are long, compressed anteriorly; fore- heads low ; the whole face small and prognathous, the slope, from 96 CATALOGUE OF the glabella to the upper alveolus, being continuous ; the occipital region protuberant. Only one of these heads approximates the pyramidal form. The two Kaffir skulls are characterized by high, peaked foreheads ; the sagittal suture marked by a prominent ridge, and the calvaria pyramidal in form.] 3. Hovahs. [Case 13.) 1. 1306. Hovah of Madagascar : man, aetat. 25. I. C. 82. 2. 1307. Hovah of Madagascar : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 83. These two Hovah skulls were procured by Lieut. Isaac G. Strain, U. S. N., at Majunga, Bembatooka Bay, on the west coast ot Madagascar, A. D. 1846. The Hovahs, who constitute the ruling caste of this island, are a black race closely allied to the Kaffers. They are more or less blended with the Arabs, Hindus and Malays, but not to such a degree as to materially affect their national traits or their peculiar language, as Mr. Crawfurd has shown. [These two Hovah skulls have the base long and narrow, the vertex flat, the orbits narrow and high, and the superior maxilla? promi- nent.] IV. ALFORIAN RACE. Australians. (Case 13.) The following three native Australian skulls were presented to me A. D. 1849, by Dr. Charles Nicholson, of Sydney, New South Wales. 1. 1450. Australian woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 71. 2. 1451. Native Australian man, from Mount Abrupt, in the Australian Grampians. iEtat. 50. I. C. 83. 3. 1452. Native Australian woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 63. 4. 1327. Australian of Port St. Philip, New South Wales. This man, whose name was Durabub, was killed in a fray after having himself killed two savages of a hostile tribe, A. D. 1841. His skull is the nearest approach to the Orang type that I have seen. JEtat. 40. I. C 81. [Tt is a truly animal head. The forehead is exceedingly flat and re- cedent, while the prognathism of the superior maxillary almost degenerates into a muzzle. The alveolar arch, instead of beins: HUMAN CRANIA. 97 round or oval in outline, is nearly square. The whole head is elongated and depressed along the coronal region, the basis cranii Australian (1327). flat, and the mastoid processes very large and roughly formed. The immense orbits are overhung by ponderous superciliary ridges. This latter feature is still more evident in No. 1451 of the Collection, which, though varying somewhat in type, presents in general the same brutal appearance.] 5. 1328. Native Australian boy, about 16 years old, native of Port St. Philip, at which place he was hanged for murder. I. C. 82. Procured in Calcutta by my friend Dr. Chas. Huffnagle, and by him presented to me, A. D. 1847. 6. 1261. New Hollander, of a tribe near the Goulbourn settlement : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 81. 7. 1262, New Hollander, from a tribe of the Groulbourn settlement, killed in an affray with the people of another tribe : woman, aetat, 55. I. C. 75. The two preceding skulls were sent me by Charles Nicholson, M. D., of Sydney, in Australia, 1845. See Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, for December, 1845. 8. 1289. Native of New Holland : man, aetat. 60. I. C. 65. From J. W. Wilton, Esq., Gloucester, England, 1846. 9. 239. Fragment of the skull of a New Hollander. 10. 240. Australian : man, from Moreton Bay. 11. 241. Australian : woman, from Moreton Bay. Oceanic Negroes. 1. 435. Oceanic Negro, from the Indian Archipelago : woman, aetat. 40. I. C. 77. Dr. Doornik. 2. 1343: Tasmanian, of Van Diemen's land (?) Oceanic Negro of the Indian Archipelago ; aetat. 35. I. C. 76. 7 <»8 CATALOGUE OF VI. MIXED RACES. Copts. (Case 14.) 759. Copt, from a Convent near Cairo, on the road to Abersabei : woman, ©tat. 20. F. A. 78°. I. C. 77. Crania JEgyptiaca, page 57. From Gr. R. Gliddon, Esq., late United States Consu"; for the City of Cairo. 760. Coptic child, a year old. Obtained with No. 759. 761. Copt of Lower Egypt: man, rctat. 40. F. A. 81°. I. C. 85. Obtained with No. 759. [Dr. Morton describes No. 761 as elongated, narrow, but other- wise mediately developed in front, with great breadth and fulness in the whole posterio 1 ' region. The nasal bones, though prominent, are broad, short, and concave, and the upper jaw is everted. There is also a remarkable distance be- tween the eyes. See Crania JEgyptiaca, p. 57.] 795i Skull exhumed from the front of the First or Northern Brick Pyramid of Dashour, Memphite necropolis, by Mr. Perring, Civil Engineer. Blends the Coptic with the Egyptian form. F. A. 70°. I. C. 75. Crania ^Egyptiaca, page J. For an engraving of this skull, sec page 39. HUMAN CRANIA. 99 5. 786. Skull sent me from Old Cairo, in Egypt, by Mr. Gliddon, who knew nothing of its history. A eunuch ? setat. 40. I. C. 77. Negroid Egyptians. 1. 800. Negroid form: head of a child. 2. 835. Negroid form : woman of 30, with long, coarse hair. F. A. 73°. I. C. 71. Crania iEgyp- tiaca, plate 4, fig. 3. Nos. 800 and 835 are from G. R. Gliddon, Esq, 3. 852, Negroid Egyptian : man, setat. 50. F. A. 75°. I. C. 77. Crania iEgyptiaca, page 17. 4. 857. Egyptian blended with the Negro form ? Hair fine. F. A. 77°. I. C. 83. Crania iEgyptiaca, plate 7, fig. 3. 5. 858, Negroid Egyptian : man, setat. 60. F. A. 77°. I. C. 87. Crania • iEgyptiaca, page 17. Nos. 852, 857 and 858 are from M. Clot Bey. 6. 864, Negroid Egyptian : woman, aetat. 40. F. A. 75°. I. C. 77. Crania iEgyptiaca, page 17. 7. 869. Negroid Egyptian : man, setat. 50. F. A. 76o. I. C. 88. Crania iEgyptiaca, page 17. 8. 874. Egyptian and Negro form? child of ten years. 9. 885. Negroid form : woman, setat. 40. F. A. 76°. I. C. 77. Crania iEgyptiaca, page 17. Nos. 864, 869, 874 and 885 are from G. R. Gliddon, Esq. 10. 1238. Mummied head from Egypt. Negroid form ; hair long, coarse and curling. Dr. C. Pickering. 1845. 11. 1239. Mummied head from Egypt. Negroid form ? man, aetat. 50. I. C. 75. Dr. Charles Pickering. 1845. 100 CATALOGUE OF 12. 1294, Embalmed head from the Grottoes of Maabdeh. Negroid form (mixed Negro and Egyptian) with short frizzled hair : man, sctat. 50. From A. C. Harris, Esq., of Alexandria, in Egypt, A. D. 1846. Nubians. 1. 787. Modern Nubian ? Nation uncertain. From Old Cairo. Woman, aetat. 30. I. C. 80. 2. 839. Nubian form? man, setat. 50. F. A. 78o. I. C. 74. Thebes. Crania JEgyptiaca, plate 8, fig. 3. 3. 888. Nubian form ? man, jetat. 35. I. C. 85. Crania JEgyp- tiaca, page 14. Nos. 787 to 888 from G. R. Gliddon, Esq. Nubian? (888). 4. 242. Cast of a Nubian skull. From the late Dr. Harlan's col- lection. Presented by Mr. Harlan. Hispano- Peruvians. 1. 50, CnoLO, or Hispano-Peruvian ? From the church vault at Old Callao, into which were thrown the dead bodies of the Royal- ist garrison of San Philippo, A. D. 1825. I. C. 96. Dr. H. S. Rermolds, U. S. Navy. 2. 61. CnoLO, or Hisi>ano-Peruvian ? cetat. 50. I. C. 95. Dr. II. S. Rennolds, U. S. Navy. Hiqmno'Indian. 1. 690. Mexican soldier, with a cicatrised sabre wound of the os HUMAN CRANIA. 101 frontis. Mixed Indian and Spaniard ? aetat. 30. Slain at San Jacinto, Texas. I. C. 81. J. J. Audubon, Esq. Negroid Indians. 1. 408. Choctaw and Negro? I. C. 79. Dr. Wilson, who dis- sected this man, considered him a full-blooded Choctaw ; but the skull strongly indicates a mixture of the Negro. 2. 636. Sambo : mixed race of Venezuela Indian and Negro : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 81. Ex-President Vargas, of Caraccas. 3. 982. Mixed Negro and Indian ? I. C. 78. Malay o- Chinese* 1. 1342, Malayo-Chinese of the Island of Java : man, 83 tat. 30. I. C. 84. Presented by Dr. Mead, through Dr. John Watson, of New York, 1847. Mulattoes. 1. 1234. Mulatto ? man, aetat. 50, with an anchylosed fracture and displacement of the left occipital condyle. Dr. Edward Hallowell. 2. 1319. Skull of John Voorhees, a Mulatto porter, born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, and died of consumption in the Blockley Hospital, November 5, 1846, aged 35 years. About an hour be- fore his death, he called the nurse to him and confessed as follows : That eighteen or twenty years before, having a hatred against another boy of his own color, two years younger than himself, he strangled and killed him. After committing the murder he be- came alarmed, and placed the dead body in a chair near the win- dow, hoping to revive it. He then fled ; and not having been seen to enter the house was never suspected of the murder ; and the boy, being found dead in the chair, was supposed to have died of apo- plexy. I have these facts and the skull from my friend Dr. Adol- phus L. Heerman. VII. LUNATICS AND IDIOTS. (Case 14.) 1. 9. Negro Idiot, aetat. 60. I. C. 70. 2. 10. Anglo-American boy : hydrocephalus, aged 8 years. 3. 14. Anglo-American Lunatic : woman, aetat. 45. F. A. 80°. I. C. 85. 1830. 102 CATALOGUE OF 4. 17. Mulatto Lunatic. Died of religious mania, 1831. Man, aetat. 22. I. 0. 77. 5. 36. Anglo-American Idiot : man, aetat. 40. I. C. 81. 6. 45. Anglo-American Lunatic, for several years confined in the cells of the Philadelphia Hospital. I. C 91. 7 55, Negro Lunatic, aetat. 40. I. C. 89. 8. 57. Lunatic Irishman, (Celt) aetat. 40. F. A. 79°. I. C. 82. 9. 58. German Lunatic : man, aetat. 70. I. C. 87. 10. 62. Lunatic Englishman, aged 30 years. I. C. 92. 1833. 11. 63. Negro Lunatic. Died irr the Philadelphia Hospital, A. D. 1832, aged G5 years. I. 0. 84. 12. 64. Mulatto Lunatic : woman, aetat. 18. I. C. 76. Died of ' Cholera, A. D. 1832. 13. 431. Malay Idiot of Amboyna : man, aetat. 30. 1.0. <4. From Dr. Doornik. U 458. Anglo-American female ; an Idiot from birth. Died Scp- ' tember, 1836, aetat. 70. I. C. 63. Dr. Henry S. Patterson. 15. 551. Idiot : European, aetat. 30. I. C. 79. From Dr. Door- ' nik's collection. Presented by Dr. Jones, of New Orleans. 16. 841. Idiotic head from Thebes : man, with fine hair. F. A. 65° ? Crania JEgyptiaca, page 16. 17. L8. 19. an Idiot (841). Idiot : man, aetat. 40 Crania JEgyptiaca, 863. Head of page 16. 988. Dutch Idiot, deaf and dumb : man, aetat. 30. I. C 96.5, Dr. W. B. Casey, of Middletown, Connecticut. 243. Skull of an Idiotic Negress, of a most remarkable charac- HUMAN CRANIA. 103 ter. Presented by Mr. B. H. Warden, while these sheets were passing through the press. VIII. SKULLS ILLUSTRATIVE OF GROWTH. {Case 15.) 1. 65. Skull of a child born at the seventh month. Dr. P. B. Goddard. 2. 65. Child six months old. Dr. Goddard. 3. 419. Head at the full period of utero-gestation. 4. 709. Skull of a foetus at the sixth month of utero-gestation. 5. 1211. Cranium of a child five months old. 6. 1212. Cranium of a child nine months old. 7. 1213. Cranium of a child eight months old. Miscellaneous and Uncertain. 1. 244. Cranium phrenologically marked, according to Dr. Spurz- heim. From Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger. 2. 245. Cranium phrenologically marked. 1-11. Eleven unclassified crania. 1045 Total. It will be seen that this total differs from that given on page 16, This discrepancy is due to the incorporation of several skulls received while these sheets were passing through the press. (See page 52, note, and page 102, No. 243). INDEX Page. Abyssinian, (No. 1361) 36 Affghan, (No. 1333) 31 Africans, Native, (Nos. 12, 114,237,238,421 to 423, 580,640,645 to 648, 823, 898, 901 to 929, 958 to 981, 993, 994, 1093 to 1103, 1107, 1224, 1244, 1245, 1351, 1358, 1360).. 91-6 Alexandrian Egyptians, (Nos. 1266 to 1268) 40 Alforian Race, (See Australians) 96 Amboyna Malays, (Nos. 430, 459, 1338) 53 America, Central, Barbarous Tribes of, (Nos. 990, 1050, 1067) 73 " North, " « ' 56 " South, « « 73 " " Indians from Mounds in, (Nos. 1242, 1243) 74-5 American Group 56 American Indians from various sources, (Nos. 53,211, 215 to 220, 416, 736, 992, 1236, 1237, 1270 to 1272, 1287, 1288, 1315, 1455, 1510 to 1512, 1557) 68-73 Anglo-American Race 25 Anglo-Americans, (Nos. 7, 24, 88, 98, 552, 724, 899, 1108) 25-6 Anglo-Saxon Race 24 Arabs, (Nos. 780, 781, 784) , 34 Araucanians (Nos. 120, 221 to 224, 651, 652, 654 to 656, 995, 997) 73-4 Arican Peruvians, (See Peruvians) 76-8 Arickarees, (Nos. 649, 748, 949) 56 Armenians, (Nos. 789 to 794) 30 Assinaboins, (Nos. 659, 1230, 1231) 56 Australians, (Nos. 239 to 241, 1261, 1262, 1289, 1327, 1328, 1450 to 1452) 96-7 Ayras, (Nos. 712, 713, 1329 to 1332, 1334, 1335) 45 Aztec Mexicans, (Nos. 734, 735) 87 Barbarous Tribes of North America 56 Bassa Negroes, (Nos. 646 to 648) 92 106 • INDEX. Page. Bengalees, (Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 49, 51, 83, 101, 111,410,411,413, 432, 442 to 444,547, 553, 554, G55, 948, 1047, 1309 to 1312, 1344, 1554) 45-7 Benguella Negro, (No. 421) 91 Berber Race 35 Black-foot Indians, (See Cotonays) 57 Borneo Malays, (Nos. 425, 1186) 53 Bosjie, (No. 238) 95 Brahmin, (No. 330) 45 Brazilians, (Nos. 1254, 1513, 1528 to 1530, 1555, 1556) 76 British soldier, (?) (No. 21) 26 Burat Mongol, (No. 1355) 48 Burgnndian, Ancient, (No. 1533) 24 Burmese soldiers, (Nos. 666, 667) 47 Calapooyah, (No. 574) 63 Californian Indians, (Nos. 1514, 1565) 68 Catacombs of Paris, Skulls from, (Nos. 661 to 664) 27 Caucasian Group 19 Cayuga Indian, (No. 417) 72 Celtic Race, (See Irish) 26 Central Americans 73 Charibs, (Nos. 225, 638, 692) 75-6 Chayenne Indian, (No. 1041) 72 Chechemecan, (No. 1005) 88 Chemesyan Indian, (No. 987) 72 Cherokees, (Nos. 632 to 635, 1285, 1297) 56 Chetimachcs, (Nos. 43, 70) 57 Chimuyan Indian, (No. 11) 86 Chinese, (Nos. 3, 56, 94, 426, 427, 550, 669, 670, 1336, 1526, 1527) 47-8 Chinooks, (Nos. 203, 457, 462, 578, 641, 721, 1349, 1350) 57 Chippeways, (Nos. 683,684) 57 Choctaw Indian, (No. 22) 72 Cimbric Dane. (No. 1362) 20 Oimbric Swedes, (Nos. 1532, 1550) 20 Circassians, (Nos. 762 to 765) 29-30 Clatsaps, (Nos. 203, 575).... 57, 64 Clickitats, (Nos. 207, -161) 63 Congo Negro, (No. 1224) 95 Copts, (Nos. 759 to 761, 786, 795) 98 Ootonay Indians, (Nos. 744, 745, 1227) 57-8 Creek-. (N'os. 441, 579, 751, 1454) 58 Crow Indians, (See Upsarookas) 68 Dacotas, (Nos, 1 12, 204, 605) 58-9 Dane, Oimbric, (No. 1362) 20 Informed Mexican skull, (No. 1353) 89 INDEX. 107 Page. Delaware Indians, (See Lenapes) 59 Dey Negroes, (Nos. 640, 1100) 92, 94 Djogocarta Javanese, (No. 428) 53 Dutchman, (No. 434) 23 Dyaks, (Nos. 1523, 1525) 54 Eboes, (Nos. 1101, 1102) 94 Egyptians, Alexandrian, (Nos. 1266 to 1268) 40 Egyptians from Gizeh, (Nos. 1194 to 1209) , 41 " " Maabdeh, (Nos. 833, 834, 836, 1292) 42 " " Memphis, (Nos. 769, 797, 805, 806, 809, 810, 811, 813, 816, 819, 820, 1223, 1235, 1291, 1519 to 1522, 1524) 39-40 " " Pits atKoum Ombos, (Nos. 830 to 832) 41-2 " Negroid, 99-100 » from Thebes, (Nos. 48, 60, 843, 844, 846 to 849, 851, 853, 854, 855, 860 to 862,866, 867, 871, 872, 876 to 878, 880 to 883, 886 to 889, 894, 1044, 1290, 1293, 1295) 36-9 " " other sources, (Nos. 802, 803, 822, 1240, 1317) 42 Englishmen, (Nos. 59, 80, 539, 991) 24-5 Eskimos, (Nos. 200, 674 to 679, 1558 to 1563) 50-2 Euchee Indian, (No. 39) 72 Explanatory Note 3 Fellahs, (Nos. 499, 766 to 776, 778, 779, 782, 783, 785, 788, 999) 42-3 Finland Swedes, (Nos. 1545, 1546) 20 Finnish Race , 21 Finns, Swedish, (Nos. 1542 to 1544) 20-1 Finns, True, (Nos. 1252, 1259, 1534 to 1541) 21-2 Fox Indians, (See Ottigamies), 65 Fuke-luste-Hadjo Indian, (No. 729) 67 Guanche, (No. 23) 35 Gee-Foo Malay, (No. 1316) 53 Gentoo Indians, (Nos. 1555, 1556) 76 Gepepscot Indian, (See Penobscots) 65 Germans, (Nos. 37, 706, 1060, 1062 to 1064, 1187 to 1191) 22-3 Gizeh Egyptians, (Nos. 1194 to 1209) 41 Golah Negroes, (Nos. 1093, 1094) 94 Grabbo Negro, (No. 615) 92 Greeco-Egyptians, (Nos. 798, 799, 801, 804, 808,812,814, 815, 817, 821 824, 825, 837, 838, 840, 850, 856, 859, 868, 873, 875, 884, 893) 31-3 Greek, (No. 1354) 29 Gros-ventre Indians, (See Minetari) 61 Guaycuru Indian, (No. 1530.).,...., 76 108 INDEX. Page. Hebrews, (Nos. 807, 818, 842, 845, 865, 870, 879, 1299) 34-5 Hindoos, (See Ayr as and Bengalees) 44-7 Hispano-Peruvians, (Nos. 50, 61) 100 Hispano-Indian, (No. 690) 101 Hottentots, (Nos. 1107, 1244, 1351) 95 Hovahs, (Nos. 1306, 1307)....: 96 Hurons, (Nos. 15, 607, 1217, 1218) 59 Hyperborean Race 48 Idiots, (See Lunatics) 101 Illinois Indians, (Nos. 1010, 1042) 59 Indians from Steubenville Cave, (Nos. 210, 420, 436 to 439, 658, 723)... 69 Indo-Chinese Race 47 Indostanic Race 44 Introduction 13 Irish, (Nos. 18, 42, 52, 985, 986, 1186, 1356) 26-7 Iroquois, (Nos. 16, 119, 989) 59 Japanese, (No. 668) 48 Javanese Malays, (See Malays) 53 Kaffers, (Nos. 1358, 1360) 95 Kalmuck, (No. 1553) 49 Kamskatkan (No. 725) 48 Kanakas of Oahu, (Nos. 564, 695) 54-5 " Sandwich Islands, (Nos. 565, 566, 572, 1300, 1308) 54-5 Kenhawha, (No. 212) 72 Kens or Ancient Nubians, (Nos. 826 to 829) 41 Killemook, (No. 576) 64 Klatsoni, (No. 577) 64 Kowalitsk, (No. 573) 63 Kroomen, (Nos. 1098, 1099) 94 Laplanders, (Nos. 1248, 1250, 1257, 1551, 1552) 50 Lenapes or Delawares, (Nos. 40, 115, 118, 205, 206, 418, 568, 1263 to 1265) 59-60 Lipan Indians, (Nos. 1345, 1346) 89 Loo-Choos, (Nos. 672, 673) 48 Lunatics and Idiots, (Nos. 9, 10, 14, 17, 36, 45, 55, 57, 58, 62 to 64, 243, 431, 458, 551, 841, 863, 988) 101-2 Maabdeh Egyptians, (Nos. 833, 834, 836, 1292) 42 Macua Negro, (No. 580) 92 Malayan Race 52 Malayo-Chincse, (No. 1342) 101 Malays of Arnboyna, (Nos. 430, 459, 1338) B3 " Bally,' (No. 47) 53 INDEX. 109 Malays of Borneo, (Nos. 425, 1186) 53 «' Ceylon, (No. 495) 53 « Gee-Foo, (No. 1316) 53 " Java, (Nos. 46, 428, 545, 1341) 53 « Macassar, (Nos. 429, 546, 1340) '. 53 " Madura, (Nos. 201, 424, 1339) '. 53-4 " Malacca, (No. 460) 53 " Singapore, (No. 1337) 53 « Sumbawa, (No. 433) 54 " Tagelos, (No. 41) 52 " from other sources, (Nos. 543, 544) 53 Mandans, (Nos. 643, 644, 738 to 742) 60 Marquesas Islander, (No. 1531) 55 Massasauga, (No. 27) 72 Maya Indian, (No. 990) 73 Memphite Egyptians, (Nos. 796,797,805,806,809 to 811,813, 816, 819, 820, 1223, 1235, 1291, 1519 to 1522, 1524) 39-40 Menominees, (Nos. 35, 44, 78, 454, 563, 1220, 1222) 60 Mexican Family 87 Mexicans, Ancient, (Nos. 234, 682, 1314) 89 " Modern, (Nos. 555 to 558, 689, 722, 1347, 1515) 90 " of the Aztec nation, (Nos. 734,735) 87 " Chechemecan, (No. 1005) 88 " of the Otomie nation, (Nos. 1000 to 1003, 1323) 88 « from Otumba,(Nos. 714 to 716) 88 " of the Pames tribe, (Nos. 681, 1313) 89 " from Pimos village, (No. 1566) 89 " " Tacuba, (Nos. 717 to 720) 88 " of the Tlahuica tribe, (No. 34) 87 " of Tlascala, (No. 1004) 88 " of Tlatilocolo, (No. 1226) 89 Miamis, (Nos. 106, 407, 541, 542, 1052 to 1058, 1233) 61 Micco-Sukie Indian, (No. 733) 67 Midianites, (Nos. 671, 1296) 34 Mina Negro, (No. 422) 91 Minetaris, (Nos. 650, 746, 747,749) 61 Mingo Indian, (No. 455) 72 Mixed Paces 98 Mohawks, (Nos. 895 to 897) 61 Mongolian Group 47 Mozambique Negroes, (Nos. 237, 423, 1245) 91 Mulattoes, (Nos. 1234, 1319) 101 Muskogee, (No. 579) 58 Naas Indians, (Nos. 213, 214) 72 Nanticoke Indian, (No. 1219) 72 Narragansets, (Nos. 693, 950 to 957, 1040) , 61-2 110 INDEX. Page. Natchez, (Nos. 102, 1106) 62 Naticks, (N08. 103, 104, 107, 110,401) 62-3 Naumkeag Indian, (No. 567) 72 Negro Group 00 Negroes born in America, (Nos. 1, 2, 69, "74, 235, 236, 548, 549, 900, 983, 984, 1301, 1302,1318, 1320, 1321)... 90-1 Negroes, Oceanic, (Nos. 435, 1343) 97 Negroid Egyptians, (Nos. 800, 835, 852, 857, 858,864, 869, 874, 885, 1238, 1239, 1294) 99-100 Negroid Indians, (Nos. 408, 636, 982) 100-101 New Hollanders 97 New Zealanders, (Nos. 202, 680, 1324, 1325) 55 Nilotic Race, (See Egyptians) 35 Nisqnally Indian, (No. 208) 64 Norwegian, (No. 1260) 19 Nubians, (Nos. 242,787, 839, 888) 100 Orabite Egyptians, (Nos. 830 to 832) 41-2 Oneida Indian, (No. 33) 72 Oregon Tribes 57-63 Osages, (Nos. 54, 660) 64 Ostrogoth, (No. 1255) 20 Otoes, (Nos. 755 to 758) 65 Ottawas, (Nos. 1006 to 1009) 65 Ottigamies, (Nos. 209, 415, 639, 694) 65 Parsees or Persian fire-worshippers, (Nos. 731, 743) 30 Patagonians, (Nos. 226, 1357, 1359) 76 Pawnees, (Nos. 540, 1043) 65 Pelasgic Race 28 Penobscots, (Nos. 89, 105) 65 i* ruvians from Arica, (Nos. 67, 227, 496, 1045, 1275 to 1284, 1363 to 1368) 76-K " " Callao, (Nos. 233, 447, 448) 87 " " Lima and its vicinity, (Nos. 68, 91, 231, 412, 414, 452, 576) " " Pachacamac, (Nos. 13, 30, 75 to 77, 84 to 87, 90 to 92, 93, 95 to 97, 99, 100, 108, 228, 229, 230, 400, 402 to 400, 409, 446, 450, 453, 541, 562, 568, 570, 571, 631, 642, 685 to 688, 69G, 0!)7, 699, 750, 752, 947, 10 12, 1059, 1104, 1225, 1232, 1241, L453, 1456 to 1483, 1489 to 1509) 63 " « Pisco, (Nos. 38, 72, 445,497,498, 630, 996,1048, 1061, 1221, 1261), 1326, 1369 to 1376, 1406 to 1445, 1184, 1485) 83-5 INDEX. Ill Page. Peruvians from Santa, (Nos. 71, 73, *79, 81,82,109, 449, 569) 85-6 " " Titicaca, Coracolla and other places, (Nos. 11, 113, 232, 451, 637, 700 to 705, 710, 711, 1046, 1348,1517,1518) 86-7 Pessah Negroes, (Nos. 1095 to 1097) 94 Phoenician, (No. 1352) 28 Phrenologically marked crania 103 Pocasset Indian, (No. 1036) 72 Polynesian Race 54 Potawatomies, (Nos. 657, 736, 737, 1322) 65 Prussians, (Nos. 1065, 1066, 1192, 1193) 24 Puelche, (No. 1359) 76 Quichua Indian, (No. 637) 86 Quinnipiack Indian, (No. 26) 72 Roman, (No. 1049) 29 Root-digger Indians, (See Shoshones) 67 Saparoua 53 Sauks, (Nos. 561, 1039, 1246) 66 Scandinavian Race ' 19 Sclavonians, (Nos. 1251, 1253) 28 Seminoles, (Nos. 456, 604, 698, 707, 708, 726 to 730, 732, 733, 754, 1105, 1286, 1556) 66-7 Semitic Race 34 Seneca Indian, (No. 1516) 72 Sepoy 45 Shawnees, (Nos. 440, 606,691,1210) 67 Shoshones, (Nos. 1446 to 1449) 67-8 Singalese 53 Sioux Indians, (See Dacotas) 58 Skull from tbe field of Waterloo 27 Skulls illustrative of growth 103 Suevic Race 22 Swedes, (Nos 117, 1247, 1249, 1258, 1486 to 1488) 19 " Cimbric, (Nos. 1532, 1550) , 20 " from Finland, (Nos. 1545, 1546) 20 " " Sudermanland, (Nos. 1547 to 1549) 20 Swedish Finns, (Nos. 1542 to 1544) 20-1 Tapuyo Indian, (No. 1254) ?6 Tasmanian, (No. 1343) 97 Theban Egyptians, (See Egyptians) 36-9 Thuggs, (Nos. 712, 713) 45 Toltecan Race , 76 112 INDEX. Page. Trucky Indian, (No. 1446)'. 67 Turranic Swede, (No. 121) 20 Unclassified crania 103 Upsarookas, (Nos. 1228, 1229) 68 Winnebagos, (Nos. 559, 560) 68 Vamassees, (Nos. 1214 to 1216) 68 I c C <«r< < c <«C. ■ <-.c <«c etc ««r cc < C CC (< C ■ ■ c,C < ccc c 5 C Ccu< * -cc c r^^T V- c <^(C'C C« r *" ^^cCcvcc cCC ■c c ^r c kc ccc;-<^ ccc: ^ ■ ^&"C cC<1 ■ - -v. « Cjr ccc CC < C*cc « - c<^: c < < • r c <^ .c<(? ^ a cc c«r ^d/_c: « «i:<^;- r -"<;-■ cc «sc <£<&CZL ic«C ICC ^