M;iJfJf2^€^llftS^W^im'SifM!S?f3rj(S^^^^^ o « « <. *^vr.* .0 ^ ♦•It '^o 40fc v' ..iJi * .1>^ "^^ - • <^ 0*4 .0 . >^^^^ o. ^^ ♦ <^i^ ^0* •!•«- V ♦ 1. 1. « ^0"' * ,^ ^- '^ - . ^ ♦ AV ^9^ • N 0« /1 ') o vn. 1 \i- AN ABRIDGED ST .E illTED lb FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. BY JOHN R. G. HASSARD.-LLD., Author of ^'A History of the United States of America,^' ^^ Life of Archbishop Htighes, " ''Life -of Pius IX.;' Etc. WITH K^ miRODUCTIOK BY THE Right Rev. J. L. SPALDING, D.D., Bishop of Peoria. New York : THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY CO., 9 BARCLAY STREET. 1887 AN ABRIDGED STORi OF m M\m m FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. BY JOHN R. G. HASSARD,:LL.D., Author of '■'A History of the Utiited States of America^'''' ^^ Life of Archbishop Hughes^ " ''Life of Pius IX.;' Etc, WITH m miRODUCTION BY THE Right Rev. J. L. SPALDING, D.D., Bishop of Peoria. New York : THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY CO., 9 BARCLAY STREET. 1887 Smptimatttt; .. ^MICHAEL AUGUSTINE, Archbishop of New York. July 1, 1887. Copyright, 1887, TUE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY CO, PREFACE, The present " Abridged History of the United States " has been prepared, at the request of teachers, for the use of those pupils whose time at school is too short for the author's larger work on the same subject. It is hoped that in reliev- ing the scholars of the burden of many details nothing of permanent importance has been neglected, and the story has been made clearer as well as easier to remember. For nearly ten years the original work upon which this is founded has enjoyed high favor in the Catholic institutions of our own and other countries ; and the distinctive features for which it has been most warmly praised are retained and enlarged in the new companion-publication. In a time when exaggerated respect is paid to wealth, enterprise, and mate- rial progress, and even school-books teach American lads to boast of the national faculty for getting rich, our young people cannot be too carefully reminded that the true glory of America does not lie in such things ; and the author has sought to keep the moral and religious history of the country in its due prominence. In particular he has spared no pains to show the distinguished part which Catholic missionaries, explorers, soldiers, statesmen, patriots, and scholars have had in the making of the United States, and to insist upon the great fact that the growth of the American Church has kept steady pace with the development of a free and happy nation. New YoRk, June i, 1887, CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction, , . . . . . . , . . 9 PART FIRST. DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. CHAPTER I. Discovery by the Northmen — Columbus— The Cabots— Vespucci — Cortereal, . . . . . .15 II. The Spanish Explorers — Ponce de Leon, Ayllon, Nar- vaez, De Soto — The First Missionaries — The Span- iards and Huguenots in Florida — St. Francis Borgia and Pope St. Pius V. and the Indians, ... 23 III. French Adventurers and Missionaries — Settlement of Canada — The Jesuits in Maine and New York — Explo- ration of the Mississippi — Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, 31 IV. First English Settlements — Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Raleigh — 'The Plymouth and London Com- panies — The Dutch — Claims of the European Powers, 35 V. The English in Virginia — Captain John Smith — Poca- hontas — Powhatan, ....... 41 VI. Virginia continued — Political Development — Character of the Colony, . . . . . . . . 45 VII. New England — The Pilgrims — State and Church — The Quakers — Roger Williams, . . . . . 49 VIII. New Hampshire — Maine — Connecticut, ... 59 IX. NewNetherland — Character of the Dutch Colony — ^New Jersey, ......... 61 X. The Catholic Colony of Maryland — Lord Baltimore — Freedom of Worshio destroyed by the Protestants, . 64 XI. Indian Troubles — King Philip's War, . . . .71 XII. TheCarolinas — Georgia — William Penn — Pennsylvania, 74 XIII. The Colonies and the Crown — The Charter Oak — Leis- ler's Rebellion in New York—" The Negro Plot "— Salem Witchcraft .78 PART SECOND. COLONIAL WARS. XIV. French and English Rivalries — Enterprises of the French — King William's War, . . ... 83 Contents, CHAPTER PAGE XV. Queen Anne's War— Father Rale— King George's War, 86 XVI. The French in the Mississippi Valley — Progress of the English Colonies — The French and Indian War — George Washington — Benjamin Franklin, . . 90 XVII. The French and Indian War, continued — Braddock's Defeat— The Acadians 97 XVIII. The Ministry of the Elder Pitt— The Struggle for Cana- da — Montcalm and Wolfe — Fall of Quebec— Results of the War — The Conspiracy of Pontiac, . . . 101 PART THIRD. THE REVOLUTION. XIX. Condition of the Colonies after the War— Restrictions on Trade— The Stamp Act, 107 XX. The Boston Massacre — Destruction of Tea — The Boston Port Bill— The First Continental Congress, . . Ill XXI. The War Begins — Lexington — Concord — Ticonderoga —Bunker Hill, 115 XXII. Washington Commander-in-Chief — Operations in Canada — Siege of Boston, ....... 120 XXIII. The Movement for Independence — Proceedings in the Congress — The Declaration Adopted, . . . 125 XXIV. The British at New York— Battle of Long Island— Carleton on Lake Champlain — Battle of White Plains, 129 XXV. Washington and Cornwallis in the Jerseys — Battle of Trenton — Battle of Princeton, ..... 133 XXVI. Assistance from France — The Navy — Foreign Officers — Battle of the Brandyvi^ine — Occupation of Philadelphia — Battle of Germantown, ...... 135 XXVII, Burgoyne's Invasion — Battle of Bennington — Surrender of Burgoyne, ........ 139 XXVIII. Operations of 1778 — Alliance vi'ith France — Battle of Monmouth — Massacre of Wyoming, .... 143 XXIX. The War in the South— Capture of Stony Point— Hosti- lities with the Indians — Exploit of John Paul Jones, . 147 XXX. Capture of Charleston — Outrages in the South—Defeat of Gates — The Partisan Bands, ..... 152 XXXI. Treason of Benedict Arnold — Execution of Major A.ndre, 155 XXXII, Arrival of Count Rochambeau — Revolt among the Troops — Greene in the South, ...... 158 Contents. XXXIII. Siege of Yorktown — Surrender of Cornwallis — The End of th-e War, 162 PART FOURTH. THE UNION. XXXIV. The Constitution — Administration of Washington — Dis- putes with England 167 XXXV. Settlement of the West, 173 XXXVI. The Catholic Church in the United States at the end of the Rerolution, 176 XXXVII. John Adams President, 1797-1801 — Hostilities with France — Death of Washington, ..... 180 XXXVIII. Thomas Jefferson President, 1801-1S09 — Purchase of Louisiana — War with the Barbary States — Aaron Burr — Trouble with England and France, . . . 184 XXXIX. James Madison President, 1809-1817 — Second War with England, 187 XL. War on the Niagara Frontier — Lundy's Lane — Battle of Plattsburg — Capture of Washington — Battle of New Orleans-End of the War 191 XLI. The Barbary Pirates — James Monroe President, 1817- 1821 — Purchase of Florida — Slavery — The Missouri Compromise — The Monroe Doctrine — Indian Mis- sions, .......... 195 XLII. John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829 — Andrew Jackson, 1829-1S37 — The United States Bank — Nullification — Indian Wars — Railroads — Martin Van Buren, 1837- 1841 — William Henry Harrison, 1841, . . . 199 XLIII. John Tyler President, 1841-1845 — Native American Riots — Texas — Annexation, ..... 203 XLIV. Campaign of Taylor — Capture of California — Campaign of Scott— Fall of Mexico— The Treaty of Peace, . 204 XLV. California and New Mexico — The Missions — Discovery of Gold, 208 XLVI. Presidents Taylor, Fillmore, and Pierce, 1849-1857 — The Know-Nothings — Reorganization of Parties — The Mormons — The Atlantic Telegraph, . . . 211 XLVII. The Slavery Agitation Increasing — The Compromise of 1850— The Fugitive Slave Law — The Kansas-Ne- braska Bill — Repeal of the Missouri Compromise — War 8 Contents, PAGE in Kansas — Dred Scott — John Brown — Election of Abraham Lincoln 215 PART FIFTH. THE CIVIL WAR. XLVIII. Southern States Secede — The Confederacy Organized — Fort Siimter — Bull Run — The Neutral States — The Blockade and the Navy— The Trent Affair, . . 219 XLIX. Second Year of the War — Forts Henry and Donelson — Shiloh — Bragg and Buell in Kentucky — Bragg and Rosecrans — Capture of New Orleans— The Merrimac and the Monitor, 225 L. Second Year of the War, continued — McClellan on the Peninsula — Pope in Virginia — Second Battle of Bull Run — Invasion of Maryland — Battle of Antietam — Battle of Fredericksburg, ...... 231 LI. Third Year of the War — Chancellorsville — Gettysburg — Vicksburg — The Draft — Chickamauga — Chattanooga — Confederate Cruisers, ...... 237 LII. Fourth Year of the War— Grant in Command of all the Armies — His Advance towards Richmond — The Wilderness — Petersburg— Early and Sheridan — Sher- man's Atlanta Campaign — Thomas at Nashville — The March to the Sea — Farragut at Mobile — Fort Fisher — Re-election of President Lincoln, . . . . 242 LIII. Sherman in the Carolinas — Fall of Richmond — End of the War — Assassination of the President, . . . 250 PART SIXTH. THE UNION RESTORED. LIV. End of Slavery — Reconstruction — Impeachment of Presi- dent Johnson — President Grant — The Treaty of Wash- ington — The Centenary of Independence — President Hayes — President Garfield — President Arthur — Presi- dent Cleveland, .254 LV. The Catholic Church in the United States. . . . 259 INTRODUCTION.* The value of the study of history as a means of education is so evident as hardly to need statement. The young reflect but little ; their knowledge is of facts and events, not of prin- ciples ; and their thoughts and conversation habitually as- sume the historic form of narration. They seldom speak of what they think or have thought, but constantly of what they have seen or undergone ; and hence the youthful mind finds more interest and instruction in the deeds than in the thoughts of men. The knowledge thus acquired is also the truest, for what we do is a more real expression of ourselves than what we think. Action is not only intelligible to every one, but its effects are often highly picturesque and appeal strongly to the imagination. History has thus the force of example. By bringing us into almost living contact with the greatest and most highly endowed members of our race, it fills us with admiration for what is noble and heroic. The effort to preserve the memory of high and worthy deeds is universal. There is no tribe so rude as not to have some record of its struggles and victories, and the most civiHzed nation has no deeper lesson of wisdom to teach than that which is conveyed by its own history. It is needless to m- sist upon this, for no one is so unreasonable as to imagine that the study of history should be excluded from the process of education. * Reprinted from Hassard's larger " History of the United States," 9 I o Introduction, We Americans have a history which if not ancient is honorable. The charm that is given by the consecrating and beautifying power of time is indeed wanting. The thrilling and soul-stirring incidents of an age of chivalry are absent ; embattled castles frown not down upon us, and the pageant of plumed knights and highborn ladies passes not before our eyes. We seem to tread a lower plane. As of old the Israel- ites with no king but God entered into the promised land, so the people took possession of this New World, to which the Cross of Christ, like the pillar of fire of other days, led the way. The principles and elements of Christian civiliza- tion they brought with them to give vigor and strength in a new world to new social forms and systems. They were in a very true sense a chosen people entrusted with a Providen- tial mission, upon the fulfilment of which the future of a large and important portion of the human race is dependent ; and as the highest object of a nation cannot be self-defence, or wealth, or any other outward good, this mission must be associated with principles which are intimately related to the moral welfare and progress of the race. Our growth has been prodigious, our prosperity unbounded, our enterprise and industry keen and unwearying. The wilderness has fled from the face of a resistless army of pioneers ; populous and well-built cities, the centres of a commerce that extends to the end of the world, have sprung up as while men slept ; steam and electricity have made a thousand miles as but a step ; upon our wide-extending plains and prairies the rich- est harvests wave, and from the exhaustless earth we dig the most precious ores. At the same time the opportunities of education and the means of acquiring knowledge have been brought within the reach of every one. Introduction. 1 1 All this, however, is bat the work of preparation — a re- moval of obstacles. If our society fails to reconcile material with moral progress, and to develop man's higher nature while satisfying his lower wants, it is defective and contains within itself the germ of its dissolution. For the end of so- ciety is not to multiply indefinitely the means and opportuni- ties of indulgence, but to form strong and noble men and women ; and such characters are not created by indulgence but by self-control, which comes of self-denial. The pro- gress of industries, the growth of material and mechanical civilization, are interesting ; but unless our views of human nature are to undergo a radical change there are other things which more nearly concern us. Dr. Brown son maintained that the mission of the United States is to reconcile authority with liberty, to establish the sovereignty of the people with- out social despotism, and individual freedom without anar- chy. But this is the common aim of all free states, and can, therefore, hardly be considered as the peculiar mission of any nation. Americans have hitherto been accustomed to emphasize the value of liberty, and to consider authority as in some w^ay or other dangerously allied to despotism ; they are now beginning to perceive, however, that if tyranny lurks in the shadow of authority, anarchy may very readily assume the garb of liberty ; and that if a despot is ever to rule over us, he will be lifted to power by the lawless rabble, and not by those who respect and love authority. And this reveals an all-important social mission of the Church in the United States. Tliere are various forces at work in modern society which weaken the spirit of patriotism. The facility and cheapness of travel brings about an increasing friendly intercommunion of the civilized peoples of the world^ by 1 2 IntrodiLction, which national prejudice and hatred are being insensibly destroyed. The introduction of machinery has produced relations between capital and labor which are substantially the same in all manufacturing countries ; and as the working classes feel themselves aggrieved and at a disadvantage, they merge their national sentiments and seek to make common cause. Again, the frequency of revolution and the notorious un worthiness of politicians have brought government into disrepute, and, though there is a distinction between the country and the government, yet the one cannot be despised without a corresponding diminution of the love and reverence which we bear the other. And finally, as religion is always the surest inspiration and support of patriotism, the breaking down of religious beliefs in various modern nations, and notably in our own, is accompanied by a loss of patriotism. As the love of country grows cold men cease to take an inte- rest in public affairs, or are influenced by selfish motives. Local questions take precedence of national interests, and the spirit of sectional and partisan strife is substituted for the lofty and ennobling passion of patriotism. Reverence for authority is lost, and society, in order to protect itself, is driven to appeal to force Nothing can avert this danger but the influence of a great moral power, endowed with all the attributes which create respect and encourage obedience. The Catholic Church is this power, and the mission which she is destined to fulfil in behalf of American society is as yet hardly suspected, though an observant mind cannot fail to perceive its vast importance. No other religion in the United States has unity of doctrine and discipline, or the consciousness of definite purposes, or a great and venerable history, or the confidence born of a thousand triumphs and Introduction, 1 3 of victories wrung from defeat. No other thoroughly trusts its destiny, or dares boldly proclaim its heavenly mission and infallible authority. It is the only historic religion among us. Outside the Church there are shifting views, opinions, and theories ; but there is no organic growth and progressive development of faith and discipline. Whatever may be thought of this, it can no longer be denied that Catholics are a living and growing element in American society ; and hence it is not possible to ignore their views on subjects which have a bearing upon the destiny and welfare of our common coun- try. For my own part, I believe that he who will do most to form the character of the Catholic youth of America, will also have done most to mould the future of the American people. In any event, it is the manifest duty of those who are entrusted with the education of our children to see that in learning the history of their country they do not lose sight of the rise, progress, and social influence of the Church in the United States. The sense of the urgency and importance of this obligation has led the publishers of the Young Catho- lic s School Series to add the present work to their list of text- books. The author's reputation as a careful and thoughtful writer is of itself sufficient assurance that his task has been well performed. The book has, however, been submitted for examination to competent judges, some of them non-Catho- lics, and they are unanimous in praise of its merits ; and if I may be permitted to express my own opinion, I will say that I know of no other school history of the United States which is distinguished by so many excellences. The style is clear and simple, the narrative lucid and flowing ; the description of remarkable incidents brief but vivid ; and through the whole book there breathes the spirit of candor and truth. 14 Introduction, No attempt is made to prove a point, or to establish a theory, or to arrange the events of our history so as to make them illustrate any particular law or principle. Facts are stated simply as they occurred and are left to tell their own story. The tone and temper in which the work is written at once removes all suspicion of sectional, partisan, or reli- gious prejudice. The writer is a Catholic, and is therefore able to rise above the spirit of party. +.J. L. SPALDING. Peoria, Feast of the Assumption, 1878. PART FIRST. DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. CHAPTER I. Discovery by the Northmen — Columbus — The Cabots — •Vespucci— cortereal. 1. Early Inhabitants. — The earliest inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere of whom we have any knowledge were a dark-skinned people, divided into many tribes and families, and speaking different languages. Throughout the greater part of both continents they were wandering savages who lived chiefly by the chase. In Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America they had made some progress towards a settled and civilized life. 2. Voyages of the Northmen, and First Christian Settle- ment. — Greenland was discovered in the ninth century by an Icelander named Gunnbiorn, whose ship was driven thither by a storm. About one hundred years afterwards Greenland was visited by another Icelander named Eric. He explored it, and brought over a large body of colonists, with whom he founded two settlements on the west coast, and thence, dating from the year looo, expeditions sailed as far south as Narraganset Bay, and probably even to the Bay of New York. Leif, the son of Eric, finding quantities of grapes about the shores of Narraganset Bay, gave the name of Vinland {vine- land) to the fertile and beautiful country. 3. Iceland having been converted to Christianity about this time, missionaries soon came over to the North American 15 1 6 Abridged History of the United States. colonists, and the Greenland settlements are said to have had at one period sixteen churches, two monasteries, and a bishop. The colonies were destroyed in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and, as communication between Iceland and the rest of the world was difficult and infrequent, the discoveries of Eric and Leif were forgotten by their own countrymen, and never known by the other peoples of Europe. 4. Christopher Columbus. — The existence of America was therefore unsuspected by the Christian world when Christo- pher Columbus, a native of Genoa, conceived the idea that, by sailing westward from some port in Europe, he could reach the shores of Asia. Commerce with the Indies was in the fifteenth century one of the chief objects of European enterprise, and the discovery of a short route to those rich countries was the favorite dream of maritime adventur- ers. Columbus knew that the earth was round, but he sup- posed it to be much smaller than it really is. 5. Character and Aims of Columbus. — In seeking for a short way to India he hoped to become an instrument for the conversion of the heathen and the recovery of the Holy Sep- ulchre. " It is a curious and characteristic fact," says Wash- ington Irving, " which has never been particularly noticed, that the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre was one of the great objects of his ambition, meditated throughout the remainder of his life and solemnly provided for in his will." 6. Columbus at the Court of Spain. — Columbus explained his project and applied for aid at first to the republic of Genoa ; then to the king of Portugal ; then to Henry VII. of Christopher Columbus. Columbus at the Spanish Court. i 7 Isabella the Catholic. England ; next, it is said, to the republic of Venice, and after- ward to certain Spanish no- bles. Disappointed in all these applications, he had re- course, in 1485, to the court of Spain. Ferdinand of Ara- gon, and his devout and high- minded queen, Isabella of Cas- tile, uniting their dominions, had raised the Spanish monar- chy at this period to great power and renown. 7. They listened to Colum- \ bus with respect, and Isabella in particular was deeply moved by his religious projects. Car- dinal Mendoza, archbishop of Toledo, and several other Spanish churchmen, also favored his designs ; but a commission of learned men to whom Fer- dinand referred the matter pronounced the scheme vain and impracticable, and after seven years' delay Columbus turned his steps toward France. 8. On the way he stopped to beg a little bread and water at the convent of La Rabida {rah-bee'-dah), near the small seaport of Palos, in Andalusia. The prior, Juan Perez, who had formerly been the queen's confessor, after hearing his story, persuaded him to re- main at the convent while he renewed the application to Isa- bella. The good prior pleaded the cause of his guest with Fr, Juan Perez, l8 Abridged History of the United States. so much ability that Isabella sent for Columbus, and offered to pledge her jewels if the funds for the expedition could be obtained in no other way, 9. Columbus Discovers the New World. — The fleet, which at last set sail from Palos {pah'-loce) on the 3d of August, 1492, consisted of three small vessels, the Santa Maria {jnah- ree-ah\ Fin'ta^ and Ni'na {nee n -yah), two of which were light barks, called caravels, without decks. None of them was fit for an ocean voyage. Columbus sailed in the Santa Maria, and the two caravels were commanded by the brothers Martin Alonzo Pinzon {peen-thon) and Vincente Yaiiez {yahn'-yeth) Pinzon. On the morning of their departure the whole expe- dition confessed and received Holy Communion. The Route of Columbus. 10. They sailed first to the Canary Islands. Thence Columbus was persuaded that by keeping due west for about twenty-two hundred miles he should reach the island of Ci- pango, or Japan, which he supposed to lie in about the situa- tion actually occupied by Florida. His men became alarmed at the length of the voyage, and were on the point of mutiny when, on the night of the nth of October, 1492, the thirty- sixth . day after leaving the Canary Islands, Columbus saw a light, and at two o'clock on the following morning land was made out from the Pinta. 11. Landing on San Salvador. — Soon after daylight they First Voyage of Columbus. 19 landed on a beautiful island, one of the group now known as the Bahamas. Columbus gave it the name of San Salva- dor. The natives called it Guanahani {gwah-?iah-hah' -nee). Reaching the shore the discoverers fell on their knees to The Landing of Columbus. thank God, and then, planting the cross and the Spanish standard, took solemn possession of the island in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, while the natives crowded about them and revered them as superior beings descended from heaven. 12. Columbus in the West Indies. — In the course of twelve weeks Columbus visited several of the Bahamas, discovered Cuba, which he supposed to be part of the mainland of Asia, visited the island of Hayti {hay'-tee), naming it Hispanio'la, or Little Spain, and leaving thirty-nine men to form a colony on its coast; then, after losing, the Santa Maria by ship- wreck, he sailed again for Spain, 20 AbiHdged History of the United States. 13. Columbus Returns to Spain. — He re-entered the port of Palos, March 15, 1493, after an absence of seven months. Extraordinary honors were lavished upon him, and he was conducted in triumph to the court of Barcelona, taking with him several Indians and a quantity of gold, curious birds and animals, and other products of the New World. A second expedition was immediately fitted out under his command. It consisted of seventeen ships and fifteen hundred men, well supplied with everything necessary for the establishment of a colony. Twelve missionaries accompanied the fleet, one of them, Father Bernardo Boyle, a Benedictine, having the rank of vicar-apostolic. 14. Second Voyage of Columbus. — Columbus sailed on his second voyage September 25, 1493. He found the settlement on the island of Hispaniola in ruins and all the colonists dead, their excesses having provoked the hostility of the natives. After building a town, which he called Isabella, erecting a church, and making arrangements to collect gold, he explored the coasts of Hispaniola and Cuba, discovered Jamaica, Porto Rico (^ree-co), and other islands, and on his return to Spain left his brother Bartholomew in command of the settlement. 15. Third Voyage of Columbus and Discovery of the Main- land.— On his third voyage, in 1498, he discovered the South American continent and entered the mouth of the river Orino'co. Mutinies, however, broke out in the colony. The misconduct of the Spaniards thwarted the labors of the mis- sionaries, turned the amiable natives into cruel enemies, and lessened the expected profits of the crown. The intrigues of dissatisfied and avaricious adventurers made so much im- pression upon the court that an ofiicer was sent out to inves- tigate the affairs of the colony. He listened to everything that was said against the admiral, and finally sent him home in chains. Isabella, indignant at this outrage, caused Co- lumbus to be honored with new marks of the royal favor ; but he was never restored to his government, and after the Voyages of Cabot, OJeda, and Coriereal. 2 1 death of the queen, Ferdinand treated hmi with neglect and injustice. 16. Fourth Voyage of Columbus; His Death. — He made a fourth voyage in 1502, in the hope of discovering a passage from the Caribbean Sea into the Indian Ocean, and on this expedition, which was crowded with disaster, he explored part of the coast of Central America. He died in poverty and distress at Valladolid {val-lak-do-lid') in 1506. He never knew that he had found a new world, but supposed to the last that he had reached eastern Asia. 17. Cabot Discovers the North American Continent. — In the meantime other expeditions had followed in the path pointed out by Columbus. John Cabot, a Venetian, sailed from England with a single vessel, under a commission from Henry VII., and on June 24, 1497, discovered the North American continent, more than a year before the mainland of South America was seen by Columbus. He traced the coast from Labrador or Cape Breton to Virginia. His son Sebas- tian the next year made another voyage, and sailed from New- foundland to Cape Hatteras. 18. The Spaniards and Vespucci. — These English voyages had no immediate result. The Spaniards prosecuted their discoveries in South America with great energy, their most dis- tinguished adventurer being Alonzo de Ojeda (o-hay' -daJi), one of the companions of Columbus. Ojeda was accompanied by a Florentine merchant named Amerigo Vespucci {a-mer- ee'-go ves-poflt'-chee), who afterwards made a voyage of his own to Brazil and wrote the first published account of the New World. His work excited so much interest that the fresh- found land was called America in his honor. 19. Voyages of Cortereal. — A Portuguese expedition under Caspar Cortereal {cor-tay-ray-at) was sent to look for a north- ern route to India in 1500. Either on this voyage or a second one, in 1501, Cortereal explored the American coast for five hundred or six hundred miles, being stopped by ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He seized a number of Indians as 21 Abridged History of the United States. slaves, and called the country Labrador, a name which was afterwards transferred to a region further north. Cortereal never returned from his second voyage, and his fate is un- known. QUESTIONS. 1. Who were the earliest known inhabitants of America? 2. When was Greenland discovered ? Describe Eric's vo)^ages. 3. What is said of Christianity in Greenland ? What was the fate of the colonies ? 4. What was the idea of Columbus ? What was his theory of the earth ? 5. What religious motives impelled him ? 6. To whom did he apply for aid ? 7. How was he received in Spain ? 8. How did the queen at last help him ? 9. When did he sail ? From what port ? Describe his fleet. 10. Describe the vo3'age. When was land seen ? 11. What was this land ? Describe the lauding of Columbus. 12. Give an account of the rest of the voyage. 13. How was Columbus received on his return ? 14. Give an account of his second vo3^age. 15. What did he discover on his third vo)'age ? When? How did the voyage end ? 16. Describe his fourth voyage. Did he ever known the extent of his discoveries ? 17. Who discovered the continent of North America? Describe the voyages of the Cabots. 18. Who was Ojeda? From whom was America named ? 19. What did Cortereal discover? CHAPTER II. The Spanish Explorers — Ponce de Leon, Ayllon, Narvaez, De Soto— The First Missionaries— The Spaniards and Hugue- N./rs in Florida— St. Francis Borgia and Pope St. Pius V. AND the Indians. 1. Character of the Spanish Explorers. — The first Spanish explorers of the New World were animated by a thirst for daring adventure and a zeal for the Catholic religion which resembled the chivalrous enthusiasm of the Crusaders. But they had not the piety, pure sentiment, benevolence, and un- selfish ambition of Columbus ; and while they invited mis- sionaries to accompany their expeditions, in order to convert the savages, they were not willing to submit themselves to the instructions of these religious guides. 2. Next to the fascination of bold enterprise their chief impulse was a love of gold. The small quantity of that pre- cious metal which they saw in the possession of the natives convinced them that there were mines and rich cities in the interior, and many hundreds of lives were lost in searching for them. 3. The Indians were distributed as slaves among the con- querors, and compelled to dig in mines, to cultivate the ground, and to serve instead of beasts of burden. Under hardships for which their previous way of life had not pre- pared them they died with awful rapidity. Queen Isabella suppressed these cruel abuses, but they were revived after her death. Bartholomew de Las Casas, the first priest or- dained in the New World, devoted himself with extraordi- nary ardor to the relief of the poor natives, and made several voyages to Spain to demand redress from the crown. 4. At his instigation. Cardinal Ximenes {Jie-may -nez), the minister of Charles V., appointed a commission of eccle- siastics tQ devise a scheme of reform, and Las Casas was 23 24 Abridged History of the United States. honored with the title of Protector-General of the Indians. He afterwards became a Dominican and Bishop of Chiapa {che-ah'-pah) in Mexico, continuing his zealous labors in the face of great opposition, and encouraging his Dominican brethren in that enlightened care for the welfare of the Indians for which the missionaries of that order were so highly distinguished. 5. Rapid Progress of Discovery and Settlement. — Al- though the avarice and rapacity of the Spaniards continu- ally thwarted the work of the missions, the material growth of their colonies was very rapid. The settlements in Cuba, Hispaniola, and other islands became points of departure for many important expeditions to the mainland. Within four or five years of the death of Columbus they occupied the coasts of Central America and Southern Mexico, every- where forming colonies, collecting gold, silver, dye-stuffs, and other valuable products, and setting up royal governors, who pushed their discoveries still further and further. 6. The South Sea, or the ocean washing the shores of Asia, was found in 15 13 by Vasco Nunez {noo/i-yet/i) de Balbo'a, who crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and, wading into the Pacific, took possession of it in the name of the Spanish sovereign. Mexico was visited by Cor'dova in 15 17 ; Cortes sailed from Havana to conquer it in 1519 ; Pizar'ro went from Panama to the conquest of Peru in 1531. 7. Discovery of Florida. — Before this, however, the Span- iards had crossed over to the present territory of the United States. Six years after the death of Columbus, Ponce de Leon {pone'-tha-da-la-on') sailed from Porto Rico in search of a land towards the north where it was reported that gold abounded, and a fountain bubbled up in the forest whose waters conferred upon all who drank of them the gift of perpetual youth. 8. He discovered Florida in 1512, and gave it the name by which it is still known, because he first saw it on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards called Pascua de Flores, or The Early Spanish Explorers. 25 the pasch of flowers. De Leon returned in 15 21 with the first expedition which undertook the conquest of any part of the United States, but he was driven away mortally wounded. 9. Ayllon. — Vasquez {vahs -keth) de Ayllon (ile-yofi) re- newed the attempt in 1525 with six hundred men, explored the coast as far north as Maryland, and made several expe- ditions inland ; but three-fourths of the party, including the commander, perished miserably. 10. Narvaez and the First Missionaries. — Panfilo de Narvaez i^pan-fee-lo-da-nar-vaJi-etJi) led an expedition into Florida in 1528, looking for gold, and was lost witli his whole company except four men, who coasted along the Gulf of Mexico in a canoe, and finally, after six years' wan- dering, reached the Spanish settlements on the Gulf of Mexico. Narvaez was accompanied by several missionaries, the first within the present limits of the United States. They all perished without the opportunity of making any establish- ment. 11. De Soto on the Mississippi. — Hernando de Soto landed at Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1539. With nearly a thou- sand men, prepared for conquest and colonization, he moved inland, searching for gold and pearls, and everywhere pillag- ing and outraging the Indians. After two years of march- ing and fighting he discovered the Mississippi River (1541), crossing it not far from the present site of Memphis. Worn out with misfortunes, De Soto died in 1542 and was buried in the waters of the river. 12. The remnant of his expedition, after fruitless attempts to reach the coast by a land march, built boats on the river, forging nails from the fetters of their Indian slaves, twisting cordage from the bark of the mulberry, and using Indian mantles for sails. Thus they descended to the Gulf and reached the Spanish settlement of Panuco, in Mexico. They were in sad plight, having been absent four years, lost two- thirds of their number, and accomplished nothing of value, 26 Abridged History of tJie United States. The missionaries who set out with them could do nothing in the face of the excesses of the soldiers, and all oi them died during the expedition. 13. Dominican Martyrs in Florida. — In 1549 the Domini- can Father Cancer made an heroic attempt to establish the faith in Florida without the help of arms. The Spanish king, Philip II., placed a ship at his disposal, and he sailed with three other Dominicans from Havana, first publishing a royal decree to release all natives of Florida held in slavery. He landed at Api)alachee Bay, and was immediately put to death l)y the Indians, the expedition being thereupon aban- doned. 14. Spaniards at Pensacola. — Ten years later Don Tristan de Luna sailed from Mexico with a considerable fleet, sol- diers and their wives, and a number of priests, to attempt the colonization of Florida. He landed in Pensacola Bay, but encountered only misfortunes, and abandoned the enter- prise after two years' trials. 15. Spaniards in New Mexico. — Meanwhile the Spanish colonists in Mexico sent out expeditions which penetrated into the territory now belonging to the United States, and examined the coast of California. The Franciscan Father Mark, of Nice, led a small party of discovery into New Mexico in 1539, and took back reports of a civilization quite different from the rude condition of most of the North American tribes. He gave such accounts of some large towns, known as the Seven Cities of Cibola, which he had seen from a distance, that the viceroy of Mexico sent an ex- pedition under Vasquez de Coronado to explore the region {1540), Father Mark and four other Franciscans making part of the company. 16. The seven cities proved to be poor towns, and the Spaniards returned disappointed. Father John de Padilla and Brother John of the Cross remained to found a mission among the Indians, but they were soon martyred. The same fate befell three Franciscans — Father Rodriguez, Father I/O- First Scttlei}icnt in the United States. 27 pez, and Father John de Santa Maria — who attempted to Christianize New Mexico in 1580, 17. Settlement of St. Augustine ; Massacre of the French. — 'I'he first permanent settlement in what is now the United States was made by the Spaniards at St. Augustine, Florida, in September, 1565. French Huguenot adventurers had es- tablished themselves on the St. John's River of Florida a short time before this, and engaged in piracy and gold-hunting. A Spanish fleet under Pedro Melendez (jna-ien -deth) was sent to destroy all French settlements within the territory of which Spain claimed ownership. Melendez fell upon the Hugue- nots, massacred most of them, and then founded St. Augus- tine. 18. Massacre of Spanish Settlers. — Three years after the massacre of the' Huguenots a French adventurer, Dominic de Gourgues {deh-goorg'), having fitted out an expedition at his own risk, sailed for the Spanish settlements on the St. John's, and, with the help of the Indians, destroyed three forts and slew four or five hundred men. St. Augustine, however, was not attacked. 19. The Jesuit Missions in Florida. — Very soon after the Spaniards had established themselves in Florida the condi- tion of the missions in that part of the world attracted the particular attention of St. Francis Borgia, the general of the Society of Jesus. He sent Father Peter Martinez with two associates to attempt the conversion of the natives ; but Fa- ther Martinez was immediately put to death by the savages near St. Augustine (1566), and his companions went to Ha- vana to prepare themselves for further attempts by learning the languages of the Florida tribes from the slaves held in that settlement. The Father-General sent out a number of other missionaries, with Father John Baptist Segura as vice- provincial (1568) ; an earnest effort was made by Father John Roger to plant mission settlements, and a school was established at Havana for the instruction of Indian converts and the training of missionaries. 28 Abridged History of the United States, 20. The Pope and the Spanish Settlers. — Pope St. Pius V. in 1569 addressed a brief to the viceroy, Melendez, commend- ing the missions to his care, and urging him especially to check the vices and immoralities of the colonists, which had thus far rendered the labors of the priests fruitless. " This," said the pontiff, " is the key of this holy work, in which is in- cluded the whole essence of your charge." 21. Jesuits on the Rappahannock. — Several other at- tempts to establish the faith on the North American con- tinent having failed, Father Segura, with four other Jesuits, a baptized Indian chief called Don Luis, and four Indian boys from the school at Ha- vana, undertook in 1570 to found a mission on the Chesa- peake or Bay of St. Mary, far from any Spanish settlement. They built a chapel which they named Our Lady of Axa- can, probably on the Rappa- hannock, below the present site of Fredericksburg, Vir- ginia, and there spent a hard winter. Don Luis apostatized, and under his lead the In- dians massacred the whole party except one of the boys (February, 1571). The Jesuits after this abandoned the Florida mission and transferred themselves to Mexico. 22. The Franciscans in Florida. — The Franciscans next attempted the conversion of the Indians. They had a con- vent at St. Augustine and a number of stations in the neigh- boring country, where they gathered the savages into villages and taught them the habits of civilization as well as the doc- trines of the faith. In 1597 nearly all these stations were de- stroyed and the friars put to death by a rising of the Indians. Other Franciscans arrived, however, four years later, and The Jesuit Teacher. The Missions in Florida and Netv Mexico. 29 Florida was soon erected into the Franciscan province of St. Helena, so named from the convent at St. Augustine. 23. In a short time the Franciscans had twenty convents or residences in the vast region which then went by the name of Florida ; and gradually they established settlements of Christian Indians far inland, which flourished for nearly a hundred years. They were greatly strengthened in 1693 by the founding of Pensacola, where the Spaniards made a for- tified settlement and dedicated it with great solemnity to the Blessed Virgin. 24. Catholic Missions Destroyed by the English and the Indians. — The Spanish missions in Florida and Georgia were at last almost wholly destroyed by the English, who attacked them with the help of their pagan Indian allies, the Ala- bamas, and carried off the converts to be sold as slaves. In 1705 the English and the Alabamas took St. Mark's, the chief settlement of the Appalachee mission, massacred eight hundred Indians and three friars, and carried off an immense number of slaves. 25. The missions lasted, however, until Florida was ceded to England in 1763 ; then the Franciscans left the colony with most of the Spanish settlers, and the Christian Indians, being expelled from their churches and mission-buildings, were driven into the forests, where they lost all trace of faith and civilization, and became the fierce tribe known as Semi- noles, or " wanderers." 26. Franciscans in New Mexico. — In the meantime Span- ish Franciscans had continued their missionary labors in New Mexico, where Santa Fe, the second permanent settle- ment in the United States, was founded by Don Antonio de Espejo [es-pay -ho) in 1582. The Catholic missionaries had prosperous communities of industrious and educated In- dians in New Mexico long before the Puritans established themselves in New England ; they had penetrated into Texas as early as 1544 ; and they had attempted the conversion of California, where the Carmelites and Jesuits were also pio- 30 Abridged History of the United States, neers of the cross. The Spanish missions in all these regions lasted, with some interruptions, down to our day. QUESTIONS. I, 2. What was the character of the first Spanish explorers? 3. How did they treat the Indians ? 3, 4. Give an account of the labors of Las Casas. 5. What is said of the Spanish settlements? 6. Who discovered the Pacific ? Who conquered Mexico? Peru? 7. 8. Who discovered Florida ? Why was it so named? 9. Describe the voyage of De Ayllon. 10. That of Narvaez. II, 12. That of De Soto. 13. What did Father Cancer attempt? The result? 14. Describe De Luna's expedition. 15. What was, the expedition of Father Mark, of Nice? 16. What came of it ? 17. What was the first permanent settlement in the United States? What French settlement was formed in Florida? What became of it? 18. How was the massacre avenged ? ig. What can you sa}^ of St, Francis Borgia ? What missionary en- terprises did he promote in the New World ? 20. What did the pope urge the Spanish viceroy to do? 21. Give an account of the Jesuit mission on the Rappahannock. 22. What did the Franciscans undertake? 23. Give some account of their missions. 24. 25. What became of them? 26. In what other region were the Franciscans at work ? What can you say of Santa Fe? Give an account of the New Mexico mission. CHAPTER III. The French Adventurers and Missionaries — Settlement of Canada — The Jesuits in Maine and New York — Explora- tion OF THE Mississippi — Marquette, Joliet, La Salle. .TI,'.'5\Vj.V»,0SS Marquette Sailing down the Mississippi. 1. The French in the North. — While the Spaniards were exploring the southern part of the continent the French were making discoveries at the north. They visited Cape Breton and the mouth of the St, Lawrence at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and engaged in the cod-fishery off New- foundland. 2. Verrazzano {vej^-rat-tsa/i -7io), an Italian employed by the French king, examined the coast from North Carolina 31 32 Abridged History of the United States. to Maine (1523), probably entered New York and Narra- ganset bays, and was the first to recognize that America was not a part of the Indies. James Cartier {car-te-ay') com- manded three French .expeditions to Newfoundland and Canada between 1534 and 1541. They were designed part- ly to open trade and partly for missionary enterprise, as were all the most important of the French ventures in America. Cartier was a religious man, and before sailing from St. Malo on his second voyage he and all his company assem- bled in the cathedral, where they received communion and were blessed by the bishop. Their attempts at colonization were not successful. 3. Samuel Champlain, a pious and enterprising French Catholic, established a colony at Port Royal, in Acadia (Nova Scotia), in 1605, in partnership with a Protestant gentleman named De Monts. The royal patent, granting an extensive territory for this colony, stipulated that the savages should be taught the Catholic faith. Abandoned after two years by its original projectors, Port Royal became a central station for the Jesuit missions among the Indians (1610). 4. This missionary establishment was indebted to the zeal and generosity of the Marchioness de Guercheville, a devout French lady, to whom De Monts ceded his patent and the French king afterwards granted the whole of New France — a name under which the French included not only Acadia and Canada but all the territory of what is now the United States. 5. Mount Desert. — An expedition fitted out at Madame de Guercheville's cost landed on Mount Desert Island (Maine) in 16 1 3, and planted a missionary settlement which they named St. Sauveur (Holy Saviour). The company included three Jesuit priests — Fathers Masse, Biard, and Quentin — and a lay brother, Gilbert du Thet [tay). They were heartily welcomed by the Indians ; but hardly were they established when Captain Argall, a lawless English adventurer from Vir- ginia, made a descent upon them, claiming for his country- yesuit Missions in Canada and New York. '}^2) men the exclusive possession of all that region. He opened fire from his ship, killing Brother du Thet ; he pillaged and destroyed the mission ; sent Father Masse and some of the lay colonists to sea in an open boat, whence they were finally rescued by a French fisherman ; and carried the rest of the party to Virginia. There Fathers Biard and Quentin suf- fered a long captivity. Argall afterwards broke up the mis- sion at Port Royal with similar violence. 6. Elsewhere at the North the French prospered. Cham- plain explored part of New York and discovered the lake which bears his name (1609). The Jesuits were very suc- cessful in the Canada mission, and also founded Christian villages among the Indians within the present limits of the United States from Maine to Wisconsin. 7. Jesuits in New York. — The Huron and Algonquin tribes, among whom the Jesuits made so many converts, were attacked and finally destroyed or dispersed by the fierce Iro- quois, or Five Nations, of New York. In the course of this savage war the missions were broken up and many of the Jesuits were martyred. Among the most celebrated of this heroic band were Father Isaac Jogues, killed near Caugh- nawaga, New York, after the most horrible tortures (1646), and Fathers Lalemant and Brebeuf, who were fastened to stakes and slowly hacked to death at the mission of St. Ignatius (1649). The scene of Father Jogues' martyrdom is commemorated by a chapel erected near Auriesville, Mont- gomery County, in 1884. 8. A few weeks before his death Father Jogues discov- ered Lake George and named it Lake of the Blessed Sac- rament, because the day was the feast of Corpus Christi. After the destruction of the Huron missions the surviving priests soon returned, and began the still more dangerous task of converting the victorious and savage Iroquois. 9. Marq[uette on the Mississippi. — In 1673 the Jesuit Father Marquette {ket'^, who had been for several years a missionary among the fugitive Hurons on Lake Michigan, 34 Abridged History of the United States. succeeded in reaching the Mississippi by crossing Wiscon- sin. His -object was to open the way for further missiona- ry efforts. He was accompanied by Louis Joliet {zhole -e-ay), a fur-trader commissioned by the governor of Canada to seek a passage by this route to the South Sea, as the river, of which earlier missionaries had given some report, was sup- posed to empty into the Guh" of California. 10, Marquette and Joliet floated down the Mississippi in bark canoes as far as the mouth of the Arkansas, and on their discoveries the French established their claims to the great West. Afterwards, under the orders of Frontenac, governor of Canada, La Salle explored the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. In 1684 he attempted to found a Colo- ny at the mouth of the great river, but he was killed in a revolt of his men, and the expedition ended in disaster. QUESTIONS. I. What part of the continent were the Spaniards exploring? What were the French doing in the meanwhile ? 2 Who found out that America was not a part of the Indies? Give an account of Verrazzano's voA^age. Of the vo3^ages of Cartier. 3. Who founded Port Ro3^al ? What did this settlement become? 4. Wlio was the principal supporter of the Port Royal establish- ment? 5. Give an account of the setdement on Mount Desert. How was it broken up? What became of the missionaries? 6. What discovery did Champlain make in New York? 7. How were the Jesuit missions among the Hurons of New York broken up? Give an account of some of the most distinguished of the missionaries. What memorial of Father Jogues has been erected ? 8. What did Father Jogues discover? What did the Jesuits do after the destruction of the Huron missions? 9. What is said of Father Marquette? Who was his companion? What was Joliet seeking? 10 Describe their voyage. That of La Salle. CHAPTER IV. First English Settlements— Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Raleigh — The Plymouth and London Companies — The Dutch — Claims of the European Powers. 1. Early English Voyages. — Although the English claimed a large part of the continent in right of Cabot's discovery (1497), it was nearly eighty years before they made any seri- ous attempt to explore it. Martin Frobisher made three voy- ages (1576-1578) in search of a northwest passage to India, and ^ave his name to the strait which leads into Hudson's Bay. John Davis made three voyages with the same object (1585-1587), and discovered the strait called by his name which opens into Baffin's Bay. 2. The English on the Pacific. — Sir Francis Drake in the meantime had reached the Pacific by the Strait of Magellan (1578), pillaged the Spanish settlements in Peru and Chili, and taken possession of California in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and, after a vain attempt to find a northern pas- sage to the Atlantic, had returned to England by the Cape of Good Hope, thus circumnavigating the globe — a feat which no one except the Portuguese Magellan had performed before. 3. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. — The first Englishman to under- take the colonization of the American continent was Sir Hum- phrey Gilbert. His half-brother, Walter Raleigh (raw'-le), one of the most gallant of Elizabeth's courtiers, was associat- ed with him in the enterprise and bore a large share of the cost. 4. Gilbert sailed in 1587 with five ships and two hundred and sixty men, and took possession of Newfoundland, where he collected some worthless mineral which he supposed to be silver. The colonists .became mutinous and discontented, and abandoned the enterprise, and on the way home Gilbert's ship went down with all on board. 35 36 Abridged Histoj^y of the United States. 5. Sir Walter Raleigh. — Raleigh now took up Sir Hum- phrey's task and sent out two ships, commanded by PhiHp Amidas and Arthur Barlow (1584), to explore further. They sailed along the coast of North Carolina, landed on Roanoke Island, and brought home glowing accounts of the mildness of the climate, the fertility of the country, and the friendly disposition of the Indians. Raleigh was knighted as a reward for his enterprise, and received certain trading monopolies ; and in compliment to his patroness, the "virgin queen," he called the new land Virginia. 6. The next spring (1585) Raleigh sent out a hundred set- tlers under Ralph Lane to form a permanent colony. They began a town on Roanoke Island ; but provoking the hostility of the Indians, and neglecting to raise corn in order to hunt for gold, they were soon in dire straits. Sir Francis Drake visited Roanoke the following year, after a cruise against the Spaniards in which he had pillaged and burned St. Augustine, and the colonists all took passage with him to England. 7. They carried tobacco with them, and Raleigh made smoking fashionable in England, though the Portuguese had introduced the plant into Portugal and France nearly thirty years before. Tobacco was the only tangible result of his attempts to settle Virginia, and he got no advantage from it. 8. The colonists had hardly departed when Sir Richard Grenville arrived at Roanoke with supplies for them. He left fifteen men to hold the abandoned post, and returned to England, where Raleigh immediately fitted out a new colony of one hundred and fifty men and women, with John White for governor (1587). Again Roanoke Island was found de- serted, and the fate of the fifteen men left there by Grenville was never ascertained. 9. White landed his party, and re-embarked for England to ask for further help. But the English nation was then putting forth all its resources to resist the threatened invasion by the Spanish Armada ; it was three years before White The Fii^st Dutch Explore^''. 37 could return to his post, and when he arrived there the third colony had disappeared like the second. Nobody knows what became of it. Raleigh could do no more, and a few years later he was accused of treason and his grants were for- feited. 10. Bartholomew Gosnold. — In 1602 a new direction was given to adventure in America by the voyage of Bartholomew Gosnold, who, instead of following the track of the earlier ad- venturers by way of the West Indies, took a northern route, discovered and named Cape Cod, and began a settlement on Cuttyhunk Island in Buzzard's Bay. The colony did not succeed ; but Gosnold's favorable reports led to other at- tempts in the same region. 11. The Plymouth and London Companies. — Finally King James I. granted letters patent to a number of gentlemen of London, Bristol, and Plymouth for the privileges of trade and settlement in all the territory between Cape Fear and the Bay of Fundy. There were to be two companies. The northern, or Plymouth Company, might occupy any part .of the coast north of latitude 38° ; the southern, or London Company, had the region south of latitude 41°. Thus the- grants overlapped each other, the coasts of Long Island, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland being left open to both. Each colony was to be governed by a resident council of thirteen members ap- pointed by the king, with power to choose one of their own number for president. Their laws were to be subject to re- vision by the king or his council in England, and the religion was to be that of the Protestant Establishment. 12. The Dutch. — The middle region was settled by nei- ther of the English companies which had grants for it, but by the Dutch. Captain Henry Hudson, an Englishman em- ployed by the Dutch East India Company, sailed from Am- sterdam (1609) in a vessel called the Half- Moon to look for a passage to India around the northern coasts of Europe. Being stopped by the ice, he turned westward to try the American side, 38 Abridged History of the United States. 13. After coasting from Maine to the Chesapeake he en- tered the Bay of New York, September 3, two months after the French had first seen Lake Champlain. He discovered the river which now bears his name, and ascended beyond the present site of Albany. The next year (16 10) he made a voyage in the service of the Muscovy Company of London The Half-Moon ascending the Hudson Rivek. in search of a northwest passage, and discovered Hudson's Bay. On the way home his crew mutinied and sent him adrift with eight others in an open boat. Nothing more was ever heard of him. 14. On the strength of Hudson's discoveries the Dutch claimed the coast from New Jersey to the Bay of Fundy, and gave it the name of New Netherland. They immedi- ately began a fur trade with the Indians on the Hudson, Spanish, French, Ejigtish, and Dutch Claims. 39 then called the Mauritius {jnaw-risJi -i-iis) River, and in 1 6 13 built a temporary fort on Manhattan Island, the site of the city of New York ; but their first permanent settle- ment was Fort Nassau, near Albany, built in 1614. 15. Claims of the European Powers. — Thus there were four nations whose claims in America were more or less in conflict, none of them having any idea of the vast extent of the land which they assumed to own. The Spaniards con- fined their explorations to the south and the Pacific coast, but claimed everything north of them. Mexico and the coun- try thereabouts they called New Spain, and to the rest of the country they gave the general name of Florida. The French held Canada and part of the Northern States ; they claimed everything south of them, and called the whole New France. The English placed themselves midway between the French and Spanish settlements, claiming everything from New Eng- land and Carolina westward to the Pacific, and naming the country Virginia. The Dutch colony of New Netherland cut the English Virginia in two, separating the plantations of the London and Plymouth companies. 16. The Spaniards aimed at conquering empires, rich in gold and silver, for the Spanish crown, establishing royal governments, and converting the Indians to Christianity. Missionaries always accompanied them, and ample provi- sion was made for their support. . The ambition of the French was to secure the valuable fur trade, fisheries, etc., by a chain of permanent settlements and trading-posts, and to make friends of the Indians both for their own security and as a barrier against English encroachments. The gov- ernment generally, but not uniformly, favored the missiona- ries, and the labors of these devoted men were from the first signally successful. The English adventurers at the outset were mere trading companies, and the Christianization of the savages formed no part of their original plan, except m the Catholic colony of Maryland. The Dutch also were traders who had no interest in missions. 4o Abridged History of the United States, QUESTIONS. 1. Upon what did the English found their claims in North Ame- rica ? Tell me something about the voyages of Frobisher. Of Davis. 2. Of Francis Drake. 3. Who was the first Englishman to attempt the colonization of the American continent? Who was associated with him in the venture? 4. Give an account of the enterprise. 5. What did Raleigh undertake? How did he name the country discovered by his expedition? 6. Give an account of the first Roanoke colony, 7. What did the colonists carr}'^ home with them? 8. What is the history of the second Roanoke colony? 9. Of the third ? 10. What was done by Bartholomew Gosnold ? 11. Describe the grants to the Plymouth and London companies. 12. What nation settled the middle region of the Atlantic coast? Who was Henry Hudson ? 13. What did he discover? What was his fate? 14. What use did the Dutch make of their discoveries? 15. What four nations were now engaged in the settlement of Ame- rica ? Give a brief account of the claims of each. CHAPTER V. The English in Virginia— Captain John Smith— Pocahontas- Powhatan. 1. The London Company.— The earliest attempts at colo- nization under the new English patent were made by the Ply- mouth Company, but these failed, and it was reserved for the London Company of Virginia to establish the first per- manent English settlement in the New World. 2. In December, 1606, the London Company despatched a fleet of three small vessels, commanded by Captain Christo- pher Newport, and carrying one hundred and five colonists. Twenty of the settlers were mechanics, and the rest were soldiers, servants, and idle gentlemen ; there were no women among them. Gos- nold, Wingfield, Hunt (a minister of the Church of England), Percy (a brother of the Earl of Northumber- land), and John Smith, an Englishman who had distin- guished himself by some re- markable adventures in the wars against the Turks, were the most important members of the party. 3. They took the long route by the West Indies, and made a voyage of nearly four months. In April, 1607, they entered Chesapeake Bay, and on the 13th of May they chose the site of their settlement on King's (afterward called James) River, and began the building of Jamestown, 41 4^ Abridged History of the United States. naming both the stream and the town after King James I. This was the third permanent settlement by Europeans in the United States, and the first by Englishmen. 4. Captain John Smith. — The settlers quarrelled from the first. Wingfield, their president, was soon deposed and suc- ceeded by Ratcliffe, but affairs were not improved by the change, and Captain John Smith became by common consent the real leader of the party. He suppressed mutinies, com- pelled the idle to work, kept off attacks by the savages, and saved the colony from starvation by inducing the Indians to supply them with corn. 5. On one of his expeditions he was captured by the savages. Showing them a pocket-compass, he so much excited their wonder at the motion of the needle that they treated him as a superior being. Their amazement was in- creased when they found that a letter, which they allowed him to send to Jamestown, could "talk," and was quickly answered by the arrival of articles he had sent for. 6. Pocahontas. — There is a popular story that when Smith was about to be killed by order of the powerful chief Pow- hatan, and the club was raised to beat out his brains, the chief's daughter, Pocahontas, a girl of ten or twelve years, threw herself on the captive's neck and saved his life. This romantic tale is now regarded as a fiction ; but it is certain that Pocahontas was of great use to the colonists on many occasions. 7. Reaching Jamestown after seven weeks' absence. Smith found the colony in great misery. Only forty men were left, and, though Newport returned twice in i6o8 with other emigrants, they were mostly vagabond gentlemen like the first. The whole company gave themselves up to gold- hunting, and loaded the ships with useless earth, which they supposed to contain the precious metal. A fourth and still larger party, sent out in 1609, was still worse than the first, second, and third. 8. The raising of food was neglected, and a famine was The English Settlement of Virginia. 43 only alleviated by the generosity of Pocahontas, who often brought food to the settlement in her canoe. On one occa- sion she averted a general massacre of the whites by bringing them information at night of an intended attack. The un- grateful colonists, after Smith had left the country, made her a prisoner and demanded a ransom. Powhatan was too in- dignant even to answer them. In captivity she was baptized, took the name of Rebecca, and married John Rolfe, one of the colonists, who went with her to England and presented her at court. She died suddenly as she was about to return to America, leaving a son, who became the ancestor of an honorable Virginia family. 9. Smith was regularly elected president in 1608, and affairs began to mend, but, being injured by an accidental explosion of gunpowder, he went to England in 1609 for surgical aid, and never returned. His departure was nearly fatal to the settlement. He left four hundred and ninety colonists, and in six months only sixty remained alive. 10. Lord Delaware. — In June, 1610, the survivors aban- doned Jamestown, and, having constructed some small ves- sels, were on their way to Newfoundland, hoping to be taken care of by English fishermen there, when they met a fleet in the James River coming to their aid. It carried abundant supplies and a large party of settlers, led by Lord Delaware (De la Warr), who, under a new charter granted to the London Company, had been appointed governor of Virginia for life. The deser^ting colonists and the new arrivals re- turned to the settlement together with great rejoicing. 11. From this time Jamestown prospered. The lands had been held in community, but each man now received and cultivated a share for himself ; industry was encouraged ; valuable crops of tobacco were sent home to England ; new settlements were commenced on the James. Powhatan, after the marriage of his daughter, became a steady friend of the whites ; and before long respectable young women were sent out as wives for the planters. Under Governor Yeardley 44 Abridged History of the United States. an important change was made in the form of administra- tion. A representative assembly was summoned (1619), the first legislature ever elected in America ; and thus was laid the foundation for that popular form of government which soon prevailed throughout all the colonies. QUESTIONS. 1. Which of the English companies made the first permanent settle- ment in the New World ? 2. Give an account of their first colony. 3. Where did it land ? When? 4. Who became the real leader of the colony ? 5. What is told of his capture by the Indians? 6. 8, Give the story of Pocahontas. 7. How did the colonists conduct themselves? g. What was the consequence of Smith's return to England ? 10. How was the colony saved from being broken up? 11. What important changes contributed to its prosperity? What is said of the assembly summoned in 1619 ? CHAPTER VI. Virginia Continued — Political Development — Character of the Colony. 1. The First American Constitution. — In 162 1 the Lon- don Company granted to the Virginia colony a written constitution, the first ever established in America. The authority was confided to a Governor and Council appointed by the company, and an Assembly consisting of the Council and a House of Burgesses elected by the people. Laws enacted by the Assembly required the assent of the governor and of the company in England. Nobody as yet held the idea that the people were capable of ruling themselves. The orders of the company, however, had to be ratified by the colonists. 2. Indian Hostilities.— After the death of Powhatan the savages, led by Opecancanough, the brother of that chief, determined upon the destruction of all the English. On the 2 2d of March, 1622, they suddenly attacked the scattered plantations, and massacred three hundred and fifty persons. 3. In a few days the number of settlements was reduced from eighty to eight. The colonists gathered in fortified towns, and a bloody Indian war began, in which the savages suffered severely, but the English also were greatly reduced. Another massacre, in which three hundred persons perished, took place April 18, 1644. Opecancanough was made pris- oner two years later, and died in captivity, and the red men were gradually driven back from the coast, and left the fertile lands of that region to the white colonists. 4. Political Changes. — There had long been disagree- ments between King James I., who was jealous of his au- thority, and the London Company, which, in asserting its 45 4-6 Abridged History of the United States. rights over the colony, was also contending for political lib- erties. In 1624, after an unsuccessful attempt to induce the colonists to surrender their privileges, James cancelled the charter and the company was dissolved, Virginia was now a royal province, but for several years there was no change in its local government. 6. King Charles I. allowed the colonists in practice to rule themselves. They levied their own taxes, and, as the crown was too much occupied with other things to pay attention to them, they became almost an independent state. Under the rule of the Parliament they secured the right of electing their own governor ; but after the restoration of Charles II, an aristocratic party got control of the colonial legislature, restricted the privilege of voting to the land- owners, kept the Assembly in power without regard to the term for which it had been elected, imposed severe taxes, and paid every member of the Assembly two hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco a day, which, according to the present value of money, would be worth about forty-five dollars, 6. Navigation Laws. — The dissatisfaction of the settlers was increased by oppressive navigation laws passed by the English Parliament in 1660 and 1663, which forbade them to buy or sell in any country except England, or export their produce in any except English vessels. These unjust and un- wise laws, enacted for the benefit of avaricious English mer- chants, gave a severe blow to the industry of all the Ameri- can colonies by raising the price of everything they needed to buy, and lowering the price of everything they had to sell. 7, Bacon's Rebellion. — The Virginians were ready for revolt when an Indian war broke out on the border of Mary- land (1675), The colonists armed themselves for defence under the command of a popular young planter named Na- thaniel Bacon ; but the governor, Sir William Berkeley, dis- trusted Bacon, declared him a rebel, and collected a military force to oppose him. First Settlers of Virginia ; Negro Slavery. 47 8. This was a signal for insurrection. Bacon first pun- ished the Indians, and then marched against Jamestown, which he burned to the ground (Sept., 1676), but in the midst of his success he died of fever, and his followers were soon overcome. Gov. Berkeley treated the insurgents with the most cruel severity, causing twenty-two to be hanged. Soon afterward, to the great joy of the Virginians, he returned to England, where he died in disgrace. '' The old fool," said King Charles II., '' has taken away more lives in that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father." 9. Character of the Settlers. — A large proportion of the first settlers of Virginia were men of good family, attracted to the new world by the desire to make money and to enjoy personal freedom. Many of them secured patents for plan- tations of their own, instead of attempting to improve the lands in common, and brought out laborers at their private expense. Thus large estates were founded, and a strong aristocratic element was infused into society. 10. A great deal of the work was done by white convicts from England, sold into servitude for a term of years as a punishment for felonies or political offences. Prisoners of the Scottish and civil wars were thus sold by the English government, just as Cromwell sold Irish Catholics into slav- ery in the West Indies. At the end of their term of service these convicts (many of whom were not criminals but politi- cal victims of tyranny) became the equals of the other colo- nists. Young women and children were kidnapped in Eng- land and sold to the planters. The first women sent out as wives for the settlers were also sold. 11. In 1619 a cargo of Africans was brought to Virginia by a Dutch vessel. This was the origin of negro slavery in the English colonies of America, but for many years the number of slaves was very small. The first colony to estab- lish slavery by law was Massachusetts, and the Puritans of Boston engaged in the slave trade as soon as they had any commerce at all, 48 Abridged History of the United States. 12. Religion. — The Protestant Church of England was established by law ; attendance at the service was made com- pulsory ; Protestants of other denominations were fined or expelled ; " novelties " in religion were forbidden ; all " pop- ish priests " were to be sent out of the colony within five days after their arrival ; and Lord Baltimore, who visited Jamestown on a tour of observation, was promptly ordered away because he was a Catholic. QUESTIONS. 1. What was granted to the Virginia colony in 1621 ? To whom was authority confided ? Under what restraints? 2, 3. Describe the Indian massacres under Opecancanough. 4. Wh}' was the London Company dissolved ? 5. How did the colonists now conduct their government? What change occurred under Charles II. ? 6. What oppressive laws were enforced against the colonists? What was their effect? 7. 8. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion. Q. What was tiie character of the Virginia settlers ? 10. What was the laboring class ? ir. When and how were slaves introduced ? 12. What is said of the religion of the settlers ? CHAPTER VII. New England — The Pilgrims— State and Church — The Quakers — Roger Williams. 1. Captain John Smith in New England. — New England was so named at the suggestion of Captain John Smith, who made a successful trading and fishing voyage to that part of the country in 1614, and drew a map of the coasts. Hunt, Map of New England. the captain of one of Smith's two vessels, carried off twenty- seven Indians and sold them as slaves in Spain, where some of them were ransomed by a pious confraternity and sent home. 2, The Great Patent.— After several feeble attempts at 49 50 Abridged History of the United States. settlement, the Plymouth Company obtained from King James I. in 1620 a new concession, since known as the " Great Patent." Forty persons were incorporated as the Council for New England, with full powers of government and privileges of trade within the territory extending from latitude 40° to latitude 48°, or from the middle of New Jer- sey to St. John's, Newfoundland. 3. The Pilgrims. — The first permanent settlement, how- ever, within the limits of their grant was made without their help by a company of English Puritans, who thus became the fathers of New England. The Protestant Church of Eng- land, having rebelled against the authority of the Holy See, persecuted with almost equal severity the other Protestant sects and the Catholics. The name of Puritans was given to a party of Protestants who refused to follow the established form of worship, because they said it retained too many of the ceremonies of Rome. At first they agreed in most par- ticulars with the doctrines of the government church, though after a while their beliefs were greatly changed. 4. Many of the Puritans fled to Holland in order to avoid the tyranny of the crown. In 1608 a number of Puri- tans from Nottinghamshire, making their escape from Eng- land with difficulty and loss, settled in Amsterdam, and thence, with their pastor, John Robinson, removed to Leyden. Not liking their hard life in Holland, they turned their thoughts towards America, and after various negotiations ob- tained a patent from the Virginia Company. To enable them to settle under this grant, a number of the Pilgrims, as they are now called, formed a joint-stock partnership with certain London merchants for the establishment of a trading, fishing, and planting company ; the merchants to furnish the money, the labor of every adult emigrant to be considered equivalent to one share of ^10, and all the profits to be divided at the end of seven years. 5. They sailed from Delft Haven in July, in a small ves- sel called the Speedwell^ and at Southampton the greater part The Settlement of Nezv England, 5 1 of them went aboard a larger ship, the Mayfloiver. The Speedwell proved unseaworthy and put back, and it was not until September 6, 1620, two months before the organization of the Council for New England, that the Mayflower alone sailed from Plymouth with one hundred and two Pilgrims, men, women, and children, led by Elder William Brewster. 6. Landing of the Pilgrims. — On the nth of November Landing of the Pilgrims. they cast anchor in what is now the harbor of Provincetown, on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This was far outside the limits of the Virginia Company, and, their patent being here of no use to them, they framed a scheme of government for them- selves. Before landing they drew up a written agreement " covenanting and combining themselves together into a civil body politic," and chose John Carver as governor. 7. Exploring parties examined the sandy peninsula and 52 Abridged History of the United States. •>. the opposite shore of the mainland, and on December 1 1 (old style, or December 21 new style) they chose for their home the site of what is now the town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The 2 2d of December is wrongly observed as the anniversary of the landing ; but it was not until December 25 (old style) that the passengers disembarked on a rock still shown at Ply- mouth, and began the first house for their common use. It was nearly three months 4^Z, before shelter was ready for all, and meanwhile many of them lived on the ship. They named the settlement New Ply- mouth. 8. New Plymouth. — Like nearly all the first adventurers in America, they were ill-provided for life in the wilderness. They had little to eat ex- cept scanty and irregular supplies of fish, and no- thing to drink except water. At one time their store of corn was so small that, being divided, it gave only five kernels to each person. About half the emigrants perished during the winter. Governor Carver died in the spring, and William Bradford was elected his suc- cessor. Miles Standish, who had served as a soldier in the Low Countries, was entrusted with the military defence. 9. Fortunately, the first Indians whom the colonists en- countered were well disposed, and they made a treaty of friendship with the powerful chief Massasoit, whose home was at Pokanoket, now Warren, Rhode Island. When Canonicus, Miles Standish Internal Dissensions ; Religious Persecution. 53 the chief of the Narragansets, sent them a bundle of arrows tied with the skin of a rattlesnake as a message of enmity, Bradford stuffed the skin with powder and ball, and sent it back as a defiance. Canonicus thereupon treated for peace. 10. In the summer the colony revived ; food became abundant ; and in November (162 1) the ship Fortune arrived, bringing a reinforcement of thirty-five persons. In the au- tumn of 1622 a day was appointed to render thanks for a fruitful harvest, and this is the earliest mention of the New England festival of Thanksgiving. 11. Disputes in the Colony. — The New Plymouth people were soon vexed by internal dissensions. Although they had left England on account of religious persecution, they had no idea of granting to others the liberty of worship which they claimed for themselves. A preacher named Lyford was ar- rested for holding service according to the forms of the Church of England, and, together with one Oldham, was ban- ished from the colonv. 12. The result of these troubles was a quarrel among the London merchants who were partners with the Pilgrims in the joint-stock enterprise. The company was dissolved ; the colonists bought out the rights of the other shareholders for about $9,000, divided the property among themselves, and be- came an almost independent community. 13. Lyford and Oldham established themselves at Nan- tasket (now Hull) ; other stations were soon formed at Cape' Ann, Naumkeag (Salem), and all along the coast of Massa- chusetts Bay. A colony of roystering adventurers, led by Thomas Morton (1625), set up a tall May-pole in the midst of their settlement at Mount Wollaston, known as Mare Mount, or Merry Mount (Quincy, near Boston), and so shocked the Puritans by their disorderly behavior that an expedition from New Plymouth dispersed the establishment and cut down the pole. Morton was shipped to England. 14. The Massachusetts Company. — The original Plymouth colony never attracted more than a handful of settlers, but a 54 AbiHdged History of the United States. new establishment was soon made close alongside of it which prospered rapidly. In 1628 the Council for New England granted to John Endicott and five associates the territory from three miles south of the Charles to three miles north of the Merrimac River (that is, from Boston to the New Hamp- shire line), and the next year a royal charter was obtained for Cutting down the May-pole. the colony in the name of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New England. 15. A few months later the company transferred the gov- erning power from London to the colony itself by choosing officers from those stockholders who proposed to emigrate, while those who remained in England kept only a partial con- trol of the trade. After this important change a great num- ber of emigrants came out. The first of them settled at Naumkeag, to which the name of Salem was now given. En- New jEngland Pitritanism, 55 dicott was already there as governor. Charlestown was founded by an offshoot from this body. In 1630 about one thousand settlers came out with John Winthrop as governor, and a part of them founded Boston, naming it in honor of the town of Boston, in Lincolnshire, to which many of them belonged. 16. State and Church. — Although they were chartered only as a trading corporation, the real purpose of the colo- nists was to establish Puritan communities, in which they could enforce their own theories of religion and politics without molestation from the English Church or the crown. Like the Plymouth Pilgrims, they professed at first to be chil- dren of the Established Church who believed in its doctrines but protested against "popish" corruptions in its forms of worship ; but by degrees they adopted a severe Calvinism. 17. A large proportion of them were gentlemen of educa- tion, means, and good social position. The greater part be- longed to the substantial middle class which furnished the strength of the popular party in politics and the indepen- dent party in the English Church. There were four ministers in the company which came out with Winthrop. 18. Immediately upon their arrival the colonists proceed- ed to found their civil government upon the church. Con- gregations were organized in each settlement, and only those who had been admitted to membership in them were allowed the privileges of citizenship and of voting. Membership was not easily granted ; not more than a fourth part of the adult population ever obtained it under the Puritan rule, and gene- rally the proportioji of voters was much less than a fourth. The preachers could exclude candidates for church-member- ship whose opinions or conduct they distrusted, and they exercised great authority in both secular and spiritual affairs. 19. Baptism was a privilege confined to church-members and their children. Marriage was celebrated by the magis- trates instead of the church, and the civil authorities had power to. grant divorces as they saw fit. The magistrates 56 Abridged History of the United States. had power to enforce religious observances and to collect taxes for the support of the clergy. Amusements were for- bidden. Gayety was looked upon as wicked. To keep any of the Christian holidays was called "idolatrous," and it was reckoned a sin to eat mince-pie at Christmas. 20. Intolerance. — Far from believing in freedom of wor- ship, the constant effort of the Puritans was to exclude from the settlements of Massachusetts Bay all who dissented from their opinions. Among themselves they maintained a sturdy independence of the English crown, but towards others they exercised a terrible tyranny. They punished with imprison- ment, banishment, scourging, or other penalties, both those who wished to preserve the forms of the English Church, those who taught novelties of their own, and those whom they regarded as " secret papists," or otherwise " unfit to in- habit " the colony. 21. Quakers were persecuted with especial severity. They were put in chains, barbarously whipped, branded, ruined by heavy fines, shipped to England or Barbadoes, scourged at the cart's tail from town to town, many of the victims of the flogging being women. Four were hanged, one of them a woman named Mary Dyer. Two little children were ordered to be sold as slaves in the West Indies to pay the fines of their parents. 22. Jesuits were forbidden to enter the colony, and if they came a second time after being expelled they were to be punished with death. It used to be the practice of the Puritans, up to the time of the Revolution, to show their hatred of the Catholic Church by publicly burning an effigy of the Pope. Soon after taking command of the troops be- fore Boston, General Washington issued an order severely condemning this "ridiculous and childish custom." 23. Roger Williams. — A young preacher named Roger Williams, who came out in 1631, was obliged to leave Bos- ton on account of his theological views, especially for deny- ing the authority of the magistrates in matters of religion. The Settlement of Rhode Island, 57 Banished likewise from Salem, he fled to the wilderness in midwinter, in order to escape being transported to England, and found refuge and kind treatment with Massasoit. 24. After suffering many hardships he founded the town of Providence (1636), and set up the first congrega- tion of Baptists in Ameri- ca, The colony composed of his followers was gov- erned at first as a simple democracy, everything be- ing decided by the votes of the majority ; but in 1643 Williams obtained a charter in England. This was the origin of the State of Rhode Island. Wil- liams professed the prin- ciple of toleration in re- ligion, but the laws of Rhode Island, as of nearly all the colonies, contained provisions against the Ca- tholics. 25. Mrs. Anne Hutchinson.- disturbed the church in Boston by instituting meetings of wo- men to discuss theology and teaching that all believers are inspired by the Holy Ghost, was banished (1637), together with several who shared her opinions, and her adherents were required to surrender all the arms in their possession, for fear they " inight upon some revelation make a sudden insurrec- tion." Finding refuge at first near Roger Williams in Rhode Island, the exiles afterwards removed to the protection of the Dutch, in what is now W^estchester County, New York, in order to get further away from the Puritans. Mrs. Hutchin- son and her family were there murdered by the Indians. Roger Williams. -Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, who 58 Abridged History of the United States. 26. Spirit of Independence. — Without much regard to their charter, the Puritans cultivated the habit of self-gov- ernment, and became very jealous of English interference. They were fanatical, narrow-minded, despotic, and cruel ; but they were industrious, enterprising, and self-reliant. They practised trades, built ships, opened schools, founded Harvard College in 1638, and set up a printing-press in 1639, which was the first in the English-American colonies, though not the first in America, the earliest books printed on this continent having been issued by the Spaniards in Mexico. QUESTIONS. 1. How was New England named ? 2. Under what concession did the Plymouth Company prepare to plant colonies ? 3. Who made the first settlement within their limits? Who were the Puritans? 4. From what place did the Puritan settlers remove to America ? What arrangements did they make for a settlement ? 5. Describe their voyage. 6. Where did they come to anchor? What did they do before land- ing ? Why was this necessary? 7. When and where did they finally land? What did they call their settlement ? 8. What were their experiences during the winter? g. Their relations with the Indians ? 10. What good fortune befell them the next season? 11. What cause for dissension existed among the colonists? 12. What was the result of these troubles ? 13. What of Lyford and Oldham ? Of Thomas Morton ? 14. What new colony was planted under the Great Patent ? What was its title ? 15. What change was made in the government? Where did the first colonists settle? What large party came out in 1630? What place did they found ? 16. What was their real purpose in emigrating? What was their religion ? 17. What was their character ? 18. 19. Give an account of their system of government. 20. Of their intolerance. 21. How did they treat Quakers ? 22. What were their laws respecting Jesuits? 23. Why was Roger Williams banished ? 24. What is said of tlic settlement of Rliode Island? Of the laws? 25. Why was Mrs. Hutchinson banished ? What became of her? 26. Mention the principal good and bad qualities of the Puritans. CHAPTER VIIL New Hampshire — Maine — Connecticut. 1. New Hampshire and Maine. — New Hampshire and Maine were founded under a grant from the Council of New England soon after the landing of the Pilgrims. John Mason was the leading man in the New Hampshire adventure, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges in that of Maine. Both territories were claimed by Massachusetts. New Hampshire became a separate province in 1680, but Maine continu«ed to be under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts until 1820. 2. Catholic Missions in Maine. — The English settlements in Maine were long confined to a few fishing-stations on the coast, and there were no towns. French missionaries, how- ever, from Acadia and Canada labored with great success among the Indians. The Capuchins had an establishment at Pentagoet (Castine), on the Penobscot, where they built a chapel as early as 1648 ; and the Jesuit Father Druillettes founded a mission among the Abenakis at Norridgewock, on the Kennebec, in 1646. Almost the whole of this tribe was converted and always kept the faith. 3. Connecticut. — The Housatonic and Connecticut rivers were discovered by a Dutch navigator, Adrian Block (1614), the year after the first occupation of Manhattan Island, and the Dutch soon began a trade with the Indians on the shores of Long Island Sound. In 1633, having purchased land from the natives, they built Fort ■ Good Hope on the Connecticut, near the present site of Hartford. 4. The English, claiming all this country, lost no time in trying to crowd the Dutch out. Settlers from New Ply- mouth, Newtown, and Dorchester founded Hartford, a mile and a half above the Dutch fort, Windsor, and Wethersfield ; and in 1639 met in convention at Hartford and adopted a written constitution, 59 6o Abridged History of the United States. 5. In the meantime persons in England — Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Brooke, John Hampden, John Pym, and others — had obtained a grant as lords proprietors of all the coast one hundred and twenty miles west from Narraganset Bay, em- bracing the whole of Connecticut and more than half of Rhode Island. John Winthrop the younger (son of the gov- ernor of Massachusetts), Hugh Peters, and Henry Vane were appointed commissioners of the lords proprietors, and sent a party by water from Boston to build a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut River. The fort was named Saybrook, in honor of two of the proprietors. 6. New Haven was founded in 1638 by a party of Non- conformists under the Rev. John Davenport. They had re- cently emigrated from England to Boston, but, not liking the religious peculiarities of the Puritans of the Massachu- setts colony, they determined to establish a community of their own. They admitted none but members of the church to share in the government, resolved to have no legislation except what they could find in the Bible, and were even stricter than the other New England colonists. Their strange rules have been the objects of ridicule under the name of the Blue Laws ; but the account generally given of those laws is greatly exaggerated. QUESTIONS. T. How were New Hampshire and Maine settled? 2. What is said of the Catholic missions in Maine? 3. Who were the earliest settlers in Connecticut? 4. How did the English regard the coming of the Dutch? What did the New England people do? 5. What grant was made to a new English association ? 6. Who founded New Haven ? When ? Give an account of their government. CHAPTER IX. New Netherland — Character of the Dutch Colony— New Jersey. 1. Dutch Settlements. — The Dutch settlers of New Neth- erland at first kept on good terms with the Indians and built up a large trade in furs. The merchants who directed the busi- ness in Holland were incorporated by the name of the Dutch West India Company (1621), having powers of government. 2. In 1623 thirty families of Walloons, or Protestants from the Belgian and Flemish provinces, were sent out to make a permanent colony. Some settled at Fort Orange, where Albany now stands (Fort Nassau, built near this place in' 16 14, had been abandoned) ; others removed to the Dela- ware and Connecticut Rivers ; and others laid the foundation of Brooklyn (1625). 3. Governor Peter Minuit [iimi-u-it) in 1626 bought the whole of Manhattan Island of the Indians for $24, and built Fort Amsterdam on the present site of the Battery. Around this post grew up the city of New York. The settlement w^as called New Amsterdam, and was made the capital of the colony. This was six years after the landing of the Pilgrims and four years before the founding of Boston. 4. To encourage the formation of trading and farming settlements the company granted extraordinary privileges to any of its members who would take out colonies of fifty or more persons at their own expense. Under this regulation villages were planted all along the Hudson. The proprietors were known as " patroons," or patrons, and governed their territories Hke feudal lords — a system which led to disputes and conflicts lasting for several generations. 5. The Swedes. — In consequence of dissensions between the patroons and the company Minuit was recalled. He thereupon entered the service of Sweden, and in 1638 sailed 6» 62 Abridged History of the United States, with a colony of Swedes to the Delaware River, where he built a fort near the present site of Wilmington, Delaware, and another on an island just below what is now Philadelphia. 6. The second governor of New Netherland was Wouter van Twiller, and he was succeeded by William Kieft, un- der whom in 1643 a bar- barous attack was made by the colonists upon the In- dians at Hoboken, and one hundred and twenty savages were massacred in the night. This led to a terrible In- dian war which lasted more than two years. Kieft was recalled, and replaced by Peter Stuyvesant {sti'-ve- sani), a brave and able but arbitrary man, who kept peace with the savages, and in 1655 compelled tlie Swedes on the Delaware to submit to the Dutch authority. Thus New Sweden was annexed to New Netherland. 7. The English king, Charles II., gave to his brother, the Duke of York (afterwards James II.), the whole territory from the Connecticut to the Delaware, and James sent out a fleet under Col. Nicolls to take possession of the gift ^1664). Stuyvesant wished to resist, but the Dutch inhabitants would not fight, and the English, of whom there were many in the colony, declared for their countrymen. New Netherland ac- cordingly passed peaceably into English possession, and in honor of the duke the name of New York was given to the town and province. The other settlements on the Hudson and the various Dutch villages in New Jersey and Delaware promptly capitulated. Nine years afterwards a Dutc.h fleet entered the Bay of New York and easily regained possession Peter Stuyvesant. Settlevieiits in New York and New yersey, 6^, of the town. It was restored to England, however, at the end of the war then going on between that country and Holland. 8. Character of the Colony. — At the time of the surren- der to NicoUs the province contained 10,000 inhabitants scattered far and wide along the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, on Long Island and in New Jersey, and New Am- sterdam had a population of about 1,500. The Dutch set- tlers had emigrated merely for the purpose of making money, and without any reference to politics or creed. 9. According to law, no religion except that of the Re- formed Dutch Church was to be tolerated, but the law was not strictly enforced, and many other Protestant sects were admitted into the colony. There were even a few Catholics in New Amsterdam. Father Jogues and Father Bressani, the Jesuit missionaries, after suffering unheard-of tortures at the hands of the Mohawks, were ransomed by the Dutch at Fort Orange (Albany), and kindly entertained by Governor Kieft at New Amsterdam. Father Jogues relates that he heard the confessions of two Catholics whom he found at Fort Amsterdam in 1643. The only denominations, how- ever, which were allowed to celebrate worship in public were the Reformed Dutch, the Swedish Lutherans, and the Church of England. 10. New Jersey. — The Duke of York conveyed the ter- ritory between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers to Lord Berkeley (brother of the governor of Virginia) and Sir George Carteret (1664), and it was named New Jersey after the Island of Jersey, in the English Channel. The Quakers soon afterwards bought the rights of Lord Berkeley and set- tled West Jersey, while Carteret retained East Jersey, which became Puritan. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the early policy of the Dutch settlers? 2. Who were the Walloons ? Where did they settle ? 3. What price did Governor Minuit pay the Indians for Manhattan Island ? What fort did he build ? What was the settlement called ? 64 Abridged History of the U^iited States, 4. Who were the patroons ? 5. What settlers did Governor Minuit bring to America in 1638 ? Where did he establish them ? 6. What occurred under Governor Kieft ? What did Governor Stuyvesant accomplish? 7. What grant did King Charles II. make to the Duke of York ? How did New Netherland pass into English hands? What change was made in its name ? Did it ever revert to the Dutch ? 8, What is said of the colonists? 9. Their religion? 10. How was New Jersey founded ? CHAPTER X. The Catholic Colony of Maryland — Lord Baltimore — Freedom OF Worship destroyed by the Protestants. 1. Lord Baltimore. — The first colony established in Ame- rica on the principles of freedom and self-government in politics and equal treatment for all in religion was the Ca- tholic colony of Maryland. Sir George Calvert, a gentle- man of Yorkshire, a Secre- tary of State under James I., and one of the original mem- bers of the London Com- pany of Virginia, resigned his offices when the Puritan party became violent in Eng- land, and declared himself a Catholic. James seems to have respected his courage, for soon afterwards he was created Lord Baltimore. 2. Calvert had previously established a colony in New- foundland just after the landing of the Pilgrims at New Ply- mouth, and offered a refuge there to Catholics and other per- secuted persons. In search of a milder climate and a more generous soil, he visited Jamestown, but he was turned away Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore. Catholic Settlement of Maryland. 65 on account of his religion. Finally, in 1632, he obtained from Charles I. a grant of unoccupied land north of the Po- tomac, and named it Maryland in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria, and to this territory he resolved to transplant at his own cost a large colony of Catholics and such other persons as chose to join them. 3. The patent was prepared by his own hand, but he died before it received the royal signature, and it was issued to his son, Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore. The proprie- tor was created absolute lord of the province, and empow- ered to make all necessary laws, but he stipulated of his own accord that no laws should be valid without the consent of the freemen of the colony or their representatives in assem- bly. The right of originating laws and of taxing themselves was also given to the settlers. 4. Departure of the Colony.— About twenty Catholic gen- tlemen joined Lord Baltimore, and these, with servants and laborers, two Jesuit priests. Father Andrew White and Father John Altham, and two lay brothers, John Knowles and Thomas Gervase, made a party of nearly three hundred. Lord Baltimore was detained in England, and committed the expedition to his younger brother, Leonard Calvert, as gov- ernor, with Jerome Hawley and Thomas Cornwallis as his councillors. 5. They sailed from Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, with the ship Ark and the pinnace Dove, committing them to the pro- tection of God, the Blessed Virgin, St. Ignatius, and the guardian angels of Maryland. Following the long route by the West Indies, they sighted Virginia after a stormy voyage of three months. They sailed up Chesapeake Bay, and on the Feast of the Annunciation, March 25, 1634, they landed on an island (one of the Blackstone Islands, now partly washed away), which they called St. Clement's. Mass was celebrated, and then with great solemnity they set up a large cross and recited a litany. 6. St. Mary's. — After spending two days in exploring the 66 Abridged History of the United States. Potomac and making friends of the natives, Calvert chose a place for his settlement on a little stream which flows into the Potomac on the north side, near its mouth, where there was already an Indian village. He bought of the savages their whole village, wigwams and all, and thirty miles of land, paying in axes, hatchets, rakes, and cloth. The colonists oc- cupied the Indian huts till they could build houses, and one The Landing of the Maryi and Catholics. of the best of them they used as a chapel. They gave the town the name of St. Mary's. 7. The settlement prospered. A crop of maize was gath- ered the first summer, and the Indians taught the colonists how to prepare it for food and how to trap game. Before winter all were comfortably sheltered. A church was soon erected on the high bank of the river. The Jesuits, joined by others of their order, devoted themselves to the spiritual wants of the settlers and the conversion of the Indians ; in Freedom of Worship accorded to All. 67 six months St. Mary's made more progress than Virginia had made in six years ; good order, moraUty, and industry pre- vailed ; and in less than a year after their landing the colo- nists met in general assembly to make laws for themselves. 8. Although the founders were Catholics, and the Catho- lic faith was the prevailing religion of the colony, there were many Protestants — servants and laborers — in the first party that came out, and others followed them from England, some Present Appearance of St. Mary's. becoming converted after their arrival. The policy of Lord Baltimore, as well as of the colonists themselves, was not to interfere with anybody's creed. 9. A refuge was offered at St. Mary's to all Protestants who fled from the Protestant intolerance either of Puritanism in Massachusetts or of the Church of England in Virginia. The governors appointed by the lord proprietor were re- 68 Abridged History of the United States. quired to take an oath to maintain religious equality ; and after a few years a formal act of toleration was passed, by which all Christians were to be protected against molestation on account of their creed. There never was any departure from this rule as long as Maryland remained Catholic, and it was a rule that prevailed nowhere else. We shall see that, as a consequence of this generosity, the Catholics became the victims of Protestant persecution in their own colony, and the freedom which they had established was destroyed. 10. Troubles with Virginia. — At the time of Calvert's, arrival a trader named Clayborne was established on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, within the limits of the Maryland grant. Clayborne refused to acknowledge the authority of Calvert, and, being sustained by the Virginians, who always regarded the Maryland colony with hostility, he maintained an open warfare with the government at St, Mary's. A num- ber of Puritans, expelled from Virginia, had accepted the hospitality of the Maryland Catholics, and now turned against their protectors, allying themselves with the partisans of Clay- borne, and obliging Calvert to flee from the province (1644). Two years later the governor came back with a body of troops and re-established his authority. 11. Puritans and Catholics. — It was three years after this (1649) that the Catholic Assembly of Maryland passed the act of toleration which earned for the colony the name of "land of the sanctuary." Protestants and Catholics were admitted to office on equal terms, and, some time after the death of Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore appointed Stone, a Protestant, as governor. The greater part of the Puritans had established themselves at Providence, near the present site of Annapolis, and a separate county, called Anne Arun- del, was organized for them in 1650. As they increased in numbers Charles County was also formed for them. They were always turbulent and insubordinate. 12. After the execution of Charles I. and the establish- ment of the Commonwealth, the Parliament sent out commis- Religious Intolerance of the Protestants. 69 sioners to look after "the plantations within Chesapeake Bay" (1652), which had acknowledged Charles II. One of these commissioners was Clayborne, the old enemy of the colony. With the aid of the Puritans Governor Stone was deposed and imprisoned (1655), several of the adherents of Lord Baltimore were hanged, Clayborne was reinstated at Kent Island, and a new government was set up, one of whose first acts was to exclude all " papists and prelatists " from the benefits of the statute of toleration, and to declare that no Catholic should sit in the Assembly or vote for members of it. 13. For three years the province remained in a state of civil war. One government was established at St. Mary's under the authority of Lord Baltimore's patent, and another at Providence .under the authority of the Puritan commission- ers. The rights of the proprietor were restored on the acces- sion of Charles II., and Lord Baltimore's brother, Philip Cal- vert, became governor. The act of toleration was now re- vived in its full extent, and the colony remained at peace until the ascendency of Protestantism was secured in Eng- land by the revolution which dethroned James IL and set up William and Mary. 14. The year after that event (1689) a Puritan named Coode raised an insurrection in Maryland, and, spreading a lying report that the Catholics had made a league with the Indians to massacre the Protestants, he organized an " Asso- ciation in arms for the defence of the Protestant religion," marched upon St. Mary's, captured the fort of St. Inigoe (St. Ignatius), and called a convention, which declared the authority of Lord Baltimore forfeited. 15. Two years later the king revoked the grant to the proprietor and made Maryland a royal province. The capi- tal was removed from St. Mary's to Annapolis. The Church of England was made the established religion of the colony ; the Catholics were disfranchised ; and thus the founders of Maryland were violently and ungratefully deprived of the privileges they had been the first to grant to other people. yo Abridged History of the United States. 16. In 1 7 15 Benedict Charles Calvert, the fourth Lord Baltimore, being a Protestant, recovered the proprietary- rights, and they remained in the family until the Revolution. No justice, however, was shown to the Catholics. In 1704 an " Act to prevent the increase of popery in the province " made it an offence to say Mass except in private houses, to exercise any other function of the priesthood, or attempt to make converts. Catholics were forbidden to teach. They were taxed twice as much as Protestants. After a while they were forbidden to approach within one hundred yards of the State-house. Most of the oppressive penal statutes con- tinued in force until 1774. The Jesuit missions, however, survived all persecutions and became the foundation of the American Church. QUESTIONS. 1. For what is the Maryland colony distinguished ? Who was Sir George Calvert ? 2. Where did he first establish a colony? What grant did he obtain from Charles I. ? For what object ? 3. What popular provisions were inserted by Lord BaUimore in his charter ? 4. How was the first Maryland colony composed? 5. When did it sail ? Where did it land ? What were the first acts of the emigrants? 6. Describe the purchase from the Indians. What was the town called ? 7. Describe the progress of the settlement. 8. 9. What was the practice with respect to diflferences in religion ? 10. Give an account of Clayborne's rebellion ? 11. Why was Maryland called " land of the sanctuary " ? How did the Puritans in Mar3dand conduct themselves ? 12. What happened under the rule of the Parliament ? What was done by the new government ? 13. How did the Restoration affect the colony? 14. What was Coode's insurrection ? 15. What was done under William III. ? 16. How were Catholics treated under the Protestant ascendency? What is said of the Jesuit missions ? CHAPTER XL Indian Troubles — King Philip's War. 1. The New England Settlers and the Indians. — The Pii ritan settlers of New England took little pains to Christianize the Indians, although one of the first Boston preachers, the Rev, John Eliot, devoted a long life to missionary enterprises among the red men, and won great influence over them. It was partly owing to his work that peace was kept for several years. At last the powerful and warlike confederacy of the Pequods in Connecticut plotted a general massacre of the whites, and the settlers determined upon war. 2. An expedition composed of Connecticut and Massa- chusetts men under Mason and Underhill, some friendly Mohegans led by their chief, Uncas, and two hundred Narra- gansets under Miantonomoh, marched in May, 1637, against one of the principal Pequod strongholds. 3. This was a village surrounded by a fortification of trees and brushwood. The Pequods were surprised in their sleep, but they fought bravely until Captain Mason, crying out, "We must burn them ! " thrust a fire-brand into one of the wigwams, setting the whole village in flames. The attack now became a massacre, the whites keeping up the fight within the fort, while their Indian allies struck down those who attempted to escape. A fortnight later the remnant of the Pequods were pursued to the swamps in which they had taken refuge, eight or nine hundred were killed or taken, and the confederacy was entirely broken up. 4. The United Colonies. — For better protection against Indian attacks, and for the advancement of their interests in general, a confederation of " The United Colonies of New England" was formed in 1643 by delegates from Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, who met at Boston with the 7» ']2 Abridged History of the United States. General Court of Massachusetts. Commissioners from each colony were to meet alternately at Boston, Plymouth, Hart- ford, and New Haven. The confederacy was important as the first step towards union, but it was dissolved after some years without accomplishing what was expected of it. 5. King Philip's War. — An attempt was made to revive the union in 1675 when a new and more terrible Indian war broke out, under the leadership of the great chief of the Whampano'ags, known to the whites as King Philip. He was the nephew and successor of Massasoit (see p. 52). The ris- ing soon become general ; even the Narragansets were in- volved in it ; Brookfield, Northfield, and Deerfield were burned ; the people of outlying settlements abandoned their homes and fled to the larger towns ; small parties of troops on the march were cut off and destroyed. The Indians were more dangerous than ever before, because many of them were now armed with muskets. 6. In December, 1675, an expedition under command of Josiah Winslow, Governor of Plymouth, attacked and car- ried a strong fort of the Narragansets in what is now the town of South Kingston, Rhode Island. The scenes of the Pequod massacre were repeated, many of the Indians per- ishing in their burning village ; but the colonists also suffered severely, and the war continued with redoubled horrors, un- til Philip was killed and his head carried in triumph to Plymouth. 7. The General Court of Massachusetts regarded the war as a punishment for the sins of the people, and among the principal offences they mentioned pride, profanity, cheating, the wearing of long hair by men, and toleration of Quakers. Besides calling out troops, they consequently caused the per- secution of the Quakers to be renewed. 8. Hostilities lasted more than a year. The colonists lost six hundred men in battle, besides many persons mas- sacred in the settlements. Twelve or thirteen towns were entirely ruined and others were partly burned. The losses ' Results of King Philip's War. 73 in money were about a million dollars. On the other hand, the power of the savages was for ever broken. More than two thousand were killed or captured, and most of the cap- tives were either hanged or reduced to slavery. From this time the tribes in New England fast dwindled away. QUESTIONS. I What is said of Puritan missions among the Indians ? What savage confederacy plotted a massacre of the New England settlers ? 2. What force was despatched against them ? 3. Describe the attack. What was the end of the war ? 4. What union of colonies was formed in consequence of Indian attacks? 5. What savage enemy next made war upon the whites ? What is said of the burnings and massacres? 6. How was the war brought to a close ? 7. To what did the Massachusetts authorities ascribe their dis- asters? 8. What were the losses on each side? CHAPTER XII. The Carolinas— Georgia — William Penn — Pennsylvania, 1. The Carolinas. — Between the English settlements of Virginia and the Spanish posts in Florida lay a vast tract which both nations claimed but neither had yet colonized. Spanish missionaries, however, had penetrated into this re- gion, and the Franciscans had stations and settlements of Christian Indians from Florida almost to the English fron- tier, which lasted until the EngHsh broke them up. 2. In 1663 Charles II. erected this disputed territory (now North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and part of Florida) into the province of Carolina, and gave it to eight of his favorites, at the head of whom was the prime minister, Clarendon. The famous English philosopher, John Locke, drew up a complicated scheme of government for the province, providing for a feudal nobility and other aristo- cratic institutions, great power for the lords proprietors, and the establishment of the Church of England. It was nomi- nally in force for about twenty years, but many of its regu- lations were never carried into effect, and the scheme as a whole was a failure. 3. The first settlements under the Clarendon grant were made in North Carolina, then called the Albemarle County Colony, in 1664, many of the early settlers coming from Bar- badoes. South Carolina, or the Carteret Colony, was found- ed in 1670. It received emigrants from New York, Holland, Scotland, the North of Ireland (Presbyterians); and later came many French Huguenots, whom the other adventurers did not treat very kindly. Slaves were introduced from Barbadoes in 167 1. 4. Georgia. — The settlement of Georgia was a conse- quence of the efforts of General Oglethorpe, a member of 74 Settlement of the Carolinas and Georgia. 75 the House of Commons, to improve the condition of prison- ers for debt, and other unfortunate persons who wished to begin a new life. A popular agitation was started in support of his project. George II. made a grant of territory, money was raised by subscription, and in 1732 Oglethorpe sailed with the first emigrants. Savannah was founded the next spring. The early settlers included Jews, German Protes- tants, Moravians, and Scotch Highlanders. A free exercise of religion was guaranteed to all "except papists." Like the other Southern colonists, the Georgians soon learned to depend upon the labor of negro slaves. 5. All the Southern settlements passed through great troubles, owing partly to misgovernment and partly to the turbulence and incapacity of the colonists. After many dis- orders the Carolinas became royal provinces in 1729 and took the distinctive names by which they are now called. Georgia became a royal province in 1752. Alabama, which then formed a part of it, was not set off until after the Revolution. 6. The Quakers. — Members of the sect of Quakers, or Society of Friends, showed themselves in the colonies as early as the middle of the seventeenth century, and every- where, except in Catholic Maryland, they were treated with extraordinary severity. Even the easy-going Dutch of New York persecuted Quakers while they spared every other de- nomination. It was among the Puritans of Massachusetts that they were most brutally^ outraged. (See p. 56.) 7. William Penn. — We have already seen that after a while they bought lands of their own in New Jersey. A few years later William Penn, one of the most distinguished converts to the sect, a man of wealth and family, and son of a famous English admiral, secured for his brethren in reli- gion a still more important establishment. He obtained from King Charles II., in payment of an old debt due from the crown to the Penn family, a charter for a colony west of the Delaware, to which was given the name of Pennsylvania 76 Abridged History of the United States. (1681). The charter was copied from that of Maryland, with some alterations. Lands were sold to settlers at about ten cents an acre ; and many privileges of self-government were offered to them. 8. Settlement of Pennsylvania. — The first party of emi- grants sailed in 1681. Penn followed them in 1682 ; in the course of the first year no fewer than twenty- three ship- loads arrived, and in two years the population amounted The Penn Treaty. to 7,000, including the settlers who were already on the ground when the new colony was organized. A few weeks after his arrival Penn held a conference with a large as- sembly of the Indians, under an elm-tree at Shackamaxon, in what is now Kensington, Philadelphia, and formed with them a treaty of friendship. This treaty was never broken and the kindly intercourse between the Quakers and the savages was rarely disturbed. Settlement of Pennsylvania by Qttakers. jj 9. The same year Penn founded the city of Philadelphia, whose name signifies " brotherly love," and summoned a legis- lative assembly, whose first session was held at Chester. Be- fore his return to England (1684) he established a repre- sentative government and a code of laws. The first emi- grants were mostly Quakers, including some from Germany and Holland, but toleration was promised to all Christians. This pledge does not appear to have been regarded as apply- ing to Catholics, yet they were not molested ; a number of Irish Catholics were among the early arrivals, and Mass was celebrated in Philadelphia in 1686. 10. Penn was involved in political troubles in England ; his province was taken from him, and for two years (1692-94) Pennsylvania was ruled by the royal governor of New York. Then the rights of the proprietor were restored. He made a second visit to America, and at the demand of the people, who wished for greater political privileges, he granted a new charter. In 1779 the State of Pennsylvania bought all the rights of Penn's heirs for about $500,000. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the country between Virginia and Florida? Of the missionaries ? 2. What was the Clarendon grant? Who drew up a scheme for the government of the colony ? 3. Who were the first settlers ? 4. How was Georgia settled? Who were the first settlers? What was the law respecting religion ? 6. What is said of the Quakers in America? 7. Who was William Penn ? What did he do in the interest of the Quakers? 8. How did he treat the Indians ? 9. What city did he found ? What kind of government did he establish? What is said of toleration? Were there any Catholics among the early settlers ? 10. How was the province governed after it was taken from Penn ? Were his rights restored? What did he do on his second visit to America ? CHAPTER XIIL The Colonies and the Crown — The Charter Oak — Leisler's Re- bellion IN New York — "The Negro Plot" — Salem Witchcraft. 1. The Colonies and the Crown. — Charles II. in the latter part of his life wished to destroy the liberties of the Ameri- can colonies and take their government into his own hands. The despotic character of the Puritan rule in Massachusetts^ the arrogance and intolerance of the Puritan churches, and the extreme boldness of some of their political claims gave him grounds for annulling the Massachusetts charter in 1684. He died the next year, leaving his brother, James II., to carry his plans further. 2. Sir Edmund Andros, who had previously been gover- nor of New York, arrived in Boston at the end of 1686 with the title of Governor-General of New England. New York and the Jerseys were soon added to his jurisdiction. The first important act of his administration which provoked the resentment of the Puritans was the publication of the royal Declaration of Indulgence, granting toleration to Quakers, Baptists, Episcopalians, and other Protestant sects, as well as to Catholics. Thus religious tyranny in New England re- ceived its death-blow from a Catholic king. 3. The Charter Oak. — All the New England colonies which still had charters were ordered to give them up. As Connecticut refused, Andros marched to Hartford with sixty soldiers to seize the document by force (1687). He entered the hall where the Assembly was in session in the evening. The charter was brought out and laid on the table, but when Andros was about to take it the lights were suddenly put out and the document disappeared. It had been carried away by the colon- ists and hidden in a hollow tree, and Andros never found it. The tree, known as the Charter Oak, was carefully preserved for nearly two hundred years. It was blown down in 1856. 78 The Colo7iies and the Crown. 79 4. On the accession of William and Mary the people de- posed Andros, and the colonies resumed their charters by their own authority. For some time King William was too busy with troubles at home to pay much attention to them. He was by no means disposed, however, to con- cede any liberties to the Americans. To the bills of rights which the provincial assemblies hastened to en- act he returned decided and repeated negatives. He sent over some of the same tyran- nical governors who had been employed by James, and others who were no better. 5. NewYork.— The Duke of York had allowed the people of New York in 1683 to meet in assembly, at the call of the governor — Thomas Dongan, a Catholic — and enact a code of fundamental laws known as the "Charter of Liberties," which claimed for the people the right to rule and tax themselves, to vote, and to practise any form of the Christian religion without molestation. This was the first legislative assembly of New York. As soon as he became king, however, James began to exercise the same arbitrary authority in New York which he asserted in New England. 6. Leisler's Rebellion. — When James was dethroned, Ja- cob Leisler, a rich German citizen of New York and captain in the militia, put himself at the head of a fanatical party of the lower class of the people, and took possession of the fort and the public money " for the preservation of the Protestant religion " (June, 1689). 7. The cause of this insurrection was in great part a Hiding the Charter. 8o Abridged History of the United States. bigoted hatred of Catholics. The most absurd stories were circulated about plots of the " papists " to cut the throats of the inhabitants, and the revolt began with the refusal of Leisler to pay his taxes, on the ground that the collector was a Catholic. There were three Jesuit priests in New York at this time, and for a little while they even had a Latin school in the city. This school was on what was known as King's Farm, near the present site of Trinity Church, Leisler's anti- Catholic outbreak occurred at the same time as the similar Protestant insurrection under Coode in Maryland. 8. King William appointed Colonel Henry Sloughter gov- ernor of New York, and on his arrival, in March, 1691, Leisler and his son-in-law and secretary, Milbourne, were arrested, tried for high treason, and hanged. His death exasperated party spirit, and the feud between the enemies and friends of Leisler continued to disturb the politics of New York for many years. 9. Religious Affairs. — The accession of William estab- lished in the colonies the policy of complete toleration for all Protestant sects and exclusion of Catholics. The New York Assembly of 1691 repealed the Charter of Liberties, and enacted a Bill of Rights which excluded Catholics from the privileges it conferred upon others. An act of 1700, passed by the exertions of the governor, Lord Bellamont, declared that every priest found in the province should be liable to perpetual imprisonment. If he broke jail and were retaken he should suffer death. The penalty for harboring a priest was a fine of ^200 and three days in the pillory. In 1701 Catholics were declared incapable of voting or holding office. 10. The anti-Catholic feeling reached its height in 1741, when the city of New York was thrown into a panic by rumors of a conspiracy of the nagroes to burn the houses and massacre the inhabitants. A full pardon and a large reward in money being offered to all who would confess, the terrified slaves began to tell the most extraordinary and hor- The ''Popish Plor ; Salem Witchcraft. 8i rible stories, and the excitement was soon increased by a fool- ish letter from Governor Oglethorpe, of Georgia, transmitting a report that the Spaniards had sent priests in disguise to set fire to the principal towns in the English colonies. 11. The cry of a " popish plot" was now raised, and a schoolmaster named John Ury was arrested on suspicion of being a priest. Denounced by one of the purchased wit- nesses, a low woman of infamous character, as an accomplice in the imaginary conspiracy, he was hanged, August 29, 1741, after a mock trial. He was probably what he professed to be, a non-juring minister of the Church of England. Eighteen negroes were hanged, eleven were burned at the stake, and fifty were transported to the West Indies. 12. Salem Witchcraft. — A delusion of another kind was raging in Massachusetts about the time of Leisler's insurrec- tion in New York. The Puritans of New England believed in witches from the first, and made witchcraft punishable with death. Six or eight persons supposed to be witches were executed between 1648 and 1655. Ii^ 1688 the fear of witches became a popular excitement and led to the greatest excesses. 13. The panic began in the family of John Goodwin, a citizen of Boston, whose children pretended to have been bewitched by an old Irishwoman. The case was investigated by the Rev. Cotton Mather and other ministers ; the old wo- man was found to be a Roman Catholic who spoke Irish and could not say the Lord's Prayer except in Latin, and she was adjudged a witch and hanged. Cotton Mather preached against witchcraft, and, like his father. Increase Mather, presi- dent of Harvard College, wrote books on the subject which greatly increased the delusion. 14. In 1692 the disorder appeared at Salem, where the daughter and niece of the Rev. Mr. Parris accused two friendless old women, and a squaw named Tituba, of be- witching them. All three were sent to prison. On the word of children and the malicious accusations of enemies a num- ber of women and a few men were thrown into jail ; a town 82 Abridged History of the United States. committee was formed to search for witches, and a special court was organized at Salem for the trial of the accused. 15. In one year twenty persons had been executed, eight were under sentence of death, one hundred and fifty were in prison, and many of the suspected had fled the country. A reaction now set in. The prisoners were released, and some of the judges and ministers acknowledged that they had been deluded. QUESTIONS. 1. What did Charles II. wish to do with the American colonies ? What gave him an excuse for annulling the Massachusetts charter? 2. What change of administration was made under James II ? What was the Declaration of Indulgence published by Governor An- dros? 3. Tell the story of the Charter Oak. 4. What occurred on the accession of William and Mary? 5. What were the principal features of the New York Charter of Liberties ? 6. 7. Give an account of Leisler's Rebellion and its cause. 8. How did it end ? g. What policy in religion was adopted on the accession of William? What laws were passed against Catholics in New York ? 10. What caused a panic in New York in 1741 ? What increased the alarm ? 11. Who was John Ury ? What was his fate? How many other victims suffered ? 12. What delusion broke out in Massachusetts? 13. How did the panic begin ? 14. Give an account of the progress of the delusion. PART SECOND. COLONIAL WARS. CHAPTER XIV. French and English Rivalries— Enterprises of the French- King William's War. 1. French Settlements —We have seen that the French from Canada penetrated into what is now the State of New York some years before the Dutch estabUshed themselves on Manhattan Island, and that Jesuit missionaries planted vil- lages of Christian Indians along the shores of the great lakes and the valley of the Mississippi. The English settlers dur- ing this period made no attempt to explore the interior, and supposed the continent to be quite narrow. 2. It was about the time of the settlement of Massachu- setts Bay that the Jesuit Fathers, who had already been laboring for many years among the Algonquins and Hurons of Canada and New York, began to push their explorations westward with a new zeal and enterprise, accompanying, and often leading, the Canadian fur-traders on their long journeys, and establishing kindly intercourse with many of the tribes. 3. Jogues, Daniel, Lalemant, Brebeuf, Gamier, Chabanel, and others (including some Recollects) were martyred. Al- louez made known the copper-mines of Lake Superior. Dab- Ion and Marquette founded Sault Ste. Marie, the first white settlement in the Northwestern States. Marquette, accompa- nied by the trader Joliet, first reached the Mississippi, the priest seeking a new field for missionary enterprise, and the fur-trader being commanded by the governor of Canada to look for a route to the South Sea. The French trader and adventurer, La Salle, under orders of the Canadian governor, 83 84 Abridged History of the United States. l"'rontenac, explored the Mississippi to its mouth, and took possession of the country in the name of the king of France. It was then (1682) that this region received the name of Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV. 4. English Jealousy.— The English settlements thus be- came enclosed by a line of French colonies and outposts, ex- tending from New IJrunswick and Nova Scotia up the valley of the St. Lawrence, through the region of the great lakes, and down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. It seemed doubtful at that time whether the whole continent was not destined to become French rather than English, and the strength of the French was greatly increased by the fact that through the influence of the missionaries and their own pru- dent policy they had made many of the Indian tribes their fast friends and allies. 5. The English settlers looked upon their French neigh- bors with jealousy and alarm. In New York especially, where the French priests had established so many villages of Indian converts, the bad feeling was very strong, and the English governor, Dongan, although a Catholic himself, tried to detach the' savages from their missionaries (promising to send them English Jesuits instead) ; he furnished arms to the warlike Iro(piois, and encouraged them to attack the French, with whom they were never long at peace. In the course of the hostilities thus begun the missions were broken up, many of the converts removing into Canada, and the French set- tlers suffered severely. 6. King William's War. — These Indian troubles had last- ed several years when King James II. was dethroned (1688), and, as the French king espoused his cause, war broke out between France and England. The colonies were at once involved in the quarrel, and fighting between them lasted for seven and a half years. This is known as King William's War. 7. Both the French and English colonists made use of Indian allies, and the warfare was marked by the most bar- barous excesses. Instigated by the French, the savages King William! s War, 85 burned Dover, New Hampshire, and ravaged the settlements of Maine. A force of French and Indians from Montreal surprised Schenectady at night (Feb. 8, 1690), massacred sixty persons, and carried off twenty-seven prisoners. Other Canadian expeditions of whites and Indians captured Sal- mon Falls, in New Hampshire, and Casco, in Maine. 8. On the other hand, the English colonists armed the fierce Mohawks and led a mixed expedition against Canada which failed. Sir William Phipps, with a Massachusetts fleet, made a descent upon Acadia, but was defeated in an attempt upon Quebec. Colonel Church fought a successful campaign against the Indians of Maine, in the course of which he put prisoners to death, not even sparing women and children. The Indians sometimes retaliated, but gene- rally carried their prisoners to Canada and sold them to the French as servants. The captives suffered greatly on the march, but were kindly treated in Canada. 9. A treaty of peace between France and England in 1697 put an end to the war in America. Both parties had suffered severely, and neither had gained any real advantage. The English colonists had been obliged to depend entirely upon their own resources, the home government doing no- thing for them. QUESTIONS. I, 2. Give a brief account of the progress of the Jesuit missiona- ries. 3. Name some of the Jesuit martyrs. What did Father Allouez make known ? What river was reached by Father Marquette ? What is said of La Salle? 4. By what were the English settlements sur- rounded? How did the French increase their power? 5. What was the feeling of the English settlers towards the French ? What was their policy in New York ? 6. What was the cause of King William's War ? 7. What Indian depredations and massacres were instigated by the French? 8. How did the English retaliate ? What is said of Colonel Church in Maine ? 9. What put an end to the war ? CHAPTER XV. Queen Anne's War — Father Rale — King George's War. 1. Queen Anne's War. — The war between France and England being renewed in 1702, the colonists were again in- volved, and the contest which ensued is known as Queen Anne's War. Spain being now in alliance with France, the English found themselves menaced from Florida as well as from the North. The French had grown stronger during the five years' peace, and their project of a great French-Ame- rican empire seemed more promising than ever. 2. The first operations were directed against the Span- iards of Florida. St. Augustine was captured (1702) by Gov- ernor James Moore, of South Carolina, but he did not hold it. Three years later, at the head of fifty whites and one thou- sand pagan Indians, he fell upon the Christian Indian settle- ments of Middle Florida, where the Appalachees, under the instruction of Spanish missionaries, had become farmers and herdsmen. The villages and churches were destroyed, and the converts, to the number of two thousand, were forcibly removed to Georgia. 3. New England suffered severely. Deerfield, Massachu- setts, was burned by a party of French and Indians (1704), forty-seven of the inhabitants being killed and more than a hundred carried into captivity. Haverhill, hardly recovered from the massacre of 1697, was pillaged and burned a second time. England for a long time sent no help. 4. The colonists, however, repulsed a French and Spanish attack upon Charleston, captured Port Royal (1710) — the name of which they changed to Annapolis — and threatened the unfortunate Acadians with expulsion from their homes unless they would turn Protestants. 5. Expedition against Canada. — At last in 1 7 1 1 a fleet of 86 War on the Maine Frontier. 87 fifteen ships of war and forty transports, with five veteran regiments of Marlborough's army, arrived at Boston to co- operate with the colonists in an attempt to capture Canada. New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania raised large sums of money and a strong force of men ; the fleet, under Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker, with an army of seven thou- sand soldiers under General Hill, sailed up the St. Lawrence for Quebec, and the colonial troops and Indian allies as- sembled at Albany for a simultaneous attack upon Montreal. A part of the fleet, however, was wrecked in the St. Lawrence with the loss of one thousand lives, whereupon the admiral at once abandoned the expedition and weakly returned to England. 6. End of the War. — England had been more fortunate in the European campaigns than in America, and by the peace of Utrecht, signed in 17 13, she acquired Newfound- land and Acadia, the latter province being thenceforth known as Nova Scotia. 7. Troubles on the Maine Frontier. — Disputes arose with the French about the boundaries of the ceded province of Acadia, and alsO with the Indians on the Penobscot and Kennebec, who resented the intrusion of English settlers upon lands which they regarded as their own. There was soon open war between the New-Englanders and the In- dians. Many of the Abenakis of this region had long been Christians. The missions founded among them nearly seven- ty-five years before this time by the Capuchins and Jesuits had continued to flourish ; and the famous Jesuit Father Rale was still laboring at Norridgewock, where he had been settled for nearly thirty years. 8. This zealous man was especially hated by the New- Englanders, who accused him of exciting the hostility of the Indians and keeping alive French influence in the disputed territory. They burned Norridgewock during Queen Anne's War, but it was rebuilt. They tried, to persuade the Indians to send Father Rale away and take a preacher in his stead, SS Abridged History of the United States. but the proposal was indignantly repelled. They offered a reward for his head. In 1722 an expedition was secretly de- spatched by the governor of Massachusetts to seize him. The missionary escaped to the woods, where he nearly perished in the snow, but all his property was carried off and the village was plundered. The manuscript of an Abenaki dictionary by Father Rale was a part of the spoil, and is still preserved at Harvard College. 9. Death of Father Rale. — In August, 1724, another ex- Murder of Father Rale. pedition of New-Englanders, aided by Mohawk warriors, surprised Norridgewock and poured a volley of musketry into the village. Father Rale went forth to meet the as- sailants, hoping by the sacrifice of his own life to secure the escape of his converts. He was shot down at the foot of the mission cross, and the victors, after hacking his body to pieces, rifled the altar, profaned the Host and the sacred ves- King George s Wa7\ 89 sels, and burned the church. Thirty of the Indians were killed and the rest took flight. 10. King George's War. — In 1744 France declared war against England, and, as usual, hostilities at once broke out in the American colonies. As this happened in the reign of George II., the campaign is known as King George's War. 11. Massachusetts took the lead, furnishing most of the men and ships for an attack upon the strong French fortress of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island. Other colonies con- tributed to the enterprise ; the animosity of the Puritans against French Catholics was inflamed, and a Methodist minister who accompanied the troops was provided with a hatchet to hew down the images in the " popish " chapels, 12. Under the command of William Pepperell, of Maine, the colonists compelled Louisburg to surrender (June 17, 1745), after a siege of six weeks, and Massachusetts then pro- posed to the British government to raise a colonial army which might reduce Canada. But the crown took alarm at the independent spirit of the Americans, and would only al- low them to menace Montreal while a British fleet and army shoiUd attack Quebec. 13. This project came to nothing, owing to the failure of the promised co-operation from England^ On the other hand, a powerful French fleet sailed to recover Louisburg ; but, shattered by two terrible storms and further disabled by an outbreak of fever, it returned home in distress. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) put an end to the war and restored Louisburg to France. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the war called which broke out in 1702 ? What ene- mies had the English colonies now to face ? 2. Where did hostilities begin ? What is said of Governor Moore's treatment of the Christian Indians of Florida? 3. What disasters occurred in New England ? 4. What successes did the colonists obtain in the South and in Nova Scotia ? QO Abridged History of the United States. 5. What enterprise did the British government at last attempt in America? Give an account of the expedition. 6. What American territory did the English acquire by the treaty of peace? 7. What troubles occurred in Maine ? What is said of the Abenaki mission ? 8. What is said of Father Rale? What was the object of the Massachusetts expedition against Norridgevvock in 1722? g. Give an account of Father Rale's death. , 10. What was the third colonial war called ? Why? 11. What was the principal expedition of the campaign ? 12. How did it result ? What did Massachusetts then propose ? Why did the British government refuse its consent? 13. How was the Canadian campaign defeated ? What was the re- sult of a French attempt to recover Louisburg? What was done by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ? CHAPTER XVI. The French in the Mississippi Valley — Progress of the English Colonies — The French and Indian War — George Washington — Benjamin Franklin. 1. Rivalries with the French, — The previous hostilities between the French and English colonies had originated in the quarrels of the mother countries ; but soon after the close of King George's War a new and much more severe struggle began with the settlers themselves. It lasted until the supre- macy of the English immigrants on this continent was finally estabhshed. 2. The French had never lost sight of their great scheme for the occupation of the Mississippi valley and the estab- lishment of a line of settlements, forts, and trading-posts from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along the great rivers and the lakes, to the Gulf of Mexico. Near the mouth of the St. Lawrence they had built the fortress of Louisburg, so strong that it was called the Gibraltar of America. Quebec likewise was The French m the Mississippi Valley. gf a place of great military importance. The Indian tribes of New York, who were kept friendly to the French, served as a defence for the settlements of Upper Canada. A French fort at Niagara commanded the communication between Lakes Ontario and Erie ; and a French post at Detroit controlled the channel to the great upper lakes. Natchez was founded in 1716 ; and two years later Governor Bienville began the building of New Orleans, to which the capitol of Louisiana was soon removed from Mobile. 3. Thus the French controlled the valuable fur-trade of the whole Mississippi valley. Their adventurous traders traversed the long route of two thousand miles from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico. Their missionaries pushed further and further into the wilderness, the Jesuits taking the upper part of the Mississippi valley and the Capuchins the lower. 4. Indian Wars. — Although the general policy of the French was to use the Indians as friends and allies, they did not always avoid wars and massacres. In 1729 the Natchez Indians fell upon the white settlers at Natchez, killed all the men except two, and made the women prisoners. Among the two hundred victims of this catastrophe were the Jesuit Fathers Du Poisson and Souel. The French in retaliation almost destroyed the Natchez nation. Afterwards they at- tacked the hostile Chickasaws of Alabama, who, being helped by the English, withstood them through two hard and inde- cisive campaigns, in the second of which the Jesuit Father Senat was burned at the stake. 5. Population. — While the French were strengthening their military position and extending their trade, they gained population very slowly. In 17 15 Canada had only twenty- five thousand inhabitants. Two years later John Law, a Scotch financier living in Paris, set on foot the Mississippi Company for colonizing the French possessions in America. The result was a gigantic speculation in the shares of the en- terprise, and finally a crash which involved the whole French nation in distress. America got little or no benefit from it. C)2 A I? ridged His lory of tlic United States, 6. Progress of the English Colonies. — The English colo- nies by this time had a population of about four hundred and fifty thousand. The neglect and injustice with which they were treated by the mother-country taught them self-reliance. Constant warfare with the savages made them bold and hardy. They learned to govern themselves, to watch their own inte- rests, and to depend upon their own labor. 7. Until the middle of the eighteenth century the English did not attempt to settle or explore the regions lying beyond the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains, but in 1749 an association called the Ohio Company was organized for trade and settlement in the West, and agents were sent across the mountains to make treaties with the Indians. To oppose this adventure the French stirred up the Indians, strengthen- ed the fort at Niagara, built another at Presque Isle {presk-eel), now Erie, established posts at Le Boeuf {liih buff) and Ve- nango, now Waterford and Franklin, in Northwestern Penn- sylvania, seized the English traders, and confiscated their goods. 8. Orders were now sent from England to the Virginians and Pennsylvanians to expel the French from their provinces. Virginia was under the authority of Lieutenant-Governor Robert Dinwiddle, who immediately despatched a messenger to the nearest French post to demand the release of the cap- tured traders and indemnity for their losses, and at the same time to inquire into the purposes and strength of the French occupation. The agent whom he selected for this delicate mission was George Washington. 9. Washington. — Washington was at this time not quite twenty-two years old. He was born in Westmoreland Coun- ty, Virginia, February 22, 1732. His family was honorable and wealthy, and his ancestors for three generations had been settled in Virginia. George inherited from his father, who died when the boy was twelve years old, an estate on the Rappahannock, near Fredericksburg, and he lived there with his mother. Early Life of Washins'ton. ie missions along with the Spanish power ; but the priests re- turned, and, although they afterwards suffered other disasters, the Church which they planted was never entirely over- turned. In Arizona also there had been Catholic mission- aries from a very early period. 8. Discovery of Gold. — When California was sold to the United States it was not supposed to be of extraoidinary value ; but before the treaty with Mexico was signed gold Avas discovered (February, 1848) on the American fork of 2IO Abridged History of the United States. the Sacramento River, and soon afterwards in many other places near there. When the news reached the States an immense crowd of gold-hunters rushed to California, some going by ship around Cape Horn, some crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and others travelling by wagon-trains across the plains and mountains. In the course of the year 1849 nearly one hundred thousand immigrants entered California, and the whole character of the settlements was suddenly changed. Immense fortunes were made by digging for gold or groping in the streams and washing gold from the sands. Great numbers of the adventurers, however, found nothing ; there was much suffering ; crimes and disorders of all sorts became common ; and the gold-diggings were the resort of the most desperate characters. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the Spanish missions in California? What mis- sion did the Franciscans found in the present State? Who was their chief? 2. How were the missions managed ? 3. What was the result of this plan ? 4. How were the missions broken up ? 5. What was the consequence ? 6. Who was consecrated bishop of the Californias? 7. How long had the missionaries been at work in New Mexico? What happened in 1680? 8. What important discovery was made in California in 1S48 ? What followed ? Chapter xlvi. Presidents Taylor, Fillmore, and Pierce, 1849-1857 — The Know- NoTHiNGS — Reorganization of Parties — The Mormons — The Atlantic Telegraph. 1. Oregon— Immigration.— Among the important events of Mr. Polk's administration were the settlement by compro- mise of a dispute with Great Britain about the boundary be- tween Oregon and the British possessions, and the beginning of the great movement of emigration from pAirope to the United States. The number of arrivals annually had been slowly increasing up to 1844 ; but in 1845 it rose suddenly to 114,000, and in 1850 it exceeded 310,000. More than half these new settlers were Irish. One cause of the great increase of immigra- tion between 1845 and 1854 was the Irish famine, and another was the politi- cal disturbance in Europe. 2. Taylor and Fillmore. — Mr. Polk was succeeded in the Presidency (1849) by General Zachary Taylor, elected by the Whigs over I/ewis Cass, Democrat, and ex-President Van Buren, candidate of the Free-Soil party, who believed that slavery ought to be forbid- den in the Territories. General Taylor died July 9, 1850, and the vacant office fell to Vice-President Fillmore. 3. Pierce. — President Fillmore's term was principally oc- Zachary Taylor. :2 1 2 Abridged History of the United States. cupied with the discussion of the slavery question, and. that was the chief issue in the election of 1852, when Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, a Democrat and representative of Southern ideas, was chosen over General Scott, Whig, and John P. Hale, Free-Soiler. 4. The Know-Nothing Movement. — A fanatical excite- ment against the Catholics began to disturb the country in 1853. Tumults were aroused in New York ; preachers de- claimed in the streets against " Popery " ; but the Catholics, by the advice of Archbishop Hughes, kept away from public meetings, and order was easily restored by the militia. 5. Archbishop Bedini, Papal Nuncio to Brazil, was visit- ing the United States at this time, and the rage of the fana- tics against him knew no bounds. At Cincinnati a German newspaper openly urged the radicals to murder him. The next night, which was Christmas (1853), a mob of Germans marched with arms to attack the house in which the nuncio was lodged ; the police resisted them ; a fight occurred, and eighteen persons were killed. 6. In the course of 1854 mobs destroyed Catholic churches at Manchester and Dorchester, New Hampshire ; at Bath, Maine, and at Newark, New Jersey. The Jesuit Father Bapst was tarred and feathered and ridden on a rail at Ellsworth, Maine. A church in Williamsburg, New York, was attacked, and only saved from destruction by the arrival of the military. 7. These outrages were promoted by secret societies, com- monly called " Know-Nothing " associations. They made a political question of hostility to the Catholics, and in 1854 they carried the elections in a great many of the Northern States. In June, 1855, they held a National Convention at Philadelphia, and published a declaration of political princi- ples, in which they avowed their determined opposition to the Roman Catholic Church, and their resolve that none but na- tive Americans should hold office. 8. In August, 1855, there was a terrible riot in Louisville, The Morinon Rebellion. 213 \vherc the Know-Nothings burned or pillaged about twenty houses, killed a large number of Irish and German Catholics, and were with difficulty prevented from destroying the ca- thedral. 9. Reorganization of Parties. — The Know-Nothing, or American, party soon went to pieces ; the Whigs likewise dis- appeared ; and the new Republican party, pledged to resist the extension of slavery, entered the campaign of 1856 with John C. Fremont as its candidate for President. There was an exciting contest, which ended in the success of the Demo- cratic nominee, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. 10. The Mormon Rebellion. — Soon after Mr. Buchanan's inauguration the Mormons of Utah were found to be in rebellion against the United States. This fanatical sect was founded in Western New York in 1830 by an impostor named Joseph Smith, who pretended to have received from an angel a revelation written in an unknown tongue on gold- en plates. He published, under the title of The Book of Jlfonnon, what he called a translation from these imaginary plates, and set himself up as the prophet of a new religion, in which " the saints " were to have as many wives as they pleased. 11. Going West with a number of followers, he was mur- dered by a mob in Illinois in 1844. ^* The Latter-Day Saints," as they styled themselves, had grown strong and prosperous, and Smith's successor, Brigham Young, deter- mined to lead them into what is now Utah, and found an in- dependent State. The removal took place in 1847, and they built Salt Lake City, on the great body of water from which the place takes its name. 12. They called their State Deseret, and made Brigham Young governor. Utah was part of the territory purchased by the United States from Mexico, but the Mormons refused to recognize the United States authorities or obey the United States laws. They committed many murders, and in 1857 they massacred at a place called the Mountain Meadow a 214 Abridged History of the United States. whole company of one hundred and twenty men, women, and children who were passing through Utah on the way to Cali- fornia. 13. Mr. Buchanan was unable to reduce them to obe- dience until he sent an army of twenty-five hundred men against them. Brigham Young threatened war and raised troops, but submitted at the last moment. The Mormons, however, have never become good citizens, and continue to defy the laws against polygamy. 14. The Atlantic Cable. — The first telegraph cable be- tween Europe and America was laid in 1858, and congratula- tions between Queen Victoria and President Buchanan were the first messages that passed through it. The cable, how- ever, was soon interrupted ; and it was not until eight years later that the persevering efforts of the originator of the pro- ject, Mr. Cyrus Field, of New York, were rewarded with per- manent success. QUESTIONS. T. What dispute widi England did Mr. Polk settle? When did im- migration begin to be rapid ? 2. Who succeeded Mr. Polk? Who followed President Taylor, and when ? 3. Who was the next President? 4. What disturbance arose in 1S53 ? 5. 6. Mention some of the mob outrages. 7. What faction promoted these acts of violence ? What was their declared purpose ? 8. What occurred in Louisville? 9. What is said of the next presidential election? 10. Who was the founder of the Mormons? What did he pretend ? 11. What became of him ? Who was his successor ! 12. What did the Mormons do in Utah? 13. How were they subdued ? 14. When was the first Atlantic telegraph cable laid ? CHAPTER XLVIL The Slavery Agitatiom Increasing — The Compromise of 1850 — The Fugitive Slave Law— The Kansas-Nebraska Bill- Repeal of the Missouri Compromise— War in Kansas— Dred Scott — John Brown — Election of Abraham Lincoln. 1. The Slavery auestion.— After the annexation of Texas the dissensions over the subject of slavery became more bitter than ever, and the question assumed an overpowering influence in all political movements. So long as the balance could be kept even between North and South by admitting free and slave States alternately, there was comparative peace ; but with the admission of Texas the area out of which slave States would naturally be formed was exhausted, while an indefinite number of free States was sure to be organized in the West and Northwest. 2. When California applied for admission as a free State (1850) the South made violent opposition ; the debates on both sides were conducted with extreme bitterness ; and the more violent Southerners even took some steps towards se- cession. 3. Henry Clay's Compromise.— The difficulty was evaded for a short time by a compromise measure proposed by Henry Clay (1850). Its principal points were the admission of California as a free State, the abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia, and the adoption of a Fugitive Slave Law under which slaves who escaped to the free States might be arrested and sent back to their masters. 4. This Fugitive Slave Law, faithfully enforced by Presi- dent Fillmore, proved especially hateful to the North. It was often evaded and sometimes openly resisted, it led to mob violence, and it strengthened the anti-slavery party ; while the agitation of the question of the morality and wisdom of slavery was hotly resented at the South, 215 2i6 Abridged History of the United States. 5. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — Peace under Mr. Clay's compromise lasted less than four years. It was broken in January, 1854, by the introduction by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, of a bill to repeal the Missouri Compro- mise (see page 196), which provided that there should be no slavery north of latitude 36^ 30', and to create the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska (both north of that line), with or without slavery as the inhabitants might prefer. This principle was called " popular sovereignty " or " squatter sovereignty." 6. The bill was vehemently opposed by the anti-slavery party, and by many others at the North, who regarded the Missouri Compromise as a solemn and binding agreement It i^assed, however, in May, amidst angry excitement. 7. Civil War in Kansas. — As the question of slavery was to be decided by the votes of the people of the new Territories, both parties exerted themselves to send out emigrants. Kan- sas was the scene of the struggle. Elections were carried by wholesale fraud or prevented by force ; rival legislatures were dispersed by armed bands ; there were murders and riots ; six governors in succession were appointed by the President — two were removed, and three of them resigned in despair. At last, after five years of anarchy and bloodshed, the free- State party triumphed and slavery was excluded from Kansas. 8. The Dred Scott Decision. — The agitation received a fresh impulse at the beginning of Mr. Buchanan's administra- tion from a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of a slave named Dred Scott, who sued for his freedom on the ground that his master had taken him into the free territory of Illinois. The court decided (March, 1857) that it had no jurisdiction in the suit, because a negro could not be a citizen of the United States. Chief- Justice Taney also expressed the opinion that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, slaves being private prop- erty which Congress had no right to interfere with. 9. Qr^at ejccitenient was caused by this decision at the John Browns Raid ; Election of Lincohi, 2 1 7 North. The abolition party was strengthened ; associations for helping slaves to escape became more active ; " personal- liberty bills " were passed in several of the free States to prevent the return of negroes under the Fugitive Slave Law without a trial by jury. Finally an enterprise was under- taken by an anti-slavery enthusiast named John Brown, with about twenty companions, which aroused the whole country. 10. John Brown's Raid. — Brown's plan was to raise an insurrection among the slaves of Virginia and arm them to liberate their people by force. In October, 1859, he and his men surprised and seized the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, where there was a large store of muskets and ammunition ; but the negroes did not rise, and Brown was overpowered by National and State troops, and hanged (December 2) by the authorities of Virginia. 11. Elections of I860.— The political contest of i860 was looked to as a critical time. There were now fifteen slave States — namely, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, Ten- nessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas ; and there were eighteen free States — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Min- nesota, and Oregon. The preponderance of the free States was likely to be soon increased by the admission of Kansas, which had already adopted an anti-slavery constitution, and by the formation of new communities in the Northwest ; and the rapid growth of the Republican party was an in- dication that the North was inflexibly opposed to any further extension of slave territory, 12. There were four candidates for the Presidency. John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky (then Vice-President), was nominated by the extreme Southern or pro-slavery party, Stephen A. Douglas by the more moderate Democrats, Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, by the Republicans, and John 2i8 Abridged History of the United States. Bell, of Tennessee, by a small organization calling itself the Constitutional Union party. Mr. Lincoln was elected by a large majority, having all the free-State votes except three in New Jersey. 13. Abraham Lincoln. — Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, February 12, 1809. His parents were poor, and he had little edu- cation except what he gave himself by hard study in the intervals of his work. He removed to Illinois while a young man, taught himself law, and was elected to the Legislature and Congress. He first won a national re- putation in 1858, when he and Mr, Douglas, being rival candidates for the United States Senate, can- vassed Illinois together, holding a public debate on the slavery question, which attracted the attention of the whole country. Mr. Douglas advocated his scheme of '^popular sovereignty," and Mr. Lincoln stated with great force the arguments for the prohibition of slavery in all the new Territories. Abraham Lincoln. QUESTIONS. I. What was the principal political question after the annexation of Texas ? 2. What occurred when California applied for admission ? 3. What was Henry Clay's compromise ? 4. Wliat was the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law? 5, What was the Kansas-Nebraska bill? 6. Why was it opposed at the North ? 7. What followed in Kansas? 8. What was the Dred Scott decision ? 10. Give an account of John Brown. 11. How were the States divided in i860? 12. Who were the candidates for the Presidency in that year? Who was elected? 13. Tell something about Abraham Lincoln. PART FIFTH. THE CIVIL WAR. CHAPTER XLVJII. Southern States Secede — The Confederacy Organized— Fort Sumter — Bull Run — The Neutral States — The Blockade AND the Navy — The Trent Affair. 1. Secession. — The election of a President opposed to the extension of slavery was taken by the Southern leaders as a sufficient reason for breaking up the Union. South Carolina immediately called a convention, which, on the 20th of De- cember, i860, declared the union between South Carolina and the other States dissolved ; and Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded in the course of the next six weeks. On the 4th of February, 1 86 1, delegates met at Montgomery, Alabama, and organ- ized the new confederacy under the title of the Confede- rate States of America. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen temporary President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President. The next November they were both regularly elected for six years. 2. Inauguration of President Lincoln. — Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, 1861. In his address he declared that he had neither the right nor the wish to interfere with slav- ery where it already existed ; that no State could rightfully secede ; and that he should enforce the laws of the Union in all the States to the best of his ability. This declaration agreed with the prevailing sentiment at the North. 219 2 20 Abridged History of^ the United States. 3. Fort Sumter. — Little or no resistance had been made to the secessionists during the four months between the elec- tion and the close of Mr. Buchanan's term, but Mr. Lincoln at once prepared for serious measures. His first attempt was to reinforce Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, where Major Anderson, with a garrison of eighty men, still flew the national flag. Before the reinforcements could arrive the Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, April 12, and on the 14th Major Anderson was obliged to abandon it and sail for New York. 4. This was the beginning of the war. In the North there was a general uprising in defence of the Union, which until now the people had refused to believe in danger. In the South all the slave States speedily joined the Confed- eracy, except Delaware and Maryland, which were bound to the North by their geographical position, and Kentucky and Missouri, which wished to remain neutral. 5. The day after the evacuation of Fort Sumter Mr. Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers (April 15), and early in May there was a further call for 42,000 volunteers and 40,000 men for the regular army and navy. The full num- ber was obtained at once, and many more might have been accepted if the government had been able to arm them. On the other side the Confederate armies were recruited quite as easily as the Northern, and they were ably com- manded by Southern graduates of West Point, who resigned from the Federal army when their States seceded. 6. Early Operations. — On the 19th of April a murderous attack upon Pennsylvania and Massachusetts troops, on their way to Washington, was made by a secessionist mob in the streets of Baltimore, and for some days the road to the capital through that city was closed to Northern troops. 7. The important navy-yard at Norfolk, Virginia, being menaced by the Confederates, was evacuated by the officer in command, after an attempt, only partly successful, to de- stroy the ships, buildings, and stores. The Confederates The First Battle of BiUl Run. 221 captured the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, worsted General But- ler in a small engagement at Big Bethel, near Fortress Mon- roe, and even caused some alarm for the safety of Washing- ton. On the other hand, McClellan and Rosecrans won a series of Union victories at Rich Mountain. Carrick's Ford, Carnifex Ferry, and other places in Western Virginia. 8. The principal Federal army was stationed on the Virginia side of the Potomac, opposite Washington. It was intended for the advance upon I -chmond, the Confederate capital, and its commander was General Irvin McDowell. The Confederates had their main body at Manassas Junc- tion, about thirty miles in front of McDowell, and their commander was General Beauregard. They had another force, under General Joseph E. Johnston, near Winchester; but the Union General Patterson confronted this body with an army large enough to keep it in check. 9. Bull Run.— McDowell's men began their march in good spirits, and on the 21st of July encountered the enemy near Bull Run, a small stream in front of the Confederate camp. The attack was well planned, and during the first part of the day the Union army was generally successful ; but late in the afternoon General Johnston, having eluded Patterson, came upon the field with his fresh troops, and fortune turned. McDowell's army, seized with a panic, fled m great disorder, having lost about 3,000 men, while the losses on the other side were 2,000. • 10. This disaster only stimulated the North to fresh ex- ertions. Congress authorized the enrollment of 500,000 vol- unteers and voted $500,000,000 for the expenses of the war. General McClellan, who had made a reputation in Western Virginia, was called to the command of the Army of the Potomac in place of McDowell, and soon afterward he be- came general-in-chief on the retirement of the aged and in- firm General Scott. 11. McClellan spent eight or nine months organizing and drilling his army without offering battle. A detach- 22 2 Abridged History of the United States. ment of his troops on the Upper Potomac was sent on a reconnoissance into Virginia under Colonel Baker, senator from Oregon, and, being attacked by the Confederates at Ball's Bluff, was disastrously defeated (October 21). Colonel Baker was among the killed. 12. The Neutral States. — Although Missouri had de- clared itself neutral, a strong party, with which the gover- nor was acting, wished to carry it over to the Confederacy, and it soon became a theatre of war. During the summer and autumn the tide of battle swept back and forth across the State, Lyon (killed at Wilson's Creek, August 10), Si- gel, Fremont, Hunter, and Halleck commanding the Union forces, and Sterling Price and McCulloch distinguishing themselves on the other side. The heroic defence of Lex- ington by two thousand men of the Irish Brigade of Chi- cago, under Colonel James A. Mulligan, was one of the stirring incidents of this campaign. The Confederate armies were at last driven out and Missouri was saved to the Union. 13. Neutral Kentucky was also kept in a condition of war. In September Leonidas Polk, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, having received a commission as major- general in the Confederate army, occupied Hickman and Columbus, towns on the Mississippi in Southwestern Ken- tucky. It was soon after this that Ulysses S. Grant, re- cently appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers, first came into notice by the capture of Belmont, in Missouri, opposite Columbus. 14. The Blockade and the. Navy. — At the beginning of the war the President proclaimed a blockade of all the Southern ports (April 19) ; and to enforce this measure the most energetic efforts were made to increase the navy. Great numbers of merchant-vessels were bought and con- verted into men-of-war, and the blockade soon became so strict that foreign nations were obliged to respect it. The operations of the blockading fleet were aided by the capture of several of the Southern harbors. Commodore Naval Operations ; Foreign Relations. 22 J Stringham and General Butler reduced the forts at Hatteras Inlet, commanding the entrance to Albemarle and Pamlico sounds (August 29), and Commodore Dupont took the forts at Port Royal Harbor, South Carolina, November 7. 15. In spite of the Federal cruisers, several Confederate men-of-war and privateers got to sea and did much damage. The Siimter, under Captain Semmes, destroyed many mer- chant-ships, but was finally chased into Gibraltar by the United States man-of-war Tuscarora, and, being unable to evade that vessel, was there sold. Afterwards the Confede- rates obtained much better vessels, built expressly for them in England. 16. Blockade-running became an active business with Englishmen, the headquarters of the contraband trade being established at the British port of Nassau, in the West Indies. By these operations the Confederates obtained arms and other supplies. Many of the vessels were caught and con- fiscated, but the profits on a successful voyage were so enor- mous that adventurers were ready to take the risk. 17. Foreign Relations. — The Confederates were treated with marked favor by England and France, the governments of both which countries would have been glad to see the United States dismembered. The South counted upon their assistance, especially that of England, where the scarcity of cotton, in consequence of the blockade, caused distress in the factory-towns. Two Confederate commissioners, Messrs. Mason and Slidell, were despatched to London and Paris, escaping first to Cuba, and sailing thence in the British pas- senger-steamer Trent. 18. On the 8th of November, 1861, Captain Charles Wilkes, of the United States frigate San Jacinto, stopped the Trent at sea and forcibly took off Messrs. Mason and Slidell and their secretaries. This action, which was illegal and unau- thorized, produced an angry excitement in England, and Lord Palmerston made a peremptory demand for the sur- render of the prisoners. 2 24 Abridged Histoiy of the United States. 19. The American government had already disavowed Captain Wilkes's act, and in an able paper the Secretary of State, Mr. Seward, showed that while it was justified by the British claim of the '' right of search," which led to the war of 1812, it was contrary to American principles, and must therefore be condemned. Messrs. Mason and Slidell were released and sent to England. 20. Just before this occurrence President Lincoln request- ed two confidential agents to visit France and England, in order to help the cause of the Union and avert the danger of foreign war by their influence with the governments and persons of distinction. The persons selected for this deli- cate and important trust were Archbishop Hughes, of New York, and Mr. Thurlow Weed. They sailed in the beginning of November and rendered very valuable service, Mr. Weed in England and the archbishop in France. QUESTIONS. 1. How was the result of the election regarded by the Southern leaders? What did South Carolina do? What States followed her example ? Where was the Confederacy organized ? Who were chosen President and Vice-President? 2. What position did President Lincoln take in his inaugural ad- dress ? 3. What occurred at Fort Sumter ? 4. How did this affect the people North and South? 5. What was the result of the first calls for volunteers ? 6. What happened in Baltimore ? , 7. What was done at Norfolk ? "* 8. Where was the principal Federal army posted ? The Confederate? 9. Describe the battle of Bull Run. 10. Who was called to the command on the Potomac ? 11. What was the affair at Ball's Bluff? 12. What occurred in Missouri ? 13. Who captured Belmont, in Missouri? 14. How was the blockade enforced ? 15. What is said of Confederate ships ? 16. Of blockade-running? 17. How were the Confederates treated abroad ? What was the feeling of the French and English governments? What Southern com- missioners were sent to Europe ? 18. 19. Give an account of the Trent affair. 20. What confidential agents were sent abroad by President Lincoln ? CHAPTER XLIX. Second Year of the War— Forts Henry and Donelson — Shiloh — Bragg and Buell in Kentucky — Bragg and Rosecrans— Cap- ture OF New Orleans — The Merrimac and the Monitor. 1. The Second Year of the War. — At the beginning of 1862 the number of men under arms, North and South, was not far from a miUion. The Confederates held possession of the Mississippi River from its mouth to the southern boun- dary of Kentucky, and a chain of strong positions extending thence through Tennessee and Kentucky to the border of Virginia. At the East they were in great force between the Potomac and the Rappahannock. 2. The Federal government confronted them with a large army under General Halleck, whose headquarters were at St. Louis, a second under General Buell at Louisville, and the fine body of two hundred thousand men organ- ized by McClellan on the Potomac. Simon Cameron, who had been Secretary of War, resigned January 20, 1862, and was succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton, a man of remarkable force, who held office during the rest of the war. 3. Operations in the West. — President Lincoln ordered all the armies to advance simultaneously on Washington's birthday, February 22, but McClellan not being ready, this plan could not be strictly carried out. In the West, however, after General George H. Thomas, with a part of Buell's command, had gained an important victory at Mill Spring, Kentucky, a movement was made by General Grant, from Halleck's army, and Commodore Foote with a flotilla of gunboats, against the Confederate forts Henry and Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. 225 226 Abridged History of the United States, 4. Fort Henry was reduced by the gunboats (February 6) before Grant arrived. Fort Donelson was a much stronger work and offered a more formidable resistance. The gun- boats could do little here on account of the height of the river-bank, but Grant pressed the land attack with such vigor that the garrison surrendered, February i6. These victories obliged the Confederates to give up the whole of Kentucky and most of Tennessee. 5. Battle of Shiloh.— The Confederates retired to Corinth, Mississippi, where Grant and Buell prepared to attack them ; but before these generals could unite Grant was assailed by the enemy at Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, on the Tennessee River, and a dreadful battle ensued, in which the Federal troops were driven back step by step to the edge of the river (April 6). Buell arrived in the course of the night, and the next morning the battle was renewed, ending in a com- plete Federal victory. The Confederate commander, Albert Sidney Johnston, was killed on the first day, and Beauregard took his place. 6. Corinth. — Halleck now took command of the armies of Grant and Buell, and advanced slowly against Corinth, which he occupied May 30, Beauregard retiring without fight- ing. Commodore Foote in the meantime had taken the gun- boats into the Mississippi, and, with General Pope, had cap- tured a strong post called Island No. 10 ; and Captain C. H. Davis, after destroying a number of Confederate iron-clads, reduced Fort Pillow and Memphis. 7. Campaign in Kentucky. — During the summer the Con- federates made a great effort to repair their disasters in Ken- tucky, and for this purpose they invaded the State with two armies. One, under Kirby Smith, advanced beyond Frank- fort and threatened Cincinnati, and the other, under Bragg, hastened towards Louisville. BuelL as soon as the object of Bragg was disclosed, left Nashville, and' by forced marches reached Louisville a day ahead of his adversary. There he obtained reinforcements, and the Confederates were forced Rosecrans s Operations; Capht7'e of New Orleans. 227 to fall back. Bragg and Kirby Smith united at Frankfort, and on October 8 Buell fought a severe battle with them at Perryville. This put an end to the invasion of Kentucky ; but the government was dissatisfied, and Buell was presently relieved by Rosecrans. 8. Operations of Rosecrans. — General Rosecrans, being in command at Corinth, had greatly distinguished himself there by two victories : the first over Price at luka, a few miles from that town, September 19 ; the second over a com- bined attack by Price and Van Dorn, October 4. 9. Appointed to the Army of the Cumberland, he at- tacked Bragg at Stone River, near Murfreesboro, in Central Tennessee, December 31, and by his bravery and ability saved the day after it had been apparently lost. On the 2d of January, 1863, Bragg renewed the battle, but was signally defeated and obliged to retire to Chattanooga, while Rosecrans fortified Murfreesboro as a depot of sup- plies. 10. Capture of New Orleans. — While the Federal armies were slowly fighting their way down the Mississippi a fleet of forty-five ships, gunboats, and mortar-boats under Flag- Officer Farragut, and an army of 15,000 men under General Butler, ascended the river from the Gulf of Mexico to attack New Orleans. The principal Confederate defences which they had to encounter were the two strong forts, Jackson and St. Philip, seventy-five miles below the city. In front of Fort Jackson the river was closed by a line of hulks and heavy chains. 11. After Captain David D. Porter, with the mortar- boats, had bombarded Fort Jackson for six days, Farra- gut bravely determined to run past the defences with the best vessels of his fleet. The chain barrier was cut, and before daylight on the 24th of April, 1862, the fleet moved slowly up the river, Farragut leading the way in the Hartford. The forts were passed under a tremendous can- nonade ; nearly all the Confederate fleet was destroyed pr 228 Abridged History of the United States. captured ; and the next day Farragut appeared before New Orleans. 12. The city was occupied by General Butler, the Con- federates having retired. The forts surrendered to Captain Porter. Farragut pushed up the river, took possession of Baton Rouge, the State capital, passed the Confederate bat- teries at Vicksburg, and met the gunboats of Captain Davis. 13. Operations on the Coast. — The process of closing the Confederate forts continued during the spring, when General Burnside and Commodore Goldsborough captured Roanoke Island, February 8; Newbern, N. C, March 14; and Fort Macon, at Beaufort, N. C, April 25. Commodore Dupont occupied harbors in Georgia and Florida, and General Gill- more took Fort Pulaski, on the Savannah River, April 11, thus blocking the way to Savannah. 14. The Merrimac and the Monitor. — When the Norfolk navy-yard was abandoned at the beginning of the war, the steam-frigate Merrimac was one of the vessels scuttled and sunk. The Confederates raised her and converted her into a ram, which they called the Virginia. Her deck and sides were covered with a slant roof of railroad iron, off which shot and shell rolled harmless. 15. On the 8th of March^ 1862, this strange craft, looking like nothing ever seen before, came out of the Elizabeth River and headed for the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads. She sank the Cumberland by a blow with her armored ram, and drove the Congress ashore and burned her. At night she went back to Norfolk. 16. The next morning she came out again to complete the work of destruction, and there appeared to be no way of saving the rest of the fleet. But before she reached the ships a still more curious vessel than the Merrimac ran out to meet her. This was the Monitor, a little iron-clad of a new design, invented by Captain John Ericsson, which had arrived during the night under command of Lieutenant Wor- den, this being her first voyage. She was iiQt more than one- Fight of the Monitor and Merrimac. 229 fifth as large as her antagonist. Her hull was almost entirely under water, and on her deck she had a revolving, shot-proof turret of iron, with two enormous guns inside. The sailors called her "a cheese-box on a raft." 17. The Monitor darted at the great Confederate vessel, and for five hours the battle went on, with great expendi- ture of powder, but with slight effect on either side. At Fight of the Iron-clads Monitor and Merrimac. last the Merrimac was disabled and returned to Norfolk. She never appeared again. This was the first battle ever fought between iron-clad ships, and the history of it was studied with great interest all over the world. A number of gunboats on the Monitor pattern were immediately construct- ed, and Ericsson's idea influenced the naval systems of all foreign nationg, 230 Abridged History of the U?iited States. QUESTIONS. 1. How were the Confederates posted at the beginning of 1862? 2. The Federal troops? What change was made in the Depart- ment of War ? 3. What were the first movements in the West? 4. Give an account of the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. 5. Of the battle of Shiloh. 6. Of the march upon Corinth. Of the naval operations on the Mississippi. 7. What did the Confederates attempt in Kentuck)'? How did Buell meet them? The result? Who succeeded Buell ? 8. What had Rosecrans done at Corinth ? 9 Give an account of the battles of Stone River. 10. What expedition was sent against New Orleans? How was the city defended ? 11. Describe the capture. 12. Describe the further operations of Farragut? 13. What was done on the coast? 14. Describe the Merriniac. 15. What did this vessel do in Hampton Roads? 16. Describe the Moiiitot. 17. The battle and its result. CHAPTER L. Second Year of the War, continued— McClellan on the Penin- sula—Pope IN Virginia— Second Battle of Bull Run— Inva- sion OF Maryland— Battle of Antietam— Battle of Fred- ericksburg. 1. McClellan's Advance.— The course of affairs in Vir- ginia during the year 1862 was in strong contrast with the progress of the Federal arms at the West. General McClel- lan decided to march against Richmond by the peninsula between the James and York rivers ; and accordingly, hav- ing transported about 120,000 men to Fortress Monroe by water, he began his advance, April 4, over the ground made memorable by the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to General Washington. 2. Delayed nearly a month by the task of reducing a line of defences which the Confederates had built across the pen- insula, he occupied Yorktown May 4, gained the battle of Williamsburg May 5, and advanced within seven miles of Richmond. Norfolk, threatened by General Wool, was evacuated by the Confederates, and the ram Merri7nac was blown up to prevent its falling into the hands of the Union forces. A panic broke out in Richmond, and the Confede- rate Congress adjourned in haste. 3. In the meantime, however, a series of operations in the Shenandoah Valley, which lies between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains, changed the face of affairs. That fertile valley was of great value to the Confederates, because it produced abundant food for their armies, and it was also an avenue by which they could reach the Potomac and threaten Washington. McClellan had sent a corps under General Banks into the Valley in February, and Banks suc- ceeded in pushing the enemy as far south as Harrisonburg, 231 2^2 Abridged History of the United States. the division of General Shields being especially distinguished in the advance. General Fremont now approached from the West, trying to unite with Banks. 4. This was prevented by the brilliant movements of the Confederate General T. J. Jackson, popularly known as "Stonewall Jackson," because his troops at Bull Run were said to stand as firm as a stone-wall. He won a victory at Front Royal, May 23, drove Banks across the Potomac, checked Fremont at Cross Keys, June 8, and overpowered Shields at Port Republic. 6. President Lincoln became alarmed for the safety of the capital, and detached McDowell's corps from McClellan's command, retaining it in front of Washington. Soon after- wards Halleck was called from the West to become general- in-chief, leaving McClellan only the Army of the Poto- mac. 6. The Chickahominy. — On the 31st of May the Confede- rates attacked McClellan's left wing, which had been pushed across the Chickahominy at Fair Oaks and Seven Pines, and a battle ensued, lasting two days and memorable for heroism on both sides. The result was a Union victory. The Con- federate commander. General Joseph E. Johnston, was se- verely wounded, and the Army of Virginia was led by Gene- ral Robert E. Lee during the rest of the war. 7. Lee was repulsed in an attack upon the Federal lines at Mechanicsville, June 26 ; but he fell upon them again at Gaines's Mill, or Cold Harbor, the next day, and drove them across the Chickahominy with great loss. His cavalry, under General Stuart, rode entirely around the Federal army and destroyed a quantity of stores at White House, on the Pamunkey, which was McClellan's base of sup- plies. 8. The Seven Days' Battles. — McDowell had been ex- pected to advance by way of Fredericksburg and join Mc- Clellan's right ; but McDowell being retained at Washington on account of the defeat of Banks in the Valley, it became The Seven Days Battles. 211 evident that the Army of the Potomac could no longer keep up its communications with the York River on the right, and McClellan decided upon the difficult manoeuvre of changing his base to the James. 9. This flank movement began on the night of the 28th and continued until July i, the troops marching all night and fighting all day, Lee attacking them at Golding's Farm, Sav- age'-s Station, White Oak Swamp, etc., and directing a heavy force against them at Malvern Hill, near the James, where, however, he was signally repulsed. This was the last of a series of engagements known as the " Seven Days' Battles," 1^34 Abridged History of the United States. in the course of which McClellan lost over fifteen thousand men. Lee suffered ahnost as much. After the battle of Mal- vern Hill McClellan fell back to Harrison's Landing, on the James, and fortified himself in a strong position where the gunboats could protect him. 10. Abandonment of the Peninsula. — General Pope had been called from the West and placed in command of the troops in front of Washington, consisting of the corps of McDowell, Banks, and Fremont. But Pope and McClellan were now so posted that neither could help the other. McClellan was consequently ordered to abandon the Pen- insula and transfer his whole army by boats to the Poto- mac. 11. The Second Battle of Bull Run. — Lee made the most of this opportunity to attack Pope. He defeated Banks at Cedar Mountain, August 9, and pressed forward toward Wash- ington, Pope falling back as he advanced, and trying to hold the enemy in check by continual fighting until McClellan should arrive. The ground was stubbornly contested ; but Stonewall Jackson succeeded in reaching Pope's rear through an undefended pass in the Bull Run Mountains, and threat- ened to cut him off from Washington. 12. From the 26th of August to the ist of September there was an almost uninterrupted battle, a part of the fighting taking place on the old field of Mana=;sas, and being known as the second battle of Bull Run. Portions of McClellan's force arrived during these critical days and were placed un- der Pope, but Pope complained that some of them did not properly support him. In an engagement at Chantilly, Sep- tember I, the Confederates were repulsed ; but Pope was now greatly outnumbered, and, having lost about thirty thousand men and a quantity of guns and stores, he retreated to the defences of Washington, General McClellan, whose popu- larity with the soldiers was unbounded, was again placed in charge of the Army of the Potomac. 13. Invasion of Maryland. — Lee now disregarded Wash- Battles of Ant let am ajid Fredericksburg. 235 ington, and, moving further up the Potomac, crossed into Maryland at Leesburg, while Jackson proceeded still higher up the river and captured Harper's Ferry. Mc- Clellan pushed between Jackson and Lee, and defeated the latter at South Mountain, September 14, but the Confederate leader secured his communication with Jackson by falling back. 14. Battle of Antietam. — The Confederates united at Sharpsburg, Maryland, on a little stream called the Antie- tam, which flows into the Potomac, and there a severe battle was fought, September 17, 1862, Lee having about 40,000 men engaged, and McClellan 57,000. The fighting lasted all day, with a loss of over 12,000 on the Union side, and proba- bly as many on the other. At the close of the slaughter each army held its own ground, but neither was in a condition to renew the struggle next day, and Lee retired and recrossed the Potomac. 15. The invasion was thus repelled, but the President was dissatisfied with General McClellan's management of the cam- paign, and in November replaced him by General Burnside. The new commander moved at once towards Richmond, crossed the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, and on the 13th of December assailed the heights back of that town, where Lee with 80,000 men awaited him behind earthworks and a thick stone wall. 16. Battle of Fredericksburg. — It was in vain that Burn- side's gallant soldiers stormed the hill ; the enemy's artillery never failed to sweep away the heads of the columns before they could reach the top. The most formidable of the posi- tions was the stone wall. The Irish brigade of Meagher as- sailed that no fewer than six times, going into the battle with twelve hundred men, and losing more than nine hundred of them. At night Burnside found himself everywhere repulsed. He had lost about twelve thousand men ; the army was de- moralized ; and retreating to the north side of the river, he was replaced by General Hooker. 236 Abridged History of the United States, QUESTIONS. 1. What was General McClellan's plan of campaign? 2. Describe his advance. What occurred at Norfolk ? 3. Why was the Shenandoah Valley important to the Confederates ? What did General Banks undertake there? 4. How was Banks defeated? 5. What was the effect at Washington ? 6. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. Who now became the Confederate commander? 7. What did Lee accomplish in the next engagements? 8. How were McClellan's movements affected by the withholding of McDowell's corps? 9. Give an account of the Seven Days Dattles. 10. What change of plan was ordered by the government? 11. What did Lee do ? How did Pope meet him ? 12. Describe Pope's Virginia campaign. 13. What was Lee's next move ? 14. Give an account of the battle of Antietam. 15. Who succeeded McClellan ? What was his plan? 16. Describe the battle of Fredericksburg. Who succeeded Burn- side ? CHAPTER LL Third Year of the War — Chancellorsville — Gettysburg — VickS' BURG — The Draft — Chickamauga — Chattanooga — Confederate Cruisers. 1. Emancipation. — After the battle of Antietam President Lincoln made proclamation that the slaves would be declared free in all States which did not return to the Union by the close of the year. In accordance with this promise he issued on the I St of January, 1863, his Proclamation of Emancipa- tion, in which he declared all slaves in the States or parts of States " in rebellion against the United States " to be hence- forth for ever free. 2. Battle of Chancellorsville.— General Hooker, after re- organizing and strengthening the Army of the Potomac, be- gan a fresh advance towards Richmond with 120,000 men. He crossed the Rappahannock above and below Fredericks- burg, and met Lee at Chancellorsville, about five miles from the scene of Burnside's defeat. Lee had not more than half as many men as Hooker, but the position was greatly in his favor. 3. The battle lasted all through the 2d and 3d of May. On the Federal left Sedgwick carried the Fredericksburg Heights, and was pushing on successfully when Stonewall Jackson surprised the right wing, put most of it to flight, and enabled Lee to turn the main body of the Confederate army upon Sedgwick, who was at last compelled to withdraw by night. Hooker recrossed the Rappahannock with a loss of 17,000 men. The Confederates sustained a severe misfor- tune in the death of Jackson, wlio was shot through mistake by some of his own troops. • 4. Battle of Gettysburg. — Lee now repeated the manoeuvre he had practised after the defeat of Pope, and hastened with 237 238 Abridged Histoiy of the United States. all his force to invade the North. He entered Pennsylvania through the Shenandoah Valley, and advanced as far as Chambersburg, threatening not only Washington but Balti- more and Philadelphia. Hooker moved in the same direc- tion, keeping between Lee and the Federal capital. On the 28th of June Hooker was replaced in command of the Army of the Potomac by General George G. Meade. 5. The hostile armies, each nearly 100,000 strong, met near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the ist of July, Meade taking a formidable position on a line of hills, and awaiting his adversary's attack. The battle, which lasted three days, was one of the fiercest of the w^hole war, and it was not until the close of July 3 that, by the repulse of a desperate Con- federate charge. General Meade made safe his victory. He had lost 23,000 men, and Lee 40,000. On the 4th of July Lee retreated to the Potomac. This was the turning-point of the war. The South was never able to collect so fine an army again, and never recovered from the exhaustion of the Get- tysburg campaign. 6. General Grant in the West. — On the very day of Lee's retreat General Grant gained a decisive victory on the Missis- sippi. He had been trying for several months to take Vicks- burg, the principal Confederate stronghold on the river, situ- ated on a high bluff on the 'east bank. Foiled in all his at- tempts from the north side, and unable, on account of the nature of the country, to swing his army around from the north side to the east, or rear of the town, he crossed the Mississippi and marched down the west bank to Bruinsburg. There, with the aid of Commodore Porter's fleet, which had run the batteries, he recrossed to the Vicksburg side far be- low the city. 7. This was a daring movement, for it separated Grant from all his bases of supplies and obliged him to live on the country. General Joseph E. Johnston was, moreover, ap- proaching from the East with an army for the relief of Vicks- burs;, and the garrison, under Pemberton, was marching out Fall of Vicksburg; Battle of Chickamauga. 239 to meet him. After defeating the Confederates at Port Gib- son, Grant threw himself between these two armies, beat Johnston badly at Jackson, and then inflicted two defeats upon Pemberton, who was driven back into Vicksburg. 8. Two assaults upon the defences having failed, a regular siege began which lasted forty-five days. At the end of that time, being out of provisions and fearing an assault, Pember- ton surrendered with 27,000 prisoners, July 4, 1863. Port Hudson, another strong place on the Mississippi, surrendered to General Banks four days later, and from this time the Union forces controlled the whole river, the Confederacy being thus cut in two. 9. The Draft Riots. — As early as April, 1862, the Con- federate Congress had passed a conscription act, enrolling in the army all adult white males below a certain age. In March, 1863, the United States Congress passed a some- what similar act. A draft under this law took place in New York City in July, just after the battle of Gettysburg, and was followed by a riot, which lasted four days (July 13-16), and resulted in a number of shocking murders and the destruction of J2, 000,000 worth of property. There were riots also in Boston, Jersey City, and other places. 10. . Battle of Chickamauga. — After his brilliant victory near Murfreesboro in January, Rosecrans remained quiet for some time, preparing a new campaign. In June he ad- vanced, and, compelling Bragg to evacuate Middle Tennes- see, followed him into Georgia. There Bragg, having been heavily reinforced, turned to give battle at Chickamauga Creek. The first day's engagement, September 19, 1863, was indecisive ; but on the 20th the Confederates gained a clear victory. The right wing of the Union army was routed, and only the stubborn resistance of Thomas on the left prevented the disaster from becoming general. Bragg, however, was unable to follow up his advantage, and Rose- crans retired unmolested to Chattanooga. J.1. Grant at Chattanoog^a. — Rosecrans was superseded in 240 Abridged History of the United States. command of the Army of the Cumberland in October by General Thomas, and Grant, having been placed in charge of all the armies in the West, proceeded to Chattanooga to take personal direction of the operations at that important place. He was joined by Sherman from the West, and Hooker with two corps from the Army of the Potomac. 12. Bragg menaced the Union position from two paral- lel ranges called Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Grant determined to take them both by assault. Hooker carried Lookout Mountain by storm, November 24, part of the fighting taking place in the midst of a thick mist, whence this is called "the battle above the clouds." The next day Missionary Ridge was scaled by the main army, Bragg re- treating into Georgia, where he was soon afterwards relieved of his command. An important result of Grant's victory was the raising of the siege of Knoxville, where General Burnside had been making a gallant defence against Longstreet. 13. Charleston. — Many attempts had been made to re- duce Charleston. An attack by a fleet of iron-clads under Commodore Dupont was beaten off April 7, 1863, and an as- sault upon Fort Wagner, on Morris Island, was repulsed in July. General Gillmore finally took Fort Wagner, September 7, after a bombardment from heavy batteries planted in the marshes, as well as from Commodore Dahlgren's fleet. Fort Sumter was reduced to ruins, and the blockading ships were able to enter the harbor, but no attempt was made to occupy the city. 14. Confederate Cruisers. — With the aid of the British government the Confederate authorities succeeded in fitting out several formidable cruisers, vi'hich in the course of the year 1863 did enormous damage to Northern commerce. The Florida, built at Liverpool, ran the blockade into Mo- bile, and issued from that port in January, 1863. She cap- tured twenty-one vessels, and was then seized in the harbor of Bahia, Brazil (October, 1864). J$. The mp^t important of the cruisers was the Alal^ama^ operations of Confederate Criiisers. 241 built at Liverpool for Captain Semmes after the sale of the Siwiter. She put to sea in July, 1863. After destroying more than sixty vessels the Alabaina challenged the United States war steamer Kearsarge^ Captain Winslow, to fight her off the harbor of Cherbourg, France — an invitation which was gladly accepted. The two ships were fairly matched, but Captain Winslow had the better gunners, and after an action of about an hour the Alabama was sunk. Captain Semmes and many of his crew being picked up by an Eng- lish yacht, while nearly all the rest were rescued by the Kear- sarge (June 19, 1864). 16. By the operations of these cruisers, which obtained all their supplies, etc., in British ports, the foreign shipping trade of the United States was almost ruined, and what this country lost the English ship-owners secured. The unlawful conduct of Great Britain in this matter was long a cause of bad feeling between the two countries. The matter was at last settled by England's paying to the United States fifteen and a half million dollars in satisfaction of the ''^Alabama claims." (See p. 255.) 17. In June of this year the western counties of Virginia, which had refused to join the Southern Confederacyj were admitted into the Union as the State of West Virginia. QUESTIONS. 1. What important proclamation was issued b}'- President Lincoln? What is the date of Emancipation ? 2. What was Hooker's plan ? * 3. Describe the battle. What celebrated general was killed? 4. What was Lee's next movement ? What change occurred in the Army of the Potomac? 5. Where did the two armies meet? Give an account of the battle. The date? The consequences? 6. What was happening at the same time in the West? What was Grant's plan at Vicksburg? 7. 8. Describe the campaign and its result. 9. What disorciers occurred at the North? 242 Abridged History of the United States. 10. What movement did Rosecrans undertake in Tennessee ? Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga and its sequel. 11. What changes of command were now made? 12. Describe the situation at Chattanooga. The battle. 13. What attempts were made upon Charleston? How was the port finall)^ closed ? 14. How did the Confederates obtain vessels of war? 15. Which was the most important of these cruisers? Give her history. 16. How did Great Britain profit by these ships? 17. How was the State of West Virginia formed? CHAPTER LII. Fourth Year of the War — Grant in Command of all the Armies — His Advance tow^ards Richmond — The Wilderness — Peters- burg — Early and Sheridan — Sherman's Atlanta Campaign — Thomas at Nashville — The March to the Sea — Farragut AT Mobile — Fort Fisher— Re-election of President Lincoln. 1. Reorganization of the Armies. — In the spring of 1864 an important change was made in the war policy of the Federal government. So much had been lost by the faihire of the various generals to co-operate with one another that it was determined to place General Grant in control of all the military operations of the United States, with the rank of lieutenant-general, never held before by any one in this country except Washington, although Scott had been lieu- tenant-general by brevet. Halleck remained at Washington with the title of chief of staff of the army. 2. The three Western armies, of the Ohio, the Cumber- land, and the Tennessee, were now united under the com- mand of Sherman, while Grant took personal direction of the campaign against Richmond, Meade retaining the im- mediate command of the Army of the Potomac. In a con- ference with Sherman, Grant arranged the plans for a simul- Battles of the Wilde7^ness, 243 taneous advance in the East and the West, to be made about the ist of May. 3. The Wilderness.— The Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan May 4, 1864, and found itself on the edge of a table-land called the Wilderness, covered with a thick growth of bushes and small trees, a short distance west of the battle-field of Chancellorsville. It was Grant's object to push through this difficult country as rapidly as possible, and Lee's object to attack him incessantly while he was still entangled in the labyrinth of the woods. 4. The battles began on the 5th and continued without interruption till the 12th, both sides fighting like heroes and suffering severely, but Lee being slowly forced back or outflanked, and so compelled to retreat little by little. On the 9th Grant was clear of the Wilderness and concentrated near Spottsylvania Court-House. Here the most furious and obstinate fighting raged with little intermission during ten days. Grant, who had lost nearly twenty thousand men in the Wilderness, lost ten thousand more here, and among the killed was the commander of the Sixth Corps, General Sedgwick, a brave and thorough soldier. Lee's losses, however, had also been severe. General Hancock's corps alone taking seven thousand prisoners and twenty-one pieces of artillery ; and Lee was much less able to bear such losses than Grant. 5. On the nth Grant had telegraphed to Washing- ton : " I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer." He continued, in spite of repeated repulses, to move to the left and try again. At the end of May he had reached McClellan's old battle-ground near the Chickahominy. There he fought two severe battles at Cold Harbor. In the second of these (June 3) Colonel McMahon, at the head of a New York regiment, succeeded in planting his colors inside the Confederate works, when he was killed. In twenty minutes the army was hurled back with the loss of ten thousand men. 244 Abridged History of the United States, 6. Grant now crossed the Chickahominy, and, moving far to the right of his adversary, transferred his army be- yond the James to assail Richmond from the south. This involved the reduction of the strongly-fortified town of Petersburg, on the Appomattox, practically a part of the defences of Richmond, from which it is twenty miles dis- tant- 7. Siege of Petersburg. — Reinforced, so that his army now amounted to 150,000 men, Grant crossed the James, and in conjunction with General Butler made three attempts (June 15, 16, and 18) to carry Petersburg by assault. These trials failed, and cost the Federal commander ten thousand men. A battle a few days later on the Federal left, where Grant endeavored to seize the railroad running south from Richmond and Petersburg to Weldon, resulted in the loss of four thousand men with little compensating advantage. An attempt to capture one of the Confederate forts by exploding a mine under it, and throwing an assaulting column into the chasm, was a terrible failure (July 30). All through the summer the fighting continued at various parts of the line, and when Grant at last desisted from these bloody assaults and settled down to a regular siege, the losses of his army (from the crossing of the Rapidan in May to the end of October) reached the enormous total of 100,000 men, while Lee had lost about 40,000, 8. Early's Invasion. — Lee tried to loosen Grant's hold upon Petersburg by sending General Early into the Shenan- doah Valley with a strong force. Hunter was defeated and driven out of the Valley, and Early crossed into Maryland, July 5, approaching within a few miles of Baltimore and Washington. 9. These cities were too well defended to tempt an at- tack, and Early returned to the Valley, carrying off a great many horses and cattle. At Winchester he turned and de- feated a pursuing force under General Crook, July 23, the gallant General Mulligan, famous for his defence of Lex- Campaigns of Sheridan and Sherman. 245 ington in 1861 (see page 222), being among the killed. Then Early crossed into Maryland again, entered Pennsylvania, and burned the town of Chambersburg. 10. Sheridan in the Valley.— General Sheridan was now sent into the Valley by General Grant with 30,000 troops. He defeated Early at Winchester, September 19, and at Fisher's Hill, September 21, and swept the whole Valley, destroying all the crops which he could not use, burning the barns and mills, and carrying off the stock. This devas- tation was ordered to prevent the Confederates from making any further use of the Valley as a source of supplies. 11. On October 19 Early, having obtained reinforce- ments, fell upon the Union troops at Cedar Creek, driving them in great confusion. Sheridan was at Winchester when this happened. Hearing the guns, he reached the field by hard riding in time to restore his lines and change the de- feat into a victory. Early's army was practically broken up. 12. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. — In accordance with Grant's plan for an advance of the Eastern and Western armies simultaneously, Sherman, with 100,000 men under Thomas, McPherson, and Schofield, started from Chatta- nooga May 7, three days after Grant's crossing of the Rapidan. His first object was the capture of Atlanta, Georgia, a very strongly fortified place about one hundred miles south of Chattanooga, important as a railroad centre and as the chief manufactory of Confederate military sup- plies. 13. Opposed to him were about 60,000 troops under Joseph E. Johnston, one of the very ablest of the Southern generals. Unwilling to risk a great battle with his inferior force, Johnston took adroit advantage of all the defensive positions which the country afforded, and fought when favorable opportunities offered, while Sherman with equal skill repeatedly turned his flanks and compelled him to fall back. By the loth of July Johnston was behind the defences of Atlanta. 246 Abridged History of the United States. 14. The campaign reflected great credit upon both com- manders, but the Confederate government was dissatisfied with Johnston's cautious movements, and replaced him by Hood. Hood attacked Sherman with great spirit, July 20 and 26, but failed, and sacrificed thirteen thousand men in the fruitless assaults. At length, by a masterly movement, Sherman transferred almost his whole army to the rear of Atlanta, cutting Hood's forces in two. This obliged the Confederates, after some sharp fighting, to retreat in all haste, and Sherman entered Atlanta, September 2. 15. Hood and Thomas. — Sherman now prepared to carry out the second part of his plan, which was a bold march through the very heart of the South. Hood tried to counter- act the movement by marching north into Teimessee ; but Grant had foreseen just this expedient, and Thomas, with the Army of the Tennessee, was sent to meet the expected invasion. Hood advanced towards Nashville, fighting an engagement, November 30, with General Schofield at Franklin, where the Con- federates lost six thousand men. Among their killed was General Patrick Cle- burne, called " the Stone- wall Jackson of the West," an Irishman who had been a private in the. British [ army, and who won a great reputation as a daring hard fighter. 16. When Hood reached Nashville his command was reduced to about forty thousand men, while General Thomas, who awaited him there behind the fortifications, was rapidly increasing his forces, so that, although they had been greatly George H. Thomas. The March to the Sea. 247 inferior to Hood's at the beginning, the two armies were now nearly equal. 17. Thomas delayed, in spite of the urgency of General Grant, until his army was well prepared to strike. Then, on the 15th of December, he suddenly fell upon the Confede- rate lines, and in a two days' battle completely overthrew Hood's army and put the demoralized fragments to flight. 18. The March to the Sea — In the meanwhile General ^f'AIonticello K E N IT U C K YJ.^dm Sherman, burning Atlanta, destroying the railroads and tele- graphs in his rear, and sending back the sick and wounded and much of the baggage, began (November 14) his famous march to the sea. He was to break off all his connections with the North, and when he started he did not know where he should come out. His army, sixty-five thousand strong, was spread out over a breadth of forty miles, and moved with difficulty over deep roads and through dense swamps, sub- 248 Abridged History of the U?iited States. sisting on the produce of the country, and followed by long trains of captured cotton and stores and thousands of fugi- tive slaves. There was little fighting. The Confederates had numerous bodies of troops which might have been con- centrated to oppose the march, but Sherman's dispositions were so artfully made that they never could tell which way he was going. 19. For four weeks nothing was heard of him at the North. At last, when the country had become very uneasy, he appeared near Savannah and attacked Fort McAllister. This work was taken by assault December 13. Gunboats now came up the river, and on the 20th Savannah was evacu- ated, Sherman sending the news of the capture to President Lincoln as a '^ Christmas gift." The spoils of Savannah in- cluded one hundred and fifty heavy guns and twenty-five thousand bales of cotton. 20. The War on the Coast. — The only important ports, except Galveston, that remained open to the Confederates in the summer of this year were Mobile in Alabama and Wil- mington in North Carolina. The entrance to Mobile Bay was defended by two formidable fortifications, besides a num- ber of batteries. Farragut, with a fleet of eighteen vessels, fought his way past the forts, captured the iron-plated ram Tennessee, and, after a spirited engagement, obliged the de- fences to surrender to General Granger's co-operating troops (August 5, 1864). During the battle Farragut was tied in the rigging of his flag-ship, the Haj'tford, so that he could see and direct everything. The port of Mobile was now entirely closed. 21. The approach to Wilmington was commanded by Fort Fisher, at the mouth of Cape Fear River. A combined attack by Commodore Porter's fleet and troops under Gene- ral Butler in December failed ; but a stronger force under General Terry, with Porter's sailors and marines, carried the fort by assault January 16, 1865. The next month Wilming- ton was captured by General Schofield. President Li7icohi i^e-elected. 249 22. Re-election of President Lincoln. — The presidential election took place in November, 1864, and Mr. Lincoln was chosen for a second term by a very large majority, with An- drew Johnson, of Tennessee, as Vice-President. The candi- dates of the Democrats were General McClellan and Mr. Pendleton, of Ohio. QUESTIONS. 1. What military change was made in the spring of 1864? 2. How were the commands distributed ? 3. What sort of country was the Army of the Potomac obliged to cross ? What was Lee's policy ? 4. Describe the battles of the Wilderness. What occurred near Spottsylvania Court-House ? 5. At Cold Harbor? 6. To what point was the attack on Richmond now shifted ? 7. Describe the first operations. What were the losses of each side during six months? 8. What happened in the Shenandoah Valley? How far did Gene- ral Early go ? g. What were Early's next movements ? 10. What did Sheridan do in the Valley? 11. Give an account of " Sheridan's Ride." 12. What was the first object of Sherman's advance at the West? 13. How was he opposed ? 14. What is said of the campaign ? How was Atlanta taken ? 15. What was Sherman's next purpose ? What was Hood's plan ? How was Hood taken care of? 16^ 17. Describe Thomas's operations at Nashville. 18. What was the plan of Sherman's "March to the Sea"> How was the march conducted ? ig. Where was Sherman first heard of? How long had his where- abouts been unknown ? What occurred at Savannah ? What '' Christ- mas gift " did Sherman send to the President ? 20. Describe the battle of Mobile Bay. 21. Describe the attacks upon Fort Fisher. 22. What was the result of the presidential election of 1864 ? CHAPTER Llir. Sherman in the Carolinas — Fall of Richmond — End of the War — Assassination of the President. 1. Sherman Marches North. — After resting a month at Savannah, Sherman started northward February i, 1865, to co-operate with Grant. He seized Columbia, South Caro- lina, forced the evacuation of Charleston, and reached Fay- etteville. North Carolina, without serious opposition. By this time, however, a considerable force under General Johnston had been collected in his front, and near Fayetteville there was a sharp engagement. At Goldsborough, North Carolina, Sherman was joined by Schofield and Terry from Wilming- ton. Halting his army there, to be refitted, he took a steamer for the James River, where he met the President and General Grant and arranged further plans. 2. Last Battles before Richmond. — The situation of Lee had become desperate. Sheridan had again defeated Early and destroyed Lee's communications in ■ the rear of Rich- mond ; Grant was pressing the siege of Petersburg with great vigor ; the victorious Sherman was approaching from the South ; and the Confederacy had used up all its resources and called out its last man. Lee's only hope was to cut his way out of Richmond and unite with Johnston in North Carolina. With this purpose he made a severe attack upon Grant's lines at Fort Steedman, east of Petersburg, March 25, expecting that the besieging army would be obliged to con- centrate there to resist him, when he intended to break through at another place and to combine with Johnston in crushing Sherman. The movement failed, and Lee was repulsed with heavy loss. 3. On the 29th Grant began a general advance upon the Confederate positions before Petersburg. It continued with Fall of Richmond ; Surre?ider of Lee. 251 some interruptions until the 2d of April. Sheridan, on the extreme left, gained a decisive and hard-won victory at Five Forks, April i, practically demolishing Lee's right wing. The Confederate lines in two other places were carried by assault the next morning. Lee saw that it was no longer possible to hold either Petersburg or Richmond, and accord- ingly telegraphed to President Davis on Sunday morning, April 2, that the capital must be evacuated the same evening. 4. Fall of Richmond.— The Confederate authorities has- tened to escape to Danville with what little they could carry, first setting fire to the shipping, tobacco ware- houses, etc., at Richmond, and Lee retreated towards Lynchburg, still hoping to effect a junction there with Johnston. The Federal troops occupied Petersburg on the 3d, and entered Richmond the same day. 5. Surrender of Lee. — No time was wasted in celebrations of the victory. Grant pursued Lee with all speed. He had so dis- posed the Federal army that escape was almost im- possible. Sheridan pushed out to the left, severed Lee's communications with Danville, and intercepted his provision- trains. Crook, Custer, and Wright cut off General Ewell and his whole corps, forcing them to surrender. Custer, under Sheridan's orders, captured the Confederate supplies again near Appomattox Court- House. On the 7th General Grant, reminding General Lee of the hopelessness of further resist- ance, asked him to lay down his arms, and April 9, 1865, the Confederate commander, finding his last avenue of retreat Robert E. Lee. 252 Abridged History of the United States. blocked up, proposed an interview to discuss the terms of surrender. The two generals met at Appomattox the same day. The surrender was promptly agreed to. Lee took an affectionate farewell of his officers and men, and the prison- ers, twenty-eight thousand in number (only eight thousand of whom had arms), were released on parole. 6. Surrender of Johnston. — Sherman had begun to press Johnston when news arrived of the surrender of Lee. John- ston thereupon capitulated April 26. All the other Confede- rate forces in the field speedily did the same, and the great civil war came to an end with enthusiastic rejoicings all over the North. Jefferson Davis, while trying to escape, was cap- tured by a detachment of General James H. Wilson's cavalry at Irwinsville, Georgia, and was sent to Fortress Monroe, and long confined there a close prisoner on charge of treason. He was at last liberated on bail furnished by Horace Greeley and others, and all proceedings against him were finally abandoned. 7. Cost of the War in Men. — At the close of the war the Federal armies numbered 1,000,000 men, of whom about 600,000 were present in the field. The number of Confede- rate soldiers surrendered and paroled was 174,000, besides whom there were 63,000 prisoners then in the hands of the Federals. The whole number of men who served on the Federal side during the war was about a million and a half; 96,000 were killed, 184,000 died of disease while in the ser- vice ; many thousands more died of wounds or sickness after leavinor the service. The Confederates had about six hun- dred thousand men in the field, and about half of them lost their lives by wounds or disease. Almost the entire Southern population was reduced to poverty. 8. Assassination of President Lincoln. — In the midst of the rejoicings over the capture of Richmond a crime was committed at Washington which sent a thrill of horror through all civilized countries. President Lincoln was mur- dered fit the theatre, on the evening of April 14, 1865, by Assassination of President Lincoln. 253 an actor named J. Wilkes Booth, who entered the box iin- perceived and shot Mr. Lincohi through the head, crying, " The South is avenged." Almost at the same time one of Booth's accomplices, named Payne, forced his way into the sick-room of Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, stabbed him repeatedly, and severely wounded several members of the family. Both the assassins escaped for the time, but they were soon caught. Booth was killed in resisting ar- rest. Payne and three others were hanged, and several persons concerned in the plot were sentenced to imprison- ment. Mr. Seward recovered. Andrew Johnson, the Vice- President, took the oath of office as chief executive. QUESTIONS. 1. Describe Sherman's march North. 2. What was the situation of General Lee ? What was his plan ? 3. Describe Grant's final advance. What was the result ? 4. When was Richmond occupied ? 5. What is the date of Lee's surrender? Where did it take place ? How many men had he? 6. What became of Johnston's army ? Of Jefferson Davis ? 7. Tell something about the cost of the war in men. 8. Give an account of the assassination of the President. PART SIXTH, THE UNION RESTORED. CHAPTER LIV. End of Slavery — Reconstruction — Impeachment of President Johnson — Presieent Grant — The Treaty of Washington — The Centenary of Independence— President Hayes — Presi- dent Garfield — President Arthur — President Cleveland. 1. The End of Slavery. — To supplement and confirm President Lincoln's military proclamation freeing the slaves in the insurgent States, the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was proposed by Congress, submitted to the States, adopted by the required three-fourths, and proclaimed as part of the fundamental law in December, 1865. It de- clared slavery for ever abolished in the entire Union. Thus a great evil was removed, and the South soon learned to accept the change as a blessing. 2. Reconstruction. — With respect to the manner of re- storing the Southern States to their place and power in the Union, a quarrel soon arose between President Johnson and Congress, and the President separated himself from the Republican party. A law, called the " Tenure-of-Office Act," was passed to prevent his removing civil officers without the consent of the Senate (March, 1867). He removed Mr. Stanton, Secretary of War, in violation, as it was alleged, of this law, and the House of Representatives thereupon de- termined to impeach him. 3. Impeachment of the President. — The articles of im- peachment accused him of disobeying the tenure-of-ofifice 254 Grant elected Pi^esident; Alabama Claims, r^^ law, and of various other offences, and the trial took place according to the Constitution, members of the House appearing as accusers and the Senate acting as judges. The exciting trial lasted two months, and ended m May with a vote of thirty-five guilty and nineteen not guilty; two-thirds being required to convict, this amounted to an acquittal. 4. Alaska. — The Russian possessions in North America, comprising a large and thinly-populated territory at the northwest corner of the continent, were purchased by the United States in 1867 for the sum of $7,200,000. This ter- ritory is known as Alaska. 5. Election of President— In 1868 General Grant was elected President, as the candidate of the Republican party, and Schuyler Colfax Vice-President. The Democratic can- didates were Horatio Seymour, of New York, and Frank P. Blair, of Missouri. 6. The Alabama Claims.~The most important event of General Grant's administration was the settlement of the disputes with Great Britain about the responsibility for the depredations of the Confederate cruisers. President Lin- coln addressed the British government on this subject, through Mr. Adams, the American minister at London. The correspondence was continued during the term of Mr. Johnson, the United States urging that Great Britain ought to make compensation for the injury inflicted by her acts, and England refusing to admit any liability. 7. A treaty was at last concluded at Washington, 1871, by which it was agreed that a tribunal of arbitrators ap- pomted by both parties should meet at Geneva, in Switzer- land, to decide the question. The tribunal of arbitration decided (1872) that Great Britain was liable, and assessed the damages at fifteen and a half millions of dollars, which sum was promptly paid. 8. The Fisheries.— The Treaty of Washington also pro- vided for the settlefnent of a long-standing dispute about 2 5^ Abridged History of the Ujiited Stales. the right of the people of the United States to catch fish off the coasts of the British-American provinces. A com- mission appointed by both parties met at Halifax, and after hearing argument decided (1878) that the United States should pay five and a half million dollars for the privilege of the fisheries during twelve years. 9. The Northwest Boundary. — A third question consid- ered by the Treaty of Washington was the boundary be- tween British America and the United States on the North- west, where a small piece of territory was still in dispute. This controversy was referred to the Emperor of Germany, who decided in favor of the claim of the United States. 10. Re-election of President Grant. — In 1872 General Grant was nominated by the Republicans for a second term, with Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. A number of Republicans, dissatisfied with the policy of his administration, organized themselves as the Liberal Re- publican party and nominated Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, for President, and B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, for Vice-President. The Democratic National Convention met soon afterwards and resolved, instead of naming Democratic candidates, to support Greeley and Brown. Grant and Wilson were elected by a large major- ity. Mr. Greeley died a few weeks after the election. 11. Indian Hostilities. — Great trouble was caused soon after the close of the war by the depredations of the In- dian tribes of the West and Southwest. The Sioux and Cheyennes began hostilities. An expedition was sent out against them under direction of General Hancock in 1867, and another beyond the Arkansas River in 1868, when Gen- eral Custer gained an important victory. In an expedition against the Modocs of Oregon in 1873 General Canby was treacherously murdered during a parley with the Indian chiefs. In June, 1876, General Custer and his entire com- mand of two hundred men Avere killed by the Indians on the Bisf Horn branch of the Yellowstone River, Montana. The Centen7iial Year. 257 12. Relations with Spain. — The relations between the United States and Spain were frequently disturbed by in- cidents growing out of an insurrection in Cuba. In October, 1873, the steamer Vu'ginius, sailing under the United States flag, was seized on the high seas by a Spanish man-of-war on the ground that she was employed by the Cuban in- surgents. Preparations were made to enforce amends for this wrong, but at the demand of the President Spain sur- rendered the steamer. 13. The Centenary of Independence. — In 1876 the Unit- ed States celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. There were great re- joicings throughout the country, and the various battles of the Revolution, as well as the signing of the Decla- ration, were commemorated by appropriate exercises. The Centennial year was chosen for the holding of a great international exhibition at Philadelphia, to which all the nations of the world were invited to contribute. It was opened in May and closed in November, having been visited by about ten millions of people. 14. Elections of 1876.— At the elections of 1876 the Republicans supported Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, for President, and William A. Wheeler, of New York, for Vice-President. The Democratic candidates were Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The contest was very close, and a dispute arose as to how the votes of certain States ought to be counted, both sides claiming them. Congress finally settled the controversy by creating an Electoral Commission, com- posed of five senators, five representatives, and five judges of the Supreme Court, to whom the disputed returns were referred. Under the rulings of this commission the votes were counted for Hayes and Wheeler, who thus obtained a majority of one, and were duly inaugurated March 4, 1877. 15. Election of President Garfield.— At the elections of 258 Abridged Histoi^y of the United States. 1880 the Republican candidates were James A. Garfield, of Ohio, for President, and Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-President ; while the Democrats nominated Major-General W. S. Hancock, of Pennsylvania, for Presi- dent, and William H. English, of Indiana, for Vice- President. The Republican ticket was successful. 16. Assassination of President Garfield. — On the 2d of July, 1881, as the President was about to take the train for New York in the railroad depot in Washington, he was shot and mortally wounded by a disappointed office- seeker from the West, named Guiteau, who at one time played the role of an anti-Catholic lecturer. The President lingered in great suffering until September 19, when he died. Vice-President Arthur was immediately sworn in as President. Guiteau was tried for murder, convicted, and was hanged June 30, 1882. 17. President Arthur's Administration. — The adminis- tration of President Arthur was peaceful and prosperous throughout. Towards the end of his term of office he succeeded in negotiating commercial treaties with Spain and the Republics of Central America, but the Senate refused to ratify them. The opposing candidates in 1884 for Presi- dent and Vice President were — Republican, James G. Blaine, of Maine, for President, and John A. Logan, of Illinois, for Vice-President ; Democratic, Grover Cleveland, of New York, for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice-President. The Democratic party was successful, and Grover Cleveland was inaugurated March 4, 1885. QUESTIOA^S. 1. How was slavery finally put an end to ? Did the South ac- quiesce in the change ? 2. About what did the President and Congress quarrel ? For what was the President impeached? 3. Give an account of the trial. 4. What Territory was purchased from Russia? 5. Who was elected President in 186S ? The Catholic Chtirch in the U. S. 259 6. What was the most important act of President Grant's adminis- tration ? 7,8,9. What did the Treaty of Washington provide ? lo. What was the result of the election of 1S72? 11, Give some account of recent Indian affairs. 12. What disagreement occurred with Spain ? iiow was it settled ? 13. What celebration was held in 1376? i\. ^Vhat was the result of th« election of that year? How was the dispute settled? 15. Who was elected in 1880? 16. Describe Presi- 'i- :;t Garfield's murder. 17. What is said of President Arthur's ad- . a.iisLiaiiou ? What was the result of the election of 1884 i* CHAPTER LV. The Catholic Church in the United States. 1. Growth of the Catholic Church in the United States. — We have seen that the Catholic Church in the United States at the time of the Revohition was weak and unpop- ular. It comprised hardly more than twenty-five thousand people, with about twenty-five priests, scattered here and there, and no bishops, and in all the colonies — even in Maryland — it was oppressed by unjust laws and a perse- cuting public opinion. The first bishop was appointed in 1790, and for eighteen years he was the only one in the United States. There were no Catholic colleges or schools at the time of the Revolution, and no convents, hospitals, or asylums. 2. In fifty years after the erection of the see of Balti- more the number of bishops had increased to seventeen, the number of priests to four hundred and eighty-two, and the Catholic population to about a million and a half. Catholics were then about one in eleven of the whole num- ber of inhabitants, while in 1776 they were only one in one hundred and twenty. 3. The increase in the numbers of the clergy was every- where followed by a rapid development of Catholic spirit. 26o Abridged History of the United States. Faith was revived among descendants of the early settlers of Louisiana and Maryland, who had long been deprived of the consolations of their religion ; churches suddenly arose where a Catholic, only a little while before, had been looked upon as a curiosity ; Catholic settlers were found on the most remote frontiers ; and many converts were made among the Protestant population. 4. After 1847 ^ still more remarkable impulse was given to the growth of the Church by the setting-in of the great tide of immigration. The early persecuting laws had for the most part been repealed by the States, and the general government had adopted a policy of hospitality to immi- grants ; and, favored by these circumstances, hundreds of thousands of Irish and German settlers came to seek their fortunes in the New World. Nearly all the Irish and a large proportion of the Germans were Catholics. Catholics were also among the less numerous arrivals from other foreign nations. 5. Thus at the end of the first hundred years of the nation the Catholics of the United States were supposed to amount to 6,500,000, or one-sixth of all the inhabitants of the Union, having increased, therefore, in the course of a century from one in one hundred and twenty to one in six. 6. They have given to the country a long line of il- lustrious men — theologians, philosophers, controversialists, scholars, preachers, statesmen, soldiers. Their missionaries have sought out the most savage Indian tribes ; their sister- hoods have carried peace and comfort into hospitals and tenements ; a flourishing branch of the Sisters of Charity was established in the United States by an American Catholic lady. Catholic schools have been founded in almost every city, and a system of Christian education has been sustained in the face of great difificulties. In 1887 Pope Leo XIII. gave his formal approval of the plans of a great Catholic university to be established at Washington under the control of the American hierarchy. The American Cardinals. 261 7. In March, 1875, Pope Pius IX. testified his regard for the Church in the United States by creating the first American cardinal. The hat was conferred upon the Most Reverend John McClos- key, Archbishop of New York, and he was sol- emnly invested with the insignia of his office in the Cathedral of New York, April 27, 1875. Cardinal McCloskey died October 10, 1885. On June 7, 1886, Pope Leo XIII. raised to the rank of Cardinal the Most Reverend James Gib- bons, Archbishop of Bal- timore. 8. In 1886 the Church in the United States had Cardinal Gibbons. 12 archbishops, 61 bishops and vicars-apostolic, 7,658 priests, 6,910 church buildings, 3,281 chapels and stations, 36 theo- logical seminaries, 88 colleges, 593 academies, 2,697 parish schools, and 485 asylums and hospitals. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the condition of the Catholic Church in the United States at the time of the Revolution? 2. To what numbers had the clergy and laity increased in fifty years ? . 4. What great impulse was given to the American Church after 1847? * 5. What was the number of Catholics in the Union in 1S76 ? 6. What services have Catholics rendered to the country? 7. Who was the first American cardinal ? When was he invested with the dignity? Who was the second? 3. Give some of the statistics of the American Church in 1886. APPENDIX. THE DECLARATION OF mDEPENDENCB, PASSED JULY 4, 1776. A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in, Congress assembled. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should' declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils ai'c sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to whicli they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over 2 Appendix. — ^ — these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and press- ing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to at- tend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature — a right inestimable to them, and for- midable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of anni- hilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, re- fusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his as- sent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among ils, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any mur- ders which they should commit on the inb^ibitants of these States : Appendix. 3 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : ■ For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- vested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his pro- tection and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high- seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- deavored to bring on the mhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished de- struction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated mjury. A prince wnose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legis- lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have re- minded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which de- nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. 4 Appendix. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de- clare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free AND INDEPENDENT STATES ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. {Signed) JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Bay. — Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, ElbriDge Gerry. Rhode Island. — Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. Netv York. — Wm. Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. — Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hop- KINSON, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Frank- lin, John Morton, George Clymer, Jajhes Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Delaware.— Cjehar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryla7id. —Sa^iuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Virginia.— GEORdE Wythe, Richard Hexry Lfk, Thomas Jeffer- son, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Ju\., Francis Liohtfoot Lee, Carter BraxtOxV. North Carolina.— WiEhi AM Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina.— Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., Thomas Lynch, Jun., Arthur Middleton. 6^eor^w.— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. Appendix. 5 CO]^STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE L THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- bers chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for elec- tors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whob number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians noc taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof sJi^U issue writs of election to fill sucj] vacancies, 6 A PPENDIX. —4, The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expi- ration of the second year ; of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial,, judgment, and punishment, according to law. Section 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 5. Each house shaH be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- Appendix. 7 stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number .may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journiil of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment re- quire secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Section 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compen- sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments where- of shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- ments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the Presi- dent of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be recon- sidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 8 Appendix. JU any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of th Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. The Congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with tlie Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post-ofRces and post-roads ; . To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their re- spective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high- seas, and offences against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and A PPENDTX. 9 for governing siich part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceedmg ten miles square) as may by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the govern- ment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- ment or officer thereof. Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be pro- hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- quire it. No bill of attainder or ex-post-facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or reve- nue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Section 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confed- eration ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills qI credit ; make anything but ^oH m^ §ilver coin ^ tender in payment 10 Appendix, — '^ — of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- nage, keep troops or ships-of-war in time of peace, enter into any agree- ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II.— THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. [*The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; and they shall make a list of all the per- sons voted for, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immedi- ately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall, in like manner, choose the Pi'esident. But in choosing the President . the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State * This clauge has been supersede^ by the Twelfth Amendment, on page 17. Appendix. i\ — 4- — having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or in- ability both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the, United States ; he may re- quire the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and par- dons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeach- ment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and con- 12 Appendix. — ^ — sent of the Senate, shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of de- partments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may hap- pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress infor- mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjourn- ment he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Section 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde- meanors. ARTICLE III.— THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Su- preme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereofj ftnd foreign States, citizens, or sub- jects, Appendix. 13 — ^ — In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con- suls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have origmal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before men- tioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by- jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV.— MISCELLANEOUS PEOVISIONS. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State; and the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all priA'i- leges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the- State from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic- tion of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of 14 Appendix. — ^ — two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legis- latures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any par- ticular State. Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the legislature or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE v.— POWERS OF AMENDMENT. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; pro- vided* that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI.— PUBLIC DEBT, SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTI- TUTION, OATH OF OFFICE, RELIGIOUS TEST. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop- tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary rot- withstanding. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial oificers, Appendix. 15 both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VIL— RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States pre- sent, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the inde- pendence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, and Deputy from Virginia. {Signed oy Deputies from all the States exceptRliode Island) The Constitution was adopted by the Convention September 17, 1787, and was ratified by conventions of the several States at the follow- ing dates, viz. : Delaware, December 7,1787. Maryland, April 28, 1788. Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787. South Carolina, May 23, 1788. New Jersey, December 18, 1787. New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. Georgia, January 2, 1788. Virginia, June 26, 1788. Connecticut, January 9, 1788. New York, July 26, 1788. Massachusetts, February 6, 1788. North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789. Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, Proposed hy Congress, and ratified hy the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the foregoing Constitution. ARTICLE I.— FREEDOM OF RELIGION. The Urst ten articles were proposed hy Congress in 1789, and declared adopted in 1791. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances, 16 Appendix. — 4- — ARTICLE II.— RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- fringed. ARTICLE III.— QUARTERING SOLDIERS ON CITIZENS. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. ARTICLE IV.— SEARCH-WARRANTS. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE v.— TRIAL FOR CRIME. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compen- sation. ARTICLE VI.— RIGHTS OF ACCUSED PERSONS. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. ARTICLE VIL— SUITS AT COMMON LAW. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Appendix. 17 — 4- — ARTICLE VIII.— EXCESSIVE BAIL. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX.-RIGHTS RETAINED BY THE PEOPLE, The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. -RESERVED RIGHTS OP THE STATES. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XL— RESTRICTION ON THE JUDICIAL POWER. Proposed by Congress in 1794 and declared adopted in 1798. The judicial power of the United Slates shall not be construed to ex- tend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or sub- jects of any foreign State. ARTICLE XII.— METHOD OF ELECTING A PRESIDENT. Proposed by Congress and declared adopted in 1804. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distmct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and cei'tify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number oC votes for Presi- dent shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives 18 A PPENDIX. — + shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Rep- resentatives sliall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the foiuth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice- President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible lo the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ARTICLE XIII.— SLAVERY. Proposed hy Congress in 1865, and declared adopted December, 1865. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juiis- diction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by ap- propriate legislation. ARTICLE XIV.-CIVIL RIGHTS. Declared adopted July 28, 1868. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole num- ber of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when Appendix. 19 the right to rote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State (being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States), or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the propor- tion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in said State. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- gress, or Elector, or President, or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, hav- ing previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an ofTicer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof ; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such dis- ability. Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties, for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned ; but neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emanci- pation of any slave. But all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec'tion 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this Article. ARTICLE XV.—CIYIL RIGHTS. Decla/red adopted, March 30, 1870. Section 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on ac- count of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation. 20 Appendix. — ^ — PRESIDExXTS AND TEAK. PRESIDENTS. VICE-PKESIDENTS. SECRETARIES OP STATE. SECRETARIES OP TREASURY. 1789-1797 George Washington (Federal). John Adams. Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, Timothy Pickering. Alex. Hamilton, Oliver Wolcott. 1797-1801 John Adams (Fed.) Thos. Jefferson. Timothy Pickering, John Marshall. Oliver Wolcott, Samuel Dexter. 1801-1809 Thomas Jefferson (Kepublican). Aaron Burr, George Clinton. James Madison. Samuel Dextec Albert Gallatin. 1809-1817 James Madison (Democrat). George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry. Robert Smith, James Monroe. Albert Gallatin, Geo. W. Campbell, Alex. J. Dallas. 1817-1825 James Monroe (D.) D. D. Tompkins. John Q,. Adams. Wm. H.Crawford. 1825-1829 John Quincy Adams (Coalition). John C. Calhoun. Henry Clay. Richard Rush. 1829-1837 Andrew Jackson (Dem.) John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren. Martin Van Buren, Edward Livingston, Louis McLane, John Forsyth. S. D. Ingham, Louis McLane, Wm. J. Duane, Eoger B. Taney, Levi Woodbury. 1837-1841 Martin Yan Buren (Dem.) Richard M. John- sou. John Forsyth. Levi Woodbury. 1841-1845 William Henry Har- rison (Whig». (D. April 4, 1841, and John Tyler be- came President.) John Tyler. Daniel Webster, Hugh S. Le„-are, Abel P. Upshur, John Nelson, John C. Calhoun. Thomas Ewing. Walter Forward, Caleb Gushing, John C. Spencer, G. M. Bibb. 1845-1849 James K. Polk (D.) George M. Dallas. James Buchanan. Robert J. Walker. 1849-1853 Zachary Taylor (W.) (Died July 9, 1850, and Millard Fill- more became Pre- sident.) Millard Fillmore. John M. Clayton, Daniel Webster, Edward Everett. Wm. M.Meredith, Thomas Corwin. 1853-1857 Franklin Pierce (D.) William R. King. William L. Marcy. James Guthrie. 1S57-1861 Jas. Buchanan (D.) John C. Breckin- ridge. Lewis Cass, Jeremiah S. Black. Howell Cobb, Philip F. Thomas, John A. Dix. 18G1-1869 Abr'm Lincoln (E.) (DiedAp. 15, 1865, in 2d term, and And. Johnson be- came President.) Hannibal ITaralin, Andrew Johnson. Wm. n. Seward. Salmon P. Chase, W. P. Fessenden, Hugh McCulloch. 1869-1877 Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson. E. B. Washburne, Hamilton Fisb. Geo. S. Boutwell, W.A.Richardson, B. H. Bristow, L. M. Morrill. 1877-1881 R. B. Hayes. (R.) Wm. A. Wheeler. Wm. M. Evarts. John Sherman. Present Administration — 1885 Wm. C. Endicott, -1889— Grover Cleveland, Pres. ; Thomas A. Hendricks, Sec. of War ; Wm. C. Whitney, Sec. of Navy ; L. Q. C. A PPENDIX. ^ THEIR CABINETS. 21 SECRETARIES OP WAR. Henry Knox, Tim. Pickering, Jas. McHenry. Jas. McHenry, Samuel Dexter, K. Griswold. H. Dearborn. secretaries of navy'. (No Navy Dept. dur- ing Wasliington's Administration.) George Cabot, Benjamin Stoddert. Benjamin Stoddert, Robert Smith, Jac. Crowninshield. William Eustis, Paul Hamilton, William Jones, Benj. W. Crownin- sMeld. Benj. W. Crownin- shield, Smith Thompson, John Rogers, Samuel L. Sonthard. Samuel L. Southard. John Branch, Levi Woodbury, M. Dickerson. M. Dickerson, James K. Paulding. George E. Badger, Abel P. Upshur, D. Henshaw, Thomas W. Gilmer. John y. Mason. George Bancroft. John Y. Mason. W. B. Preston. J. Armstrou}^ W.H.Crawford. Isaac Shelby, G. Graham, J. C. Calhouu. James Barbour, P. B. Porter. John H. Eaton, Lewis Cass. J. R. Poinsett. John Bell, John McLean, J. C. Spencer, J. M. Porter, W. Williams. Wm. L. Marcy. G.W.Crawford, W. A. Graham, J. P. Kennedy. Jefferson Davis. James C. Dobbin. John B. Floyd, jlsaac Toucey. Joseph Holt. Sim'n Cameron. Gideon Welles. E. M. Stanton. J. M. Schofield,'AdolphE. Borie, J. A. Rawlins, OeorgeM. Robeson. W. W. Belknap, J. J). Cameron. SECRETARIES OF INTERIOR. G. W. McCrary. Alex. Ramsey. POSTMASTER- GENERALS. ATTORNEY- GENERALS. Samuel Osgood, E. Randolph, R. W. Thompson. T. Pickering, J. Habersham. J. Habersham. J. Habersham, Gid. Granger. Gid. Granger, Return J.Meigs. Return J.Meigs, John McLean. John McLean. Wm. T. Barry, Amos Kendall. Amos Kendall, John M. Niles. F. Granger, C. A. Wickliffe Cave Johnson. Thomas Ewing, Jacob Collamer. J. A. Pearce, IN. K. Hall, T. McKennon, S. D. Hubbard. A. H. H. Stuart, R. McClellan. Jac. Thompson. Caleb B. Smith, J. P. Usher, James Harlan, O. H. Browning. Jacob D. Cox, C. Delano, Jas. Campbell. A. V. Brown, Joseph Holt, Horatio King. Montgom. Blair. Wm. Dennison, A. W. Randall. J. A. J. Cress- well, Zach. Chandler. Marshall Jewell, J. N. Tyner. Carl Schurz. D. M. Key. Wm. Bradford, Charles Lee. Charles Lee. Levi Lincoln, Robert Smith, J. Breckinridge, Cses. A. Rodney. Caes. A. Rodney, Wm. Pinckney, Richard Rush. Richard Rush, William Wirt. William Wirt. J. McP. Berrien, Roger B. Taney, Benj. F. Butler. Benj. F. Butler, Felix Grundy, H. D. Gilpin. J. J. Crittenden, Hugh S. Legare, John Nelson. John Y. Mason, N. Clifford, Isaac Toucey. R. Johnson, J. J. Crittenden. Caleb Gushing. J. S. Black, E. M. Stanton. Edward Bates, James Speed, H. F. Stanbery E. R. Hoar, A. T. Akerman, G. H. Williams, E. Pierrepont, A. Taft. Chas. Devens. Vice-Pres.: Thomas F. Bavard, Sec. of State; Daniel Manuing Sec. of Treasury; Lamar, Sec. of Interior ; Wm. F. Vilas, Postmaster-Gen.; A.H. Garland, Attorney-Gen. 22 Appendix. — •!-— BATTLE EECORD OF THE EEPUBLIC. REVOLUTIONARY WAR.* Date. April 19, 1775 April 19, " June 17, " Dec. 9, " Dec. 31, " Feb. 27, 1776 Mar. 17, " June 28, " Aug. 27, " Sept. 1(3, " Oct. 28, " Nov. 1(3, " Dec. 26, " Jan. 3, 1777 July 7, " Aug. 6, " Aug. 16, " Sept. 11, " Sept. l'.», " Sept. 20, " Oct. 4, " Oct. Oct. Oct. 22, " Nov. 16, " June 28, 1778 July 4, " Aug. 29, " Dec. 29, " Feb. 14, 1779 Mar. 3, " June 20, " July 16, " Aug. 18, " Oct. 4-9, " May 12, 1780 June 23, " July 30, " Aug. 6, " Aug. 16, " Oct. 7, " Nov. 18, " Nov. 20, " Jan. 17, 1781 Mar. 15, " April 25, " May, 9, May, July Sept. 6, Sept. 6, Sept. 8, Oct. 19, Battle. Concord Lexington Bunker Hill Great Bridge Quebec Moore's Creek Bridge Boston (surrendered) Fort Sullivan Long Island Harlem Heights White Plains Fort Washington Trenton Princeton Hubbardton Oriskany Bennington Brandy wine Bemis' Heights Paoli Germantown Fts. Clinton & Montgom. Bemis' Heights (2d battle) Fort Mercer Fort Mifflin Monmouth Wyoming % Quaker fiill Savannah Kettle Creek Brier Creek Stono Ferry Stony Point Paulus' Hook Savannah (besieged) Charleston (surrendered) . Springfield Rocky Mount Hanging Rock . . . .T Sanders'' Creek King's Mountain Fish Dam Ford Blackstocks Cowpens Guilford C. H Hobkirk's Hill . Ft. Ninety-Six (besieged). Augusta (besieged) Jamestown Groton New London Eutaw Springs Commander. American. Yorkto\\Ti (surrendered).. Parker . . . . Barrett. . . . Prescott . ... Woodford. . Montgomery. Caswell. Washington. . Moultrie Sullivan Knowlton.. . Washington . Magaw Washington. . Washington. . Warren. Herkimer Stark . . . . Washington. . Gates Wayne Washington. . Jas. Clinton. Gates Greene Smith Washington . Zeb. Butler . . Sullivan Robt. Howe. Pickens Ashe Lincoln ... .. Wayne Lee Lincoln Lincoln Greene Sumter Sumter Gates Campbell . . . Sumter Sumter Morgan Greene Greene Greene Lee Wayne Lcdyard Greene Washington.. British. Pitcairn.... \ Pitcairn f Howe McDonald. Howe Parker. . .. Clinton Howe Knyphausen Rahl Mawhood Fraser St. Leger Baum Howe Burgoyne . . . Grey Howe Sir H. Clinton Burgoyne. . . Donop Howe Clinton John Butler.. Pigot Campbell Boyd Prevost Prevost Johnson Prevost Clinton Knyphausen Cornwailis . Ferguson Wemyss . . . . , Tarleton. . . Tarleton. . . Cornwailis . Rawdon.. .. Cruger Brown Cornwailis. . . Arnold Arnold Stewart ...... Cornwailis. -| > Amer. Brit. Amer. Brit. Amer. Amer. Amer. Brit. Amer. Indec. Brit. Amer. Amer. Brit. Brit. Amer. Brit. Indec. Brit. Brit. Brit. Amer. Amer. Brit. Amer. Brit. Amer. Brit. Amer. Brit. Brit. Amer. Amer. Brit. Brit. Amer. Brit. Amer. Brit. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Brit. Brit. Brit. Amer. Brit. Brit. Brit. Amer. Am. & Fr'nch Loss. Am 449 Nil. 586 Nil Nil. 24 1600 50 300 2800 4 100 300 56 1200 319 300 1000 300 150 50 250 229 400 200 553 38 2000 300 §457 6000 Br. 273 1054 62 20 70 Nil. 225 367 100 300 1000 1040 430 183 13 53 1000 20 807 590 600 '600 140 t700 400 400 300 220 24 145 16 270 606 159 120 8 80 400 266 150 51 60 555 300 20 325 1100 200 700 600 258 386 693 7567 * In these tables several mere skirmishes are omitted. t Burgoyne's whole army, numbering 5,791, was surrendered on October 17. X Massacre, § The French, under D'Estaing, lost 637. Appendix. J, THE WAR OF 1813. 23 !Datb. Battle. Commander. 1812 1813 July 17 Aug. 4, Aug. 16, Oct. 13, Jan. 18, Jan. 22, Feb. 22, April 27, May 27, May 29, June 6, June 13, June 22, June 23, July 11, Aug. 2, Aug. 9, Aug. 30, Oct. 5, Nov. 9, Nov. 11, Nov. 18, Dec. 19, Dec. 30, Mar. 30, May 5, July 5, " July 25. " Aug. 1, " Aug. 4, " Aug. 24, " Sept. 11, " Sept. 12, '' Sept. 17, " Jan. 8, 1815 1814 Fort Mackinaw , Brownstown Detroit (surrendered) . . . Queenstown Heights . . . . Frenchtown River Raisin (massacre) . Ogdensburg York Fort George Sackett's Harbor Stony Creelc Hampton Crancy Island Beaver Dams Black Rock Fort Stephenson Stonington Fort Mimms Thames Talladega Chrysler's Field Hillabee Towns Fort Niagara . Black Rock La Colle Mills Fort Oswego Chippewa Lundy's Lane Fort Erie (besieged) Fort Mackinaw Bladeusburg Plattsburg North Point Fort Erie New Orleans American. British Van Home . Hull Van Rensselaer Allen Winchester . Forsyth Pike Dearborn Brown ... Chandler. .. . Crutchfield.. Beatly Bcerstler Porter Croghan Beasoley. . . Harrison . . Jackson . . . Boyd White McClure. .. Hall .... Wilkinson Mitchell . . Brown Brown. .. . Gaines . . . Croglian . . Winder McComb. . . Strycker... Brown . Jackson . . . Brock. Brock. Proctor . . . Sheaffe . . Prevost . . . Vincent. . Beckwith Bisshopp. Proctor . , Hardy . Proctor. . Morrison. Murray. Hancock . . Riall Drummond Drumraond Ross . . . Prevost . Ross Pakenham Brit. Brit. BrU. Brft. Amer. Brit. Brit. Amer. Amer. Amer. Brit. Amer. Amer. Brit. Amer. Amer. Amer. Ind'ns Amer. Amer. Brit. Amer. Brit. Indec. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Brit. Brit. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Loss. Am Br. 25 2340 1014 67 946 20 280 121 106 153 1 Nil. 535 9 182 55 700 893 6 300 29 101 338 Nil. 423 102 138 69 300 74;3 112 74 190 102 163 295 200 200 65 23 150 80 600 617 290 '317 8 75 56 235 550 878 1400 1500 290 1000 5312053 MEXICAN WAR. Date. May 3, 1846 May 8, " May 9, " Sep.21-24, " Dec. 25, " Feb. 23, 1847 Feb. 28. " Mar. 22-26 " April 18, " Aug. 20, " Aug. 20, " Sept. 8, " Sept. 13, " Sept. 14, " Battle. Fort Brown Palo Alto Resaca de la Palma Monterey Bracito Buena Vista Chihuahua Vera Cruz (siege) Cerro Gordo Contreras Churubusco El Molino del Rey Chapultepec City of Mexico (surrend.) Commander. American. Brown Taylor Taj'lor Taylor . . Doniphan. . Taylor Doniplian. . Scott" Scott P. F. Smith. Worth Worth Scott Scott Mexican. Ampudia . . . Arista Arista Ampudia . . . De Leon Santa Anna. Trias 'Santa Anna., Valencia Santa Anna. . Santa Anna. . Santa Anna. . Santa Anna.. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer Amer lAmer Amer. Amer. Am. I Am. ) Amer. Amer. Amer. Loss. Am M'x 1 53 110 561 7! 600 1100 1000 200 746 2000 191 600 80 7000 431 1015 800 4000 7000 1000 24 Appendix. — 4- — THE CIVIL WAR. Date. April June June July July July Aug. 14, 1861 10, " 17, " 6, " 10, " 21, " 10, Aug. 26-30, Sept. 20, Oct. 21, Oct.29-Nov.'; Nov. 7, 10, 1862 19, " 6, " 7-9, " 16, " 7-8, " 2.3, " 6-7, ;; 7, 5, " 2.5, " 27, " Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. April April May May May May31-J'el, " June 9, ■ ■ J'e26-Jul.l, " Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Sept. 5, 9, 30, 14, 15, 17, Sept. 19, 20, Oct. 3, " Oct. 8, " Dec. 7, " Dec. 13, " Dec. 20, " Dec. J 27, 29, " D'c31-J'n 2,1863 Jan. 11, " May 1, " May 1-4, " May 12, " May 14, " May 16, " May 17, " June 27, " July 1-4, " July 4, " July 4, " July 9, " July 16, " July 10-18, " Sept. 19,20, " Nov. 16. " Novl7-D'c4," Battle. Fort Sumter Big Bethel Booneville Carthage Rich Mountain Bull Run Wilson's Creek Hatteras Expedition. . Lexington Bairs Bluff Port Royal Expedition Belmont Middle Creek Mill Spring Fort Henry Roanoke Island Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Kearnstovm Shiloh Island No. 10 Williamsburg Winchester Hanover Court-House S'v'n Pin's or F'irO'ks Port Republic Seven Days' Battles . . Baton Rouge Cedar Mountain Bull Run (2d battle) . . South Mountain Harper's Ferry Antietani luka Corinth Perryville Praine Grove Fredericksburg Holly Springs Chickasaw Bayou Stone River, etc Arkansas Post Port Gibson Chancellorsville Raymond Jackson , . . 1 Champion Hill iBig Black Hanover Junction Gettysburg Vicksburg (surrender) Helena Port Hudson Jackson Fort Wagner Chickamauga Creek . . CampbeH's'Station. . . Knoxville (besieged) . . Commander. Federal. Anderson. .. Butler Lyon Sigel Rosecrans . . McDowell . . . Lyon Butler Mulligan Baker ... T. W. Sherman Grant . . Garfield Thomas Foote Burnside Grant Curtis Shields Grant Pope McClellan Banks McClellan McClcUan Shields McClellan Williams Banks Pope McClellan Miles McClellan Rosecrans Rosecrans Buell Blunt .. Burnside Murphy Sherman Rosecrans. . . . McClernand . . . McClernand . . . Hooker 'McPherson iMcPhersou Grant Grant ! McClellan... . Meade Grant Prentiss Banks Sherman Gillmore Rosecrans Burnside Burnside Confederate, Beauregard . . Magruder Marmaduke . Price Pegram Beauregard . . McCulioch. . . Barron Price Evans Drayton Polk Marshall. . . . Crittenden. . . Tilghman Wise Floyd VanDom... Jackson Johnston... » Makall I Johnston I Jackson j Johnston. . . . •Johnston .. ., I Jackson . . . . JLee j Breckinridge I Jackson jLee JLee ; Jackson JLee ;Price j VanDom Bragg Hindman. .. jLee Van Dorn . . . ;Pemberton . . :Bragg Churchill ;Bo\ven, Lee ;Gregg i Walker iPemberton .. iPemberton .. I Johnston Lee — [Pemberton . . i Holmes Gardiner Johnston Keitt Bragg Longstreet. . . Longstreet. . . Conf. Conf. Fed. Indec Fed. Conf. Conf. Fed. Conf. Conf. Fed. Indec Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Conf. Fed. Fed. Conf. Ind.* Fed. Conf. Conf. Fed. IConf. i Indec iFed. iFed. Indec ;Fed. I Conf. Conf. Conf. Fed. Fed. Fed. Indec Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Fed. Conf. Conf. Indec Fed. Loss. Fed. Con Nil. 100 43 3051 1236 Nil. 160 1000 400 "246 73 260 2000 1351 13575 2228 904 397 5739 450" 15249 300 2000 18000 1568 11583 12469! 190 735 1887 1095 700 100 155 800 '343 83 2500 12000 1300 10699 6976 1300 397 930 42S2 67 19000 400 1314 8400 2000 13533 782| 1438 23591 9271 43481 2.500 11481 1317 120001 6000 19001 30 2000! 207 8778:10000 9771 4640 848 580 17197 13000 442 i 823 265 i 845 2457; 4400 276; 1500 399 930 23186 36000 4236 27000 250 1636 3000 7208 500: 600 1700 670 16351^180(10 300, SOO 1000: 2500 * The results of these battles varied from day to day, but on the whole the advaa- tage was with the Federals. Appendix. — + — THE CIVIL WAR {Continued). 25 Date. Nov. 24, 1863 Nov. 25, " Feb. 20, 1864 April 8, '• April 9, " April 12, " May 5, 6, " May 7-12, " May 14, 15, " May 25, " June 1-3, " June 2] ,22, " June 27, " July 20, " July 22, " July 20-26, " J'el5-Jul.30," Aug. 18-21, " Aug31-Sepl, " Sept. 2, " Sept. 19, " Sept. 22, " Oct. 6, " Oct. 19, " Oct. 27, " Nov. 30, " Dec. 14, " Dec. IE , 16, " Jan. 16, 1865 Feb. 5, " March 16, " March 18, " Mar-31-Apll," April 2, " April 8-12, " April 9, " April 26, " Battle. Commander. Federal. Confederate. Lookout Mountain . . Mi^sionai'y Ridge Olustee Sabine Cross Roads . Pleasant Hill Fort Pillow Wilderness Spottsylvania Resaca New Hope Church. . . Cold Harbor Weldon Railroad Keuesaw Mountain . Peach Tree Creek . . . Decatur Atlanta Petersburg (3 ass'lts) . Weldon Railroad Jonesborough Atlanta (captured) . . . Winchester Fisher's Hill Allatoona Pass Cedar Creek Hatcher's Run Franklin Fort McAllister Nashville Fort Fisher (captured) Hatcher's Run... Averysborough. . Bentonville Five Forks Petersburg (evacuat'd) Mobile Appomattox C. H.*. Smithlield Grant Grant Seymour Banks Banks Booth Grant Grant McPherson. Sherman . . . Grant Birney Sherman Sherman I S Sherman.. Grant Warren... Sherman . Sherman . Sheridan. . Sheridan . . Corse Sheridan . , Grant Schofield.. Hazen Thomas . . Terry . Grant Sherman . , Sherman . , Sheridan . , Grant Canby Grant. . . . Sherman. . Bragg Fed | Bragg jFed f Finnegan ... Conf. Smith Icon ( Smith Fed f Forrest ,Conf . Lee Indec Lee ilndec Johnston 'indec Johnston Indec Lee IConf. Hill jConf. Johnston Conf. Hood Indec Hood Fed. Lee Conf. Hill Fed. Hardee Fed. Hood Fed. Early Fed. Early Fed. French Fed. Early Fed. Lee Conf. Hood Fed. [Fed. Hood Fed. Whiting 'Fed. Lee Conf. Hardee iFed. Johnston Fed. Lee IFed. Lee Fed. Taylor Fed. Lee IFed. Johnston IFed. Loss. Fed. Con 5616 2000 5000 550 29410 1038! 13153 4000 3000 1500 8000 730 5000 80 8000 1600 18989 4543 3000 707 3000 1500 2300 90 646 2000 554 1643 1000 442 5000 13000 1200 8000 1100 642 3350 1600 5500 240 2083 1000 550 1892 6000 335 ....128000 .. .35000 * Lee here capitulated with his whole army, and on the 26th Johnston also surren- dered, while minor commands elsewhere were given up later on, and the war ended. INDIAN WARS. Black Hawk War.— This war began with attacks on the frontier settlers of Illi- nois by the Sacs, under their chief, Black Hawk. The war lasted from the middle of May, 1832, till August 2 of the same year, when it ended in the utter defeat of the Indians at the junction of the Bad Axe and Mis^sissippi rivers. During the war twenty two white people were killed and forty wounded ; the Indians lost in killed 283. Seminole War.— This war began toward the close of 1835, and grew out of an attempt by the Government to remove the Seminoles beyond the Mississippi. With varying fortunes it dragged along for seven years, ending with the engagement at Pilaklikaha Big Hammock on April 19, 1842. The war cost the United States many valuable lives and millions of treasure. There have been several minor wars with Indian tribes, such as the Modoc War, in which Gen. Canby was murdered, and that with Sitting Biiirs tribe, in wliich Gen. Custer and his entire command perished. 26 Appendix, — ^ — 'NAVAL BATTLES. Paul Jones attacks Whitehaven. Paul Jones, in the Bon Homme Richard, captures British frigate Serapis. French frigate L'Insurgente taken by U. S. frigate Constellation. Engagement between Constellation and La Vengeance. U. S. frigate Philadelphia, which had been taken by the Tripolitans, was destroyed m the harbor of Tripoli by Decatur. Tripoli bombarded by Commodore Preble. Combat between U. S. frigate President and British sloop Little Belt U. S frigate Essex captured British sloop Alert. U. S. frigate Constitution captured British frigate Guerriere. U. S. sloop Wasp look British brig Frolic, but both vessels were cap- tured on same afternoon by British seventy-four Poictiers. U. S frigate United States captured British frigate Macedonia. U. S frigate Constitution captured British frigate Java. U. S. sloop Hornet captured British brig Resolute, and on Feb. 24 the British brig Peacock. U. S. frigate Chesapeake surrendered to British frigate Shannon. U S. sloop Argus surrendered to British sloop Pelican. XJ. S. brig Enterprise captured British brig Boxer. Commodore Perry captured British fleet on Lake Erie. Commodore Chauncey captured British flotilla on Lake Ontario. U. S. frigate Essex surrendered to British ships Phoebe and Cherub. U. S. sloop Frolic surrendered to British frigate Orpheus. U. S. sloop Peacock captured British brig Epervier. U. S. sloop Wasp captured British brig Reindeer. A British fleet, under Commodore Hardy, attacked Stonington. Commodore Macdonough's fleet on Lake Champlain captured British fleet. XJ. S. frigate President surrendered to British frigate Endj-mion. U. S. frigate Constitution captured British ships of war Cyane and Levant. U. S. sloop Hornet captured British brig Penguin. Commodore Conner, with U. S. fleet, bombarded Vera Cruz. U. S. sloop Cyane, Captain Hollins, bombarded San Juan de Nicaragua. Aug. 29, 1861. Federal fleet, under Com. Stringham, captured forts at Hatteras Inlet, N C. Nov. 7, 1861. Federal fleet, under Com. Dupont, captured Port Roj^al, S. C. Feb. 6, 1863. Federal gunboats, under Com. Foote, captured Fort Henry, Tenn. Mar. 9, 1863. Engagement between Federal iron-clad Monitor and Confederate iron- clad Merrimac, after the latter had destroyed the Cumberland and Congress. April 35, 1863. Federal fleet, under ■ Flag-Officer Farragut, after reducing Forts Jack- son and St. Philip, and destroying a Confederate fleet, captured New Orleans. June 5, 1862. Federal fleet, under Com. Davis, destroyed Confederate fleet and cap- tured Memphis. Feb. 8, 1863. Federal fleet, under Com. Goldsborough, captured forts on Roanoke Island, N. C. ^ April 1778. Sept. 23, 1779. Feb., 1799. Feb., 1800. Feb. 3, 1804. Aug., 1804. May 16, 1811. Aug. 13, 1812. Aug. 13, 1812 Oct. 18, 1812. Oct. 25, 1812. Dec. 29, 1812. Feb. 10, 1813. June 1, 1813. Aug. 14, 1813 Sept. 5, 1813. Sept. 13, 1813. Oct. 5, 1813. Mar. 28, 1814,. April 20, 1814. April 29, 1814. June 28, 1814. Aug.! 9-12, 1814. Sept. 11, 1814. Jan. 15, 1815. Feb. 20, 1815. Feb. 23, 1815. March, 1847. Jiily 13, 1854. Appendix. 27 — ^ — NAVAL BATTLES {Continued). April 7, 1863. Federal fleet, under Com. Diipont, is repulsed in an attempt to reduce Charleston, S. C. April, 1863. CJ. S. frigate Niagara captured Confederate cruiser Georgia. Sept. 7, 1863. Federal fleet, under Com. Dahlgren, aided in reduction of Fort Wag. ner, by which the port of Charleston was entirely closed. March, 1864 A Federal fleet, under Rear-Admiral Porter, co-operated with a land force under General Banks, in an expedition against Shreveport, on the Red River, La. The expedition was unsuccessful, and the fleet was only saved from destruction by a dam constructed under the supervision of Lieut. -Col. Bailey. June 19, 1864. Federal sloop-of-war Kearsarge, Capt. Winslow, sunk Confederata steamer Alabama. Aug. 5, 1864. Federal fleet, under Rear- Admiral Farragut, reduced Forts Games ana Morgan, and destroyed Confederate fleet in Mobile Bay. Oct., 1864. Lieut. Wm. B. Cushing, with thirteen men, destroys Confederate iron' clad Albemarle in Roanoke River. Jan. 16, 1865. Federal fleet, under Com. Porter, aided in capture of Fort Fisher. * • • •>> a'*' 'i,. V,!/!!' \\lni'>'l .:/;;-;i:^''''i.!v:M'-!;'';/'*V^''!;'W;:;!i|fi iV ^''!'!